IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) <- ^4^. * ^4 1.0 ii 1.25 ■ 50 '"^" 2.5 2.2 Its u 2.0 18 U IIIIII.6 Hiotographic Sdences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ^ iV V ^N '<^ V ^&^:^^^\ ,.*■ ,4 \ \ '^ CIHM Microfiche Series (Monographs) ICIVIH Collection de microfiches (monographies) Canadian Institute for Historical IVIicroreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques AAO Technical and Bibliographic Notes / Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. Coloured covers/ Couverture de couleur Covers damaged/ Couverture endommagee Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restauree et/ou pelliculee Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque Coloured maps/ Caites geographiques en couleur Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) □ Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur n Bound with other material/ Relie avec d'autres documents /\ Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ La reliure serree peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distorsion le long de la marge interieuro n n Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajouties lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela etait possible, ces pages n'ont pas ete filmees. Additional comments:/ Commentaires supplementaires: L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a et6 possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-£tre uniques du point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la methode normale de f ilmage sont indiques ci-dessous. □ Coloured pages/ Pages d« couleur □ Pages damaged/ Pages endommagees □ Pages restored and/or laminated/ Pages testaurees et/ou pellicultes Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ Pages decolorees, tachetees ou piquees □ Pages detached/ Pages detachees HShowth rough/ Transparence □ Quality of print vari( Qualite inegale de I'i varies/ negale de I'impression □ Continuous pagination/ Pagination continue Includes index(es)/ Comprend un (des) index Title on header taken from:/ Le titre de l'en-t€te provient: □ Title page of issue/ Page de titre de la I □ Caption of issue/ Titre de depart ds la li ivraison vraison D Masthead/ Generique (periodiques) de la livraison This Item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est filme au taux de reduction mdique ci dessous. ^OX 14X 18X 22X ?6X 30 X J 12X 16X 20X 24 X 28 X H 22X ^:^ Th« copy filmed her* has c—n reproduced thanks to the generosity of: L'exemplaire fiimA fut reproduit grAce i la gAnArositA de: j'il :et ie vue !ion BS University of Guelph The imeges eppeering here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract apecificationa. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impree- sion. or the beck cover when appropriate. All other original copies sre filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impree- sion. and ending on the laat page with a printed or illuatreted impression. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol — ^ (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Maps, plates, charts, ate. may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too Im^rjt to be entirely included in one exposure ere fi'med beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as msny frames as required. The following diegrama illustrate the method: University of Guelph Les imeges suivsntes ont «t« reproduites avec le plus grsnd soin. compte tenu de la condition et da la nettet« de I'exempleire film*, *t en conformity evec les conditions du contrst de filmage. Lea exemplaires originsux dont la couverture en pepier est imprim«e sont film«s en commencant par le premier plet et en terminent aoit par la derniAre page qui comporte une empreinta d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second plat, salon le cas. Tous las autres exemplaires originaux sont filmis en commen^ant par la premiere page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la darniire page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un dee symboles suivants apparaitra sur la derniire imege de cheque microfiche, seion la cas: le symbols — ^ signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbols V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, plenches, tableaux, etc., peuvent *tre film«s A des taux de reduction diff«rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour fttre reproduit en un seul clich«, il est film« d partir de I'engle sup«rieur geuche. de gauche A droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nicessaire. Les disgrammes suivants illustrant le m^thode. 22t 1 2 3 4 5 6 • A MANUAL OF VETERINARY THERAPEUTICS AND PHARMACOLOGY BY E. WALLIS HOARE, F.R.C.V.S. TORONTO : h A. CARVETH & CO. 1896. [All rights reserved.] PREFACE. ^r P'"''™«°><'8y- It i= divided info tZ body. ""' P'^y"°log'oal systems of tlie aga^rthe"aufho?h™"' '^'"*' "'^P^-'-^. and here «-s/n«.ryi.r:«L^^^ -^- -^ By th,s method the student is enabled to thoroughly y»T^ iv PREFACE understand the specific actions of medicinal agents and their rational employment in the treatment of disease. The author has endeavoured as far as possible to group together those drugs possessing a similarity in action, and he ventures to hope that this method will be found preferable to following them according to their natural orders or alphabetically. Toxicology has only been briefly touched on whenever necessary, and for further informa- tion on this subject the student is referred to more pre- tentious text-books. Only an outline of the preparation of drugs has been given, and botanical characters, impurities, etc., are pur- posely omitted, as the author does not consider these matters of importance to the veterinary student of the present day, whose time has already sufficient demands upon it in mastering the action of drugs and their em- ployment in the treatment of disease. The wholesale chemists have relieved both practitioners and students of a vast amount of trouble by preparing drugs in a reliable manner, and our time and energies are now more usefully employed in endeavouring to keep pace with the ever-increasing discoveries in the science of therapeutics. A special chapter has been devoted to ' Anaesthetics ' in consequence of the importance of this subject in the present day, and in it the author has given the results of practical observation with reference to the employment of chloroform in veterinary surgery. In the Appendix some practical information is given on the subject of prescribing and dispensing, together with examples of prescriptions, which it is hoped will prove of some assistance to the student. The author gratefully acknowledges the valuable assist- ance which he has received in the preparation of this PREFACE y work from Professor J. Macquoen, Eoyal Veterinarv College Lo.don; also from Professor F. Smith 7"^ Army Vetermary School, Aldevshot. He h^s also tl':" press his indebtedness to Professor W win- ^ cipal of the New Veterinarv fVirr-r^' ,^'"'*"". P""" and rational teaehin "^'aU deUiis f"!"^'' '°"°""'' eeived both as a stud™ fro" h s bfe L t"''''"'i'f ''■ his eminent works on velerinlrv „„^- f ^""^ '""" The author is fullyrware oMh '"'' '""•S'^'^- imperfeetions wh^^hiTJaft 7'"^°"'''''°"' '""' this kind, in eonsetr: ZuZSti^ 1 T/ posal for reference and research, ndhe tpetthluht attempt may stimulate some abler hand toXlt tte' ^^« Mucous -s..pto,„, ^rsr .K.ttirs iti?^^:! " ■ - - 6—24 CHAPTER in. THE ACTIONS AND USES OF DRUGS ▼iii CONTEXTS PAOK Actions of a Drug— Immediate Local Action— Action in or on the IMood Specific Action— Remote Local Action .-.--- 25 31 CHAPTER IV. ON I'RKSORiniNO. Selection of the Remedy— Contraindications — Idiosyn- crasy — Circumstances which modify the Action of Medicines— The Modes and Forms of Administration of Drugs — The Species of Animal— Age and Size— The Effect of Diseases— The Dose— Frequency— Time —Duration, Toleration, Habit, Accumulation — The Effect of Climate and Surroundings— Combinations — Chemical and Physiological Incompatibles— The Prfe- scription ------ 31 47 PART II. GENEBAL TIIEBAPEUTICS. CHAPTER T. INTRODUCTORY. Four Considerations of General Therapeutics— Health— Pharraaco-dynamics— Physiological Action— Pathology — Recovery- Natural Moans of Recovery— Different Kinds of Treatment- Rational and Empirical Treat- ment .----- 48- -f)6 L CHAPTER n. DIGESTION — THE MOUTH. Physiological Relations — Pharmaco-dynamics— Sialagogues — Anti-sialagogues— Demulcents— Pathological Rela- tions—Loss of Taste— Disorders of the Secretions of the Mouth— Sali vat iou— Derangements of the Excre- tions of the Mouth -rxlositis- Natural Recovery- Therapeutics .... - 57—62 CONTENTS IX CHAPTKR ITT. DIGESTION— TUB STOMAfll. PAOK -62 Physiological Uolations — Pharmaco-dvnnmiou n: .• ment of Acuto Indigestion - TrcatmrnfnfTiv •' • Indigestion-Treatment of GastrUis . °^ ? ""62-77 CHAPTER IV. ON VOMITION. Physiological Relations-Pharmaco-dynamics-Emetics Ant,.emet.cs-Pathological RelationSatnrnl Tl7 covery-Therapeutics-The U«e of Emetica - 77_8l CHAPTER V. DIGESTION— THE INTESTINES. Physiological Relations - Pharmacodynamics - Drastics - Astringents - Constringcnts-S,fli,>o Purgatives- Cathart.CH and Ilyd.ago.-ue Cathartics -Ko-mn7 hefUtives -. Cholarogues-Anthelmintics-VermifuJes -Vermicles-Palhological Relations-Diar W- Cons ,,,at,on-I,ni.action of the Large In e^n^ i^atlrt''col£'''KT''^^"';^ ^"^^ Intulsusce ption- oi — yo CHAPTER VI. ON ENEMATA. CONTENTS CHAPTER VII. THE LIVER. I'AOP, Physiological Relations - Pharmaco-dynamics - Chola- gogues-Pathological Relations-Jaundice-Affections ot the Liver— Natural Recovery— Therapeutics - 103—109 CHAPTER VIII. THE BLOOD. Physiological Relations -Pharmaco-dynamics — Patholo- fl uj Relations -Plethora - Anfemia - A Sections of the lilood— Natural Recovery— Therapeutics - 110—117 CHAPTER IX. METABOLISM, OR THE PROCESS OF NUTRITION. Physiological Relations— Pharmaco-dynamics— Action of Alteratives — Pathological Relations — Natural Re- covery—Therapeutics .... 117_125 CHAPTER X. THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM. Physiological Relations - Pharmaco - dynamics - Direct Cardiac Stimulants - Direct Cardiac Depressants- latbological Relations— Functional Disorders of the Heart-Organic Diseases of the Heart- Ilajmorrha^o and Its Consequences — Natural Recovery — Thera- peutics—Treatment of Functional and Organic Diseases of the Heart— Treatment of HjEmorrhage— Syncope -Venesection : Uses and Contra indications - 12j— 1 12 CHAPTER XI. THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. Physiological Relations — Pharmaco - dynamics — Expec- torants — Disinfectant Expectorants — Pathological Relations — Dyspnoea— Congh-Natural Recovery ~ Iherapoutics - - . . . 142—153 Ph Pha CONTENTS XI PAOE -153 CHAPTER XIJ. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. Physiological Relations — Pharmnnn a Stimulants-Local An».,fh!f^VT'^y°*"'°« - Local Motor DepresSts Si 1 A~'^"f°'' Sti^nulants- -HvpnotirSoToSS ^atn^-^^^^^^ — Unconsciousness — Delirin m T ^ , "^"^''^''^^ysis Therapeutics-The ufe oTZoly^^?"'*'^^ Recovery- PACK les 158-171 CHAPTER Xlir. THE KIDNEYS. — DiflPerent Classes of D 3- '^'^'^"',^'~^'"'-etics -Pathological Relations KffA'"^' Depressants --T,.eat.r„r„7v;:£xssrrfflS-"'^i' una — lure tics 171—183 CHAPTER XIV. THE BODY HEAT AND XTS KEOULATXON ; THE SKIN. "'^'Ssiit ffS'rr;;;s^o^'^s?rr^^r ^- - ^^^p^- rrer-DSSorPe"."' ^.^ Py-?--vSS S -Therapeutics-^rXl^oS^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 183-194 CHAPTER XV. THE THERAPKHTZCS OE THE SURE.CK OE THE BODY. irritants-Baths and 1^^^ ^'''~^^^^'' ^^ Counter- Applications _Foi^tatL„f''p''1r^">'^ '^"'J H«t Applications-Deodoraiits AnTi ^''^^^'^^^ " Surgical -Astringents-StSant7 ?f ?-"'~P''^"^^«t*»t« Escharotics-VesicaZ An':;:^ ^^P^'^^-C'-^u^tics and cinal Agents on A?; 17 T^"^'~'^^*'ons of Modi- driaticf-Myot^s ^y^~^^<^^^ Ana^sthetics-My- " ■ - - 195—207 XIl CONTENTS PART III. SPECIAL TIIEBAPEUTICS. CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTORY, Classiflcation of Drugs— Preparations— Alkaloids— Neutral ^'^'^ Organic Principles - - - . 208 213 CHAPTER ir. THE INORGANIC MATERIA MEDICA. General Remarks on Alkalies — Potassium and its ' Medicinal Salts— Sodium and its Medicinal Salts- Ammonium and its Medicinal Compounds— Calcium and its Medicinal Salty— Magnesium and its Medicinal Salts 214—240 G CHAPTER III. INORGANIC MATERIA ^inmcA.— Continued. The Metals— Lead and its Medicinal Salts— Antidotes to Lead Salts— Argentura Nitrate— Zinc and its Medicinal Salts— Copper and its Medicinal Salts— Antidotes to Copper Salts— Aluminium, Alum- Iron and its Medi- cinal Salts— Mercury and its Preparations— Antidotes, Mercury and Zinc Cyanide— Phosphorus— Hypophos- phites of Calcium and Sodium — Arsenic and its Preparations— Antidotes to— Antimony and its Pre- parations—Antidotes to— Bismuth Subnitrate - 241—291 CHAPTER IV. INORGANIC MATERIA MEDICA — Continued. The Non-metallic Elements: Chlorine — Iodine and its Preparations— Bromine and its Preparations— Sulphur and its Preparations— Carbon and its Preparations 292—307 1 I i ny( PA (IK CONTENTS CHAPTER V. INORGANIC MATERIA U^mCA-cOnthlUcd. Acids : Inorganic Acids— Sulphuric Arid Mi* • * -^ ''^'^'^ CHAPTER VI. THE CARBON COMPOUNDS Alcjhol ra-indications of 325—336 CHAPTER VII. THE CARBON COMPOUNDS-COH/j«««/ Pwcaations to be "b;erv'd i"' ^''"'""'ration and fcrent Forms of AnnanT,!, P f f"'»slhesi,,_ Di£. of Dr™ ro<,„ir ATSoI^S'o^'ftc crA""™-"; AntBsthesia— Admitiistrntinn V.f nii , "*^'*''^" of Dog-OtherUses Of r,lnr.f Cb oroform to the Ether, and CompalsL wUhThTn^^f''-^«"«''« «* Uses-Liquor Sodh Ethvlalis ^^^°''«^«™ - «Peciflc - 336 — 357 CHAPTER VIII. THE CARBON co^ivovi^m^vontimicd Nitrite-NiI?oglvceSe-tif?f ^■f'^'-^'^'^'"^ Hydrocyanic Acid An7n i ""^ ^'^''^^^ Ether- -Resordn-£hi^.U L ^^l^'^^^r-^^'-Carbolic Acid -ThalJin -Salol- TpMhv i ?,~ ^'^moline - Kairin lodol-AristoI-VaseUue ^ ' ~^''"'"^*' - ^°^"*' '''" " - 358—384 XIV CONTENTS f . I'AGE 385—393 CHAPTER IX. THE VKGETABLE KINGDOM. Aconite— Veratrine—Stavesacre—Colchicum CHAPTER X. THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM— CO?lams of Peru and Tolu— Mvrrh -Valerian — Asafoetida - Galbanum - Ammoniacum —Capsicum— Mustard— Actions and Uses of Mustard as a Counter-irritaijt .... 45'>— 4''« Cincho Sal Olive Tra Bar -C I CONTENTS XV -443 -451 I'AOE CHAPTER XIV. THE VEGETABLE Kim^O.l-continuecl Hints on the AdSSSoT ff ^^f^^"'^ ^ ^'«««- tion and its Treatment-Aloes in ttT®"?'''^"''^*- Spasmodic Colic— Contra inrliW- % Treatment of -Rhubarb-Castor Oil Rn?!''"' °? ^'oes-Senna Sagrada-Syrup of SucItWn t'''^ Oil-Cascara min - . ^^'^"^^— Taraxacum— Euony- - 479—495 CHAPTER XV. THE VEGETABLE KINGD0M-C0«/;„„,,/. Anthelmintics; Filix Ma« «»».+^ • CHiPTER XVI. THE VEGETABLE Km av>0M_,^ntinued. ^'^t.t~tS:^:!--^iL^^^^^^^ Acid-Catechu- -Pareira- . ^^"'^"'^''^-Ipecacuanha-Buchu - 498-504 CHAPTER XVII. THE VEGETABLE Kmom^l-contluueil '"tdlS;;:^^;^^'-^'- Add-Salicylate of .oda-^ - 505-al5 CHAPTER XVIII. THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM-.o^^/^^^r/ "'^Tr^g^^a^J^lTm-'lJlfr^ Barley Water-Wheat S^ c:'*^"?"^^ ~ Uxwc^A - -Cbaulmugm on FI«"^~S^arch-M«rsh Mallow - 515—520 XVI CONTENTS CHAPTER XIX. THE ANIMAL KINGDOM. I'AflE Lanoline—L.ird --Spermaceti— Gelatine— Cod-livor Oil- Honey— Cantharides — Precautions to be observed in 521-527 Blistering I APPENDIX. VETERINABY PIIABMACY. Importance of Accuracy and Neatness in Dispensing- Weights and Measures — Symbols— Relation of Mea- sures to Weigbts— Domestic Measures— Metric System — Piescribing and Proscription-writing — Importance of writing Prescriptions in a Clear Manner — Different Parts of a Prescription — Abbreviations used in Pre- scriptions — The Approximation of Doses in Mixtures — Table for approximating Doses in the Diiferent Sizes of Phials — Table for computing Different Strengths of Solutions— Hints on the Administration of Medicines to the Different Species of Patients — Precautions in administering Fluid Forms of Medicines— Powders- Electuaries — Hypodermic and Intratracheal Injections — Administration of Medicines by Toope's Trocar and Cannula — Medicine Chest — Examples of Prescriptions In'Dkx 528—552 - 553—560 CORRIGENDA. Page 3b, line 8, for ' Intei tracheal ' read ' Intratracheal.' Page 226, line 14, for ' p. 2!i3 ' read ' p. 29t).' Page 220, line 15, after ' Sodii Salicylaa' add '(see p. 510).' Page 226, Hue 16, after ' Sodii H^ pophosphis ' add ' (see p. 275).' Page 236, litio 2 fr. in boitoin, for ' p. 276 ' read ' p. 275.' Page 251, after Ime 15 add '(see p. 370).' Page 291, last line, after ' dithiosalicylic acid ' add ' (See p. 513).' Page 374, line 10, for ' intertracheal ' read ' intratrache.al, ' or Oil— lerved in - 521—527 ensing — of Mea- j Systom poitance Different in Pre- Mixtures ent Sizes sngths of [edicines itions in )wders — ijections ocar and criptions [>28— 552 - 553—560 0).' p. 2?5).' i p. 513).' VETERINARY THERAPEUTICS AND PHAEMACOLOGY PART I. CHAPTEE I. INTRODUCTORY. Vetebinary therapeutics is the subject which relates to iaken in its wide sense, it would include all the mean, a our disposal in our efforts to combat disease and eff" as early a restoration to health as possible. Thus the s bject would embrace, in addition to the various dru.s w ich we employ the details of hygiene and all that on ems the care of animals affected by disease, whichTe ^st important and vital adjuncts in treatment and without a knowledge of which we cannot expect medi cinal agents to be of service. ^ The student must, first of all. be familiar with animals wncn will lead him to a correct diagnosis and f^ rational treatment. He must become TZi ha with be aeons of the various drugs on the different rgans 1' be body in a state of health before he can apply tfem in tbe treatment of disease. ^^ ^ VETERINARY THERAPEUTICS ' It will not be sufficient for him to prescribe remedies in one case because similar remedies happened to afford relief in another case of the same nature ; he must reason out the rationale of how each medicinal agent acts, and treat every case on its merits, according to the indica- tions which are placed before him. The student must also recognise what is termed the vis mcdicatrix naturce, or the power of nature to cure disease, and by appreciating this power he will learn that the groundwork of rational treatment consists in helping the efforts of nature as nuch as possible, and using no means or remedies which are likely to frustrate them. He will also, as he studies the effects of the different medicinal agents clinically, be often struck by the fact that in many cases where a certain curative effect is ascribed to the use of a particular drug, it was in reality nature that caused the so-called cure. It will also be apparent to him that there are very few diseases which we can directly act on by means of medi- cinal agents, and bring about what is termed a cure; in the majority of instances we treat the secondary effects rather than the primary disease. Take, for instance, a case of pneumonia. Here we cannot act directly on the lung, so as to shorten the course of the disease— we know that it must run a definite course — and our efforts are directed to keep up the strength of the patient, and to combat any complications which may arise as best we can. We pay special attention to the character of the pulse, to the temperature, and to the respiratory movements,' and also to the digestive system, and by every means possible endeavour to promote the appetite and tempt the patient to partake of nourishing and easily digested INTRODUCTORY medicine. Tlie I'lff.r hno "/''^ confrere in human .peces to deal w , rc^'i ™ ';"'?""'^ °' '^ °™ information derived f,™,, tl . ""'""'' ''°"' °n oiycc^zi-c symptoms patient, termed powers of speech ea"l ,1 .' . "*'' '"""P"''''' "' ">« of subjective sytptoT '" '"*"""« '" '"^ ™^ obfeL™ sl^rlr^'to':"'"'-' '° '"^ observation of bined ™tb "Jaious^ cltaf . d .°"t' Lfr r": different species of animnia ^ u • '° ^^'^^^^ in order to n,ake h" gttraT thZ"™^ ?'f "' ^'""^^ applicable to the peenliarti ^^h ch "eS t he"" ^'^'"^ amnmls. Thus, to treat the diseases oJIh';:"'"' rational manner reauire« „ .; "'^eabes of cattle m a ".at required io T'dZa e " "'rctral' u""^ '° He has also often to denend r.n fho i • . n from attendants either ve'/ tolt or t ? °, " °*^'' as a rule, anxious to shield Cns" l Z^'t" ""'' responsibility; and, as often occurs tb! , " "' prescribes aud the iustructions given are notTT '^ in a satisfactory manner. "'"''""^ ""* In veterinary practice we also t\n,i n,„» often brought for treatment u„«, the dir"' "" ""' -dants have\Verty1~d1:XXrh 4 VF/rERTNARY THERAPEUTICS remedies being often irrational and injurious to the patients. It must be clearly impressed on the student that no amount of knowledge derived from text-books or lectures will enable him to treat diseases in their various phases in a satisfactory manner; he must combiue careful clinical study with theory, and never fail to watch the course of a case attentively, and to note the signs of improvement and the effects of the medicinal agents employed. He must also cultivate his powers of observation in order to be able to notice any changes which may occur in the condition of a patient during the course of an affection, and also to correctly note the presence of diagnostic symptoms during his examination of a patient. We have now to consider the meaning of the term Pharmacology. In former times this term referred to the preparation and source of the various drugs, as well as to a considera- tion of their chemical and physiological actions. It is now generally recognised as referring to the action of the various drugs on the different organs of the body in a state of health. The subject of Materia Meclica will teach the student the sources of each drug, its technical name, its formula, its properties, the preparations made use of by the therapeutist, its impurities, the substances with which it is compatible or incompatible, and its doses for the various animals. In this work it is not intended to notice the subject of materia medica further than to give the technical name of each drug, its source, the prepara- tions of the drug which are in use in ordinary practice, and the doses for the different animals. IS to the it that no Dr lectures •us phases ae careful watch the B signs of lal agents rvation in nay occur rse of an esence of [on of a the term eparation jonsidera- ns. It is ion of the )ody in a 9 student formula, I by the th which 8 for the ended to m to give prepara- practice, INTIiODUCTOIiY 5 We shall also notice those drugs concerning which we are m possess.on of certain definite facts with referenl ledir ofT" ^'r^ '•^'°"' ^"^' ^^ ^ --'^^ -' ^'^ ^^oZ W«' « r« T "'''°" "^ ^'^^ *'-^^*'"«»t °f disease. \\e shall find that there are medicinal agents in use to tlei;':,;'"""\.^7^^^" ^^ ^ -tisfactor/mann^ to hea therapeutical action ; we know by experience that they produce certain results, but the mann r n wh.d. they produce these results is not at all clear The nun^ber of such agents, we shall find, is gradually de creasmg as our knowledge of pathology is increasing' In addition to our consideration of the actions and medicma uses of the various drugs employed in the rea ment of disease, we have to notice sonfe o'f the m^o witn the care of sick animals tion of the special actions and uses of each d™» we are enabled to collect certain facts and principles, a"d the e We : r:fso"c"i *^ '"''"-" °' ««-™f n;™^.:,,: We can also class a certain number of drugs which re emble each other in their actions under sep'arrte head ■ngs, but we shall find, in many instances thaT drut Zl Tr: T"" 'T" '"^ '° "» P'aoed'under more than one heading, and such actions will vary according to the doses given. Toxicology, which treats o( the effect! of the various poisons in the system, with the post mortem appearances and the antidotes, will receive a ettrr-'""*"^' "'■■'" '^-^^--^->«o:of In the next chapter we shall consider the subject of Diagnosis and the General Symptoms of Disease. VET EH IN A R ^ Trii:f?A PEUTICS CHAPTER ir. DIAGNOSIS AND THE GENERAL SYMPTOMS OP DISEASE. Teir first ossential in the rational treatment of disease is a correct (liatjiiosis, and if, from the obscurity or non- development of the symptoms, at our first examination of the patient, this is impossible, we have then to direct our efforts to the treatment of whatever symptoms pre- s*^* the-»iselves. The art of diagnosis consists in ar- ranging , e sijmptoms presented into signs of disease ; or, in other words, we come at the true origin of the symp- toms, which we term the, cause. We have to consider that there are some symptoms which are so characteristic to the practised eye that by recognition of them we can distinguish one disease from the other. Such are termed diagnostic sijmptous. If a set of symptoms are peculiar to a certain disease, they are termed pathocjjiomonic. We have also to notice what are termed the general symptoms of disease, which are those changes occurring in many and varied diseases, and which, in conjunction with diagnostic symptoms, lead us to a correct diagnosis, and also enable us to judge of the condition of the patient and the indications for treatment. They are the first phenomena looked for in the ex- amination of a patient, s^d in the absence of diagnostic symptoms they give us Ireble information with re- ference to primary indicaijf k 'o. tre.^.nent, and are also of vital importance duriu'^ .h : .ou; ,e of Ion? and severe affections. Thus we have symptoms connected with (1) the con- dition of the pulse ; (2) the visible mucous membranes ; MS or Jiseaso is ,' or non- niination to direct onis pre- ts in ar- ease ; or, he symp- i^mptoms 3 that by ase from IS. If a ise, they ) general •ccurring junction iagnr) ,is, 3 patient the ex- agnostic ivith re- are also 3 severe the con- braiics ; DIA GNOSIS A Nl) GENERA L S YMPTOMS 7 (3) the temperature: (4) the rninratory functions ; (5) the surjaceof the body ; (6,j the secretions and excretions. AH these will merit . eh.-t consideration ; but before proceedn^g to this we shall have to briefly notice the value of a correci dhijnosis in the treatment of disease as compared with the indications afforded by the syu.n- toms. ^ ^ Wo must be cognizant of the fact that there are many affections presenting symptoms to our notice, which sympton.s do not indicate to us the true nature of the disease ; or in other words, if we were to endeavour to trea the affection by acting on the symptoms, we should not be successful. We meet with cases where the symptoms presented would lead us to infer that a certain organ, or set of organs, are affected by disease, whereas in reality, by means of reflex action and other causes, the sympLma arise from a different system of organs altogether. lake, for example, a case of a dog affected with in- testinal parasites, or foreign bodies in the stomach, and we often find symptoms which, without careful con- sideration, we would ascribe to a brain affection Ob- viously, to treat the brain symptoms would be of little value, as the caura would be still at work ; we must in >uua.e. endeavour to ascertain the cause when possible, and our efforts will then be directed to remove it Or agam, take a case of functional disorder of the heart' arising from indigestion or from parasites in the all-' mentary canal. Here it would be useless to try and reat the disorder of the heart; we umst endeavour to ascertain he cause and act on this as much as possible. Oi take that affection in horses known as diabetes in- sipidus, where the animal is affected with constant thirst and IS continually passing urine. Here, along with the V i\ 8 VETERINARY THERAPEUTIC^, use of medicinal agents, we have to inquire after the quality of the food, and change it, as the affection is in reality due to deleterious changes in the food. Many other instances might be cited of the same nature, such as a cough, depending on indigestion or various other causes, which nmst be treated according to its source ; then we have cases of derangement of the di- gestive system, due to dental irregularities, etc. But sufficient examples have been shown to demonstrate to the student how careful he should be in ascribing any symptom, or set of symptoms, to their real cause, and along with a physical examination of the patient to form a correct diagnosis. But we have to consider that there are many instances brought under the notice of the practitioner in which it is not possible at the time to form a correct diagnosis, either from the obscurity of the symptoms or from non- development of diagnostic symptoms. Thus, take a case oi that common affection termed influenza. In one ease we have presented to us the occurrence of rigors, with staring coat and coldness of the extremities •, in another case we have weakness of the hind extremi- ties and general muscular debility, etc. We fand the temperature is 104° or 305°, pulse and respiration accelerated, accompanied by almost total loss of appetite. But these are symptoms common to many affections ; we cannot predict what organs will become affected in a day or so ; either pneumonia, bronchitis, or pleurisy may supervene, the presence of which wo shall be able to ascertain by a physical examination of the chest. What, then, are the indications for the therapeutist? Obviously it would not be wise to defer treatmeuc until he can be sure of a correct diagnosis. DIAGNOSIS AND GENERAL SYMPTOMS He is quite well aware that such affections must run a definite course, and that, whatever organs may eventually become attacked, he must have two ends in view : 1st. To overcome the rigors, when such exist, by the administration of diffusible stimulants, so as to divert the circulation to the cutaneous vessels, and thus avoid a tendency to internal congestions. 2nd. To reduce the abnormal temperature by the administration of febrifuges, and to attend carefully to hygienic and dietetic measures. Agam, take cases where the prominent symptom is the manifestation of pain. We see this symptom in a great variety of affections , thus, it occurs in simple colic, in entei-itis, in peritonitis, in volvulus, in alTections of the stomach, and also in pleurisy, nephritis, etc. The experienced practitioner judges by the character of the pain of its probable cause, but in many instances in the primary stages this is not possible ; and in others such a variety of symptoms present themselve' that it is only in the postmortem examination he seeu, now much in error he may have been in his diagnosis. All his eff"orts must be directed in such cases to the alleviation of the pain, as continued pain exerts such a depressing influence on the whole system as to quickly lead to a fatal result. lu cases of acute enteritis, volvu- lus, etc., which are usually fatal, all that the therapeu- tist can do is to administer anodynes, with a view to alleviate the agonizing pain, as curative results are seldom possible. Even if he were to form a correct idea of the nature of the aifection on which the pain depended in such cases, his treatment would not be altered, and in reality it is the symptom which he endeuvours to combat, and not the cause. **"'-"-"■> i 10 VETERTNARY THERAPEUTICS But in cases of simple colic and afifections of the stomach, such as acute indigestion, etc., also in cases where pam exists in systems other than the digestive such as pleurisy, nephritis, etc, he is enabled more readily, by studying other symptoms presented, to form a diagnosis, and to bring to his assistance valuable aids in the way of therapeutic agents. Thus, in the case of simple colic, depending on a spasmodic contraction of the muscular coats of the intestines, due to the presence of irritating ingesta, it is c ear that, in addition to relieving the pain, we should also direct our efforts to the removal of the cause by the administration of mild purgatives, such as ol. lini, and also by the administration of enemas. Such remedies will remove the source of irritation and thus prevent a recurrence of the pain. In the other instances stated, appropriate treatment must be adopted in addition to the alleviation of the existing pain. Thus, in the case of affections of the urinary system accompanied by pain, we have to bring to our aid a chemical and microscopical examination of the urine, in addition to a careful observation of the symptoms presented, before we can form a correct diagnosis and prescribe suitable treatment. In the majority of cases of affections of the respiratory system, the practitioner has to depend more on treating the general symptoms which present themselves, instead of endeavouring to act directly on the organs affected, ihe pulse and temperature will require careful watchin<^ and the strength must be kept up by stimulants if neces- sary, and by tempting the animal to partake of nourishin<^ and easily digested food. ° The irrational treatment of former days, viz by ad- ministeriug sedatives and by blood-letting, etc., combined DIAGNOSIS AND GENERAL SYMPTOMS 11 fluid foods down the animal's throat, can only be ascribed " uy me aaoption of such measures In considering the subject of the general symptoms of Asease the student will find much scope for "Ceo™ ^ si v^ rdii::To*''' "*"'' ^^"''''°™^ -»-' ^ "■- saves lead hnn to a correct diagnosis, but thev afford during th? CO,;:; oflhrtrcttf ™^'""° »~ stuT;rtt fhiir'or "^ ""-''-' -'-'^^ 'y ^ The Pulse. dittnlf T T"? """.' '^' P"'^'^ '= *" '■"3«>' »' 'he con- hartismt^ :,'"''' ;''''''°'<'°8^''''^ ■"=«»" of 'he neart is maintained we havp lifp In fi.« „ • i different an mals so as fn h« nKi . ^ ^ Changes induced ^^1:1::. ^stuM 1^:;^": ts tension Us regularity, its volume, before he p oceeds to study the alterations presently to be described The pu se is usually regarded as the wave which is sent though the arterial system with each contraction "f'he Its character depends on the condition of the heart vessels and the quahty and quantity of the blood itself Depending on so many circumstances, we Tnuot t„ surprised at observing how easily its ciiaTacterily be i-i-'-~^rf.l 12 VETERINA R Y THERA PEUTICS modified, and when we regard the wonderful mechanism by which the heart is controlled, we must be aware that m order to draw correct conclusions, a very close and careful examination will be required. If the heart is affected by organic disease, then it is palpable that the pulse will be altered in character accordmg to the parts of the organ affected. If the walls of the arterial vessels are relaxed, the blood will pass more easily into the veins, and, as a result, the arterial tension will be slight, and the pulse will feel soft and compressible, and also large. The pulse-wave may become exaggerated, and may be mistaken for an extra pulse-beat, such a condition being termed dicrotism. If the quantity or quality of the blood itself be altered, there will also be a change in the character of the pulse' Thus plethoric animals generally, but not always, have a strong, full pulse. _ Then, in certain diseases, such aspiirpura hcemorrhagica in horses and red icater in cattle, the quahty of the blood is deteriorated, and the pulse may be found fluttering or trembling, appearing to have a double beat with the artery relaxed. So that the student will clearly see the great possibility of a grave error in diagnosis if he were to depend on the character of the pulse alone, without taking other symptoms into consideration. There is a common tendency to ascribe many cases where irregularity or intermittency in the pulse-beats occurs to be due to cardiac affection, whereas we often find the disorder to be functional, and depending on de- rangements of the digestive organs or nervous affections. The normal standard of the pulse of the horse is generally stated to be 40 beats per minute, but this is subject to variation as regards nervous temperament escitemcnt, etc. ' DIAGNOSIS AND GENERAL SYMPTOMS 13 Jl "T^ *^' P"^'" ^""'^^^ ^« regarded as a reliable guide, a even the act of approaching the animals will be sufficient to cause increased pulsations, as also does the act of rumination. h JJr Tl" °^ '^^^""^ ^"'^*''' ''^^^°r*^^"g *° the size and breed of the animal, from 80 to 100 per minute, and, in judging of Its character, it is essential that the animal be handled.' ''^ '"^ ^^^' ^""^ ^" ^"^''^^ approached and The varieties of the pulse which are found in veterinary studv^TheZ '" ''"' '-^PP-eiation careful clinical study. The following varieties are recognised • pulse^^^ ^'^^'''''^ ^''^''' °' '*' '"''"''"' *^^ infrequent 2. The quick pulse, or its reverse, the slow pulse. 6. ihe large and the small pulse. f ^' Ji' ^°"yressible and the incompressible, also termed the hard and the soft pulse. 1. The Frequent Pulse is referable to the number of beats in a given time. As previously remarked, this number may vary within certain hmits in individuals of different temperaments Exercise or excitement will cause a frequent pulse which will return to normal when the animal becomes passive. _ Again, excessive repletion of the digestive organs will increase the frequency of the pulse, and we find in the various fevers and in inflammations of visceral organs that the frequent pulse is usu.al in the primary stage Moderate blood-letting will increase the frequency of the pulse-beats ; excessive blood-letting causes extreme frequency, which is also found in diseases characterized by great prostration and debility. The Infrequent Pulse is often associated with slowness 14 VET ERIN A R Y TITER A FED T/CS ifc IS found in cases of brain disorders, in some disordered conditions of the digestive system, in diseases in which changes in the blood occur, and sometimes in cases of fatty degeneration of the heart. 2. The Quick Pulse.-In this variety each beat occupies less than the usual time, although the whole number of pulsations in a given time may not be increased. It depends on the mode of contraction of the ventricles It is found in cases where there is great increase of nervous irritability, and also in some cases of valvular disease of the heart. The Slow Pulse is the reverse of the quick pulse. In It there is a slower contraction of the ventricles. 3. The Large Pulse is that form in which the volume is greater than usual. It depends on various conditions and may occur either with strength or with feebleness of the pulsations. Thus, we may have the artery full in volume, but the pulsation feeble, the impulse weak, and the artery yield- ing to the pressure of the finger. We find such a condition Tn cases of severe pulmonary congestion Here the fulness of the artery is palpable, but the pulsations are weak, due to excessive congestion of the pulmonary vessels. This has been termed the oppressed pulse,' and it is benefited by a moderate ab- stmction of blood, which relieves the overgorged vessels. The Small Pulse is that form in which tlie volume is smaller than usual ; it may arise from feeble action of the heart, from anaemia, or from excessive tonicity of the arterial coats. '' ^J'J^'^^u^ ^"^'' f"'' ^'^^^ contraction of the muscu- ar coat of the arterial walls. In this condition the artery IS incompressible to the touch, and when associated with smallness of the pulse it is termed ' wiry.' or • thready ' OIAGNOSJS AMD OENERAl SYMPTOMS ,6 In affections which are ushered in by ri<.ors we fin^ ite character, the arter les "tx 'tti ^"'r'^'T' not ,et being weakeoea, itist:;;l'a M " '''""■ "■" eo:et:;t;trc74^r.rar^^^ The Soft Pulse presents several varieties, strength and Weakness of Pulse F^,. »i,„ diagnosis, prognosis anrl t , *^"''°--?^^°' ""e purposes of it i'in,portL 'forTlle stud utTo ?;°" '^ '"'""''''' In a strong pulse the impulse is vigornn« ■ f i ;^-esistanoetopresLe,a„rc::;i:'ror:i intermittent P«Ue,-I„ this form of pulse an occasioual i! 16 VETERINARY THERAPEUTICS beat ,8 missed. This may occur at regular periods and often, or at irregular periods. We must be careful to dis- tinguish between an intermittent and an irrcgidar pulse In the latter form the beats diltor in length, force and character; it is a far more serious condition, being gener- ally due to cardiac disease. An intermittent pulse may be due to individual idio- syncras.s, or may arise from indigestion or from nervous and functional diseases. It may be compatible with perfect health, and there are many animals with an intermittent pulse which never seem to be affected by it in any way. Having concluded this brief description of the varieties of pulse usually met with, we have now to consider the indications which these various forms give to the thera- peutist. It is obvious, as previously remarked, that he cannot be too careful to avoid haste in his diagnosis by re ying on the character of the pulse, and that he has to take other symptoms into consideration in addition if he 18 to ascribe the altered conditi-^ns to their real cause and prescribe suitable treatment. Thus, in the quick full pulse which usually accompanies sthenic diseases, such as laminitis, the use of sedatives and febrifuges will be indicated, such as tr. aconiti etc while in the full soft pulse found in the febrile stage of respiratory affections we must be careful to avoid the depleting effects of sedatives, knowing well the debilita ting nature of such diseases, and how quickly the pulse may assume a weak character. Again, if we find a frequent small and compressible pulse. It indicates the administration of alcohohc stimu- lants, which have the effect of strengthening the weakened heart, reducing the frequency of the beats, and lessening the compressibility of the bloodvessels. niACrNOSIS AND GENEUAl SYMPTOMS ,7 In the various formq f\9 r^■,■,^c^ e -, . in the treatment of functional disorders of th. u . It IS essential that we come to n ^^ '°'f "^^ ° *^e heart, their cause. whetherdueTn ^ '^ conclusion as to '-, wiii^Luei aue to derancempnfQ nf fV,« ,t organs or to nervous affections '^'^''^^^" Sympto„,s connected with the Condition of the Visible Mucous Membranes. J.0 observe these symptoms we examins th. o i, • of the patient and as an aid to diagn'ol ° "^ """"°" heal, if r:';z, ;,!r" ■"■";''™"^' - ^ »""» °' is the ;o„di[i:n^"tt':o' °l:™"°" "°'°"'-' ^"^'-^ ^'- . tuus, seveie exercise or excitpmonf ^;^^ r:r ^"-^^^ -^ ™— ^- iXe"o;r; cases 0, acntetZma ory it ': ^'"7^^'-'- . ^" we find deep congestion present ' "" "' '"*""'''■ 2 Id VE TEJUNA R Y Tit ERA PEUTlCS pigment is either not removed from the blood or is re- absorbed, we find a yellow tinge in the visible mucous membranes. In depraved conditions of the blood, such as exists in purpura hiemorrhagica there is noted the presence of petechial spots in the visible mucous mem- brane. In ana3mia a condition of pallidity is found, and in haemorrhage this pallidity occurs suddenly. A slate-coloured appearance of the Schneiderian mucous membrane is found to exist in cases where the poison of glanders is present in the system, and it is in this mem- brane that the characteristic ulcers appear. The condition of the buccal mucous membrane also merits our attention. In cases of indigestion and dys- pepsia we find it foul and soapy, the tongue sometimes being furred, especially in the dog. This membrane is found dry in cases of febrile and in- flammatory affections, and excessively moist, due to an over-supply of saHva, in cases of irritation of the mouth and fauces. A similar condition is found to exist in irre- gularities of the teeth, and also where irritating medicines have been administered without proper dilution. The Temperature. As an aid to diagnosis, and as an indication to the therapeutist of the condition of his patient and his progress during the course of a febrile affection, too much importance cannot be attached to the information gained by the use of the clinical thermometer. In the primary stages of many affections we are enabled to rscognise the serious condition of the patient, and prescribe suit- able treatment before complications manifest themselves. In some serious contagious diseases, v^e are enabled to recognise the existence of the specific virus in the system before diagnostic symptoms appear, e.g., pleuro-pneu- DIAGNOSIS AND GENERAL SYMPTO.US VJ monia contagiosa in cattle, and glanders in horses in the chronic orn,. Again, during the course of a febrile JZ tion w. h acute inila.nn.at.on of in.portant o.gal.s by py^ng close attention to the temperature in cor^uncion VMth Other symptoms, we can judge with tolerable We k„ow that when the temperature remains high the patieu is in a serious condition, and we can also recogmse the occurrence of a relapse during the progress of a disease hy the appearance o£ a sudden rise h? the mperature In extensive surgical operations and in severe wounds, the temperature is also a useful guide grang us an indication of the exte.t of irritative f^v'; which may be present. The normal temperature of the horse may on an average be stated as 100-4-, but this is liable to variaLns m a small degree. It is higher in young than in adul is TJT^IT'" "'t^"^' ''*'="°"'' ""- 'empemture IS as a rule higher in the evening than in the morning, tionstX"""' "■' ' '"''''''' '"'' '™ '<^'y '"'-"- .o^T'r u"'^"' **"■ """ ''=™' "^ "'■'"d^d many con- comitant phenomena besides the abnormal rise in tern perature such as changes in the character of the pie the respirations, the secretions and excretions the ner vous system, these changes varying in degree ccordTng to the nature of the affection of which the fever is bu! either a precursor or an accompanying symptom. We have also to recognise that fever may follow the 1 formance of operations, or may occur as a result of wounds, when it is termed irrilatii-c fiver i ) 20 VETERINA It Y TFTKliA PEUTICS Simple Fever.— That we have in the horse the occur- rence of fever, unconnected with any appreciable change in internal organs, and arising independently of any ac- companying affection, we are perfectly well aware as a result of experience. Such a condition we term simple fever. It is essentially a disturbed state of the majority of the chief functions of the body, arising from causes which we are not able to explain in a satisfactory manner. Various causes are suggested, such as sudden varia- tions in temperature, fatigue, sudden changes in hygiene and dietetics. We must, however, recognise that many such cases of simple fever, if not treated in a rational manner, or if the patients are kept at work, may develop into far more serious affections, with perhaps inflammatory changes in internal organs. The subject of fever will be again noticed under the section dealing with General TherapeiUics. Symptoms connected with the Eespiratory Functions. When we consider the frequency of diseases of the respiratory system in the equine species, and the variety and importance of such affections, we see the necessity for a careful study of the symptoms under this heading. There is a close relationship between the functions of respiration and circulation in health, the proportion being about one respiration to three or four pulsations ; thus, taking the average pulse of the horse at about 40 per minute, the respirations would be from 12 to 15 in the same time. This relationship does not exist in the bovine species, especially during rumination, when the pulse may rise to 70 or 80 per minute, while the respirations may be about 10. D/AGXOS/S AND GENERAL SYMPTOMS 21 During exercise or exertion in a state of health this relationship is generally maintained. Thus, if the circu- lation be increased, there is a larger amount of blood passing through the lungs requiring aeration, which is provided for by an increase in the number of respira- tions. *^ But as a result of disease this relation is disturbed and we may have an increase in the number of pulsations out of all proportion to the number of respirations, or the respirations may be greatly increased without a cor- responding increase in the pulsations. The indications afforded to the therapeutist by chanees in the character of the respirations are various and im- portant. but we have to remember that they are not always diagnostic of respiratory affections. Thus we may have accelerafed respirations or diflicult breathin-. m many acute diseases, due to either an altered cor" dition of the blood or perverted functions of the nervous We have acceleration of the respirations in cases of enteritis, peritonitis, volvulus, etc., also in many cases of cardiac affection. ^ A consideration of other symptoms, together with a physical examination of the chest, will lead us to ascribe the changes in the character of the respirations to their true cause. We may inquire as to the causes of this alteration in the character of the respirations, or. as it is termed when severe, dyspiwea. These causes are various, and depend upon the struc- tures involved by the disease. Thus, in pleurisy, in the first stages we have pain, which limits the movements of the thoracic walls, and hence impedes the respiratory movements. In the later stages, when there is effusion r Tvl^^Ww f 22 VETEBTNARY THERAPEUTICS into the chest cavity, there is mechanical resistance to the entrance of air to the lungs. In pneumonia and bronchitis we have the exudation causing interference . with the passage of the air, and hence increased respira- tory movements are required. In affections of the larynx there may be extreme dyspnoea, from its calibre bein<^ diminished, etc. ° There are certain varieties of breathing which we may observe in dififerent affections, which are of great import- ance as aids to diagnosis. 1. Abdominal Breathing.— In this variety we find that the animal endeavours to limit the movements of the thoracic walls as much as possible, and these movements are made up by the action of the abdominal muscles bemg brought into play; the ribs being fixed as much as possible, there is the appearance of a hollow line extend- ing along the lower borders of the false ribs from the sternum to the anterior spine of the ilium. Such a condition is found to exist in cases of pleurisy and hydrothorax, the respirations being performed quickly and incompletely. 2. Thoracic Breathing.— In this variety the abdominal muscles are kept in abeyance as much as possible, and extra movements of the thoracic walls have to make up for the deficiency. This condition is observed in cases of flatulent colic, ascites, peritonitis, and in extensive abdominal tumours.' Another variety of respiration met with is that termed irregular. We find it occurring in that affection termed ' broken wind,' where the inspiratory movement is per- formed rppidly and in a jerky manner, whilst the expira- tory :s performed slowly and with a double action, especially of the abdominal muscles. We have also to notice that symptom termed a cough. DTA GNOSIS A ND GENERA L S YMPTOMS 23 A cough, although a very trivial matter in some cases, IS a very important one in others. It occurs as a symptom of respiratory affections, being then generaUy due to some irritation of the larynx, bronchial tubes, etc., and an effort is made to remove the source of this irrita- tion, which effort is generally involuntary. A cough, however, may depend on other causes than irritation of the air-passages ; thus, we may have a cough present in cases of indigestion, intestinal parasites, etc., such a form being termed sympathetic. There are many varieties of cough mtt with, all being of interest to the therapeutist as an aid to diagnosis. The Moist Cough is met with in the secondary stages of catarrhal affections, and indicate.^ that there is an increased secretion of mucus, etc. The Dry Cough presents several modifications. It is present during the first stages of catarrhal affec- tions, when the secretion of the mucous folUcles is arrested. In cases of pleurisy the dry cough becomes short and pamful, the forced expiratory movement causing pain. In that affection termed broken ivind there is a characteristic dry cough, which is short, shallow, and suppressed, and usually single. The Chronic Cough varies in intensity, and presents modifications from that of a deep sound to that verging on to the cough found in broken wind. In that disease termed 'roaring,' the cough is deep and hollow, and in cases where cough occurs from the irritation of teething, termed a dental cough, it is loud and pa.jxysmal. The value of the character of a cough as an aid to diagnosis, when taken in conjunction with other symp. toms, is certainly valuable, but we must be careful to attribute it to its real cause, and prescribe appropriate treatment. MMiMf 21 F/-: TER IX A R Y Til ERA PEUTTCS Symptoms furnished by the Condition of the Surface of the Body and Extremities. In a normal state and under ordinary conditions, the surface of the body and the extremities are of an equable temperature. In severe inflammatory diseases the general surface of the body and the legs and ears will be found extremely cold; and if, in addition, there be a cold perspiration over the body, it generally indicates a fatal termination. We find a staring coat, with severe rigors, in the pre- monitory stages of some affections ; and in cases of in- digestion, the presence of parasites in the alimentary canal, and improper feeding, there is a dry, scurfy condi- tion of the skin, which has lost the gloss and feel of health, and to which tbe term hide-bouml is applied. Symptoms furnished by the Secretions and Excretions. In the primary stages of febrile affections there is often a diminution of all the secretions ; such a condition soon gives way to increased action of some particular organs, ■ such as the skin, the kidneys, or the bowels. The functions of secretory organs are diminished in the early stages of inflammatory diseases. Thus, in the primary stages of pleurisy the surfaces of the pleurae are dry, there being arrest of the natural secre- tion ; as the disease continues, the secretion returns, but with a large amount of inflammatory effusion. Glands and mucous membranes are affected in a similar manner by inflammatory diseases. The condition and character of many excretions, such as those of the bowels, the kidneys, the skin, are also modified by the effects of disease, and will merit atten- tion ia the section on General Therapeutics. THE ACTIONS AND USES OF DRUGS CHAPTER III. THE ACTIONS AND USES OP DRUGS. Before the student can apply the various remedies in the treatment of disease, he must be famihar with the effect which they exert on the body in a state of health — that is, if he is to treat disease in a rational manner. By this we mean that he can give a logical reason for prescribing certain drugs, the rationale of the manner in which he expects such drugs to overcome the diseased condition, or to help nature to afford as early . restora- tion to the normal state as possible. As we shall see further on, this is not always possible, as there are some drugs which we know from experience perform certain beneficial actions in certain diseases, and yet we cannot explain in a satisfactory manner how these results are brought about. To thoroughly understand the actions of the various drugs, and their employment in the treatment of disease, the student must be perfectly familiar with the subjects of physiology, pathology, and chemistry. He must follow the actions of each drug from the time it gains an entrance to the body by the various channels, and its effects on the vital organs and systems, to the time it is expelled by the excretory organs. To do this effectually, it follows that he cannot have too much knowledge with reference to the functions of every portion of the body ; and to form deductions and conclusions as to the use of such drugs in the treatment of disease, it is clear that he must possess an intimate knowledge of the changes pro- duced by disease, while to understand the complex chemical changes which often occur, an acquaintance with chemistry will be necessary. ' I 26 VETERINA R Y THERA PEUTICS The Action of a Drug is a certain dynamical effect which It produces on separate organs or on tlae various organs of the body. The actions of drugs have been demonstrated by systematic experiments on animals. The manner in which eaeh drug is attracted to certain portions of the body, and has a special effect on various organs, and in some cases only on portions of vital systoms, we cannot yet explain in a satisfactory manner Ihus ior example, we know by experiment that strychnine no matter by what channel it enters the system will stimulate che motor tracts of the spinal cord ana m large doses will cause violent convulsions From a knowledge ci this action we find that in small doses strychnine is be^.eficial in paralysis depending on imperfect action of the cord and general want of nerve tone. We I.now as the result of experiments that chloral hydrate has a special action on the brain, digitalis on the heart, ergot of rye on the bloodvessels and on involuntary muscular tissues, belladonna on the respiratory and cir- culatory systems and on the nervous supply of the iris and from this knowledge we ar3 enabled to apply these different drugs in the treatment of disease. • When we have demonstrated the precise action of a drug on the healthy animal, we term it the physiological action of the drug. As we shall see further on, the actions of many drugs will depend on the amount which is administered whether in medicinal doses, in maximum doses, or in toxic doses ; also on the duration of the period of adminis- tration, and on the intervals between each dose As a rule, we find that most drugs which act on the Circulatory and nervous systems, if given in excessive 1 THE ACTIONS AND USES OF DRUGS 27 doses, will have an opposite efifect to that which thpy produce in medicinal doses. ''' Thus, every stimulant to the heart and circulatory system, If adnnmstered in large doses, will act as a depressant. Again, any set of nerves, if over-stimulated by large doses, will become paralyzed, as also will the nerve centres. It will also be found that drugs which act on the nervous system produce their effects by acting on different portions of it. Thus, some have a special effect on motor nerves, others on sensory ; some act on the nerve centres m the medulla and cord, others act chiefly on the sym- pathetic nervous system. acttnfr.r"°"'''"i'''^"^^' '^''^^ study when the act ons o the various drugs are being treated of separ- ately. Thus we shall have to closely follow the effects 1^ ?l '\''l ^"°"'"'^ *^'°"^^ *^^^ body, from the channel by which it enters the body to its excretion by tne various organs, ^ Some act locally, such as demulcents, caustics, astringents, etc. ; others, with or without such local effects have a remote action on organs at a distance. Most drugs administered by the mouth enter the cir- culation from the capillary vessels and absorbents of the stomach and small intestines, being carried by the mesenteric and portal vessels. Some substances make the round of the circulation in a very short space of time as has been proved by experiment. The full elfect of drugs is, as a rule, not produced until they reach the organ or tissue on which they have a specia action. After remaining iu the system for a variable time, they are removed from the body bv one .r several of the excretory channels either unchanged or altered in their chemical composition. wiWIflF 28 VETERINARY THERAPEUTICS During this process of excretion from the body drugs t":' pair ''""' "'"" °" ^'^ ^'^"'^^^^ through'whl We may now inquire as to the manner in which drugs are behaved to act in the treatment of disease. BrieT we may state that the adoption of the majority of reme-' d:es .s ounded on their physiological ictions The therapeutical action is simply the physiological action exercised or modified by disease. For the purpot o" gtaTctsr'"^^^^"^^^^^-^^^--^^-^ 1. Those which are intended to act antipathically The physiological action of such agents overcomes the morbid condition which exists by producing a cond t on which IS directly opposite to it. conaition ^^am^^.5.-Purgatives in cases of constipation stimu ants in de iHty and depression, astringents' in dilrrt , etc. This division is more applicable to the treatment o symptoms and local diseases. 2 Those which are intended to aci allopathically , i e sud. agents as when administered, cause a short manage-' able disease which overcomes the existing disease Examples.-.Tl),e use of diaphoretics in febrile cases diuretics m cases accompanied by dropsy pv^'', 1 ''^'''' ''^^"'"'' "^^^^^^ °f recovery-for example, the occurrence of diarrhea in cases of indi. s t^on. etc due to unnatural or irritating food. By ttis means the ingesta producing the irritation are removed from the alimentary canal. removed This point is of interest to the therapeutist as it teaches hun that he must not endeavour I chtk h spontaneous diarrhcBa immediately; in fact, in sote order to help nature to remove the cause of irritation THE A CTIONS A ND USES OF DRUGS 29 When we come to consider the actions of each dru^ certain line of research, commencing v^ith the effect of the drug on the channels of entrance to the body the o eZL : d""" ^'"^ ^^^*^^^^' ^'- various ch/nne We must' 11 r' '°'""' °° ^P^°^^^ °^8ans or tissues. We must, as far as possible, account for the various difficulties in such a study from the complex manner m which some drugs establish their actions while in others many points in this respect are nit ay ^ definitely known or understood. As previously Larked rVef ::Llwr'^^ °^ Physiolog/wiU be ™d t ZaV. ^''"^^/^^^"^"s actions in a systematic manner 1. The Immediate Local Action, 2. The Action in or on the Blood. 3. The Specific Action. 4. The Remote Local Action. 1. The Immediate Local Action. We may subdivide this into • ta,^ies_The immediate local action of beUadonoa »■«., depressing the sensory nerve-endinus . ' , *™'"'»°»' contracting the capillaries^, and raSVheVtli:^ W^W 30 VETERINARY THERAPEUTICS in contact with the mucous membrane of the stomach, I.e., acting as an anodyne. For other examples we may note the effect of the apphcation of cantharides to the skin, which acts as a vesicant, and the efiect of sulphate of zinc when it comes mto contact with the walls of the stomach, acting as an emetic. 2. The Action in or on the Blood. Most agents are absorbed into the blood from the a niientary canal, and enter into the composition of its plasma. Such substances, as a rule, have an effect in the blood and not on it, or, in other words, the blood acts the part of a conveying medium. We shall have to notice, how- ever, some exceptions to this rule, where some drugs such as quinine, have a distinct action on the corpuscles of the blood. 3. The Specific Action. This is usually the chief action of the drug. It leaves the circulation, and is attracted to certain tissues and organs, producing some specific effects thereon Exami,les.-^\^^ action of alcohol on the brain and of strychnine on the spinal cord. 4. The Remote Local Action. This is a certain effect which some drugs produce during their excretion from the system by the various excretory channels. The kidneys are the chief channels of excretion for drugs after they have passed through the tissues and organs; next come in order the lungs skin bowels, mouth, and mammary glands. Such drugs are either excreted in the same form as they were adminis- ON PRESCRIBING 31 tered or in the form of the products of decomposition in the system. As these drugs pass through the excretory organs, they may exert a certain influence on them, which may resemble their immediate local action Exmnples._r^he effect of belladonna and hyoscyamus on he unno-genital organs, which exert an anodyne or soothmg effect m cases of irritation of the bladder or of the urethra. CHAPTEE IV. ON PRESCRIBING. When the student has become perfectly familiar with the various actions of the different drugs, and their appli- cation for therapeutical purposes, based on a knowledge of such actions, he will then be in a position to utilize the different agents for the treatment of disease, the art of wiiicJi IS termed prescrioing. i. Tl'"" '^'li" T'"'"^''^ ^'' '^' ^''^ ^^^'' he will find It ra her a difficult matter. He must select an agent, out of a large number at his command, which will best meet the exigencies of his case, and in such a selection he must pay attention to many important details ^2x foCSr "" "°" °°"™°'^""^ *^^^^ The Selection of the Remedy. Contra-indications. Idiosyncrasy. The Circumstances xohich modify the Action of Medicines. ^ Combinations-Chemical and Physiological In- compatibles. 6. The Prescription. 5. w^^^ff 32 VETER IN A li Y TFIERA PEUTICS 1. Selection of the Remedy. Tbe selection of the remedy is the most important part of the art of prescribing. The nature of the disease must be carefully studied, and a drug selected which possesses actions suitable for our purpose, but which must not possess other actions that may be detrimental to the case. This leads us to a consideration of the second heading in our list, viz. : 2. Centra-indications. We say that a certain drug is contra-indicated in certain diseases, when we are aware that it produces effects which would be prejudicial to the cases, although it might possess one action which would be of service ; for example, we say that opium is contra-indicated in diseases of the respiratory organs with shallow, embar- rassed breathing, also in congested and inflammatory conditions of the brain and in affections of the kidneys. Again, purgatives are contra-indicated in inflammatory conditions of the intestines, and depressant remedies are contra-indicated in all typhoid and debilitated cases, and irritating diuretics in cases of nephritis. The contra- indications of the various drugs will be noticed when we consider the therapeutical value of each medicinal agent. 3. Idiosjmcrasy. By this term is meant a peculiar susceptibility which some animals possess to the action of certain medicines. In the majority of instances this means increased sus- ceptibility, though we sometimes meet with the reverse. Examples. — Purgatives. Some horses are very severely affected by even a moderate dose of aloes, which may even go into superpurgation ; on the other hand, we meet with cases where the medicinal dose has little or no elfcct. ox PREscniniNG ga Effects be.^, proirrb;t ;:r,::, t '*^t'°«'""' o'lier examnlea mnv l,,, ,.°" ""=''":i"al doses. AmoiiKst horses to th a2'„ „, bl T "^^ ^--P'^Wbty of some action of opi„r Ind L, Ifrf'f^ "'^ Poculiaritie, of individuals ' ""'"'""^ ■»»■•?'"». in different '■ "" ^'''"^'--"e^ -Woh modify tie Action of Medicines. These are most imnortarf f^ fi, quire a detailed con'sid ration w "''n '' '"'^ "^" ''■ under the following heads ""'" "°^^^^ *^^"^ («) The Modes and ForniQ nf a;. • . Drugs. ^ Administration of (^) The Species of Animal. (c) Age and Size. (^0 The Effect of Diseases. (c) The Dose, (/) Frequency. (g) Time. W Duration, Toleration Hahif x , . ^JO The Effect of C,in„te'a?dt;™:d":C'°°- have an ilporlrefTe'^tln l:?:?"""''^^*""' <" "'»«» drugs in the system tL„,^^'"« ""^ ^f<=«» °f 'he 'he more quiotl/iUs ateorbeT '. """ ""^ P^P-^'ion, effects. ^ absorbed and produces its specific Win tir :tnra!ir;s'r ' °' ^^^-^ ^™«' ""* 3 w^^lf 34 VK TURIN A R Y Til KRA PE UTJCS occasionally. Some aro not intonclcfl to be absorbcfl, but to act only locally, such as gargles, insulllations, local anaisthetics, and local anodynes. 1. By the skin, or mucous membrane continuous with the skin, either rubbed in or painted on the surface, or applied in the form of dry powder. Usually only a local elTect is desired, but some may become absorbed. Examples. — Gargles to the throat ; insufllations to the nasal cavities and facial sinuses ; liniment of belladonna applied to painful parts ; cocaine as a local antcsthotic ; the use of atropia in inflannnatory conditions of the eye ; and the various collyria employed. 2. By the mouth, both in some cases to act locally on the stomach and intestines, and to be absorbed into the system chiefly from the stomach and duodenum. We may administer medicines by the mouth in various ways, in the form of either balls, drenches, powders, or electu- aries. The form of electuary is convenient when it is found either dangerous or impossible to administer the other forms. Thus, in cases of acute laryngitis, there is great danger in the administration of drenches ; from the irn i able condi- tion of the throat, there is a risk of the animal struggling and the fluid entering the trachea and bronchial tubes. In such cases we can place the medicinal agent in the form of an electuary between the molar teeth, when it will not only become absorbed, but in the case of such agents as belladonna, potass, chlor., etc., there will also be a beneficial local effect produced. Again, in cases of tetanus, we cannot administer remedies in the usual manner, and we find the form of electuary very valuable. We may also refer to the administration of ol. crotonis as a quick and effectual purgative in cases where others • ■ ON pfn:,<;cniniNG gj i"tro.l„c.,l under tUsir "« '" ™'"''°" >'» asp vrst:,.!:7j:js'---^ abscess, a„d slouch ingLy'oce'r "■="' "■""'"°"- The hypodermic method is of -^rpnf vol • practice, as it ensures the fu 1 L" a of n' '"^ "'"""' easily applied in cases where other ,. ' '^' '"^ ^' practicable, or where the dLs " ^^^^ time to act. ^ °"'^ *^^e too long a In cases of violent abdominal nain if i. nh ■ to administer medicines by th mou 1 " "?°''^^^^ dose is lost ; also in cases of in fll' '^ '''"'^^ °^ '^« tines there is very littrp:^" '^^^^^^^^ *^-"tes- alimentary canal. ab«uipuoii irom the w^fffr 36 VETERINARY TIIERA PEUTICS 4. Intravenous Injection. —By injecting the agent direct into the venous system, it produces its effects very quickly ; but this is a method rarely adopted for thera- peutical purposes, as its drawbacks are more than its advantages. No irritating substance can be used in this manner, nor any substance which has the power of coagulating albumen. 5. Intertracheal Injection.— The respiratory mucous membrane possesses very rapid powers of absorption, as has been proved by experiment. The injection of medicines into the trachea is practised in cases of that parasitic disease termed ' husk,' or 'hoose,' in cattle, where the object is to act directly on the parasites. A mixture containing turpentine and other agents is employed for the purpose, and is introduced into one of the spaces between the rings of the trachea. Any irritating fluids which gain entrance to the bron- chial mucous membrane cause great respiratory distress, and may cause mechanical bronchitis or pneumonia. It is said that fatty oils are not absorbed by the bronchial mucous membrane, but are rejected by the trachea and nostrils. These points are of importance when administering fluids to horses or cattle in the form of drenches, as it may happen, from keeping the head too high, from the struggles of the animal, or from laryngitis, that a portion of the fluid may find its way down the trachea, and cause a very serious condition of the animal. 6. By Inhalation. — By this method volatile substances are intended to enter the blood from the pulmonary capillaries, or to act on the bronchial tubes and bron- chioles. As examples of the former we have the inhalation of chloroform and ether as general anaesthetics, and of the ' ON PiiPJscRinrNG 37 latter we have the inhalation of steam, medicated with various disinfectant and soothing remedies, such as ol. eucalypti, creolin, etc.-of great value in cases of bronchitis, lessening irritability, softening the exudation, and preventing decomposition tlierein. (b) The Modifying Effect of Different Species of Animals on the Action of Medicines.— Briefly, the species of animals which we are called upon to treat are horses, cattle, sheep, pigs, and dogs. Wo shall have to consider carefully the differences in action of the various medicinal agents in these different species, such differences mainly depending on special arrangements of certain vital systems in each. There is only a slight difference in the arrangement of the circulatory and respiratory systems in these various species ; consequently, the action of medicinal agents is tolerably uniform on these systems. In the nervous, digestive, and cutaneous systems, how- ever, a marked distinction exists in the different species, so that the action of drugs on these systems is consider- ably modified according to the species to which they are administered. We may take it as a rule that the more highly developed a system or an organ is, the greater will be the effect of agents which have a specific action on it. Thus, opium and its alkaloid, morphia, which in the highly-developed cerebrum of man causes dtep stupor in large doses, acts in the horse as a motor excitant, causing the animal to walk round and round the box in one direction, and in some cases violent delirium occurs. In the horse we have many physiological peculiarities to notice, especially with reference to the digestive system. The stomach is sniall, and the intestines very capacious, and, accordi.>g to the results of experiments, there is little or no absorption from the stomach. wlP»1!f 38 VETEUINARY THERAPEUTICS The arrangement of the mucous membrane of the stomach is pecuUar, the cuticular portion being a con- tinuation of the membrane of the oesophagus; and this portion does not secrete gastric juice ; the villous portion secretes the true digestive juice. There are other peculiarities, such as the inability of vomition in the horse, and the presence of lactic acid instead of hydrochloric in the gastric juice. These will be again referred to in the section dealing with the general therapeutics of this system. In the horse the excreta carry away about two-thirds of the water of the food, while in dogs only 5 per cent, is got rid of in this manner. In herbivora only 30 per cent, of the water escapes by the kidneys, while the amount in carnivora is 70 per cert. In herbivora 70 per cent, of the water is removed by the lungs and skin, while in carnivora only 30 per cent, escapes in this manner. Vegetable purgatives act better than mineral in horses, the latter being very uncertain. The purgative generally resorted to is aloes, which acts chiefly on the large intestines. Emetics have no action in the horse, even when given doses; some may appear to have a sedative effect. The kidneys are easily acted on by diuretics, but the skin is not so readily acted on as in man, so that to enable dia.phoretics to produce their effect, the animal must be warmly clothed, otherwise the agents will pass off by the kidueys acting as diuretics. The horse is very insusceptible to the actions of seda- tives. Many drugs which produce a sedative and soporific effect iu man act in this animal as ccrebro-spinal ex- citants, eveu wheu yiven in large doses. in large ON PRESCRIBTNG 39 In cattle we find great differences to exist with regard to the actions and doses of medicinal agents as compared with the horse. These animals are usually of a dull, phlegmatic tem- perament, and possess a peculiar arrangement in the alimentary canal ; the stomach is divided into four com- partments, of which only the fourth division is capable of performing the function of digestion. The first division, termed the rumen, is of enormous size, and capable of holding a large amount of ingesta. The intestines are small in proportion, and we may rema.Ic that affections of this portion of the alimentary c . ., : are rare compared with those of the stomachs, whi ,. ■. , a fruitful source ot disorder in ruminants. Very large doses of purgatives are required to produce an effect, of which saline purgatives largely diluted prove most beneficial. _ Large doses o' stimulants and tonics are also required in these animals; the skin and kidnevs are not readily acted on, and they are not susceptible to either the ex- citant or soporific effects of opium or its alkaloids to any extent. ^ We have to consider that in many cases of serious affections in cattle it is often more advantageous to have the animal destroyed for the butcher than to have the owner run the risk of expense, and to have the animal die of the disease. Taking into consideration the usual value of cattle, we should be careful to avoid administer- ing substances whicli are likely to impart a disagreeable flavour to the flesh, such as ether, oil of turpentine, etc. With reference to sheep, similar observations will apply ; they usually take about one quarter the doses of cattle. i^ogs resemble man to a certain extent. The alimentary canal is short and straight, and easily affected by purga- wW^Wfc 40 VETERINARY THERAPEUTICS tivea, of which a combination is preferable to a large dose of a single purgative. The stomach is readily acted on by emetics, and the act of vomition is very easily produced in this animal ; thus, dogs by instinct obtain a certain grass, which has an emetic effect, when they feel deranged from any source of irritation in the stomach. In prescribing medicines for dogs, it is necessary to bear in mind that the agents used should be as palatable as possible, in order to avoid the risk of having them ex- pelled from the stomach. Although in many instances dogs take similar doses of medicinal agents as man, still there are notable excep- tions. For example, they will take very large doses of aloes as compared with man, and very small doses of calomel and oil of turpentine as compared with him. Pigs are similar to dogs in their peculiarities to the action of m.edicines, of course making allowance for increase of doses on account of their increased size. (c) The Influence of Age and Size.— As animals of each species vary very much in size, it is necessary to remember that, as a rule, the smaller the size the more diminutive should be the dose. Young animals are more readily acted on by medicines than adults, and in very old animals medicinal agents have a greater effect, as the vital organs become weakened by age. We may remark that the alimentary canals of young animals, such as foals and young dogs, are very susceptible to the action of purgatives, and that only the mildest forms and moderate doses should be employed. {<1) The Effect of Diseases on the Action of Medicines.— In cases of fever the arterial tension is dltered, and I ON PRESCRIBING 4t I absorption is retarded. In cases of inflammation of the stomach or intestines, the absorption of drugs is retarded, and the severe pain which accompanies such affections resists the action of anodynes and soporifics. Thus, in cases of enteritis very large amounts of drugs, such as morphia, etc., will be tolerated with very little effect. In cases of hyper-secretions, such as diarrhcea, polyuria, elimination is hastened, and drugs such as opium and alcohol have only a slight effect. When the secretions are diminished, we observe /ae effects of the accumulation of a drug in the system. In cases of affections of the kidneys, where the ex- cretion of urine is diminished, drugs which are carried away from the system by this channel are likely to be retained if administered in repeated doses, and may exert a sudden effect. In excessive nervous derangement, such as tetanus, very large doses of nerve sedatives are tolerated. Affections of a debilitating nature do not stand the action of sedatives or depressants well, and such remedies should be avoided. {(') The Dose. — This is a very important portion of the subject under consideration, and one that can only be studied practically. Thp dose, or the amount of any drug which it is safe or advisable to administer to any patient for therapeutical purposes, depends on the variety of circumstances that we have just described. The quantity of any drug given will have a material effect on its action. Thus, small doses of the salts of magnesia are alterative and diuretic, while large doses are purgative. Aloes is a tonic in small doses ; in full doses it is an active purgative. The proper doses can only be learned by experience. MMInr 42 VETERINARY THERAy^EUTICS f as we have seen that they depend on so many circum- stances, and also on individual peculiarities and tempera- The doses generally laid down are the smallest useful aff c ions, however, n. which it is necessary to administer it f ^ ^"«\^°«es that their physiological effects will be produced before any therapeutical results will be oDtainea. As previously stated, the age of the patient must be taken into consideration. With reference i. horses we may calculate roughly that yearlings require one-third of three V? i/". '^"['' ^-^-^-ar-olds half the dose, and tniee-year-olds two-thirds. With reference to dogs no fixed rule can be laid down as so much depends on the size and breed. We mav' however, state that in most cases it is safer to prescribe fi"st lima'' *'''*'°° °"' °^ *^''' P""'^'^ ^°^ *h^ With regard to purgatives, both for horses and do-s a P oper dose should be given, and if a sufficient amount'of longer than necessary, and much nausea results. either in''"'"T~;^^' P^''^"^" "^^^^^*"^^ '^ be given e thex m a smgle dose or to be repeated in certain doses at certam mtervals. Thus, purgatives are generally given m one dose tomes twice a day, febrifuges and stimulants tha H '"i''' ; "'' "' *° ^'^P "P ^b^"- ^f^^'^t' and so tiaat the effects of one dose will not have passed away before the next is given. ^ (^) Time.-We take advantage of natural tendencies m order to assist the action of drugs. Thus, alkaline stomachics are given before feeding to increase gastric secietiou. Acid stomachics are given after feeding, when t i I 4. ON PRESCniniNG 43 the natural acid is deficient. Drugs which have a tendency to irritate the mucous membrane of the Btomach are administered either along with the food or nnmediately after feeding. Example— Kv^Qwic. Some vequire a special preparation of the alimentary canal before administration. For example, purgatives, m which It 13 essential that the horse be properly pre- pared by being kept on bran mashes for a reasonable time beforehand, so as to have the intestinal contents in a soft condition. When prescribing iodine, we must be careful to administer it at a proper interval between the times of feeding in herbivorous animals, so as to avoid the insoluble iodide of starch being formed, as the food of such animals contains a large proportion of starch. (h) Duration, Toleration, Habit, Accumulation. —The length of time during which a drug may be administered depends on circumstances. There are some drugs which, after administration to the same individual for a certain time, commence to lose their characteristic effect, and the system can be made to re' , >, even very large doses-in fact, such doses as would have a toxic effect in other individuals; examples of such drugs are opium and arsenic. We may remark that, in prescribing arsenic, we have to commence with small doses, and to gradually increase thein as the system of the patient gets accustomed to its ellects. P.y accumulation we mean to infer that there are certain drugs which, when given in repeated doses for a period of time, may not produce any appreciable effects at hrst, when after an indefinite period of administration tliey may suddenly exert their physiological effects in a marked degree. Such drugs are said to be cumulative, examples of which we find in digitalis, mercury, strych- W^WW 44 VETERINARY THERAPEUTICS nine, etc., and in prescribing these we must be careful that they are not allowed to euter the system more quickly than they can be excreted. (i) The Effect of Climate and Surroundings.— Narcotics are said to act more effectually in hot than in cold climates. Chemical reactions and the protoplasmic move- ments are facilitated by a slightly elt^vated temperature. In damp, humid climates the animal system becomes relaxed and out of tone ; hence smaller doses of drugs are borne than in dry, bracing climates. The effect of surroundings has a material bearing on the subject of prescribing; horses kept in badly ventilated and over- crowded stables are generally prone to diseases of a debilitating or typhoid nature, and do not stand depletive measures. Well-bred animals in good condition and in proper surroundings, when attacked by acute inflam- matory diseases, bear depletion well, and the effects of sedatives are beneficial. In canine practice we must be careful in distinguishing the varieties of patients in prescribing ; for example, the pet dog, always accustomed to an indoor life and the excesses of the table, will require different treatment to the sporting dog, or one accustomed to an outdoor life in the country. Having concluded the description of the circumstances which modify the actions of medicines, we will now con- sider the fifth important section of the art of prescribing, viz. : 5. Combinations— Chemical and Physiological Incompatibles. It is often found of advantage to combine one dru« with another in a prescription, so that one will increase the action of the other, or neutralize any unpleasant t t \ t t \ ON PRESCRIBING 45 effects. To effectually combine drugs we must be per- fectly acquainted with their chemical composition and properties, and also with their physiological actions. In the combining of certain drugs, chemical reactions may occur, and either a useless or dangerous compound may be formed. Such drugs are said to be chemically incomimtlhlc with each other. There are some incom- patible drugs, however, which we do combine, but we are aware of the actual compound which is formed, and which suits our purpose. For example, the familiar ivhite lotion, so useful as an astringent application, is, technically speaking, incom- patible, being composed of a mixture of acetate of lead and sulphate of zinc in water, the result being the formation of acetate of zinc in solution, and the sulphate of lead, which, being insoluble, is thrown down as a white precipitate. Persalts of iron are incompatible with sub- stances rich in tannin, such as cinchona, etc. Chlorates should not be prescribed with iodides, as a chemical change occurs which may cause irritation of the stomach. There are many other examples of chemical incompati- bles which the, student will learn when at practical work in the pharmacy ; his knowledge of chemistry will teach him that acids should not be combined with alkaUes or vice versa. Attention must, however, be drawn to the danger of mixing substances which are likely to cause an explosive mixture. Thus, chloride of lime mixed with sulphur forms an ex- plosive compound. Oil of turpentine and sulphuric acid is also dangerous, and the same may be said of chlorate of potash and sulphur. Other examples are permanganate of potash and ^^^'^ 46 VETERTN \ n Y TUERA PEUTICS ffl chromic acid, mixtures of chlorine with ammoniacal salts, nitrates with organic bodies, etc. The chief incom- patibles will be mentioned under the heading of each drug in special therapeutics. By physiological incompatihlcs we moan those drugs which neutralize the effects of each other in the system ; such agents are also termed physiolotjical antagonists. For example, the action of strychnine on the motor tracts of the spinal cord and of Calabar bean on the same region is antagonistic, the former stimulating, the latter depressing and paralyzing, the same region, Advantage is taken of the knowledge of the actions of antagonistic drugs to form reliable antidotes in cases of poisoning. There are some drugs which, although physiologically incompatible as regards certain actions, are useful to combine in therapeutics. Thus, morphia and atropia are antagonistic as regards their action on the pupil, but are very useful in combina- tion as sedatives and anodynes. We also employ some drugs which are antagonistic to a slight degree to over- come certain uupleasant effects, such being termed cor- rectives. 6. The Prescription. As a result of the consideration of the preceding sections, the student will now be able to combine the remedies which he judges will be of benefit to his patient, the writing of which in a handy and legible form for the dispenser is termed the prescription. Prescriptions should contain as few drugs as possible, as it is an irrational proceeding to combine a number of these agents, without paying attention to the specific action of each. The classical prescription is formed on certain definite lines, as follows ; \ ON PRESCRIBING 47 tion oJh' ^f" ' '^*;'.' "^' ''''''^'°" '^"'^ ^^^"^ °f P^^P^ra- ion of the ch-ug is the most important part of the pre- scnp ,on as this is the chief portion of the con.bination o '' P''''^"'' **^' 'P'^'^1 tlierapeutical efl'ect 2 The Adjuvant.-Th,8 is the addition of some agent basis '' '^ '^ ^'"'"^ ^°*^ ^^'''" *^" ^^^^°" °f t^e 3 The Corrective, which limits or modifies the action ot the basis, and prevents unpleasant effects adderf^n ^'f'? '' E^"Pient.-This is some substance fo'tdrn:i:tior ''' ^^^^^^^"^^^^^ ^ ---^^- ^-- Example of a Classical Prescription. R. Aloes Barb., 3v. Ext. belladonna), 3ss. P. zingiber, ^ii. Theriacte, q.s. Ft. bol. i. In this, which is a formula for a purgative ball for the horse, the aloes is the basis ; the belladonna is the adjuvant as It increases the action of the aloes ; the ginger is th' corrective, as it prevents griping ; and the t'reac" he excipient, or vehicle in which the substances are mixed so as to make a bolus of proper consistency We may remark, however, that there are few proserin ^ons writ en according to these fixed rules, asrnZ .-L i„..i un vecexinary pharmacy. ffwwff rART IL GENERAL THERAPEUTICS. .. I I CHATTER I. INTRODUCTORY. The subject of general therapeutics includes a considera- tion of the evidence of the usefulness of therapeutic measures, the rationale of their operation, and the indica- tions for their employment. We shall find that it is impossible to lay down strict rules for the application of therapeutical measures ; all that can be done is to present a careful consideration of general principles, with the important points in their application. And to have this application successful requires special knowledge and sound judgment and reasoning. We may inquire as to how the facts and principles of general therapeutics are obtained. We may answer this by stating that these principles are the result of experiment and of experience, and a knowledge of the physiological action of drugs. Experience, although valuable as regards the utility of a particular method of treatment, is open to ob- jection. It is founded on certain experimental evidence either of the beneficial effects of a certain method of treatment- in the course and termination of a series of cases of the same disease, or to the immediate effects of .. lyrnonrcTonY ^^ certain treatment, irrespective of the termination or duration of the chseases. know tim no two sor.os of cases of o disoc ,o ore exn ahke ,„ al parfculars, but d.po„,l »„ .„„ny circun.s i o« cl, as the severity of the disease, the oo„stituor„; the pafent, the existence of co.nplieations, ete. It does not follow that because a certain line of tt » men .s beneficial in a certain nun.ber of cases that it should be so .n individual cases. The praetitio, er houl Nevertheless, we must admit the value of the results of expeneuce, in order to test the therapeutical vlue of medicinal measures. Methods of treatment may be originated by a study of tant remedies was acquired altogether by experience be ore we were able to explain the rationale oS actions, and that even i„ the present day we a „ p scnbmg some renu-dies with success, while we cannofi , Wowevei, the number of such remedies is graduallv decreasmg as we are improving our knowledge' ph^ maoology, physiology, and pathology. '^ General therapeutics may he said to depend on tour 1) iiiT; 7"°" '"? "^ ^-'s-'^" as f:uow: W patliology ; (4) recovcri/. thl*'i,Tdoe~.^t ''T ' '''"' ' " ""' " ''^^""^ 0- ^ dition if the bod; '""' """ """^ °^ unchangeable con- TC^RIP i 50 VET ERIN A R Y Til ERA P E UTICS I There are many degre'is or gradations of health to which we cannot apply the terms disorder or disease. The physiological state of the body is not a constant one; it is capable of being acted on by various surround- ing influences, which influences are themselves constantly changing, such as temperature, air food, etc. Thus, country horses can thrive on a different quality of food, and in different surroundings, to what those in well-Kjpt stables in town are accustomed to ; but it is possible to get animals accustomed to these different influences. We have also to conp'der that it is possible to have certain changes in organs which are not vital, without any appreciable alteration in what we term the health of the animal. In veterinary practice it is impossible to determine definitely in many instances the exact period at which there is a departure from the normal state and the commencement of disorder or disease, as our patients are incapable of the powers of speech, and the first symp- toms have to be noticed by the attendants, who are not always gifted with keen powers of observation. Except in cases which are characterized by the appear- ance of pain, the usual symptoma first noticed by the attendants are duluess and loss of appetite, etc., and it is quite clear that many aflfectidns will be in a definite stage of development before such cases are brought uuder the notice of the practitioner. (2) Pharmaco-Dynamics — Physiological Action. — We possess a certain power of interference over the physiolo- gical state of an animal. We can alter the character of the food and the system of feedin^j ; we are able to modify his surroundings in the way of ventilation, etc. ; we can order exercise or keep him at est ; we can apply clothing to the body ; and lastly, we can introduce into his system certain medicinal agents to modify or increase i I t- FOUNDATIONS OF NATIONAL TREATMENT 51 the functions of certain organs. This power or control we term actuuj phys^olorjically on //.../by such Tans and the action thus exerted we tenr..,lajslloXcZ2n The science which relates to the power of mod y^^^^ physidogjcal activity we t.n. ,narlco.,yna2T' ' hP ? h .t^'^-""^' '■' ^^''''^' *° ^^^^ ^ line between health ad disease, as we cannot recognise a definite Ttate for the former term. It is also difficult to separate in fluences mto physiological or into morbid or pathdogicat The change from what we are accustomed to recognise as health, when sufficiently definite, we term disorZZ when more marked and attended with decided suffering: in ^tK^T7'~'^^" '' *^' ""^ °^ '^' therapeutist, and la this direction he is ably assisted by nature, and it is help such efforts of nature, and not to retard them ine body possesses certain provisions not only for re covenngfrom the effects of disease, but also for preventing We have to consider that in veterinary practice we have to ascertan. as definitely as possible' whether o" pat lents will recover in such a manner as to be of prac- tical utility to their owners. Of course, in the cas of 'a^ nib " '"^''""" I °^" ''''' ^^^^ ^ consideratic^. may not be so necessary, but in horses and cattle it is of supreme importance. If a horse is suffering from a chronic affection, which IS liable be continuous or to recur frequently so as to r:m b?t^ him for work, all our eLts IZ^l he will be of no benefit, as after a long and expensive The same may be said with reference to the majority v^wfW 62 VETER IN A R Y TH ERA PEUTICS of cases of fractures, except in animals such as brood mares, or mares which can be so utilized. In horses, in consequence of the difficulty experienced in k^--^r.ing the fractured limb in a state of repose, com- plicatious are apt to ensue, and such a condition of the limb may be brought about that the animal will be un- fitted for any work, and the most humane proceeding will be to have him destroyed at the commencement. In cattle, if there is no reasonable chance of the animals recovering, or of their being fattened for the butcher, immediate destruction must be resorted to, as not only is there the expense of treatment to no purpose, but also the risk of the medicinal agents injuring the quality of the meat, besides the loss of condition, which soon leaves the carcase of no value. We may also refer to diseases not only incurable, but also dangerous to other animals and to mankind, by reason of their contagious nature, such as glanders, rabies, etc. Here treatment is out of the question, and com- pulsory slaughter becomes the most beneficial measure. In canine practice, however, with the exception of rabies, the majority of diseases among favourite animals require the skill of the practitioner, without the same consideration of practical utility in the event of recovery. - There are six means which the body possesses by which variation of functional activity can be seci> ed and morbid influences can be met and overcome. These natural means of recovery are of the greatest importance to the therapeutist, as by a consideration of them he is enabled to prescribe a line of treatment best suited to the indica- tions of a case. 1. Reserve Force. — The body possesses a certain amount of latent force which is called into action when it is re- quired ; this is termed reserve force, and we have examples NA TORAL MEANS OF RECOVERY 63 !L'h' '"TT- °^ '"" °' "'"^"'^' ^'>"='' 'hoy are con- stantly called into action, and also in tbe helrt whTh 2 There IS a Power of overcoming the Cause of Disorder -Tims .f the reserve force is being constantly called into ac ton, the result will be enlargen.ent or hypertrophy It tissues or organs. We have examples of this in hyper trophy of the left ventricle, when it has extra work to perform m cases of some valvular lesions. This is tenned SZirdisetlrd'"^"'--™'"'"-^'^-^^^^^^^^^ .att/rrzi*"' "''"'" -"^^ '» '^-"'^ ^^ ''- &»y,;c.-.The occurrence of von,itio„ in the dog when the stomach „ overgorged with food, or of purgation when the presence of irritating ingesta irritates tbefntes" i. Vicarious Compensatioii._Tliis occurs where in oerta,n affections, one organ endeavours to perf rm t ^ work of another; for example, in cases where the u ! t.o„, o the k,d„eys are suspended, the urea accun „ lates This m° K "f " '"''^''^ ''^ "'^ ^'''» "-"J i"'«stines a disorder." "" *" "^'"' '° ''""°™ ""^ '^'^'^ »' 5. Ki.ture has a power of insuring rest, e.g. the loss of appet.te seen after a case of engorge.nent of the sto ,ae. which gives that organ a necessary rest 0. By Repait.-When anatomical changes have oc- curred as the result of disease, we find that naturlpos- s sses the power of repair to a certain extent by Lans of an increase of nutritive activity wS wi,ri-''": '°""'''"°"' "' ''^"°''='' Therapeutics rmp:rt:nce. '"'' "'" """'"""■ '"' "» "' S-"' Miff i 54 VKTERINA RY THERAPEUTICS 1. The organs of the body act in obedience to surround- ing natural forces. 2. We have a certain power of controUing or modifying these natural forces. ;i We regard disorder or disease as the result of some disturbing influence acting on glands, tissues, or organs ; the plicnoniena produced are what we would expect in those affections of which we have a tolerably accurate knowledge of their pathology. 4. The functions of organs, and even the anatomical state, if the disease is not too far advanced, will return to the normal if the influences become normal. These are all very important considerations to the therapeutist, as they indicate to him that he must take advantage of these numerous natural forces in his treat- ment, and endeavour to promote a return to the normal state by acting in accordance with these forces as much as possible, or, when necessary, by neutralizing or coun- teracting the effects by the employment of other forces. Different Kinds of Treatment. We will now consider the various kinds of treatment in a general manner : 1. Preventive Treatment. — Hygiene is the science and art of preserving health, and, as will readily be seen, it is founded on an accurate knowledge of physiology. Prophylaxis recognises the causes of disease at work, and avoids or counteracts them by every possible means. Infection may be guarded against by avoiding all sources of it ; by the system of preventive innoculation, or by the administration of certain drugs, which have the effect of rendermg the system capable of resisting the action of the morbid intluence ; for example, the adminis- DIFFERENT KINDS OF THE A TMENT 55 tration of sodii hyposulphis as a preventive of dis- temper in the dog. 2. Immediate Treatment. -This includes the Removal of the Cause, attention to dietetics, and the use of medicmal agents. For example, in cases of indigestion, due to engorge- ment of the stomach, wo remove the indigestible food from the stomach by the administration of an emetic in the dog, and a purgative in the horse ; we destroy and remove parasites in the intestinal canal by means of vermicides and vermifuges. This is nature's third method of recovery. 3. Symptomatic or Palliative Treatment. — This is nature's fourth method of recovery. If we are unable to remove the morbid cause at work in the system we must neutralize or correct its effects in the body This IS, of course, not so desirable a method as that jusi mentioned, as we are now treating the effects instead of removing the cause. We select such remedies as act in an opposite direction to the effects of the morbid cause 4. Expectant Treatment.-In this form we treat the symptoms presented to us before the disease is fully developed, and before it is possible to form an accurate diagnosis. 5. Rational and Empirical Treatment.— i?a. bitters with alcohol. 3. Unpleasant Excretions fr^ '\ the Mouth will be treated by ascertaining the cause aud acting on it. Glossitif will be treated by the u f astringent gargles, such as borax and water and soluUc .s of potass, chlor., with honey, etc., and demulcents. In cases where it results from the action of irritating medicinal agents not sulliciently diluted, such as preparations of ammonia, it will be found that weak solutions of vinegar with honey will have a beneficial effect. i. Defects of the Mechanical Apparatus of the Teeth will require special attention and surgical interference. 5. Salivation must be treated according to the cause, if due to the action of drugs their employment must be ceased and belladonna administered. -in concluding our consideration of the mouth and contiguous parts, we nave to draw attention to an imaginary disease of the palatine bars of the mouth, termed lampas. This, la reality, is due to a temporary congestion of the parts in young horses during the process wn^^ 62 VETERINA li Y TIIFJL I PEUTIC^ of dentition ; and in adult horaos the parts are swollen in cases of indigestion. Obviously, the rational treatment will depend on acting on the cause; but the most abominable cruelties are often i)erpotrated in such cases by farriers, who, with a red-hot iron, endeavour to burn away the swollen membrane. It hardly seems credible that any owners of horses will permit such barbarity in the present enlightened age, but we have to confess from experience that some pe"rsons, otherwise intelligent, believe the ignorant ideas of grooms and farriers on this subject. CHAPTER III. DIGESTION— THE STOMACH. I. Physiological Relations. In commencing this brief description, we must draw attention to the fact that substances which stimulate the nerves of taste produce in a reflex manner activity of the gastric functions, and that proper insalivation with the alkaline secretion of the mouth renders the food in a proper state for gastric digestion by increasing the flow of the gastric juice. An important law must be noticed, viz., that acid sub- stances stimulate alkaline secretions, and alkalies stimulate acid secretions. In the different species of patients we find that the stomach varies in arrangement, and that this variation has a very important bearing in pharmacology and therapeutics. DIG h:S TION- THE S TO MA Cll 63 In the horse the stomach is small in comparison to the s^ze of the animal uiul to the volume of the intestines. For various reasons, the occurrence of vomition, except under certain grave conditions of disease, is impossible. This organ is rarely empty, although it has been proved that shortly after food enters it commences to pass on to the intestine. The food entering' the empty stomach passes on to the pylorus. As more food is taken, the same process goes on, but the amount passing out does not equal that commg in. When the feed is finished, this passage of ingesta into the duodenum ceases, or only small quantities will pass out, and a long time elapses before the stomach is really empty. The best condition of the organ for the function of digestion is when it is two-thirds full. Other important points in connection with the stomach of the horse are that only a portion of the mucous mem- brane is capable of secreting a digestive fluid, viz., the villous portion. Also the cardiac and pyloric orifices are situated close together, and the cardiac orifice is contracted except when food is entering. The difference in appearance between the cuticular and villous mucous membrane, and the situation of the organ, which rests on the colon, and is not in contact with°the abdominal walls, are other points worthy of note. In ruminants the stomach is divided into four com- partments, of which the first three may be considered as dilatations of the oesophagus. It is only in the fourth division that true gastric changes occur. The stomach of the pig is a type between the car- nivorous and ruminant-all portions of it do not possess Wlw' l: i 64 VETERINA R Y THERA PEUTICS the same powers of digestion. There are two acids formed in gastric digestion in the pig ; for the first hour or two of digestion the acid is lactic, and afterwards hydrochloric acid. The stomach of this animal empties itself very slowly when no fresh food is given. The stomach of the dog is large, and coated through- out with a mucous membrane secreting gastric juice. We may study the functions of the stomach from three standpoints : 1. The secretion of gastric juice. 2. The movements in the organ for the mixing of foods and their passage on to the intestines. 3. Absorption. 1. The gastric juice is an acid secretion, which is derived from the gastric glands. The acidity of this secretion in the horse has been proved to be due to the presence of lactic acid, while in other animals the acid believed to be present is hydrochloric. The digestive ferment is termed pepsin, which has the power of con- verting proteids into peptones. The gastric juice is stimulated to flow by the following agencies : {a) the mechanical presence of food ; {h) by the ^.roducts of digestion , (c) by impressions on the nervous centres, such as tastes, etc. ; {d) by the presence of the saliva and any dilute alkaline fluids at the mouths of the gastric tubules. 2. As digestion proceeds, the gastric vessels dilate, there is movement of the muscles of the gastric walls, complex changes occur in the food, and what we term the chyme is formed. 3. As the result of digestive changes, we find that in the stomach about 40 to '60 per cent, of the carbo- hydrates of the food have br.on converted into sugar, and wo acids irst hour fterwards I empties through- uice. :om tlaree mixing of ;estines. which is y of this ue to ths the acid digestive iv of con- following i ; {h) by s on the ! presence le mouths ils dilate, iric walls, we term id that in he carbo- iugar, and DIGESTION-THE STOMA CIT 65 40 to 70 per cent, of the proteids have been converted into peptones ; this renders the food fit for absorption In the horse it has been proved by experiment that little or no absorption takes place from the stomach, so that the chief process of absorption must occur in the intestines i^n the ruminant, the greater portion of the food is acted on in the divisions of the stomach, so that the mtestmes occupy a minor position in the role of digestion in these animals. The Nervous Mechanism of the Stomach.-Of the nerves wlucii govern the secretion of the gastric juice, nothing IS yet definitely known. We know that the contact oi ood, the products of digestion, and dilute alkahes, increase the secretion of the gastric juice. Also that the stomach possesses nervous ganglia in its walls independent of its outside nervous supply, and that the movements of the s omach-wall are excited by the presence of food and stimulation of the vagus nerve. The stomach is supplied by two sets of nerves, and a centre in the medulla -the pneumogastrics, prcbably the afferent nerves, and the splanchnics the efferent I the pneumogastrics be stimulated, powerful contraction of the walls of the stomach occurs ; while if the splanch- ' nics be stimulated, the movements will cease ; we there- fore term the pneumogastrics augmentor nerve, and the splanchnics inhibitory nerves to the stomach-wall. Impressions reaching the cerebrum and centre in the medulla are reflected as impulses to the stomach. Impressions from other organs, such as the intestines hver, kidneys, and all impressionable parts, have also a decided effect on the different functions of the stomach A point of interest in connection with the nerve-supply of the stomach of ruminants is that the nerves of the third compartment are distinct from those of the re- 5 Mlw 66 VETERINA R Y THERA PEUTICS y ^ ■*^ ^ k ''i« kof;rS7anT":i;!';'"'/''fj'^''"^"'^^-'-«'- »ony, 'ana ^^^"ourn '"Ci: t ^ot til?" ^^ """■ and indirect emetics. ' ''°"' "» ''''•«'=' Anti-emetics avert or arrest emesis : -I. oubstances which f«.i„«„ ii • . vomiting centre Tull , ^ 'mtability of the bromides. ' "' ""^^^ "*'"^«' ^»^I-aI, opium. 2. Sedatives to the afferent nerves of th« .f such as bismuth, dilute hv^... '"ves ot the stomach, III. Pathological Relations. We have two conditions to consider- 1 vomiting ; 2. defective vomitiny. ' '-"'''^^'^"^ Excessive vomiting may occur in .ft .• stomach, of the brain, and'ofotlr"^^^^^^^^^^ °^ f^ occur from irritation o' fh« , -1 °'S^"^- -ft may also the action of maTned ueririlrhT'^;' "^" ^^ '"™ effects of certain poisons '°°''' °' '™'" "^« sonltrfrr"2r1lLr'''"?''r' ^»'^'""«' «-" the centre. In cases of ^ -^ T*™"' ''"""iation of attempt at vomith "occ r „"'.°°" ^' ""'°°""^' ™ "'""™' required to get rid of th 'po. o. "'^"" ■™^»^ "gently fflBf 80 VETERINARY THERAPEUTICS fli FT IV. Natural Recovery. Vomiting may cease after tlie cause has been removed; but in some cases it may persist, calling for interference. If allowed to continue, the irritability of the gastric mucous membrane becomes increased, also the sensibility of the vomiting centre, and great weakness and prostration of strength, due to want of nourishment, is apt to ensue. V. Therapeutics. 1. Excessive Vomiting.— The first indication in the treat- ment of excessive vomiting is to ascertain the cause, and if possible remove it. In the dog, if due to the presence of irritating food, the administration of an emetic will help to remove it ; while if the vomiting occurs in the second stage of indigestion, with irritation of the gastric mucous membrane, gastric sedatives will be indicated. If due to the presence of a poison, then suitable antidotes will be given. If the vomiting be due to some injury or disease of the brain, nervous sedatives, such as bromides of potassium or ammonium, will be useful. If we ascertain the cause to be the presence of some intrinsic poison, such as urea in the blood, which irritates the vomiting centre, we must endeavour to remove it by increasing the action of the bowels, kidneys, and skin. If we fail to ascertain the cause, we must endeavour to reduce the irritability of the gastric nerves and the centre by the administration of such agents as opium, dilute hydrocyanic acid, etc. 2. Defective Vomiting — the Use of Emetics.— For ob- vious reasons, the consideration of the above will only apply to animals which have the power of vomicion, as the dog and pig, because horses and ruminants do not respond to the action of emetics. In cases where the presence of indigestible food is not removed by spon- rOMlTION AND THE USES OF E.UETirs gl taneoua voniition, also in cases of foreign bodies in the cemc„lport,o„ottl.e.esopl,a«us,andinaffeetio„ nvh h ndzcated. In tlie lattennstanco, however, great iud-m.ent Sulphate of ;„„c, ,u doses fro.n 10 to 20 grains in "o„. ihe quicliest emetic in oases of poisoning is nno I~ " h°" °' " '"'"' '° '= «™- hyp„de,°, LX: In cases where en.etieg are indicated in resnirato/v of "nTni t "" " ""/'■" "'^'''^-"^''' - -■ ° ' oi ammonia, IS recommended. In instances where drugs are not at our command we may admm.ter a tablespoonful of mustard raeupo elrl" r r "".^*^^- ^^^ -ntra-iudicatlons to 'the employment of emetics, we may mention the period of gestation, irritation of tlie castHr. mn. , and in cases of debilitatin^al'tlins" """'"'^^' CHAPTER V. DIQESTION-THE INTESTINES. I. Physiological Relations. Xt:::ttreZr:f i'"«^ ''-- r -^-"-^- T« n "" *^ °^ mucous membrane, m the rummants, as previously remarkod fh« , • Sir' ^Th"°d '^ T'^' ™ 'y "." viiitdt pT: stomach. In the dog the intestines are short and s.nall as ;::rr ':;r"""'^' "-^ "^« ^'^ "- '--"^ ; and hertoom • "' ' """ '"^'"^''" *^ -™™- 6 Wl^\^ 82 VKTERINA R Y Til ERA PEVTICS When the chyme enters the small intestmes, it meets three digestive fluids, viz, the bile, coming from the hver ; the pancreatic juice, from the pancreas ; and the 8UCCUS entericus, from the glands of the small intestines. As a result of the complex chemical changes which occur, the chyme becomes changed as follows : it changes its physical character, and becomes alkaline in reaction, and in a fit state for absorption by the lacteals and vessJls of the intestines. In connection with the intestines we have to consider • 1. Absorption; 2. Excretion; 3. Peristaltic action, or transit; 4. Evacuation. 1. Absorption.— As the chyme passes along the small mtestme, certain portions of it become absorbed by the lacteal and portal systems ; it is then carried on to the large mtestine, where a further absorption takes place, the remainder forming the fteces. An injportant point to notice is that a certain amount of fluid passes from the intestine to the blood, and from the blood to the intestine. If absorption be slow there will be more fluid directed mto the intestine from the blood, and more rapid trans- mission of the contents, and, as a consequence, the faeces will assume a liquid character. On the other hand if the absorption be active, there will be less fluid poured out, the transit will be slower, and the fa3ces will be of a firm character. We can only explain the absorption of water and salts by the portal system on the principles of diffusion or osmosis. This process will depend on the amount of water, salts, and proteids in the bowel as compared with those in the blood, and also on the nature of these salts and the activity of the circulation through the veins. 2. Excretion.-Iu the small intestine there is a large Diar-STiox^riiK lvtest/xics 8.3 The intestinal movemenfs nvo qI^.^ -.u is influenced, espeeiallv in ;!.H "''°'° ''>'''^» ing are an.on, tSei^rettr*^"™- ^"' '°"°- tives. ^ '"^''^ '^'^^ some puiga- (3) Deleterious substances are removPr^ fv flow, „ore ,,ee.y in ,he pcrUI syste^'Vitel^o;,!;' M!^\\^ 84 VET/:/? IN A RY TTJEnA PEUTTCS in the liver is rendered more free and the volume of blood reduced, the cerebral circulation is depressed, the circulation in the kidneys is increased, and diuresis is more readily induced. II. Pharmaco-dynamics. We can modify the action of the intestines in various ways, either by attention to tlio food, by increasing peristaltic action, by increasing the intestinal secretion"^ or by modifying absorption and excretion. 1. Food.— We must pay attention to the fact that per- fect digestion in the stomach is one of the most important factors in promoting intestinal digestion and preserving a proper action of the intestines. If the food enters the intestine before it is properly acted on by the gastric secretion, it will cause irritation of the intestinal mucous membrane, setting up either colic or enteritis, or, as an effort of nature to remove it, spontaneous diarrhoea. Certain coarse articles of food, such as bran, have the effect of increasing the action of the intestines and acting as laxatives, and are largely used for this purpose. 2. Agents which act upon the Intestinal Bloodvessels.— We may divide these into: {a) Drastics ; (b) Astringents; (c) Constringenis. (a) Drastics.— These are powerful and often dangerous purgatives. They cause dilatation of the intestinal blood- vessels, and a transudation of fluid into the walls and cavity of the intestines. They produce a condition of mild catarrh of the intestinal mucous membrane, and liquid evacuations, and require to be prescribed with great caution, £'xa?«/)^cs.— Croton-oil, gamboge, elaterium. These purgatives are indicated in cases where imme- t*> SAUNK puna.i Tirm ^r, dialo purKation is „ece.,sary, euob a, in affections of the b.an olo ami croton-oil has tl,„ a,lvantaKo of boinK capa l„ of a,l,„ini»t,ati„n in patients ul,o"o tl.cro i^ ab, ty to swallow, being s.nall i„ bnll,, and acting nl^ placed on the tongue. wans 'Tli!'"'- '''"'^''''"- -''"■'■";/<•"'— These contract tho ^^&,„,y,te._ Salts 01 load, diluted ndneral acids, actbn'i'.ltt'r' ^'"'""■'■'"'"""■-Thes. have a special fnt^i \ '"PPorting the snmll vessels of tho ness of these issues, diminish the circulation, and reduce the amount of exudation through the vessel ^alls. conlaSt"''?'"' "' T' """""• ""d -''^"'°=- containing it, such as catechu, kino, etc J'l^T*^ 7"'°" to«»ence Absorption and Excrction- S« «. 7',„.i,«(,«._These modify the process , f osmosis n the intestinal wall, and produce two import Jau efe I .St they increase the flow of i.nid n,,n L bloodet^^ into he cavity of tho intestine. Secondly, they are absorbed with a certain amount of fluid into he ZZ. vessels and into the general circulation, bein., a"ain party excreted into the intestine by ihe inlestl a r suit ;f tr '""■"°" ''""' "«"'" "''^''''^O- As a result these processes, a fluid evacuation of the bowels 8 ood. According to some authorities, saline purgatives a^so^act by increasing the peristaltic action of 'he^intos! Examples of Saline Purnativr/<'A'.— Jalap, colocyntb, podophyllin, etc. {b) Suhstancea which diicctlij diminish the Intestinal Secretions.— Oinmu, lead, and lime directly diminish tho intestinal secretions. Alkalies and tlieir carbonates in- directly produce a similar etrect by interfering with the acidity of the chyme, when given in full doses. 5. Agents which influence the Nervo-Muscular Structures of the Intestines.— As we have already seen, there aro many substances which act on the intestines through the muscular coat, tho nerves, or a combination of both. Drastics even act in a reflex manner. Thus, croton-oil will cause increased peristalsis of the intestine before it has left the stomach. (a) Nen'o-Mnscnlar Intestinal Stimulants. -These aro generally known as simple punjativcs, and the mildest of tho group are termed aperients or laxatices, such as castor- oil, raw linseed-oil, etc. Simple purgatives act chiefly or entirely on the intestinal muscles, and cause a nmch less fluid evacuation than tliat produced by saline or cathartic purgatives, with less action on the portal and general circulation. Examples.— Woes, rhubarb, etc. They are generally combined with a carminative, to prevent puiu from excessive muscular contraction. ANT/fr/.M/yrrCS fl7 ih Certain ,ln,«s aRsist tl.o action of such pur^^ativos BUch as nux von.ica, bdhulonna. tli. latter acting by Its power of loasening tl.o inl.il.itioii of the Hphinclmic nerves. {/') Nrrro.M>,sa>/ar /nl,'sli,u,l S.ulalirrs.^-Thv^^e. arrest tho movements of the intestine, either directly or by acting on the nerves. <> j b Kranip/rs. -Opium, morphine, lead, etc. li.H.nuth, chalk, etc., diminish peristaltic action by formmj,, a protective coating' on the nuicous membrane ami mdirectly by din.inishing the acidity and irritability of the contents. "^ All the substances under this heading are astrin- gents. _ (5. Cholagogues.-ThoRe increase peristaltic action of the mtestmes by increasing the flow of the bile, which is a natural stiuiulant of the inuscular coat. They are divided into : (^0 Direct choUigogucs, which stimulate directly the hver-cuUs and the gall-bladder. Indirect cholagoyurs, which indirectly stimulate the biliary secretion by clearing out the bile which is present in the intestine, and thus a fresh flow is induced Kvamplos of Direct Ghola!iojucs.-I>odophylVm, sulphate of soda, etc. Rmmplcs of Indirect Cholarjorfues.-Mercnridh.such as calomel, pil. hydrargyri, etc. We have also to mention that most purgatives are indirect cholagogues, and that many purgatives are direct cholagoguos, while all cholagogues are purgatives. 7. Anthelmintics are medicines which kill or expel parasites from their various locations in the body Thev are divided into .- ^ 1. Vermi/uycs, which expel the parasites without of 88 VETEIUNA R Y THERAPEUTICS necessity destroying them. These belong to the group of cathartic purgatives, and by their action the parasites are removed from the intestine in tlie excreta. 2. Vermicides destroy the parasites, and it is clear that a combination of both a vermifuge and a vermicide will be advan*-ageous. Certain vermicides have a special action on certain species of parasites. Thus, areca-nut and the extract of male shield fern are useful for acting on the varieties of tapeworm, santonin for round worms. The oxyures, or thread-worms, found in the rectum, are best acted on' by anthelmintic enemata, such as decoctions of quassia or aloes. Oil of turpentine is a valuable anthelmintic in horses and cattle, but requires to be used with great caution in dogs. All anthelmintics act better when the stomach and intestines are moderately empty and the contents soft, and m many instances the medicinal agents will require repetition. Small doses of salines and mineral tonics will also be useful to induce a healthy condition of the alimentary canal. The parasites infesting the bronchial tubes of young cattle and lambs are best acted upon by intertracheal injections of solutions specially prepared, generally con- sistmg of small amounts of such agents as oil of turpen- tine, carbolic acid, etc. By this method the parasites are directly destroyed and expelled. III. Pathological Relations. Under the above heading we have the following con- ditions to consider, and may remark that in ruminants affections of the intestines are seldom met with in com- parison to their frequency iu horses and dogs. i a INTES TINA L A FFECTfONS 89 • s, i 1. Excessive Intestinal Action— Diarrhcea. 2. Deficient Intestinal Action— Consti2)ation. 3. Impaction of the Large Intestines, toith Paralysis of the Muscular Coat. 4. Spas7n of tlie Intestines, or Colic. 5. Inflammation of the Intestines, or Enteritis. 6. Volvulus and Intussusception. 7. Tympanitis of the Intestines, or Flatulent Colic. 1. Excessive Intestinal Action is often referable to gastric indigestion, and may depend on irregularities in feeding, and the passage of the food into the intestines before it has been properly acted on by the gastric secre- tion. Certain poisons originating in the body itself, such as urea, and the poison of pyaemia, will also cause diarrhoea. It may also occur as the result of an overdose of a purgative, or in cases of individual idiosyncrasies from the action of even a moderate purgative. In young animals, such as foals, diarrhoea is frequently seen from mismanagement, such as overworking the dam feeding her on improper food, and allowing the youn- animal to suckle her. at irregular intervals, when the stomach of the foal has become weakened by prolonged abstinence, the result being that indigestion occurs These cases often become serious if unchecked, as a form of catarrh of the mucous membrane of the intestinal canal IS apt to ensue. We must regard diarrhoea rather as a symptom than as an actual disease. 2. Deficient Intestinal Action, or Constipation, depends on various causes. It may be due to a want of tone in the muscular coat of the intestines, depending on loss of vigour of the nerves, which do not respond to the natural stimuli. Also to insufhcient exercise, and a long con- 90 VETERINARY TTIERArEUTICS tinuance in dr}' articles of food. Defective biliary secre- tion is also a connnou cause. Wo must regard constipation as but a symptom of some existing condition rather than as a disease. Dogs, especially those kept as pets, with pampered appetites and insufiicient exercise, are very subject to deficient action of the intestines, often leading to serious conditions. In foals, shortly after birth, there may be a condition of constipation due to inability to pass off the meconium, which, if not relieved, may lead to grave consequences. 3. Impaction of the Large I itestines. — This may depend on loss of tone in the muscular coat, whereby the intes- tinal contents accumulate and completely arrest the action of the bowels, and block the passage. In the horse the double colon is often the seat of this affection, dry, bulky, indigestible food being a predis- posing cause. Calculi and concretions formed in the intestine also are causes of obstruction, and tumours mechanically interfering with the parts ai'e sometimes met with. In the dog, impaction with paralysis of the intestine is an occurrence very frequently met with, and a peculiar symptom sometimes is present in such cases, i.e., the occurrence of paralysis of the hind extremities of the animal. In this animal accumulations of faecal matter may assume a very hard character, causing serious symptoms. We may also refer to the presence of foreign bodies and sharp bones swallowed as causes of intestinal obstruction in the dog. 4. Spasm of the Intestines, or Colic, is an affection of very frequent occurrence in horses. It consists of a spasmodic contraction of the muscular coats of the intes- tine, and is generally referable to irregularities in feeding, ^^ ^ INTESTINAL AFFECTIONS 91 M^ the processes of mastication, salivation, and gastric digestion not being properly performed from various causes. Irritation is set up in the intestines, leading to the occurrence of the symptoms which we recognise as those of colic. 5. Inflammation of the Intestines, or Enteritis, is one of the most latal affections to which the horse is liable. It may arise from various causes ; in many instances it is impossible to assign any definite cause, and authorities are not yet agreed as to whether colic if severe and un- checked will terminate in enteritis, or whether the latter affection has a distinct origin and course of its own. Enteritis consists in inflammation of the mucous coat of the intestines, the large being oftener attacked than the small. As the disease progresses, all the coats of the intestines become involved in the inflammatory process. In some cases the disease runs a very rapid course, the postmortem appearances showing extensive extravasa- tion of blood into the cavity of the bowels, resembhng a form of apoplexy of these organs rather than an ordinary form of inflammation. G. Volvulus and Intussusception, and other forms of grave intestinal lesions, are generally hopeless cases, and beyond the aid of the therapeutist. However, we may venture to hope in the near future, when abdominal surgery shall be better uuderstood as applied to animals, that surgical interference may be brought to bear with benefit in such cases. 7. Tympanitis of the Intestine, or Flatulent Colic, is that condition in which there is distension of the bowels by the presence of gas, arii^iug from food which easily undergoes fermentation, the pain not being so acute as in the spasmodic form, but the constituti< uai disturbance greater. . wif 92 VETER IN A R Y Til ERA PEUTICS Tympanitis may occur during the progress of another disease, where exhaustion is a prominent feature. It also occurs in cases of obstruction of the intestines from calculi, tumours, and other mechanical causes, and must always be regarded as a very grave symptom. IV. Natural Recovery. As previously stated, we often find that diarrhoea is an effort of nature to remove some irritating material from the intestinal canal. When this cause is removed the symptoms may cease, but we shall find that therapeutic measures will be required either to help the removal of the irritant, or to combat excessive symptoms in many cases. In all the other pathological conditions noted, the aid of the therapeutist will be required, as spontaneous recovery is seldom seen. V. Therapeutics. The Uses of Purgatives.— The intestines of the horse present a very extensive surface of mucous membrane, and great care is essential in the administration of purgatives in order to avoid the occurrence of super- purgation. If possible, for two days prior to the administration of a purgative, tlie animal should be pre- pared by being fed on bran-mashes, so as to render the intestinal contents soft and easily acted on, and thus to avoid any irritating effects as much as possible. By this means a much smaller dose of the purgative will suffice to bring about desired results. Up to the present the drug chiefly employed to produce purgation in the horse is aloes, administered in the form of a properly-prepared bolus. Saline purgatives have an uncertain action in this animal, while the use of laxatives, USES OF PURGATIVES 93 such as raw linseed-oil, are indicated in cases where we wish to act on the intestines without danger of any irritating elfects. The animal having been properly prepared, if a moderate dose of aloes be administered in the morning purgation will usually ensue in from ten to ticclvc hours'. The animal should have gentle walking exercise until the physic commences to operate, when he should be placed in his stall, with proper clothing applied, and a liberal supply of warm bran-mashes allowed, care being taken to avoid cold drinks by having the chill taken oif the water allowed. In ruminants, in consequence of the development of the stomach and the large amount of ingesta contained therein, the action of purgatives is slow and often uncer- tam, the average time being twelve to sixteen hours. Sahne purgatives largely diluted give the best results, while 111 obstinate cases crotonoil with calomel are to be preferred. Sheep generally take about one-fourth the dose required for cattle. Sulphate of magnesia largely diluted or castor-oil are the safest agents ; drastics such as croton- oil should be avoided. In the dog purgation is easily induced, the alimentary canal being comparatively small and the ingesta not bulky. Either castor-oil, or jalap with calomel, gives the oest results, while it is important to remember that the mixture should be prepared in as palatable a form as possible, so as to avoid the tendency to produce vomition. Purgatives generally act in from five to eight hours in this animal, and in obstinate cases should be assisted by the administration of enemas. In the pig either castor-oil or sulphate of magnesia acts well. Wtf 94 VETERINA R Y Til ERA REUTICS We will now consider the therapeutical relations of the following conditions. 1. Deficient Intestinal Action— the Use of Purgatives. 2. Excessive Intestinal Activity— the Use of Astrin- gents, and the Treatment of Diarrhcca. 1. Deficient Intestinal Action varies in degree from what is known as ordinary constipation to a condition of great gravity, in which there is total stoppage of the bowels, with perhaps paralysis of the muscular coat of the intestine. In the treatment of ordinary constipation the cause must first be discovered and removed. Attention must be directed to the food, to the digestion, to the amount of exercise, and to the state of the liver. If the condition become chronic, it will generally be found due to a ivant of tone, or torpiclitij of the muscular coat of the intestine, in which nervo-muscular stimulants will be indicated, after free purgation has been induced by the administration of a purgative. Thus, medicinal doses of nux vomica, with small doses of aloes and bella- donna, will be found very useful in such cases, with occa- sional administration of saline cholagogues, such as sulphate of soda. In cases of impaction of the intestines, violent purga- tives should be avoided, the use of oleaginous laxatives being indicated, with the liberal use of purgative enemata, administered by means of a special long tube. In cases of colic, or spasm of the intestines, generally due to the presence of irritating ingesta, an oleaginous purgative should be administered, with an antispasmodic to relieve the pain. Other Uses of Purgatives. — Besides the use of purgatives for the conditions we have mentioned, there are many ylf .► i USES OP PURGATIVES % other important indications in which they are employed with benefit. "^ (a) For the Beduction of the General Blood Pressure - In cases of cerebral congestion, of dropsy due to over- loadmg o the portal system and systemic veins, hydra- gogue cathartics and salines are very useful, relieving the circulation, and removing a large amount of fluid by the intestines. ^ (b) At the commencement of some inflammatory afl-ec- tions such as lymphangitis, laminitis, irritative fever due to wounds, etc. (c) In cases of inflammation of the liver and kidneys purgatives have a beneficial action, removing by the intestines the excrementitious matters which, by reason of the loss of function of the former organs, remain in the system. (d) For removing from the alimentary canal parasites, and also for relieving the stomach of irritating ingesta. and in cases of engorgement of that organ leading to cerebral complications. Also in cases of diarrhcea due to the presence of irritating material in the intestines, a moderate aperient is the first indication in treat- ment. Contra-indications of Purgatives. ~ In inflammatory conditions of the intestines, in peritonitis, in volvulus and intussusception in hernia, etc.. purgatives must be studiously avoided, as peristaltic movements increase the diseased condition, and temporary paralysis of the intes- tine must be aimed at. _ Again, iu all cases of a debilitating nature, such as influenza, respu-atory aftections, etc.. purgatives have a depressing and weakening efi-ect. and if their use is abso- lutely required, only the mildest laxatives should be employed, with the use of enemata in addition Wtf Ofi VETERINARY THERAPEUTICS 2. Excessive Intestinal Activity— the Treatment of Diarrhoea. — The first step in the treatment of diarrhoea is to ascertain the cause, and, if possible, remove it. If due to irrational methods of feeding, these should be imme- diately attended to. Some animals, especially horses, are very subject to an attack of diarrhoia without any appreciable cause, and require careful attention in the way of feeding. Care should be taken that the food is properly acted on in the mouth, and also that gastric digestion is properly performed, and that the animal is watered at a proper time. Unless the diarrhoea is excessive, it will be advisable, in cases where it is due to the presence of irritating ingesta in the intestines, to help the efforts of nature to remove the cause by the administration of an oleaginous laxative. In young animals, where the affection is often due to the milk being deteriorated in quality, and allowed at irregular intervals, a similar course should be adopted at the commencement, bearing in mind, however, the great danger of intestinal catarrh, with weakness of the patient, supervening if the condition is allowed to continue with- out treatment being adopted. If the diarrhoea be due to renal or hepatic disorders, cholagogues with diuretics in moderate doses will be useful. If it be due to excessive acidity of the duodenum, alkalies, such as bicarbonate of soda or chalk, should be administered. If the diarrhoea persists after our efforts to remove the cause, we are compelled to treat the effects, remembering that these should not be allowed to continue too long before treatment is adopted. For this purpose we pre- scribe intestinal constringents with intestinal nervo- muscular sedatives. Substances containing tannic acid, \ I TREATMENT OF INTESTINAL AFFECTIONS •»? such as catechu or kino, with preparations of opium, such as the tincture of opiuui or chlorodyne, to which may be added a dose of prepared chalk, give excellent results, and may be administered iu Hour or sto,rch gruel, the former by preference. The drinking water should have the chill removed, and the food should be of as digestible a nature as possible, and the animal kept sulhciently warm. In cases of superpurgation due to the excessive action of cathartics, very careful attention is necessary. Many of such instances will yield to a dose of tincture of opium combined with a carminative, but some cases require the use of stimulants, of which brandy is to be preferred. In cases of dysentery, the intestinal vascular astrin- gents are employed, such as lead combined with opium and dilute sulphuric acid. Treatment of Flatulent Colic— In this condition our efforts must be directed to neutrali;^e the gas in the intes- tine, to promote action of the bowels, and to relieve the pain. For these purposes the oil of turpentine, with some preparation of ammonia and a large dose of raw linseed-oil, gives satisfactory results, and the action should be assisted by the use of enemata. In very severe cases, with symptoms of great distress, it will be nenessary to perform the operation of punctur- ing the distended bowel with a special trocar and cannula, so as to allow the excessive amount of gas to pass o% and thus avert a fatal termination. Treatment of Enteritis.— In this affection, as previously stated, all purgatives should be rigidly withheld, as the chances of recovery, although very slight, will depend on keeping the inflamed part in as complete a state of rest as possible. The skill of the therapeutist should be directed tc 7 ^f m Vf.TKHIXARY Tlir.HM'KUTins anoajno , of wh.ch opiu,,, an,l its alkaloi,!, „,„rnl,ia omb,„ed ,v,th atropia, a.o those in «o„e™l use. vJ ave to consider that in this afTection ^ery large dases „( .ese drugs will bo tolerated, and as i^ u.anv hoTses hose „g.,ts „,entio„od act as cerebro-spinal oLit and fa to sue rohef, ,t will be necessary to administer a ypnofc such as chloral hydrate or tht drug ci: i :X:t tirire."'"'"''' '"" '"™" - ^ ™'-"'» The Treatment of Obstruction of the Intestine due to Impaction or other Oauses.-I„ these cases tl"e u!e o strong purgatives is also contra-indicated, as hkeW t cause rupture of the intestinal wall, or entc, tis. O ctn ! ous laxafves should be adn.inistered and pu'at ve onemata persevered in, the long rectun, tube be,nl of ™t servee m such cases. If we are enabled to dLuose the ease to be a paralysed condition of the colon ""th accumulation of the content., then the use of h;pode mic njecfons of eserine, con.biued with pilocafpine s fonlitof'th T '""" "°^' ^'"'^'""'"'y '-""^ '^ hel ' °' """'"'S '""^'■6*"i<= eontractious of seciefon of the mtestnml fluids, the latter causing exces- sive secretion of the intestinal glands If the obstruction be dae to other causes, this treatment W.I1 only hasten the fatal result, besides causing e.cesXe pain to the animal. ^ ^e«>M\e ^Finally, ^^e may state that in all intestinal disorders where paiu is a prominent symptom, our immediate efforts hould be dn-ected to subdue it. as pain, if allowed to continue, will lead to very .serious results If we could always diagnose the cause of abdominal pain correctly, then indeed our efforts should be directed 1 c 8 B a t: n Tin: ATM EM OF /NTEST/yAL AFFECTIONS <)\i to remove this cause, and treat the effects which may remain. If we are positive from our observation and judgment of the symptoms that a certain case is one of spasmodic cohc, due to the presence of irritating ingesta in the intestines, then the rational treatment would bo the administration of a cathartic immediately. But, unfortunately, in all cases the symptoms presented are not suihciently diagnostic to enable us to do this with certainty, and the primary symptoms of abdominal pain may be the precursor of very serious conditions, where active purgatives would be not only injurious, but would increase the tendency to a fatal result. We have also to take into consideration the length of time which a cathartic dose will take to produce its ei'fects in a horse which is not prepared. Practitioners differ in their opinions with reference to treatment in such cases, some advocating the adminis- tration of an active cathartic on the first symptoms of spasmodic colic being shown, with an antispasmodic to relieve the pain ; others regard the relief of the pain as of primary importance, and at the same time administer an oleaginous aperient, which, in the event of a more serious condition supervening, cannot be productive of any injurious effect. We may add that the latter is the practice recommended by authorities on human medicine. I ■ mi 'I 100 Viyr/:/i/.VAUY TIJKIIAPFAJTICS cnArTi:R vi. ON ENBMATA. ExEMATA are fluids of various compositions introduced into the rectum for the following therapeutical pur- poses : "I i'"^ 1. To procure evacuation of the bowels. 2. To nstraia severe diarrhoea. 3. To destroy and remove parasites in this location. 4. iiy rellex action to procure soothing elfects on the pelvic organs, o. To act as nutrients to the system wlien feeding by the mouth is impossible or contra-indicated. 1. Enemata for the purpose of procuring evacuation of the bowels may be either simple, consisting of warm water with soap rubbed up therein, ov punjaticc, such as injections of castor-oil. raw linseed-oil, or solutions of aloes. In eithe- of these instances we do not intend the action to be merely a local one by removing the contents of the rectum, but to stimulate the whole intestinal tract to increased peristaltic action. In the case of simple enemata, to effect this purpose it IS necessary to introduce a large amount of fluid, so that the lower portion of the intestine shall be distended, and the action of the p. vts beyond this excited To pedorm tir^ v> w,„]i^. ^^^^^,^ a^tend^d to. We in.., ... sid.. that L large colon i that portion of the int.3.;:,o ..ichis .^ually Lcte/l^ impaction etc.. and u..t .his part is out of reach of mechamca interference, Also, we have to consider the great length of the rectum and floating colon of the horse I ON EN EM AT A 101 ritroduccd jical pur- location. its on the .■eding by jated. uation of Df warm such as itions of tend the contents iial tract irpose it , 80 that led, and nust be colon is !cted by each of ider the e horse, the former beinj- about two foet in len.^th, the latter about ten fett. To simply i„j.c, fluids into the rcctun, with an ordinary synngc .nd short tube in the hope of acting on impaction locat.. u tiie large colon must of necessity bo a failure, as after a certam amount has been injected, it will pass out and snnply remove the contents of a portion of the rectum. What our object should bo is this : to ensure that the fluid shall find its way as far up the intestine as possible and remam there for a certain period so as to excite the peristaltic action of the portion of the intestine requu'iug it. The rectum tube invented and recommended by Pro- fessor Smith. A.V.D., for this purpose is a most useful instrument m cases of impaction of the colon, but certain precautions are necessary in using it. The rectum should hrst be cleared of uU excreta as far up as possible with the hand. The tube, being well smeared with vaseline, is attached to the enema syringe, the best pattern of the latter being that invented by Winton. which is slow and steady m its action. The tube is now carefully intro- duced mto the rectmn, and the syringe slowly and steadily worked. As the bowel becomes dilated by the fluid the tube car bo easily passed along, no force being used at any time. By this means a large amount of fluid can be in roduced into that portion of the intestine where its action wil be productive of benefit, and where a certain portion will be liljely to remain. Of course, in cases of severe abdominal pain it would be a matter of impossibihty to use such a tube. In such IrldoTof ^t ''""^' '"^ ""' '''''''' by theadminis- a tion of anodynes, either by the mouth or by sub- cutaneous injection. * ^ The long tube is only required iu cases of impaction of "rtw \i ■ 102 VETEETNARY TffPJIfAPEUTWS the colon, a tube of about half the length sufficing for ordinary cases. In using purgative enemata, we should be careful to employ only moderate amounts at a time, so as to ensure that they shall be retained for a proper period. Here again we find the long tube of infinite service in cases of impaction, a mixture of castor-oil and raw hnseed-oil carefully injected producing most favourable results. In canine practice for similar purposes, the long tube is an essential factor in the treatment of impaction of the colon. In the dog we find in these cases a condition of great irritability of the stomach, so that it is impossible to cause oleagmous remedies to be retained when adminis- tered by the mouth, as voraition quickly occurs We may also refer to the excellent results obtained by he use of enemata of glycerine in cases of impaction of the bowels, and in dogs the use of suppositories of glycerine often is most satisfactory. In cases of flatulent distension of the bowels we find the use of enemata very beneficial, especially when such are medicated by the addition of such agents as oil of turpentine, asafootida, etc., care being taken that the former is administered well mixed with some bland substance, so as to avoid its irritating effect on the mucous membrane. 2. Enemata to act as sedatives and astringents to the bowels m cases of severe diarrhtRa should be small in bulk, the basis being of boiled starch medicated with tincture of opium, and astringents, such as acetate of lead or substances containing tannin. 3. Enemata to destroy parasites infesting thr rectum are medicated with some vermicide, such as quassia, weak so.utious of tincture of iron, or solutions of common salt. i fficing for careful to to ensure service in and raw avourable ig tube is on of the edition of npossible adininis- ;ained by laction of tories of 3 we find len such as oil of that the e bland on the ts to the small in ed with ietate of rectum ia, weak an salt. ON EXrC.VATA io3 4._ Enemata of warm water produce soothing effects on the intestines and neighbouring organs, and are useful in reducmg the pani of cystitis and pelvic and abdominal pam generally. 5 Nutritive enemata are employed in cases where swallowmg ,s difficult or impossible, also in persistent vomiting, and ,n painful organic diseases of the stomach Such enemata should be small in amount, and composed of bland, unirritating materials, so as to favour absorp- tion from the intestinal mucous membrane The nutrient material should be prepared in a form capable of bemg freely absorbed, such as by the addition of pepsin and dilute hydrochloric acid, or by addin- a pancreatic ferment, such as mixing a portion of the pancreas of an ox or pig with moat, both being reduced to a state of fine division, and rubbed together with warm water. Eggs are capable of being absorbed without the process ot peptonization. CHAPTER VII. THE LIVER. I. Physiological Relations. The liver is the largest gland in the body, and has several important functions to perform, not only con- cerned with the process of digestion, but also with nutrition and excretion. Thus we may note the forma- tion of the b:le. the regulation of the supply of sugar to the system, the storing up of glycogen. We have also to remember that the liver is an excretory organ • thus wtf 104 |:1 i! 'KTERINARY Til Eli A PEUTICS certain nitrogenous products of digestion are converted into urea and uric acid in this organ, and rendered capable of benig excreted from the body. Another point worthy of attention is that there is no gafl-bladder in the horse, so that the bile flows into the intestine according as it is prepared in the liver ; in the other animals a gall-bladder is present in which the bile IS stored up until it is required. The absence of the gall-bladder in the horse is accounted for by the fact that in this animal food in more or less amount is continually passing along the small intestines, so that the bile is in constant demand, while in other animals, in which the food remains a certain time in the stomach, the bile is only required when the chyme passes on to the duo- denum, and in the interval it is stored in the gall- bladder The functions of the bile are very important • briefly they may be stated as follows : The emulsifvins and saponifying of fats, and as an auxihary to the pancreas m its action on starch, the prevention of putre- faction in the intestinal contents, and the promotion of the peristaltic action in the intestines The circulation of the bile is of great importance from a therapeutical point of view. The bile which flows into the intestine and mixes with tlie chyme is not all got rid of by he f^ces. The biliary salts become reabsorbed and returned to the liver, from whence they are again secreted and carried to the intestine. II. Pharmaco-dynamics. We can influence the liver in various ways • 1. Food._-The amount of food allowed will influence the secre ion of bile, the amount of urea and the pro- portion of glycogen stored up; the nature of the Ld wall also have a similar influence. f to THE LIVER 105 2. Exercise will increase the amount of oxygen reach- ing the liver, and thus render more complete the processes carried on therein. » 3. The Supply to the Liver can be diminished by hydra- gogue purgatives, which carry away a certain proportion of water from the radicles of the portal vein in the intestinal walls, and remove it from the system. 4. The Products of the Liver can be influenced, and important effects on the organ produced. If bile or urea accimulate in the liver, its functions will be inter- fered with. By means of indirect cholagogucs wo can clear out the intestines and the bile contained therein, consequently the bile-salts, instead of being absorbed, are removed from the body ; their absence from the portal vein and liver causes the hepatic cells to secrete fresh bile. Mercurials are specially useful in this respect. 5. The Metabolic Processes in the Liver can be modified by Specific Hepatic Stimulants and Depressants.— Bicar- bonate of soda, dilute nitrohydrochloric acid, and arsenic increase the flow of bile and glycogen. Amyl nitrite stimulates the glycogenic function. Direct cholagogues increase the flow of bile. Chloride of ammonium and iron increase the amount of urea. Opium and morphia reduce the whole process of hepatic activity; quinine and alcohol have a similar action in a less degree. III. Pathological Relations. Disorders of the liver are generally due to the following causes : (a) Errors in feeding; (/;) want of suflicient exercise and proper hygienic surroundings ; (c) retention of the products of the organ due to inactivity of the other excretory organs— the kidneys, lungs, or bowels. The different causes inducing derangement of the liver pro- ,f;i i",T t i \ ♦■n I'M 106 ! 1 VETERJNARY TITER APEXJTTCS symptoms are observPfl n« n ' ^""'^ <'^''^'^'" the natural function. o( thehver '-he he. . "^f "f ""''^ "^ changes in the o,.,„„ o,- '™'; ''*""''" '3™'° ^'nictural =.np^..3 which ;e:;e;;„tt7en:;:n;s°''^^ anLet:;t";?ter::t'"r=""''-^^™ after it has been seer t^',"' w H, ^r',',:" "' "'?"° attention to the f-ict th,t .■ ' '">^™™'-. ''''aw disease of the live I ■ '"""^ """"^^ "^ '"''<="^i™ 2 Tl,e . , , symptom may be absent. 'S. lucre mav be the e\hil,iHn„ „» ■ colicky sy„,pt„ms or uneasilesr '""' """""^^ "^ '■ fn^flfa'dt' "'".""" '" "'" °" '^''°'"'^"- '•" "o'-ses. i. in lar-advanced cases of liver diseases ,„-.i, i 5. In dogs, obstinate and persistent vonntin-- ■i-ne urine contams an excess of urea thr. . i 'natter is increased, and leucin «nd colouring Tl^e g.yco;eni'e\u^ntt;„,n', :hm;Ve°df fl' "?• g.vmgriseto the presence of su^ar tatL .''"""'■''"l. - ;e-.>g Phenomena of that-'Ciltrrr HEP A TIC A FFKCTIONS 107 *; We may remark that liver affections are of very frequent occurrence in dogs, less often seen in horses and cattle, and that in many instances they are not diagnosed with facility. The affections usually met with are : 1. CoiKjcstion of the Liver. 2. llcpatitia, or Iiijlammation of tite Liccr. 3. Chronic Viseasea of the Licer. 4. Pan IS I tic Diseases of the Liver. 1. Congestion of the Liver.— The vascular arrangement of the liver renders the condition of excess of blood in its capillary system one which is, comparatively speaking, easily induced. We may divide this condition into : (a) Passive conijcsfion ; (/;) active congestion ; (c) biliary congestion. (a) Passive Congestion is the most common form met with. It consists of obstructed blood-flow in the portal and hepatic veins, depending upon a reflux of blood from external organs and surfaces, with disea.se of certain viscera, such as the heart and lungs. (h) Active Congestion depends on an increased or exces- sive supply of blood to the gland, in which the capillaries of the portal vein or hepatic arteries become distended. A slight amount of active congestion of the liver accom- panies the process of digestion, while over-feeding on highly stimulating food, without a proper amount of exercise, tends to intensify this condition. (c) Biliarij Congestion consists in overloading of the minute bile-ducts with bile, and depends on either or both of the conditions just described. In one case the bile-ducts are pressed upon by the engorged vessels, and the bile is prevented from escaping ; in the other, there is excess of bile secreted from the extra supply of blood, and the ducts are not able to remove it. 108 = 6 '■'■:m".y.uiv TniatAPKurm ■^I'anges i„ the live,- with tl' ?f *"* '° ''"™'"™1 2. Hopatiti., ocJisti o i^ h" ■'"" °' "-'""P"""^- ooveriog of tho liver orot UM^ T'""' "' "'" "l"™^ gland structure of the 2a '!'??" °' "« °°'"P<»>e„t 'he results of post nor" oS; °"'" *''8"°>^^''. >"" dition to Le ,„ore coZo'h ""''''"' ''"'"' ">« ™"- 3- Chronic msZTTtt"r" "'™">' ^W-^^ ruet with iu doTthan i . ^""' "'" '"""' ™">mo„ly u«.ali, found a : i , osi "f rr "' "'"^- ^'^ '"'■"- or lardaceous liver ^^'0,^ Regeneration. alb„„,inoid S^vvths, such as ca;ci,'oItl" °"'''"'"'"' "' >"<"-bi"" "^ the Distoma hepat°cu , in 1 ■'"' """^ "'*' P'-<'^™=<'- «( termed ««■«-,<,/ " '''"'P' <^"'»'"8 'hat affection IV. Natural Recovery J^r^LZV::^ f °' "^ '""-P™"^' -" he re. nence fron. tZ^iTZ ZTT ""^ '^"^^ ^^^"- rest, while bilious vcnPf , f '"" 8've the organ Win help to re:::.:r:"?e:tfti,r' ''-"'-^ '- ^^^^ ^ ^- Therapeutics. leeaing and ex^^rcise, and to a in attention to 'ion and of the excretory^oTgir""' °°"""°" °' ''' I •V,, I .f TREA TMI'JXT OF ITEPA TIC A FFECTIONS 100 ♦' The immediate treatment will consist in all classes of patients in the administration of a cholagogue cathartic to clear out all bile from the intestine. This should be followed up by doses of salines, such as the sulphate of soda or of magnesia. In chronic cases small doses of calomel are indicated, also bicarbonate of soda given after feeding. Dilute nitro- hydrochloric acid, with quinine and stomachics, are useful m brmging about a healthy condition of the organ. In cases where there are severe effects as a result of hepatic disorder, we must direct our efforts to relieve them as well as acting on the organ itself. Thus, obstinate vomiting, which is often present in dogs, must be relieved by gastric sedatives, such as bismuth, dilute hydrocyanic acid, hot fomentations to the abdomen, etc. If there be much debility present stimulants m'ay be required, and even small doses of opium when pain is present ; but these remedies should be avoided as much as possible, as they are likely to cause further hepatic disorder. _ In cases of congestion of the liver, hydragogue cathar- tics are indicated to relieve the portal circulation. This treatment should be followed up by the administration of sahnes, such as the sulphates of magnesia and soda, which also act as diuretics, and thus help to afford relief to the liver. In the treatment of diabetes mellitus the feeding is of first importance, saccharine and amyloid substances being avoided as much as possible. As regards the use of drugs in this affection, the best results have been obtained from the administration of opium and its active principles, morphine, morphia and codeia, such drugs being borne in large doses in such cases. 110 v/-: Ti:n in a n y rit fal i PEvrict ;*> % J CHAPTL]R VIII. THE BLOOD. Wi. may regard the blood as a fluid medium bearing nportant relations to all organs of the body, such lelations consisting in conveying nutrient n.atedal and oxygen to the tissues, and carrying away the results of b no^? iTk^- ^^'"'^ ^'^ ^'^^ l'^-""^''>^ ^^'-«tions of the blood Itself, but mo.bid changes occur, depending on its source of supply, and also on the organs performln-. the H.por ant functions of excretion, such changes bein. ' special interest to the therapeutist. We have also to notice an important fact, viz that it js through the blood that the active principles ;:fdrg reach the organs of the body, on which Ley produce I. Physiological Relations. The liquor sanguinis or plasma is the medium of nutrition, carrying the various nutritive materials be- ween the different organs of the body, and removing the products of the vital processes, vix., the carbonic acid, water, urea, salts, etc. It has an alkaline reaction depending on the presence of salts of soda, and varies ir^ composition according to the different active organs hrough which It is passing, so we may regard i^ as excretion^ ^'''''' °^ '"^'^^^' "^ ^^i^^^^^^ure, and of nu'-:iv™::tfoir^^^^ ^'^ '''''-' '^ ^^^-^ ^ ^p--' The Red Corpuscles have the important function of carrying oxygen from the lungs to the tissues, and con- »v Till': liLOOD 1 111 sist chiefly of ha3.noglobin, of whicli iron is an important conip.nent ; the chief salts are thos. of potassium, Rene- rally in combination with phosphoric acid. II rharmaco-dynamics. We can influence the blood in various ways • 1. By Influencing its Supply.^-This can be accom- plished by modifying the food, by altering the digestion and the hepatic functions. ^. The Alkalinity of the Plasma can be increased or reduced within certain limits. It is increased by the administration of alkalies and alkaline earths, of which salts of potassium act the quickest, but salts of sodium although acting slower, have a more permanent effect Alkalies may also act indirectly by combining with the unc acid, and being removed by the kidneys. It is difficult to reduce the natural alkali.hty, as mineral acids administered enter the blood in the form of neutral salts of potassium, sodium, etc., but citric and tartaric acids have a partial effect in this direction. 3. The Plasma can be influenced by acting on the Expenditure. -Thus, by purgation the water, salts, etc can be influenced through the portal system. By diuretics' the excretion by the kidneys is increased, and by dia- phoretics the functions of the skin are stimulated The nutritive value of the blood can be increased by sparing the action of the organs of vital energy and of waste" such as the muscles, and the amount of water can be increased by withdrawing a certain amount of blood bv the operation of venesection. 4 Influence over the White Corpuscles. -Certain drugs such as quinine, rcditcc the number of the wHte cor' puscles, and cause their movements to cease Sub stances which increase intestinal absorption increase Bf ' ;j!:n 112 VlCrimrNA R Y Til En A PEV TICS the production of the white corpuscles, such as aromatic 5. Influence over the Red Corpuscles.-(rO The number fonn? ^,. Ill '^dnnnistration of iron in suitable forms directly nacreases the amount of ha^mo-^lobin • .osphone ac.d either alone or in con.bination w^ th on e itht di^T '" ' r''^' ''''''- «^'^^^--« which qua! ty of the h,en,oglc,l)in are termed luemalLs /') Some substances combine with the haemoglobin as a.' nic ,• "'r"^^T^" P°""' ^^ ^^^ eorpuscles/such as aisenic, citrates, and tartrates. The n,n>hcr of the red corpuscles is reduced by lead tox^c do ' "7"' • ' '' '^" '^^^■P"^^'^^ ^^ ^'«^"«ed by AuluT ''''"'" ^^"^'^' ^"^^ ^« i°^i°«. turpentine dikite hydrocyanic acid. ^ ' (c) 0,ry^.«r,^/o;^ r^. /.^ reduced, and the oxygen made o adhere more firmly to the corpuscles, byTh sub tances as alcohol and quinine. Nitrous' oxide gas interferes with oxygenation indirectly by taking fhe place o the oxygen in the corpuscles,'an/not b 'com bining chemically with the ha3mogIobin ^ 4^ i I ■ III. Pathologica] Relations. These are numerous and important, but for our present purpose a short description will suffice. Broadly spe'k ..g we have two great pathological conditions ^f "he vital fluid. VIZ. : 1. Plethora; 2. A?icemia In plethora there is excess of blood, generally found in i /iA^./;.i//.i 118 18 aromatic lie number iiistituents , digestion, in suitable moglobin ; with iron ces which lantity or cs. moglobin, its quan- cles, such 1 by lead, gestiou. :3uced by rpentine, en made uch sub- xide gas king the by com- • present y speak- i of the ound in young fast-growing animals, fed on higlily nutritious food and not receiving sullicient exercise. In anaemia there is a deficiency in the quantity of the blood, and a deterioration in its quality ; the albumins are deficient, and the proportion of water is increased Tt may depend ou various causes, such as insuilicient food, imperfect digestion, neglect of hygienic precautions, excessive waste, as in exhausting diseases, etc. As general symptoms we may note paleness of tlie visible mucous membranes, the pulse feeble, thready and jerky, palpitation being induced by any excitement; there is impairment of digestion, and the presence of venous murmurs can be detected in tlie large veins, due to the thin watery blood flowing in the partly-filled vessels with great rapidity. In horses we observe the condition of anaemia in some instances during spring and autumn, when undergoing the process of casting their coats. The animals are not in a proper state of health to perform their work in the usual manner ; they sweat on the smallest exertion ; in some cases there may be anasarcous swelhngs on the limbs, sheath, abdomen, etc. In considering other pathological conditions of the blood, we may remark that those of the plasma are most common, but are chiefly secondary, i.e., depending on affections of organs from which it obtains its supply, or of some disorders of the excretory organs by which its products are removed from the body. The following conditions will require notice : (a) The Water of the Blood is increased in amemia, and diminished in cases where its excretion from the system is excessive, such as severe diarrhcea, etc. (b) The Albumin of the Blood is deficient in anemia, and exists in a defective state in plbuminuria, in 8 M In, h if: m I f? 1 114 VETi:itL\AitY T///:iu/'/:rT/cs clropsy. and in parasitic atTections of the liver in m t r r "^ r '" " ^^^"^^"^'•^^^•'l condition ; and 'Mnunna, there ,s excess of albumin in the blood, which has undergone son.e con.plex chemical changes whch onder ,t capable of producing certain n.orbid phe.'.ome a n the systen, such as inability to rise, convulsions ad the presence of dark-coloured urine etc -Lht hb n IS formed m execs, in certain acute inflam matory al.ections, such as acute rheun.atism ; l also be n.creased by the application of external rr ta ts In some exhausting diseases, and in emaciated sub e " the fibrm may also be formed in excess ^ ' There IS dcficienc,, of fibrin, and, as a result, imperfect 2c / ave Td°f " °' *.'' '^°"^- ^^^"^' ^" -objects Which lave ded from asphyxia the blood is found in a enn-lU„d condition, dark in colour, and does not coa"u ate unt.l exposed to the air. Various poisons such! hydrocyanic acid, have a similar effect In low fevers of a typhoid character, such as iufiuen.a m horses, w.th unsanitary, badly-ventilated suludt grav tate to the depending parts of the body forming swelhngs on the extremities, the abdomen, the head c' and the appearance of petechia, on the lisib Imuc us membranes, a group of symptoms belonging to thaTaffec tion termed purpura luemorrJuujka ('/; The Effects of Defective Excretion. -Chyle in a defective condition is a cause of an...mia eto ^hen the organs of excretion are disordered or dis- 10 livoi- ill 1 cattle, the flitioii ; and ', or h(fmo- loo(], wliicli iges, which phenomena ilsions, and 3r Deficient. Lite inflani- 11 ; it may 1 irritants, d subjects, , imperfect sre there is n subjects found in a not coagu- s, such as influenza 'oundings, I tends to , forming lead, etc., 3 mucous hat aiiec- yle in a J or dis- eased, products accumulate in the blood. Thus in urresed or defective excretion of urine urea accumuL s n the blood, aofng as a narcotic poison, and in sn.all.r amounts as an irritant, giving rise to the patholo-ta condition termed unemia. P'^"ioio„icaI Again, in severe pathological conditions of the resnira ^ry organs the carbonic acid may accumulate in'!' blood to such an extent as to cause asphyxia {0) Deficiency of Hemoglobin -Reduction of Oxy-hemo f att^f"" ^'".r''"^ '' ''^'"^^^'^^'^''^ '->' ^'^Tcnd'onTl J ynt o a suihcient quantity of blood as a whole, on want ot the individual corpuscles in hiumoglobin The re^nl^ .s that the blood is reduced in its ox^ygenating 1 ' and the functions of the dilferent vital systems ar no; performed in a proper manner. °^ Keduction of oxydncmoglobin nmy be brought about bv e adnnnistrafon of certain drugs in poisonous 'ua.. titles, such as dilute hydrocyanic acid, iodine, turpen^n Pliosphorus, etc. Son.e of these unite wi h the o" uemoglobm, others seize and combine with the oxv^e. ' he result being that reduced huMnoglobin is left wh'; IV. Natural Recovery. Those affections of the blood which decend nn .n ever bp nffo, I therapeutist will, how- ^^hen the hemoglobin has been excessively reduced -^ '«WI' . ]l(i VETERiNARY THERAPEUTICS I V. Therapeutics. The indications under this heading will be based on the tacts which we have already laid down. 1. Plethora.-To reduce this condition it is manifest that a proper amount of exercise be enforced, that exces- sive quantities of stimulating foods be withheld, and the excretory organs kept in proper order. 2, An«mia.-This condition must be treated on general hygienic and dietetic principles, in connection with agents which act directly on the blood. In cases where the albumin of the" blood is deficient or degenerated, strict attention must be given to the use of nitrogenous foods, along with the administration of chlorate of potash. In cases where the fibrin is dencient, and there is a tendency to extravasations, etc., drugs which actdirectlv on the blood, such as chlorate of potash with some pre- paration of iron, will be indicated to overcome this condition. If we wish to increase the alkalinity of the blood such as in cases of rheumatism, we administer salts of potas- sium, sodium, etc. These also combine with the probable cause of the disorder, and by their diuretic action cause its excretion from the system. Certain poisons in the blood, the result of imperfect excretion, will be treated by either acting on the organs at fault, or, if this be impossible, by acting on other organs, and thus assisting in carrying off the deleterious products. Thus, in cases of uraemia we stimulate the bowels and skin to increased action, so as to remove the poison from the system ; also we adopt a similar course in that affection of horses termed azoturia, where there IS excess of nitrogenous products in the system, which the kidneys are unable to carry off. 'i 7S )ased on the is manifest that exces- ilcl, and the on general ction with s deficient to the use stration of there is a ict directly some pre- coma this METABOLISM 117 1 In deficiency of hcemoglobin the first essential to treat- ment will be careful attention to hygiene and dietetics and the vital functions of the system. We must, in addition, prescribe agents which have the power of restormg the chemical elements of hemoglobin to the red corpuscles. These are preparations of iron with potas- smm salts ; for example, the sulphate of iron with the carbonate of potassium, care beiug taken, however, that digestion and the action of the mtestines are not inter- fered with. In cases of reduction of ox>rhcemocjlohin, such as the effects of poisoning by carbonic acid, hydrocyanic acid, etc., treatment will be of lictle avail unless it be imme- diate. All that can be attempted is to sustain the circulation and respiration l)y stimulants and artificial respiration, in hopes to preserve the vitality of the system by making use of the oxy-hyomoglobin which may have remained active. Iff lood, such • of potas- 3 probable tion cause imperfect he organs on other 3leterious ulate the move the ir course are there II, which .CHAPTER IX. METABOLISM, OR THE PROCESS OF NUTRITION - THE ACnONS AND USES OF ALTERATIVES. I. Physiological Relations. Aftek our notice of the different poinds of therapeutical mterest m connection with the blood, we shall now be in a position to consider the complex subject of meta- bolism, which includes the activity of the tissues and the development of force by protoplasm in the presence of blood. This subject is an important one with reference to the actions and uses of many medicinal agents. 118 J 'ETElilNA II Y Til ERA FEUTICS If we take the case of any definite structure such as a dcvoI„p,„g energy and heat, and producing cor a>n chcn.cal substances, such as carbonic acid, wafe, n tro genous bodies, and probably urea; third, aftl tto "to "i .as passed through the n.uscle, it loses is oxygen and a due s or the purpose of excreting then,-i„ other words It has become vejions blood wiJh ttT"'"'' "? '""""''"^ »' ""= ""'^°1° "'-e .nixed with the oxygen and certain elements of the plasma and a., nnportant point to note is that when anj hv" tissue tahr;'es'r°" T "T'^'^ ■"^'"-•^' »" ^ la Xd : t 'T'r"'" °' ""^ ''""8 '-- 1^-om cnau ed 01 altered to a certain extent. This chan-e will depend on the character of the blood "i plasma supplied Again, the character of the force geneS tution of the active protoplasm ot the livin.. tissue will acting and reacting on the other , " <^ one According to the structure and functions of th. t r fZ ti '-' ''T' '- '-' ^^■•'•^--t -bsl lor ined fiom hem, and particular kinds of force dis tt;tzr' ''-'-' ':' -^-^'- --^on. z:! Tho process of metabohsm is still very obscure .nd tW are niany points in connection wiUi it ^:;;iH:g t e, such as a ma in con- od supply ; sontraction, ng certain ater, nitro- r the blood ygen and a waste pro- her words, are mixed asma, and ^ing tissue d forming ucts from e become is change >r plasma generated al consti- ssue, will supplied, the body 3 plasma the one of the bstances >rce dis- ncrvous :ire, and equiring INFLUENCES OVER MET A BOLTS }[ 119 elucidation. The precise manner in which the products of digestion are used up in the system, and the forms which they undergo before being broken down into carbonic acid, water, and nitrogenous compounds, is not yet clearly understood. It is not always possible to judge the state of meta- bolism, or the process of nutrition, in the body with any degree of accuracy. We n:ay consider the amount of force displayed, such as the tone of the ..luscles, the rate of growth, etc., and also the material cousumed-that is, the amount of food taken— but when we come to examine the products of metabolism— that is, the excretions— we can glean some very valuable information to help us in cliuical study. For example, by an examination of the urine, both chemically and physiologically, wo can form a fairly :„ccurate opinion as to the functional activity and condition of the kidneys, andin certain instances, of other organs of the body. II. Pharmaco dynamics. The power of interference which we possess over the process of metabolism may be considered under the following heads : 1. The Injlucucc over the Blood and its Constituents. 2. ni/ Means of increasing the Excretions. S. Ill/ acting on the Trophic Centres. 4. Bij the Use of Medicinal Agents. 1. The Influence on Metabolism through the blood as a whole has been already noticed in the last chapter. We can influence metabolism by— ((() Acting on the constituents of the blood by means of supplying certain foods suitable for the purpose in view, as, for example, the special mode of feeding for i l.'O ^'I^TERIXAJtY TUi:,ui'EUTW8 '~out'''- '"■ ^"■'«"'"" »-™". ana for those '""nV/,. 2«' °' °" '"'" "'""^ ; ^""l" "S-'n's arc termed ;!f '7'"--Cod-liver.oil, aleohol, etc. a proper supply irf .1 "^'^ '"' """"S'" "'«"" ^y P-J.C.S of tissue acti^ity^stastefed ' "'"°™' °' ">^ body the 'e":t,; o/l,:^f ^»= 5° ">^ -*ce of the lalion of me M,trb„ tv ^. ™"' ^ "'""'''"« »""">■ '^ei„,prest:';; „ \:f:-'™^^--'ard,etc. ' Uie afferent nerve fibres "'" """""^^ ^y tine, «„>pi::;':;rp°^°'' °' ""™™"'' ^'«°'"". '^pen- ^^^^l:::tZn^7 ^' "»'" ^''-'. "^ also cause dilatation tl t 'el, ofTh '"''f ■ ""™^' ^"^^ o't-ttr^S^^^^^^^^ -«.. agents are^:r!SS-tt:r^^^^^^^^^ ALTKliAT/VES 121 The modus operandi of poultices and blisters will bo lapter under the headin'^ of discussed in a future cl Countcr-irrilation. The surround'niij tcmpcmturo, has an important bearing on metabolism. Wc can influence nutrition by the employment of baths of different temperatures, which act both locally and also through the vessels and nerves. 4. By the Use of Medicinal Agents.— In certain medicinal agents we possess powerful influences over the process of metabolism. These substances when adminis- tered are absorbed by the blood, and reach the tissues, and are taken up by them in a similar manner to that of the nutritive materials. An important fact to note is that certain tissues and organs have the power of attracting and taking up certain medicinal agents. Such agents then are in a state of loose combination with the elements of the parts ; they may form certain chemical compounds with the oxygen present in ihe tissues; they are ultimately excreted either unchanged or in an altered chemical condition. During this passage in the tissues they have a certain modifying effect on the force which these tissues are capable of dis- playing. The precise manner in which certain tissues take up and are acted upon by certain drugs we cannot explain. Such drugs are said to have a 'specific action' on such tissues. For example, iodine and its salts act specially on the glands of the body, and bromine on the nervous system. We have to consider, however, that drugs can act on tissues in another manner besides that just described. They can also act by influencing the vessels and ncncs of the part ; ultimately they will probably act on the protoplasm also. Thus, alcohol increases the circulation i Hh f l-2> ! 1^ '^ yiCTKRIXAnv TIIEKAPEVTWfS fflnna, the effects bei„raVnerof the""',,'""." l" '"^ 'l"o to a want of saliva ""' ""'' ""■°»'' alttouT^^aTo'l " '''";°1" '" ''»«- -' ="'«-«ve, .-t' iL'tat::'"*""™ "^ '"" "'»- °' ^™S» -'-,ec, al.er:tirt'e:::tl''™n'.° °"'-' ^ ''^""fi""" '«■-' o' "-OS a„r„C"ofXt„r" Tt"' °' ""=• ™''°"' these eflects ars !,,„„ i ? u ' " manner m which explanation We a t Ir ^ '%""' ^'™^^ »^'^ "' certain power of exS nfthe «f ™' "' P°'^''^^'"« '^ nutritive activitv SI t^ "'' '■''■■ 'nereasing the p.otopiasrr^;,,:s:»:r:he:;:f intrr '- r ■ncreasing the amount of work perfr^rdby, t'pr'^' su hM*::: Is't'di::"""" ^^"'"'^''-'-These i„clude tae,nan„e iow. inicronr- "TT' """'"'■ ^ ^"^ be described underthfit ^'^ ^L fr^i^" -' ""' induced ,n the n.olocules of the part, nutrition Is PA TJIOLOGICA L RKLA TIDNS 123 cutaneous rest of the paraly^iing rve in the uid throat, alterative, W'ects pro- siucliuled oifect or e various in which 3 easy of isessing a asing the je in the 1" words, part, but also ig in the of in- include ir; and act will the sec- 'ination have a lie pro- change biou is hastened, and a healthy exercise of the tissues is brouglit about. {I)) Those n-li'ic'h have the Effect of dliitinishimj Meta- holism.— These agents have certain specific actions on the blood and on the protoplasm of tlie tissues. As examples of this class we may take alcohol and quinine. Alcohol is a substance capable of being very readily oxidized in the tissues; consequently, it absorbs a large amount of oxygen from the cells of the tissues, while it also possesses the power of rendering the oxygen in a lirmer state of combination with the red corpuscles of the blood. The effects are : oxygenation of the tissues occurring less freely, the activity of tissue changes reduced— points of great therapeutical importance in connection with the employment of this agent in febrile affections. Quinine also interferes with oxygenation, and thus checks metabolism. It also renders the oxygen in a ilrmer state of combination with the red corpuscles. It is probable that drugs such as quinine, antipyrine, salicin, etc., also diminish the activity of the natural ferments of metabolism. a large number of diseased conditions III. Pathological Relations. There are depending on disorders of metabolism. Briefly, we may remark that the most frequent cause of such disorders can be ascribed to errors of diet and neglect of hygiene. Thus, excess of stimulating food, without proper exercise, has a disturbing influence on general nutrition, as well as on vital organs, such as the liver, kidneys, etc. Want of proper food leads to an anuDmic condition, resulting in an enfeebled character of the process of metabolism. fi ii* J 124 VETERINARY THERAPEUTICS Tons ct; "''^' ^''' "'' '" '^'"^' '""'^''^^^ ^ff-°- dudt h''''"'-' °^ T''^' ov^^^nhn., in the blood, in- ducing the vanous phenon.ona peculiar to each, with the a^nd also by then- reproduction, and the products of thei^ changes entering the blood, the result bein. a general n ec.on of the system, with the general syin t^rol vl i'„rt' ^-^^ '^"'f ^'^ture, functional derangement. ^^a.tlng, and increased excretion As other examples of disordered metabolism we may nention the dillerent forms of degeneration of tissrs he presence of unnatural growths, such as cane r and the various forms of inflammatory conditions. IV. Natural Recovery. Some of tlie disorders of metabolism will disappear spontaneously, being of a temporary nature. ^^ We have to mention two great powers of nature in restor- ing a normal condition of metabolism, viz. : 1. Ueaction ; In some instances, however, anatomical changes appear in tissues and organs, forming a limit to recovery. V. Therapeutics. Under this heading only a slight sketch of the means at our command can be given, the subject being so exten- The first indication in the treatment of disordered ' metabolism is ^o ascertain the cause, and either remove It or act upon it. rilE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM 1-25 Ses of tem- For example, in the treatment of rheumatism we ensure the action of the bowels, liver, and kidneys, besides prescribing an agent such as salicin, which is supposed to act directly on the specific poison in the system which causes that disease. In other instances we find it impossible to act directly on the cause, so that our only resource is to treat the symptoms. In al'fections such as certain forms of diseases of the skin we prescribe alteratives, such as arsenic, sulphur, iodide of potassium, etc. These we suppose to have a special effect on metabolism, and a certain beneficial action on the structures of the skin. There are many other affections depending on disorders of nutrition, sucli as specific diseases — examples, tuber- culosis and caxicer, in which our treatment can only be paUiative, the chief considerations being, attention to general nutrition, by allowing highly nutritious foods and prescribing agents such as cod-liver-oil, and com- bating symptoms as they arise. I r-'- r-;.i 1'^ CHAPTER X. THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM. I. Physiological Relations. The above system is one of great importance to the therapeutist ; but for our present purpose it will be sufficient to notice some points of interest in connection with which we possess certain powers of influence and interference. 120 Vr/rERlNA li Y TIIEIL I /'/,7/ TIC'S The Pulse has already been consicltM-ccl in Part T under the Leading of Tkc Ucncral .V,.,,,.,. .; ;;• "l'"' that--" ""^'"'■''"" ^'°'"'' ^"'' ''•" ^^"^'^"^ ^^'' "°ti«^ ai-o nnL ^^'^ ^'T '' ^ Nervo-muscular Organ posse.sin-r autonuuic action, which depends on the presence ^f ntracarduxc ganglia, and that the presence of the blood the organ excites these ganglia, and the strength of tl.e systole depends on this pressure of the blood Tin' comnary arteries supply nutrient blood to the heart. consisth" '' '"'^'^' "^*' ' ^^^"^^^^"^ ^-^---. (a) Tlw Cnli.ir Ceil re lii Ihe Meihillii {!>) The Va.jiis ,„■ J„hi[,ii„,;j AVn-c Sujtpl,,. (<■) Ihe SumiHdhetic or Acecleralor Ncrn .'iiij.ph,. («) The Cmlhc Centre is subject to many impulse fron, a vanety of portions ot tl.e body, such as fromt Ic viscera, sk,„, cctral nervous system, lungs, and v „ .on, the heart ,tself; this centre receives tJ, sc alC" n.press,ons, winch are .lien relleeted to the heart as The a,w"?" """" "' ""^ ™«"' "' By„,path t,^ The a fe ent nnpressions from the heart itself travel hrough the vagus; in a norn,al condition these se a t.ons are not perceived by the individual, but if ,.rea h- angn,ented by any cause, pain, distress, ind palpUat.on occur, bang reflected to the pnccordiun, The cardiac centre is also affected by its blood-supply d pendn,g on the quality of the blood and the bbod; pressure :n it. "luuu (b)Thc Vmjus has an inhibitory or controlling effect over the movement of the heart, its termination! beh ! connected „.th the intracardiac ganglia. If the v^",: be stmmlated, the beats of the heart are reduced in flo P. .i THE C/RCULATOIty SYSTE.U 127 I'lirt r., Jh'scasc. lotice are lossessii)'' ;serico of ho Ijlood •eiigth of 3C1. Tll(> mrt. chanism, mpulaes roai the id even alieivut eart as athetic. travel seusa- greatly •itatiou lupply, blood- effect being vagus I force and frequency; if tliis nerve bo divided, the heart beats rapidly, owing to its antagonist, the sympathetic nerve, liaving full power. This inhibitory action of the vagus can bo excited by redex impressions carried to the medulla, sucii as by shock or by injuries to the abdominal region, etc. (c) The Sjimpathctic is the antagonist of the vagus in its action on the heart, it being the augmenting or accelerator nerve. Stimulation of the sympathetic in- creases the action of the heart; division of this nerve reduces the mnnber of beats of tiie heart. The sympathetic nerve has extensive connection with the spinal cord, and is not in constant action, while the vagus is in constant action in its iidiibitory power over the heart. 3. With reference to the Pulse, we must notice that its frequency and character depends on the leiujlli of the diuHlole or dilatation of the veutricles, as the length of the systole or contraction varies only to a very slight extent under any circumstances. If the diastole be long, an infrequent pulse is the result ; if it be short, there will be a frequent pulse. During diastole the ventricles are being filled from the auricles and veins, and the nervo-muscular structures are being rested and nourished, points of great therapeutical interest, as we shall see further on. 4. The Arteries are controlled by — {a) The Vaso-'i.wtor Centre ; (b) Vaso-constrictor Nerves, Vaso-dilator Nerves, besides possessing a local nervous mechanism. (a) The Vaso-motor Centre is situated in the floor of the fourth ventricle in the medulla; by means of im- pulses passing out from this centre the tone of the iA m ?^# 124 vr/nnusAUY tukua pkutics I I I \ t \ ' ! i bloodvessels of the body is maintained and controlled, they being dilated or contracted as required. Certain centres exist in the spinal cord, and also local centres, all of which are subordinate to the centre in the nu'dulla. Tiio vasomotor centre is subject to impres- sions from the viscera, surface temperature, sensations, etc., and also is aliected by the quality and character of the blood circulating through it ; thus, deliciency and poverty of the blood in oxygen stimulates it, causing contraction of the arterioles and a raising of blood^ pressure. It can also be acted on by certain drugs, being either stimulated or depressed. We must, however, bo awaro that, although stimulation of this centre causes con- striction of the small vessels, it may in some cases result in inhibition of the part, resulting in vascul.ir dilatation, such as is found to occur in certain diseased conditions. Afferent impressions reaching the vasomotor centre from the heart have a special efl'ect, which is of great thera- peutical importance. In cases where the heart is distended with blood, causing distress, or even a tendency to failure of its action, impressions reach the cardiac centre by means of the vagus ; these are transferred to the vaso-motor centre, and impulses are sent to the vessels by the vaso-dilator nerves, with the result that the vessels become relaxed, the blood-pressure falls, and the heart is enabled to empty itself more readily, and becomes relieved. This provision of nature is termed the depressoy mechanism of the circulation. {h) Vaso- constrictor Nerves, Vaso-dilator Nerves.— These are distributed to the muscular walls of the small bloodvessels, both seti being under ihe control of the vaso-motor centre. If thy vaso-const'ictor nerves be 1* .-V d controlled, id also local centre in the t to impres- !, sensations, cliaracter of liciency and it, causinf^ g of blood- being citlicr :r, be awaro causes con- cases result r dilatation, conditions, centre from jreat thera- with bl' od, lure of its )y means of 3tor centre, /aso-dilator ne relaxed, enabled to sved. This mechanism Nerves. — ' the small ;rol of the nerves be 77//-; ('inaiJLATonv system 120 stimulated, the rosistauco and prossuro of the blood will bo raised, and constriction of the vessels produced. On the other hand, stimulation of the vaso-dilatora will cause a lowering of the blood-pressure and dilatation of the vessels. Certain vascular areas, such as the skin, may be acted upon, producing either constriction or dila- tation of the vessels, with a corresponding change in the blood-press ii'o. Tk The Capillaries are subject to the intluenco of the nervous system, of the blood passing tlu'ough them, and on the condition of the arteries and veins at either extremity, besides being influenced by the activity of the process of nutrition. G. The Veins, although probably influenced bj nerves, are chiefly acted on in a physical manner. The influences in this respect may bo described aa follows : (ft) The Condition of the Ileart.-^-U the diastole be short, it follows that the action of the heart will be increased in frequency, consequeiilly there will be less time given for the veins to empty themselves, and the blood pressure will be raised iu them. {!>) The Condition of the Aiimcs and Capillaries,— U there be a low blood pressuie in the arteries and a free How through the capillaries, it follows that the pressure in the veins will be increased. (c) The Condition of the Veins has an important effect on the heart and capillaries. Thus, if the blood pressure be high in the veins, with dilataLion of their walls, the return of blood to the auricles is interfered with, conse- quently there is weakness of the systole from want of a sullicient amount of blood, with obstruction to the capillary flow, also disturbancu of the process of metabolism. 9 If. ;ii( 130 Vl'2TERmARY THERAPEUTICS II. Pharmaco-dynamics. 3. T/ic Arteries. 4. 2^/ie Capillaries. influence?:™^;;/ T,r ^"^ "'""'^«- "^^ "^ the tension of he who t \ " '"™"' "« «"" '■«""■» biooa pre. je' in r ht rr;:„' r '^ --^rf "- ever, remember thnf fh.o ^. . ° ^^ ^^^^' ^ow- increased abX t ^tt T T'^ ""'P°™^^' "= tines into the circulation ' "'^'"'^' ""* «'<''*■ supply. "ftiusic and extrinsic nerve- i>^....s..../. ^'''^'''' ^t^^nulants-Birect Cardiac A healthy condition of the system xv.-fK dition of the blood, renderhifft " ^ ^^'°P''' "°"- active, constitutes a natura Z. ^ ,''T"'^' """'^*^°" of the heart. Certain 1 ^''''*,'^^"'"'"« ^o the action ammonia, ether at °"' ^'^ '^ ''^^^^°'' ^^'^-^^J-. Carminat ves let as dil. /'•''' '''^'"^ stimulants iants, the latt^ dTpem ^1 ^n "1 "'"^ ^^^'^"^^ ^"-"- gastric mucous membrane ,1. i u '''^°" ^^°'^^ '^^^ system. The heaf '"' I '^^'^'^ '^' ''''''^^ "^r-<^"« -flex stimulation 1 rasc^ouT^^^'^' •^""'"■^^^^^ ^^ -gion of the m-a^c^rdium IJT ZT'^'''''' °^^^' ^^^ also bv the cold d.r A ^ ^"^^^^^ion of ammonia " ^ ^^^"^ ^°"^i^e and by flagellation TICS ^y consider the 'rciilation. ilation may be we cau relieve Iso reduce the 'e must, how- fcemporary, as es and intes- iction of the trinsic uerve- n-o-mnscular ^'&ct Cardiac proper con- ' circulation the action ^J, digitalis, stimulants, fliac stimu- 1 from the al nervous directly by 1 over the ammonia, Tin: CIRCOLA TORY SYSTEM 131 Direct Cardiac Depressants.-These either soothe or depress the intrinsic nervo-muscular apparatus of the heart. They include drugs, such as opium, dilute hydrocyanic acid, aconite, chloral, chloroform, etc Indirectly we may depress the same apparatus by the use of purgatives, diuretics, and diaphoretics, by warm applications to the praecordium, by the general hot bath and by agents which have the power of shortening the' diastole of the heart. (b) Wc can influence the afferent nerves of the heart-^ that is, the means by which impressions are carried to the brain from the heart itself. These nerves are depressed by the adnnnistration of such drugs as opium, chloral, belladonna, etc. ' (c) The inhibitory nerves of the heart~i.e., the termi- nations of the vagus in the heart-may be stimulated by such drugs as digitalis, etc., and the action of the heai^ rendered less frequent. The same structures may be depressed, and the action of the heart increased in frequency, by such drugs as belladonna, hyoscyamus, amyl nitnte There are many drugs which, given i„ large doses, have a similar effect. id) The cardiac centre may be either stimulated or de pressed by certain drugs. It can be stimulated by di-ntalis alcohol ether, chloroform, in their primary' aclns •' It is also stimulated by belladonna, and by such local measures as counter-irritation and the application of cold douches. It can be depressed by such drugs as alcohol and chloroform after their first stage, also by aconite, chloral, dilute hydrocyanic acid, opium, etc. It IS thus clear that we can influence the heart with regard to its frequency by means of acting on the va-us tlr '^rt '': ^^'"^ ^^^^^-^ °^- ^^-^^^ ^^^ termina- tions. The diastole can bo either lengthened or shortened II m i I I' i ' N 132 I i i I i I ( VETERINARY THERAPEUTICS a matter of great importance in connection with the therapeutics of the subject. We may also remark that all drugs which have the effect of accelerating the action of the heart, if continued in large doses, prove to be cardiac depressants. 3. The Arteries— We have the power of influencing the arteries by acting on the following structures : " [a) The Vaso-Molor Centre— This can be stimulated by such drugs as alcohol, chloroform, etc., in their primary stages, and temporarily by ammonia, ether, digitahs, etc. It can also be stimulated by such measures as the application of cold to the surface of the body, by counter- irntation to areas of the skin, and by inhalation of ammonia, which stimulates the trigeminus. It can be deprcsed by alcohol and chloroform in the second stages and by opium, dilute hydrocyanic acid, aconite, beliadonna' etc. ; also by the local application of anodynes, heat, etc' {h) By Actimj on the Vaso - Constrictor Ncrvom Mechanism in the Arterial Tr«//6.-This can be stimulated by such drugs as digitalis and strophanthus, in the primary stages, and lead. Locally, by the application of cold and by evaporation of spirituous and saline solutions' such as by lotions of roctilied spirit, acetic acid or chloride of ammonium. Such measures are termed local vascular astringents. (c) By acting on the Vaso-dilator Nervous Mechanism -We can bring about vascular dilatation by the action of alcohol, belladonna, nitrite of amyl, etc. Poultices and hot fomentations have a similar effect, as also irritants to the skin, such as mustard, etc. We term such a-ents local vascular dilators, and in reality they prove To be local circulatory stimulants. 4. The Capillaries.-We can act on capillary area« in a manner similar to that just described. ^ "ip i ^. l^ ^V^'-Vi ws tion with the 3 remark that ting the action , prove to be of influencing 3tures : stimulated by their primary ler, digitalis, asures as the y, by counter- inhalation of 5. It can be econd stages, ?, beliadonna, les, heat, etc. tor Nervous 36 stimulated 1 the primary bion of cold, !ie solutions, etic acid, or termed local Mechanism. »y the action Poultices ilso irritants such agents prove to be y areas iu a PA TIIOLOGICA L RKI. A TTONS 133 (a) TLie capillaries can be dilated and the blood-flow increased through them by the a])plication of local heat, friction, and by rubefacients, such as mustard, etc. If the application be more severe, such as by the application of a vesicant, a process similar to that of inflammation will be brought about. {!)) The capillaries can be contracted, and the blood- flow through them diminished by the application of extreme cold, and also by astringents, such as lead and silver. Constringents have a siraili' effect, by constring- iug the connective tissue sup> g the capillaries ; e.g., tannic and gallic acids, an -.;table substances con- taining these, such as catechu, kino, etc. 5. The Veins. — (a) Directly, we possess but little influence over the veins. We can dilate them by the application of heat, and contract them by cold ; but the reaction will cause dilatation. (/;) Jndirectl;/, by acting on the heart and arteries, we can increase or diminish the pressure in the veins. We can also, by acting on secretion and excretion, lessen blood pressure in the venous system. Thus hydragogue purgatives relieve the portal system, and saline diuretics relieve the renal veins. III. Pathological Relations. Briefly we may regard these under the headings of — 1. Functional Disorders of the Heart. 2. Organic Diseases of the Heart. 3. Hemorrhage and its Consequences. 1. Functional Disorders of the Heart are of very common occurrence in all classes of our patients. It is essential that we must be careful to make a correct diagnosis in such cases, so as to distinguish the symp- 134 11 I 1 1 VETEL NARY TITFJlAPEUmjS ■-!■ real causes/in ordjrtotre^^^^^^^^^^ '^"^'"^^ '^ ^^eir manner. ° ^''"^ *^^«« ^'^^^^ers in a rational We may divide these disorders of ih. i, . . ^nto three classes, dem adin J on .i? '"^ ^''^^^^ -nt in animal^ of a ;;er:o;;r e tp r:;^ tl " "■^'^■ acting in a reflex manner thron^h f f ' '° ^^"'^^ t'^e medulla, such as derantm^nUf t?T"" '''''''' ^» or irritation from the presenoP nf '^'^''*'"" °^S^»«'- and intestines. ^ °^ P^^''"''*^^ ^^^ ^^^ stomach (^') T/ws. depemling on chanqcs in th. ay be present 1 ".".™"'°"''"'""''"-'==^'"g dera„gen,enls and thenrt„r„r ''^'"'''"Son digestive and intestines, Ioadi„rre " th"" '' '" '"^ ^"'°"'»'' symptoms ma^ bo d ^ ,o or™ r"'*" "" "'*' ="'='' -!es,carer„lLervtorb:i:::„tat °' '"^ ''-^' ^ v?'^ rics organic disease ptoms to their rs in a rational •art and vessels es ; such as excite- t ; also causes ous centres in ;estive organs; n the stomach quality and ion-^itions of litres in the d the nervo- / the blood, tbe specific >rder of the seases, such iien the de- 3isease, has rders of the J-s repeated u arrive at distressing O >n digestive 3e stomach that such the heart ORGANIC AFFECTIONS OF THE HEART 135 2. Organic Diseases of the Heart are far more common than would be imagined by the information gained from the clinical examination of patients. It is when making post-mortem examinations that we find many instances of well-marked organic disease which had not produced any appreciable symptoms during life, or that these symptoms had not been detected, or had been ascribed to diseases of other organs. The most common organic disease of the heart found in horses and dogs is that of fatty degeneration. This affection is often met with in the case of aged animals in high condition and with insufficient exercise. Of valvular affections we meet with disease of the mitral and aortic valves more often than cf the others, the conditions of obstructive and regurgitant lesions being often found together in the latter. As acute affections of the heart we may mention endocarditis, often combined with pericarditis. We may illustrate the effects of a valvular affection by taking the case of a lesion of the aortic valves ; this will also afford valuable indications in the way of treatment. In disease of the aortic valves the course of the pheno- mena induced is progressive. The first effects are that the blood from the left ventricle is obstructed in its passage to the aorta during systole, and regurgitates from the aorta during diastole. In order to overcome this the heart has an extra amount of work to perform, and here we have an example of nature's efforts to combat disease, as a condition of hypertrophy of the muscular wall of the heart occurs, in order to enable it to perform the extra work. This is termed compenmcion ; but after a time, in consequence of the increased demand for nutrition to supply the extra muscular force, this nutrition becomes insuUicient, with the result that cqwc It t m m WG VETI: f i| ■'n/yARY TlIERAPKUTWfi ■ •'^ pcnsation falh and n-,ov, 'ole. it. walls beco,„e tched 1 I!' ""'"« *»^- cavity i3 dilatPrl Ofi . ^^ ^ ^'^sulfc the Moo,l regurgitates into the le "^'2 h""°', '*'"°''= e"-c«lation beoome, distended and bvt ^"'""'"'"■^ "Sht ventricle, and afterwards t'etJ ft ■ TT """ ■■"peded in tbeir function. La f 1 ,? ' "'=°""' veins become distended «„,]., • , ""' ''ystanie is interfered witl Icldi'! t! th""'" ""™ '" ""= ^'"'^'"'^ iutestinaUnemon.l.a't",'!'''; T""'"'' °' '''"P^J'. '"in in the urine sln 1 ' ''"""""' "' """>• also the supply o'arfer a m"". T T""''' «"'■' """3 'i.eva^us^'c'o^piicrttrcara'fL 1:^^^^^^ Wood, and also 1 1 e a 1^/1?," ".'° '"" '°^^ °' sufficient in amount , i ^'°°'' P«s8ure. If Mun„. will :: T is"d" tr '°™i '*"»'«. o^ ;.eart to supply a sufficl'!: ^ZfolllZT' "l *'" the result beincr Joss of onr.. ■ ^° *^^^ brai", ■-intaining ti^^Ta.!" rp^tr ^re' ^^ '^^- ^^^^^^ l^rain producing a condition T , ^"^"''^ "^ ^^e Manure. In veterinary^a're ^y co ^I L'r °' ^"'^'^^ of common occurrence. We nfeet wl . ' ''"^^*'°" internal ha^morrha-^e such .. f ! '^ '" "^^^« ^f hemorrhage as thetsuh of T' ^"'"^^^^'hage, and operations^. It nay at 1 "°"'f ^'"''^"^^^ °^' ^^^^-• trance of air into the t T'"' -^^ ''^^ '-^^"^^"^al en- of venesection '"''"'"' """ ^^"""^ ^^^^ operation I M i i TREA TMENT OF CA liDIAC AFFECTIONS 137 IV. Natural JRecovery. There are many compensating mechanisms in the cir- culatory systen. which tend to bring about a return to a normal condition whenever this is possible. Thus we have the reserve force in the heart, the pov er of com' ponsatmg hypertrophy, the depressor mechanisn,, etc Also the methods by which the fluid portions of the blood are remo^^d by the kidneys and bowels, and relief given to the distended vessels. All these are important considerations for the thera- peutist as they give him valuable indications in the way of treatment. ^ In the case of valvular lesions, v hen nature fails to give aid, all our efforts can only afford to give temporary rehef, and to treat complications as they arise In the case of horses affected with far-advanced valvular disease, we have to consider that, in consequence of he nature of their work, it is impossible to give that rest which IS absolutely necessary, and also that such ammals are dangerous to their owners by reason of their ha. .ty to die suddenly when at work, so that in many msances It may not be practicable to advise treatment LUhe case of dogs, however, such considerations do not V. Therapeutics. 3. Functional Disorders of the Heart. -Obviously the first stc,. m the treatment of functional disorders will be ascertain the cause, and then to apply remedies calcu- lated to overcome it. If depending on digestive derange- ments, treatment must be directed accordingly • if the presence of parasites be the cause, these must be expelled from the system If depending on an abnormal con- dition of the blood, appropriate means must be adopted ?, li^ Bi li 138 fV.' T/JJiiXA li Y THE I? A PEUTICS io restore the vifnl f^,^\A * indicated. ^ diseases, general tonics will be ««y not always be J^lilllt ""' '" 1^°"'=». i' treat,„eut witi; them commence a course of ^'.ou\rb:tL::r.-:: ::;;t:::f7vr *' ^^- ventricle. Various .iiP.n! . '^ « '«»'rt. anee, ia order that'a p ope 'l-, 7' '' ?''° °' '"P"'" eoronary arteries be nS ined toThr""? "''°"^'' ''"' o"=t-l~pt^^^^ ;"'.ibUory apptlSfr Zt^:'^ ^^^^'^ "» lengthen the time of fillin. tl« h! ? '^"'u "" ' "'^J' ^atrrs'thfTort'is''^ ""-- ~' 'X TRICAT.UENT OF //.EMORlillA Gl'J 139 see how they act beneficially in tlie different conditions whicu exist as a result of lesions of the aortic valves already described. It is obvious that such drugs will be contra-indicatid during the compensation period, but will be of the greatest service when this commences to fail and dilata- tion results. {(1) By Treatment of the Si/mplojits. —These are usually cardiac distress and pain, also pulmonary distress, dropsy, and visceral congestions. In the treatment of cardiac distress, with oppression and pain, cardiac sedatives, such as opium and chloral, may be indicated ; but in the use of these agents great dis- crimination and judgment is necessary, as they may also act as dangerous cardiac depressants. Locally, hot fomentations and rubefacients to the region of the heart, or the application of belladonna, often give relief. In pulmonary distress stimulant expectorants, such as ammonia, are useful ; but our chief reliance in combat- ing this symptom and relieving the pulmonary engorge- ment should be on agents which act on the heart itself, such as digitalis. This agent, acting also as a diuretic, relieves the dropsy which may be present, in a manner which will be described under the heading of Tlie Kidneij. In certain cases purgatives will be indicated to relieve the visceral congestions. 3. The Treatment of Haemorrhage.— The treatment of external hemorrhage belongs to the domain of Sunjenj. The effects will, however, engage our attention under the heading of Sijucope. In internal haamorrhage, a condition of very great danger, the therapeutist has to bring different agents to his aid. Iff t^ 140 ''^/^A:/^/.v.(/P,'yv/A;A'.i/.,:,/y^/^^ terined .v/.y^./,,,, ,„ ,^ J^^^ f 'T o,e a^^ents, also t"^e« ;'pon wl^ich they act ''°''^'"^' ^" '^^« ^^''^c- (") Tlioso actiii" on H>,. i>) i , of eoa,.,„.uio„ o,. p, c ip t ri 'l ' '""""■''"" ''» P-vo,- -et«.o of ,ea,., perslus o/it' '.^f ° """». --" as ah,„, tion of col,] or of 1,™ .,1 ' ■*='"'• "'° '°™l "PPlica- W Those ago, t ™Lr ' f' "",'"'■ "' ' '"' "> 120? ^'Strin.-ing them a , / ' °" ""-' l""'™'">lar tissues biee.,ing\,;,,r Vi eL „:i„"r';;'"i'°" ""■' "■"'■•■e «> '7-J. vi.., acetate of ^^p atr:,^'""'' '■»^' '-"• substances containing it, etc "'°"' ""'"'"• "'"' In addition to the m,. „( i ''"^'"onhage, we find of „f '"?"""' '" """-""I oardiac and general sedatives wfr^ "'T ,'" ''*""»^"^'- '"- -liovingthe ceret '°e I'TraT" "?*' ^"^ a certain an.ount of fluid frrtie blood ^° «"i«l™„ing '0 PO "airn^^i::/;;::^-:^^^^^^^^^^^^ .to,„acb. d„e ">auner for a sin.ila; purp Z ^ ''°'=""'™' '" » cautious i- Syncope. - In veterinary nracticp a'y practice, as previously OS '"!•« rioiii tho t'lo case of ciiial o<,'cnt8 a^'onts, also to the struc- ig its power til's moans i"« it, such 3li as alum, the hroken il applica- ) 120". ar tissues, losing the Just men- "»in, and ioternal I'liinister ment, so ;art, and 'pium ill purga- ■Is, and Irawinsr ue VENKSFATION 141 3b, d Lutious 'iousJy stated, syncope, or fainting, is not often seen except in cases of uterine huMnorrhag(>, or as a result of excessive hieiMorrhage from wounds, ol(;. In its treatment the chief indication will be to restore tho suspended action of the heart by tlio employment of both direct and indirect cardiac stimulants. The recum- bent })Osition also favours the restoration of the blood and blood pressure in the cardiac c(Mitr(' in the medulla. As direct stimulants to Llie heart, ammonia, in tlu; form of spts. amnion, aroinat., and alcohol are useful. h\ urgent cases the hypodermic injection of ether must be employed. As indirect stimulants, we may mention the applica- tion of cold to the cranial region, llagellation with wot towels, the solution of ammonia held to the nostrils, etc. In concluding the subject of the therapeutics of the circulatory system, we may give a passing notice to the therapeutical value of reneseciioii. As is well known, this measure was at one time in- discriminately employed in tho treatment of all affections, and although rarely practised by some veterinary surgeons in the present day, there is no disputing the fact that in suitable cases it is of the greatest benefit. In cases of pulmonary congestion in horses in high condition, the result of over-exertion when the animals are not in a fit state to undergo it, a moderate abstrac- tion of blood relieves the pressure in the pulmonary vessels and the engorgement of the large veins and right side of the heart, and thus changes the character of the pulse, which, as a result of the conditions mentioned, we find to be small, indistinct, and oppressed. Other ailections in which venesection is found of benefit are meningitis, phrenitis in the early stages, and also in I J| 142 ''"'''''""^-iirmrcnArmT/as i-licat.„, .„a can o™. 'b:' • ,"; T';"""™ '^ """'™- Local venesection i, I <'c'f"nental manner, of -"iflcatioT^ , jri,^,r"? - 0' i" the f„™ laminitis by bloe^n" Th " '" "'" '™''""»' of ".e coronote, tl oT A| ■ ! '"' '" ""^ ""™'='' '»'- o.' at ^ IS, a divergence of opinic ion. CHAPTER xr. THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. I- Physiological Relations. o;;:-:';;: lota;;?::^^^^^^^^^ centre, whfch s~ed ^T'™?^ "'" -^P'^'ory •Jeep origin of the p ,"' tl"t,?/ ""'""' "'°^= '° 'he a'fee'ed by i.nprcsiion earr 'd .rr' /'"' "^"'^ '^ "Ot only from the respiratorv ^' ""■•''■""' ""'■>'es. al- from all parts of U L b i 1!^" ,""" '""8'' •>"' modified, and by rellex action fh ^ " ''' '"* "=""'>■ ''^ are infiueneed " ""^ '■<^=P"-atory movements "'" ""'"^ °'' "•» "-" circulating through this Tin: ItlCSPI/fATORV SYSTEM 148 on from the by debility, er. such as d stages of is contra- iiiaiiner. I the form It is also atiiiont of feet, or at beneficial supply ion the ues. (iratory to the intre is lerves, :s, but vity is nients centre affects it considerably, a deoxidized condition leading to stimulation of the centre, and increasing the respiratory activity. The manner in which the changes in the blood produce these effects is not yet definitely ut th know: carbonic acid in the blood. The vagus is the special afferent nerve of resp raHon, and carries impressions from the whole surface )f the respiratory passages to the centre. If these impresi,: ns be excessive, they also reach the cerebrum, causing sensations of distress, oppression, or irritation, which are referred more or less to the respiratory organs. An important point to consider is that in a condition of diminished oxygenation of the blood, not only is the respiratory centre stimulated, but also the cardiac and vaso-motor centres, leading to a slowing of the action of the heart, and an increase in the arterial resistance. We have also to consider that the bronchi are under the control of the medulla, by reason of the motor filaments of the vagus which originate in tlie respiratory centre supplying tlie muscles regulating the calibre of the bronchi, By this means impressions originating in the respiratory passages produce an effect on the bronchi. With reference to the mechanism of respiration, it may be stated that in the horse, under ordinary circum- stances, only the last ten pair of ribs take an\ share in respiration, as the eight true ribs are covered by the scapula ; but when dyspucca occurs from any cause, the elbows are turned out, and thus other muscles act as auxiliaries, and a certain number of the true ribs assist in respiration. f: •>: H ) il '■ this 144 VETEmNAIiV TnERAPEUTlC, II. Piiarmaco-dynamics. ways! :"cre:rte"':oo":?"r ^^='^- *- ™™- following heads .■ ^"^eme.dy studied under the 1. The Air TJ • 'he air s„„.o„ndi„rth a' IT."'"'""'. °' °^^8^" " «sulati„g the at,;„sph:,, "r Jan"!,"' "'"'^'^'^"^ temperatmo of the respired air W ! " ^''''P'^' "SB of inhalations, medioated „ 1 "'"' ''''°' "^^ "^^ ''■™' "ot water, produf effect's Tt"' °' ^'-» passages. "^^^^ O" t^e respiratory 4ufcirCrfhf :a^rs r ''^--^^--^'^e red agents in modifying resni™f„ ""l^^"' "^ 'mp°rtant ae'ing on these by^n.arof 7 '/ J"^' ^^ "'»' l-^ ■ -"y "i««encing the Lunm and a,' stimulated by ammonia.,,,! , '"""—These nerves are cWoroform, and elh "' T y IC rolh'yf'"' ""™'' fflO'st air, and by hot ann^.f ! "^ ''^ ™™ "■«' chest, and to a si »ht ext!n K T' *° ""^ "'^"^ <" 'he sensations conneot°ed\wth the^l 'demulcents. Abnormal -o^i'ied by these nervrdtptrr'"^ ' «"^ ^^ "» -™i^^;t!i::,i:L,f;:t'»'^'' '"" '■"«'» ^y «« to 'he general cireulat Z T '','"'*'*' '=>' «'i™"lant8 °"^- The bronchia/ eii, 7 '^"'"^ •"■" "°»="i" heat, by general vasLlr t ! saTt" ' /'^'""^'^ "^ UKcacuanha, alkalies, etc. ' ' *" "■=""''«. cs THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 145 " in various 3 under the 10 details of 3f oxygen ia ' artificially e a proper ^Iso, by the '> of steam respiratory —The red important o that by latural in- Jfcs on the 'importance ^~{a) By y Org ana, erves are 1, chloral, 'arm and Is of the abnormal may be '•V of the raulants romatic 'ised by iconite, (c) By acting on the Bronchial Glands. — We can increase the bronchial secretion by alkalies, especially by ammonia; also by iodine, sulphur, antimony, ipecacuanha, scilla. and also by the group of volatile oils, oleo-resins, and balsams, such as camphor, benzoin, etc. The bronchial secretion can be diminished by belladonna and hyoscyamus. {(I) By acting on the Nervo-muscidar Structures of the Bronchi and Larynx.— These can be stimulated by those agents which stimulate the afferent nerves of the respira- tory organs. The nervo - muscular structures can be depressed directly, and the bronchial walls thereby relaxed so that the respiratory movements are favoured, by such agents as belladonna, hyoscyamus, opium, chloral, and by the inhalation of warm moist air, such as by the inhalation of steam. 4. By acting on the Respiratory Centre.— (a) We can act directly on the respiratory centre, either stimulating or depressing it. It can be stinmlatcd—tha,t is, the force of nervous impulses proceeding from it may be increased — by ammonia, belladonna, strychnine, and by alcohol, ether, and chloroform in their primary effects. It can be depressed by the full action of alcohol, ether, and chloroform, also by opium, aconite, veratrine. {b) The respiratory centre can be affected by impres- sions reaching it through other nerves than the vagus. It may be stimulated by the inhalation of ammonia, which irritates the fifth cranial nerve. It can be also stimulated by rousing the nerves of the skin, such as by flicking with towels, the application of extreme heat, also by the application of counter-irritants, such as nmstard, etc. On the other hand a sedative influence may be exerted on the respiratory centre by the applica- tion of warm po-,ltices and fomentations to the walls of 10 !.f?l I i 14(; VETERl,VAIiY THERAPEUTICS «• Wo can act on th TracV^f . Z "'™"°"' from the KespiratorvOenttr.t^" ^"^"'™' '"">"'»«' of the Chest ard WyL rtf""""'?'"'''^''*^™*"' increasing tlio vjoonr of f),. ^ ^ ^ directly by applied r„ t..e^ret l:":;;: :r:^i,e"'r'"'"' ^(-oiuiib. Jiiese resrions ffl7i Jm .7,. 7 , opum,, wl,ieh i,as the effect of depossnT' ^ efferent mechanism ^ri.^ "^^rcssmg the whole be controlled Suvt T™""? °' "^^ "''''' "'^^ bandages to t.,echs^ ,'!„:": S'^T "' """""^ co^ection .it,, wounds and ;,-ur ,''"C""''' "oSTtT :;■::::;:: "™™' °i "» -'-> -re. character so aTto aciliff T'' "'' '''° """^"y "'™ and cattle tlLe alents d ^o* I'^"' '?f '™- ^" ''"-^^ an action as i.Xnn ,„ T '^''T '° ''"■°''= ''™<'fi<^ial obtained f,on h "n ""^'''S^ ">e best results being dogs howeve ! . medicated inhalations. In 1. Stimulant Expectorants. 2. Scilallvc Expectorants PATHOLOGICAL RELATIONS 147 _ 2. Sedative Expectorants include alkalies, iodides ipecacuanha, the inhalation of steam, and hot applica- tions to the walls of the chest. In view of their special actions, we may form other groups of expectorants as follows : 3. Krpecforants tcith a Sedative Effect on Nerves.- These are generally formed by combining expectorants, such as camphor, ipecacuanha, ammonia, etc., with opium, and are of advantage in the treatment of some respiratory affections characterized by irritation and cough. 4 Expectoraufs n-hich have a Special Action on the Sputa -(a) Those which increase the water of the bronchia mucus, and thus the liquidity of the sputa; these include sahne expectorants, iodine etc (b) Disinfectant expectorants include aromatic oils balsams, etc. ; these are absorbed by the pulmonary mucous membrane, and then excreted from it ; they produce an increased flow of mucus, and exert an anti- septic, deodorant, and disinfectant effect both on the secretion and also on the surface of the mucous mem- Tho oil of eucalyptus is of special value in this respec , being given internally as well as employed as an inhalation. Disinfectant inhalations' can also be made of the highest therapeutical importance, not only pro- mo ing the discharge from the bronchial tubes in cases of bronchitis, but reducing irritation, and rendering the discharge aseptic. ^ P ' 'I III. Pathological Relations. The diseases and disorders of the respiratory system include a large number of abnormal conditions, to which 148 VETERTNA R Y TITER A PEUTICS a passing notice can only be giveu. We may divide them mto two great classes : 1. Those depending on chan^os in the blood and circu- Iatu)n which have been already noticed in Chapters VIII. and. i.]\., 2. Those depending on changes in the nervo-muscular apparatus, of the resra-atory system, also in the lungs and a,r-passages, the respiratory centre, and the afferent and efferent nerves of communication In affections of the respiratory organ., such as bron- chitis, pulmonary congestion, pneumonia, pleurisy, etc we have circulatory, inflammatory, and degenerative changes occurring as predominant conditions, varyinc. accordmg to the stage and severity of the disease, and producing certain anatomical changes in the parts, ihus in pulmonary congestion we have the pulmonary vessels engorged with blood; in bronchitis, the brc hia' tubes become obstructed by inflammation of their mucosa and swelling and by the presence of catarrhal products which may be retained, causing irritation of the nerves and vessels. In pneumonia, the condition of consolidation renders that portion of the lung incapable of performing its function, while gangrene may result from different causes. In specific affections of the lung, such as tubercle marked degenerative changes also occur, it is clear that in all such affections the efforts of the practitioner mus be directed to the relief of the symptoms. /.... the effects of the morbid changes, as he has very httle power m acting directly on the seat or cause of the disease Amongst these enacts, the following will demand atten- 1. Dyspnoea.— Disturbed respiration varies in degree. NATURAL RECOVERY 149 nay divide and circu- oters VIII. Mnuscular the lungs he afferent I as bron- irisy, etc., i^^enerative 5, varying sease, and be parts, 'ulmonary brc hia' ir mucosa products, le nerves 1 renders ming its different tubercle, is clear 'Ctitioner , i.e., tbe le power disease. id atten- degree, and is a natural effort to increase the oxygenation of the blood when from any cause this process is interfered with. The condition is due to stimulation of the respi- ratory centre, whicli is brought about in two ways : {a) By the blood circulating t'.rough it being deficient in oxygen. [b) By exaggerated impressions coming to it from the lungs and air-passages. These two causes are usually combined, as the morbid changes already mentioned interfere with the proper aeration of the blood in the lungs, and also cause irrita- tion of the pulmonary branches of the vagus. 2. Cough is a very common symptom of respiratory affections, and has already been noticed in Part I., under the beading of The Genend Symptoms of Disease. 3. Expectoration.— In horses the products of the res- piratory passages in disease are discharged through the nostrils in the later stages, but in the earlier stages a large proportion passes into the mouth, and is swallowed. The process of expectoration is a most important one to the therapeutist. 4. Pain, Irritation, and Oppression, resulting from ab- normal conditions of the respiratory organs, are symptoms demanding all possible relief. IV. Natural Recovery. There are, perhaps, no affections which give us clearer indications of the efforts of nature to overcome disease than those of the respiratory system, and it is of the highest importance for the practitioner to recognise these efforts, so as to afford them every possible aid,^and to avoid any line of treatment likely to interfere with them. 1 il t 1 ill i, U) 150 VETERINARY THERAPEUTICS The condition of dyspnooa, to a certain extent is .n effort of nature to increase the oxygenation oi the b L; by increasing t'.e force and frequency of the resplato v movements. We must, however, co^ider thaT U tZ a folding rehef Natuie enH,H,vours to remove the effects of the morbid nHuence bv u-■^^y•^^ fi i..- 1 "J^ ^' *''^\^ 'Us the exc'ssive secre- tions by expectoration. Vicarious action is another ni. ..od bv which nature endeavours to afford relief -thu., m dyspncra LxTl ay Ztn7;i:t"t;"^° '^^"^"^ ^^longwitL^ose'of'::^^ V. Therapeutics. aielJt' ''■™"""" °' "=^P''»""T "faction, „ jienio and dietetic measu,.,, are of first imiiortance. Pure air a Pioper te„,perat„ro of the surroundings, a„ allowano 'of ea ily-digested nutritive food, and careful nursing of the patient are details which never should be lost fight of Ko hard and fast rules can be laid down as regards medicinal treatment, seeing that we cannot act dhCt on the organs affected, so as either to remove the ca e or cut short the curse of the inflamn.atory action H « leh be present. The strength of the patient /ill demand attention the condition of the pulse ilidieating the u e o1 rJu 1 ■'?' " """"'■"" "^ l»^=iW<= I'y acting gently on hem, such as helping the skin to perform ,ts M^evrb^,"' T- °' "'°"""= ""' 'l«Pl.oietie tl kidneys by the administration of r r,^ diuretics and he bowels should their action become torpid ,« th a lowance of small doses of sulphate of n.agne'la and te use of encmata if nece:,sary. The temperature, as indi- I TJiEA TMENT OF D YSPN(EA 15I eating the degree of fever present, is a symptom of great importance, and will require appropriate attention by the administrafion of antipyretics. Above all thin-3 no m^mxxviH calculated to depress the patient should bo aoopted, and excessive interference should be avoided. _ In the treatment of dyspncea we must carefully inquire into Its cause. If depending on acute bronchitis in the first stages, saline expectorants will be of service in liquefying the bronchial secretions ; while the inhalation of warm, moist air, such as steam, will help to overcome the dryness and extreme vascularity of the bronchial tubes. After the early stage is passed, stimulants, such as ammonia with camphor, etc., are indicated, which, besides their expectorant action, sustain the action of the heart and strengthen the respiratory centre. Inhala- tions medicated with disinfectant agents and aromatic oils are of the greatest service, favouring expectoration and preventing the discharges from becoming putrid or purulent. The external application cf heat by means of woollen rugs wrung out of very hot water, and applied in a proper manner to the walls of the chest, gives great relief in cases of this kind. In Dyspncea from Diminished Respiratory Area, such as occurs in acute pneumonia from consohdation of the lun^' we find that the air and the blood cannot come inS mutual contact, so that increased respiratory movements occur, with acceleration of the cardiac action, the results being that the air is constantly changed and the blood constantly renewed. These are efforts of nature to pro- vide for the aeration of the blood, aud the practitioner must endeavour to assist them. Thus, the general system will require to be sustained, and the action of the heart carefully watched, so that stimulants may be administered when necessary, and everything possible secured for the fii i I M ! li 152 VETERINA li Y Til ERA PE U TICS comfort of the patient, the accompanying fever being combated by measures which are not depressing. In Dyspnoea with Spasm, commonly termed ' Asthma,' which is an affection due to spasm of the circular muscu- lar fibres of the bronchial tubes, depending on some irrita- tion of the vagus or respiratory centre, by which reflex impressions pass out to the bronchial muscles, we employ direct depressants to the nervo-muscular structures of the bronchi, such as belladonna, hyoscyamus, etc. This affec- tion in the horse is by some authorities classed with that disease known as 'broken wind,' but others either regard it as a distinct affection or as an early stage of the latter. In dogs asthma is of comparatively frequent occurrence, and often gives rise to very distressing symptoms. Inhalations of steam often give relief, while hot applications to the walls of the chest are useful ; in severe cases counter-irritation may be required. Internally, diffusible stimulants and anti- spasmodics give relief, such as spirits of ether or chloroform in small doses, or a mixture of carbonate of ammonia, spirits of ether, with an aromatic, is a useful combina- tion. Powerful respiratory depressants, such as opium, etc., are to be avoided in cases with threatening asphyxia, as they are likely to increase that condition. Cough, depending on respiratory affections, is in some cases an effort of nature to remove some obstruction from the respiratory passages, but often proves a most distressing symptom demanding rehef. As far as possible, powerful depressants of the respiratory centre, such as narcotics, are to be avoided in the treatment of respira- tory diseases, and in distressing cough other means should have the preference. In affections such as laryngitis it may be dangerous, if not impossible, to administer remedies in the usual manner, as violent fits of coughing are produced, during THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 153 which the medicinal agent (if a fluid) may pass in part into the trachea, causing suffocation or mechanical bron- chitis ; if the agent be in the sohd form, such as a bolus, it is quickly returned to the mouth. In such cases wo find electuaries of great service ; they can be placed between the molar teeth, and are then gradually dis- solved and swallowed. They produce beneficial effects by their soothing action on the throat, which also ex- tends to deeper-seated parts, such as the bronchi. Elec- tuaries for the relief of cough may contain belladonna, chlorate of potash, etc., made up with honey or syrup. Warm hquid foods should be allowed, and inhalations of steam given without distressing the patient. Pain and Distress, in connection with respiratory affec- tions, are to be treated by external applications to the walls of the chest, such as the application of heat, as already stated. In the early stages of such affections as acute bronchitis and pleurisy, moderate doses of opiates are of great service; but when the diseased processes are established, we should avoid as far as possible the use of direct respiratory sedatives. The therapeutical value of counter-irritants in the treatment of respiratory diseases is a point on which great difference of opinion exists among eminent authori- ties ; this subject will be discussed undur the heading of Countcr-Jrritmits in Chapter XV. I '\ I 'I I I 11^ GHAPTEE XI T. THE NERVOUS >^S3TEM. Although to the veterinary therapeutist the nervous system is not so important as to the practitioner of .Jk mmm 154 yf':T/.:/ujvA n v tuf.u. i peutics J™— rr'^;il:::^:;r':'"''r™-• body, „,!d ti^rs:::, '::;:;;:■;•-»' "■'-•s'-' 'h. on • Veterinary Pl.ysiolo^ /m I > V °"'""" ""'"™' oonsideratiun of the " t^'' j.u' "'''^^"■- "' «'"''h, for a For our prosen ™, ''.°""»;" "oncectio,, with it. relations of tlic sv^fn.n , '^^' " ^''^ therapeutical eent.es,rep.es ti 'e 'at:,: e" ''" '■^''"' "^'•-- tary motion. ' ^^''^^tion, consciousness, and volua- I Physiological E-lations. Nervous tissue possesses the power of ^i , • ^-charging force when acted on b^ e^tah t7"° "' This power cv i-.^^. <. • '' ^^^''^I'l influences. influence :„•: pCS iT if t""' ;'"""'""'- ^'- ^0." tro^ii^vrtr it^r";' ''r °' ™- action 67/;.n^/«//n. Tf f i f ''"'"'^''"^ and the w thanks;::, ^t."^^'r'^''^^^^^ and the action .A,,';L, ' '^^' "^^"^"^^ ^ ^^^^^'•^■^'^■a^'^ J^<^ J^ody and in the Onjuns. ^ ' ^- -The Ajferuii Nerves. '^- The Spinal Cord. t: li" ^t;:^^'""^' ^'- ^'am Prober. '), IhcL Cerent Nerves. OS Tin: NRItVOUS SYST/:.U ,66 In addition to this arbit.-ary plan, we may add the "orvous mechanism of the visccL which is a po , o Rovenied by r.ntres in the medulla, spinal cord or also that the cllbrent nerves between thes ceiftr. and neivoug system, and that, in addition, the viscera possp.. .t.n.c^,an,lia,byv.hichthei ro2d f "°^^-^"^' l'^^y«^°'°o''<'-l points are of interest with xogaul to the act.ons of drugs on the parts nan.ed : TJie Bram consi: ts of motor centres, presidin-^ over the noven.ent o the ,,hs,and also for tL mastlcTtL of lood, ctr It also consists of sensory centres for the specuU senses of sight, .ste. and hearing, and othe s for general sensation. These d-orpnf ^' ''"'' ^'^"^^^ '^^ add.Lion to the function of T" "'' '" con<.Pinn=. « ;"»ction of I organ as the centre of consciousness, intelligence, etc. In the domestic animals the cerebrum is of small si.e compare, with the posterior parts of the brain a^d h si/c of tlie spinal cord, while in the human bein^ the cerebrum is well developed. As a resnlf nf H 7 7 wp finri fhof . • -. rehnit of these facts, Nve fand that certain drugs acting on the cerebrum such as opum. produce marked soporific eifects in nia lu le m he domestic animals such agents produce less de; ^ - n o ort "T T"''' "^' '•^^'^^'°^^>' ^^-^ deranged motor function and convulsions. The Spinal Cord possesses three important functions 'Viz.,condac ion, w lie >■ action nn^ ,• .• '"^"""s, /one It transmits sensory impulses to the bram and .edrilla, and from the latter organs it conveys motor impulses to tne museies, glands, etc. The MeduUa coatains various centres essential to life, 156 VKTERINA JIY Til ERA PEVTWS \ Wl the boJy. ° °* ^^'^ ^"°«^ iiiiportuut in states or conditions : °^'"^'^"" P^'^-io^ogical 1. Sensation.-This is the result of n. • carr ed to tho Pr.mi u ^" anpression however thev at I j'" 1''°=«<='1 f™,,, them. W|,e„ aroused, and a c„n' ""^ '='"»''. Percoptiou i state common scmhiUly ^^"^^tion in a quiescent "■ay be proLZTv J'^Tr ""'"'''" """"action cffe^ntof: t ^„. ™'^''7 °' -y P-t of the a reflex ,„a„„er by st „ ula „„ „f T^ ° ""'^'""'^ '" ^vi" depend on a pe.frc stl '".^"""'J'jf ■^"kin,-, it -e^L„e„eebtal-;rrr;r-- ^"pposod to depe„a ou di.iSrtetabo,;: nf :r2 1 THE NEnVOVS SYSTE^l/ ,57 IZrTu''!^" cerchrun, either duo to a doacicnt supply of blood or an impaired quality of it, or to dnnuushed activity of the tissues following exhaustion. II. Pharmaco-dynamics. This portion of the subject, if considered in detail, would assume very lar^^o proportions, as the system is such an extensive one. and the actions of drugs on its dilterent portions are many and diverse For practical purposes, it will sulhco to give an outline 1 L Z '^''"°' '"^ °^^"' '"^^^^•"•^^ °" tl- chief poitions o the system, giving preference to those which are of use to the therapeutist. It is needless to remark that as the physiology of the nervous systen. is not yet clear in all portions! so the diseases of it still require further investigation, and as a result he actions and uses of drugs are yet far from being clearly understood. oveT- ""^^ ^'"'^ '''"'''^'' ^^° ^°'''' ''^''^' ^^ P°««^«« 1. Sensation.-This will include common sensibility as well as that of the special senses. (a) Local siivmlants have the power of increasing common sensibility, also the sensation of a part, which may even give rise to pain. Most act directly on the nerve fibrils m the tissues, and some may aci primarily on the vessels, exciting the circulation as well a. the nerves. As examples of local stimulants, we have the applica- tion of extreme heat, extreme cold (temporarily), fodine volatile oils such as oil of turpentine, and irritants such Ai„^i, V 7 T, can.handcs m us primary effects. Alcohol and ether, when their apour is confined, also m » 1 '^rnu 158 VETERINARY THERAPEUTICS act as local stimulants; and certain metallic salts if applied m solution sufficiently stron^ W Ih! effect, such as silver, copper .inc etc n. '"""' or astringents. ' ' ""'^'"^ ^' ^^^^^'cs ducedVvT,"TT*° r'""'""^ *'^* ^^^ ^--^tions pro- ri::^r:r^:T-:^^^ - td:iir:; ::^^r;^- ^rS i- £: s •nay act on muscles and the viscera ta<^n'r ''' "'I '^'f ''"'°^'^ in^presoions, especially irri- i .: :=-:;•;;. r =•. £- x (*) ioMi amcsthctks reduce the sensihilifv „f ... tenmual „.rve-e„di„gs, a.d finally re,„ Sr powe^ o recemng .^pressiom. Wheu Led for the Tellf S pam, they are termed local anodmca ZL ? faprXn d Af r.' ''"""■ ^''■''"' "■>-• 'heir actio ,' s prolonged Moderate cold, such as that produced bv destroys ft. ' ''^'^' '"^'^'"^ ^'''^ P^'olonged /yFLl'ENCES OVER MOTOR SYSTEM 159 We employ certain agents, Buch as poulUces, to act as ocal anodynes, which effect they bring about by com- bining the properties of heat and moisture. The heat relieves the pain by acting on the bloodvessels, dilating, and relieving them, promoting osmosis and the migration o corpuscles, an effect which is assisted by the presence of moisture, ^ t- ° (c) TF. can act on the trunks of the afferent nerves By the use of certain drugs, such as opium, we can interfere with the carrying of impressions from the periphery to the sensory centres by depressing the nerve- trunks themselves. We may mention a familiar surgical operation-viz neurotomy-which relieves pain and lameness by section of the nerve, thus preventing painful impressions being earned to the sensory centres from the diseased part {d) Tf. can act on the sensory and perceptive centres themselves by that group of agents termed narcotics ■ these inc hide general anuosthetics and general anodynes, which will be noticed presently under the heal of Co,.- sciousness. Among the group of narcotics, we find some agents such as opium, which interfere with the afferent intpres- sions from all portions of the system-that is, at their formation in the course of their conduction, and at their entry to the sensory centres. 2 Motion. -We possess more power over that portion of the nervous system presiding over motion than over sensa ion, because we can act on motor parts both diiectly and also in a reflex manner-vi.., by local irritants producing muscular movements, and local depressants arresting them. We find that different drugs act on different portions of the motor apparatus. li! 160 VETERINARY TTTERAPErTICS PU i (a) Motor stimulants may act on the motoi- convolutions of the cerebrum. Examples. — Alcohol in moderate doses, and chloroform and ether in their primary stages. They may act on the medulla. Thus, ammonia, bella- donna, and strychnine excite the movements of the respiratory muscles by acting on the respiratory centre, and ether and chloroform in their primary stages have a similar effect. They may act on the motor centres of the spinal cord. Thus, strychnine produces convulsions by powerfully stimulating these centres. Local motor stimulants act on the terminations of the nerves, the terminal apparatus, and the muscles them- selves. As examples, we have the employment of hand- rubbing to parts, the cold douche, etc., which rouse the local circulation, and increase muscular nutrition and activity. Electricity is also in use as a local motor stimulant, and strychnine possesses a similar action. {b) Motor Depressants.— Ijd^rge doses of alcohol, etl;er, and chloroform depress and finally paralyze the motor convolutions of the cerebrum, and thus completely arrest all voluntary movements. The motor functions of the medulla are depressed by opium, aconite, chloral, etc., and by large doses of alcohol and chloroform, which ultimately produce paralysis of the respiratory centre, and cause death by this means. The -motor centres in the spinal cord are depressed by physostigmine and other drugs, the result being paralysis of the limbs when large amounts are administered. The motor nerves themselves are depressed by conium and other drugs, which cause paralysis through these channels when administered in sufllicieut amount. The motor nerve-endings are depressed by belladonna NARCOTICS 161 and its allies, this effect beiug more marked in the case of involuntary muscles. 3. Consciousness.— Consciousness is readily acted on by various influences, but for pi'actical purposes it is only necessary to refer to three means which we possess by which we are enabled to bring about desired results in connection with it : {a) We can rouse nmsciousncss by powerful and also by painful impressions, such as the use of the cold douche, or the application of an irritant, such as mustard, to the surface ; also by the inhalation of ammonia. (b) We can reduce consciousness by the use of cerebral depressants, such as by the bromides, which diminish reflex excitability, and give the nervous centres a certain amount of rest. (c) We can revioce consciousness by the use of yeneral ancesthetics. These agents directly depress the nervous tissue of the convolutions, arresting tlieir functions, removing sensibility and consciousness. General antcsthetics belong to a group of drugs termed narcotics. Narcotics possess a very complex action, influencing both sensory and motor portions of the nervous system, and also acting on most of the viscera. All narcotics, pushed to a certain extent, produce a condition of unconsciousness ; but they do so in such a difl'erent manner that we are enabled to select some out of the number which have been proved by experiment and experience to be safe for use as general anaBsthetics. This selection is made as a result of our knowledge of the precise action of tiiese agents, and of the manner in which they involve the different portions of the nervous system. We may divide narcotics into two classes tor this purj)ose : 31 II )! If! 162 VETERINARY TUERA PEUTWS 1. Tliose which act primarily ou the convohitions of tho cerebrum, IJrst stimulating, then depressing, and finally arresting their functions, producing the condition of unconsciousness. The vital centres in the medulla are also depressed, hut until consciousness is completely removed, no serious depression in the vital centres occurs. Chloroform and ether act in this manner, and are hence the agents most commonly used for the purpose of general an;esthetics. 2. Those agents which involve the cerebrum and the vital centres in the medulla at the same time, so that before the condition of unconsciousness is produced there is dangerous depression of the centres of respira- tion and circulation in the medulla. As examples of such agents we may give opium and chloral. It is needless to remark that such drugs are not used for the purpose of removing consciousness, but are frequently employed, and are of great importance when prescribed in suitable doses, as general anodynes. For such purposes we employ them to arrest perceptions of pain, to induce sleep, and to soothe and prevent pain in the great vital organs of the body when such are dis- ordered or diseased. Hiipiivlicii are agents which promote or produce sleep, anssess the power of speech. Chronic degenerative diseases of the kidneys will also, in some cases, produce various degrees of pain, evidenced by the pecuhar postures assumed by the patients. In cases of volvulus and intussusception of the intes- tines the most violent struggles are often witnessed, the pain becoming so intense that the patient seems incap- able of controlling his actions. In eases of brara ailections, whether occurring as primary affections or due to reflex irritation from the stomach, the horse becomes so violent in the first stages r T THE nSE OF AXODYNnS 167 r 7 that it is inipossiblo to approach him or to administer medicines. In cattle we also find the evidences of pain either shown in ^neat excitement, with excessive motor move- ments, or by great dulness accompanied by a grunt or low moan frequently repeated. In dogs pain is manifested either by low moans or by shi'ieks, depending on severity. Diflerent postures are also assumed. The alleviation of pain leads us to inquire into the use of Anodynes. These are agents prescribed for the relief of pain. To make use of anodynes in a scientific manner it is necessary to arrive at a correct diagnosis— that is, to ascertain the cause of the pain and to remove it, and to act on the effects which remain. The student will clearly see that in all cases this will not be possible, especially so when we have to depend on objective symp- toms for a diagnosis. Nevertheless, there are certain conditions where pain exists, and where we can remove it by the employment of what are termed indirect anodynes ; these attack the cause of the pain, while they do not act directly on nervous tissue. For example, in the case of local affec- tions characterized by pain, such as an abscess or a foreign body in a part, we make use of surgical means of relief, also of poultices, warm fomentations, etc. But even local affections sometimes require the use of either local direct anodynes or general anodynes. Again, we find that local irritants, such as mustard, etc, may become local anodynes, supposed to be due to certain actions, such as exhaustion of the irritability and con- ductivity of local nerves and to dilatation of the vessels, etc., tiiects which will be described in the chapter on Counter-Irritation. Purgatives may act as indirect anodynes in some cases, r ?■ lb • i i m 108 VETERfNA R Y TUEIi. \ PFAlTlCf^ such as in impaction of the stomach or in spasmodic cohc due to the presence of irritating ingesta; these ag.nts remove the cause. But it is often necessary to comhme with them anodynes in order to remove the cftcct— /.r., the pain. Local Anodynes are employed to redu o tlie irritahihty of nerves hy local n.eans ; such are helladonna, opium cocaine, and also the hypodernnc injection of morphia' which acts both locally and generally. ' General Anodynes are a most important group of medi- cinal agents in veterinary therapeutics. They rolieve pain, no matter from what source, by depressing the sensory centres in the cerebrum, or by diminishing the conductivity of the sensory nerves, r.. by a combination of both methods. Some such as cUomi hydrate act as pure and powerful hypnotk,-.^^r. .. cause sleep, and prevent the perception of pain Ly t.eir action on the sensory centres of the cerebrum. Oti.ers. such as opium and Its active principle, morphine, produce a paralv.ing effect on the sensory nerves of all organs, and also act as nypnotics in some animals. thelaZr "^^ T'' ^■''^^"'""' ^'^''^ *^"'^"*'""" °f *he special theiapeutics of opuun and its alkaloids in the ma^rity cases in horses instead of a hypnotic effect, these diugs produce excitement, and act as cerebro - spinal stimulants, even when administered in large doses and as such effects are productive of harm by reason of 'tl"r depressing action on the nervous system at a time when •t requires rest, we have to depend on another dru._ vi.._. cannabis indica-which possesses the properties" of acting as an efficient anodyne, both by producing d ec hypnotic effects as well as depressing the sensory^e ves A pure hypnotic, such as chloral hydrate, althoLh pro ducing Bleep by its action on the convolutions °of The , I TRKA TMENT OF PA RA L YSIS 109 cerebrum, has little elTect on the peripheral senBory nerves ; hence, when the patient awakes from the sleep the pain may not bo relieved, and suffering may continue as before. Wo may also refer to the use of (Irnvnil Aiurs(/,r/!rs in surgical operations ; these will be considered under the Special Thrrapeutici of Chloroform, Ether, etc., m i- art 111. 2. Paralysis. -raralysis must be treated according to the nature of the affection on which it depends. ° In veterinary practice it is well to bear in mind that if thei'o IS no reasonable prospect of a return to a normal con- dition, by which the patient will bo enabled to be of practical use, treatment is of no avail, as a paralyzed animal is of no value. Paralysis occurs most commonly in animals in the form oi iuu:>plerjia, generally depending on some affection of the spinal cord, producing a defect or loss of power in all parts posterior to that affected. It may depend on various causes, such as injury or fracture of the vertebra;, and also in reflex or functional causes, such as in that affection of horses termed azoturia, and in dogs in some cases of intestinal obstruction and impaction. General paralysis may occur from lesions of the cerebrum or of its coverings. As an example of local paralysis in the horse, we may mention that of the branches of the 'acial nerve, pro- ducing difficulty in prehension and mastication. In cases affecting the spinal cord and nerves, nerve tonics, such as strychnine, are indicated, local treatment being also of value. In cases depending on cerebral affections, treatment must be adopted according to the nature of the lesion- stimulants being indicated in some instances, and cerebral sedatives in others. %^ ■.'^. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) k A {./ 4^,; A 5; y. ^ 1.0 ^i^ IIIM I.I I !^ Ilia :!: 1^ 12.0 L25 i 1.4 1.8 1.6 m ^ /a ^>. '(fW' rf"! :-> Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MS80 (716) 872-4S03 ^ ^ ^v,^n^i^'^l' 170 VETERINARY THEIUPEUriCS etc are , ';f ^'=«"*y- «P«™-. convulsions, Ve' meet „' '^ '""''' '°"°"""° '° "«" <=— eitL to ?k''°""° '^"«' ""'"' "' """vulsive fit, due ntest nal canal. Such cases are treated by aperients a.d^sto„,ach.cs, and by „„thel„,i„tics, according to the Cases of epilepsy are met with in dogs, in which oft."":. ^''"""^'™"™ °' "« ''-".Mes is „;;:;; In affections such as teUum,, in which the correct pathology ,s not yet discovered, various n.eans of t a nent are adopted; but it cannot yet be said that the use of one drug g.ves better results than another In cases ol cmu;,lsiom the exact cause of which we annot deternnne it may be necessary to proscribe drug abate the violence of the sy,nptoms In cases of such aifections as a.oUuia, where the onvuls,ons depend on some deleterious agent act ng on he nervous system, it is of the greatest Lportance to ensure the act.on of the various excretory otans such as the bowels, the skin, and the kidneys, by Iheie of purgafves, diaphoretics, and diuretics then n cessary oXr 'rrs" ^^'™'' - --' - ^-'^'^ "-" '^e 4 Consciousness.-In cases wbore delirium is a promi- nent symptom, cerebral depressants, carefully re»ulat"d are indicated, such as chloral, bromides, etc ' Jn fc» oj consciousness, we must clearly inquire into the nature of the case. If the condition be due t" njunes of the head, our attention should be dtcted to ti.e state of .he heart and the respiratory system which may become depressed along wL the co„ ! THE KIDNEYS 171 ons of the cerebrum, the centres of respiration and rcu atzon being involved by the injury. In such cases restoiatiye measures must be employed, inckiding cardiac stimulants and artificial respiration if necessary But in cases of loss of consciousness, where the vital centres are much as possible, as they are likely to increase the ZTlTr-.'"' k" '••^" '^' ^"'""^^^-^' ^»- --ula quttide ' ' '' ''°"^' ^""""^ ^"^ ^ ^'-'^ of " CHAPTER XIII. THE KIDNEYS. Although organic affections of the kidneys are by no means so frequent in our patients as in human b fngs still, a consideration of tliese important organs is necfs' sary, as. independent of chronic diseases, th'ere are miny abnormal states met with which demand the attenti n of he therapeutist. Also, the kidneys, being very im- portant organs of excretion, can be avaiLd of as auxilL es m the removal of deleterious materials, depend ng on affections of other organs. P«nuing on I. Physiological Relations. Tlie function of the kidneys is to remove from the blood and from the system the waste and poisonou produces of the body, the excretion thus fornfed beW termed the unnc. Briefly, the urine may be stated to arise from two portions of the kidney 1. The Bulk of the Water of the Urine is removed from 'mmv^ 172 ^'KTr.RiNARY.rin-.RAPEurns preslt-f il^'lrr-"' f' ''''''"'«"^" •'°^'-' "- Mood pressuie in which is always hij,rh, because the efferent vessels a..o s.naller than the afferent. The „a Ty pt „„ -Parate rro„. the capiHarr^tu whS st il'^'th: „ nerve, of the kidi;"! "™ "^ "" -ognised secretory The Secretion of Urine eoncsicfc ^c m .■ ^;dt-;:-;r'r'r-^------'^- also oth „::«"" ''"■^''^^ -"' '■- '"l-u'es; and as by the action of cold on the ski^ Th o ' ' ""='' are increased b„ ■. "° organic matters eircniation and on the cualirofthTbltd.""'""^ "' '"^ ihe folloivmg points are also of importance : DTURETICSi 173 ■ The Quantity of Urine secreted by the horse is about bi pints for the twenty-four hours. In cattle the amount IS Ji to 28 pints for the same period. Carnivora excrete by the kidneys the major portion of the water they drink, while herbivora excrete the greatest part by the lungs. The Reaction of the Urine in herbivora is alkaline, the alkalinity being due to the presence of carbonate of potasli. In carnivora the reaction is acid According to Professor Smith, uric acid does not occur nonnally in the urine of the horse, and he regards uric acid in herbivora as replaced by hippuric acid. II. Pharmaco-dynamics. We can act on the urinary excretion by means of agents termed diuretics. Diuretics may be defined as agents which act on the kidneys and increase the secretion of urine. Obviously from what we have just noticed with regard to the physiological relations of the kidneys, their functions can be increased in a variety of ways, which, for con- venience of description, we may classify as follows : 1. Agents which Increase the Volume of the Urine- that IS, the amount of water excreted from the glomeruli Evidently this will be accomplished through the circula- tion. 2 Agents which aflfect the Excretion of the Urinary Sohds.— These will act chiefly through the blood itself. 1. The Agents which increase the volume of the Urine produce their effects in different ways, as follows : {a) Bj, raising the blood-pressure in the general arterial system, including the renal arteries, without affecting the pressure in the veins. This can be accomplished by increasing the amount of '^mu^ 174 VETESWAnr TirERAPEnTICS cause increased quantity oboo/t 1 ^^'^™f-These while the general arterial p res „re and a, ?" T'"'*^'' veins remains unaltered, Tl e Lri^ ', "" 'u' '''™' raotor nerves of the kidn.„ """^ °" ""= ^aso- sequently dila^ t the rrar^'t^^^'T ' ""^ "»- digitalis in the seccul s to™ oh/, "'"'■ ^'"'^ '"°''"^<' -ther, volatile oils and rels \ ' 'P"""'""™"^ Phor, etc, ; also agents sn. , . "' '"P^'ine, cam- The act on of cotd on th ' " r °'':'' ''^"'"'™'^''' ^'«- -fle. dilatation oUl,:" etlt:^ °' "^ ''"'^ •'"^-- fuse volume of urine will be the result ' ^' '^''''■ soiMs'i^i^rtr i^fr :r c!r 'Tr r- the activity of the renal PnifiT? ■'^°*^ influence which include the composition ottT^r' '"'''''"'■'='• of the process of digesfon tL ) .' ""^ P°*ction and the causes pSc '™' , " °^ "'" "™'. etc, functions, all have a„ S '" .''°''""'' P'=*"™"'=<' » of the urinary solid! Th!.,'" ""?"« "-^ composition DIURETICS lib acids, combine with alknlino k„ alkaline carbonates ''''' ""^ ^^^ ^^^^^*^<5 ^« The administration of alkalies produces an nlkni" • effect on the urine-that is in iZ r ^'^'^''^'"^ Ammonia has not this efec; as i irjo. ""•^""• system. ' ^^ ^^ '^^^'^en up in the All these salts mentioned whilp a«f- nise them as directly affectin/fhn , '^''°«- In addition to saline diuretics wo r,^ medicinal a-euts in fh.T /■ '' '^ P^^^ess a group of amount of wafpr rnu: T- -^ ^^^^y ^ certam agents eXC '"""' ™™^ ''""°'<''°= '° "■« Some, such as turpentine in lame doses m„v ■ eases diminish, in othe-s increase, the b.k STh 7°"° and n.ay even produce h.n.orrhage fron, U,e°g,»Lur ^^mtw 17G VET ERIN A R Y TITER A PEUTICR actiwfv o fh "" ^^Pressants di.ninish directly the act uty of the renal ep.theliu.n, producing their action by the.r influence through the blood. We may nent on 111. Pathological Relations. C;t„onic a&ctions of the kidneys are „ue in veterinarv P.;act,ce, and acute inHannnatc-y alfection, of S o g u. cannot bo .ai.l to be of connnon ocenrr ce T.e,c a,e, however, disorders of the real func io ,s cmnmonly „et with, characteri.sd by changes 7 Z character, con.position, and volun.e of the urn A exa,nples of these, wo „,ay give a.oturia, o , ucn.o globnurm and dnrbetes insipidus in horse , and that affect,o„ ter„,ed Ted water,' or h.n.o.albun.inurialt As cases of chronic inflammatory alTections of the Mneys are sometimes met with both in horses tl dogs .t ,s necessary to study the pathological rdltions of^th. systen, as briefly as possible on toe fot^^^ L Disorders of the Fluid Portion of the Urine depending on Changes in the General Blood Pressure Tlj! be referable to- "essure.-Thesa may (a)l>minuthn of the Ocmd Arterial Presmre -This condition may be clue to disease of the heart-, „ dill tatio„-by which the arterial pressure is lower d and the venous is raised ; so that, as regards the kid'ev the pressure is lowered in the afferent vessel o b ' glomerulus, and raised in the efferent vessel. The result IS passive congestion of the kidneys. The urine 1 lessee,! in amount, both of fluid and also of the tota directly the lieir action ay mention : this power veterinary of these ccurrence. functions es in the ii'ine. As >r htenio- and that iiiuria, in s of the rses and relations following ©pending ese may ^.— This ■(/-, dila- ted and kidney, of the e result irine is le total ^ENAL AFFJX'TIONS j~ amount of solidQ • ;* O-jvod f..o,., the e'„g:.;7j„:""" ^""'"""' ""^ "'-d {^) Increase of tlie Gencr il i condition occurs in that foni, nV . "'^- ^''•''^■^■''•^'— This Wdney known as the 1 ^ °"'" ^^^^^^^^ ^^ t^^ --h a case. ^^^^Z^^:7Tt' ''""^'- ^" f-phied, and the artenirt ^.^.^ ^^^^f ^ ^ype- hy dilatation of the heart Tu ° , ^'^^' succeeded iB greatly u.reasea in vo u.ne lirht^ , "" "^ ^'^ ""''^^ specific gravity, and mj'f '' ^"'^ °^ ^°^ There , a cons^t'ant l:^Z::;'Z:::'- ^^ ^^^"'"^"- 2. Disorders of the Pinirf T> *• '"^^^b- on C^„,e3 in J-^o^^J'^i! ~^; ^Jf '''""^' referable to— "assure.— These may be vessels, and thus in^^e ^t,^ ^^ » ">« --, unne As example,, „e „„,;i™.'';f./°';"™ of the by alternate profuse an,1 ,l.fi °"^ "/ ^ "' =''!>raotenzed Also diabetes t2^ns „ T rr""' °' "^^ '•™- "me™tio„,p„bab^d;;e"di„ o'n. f 'r' '' "'""'^'^'^ due to improper food tl,7 " '™ "''"""""o". disordered.'th! reua, Wt Is dlTt";.""'"' •'^"°-"'' U.at there is an excessive a, tun ,' *' '■'='"" '"'»>« in colour, and of low speeffl «« iti ."™° 'T'''' P"'" a prominent sy»pto„. f„ this SS,', ^™"' '"-' ^ »>- Ihese may affect either tile glomtu Z r'''''-- the vems; they are found f„ *■ °"^™"' "m arteries, or logical oonditfons 0^^* T'/" ""^ °' ""^ P'"'^"- "-«-. The results as rtardstr T"' '"■'^'"■'' we may also refer t^aX^sf a^-. the 12 I II WSt^w 178 VETERINA R Y Til ERA PEUTICS renal bloodvessels- viz., the presence of abdominal en- largements. These iuay cause pressure on the trunks of the renal vessels, and thus interfere with the renal circulation, resulting in the presence of albumin, blood etc., in the urine, or in some cases there may be sunnres- sion of urine. ^ ^ 3. Morbid Conditions of the Secreting Epithelium of the Kidney. Tiiese are among the lesions also found in eases of JJright's disease. The cells lose their function becoming diseased ; they obstruct the tubules, and press upon the venous plexus, causing interference with the circu ation of the blood, and also with the filtration of he fluid portion of the urine through the glomerulus. Ihe results are: The urine becomes lessened in volume and o high specific gravity. It contains albumin, prob' ably derived from the venous plexus, and blood, either from the latter or from the glomerulus; and also casts ot diseased cells, fibrin, etc. The following serious results may occur : The urea accumulates in the blood, the general circulation is interfered with, the heart becomes affected, and the fluid portions of the blood escape into the tissues and serous cavities, constituting dropsy. These are some of the phenomena met with in that form of Bright's disease known as the large white kidney. The student should compare the character of the urine with that described in subsection {h)-i.e., the contracted kidney, which is another form of Bright's disease. 4 Renal Affections depending on Abnormal Conditions Of the Blood.-The urinary secretion may become de- ranged^ by influences other than changes in the kidneys hemselves. Thus, the blood may be in an abnormal state as the result of dyspepsia or from hepatic disorder and the urinary secretion may be greatly modified as regards its composition and reactions. loininal eu- the trunks 1 the renal niin, blood, be suppres- ithelium of 50 found in ir function, and press ! with the Itratiou of lomerulus. in volume, inin, prob- 'od, either also casts The urea ilation is and the isues and some of 's disease the urine mtracted snditions ome de- kidneys bnormal iisorder, iified as liKNAL AFFECTIONS "xalalo of li,„o i,f t^Ll "'•,""'' "'° ?'■'=>"="='> of -'ou, frequently passed i o" .'r':",""" l"*'" "■ The causes are; I,re.,ulL-iliLi ,,""■"' ""■'=«"on. P'oduced l,y fo„<, containing „ „, " "'? '»'■'' '" bo ■- enais sucl. as turnips, ca^ro . cTc " °' ''"''"'"'"' 'ho largo ,m,scle, o 1 p" j! r°'"'™'' ''>' 'Pawn's of of ".e Ii,nb. Tl,e urine i'd a cV" ,°' "'" ''"''^ »"•' S'-avity, and containin,. a I't! '""■■■■''• """Vl. »peci/ic «ometi„,es aibuu.in in °nnl If "?'"" "' '"■"»■ and '0 'he allowance of food Z Lh . ^''° '='"'^' ''""■^o -i'h insufficient exerd e ^ ' 't^rT""" """=™'». .^een when tho anin.al is Lt to , '"""™ '^ ™°»'ly Idleness. " P"' '° "ork after a period of (c) Hamo-albuKthiuriif bu,.i„, being unfit for ^ it" ° '" '"°°'- ^"^ k'dneys along with a portion ofc "'"f '"^ ''>' 'ho beco„,es broken down, giving the I ''T°8'°hin, which the urine. ^ ^ '^^ oharaoteristic colour to uli":Lf:iatra::::''T r ^ --^"-■^ of the These have a tendet; o t: Lfe"'"'"' "^ P'^™' ^r:trt:■l:^"r^™-=.l-^^^^ -ouii. Ti.;eaus:sr:i:n:rtLi;:::/-"--' Mf^^lt \m VETERINA IIY Til ERA PErriCS IV. Natural Recovery. If the renal disorder depends on derangement of the blood, or of other important or;,'anic functions, it is obvious that natural recovery will follow when these become changed to a normal condition. If, however, organic changes occur in the kidney, the skill of the therapeutist will bo severely taxed in order to prolong vitality, in consequence of the serious results wliich follow and the implication of otlior vital organs. We must, liowever, recognise that the kidney possesses many provisions which tend to a natural recovery whenever this result is possible. Thus, increased work is met by increased functional activity ; also, if one kidney be diseased, the other endeavours to perform its work, a condition of compensa- ting hypertrophy occurring in the healthy organ. The condition termed vicarious compensation is also an important one. Thus, we find that the skin and the bowels endeavour to carry off the effete products which are normally excreted by the kidneys, but which are apt to be retained in renal diseases. This effort of nature is taken advantage of by the therapeutist by stimulating the bowels and skin to action by purgatives and dia- phoretics, and thus preventing the accumulation of effete materials in the system, and also giving the kidneys a temporary rest in cases where such is desirable. V. Therapoutics. Under this heading we can only draw attention to some important general principles in the treatment of renal affections. 1. The Use of Diuretics is not confined to the treat- ment of affections of the kidney, ab in other disorders we find these agents of great therapeutical value. Thus, c c F b o: THE USE OF DIUIiETICS IHI in cases of dropsy connected with cardiac disorder, a^'ents siu^li as dij,'italis, by acting as cardiu-vascular diuretics, remove the excessive fluid, and also relieve the heart and general circulation. Also in cases of rheumatic disorders diuretics hasten tlio expulsion of the morbid poison from the system. Iti all such instances a combination of diuretics will Le found useful, such as of the cardio-vascular with the saline, etc. In acute inflammatory atiections of the kidneys, diuretics— especially those of an irritating nature— should be avoided, and the bowels and skin should be stimulated, so as to carry off the effete pro- ducts. Saline purgatives are especially useful, and their effect may be kept up by small repeated doses. In chronic affections, such as the Udujc tchite lidney of Bright's disease, great discrimination is necessary in prescribing treatment, especially with reference to diuretics. From what we have already considered, it is obvious that in this affection there is constant danger of deficient excretion of urea, by reason of the epithelial cells being diseased, so that the indications are to relieve these cells by diverting the excremeutitious products to other channels, and avoiding excess of nitrogenous food, Thus, hydragogue purgatives are indicated, also dia- phoretics, etc. Although renal stimulants, such as saline and special diuretics, may be considered as contra-indicated in such cases, nevertheless there are instances in which they prove useful, by clearing out the tubules when they are blocked by cellular and inflammatory products. This is accomplished by the diuresis induced. 2. Urinary Derangements depending on Nervous Dis- order—These will be rationally treated by prescribing «t\v 182 VET FAUN A It Y Til ERA PEUTICS remedies directed to the nervous system, depending on the nature of the affection. In diabetes insipidus, the first step in treatment will be attention to the food. Tlaen mild aperients and the admmistration of iodine or iodide of potassium prove of service. In severe cases opium acts beneficially. In that affection termed diabetes mcl/itus, ovnlycosuria vvluch is of rare occurrence in the horse, but is met with m the dog, the pathology is obscure. It is generally believed that the liver is the chief organ hivolved, a tliough the prominent symptom is a profuse secretion ot urine containing glucose, with excessive thirst. The treatment will consist in avoiding starchy and saccharine articles of food and the administration of small doses of opium with mineral tonics. 3. In Renal Affections depending on Abnormal Condi- tions of the Blood it is clear that tlie first indication will be to bring about a return of the vital fluid to a normal condition. This will be accomplished by acting on the bowels and skm, and paying special attention to dietetics 111 axoturia it is essential that the bowels be acted on by a purgative, and the skin by diaphoretics, so as to remove as expeditiously as possible the effete materials which exist in the blood, and which give rise to the characteristic and serious symptoms. If the urinary secretion be deficient, diuretics will be indicated, those bemg selected which have an effect on the solid portions of the urinary secretion. In ' red water ' in cattle it is of great importance to proniote the action of the bowels; but our endeavours should also be directed to restore the blood to a normal condition by the allowance of nitrogenous food and agents which have a special action on the blood, such as chlorate of potash. BODY UEATAyO IT, REGULATION; Tl.ESKIN m In oxaluria and con.litions of excess of ..hosphotes in to, and dilute mineral acids witli veKetable toni,., tinZ: oT • ""' " "" '^""'^ -'— iiti: id ; , tincture of nux vomica and gentian. CHAPTER XIV. THE BODY HEAT AND ITS REaULATION • THE SKIN. I. Physiological Relations. The heat of the body is the result of changes occurring m the tissues. The largest source is the^oxid „. J carbon into CO,; but many other changes occu Ig in the system also result in the formation of heat, such as muscular contraction, etc. The normal temperature of the body is the result of a certain amount of heat being produced portion of which accumulates in the system, and portion of which is lost The bulk of loss of heat is due to evaporation by the skin, the heating of inspired air, food, etc.. a smallm^ portion being due to radiation. ^ The production of heat in the system varies at different periods, as also does the external temperature, so that i :s necessaiy that some means of regulating the body ten perature should exist. This we find is I convex ad sensitive nervous mechanism, consisting of governTn. centres, afferent nerves frou. parts capaWe of'rece'hg inipressions, and efferent nerves carrying impressions to active organs. The Skin occupies a most important position with refer- ence to the regulation of the body temperature, and also I t m^\\^ 184 VKTEItlNA Itr TllliUAPELTWS as an excretory organ. H contains important dands termed sudoni„„-„us or ,ur„t ,jl„,„h, „£iei, secrete an albun„nous fiuid tenned «„„,, consis ing of o, "^ and norgamo matters of the nature of an "excretbn The passed o'talir"" ' '"'""'"'■^ '""=''»"■ ^O- ^eing veTactivltnlhT;' ''"'"''"' '^"' "'- P'-ess is no? veiy active m the higher animals. The skin is highly endowed with sensory nerves n.nd a so with bloodvessels; it is a bad cond^ toi flaeat .s being assisted by the subcutaneous layers of fat and also by means of the hair growing from th'e skin' ' .itr:ft::=rx:;s:?i:t:^t-s;:: the sweat centres lnr:r„uf aXTLtait^ otW «ntres. such as the vaso-iiiotor, cardCre^r;:^ t Jhr'^r'""'"''"'''' P™'"«='' '~™ ">e sweat centres to the sudoriparous glands, either stimulating or den ess om the other centres, producing effects on the ea :rti,r '"'°"' "'^ «™-"' "'-'-^°". "- -"; The sudoriparous glands of the Jiorsp pvp n.f nt glands, secrete an •ganic and ion. The JOo being iess is not irves, and of heat, f fat, and 3aiTy irn- d, to the d by the also by ^d many respira- eentres 3epress- proceed the cu- e renal i easily Smith, tion of it that )f this w. 3, not Drinci- tically nimal "ODyi,EATANDfTSI!EGVl..VriO,V; TIIESKIN m the respiratory passages are supposed to assist in this unct,o„. and also in the regulation of the body tempera ana alter exercise. In connection with the temperature of the surround- ings of animals we have to draw attention to the ercts produced when this is either raised or lowered {a) If the Temperature be raised, the regulatin- nervous n^echamsm is called into action, and the followi^^g Xl 1. Increased loss of heat by the evaporation of the P spu-at:on, by the cooling of the blood'in the dila ed cutaneous vessels, and also in the lun^s glands etc. In muscular exercise there is increased P ^at^h^'t^'' ""^"«" ^ ''^^ - ^^^ internal tl peiature, the cutaneous vessels are dilated, perspiration ctiX'PrTr r"' """^^^^°^ ^^^ -^--'^' -^^ th « w^r'^ "■^^"^' '''-'' '' ^^^ ^-^'' ^« ^-- dufed'^*^' '^T''''''''' ''^ l^^^red. two effects are pro- ne^^^'u^Vstlm :^ ''^^""^^ ''''^^ ''^ ^^^-^ °^ ^^- cut^.;nfn""^"'""'^''1 ^''' '^ ^''''' '^''' *° contraction of L ; tv of ""i ;• '""' °' P-«Piration. and reduced activity of circulation and respiration 2. Ina'ea.ed production of heat in internal organs especially the muscular, digestive, and circulatory ''' U- Pharmaco-dyaamics. Under this heading we will refer to the power w» possess over the regulation of the body heafTnd Z f^m^s^ i«r, VKTERrNARY TIIEHAPEUTWS vty '"'''"' °' *'""^ ™ 'k^ Cutaneous Circulation temperature, also by the use o tl fh f 1 1 '"^^'^""'^^"g of Dersnirph-nn J"'^^"^^- — -^bese increase the amount actCriir ;::t:;s : '^ ^ ™'"^ °' ■--- ^»^ -"^-'^ ine lurkisli bath, also by means of warm clothins and simulants, such as ,„odcr.ato doses of alcohol, et'' 3weat.Sandl'7efl''°/''"t"'-'"'"'"^-""-''''='-'»™'''te'h« sweat glands reflex y, such as by aromatic drinks, which ao ton the nerves of the mouth, throat, and stomach. Iff"/;' .^'"''^■°'=l»<^'^ narcotics which produce this effect by mcreas.ng the venous condition of the blood 711 T7 ^It"^ ^"=- ^'^° "^ ■-™- ""'"' hotTrLVs'ttc " "' """^ """"«" '"^ -"-. -=>> as (<0 % »Um,dalh„j the lermhmtiom at tl,e mrvcs in tl,o »™M,„„/. and also the secreting cells of these ^ 'nd such as by pilocarpine, which produces profuse and rapid daphoros.s; also by dilating the vessels, and thus 1^ ciuasing the flow of blood to the glands. \ * i J and as I 1 DIAPHORETICS A ND A NtlYDROTICS \ 87 Some agents, such as acetate of ammonia, cause diaphoresis in a complex manner. This agent is sup- posed to both stimulate the secreting cells and to be excreted from tliem along with an increased amount of water. Other drugs acting in a manner not perfectly clear are camphor and also ipecacuanha in the form of Dover's powder. We find that some diaphoretics act in more ways than one ; thus, alcohol dilates the cutaneous vessels, increases tiie rate of blood-flow, and stimulates the afferent nerves and sweat centres. We may liere notice a group of agents which have an opposite effect to diaphoretics ; these are termed anhy- drotics. These diminish the amount of perspiration, and they produce this effect by acting in different ways : (a) Bij depressing th'^, sweat centre, acting indirectly by stimulating the cardiac and respiratory centres, and thus overcoming the venous condition of the blood, which in weakness and exhausting diseases frequently produces sweating of that peculiar nature termed cold sweatiiu,. Km}7i2jles.~- Alcohol, ammonia; nerve tonics, such as strychnine, ii'on, etc.; while proper attention to food, air, etc., cannot be overlooked as auxiliaries. (b) By depressing the terminations of the secretory nerves of the siceat-glamls. Examples. -BQ\la^om^a and its alkaloid, atropine hyoscyamus and its alkaloid, hyoscyamine. These agents have a very marked effect in diminishing or checking excess of perspiration. 3. We can act on other Excretory Organs for the purpose -^f reducing the Heat of the Body.-Purgatives and diuretics cause a direct loss of heat by abstracting an increased amount of warm excretions from the body^ through the medium of the bowels and kidneys. This i ■ h % ^\mhv 188 ^'f-^'i'F^JlINARYTlJERAPEUTWS 1.5 i by the r/oV: .r*"^ =^^"°™'"^ ^'^-- "> "-body but do BO m a different manner from quinine A I ■' becomes oxidi.ed in the tissues, thusTp"ri„; ,t f some extent ; and although .eneratin. , T ° ° of heat, its action in the circ.da i "^r ha"trr°' ..ut,o., of temperature is the total result ' '''""■ -X^thS:::'o:tr:;!:'j:r'>-'- III. Pathological Relations. As we liave already shown fl.of +1. of the body is the ITT'yT "°'™''' '""'P'^'-ature the loss of Lit both It ht™'"' ""* P''"3"'='io" and the nervous system L 1 "'" """""^ ">e control of of disturbancr::"dirj ™ T, '° <;»-'- 'be effects thatabnorn,alconditi„° of the sT I".'' '™*"« '" fci'cr. The chief chl^l, "'e system termed pyrexia, or ii>e body trntitutrr rt-e'irt:::^: "™"™ »' phenomena which also r. , • ^'^^'^'^"y concomitant • 0^ .era„.ement^tirrtrstr~t::^ ^ ryitKxiA 18(1 general depression. Briefly speaking, the following may be taken as the most common causes of the condition of pyrexia : 1. Interference with the Refrigerating Function of the Skin.— This is generally due to the effect of exposure to cold, or sudden changes of the temperature of the sur- roundings, producing what is popularly known as a chill. The impression of cold on the afferent nerves leads to interference with the nervous mechanism pre- siding over temperature, the cutaneous vessels become contracted, the perspiration ariested, rigors or shiverin<' flts occur, and heat being tlms retained in the system causes elevation of the temperature. 2. In those febrile affections which we believe to depend on the presence of specific organisms in the system, or to be associated with them, we have good grounds for stating that the life of such organisms, the processes of fermentation associated with them, and the destruction of tissues produced by them, are all factors in causing elevation of temperature. 3. Pyrexia may depend on a combination of the causes mentioned; for example, in the case of a wound in which pus may become decomposed and be absorbed, a general systemic disturbance occurs, the skin, lungs, and circulation become disordered, and temperature is raised. The Increased Production of Heat in Fever depends on increased activity of metabolism, which fact is proved by the rapid emaciation, by the increased amount of the products of oxidation of tissues, viz., urea and other excretions. The following conditions also occur in fever, along with the elevation of temperature : The Skin in the first stages is hot and dry ; if the fever be ushered in by a chill or rigor the cutaneous vessels mmw I'M) ^'^■''f'^^ff^NAiir T,„.:u.ir^:rr/f's -i-a.iy..:;,::t,t "•■'"" •^^^''•- '-'>'- ^ The Nervous System is (1(m„vss(,1 l,„f i '•^>«'lossnoss UM.I .lolinu.n ,u ',"""" '""''^'"•^•^ ^vi^hn,aM. ' ' ^^'''"" ^"'' I'aMonts us .o.nparo.l tion of wind, t . ,, s 7'""' """'^•^"^^ '» ^'- '^'1- The Digestive sy:;;rc:i;;:r^' ?'''^'^r'- The Urinary Secretion is scmfv I.; i . 'ts solid constituonts nvo h.H , '"-''-^"'""'•''•l, an,] incroasod. ' ''""' '■'"''^^'^'^'Jy '^>'<1 al,sol„toly Nutrition is iiitorforoc] w'uh i aurationofa.f;,li;:;::^jr^^^^ ^^'^^ "Hist ro^^ard lever as one of tU symptoms found in thosn >,iY r , '' i»'0'"incnt •^ccon.panied hy it ra , ""' ^^'^"^''^ '^'•^' ••«"'^"y ./'•^-•W.. or ./.,,/; ^.. : ':,; '"^^ '-^ -^'> torn,ed pendent of serious ouAlr '^'^""'' ^" *"''^^' '"*'^'- i^artl.,p.oo. "'"'^^ ^""'^^'^^ t^^ tl'is fonn in The occurrence of fever nffr.,, the special changes ir:U;:n. St ^^'^ases; at least, those changes wl i c'h ^ , '''"'^"^ au examination of the natf. f V '^ ''"" '^'^'^^t by sympton^s. ^'^'^'"' ^"^^ ^^" observation of the We regard the recognition of fnv,.,. „ la tely rv/f/'ix/A l!l| ^v;.;-wnn,„L..n.:r:;;:;:;;,:;:;:;,;-vt:-:;;' o tcnpoml,,,.,, in of i,,,,,,,,.,,.,,,. ,,„„„; t,,„ , , ,f, o.y o„.,„„ „„,„l,l,„„. sHIl, w. ,„„Ht Ulu, into „,„si,| " ".. U,„ „t,u,„ „f tl,„ vU,U „r,a„s of ,,!,„ I„„|, ,a ; »ta of |,„ ,„,|,„, „, j,,„ ,, . ,^^i„„ ^, ^^ ^ an^ ,,.„„t,vo „j„t„,„„, „„„i ,,„ ,.^„ ^,_ ..u,,,,,,,!"""'" K,c Iv l'r,T''' ';','™' "' "'" '"«'' '-'P'™uu„ will wiso, must not ho lost siL'ht nf Ti ''y^''"^'^ ^"^ (^t'H'i-- 191; AVWiV i7:77.;/.'/.v.i/.>i' TiiF.iiM>Eirr,cs a.H.t.on to tho fevor and tl.o pain is a sn.all throa.lv pulse an HIcrt of tl.o .Moat dc-prossion which xi s ^viuch,u.c,,,,,;,, ,^^^^^^^ We find cxccsHirc suralhu, to occur iu such cases as a.c>tuna. etc Horses out of condition fron. var ou causes are hkely to sweat excessively, even wh 'a ^CKlera. exercise. Severe pain also c^ses ..^.r;:! ncjicicnt sn-catnu, occurs at tho beginning of most ebnle allect.ons the skin being dry; it also\>ccur h some diseases and disorders of the urinary functions IV. Natural Recovery. In disorders of tl,e body heat, as well as in the l.he,,on,ona wlneh accon.pany then,, there is a natnral tendency to return to the nornuU. and the ain> of he thorapent,st shonhl be to assist nature as nu,eh a possible, and avoid undue iuterterenee. Febrile afrection generally run a definite eourse, and cannot be cut sbo b, anyhne of treatn.ent; so that attention to the vita uncfons, and careful nursing and hygienic surrounding for n the chief details of rational treatn.ent, in connec ion with the use of agents to reduce the pyrexiL °'°"™ I'lil-ATMEXT OF /'V/fhW/j 103 it is cloar that nnm'd actual cause of (ohrWc d V. Therapeutics. will bo chiefly Hy.npto.nat J- In caseH dopoiul lios^can only rarely roach tho «o that our troatuiont isord lors. in m of the sj. aio to incroaso tho cutan !"-;^'7'^^"-f^'''^'»co with tho function. regulatin-bodyti'inporatun. tl stimulate the sc oous circulation, and to It; indications lerotioiis of tho body. For tl gontly we proscribe ^\ -^'o'- t'"^«o purpo.soH Agents thus ,.^zst::'i:rir^'^"''^^^'" ^'°^'>-«- -Heris uitrosi/ani^i:; r^ r:; :;^^^ lants „ case of tho occurronco of Z^^^^ "'"'^'^'^ ^^"''^'■ phenol derivatives, etc. T.^ :dica d l""""' "'^'"' we believe to denei d on tin ^'''''''^^- ^" ^^^^es which in the system wo rT"''"°^'"'^^ -.oco.es. iJ.:^:^:^=i;:x:z ^-Inoys, bowels tT b!" f '^^V""^^'°"^ °^ '^« •^^•». ever, tVavoid a;;t;asuro:',;r/";; '''"" ^^^^' ^- If the heart bo weTl " to^}! '^^'^^^^^ ^^o patient. puIso,stin.ulauts; 'bf: tdVf'^ '' ''^ in niany instances bo fm^^ ' ^'''"'^ ^^"°'^°^ ^i" stinudates the u In ous c1 \T' "^^'"^ ^S^"*' '' glands; it spares fclT f '''°" ""'^ ^^^ «^eat- system bos dos Lt .7' ' T' ^' "^ ^°°^ ^<^ ^he antiseptic anip^ro'e Bu't ^,^f ^^,«^"-^-t and an P} etic. But, like all other medicinal 13 i\ i:u VETEK/yA R Y 1 HERA I'EUTWS agents, it lociuires to bo used wilh caution ami jud^Miicut, in properly regulated doses, and in suitable cases. The kidneys and bowels are kept re-ular by the allowance of salines in the drinking water, such as sulphate of magnesia with nitrate of potash. In cases whore the temperature runs high, the use of quinine will be indicated, a largo dose being given at first, followed by smaller quantities as retjuired. In cases depending on traumatic causes, abdominal affections, etc., anodynes to relieve the pain must bo administered along with febrifuges, and other means adopted as the special demands of the cases require. D Tden if Perspiration are treated according to their natuie ana causes. The excessive sweating which is found in m -ny cases of azoturia is evidently an efibrt of nature to remove the excess of deleterious materials from the system, and is to be encouraged by diaphoretics and warm clothing. In cases where horses sweat on the slightest exertion, nervine tonics are indicated, with strict attention to hygiene and dietetics. Anhi/drotics, the most powerful of which are belladcjuna and hyoseyamus, may be indicated. Briefly speaking, these may act by diminishing the activity of the sweat- glands, also by lessening the excitability of the sweat centres, or by acting on the circulation and stinmlating the respiratory centre, and in this way overcoming thiU venous condition of the blood which is apt to occur in cases of debility, and whicli is a cause of the abnormal sweating accompanying such a condition of the system. i m TnEUAPErricH or the sunrACE of nonv m Joiina CHAPTER XV. THE THERAPEUncS OP THE SURFACE OP THE «i» liODY. BuuacL of tlio body, wo can easily appreciatn flu. ;, , . 13y acting on tho surface of the bodv wo non » i effects on distant parts such -is H,? ^'"'^'''^ 1 . . i"*itf>, bucn as tno nerve cpnfrpa +v,^ -might be i„a,iue;^rr.::/;;::;rir,:;ff fo.u.' °' "^^ '1-rapeutical va ue of these agents, ,t is essential that we stu.ly .aro- on the different portions of the vital system For the purpose o£ description we may divide [he action o I counter-irritant into three stages : 1. The effect on the skin is stimulant ; the cutaneou, vesse s become dilated by a direct action ;„ the r neZr and the local circulation becomes more free, th sens»y cr:r™'^'^'''™^''^'»''p™^-^°'asmr;^ The effect on the general system is that of a stimulant his being accomplished by reflex action. There 7s a similar effect produced on the individual organ overwh oh he counter-irritant is employed Befle.xly the hi 's action IS accelerated, the blood-pressure raied resXa t'^tid'-Thr:'- r? "^ °"'""^°"' '--" ''-°"'- ■ • nt es' A,J ' I""'"'''™ '""''^ "■« Wgher nervo centies After a certain period the cuta- ous nerves become depressed, and pain subsides. • 2. If the application of the counter-irritant he nro onged the second stage is reached, viz., that of X tnsive t,f"""r" "^-^-J.""" if the process be e.xtensive, there is depression and innervation of vital gans. the amount of serum withdrawn from the vess Is bemg^ an important factor in the production of ttee 3. If the degree of counter-irritation be still mo,.„ greater than m the stage of vesication Perhaps'fn'Tb'e "^ 'r°""*»^-'"'*-«°» '" Therapeutios.- moedfference '■'"'" '""-P™"- *ere is not , "'"erence of opmiuu exist ng, not onlv ns to tl,„ ^"o„..s o,er.„,U of counter-irritant?' in 111:1^1.1 of ir i( ,'. M !' "" III IDS VETEUINARY THKRA PFJrfWR I the affections for wliicli they arc rocommctulcd, but their beuolicial action is questioned alto-otlier by competent authorities. Wo need only refer to standard works on veterinary medicine, and also to professional literature, to become aware that while one" authority definitely states as the result of actual experience that counter-irritation IS of signal benefit in the treatment of pulmonary affec- tions, another authority, quite as eminent, condenms the practice as not only useless hut harmful to the patients. Those who believe in the beneficial effects of counter- irritants to the walls of the chest in cases of pneumonia, pleurisy, or bronchitis, base their v'ciws on the following actions which these agents aic capable of producing : ((/) That by acting on the skin over the region of a part or organ, we can produce certain effects on the nutrition of the latter, as well as the functions. (/^) That by this power we Ci n influence internal morbid processes by creating exteriuil irritations. These are based on the idea that we possess influence over : 1. The circulation of parts in immediate vascular con- nection with the area of skin irritated. By means of rubefacients and vesicants it is believed that the circulation will be attracted to the area of skin, that the plasma will be drained off, and thus internal congestions or inllammations will be diminished. This is also explained by tlie fact that, in congestion of the brain or of its coverings, tlio administration of a drastic cathartic proves benelicial by diverting the blood to the intestinal canal, and thus affording relief to the affected organ. 2. It is believed that we can influence deep-seated parts by irritating the cutaneous nerves, which, acting in a rellex manner through the centres in the brain • and - «> TiiiMi/y OF covnTKit-iitiii-n y/o.v m a % co,.„t„.,:.,,;;:'; ".:;":t.:'u'r:,''' r"'""'; ions, l^ut wiieii wc co.ne to consider the question of >at J.oy nave found n.orhid conditions of the iLH and tlim-acic ov'cnH hpn^.fUn,! i. i lungs and to the chert- Ilk T ^'y l'-'^'^--'^ vesication apph'ed ment m the pulse, temperature, and respiration. On * For further information on this subiect .po ' T. and Materia Medici Uy j),, u. C. ^^C!^^!' ,"; ' '""'•"'^^ t » s<5i3 ki Avs«i# '200 VETEIilNA /.' )• 77/ /•;/,'. I rElJT/CS tlio otluT Iiaiid, wo liiul authorities who are opposed to countor-initiitioii hriiin;i„o- forward sLmii-,' evidoiico tiiat the practice in such cases is not only useless, but actually productive of harm to tlie patient, raisinj,' the tempera- ture, eausin-,' restlessness, and increasing instead of modifyinn; the morbid processes in the organs invoIv<«dl)y the disease. Without adhering to either of tlieso opinions, we may safely state, as the result of clinical experience, that tho indiscriminate use of strong counter-irritants to tho chest-walls in cases of thoracic alt'ections is both irra- tional ami harmful in prnctice. A moderate amount of counter-irritation is of the greatest benefit in some cases, wlnle in oth(>rs it can bo entirely dispensed with. Hot applications to the chest- walls we have found of great service, but when improperly applied, they are productive of more harm than good, and hence the application of a moderate counter-irritant nnist always have tho prefer- ence where the satisfactory adoption of the other measure is impossible. No hard and fast rule can be laid dowit as to the employment of counter-irritation or otherwise, but this fact we must lay stress on, that it is clearly wronjx l>ractice to apply severe and prolonged irritation to the thoracic walls, causing extensive^ and deep-seated struc- tural changes in the skin, with tho hope of relieving tho diseased process in internal organs. In the primary stages of thoracic alYections, \Av2r0 a high temperature is a prominent symptom, and if, in addition, the animal is excitable, it would bo clearly irrational to apply counter-irritants where rest, pure air, and attention to the diet, with simple medicinal agents, \vill of themselves bring about a return to tho normal state. But there are cases wliere counter - irritation f if i;s/':s or coi/NTfai //f/f/TANTs 201 f ^ f$ proves of ;,rrcat benofit, wlion it is properly and carefully carried ouL. In caseH of acute con^restioii of the iMnf,'^ vvo have seen the most favourable results from the ai)plication of moderate stinudation to the thoracic walls, in eonjunc tion with other iuiportant details of treatment. y\-ain, there are instances in the course of puhnouary affeeUons where the usual treatment is not attendcnl with that chancre in the condititm of the patient wliich wo are anxiously watchinj,^ for. fn popnlar language, the case is ' hangmg fire,' and we (ind the application of a moderate connter-irritant to the thoracic walls to bo productive of very satisfactory results. Among other diseased condi- tions where counter-irritation is of signal bonclit wo may . mention eases of laryngitis, pharyngitis, etc. ; also in cases of strangles, by causing the maturation of the sub- maxillary abscess. Wo find that although the beneficial effects of counter- nntation are generally admitted in cases of chronic lameness depending on affections of bones, cartilage, tendons, or ligaments, still there is great difference of opinion existing as to the manner in which these results are brought about, i-lxpcriments by authorities liave given totally different results, the main point at issue being whether the inflammatory action produced by the counter-irritant extends below the skin and subcutaneous tissues, or otherwise. Tlie bulk of evidence would go to demonstrate that the beneficial effects produced in such cases are duo to the counter-irritant exciting a process of reparative inflammation in the diseased parts, which overcomes the original diseased process, or, in other words, assists nature in the process of repair. Tako tlie case of a horse lame from bone spavin, which has resisted the usual treatment by line liring and i'i\i -!?i; r;; r ! \ ill mmw^ 202 VRTEniXAin' riiKhwrEi'Tics l! blistorin«^, Now, if when tlic parL 1i;i,h Ixmui (l(>(ss induced did not («xti«nd boyoiul tho skin and subcutaneous Woaro fully awaro that in peiforniin^' the operation we piorco tho exostosis with the cautery, and wo arc justified in coneludiu},' that tho benolicial results i)rodueed wer(> duo to the rep;irativc> process set up, whicli assisted natuio to cause ancliylosis of tho opposinj,' surfaces of the diseiiscd bones, and thus removed the pain and lameness, and as an auxiliary to which we must rej^'ard rest as very im- portant. 2. Baths and Allied Measures. In veterinaiy practice wo do not nuiki> use of baths, either hot or cold, to tho same extent as in hunuui medicine. The large extent of tho skin of horses and cattle, and tho diHicull-y in over- coming tho evil elTccts of excessive reactions, aro among tho circumstances which prevent the general adoption of baths. Hot baths are of tho greatest benelit in canine practice, and aro employed for'a variety of diseased con- ditions. Cireat care is, however, necessary in order to avoid the injurious eltects of reaction, and to guard against the danger of chills, etc. The patients should bo carefully dried, and kept in kennels maintained at a proper temperature. The Turkish lUitIt, as a therapeutic agent, is ouo of great value and importance, and no veterinary iniirmary is completo without a properly fitted bath of this kind. In cases of chills, rheumatism, laminitis, renal alYections, etc., the Turkish bath is of benelit in tho early stages; but we nuist be careful not to cause excessive reaction, and also to see that the animal is properly clothed, and t 1 l-OMF.NTATlONfi AND rorLTJCRH m'J not afUuwards oxposcd to col,]. Wo .nay also n^for to tl.o vahu, of Iho 'Turkish bath in ad.ctions of tl.o sldn cxton.i.n^ovor a wide area, whotl.or in l.orsos or do-^s ' ''^;;^<'^'<>M of tlu) hot air Boftor.s tho cuticle, and enables applK^ations to havd the desii'.ul ellbct. rUe hljjrcls nfCohlaud I hi ,l/V'///ptics are agents employed for the purpose of arresting haemorrhage from injured vessels or surfaces, either the result of accident or from surgical wounds MflMtiii 206 VETEIllNA It Y tn ERA PEUTJCS They are astringents, and act either by coagulatinL. albumin, and thus nlnamn,, +i v^ -,■ '^°^&"^^""g , O.UU. urns plugging the bleeding vessels or they cause contraction of capillary vessels StvnH.; ii-uii, iiazoline, etc. Pressure, such as with tow or lint, acts as a mechanical styptic (7) C««rf/c, „„,, 7*c/,«,.c,/,«,_Cau8tics possess the power of destroying living tissue with which they cone . contact. They combine with the water and [b„ , sLlh atT'' 'f ",'"" *^^ P™^"- "» -' " for l«t «*«ro(/os. Caustics are employed for destroying virus in wounds, for removing war s and onhealthy growths, and for promoting the LXl pr" cess m smuses and fistute. They are useturi^" s, nT pressing exuberant granulations and in has „ ,V to l^eaim^ process when tliis is slow, probably by stin u latog the trophic nerves and the caplry vessels of 2 (8) Vcskauts are sometimes employed in oases of ulcerating surfaces which tend to become chror^ and are difacult to heal. They stimulate the local cLula tion, and promote the reparative process, cantha ides be mg the agent usually employed for this purpose (9) Anodynes are employed in cases of wounds charac termed by persistent pain and irritation. They ar tZZ ocally as well as administered internally, the prepa I tions of opium and belladonna being moJt' useful iX Before concluding the subject of general therapeutics we may refer to the acticns of medicinal agents » the Local a,,mthcsia of the e,je is produced by the applica- tion of a solution of cocaine. "Ppnca- \ 'S9 'I ■»y'>i".rncf< AND MYorm 207 internally io sun'delranlo™' '''P'""' '°™"^ -«-- i'h^::;;:;;::^:;;;'.,^- ^i:'»^".''oan a„. .» ai^aioid, aro to.m^d „,i,;fe '^ ""■ l"'"""'!"'"'. etc.; such agents pro- r ' ill i A^MWui rAirr in. SPECIAL THERAPEUTICS. CHAl'TEK 1. INTRODUCTORY. Wk have now to consider the actions of the various medicinal agents, and tlieir uses, founded on our know- ledge ot their actionn. New remedies are ever on tlie increase, and as our knowledge of pathology advances, so will our ellbrts to discover new means to combat disease be continued As a rule, new remedies or methods of treatment, when first brought forward, are eagerly sought after. Some stand the test of practical usefulness ; others, after a brief existence, are ignored because tliey have not acted up to the expectations of their introducers. The number of drugs employed for" therapeutical purposes is very large, but it is clear that there are many which from want of precise knowledge concerning their actions, and of clinical data concerning their therapeutical value, cannot ba accorded more than a passing notice in a work of this kind. There are certain drugs which have been proved by both experimental and clinical evidence to be of definite therapeutical value, and these of necessity will require a more detailed consideration at our hands. I I Its 200 "otioi. of the ,ir,„-s ,.,,,,1,^1 'f "■"'"™'" «o tho i «•« -poet ti,o , oXi Vr r '"■"'";'■ ""'■"■'■""" <" '^■i"" of what their result in fl, / " '"' ^'^""" "otiou »- not ,un<„ ::4i^^:° ; -— ^^^ preforoncc for spooinl ,l..„ '^^^''^"•^- Of coiiiso tho ' ''"vo ..atura. to expect fat,™;',:"^;'?' 'T' " '^ ™'^ suecossful, tho practU 0, li; °iv , '' """ """^^ cases of a si,„ila.. eharaeto tLlT'"""' " '" admit that a ,lepa.t„ro from L l^nt f ■"' '""'' benefit, auouth it inci-cases the salivary flow; also acts as a stimulant to the ailfeient portions clZ^r^i^ -ueous n,emb.ane. thus b.i„, a ..//.. cjectorant. If adnnnistered in excessive closes, it acts as an irn ant to the stomach and intestines. Its action on he bbod is not clearly understood. If it be added to blood drawn from the body, it increases the power of coagulation, and causes firmness of the coa-^ulum It does not, as was once believed, yield up its oxj^^en to un!h ° :." ^t - eliminated chielly by the kidney's^ an unchanged condition, and its soluble power is slight In toxic doses it disintegrates the red corpuscles' and causes he colouring matter and albumin, wi h a "v corpuscles, to appear in the urine. Medicinal Uses.-^^ an internal antiseptic, the chlorate potash IS a very valuable agent; although we are" able to explain the manner in which it produces its beneficial eiiects in cases of septicemia, still expeHence has proved its utility. ^p^^uence In cases of ^;.,^...« lueniorrhagica it produces most beneficial results, either alone or in combination w^th pr parations of iron ; it is advisable to prescribe at firs a large dose and to follow this with smaller amount It IS evident that this drug possesses some special action on the blood, judging from the results obtained V POTASSIU.U AND ITS MEDICINAL SA LTS 221 In /uemo-albumhunia, or ' ml water,' in cattle, after attemlmg to the bowels, the ohlomto of potash in con.binat.on with albuminous substances gives excellent resiilts, probably by improving the cjuality of the blood Ai^ a sniLnjn. ■ "cuure, . """ 'o exist m the gastric mucosa in cases Sodfi Su.phas-St,„.„AT. OP Som™, g..™b«-s Salts resits a?4t"VuStr:fSU:^s.-- i?o*&..-As a purgative for cattle, lb. i. to lb. i. ss. ; n fh r— *r WM|# 224 vete:rinary therapeutics fe § t*o ^ '^^' f '^"i^^SOgMo and alterative for noroes, 311. to 5IU., dissolved in the drinking-water. General Actions.-Sulphate of sodium is a saline imrga- tivc resembling i„ its actions other purgatives of this nature, such as sulphate of magnesium. It possesses an immediate local action on the intestines, also stimulates the mtestinal glands, and is constantly being absorbed and excreted by the intestinal vessels in its course along the intestine, causing purgation in the manner described at p. 85. It is also a direct cholagoyuc or true hepatic stimulant, acting directly on the hepatic cells, and increasinq the secretion of bile, besides removing bile which is lodged in the duodenum. Given in small doses freely diluted It is excreted almost unchanged by the kidneys. The phosphate of sodium has similar actions Medicinal Uses.-It is prescribed for both horses and cattle in cases where we wish both to stimulate the hver and to act on the bowels. Unless in large doses, it has no purgative effect on the horse, and even tlien is un- certain m Its action. Nevertheless, in moderate doses it has a laxative effect, and is useful in cases of congestion of the hver. In cattle, compared with sulphate of mag- nesia, it is slower in its action as a purgative, and both drugs are occasionally combined. As a cholagogue in the dog it IS seldom suitable, because of the great irritabihty of the s omach which is generally present in hepatic dis- orders of this animal. Sodir HyposuIphis-HvposuLPHiTE OF Soda. Prepared by passing sulphurous acid gas into n solution of carbonate of soda with sulphur Doses.-Horses and cattle, 3ii. to ?,ss. ; dogs grg v to grs. X., repeated twice or three times daily. cs alterative for [-water. saline jmrga- tives of this possesses an io stimulates ng absorbed course along er described 'c stimulant, rreasing the h is lodged sely diluted, 73. IS. horses and ite the liver 3ses, it has lien is un- ite doses it congestion te of mag- , and both >gue in the irritability epatic dis- 50DA. s into a ;8> grs. V. SOOWUAND ITSMBOWIMAC COMPOUNDS m, or free s.^ClXly^l^T:'':'''' ''" '"'""^'^ As an internal antiseptic Tt ha nor^.^'r "™°='''- expectations of those who sl'e" ed i fef H "" '° '"' chni::?:;--:: "--^^^-^^ - "s:: ai,.„per ra™:; t:i tr :rrrtrr °' grains, according to the size of fi.. ^ . ^"^ ^"^ with quinine it »odifles vl;: ntdetbivte^'l'™' of the affection. ^"Qsiaeiably the virulence S.d,i Chlorldum-C„«B... o. Som™, Co»,o. s.„ -Soew-c^j.—Native o^pT^rrtie^nS-r-i-r^r™ of it in food, or pastnts "''" "''■'' '^ ^ ''^2-^'"=^ in n may result, Wood-pressure. ™so.moto.- centre, and raising ^« rte »to,«c/, a large dose, such as of th. ,, of ammonia, well diluted ads in rt I carbonate Medicinal doses act as c!™/ , ^® ^' *° ^'»^"<=- stiMulanU, besides possesr" ™ "'"' '"•^"^ »"""-' af^er feeding. „ ^217^ ""1 T''. " «'™" secretion of gastric juice, being gep 1 «"f"'ates the fom of an alkaline stonrachfc T ,,, '^ ""'""^^'^ » ">« 0» i/ic intestines, in medi,.,v not appear to have any ap";'i;rr'"'r''' ''"^^ action. ^ "-ppreciawe immediate local (2) ACTION ON THE BLOOD ^i.Sv:t:rnLtr,'-'''^'''-^;i' the alkalinity of the plas„l "°"°"'^"°°' ^-^ taoreases (3; SPECIFIC ACTION and general bLd-pres'nfe '^.f .'™'"y ^«'^'re, the heart, »' urea, in part by i ts oTn /» '''"' "^'' P™'''^"''" acid in the liver 'J«o»Pos,tion with carbonic p4:r tf aT;atr*t::?tir': T ^'^^-"°" "- 0^ -0 spinal cord, JC2:::zzsz'"'''''' (4) KEMOTE LOCAt ACTION Ammonia is excreted bv th. !.-; mucous membranes, especially bv i ""■■ ' '" ^^ "'" "'«*'■'"„. It is cllanged to the'fo,: '^f''"':* '* ""'"'"' P-bably also as urea, fnd ^IZ^^:!^:, I 22S VI'JTEJilNA It ) THERAPEUTICS urea in the urine, while it tends to render the excretion acid as well as increasing its volume, the chloride of ammonium possessing these actions more fully. It in- creases the bronchial secretion, thus acting as an expec- torant. On the skin it has a diaphoi jtic effect, most marked in the acetate of ammonium. On the Intestines.— kmmoma. remotely increases the secretions of the intestinal glands, and, if given in large doses, will cause purgation. The medicinal uses will be described under the heading of each preparation of ammonium. Liquor Ammonias Fortior— Steoxg Solution of Ammonia, Spirits of Haktshorn. Water containing 32-5 per cent, of gaseous ammonia. Liquor Ammonise— Solution of Ammonia. Water containing ]0 per cent, of gaseous ammonia. General Actions.—These possess the chief actions of ammonia. The liq. ammoniao fort, is a topical irritant, and unless largely diluted it causes violent irritation of the mouth, throat, and mucous membrane of the stomach. Mistakes have occasionally arisen in admini8tering this prepara- tion instead of the milder forms of ammonia. Professor F. Smith, in experimenting with this drug, injected into the jugular vein of a mule half an ounce of the strong solution, followed shortly after by another half-ounce, with no apparent eff-ct, Another half-ounce was injected, and in forty minutes from the first injec- tion there were symptoms of cohc manifested, the animal looking towards the sides, rolling, and pawing frequently. There was quivering of the muscles of the sides and '^'^^wmmmmmm "ICS !r the excretion he chloride of B fully. It in- ig as an expec- lost marked in increases the given in large er the heading lOIiUTION OF >RN. us ammonia. monia. ammonia, ief actions of at, and unless of the mouth, ch. Mistakes this prepara- 1. th this drug, f an ounce of V by another ler half-ounce he first injec- id, the animal Ig frequently, he sides and AmrONIUJlAND ITS MEDICINAL COMPOUNDS 220 flanks, and the animal made constant attempts, as if wishmg to urmate. The symptoms became modified, and had disappeared next morning. It was destroyed ' W '''''' ^^Z'^'^f '''''''''"' P^'^^^^^« f^'^^- the seat ot injection to the chest, with discoloration of the muscles around the iDjeotion. """.uia In cases vvhere the strong solution of ammonia has been adm.n.stered by mistake, the most effectual aZ .lotcs are dilute acds, such as vinegar, and a free allow- ance of demulcents and diluents Medicinal Uses.-The strong solution of ammonia is not used mternally. The liquor ammonia, is enZyed a a powerful st.mulant in case, of narcotic poisoning „ \\\ XX. to ,-jSS. for dogs. It is necessary here to state that all preparations of ammonu should be properly diluted with water before adm.n,strat,on, or, better still, mixed witn cold grue „ mucdagmous substances, so as to avoid the danjr o .mtatmg the mucous membrane of the mouth and The liq. ammonim fort, gives off strong fumes which oTtoTcr""*'""? " '" '"'■'""■™ '» overcome shot ing In dogs '"'"" ""™'""' '" '^'"^ "' """""^ P°-on. The liquor ammonite is prescribed in cases of t,„H„amtis Is an rr /'"'I' "^"'""^'°= '"^ 8- I"esent,'a; g Unetto r ut' '"f ^'"™""i"g ">e stomach and intcs tmes to healthy action, S^ctcnuUbj the strong solution of ammonia is laraelv ^ployed ,n the form of linin.ents as a stimu lant Tnd m,ld counter-rntant in cases of rheumatic affections of muscles and joints, i„ laryngitis and pharyngit and to prevent fomented surfaces, such as the chest walls IH'I 230 VETERINARY THERAPEUTICS becoming chilled; also as an application for the irrita tion caused by the stings of insects. Ammonia should not be used strong enough to act as ^^ Liq. ammon. fort., ^i. 01. terebinthae, ^i. 01. olivae, ^vi. M. Ft. lin. For dogs the following is a useful liniment in cases of alter hot fomentations have been applied : R Tr. arnicae, ^iv. Tr. camphoras, ^iv. Liq. ammon. fort., ^ss. Sapo mollis, ^ii. Aqua ad Oi, M. Ft. lin. Spirltus AmmoniaB Aromatlcus-AROMATic Spirit of Ammonia, Sal Volatile. Z)oses.-Horses and cattle, ^ii. to ^iv to ,';!., repeated at intervals as required. ' dogs, 3ss. preparacion oi ammonia. 1 ■UTICS on for the irrita- enough to act as ive a blemish on ents for the pur- aient in cases of strains in horses I: lATIC SpIEIT op ion of ammonia V and rectified the carbonate 't., to six pints ouring with oil V. ; dogs, 3ss. 3 a convenient AMMONIUM AND ITS MEDICINAL COMPOUNDS 231 As a carminative and reflex general stimulant we em- P oy I m cases of dyspepsia, both in horses and dog^ It IS also useful, in combination with other agents such as the oil of turpentine, in cases of tympanitlf n bo h horses and cattle, administered in raw linseed oii As an antacid it is prescribed in combination with other agents possessing this property, in the form of alkahne stomachic mixtures, administered after Teet lUg. As a general stimulant it is useful in cases of milk- ever in cows, where stimulant effects are indicated in the secondary stages. The effects being transient, it is essential that the doses be repeated at intervals, and alcohol is often pre- scribed in addition, with advantage - ^ Similar remarks refer to the irritating effect of this prepa--ation of ammonia on the mucous membrane of the jnouth as of the liq ammonia, it being necessary to have It properly diluted before administration. Ammonll Carbonas-CARBONATE op Ammonia, Se«qui- CABBONATE OF AmmONIA. Prepared by subliming a mixture of chloridp of ammonium and carbonate of calcium cmoride of m It, eiteots than the other preparations of ammonia, i. As a,i antacid and diffusible stimulant it is prescribed m cases of atonic dyspepsia, snch as we moe"!f 282 VETEIiiXAjir TrrEIUPKUTICs -oh as gentL, ana a itlr 1'; """'"■"" '"-■ a--I gas ,i,„„,„,, 7)os«.-8ame as the carbonate. Medicinal Vses.—Intenulh, a chloride of ammonium LZ:;^' "" "'^^'"""^ the second stages of bronch ti! ' ' '^""""'"^ '" ">« bronchitis. '"' "'^ '" "ases of chronic occti:nairx::.b:at :tt °b '"^ "-^' -'• '^ eombination'witl S ' ? ::,! "'"«^™"»S l°«°n in -^iu., dissolved in a prl^'r pC^rn o^titr » °' ■ n^:/i.irf:„ws It is prescribed ,n ca^na r.t t , otber astringents, and Tl^L^at'^'' r''''' ^'^'^ "'UC0U8 meu.brane, and to a' '^ '^'" '''''^'^'^'^ carbonate thereon " "^ Protecting film of the bo directed i„ such csos t „ "™' ™' '"»™ver, ,„ust ca'«, winch Jf dopenX „' r."' '' P°»*. ""> to. "^ ""-'"■ »sP>«viously referred calx Cl.lorlnata_c„.o,„WT.D L.™ A compound directly „f ),■,,,„„„,, ,, . Actions and Uses -ThiV "I'lonno. -ally- Its chief use is a a^^/l-T" '' "°' "''^'^ '"'er- producing its effects by dloj^r""'!'""' ''"'"'"'■'■-'•. ammonia, sulphuretted iSri'"?^'"""^' ^"«h »s converted into the chloride of ™l' '"« "'"'"ately vents the development o Iri "T- '' ^'^° P'^" he purposes of' disinf^ ,? ™ .'aM ' '^ TP'"^^"' '- Bbaken about as a dry powler I, ! f '' cowsheds, •-ore reliable, and no^ poJsersM o TV"'' "« properties. possessed of its disagreeable Calcll Pl.osphas-P„osr„„i.'op Caloicm Prepared by dissolving bone ash in h . u and adding water and sJution of tn L' """"""^ ""'''• prescribed in cases of rnalnuWuL 7 '• " ^"""'times an-nals, aiso in cases of rtkets „ , T""" '" ^°"-« tions. '"='""8. and other bone aiTec- Calx Sulphurata (see AWM«,, p. 30:3) ft MAGNESIUM AND JTS MEDICINAL SALTS 2;i7 5. MAGNESIUM AND ITS MEDICINAL SALTS. ,li.:!'"fi''''"~'-"^-'''® inedicinal propamtiona are derived diectly or indirectly from the sulphate of nm-ncsia doloa.ite. by solution in sulpliuric acid and purificaUor Magnesll SuIphas-SuLrHATE op Magnesia, Er. m Salt. I'lComj^aliblcs.-AlHline carbonates, lime-water. ^>oses~Asaj,iinjntiveforcaUlc: Adults, lb i • calves two or three months old, =iii. to ^iv. ; sheep and tigs,' It is given dissolved in ten to fifteen parts of warm water, with a carminative such as an ounce or two of powdered ginger, and a pound of treacle, which both assists the purgative action and also conceals the witTZ ITt.^'l ^'^"^'^^ °^ ^°^-- ^^ --bined As a fehnfuge and alterative 51. to ^ii. is prescribed for i:::ut^^^''-'^^^^^^^^^o.^^ sulphate of magnesia acts as a saline hydra-^o^ue be^itttir^ti^e^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^'^^-^^ absorbed, and produces its characteristic hydragogue action in three ways : J'^^'igogue _ (1) It causes an increased flow of fluid from the blood into the intestinal canal. caial. '' '''^'^' '^' '"'''°'P*^°° °^ '^' fluid present in the 2i38 "^^■m.y.v.y^K ry/i.«.u^A7yyv« quantity of fluid bv th/L t'' ''^''^'"ion of a lame "''■•ht a,„o„„t of hcltf '"""''- "'«« "'■'■■ng also ! "=!■«% by the kidneys caul" '"°°'^' ""^ ^««ted render Dg tha i„i„„ "ausjng more or less ,;,„,. «M. « """" »°™ alkaline, and dissolvi^''^ flow of b,Ie, thus diiferin. from , 'f ^ '""•^"'^o 'he wh,eh ,s a direct cholagog'ue j. T '."'^'^'^ °' ^°™. &'al action in clearing 1°' ,' f ' \°™™'-' » bene- ■3«odonu,n, and thus prevent its™ r'^'' bile in the Medicinal Uses-/, „ °""8 "= ^absorption. »esia is not used in th hoC'Ts i,! "r"'"'""" °' "ag- uncertain, sometimes can Lv L??'"" '" ""■^'"'™»' <"h« tnnes causing conJderablJ ? ' P"''*""™. and at 'be purgative effect is irreg , ar and"''™- '" ""^ ^"g, 'as e « apt to induce vomS „ 'uTm/'^''''^^^'"'^ b'"- ^"'■nmmants, however „ '° "='* annnai. very valuable purgative gine/arr "''"'' ««' '' « a 'o fifteen hours, and is ^fscribed '^' '" ''o™ '>'eive mentioned. Prescribed m 'Ho n.anner already ,■" ■* necessary to remnil, i o administeringirge': TreptrdT' ""'', "^^ P'-'- -"«. .3 national, and pro/ucte of l;" f "'^ ^™« '» or injunous resuifcs "JCS ^> and causes =>» of a Jarge being also a le major por- ine, and thus ^ off by the ^Jo'i in cattle sulphate of " tile intes n™°"'os contents of the stomach alkaline ' ""''""« '"^ W UTICS acting the action ir tone as a result AVY Carbonate Cakuonate op liffer as regards ^ared by iin"xing ^ carbonate of It the solutions ' dilute solutions magnesia neu- and intestines, n, and yielding alinity of the tacids in cases es, and dogs, between the 5. for foals and ■lie acid, mer- comparatively I'ge quantities •endering the LEAD AND ITS MEDICINAL SALTS 241 CHAPTER III. INORaANIC MATERIA U^m^^X- Continued. GROUP II.-THE METALS. FOK convenience of description, according to their actions and uses, we may subdivide the metallt elements ^L sub-groups as follows : elements into 1. Plumbum ; Argentum ; Zincum ; Cuprum ; Alu- mmium. ** "«* , aiu- 2. Ferrum. 3. Hydrargyrum. 4. Arsenium; Antimonium; Bismuthum; Phosphorus. (Phosphorus is a iion-metallic element hnf ,-. • i ;. , under this heading because of a siSy^ is T ti ^s to antimony and arsenic.) ^ ^^^"^^ Sub-Group I. PLUMBUM-LEAD, ANI> ITS MEDICINAL SALTS. GENERAL ACTIONS OF LEAD SALTS. (1) IMMEDIATE LOCAL ACTION {a) They precipitate the albumen in the fluids founrl of h« ^r^^^^*' *^' protoplasm of the yonnLells of the superhcial layers of the part. "" 16 I -I i 242 VETERTNARY THERAPEUTICS (c) They act on the local circulation of the mrf ) They depress the local nerve endings in ^hT . In the stomach and intestinpa +v,^ diminished, the vessels co 2d and Tf . f.- movements retarded the ..If I! ' Penstaltic albuminate. ' '^^ ^'^^« ^^^^^^^'^^^ into an (2) ACTION ON THE hLOOD tnne are said to render the vital 7ZT "' and to dinnnish the nun,ber of I^d oorpl.r" ™'"^' (3) SPECIFIC ACTION Lead is taken up by the tissues freely from thp hU ^ and retained firmly in the form of pn J^ °°*^' by the liver and kidneys/X ylh'crt^at' ""'''''' system, and in ihe bones. Certafn ulTT! '''°"' duced as a result of the presence"? \Z T ''' ^''■ tbe condition being termed X, • 1" " *^^ ^-"-' The chief symptoms of this condition ar« ^ constipation, colicky pains, cramps of ttrn'scler''"'' al y the extensors, terminating in paralvsfs fl T"" full, tense and infrequent, the^lood; es";e ra?f 1^' urinary excretion disturbed the centf.I ''^' *^' is first irritated, evidenced Vlv^ol^rT"^ «>'^*-^ by paralysis. The appearance of at e l^r^^^ of the gums is often observed. *^^ ^^^^^^ ^HM on of the part, fteries and veins, ng the escape of of the vessels, igs in the part, astringent, sccU- le mucous mem- secretions ai the peristaltic iverted into an !rs ; they pass tered for some more watery, iles. am the blood, i3iuate, chiefly ntral nervous sflfects are pro- Q the tissues, re dyspepsia, ^scles, tispeci- ; the pulse is '•e raised, the ^vous system »d succeeded at the edges LEA I) AND ITS MEDICINA L SAL TS 243 actHnlneld' ^^,^^^P-^"-o same U oM^enefit in the first stages of canker in the ears of watrT ft' '""^ "■'' '"'•''""^ °f '''■"=■ ^i««°lved in ™na ; of ft' ?T"'°" °f 1 I""-' °f "'^ '«»er and , part of the latter to 30 of water, forms the time ptr." '"""' """■°"' '" -'-sivel/used in vtor^ry .in?beinT™!!d" '' t"""""'^ incompatible, acetate of ttvn» ^ '" '°'""°''' ="'<' ™'Pl'^"= Of lead bein» hown down as a precipitate; but experience prove it II! and «f.;, ""'f^'"''' "°°""8 lotion in !ases o wotds le r^"^' -""'^^ -''--. ^healthy Pi™w Carbonas-CAUBOKAT.. of Lead. W„,tb Lead .^«£STi,!?^it!^"^r- ,»' -='-. acid. a ™ultaneous!ytoli7;barg:rS°e';:;bc.S;1°l.'= i'^dicinal Uses.-It is not used intern.llv Pxtp.n-ll„ :,;:. "^-^'--"^ ™p'°ycd as a„ ;.;;.4„,t'r]S 246 '"'""'"'^''^rjacn.iPj.nws 'he result of septic matter "„*» "' """d-poisoning ™. i' for,™ a protective cover- °" "7™""- ^-""'d «-'reme pai„ existing ,™ aT'^l "f ^""^'^'^bes the nerve endings. ° " P"'' ^-y depressing the PlumbI iodldum-io„,„,; or ^ead 'o-^%atsi--L1--'-^^^^^ Medicinal Uses— In the fnrrr. t the iodide of Jead is soli ^" °^°*"^^"* (^ *« 7) application to enlarl a -ol "'l "^1 '' '" "'^°^^^" the effects being referable to 'h ^ ."'^"^"^ ^^^^"^"g«' etc.. by the lead. ^ ^''^' *° *^^ ^°^^»e, Probably as;isted ARGENTUM— SILVER nitratl"" "' '""'' "^^ " veterinary practice is the ^^i--^^ by d,sso,vi„gsi,ver in ailnte nitric acid a« -rtifrnTp^rr ,tr °' ^"- -'^ solution. P'^"'" '° "'« solid form or in strong wMclr coats ,h, s::;^^tZ T ''"""'""""ate t.ng the protoplasm of the young Us '"' '° °°"="""- -the arteries, veins on/ «« •„ actively contracted, and" aZa"'".,"' *"" P"' ^re ooionr the superiicik, laye" "" ti„!f K.^'r "' " "s'" "oosly of an opaque %'biie^nt ^^^- '"''"« ?«- 1- iue ,,mte at the pomt of application: NITRATE OF SILVER 247 Internally t\,^ nitrate of silver combines with the albummous fluids and chlorides in the n.outh. and when properly diluted acts as an astrimjent JV^^-T"'"'^''''' "'''^^'"^"^ ^°^^^'^t i^ decomposed by the acid present. It enters the blood in the form of an albuminate, being slowly absorbed, and retained in the metalhc form in all the connective tissues, staining exposed parts of a permanent blackish-brown colour Toxic doses cause irritation of the stomach and intes- tines, with prostration, convulsions, and paralysis, these latter effects being probably central in origin. The besi antulotcs common salt, which forms the insoluble and inert chloride of silver. Medicinal Uses.-As a tonic and astringent it is some- times prescribed in canine practice, in chronic nervous diseases or in chronic diarrhcea and dysentery, in dos ot B to J- grain in pills. Exte.ially it is the caustic most universally employed as Its effects are limited to the area of application. 'and U IS less irritating than others. nittate' TT'' '" ^°^°^'"' ^'°"^^^ ^^^^ ^I<^«rs the nitrate of silver is very useful, promoting healthy growth, and suppressing excessive granulations, besides forming a protecting covering to the part In co7ijunctivitis a solution of the nitrate of silver con- very useful , a few drops inserted into the eye three times daily promotes a healthier action in the mem- brane, and relieves irritation. In opacity ^ ^ the cornea a solution cout .uing four to SIX grains to the ounce of distilled water, careful y apphed daily with a camel's-hair brush, often succeeds in rendermg the part clear. It is recommended in erysipelas, appli.a two or three rij i I irm 248 vETtmrNAitv TIT' , . -in cases of cA;-o;//r ;.,// " • e'her, as this diesolvv.r he Lr"'" "' *"™-- '' ni'rous enables the solution „' ^tVufaT;" °' '^^^ ^'''"- ""^ surface, instead of running into 1 °Z '"="°" °™' 'to »"ch more strongly than t «°^'' "™^°'""°"^'cts «qu.restoben>adt^f,~ ;r"°"' ^"" ^-- ««NEBAL ACTIONS OP .ik. sAL-ra (1) IMMEDIATE rn^Ar . The salt., nf • ^^ action. ;-perr-irr:^t::^'-'*-- ;X^-.er forn^s, and as^:-;- ^ ^ -- « The difference in de<»ree of ti, depends on their diffusil t ° ""^ "'='"»'« «' ^me .., ■ ■>» ""'"te, applied il suftcieit „! "^'^^ "' ^'"« ^"^^ 'he sulphate acts as a. „.,* 1!° '"?"«"' '<"=ally. „hilo -f»fe'-™«^ the effect of * '^ '*""''"'"• -I^^hle of the act 0?;!^ LT T!'. '" '''°- -»-ls — • in trie lutestines, in rrics 3ing a few inches ation conf„.aiug f^te larynx and ' a solution of ^y ineans of a Its. ^ver is nitrous f the 3kin, and iction over the is solution acts le, and hence !• SALTS. Alkalies and A nitrate of ZINC AND ITS MEDICINAL SALTS 249 large doses, ..inc acts as an irritanf, but in medicinal dodes It has an aatrhujcnt effect. (2) ACTION ON THE BLOOD, AND HrECIKrC ACTION. Zinc is slowly absorbed, probably as an albuminate. We possess no knowledge concerning its action on the plasma or corpuscles whicb is of any therapeutical value. ^n tao tissues of the body it does not become fixed, but acts as a direct depressant to the nerve-centres when administered in continued doses. (3) REMOTl LOCAL ACTION. Zinc is excreted by th. ddneys in small quantities, also by the mucous surfaces ai ^ skin. It produces a remote astr ..cit effect on those parts by which .i leaves the system. f!i ^L^'S. •'"Iver, and caustics in leir weaker zinc be. ■ for wai r, ■ zinc acts iJiy, while t. is that of e animals stines, in ZIncI Oxidum— Oxide of Zinc. Prepared by .leating the carbonate. Medicinal Uses.-The oxide of zinc is asMnrjent and desiccant, and is used in cases of eczema in which there 18 a raw iidolent surface, either in the form of a dusting powdei or as an ointment. It is also useful in mild cases of grease and cracked heels, in the form of unguentum zinci. prepared with the oxide of zinc 1 part, benzoated lard 5.', parts. A similar ointment is al. . prescribed in cases of canker 01 tne ear in dogs. ZInci Carbonas-CAnBONATE of Zinc. CALAMi.i.- is similar in its actions and uses to the oxide. i^vMUm I il 250 VETEIUNARY Til ERA PEV i WS ZIncI Sulphas— Sulphate op Zinc, White Vitiiiol, Prepared by the action of dilute sulphuric acid on granulated zmc. ^ Doscs.~As an astringent and tonic .- horses, Xss. to ^^i • dogs, gr. 1. to grs. iii. '^ '^ ' As an emetic for dogs, grs. x. to grs. xxx. dissolved in two ounces of warm water. Medicinal Uses.— ^s an emetic the sulphate of zinc 18 safe, prompt, and effectual for the different purposes for which emetics are indicated. It acts with little prostration or nausea, producing its effect by its local irritant action on the stomach, thus being a direct emetic. It is sometimes prescribed as a tonic and aslrimjcnt, but is inferior to other drugs in these respects. In nervous affections, such as chorea, epilepsy, etc., it 18 prescribed in canine practice, often with beneficial results, the doses being gradually increased. Externally the sulphate of zinc is very useful as a sti- nmlant and astringent application in cases of ulcers, un- healthy wounds, etc., limiting the amount of discharge, checking excessive weak granulations, and promoting a tendency to reparative action. For these purposes it is dissolved in 30 to 60 parts of water. In inflamed conditions of the conjunctiva, after the acute stage has passed, a weak solution of the sulphate of zinc dropped into the eye a few times daily often proves of service. ^ As an astringent injection it is prescribed in cases of discharges, either acute or chronic, from the genito- urinary passages, such as leucorrhcca. Combined m\\ the acetate of lead in solution, it forms the white lotion of Professor Dick. ZINC AND ITS MEDICINAL SALTS 2i>l Zinci Acetas, which is the active constituent of this lotion, resembles in its actions the sulphate of zinc, but is seltlom used as a separate agent. Zinci Clilorldum— Chloride op Zinc. Prepared by the action of hydrochloric acid on granu- lated zinc. Medicinal Uses. — The chloride of zinc is not given internally. Ex'ternalhj, applied without dilution, it is a powerful caustic, possessing great affinity for water, and coagu- lating albumin. It is sometimes employed as an appli- cation to unhealthy ulcerations, fistulas, etc. It is a powerful antiseptic and disinfectant, and even in dilute solution is a poison to low forms of life. Burnett's dis- infectant contains 25 grains of chloride of zinc to each fluid drachm. CUPRUM— COPPER. The salt of copper employed in veterinary practice is the sulphate. Cuprl Sulplias — Cupric Sulphate, Sulphate op Copper, Blue Stone, Blue Vitriol. Prepared by heating copper with sulphuric acid. Incompatihles. — Alkalies and their carbonates, Hme- water, mineral salts (except sulphates), iodides, and most vegetable astringents. General Actions. — The actions of copper resemble those of zinc and silver. Externally it produces no effect ' a the unbroken skin. ¥ i .it r j^v^iiWrm 252 VETERlNAltY THERAPEUTICS and is not absorbed fcherefrn.n ^ i- ^ in the dop- in toTin H„. ! ' ''^ " ''"■<•<" ""'"'fc 6astro.onteriti,,^tr '' '" "■"'««' J'»'-». causbg absorbed, and is suddo.M V '"^^'^ ^« ^^^^^^J on the nutritio^ of thr . T'''' ''''' ''^^' ^ff^el excreted ^yZt^'J^^^^^-^^-^^- It is saliva. ^' ^^^° ^" ^^^e urine and .ni>k, etc., whX: rL rs r " ^^^'^ °' ^^^^ salt. . ^^soiuble albuminates with the grs. vi. to ^rx f„f , , ' P™"''"^' » ''<"^«» of from poisons; b? -a mre^SinV" T" °^ --"'- P0^e..i„ injection':/ 1* S '^ fl 1 ''' ''. IstnngcHt it is occasionaUy pre'soXd in ", f ^""^ borses, and gr, J- to ers ii T j , °'*^ "^ »'■ 'or tophosphonlp^i oXbv/n\^*'- ^' '^ "" """■''<'"« and rendering ft S "^ "'°« "'* "^^ <^'™»'. ^a^o.^e„berantg™nn,atC.:^:;:trL: It, however, possfiss^s no afl- ■,.-*■ v -ss_s no advantages uvor the nitrate ' — ^'"^^^T ry nrirnum ALUMTNIU\[ 253 to wounds, y, it acts as ices on the Senses the and hence Jth. ^'cct emetic 'n, causing 3s, it has is slowly •nic effect m. It is rine and 'We a)Ui- 3 of egg, with the 2opper is ' of from narcotic the hy- lic and i ";i. for intidotc [ement, sly em- ^iic, in rfaces, titrate of silver for such purposes, and the latter agent is pre- lerred by many practitioners. It is a valuable sfimulant and astringent in certain affections of the feet of horses, such as canker, etc., and 18 recommended as a dressing, cofiibhied with the sulphate of zinc and iron. As an injection for cases of quittor the following, known as ' Villate's injection,' is recom- mended by Professor Macqueen : Cuprl sulph Mi • ^inci sulph.. 5ii.; acid. acet. dil., gxxxv. ; liq. plumbi diacet., 3IV. ^ _ In cases of foot-rot in sheep, the sulphate of copper IS also a useful apphcation in combination with other agents, such as tarry substances, etc. ALUMINIUM. The most important salt of this metal is alumen or alum. ' Alumen— Alum, AlumixVium and Potassium SurPHATE. Prepared from alurn schist and sulphate of potassium. Incovipatibles.-mdi^a, lime, acetate of lead mer cury, and substances containing tannin. General Actions. -^^^crnaZ/y. -Alum locally applied is astringent and styptic; it absorbs water, and if the skin be broken acts as a viild caustic. It coagulates a oumin, condenses the tissues, and constringes the bloodvessels. Internally it causes dryness of the pharynx by co- agulating the mucous secretions of the part, producing a similar effect on the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines. In large doses it is evietic, irritant, and purgative. It is absorbed into the blood as an albu- minate, and is excreted chiefly by the kidneys. f4 I. \v ill •I ri ASfiStfeu* 254 VETERINARY THERAPEUTICS Medicinal Uses.— The rhipf ,10^ t 1 tnat the salt will have a styptic effect Alum is frequently administered to cows to arrest th« secretion of milk, when it is desired to stll -feed them ■]' Sub-Group II. msUM-IEON AND ITS MEDIOIKAI, SALTS. (1) IMMEDIATE LOCAL ACTION and thus act as ImnostaUc, or .to„(L ' on 2',""'" "' '""u' °' "™ '"'™ » -"■%-'« effect ziMo^;::xiiLtvtrir o7— i"'° ^t^::^t list j^:i-:;j-tnr /« ffe ,luodenum iron is converted into an alkaline I.S a topical 3 ulcerated he form of t granula- n cases of lat during )lved, and irrest the I them, ill strong iLTS. such as is when , They Jontracfc tissues, t efifect fciguous 3d iuto ) other 38. If organ tid the lUCOUS kaline IRON AND ITS MEDICINAL SALTS 255 albuminate, and is absorbed in this form, the unabsorbed portion bemg excreted as the sulphide. (2) ACTION ON THE HLOOD. The preparations of iron have important effects on the blood, acting on the red corpuscles, increasing their number, and the amount of haemoglobin present, being combined with the latt.r. Iron enters the circulation very slowly, being absorbed along the alimentary canal as the chloride and alkaline albuminate. There is a diifereuce of opinion among authorities as to the manner in which iron is absorbed into the blood. Evidently but a small amount is absorbed, as a large proportion is excreted with the fascec, and if it is injected into the blood much of it passes away in the urine _ As the result of experiments, it is stated that in health iron does not increase the number of red corpuscles, but that it does produce this effect in cases of anaemia. Ac- cording to Dr. Wood, iron increases the ozonizing power of the red corpuscles, and is also a stimulant to the source which produces them, thus acting as a ha^matinic or blood tonic. (3) SPECIFIC ACTION. The specific action of kon is on the red corpuscles of tlie b ood, and it is said that the temperature is slightly raised as the result of the increased oxidation. " (4) EEMOTE LOCAL ACTION. _ Iron is excreted chiefly by the whole length of the intestines, also by the liver, kidneys, skin, and saliva and the various mucous surfaces. It possesses remote asirnujent effects, which are of importance. On the Boiveh.-U causes constipation : certain salts - - as iiu. p. rc...-^.xae, xiuviug greater asirmgont effects Hfi 5 ¥■■ 'W«««*.jU 256 VETERTNARY THERAPEUTICS han o hers. It g.ves a characteristic black appearance uJnh /" !; r '" *^' '°"""^^°^ °^ *^« -^*- 'into the food and sulphuretted hydrogen of the intestines. On theKulneys.~lt is excreted by the cells, not by the glomeruh ; .t reduces the volume of urine, but increased he anaount of urea and other solids, and the acTdity the excretion. It acts as a remote astringent to the mucous surfaces, and as a hemostatic. Incompatibles of Preparations of 7ro«- Alkahp., «n^ a Sc'a^^HSe'Sr^alT' 7^"^^^^^ -^ its'Sne' those ofl'gifatMnchont et""^^"^ ^"^^^^°"^' ^^^ -. I i GENERAL VIEW OP THE DIFFERENT PREPARA- TIONS OP IRON. For convenience of description we may classifv the preparations of iron as follows : ^ 1. Those possessing the H^matinic Actions of Iron, with but little Astringenoy. ExampUs.^-The oxides and carbonates, comprising ferrum redactum, ferri carbonas saccharata liquor ferrf dialysatus, ferri peroxidum hydratum ^ W^^ *.^;^^^f^P7afations possess the h.-emacinic action of ron with but little astringenoy, and are hence employed n cases where we wish to avoid an astringent effVct on the bowels, or any tendency to interfere with the pro cess of digestion. The question of the solubil t/Tn water of an iron salt is not one of importance as r L" ttZlr ''' '''' P'-eparations^become ^Xt IRON AND ITS MEDICINAL SALTS 257 Ferrum Redactum-REDUCED Iron, Metallic Ibon WITH A VARIABLE AMOUNT OP OxiDE Medicmal Uses.-This preparation is the least astrin- gen of the iron salts, and is employed in canine pra ce n cases o anosmia in delicate dogs, and in convalescence lir : f d"' '''"'?^' ^" '°^^^ °^ ^-- 2 grains shpation, and is administered in the form of pills twice Ferri Carbonas Saccharata-SAcciiARATED Carbonate op Iron Medicinal U.es.-Tl,is is also a mild preparation of Z1ZV^9T "^ ineanine practice i„ doses of from gioms to 20 grams in tlie form of pills. Liquor Fern Dlalysatus-SoLunoN or Dialvskd Ibon i^gi:i:rtr^Sr£r ---^- noses.-IIorseH, ^ss. to gi. ; dogs, „^x. to ,i|^xxx. Medicinal Uses.-This is a v.vy useful preparation of iron, and is extensively employed as a yeuLLue, com- 17 II, Si 1, i*f ■ m .'' i » ! W. |.i; A^fli#.f 258 VETERINARY THERAPEUTICS :fi ! bined with qm-nine. It does not produce the imtating or as nngeut effects of the sulphate of iron, and ct be P«sc„bed m cases where the latter would be inadmis! Ferri Peroxidu.n Hydratum-PEBoxiDE oi< Sesqoi- OXIDE OF Ikon. sulDhir/nf ^ P'^^iPi^^ting a diluted solution of the per- sulphate of iron M-ith solution of soda and drying. ^ anJfdot'f '''''■r^\' «'-f "^e of this salt is as an antidote to poisoning by arsenic. It should be freshly IS best made by mixing three ounces of the solution o! per! chloride of iron with one ounce of carbonate of soda or with solution of ammonia, if the latter is not at halid It converts the arsenious acid into an insoluble compound which IS a basic arsenite of variable constitution As ifc' requires twelve parts to neutralize one of arsenio'ls acid every five or ten minutes, such as half-ounce doses to the dog and an indefinite quantity to the horse, followed up by doses of magnesia. P 2. Preparations of Iron characterized by their Corrugating and Astringent Action. These comprise the compounds with the mineral acid. Buch as the sulphate of iron and the liquor fern l,' chloriru with its medicinal preparations. ^ Fern- Sulphas-SuLPHAT. op Ibo., Fehbous Sulphate Green Viteiol, Coppekas waf:f:;;2^,S^:'r/d:;';:;,:"™ '° -'p*-- --^ -d h SI el in of to to str rei IRON AND ITS MEDICINAL SALTS 2.09 per- Perri Sulphas Exsiccata. . Pm^^red by heating the sulphate to 919' p^u mg six-sevenths of its water and powidnf V> "^'^''''' are equal to about 4 grains of the cf^J^Sulpi^ " The dried sulphate is prescribed in half tbp ni. Medicinal Uses.-^This salt is extensively employed in vet nnary practice as a ...... ,o./, but, in conseTue, ^ of Its astnngency and liabihty to irritate the gLtr ' mucous membrane, certain precautions are necessa^vl prescribing it, and these will also annlv , ^''''''^^^^ ^» tions of the perchloride presenl^rto^ Lucfd : '^^^^^^- disSde?dt:::or ^ '^^^^ ^'°^^' '^ ^^-"' - - -t to (2) That these preparations should not be emnlovpd when gastric derangement is present employed (3) That they must be prescribed either alon^ with the food, or administered after feeding "" The sulphate of iron is prescribpd nQ o „ ^n^l .M, aoeo,„,a„ie/,;atM;:.f ":rar: of the system, bemg combined with arsenic and b f ton.cs, such as nux vomica, in ™ch cases it ,, h„, J to act as a r.„ume, and is hence employed ft ,^7' Seter' "^^ ^--"- ■•" ^.'-^'-tiontith'^tht It is also prescribed in oases of diabctn huiiMm, in 11 -I ■I li Is A'#»ltt 2G0 VET ERIN A n Y Til ERA PEUTICS comb nation with the iodide of potassium and gentian As a /..:...;.,. ,t IS useful in cases of purpura htoLrrha- gica, combn^ed with the chlorate of potash In convalescence from debilitating affections, such aa T T\ W 'l r?"^'^ "^"^ ^^g^^^ble tonic , but we often find that the bland forn.s of iron succeed better! cases of this kind, such as dialysed iron, combined with quimne In canme practice the milder forms of iron are preferred, such as the saccharated carbonate Externally the sulphate of iron is used as an astringent preparation m combination with other astringents of a similar nature,, as previously n.entioned. It also acts as a disinfectant, and mixed with sulphates of lime and alumina, it forms Tuson's Disinfectant Powder vhih gives off, when moistened, suljjhurous anhydride. Liquor Ferri Perchloridi Fortior-STKOKo Solution OF Pkuchlouide of Ikon. Prepared by dissolving iron wiro in Viv^r^^v,!^ • and water, adding ^y^^" bloodvessels and con- firm If ^ ., ■ ^r"^"" ""'"'"' ">" '"""l to fonn a torn clot on the siutace of the wound. In consenueno! of ts co,rusatin«and irritant aetionon wounds tTo„M TotCii^r :r ^^ ^'-^ '^^ '-"--- -- In eases of flooding of the uterus after delivery the pieparation to twelve ounces of wat. .vhich ic m hi slowly in ected into the uterus wit! V 7^ . outlet of the fluid being^^J^^'' '^ ' nt V ^' of air avoided. ' "^ introduction 3. Compounds of Iron with Other Active Bodies. phas, and fern et quininaj citratis. ^ These preparations are intended to combine the ha>mp Ferri lodidum-IoDiDE of Iron heftTt'otthr tf r^h^r T^' ^"^ ^^^*"'«^ water, rated, is prescrTb;dt eas^nrZ-^/T^ ^^''''^ ^"^ ^^^P^' also in nasa^Zt in T'^^^^^^^^^ i^oscs.— Same as the sulphate. Ferri Arsenias-AnsENiATE of Iron i.o„:Stiet?Caie«of''S^^to^3tri:™' ^"'^'''"^ »' J i: c di ngents in o-uriuary I is as a and con- o form a sequence t should cannot ery, the ' reoom- edicinal 3 to be I, a free Suction les. phos- baama- action vater, ivapo- orses, as a inON AND ITS MEDICINAL SALTS 203 te of This certain loZTZjl^T''"'"' ''^"'""'«' '" '-■'""« ec.e,„a, o":': °'.t; tr:- za^rrrr' ^"-'"^ tV to i gr. for dogs. ° ' "' '"' ''°™»' ""^ Ferri Phosphas-PiiosraATE op i„ov and'EtnToftS:!" °' "''""■ '"""'"^ »' --. rioLt Tnl '!, °'''.^"V'°'' '" ==""- practice, in cases of a^s ,„ each draclH. J grain of pLospha' of on and ?«tixrsir= of itl' J'T ■' ■'"™ " "'^'"' P'-l'^tion, consisting aracn, tL c,ua?,iitrri„ \:Tvr;o rtr dog, repeated twice daily. ""' Fern et pulnlna Citras-CiTu,™ or Iuon akd Quinine. A preparation of citrate of iron and nnUVn. 10 per cent, of quinine, is prescdbed ,7 ' °°"''^"'°^ in doses of from grs. i; to Irs x V ''''''''' ^''''^'^' combines the actio'ns of bothTgent;. " ' ^'^""^ ^^'^^^ ^' Sub-Group III. HYDRARGYRUM— MERCURY i<- ■ril ' I, I • ■> IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // 1/ "/##. & -% LL 1.25 12.2 M Hill 2.0 18 lA. 1116 Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14S80 (716) 873-4503 s V iV \ :\ ^ Si^SH^m 264 VJ'^TERINAHY THERAPEUTICS GENERAL ACTIONS. (1) IMMEDIATE LOCAL ACTION. littiT;""*-~'^f' Pi-eparatio„s of mercury have bnt little acfon on the unbroken shin unless LdIM T some t,me but certain salts possess m Sd S a d' irom the skm. On mucous surfaces and on shtM tissues there are, however, definite elTects produced de pendmg on the preparation emploved 1h,,^T, ,' as the red o.ide the diluted rL^J^^^^ Othe s'Zh °''":' "" "''""'"•''• "-"^ '""""-'"^ 1° ally pec1ii,rr;th,;';ar""--^^"^^ »^ "'■^'•»/-«-. es. Intcnudhj th<: local action of mercury also depends on the preparation e.uploycd and its strength. All le parat.ons produce certain eifects on the mouthT gum ' and ahvary glands, resulting in salivation when ad ='Xtriierteirg^rrre^-'f Of. .drug from the systeltVn^tttr::; In the stomach the salts of mercury combine with fh« chloride of sodium present in the secretions \ndh the stomach. /„ «,„ ,,„,,„„„, ^^ ,,,,^,i;2Zl I I ■' y have but applied for caustic and ion of the absorption n abraded ><3uced, de- some, such ^ solutions its locally, loride and tcmts. es- ipends on All pre- h, gums, i'hen ad- of'time, excretion he local >vith the become lercury ; complex )ecomes nn, and n large iced in tion is MERCURY AND ITS PRKPARA TIONS 2Go produced, resulting in ptirgatlou; that is. speakin-^ of certain preparations. ' ^P®^^^"^ of hefr!!!'f"1 !' r^""^^^ " '°°^' °"^' *he intestinal glands being stimulated to increased secretion, and the nmcou oT tdTomtf' " r ''■ r'"^° '^" increaserC Thee ntln tofTh'''' n'.''^'^ "°'^ '''^'' P-^'^^^l^is- ine contents of the small intestines are thus evacuated along with any bile present in the duodenum. ''"'^"''^' (2) ACTION OX THE JiLOOD bln?f ^ ^ """If ^"'°""^ °^ ^ "^^^^^^"^1 ^lose enters the T'itLt "^'""""' r ''"^ "^^^■-- ^-^- p-- oninn ^ ^ ^f ' ""^ ^ '"^P^^^^^' ""^^«« combined with opium, which delays its passage through the bowel The nt^s^res^e ^^'^"^N"---'^ ^-'^ ^^^he stoiZ b and in estn les becomes decomposed on entering the blood bv combining with oxygen and albumin, an oxy-a buniinate of mercury being the result. • ^ albuminate onTr \T "f Z^^^^-e of any cUrcct action of mercurv on the blood, but large doses cause impoverishment o' d t on'oTZTf T'T'"' ^'^^"^^'"^ "' ^ -^-y on dUK>n of the blood and a diminished power of co'agula- (3) SPECIFIC ACTION, thJ blood tutT'"" f """"-^ '' ""' --''^'' 'h^Sh selves ;»? ^ \ "■"■' "''""" ™ "» 'i'^-^es them, selves. I leaves the blood quiekly and enters tl,e tissues be,ng slowly exereted tLelL. iTsloTa js abundantly in the liver, but remains in e ; r, ' ' in eases of chronic poison ng by the dnia nn ^ « v srrr tr-r™ ^-" ^^-^ '-l- :; for supposed to depend on ,ts power of interference with mmm 26G , VETERINARY THERAPEUTICS the growth or life of germinal cells, and this may be termed an alterative influence. When mercury is administered in small doses for a considerable period, a condition termed mercurialisvi or hydrarnyrism is produced, characterized by the following train of symptoms, viz., salivation, tenderness of the mouth and gums, impaired appetite, dyspepsia, ancemia, and in some instances eczematous eruptions and bone affections. (4) liEMOTE LOCAL ACTION. Mercury is removed from the system by all the secre- tions, the chief channel of escape being the kidneys. During its excretion it stimulates many of the glands, especially the salivary glands, acting as a powerful siala- gogue. It has only a slight diaphoretic effect, and does not increase the volume of the urine, but combined with diuretics, such as digitalis, it assists their action. It is excreted in the ficces as the sulphide, derived partly from a considerable amount of the unabsorbed portic of the dose administered, and partly from the portic. excreted from the liver, pancreas and intestinal glands. It is apparent that we cannot place any therapeutic value on the remote local action of this drug. The Actions and Medicinal Uses of the Different Pre- parations of Mercury. — For convenience of description it will be of advantage to classify the preparations of mercury as follows : 1. Metallic Mercury and its Preparations. 2. The Perchloride of Mercury and its Preparations. 3. The Suhchloride of Mercury and its Preparations. 4. A Complex Group, consisting of the Oxides, Iodides, Ammoniated Mercury. 5. Acid Solution of Nitrate of Mercury. t ' MERCUR Y A ND ITS PR EPA RA TIONS 207 1. Metallic Mercury and its Preparations. Metallic mercury is not given internally except in the finely divided form in which it exists in the pilula hydrargyri and the hydrargyrum cum creta. PiluIa Hydrargyri— Blue Pill. Prepared by mixing two parts mercury, three of confec- tion of roses, and one of liquorice. Medicinal Uses.— Blue pill is sometimes employed in canine practice as a purgative and indirect cholagogue, in doses of from grs. iii. to grs. v., generally con, Lined with a similar amount of the compound colocynth and hyoscy- amus pill. 4 Hydrargyrum cum Creia— Meecury with Chalk, Grey Powder. Prepared by triturating together one part of mercury with three of prepared chalk. Medicinal Uses.— In cases of bilious indigestion, with diarrhoea, occurring in young calves and foals, the hy- drargyrum cum creta is useful as a laxative antacid and alterative in small doses, such as from grs. v. to grs. xv. repeated twice daily. In canine practice small do'ses are useful in dyspepsia due to hepatic irregularities, especi- ally if there is gastric irritability. It is also useful in cases of diarrhcjca in young dogs depending on indiges- tion, in which the food acts as an irritant in the "ali- mentary canal. It restores the natural colour to the fycces, and reduces the irritability of the intestinal mucous membrane. For such purposes it should be administered in small repeated dosos, from gr. i to grs. iii., according to the size of the patients. AV^W 268 VETERINA RY TIIERA PEUTICS Unguentum Hydrargyrl-BLUE Ointment. prSSS^f ^r ti"^°^^"^^ -^'"'^ ^-^ -^ -^^ - the Uses—The bUie ointment is not employed in veterinary practice to produce constitutional effects. If applied with friction it produces vesication, and in sulHcient amount becomes absorbed, producing the specific enects of mercury in the system. For this reason the ointment has to be cautiously applied. It is sometimes employed as an absorbent application to reduce swelling of joints and IS useful in some cases of obstinate psoriasis. Llnimentum Hydrargyri-MEncuRiAL Liniment Oleatum Hydrargyri-OLEAiE op Meecuky. Both these preparations possess similar actions, being dijfusible, penetrating, absorbent agents. The liniment is prepared by mixing equal parts of mercurial ointment solution of ammonia, and camphor liniment together' The oleate is a mixture of the yellow oxide of mercury m oleic acid. They may be used in cases of persistent scaly skin diseases, in tinea and favus, and as absorbent applications to enlarged glands, and to cases of indura- tion of the mammary giand in cattle. 2. Hydrargyri Perchloridum-PEKCHLOEiDE of Mek- CURY, COKKOSIVE SuBLIMATE. MeKCURIC ChLORIDE. Prepared by triturating a mixture of Dersulnhafp nf mercury, chloride of sodium, and black ox de of man ganese together and subliming /«cc.»yM(iife -Alkalies and their carbonates, iotjide Actions and Uses. _ Corrosive sublimate, containing *^ . MERCURY AND ITS PREPARA TlONS 2G0 twice as much chlorine as calomel and being very soluble acts as an nritant corrosive poison in suilicient quantities' hence it ,s of importance to distinguish between the two salts of mercury in prescribing and dispensing If admmistered in strong solution it causes gastro- enteritis, producing a bluish-gray appearance of the all- mentary mucous membrane, with patches of inflammation and sloughing in severe cases. It is not prescribed mternally. The Antidotes consist of the free administration of albumin which forms an insoluble mercuric albuminate For such purposes eggs, flour, milk, etc., should be freely given. ^ Exlrnally strong solutions of corrosive sublimate act as caustics and escharotics. The most important use of corrosive sublimate is founded on its antiseptic pro- perties. It IS one of the most active of antiseptic agents and in the proportion of 1 part to 1 ,000 of water is capable of destroying bacilli and tlieir spores. It is ex tensively employed as an antiseptic dressing for wounds in the proportions stated, and also used to render cotton- wool or wood-wool aseptic for surgical uses. The danger of absorption from strong applications of the perchlorida must not be lost sight of. a Hydrargyri Subchloridum-SuBCHLOEiDE of Mercuky, Calomkl, Mekcukous Chlokide. Prepared by triturating a mixture of persulnhate of waXg'.' """^^^' "^' ''''^''^^ '' -^--' BubHrng!lnd fn'^rr"-"^"/" a/fcmi/i;c.- Horses and cattle, grs x to grs. XX. ; dogs, gr. i. to grs. ii. As a purqatheand cholagogue- Horses, ^i., generally combined with aloTs cattle, 51. to 511., combined with "other purgat ves • do^s grs. u. to grs. v.. combined with jalap or colocynth ^ ' I M WMlM 270 VETERINARY THERAPEUTICS curv ? " , actions compared with other salts of nier The chokvjoouc action is one on which some difference stat^r^harr • f r '"^"*^"^' ^^ ^- ^- ' ^- - b a but i , ^^°™^^. ^°^« ^°* ^"-ease the secretion of bile, as small doses of the dru. restore thp.ol . ^^ fffices which hflrl Ko "^"°^estoie the colour to the derangement """^ P^'** "' ""^ --" "^ "ver ft h P MERCURY AND JT, PREPARATIONS 271 depress the patient, of which calomel is one T u tive doses it is sompfi... ^^^iumei is one. In altera- irritation, int tilT c fa . h^'^T r '■" ""^' °' »"-'™ allay the severe itching nf?.T- * *^ " " ^"P'oyed to the hole's- fooTt: Ld " 1 1 h oti™ f '"^ '™« °' useful agent, comhined u^,h7,' "''' " " ™s' applied thoroughly to the ir?»r? °' '°^°'°™' "^ kept as dry as "possible ""' '"«■ ""^ »"' ''-"8 *■ ''"* °^"'^^' '"""t^. ^-O Ammoaio-Chloride of Mercury. There are two oxides of mercury, vi;.. : Hydrargyri Suboxidum-BrAPT n Hydrargyn Oxidum Rubrum^B.^o '' ''^^^^^^ cuKY, Bed Piu^cum^^te ''''''^ °'^ ^^^^'- ^"ternally. A modification of the 11' ".'^^'^ "°' "^^^ composition, is the yellow ox dewh ")•'"' °' ^"^^^^^^ hne. ^ ""^ °^'^e, which is non-crystal- The therapeutic value of these oxi^«a presence in two useful lotions vT.' """"''''' °^ '^"^^ Lotio Hydrargyri Nigra-BE.CK Wash Prepared by mixing 30 grains of .oi , • lime-water (1 to HG)? tKS 1 ^"f '" ^^ ounces of precipitated. ^' ^''^'^^^ ^'^^^^ of mercury being ^Vm^M 272 VETERINARY THERAPEUTICS Lotio Hydrargyrl Flava-YELLow Wash. Prepared by mixing 18 grains of corrosive sublimate with 10 ounces of Iime-wator (^ m oio\ m =>"i^""iaie of mercury being prec^tated! ^^' '^'' ^''"°^' °^^^^ unhr„m'^'''%^°'''"^ ^'' "'''^ as applications to ulcers, unhealthy surfaces chronic scaly skin eruptions, etc.. the yellow wash bemg the most active. lu collar and saddle S nl^ ,'T "7 ^" '^'"^"^S' the yellow wash is a useful stimulant and astringent. Hydrargyrl Fodldum Rubrum-RED Iodide op Mekcuby, Biniodide of Mercuky. Prepared by mixing hot solutions of perchloride of Actions and Uses.-The presence of iodine in this salt renders i more soluble, and hence more quickly ab Borbed. It IS seldom prescribed internally, except hi he combination with arsenic known as the hc^uor a'lni e hydrargyrl iodidi, or Donovan's solution, prepared by dis solving equal parts of iodide of arsenic and red iodide of mercury in water, in the proportion of 1 per cent of each salt. This is recommended as an a'lLat ' in chronic scaly skm affections, in doses of -,i to --ii for horses, and ,n x to iri xxx. for dogs, repeated twice daily Externally the red iodide of mercury is extensively employed as a co..^.r-fm7..i and absorbent in cases o^ diseases of joints and the various forms of exostoses Apphed sufficiently strong, it penetrates deeply, and acts as a suppurant. It is used in the form of an ointmen in the proportion of 1 part to 8 of the basis, which should be preferably of lanoline. This increases greatly the penetrating and absorbing powers of the agent e.™:rt':/:n;L:,^:r::;-rT.--te.,v,,ta.-„„, 'harido, are mixed "^ti 1° v ' """'° »"'' °' ™"- prepared by a mixture of l! ^ J ""'""' '''''"^'- i' iodide of potassium diiordi:',.,;:,::? :' r-"-' "" with oantharides. For tl,/n,; """' >''''"='l ^Pirit along applieation in cases o ;^7hrc?-:' ! ^'°^" ^'''"''™' mended to dissolve 1 drae^m ' f ,h ."-■ " '" """>•"■ ™llicie„cy of iodide of potos™„,„l'?r' '°f''^ ™'"' " 'o apply this daily untiUhe "art » "''i """■■'• "'"^ wi^en it is diseontiued ^l Zl aCtr.!^;^-^'' WHITL i-'KECIPITATE. mer:Sr:L^,.?-if -'atm, a s^^^^ „, p^^^„„^.^^ drying. monition of a.umonia. washing and it ^/™ra7a stir,"f '"'-"''"^- ^'■'ernally »Uu disease , especialh „ t ' '"""''='"'°" "> "l'™"- of the posterioTro'oVf'hT ''!"''?"" ^''^="°- tion of the hock known as ,„!/ ' , """l interior por- '■orses, in the prop^^Lro"" ; '"r:,' sT";""'' '" ment. It often succeeds for ,u '"P'<' oint- agents fail, ' '"' """ P^'Po^e w^n other («) I.i,. Hydrar^ri Kitratjs AcMus-Acid Solution of Nitrate of Mercury J-rcpared bv disqnlv;r.rr waterf and boUin. '^^'^^"^ ^^'^'^^^>^ ^'^ ^^^<^ acid and aoid:pri„''ire-ii''to';ek:^"'s.s°' "f ™'^' ""■■'<= with 2 parts of soft parata, fo,.. , ointment, mixed ^.argyri nitratis ^^^^ZTd^Z^^^^^ by- 18 W, AV^lV 274 VETFJIIN. I ItY TJJfJh'A rEl/T/CS Actions and Uses.-The acid solution of tho nitrate of mercury is a strong caustic, and .nay bo employed for tins purpose in nialiguant growths, canker in tho feet of horses, etc. The dilute citrine ointment is very use ul m cases of ccema in dogs, especially in the stage of dcscjuamation ; its eflicacy is greatly increased by the addition of creolin, combined with lanoline. In irritable and discharging conditions of tho eyelids, with chronic inflammation and ulceration of the hair follicles, a careful application of weak citrine ointment is productive of much beneSt. In chronic cases of grease in horses' heels citnne ointment is a very useful application, and in deep hssures of the same parts, with little tendency to heal, the addition of iodoform to this ointment often produces beneficial results. Mercury and Zinc Cyanlde-A double Cyanide of Mkkcuky and Zinc. This has been strongly recommended by Sir Joseph Lister as an antiseptic dressing for wounds, and is best prepared in the form of an antiseptic gauze, which should be dipped immediately before use into a 1 to 4,000 solu- tion of perchloride of mercury. Experiments with this salt have demonstrated that half the strength is req-isite to pi-event putrefaction in serum and corpuscles as com- pared with corrosive sublimate. It is stated that the double cyanide of mercury and zinc is feeble as a germi- cide, but admirable in preventing the growth of microbes • hence it is recommended to treat the gauze before using with a solution of corrosive subhmate or carbolic acid Sir Joseph Lister states that this salt tends to cause tea ing by first intention, and that granulating wounds heal m a satisfactory manner by a gradual process of ci^oatrization, while the dressing is quite unirritating to 11 ri be nitrate Giiiployed er in the nt is very the stayo ed by the I irritable 1 chronic a careful uctive of les' heels, i in deep f to heal, produces lNide of ' Joseph d is best h should 100 solu- ^ith this •eq'iisite as com- bat the 1 geruii- icrobes ; e using acid. cause wounds cess of iting to i'liospiioiws 27fi • » Suu-Giioup IV. PHOSPHORUS. A non-metallic elempi.f ni f • i . ' ™'"i'- Sarlic, and son.eti.nos pXh:;^^ '^^ '"° °"°" "' acute .ases. It caut^ catardV ';;■■"""' °' "» ^"'-'^ « -nd as a consonueneo rol' ^ '"™" W"ary ducts, also a fall o,\.:z::^zTirT' ''^'"'^"'^^ '■ d.fferent organs and tissue Pos „ „'' , ^«°"'"'"'°" °' shows general inllainu.ation of the, I ,f' " ''^annnation tl.e stomach and intestine, M ° "'■"• ""-"""res of thickened and of a S^h;!;:""""" """"'™- ''^"^ -C^ie antidotes are oil nf f,„., i- inert compound with ptoslornfT' ,"'"■'='' '°™" an which forms an insofub f pToX^^tt °' ^^P-' etc. should be avoided, as theySr tj "■.°"' ^^S'^' soluble. -^ render the poison more (2) ACTION ON THE BLOOD. Phosphorus enters the bloorl pn/i • ;-to phosphorous or phospt' 'at d, tyTL°''''7' lived from Lhe red corpuscles. oxygen de- *«!! 'M^M 27G VETtnilNAUY THERAPEUTICS i (3) SPECIFIC ACTION It acts specially on the glandular and nervous systems It can be traced in the tissues in its unchanged ort a ' ^t IS only partly oxidized in the blood. The ain L! sues of the body. In small doses, continued for a length (4) liEMOTE LOCAL ACTION Phosphorus is excreted by the kidneys and lungs nartlv aufstt™ "Tt^Tytu'ch thfrr-'^'^",™ °' "'"«'™ vexy inucu tne same as nhosnhnrna K,i«- are not n-ritant, they are preferred for the^peut calpur poses. A, tonic, and altcratiu, they are prserTbedt cases of general debility and an.mia'in fX, d d„ ' ness. They are also prescribed in cases of rickets bone Boftemng, and chronic mainutrition in doses of 10 t„ 9n grs^for foais and 1 to 5 grs. for dog, repeateTtwce daily The Phosphate of Calcium, which conjoins the acttoni of calcun, and phosphorus, is prescribed in cases" ^ hS:;::-:"""' -" ^''^'^^ -^ '= so.etin,:i„t Z^osa-Horses, Jii. to ,3iv. ; dogs, grs. v. l„ g^s. ^. ai 1 US systems. ;ed form, as I agent has 5n given in nitrogenous 5 formation Jation, and n fatty de- iscular tis- 3r a length 3 structure )', convert- substance Qgs partly ut not as calcium lorus, but tical pur- cribed in nd dogs; ne weak- ets, bone 10 to 20 ce daily. 3 actions es of de- les corn- 's. X. Phosphate of Sodium Th • cholagogue, increasing directlv'fr^* ^°*' ^' ^ ^^oderate ^"" doses it is a saline pt^e! ""'"^'^ °^ ^^^« ' - A" preparations of this irrpnf « ^ arsenic. ''''' "^^ent are derived from white 5rnter^S'a"e°i.r' •™^"--°'- "--water twice daily. <"■ '«">ed,ately afterwards, rep'S potash i„ waL.td^oZrn^rwiS'' ™'' -■•'°»'e of Thi L K '"' ' """"""^ about ""ir V'^ =°'"P"U"<3 tincture The carbonate of potash render? the .1 ™"'"' '^ '" lO")- n „ ouaeis the arsenic soluble ^^^-.-Horses and cattle. 3ii, to 3i, do«s, „Ui, to (see Hydmrgyruvi, p. 272). GENERAL ACTIONS. ^ . „ ^^^ I^^Ii^BIATE LOCAL ACTION. -^.^^ema//2,_Arsenious add is :rrif. . --^^'^- ^--ot absorbed from tl-:-'- i ji:; •P^tm 278 vrterinahy tuerapevtwh but on wounds, ulcers etn if n.-^;+ mation, and is iable ^ t . ' ^^^^ ^°*^^« '"^a"^- Internalbj.^l,-, medicinal doses on voo v • s^»ae, . aoe. „o. fon„ an albJ:. .riiC^ir be present he d „' ta told ! "^t^'f^' """ " '°°'^ veyed to the blood: whi e i the fo '?"'' ""'' '=°"- absorbed by the ve nTan" pa s ^t tt"?'^' '' " stimulates the gastnc ne.-vesTnTv.: sefs t^''' ,J' aoses It causes irritatinn nf fK^ . • ^® mucous me.nbraur r 1 *^''""" ""'^ in'estinal while toxic doses am .7 ""'°" """''='' ""O <""*-a, however, bet also d'T'T '"" "■""'°' " "-^^o '^^^'"^ '"-A, ubing also due to the ex-fvpfmn ^r j-u well as to the immediate local action! "''"' '^ (2) ACTION ON THE BLOOD Arsenic is quickly absorbed from the alimentary canal also from any mucous, serons, or skin abraded Inr^ Z: kT T r™'" °' ^°y ^P"=-' ^'fe'=' of the a™ Tri tstt;t„3-i;itdr'"''''"^''"'^--"-^" (3) SPECIFIC ACTIONS Mtter by what channel it eaters the 7S ctive inflam- iless, indeed, bat the part I'otic, slowly ich it coraes aching the other meni- ohible form tliat if food Is and con- 3mpty, it is 5 liver. It 3reases the • In large intestinal diarrhoia, ese effects, e agent as ary canal, 1 surface, agent on veil as in not form ted than for the I'oducing tiers the ARSENIC AND ffS PRFn ,/,..„ system. It also produces special Pff . 7^--. on uctaholls.., and on tt i""" '''' ''''^''^ doses, as already men ion^d . '^'"'- ^^^^icinal alimentary mucous m nbral; 'f " f '""^"^^^ '° *J- ^^on, while a toxic dose ac ts.; '°"' ^'''' ^""^« ^'^'•'^^^■ It causes ffastro.cnterLT.u;'^ T' ^''^'^^^^ Poison. appearances varying tl ^h" "'^'' '^'' Post-mortem the case. There^sVne Llv afr 'Ji "^' '"^^^-'^ ^^ stomach, often in patc'ssometh "^^'"'"'^t^- of the a-oftheintestii:;::xs:: stomach, with erosi:! o 4 , ^1 "0"'" '''''''' ^' '^^ tion with the villous port ^r C"r'"' "' ^^^ J""- intensely inflamed, of a Z-l^ ^he villous portion was covered in parts with a film of ^7^^»'sh-red hue, and were blackened, and .t olri^^^^^^i^-P^ ^ l^^^^- erosion, while in one case tw/ '^'"' '''' ^^^^^ Plete perforations thro'h llT T '^'° ^^'"°^^ «°-- large intestines were a u ell „fH . • ^'^ ^"^" ^^ in^portant lesion noted wa L " r ^" i^^^^^^s. An of the endocardium of tie le^ vC'^r °' /"^'^'"-ation ecchymosis thereon, showLl L ' ?' ""''^ ^^^^^^^ of on this membrane TaS .f, ^'"^^ ^^^^ of arsenic - -- usually res- rt:n!^:S '/. f^ centres of the spinal curd and nff?'"-"^'^' ^^ ^^^ iwotor nerves .nd muscles in t T""'^' '^'^'''''''' 'he es, in t:.ao doses causing genemj 280 VETEUINARY TIUCUAPEUTICS paralysis. Some authorities conclude as a result of theu- experiments tlmt sensation and reMex a ion persist as long, or longer, than voluntary "ower ^^ hat arsenic is a protoplasn.ic poison, ci tZL te functional activity, lirst of the central nervou7 y^tein next o the nerves, and last of the muscles (Dr. iw' Handhook of Therapeutics '). ^ ° ' It is important to remember that in some cases of arsenical poisoning the usual symptoms of gastro-en L itis nmy be absent, and the animal may die in'a stL of ^ found coma, t\., post-mortem examination not revea in. ZblCe '^'^'-r^'''^ f *^- ahmentary ^^o ^ On the heart and circulation experiments prove that in tox.c doses arsenic arrests the action of the hea bv " Z then L I '''"'"' '^"^'°"' ^^'^^ accelerating and then decreasing the action of the heart, also influ encing vaso-motor nerves. On the respiratory system it first stimulates slightly f thev'ali T T'' r' *'^ ^^^"^°"^^^ terminaLn. centre ' '^"''' '' ^^'^^^^^^ '''' respiratory 0. metabolism it reduces the amount of glycogen in n;.o.nousmaterirr^^^^^ and If the action of the drug be long continued tl'ere' occurs an excess of the fatty products of albuminou de composition in the system which are not excreted and a condition of fatty degeneration of different t si and organs is brought about. ^ On tiie slcin arsenic possesses a specific action. It pro- ' result of lex action >vver; also foying the JS system, >r. Ringer, 5 cases of o-enteritis ite ol pro- I'evealing ^ mucous lie poison ^e that in eart by a ?lia, and derating Iso influ- slightly inations piratory ogen in inishing )unt of Jrature, i there Dus de- , and a es and It pro- AltSENJC AND ITS rUEPAlUTlONS 2«l duces desquanmtion of the superficial layer of the sll f '■" ''^'"8 '"'•■""«^- of arsenic being m-L^Tnth';- °° '"""' " '™1>""™ sheep to wander ove the na t "' '."" '"' """"'"S ">e 'he dripping, fron tVe ,eece M ^ '" «™- *--" ^ 'he drug i, taken into the sylt ," t^'T^: "'"' "'"^ experiments bear it n„t t!. , " '^ helieved, and absorbed throti: Zt:^!':^'""' -''-' ^''^ "" -' The symptoms recorded aro /i.,i frothing at the n,outh olicly^a ""' "! """'"■ spiration, and in sm„„ ;,;T ^ "^^ ' '"=<^elerated re- suddenly. ' ""''■'"""' ''^"th occurs rather Paio, puise .nick'a'n'; :^r Zin™ Zr/°'r""'"' evacuations, and convulsions „it^deah '"f °°'°"'1 from SIX to thirty hours '' 'P"™ "' 'he usua, ;:;:i"^^iT;t::i -^-^'tr^: -^ ""''^^' joints, and gradual emaciation "' '"'• """^'"^ "^ miuistraLn of the dr . bv f VV"'' "' """ »«■ I J T 'senic, and (developed, ich, which poisonous g of acuto arsenical mixtures, TOportion 'Wing the thereon : and thus ved, and s are not nausea, ited re- rather to the 'niiting, floured 5ace of in dis- orked, hng of ienical le ad- e idea xress- erest- 4k A nSENW A ND ITS PREP A RA TIONS 283 tinned for a lol; poZf'"' "'^" '^'^^ °^ ---«' -n-' These arc l^Zi^ ^l^l^^Z^' T'''^'^ ing of a sli i-j occur. ' "°"^ '" ^°«' ""'^' »»d vomition may con'sttrihr;^' IT*""' °' "=™'°''' »»-»'"'' dog; while in In ir"",'"'''"™ "^ ^""^""^ » 'he tte precipitate w tlfw , ttl- ""/ ;"™' ™'""8 -oist in repeated do J, I ire™',,""? ^^*'™.-'eri„g it n.ixture of carbonate of soda w1 h i , ?'" ''' ^ percliloride acts in a «i,„,l ^°''"'™ "' ""e of a preparation of opium beinJ n T ' '^^'*'°" respect. ^ "^ °^ advantage in this In ckronio cases, oleaginous laxatives, tonics, and w J'Wi Avmiiu 21)4 VETEniNAnr TnmAPKrmcfi tZt "" ^"'P'°^^^ '» "-'- 'be elimination of .he a™. ■ • ^*' ''^'"°'"' "■'"^''^ -ACTION. membrane, tho liv^r a!A f '"•"■i-'estinal mucous i'3 initant' effl r are /ue ;"i.,'': ""™"''^ """""-d. ■mmediate local aceion ' '"" "' ™" "^ "« ■s prescribed in some cZT' ^ ""'"'" ">"''■ "'^'"^''^ duces beneficial effecrhv.?"'™ ''^'P^P""- ^' V'o- vessels of the stomlc a^l ™. °""« "'^ "'™^ «"d with the food or mmMt," °f'™"'''''''«' -^i'her along of the hquor arseSs a:.':""'^^'"'"«' '" "» form" heiug n,ore soluble andferSle '"''"'° ■"* P''"''"-'""^' The form of ,I„c„ '° "ause irritation. ■B eharacrri^ed rrrss'ir'"' ^'"™'° " '""'-'od stomach and Lestin.r ,P"»taltic action of the i-perfectly digl:: " e^d ro'^hf i'"t T ^"^'"""^ °< occurrence of purging aftr ] '°'™tmes, and the be combined wUh TtfcM f "^^ ^^' "^^onic may »e„d that it be »ittn ; Tl ""'borities recom! 'oea-ng; butth-^is^i/Lr:;"'^^ ^''"■"^ "^'-o it t;reri:ir;;"::r:':f i"-""*^-/'"''"-^^^^^ ■JobiUty, anemia, chr„n™ nasafcat'""',; ""^ "' «'^°^™' -d in such cases' is us^ l,rcomb t^wiXr' ''"'' ^'"•' of iron. ^ ^^uwmea with a preparation in tcr:dmt::ro-r '/' °'"^^' ^^''^^^y- ^'o- result; whicbrbeli vea L , P™^'"='-^of beneficial of diminishing sLs^bThtv f '"^ """^ °" "^ Power nerve centres,l.nTpt 'v <.n ?,'' 7."'^'' ""'^""'^ of the ' P*"'y on Its alterative actions. 1 on of the the form I mucous sntioned, >1I as its , arsenic It pro- ^ea and ir along le forzn rk that ferable, )n. licated 3f the i-ge of d the ! may ecom- )efore it ion, oeral etc., ition c. — icial wer the 4 A RHENIC A ND ITS PREP A RA TlONf; .,, In spasmodic asthma in do"s and fn fl.„f «- .• ■ horses known n<4 hrr^hn • 7 • *"^' affection in tive remedy and i 1 k""^ '''' " '''^ ^^^^^ble pallia- aconite. digi'taHs/etc "^' "^^' other agents, such as ail'e:tif;t" .t;'^ ^'^r^ r --^ serviceable in those andchrLl^ir;^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ -^^^ - psoriasis. its"f Ltiorc!: :r ""^^ '^ ^^^^^^^ - p-^ to and 'also to tTa on as"'"'^"^ ^^^"^ °^ ^'^^ «'^-' generallyspealdnritis. /'-^r'"^ '^'^^^'^^^ ' ^ut, Precautions i?;. ^^'.""^^^-^"^^^-ted in acute cases. already ated al'Li' 7"*'"*"" '' Arsenic. -- As -cliciLl dost o at c riaT'- '^"^^' '''''' '^ d-g it is always advisirt^Tolle" wTaf "' ^'^^ dose, and to gradually increase it as the ZLTr''""" accustomed to its effects "^ becomes shouM avoid The ptd c L?oT hrV"V''''°"«'^ ™ onhe drug, s.i.,,!t i;t: t' ^ rta ""°° afterwards, so' as" to a^r^ltstet" iJacr t^'^ gastric mucous membrane. ' "'* "^^ It is contra-mdicated in oaspa „..i • ■ • . -.auringthe acute i„flamm::;str™e™::;f^- I;" m AVmtw 28(] VETE/ifXA ItY T,i,,nA PIWTICS ! action, JaZ:'z:::7T:] °' "vt'^ ■" ■'» someti,„„s mixed X f "° "■^'^'^'"^- " '» ti-ue pap„, a,„l i..tro,UcoTi„ o tl '"'"f ""^"' '" m order to form n ,1„„„1, , °' * I'"""'' of the part ; Z t "uf' 7 ^tr '^ """"''^ ^^''°" gives safer aud better result" '" ""='' " "'^"o Bi.el;-d;;:::r™^^'' r"'° " ''''-'^ -"^'^y^' - with safet;. m,e Mo iZ '""T'T """ ''" "'^^'^ arsenious acid 2 lb o » ' T'" '"" '^ '^""' ^ "'• <" sublimed Slur and ^ n 7'° °^ P"'"^''' ^ 'I'' "f lOt'aliouso'b^'.r^ij ,,„?'!»" n"^^ "'^^"'^^ » 100 gallons. This Jll l^ 1 " ""''^ """" '<> ">al» slieep.andthofonow ! ' "'°"' '° ''* "^o"' 100 to-v^. : Tbrst!;"2„T-t- tT '; r'"" minute, with the head carefnllv 1, ? * °''""" * fluid. The a„i,„al is titn p t "'on ? "™^ '™'" "'° over another recentaolp 1 .J ?u 1"™'' Waratus as possible with a X^^'^^;™' t^"--^ as dry '0 allow the animal on'^a.X ll^te^ral^r ' ANTIMONIUM-ANTIMONY. All the medicinal preparations are derived frnn. .• monium umrum hWoh nnf,-, "erivea trom anti- the native s°ulpl Ide tL Zf'' "'' " °'^^^"^^ ^-- pniae. i he chief preparations in use are : Liquor AntlmonU ChIoricli-T.BCH.oBx.K o. An.xmo.v Butter op Antimony. 1 Y'^P^l'^^d by dissolving Durififld hio.i liydrochloric acid. punned black antimony in J 1 ANTJMOSY ANI) ITS PREPAIiATIOm 287 Antlmonlum Tartaratum-TAUTAKATKD Antimony Tautau Emetic. irfllZ7''\^^ '''''''''^ °'^"^" °f a/iti.nony aiul acid tar TIIJO ACTIONS OF ANTIMONY PBEPAItATIONS. (1) IMMEDIATE LOCAL ACTION. unit '^'f^\'^ ^"*i"^°"y ^« ^ powerful cscharotic, and unless cautiously applied it produces a sloughin. o the part which is not disposed to heal " Tartar emetic, applied to the skin in the form of solution or of ointment, causes an eruption wh ch is Ls papular and then pustular, and thus acts as a e er coruUcr.rntant. It is absorbed from the broken Ik n and mucous surfaces. doses of one to three grams. This effect is produced ac iont^hl't™' '"J'-'ly- ""■«■".. by its'irS m action on the terminations of the nerves of tlie stomach • r« uh^d ." " "r ' '^"''■■" """""■» "' '°"S«- being reiuned. It produces this emetic action when injected no a vein, but iiiore slowly ; and its effects are prolon ■ d much nausea and depression resultiug, showing thatthe drug IS excreted by the gastric mucous membrane In horses and cattle, except in very large amounts it produces no eileets, and even then only a sltrdel' of nausea and uneasiness is found to result. ^ (2) ACTION ON THE BLOOD wifh"!r°''n '"'''' /^' *^^°°'^' "^^ ^°^*« "ot combine with the albumen of the -lasma. We are not aware of any action which it produces under this head s. \ \4 1- m % AWHkM ^Mh VlCTKlilNAIiY TilERAPilVTICS I (3) SPECIFIC ACTION. ol t/7 '' P™","™' ^P"""!" actions a, follow, : vessel walls. stomach , it also acts on the deficient oxv"enati„n i„ ^^ """"""'^ """'"S i.te.i„.3. whf,el'.°t„::tr r e j::rs :' .'"^ mente-. ■ • t"'""'"".'^^'' 'n'ravenously, some experi- /« caWe the drug also produces little physiological i cts in tho >W8 : '. rt acts artly in a '8 on the disturbs 1 directly ble those causing )roducts, iperficial in this lis elTect nistercd oducod. anil al iiann ,';•. lasiricKsj ippear- of the be dis- lefinite experi- iration )f one logical (4) llEMOTE lOfAL ACTION pound, and prevem atorpt r TiT " r"'""'" "°"'- encouragecl within sa^r n^ .' ^ ™'"'"°8 """■" ^e '-i, to'aiiay tC,:z !;s;:ior' ''""■"'™"'^ «'- ti." enteral?" t'f'" 1 """'-"^ '» -™. canker, foil L ,,rC "c 'uieTn °f ? '" '""= °' but in conse,ue„ca of h„ str Uv o^ -^ "■' '" '''^'''' • be used withgro« camion .T^., '" """'" "»'»»' while l«.„gq,lraseffecu::;,"' "'"^'^ ^='^'"" -<> -'"■ vettt;;::;^" rirr''''^'"^-*^'' - efll-ots in .nediciual doserin 1 "'■'' " P™'^"^^ "o difficult to undc-sta d , Twi "ca/bHf T ,T'' ' '' '^ value. • ^^° ^^ o^ any therapeutical action^n"h:1,:° '3°r '"^ "°°*"™ »' "-- by its and condition poX: in ::irrP'°^-^'' '" ="" i- but probably if is to tirt * :'™:f r^?«»''. are really due. " ^ bi^neficial effects l: 19 v^S^tu 290 VETERINARY TIIERAPEUTJCi i As a vermicide it is also prescribed, but we have no evidence of its action in this respect to justify its use. It may be given in doses of from 1 to 4 drachms In the dog this drug can safely be dispensed with It IS to be avoided as an cvietic, in consequence of its nauseating and depressing effects. As ii sedative expectorant for similar reasons it should be avoided, as our aim in the treatment of affections requiring the use of sedative expectorants should be to sustain the strength of the patients, by encouraging the appetite and digestion, and avoiding any agent likely to irritate or nauseate. Tartar emetic is not employed externally. BISMUTHUM— BISMUTH. The chief salt of bismuth employed in veterinary piactice IS the subnitrate. ^ Bismuthi Subnitras-SuBNiTBATE of Bismuth (1) IMMEDIATE LOCAL ACTION. Externally this salt has no effect on the unbroken skin On inflamed or ulcerated surfaces it acts as a mild seda- hve and astringent, and a similar effect, is produced on accessible mucous membranes. Intarnally it is insoluble in the stomach, and produces sedative and astringent effects, either by acting on the gastric nerves and local circulation, or, by acting in a ; we have no ify its use. rachms. ed with. :iuence of its ms it should of affections should be to Juraging the ent likely to veterinary ISMUTH. in diluted -vith water, to grs. XX. ihe form of 'oken skin. mild seda- Dduced on Jiisniuth enters the I.I ;i ' 'he »testi„*tulX;:r''^'' "-to the sulphMe in colour, 8 ""« ''-oes to assume a leaden-lv Medicinal tTscs.-Bismath • , • »anme practice in ease 71, "'"""^ P'^'^ibed in i b,carbonate of 'o-diu™' ,, ™t^'' '=°""''»^'' ™* «.th opu™, if th,,, ^^ n,;oh pi ^"""^'"■'^ "««, or "^<^fnl in cases of diarrhea in f ^f P'^"™'- -f' "s also ^ basic bismuth salt nf'!?'!!"'''"' '^t^ salt of dithzo-salicylic acid. •\ Mr produces ig on the iting in a m m'i WiStItu 9()>> VErKRIXA I{ Y Til ERA rECTlCS I CHAPTER IV. INORGANIC MATERIA MBDIQA-Continucd. (illOUr ni.-TIlE NON-METALLIC EL]OMJ']NTS. ^ Wo may subdivide the non-niatallic elements into iiireo divisions, as follows: 1. Chlorum; ledum; Bromum. 2. Sulphur. 3. Carbo. SUB-GllOUl' I. CHLORUM-CHLORINE GAS. rreparcd by heating common salt and black oxide of manganese with sulphuric acid. Actions and Uses.-Chloriue is a disinfectant, antiseptic, and deodorizer. Its action depends partly on its power of destroying the organisms which produce putrefaction, and partly on its chemical actions. It possesses great allhiity for hydrogen, and sei;^es upon this element in organic and inorganic substances, altering their properties and setting free nascent oxygen, which exerts active oxida- tion. Chlorine gas dissolved in water acts as a powerful irritant to the skin, and in dilute solutions in the stomach It becomes converted into hydrochloric acid and chlorides If the gas be inhaled, it causes local irritation of the respiratory passages. The chief use of chlorine in medicine i.s as a disinfectant and deodorizer, for the purpose of disinfecting sheds, buildings, etc. ; but other agents are to be preferred. It is sometimes employed as '^ TIC^ Continued. ^LEMJONTS. 3le)nont8 into lack oxide of ^t, antiseptic, its power of sfaction, and jreat aflinity b in organic perties, and ctive oxida- a powerful ;he stomach d chlorides, ition of the slilorine in 2r, for the but other mployed as an inlmlation for parasitic alTcctiona „f M , , • lODUM IODINE ^'.'«t:;u:;:;!--:;:;-;-.o-.oa„.i.eo,,,- vosetable nltaloMs °"'"" "'"'''"'" ^''"«. ""'""al acidn, Doses. — IIorsGs ers \- f , Ciivou in the form'of bolus^ofpiil.""" ' '^°"'' ^'- '• ^^ ^''- ''^^ Prepar(iii„ns 'o.a'^S;^n^^-f-^:i-nO;io..,. Unguentum lodi— 1 f r> fi . ■ t . i ■■ laLolin, i I«rts ; V:soli,;°*'';al ■s!"'''''''"^ P°'^^''""'. Potassli lodidum-IoD,,,,, of Potass «-^o^s°r4eSeitiiS?--/^S; ACTIONS or XODINK AKO :.« Pa.P.H.^XS (1) IMMEDIATE LOCAL ACTIOX. vesicant. It stains the .nil ^ ^" "''^'^^"<^ ^"d -'--e.,.o.,:t-l7;:;rit;^-^^^ f < ■ 'i;j f ' i mmm 294 ^'f-^TEIi/NAIiV TIIFMAPEUTICS the skin into the blood T^ nio. ^"l^P>ic and ,ft/,,/«.M:tp4ert: '"""" ""™'"" ■absorbed b^urrl,"''' ™'"<"'™ ^'' of to 'ho excretion rtttJnt"!"'^ ''^'"« ^'^'^^^ 'I™ membrane. «'"' ''^ "=« respiratory mucous eatarrlml condition ofThl '^^'^Pepsia, an irritable nostrils, eyes thm.t . """""" "'e'"l'rane of the noticed i„v':terit;;at::;,'''"° '="™'^ "^'"^ -4 Professor Dick's iL. '""mrei ,vith human ° ""- duced was the total refnl, ,"'' "^^ ""'^ efect pro- ^» «« r/o. iodln '"'""^ ''J' "-e anin,al. gastro-entS t t'Ltr '"^^ "^"^^ vomition and eharges from hT Le'tTne, a"' ,^."™"''''8'e die- paralyzes the cerebral* , /T*"^ '» ^'n^'. '* nervous structu^trnd" ^tta'T'tr''™ °" "'^ the respiratory centre. ^ "* "et'on on Antidotes. — In i^nfo « ■ *o„M be administered .TT'"^ ""^ '°'''™' ^"rch 'o^ine i..to the i.S sta iSr " ^"^ '""'''"^' mmm 296 VETER/XAiiY TllEHAPlWTWS (4) KEMOTB LOCAL ACTION. Iodine is rapidly excreted, appearing in the urine thp In full doses, the iodide of potassium acts as a diurctir ■ ,, *t'^,f""J™ i« ™««tai„ in different individual and sttn'o :v° T f "" ™"'" "■» '° "^-^^■^' by the e otto V " " °' '""'"^ '^"""S "^ -""^'-n y me respiratory ,„uooug membrane is of theraoeutiVnl oflrt'er '■' '""^"^ ='"'' "^""'^- broithifl e ! "on, thus acting as an expectorant Iodine is also excreted by the skin, causing stiranlalion of the epidermis, and sometimes the appearance of , pap>^« or vesicular eruption, if admiSrd t tiU soluble tr' ^r~™° '"'"''^ "' P""''^™'" being more .^trltL > 7 "r"' " P'-^'"™^ '"'• '»'--nal adm^u ment Th Vd-f ".'"^^ """"^ "" -=»'" ^'''^'"c derange- ment. The iodide of sodium possesses similar actions forms of pulmonary consohdation it probablv mon o absorption by stimulating the local nutriron ' ' '" ■ vs 'he urine, the perspiration, as a diuretic; ividuals, and ihe iodine, its excretion herapeutical nchial secre- stimulation irance of a red in full being more ■nal admfu- ic derange - actions, bed in sub- ^inds, such id in some ' promotes secondary ly in com- )nic bron- of ammo- amount enacious. smployed lent sue- <=ess. I' is administered in doses of on „,.,■ • long course ;f th iodid t /o^""' 1 ' '"°«"'' ™^ the disappearance othT, E,''"' ^'"' ■•°^"'"=<' •" "on. Tl,e metlod adont 1 ■'' '''°"'"' "'"'™' "pora. of 75 grains o he bdide '^"f '''■ '" "'^ "'■""-t.-alion 'ions of iodine bein„aL ^ T''""' ''''"" ''""y- '"i"- After a period of !Z , T^" '"'" ""^ «0'otal fistula. -pecti3„ot3.:::;:rtr;redt:'^'^'"°'-^^ i" cast: " r,:^tS7-'^. ™"" ='^ '^™-'-«'c, and tice, the iodide of" ottXir '"1 ^f " "^"''"^ P™- In diabetes uJmTT ?'°^°'' '""» ''»«'''• useful, alJayi„"X 1 ''^^?'''"'^'™ '^ '=^P<'<=i«"y 'arge a»ou^t of ur n " red"'"T,l^"' ^^'"°'"« ""^ ■' brings about these favour tl f '"'""' '" «"'='' factorily explained The "1 /''"'" "'"""'' "« ^'''i^- cases given in doses o hfl '™\'"=" ^'""^ '" »'™ sulphate of iron anHentian „", r*""' "'°"8 "'"^ ""e severe cases it nrayCal ■ ° "T™ "* ''''y ■ l"" '» being taken to ensure a ^onZt'f '""'='' "^"y- -"^ same time. °°"P'"<= "=bange of food at the with arsenic and mercurv h, H 'T''"""' '" combination et hydrargyri ioddrir °""°'""'"'!''orarsenii 'i-s (. Veferin::^t::;;;?7-f ^ ^y Professor Wif- -- °f ^'"F-™ '..»on.H-iin horses, especially r If- til % .41 "111 as wiilw 298 yF.T,cn,i,,,ny TnicRAPEVTws m those characterized hv r^im u • fessor Dieckerhoff and othet r ^ ^ ^" '^eghitition, Pro- -end the intra-trachoaltjeet^oror "?'°"*^^^ ^^^°'"- and iodide of potassitnn prem Id .? '°'"''°" °^ '°^'"^ five parts of iodide of 1h? ^ ''^'^^°"^ P^^'* ^^ iodine, of water, the do e b inT n o^d' "' °"^ '""^^^ ^^'^^ fluid drachms of this solitinn ?'^ '^''' '^''' '^ "'"« i--n of the trait rkdl'^r^^^ ^"^^ ''^ hypodermic syringe Tr. 2 ^ ^'^^ ^'^ ordinary ---i^ H"~■^--- food of herbivora. ''"■«" P^PoiWou of the ■E'.rfenmtty iodine is applied f„„i j , bursal distensions, etc as a ,/^ ^enlargements, s"ch as ringworm ;„7f?>'1 '"'=''''''»*!" diseases, binedi„ti,eform";ointatt"tt''"''°"^ ""^ ''^ »''"■■ creolin, etc. °»taen', with wood-tar oils, sulphur, ^-'teiSr Sf i^r °'^' °' »*-'». a -uch the fluid has hi:: :sz""° "''''■ ''"■■ '™» hocL iHlrst :c:,' ippir r"'=' --'^ - -ppe^ parts of tinctur ofTX f™ T ? """'''' °' ^^l™! well mi.ea together, ZT^^^^^^i^ll^ "".' '"" '"'^ boing discontinued when th. 1 ""'' °°'='= ''aily, opplied when necessary ^"" 8°' '^'■''". and re- utition, Pro- bities recoin- ^n of iodine I't of iodine, ndred imrts iree to nine 2d into the n ordinary antity nicay 'favourable V mercury 5<3; it dis- clers them >e given a hances of ble iodide on of the gements, hent. diseases, be com- sulphur, esion, a c., from capped f equal ft soap 3 daily, ^nd re- jj ITS PJiEPA RA TIONS 299 BEOMUM-BEOMINE. and fro,,, o,„7 alin t? ' " '?""'""' '">" >='=»■"*'■ magnesium compo "d ,vUr„'% \'™""8 "^^ ""'"■■a' phurio acid. The " U in "t °' "anganese and sul- iue salt in general use is : Potassll Bromldum-BnoMiDE op Potass™., grs. XX. "" "="'"8, .389. to ,-„. ; dogs, grs. V. to P,,„ „ '^^ '■■""™"™ LOCAI, ACTON. 'he ^::^Zl^^ ^"'^ - ^ '°P-' irritant to unless in highly onetZfr'' T '°°'" ""'"' ^-^'i"" absorbed fro™ thVu„rrX::k1u"'"''°"'' ^'' "'" -' they are said to d nSsh th'"'!',- ^""^ '" '"" 3°^^^ 'hat reflex move,n T such T '^ °' 'he fauces, so are not easily excited fallowing, cough, etc., Of PoUss-r thX ™t^ "^-t". »d 'ho hromide and to be then converted i:?o'L' ?°°' """"^''Sed, presence of chloride of sodiiin it "°^T '"" ^^ ""' set free in the blood but wT *'' ^ '^'"Perarily action which it exerts thereon"" "' *™" °' ^"^ ^''-»' 300 mkm VriTEniNMtY Til ERA piwrics (3) SrECIFIC ACTION. It seeuis probable tbat the broim.tes pass throu-h tho orgaus and tissues, as the bro.nide of sodium am to specflc action, generally speaKing, is one of .;;«"t' in tht h ^ f "^ ""' """"'yo' 'he nei-vous centres m the bram and spinal cord, and also depress the ped after hfrr"^' r™"' '^'"'"""'»' "- -™" -^-s '■ - oUhe body '* '° ""°'°"°" "'"^ "'^ ^^°''^»' ^-f-- bra?'et'ir"'"rK""'^ '"'"=" '*'=""'5'> '""' 'l""'""'- core- bra excitement by reducing the activity of Jo reflex portions of this region. They are thus uL-ccl „„ ., „,t producmg a condition of the brain favourable To p' :ereb":arb,:ore'sse,::''°" °" "'^ ™™-"' - o" "- prets'ant "'*'' "'"™ "^ '"" '""'""" '"^^ -' - <1- 0« (/« Ji«-,Mi C»„(TO, sj„-,„( „<,„, ^„,; partly by depressing the cardiac centre in the medulla On respiration they weaken and slow the resuiratorv move^nts by depressing the respiratory ..ZTTZ On the blood-vessels the direct effect is not known in i redutr"""^ probably the tension in the vessels i: bro^nidl^^''*'"~^^"'" ^^ '°°'^^^^^ l^^g« doses the biomides cause a condition termed bronusm, consisting BROMINE AND I'lS mm A RATIONS 301 Of cerebral depression, feebleness, anaemia, and the occurrence in som3 instances of acne. an eruption resembling (4) KKMOTE LOCAL ACTION. The bromides are quickly eliminated, chiefly by the kidneys, also by the salivary glands, skin, and all mucous surtaces. In their passage through the excretory organs hey set free bromine, which exerts certain effects, when they are given continuously, such as irregular disturbance Of the urinary constituents, an eruption on the skin, and sometimes conjunctivitis. Medicinal Uses—The bromide of potassium is the salt most frequently used. In ejnlcptic convulsions in dogs the bromide of potash often gives favourable results as a palliative remedy It IS also useful in chorea, and in both these affections is combined with the liquor arsenicalis with benefit The bromide of ammonium is recommended by some prac- titioners m the early stages of pneumonia in horses, when the affection is accompanied by nervous excitement In vulk fever in cows, it is recommended in combina- on with chloral hydrate, but many practitioners prefer the latter drug administered alone. In strychnine poisoning it is inferior as an antidote compared with chloral hydrate or chloroform. In tetanus it is sometimes prescribed in combination with belladonna, but does not appear to be of any special value in the treatment of this intractable affection if the mmw 802 ^^^^'^^'^^"^■^^^yrfncuAPi^UT/cs Sun-Ciuoui- ir. SULPHUR. i" Sicily and I a y ™l t,?™'"°' °/ ™'™""= ■'«"™ OK bULl'IIUK chfXf '"" ^^"^'^ -^PJ-r by sublinnng in large Z>06w.— ^sa/aa-a^ii-c- Horses ti f« -• to^.vi. ; sheep and pigs, ^iv [n '; ^ '^^^ ^'^: ' ^^^tl". "i- A-na.e,.a.ve.o^i./„a,':,^l;'3fa?sV?;/p°|Libod. S«>Ph«r Pr«ipitat _P,eeipiuted «ulph„,_ ' IMiIk of Sulphur ■ acid, washing and dryius '^''""' hydiocliloWo ^^«-.-Same as thosf of subIi„,od sulphur. Sulphuris Iodldum-IoD,DE op Sulph,,,, vasehne. ""Wl-ms Iodidi.-l in 15] lanolin and with S'.cha^rco^'"'^' " ""^'™ »* »"'pl>ate of calcium '^^^^^'^^^^f^ AND ns rn.rAUATloys 30. ACTIONS OF SUJ.PiniH AND ITS PKKPAliATIONS. (i) IMMKDIATIO LOCAI. ACTION alterative .„ the su„e.-flcial laye s ' , iT:'!"::^ "" I-n« opahe„aI ee.„. .„a i...ea3i„; t:;^Lr:; carried to the intGstin«= „ i • °'San. It ia purgation when „iven in f„ll 7 7 P™''"°'"8 •"M «.ana„,a. st.uctuCa:,, io'';:,X''b;"i:e "^ '"^ peristasis A nn„c;/) n i^^""at)iy by increasin<' iVdroge„"wcier~d ir;hrL°v "■'•''"''''^^ tion of the sulnhnv T , intestines, and por- cither uneL: r aT.Ti^hil'foTf t '" ""= '="'-• Wued with alkalies a,et witH^^the bowef °'"' " '°'"- (2) ACTION ON THE BLOOD not aware of any action wh?! T ^"'^^'''- ^e are or chemical o^sC^oVlntZ^^^^^^^^ portion becomes oxidised nnl .^'^^ beheved that sulphate. ' ^PP^^^'i^S ^n the urine as a Snlpiiuretted hydroeen if in^o)«^ u ■''it' fi'i i'^ [i ■I }fe' -"J mmm ;504 VETERINARY THERAPEUTICS of the red corpuscles, and converting the carbonates and phosphates of the white corpuscles into sulphides, sul- phites, and sulphates. (3) SPECIFIC ACTION. Sulphur in the form of hydrogen and alkaline sul- phides enters the tissues from the blood, and in exces- sive doses acts upon the central nervous system, causing depression, and finally paralysis of ihe centres of respira- tion and circulation, besides giving rise to inflammation of the stomach and intestines, as proved by the experi- ments of Moiroud and Hertwig. In medicinal doses we beheve that sulphur possesses the effect of modifying nutrition, and thus acting as an alterative. (4) REMOTE LOCAL ACTION. Sulphur is excreted by the kidneys, by the skin, the lungs and the bronchii, and by the intestines. Bij tJic hldncys it is excreted in the form of sulphates, and if in excess as sulphides also ; the constituents of the urine are not altered, with the exception of the in- crease of the sulphur compounds. By the skin it is excreted in the form of sulphides and sulphuretted hydrogen, giving a characteristic odour to the perspiration, increasing slightly the amount of the latter, and acting as a viild cutaneous stimulant and diaphoretic. By the lungs and bronchii it is excreted in the form of sulphides, and is believed to act as a mild expectorant. By the intestines it acts as a inmjative alterative. Medicinal Uses. — Internally. — As an alterative sulphur is extensively prescribed in affections of the skin, such as acne, eczema, etc. ; also in dry, scurfy conditions of the bkin, and general want of condition. It is given either 'ICS carbonates and sulphides, sul- alkaline sul- , and in exces- ystem, causing tres of respira- ) inflammation by the experi- phur possesses s acting as an the skin, the es. I of sulphates, onstituents of ;ioa of the in- sulphides and istic odour to mount of the Uimulant and in the form of 'xpectorant. lerative. rative sulphur s skin, such as ditions of the 3 given either ^^s a laxative it is Rnn-mf.v, «-, and frequen 1; ,rca ,rrf ^'' '" "^'* P™- laxative as well as an n?^. ^""'' "''"="'"' ="3 » great value in the htt r' rK'"""""* " " "««"' °f teste it is readily tak^n .„ thelood '""' ""'°" ''''™''' °' '"f"-r:^;:atttts-"^^^-"---^» ployed »thet:.eatm:„ : ~ ''/» ^'^--ly „„, I' is used in various colnhZ ■'''"''' °' '''''"^'^■ >>>=nts, oint.nents, eee t„ "'■'" ""' '°'™ °' «"'■ l-ie„eo prove that tl,e ele^To? T' r"'^^> - purposes i, greatly increasedbv ,'""' '°'' '^"<=l' alkali, Buchasthecarbonatelf . "'°° '' ™* '"' «.at the parasites on vhToh ' ! " f'"""- " '^ "'"''^'l by the for„,atiou of lulnhZr. f''?'^' are destroyed toxic sulphides the J.h- . '^ ''^'''■''S™ and other alkali inlea L be ll r" "' ,''^ ^"'P'""' «■'"> " - besides tending'tf:oftrrnrrel™"^° "°'"^°""^^- scales on the skin. Two nart, otT k, / "'""^ '""' one part of earbonato o Lh ! ?'""'"' '"'P''""- and 0' gentle heat, in eil'^°lr"';'', 'f'""^ ''^ ""^ ''i'' nseful appheat on for sncbl „ ""' "' °"- """« a one part of the oil of Lr ,.,"'' ''' '"^'''"™ '» this of Before bein. ap^ i d T "' " "'°'° '^'«='«='o"s. "ashed With s^oft':! ;'; ^,Cw^" '° "'°™"s'"^ '■e application to actlh^c l^ri '■'" "' '" """"o be allowed to ren.ain on fo, V T'"'""'- " ''"'"''l -hedof,;a„dreap;;ied\':ee:s:r;'''^-^'"'''''''^-"^" --nepartof,X;t:^--^.-as.,o„s. 20 Ml I 1 , •606 midm VETEIilNA R Y Til Ell A PEUTIC& in ten parts of water until the sulphur and lime com- bine, let the solution stand, and pour off the clear portion. A suflicient amount can be prepared in similar proi^or- tions to the above. As a cutaneous stimulant and alterative, sulphur in various forms of combinations is employed as an applica- tion to affections of the skin, such as chronic eczema psoriasis, etc., stimulating epithehal cells, hastening desquamation, and thus promoting a healthier action in the parts. The ointment composed of sublimed sulphur and carbonate of potash, already mentioned, is very use- ful for such purposes. The iodide of sulphur, in the form of ointment (1 to 8) acts very beneficially in some forms of chronic scaly skin affections, and also in cases of ringworm. Sulphnrous acid is employed °as a "disinfectant for stables and premises, the gas being evolved by buruin- sulphur mixed with one-fortieth part of finely-divided charcoal. It is sometimes used as an inhalation for destroying bronchial filaricc in calves and Iambs Sub-Geoup III. CARBO— CARBON. Two forms of carbon are recognised, viz. : 1. Carbo Animalis. 2. Carbo Ligni. (1) Carbo Animalis— Animal Chakcoal. I'reparcd by exposing bones to a red heat, excluding air and powdering the residue. The purified animal charcoal is prepared by digesting the agent in diluted hydrochloric acid, and thus removing the salts therefrom TIC3 I' and lime coni- ir off the clear 1 similar propor- tive, sulphur in id as an applica- chroiiic eczema, Jells, hastening ilthier action in ablimcd sulphur led, is very usc- intnient (1 to 8) ronic scaly skin disinfectant for ved by burning f finely-divided inhalation for lambs. KCOAL. leat, excluding Lirified animal cut in diluted ilts therefrom. c:iJinoy AXD its p/n.n^u 307 *""~~*''"»D CjrARCO\L and 'S2:^^°^ ""a-d by expcu. t„ a .od tea, General Actions._&fc,.,,„„„ „, -«^, disu,f.c,an,, aad ZZt, T'' "°" ^= " ''«'■<■- l»rty of absorbing and ooni I'^^esses the pro. -<; vapours, it absorbs bu" lull^Tr^ «^"""' ''°^'- W.11 take up a eonsiderab" a onn o?'"*-""' "'"'""S'' " quantities o( sulphuretted hT "'"■''S""' "'"' I'l-'So "etion on noxious gas is '^^"1':"^ ''"■"™'»- ^^ oxygen which it retaTus dl! "■' '° ''"P™'' °» "'" 'bom. Some autho U e stateT^f" f , ""' '3^°"ori3ing absorbing and Condons l tt 1 To„s '" "^ P°"'=' "' /«<«v,a%, ehareoal giv „ ™ ° r ^''f '" "^ P°"' bo power of chocking kt-mont :J f ''"'°™' ''»>* through the alimentarycanlfr ?"«"'"''"''' P'^^-'^'g ■' -ill prevent the ZlZt7l^n''''''°°' ""' -^'"'- he power of attracting alkaloil f '"f- " P"''''^^^^ 'he stomach, and re„d°eri„l t ! ' "'"'' '*°'""™^ i" charcoal has been recon m!,, J \"'"' ' ^''"'"' animal antidote i„ cases oft ^ " . ' °''' °""°' "= "» strychnia, etc. P°'5°nmg by morphia, acouiio. Charcoal is removed fmn, *i ^"t-tines, and not being abo^e/'if? '"'""^^ '^' ^'- specific action on the bodv ' ' "'* ''^^^' ^"y Medicinal Uspt: Ao of gases due to ferment'ti™ 'l';' '° °''"'= ""'^ '""'-tion canal, charcoal is s™, J ™ "°™ '" ""* ali.nentary "atuleuce in dosos of "s o— "'^^^^ '" ="=- of and grs. XX, to ,5. for dC. ' '"'"'=' '"«' "attic, he.ng applied Ji,,et,yi„°^''yf««, »<■ foul wounds. ;i Iff; ■It '•" m^s- ^M^-.. 308 VET ERIN A a Y THE 11 A PEUUCS CHAPTER V. INORGANIC MATERIA MEDICA- GROUP IV.-ACIDS. -Continued. For convenience of description, we may arrange the oflicial acids in common use under two headings : 1. INORGANIC ACIDS. Sulphuric ; Nitric ; Hydrochloric ; Nitro-hydrochloric ; Boric; Chromic. 2. ORGANIC ACIDS. Acetic; Citric; Tartaric; Hydrocyanic; Carbolic; Gallic and Tannic ; Salicylic. Of the organic acids, only the first three will be noticed in this chapter, as the actions and uses of the remainder are but slightly connected with their properties as acids. We shall first briefly notice the general actions of acuh before proceeding to a consideration of the actions and uses of each acid separately. (1) IMMEDIATE LOCAL ACTION. Externally.— "Ihe strong acids-such as sulphuric, hydrochloric, and nitric—are caustic and irritant, and iri concentrated form are powerful corrosives. They pro- duce these effects by their affinity for the bases and water of the tissues, and in a lesser degree for the organic substances therein. Properly diluted, they act as astringents when applied to the skin, mucous mem- T uncs """'"'■'^ -'OriOXS OF ACWS —Continued. nay arrange the leadings : o-hydrochloric ; lie ; Carbolic ; ic. it three will be and uses of the 1 their properties neral actions of 'n of the actions ON. 1 as sulphuric, I irritant, and in ves. They pro- the bases and degree for the iluted, they act 1, mucous mem- -•---" 309 anT:^;r:^S;"\^*-. .„„a„„3atio„ of the .issues, capillaries. ° "'omoirtage from small vessels and »ct.o„ depeuding o„ an L„ "''^ ""'""'°"- ">is ' e cceWcspinal nerves ^^IC'T' "--8" llwy are i„ part neutralirj. .^ "'''™''>' S'^n^s. fro.n the salivary gands ' uV^ "-e alkaline seeretion some astringent efets ''""''""S '^""^ '^''^rting 'he digestive tract, and fomrnf '', "T ™* "'"^^^ '" acid inereases the aciditvTf T '*"'• Hy<''-ochIoric a'ter feeding, thus aed g a/a'-i!!"-'" >T ""^" ^.ven ■f" «« 'e ad uvant. ehy-no, stin^ult'The^ntslTl ''/ ""'■*'^ °' "- ~at of the intestine, and a o L^'^f ' """ "'"^^lar pancreas. The dilute suTphurt„r * "'" ^""^ ^nd astringent. "*'''" "= a""^ acts as an intestinal (2) ACTION ON THE ULOOD f^-Zt!sZ^l^T'^^^^ pan 0. the fc» ««•«««; b^t even when °,v "' ''""''"• "'« ^lood oscs.— Similar to those of the dilute acid. Actions— 7r;,r/nv/rt ////.- Strong sulphuric acid absorbs water with avidity from the tissues, and has also an afllnity for their bases, and to a less degree for tlio organic substances themselves. For these reasons, when applied locally, it destroys the tissues to a considerable extent, producing a brotcn or black eschar and a powerful corrosive action. IniernaUi/.— The dilute and aromatic preparations only are employed internally. These act as tonics and cistrimjonts, the tonic action probably depending on a stimulating effect upon the gastric and biliary functions, the astringent action probably on an astringent effect on the bloodvessels. It must be remarked, however, that the acid is soon neutralized in the upper part of the small intestines, being converted into a sulphate, thus losing its astrin- gency. It is excreted chiefly by the kidneys, increasing to a slight extent the amount of sulphates in the urine ; it is probable that part escapes by the bowels as sulphates of sodium and magnesium, and a certain portion possibly by the skin. Toxic Effects. — Sulphuric acid acts as a corrosive irritant poison, producing in concentrated form patches of erosion of a brown or black colour on the mouth, fauces, oesophagus, and mucous membrane of the stomach,' with perforation of the latter in some instances. The throat becomes acutely inflamed, extensive swelling resulting, with rapid death from suffocation. In dogs it causes immediately retching and emesis. NITRIC A CID ;n:} the vomited matters being dark-coloured and blood- stained. The antidotes are alkaline bicarbonatss, chalk, or carbonate of magnesia, given in small quantities frequently repeated, with a liberal administration of demulcents. Medicinal •U&Q&~IntcrnaUy.—As a tonic and astringent, the medicinal preparations are prescribed in chronic diarrhcca and dysentery, generally combined with a preparation of opium, carminatives, etc., and administered in starch gruel. It is recommended by some practitioners in the treatment of purpura htcmorrhagica in horses, being prescribed with the sulphate of iron. It is an efficient antidote in cases of poisoning by lead and by alkahes. In pharmacy it is employed as a solvent in dispensing sulphate of quinine in the form of mixtures. Externally.— ^\x\^\mviQ acid is occasionally employed as a caustic to destroy some forms of malignant growths, being mixed with suitable substances for such purposes! It is recommended as an application to contract and remove umbilical hernia, being applied either pure or mixed with linseed-oil. (2) Acidum Nitricum— Nitric Acid, Aquafortis. Prepared from nitrate of potassium by distillation with sulpJuiric acid and water. Contains 70 per cent of real nitric acid. Preparation. Acidum Nitricum Dilutum.— 1 to 4 of distilled water. ^ Doses.— Of the diluted acid: horses or cattle, Sss to oil. ; dogs, W\y. to lH_x. properly diluted. A.ziiom— Externally. -Kline acid, not possessing so strong an affinity for water, and not readily redissolving .4 J ^mm 314 VETEJiLyAIiV TIIERAPEUTm il ! ".0 tissues ksso. 'rsi^i; "■" '"""^ """"«'• ""'"^^ alkalies, and reu.ovej IX , ° °*"' " ''''='1""'«'' ''X The «tiou of Juwr ^ ! ''os'iuamatio,, of the cuticle co,npa,,Uive,; t" • ^ I f;, ^^ ^jf > -" "-- ^^ seated ospecially if ci^so . 'th fle.u r'o'a"'' ""■ extensive slough often res„Hi„. "* " J°"='' "» of tl.c duodinun,, c^ausiuTa" Z^T^ T^^'T consequent coutraction of the „a 1 , ,,, °" ° ""'''■ ''>' also, probably by the con enJ'r f n r"'""'"^-''""'^: the aridity of uleurinl "'"^' '° '""'"'•»" ^"g^tly Toxic Effects.— Nitric acirl i« o poison, especially when in it t.a e^Zr^It "'""' yellow or brown stains in tl,„ month' ""' these are usually rendered obscure by he Lute „r' »atory changes, often aecou.panied b^ lurtvltr 'S ae^t:is^x;K::r:^r"'^f^" ti>e liver accompanied witb inCtinTdystel^iri; ■ ' TICS •■ating as siil- ^P'ifd, destroys ' colour, due to is deejjened by 11 of the cuticle, and tissues is lly very deep- of a joint, an a cholaqofjuc, )us iiiembrano >w of bile, by nd bile-ducts; )denum being ilino bile IS ther acids oji is believed to inmonia, and nisli slightly 5ive irritant '• It causes Jarynx, and the stoniacli 3ute inflam- ■vasation of y^ed for the ■ilute nitric iorpidity of ?sia. It is ITYDROCirLOniC ACID 315 also useful in long-standing affections of tlie liver such as chronic congestion and cirrhosis ' whlThn' °V^^'^^^"^'^^""^' ^«P-'^"y in young anin.als, ^^helo tl motions are greenish in colour, cmlled and mixed with mucus, sn.all doses of dilute nitric acid a often of great benefit. Nitric acid should be given lar- ' y a^:::!ic^Lr ^' -'-' '- --"^ -^-^ ^ Jr^l^r^'^ "''"' '''^ ^' '"^^^">'^'^ ^"^^ the removal of nSv^ft T " ' ' V "^^' P'-^^^^ti^'- ^eing taken to pievent the surro-mding tissues being injured and also fn guard against its action extending too deeply (3) Acidum HydrochIoricum-nvnKoc„r.oKic \cw MuiuATic Acid, Spikit of Salt ConUiu. 3. p. eon. ., ^^^ °l ^ l^^Zai;, acid-1 to a{ distilled water '" '■>'''™l>'°"c 7J«,, -Of the dilute acid : horses, ^ss. to "Ji ■ cattle Actiom-£,ri„.™//i,._Hyd.och]orie acid is an active ca«.t,c. caus.„g the fomiation of a uMe fihn ou tllo tissues when applied in concentrated form. It t le 3 con-osive .„ its action than nitric or sulphuric acid I,.tcr„„ll;,.-.ln the mouth it is a ,ti„mllt and «*W„., increasing the flow of saliva anT thus nd,rec ly, as well as reiJexly, of the gastric jt&e I„ the t u,aoh ,t .ncreases the acidity of the gasL-ic juice 1 aa. ^s a .uycslux Mljmant. It enters the tissues in the form of chlorides, possessing no appreciabk "p'ifi^ I *|-1 ■MC, '■'■■'•'■■'^'■y-i'iyr/n:,,P,TTic, II action theronn Tf ; unno. ^ ''^^^'"^ t"e free acidity of the Medicinal Uses— /« .< • ; '"gely diluted wi,l, wa e iTn;";'"'"'""'""™ '"'''■ eases of fever aceon.p™ ,' 1 "T °' P''"^""-^'' '" parched conditiou of h 1 k t7°T' ""'■^' "»'' " fy ««.nu>aei„« the secre , f ii™"™."'^ "'"'" increases the appetite and fn.vn„, v ' "'"'• ''^»M«s, ing indirectly, as'wel 'as rtflZ l,''*"' °" "-^ ^"""■'«'' consequence of its speXu t o„ i T'™'^ ''"'P'"^^"^. ■« ing soluble the albuS 3 eo„lv T"""' '"^ """^'^^■ ■•» important, however to e ° ,'"''' "" '°°''- ^' "mo of administration as r,d ""' ■"""»"'■ of the before or after feeding *" P'^'scihing the acid Thus, in cases where the secretiA,, m ,u >« scanty, and not sufficient L / «'"™ ■''""o of aigestion in a nor." rl'^er't"' -d'^'""^""" administered <,/,„• feeding. When'th^ "f • "''""''^ >"= ■s completed, the acid then ZZ. ' j^o^ "= secretion of that which should bo ° ^ . '' ■■ ""^ "J^ficfeocy other hand, when theret an eT "f"""^' «" 'he the stomach, givio., rle „ , T °' ^""^ '""'^^^'^ in of the gastric' content 'hrrd"°"°' ""'''■« ^-''i'y H.arochloricacid.,„..eXt;;rre:Lsr liyDItocULORiCACID gi7 while they increase the flow of niLoT; ve.y .•cvorso bei„« the 0.::..°! attT ""^'■°""' "'» ortcn duo to an exce..ive or Til/ S I'", T" ^ " " coiitonts of tho omnn l„„ 1- . , '"""entation in the amounts of various »;«!;"', "'° '"'■'""''°" °' '-^o lactic; and hor also thf^d ■ f "''""• '""J"'''''' ""^ best oon,binod witv ta otnLs Tr""™' " '' purposes, caro boin. token L? ^ ^""™ '" '""'' tration for too Ion- I 0!^ ■ "^ ™°"""° "'" '«'""°'^- «.o opposite eoiSo?:: ;: rts'ftr '" r-^? m tlie first instance. ""^ employed As alkalies adininistered hofo.-,. f„„j- secretion of gastric iulT if K °° """"^^ ""> practitioner as to ul M u°""' " ''""^"o" '<"■ 'be an alkalHn cases /, '"."'='" P^-^^"'^" ™ acid or aeeretionof g::.!;/,'?"*"^?'"' ""P™^»'8 o" a scanty can r M ZTZ r '" ''^' "° ■'"■^ -" '-' -'0 ^bortly before feed! ,i T'' ''"'^"'=' '"''""is'erecl admi Jst r d .r : tfdinr r,'"- ™'""' *"" "''^^ holds good It is „S?;, ' '" '"'"''•' "'" '<^«rse stomach dopendT„rin """ " ''^' "' ^-<«'y of 'be after feeding'wouid i," earir™ r"™"""' •"='•'' «'™» aggravate it ""= ^''"''™''' condition and tortd^r; tha':::e:"""'"°r' ""^ '" --^ "'— in the uriL sLjf? ! "' '"' "'='='='™ sediment are recorn 'nL 'T ""I '""'° '^^'''oohloric acid dissolving "he earll I ''^'"' ''°''''^=<=^ "'o Power of a.acapaCCr;—-^^-':;"^'"-'*- i./cr„«/,,._Hydrochloric acid is oL u i\ sionally em- '«tw 318 VETERINARY THERAPEUTICS ployed as a caustic in the removal of warty growths etc and also in combination with other agents as an ap^hca^ tion to foot-rot in sheep. In superficial necrosis of bone it IS useful, properly diluted, removing the diseased portion and leaving a healthy surface to heal. (4) Acidum Nltro-hydrochloricum-NiTRo- Hydro- chloric Acid, Nitro-Muriatic Acid. ^^S^i^l^' °^^ P^^' ^' ^^^- -^^ -^ three of Acidum Nitro-Hydrochloricum Dilutum-Dilute Nitro- Ilydrochloric Acid. Prcimred by mixing 3 ounces of nitric acid and 4 ounces of hydrochloric acid with 25 ounces o distilled water. It contains free chlorine, hydroch or c n t„c water' arshoultl '''''' °*^T/°"^i^°'"^^' clissoCf "n J>,;.f tL ^' prepared fourteen days before usin- Doses.-The same as those of dilute nitric acid with r X^nXsT^ '' '' ''^'^^ ^"^ ^^- - '^^-- o'f Actions-^^^„..«//^._The strong acid is corrosive and irritant. It is believed to produce a cholagogue effect locally as well as specifically, when applied as a compress wrung out of a solution of tlie acid over the hepatic region in the case of liver affections in do^^s JlTf'Z^' "'*' "' ^ '''''' '^^^^"Oorjuc as demon- strated by the experiments by Dr. Kutherford ; this action IS also proved by the results of clinical experience It resembles the other acids in its action on the stomach and intestmes. i.^-^^1 ?^!'"r'^' "" ^/'o/w.. it is prescribed in toipidity of the hver, in catarrlial jaundice, and in the early stages of cirrhosis, also in intestinal dyspepsia It 'ICS 7 growths, etc, as an applica- 'vosis of hone it seased portion TRO - Hydro - ^CID. \ and three of dilute Nitro- acid and 4 JS of distilled iloric, nitric, dissolved in before using, 'ic acid, with avoidance of IS corrosive cholagogue ipplied as a 5id over the in dogs. , as demon- ii'ford; this experience, he stomach escribed in and in the pepsia. It BORIC ACID 319 is contra-indicated in cases of jaundice depending on obstruction in the bile-duct, also in severe organic airec- tions of the hver, and in acute hepatitis In that affection of horses termed oxaluria, charac- terised by debihty, loss of flesh, stiffness in th; loins a dry scurfy condition of the skin, the frequent passage o^ pale-coloured urine, acid or neutral in reaction and con- ainjng oxalate of hme, the nitro-hydrochloric acid, a combination with tincture of nux vomica and ^entikn gives very beneficial results. oCntian, This affection depending on impaired digestion, due to dietetic errors, it is necessary that dietetic and hygienic precau ions be adopted in addition to medicinal treatmen as a local ." T T'"''^ '^'""^'^^ ' '^''^'' occasionally as a local application in dilute solution in some hepatic affections, as already mentioned. ^ (5) Acid Boricum-BoKic Acid, Boiucic Acid ^^Z)o....-IIorses and cattle, ,ii. to 5iv. ; dogs, grs. v. to Preparations. hal4' ^:rT^^ "°™'-^°™ °'"'-"-l to of Borax— BinoKATE of Sodilmi Of Sri if a1^i'^;^,Sl- .^°™ »-' -^ =-.bo„ato Prcpara/ions. (1) Glycerinum Boracis-Borax,!; glycerii.e, 4; m (! , (i^) Mel Borad3-B honey, 16. orax. giy cerine, 1 water, 2. clarified 'A'Mw 320 VETERINA R Y THERAPEUTICS Actions— Extcrualhj. —Bovic acid is antiseptic and disinfectant. In solution of 1 in 800 it is capable of destroying low organisms, but is not, however, destruc- tive to all growths of this nature. It has little or no irritating effect on the tissues, in this respect differing from carbolic acid and other disinfectants. Internally it checks fermentation in the alimentary canal ; it is excreted in the urine, exerting an antiseptic effect on the urino-genital canal. In toxic doses it acts as a gastro-intestinal irritant. Borax possesses similar actions to those of boric acid. Medicinal Uses — Boric acid and borax are occasionally employed internally in cases of fermentative diarrhcca in foals, calves, and dogs, also in some cases of cystic catarrh, by reason of its remote local antiseptic action on this region. In aphthous conditions of the mouth, in ulcerations of the mouth, tongue, and fauces, and in glossitis, it is em- ployed in the form of a mouth wash, in combination with the chlorate of potash, honey, or glycerine. As an antiseptic dressing for wounds, boric acid is largely employed in the form of lotion, in the proportion of a 5 per cent, solution. It is also very useful in the form of dry powder, combined with a certain proportion of creolin. In different forms it is in frequent use as an application to burns and ulcerated surfaces. In erythema, in irritable conditions of the skin, and in eczema in dogs, the employment of boric acid in the form of ointment, as follows, often gives most satisfactory results: boric acid, 5 parts; lanoline, 5 parts ; vaseline, 1 part. In canker of the car in dogs boric acid is successfully employed, either in the form of lotion or of the ointment just mentioned, combined with oxide of zinc. For a EUTICS is antiseptic and )0 it is capable of , however, destruc- It has httle or uo is respect differing ints. in the alimentary 3rting an antiseptic estinal irritant, hose of boric acid, ■ax are occasionally itative diarrhoea in ne cases of cystic 1 antiseptic action 3, in ulcerations of , glossitis, it is em- n combination with rine. boric acid is largely ihe proportion of a seful in the form of •oportion of creolin, ie as an application of the skin, and in boric acid in the s most satisfactory 5 parts ; vaseline, icid is successfully or of the ointment J of zinc. For a I ORGANIC ACWS g^j I Bin^lar purpose the dusting powder, composed of boric ; acid and creohn, is also very useful ■ ^^JTl^"! 7u n''''' ^o.jnncti^itis a lotion con- sisting of from three to six grains of boric acid to the ounce of aqua laurocerasi, apphed three or i^ t^lll daily, gives excellent results, lessening irritabTtv Z reducing the discharap Tn 1 imcaDUity and o t. lubcaaige. in severe cases this treatm^nf inay be alternated with atropine lotions. '^^^*"^^°* (C) Acidum Chromlcum-CHKOMic Acm, Chkomic Anhydride (not a true acid). Prepare^ f m potassium bichromate esdi^c also?/"' f^ '' " penetrating caustic and Med,o.„a U.es.-It is not prescribed iL^y, fessor wnn "'" "" '""" " '^ ™on,n,e„Ced by Pro- fiom the intensity of the combination. ORGANIC ACIDS. fpuriflr/io"™"" """"^ "-y '3^»'™c.ive distillation and isuipKlrlcid' """'''"™ '™" -e'ate oftodiun. and \ I n. V 1 K' 21 322 . VET ERIN A R Y Til ERA PEUTICS ^^Acetum- -Vinegar-contains 5-il per cent, of acetic Pioperly diluted, or m the form of vinegar, it is stimu- te'ntt itT' r' ."^"^^^"*- W^- administe" d mssTnfo^it If H ?' '^°°^""^ ^^^°^^^« decomposed, fnexn:. '^''"'^ "^ carbonates, but when given m excess it escapes unchanged by the kidneys It may be used as an antidote in cases of poisoning by a kal.es and alkaline carbonates, and also when properly alt I; '%r T^'''^°" '° ^^^^"^^^ "■^i*^'^'^ by strong ca^sUc in t ;T '."' " f-quently employed as I caustic m the destruction of warts. In the form of vinegar it :s used as a cooling and astringent application otCZl T TT""'' ^^^'^^ ^'°"^ or'combL'ed wi h fo^Lrf . P^'""''^ '' '' '^^''y^^ ^^ a solvent for various drugs, as it is capable of dissolving their active principles, such combinations being termed ac.^a ^a;aw^j/e-Acetum cantharidis. « mea aceto. Acidum Citricum— Citric Acid. Acidum Tartaricum-TARTARic Acid Both these acids are devoid of irritant and poisonous properties, and are occasionally prescribed as cooZg antipyretics; they relieve thirst, and, like other organ f bodies are excreted as carbonates, probably stimulaZ PEUTICS per ceufc. of acetic and unmalted grain 5rrosive and irritant icinal acid acts as a in sufficient amount, vinegar, it is stimu- When administered 3comes decomposed, tes, but when given 5 kidneys. employed internally. ses of poisoning by also when properly irritated by strong atly employed as a • In the form of iringent application 3 or combined with ployed as a solvent 3f dissolving their )eing termed accta. CID. Bic Acid. ant and poisonous cribed as cooling like other organic )bably stimulating 3reasing the total WATER 323 GEOUP V.-WATEE-AQUA. I A,ua Destillata-Pure Water obtained by Distillation. ^ (1) IMMEDIATE LOCAL ACTION temperature which is Z^aS^!:!:^^' "" '!'^ (2) ACTION ON THE BLOOD Water readily passes into the blood hi,t th;. vanes aeoording to circamstances I^ clet i^'' large amount of fluid is removed from tL ! ! " " is quickly absorbed, while .f there is a suffl^ ?' ™'"' of this agent in the blood already th,h°"r*"°"°' further ,uantityfr„.theali.err^;:^:rtT-°^,^ (3) REMOTE LOCAL ACTION. Excess of water is eliminated bv fim* i -i lungs, bowels, but chiefly by the Mnev. T' """■ diuretic. Administered warm and 1„T' ". '"= "' " tornalheat,itaotsasa&;,L:f ""'""^' ""^ ^ (4) USES. left within reach oftel^i^ f ^^'r'^T^ " ''""S Of at pleasure, and sahne feb^^ i X^f ^^'^gt 'in \ V? VETERINARY THERAPEUTICS beneficial results Cn}^ ttt^j. reotly after foedL .I«„ T "' """"•"•indicated di- condftion after °ert„ "7 tu'^'i' '""^ '■" " ^'''"^'' cathartic dose, and until the ," , ''^°""' '"'''i™ °f a cold water sho^idte^t'^'dt^^.^a^^raTL^rhfT?' in the for™' of flrnta oT I'^erid'a?;'' T' "°'' The employment of hot or .^Z v !• " '•'''"««'™''t. matter of Jhoice withl^ret-oZ'' "tT^tft ^ ever, dra^v attention to the beneficial Pff«.f / ' ^' irrigation in severe cases of broket t !' '"' ""°"^ etc. (see p. 204). "^®^' °P^° J^mts, ALCOHOL 325 tra-indicated di- are in a heated ainj ;tration of a eased to operate, as it is likely to itestines. yed, either liot, 3 a refrigerant, tions is often a We must, how- is of continuous 3s, open joints, CHAPTER VI. GROUP VI.— THE CARBON COMPOUNDS. ALCOHOL. The following forms of alcohol are those of chief import- ance in therapeutics : (1) Spiritus Rectificatus— Rectified Spiiiit. Alcohol with 16 per cent, of water. Prepared by disiillation of fermented saccharine fluids. (2) Spiritus Tenuior— PiiooF Spirit. Alcohol with 51 per cent, by weight of water. Prepared by mixing 5 parts of rectified spirit with 3 parts of water. (3) Spiritus Vini Callici-BKANDY. Contains from 48 to 56 per cent, by volume of abso- lute alcohol. Prepared by distillation from French wines. (4) Spiritus Frumenti— Whisky. Contains about 44 to 50 per cent, of absolute alcohol. Prepared by distilling a thoroughly fermented solution of malt. (5) Vinum Xericum— Sheeby. Contains about 17 per cent, of alcohol. Prepared from the fermented juice of the grape. ' 1 e !«i. 326 VETEltlNARY TIIERAPE UTrqs (6) Cln-Hollands^cenau- Contain from 40 to ^0 n Vrcparca fro.„ fermented ^Tt w'f^ "' '^'^^^°^' ^^^ ^^e jumper berries. ^^^' ^'^^ » small quantity of P. . . , ^^^ ''°''* ^"^^ Madeira Wines Contain from 14 tm« ,. "'nes. ^ *° ^^ per cent, of alcohol. (8) Ales and Porter. '^ontam from 4 to 8 n l'-r.a from malt, wift ^^"Ztm"^"- '"' "" ^'"■ ^ (9) Methylated Spirit. (1) IMMEDIATE LOCAL ACTION. J^xtcrnally alcohol iq withdraws heat from the surfart' .r^'""'"" ■■ ^ lessens the local cutaneous TnT^ '" ^™P°'ation, ^Wctiou, and produces a sensaZof"",.'^ ™^""'''' "»' be confined and allowed to a ^ ?. ™"- " ""= ™P<>« " "-e agent be rubbed into th 'pa;'': "f"^^ "^-'h, or and nUfacient by penetratin?TK °'' "' " ''<«««« toting the nerves ««",; of ,b 'P'""'"'"" ^'"J i«i- 'he results being redo 1° /tS" """"' ='™°'--. ■ocal anesthesia. It is ., , • ;L an/I'"' /""""^'^ ''^ .^"c and dt.mjectant when leva. f alcohol, and are ' small quantity of ines. ohol. 'o', and aro 2m ^fc with 10 parts •• It is chiefly the addition of he above. ND ITS frigerant ; it evaporation, vascular con- Jf the vapour s beneath, or 3 a sthnulant Jm and irri- s structures, followed by 'ectant when ALCOHOL 327 employed as a constituent of lotions for wounds and ulcers, and possesses the power of hardening the epi- dermis. It can be absorbed by the unbroken skin. Internally it has the property of coagulating albu- mm, and constringing to a small extent the mucous membranes of the mouth if it be retained in contact with them. It stimulates the flow of saliva, and gives an increased relish for food. In the stomach alcohol, in a moderate dose, produces the following important effects : (^) It mixes with the contents of the stomach, and is partly decomposed into aldehyde and acetic acid. It precipitates a portion of the pepsin, as well as of the peptones and proteids ; thus, to a certain extent, it retards dujcstion. (b) It stimulates the gastric mucous membrane, dilat- ing the vessels, and increasing the blood-supply and the flow of gastric juice ; the appetite is sharpened, and the movements of the stomach become more energetic the total eff-ect of a moderate dose thus being to favour gastric digestion. (c) Alcohol produces important effects of a reJJex nature from its action on the gastric walls. The heart IS stimulated, and the general blood-pressure raised ; the active organs are filled with blood, and their .ctivity thus increased, the agent producing the characteristic effects of a diffusible stimulant. (2) ACTION ON THE BLOOD. Owing to its high diffusion-power alcohol passes readily into the blood. It enters either unchanged or as an aldehyde, and is distributed to the tissues and or^an. The precise action of alcohol on the corpuscles of" the blood IS not yet accurately determined ; it is supposed to i! I , "! i . ; hi 11 328 f^ave the effect of r t On tho .• ^^^ «^'ECIFic ACTION. . ^" t'le tissues an^l ^"iportant actions ? k , ^■^'^"' ^''^o^^ol exert« . , («) Alcohol as a Pood r- • ."" "ir- --'it';;: ;:.;:r- -■■"j •demonstrated by exn^n""' depressant. -It ha. k possesses ov™ t " °"" °' "'erfere^c IL'T'"' and fat. Thirdly, then ALCOHOL dii 32!» ^t . " ' ~ """^ " miiiinution in the amounf. Theso effects are believed to depend on the readiness w.t h wh,ol> aleohol, wl,en it reaehos the tissues sZ on the oxygen which is present, and thus depr Ce the the, deeo npos,t,on is arrested at the middle sta-e of W formation. We thns observe that aleohol has tlw property of saving tis.„,e waste .//-^.^MnTeasTtheT""" iT""' """ "' " 1 ,, ,. incieases tho force and frequencv of tho bear s ac .on and causes dilatation of tie peripL « S'thi' Vr,' ""'f "^"'^ '""-"' -•'■"'' '^ from fh„ ^'"^"^'' •""'' 0" "J'" stimulation rom the mucous membrane of tho stonmeh, and on n, and death, es are partly tlic I) rain and ''lij upon the through its rtly througli The respira- i weakened, Joses. 3 the result iverimj tem- i the dilated to a great vaso-motor 1 low state of alcohol >f warmth acts as a tal nerve- causing a ALCOnOL ,j.3j (4) UEMOTH LCfML ACTION. by the kidneys and skin Tl,i, t , f' «""""""« i" diluted with hot wlr a^'T '; " P'"'' '"'"'■"y -ting diffusible stimuLt s h t a '" ' "P''^'^" ammonia or sulphuric ether p / . '"■<'Pa'-a''on of h;>f a wineglassll w m Te J^ed Ifc 'T ' '"^"^'- '° of tlie auimal. ^ ' "^eording to the size iaSion",l;::Lr;!,dTet;sf ""Vr'"^-^ -^^ - g-at therapeutic vl u £ ni r" '^. "" ^8-' »' "e to pre,enl or make i,„„d H '"*°''"™^ ■" '^"ch' cases sustain the heart Td „ «''"" ™''« °' ««="», to '"^^ '0 «<>uceThiroZi:c':ur:'f''-^'^r"^" '° and to supply a temporary food " ' ""^ *8"^"™' These indications arp «i] o Wood (' Therapeutics Ind M ,'^f'' "^ ''>' »'■ H- 0. ■ Alcohol enabksthsvsttnt??,'?""'^ "^ '°"°™ ^ vital powers, and at the Ime li^lo t f"'" "^™ "» I'rom our knowledge of h» ^ °°'' '""'' ''™'°-' ciearly that it fumb all tht T "^ "''='"''"• «" >^ee »fer that if, indl orfminaL '"'''T"°''^' '»" "e also -aed,:t should b:u"nd"2o:rt,::T:i.::irbt;:^ ome instances, in a palatable the system of lat this can be ome harmless the following O from cardiac 'C, alcohol is , convenient, ither whisky md cattle in int, slightly 1 a rapidly- paration of I quarter to to the size zed by ex- ' agent of such" cases tissue, to ireaten to digestion, Dr. H. C. follows : upon its 1 drain.' I, We see we also Jarefully s by no ALCOHOL 333 means essential in every febrile affection. It the appetite emam fau-ly good and iLe pulse of sufficient stSl ve should rely on simple „,easures, with strict a ten iln' to nursuig and to the details of hygiene dru^'te I "'° r" '"'■"'' °'' "■" "'^'^-'"""ate use of the dxug we have to consider that the constant admiuistra! tion of drenches to the patient will tend to annoy him at a t™e when rest is urgently needed. At the saT ttoe we ""gbt to be careful not to delay prescribing al ohol «ttdTyteltr"™' '-"- "--- -^ In pneumonia, bronchitis, etc., it is usually in the second stage that alcoholic stimulants are LTca ted when mflammatory products are being absorbed As respiratory affections in horses are mostly of an asthemc character, aggravated by enforced work duriug often iind that a our first attendance alcoholic ftimu! lants are indicated. °wuju In cases of that affection termed -influenza,' often chamcterued by total loss of appetite and great deM y ILh '■ ^ '"«''- "■" i''*™"' administration of m nt tr" " ",'" " °' "^^ "W'^'"^ -^ "" '"Pave- ment m the general appearance of the patients In severe cases it is necessary to prescribe alcohol at ntervals, as Us effects are transient, the doses and tl?e requeucy o repetition being mainly detern.ined by tie eondUion of the patient. In some instances the dos I must be repeated every two or three hours, and laZ amounts are tolerated apparently from the rapidly o if',* nil 334 yj^TERiy^ny THEnAPECTWS m oxidation of the drna ;„ ^u 8'asso. of whisky ..'yZZtZ ^T '™ '» *-« ;n cases characteri.e/by exL °" ^ v?^ '''"''^''' "■>'' «'" night, as much ha™ 1 o,L, . 't''' ""''™'' ^""-"g ''I ".-ght Without staual " ''''^■'''"""Sapatieuf «l>en the demauds of the sv H '•'""•^ "crishmeut The amount of .l^^. , f " ''°'''"'''' bo'b. he period of convafese™ el V'^fr''?"'' »""'»« chauge the stimuiau. to one conT.f '"3™»tase to rentage of alcohol, such Jll°° T'"^ * ™»"er per. a valuable tonic, a^d Tav hf r*- '^ ™' ■>'»» »»'« as pint twice daily omtoedw^l'^-?.'"''''*''"'' '" ^"^'^ <>! a tonics. "^ "'"'"'«'« vegetable or mineral gre«r;i?t':a:rof"f"^'"°''°"<= =«-'a„ts of weakness, loss of apoetL f "'^'"'' '=''"acleri.ed by ^"erry, or port arf ^l^'ar'd ' ?'" '""' «' ''-4! ''*f»»^-*, etc., espeoia?y ;''!!, JV^^- °' '^«-4 valuable remedy. possesXUr^ ''°«'' P"' "»« is a properties. ^' ^'"'"'^^"'S '">tt stimulant and astringent asSrt^;- otrtlZl""' " '^ '^»'-. -eh fadicated as an arterill a„d '!' "'°°'"' ^"-alcohol is come the effects o' 4Tdep°es '""'"' "> »"«- ™^-:;:s:tsSirS^-r«'-- cated; also in chronic disease of hT"" '' '' ''"^'■■ hypertrophy faiis and dt^tn it;"'' ^'^'^ "*'"™' W In some forms of n/o,,;,. i ""es. 'o fiatulence, alcoholttr ^rinr'";. "''h " 'endency tions; it increases gastric sccrt?'' '" ^f"'"' P^epara carminative and autlsplsmodt ' '"^ "'' ""'» ^^ a res ^ two to three required, and nd exhaustion tervals during ving a patient nourishment ih. decreased as , and during advantage to smaller per- also acts as doses of a 3 or mineral uaulants of teri;!ed by of brandy, diarrhcea, wine is a astringent •if^fn, such alcohol is to over- •ility and is indi- ' natural ALCOHOL Contra-Indications -—In oo u excitement, with high arfcerLT! '^"*'"'"''^ by cerebral ---^'itis, etc.. also in ca 3 o^^^",' ""' '' P'^^"'^^'«' bram stimulants should be with} ^ °^' ^"^""^^ '° '^^ External Uses -A<, « cy , ""^^^- Won of „,cohol is ap;„XTa n':,' 7' ''^''"'"" » ^o'"" and strains. It is iargdylTf " """'^^ '° ^'"^"^ -y.-oi..ep4Jtirsrs:;rj:-r- endency ^repara- >t8 as a i^ 336 VETERINARY THERAPEUTICS CHAPTER VII. THE CARBON COMPOUNDS-Con.,-n..^. GENERAL REMARKS ON THE ACTION OF ANAESTHETICS iim-mE proceeding to a descri-^fim ,f ■ ^'^yfaen m coinbiuation with ^^N.ESTIIETJCS ^"- be excluded TLTJ^'I "' ''- -«en i, the "'e drug vvittoue the adn.Ktu enf '7 "^"""'^tenng ™.='■ ■=»'• by weight" , r„ J . "'«"'l"ated Chloroform '"'»«.-%5;?edt'Str;S°J''-';-, but substi. spwtusch..„f„.^ J2:™'^T- . JV.,««,; by dissolv , ^"°'°-°'™' Cblorio Ether. Pa«s of rectiliid »p °t "« ^ f^'' of chloroform i„ ,. i>.«.,_Horsesiadcattie =it„- , ■ ■•'■ '" "'^=- ■■ 'H's, 3ss. to a. 23 . i f I I MB mmw m VETEHtNA RY TllERAPEUTlCH Tinctura Chloroforrai et Morphina— C};lororIyno, This is prepared from different formulae, and is exten- sively prescribed as an a.:o(hjne, u:>.!<\-i)asmodic, scdalicc, and intestinal astringent. The following is a convenient fornuila : Take J drachms of hydrochlorate of morphia, 1 ounce of hydiocN anic acid (Scheele's), 2 ounces of powdered ,L;hni. of oil of peppermint, and 25 ounces of boiling water; add isyrup or treacle suflicieut to make 80 ounccis. Dissolve ihe morphia in boiling water, mix with the gum acacia, digest the capsicum in the rectified spirit and filter into a bottle, mix the other ingreditiits, and shake well for fifteen minutes. Doses. — Horses and cattle, ^ss. to gii. ; dogs, H^v. to Tll^xx., according to requirements. (1) IMMEDi/iTE LOCAL ACTION. Externally, if applied and allowed to evaporate, chloroform acts as a refrigerant. It also acts as a local ancesthetic by depressing the terminations of the sensory nerves of the part, and thus reducing sensibility. If the vapour be confined, or the drug rubbed into the skin, it acts as an irritant, and may cause vesication. Internally, if undiluted, it acts as a severe irritant to the mouth and neighbouring parts. In small doses, properly diluted, it causes reflex sali- vation, and possesses a carminative effect on the stomach, and also acts as an antispasmodic and anodyne. (2) ACTION ON THE BLOOD. Chloroform e^ t rs the blood rapidly ii....p >.. - respira- tory organs r^L ■. inhaled, but may also locu it from thd stomach and from the unbroken sk:»j a;? well as ciiLOEOFomr 333 subouta.eously. It mi^es with the bloo^ chiefly un changed, partly in the fonn of variou. proluCrbut „o are not aware ot any definite actions which U exert "Tn'Mo rf "r" °''^"«" ''"^ been noticed" hasren added "™ "■°"' ""^ ""^^ '° ^^*'='> ^'-'o™'"™' (3) SPECIFIC ACTION. The most important action of chloroform is exerted on the central nercous system, resulting in the occurrence o^ wha we term the ,J.no,nena o? a...,/.!"" tIcsc should be carefully noted by the student as on Z e.e., thereon ™ay he oonveLntiyZr Irtt^: («) K«< Stoy.,_Tbi9 is characterized by novyerfnl e.,„lat,on^l the cerebrum, due to a direct acLn ^f ° drug on the co.yolutions, and probably, to a ce tl extent, by causing yascular disturbance. This stimulation is accomnftnip^l K„ „ ^ . -;3.^and excitement, ^Xt-:-»^ oir:t::s^rro\,rth;*i"fr^^^^^^^^ .s not well marked. The san.e phenomena ecu ttl case of dogs ; but, as we shall see further on Z. , ... h.e animals often passes ln,perceptL;i:^:,-^^ .r^::z:ri:ir;:rrt:;d"r^^^ greater struggling movements. ' ^"''"^ '^^" 4^1 w i f »m 1 1 ; j 1 i , 340 VETEHINA R Y Til Eli A PEUTICS We have to consider that in horses and dogs the cere- brum is not developed to the same extent as in man, consequently the exciting effects of chloroform on the higher centres are not so well marked. As horses are cast and secured prior to administration, it is clear that this process will tend to cause struggling, independent of the action of the anaesthetic, so that it is diflficult to judge of the exact amount of excessive mus- cular action which should be ascribed to the latter. In some horses we observe very little preliminary struggling, but in every instance the respirations be- come accelerated, duo also in part to the animal being cast and secured. After the stimulation of the cerebrum, the medulla oblongata is next affected. The centres of circulation and respiration are stimulated, causing frequency of the pulse and respirations ; the blood-pressure is raised, and there is commencing dihxtatiou of the pupils. Other phenomena accompanying this 'stage in the horse are the occurrence of a distinct jugular pulsation, and frequent movements of the jaws, also constant movements of the eyes, the sclerotic coat being freely exposed and the pupils dilated. (b) Second Stage. — This is the stage of anasthcsia — i.e., that in which consciousness and sensibility are removed and muscular action lost. The period of tiiiie which is required to bring about this condition in hors( s varies greatly in different individuals. It also depends on the method of administration, and whether the vapour of the drug is properly diluted with air or other- wise. In the former case the average time may be stated as from ten to fifteen minutes ; in the latter a far shorter period will suffice. the cere- in mau, 1 on the istration, iruggUng, that it is ive mus- ter. jliminary ;ions be- lal being medulla rcuhiticn 3y of the ised, and I in the )ulsalion, constant ng freely nccstlicsia jihty are i of time in hors( s depends ther the or other- stated as r shorter CIlLOnOFORM 841 The phenomena of chloroform anaesthesia depend on whUTth:7of r' ^' '^' ''-'' °" ''^ nerve-centres wnicn 18 that of depresswiL The functions of the sam« parts are first dinunished and then arrested C nse oTs ness .^removed, reflex excitability is first diminished and In the horse, except under very profound anesthesia there as wmking of the eyelids on Inching Zornea although reflex excitability may be lost all o^er th bod"; and the pupil remains dilated during the whole period areXol ""• f ^ ^^"'^^^ ^" the ^meduHa d' c d are also depressed, muscular tone becomes lost, and the voluntary muscles relaxed. The centres of ci culat on llenZ'ZTl '^^^^.^^P--^^- *he pulse falls il"e- anTsh^l W'^ ''''''''''' --^--*« become slower suJicIllf '/'"I '''''''''^ ^°^ *^^ perfonnance of su gical operations, the chief consideration bein. to keep ceasing the administration of the drug when the proper mall a„Tn ; "^' '^ '^'"^'"^' ^^^^^^^ ^^h'a small an amount as possible, thus avoiding the com niencement of the third stage ^ J'^r^^^ '^'%^'-The further action of chloroform is a tended by ron.,lete loss of all rejlc. e.eitamt^^ pupils become widely dilated, the sphincters relaxed th! eZat:^ T' ^r "^"^ '^^°™ '^ Pa« afd h Numerous ev J,. :,„ents have been made from ti„,„ t toe .n order to determine accurately whW h o '° iorm causes death by asphyxia or by syncope !» ; VET ERIN A R Y Til ERA PEUTICS The results of the Hyderabad Couunission on Chloro- form certainly indicate that death usually occurs from asphyxia. Still, there aro man; :,.,.. in doj,r8 v^hcre, during the administration for surgical purposes as well as for experimeiit, death occurs with such rapidity as to lead to the conclusion that it depends on syncope. It is I'ghly probable, however, that in such cases some cardiac affection was present, and the means of xostraint often adopted to overcome the piimary struggling is c potent factor in hastening the fatal result. In the horse, however, it is certain that, except in the case of ad^'anced cardiac disease, asphyxia is the cause of death as a result of the toxic - tfects of chloroform. I have made numerous experiments on this animal with chloroform, and in every instance found that death was due to asphyxia slowly induced, and that large amounts of the drug were required to bring about this result, and a considerable space of time was involved. In one case of a very old pony, which. was destroyed by the inhalation of chioroform, twelve ounces of the drug were administered by mean of the Carlisle inhaler which does not dmit .nuch an to enter, and after a period of half an hour of administration the respiratory movements became vn-y shallow and iri-egul;?r. A long inspiration would then occur, followed by an interval and a series of quick shallow inspirations, and a short time prior to death convulsive movement of both forelegs were noticed. A long interval eln -d between each shallow respiratory movement until ,irfi n finally ceased, the pulse beating in a feeble and ..regular manner for a short time afterwards. In some instances I have observed the occurrence oi oral breathing, with great stertor, where excessive amounts of th( drug had been adminisf-ered. I c £) e a b u h CIILOItOFOHU 3^, Still, this shouM ,,! T '," '^°« """J "itl, ma„. corded ,luH„; i , ctn ^: ''7' . «™»io..aUy been re- selvos. y'"Pto,ns will .metimes manifest thorn- ad„,i,ust..atio„ in this'aui™ , a„d asTr^f et,"""^' '" 1« pre e,„d for p,„j„,i„g J^^^;^;^ ' '"'" '^ '° i^'e administration of 13 ^*' ^"I" "»<=« i- obtain a fair idea of tl,„ , ' "" "" """^^^^ '» ^'.t:^;!' ''^I^f^T^y ^-"-'^ are duo to the tho function "rwh oh ar'':f "\"° "''"" '=^""-. removed, loss of 2,7- ! '^"^'^^^'^ «d hi.aily ™. a«a as the ;f„a?:tJs trnor'" '"'"^^ '"'"^ aeprossed,tho„:st,;/brX::c^ It IS evident that the loss of sensibilitv in anaasthesu is due tn n . , 7 sensibility m general -.a.t,.pe-cr::;rarrth:i:n!t^^ I" the third stage the vital centres in t!„> a i. become seriously depressed h„f fv. ^ inedulla uatU the hi,he/eenLr IJe" , 'te rh"-;r °"" ^-e the selection of chiorolo™ '^Z^'JT:^ I 'fi If ( ',1 h .,'11 ir' If % Ay^Wiw 344 VETERINARY TIIERAPEUTICS for the safe pro.luction of general ana-stliesia (see section on Loiisciouaii'ss,' p. i{]\\ TZZT^'^ "'' " "*"P'^^^ ana.sthesia, but with a ceitain loss of vigour and regularity On the heart chloroform exerts a steady, powerful 'ra"'S "?"""• ^^^^'^ ^'^''"-^ «^-"'^'-n. The ncrease of pulse occurring in the first stage is believed to be partly duo to depression of the inhibitory centr" Accordnig to some authorities, there is a 1^1 ' ^ iTi? 1 ^'-'T'^^^-^^^"-' ^-'" the conunenc^ment a rlhu^i I f ^'"°"^^^-^^^^d by experiments that there is Ij-'^f^onoj /..M^>..a^.... during anesthesia; this prob- ably depends on the power of tho drug to check tlsue neta,.orphos:s. and thus lessen the production of anhna heat in a similar manner to alcohol. The dilatation of the pupil in the first stage is probablv an" t^iitnf ^'^r' the sympathetic, and I tL' sS ce febr^cerrf '' ''''''''' °^ ''^ ^" ^^ ^ ^^s (4) SPECIFIC USES OF CHLOROFORM. These may be considered under the following headings : («) As a General Ancesthetic. {b) As an Antispasmodic. (a) As a general ancesthetic chloroform is the a^enfc adopted for this purpose in horses. The use of am. th^t c m veterinary surgery is rapidly on the increase as pe ludice and Ignorance on the subject are being oCrcom ' Var ous objections have been raised from time to f 2 by those who hold that the employment o"a tstheti s" not necessary, some asserting that there is danger of fatal (see section directly as parturient L, but with powerful, ion. The is believed ry centres. vroijressive ement. at there is this prob- 3ck tissue of animal probably e second ve or its sadings e agent sthetics as pre- 3rcome. io time letics is of fatal CULonOFoiiM 846 oo.-scousuos. ; others t|,a ,f ^'* "''°"' " ™'""> 'o '""n will „„o„ di„,,e ,:TT'^ '" 'l'" "SO of ohloro. surgery. "'="'='"» <>' anu-sthetics to votorinary 'owtutlTro.ltll.-Sfit? T"""^ -" °- 'lu'y a"nbu.es to sci,.„ti,ie ^u, ?e " ' ; "'" T' ""'"'""« S'ves rise to 8tn,g„li„. "f^' ^^ '""«"<>" "f Pain 'ho omployn,e„t of the Tif i "P"™'"' rendering delicate parts dilfiou amll' "" '"""'P^'ation of oaunot be secured with ?ac litv fnTH' "'""'"^ ^-'^'^ 'iage is inereased by the v 1?V ^ ^' "* °' '«<"n°'-. ^ When we consider tilt „ ff "*'"''' "' ""> animal, fi"' demonstrated SlZ^ll/ °' T^''^"'^ -- e».|'loyment in hu„,a„ J^f' .^'^ "^ their successful for surprise that in the latfe ;k ""'>' " " """or Seneral, and, as the result o 1 ^ "* °' anesthetics is search, has now rea hed 1 li ,h 'f P'">'"'-' and re! .yeterinary surgery, nil ' /„ ^ i ''"''.""™^ ^'^"« ■■"fancy, and much yet remains t?'.^ ™' '° '> ='ate of not be specfied. '' ''* '«'"« F"« ; these need ,^e^^et2::trar^::r;t::t" --"--« locations. '^auccion of herniio and of dis- I 1 i ««?# 346 VETERINARY THERAPEUTICS (3) In Parinrition.—ln certain cases and conditions chloroform is employed, the primary stage of an«3sthesia being often sullicient for the purpose required. Method of Administration and Precautions to be ob- served in Chloroform Anaesthesia.— From our knowledge of the physiological action of chloroform, we are enabled to employ the agent in a safe and effectual manner. Clearly, our object should be to temporarily remove consciousness and the perception of pain without inter- fermg materially with the vital functions of the medulla. The change from depression of the vital centres to paralysis of the same is a gradual one in the horse, hence careful watching is necessary during the pro- duction of anaesthesia to avoid continuing the adminis- tration longer than necessary, also to avoid large amounts of the drug, and to ensure a proper admixture of air. Experiments have proved that the horse is not very susceptible to the action of chloroform; indeed, the same remark holds good with reference to the action of all narcotics in this animal. However, this should not make us less careful during the administration, as inde- pendent of the risk of a fatal result, we have to consider the efiects of an overdose on the system, just as we should when employing any narcoti-\ Chloroform may be administered to the horse by different methods. Thus, in the case of an emergency, we make use of a sponge, on which the chloroform is poured, this being placed in a towel and fixed over the nostrils. Different forms of apparatus are employed for the admimstration of chloroform, their object being to avoid waste of the drug and to judge accurately of the amount given. be ob- CTTLOROFORM 347 It was at one time believed thnf ,• anesthesia in the horse i, a T^^Cu'T '° ""'""" necessary to ad„,i„ister the chlo o „ fl "■' " "^" form by the use r,f „„ „ "uioioini m a ooncuntraterl air. This m ho /is JCt" Tt"'' ^''""""" •"" '""« day; those who .,pl old I !,"!,'' ^^,'™"^ "' "'« P'-^nt of excitement is s'otei a ;^tt''r''" required is „rentlv I , tjuantity of the dni°"^ system, and it is now co„„ ° , "''■''' '""""s condition can b induce", ho" ^^"'''' "'^' ^""l^ a of the chloroform vapnr ith T i^V '"■°''" """"^ dogs and human beings ' ' ' "' '" ""^ '^''s^ of The most reliable anrl fu^ i- . purpose is nmde by Csrstob T""'"'"^ f™' "- Street, Manchester sZreTo.' '"" ^''''""■'""' »"'«= the same plan as the chl ^ ' " '" "ado on beings whic'h ha^^bfe: ittt d'^r Zn'"; ^""'» cple consisting in diluting the cUo.l ' " '"'"■ n.oans of passing a currenf^f 1" ''"°'°™ ^P""'' by n.ans Of passing a eur.:t%;':rTrur: Bottle cont,a.itiiii« 4^K„ J ., ""o" d- containing the drug, the dil passing through a rubber tube uteri to the face port gi-aduated vapour then h if'' on. 348 V.-^TEnmAUV TUEnAPEUTWB b-ng changed f„.. ^ m„ i ^11 'i'^ '"^ '''"''•P'-'' cam-as, with air-hoJes beneath ^ ' "■ °' ''^""'"- »'• the chlorofom, by mea " „f ^"^ ""■ '=^ P^^^ed through ^bber, with tubini, "o conn L^i^rtt"'""™ °' '"^'- "eans of a stop-cock also hvf ^' """""'»■ ■">'" by we can regulate the ^tl/onr « "' be""- slowly! I-or horses . far more Ive 'f '' ™'°"'' '"'"''• consisting of a foot-bellowr. I "PP"™'"" '^ necessary, '-Id the ehloroforn,, a ubb 'rlr'" ""'"'"^'^'^ ''°'* '» another tube eo„nectiu.> with tb """f ""°g ">«»», and The .nu;,.Ieis very llZ ' ""'"^'<'- the rubber tube elte? ?„''!;"''' °" "= '-«"urface regulator is inserted, ivl^j '"'""'^ a'^" 'he air accurately of the amount of the .T"-'^ '"' '" '"''^'^ to':m::fetr::r :s";c'7''' ^^ -' ~. 'he administration ca^be 'o" fnu d"''.'' ^"°"^''' ""^ --nply working the bellows a "dl"^" •'■'''"''"' ''^ Ascoufnued when requisite Ms j! f» .r"'''*""^ the other metiiod, i„ „i,ieh „,,!/" '""^ '^'""'■ent from be continued, the chllrtfo ■„ t " r"'"""™ '"^^ '» and the pure vapour iZlTi tb'^"'"' °" ""* 'Po-'Se, being very inadequate ' "'" °°'""' "' 'he latter It is necessary to casf fh<. u However, as we cannot judge of .. -^^ '''''''^'^■ tbe drug on some temperaments i f'''""^ ^^^'^^ ^^ the former course. ^''^'"'"^«' ^^ ^^ far safer to adopt 7CS employed for the hce-piece of leather or assed through >ws of india- ^y-zle, and by allows slowly, ihaled. IS necessary, ted bottle to g these, and •wer surface ^80 the air can judge stered, and aiding any necessary 3wed, and quired by mediately ^ent from ^ia has to i sponge, he latter ninistra- ontrary. afi'ect of o adopt he gra- ' head, ' making sure to have ,> «,• .• , regulatoropen below Tie 1^^°/^^°^^' -^^ the air ^* fi'-st.and as the dru. i, , .' t^'" '^"^^'^^ ^^^^ed can be increased and thp"n '"" '"^'^'^^ *^^« ™kinc. slightly lessoned ' '""""* '^ ^"^ -Bering beneath ^^^"ocd to a nHnimunrThe ! \'''' "^^*^°^ '' '^ faorsecast induces accelerated/ "'' °^ ^^^"^« ^^^ ^^«;* a larger amoun of tt c 1^'^ ""^' ^°' ^^ ^°"°-« "«der such a condition lln7u.^"'^™ "'" ^^ ^"^^'^'^^d -- -en .ore of the Z^^l^^'j^^^^^ causes accelerated respirat' ^'°'^"''^' ^^'^^^^^ also of miportance to have rsp" ;:"""'"""'' ^^ce it is -^ to avoid continui", X Id" "-T^"'"^' ^^ ^^-^^^^^ -^e the animal struggle ^^^^^"^^^^-"-^ during the this apparatus is of grea't adv« 7 '^P^^^°"s mux.Ie of - sufficient supply of ai it '?^'' ''' ^^-^es allowing --^-•e of air and cl^' Lrm v" ' ""^""'^ ^^ ^^o^ portion which is exhaled nelirT"' t"^'"'^"^' ^^^^^ cases we find it of advlntt ^ T "' ^^''''' "^ «o"^« ^b;"ows for a short ti^i" r t ^^r ^'""'^'"^^ ^^- of an operation, and to albw 1 f°'"'"encen,ent amount of the drug which is n,.:"'^ *° ^"^'^^<^ the '-^^^'^ period of thne wht/ .^''''"* ^" ^''^^ "^^^^io. thesia varies acco^: t ^^^^ n -f-^ '"'''''' -- --"als to the action ^f the drr^v'''"^ '' ^^'^-ont to avoid undue haste, both in hf . ' "^"'^ ^' ^^^-^^"1 commencing the operatioV b fo. ""'"^'•^"°" ''^"'^ in sthesia is induced. Tlie avP " ^ ^'°^'' '^^^e of J *„„ + "J "*^ average' n'>"'V^j <■ ■• I "en to nfteen minutes. ^ " ""' '^^'''^^ is com an fr ii 350 VETERINARY THERAPEUTICS catching hold of the liu.bs of the ani nil o ^^ ^^ tion, and are flaccid to the touch In fhV. V often fma (liaf • , ''""''"• -^^ this Operation we sarw'iT '""* ""t^ """'"' °P^™"'°"» " i« always neces- «ess. Abo e a 1 hi,r ^"" °' "'"™'"''' =°"'™-- TICS ilso varies in one ounce to i necessary to idition is best minial return 3ut in severe >per stage of ations on the -'-sthesia is a itermined by i" striking it ost, and the lents excited lat a proper operation of he testicles, r of retrac- oeration we 3ccur when I'd is being ther supply ays neces- a, and this le required conscious- avoid the any time, watched, tent, is a attention, 3specially >toms the tongue should CHLOROFORM 351 lould at once be dnwn f^ f'-esh air allowed. Should tt '^' '"^^ i^'^"^>' ^^ become shallow and in^^ . ^esp.ratory movements should be immedia ely ;:^^t' T'^'^' "^^^'-^-" Nation with wet towels aTd If, ^ '° "^°^^"^*^ ^^S^^- The administration ofTr '^"'^°"' ^° *^« ^ead. as they are aptte te thTtTl'""^'r ^^^^^"«---. interference ^Wth resph^^tion tT ? '"^ '^"^^ ^''^^^er of ether has been Te ot^nd " ^^^'i^^^^""- -J-tion fo^nd this of benJfi IT ' '"^ ^^ ''^'^ ^'^^^ respiration as t,e Z^-^Zr' '''''' '''^^^'^ We frequently observf "' ''•«"^'^'V«^/o;.. second period of^antslel^l^^^^ "° op^^'ations, that a the administration of the 7 ;;'' '''" """"' '^'"^ ^^^^'' and when we are anxtu^r' ^f-'^^" ^discontinued, consciousness. The re 2 f' "" ""° ^°^' ^ ^^^"^'" ^o and intermittent to an ah "' "^"^ ^^«°'"e shallow oral breathing; we can ! T"' ''''"'' ^"'' ^^^"^^^ ^^^ posing that tl re is 1 e"'' ""'"' '"' ^'^^ ''^ ^'P" circulating in the b cod and nf ""°""' °^ *^^ ^^'4 the nerve-centres. In 1 1 ^^'".^^^^^^^^ i^s action on sary to perform artifcial'lv'T ^^°" '' ^^^"^ ^^ "^^^s- -oanstoassistresp-:::::™--^^ coadopt every Here we may remark tb«f ''^"'^" ^^ ^he normal, should not be'ela" tt Z T'' '' —'Nation hopeless, as it is su pri h .? '""f ' ^^^^ ^-^y seen, energetic efforts in this dV r ''"'' '''' ^""^^^^ of in-.be that respiration had aWcea^'r^^ we would ■ihe period of the return f^ according to the individuiran.- ,'°"!,'^°"'"'^^ ^^s of the drug which has b tn j' I'f 'r "^^ "^^^"^^ cases the average time is fifTp ''^- ^" favourable i^. .-o ^^^..-- ^ " "'"' ^'^ fif een mmutes, before which •emove the hobbles, as fV ^lu . ' -^. heing in a semi-ui^o^:;;:: m III i Iti.-.liJ 352 VETERINARY THERAPEUTICS III :':::;ie::y'fo'':L ':c:r "'^"- . ^-^ --» "-- is ™ade to'rise „Iiu/p rSXa, at" "" ''"^"■^' tioncs if ,•^ ^°"^"^^ '"at, after severe ODera- The ani„,a, shouM t "I'e' C e/r;!""/-""- '■ogaius consciousness, as it is LI ,1% " " cause itself injury '"" "S*'" and ope" 1?' ''""" ^ f"™" '- '™ hours after the tCe a;,an.er„Teh'oT"''"r" ""^" °---«' "-' anesthesia. X^fot^irhTXt t^ ^^'^ °' si;sLrerrr:^ir^ftrf"-^^^^^ appetite oraireslrr^h*:::' ^"^' '"'^*""- >^"" no sohd foorhtid^ itorar r^^^'^' "'"-' to administration, the besT time fo "''' ^™"™^ early in the morni;. ° '" "l'"™""" ""^inS tionT mZhtee\iT"'""i*' "^^P""^™- '"i- theadminZrno ci :ri r," "7'^^ ^"" '° ishes preliminary exciLn ■/;"".'''"' " ''™"'- tl.esia; having never tSTl^is " "'' """="■ advantages or* ther'ise ' ' °''""°' ^"^-^'^ <" ''» pre'aur:: Mi,:::^ "'""'"-^ '° -"^ »"" ^'-'ar an?Xa?crircr^r:!r:s.t r»'°'- safest apparatus is that madTb; t l"'"' '"'" '—■ ^'-^^ --" '-nd pttToftrsi:;' ereuce with CniOROFOHM 3o;i be allowed during, fi ^ ^'''^ Bupplyof air Doi "!*f'^''-'>''°". will, a proper ■•^^traint usually adcpM „ L?' ' ""^ "'^ "''"^ of "•ospiratory failure. '" '™"»ses the risk of .•"hltslXlre^oTf '*° °' "^'»™'°™ vapour " '^ well to commence ih. T "'"'*■ '" "'« ■>'■•. and '=^"'. of vapour, a d e ease1r°"'™"°" "'«> ' p"r "ent. is reached ; this can h. '""""">■ ™'il i Per ".e regu,a.or on the tu of h:?"^'"'^" "^ ■"-" 'o In the dog deafh .„ \ apparatus. "ould appetts tf'etr:"? ^° ^"iclciy that it -multaneously, and thf ^ "oL" ;"™'''"°» "^"^O anesthesia often succeed each th" ""'"^ '^'^"^ °' be.ng observed. On the first °^" "P'<"y ^i'tout breathmg, artificial respiraHoT "i^^fj'""''' <>' shallow "sorted to, and we have een exc n "'? ^ '"=«>ediately dyne). The latter it eit ,^7' " '"°'-'"'"- ("Woro "'"'/Vsenteri,, as an intestinali f ?: ' '° '" *'"'*™ combined with crata prep "a "t ' T" '"™«^°'. n cases of spasmodic cough and i ' /^ '''° ""^ "'^ful bronchitis. *°' ""^ « the early stages of i r i«i 23 354 VETERIA'Ali V T/IEIiAPEUTJCS Ether— Ethek, Suli-hukic Ether. Prepared by distilling rectified spirit and sulphuric acid, agitating with slaked lime and chloride of calcium in water, and redistilling. Doses. — As a stimulant : Horses, ^i. to ^ii. ; cattle, ",ii. to ?,iii. ; dogH, ]][ xx. to ~,i. — administered properly diluted, and repeated when necessary. Where immediate results are required, as in c ses of collapse, it is administered hypodermically. (1) IMMEDIATE LOCAL ACTION. Externally ether, applied to the skin and allowed to evaporate, acts as a powerful rcfritjcrant and local an- cBsthetic by its rapid evaporation and consequent abstrac- tion of heat, also by depressing the nerves of the part. Applied in the furm of a spray, the part becomes frozen, and sensation is annulled. If the vapour be confined or the ether be rubbed into the skin, a rubefacient or vesicant effect is produced.- Internally ether causes local irritation in the mouth and reflex salivation. In the stomach it acts as a stimulant to the bloodvessels, nerves, and muscular coat, and also acts in a reflex manner from the gastric mucous membrane on the heart and respiratory organs as a powerful systemic stimulant. On the intestines it pro- duces antispasviodic effects. By whatever method ad- ministered, its odour can be quickly detected in the patient's breath. (2) ACTION ON THE BLOOD. Ether is very rapidly absorbed into the blood, either when inhaled or when given by the mouth. We are not aware of any action which it possesses on the blood. I • 1 I 4 I ad sulphuric e of calcium . ; cattle, ",ii. )ei'ly diluted, jdiate results administered i allowed to nd local an- ient abstrac- of the part. Dmes froisen, be confined cbcfucicnt or I the mouth t acts as a iscular coat, stric mucous organs as a tines it pro- method ad- cted in the blood, either We are not 9 blood, i ETHER 355 (3) Sl-ECIFIC ACTION. ot differeoco. Both dtgst 'fi "rrT^ ''""'"•'"' P°'"'» system a, sttoulan^ ^'t,," as r„ '"'™' "''™"^ Portant distinctions arc: '''iP«ssants. The im- (ed talg'^Ss^^"""^^^^^^ °^ ^^-P ^° avoi/rirH: (1) IMMEDIATE LOCAL ACTION. Externally, in weak solution, chloral hydrate is anti- sepUc expenments demonstrating that it has the power of destroying micro-organisms. In concentrated solution It acts as a to2)ical irritant. Internally in concentrated form, it acts as an irritant to the mouth and stomach. It has no specially sedative effect on the stomach or intestines like opium. (2) ACTION IN THE BLOOD. Chloral quickly enters the blood, and its composition ^ not altered therein, such as was at one time believed We are not aware of any appreciable changes in the blood as the result of the agent. (3) SPECIFIC ACTION. The chief action of chloral is on the nervous system, resembhng that of chloroform. In moderate doses, afte; a brief period of excitement, which is seldom noticed in < ( I \ I t: le HYDRATE OF CHLORAL 359 the horse it acts as a powerful hypnotic, causing sleep by a direct action on the nervous structure of the braTn and also according to some authorities, by inflLnS the nmsclel It dep 1 3 ^L'th'^'^ ?'^^1'°" °^ centres v.V fV,. • ! *^'^^ ^reat medullary motor th"Vu'T'"'*°'^' '^' '''^'^'' ^-^ ^h« vaso respiration, weakening of the action of the heart anci general dilatation of the bloodvessels actbntotiT \^'"' "'^'^^'"'^^ ^^*^ tJ'^'^ «Jows the action, both by a direct action on the intrinsic nervous ganglia as well as by its effect on the cardiac cTntre In toxzc closes chloral is an intrinsic cardiac poison diminishing the irritabihty of the cardiac gan^lirind finally arresting the heart in ventricular diasfole chlorr "' '" "^"^'"''^ ''''''''^''' '' "^^ ^«"^ote to On the bloodvessels it acts through the vaso mofnr centre causing dilatation of the vessel and a low^dt of the blood-pressure, the latter effect bein- also due to peripheral paralysis of the walls of the \e els Ld weakened cardiac action. ^ Onmetaholism its exact effects are not clearly known It reduces emperatrcre chiefly by increased loss of hit through dilatation of the cutaneous vessels, Id in a lesser degree probably by diminishing heat formation In large doses it acts as an ancesthetic, and is emploved for this purpose by Continental practitioners. ^^ U\ii mm^ 360 VETERINARY THERAPEUTICS I (t) REMOTE LOCAL ACTION. bnf^.v'fl'''''f 1 ^^ '^' ^'^'''^' partly unchanged, b^ hiefly m he form of urochloral acid, causing a shght amount of diuresis. It is probable that portion of the drug escapes by the skin also Medicinal Uses.-.l. a hypnotic it is rapid in its action, and is prescribed to quiet irritability and cause sleep in cases characterized by the presence of pain As Its action IS chiefly on the central nervous system, chloral only gives temporary relief in cases of pain depending on certain abdominal affections, for if sleep be induced by a powerful dose the patient wakes to suffering as before It IS thus inferior to other drugs, such as morphine and Indian hemp, as an anodyne ; but when combined with morphine, it produces beneficial effects by overcoming horses, and the combination is very valuable In tetanus chloral has been employed with a varying degree of success, like many other medicinal agents In c/,orm and epilepsy in dogs, it is prescribed in com- bination with the bromide of potassium hyllnr ^^'° ^'"""'^ '""'''"'^"^ ^" '^''' °^ ^^'^^"^ It is stated by some authorities that when chloral is dissolved in a large amount of water it produces more satisfactory results. As an antidote to strychnine it has proved of great value by antagonizing the severe convulsions produced s4l?°^^°°- "'^°^^^ ^^ ^^- -'^^-^^tic t'o physo- hafhC"''"f '^'^f''^' °' ''"^^- '^''''' ^^ «°^«. chloral has been much employed of late years, and his given very satisfactory results. Mr. McConnell, M.RCVS HYDRATE OP CBLORAL gei N,H fv f ''""'"' ("■''" ^«P°'' ™ Milk Fever National Veterinary Association, 1893) ' He recommends the early administration of chloral aJco:^:'rth°"- °' 'ri' ^'^ ^^''=''™ ^ °- <>» according to the size ot the animal and the severity o the symptoms, along with one or two pounds of treacle In two honrs, if there^s no improvement, half an "nee of the drug IS given with one pound of treacle and thi, amount is repeated in four „? six hours as often a necessary, the administration being cease'd as soon a "le cow can hold her head up quite steadily. The r"sur;° "."k" '"^ ^'"« ''""«' '^^o.t benefida results cannot be explained satisfactorily, because we are not yet aware of the correct pathology of milk fev^ Some practitioners report that its usf has not blen attended with success, and prefer to rely on the oM rrii:;:- '^ ''- ''^"'"'^^™"» »' -«-*- vettinrianT'M'V"""™' i' ""^''^'^ ''^ ^''"•'^ lZ"T ■ '^"^"y '"^"•'^^ anesthesia in the horse by injecting hypodermically two io three gra ns of morphine, with half a grain of atropine, and sK fo m oft *''™"'='f "8 ""e ounce of chloral in thi aZar and T"' „'° "'"'" ^° ''°" ^'S"' "' ""^'^esia appear, and a small amount of ether or chloroform is chloral has the disadvantage of favouring the occurrence of haemorrhage during surgical operations (• PrlcTs de TherapeutiqueVaerinaire'). I Jrrtcis ae Chloral is ccura.hulicaled in cases where organic affections of the heart are present. ^ M '! Vi i! VETERINARY rilEBAPEUrwS Butyl Chloral Hydras-H™.™ op B„tv. Ch.oba., Croton Chloral, res^STin ts" a'jonf chir ,T'. ^^^^'^ ^'^^^^^^ ; powerful as a hvpnotfc nnS'^ ^^'^Z^'"' ^""^ ^« ^^^^ heart. It has a ^sr?pl] ^''' depressant to tho trigeminus, or fifth ne'rve inHr/n^^ P""'^^^"°" *^« but we are not avva^P nf',>o , P^'^' supplied by it. practice ^ °^ '^^ employment in veterinary Chloralamid. A compound of chloral anhydride and formamide • S3r • -* - -- ';r5r Paraldehydum— Paraldehyde. A polymeric modification of ildphv/in . • • hypnotic like chloral but is h^r / f ' '' ^ P"'" depression of the heart It. "T '" ''"'' '^^^ animals, and the resul " of ' ^' ""''''"'^ ^'^ its empl'oy.ent i^ llZelT''"^''''' '^ ^^^ ^"^"^^ Su.'phonal. A complex solid of the methane series • acts as a Amyl NItrls— Nitrite op Amyl a.d carbonate of potaSm' P"''^''"« "'"- ="'"<= '"d" inhalation, ntsa to nfa iKallt'^' ^"- '° "^'^ "' ^" NITRITE OF AMYL 363 <'- (1) IMMEDIATE LOCAL ACTION (2) ACTIOx\ ON THE BLOOD of the blood and the o.idattrorthe tirel:' "' '"'^"' (3) SPECIFIC ACTION. The specific action of nitrite of amyl is chieflv nn . i, circulatory system fho .^+v, ''^ cnieHy on the involved tT ; '' °'^^°' ^""g secondarily nvolved. Ifc «ccc/cm^e5 the heart, with but hnl increase of its force, probably by depression of h cardiac centre or of flJ,-„ ^ repression of the vessels either by relatUToV ."''"'" ""^ ^^"P''"'" infliienpm„ tv,. "''^'"""'n of their muscular coat or The reS i„ !h'f r°,'r ""^^ °^ ^^"-""'"^ -centre degree t hf he^.e "tjX" h'""'/" ^ '"''''' accomplish, and is tbu relieved it Z '"'^rV" j^tabmty of the ^Pinal^^d p.J ;^*r; ".« death toras^;,lr'l°''''-"°™'™°^' ''""-"y '" aspn}xia. Lxpenmcnts prove tlnf +1,1 drug^causes an increased amount of uLrcotlL'^ l?i •' 'mm^v 864 VETERINARY THERAPEUTICS Medicinal Usea-In a^tglna pectoris, an affection rarely met with m veterinary practice, the nitrite of arnyl is a inZ«r '''' '°""*' ^^' "^y ^^ adnn-nistereras an inhalation on cotton wool, or hypodermically In tetanus it has been employed in some cases with success administered hypodermically twice dailyL gradually increasing doses, commencing at nixxx .//. Veterinary Journal, March. 1881) ^ beet ZZf"'" '° P°i^o«i°g by strychnine its value has been proved experimentally by Dr. Eichardson. It has also been employed with a certain amount of success as an antidote to carbolic acid poisoning. In cases o threateningdeathduringchloroforman.sthesildogswe have seen good results from the inhalation of amyl nitr^re Sodium Nitrite. Possesses similar actions on the blood, the heart and he vessels to amyl nitrite, but its depres'sant action on the central nervous system is more marked. The effects are not so rapidly produced, but persist longer. Nitroglycerinum-NiTROGLYCERiNE, Trinitrina. Closely resembles in its actions amyl nitrite ; it is more powerful, and its effects are less rapidly produc d b^t are more persistent. e j i^ uuucea, out Spiritus Athens Nitrosi-SriRiT of Nitrous Ether Sweet Spirit of Nitre ' ^^t^^^.^^^:^^^ ^^^-- compounds. nhr\?ftA \ ^v,^'*^-"^"^ ^ "^^^^'^re of rectified spirit Zi:;^:^^, ^-'^ ^^' -PP-' -d ^issSg iJoses.-Horses. ^i. to ^iii. ; cattle. 3ii. to 5iv • sheen 3n. to ,,iv. ; dogs. .5ss. to 5i. These doses may Li vaS SPIRIT OF NITROUS ETHER 355 Oe»eral Actions.-The spirit of nitrous ether is a A/«s,ifc sUmnlant and .«™,„ai,v,, p^bably from tlia amount of alcohol it contains. On thi blood ft p^n'ts snmlar eifects to other nitrites, acting on the^red cor Nitte'n'alwrt"? °^^«^™'-- (See A„;, N, nte p. 862 ) Its chief action is on the circulation It accelerates the heart, relaxes the peripheral ve seJs' relaxing the renal vessels and increasing the watery porfon of the urine. It acts as a .Uai.horL by duS th cutaneous vessels and stimulating perspira'tion and thus It increases the loss of heat from the skin to^f' ft't^ '^'^■'^^ " '"""""''"'' »<• diffusible Mmu. lant. It IS extensively prescribed in cases of indigestion SdS. ^"^ °°"°' '""''"''' """ -»<'>■»- -^ »«■ As a 5c„cTO« stimulant, it is employed in aU cases in which stimulants are indicated, and'may be comWn d with alcohol in its different forms. >-oramnea As an anti-pi/retic, it is prescribed in febrile conditions n combination with the liquor ammonii acetatis, dimlh mg heat-production by its action on the blood, and „. oreasmg the loss of heat through the skin and kidneys As a rf,„r.«,c, it is useful when a free watery flow' is desired, to wash out the tubules and passages of the tadneys and relax spasm of the renal vessels, as in some cases of chronic renal affections with increased artra! tension. It should not be employed in acute Mam m dilating the renal vessels. (''<' 4i '. 366 VETERINAItY TIIKRAPFAJTWS Acldum Hydrocyanlcum DIIutum-DiLUTK Hydrocyanic Acid, Pkussic Acid the product 'with waterTo the fee S^Ib^P^''""" acid!""'" ""'' =°'""- ^ p- oe.t.irthfrh;dL. 3i.f 1o^?Ui!''to''n!v"^'?opc1°tTr" °'""^' "^-' 'o daily accordins to hI'Tf '■ "'' ""■"'' "'■ '""r 'i'"03 &i.ao,/hl,/?het'dJrrp\^:=rl^:'^ "'''■• "' * (1) IMMEDIATE LOCAL ACTION. " Externally, applied to mucous or skin .n-f.. •. diminishes or destroys sensation V 1;^! n!" the sensory nerves Tft ia voo-^ii i , ^^P^tssing . the surfaces. '^^'^^ ^'^'^^^^^ ^^°«^ abraded Internally, in medicinal doses it n^fa oo „ 7 .• the nerves of the stomach. ^' ^ '''^''''''' *° (2) action on the blood. Hydrocyanic acid enters the blood ranidiv i.r. „ parts of the body, but especially from theT ^/^ " '" In medicinal doses we are not awar^ nf effects on the vital fluid, whleirj./ '""^ '^'"'^ authorities differ as to fh. • ^^^ amounts thereon. ^'' ^'^""'^^ ^^'^^^^ of the drug then into a deep llLt, rretl? t " ^^^^^^ ^ S^olZ^^ '' - eorpus^C-r^:- ^^^^^^''^f'y'>'iorvANWAcin 3G7 (■^) hl'KCIFIc ACTION. death by asphyxia ft a ' „ ' ^°"™'="»»'. and finally branches of The espira Lrv '"''''' "'" *«''^^»"' respiratory actions '^- "'"■"'■ ''°'' ""'^'^ 'efie. arii':triarra„rthr d"" ""'r "^^ <=-' '-p- of b,ood.pressnr;ra wtletS'nTlf \^" " '^" nervo-,„uscular structures of tL > .? f ""^ '"='"'■ ">« at the same time. '""" "=^'"8 depressed The coimlulhm are deDiP«=o.l „„j .,_ lowered in activity tht , ' ""^ ''^"""' <''"'' fa al»o depressed wMe tt ::'°7T' "'' ""'-'- ''" but shghUy afi-;cred '^ '"'"•'" "'""^^''J' """"e^ are poSo^n^rh t:-:^ ::r f^ ^-•f r -^ --' ""=>. large dose to the dog ,lt „ ! kni ir f'- " '"'" " » by both cardiac andtspS!; aSr '"^'""""'--■y. Usually asphyxia is readily produced D,. t . tinumg to beatr in an irreinl,; , ^'''}'"^ "on- ..jnutes after respiration CfelTed"""" "" ^^'-' absottLtaS:rr:niiv.:i^^^^^^^^^ '^ ^-^»^'y and fall in convulsions, giv™" a °J? ""o °'- '"'eo asphyxia being rapidly ^rodTc^d ^'"'''''' "i^^- In smaller amounts death occurs less oui.n, » ■"g movements bein» first iJ„ a ^ . ^' "''«8<"'- respiratioua, followed bv 1 ,' '""' ""S-'af paralysis of' the cZLXCrJl'^a t'^^"*'* "» paralysis of the cardiac or'espirtt^y':'.^:™'"^""* '" T ll'il 868 VETERINA R Y TflERA PEUTICS Horses are less rapidly atTected by toxic doses, and in some experiments large amounts were administered without causing death. The medicinal acid, in consequence of its volatility, is apt to lose its strength, and this will probably account for the large amounts tolerated in some instances. Antidotes.— Hydrocyanic acid is usually so rapidly fatal that antidotes are of little avail. Artificial respi- ration should be immediately resorted to, and inhalations of ammonia, with alternate affusions of cold and warm water to the head and neck, persevered in. The hypo- dermic injection of atropine is recommended in order to stimulate the respiratory and cardiac centres. The chemical antidote consists of a mixture of a ferrous and ferric salt, administered with magnesia or carbonate of potassium ; this forms the insoluble Prussian blue, in combining with the poison, but is seldom of value' in consequence of th«- apidity of absorption of the latter Medicinal Uses.-(a) To allay irritation of the gastric nerves, to relieve gastric pain and arrest vomiting, the dilute hydrocyanic acid is very useful in cases of gastritis, painful dyspepsia, and reflex or other nervous disorders of the stomach, occurring in canine practice. It is pre scribed in small doses repeated at intervals, in combina- tion with bismuth, and often succeeds in relieving obstinate vomiting when other agents have failed. {h) In cases of irritable chronic cough, both in horses and dogs, it is occasionally prescribed with benefit. (c) In tetanus it has been employed in doses of one drachm given three times a day, with four drachms of bromide of potassium, given in the patient's drinking- water; but its beneficial effects in this disease are not superior to those of the many other medicinal agents recommended from time to time. DriuTE rnnnocYA mc ., cm 3^ iJeV^t" "■'""'"™' "' P"™''"" ''™'"^Wti, „t calve, rcssor Williams recommends m x. to ni x, „f c!„i' , " -f re,i: -s vvr: :irs„r^ t 'ono.l,,,,o.o„Lecommc:aXr!:Lr\™Z:r li Liq. potassic, -;ii. Ac. hydrocyanici, P.B., -;i. Aqua, qt. i. Ft. lotio. Sig. To be applied twic. daily. Aqua Laurocerasi. Obtained from the leaves of the cherrv Inn.vi m cyanic rr™"°" ^"""" "■" »""°" °' "«'"»'• M™- .v:':arf:i\-rjrSor;t:st-" user., i„ eases of conjunctivitis (simpirr/' uTuL'ntr''^ AcWum Carbollcum-CA„no.,o Acd, P„™,„ ,„„ Phenol, Phenyl Alcohol su£:^;:^t purmori^:'^ °" "^ '™^"™'" ^'»""^"™ -<> 24 n. r If \WI^^ 370 VETERINA R V THERA PEUTICS %i Preparations. . u ^^K^^^^^^ Carbolicum Liquefactum — Carbolic aoi^ liquehed by the addition of 10 per cent, of waLr m X 'loTs^rf ri'^^'^'\''^- to .-i.ss. ; sheep, in_v. to properly ^dilu^pi t ^'\ ^' '-^.^"^^ ^^ administered fh! oJX- / ,' ^° ^^ *o avoid local irritation and the addition of glycerine is useful in this respect ' 2 Glycerinum Acidi Carbolici-1 to 4 by measure. hafd^paSf ^"'^ Oarbohci-l to 18 of soft and ZInci SulphocarboIas-SuLPHocAEBOLATE of Zinc aci^rStatw' h'"^ ^ mixture of carbolic and sulphuric mlV;„^a";^rysTaml^^^^ ^''^ °^^^^ ^' --' -apo- Sodii SulphocarboIas-SuLPHocARDOLATE OP Soda. ACTIONS OF CARBOLIC ACID. (1) IMMEDIATE LOCAL ACTION. ^^^mea%-Applied in a sufficiently ' concentrated form, carbo ic acid acts as a local initant to the skin or mucous surfaces ; it causes local muethcsia of the part coagulates albumin, and finally has a caustic effect with the formation of a hard white eschar, afterwards be- coming brown. a ua uu This agent possesses important influences on fermen- tation and decomposition, apart from its action on animal tissues. Solutions of carbolic acid deprive most of the organized ferments of their characteristic powers. These fennents - are represented by yeasts, moulds, and bacteria.' Ou cheimcal ferments (en.ymes) it does not act so readily Its effect on the .pores of vegetable organisms is'far e^ energetic than that of other agents, such as corrosive subhmate, a 5 per cent, solution of carbolic acid being s r a d bi el s> be an " CARBOLIC ACID 3^^ required to destroy them whilo 1 destroys the anth'rax bacilh Tl , "'"'°'" '°'""'"' sufficienuo prevent its g"t,' We h"""/ '" '■"** '^ an a«(,>i„„<,te (i„; aJn? ;■ ^^%*"'' "=™ 'he drug It is also an a, isnTLf "''"'■ " '''™«°')- septic diseases as w^'S ^ .cldf t f r"°" '" Producs 0/ e ' Z7 '"'f °P'«™'<^s. and is ,«ysten,, being probaWrconve Si" into " " '"' '" ""> donates, and, accordi g to somt IntL V "' "''• """•■ amount undergoes o.idftion ^""'""t'O'. a certain r^j , if 872 VETERINARY THERAPEUTICS acts as a cardiac depressant The blood-pressure rises at (3) SPECIFIC ACTION. In large doses carbolic acid acts as an irritant poison, besides producing special effects in the nervous system. It causes salivation, gastro-enteritis, and vomiting in dogs. On the Nervous System.— It first stimulates, and sub- sequently imrahjzes, the medulla and spinal cord, but produces these effects in a less marked degree on the cerebrum. Convulsions may occur, depending, according to some authorities, on the action of the poison on the spinal cord, while others ascribe them to an effect on the central basal ganglia. The voluntary muscles and sensory nerves are not seriously implicated. On the Circidation. — It after primary stimulation, first, and then falls. On liespirat ion.— The respirations are increased in frequency in the primary stages, afterwards becoming shallow and gasping. The temperature falls slightly after medicinal doses, but may rise in cases of absorption of excessive amounts from surgical dressings. Death generally occurs from asphyxia, combined with collapse. All animals are susceptible to the actions of this drug when incautiou :.Iy employed as a surgical dressing over large surfaces, but dogs are especially so. The symptoms in such cases are duluesi*, trembling, loss of appetite, a peculiar olive-green, brown, or gray discoloration of the urine, while excessive absorption may occasion fatal collapse. Professor Williams (' Principles and Practices of Veterinary Surgery ') records cases where a solution of CARBOLIC ACID 373 I carbolic acid was freely applied to considerable skin surfaces of dogs, and produced 'gradual failure of the heart's action ' in one, while in others ' a state of maras- mus was induced, with sunken eyes, fcetid breath, " tarry " ftcces, and death in six to twelve days.' In acute cases of poisoning by carbolic acid, a diagnosis can be arrived at by the odour of the drug from the mouth, and an examination of this region will show traces of white, hardened corrugated patches on the mucous membrane, if the agent has been administered in a concentrated form. The post-mortem appearances will show, in addition, patches of inflammation in the stomach and intestines,' and if death has occurred within twenty-four hours after the poison has been taken, the characteristic phenol odour will be detected throughout the body. The antidotes are the saccharate of lime, which is stated to control the action of the poison, and sulphate of soda, which neutralizes it, forming a sulpho-carbolate, which is excreted by the kidneys. The pharyngeal and gastric irritation should be allayed by the free administration of olive-oil and demulcents. - (4) REMOTE LOCAL ACTION. Carbolic acid and its products are rapidly excreted, chiefly in the urine and to a less extent by the saliva,' Only a minute portion can be recovered unchanged various products being formed. The peculiar colour of the urine is due to one of these products. This change in colour of the urine bears no definite relation to the amount of carbolic acid in the system, nor to the risk of toxic effects occurring. Medicinal U,e^-//^/,^m//?/.-Carbolio acid has been prescribed for all the purposes of an internal antiseptic, V. r 374 mi>^ VETERINA R Y Til ERA PEUTICS li in cases of pyaomia, septicaemia, pulmonary gangrene, etc Its poisonous nature, however, must not be lost si^ht of and other antiseptics are preferred by many practitioners' In flatulent colic in the horse and obstinate cases of tympanitis in cattle, it acts beneficially, being directly in.roduced into the colon of the horse and the rumen of the cow by means of Toope's trocar and cannula, in closes of 1 to 2 drachms, combined with 2 to 4 ounces of glycerme, and a pint of tepid water. As an inter-trachcal injection, it is prescribed in cases of parasitic bronchitis in calves, combined with tr opii or chloroform, as follows: Ac. carbolic, i^xx.; tr opii oi. ; ol. ohvffi, ,-ii. ; or ,-ss. of chloroform may be substi- tuted for the tr. opii. As an inhalation it is largely employed, in the form of vapour, m cases of respiratory affections with unhealthy discharges, acting as a disinfectant inhalation on the respiratory passages. The drug should not be administered to dof^s for reasons already mentioned. "^ ' Externally.-G^rhoMo acid is extensively used as an antiseptic in the treatment of wounds, etc., in the form ot a 2 J per cent, watery solution. Creolin, being non-poisonous, is preferred by many flvour '°"''' '"^ *^' ^''''''* ^^^' ^""^ '' ^^'^'^y S^^"^"S ^° At one time the familiar carbolic oil was a favourite dressing for wounds, but as its influence on germs is believed to be slight, if any. and as dry antiseptic dress- ' ings give better results, the oily compound is now being discarded, except as a popular application Asa local ancesthetic, in the form of a strong solution, carbolic acid does not give satisfactory results, in conse- quence of its after-effects on the part. CREOLIN 375 Carbolic acid is employed in sheep-dips, and also as a general disinfectant. Sulphocarbolate of zinc, in the proportion of from 2 to 3 grams to the ounce of water, is recommended in cases of Icucorrlura, and foul discharges from the vagina or uterus, and as a urethral injection (4 grains to the ounce) in gonorrhoea in bulls. Resorcin. A derivative of carbolic acid by various processes ; is an antiHeptic^nA disinfectant externally, and internally {ebSe^nditbns!""^"'*"" ^"' ^^^^^ *^«^P--^^^ - Naphthalln, Naphthol— /3 Naphthol, Iso-Naphthol. These are products of the distillation of coal-gas, and are powerful antiseptics and disinfectants. Ncphthalin has been used as an intestinal antiseptic in cases of diarrhcca and dysentery, in doses of 5i to 3ii for horses, and grs. ii. to grs. viii. for dogs, administered in mucilage. /3 Naphthol is applied in the form of ointment or solution (5 to 15 per cent.) in some diseases of the skin • It resembles tar in its actions, and is antiseptic and anti- parasitic. Creolin. A coal-tar product obtained from the creosote-con- taming fractions of certain kinds of coal ; it °s freed from poisonous constituents, and specially treated to render It soluble and suitable for use."^ In contains on ? the higher homologues of phenol in the form of soluble Actions-^a^/er»a%.-Creolin is antiseptic, deodorant and disinfectant. ' As an antiseptic, it has been proved by experiment to 1^1 ,lSi i«l iWw 37G VETERINARY THERAPEUTICS be far more active in the destruction of micro-organisms than carboh'c acid, as well as in arresting their growth a 2 per cent, solution being stronger than a 5 per cent solution of carbolic acid for such purposes. In a 5 per cent, solution it destroys all pathogenic .nicro-organisms Properly diluted, it is devoid of irritating action on the 6lan. and is an effectual deodorant in the case of foul unhealthy wounds. ' As a general disinfectant, it is employed in the less refined form known as Jeyes' fluid. Its value in this respect has been amptly proved by experience, and being non-poisonous, it possesses great advantages over carbolic acid, besides being cheapar and capable of more dilution than the latter. Medicinal Use3-/./en.«//^.-_Creolin is administered as a gastric disinfectant in cases characterized by ex- cessive fermentation. It is also useful in checking undue fermentation in the intestines, and in lessening the foetor and acridity of the excretions. As^ an internal antiseptic, it is an agent of great value and IS preferred to carbolic acid, being non-irritating and non-poisonous. It may be administered to horses and cattle in doses of 511. to 5vi., properly diluted, or given in mucila-e repeated two or three times daily, according to the require- ments of the case ; and for dogs, from l^x. to 3ss. may be administered most conveniently in the form of capsules Extcrnalhj.-Gjceolm is extensively employed as an antiseptic surgical dressing in cases of wounds, etc It forms a reliable antiseptic solution in the proportion of 1 to 80 of water (5ii. to Oi.). and in this form may be used for rendering the hands, instruments, and field of operation aseptic. As a uterine injection, it is very valuable in cases of I t] J CREOl.ix .PYOKTAXr:^ 377 metritis and for washing out the uterus after a decom- posmg placenta has been removed ; for such purposes a 1 to 40 solution may be employed. As aninkcdaiion it is employed in respiratory affec- tions with benefit. :/ <^ ^^ In c^'cctions of the skin, both parasitic and non- parasitic. It acts beneficially, and is highly recommended. ror mange in dogs the following ointment is recom- mended : creohn. =i. ; sapo mollis, .iv. ; lanoline oint- ment, ^viii. ; creta prep., ?,ss. Mix. In chronic eczema the following application is useful • civolm, 3,. ; sapo mollis. ,^i. ; methylated spirit, ^ss. Jn cases of severe burns and scalds, creolin gives lavourable results, and may be employed in the form of o.ntment, the basis being of lanolin, containing 5 per cent, of creolin. This ointment forms an excellent anti- septic application for many purposes Creolin is employed in the dry antiseptic treatment of bor^c acid containing 10 per cent, of creolin. and used in a similar manner to iodoform. ';* '#' ^ Ml Pyoktanln. A chemical preparation belonging to the chsc, ^f Pyoktanlnum Aureum -Auramin. Pyoktaninum Coeruleum-METHVL Violet Methyl violet is the form most commonly employed It IS stated to be capable of killin<. ^erms and J I iUa\,- A,,. 1 , . ° r^^""s ana arrustuTT theu development m a higher degree than any of the 11 W^AK 378 VETERINARY THERAPEUTICS hitherto known antiseptics, and to be non-poisonous and . non-irritating. It is used in the form of solution of 1 to 1 000 or in powder containing 1 or 2 per cent, or in tlie form of small crayons. It is very diffusible, penetrating living textures rapidly, and is quickly eliminated therefrom ; it causes even m weak solutions an intense violet coloration of the tissues, and for this reason may be objected to as an antiseptic in operations and wounds. In wounds already infected this agent is highly recommended as an antiseptic dressing. In cases of suppurating ulcers it is a'dvised to sprinkle pyoktanin in substance on the parts, or to apply it in the form of crayon. _ In the form of injection (i to 300) it is recommended in the treatment of mammary tumours in the do^. and melanotic tumours in the horse, injected deeply int" the bases and substance of the growths. In diseases of the eye it is employed by German practitioners. In conjunctivitis (simple and purulent) it IS applied in the strength of 1 to 1,000. In ulceration of the cornea, in iritis, and panophthalmia it is also recom- mended. Phenazonum — Phenazone, ' Antipymn.' A crystalline substance obtained from phenyl hydrazine. Z>oses.— Horses, -;ii. to 3iv. ; dogs, grs. x. to ers xx • may be repeated every one or twoVours in acuTe cases until results are obtained. It is soluble in water Actions and Uses.-Phenazone is a powerful an- any detrimental afterXrt.tMTrSel 380 Wi\X VETERINARY TTTERAPEUTWS in cases where there is weakness of the heart's action, as It tends to cause depression of this organ. PhenacBtlnum— Phenacetin. A crystaUine substance produced by the action of from'thenol!" """'^ °" Paraphuietidin, a body obta-ined Actions and Usas.-Phenacetin is antipyretic, anodyne and hypnotic. It resembles antipyrin and antifebrin in Its actions, which are less rapid, but more prolonc^ed It may be employed in similar cases in doses o' ^\[ to 51V. for horsos, and grs. v. to grs. x. for dogs, dissolved in alcohol, as it is sparingly soluble in water. Chinoline or Quinoleine. An oily liquid obtained from aniline and allied sub- stances. Kairin. A crystalline substance derived from chinoline. Thallin. A crystalline substance also derived from chinoline. These agents resemble each other in their actions as antipyretics. They belong to a large group of allied substances, and are not as yet in general use iu veterinary practice. Thallin is regarded by some authorities as a reliable antipyretic, and its value in this respect has been demonstrated on veterinary patients by Kaufmann and Friedberger. It is used in the form of a sulphate, and is stated to cause neither digpstivc nor nervous disturbance, and to reduce temperature quickly, this effect appearing to depend on diminished oxidation. It is given to horses in doses of ^iii. to 5iii., and to dogs in doses of grs. ii. to grs. iv. t J i 4 J ^ALOL-ICIITIIYOL Salol. ast .^A compouucl of salicylic acid and phenol. Insoluble Actions and Uses.-It is antiseptic and aniipyrctir also r. Klein advises a 50 per cent, ointment of ichthyol skin of the affected part two or three times a day. Creasotum— Creasote. A product of the distillation of wood tar or mX~^°' ^''^"' "l-^- '° "^ "^•' ^^^inistei^d in mucilage Actions and Uses.-Creasote resembles carbolic acid n Its actions. The most important use of c aso e nterna ly depends on its power of arresting fernenta Jon. while not interfering with the action of pepTn or" the digestive processes ; hence it is prescribed in cases of obsUuau coMUing in dogs due to indigestion and excessive l.n . .ti.n, or to dilatation of th 'stomach tu^ r e^ • '; '^^''".'^ ?"^^^^- i' i« sometimes substi- ^^. ",;:t ^^ ''' ^-- ^^ ^"^--tracheal lODOFOIiJf 3gg 'ouii lo.,;,.' ■::;:::„:;:„:;::; :"- """ «-" -" -" H Croasoti, ~,iv. Liq. potassm, =i. 01. olivjn, >vii. Ft. lin. ' lodoformum— louoKouM. a....„ea. i„ vote z;" r ist' irir^„,: 't tho dreased. surZ : J aSod°rTr7 '^ ""u'""' wounds, uicoied :!„"::;; rr" """"'"'^ '-''"^^ '- ^td:-i--i-£r^£t^^ wbicb render .he latter harX,. " '"'"= I"-"'^'""^' Iodoform may be applied in the dry form, or a. hVnlM^ 384 VPyrFJllNAUY THERAPEUTICS iodoform wool and gauze, containing 10 per cent, of the agent. In tlie case of fresh wounds it should be judi- ciously employed, as it tends to induce excessive granulations. It may be applied to unhealthy wounds in the form of an ointment, as follows : Iodoform, -;i. ; ol. eucalyptus, 5i. ; vaseline, ^v. Mix. In canker of the car in the dog it acts very beneficially, bemg applied directly in the form of dry powder. In cases of thrush, equal parts of iodoform and calomel form an efficient application, which should be introduced carefully into the cleft of the frog, until the discharge therefrom ceases. In cases of ozcma, chronic nasal catarrh, etc., iodoform is introduced directly into the nasal cavities by means of an insufflator once a day, and often gives satisfactory results. lodol. A powder obtained by precipitating a moderately injre pyrrhol with lodo-iodide of potassium. This resembles iodoform la its actions and uses, but is devoid of odour and noij-toxic when appHed to wounds. ' Aristol. _ A compound of iodine and thymol, resembles iodoform in its actions, but is said to be non-toxic. Paraffinum MoIIe.—SoPT Pakaffin, Vaseline. A semi-solid mixture of the softer or more fluid members of the paraflin series of hydrocarbons, usually obtained by purifying the less volatile portions of petroleum. Uses.— Vaseline is not oxidizable, and hence cannot become rancid or irritant to the skin. It is extensively employed as a basis for ointments instead of lard, and is also useful as a lubricant and emollient application. > ACONITE :ent. of the d be judi- excessive he form of ucalyptus, ineficially, n-. id calomel ntroduced discharge , iodoform means of itisfactory itely pure resembles of odour, iodoform LINE. ore fluid 5, usually .'tions of e cannot tensively d, and is ion. 385 4l1 CHAPTER IX. II.-THE ORGANIC MATERIA MEDICA. GROUP I.-THE VEGETABLE KIXGDOM The vegetable kingdom supplies a large number of mechcmal agents, some being of great iu.po.' ance ot Ls ut sSr" /'t ""^"^ "°^ being understood, are but seldon employed. To the latter only a nassin<^ notice wm be given, while those agents whose vakelt dlseTiin'"'^'-!^^'^^^'^^^ "^^ "^ '^^ *-^^-" o? disease will be considered at lenrrth We shall endeavour, as far°as possible, to .roup together those drugs which possets a sinnlaritrof actions, and compare them whenever necessarv «ml us assist the student to remember their iXio^n's id uses lh,g pi^,, ,3 p,3f,,.^^i^j3 ^^ arranging the a-^ents according to their natural orders, or alphlbetically. ° Aconiti Radix— Acomte Root The dried root of Aconitum -[apellus (monk's-hood). Aconiti Folia. NapeUul™"' '""''' "'"^ """'"■'"S '"Px of Aconit.,„ Preparations of Aconilc I^oot Fleming's Tincture of Aconite is about four tin.n. as strong as the above, the doses for ho tVtoTii:''^"'^''^^"'^^^^^^'"^ racs being ll|^v. to ii. to m^iii. ; dogs, 25 h' '■m 386 VETERINARY THERAPEUTICS Aconitina — Aconitine. An alkaloid obtained from aconite root. It is not given internally, but externally is sometimes employed in the form of unguentum aconitintc— 1 to 55 of benijoated Pulvis Aconiti (Folia) Dose— Horses, 5i. to 5ii. -PowDEEED Aconite. ACTIONS OF ACONITE. (1) IxAimediate local action. Externally, aconite applied to the skin or exposed mucous membranes depresses the peripheral endings of sensory nerves, and subsequently paralyzes them. It can be absorbed by the skin. Internally, full doses have a topical irritant effect on the stomach, causing slight pain and nausea, followed by vomition in dogs. It subsequently depresses the gastric nerves. (2) SPECIFIC ACTION. Aconite is rapidly absorbed from the stomach, and entering the blood, it passes quickly into the tissues. Medicinal doses given in close succession have a special action on the heart, the circulation, respiration, and temperature. They reduce the frequency, force, and tension of the pulse by acting on the nerves, and also by a direct action on the nervo-muscular structure of the heart itself. The blood-pressure is lowered, partly from cardiac, and partly from vaso-motor, depression. licspiration is slowed, both from reduced circulatory force as well as direct depression of the respiratory centre. The skin is stimulated, perspiration is slightly in- creased, and temperature is lowered steadily. cs ;. It is not nes employed i of beni^oated Aconite. I or exposed il endings of s them. lb ant effect on , followed by 1 the gastric iomach, and tissues, ion have a respiration, nsio7i of the lirect action itself, cardiac, and circulatory itory centre, slightly in- '{ ACONITE tha?of::;;:::::f'l' :t'' spcciOc action „,.eo„ite is nervous S3ste,n are .Zt^iXtZr'T: "' /'='' -t a.j.a, arfio:;;; r itirr"'--- •'^'"=" , others believe that the sensory nerves are nff f ^ --- the periphery inwards, the sp na cord ^ ^ ^^ secondarily acted on Th» . , ^ ^^^^S these is less than o. the so'so" trl t"/ T"" ™ «ot d„.ectl, affected, and even la^e doses do not t'" " conscousness, but may disturb it ""°^^ cJ:r^a„rt;Tel;-:;;L:" ;°^" ,'°^''^ =--' ^^^t vascular depressiomrdiar T "t'°"'' '"^ ?uo„t. in-egular. and gradual^: b,r'te"nd„"7" '™- .n diastole. Death .nly occu/fr „ a^, " "de^o^r" on paralysis of the respiratory centre but a „ ^'f '"« dose may Idll by svncone d„/t„ . jj' "''^ '"''Se heart muLie. Con\Ss a" eti ^ if'^ °' "'^ instances. ^ pieceae death m some In the horse, large doses cause frothinrr from th. n. .u nausea, attempts at swallowin-. follo^eT " , ' period by attempts at vomition,^ e tXd " ' ''"'^^' and feeble pulse. acceleiated respirations. Professor F. Smith, in experimentin. with thi. ^ gave a pony 4 ounces of the tinc>^^r.nf . ^'■"^' In ten minutes there was slig ttl tl^om^ a gulping sound from the throat «1? T ' '''°"^'^' 'osvva„ow,pu,se.earr;;;l:-:-^^^^^^^^ Ik If' lit . liii' !§ ill JJM 388 VETERINARY THERAPEUTICS t judging from the sound proceeding from the abdomen, there were increased peristaltic movements of the in- testines. In forty minutes the animal was pawing with one fore-leg, and in one and a quarter hours from the commencement there W( re distinct attempts at vomition, whicli were continued for three and a half hours after receiving the dose. The animal commenced to recovir, and was in a normal condition in five and a half hours. Aconitine is a very active poison, even ,^ grain in- jected hypodermically producing serious symptoms in the horse. In horses destroyed by this alkaloid, the prominent symptoms noted were excessive salivation, grinding of the teeth, indications of pain, and violent tetanic convulsions. No alteration of temperature, nor any increased secre- tion from the skin, bowels, or kidneys, was noted. In (Jogs, large doses of aconite generally cause in five minutes painful vomiting and continuous retching, muscular exhaustion, and paralysis of the hind ex- tremities. In some instances death occurs with great rapidity. Antidotes.— In the dog, if seen immediately after the poison has been taken, emetics should be administered. Alcoholic or ammoniacal stimulants should be freely given, and ether used hypodermically, every means being adopted to assist in maintaining cardiac and respiratory action. (3) KEMOTE LOCAL ACTION. Aconite is excreted by the kidneys, iucreasin" the solid and fluid portions of the urine.* It probably also leaves the system by the skin. MedicinalUaes. — Ill acute febrile affections in sthenic patients, aconite judiciously prescribed is a valuable agent, acting as a vaso-motor sedative, reducing cardio- ICS the abdomen, its of the in- 3 pawing with ours from the ts at vomitioii, ilf hours after Dfl to recover, a lialf hours. 1 iV grain in- symptoms in he pronn'nent grinding of the c convulsions, creased secre- noted, ally cause in lous retching, the hind ex- rs with great tely after the hninistered. )uld be freely ' means being id respiratory icreasing the probably also IS in sthenic 3 a valuable icing cardio- A CONITE 339 vascular excitement, and lowering abnorn.al tempera- In the early stages of respiratory affections, it is pre- 8cribed in carefu ly retaliated dosnc, in .^. i • .• , ,1 ,. ^ 'CouiaiLu (loses, in combmation with he liquor ammonii acetatis, and repeated every two cr three hours. .r »" ^i It is contra-indicated in cases characterized by dobilitv weakness of pulse, and in cardiac affections Being a powerfully depressing agent, its effects require to be carefully watched, and, generally speaking, its use IS not indicated m that affection termed injlumza, as the system is in an already depressed condition In. laviinitis, aconite is indicated, and gives very bene- ficial results in the early stages, combined with salines such as the nitrate of potassium, and, administered at intervals of one or two hours, it tends to relieve pain and reduces excessive cardiac action and temperatui^ ' 111 entenhs, it was recommended in combination with opium_ and camphor by the late Professor Eobertson (' l^^quine Medicine '). Ill acHt^ rheumatism, it relieves pain and reduces the pyrexia, being combined with salines. In tetanus, it has been prescribed with variable success m the earlier stages, in the form of hypodermic injections of Fleming's tincture m from lllv. to Ilfx doses In chrome congh and broken wind, it acts as an efficient palliative remedy, combined with arsenic, strict attention being alsogiven to dietetics. For such purposes it may tl.tT rA'" ''•' '"'" '' P°^^'^^-' «-J^ -^ the bined with the liquor arsenicalis. E^ierually aconice is used as a heal anodyne in hcnimatic affections and swollen, painful joints, in the form of hniment, combined with a small proportion of , 1 1(, fit I k f n ■■;lll '4 IwAij 300 VETERINA R Y TIT ERA PEUTICS The ointment of aconitine may be similarly chloroform, employed. Veratrina— Vkiutiunb -Wed' tt^ tZ:iC^^^' ';?» 'he Verat.;„rS7o arc«, Z^'f''^ heilebore, and in lowlkt ofll T " P"''"' "'■""o" ^<==Pi>-ation, a ' ,nmi ''"P^'''""''. >ipasmodic twitching of muscles ^ In ro^er r •e'"" °"r "°" "■™' 4hy Ja "'"■ ; 0;i the nervous system veratrine exerts a slic.hf a. '^ y aepends on a single contraction, and not on a 'ICS ay be similarly ipccial care in lined from the a—a Mexican s in Veratrum bore, and in of which are ions. tie, grs. ii. to 3 the skin or nt, and then ^g in loss of ainful vomit- prostration, aspiration, a ? of muscles, phyxia. msed saliva- and violent with efforts slight de- lion on the ■ on by the ig of their ihe muscles 3 condition not on a VERA TRINE ^^j i™«u,ar% feeb,e„L, i^S; ^^T ''"'"" finally arrested through th cette 1 r^' '"'"^ vagus. ' ""^ "wsoles, and the clr^Itrr^Cll^' '---'■ P-^^-Xy depending „„ acute fi^,le affeotL^srs^hltrb-el^rikt-' function, o/'tho st^JTin efttk""^"""'*""" '^^ great value in cases of i, lotion tvT " fu "'"'' "' Of. a large portion of theCtic 'co 2 "it'TY a oer;:i::r.-t:rrutr/rri ^^^^'"•"- '° the intestinal secretion. «? . ^' ^''' ^'"°^ °^ on the peristaltTc r^m nrTnd'?'' ''' ^"'"^^^^ combination of veratrinp 1! . ' recommends a -t.e„t Of hnS tf r::Lt ssr '- ''- Staphlsagria Semlna-SxAVESAcnE Seeds delphinineandsta^wt^g'^'e ' '"°'' '"'"'^"'■" be^^g 'I • J|! ^*''l -^{'1 rill ''':■ ;!]■ ■ Ill ■ 11 'I 892 VETERTNARY TIIERAPEUTTCS ) ' fi _ Actions and Uses.— Delphinine reseinl)le3 aconitine in Its actions, but is even more depressant to the vessels. Stavosacre is only used as a ininmticide, for the destruction of pediculi and acari. For such purposes one part of the bruised seeds is boiled for two hours with twenty to thirty parts of water, making up the latter to the original quantity. Strong preparations too freely applied, or absorbed from abraded surfaces, or licked by dogs, are liable to produce nausea and prostration. As an application for mange in the horse, Professor Williams recommends the following formula : II Pulv. delpbini staphisagrifo, ^ii. Adipis vel o!. palmte, ^viii, 01. olivao, ^i. Mix and digest at 100° in a sand-bath, and strain. For the destruction of lice, a decoction of stavesacre is very efficient, composed of one ounce of the powdered seeds to a pint of water, care being taken that the animals do not hck themselves for some time after the remedy is applied. •' ColchicI Cormus— CoLCHicuM Corm. The fresh corm of Colchicum autumnale, or the autumn crocus, dried and powdered for use. Xfoscs -Horses, ."ss. to 3i. ; cattle, ."i. to ."ii. ; docrg with'salhifs'' '''"' l^epeated twice daily in combination Colchici Semlna— Colchicum Seeds. Preparation. s i^lr*"'^* Colchici— Tincture of colchicum— 1 to 8 proof ^I)^05.5.-norses, =1. to ^i.ss. ; cattle, ^ii. ; dogs, IT^x. to e, Professor COLCniCFM 3 J) -5 Actions -The physiological action of colchicum is not clearly understood hcnco its use in n^cdicine is son.e- what empirical, and founded on the results obtained in the treatment of certain diseases. Given in a large dose It causes gasiro-intesthml irritation, purging, cardiac depression, and an increase of the biliary secretion, its actions resembling to a certain extent those of veratrine. its alkaloid, colchicine, enters the blood and tissues, and acts as a depressant on the central nervous system, lar^e doses producing loss of sensibility and consciousnes's. and diminishing reflex excitability ; the peripheral sensory nerves become paralysed, while motor nerves and muscles are unaffected. Ou the Kidneys.-lt is said by some authorities to dumnish the amount of urine, but to increase the quan- tity of urea and uric acid. Medicinal doses act as diuretics and cholagocjues. While large amounts may lessen the quantity of urine excreted, moderate doses increase both the flow and the solid con- stituents, a fact which is proved by clinical experience Medicinal Uses.-In subacute rheumatisvi, colchicum IS prescribed with beneGt in combination with saline diuretics, its effects probably being due to its power of assisting the excretion of the morbid material through the kidneys. ° In lymphangitis it is also useful in combination with other agents, in virtue of its diuretic and cholagogue actions. ° ° In a,otaria, when the urinary excretion is deficient colchicum is indicated, and may be given with swee^ spirits of nitre. In the secondary stages of pleurisy, and in rheumatic pericarditis, it is prescribed with iodide of potassium and gives favourable results in many instances < j I I m '1 41 •^94 ^'^TEraNARYmiCIiAPEUT/CS CHAPTER X. THE VEr,ETADLE iaNUOOM_a..„„,., Opium. The best variety of oninm ia ^ ci Levant ; this yield's 10 H;. '^ t;':'';^ "'■'''^' "^ ->■-' 2'(^' cent, of morphine. ^reparations. (1) Pulvis Opii-Powdercd Opium Uoscs. — Horses ~i fn -•• g- X. .„g,.s. .,^.^eZ:^l -'^'l^^3ii. to ,iii.,. sheep. .ea^tLr "'"' "^ '""^^^^ "--"-« '0 si.es and (2) Eitractnm Opii_Aq„eous-2 i„ i Doscs.—Bait the above. oi^r!:'^T\llll^: Co.posjtus Dover's Powder- (1 in 10). ^ ^°"anha, 1 , sulphate of potassium, 8 ^osc5 —Horses and cattle xii m ii,. ^ grs. XV. '^' >^"- to 51V. ; dogs, grs. v. to «.ma>s,or.aLl,33Sns°othe°ounc: ' «'-^" '" "i _i^05cs.— Horses and catUp -; ^ -■". pigs, 5ii. to 3iv. ; dogs niv nnw "I'l'" ' ^^^ep and ^ng to requirements. ' '" ° "^^^^- Modified accord- TiSLrr^rSpiu'r'Xo'r"/^^^ ^-P^-ted , ^aiegonc —Opium, 40 grains; J >! OPIUM 395 or benzoic acid 40 grains; camphor, 30 grains- oil of amse. * fluid drachn. ; proof spirit. 20 flulToun^es Jl in 7)osM._Similar to those of the tincture of opium. (6) Unguentum Gallae cum Opio— Onium qo „^^\„c . ointment of galls, 1 ounce (1 in 14° ). ^ ' ^'^'"' ' Incompatibles of Opium and its Preparations -Acetat« and subacetate of lead, salts of ^inc, copp nd ar.enfc all astringent vegetable preparations, fixed alkaSs aid their carbonates, alkaline earths, and ammonia! Opium contains a large number of constituents, among which are many alkaloids and two organic acids. The most important alkaloids are morphim, codeine, the- baine. ' The chief organic acid is meconic acid, an agent of no therapeutical importance. The alkaloid morpkine, in consequence of its insolu- bil ty. IS employed in the form of different salts ; it is obtained from opium by complex chemical processes, the various salts depending on the acid which is used in he preparation of each. Morphine Hydrochloras-Hydrochlorate of Morphine- Solnhilitij.-l in 24 of water, readily in spirit salirTlt"^^''-""^^' "^^^'^"^ carbonates, lime-water :?^i^u^^d^ansS-;t--s Jov hypodermic injection, which is tho most effective tbe minimum doses mentioned should be employed at I 111 '■'I ' ' >* I V i-il \ tf OdG VETERTNARY THERAPEUTICS ;i Liquor Morphine Hydrochloratis (1}.P.)— }> ..-ains in Tinctura Chloroformi et Morphin«~ChIorodyno Seo p. 388. Morphinae Acetas-Acetate of Morphine folMr>,--l in 2,1 in water, readily in spinfc. I^oscs.-Sinnhr to those of the hydrochlorato. Morphinae Sulphas-Sulphate of Morphine SoIubilitj/--l in 24 of water, sparingly in spirit i^06-6's.-Similar to the above. ^ Codeina— Codeine— the proportion of fto 1 per'e'nt. '" ^""'"*- ^" °1^'"'" ^" i>o.cs. -About four times those of morphine. ACTIONS OF OPIUM These depend chiefly on morphine, and any difTerences in the actions of each will be noticed afterwards. (1) IMMEDIATE LOCAL ACTION Authorities differ as to the action of opium on the unbroken skin, some stating that morphine cannot L ns OPIUM 397 grains Others believe that it acts as a local amdi/nc wlien appliod in the form of h'niment or fomentation, made from tlio tincture and other preparations. Opium and morphine are nadily absorhod from wounds, ulcers, and exposed mucous surfaces, acting as local anodynes tliereon. ^ Intcviutllij.—ln the mouth opium (h'iiiin\s/ics the sccrc- thus, and is quickly absorbed from the mucous meuibrano. It causes dryness of this region, and a degree of thirst. On the .S7o?;ir '''" ■» -^ ^y -»« observed in medi i"," aZ 'lUs at '"' '''": '' ""' milk, which neoesaif„f.r I- ° «^ereted in the to animals nurnX^yrr"'^""'""* '"^ '"'" ACTIONS OP THE PBINCIPAL ALKALOIDS OF OPIUM. opL^^'Cdrthiet"'' "'^""■™^'' ""^ -"- o' description^ ^^^'^.^^^a.^. th"" "^^ ^how«., a lew points 0. diZLfe ttci/:;::tt' while the el t ti :' T «""''?- *^" °P'"»' iS'^ ioca, aetrvr il::-^s-^^: ..nistered by hypodermic i.JLr Jir^t^t 26 iij/jlt ,1ft '. .'I iv; sf *| if ! 1 'i; w 402 VETERINARY THERAPEUTICS and constipating effects are less marked than in the case of opium. (c) Morphine has a more sedative influence than the entire drug, as several of the constituents of the latter possess, more or less, convulsant action, such as thebaine, codeine, narcotine. As a rule, morphine is preferred to opium, except in cases of intestinal affections, such as diarrha3a, dysentery, etc., where the latter reaches the bowel directly, and exerts its immediate local action thereon. 2. Codeine is generally believed to excite the spinal cord more than morphine, and to depress the convolu- tions less. It reduces the amount of sugar in diabetes to a marked degree. According to M. Cagny (' Precis de Therapeutique Veterinaire), codeine is an anodyne less narcotic than morphine, and does not cause so marked a period of excitation in its action on nervous horses. He prefers codeine to morphine for the various purposes of an anodyne. 3. Thebaine, or Paramorphine, present to the extent of one half per cent, in opium, stimulates the motor tract of the spinal cord, and acts like strychnine, producing muscular rigidity and convulsions. We are not aware of its em_jloyment for therapeutical purposes. Toxic Effects of Opium and Morphine. — Horses resist the toxic effects of opium and morphine to a great extent. In the majority of instances large doses produce excitement, restlessness, muscular tremors, dilatation of the pupils, continuous walking in a circular direction, shaking of the head, profuse sweating, delirium ; these effects may continue for a long period, and are usually succeeded by profound depression and nausea. cs than in the ncc than the of the latter I as thebaine, m, except in sa, dysentery, directly, and e the spinal the convolu- ir in diabetes gny (' Precis an anodyne lot cause so I on nervous r the various the extent of motor tract e, producing not aware of Horses resist to a great ses produce 3, dilatation ar direction, irium ; these are usually a. cau:t„t;':c:::irad °" -""'^'"^ =---"y cardiac and respiratory action. ^ "'"^'"^ ^° P^oinote In all animals the ojcurrpn^P nf vented by artiflcia. ..esp^rn 11 iTelt: ' ''= P"' moving about keeping the patient the respiratory centre anri K '^'''"'^^ons. It stimulates which are apt to occur aS ^2' T °°"^"P^*^on morphine. *^^ admmistration of ""^'^""^^ ^^^^-^~^^- opiu. and its alkaloid Jj 404 VETERINA R Y THERA PEUTICS morphine are frequently employed in cases where the relief of pain is the primary indication of treatment. Such cases are very numerous, and depend on various pathological conditions. In the horse, as we have already noticed, opium and morphine act as excitants to the nervous system in many instances, and hence do not produce anodyne effects in as satisfactory a manner as in dogs or human beings. As a rule, if the first dose of opium or morphine fails to give relief, further doses will only tend to cause excitement. The combination with atropine, fccordin" to our experience, does not tend to overcome this exciting effect, and the most reliable agent to combine for this purpose is chloral hydrate in doses of one ounce, re- peated until hypnotic effects are produced. In many cases of violen- be .-even: -/wTnL:;!— ,,r^^ -'" combined with ZZi^ 1 "'•"'^"."'" '=°"''' -"^ '= pose. ^ '"' "="'™» ""'-osi for this pur- In gastritis, in all Datipnfo n,„ _ are usefnl for relieving irrilnt ""^'''''''r' °' °P™" giviog the inflamed part rest '^' P"'"' '''"' »P''™. ""d starch orTougSr,':':' T "" '"'""""ered in be ^^»iuisteridTi;r:s~,t,r:st"' ^-^ »? ■peoacuanha, acetate o( lead etc ° ^°"^' iectL'trmtp'hine i':';: ?'""■'' *^ '-yp°^«™- «- and, as alread« „!. ^^^^ ''' "' "" ''™''^™' in addition a hymote Ih '\f "^*'"'' '0 administer avoid the excitiSetro?tl'et;;Lr ™'^' '" ^ '^ In certain affections of fho ... • . judmiously prescribed rives belfi! f *, °°°«''' "P™" «on With the other detSrof eate^^""^ '" "-""- In cases of cmmh /Jo, ^- ""^^^t^- -cess.ve irritability o, the ntrves' and cX!'™;;: °" m m 406 VETEItlNAHY THERAPEUTICS indicated, and may be given with benefit in the form of the tmctura camphoro) composita. Intctamts the hypodermic injection of morphine com- W.W„,„,,„y,„ p,„„„^ °"Phi°e arc admimstered with benefit as sedatives and antispasmodics In cases of intcsthml hcmor,-ha:j, opium' is ot great value as u arrests tl,e movements of the bowel, and ha Irn.'rZnttiT"' ^"*" ^' '^"^ - P-^-""- are prominent symptoms, opium judiciously admin dep esslnt o,f°"'' '."' "'^ " '^ ^ ^"""--^ -'"-c preferred ' '"°"'^"''' ™* *' belladonna, are buf „t"l'""" 'f "'""' °'"=''='"°->»"y met with in dogs, taLT / '° ^T'' °P'™ " '^"^^'"^ administered twice daily gives favourable results As an antuloh to strychnine - poisoning, morphine has the power of antagonizing the muscubr spaVms and Professor F. Smitli records an instance of a do^ poisoned with strychnine, and so convulsed tha! recovery seemed mipossiUe, but after live grains of morphine had been Ejected hypodormically the muscular spasms ceased, the animal slept for Iwentyfour hours and recovered. ^ "uurs, Centra-Indications of Opium and Morphine.-In con- gestive and mflammatory affections of the brain In diseases of the respiratory organs with shallow," em- barrassed breathing, and a tendency to death from 'ICS in the form of Tiorphine coin- nth a variable m hemorrhage of the uterus, administered cs. m is of great 'owel, and has sucli cases it ' preparations and distress ously admin- erous cardiac ladonna, are vith in dogs, administered ig, morphine liar spasms; ice of a dog vulsed that VQ grains of :he muscular ^-four hours, ae.— In con- 3 brain. In hallow, em- death from asphyxia, c^pium OPIUM 4U7 there is a probability of th^ vlf ! ' 'condition, and of morphine in the system ""' "'^ """"'"ulation .■nth:z;tft:e::,;:Sb- --p^-- -od,™ belladonna before beinT ret? ' , '?° °^ °'"''"" '">'C2Mration. in£«y!jrra';^p»ho=rr--^-'-<>i-.ved ^o»o.-Suboutaneouslyfordogs,^ii.lomy. Actions and Usp«j Ar,^ ».ost reliable ofa^Tmetri-. '' "^ ''"'"*^»' «'' ■centre, and but slightly onThest" 'HT *° ™™"»g "•&«c« emetic. ^ ' "™'"'''' b«">g mainly an 408 VETERINA It Y TIIERAPEUTIOS It is employefl in canine practice in doses of gr. r}^, to gr. 3-V hypodermically, and gr. ,i.^ to gr. I by the mouth. Its effects are produced in from 5 to 20 minutes, con- sisting of moderate nausea, repeated vomiting, and the disturbances of the respiratory and circulatory organs, usually caused by emetics. It is stated not to cause local irritation of the stomach, and to leave little or no after-effects. Small doses (gr. -.}(^) are expectorant. Apomorphine administered to the horse produces no attempts at vomition, but causes alarming symptoms of cerebral excitement. ! I if Cannabis Indica— Indian Hemp. The dried flowering o:.- fruiting tops of the female plants of Cannabis sativa, grown in India, and from which the resin has not been removed. It contains a glucoside, cannaUn ; an active principle, cannabinon ; a volatile alkaloid, cannahinine ; another alkaloid, tetcuio- cannabine ; and a volatile oil, cannabene. Preparations. Extractum Cannabis Indicae — Alcoholic— 6 in 1. Doses. — Horses and cattle, gss. to 3!. ; dogs, gr, i to gr. i. Tinctura Cannabis Indicae—l of extract to 20 of spirit. Dose for dogs, n\ v. to H| xx. Actions.— The physiological affects of the active principle and alkaloids of cannabis indica have not been fully determined. Tetano-cannabine is said to be a convulsant. The extract is the preparation concerning which we have some definite knowledge, and which is generally employed in practice. ws 3 of gr. 2?-^ to f tho mouth, linutes, con- iing, and the ,tory organs, lot to cause I little or no produces no yraptoms of INDIAN HEMP 409 the female , and from I contains a '.nabiiton ; a loid, tetano- inl. dogs, gr. I !0 of spirit. the active I have not said to be which we ; generally Cannabis indica acts as a hypnotic and anodyne when administered in sufficient doses. It docs not produce the intoxicating effects in veterinary patients recorded as occurring in man, and no exciting action is noticed as the primary effects of tho drug. Individual susceptibihty and a variable composition of the drug probably account for the differences sometimes observed in its action on horses, but in the majority of mstances, if a suitable dose be administered, marked hypnotic and anodyne effects will be produced. Cannabis indica resembles opium in its actions to a certain extent, but instead of the cerebro-spinal excitement induced by the latter drug, we have a condition of profound sleep, probably depending,; on the effects of the agent on the cerebrum. Administered in doses of from half an ounce to one ounce of the extract, it commences to act in from twenty minutes to half an hour ; the horse assumes a sleepy appearance, the eyelids droop, the head may be shaken m a listless manner, the animal usually retains the standing posture, with the head in the corner of his stall; as the drug continues to exert its action, a snoring sound is heard during inspiration, and the animal appears unconscious to surrounding influences. These effects may continue for a period of from ten to twelve hours, and gradually pass off; but if the dose has been excessive, or if the animal be particularly susceptible to the action of the drug, an alarming state of narcosis may be produced. The lips are retracted, the tongue hangs from the mouth, the pulse is weak and accelerated, respirations hurried, shivering fits occur at mtervals, there is partial loss of control over the hind extremities, the animal keeps its head in a corner, and if disturbed tends to return to its former position, a ■ I r.'.i it-' m 410 ?5^W VETERINARY THERAPEUTICS flow of frothy saliva issues from the mouth, the penis may be pendulous. Even in this condition the animal may attempt to feed on a bran-mash, but the lips are usually worked in a semi - unconscious manner, and little or nothing is swallowed. This state of narcosis may continue for an mdefinite period, but after the administration of diffusible stimulants it gradually passes oft', with but little degree of nausea or loss of appetite, and no inter- ference with the action of the bowels or kidneys. Even medicinal doses will in some horses produce an apparent loss of control over the hind extremities, but this gradu- ally passes off without any untoward elfects. In man the drug is stated to produce a similar effect, and in addition a partial anaesthesia of the limbs occurs after full doses. We have no evidence of the toxic effects of cannabis indica, and, according to Professor F. Smith, even large doses will not cause death in the horse, although a very profound state of narcosis is induced. Medicinal Uses. — In consequence of its marked hypnotic effects, in addition to its anodyne action, cannabis indica is an agent of very great value for the relief of acute pain in horses, irrespective of its origin. As we have alread} stated, opium or ! iorphiue will fail to give relief in many casts of violent abdominal pain, in consequence of acting as cerebro- spinal excitants, even when large doses have been administered. In such instances cannabis indica will give relief ; its effects are reliable, and it does not produce the extreme nausea which occurs after opium or morphine. Even in cases of a fatal nature from the commence- ment, it gives the patient ease from the uncontrollable agony wiiich he is suffering. V- fCS uth, tho ponis ttompt to food / workod in a 3iii. ; sheep, grs. X. to grs. XX. ; dogs, gs. ss. to grs. iii. " Extraotum Belladonnse Alooholicnm —A sniritimn. nr,a aqueous extract ; this is about fou? toet the toeZh o1 spSr*"" BeUadonn»-l of dried leaves in 20 of proof aoSX":t?,"rx, '"• '° ^■•"- ' '=^'"»' 5«- '■ ""-P. Si- .■ Koscs.-DouUe those of the green extract of bSatTlfrl'^''''''^-^ "' '"^ "'"°'»"<= -"-' '0 wiStrcTmphor.'""""-' °"°^ *° ^J »»-« »' spirit ^TICS Continued. L Leaves. which they are y nightshade) ; 3S and carefully 1 to form, from ; dogs, grs, v. . EOOT. r dried. t— 4 from 100 o 3iii. ; sheep, spirituous and ;he strength of quarter of the n 20 of proof . ; sheep, 51. ; >f extract of b. Q extract to 9 noes of spirit BELLADONNA 4,5 Atroplna— Atropine. An alkaloid obtained from belladonna root. Atropinaa Sulphas-SuLrHAxE op Atropine SolubilUy—l in 4 of water Liquor Atroptaie Snlphatis (B.P.)_1 i„ im „itu canjphor-water. Contain, 4 gvls to' the fluid olj i<^:\7^Lr ''irsii^'r^Hilft'r '?-^-'^ by the mouth *= ' *-'• *° ^^^^' ^^ven "li. to\^ii. (igr.'V^tot'",^"}:""'- (-5 g™»); dogs, Homatropinaa Hydrobromas fl) IMMEDIATE tOCAL ACTION. ExtermUy, belladonna and atropine in the form of aqueous suspension or solution are not absorbed W«l skin, ut if combined with alcohol, ca nrhor Icerile' :;:dermis ^'^"'^'"^ '' '''''' -™^^^ '>^-~ J^ iltr^'atrdezr-uir "^"•"-- .mi I, i, '^p^^l i 1 1 ' . It H ' i'^H ' r ffll^^l f p'V ■ n ' 'i !!i m 416 4 VETESrNARr THERAPEOTICS JLTlTT ''.°°^™-^'» -0 'hen relaxes them, and rea ces the activity of motor nerve-filaments to underlj,ii,g muscles. It also depresnes any specW „erv ! n rts~e rut'' " ""^ "™™ '" -'act.'such as the nerves of the sudoriparous and mammary glands. Apphed to the eye, it causes dilatation of the pupil as well as when given internally. ^^ ' Internalh,. it causes dryness of the mouth and throat which action is, however, a speoifie cne I„ th' (2) ACTION ON THE BLOOD. Atropine enters the blood rapidly, and leaves it for the ^ssues. without producing any appreciable effects on the (3) SPECIFIC ACTION. Atropine reaches the different tissues quickly pro ducmg marked effects on different portLs of IL IndThroat "1^^ ^^ ^^"^^^ ^^ynL 1^111 and throat with slight difficulty in swallowing- the pupils are dilated, the bowels may become relaxed and the pulse IS reduced in frequency ' ^ n..^r^T /°''' •'^"'' ^ ^'•"'5"^^* P"lse» restlessness accelerated respirations, disorder of vision irrernl«: movements with delirium, and finally c ma ' We Thai now proceed to analyze these phenomena. On the Convolutions of the a.r.inm.-Belladonna acts as a depressant in medicinal doses; in large doses It may produce delirium. ^ ^ On the Spinal Cord.-U first slightly increases and then diminishe, reflex irritability, but ities not possess a powerful action on this region, possess i I BELLA DONXA ^j^ Tic card.ac centre is temporarily sL„l,„; prwnary d„wi„g „j j^e action of the heTrt ' °™'°« * 4tLI"""'°'" """■" '^ ^'^' »"■'««"*". and then JJl^y-sor, nenes are ,fc,;,.w, specifically as well as The vohcntary muscles are unaffected by the dru^ »««fe, causing MataJn / «^ 1171^/? t'"'^ of aocommodatioo. Th^s e&ct 3 be v^a to h T local m its cause, and according I ? " P^^'J" sympathetic is sl'ightty^imutL """^ ^"''°""^'' ""= saliva, and dryness oHtt *'"\''=»« "^ arrest of the mucous ,iTofti:r„^^^^^^^^^^^^^ St,?:—- - amtrof tXirX ri {e)It bnefly stimulates the ends of the vamis in // heart, but quickly paralyses them ^ "' ^^" (/) /^ i^am/2/... the terminations of the vacjus in the 27 il 1 1 ! ! ; 'S fjf ■it; m' ¥i Ut hill ;m 418 VErEHWAnY THERAPEUTICS .•s norat-tet tr °"""' '"'■"■^^^' »^ --■« ■=-' aoS'nf """ """ '■'■"'"«"■»" telladonn. exerts „,arked and also by stoulation o le rrmtll ' 7"",°"^'' vagus in the he, -t. termmal ends of the The pulse next r/sM ,■„(■,„„,„„„„ ,„„ , , . terminal ends of the va^us but S f r?'''"' °' "'^ »ot reduced alter moderate doses "' '^''°'° '^ paX^rhtritLtrt ^"«'':' ™^ ^-"^ failure, with the ventricle indttole"'"' '"" '"*^^ asphy^rdLTopra^sirolt'Tes'^r ^^^""^ '- aott-rd:f£^=rs^^^^ The primary effect of the dru- viz fhp cH , .■ this centre, causes contractio,, of f^ stimulation of andatemporaryriseo^fhrZ^turr ^^T wath the cardiac acceleration. ' '' °°'^''^^« The secondary effect of full doses i. f. i vaso-motor centre; this causes ,.z1T/L of ,h '^'"^ '^' vessels and a fou'en»^ o/ fh. , 7 f^'^'' °^ *^e peripheral be extreme, it coL S with th "'^r^^'^' ^^^ ^'^ ^^is ganglia and oiuscleratdrnttuSli: 1 1 ^^^'^^^ the circulation. *^® ^"^1 arrest of On Bespiration.— Owins in ,>a , , , ^wing to Its powerful stimulating CUTICS ics of the vagus in ' of the splanchnics relaxation of the nts, admuscuar coat ^a exerts marked temporarily by ■eady mentioned, lal ends of the J paralysis of the of the systole is glia, and finally ig from cardiac 1 results from >ry centre, effects by its stimulation of temic arteries, ; this coincides ■o depress the the peripheral 'c, and if this of the cardiac final arrest of I stimulating J^ ELLA DONNA effect on the respiratory cenfr« , . respiratory movements become ^orlT' "^'"^^°"^^' '^^ toxic doses paralyse thisTentT ^t^"'"* ''^"^ ^^^P^^; large doses. "' '"'"'' =>' tho circulation after T«ic Effects _/„ tlu> Hone -Th Hertwjg demonstrate tliat krl",^' ^^Perimenls of cause dulnees, uneasiness diated f ''f °' ''^"''^''■'"a «"e. tympanitis of ti,o s omaoh ,^T '' '""' "^ ^PP^" quick, small and ^^n^^ ""^ '"'cstines, puL ^l-ort quick and accl^mptja bTfl:?""^' -'P™^on No hypnotic effects were prodiT' "° "' ""« ""^'rils. exhibited imperfect power of r^'^i ^""^ »f the cases others showed sy.np'orof aM S^ ""^ -'-»"- Some cases tprm,'«„i j • """"^^^nal pam. '^e first doitrri" 'Sir,'" «% hours after necessary. '^' ^*°- ^ artificial respiration if In the dog, emetics should ha . t I^^me-water is believedlo b. T/ '''°^*^^ *''■ and has been recommended as an f^^^^^ *° atropine, As atropine U -^-.,-ij ^ antidote. ^ ' i '^'1 i ' i ill f I \Cm l'''i n^ J II !!' i (i ■ H 420 VETERINARY THERAPEUTICS IS often retained in poisoning by bellador^^a. The hypodermic injection of pilocarpine is also recommended being to some extent a physiological antagonist. (4) REMOTE LOCAL ACTION. Atropine is rapidly excreted in the urine in an un- changed condition. It acts as - diuretic, increasing the urea, phosphates, sulphates, and water of the urine In Its passage through the ureters, bladder, and urethra It exerts remote local anodyne effects Medicinal Uses.-/,. a/.c^/o.so/ ;/,. respiratory on, ans beUadonna IS frequently employed, in consequence of it soothing effects on the afferent and efferent nerves of the bronchi. Its stimulating action on the respiratory centre and Its power of abating excessive mucous secreUon' In pharyngitis, laryngitis, and bronchitis it reheves spasm and irritable cough, renders deglutition easier suchlTes ^ ^'^""^^^^^^^ ^" *^^ ^-- o^ electuary in In some forms of cardiac affection belladonna is believed to relieve cardiac pain and palpitation, being always preferred to opium for such cases Its effect's probably an indirect one. referable to frequent emptying of the ventricles, lowering of the vascular tension anf prevention of distension of the heart, without dimim'h mg cardiac force. ^^^Oastritis in all patients belladonna is a very valuable In cattle it mr be combined with sod«3 bicarb, and In gastritis and gastro-enteritis in dogs it is recom- lUTICS bellador'^a. The -Iso recommended, itagor.ist. urine in an un- tic, increasing the of the urine. In der, and urethra •cspiratory organs ^nsequence of its ent nerves of the ispiratory centre, LIS secretion. 'Jiitis it reheves Jglutition easier, of electuary in success in both belladonna is Ipitation, being !8. Its effect is 3uent emptying lar tension, and fchout diminish- a very valuable dae bicarb, and of inflammation [8 it is recom- I BELLADONNA .„, 421 mended by Professor Wild, Eoyal Veterinarv CnU • combination with carboI.V oniA l^^^^Y College, m morphine/'^ ° "''""°'' '^°'"1"'»^^ "^ "'ropine and teeth severai\l° 'riat ani ™:?'"^f ""^^■' *= fflam, practitioners i„ tl,. , . favourite agent with affection. It ra „ 1' imTT"',"' ""'^ "^'"'y f""" In cases of irZlTTlfV' ""^ ™"'"' ^>^i"- belladonna is h ^r (c td tf ' 'T" "' """''' employed in the form 'o~o„'"°'""' "' "^" ^ sent" rtstfy.f "f'" "'""■• -hieh maybe pre- belladonnaTapph-edS "'"r'"™' ""^ ^^'™'=' "' overcoming hT"^^ 1 a,1 ^i, '"' S'™ ' ''^"^'^'='''' '-""'■ part, ^ """^ "nyielding condition of the " a^rtrrtrnirdisrsXi n ^'"■'""- - tion of the intestine ''°'''"°y '" '■■«'«■ eheoks the sec S It, °I.''T' '" "" J""'^""- " pain, relieves ns°onrnd;;?T' inflammation and abscess. Even when if7 ■ . '° ^"''' impending "mits the Zcess and tnbd 1'^^'" -''P"™'-- " purpose it is best annlL *f , ^ P"'"' ^""^ such posed of-glyeelr't ,1°. ''' '°™ °' °"'"^"' eom- alth.» 2 pt'.nZhne?ptr T, '"'' ""«"'-'- '-•e part after frequent f:n:enC:n wi^hV: itf ^°'" l^i 1' , if ! li ill l^fl .1 !l ) i i^i'i ''hi 'I Mi 422 4 VETERINARY THERAPEUTICS ounce of distilled water Tf ^ ^""^'"^ '^ t^e adhesions in iritu, and l/bl '^i:.;"*: d" l?'^ '^^'^ such as physostigmine. ^Iteinated with myotics, action and reh-eves pain ' ''^""'^ inflammatory combined with cocaine ' ^"'^ "^^ ^^ atropine applied to the "S:: i^r " "^ "'""»" <>' the detection of cataract ^^^ "' ""^ =" "^^'^t in In wounds accompanied bv extreme „ • io.tho w:r;c:Se irer.::?""'"^^-- pa.n. the application of the glycerill ZT" ""' the part gives beneficial results beUadonna to Hyoscyami Folia -Hyosctamus, OB Henbake Leaves. _,, , ..u»i,js jjEAVES. which%h";'ar^aracS of°S"^*^ *^^ »^--^es to leaves separated from the bSST'"'"? ."^S"^' ^^«° ^^^e carefully dried. branches and flowering tops, UTICS liate is employed 'O 4 grains to the or breaks down 3d with myotics, es inflammatory perforating v'cer is, and may be Iladonna should the solution of itropine is very fvhen employed 3nt. )hthalmoscope, md so assist in pain, such as cation of the marked relief, ultices. quel to grease lameness and belladonna to ANE Leaves. branches to iger, also the )wering tops. frroscYAMus ^jjg p I*re2)aratioHs. pla„fI*loTf''°'°''''"'-^^™"^>=''--'f™m the frosh to grx.-''"''^^' ""0 °^'"». -.s.. to Sii. ; dog., gr. V. Tinctura Hyoscyami— 1, dried in h nf r. t ■ • ^^^o».-Horse. .„, e^etir'^rt'o 'l^-""^:'^, i)<>.5„s._Horses and ca lo „? ^- "t"'™' "'IplJate. gr- A to gr. ,V. ' «'■ '■ '° s™. iii. ; dogg, theXa;»;lterd^^bS;S,f/J"'-"8 saUs such as ti.ctio„,.howeve..:::e:u:::::tr"^ '"^ ^°"°^^'"« ^'»- given in larger dose,. ^''"'"^™"^' ■>"« l'™« "ust be W The secondary or calmative effects on /h„ „„ i tions are more rnraVl .n,! enecis on tbe oonvola- - sedative attJoTXr^^^^^^^^^^ oaSin^crcLrtirter — '--™- act'i:!ni?r:rr ;™;„?'^^'' '™°'^ '-> -»''^- action I l„= Z *•'■*'"« "'' '° assist their chorea an" Xsylnt^r"^"^ ^'■^^"^'^^ '" ^^ °' J » [''• II 'I 11 I' 424 VETEIUN. 1 11 Y Til ERA PIWTICS If !!ll Stramonii Folla-Stramonll Semlna. the^Ippfr" '"' "^'^ °^ ^^'"- stra,nonium. or tiuSre'^''^''"'^^"' ^'^ "^^ '^^'^ t^^« extract and the Actions and Uses.-Daturine is almost similar in its actions to atropine. "® ein'extaof of h!nT°'™'" ''^ ""^ P"'™^'"' ">".. tl.e green extiaot of belladonna, and should bo prescribed in half the doses of the latter. Stramonium has a lat belladonna. It may be employed in the treatment of .pas„,od,c affections of the respiratory organs rueh as asthma and chronic bnuckitU. Dubolslne. Dntistm°yi?p„'rSs' '"'" "" ^"^'"•"^ ?'-'■ ^o fnl^Jlf.?"'''*''^' ■ "' ''"^'siie is a mydriatic, more power ^^rt-r^-.Tr-rte--S Tabaci Folla-LEAF Tobacco. The dried leaves of Nicotiana tabacum lobacco contains from 2 to 8 nor ppnf «f o /. , alkaloid, nicotine. Tobacco smol Zt.f * P^^^r ul smallest trace of nicotine or none bn . ° / *^^ volatile bodies, chiefly pyridine compl'ds.' '""'" °' Actions and Uses.-Tobacco given by the mouth in full doses IS a gastro-zntestinal irritant It causes sali vation, nausea, cohcky pains, increased action of the bowels and kidneys, and in dogs vomition. ft simiJar in its TOIIACCO-LOBl:r.tA 4^5 Nicotine is quicltly absorbed, and dogs drosswl with Lr ' ^?r" "™^<'''""'"'^*^'™«'"<;o« of the ere: foiiow., by „e,r.suo,, producing „u,„ .„ and nnfvorU; ^io« f.o. 'a:;;':.t "^rsfr'Ssr-strdX sec^el'ior,'h"'T« ■'"' ^'"P" ""'' '-"■<'»»=» "ost of the N S h"a^ 'f"'"= 'T ''="'"'»™ ""'l "^ allies. tetanus ?„ , ' """=" T'''''^''''' "' ""> "■<'»">»"' of tetanis m horses with variable results. It oav be adminis erod hjpodem.ieally in doses of «r. i o grTiii also in the form of tobacco enemata. ^ ' Plotrr"*';-'''""''".'"'' °' ""'*'=™ '"■^ ^"'"e'toos em- lt!ta: a^S"'" "''^'"^"°"' '<■ ^-- »' »-^». iust "reCL':^'' ''°"^™'' "'■" *^' ^^'-' "'>"«' "-■".' Lobelia— LouELiA. from Norih^AmT^^^^ ?on^ ?' ^°^«li^ -«^*^. i'-Ported en America. Contams an alkaloid, hbelme. Preparation, Tinctura Lobeliae-1 in 8 of proof snirif i^oses. —Horspq ^co ■ a^ ^ spirit, iiorses, -,8s. , dogs, m x. to m xx. Tinctura Lobeliae uEtherea i in « ^f ■ •. , i>o.e..-Similar to the abo^e °^ '^'"' °^ '^^''' Iff I 'I: 11,111 i ill 426 nnCRINARY THEnAPEUTICS bronchial -'i^ otr X r^r " ''1 ''"^ "'"^ "^^ in the cord, depreZ thl ^^ ^,°' *'"°'"'=^'>'«« dimmishes the fo™ of .>,. t """"'"""n^ secondarily, vessels, after bri il ',!?':"', "^ '^°^'™ "^ '^"^ paralysisof therespZrvcenl Ll/T " ""' ''^ Lobelia, in the form of Th I' '°''"'=°- employed in cases ™ It r '" "''=""•''■ '=='» ^^^n doses n,akes a u fui afdT ""'""' =»"» » ^a" 'or bronchitis wi"h spasm ' ^^P«'orant mixtures Conll Folia-HEMLocK Leaves latum! '"' ''"^' *°^ y°™g branches of Conium macu- The f •!""" "■'"""'^Hemmck F„„it. contains a liqna a^kati" oSf"""' <'"^'^- ionium Preparations. folfa^lStl,""""- 8-- -'-=' obtained from conii ^°— H-ef.slt^rd-^.^rto-f^-'^^'^^- '^^^^StV- Vo™^ ^'n' '" « <" P-of spirit. ' " • ^o ^n. , dogs, 1)^ XX. to iri xl aut'Tetct'T-^ttn"*'" ='^'^ ">at conium P.O. --Jircctly by poisonous do s"'Th:™r '^^'^" "■^'^- parts specially acted on ft °'°'' ™'"« "^^ 'h" extremities „p;r.d3 the' nor "' ^""'^^^^ f""" «>« are but sligh«y affected Ttl""?""' '""''' ^P'™'"=°r'i moderately' reduce" Th„*^ ''^"^ '^"''"'""'y '» — .s%ar.;^d by": t:r&n:i ■" ^s: onium macu- CURARE-CALADAR BEAN 437 no effect on the convolutions of f].o scribed in tho treatment If ,^^^"'.°'*''' '"'^ •'^^ P'"" st«e":° ^^"'""'"^ ^--Bpasmsproroea by Curara-CuEAEE. ployed in tetanus, in doses of J^7\ ^^"^ ^'^' >oM. witbo. proa4T;tso..^Ho.es, g. i. to ^.uW^^l l^ ^, ^, I i ii hi M ■If 1:11 ! M fi'Mi 428 VETERINARY THERAPEUTICS PhysostJgmlna-PHYsosTiGMiNE, Eserene 3 grains for horses and cattTe ^"'"'='^f "^ '" ''"^'^^ <" (1) IMMEDIATE LOCAL ACTION speoffic eSf '°f '' '^ "' -njun^tiva, producing a speoilic effect of contraction of the jmpil Calabar bean, or physostigmine, administered intern- (2) SPECIFIC ACTION -Ho., tbongb it is ..paiX rrge^atr '""""^' '^ the „t ;™/ ;rrofir '■ '"' '^-"^^«™'^»« 't oaheeora,tS-rcr;::rtfe-::jj:^^ ""-"'"■ ' .UW y ICS iSERENE. alabar bean. generally used. gfs. ii. ; dogs, intratracheal in doses of )n mucous or , producing a tered intern- taltic action, its alkaloid 3 calaharlne, les noted in iuch as the fetion from ■ glandular IS no effect oioiisness is i-ffected by iralysis of h conduct acts in a ■^portions) ' complete PHYSOSTIGMINE 429 loss of the motor and reflex activity of the cord, and loss of sensibihty m the extremities, the extent depending on the amount of the drug administered J^^rT ^f T'''^ ''''''' ^""^ *^« ^'"^^^^'^^' are not paralysis of the intramuscular termini of the nerves Occasional muscular twitchings may occur, partly direct The mpiratonj centre in the medulla is briefly sKmu- occn;2 / "T'''^' ^''"^ '^^'^"y P^^'y''^". death occurring from asphyxia. The cardiac centre is primarily stimulated, as well result thlt\'r'i: u'"^"^'' '' *'^ ^^S"^' ^^*h the result that the heart beats more powerfully and less fre- quently but finally or after large doses depression "ccurl Ihe blood-pressure rises with the increased cardiac action, and then falls later on. On the eye physostigmine causes contraction of the pupil and spasm of accommodation, whether applied locally or given internally, these effects being due to f-nnla,.on of the fibres of the third nerve, thus differing from the contraction caused by opium, which depends on central disturbance. "«pena8 JXT-T ;T'''°* ^'*^°" °^ physostigmine is exerted on the ^ntestn,al canal. Given by hypodermic or intra- trachea injection, it causes energetic contraction of the involuntary viuscular fibres of the intestinal walls thus producing mcreased peristaltic action, giving rise to free evacuation of the bowels in a short period of time ll also causes an increase of the fluids secreted from the intestinal mucous membrane. The large intestines are chiefly acted on by physostig- mine, and the effect, produced arc more prompt and eorta-n by the addition ot pilocarpine. Aocorlg to K- '1 H \ k ft !! ~L 480 VETEItlNAny THEBAPEUTICS M Cagny physostigmine, veratrine, and pilooarmn» contractions Z^! ^'Z^^JZ^^^ j'^^^^ '.^» 'We are indebted to Profpsanv p q -i.!. i. to sixty minutes, but may remain an hour and . hll before any symptoms are produced. Idminttered bv the trachea, its action may commence in ^7^7 7 7 '"Ce ei:;"?'^;' ^"' '"'^'^ ""-^ Int:.'""'^ '° Ilie earliest indications are loud in^Psfmoi the passage of flatus, with s ight coitky ^airir'^ shorty ,o.,o„ed hy evacuation%. thctuS; TZ exc( PIIYSOSTIGMINE 43^ less formed in balls until f^ff^ ' ""^'^ ^^^^''y- great o Z„'aV/"""t ^'^'"*"- '-S beZ, continuous, strair^r,t'd' htr"''° °','*' '"'"°^' rapidity, often ejec ^d „tb tree Ir/L™ f ""'«"'" brown-coloured fluid wiH „ T' , "' """""^ °' » motion. In about 1 1 tltd aTaiiT^T^ ^^'"' time of injection fh. .^ 7 ^" ^°"'^ ^^°ni the the Horse,' by Professor P 1™;/ "^te" F 1""° ™ J^3i»vMi, April, 1888 Fbfc;-,«a/-!( deslib dare Sa^vltir' °'"'' ''^ '"'''■■"™ '° 't°- ;~peristatr-;^tZt^:r:si-i oo™erci"i'rs:rt:fl"'"^'-^''=''^''^--=^--"y The secretion po™ from the rouTtr ""'" '"^""™' movements of ths t„„„ j ? ' """^ '""' instant swallowed The ouaS '"f ' "■^' ""™°' "' ^^"™ '^ the increased pancratt ! '™ '™"°™-'' "'' "'^o "Xt-"=^^^^^^^ chemi. mi':r:;raU3ru3r'sruSt"n;' ^^^-^"^■ and cardiac centfes, and dt:;:'tCpUs*' "^"'"""^ paSb;;.!S;:3r;;4i^!-r""-- -ceilent results, administered by^yp^SSt^cttr !!■■■ 1 ' I 432 VETERINA U Y THERAPEUTICS h \ _ Professor F. Smith recommends the intertracheal tt- jection of the drug in tbo form of solution, in C to 8 drachms of warm water ; this may be injected into the trachea without inconvenieiu-e, the addition of 2 or 3 grains of pilocarpine, as already mentioned, being of advantage. Physostigmine is rontm-mdicated in cases of volvulu'^ and intussusception, and in inflammatory coiiditjons of the mtescuio ; hence it is necessary to arrive at a correct diagnosis h-toro prescribing this drug, otherwise a fatal termination m.^y be hastened by increasing inflammatory action or eauaiuf, lupturu of the intestinal walls. Physosfc'gDiiue should not be employed in the case of pregnant animals, in consequence of its stimiU-iting action on the muscular fibres of the uterus. In tetanus, Calabar bean and physostigmine have been employed, but usually give only temporary relief. In diseases of the eye, physostigmine is applied in the form of solution (2 grains oi he sulphate to 1 ounce of water) to ulcerations of the cornea, and, alternated with atropine, to prevent and remove adhesions formed by iritis, physostigmine contracting the pupil, while atropine dilates it. Although antagonistic to strychnine in its action on the spinal cord, physostigmine is of httle or no use as an antidote, neither is it of much real service in the treat: ment of poisoning by atropine. Jaborandi— Pilocarpi Foliola. The dried leaflets of Pilocarpus pennatifolius The most important alkaloid of jaborandi is vih / pine, li contains another alkaloid, jaborine. w u resembles atropine \\i its action, and is anta A^^ co pilocarpine. o - «« JAIiORANDI Preparations. Tf„„. , ! ' •" '''■ ' ''"S*'' era- ". to grs. X 433 to Sf-S: ^t*^ v""^-^^"^^ of Piiocar;>;n:: (1) IMMEDIATE LOCAL ACTION nerve. This eff cT „f °^ termination, of the third from one and atalf „ 7'^'', '^'"""^' "^ ""J' l"^' dinappearing ° '"'"'yfour hours before finally (2) SPECIFIC ACTIOxN iat^'7:ii"^e':rrr n\" • "^^ ^°™- °^ ^"- lachrymal, nasal bronohi'al ^ZTl"^ "" '^"™^y' winary secretion;. '"°"°'"''''- ""<^^"™1. pancreatic, and that th „°at!iandl „f^r f """'"-'^^ b^ experimon to the actiro^rcLpil'; '"'■""' P-fectlyinsensiUe ."/:< r -ar tt 'T rf ^=- -=;: This act on s 2 'I '° ''"'""=" '"^ °'^' two hours. thechorda tpnpani n ttr 1 "'" "' '"'™™' '"'' °' The nasal. Tk J , *'*"'''' "' "^" <^ "' "s centre in -.: iSirn-iX^aSrf:^ r "rr-'^^- »" poured out. ^ ' °^ bronchial mucus is PHccarpine increases /...,/,,, ,,,,,,, ,^, ^^^,... ^^^^ . ^ 28 (' 111' T ,ii ii; • / I 434 VET ERIN A R Y Til ERA PEUTICS but has less effect on the intestinal muscular fibres than physostigmine, while it stimulates intestinal glandular secretion more powerfully than the latter. In moderate doses it increases the secretion of urine, and is believed to stimulate the pancreas. These effects of the drug depend on its power of stimu- lating the peripheral terminations of efferent nerves in glands and involuntary muscles, and also to a stimu- lating effect on the nerve-centres presiding over secretion. The action of the heart is temporarily accelerated, but afterwards slowed and weakened, and blood-pressure is lowered, these effects being partly due to the action of the drug on the vagus in the heart, and partly on the cardiac gangUa. The temperature falls from one half to one degree. The physiological antagonist of pilocarpine is atropine, which arrests glandular secretion and paralyzes the nerve-endings of involuntary muscles. Medicinal Uses. — The chief use of pilocarpine in veterinary practice depends on its power of increasing intestinal secretion and peristalsis, hence it is combined with physostigmine in the treatment of intestinal imimc- tion with paralysis of the intestinal walls (see p. 430). It is recommended by Kaufmann as an expectorant in bronchial catarrh, asthma, etc. It is also recommended in renal affections with a tendency to uraemia; but as it possesses little or no effect on the skin of animals, its therapeutic value in removing urea and water by this channel is doubtful. Pilocarpine has been employed with success as an antidote to atropine. MuscarinaB Nitras— Niteate op Muscaeine. The liquid alkaloid obtained from the fungus Agaricus muscarius, the fly agaric. •res than jlandular moderate believed of stimu- aerves in a stimu- jecretion. ated, but essure is action of y on the e half to atropine, yzes the rpine in icreasing lombircd il imimc- 430). tor ant in J with a le or no value in btful. s as an INE. Agaricus ^^lUSCARINE-GELSEmuu 435 sembles _ Actions and Uses.— Muscarine in Its actions, but if locally annliert m fv,. •. ,■, It IS said to cause less salivation thnn ^;?^ to act on the intestiao, far ,no":"X ''"''■ "' pJtU" ""' """^ °' "^ e,„p,„„„e„t^„ veterinary Oelsemlum- Yellow Jassmse. The dried rhizome and rootlets nf rvi, ■ v.rens or nitidun. ConUiJ%°L%tS^^,Z I* reparations. Tinct«ra6abemii_l in 8 of proof spirit. ^^Oelsem.n« Hydrochl.rati, - Hydrochlorato of Gelse. Actions and Uses. — Gekpminm „ * chi,rc.saut to themotor ret^ ofthe '' ," ^"""'^'" an^^«.fo.wei;;\in:xi-^^^^^ hea'::ta.rd";ret::,.'°-^' '°^' '"- -'>''y™= «>o Applied locally it f/i7«/es the pupils but a^m,- • . . .— ,iteans.„.,^ i to 1 grain of th^ ai^aloirLfth '.tt rptT "] { if ' 1 i '• ill iji i'W^ I il 436 VETERINARY TTIERAPEDTICS Ergota — Ergot, Secale Cornutum. The sclerotium (compact mycplJ"'^ "■>• spawn) o: Clavi- ceps purpurea, produced bet\ ^cu the pales ard rei^;lacing the grain of Secale cereale, the common rye. Ergot con- tains an alkaloid, o rnutinc, and two acids, crcjotinic and sj^Jiacelmic. l>oscs. — Horses and cattle, ^ss. to ?,i. ; sheep, ~)i. to 5i.ss. ; dogs, grs. xx. to grs. xxx. Prcjxirations. Extractum Ergotse Liquidum— 1 in 1 ; aqueous with spirit added. Doses. — Horses and cattle, 5!!. to 5iv, ; dogs, ii|_xv. to lll^xxx. Tinctura Ergotse— 1 in 4 of proof spirit. Doses. — Horses and cattle, 5SS. to p.; dogs, llj^x. to m^xxx. Ergotinum— Ergotin. Doses. — Horses and cattle, 3ss. to 5!. ; dogs, grs. ii. to grs. V. Injectio Ergotini Hyijodermica — 1 in 2 of camphor- water. Doses. — By li;, iioderinlc injef on: Horses and cattle, 5ss. to 5ii. ; biieep, HLx. to litxx. ; dogs, Utiii. to ]\wi. Actions. — The . hief portions o^ the system acted on by ergot are the circulation, the central nervous system, respiration, the intestines and ute • ^ ,. It stimulates and contracts involuntary muse' r fibre s, and diminishes the blood stream passing throu^'i le terioles. TJu rterics become smaller, the iZoofZ-^. >su) rises, and the heart is reduced in frequency. On the nervous system ergot possesses no direct influ- ence on the highest (cerebral) centres, but may disturb the circulation in the brain. The spinal cord is affected in a marked degree, large a) o; Clavi- (i roi;!acing Ergot con- (joiinic and eep, ~y\. to icous with s, ilj^xv. to ;s, 'H^x. to , grs. ii. to cauiphor- md cattle, nUii. to 3ted on by s system , ulates and nishes the Ik -r I erics ae heart is rect influ- ay disturb ;iee, large KHGOT 4;j; doses producing irritation, followed by paralysis of the sensory centres, evidenced by cramps or twitching of the Iniibs, staggering gait, and convulsions. Bcspiration becomes infrequent after large doses of ergot, and death occurs from asphyxia, due to paralysis of the respiratory centre. The intestines have their peristnUJc movements in- creased, and become anfcmio. fhe uterus contracts actively ^hev the administration of ergof, which thus acts as an echolic. It also becomes anuemic, these effects being more pronounced if the animal IS pregnant, or more so if parturition has com- menced, when the labour pains become more powerful and longer. TL effects of ergot on the intestines and uterus are believed ^o depend on stimulation of the centres in the spinal f .. as v ell as on an action of the drug on the mvoluHDarymu ular tissue. Toxic Effects The protracted use of ergotii^ed ^rain gives rise to a train of symptoms termed er^jotism This IS characterized by gastro-intestinal derangement, diarrhoea, impaired circulation and nutrition, resulting Ztir'^'"'' '^'"^^ '''^°^'''°^ ^^^' extremities-ears The effect of the drug on the spinal cord may give rise toj^uscular spasms, and sometimes epileptiform convul- Abortion frequently occurs, especially in cattle, from feeding on ergotized grasses, this being chiefly noticed during wet seasons. ^ noucea Ergot reduces the amount of urine, sweat, and milk, by affoctinr the local blood-pressure .nd the .land cen^-es iu. tui uram and spinal cord. Medicinal tJses.-^s an ecboVc, U., lo cause expubion i' fi'''l I ill! ' !! •X mtm '.-ji'i 488 VETEP IN A li Y TJTEIiA PEUTICS of the contents of tho uterus, ergot is employed in the second stage of labour iu cases of uterine inertia, where there is no obstacle to the passage of the fcutus. Its use demands judgment and care. In [JOHt-partam luemorrhajc ergot is prescribed as a hamostatic, producing beneficial results by causing con- traction of the uterus. It is best given in the form of ergotin, hypodermically. In hcemopiysis, licBmatcmcais, and other internal haemorrhages, ergot is very useful, given by the mouth or hypodermic injection. It is believed to act in such cases by contracting, or even closing, the arterioles, and thus promoting coagula- tion within them. In retention of the placenta ergot is employed as a constituent of ' cleansing drenches,' the following being a useful formula : 11 Pulv. ergotffi, 5i. Mag. sulph, pi. Amnion, carb., ^ss. M. Sig. To be given iu two pints of warm ale. Nux Vomica— The Seeds op Strychnos Nux Vomica. Pulvis Nucis Vomica— PowDEiiED Nux Vomica. Do5cs.— Horses, grs. xx. to 5i. ; cattle, ^i. to -,ii. ; sheep, grs. x. to grs. xx. ; dogs, gr. i. to grs. iii. Ee- peated twice daily. Preparations. Extractum Nucis VomicsB — Doses.— Horses and cattle, grs. iv. to grs. xv. ; dogs, gr. 1 to gr. i. Tinctura Nucis Vomicae— contains 1 grain of alkaloids in ! fluid ounce (1 to 10). Z)oses.— Horses and cattle, 5ii. to ^t ; sheep, ni_xv. to 7)\. ; dogs, ni^v. to rn_xx. STRYCHNINE 430 yed in the rtia, whore g. Its use rihed as a using con- he form of r internal the mouth racting, or ig coagula- oyod as a ng being a n ale. X Vomica. i^OMICA. ,i. to -;ii. ; 3. iii. Be- XV. J dogs, f alkaloids eep, T1]_xv. Nux vomica contains 2 alkaloids, -2 to -5 per cent of strychmm, and;12 to I'O per cent, of bnicinc initod with a crystalhne acid, strychnic or i,,amric acid strychnine '' '""''^ '^''^^''' and slower in its action than Strychnina— Stoyciininr. Prepared by a complex process from nux vomica X»o,9c,9. -Horses, gr. h to grs. iii. ; cattle, grs. iii. to grs. V. ; sheep, gr. { to gr. i ; dogs, gr. . ■, to gr^ ■ ' The fr^ZT •^°''' '^r^^ I' administered at first, md then gradually mcreased to the maximum amounts. Liquor StrychniiuB Hydrochloratis contains 4.1 grains acii (1 in 100^ "^"''^' '""*''' '"'^ ^*^"*^ hydrochloric ^ose.s-—Hypodermically: Horses, 5i.; cattle. -,i to ".ii • dogs, ii^ii. to lltiv. ' '' '' ' ACTIONS OF NUX VOMICA AND STRYCHNINE. (1) IMMEDIATE LOCAL ACTION. Externally strychnine possesses powerful antiseptic properties, while brucine is a local anicsthetic. These actions are of no tlierapeutical value in consequence of the poisonous nature of the drug. Internally nux vomica and strychnine possess all the properties of vegetable bitters, described in Chapter XIII p. 452. ■' Strychnine is believed to increase the peristaltic action of the intestines. (2) ACTION ON t;ie .'.LOOD. Strychnine is rapidly absorbed from all mucous sur- faces, or from the cellular tissues when given by hypo- dermic injection. It enters the blood and reduces the absorptive power of the red corpuscles for oxygen, and lessens the discliarge of carbonic acid from the plasma I . r. 'Sf-fi §\ 'm m n m^\^ 440 1 £ T ERIN A R Y Til ERA PEUTICS (3) SrECIFIC ACTION. Strychnine enters the tissues quickly, its effects being especially exerted on the nervous system. It is very slowly excreted therefrom, and if ad- ministered in frequently repeated medicinal doses, it possesses a cumidaticc action (see p. 43). It exerts a tonic influence on the nervous system, stimulates the gray matter of the spinal cord, increases its reflex excita- bility, and also stimulates other reflex nerve centres. It promotes secretion of sahva, improves appetite, and increases the gastro-intestinal movements. The respiratory, cardiac, and vaso-motor centres are stimulated, causing increased frequency and depth of respirations, and increased number and force of the heart-beats. Some individuals are very susceptible to the action of nux vomica and strychnine. Larger doses or small amounts frequently repeated may lead to sudden twitchings of the muscles of the limbs, hypera3sthesia, and slight difliculty in swallowing. Toxic doses produce z;/o/e??/'cZo;t/c convulsions, and death from exhaustion and asphyxia, the latter being due to spasmodic arrest of the respiratory muscles. The symptoms resemble those of tetanus to a certain extent, but dijfcr from the latter in the complete relaxa- tion of the muscles between the convulsive seizures; in their sudden development, and in the rapidity of their course, the muscles of the jaws not being primarily affected. The temperature ib raised during the convulsions. The convolutions of the cerebrum are unaffected by strychnine. The chief action is exerted on the motor centres of the spinal cord; these are powerfully stimulated, and their reflex excitability greatly increased. Reflex muscular spasms are originated by the slightest I ects being id if ad- doses, it exerts a lates the ex excita- itres. It tite, and ntres are depth of 3 of the ptible to repeated s of the allowing, .nd death 5 due to 1 certain 3 relaxa- 2ures; iu of their rimarily IS. The y^chnine. s of the cid their slightest STRYCHNINE 441 stimulation of the skin, or by a loud sound or a bright light. The power of the respiratory muscles is greatly increased, and carried to such an extent that they remain contracted in inspiration, and thus give rise to asphyxia. Ihe vital centres in the medulla are stimulated at the same time, but the muscles and the motor and sensory nerves are comparatively unaffected by strychnine; its local application, however, is said to stimulate them Horses and cattle are less susceptible to the action of st'-ychnine than dogs. ^ According to Kaufmann, the toxic dose for the horse IS 3 to 6 grains, given hypodermically. Cattle take much larger doses than horses when the drug is ad- ministered by the mouth, while dogs are very suscep- tible, being destroyed by 1 to J of a grain. Antidotes.-In the dog, if noticed early, prompt emetics should be immediately employed. Chloral hydrate forms the most reliable antidote, and in severe cases may be given intravenously. Other antidotes are chloroform by inhalation), bromide of potassium. Calabar bean, the latter being of doubtful value. Medicinal Uses.-In atonic dyspepsia nux vomica and strychnine are prescribed as hitter tonics. They check unhealthy deviations of the gastric mucous membrane, and thus promote digestion. In convalescence from debilitating diseases, when di- gestion is weak, nux vomica is of great service ; also in cases of recurring flatulence ; it gives tone to the gastric walls, and checks irregular fermentation. In chronic gastric catarrh small doses frequently repeated give bene- Dcial results. In all such cases the tincture of nux vomica may be prescribed, along with bicarbonate of soda and gentian or calumba. II I '■ 1 '«-3Uk«r««mu.^Miiej|«jte» ?W\¥ I i 442 VETERINARY THERAPEUTICS In cases oi chronic constipation, depending upon atony Of the intestines, nux vomica is prescribed with snmll doses of aloes to give tone to the intestinal walls and to stimulate peristaltic action. In paralysis, whether of the limbs, intestines, or Dladder, nux vomica and strychnine are useful. They are chiefly indicated in chronic motor paralysis, but Should not be employed in cases accompanied by irrita- tion or congestion. In cases of weakened motor power succeeding parturient apoplexy in cattle, the hypodermic injection of strychnine gives favourable results. In defective nervous power, which sometimes occurs within two or three days after parturition in cows, the use of strychnine is indicated. In cerebrospinal meningitis in horses, strychnine is recommended by Mr. Lockhart. of New York, in doses ot one gram repeated two or three times a day In canine practice, strychnine is a valuable agent in cases of paralysis resulting from distemper or other causes. It is also employed in convalescence from ex- hausting diseases, in chorea, and in some cases of asthma and chronic bronchitis, and may be combined with iron salts or prescribed in the form of Easton's syrup (see p. 2G3). ^ In consequence of the cumulative action of nux vomica and strychnine, and the susceptibilities of some patients to the specific action of these drugs, great discrimination IS necessary in prescribing them, and the ..inimum doses should be employed at first. _ In cases of paralysis the doses should be gradually increased, and in some instances it may be necessary to continue them until slight muscular twitchings are produced. CA FFETNE 443 Caffeina — C.vpFEiyE. An alkaloid usually obtained from the dried leaves of Lamellia thea (tlie tea plant) or the dried seeds of Coffea Arabica (the coffee plant). Caffeine and theine are con- sidered identical, and the same alkaloid is also obtained from the leaves of gurana, as well as from kola seeds. It IS honiologous with theobromine, which is obtained from the Theobroma cacao, i)osc5.— Horses and cattle, grs. xv. to ."i. ; dogs, gr. i. to grs. IV. ' o > b Caffeinae Citras— Citrate of Caffeine. A weak compound of caffeine and citric acid, and raav be admmistered in double the dosss of the above. Actions and Uses.— Caffeine stimulates, and suhsequenthj paralyzes, the nerve centres of the cerebrum, but in the lower animals the spinal centres are simultaneously affected to such a degree that convulsions occur, resem- bUng those produced by strychnine. It exerts a restora- tive effect in both voluntary and involuntary muscles, and muscular contraction seems more easily executed. Caffeine primarily stimulates the cardiac and respiratory centres in the medulla ; it strengthens and lengthens the cardiac systole, while diastole is shortened ; large doses cause death by arresting the heart in systole. The blood- pressure first rises and then falls, and temperature is temporarily raised. Caffeine is excreted in the urine and bile, and in passing through the kidneys the renal cells are stimu- lated. This, in conjunction with its effects on the heart and vessels, causes it to act as a diuretic. Caffeine has been employed in cases of cardiac diseases with dropsy in canine practice, being more rapid and less irritant than digitalis. It has also been prescribed as a nerve stimulant in cases of milk-fever in cows and in distemper in dogs, but -ith doubtful result.s ■'^^^iy^mtwta^.m^Hi.Tk^ mm 444 VETERINARY THERAPEUTICS , CHAPTEE XII. THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM-Con/m«cJ. Digitalis Foiia — Foxglove Leaves. The leaves of Digitalis purpurea, the purple foxglove, carefully dried. The active principle of digitalis is known as diqitalimm or digitalin. This is proved to be a compound of four glucosides, namely : (1) Digitalin proper; (2) digitalein; (3) digitoxin; (4) digitonin. Digitalin is seldom prescribed ; the dose for the horse IS stated to be from gr. | to gr. i. Tncompatibles of Digitalis and its Preparations.— Fev- salts of iron, which give a slight inky colour, by com- bining with the tannic acid present in the drug ; acetate of lead ; preparations of cinchona. PrejMrations, Pulvis Digitalis Folia— Powdered Digitalis. Doses.— Horses, grs. xv. to 5ss. ; cattle, 5ss. to %l • sheep and pigs, grs. v. to grs. x. ; dogs, grs. ss. to grs. ii. Repeated twice daily, with due precautions in con- sequence of the cumulative action of the drug. Tinctura Digitalis—l in 8 of proof spirit; contains o4| grains to the fluid ounce. Doses.— Horses, 3i.ss. to 3iv. ; cattle, 3iv. to 3v. ; sheep, ' Vl\ XX. to n\^xxx. ; dogs, ii| v. to nixx. ACTIONS OF DIGITALIS. (1) IMMEDIATE LOCAL ACTION. Externally digitalis exerts a slightly irritant action, but is not absorbed by the unbroken skin according to some authorities ; others state that it can be absorbed ' /hen applied as a decocfciou to the skin. " DIGITALIS 445 Internally, in full doses, it deranges digestion in all animals, causing nausea, and occasionally diarrhcea with vomiting in dogs. These effects are due to both a local and a specific action. (2) ACTION ON THE liLOOD AND SPECIFIC ACTION. The active principles of digitalis enter the blood freely, and reach the tissues ; they are slowly ehminated there- from, so that even small doses, if too frequently repeated, tend to accumulate in the system. Digitalis, when administered through the circulation, or applied for the purpose of experiment to the exposed heart, induces persistent contraction of the ventricles. It also causes an increase of vigour and diminution of frequency of the cardiac action, with contraction of peri- pheral vessels and rise of blood-pressure. The chief specific action of the drug is exerted on the circulatory organs, the other portions of the system being affected in a secondary manner. The action of digitahs on the heart and bloodvessels is divided by Dr. Mitchell Bruce (' Materia Medica and Therapeutics ') into four stages, as follow, the first being shorter, and the other stages more marked, as the dose is increased. First Stajc. — The heart falls in frequency, and beats ioith increased force, these effects being due respectively to stiviulation of the vagus in the heart and medulla, and to stimulation of the intrinsic cardiac ganglia. The arterial pressure rises, due to the increased cardiac force, and to stimulation of the vaso-motor centre and vaso-motor nerves. The total result of these effects is that the diastole is lengthened and the ventricles are well filled, while, in consequence of increased cardiac force, the ventricles are »:*! , i 1 1 i 1 ' rr2 ' J'l mi m :ll 446 VETERINARY THERAPEUTICS thoroughly emptied, and the arteries are well filled, and are kept in this condition by the vaso-motor action of the drug. Thus, the veins arc more thoroughly emptied, and the arteries properly filled. Second .SYr/.^c— The vaso-motor apparatus of the renal arteries is suddenly depressed and these vessels become relaxed, while the state of the heart remains unchanged. There is thus increased force of circulation on the renal glomeruli, the result being an increase in the excretion of the urinary water, digitalis thus being a diuretic. Third Stage.— The heart rises in frequency, due to depression of the vagus, and probably also to irritation of the accelerator nerves ; it loses force as the intrinsic ganglia and heart -muscle commence to become ex- hausted. The vaso-motor apparatus becomes depressed, and this, along with the weakening of the heart, causes the arterial pressure to fall throughout the system. The total result is commencing failure of the circula- tion. Fourth Stage.— The intrinsic ganglia and the myo- cardium fail, the action of the heart becomes irregular, infrequent, and weak, being finally arrested in dia'stole,' the blood pressure gradually sinking from loss of cardiac power and paralysis of the vessel walls. Death is due to general c ir dilatory failure. licspiration is temporarily quickened, but more per- manently slowed, and fails at last only through the circulation. The temperature is temporarily raised by the increased circulatory force, but is lowered by the augmented blood- flow in the skin. The central nervous system is not directly acted on by digitalis, but is secondarily affected through the blood- supply: it, has no marked effect on sensory or motor nerves. DIGITALIS 447 On the kidneys the effect of digitalis is uncertain in the heal hy animal, as it depends on the period at which the renal vessels commence to relax, on the duration of the second stage, and on the relation of the action of the drug on the heart to its action on the vessels, these all being variable. ^ Authorities state that in a healthy animal the urine is not mcreased in bulk, but that in cases of diseas- such as certain forms of dropsy, it is increased in a marked degree The action of the drug on the urine is not due to any direct influence on the renal cells, but chiefly on the heart and vessels generally, partly on the renal artencs. Toxic Effects—According to Hertwig, 1 ounce, and in some cases 6 drachms, of powdered digitalis, administered an bolus to horses, caused in three to ten hours loss of appetite, frequent urination, fluid faeces sometimes tinged with blood, the pulse at first full and frequent, but after- wards small, slow, and irregular, difliculty of respiration, contraction of the pupil, languor, and death after twelve to sixteen hours. Messrs. Bouley and Eeynal, experimenting with largo doses of digitahs in horses, found that the circulation became more rapid, the heart-beats more abrupt, and their energy increased, and accompanied after a certain tmie with a vibratory thrill and a decided metallic tinkling. As poisoning went on, a distinct bellows niurmur was heard, becoming more audible on exertion ■ the pulse was small, thready, and intermittent; and as death approached the beats were very rapid, bein- h-om 90 to 140 per minute (Dr. Ringer, ' Hand-book oi Therapeutics '). Medicinal Uses.-/;, affections of the heart, dieitahs. employed judiciously, is an agent of great therapeutical value. ^ -i'-. :iJI| i I'l ^l!f ' 1 I 448 VETERINARY THERAPEUTICS It is indicated 2clien the nervo-muscular structures of the cardiac tvalls tend to fail, resulting in a fall of the cir- culatory force, the cavities of the heart being incompletely emptied, the arteries insuflBciently filled, and the veins im- perfectly drained. In such cases the pulse becomes small, weak, and irregular; cardiac distress occurs, the veins become distended, dropsy and visceral disorder super- vene, and frequently congestion of the lungs with marked dyspnoea is present. This condition occurs under a variety of circumstances, such as the different forms of valvular disease. In the case of horses affected with marked organic disease of the heart treatment is useless for obvious reasons; however, in favourite animals, and in dogs, it may be required in order to prolong life at the request of the owners. Digitalis is indicated when natural compensation fails or does not occur (see p. 135) ; it produces beneficial results by lengthening diastole, and thus increasing the force of the cardiac wall, by this means prolonginj; venous flow and ventricular rest ; the pressure in the arteries is sustained, and the blood driven in a steady stream into the veins. The symptoms noted above will thus be alleviated and the dropsy removed, absorption of the fluid being accom- plished by increased venous flow, the profuse diuresis causing its excretion by the kidneys. In such cases attention must be paid to digestion and to dietetics, and it is often of advantage to combine digitalis with a preparation of iron and quinine. In pericarditis, digitalis is recommended in the earlier stages by some practitioners, but Professor Williams is of opinion that in this affection the drug acts injuriously, interfering with the appetite, and tending to accumulate iu the system. DIGITALIS 449 Jwl ''/''■''"' P<^¥iotlon, accompanied with debility or in reflex cases with gastric disorder, small able lesults in many instances; but it is necessary to r en^ember the tendency of the drug to interfere with digestion. During convalescence from influenza, or other exhausting diseases, we sometimes find an irregular or an intermittent pulse, which is greatly benefited by the judicious administration of digitahs, combined with mmeral and vegetable tonics. In broken wind and chronic cough digitahs is frequently employed in combination with other drugs, and is cer- tainly of value m many cases, although we may not be able to explain its action on these affections in a satis- lactory manner. The late Professor Dick recommended in such cases a combination of 30 grains each of digitahs, opium, camphor and calomel, given once daily; while if continued for a week or longer, the calomel should be omitted In suppression of urine, accompanying nephritis, where It becomes necessary to excite the secretion, Professor Wilhams recommends a decoction of digitalis, repeatedly applied as a fomentation to the loins, or as a poultice this is to be discontinued immediately after the kidneys nave commenced to act. Contra-Indications.-/7i pure hypertrophy of the heart and during the compensation period, digitalis should not be employed (see p. 135). In aortic incompetence it is contra-indicated, as it pro- longs diastole, and thus permits a greater reflux of blood but If the ventricle tends to fail it may be employed In fatty defeneration of the heart digitalis should be withheld, as by causing irregular contraction it may lead 10 rupture. ^ 1 1 J' > % ' i ■ t Wtl 29 VETERINARY THERAPEUTICS In irritable or clyspciillc conditions of tlio alimentary canal, digitalis should not bo prescribed until a normal state of digestion is brought about. In prescribing digitalis it is necessary to remember the cumulative action of the drug, so that proper intervals be allowed between rach dose, otherwise it enters the tissues more quickly thau it is excreted, and may suddenly exert toxic effects. Convallaria. The entire plant of Convallaria majalis, the lily of the valley. Preparations. Extractum Convallarise — Aqueous. Doses.— HurifH, 5ss. to 3ii. ; dogs, grs. ii. to grs. viii. Tinctura ^ . v s Harlse— Doses.-- i>a!i»r as those of tincture of digitalis. Actions and Uses. — Convallaria resembles digitalis in its actions ; it has also decided diuretic effects. It has been employed with success in some cases of cardiac dropsy, and is recommended in cases of func- tional and organic cardiac affections. It is said to be less liable to cause nausea than digitalis, but is seldom used in veterinary practice. Strophanthus. The mature ripe seeds of Strophanthus hispidus. Preparation. Tinctura Strophanthi — 1, dried, in 20 of pure ether and spirit. Doses. — Horses, 5i. to 3ii. ; dogs, n^^ii. to IT] x. SQU/LL vin. 451 I Actions and Uses.-Strophanthus is a cardiac stimulant ^nd diurctw, being closely allied to digi^lis in its action on tiie circulation, and may be puscribed in the same class of cases where digitalis has failed or disagreed. Scllla— Squill. The bulb of Urginea scilla. Preparations. Acetum SciUae-l in 8 of diluted acetic acid. Syrupus Scillae-Acetum scilhe 1 with 2 of refined sugar £>oscs.— Horses, =i. ; dogs, ^ss. to 51. Actions and Uses.-Squill closely resembles digitalis in Its action on the heart and circulation, and produces diuresis in a similar manner. Two points of difference require notice : (1) Squill is wo., irritant to the stomach and intestines than digitahs, causing vomiting and purging when ad- mmistered in full doses to dogs. (2) Squill is a poioerful expectorant, this action being probably a remote local one, the active principle of the drug stimulating the structures in the bronchial walls during its excretion. It may be prescribed as a stimulant expectorant in cases of chronic bronchitis, in which it produces beneficial resu ts by increasi ig the local circulation and secretion accelerating the removal of the products, and strengthen! mg the action of the heart. It may be combined with the hquor ammonii acetatis or with camphor. I '•1 4 IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 1.0 1= 11.25 - lis ill M 2.2 U 11.6 V] <^ /2 /. /0-?Wy, >(^ Phote)graphic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ■1>^ V ^ ^ A ,.v ,oscs.-Horses 388. to =i. ; cattle, ^i. to '?ii. • sheen Zn S^n' ^- 1- ^'''^ ^'^'' Srs. V. to gi. XX. ^^EepeS two or three tunes daily. ^i^oo-uou Tinctura Gentianae Composita-Compound Tincture of ^rpZlptnS:'^ bitter ora„ge.peS, 3; o..a.m.J. Doses.~B.ovses, f,i. to 3ii. ; dogs, oss. to 5ii. Actions and Uses. -Gentian possesses the action of other bitters as described under calumba. It is most extensively employed in veterinary practice, is slightly I I I i \ f mm^'^ 456 VETERINARY THERAPEUTICS aromatic, possesses but little astringency, and is more stimulant to the bowels, and more disinfectant than many other bitters. In cases of atonic dyspepsia, especially among young animals, it is useful, conjoined with bicarbonate of soda and ginger. As a general tonic it may be combined with sulphate of iron. In convalescence from debilitating diseases gentian is an excellent stomachic, and in combination with alcohol, such as in the form of tincture, or administered in ale, it proves a valuable stimulating tonic. In cattle practice it is also largely employed, in cases of indigestion, torpidity of the rumen, etc., and may be combined with nux vomica, and small doses of sulphate of magnesia. In canine practice, the compound tincture of gentian forms one of the best vegetable tonics, and may be com bined with quinine with advantage. Aromatic bitters resembling gentian are cascarilla, chirata, serpentaria, canella, cusparia, etc. Aurantii Fructus— Bittek Okanue. Preparation. Tinctura Aurantii— G of fresh rind in 20 of spirit. This substance is an aromatic and bitter, and is chiefly employed as a flavouring agent in pharmacy. Hydrastis Rhizoma. The dried rhizome and rootlets of Hydrastis cana- densis, or yellow root. Preparation. Extractum Hydrastis Liquidum — spirituous and aqueous — 1 in 1. Actions and Uses.— Hydrastis is a bitter and a sjnnal stivudant, somewhat resembling nux vomica. Applied \ - OIL OF CLOVES 457 18 more int than ig young e of soda !ned with [entian is I alcohol, in ale, it in cases may be sulphate gentian be com iscarilla, •it. s chiefly IS cana- as and a spinal Applied to mucous surfaces it acts as a hcemostatic and astrhujent. Its chief use in veterinary practice is in the treatment of nasal gleet, depending on a diseased condition of the Schneiderian mucous membrane. It is used in the form of an mjection by means of a syringe, and of the strength of one ounce to one quart of warm water. _ The liquid extract of the United States Tharmacopa'ia IS said to be the best preparation of the drug for this purpose. Oleum Caryophylll— Oil op Cloves. The oil distilled from the dried fiower-buds of Eugenia caryophyllata, or clove. *= Cloves may be taken as a type of a large group of agents known as the aromatic volatile oils. These are of complex and variable chemical composition, and are closely allied, on the one hand, to phenol and benzoic acid, and on the other hand to the balsams and gum- resins. We shall describe the actions of oil of olives at length, so that it will only be necessary to compare the ot°her members of the group with it. (1) nniEDIATE LOCAL ACTION. Oil of cloves and allied substances closely resemble oil of turpentine in tlieir properties. Applied to the skin they cause redness, and a degree of inflammation, with temporary pain, which gives place to local anaesthesia. They act as antiseptics, local anesthetics, stimulants, and counter-irritants, turpentine and camphor being common applications for these purposes. Internally.— In the viouth oil of cloves and its allies act as antiseptics, they also cause dilatation of the local vessels, and thus increase cireulatiou, heat, and nutri- tion ; m concentrated form they may even cause in- flammation. Simultaneously the nerves of taste are mi I ^i I 1/- * ■ ' i 458 VIJTI':ii IN A R Y THERA PEUTICS powerfully excited, and certain reflex results of import- ance in digestion follow these local changes. (a) There is increased liow of saliva and of mucus. {h) The gastric mucosa becomes hyperaomic, causing a sense of hunger, and a flow of gastric juice. (c) The appetite is stimulated, and there is increased relish for food. In the stomach the aromatic volatile oils act as power- ful stomachics, as follows : The gastric vessels are dilated, the gastric nerves are first stimulated and then soothed^ pain is thus relieved, and the contents of the stomach, if tending to decompose, as in dyspepsia, are partly disin- fected. There are important reflex effects. The muscular coat of the stomach is stimulated, and the gastric move- ments increased, with probable relaxation of the cardiac orifice in the case of dogs. Flatulence and spasm are relieved, the aromatic volatile oils thus acting as carminatives. By reflex action also distant organs are stimulated. The action of the heart is increased, the blood-pressure raised, and the spinal and medullary centres are temporarily excited. These agents thus act as general stimulants and anti- spasmodics. In the intestines portions of the aromatic oils remain unabsorbed, and increase the local circulation and secre- tions, also stimulating the peristaltic movements and expelling flatus. They relieve or prevent pain and spasm, and are often employed as correctives of the griping tendencies of many purgatives. Oil of cloves possesses a slight astringent action by reason of the tannic acid it contains. (2) ACTION ON THE BLOOD. Oil of cloves and other aromatic oils enter the blood, and are partly oxidized by the red corpuscles ; they then 1 OIL OF CLOVES~OIL OF PEPPERMINT 459 leave the circulation mainly unchanged. Some are be- lieved to increase the number of white corpuscles by dilatmg the abdominal vessels, and thus stimulating the organs which supply the blood with leucocytes. (3; SPECIFIC ACTION. Unless given in very large doses, the aromatic oils do not produce any specific effects on the tissues or organs Generally speaking, they are stimulants and anti- spasviodics, but the major part of this effect depends on reflex action from the stomach, such as described previously. (4) KEJIOTR LOCAL ACTION. The aromatic oils are excreted by the kidneys, skin, bronchi, liver, and intestines, partly unchanged and partly as resins. In passing through these structures they stimulate, and to a certain extent disinfect, them, this being especially the case with the oil of turpentine. Medicinal Uses.— These will be discussed under the heading of each member of the group. Oil of cloves has been recommended as an application to cases of open joint, the beneficial effects recorded being probably due to its anodyne and disinfectant properties. Oleum MenthaB PiperitaB— Oil of Peppermint. Me?thatlpe'rf .^^' '"" '"^' '°^'^""«" P^PP---*' Compositio7i.~lt consists of a terpene, vienthene, and stearoptene, menthol, or peppermint camphor. Actions and Uses.— Oil of peppennint resembles other aromatic oils in its actions. It differs, however, in its action locally, as, instead of dilatation, it causes at first active contraction of the vessels, leading to a sensation 1 ■ i I' ,-i-i. kf^ 460 VETTCRINA R Y Til Ell A PEUTICS of coldness when taken by human beings. It paralyzes the ends of sensory nerves with which it is brought in contact, and hence relieves gastro-iutestinal pain, and acts as a carminative. It is contained in the tinctura chlorofornii et morphina) (see p. 338). Menthol is a vascular stimulant and local ancesthctic. Thymol.— A stearoptene obtained from the volatile oils of Thymus Vulgaris. It is antiseptic, disinfectant, and deodorant. A saturated solution in water is a very powerful antiseptic, but seldom employed. In the form of spirituous solutions in ointments it has been used as an application in skin affections. Oil of Origanum is obtained from Thymus vulgaris ; it acts as an irritant when rubbed into the skin, and is often added to blisteriiig ointments and liniments. Oil of Lavender and Oil of Rosemary resemble the other aromatic oils in their action, and are chiefly employed as components of stimulating liniments. Compound tinc- ture of lavender is contained in liquor arsenicalis, and the oil of lavender is an ingredient of compound cam- phor liniment. Zingiber— GiNGEK. The scraped and dried rhizome of Zingiber officinale Oringer contams an aromatic volatile oil, a complex mixture of hydrocarbons and their oxidation products. l>oscs.— Horses, ."iv. to ,^i. ; cattle, >!. to ^i. ; sheep and pigs, 51. to 3ii. ; dogs, grs. x. to grs. xx. Preparation. Tinctura Zingiberis— 1 in 8 of spirit. Z>osfis.— Horses, 588. tc =.i. ss. ; dogs, lH_xv. to )H_xx. Actions and Uses.— Ginger is extensively employed as a carminative and stomachic in all patients. It is com- bined with purgatives to diminish their tendency to . . ANISIi—AfmiCA 401 nauseate and gripe, being atlded to tlie aloetic bolus for the horse, and to the sulphate of magnesia for rumin- ants. Anisi Fructus— Anise Fruit. The dried fruit of Piuipinella anisum. The chief con- stituent IS the oliicial oil. Oleum AnisI— Oil of Anise. The oil distilled from anise fruit. Actions and Uses.— The actions and uses of anise re- semble those of the aromatic oils in general. It is believed to possess a stimulant action on the bronchial mucous membrane, being excreted partly by this channel, hence it is a favourite component of formuke for the relief of cough in horses, besides being a flavouring agent. The anise fruit may be given to horses in doses of =ss. to Si. in combination with other remedies. The oil of anise is seldom employed except as a flavouring ingredient. Caraway, Coriander, Fenugreek, Fennel, Dill, Carda- moms, all contain aromatic volatile oils, and resemble anise in their actions. They enter into the composition of various ' condition powders ' and popular condiments for horses and cattle. Arnicas Rhizoma. The dried rhizome and r- 'riets of Arnica montana. Arnica contains a smai. quantity of volatile oil of complex composition, also tannic acid and a resinous glucoside, arnicin. PreiKtration. Tinctura Arnicas— Tincture of Arnica — 1 in 20. i>oses.— Horses, l\. to ^ii. ; dogs, ,"ss. to 5i. (1) IMMEDIATE LOCAL ACTION. Externally.— Armca. applied to the skin increases the cutaneous circulation. m ■S'i i r.iil ^m ii w 462 Vf:TEn/XA R Y TIIFJIA PEUTICS J^t^^rmlly It ,8 a stimulant to tho alimentary canal, ke volaUlo o.ls in general. It also acts as a'general stimulant when g.von in medicinal doses, probably in part by a reflex action from the stomach. (2) HI'ECIFIC ACTION. svstr'%'',' '*"T''°' *° *^' ^^'"^" ^"^^ ^h°^° "^rvous system. In large doses it is an irritant to the gastro- ntestmal canal, and causes depression of the circulation and nerve centres. It is excreted by the kidneys and 8km. exerting remote stimulant effects thereon Medicinal VBes-lntenmlh, the tincture of arnica is recommended by Professor Williams in cases of pu! inonary congestion, and he advises the administration of one or wo ounces., bolieving that it stimulates the cuta- neous circulation, and is calculated to restore tl e equ ll bnum of the circulation in the system ^ pwfon tfl''"'' '\ extensively employed as an ap- phcation to strains and bruises, etc., and although son^e authorities question its therapeutic value in such cases experience enables us to state that it produces benefi ai efiects. It prevents sweUing, and hastens the absorption Medtll d T.' "' "'^'^'"^ *° ^^•- ^^^"^P« (' Materia Medica and Therapeutics') it has the power of restoring ontused muscular fibre to its healthy condition in I short space of time. He recommends the internal administration of small doses of arnica every two or three hours in cases of con cussioa and shock, also in hemorrhages arising from mechanical violence, such as epistaxis and haemoptysis Arnica maybe employed in the form of liniments; con- taining from two to four ounces of the tincture to th pint of water combined with tincture of camphor or soap liniment (see p. 230). ^ Tniri-.XTisK its Oleum Teroblnthlna-Oir, op Tubpentinf tailed f"„,„*lt;', t.'i'iir'r'-'^"; '^■"■p-"-) ''^■ solution of L,,u„i?'t:?o";v:E't'T£o^^:i™,!;is;: I'i('2>(tratiuiis. ACTIOxNS OF TURPENTINE. (1) IMMEDIATE LOCAL ACTION. „„ff "'""^-Turpentiue, applied to tlie skin or ex- posed mucous .nombi-anes. acts as an anlhcptic and Z mMau, and also as a local M,„lant and coLcM,riZ It trlr f °, °f '°'™' ='''="8th, acts as a vesicant It states the local nerves at first, and then depresses oillTtn™ 'T" "■? .""■^ susceptible to this local effect of e pe i^rL" '' "''"=^'=^"^- - '"•«'> '•eg.-oe of irritation, especially m horses and dogs with thin skins. Turpentine may be absorbed by the unbroken skin. ''"P^"'"'* 464 VETERINA R Y THERA PEU TICS Internally.— In the stomach oil of turpentine in medi- cinal doses acts as a imvcrfid carminative, resembling other aromatic volatile oils in this respect. It is a gastric disinfectant a stimulant to the vessels, a sedative to the local nerves, and a temporary reflex stimulant. In the intestines turpentine exerts important actions, and may be found in the colon, in which also it is partly excreted. It acts in a reflex manner as a stimulant to tkemuscular coat of the intestines, causing contraction, expulsion of gas and faeces, and recovery of tone (if this has been lost by tympanitic distension) ; it also acts as a disinfectant and vascular stimulant, while in large doses purgation will be produced. Turpentine acts also as an anthelmintic, being capable of destroying intestinal parasites. Used in the form of an inhalation, the oil of turpentine acts as a stimulant and disinfectant to the respiratory organs. (2) ACTION ON THE BLOOD. Oil of turpentine is freely absorbed from all surfaces, and enters the blood unchanged. Even in medicinal doses it is believed to be partially oxidized at the ex- pense of the blood. If injected intravenously, it may produce rapidly fatal effects, which are partly referable to its coagulating influence on the blood. (3) SPECIFIC ACTION. In medicinal doses oil of turpentine acts as a reflex stimulant as well as a general stimulant. It is rapidly absorbed, diffused, and excreted. In full doses it causes at first stimulation and then paralysis of the vaso-motor centres ; the blood-pressure falls, and the action of the heart is disturbed. The cere- bral and spinal centres are briefly stimulated, and then TURPENTINE 455 depressed, the actions of the drug in toxic doses resem- s lata that large doses given to dogs cause gastro-enterifcis • staggering gait, irritation and congestion of the urinary organs, and frequently h.^maturia. ^ The antidotes recommended are small doses of sulphate o magnesia, demulcent drinks, and laudanum or moi- pnine to reheve pain. (4) REMOTE LOCAL ACTION. Oil Of turpentine, like the majority of volatile oils is excreted a most unchanged by the cutaneous and mam- mary glands, by the lungs and re u-atory passages, the kidneys, and probably by the liver ..d intestines. During lffecTs'''^'°'' ^^ *^''' '^^'''''^' '* P'^^'''"' important In moderate doses it causes dmrcsis, while excessive amounts may produce complete suppression of urine, irri- a ion and congestion of the urinary organs, repeated attempts at micturition, and frequently hematuria i art of the drug is excreted as a violet smelHng body • this and the unchanged portion exert remote local effects as stimulants and disinfectants in the bladder and urethra During Its excretion by the respiratory passages oil of turpentine acts as a vascular stimulant to the bronchial walls, and as a disinfectant to the parts and to their pro- ducts. Its excretion by the colon contributes to its effect in causing the expulsion of gas and faeces Medicinal Uses.-In gastric tympany and flatulent colic in horses, the oil of turpentine is a very valuable remedy causing expulsion of the gas, arresting fermentation, and giving tone to the muscular coat of the organs involved It may be administered along with a purgative dose of 01. lini, and combined with the spiritus ammon. aromat., 30 I 466 VET FAUN A It Y Til ERA PEUTICS while if pain be present, chlorodyne or tr. opii may bo given in addition. In li/vi2)anitis of the rumen, commonly known as hofca in cattle, oil of turpentine is also a very effectual agent, and may be given in full doses, combined with a prepara- tion of ammonia and an oleaginous purgative. In cases of indigestion, characterized by distension of the rumen and general digestive disturbance, frequently met with in calves, oil of turpentine, combined with spi- ritus ammou. aromat. and ol. lini, gives excellent results, prescribed in the following formula: l/. 01. tereb., _^ss. ; spiritus ammon. aromat., fji.ss. ; ol. lini, O.ss. F. m. This may be repeated in three hours if necessary. In J) iirj) lira hceinorrhagica, oil of turpentine is an agent of great value, probably producing its effects by some special action on the bloodvessels. It may be administered in ounce doses, combined with a preparation of iron, twice or three times daily, and mixed ih a proper amount of milk and eggs, chlorate of potash being given at the same time in the patient's food or drinking-water. As a hcemosiatic, oil of turpentine is of unquestionable value in cases of internal haemorrhages, such as from the lungs, stomach, intestines, and uterus. In such instances it may be given in large doses, care being taken that it is properly diluted with some bland fluid. As an anthelmintic, oil of turpentine is an effectual agent for horses, but should be avoided in dogs, as it is likely to produce irritating effects. For the horse, in the case of tapeworms, the following is a useful formula : IJ. 01. tereb., ^ii. ; ext. filicis liq., ^i. ; ol. hni, Oi. M. To be given fasting, after the animal has been kept for a few days on soft food. In parasitic bronchitis in calves and lambs, oil of tur~ )pii may bo Nti as ho cell itual agent, I a prepara- istension of , frequently Bd with spi- lent results, iereb., ^^ss. ; F. m. sssary. is an agent ts by some ibined with daily, and chlorate of itient's food uestionablo as from the 5h instances 3n that it is m elTectual ogs, as it is lorse, in the il formula : 3i. M. To pt for a few 1, oil of tur- TUliPENTlNt: ^g^ Iambs, mixed wth„r f ""'"'^ ""'^ ""^ *«hm to or tee days ' ""^ '^P^"'^^ "' »"=™1» of two 5SS. ; chloroform and glycerine t - " i.' "t ""'''°"'=' the parasites are direetfy^Sra^L,^^^^^^^^ "-- -°;irz2:,^rird'jt:r°' -'-'•« strongyli in tile fourth stoma It!,, f ■^"''™™ "' or mucilage, and combined vh a p pi LTo? ° """ ^.eio:r:/rc::dtX-r~^^ contlrnfofrrdnT': :„°d'""" ^"' '"'"'--'-^ turpentine should ntrp^filr'"'"' ^"'^*^'- ^'"•■ and the e,.ect3 ca^Mlytalcr '^'"^' " =™" ^--• eofSt^-'L^lSlL"^ " 'a^Sely employed as a Its vesicating e Jt^itul, t To d'edtTtT ^T', ^"=' produce a, blemish hPQ.-^o. avoiaed, as it is hkely to -lessness, and t .^e:! hrsr "^'^'^^ ^"'«- stinl "X'lilitr 'f '^ :^'^"'''^'^ "-^ - " and muscfea, It Tal o an^lfd" '"'"*'™^ °' i°'"'^ irritant to the wa 1, nf t^ ^^^ "' •'* '""'' <=°™ter. andemplo;^7to"t™rit;d':S1^^ ^ hot applieations to the fh^Sa^ a^S^^:; I » I i m fi 463 VETERINARY TflERAPEUTICS Terebene. Produced by the action of sulphuric acid on oil of turpentine and distillation ; resembles the latter in its actions, but is less acrid and less liable to cause irritation of the kidneys. It is sometimes prescribed internally in cases of chronic bronchitis, and may be administered as an emulsion. Externally it is stimulant, antiseptic, and a deodorizer. Resin. The residue left after distillation of oil of turpentine from the crude oleo-resin ; is a favourite ingredient of diuretic masses and powders. The doses for horses and cattle are from ^ss. to gi. Externally, it is employed in the form of ointment as a mild local stimulant and disinfectant to ulcers and un- healthy surfaces. The Unguentum Resinae, commonly known as 'digestive ointment,' is prepared by melting together—resin, 4; yellow wax, 2 ; simple ointment, 8 ; almond oil, 1. Eesin is contained in many forms of plasters to impart firmness and adhesiveness. Fix Liquida— Tak. A bituminous liquid obtained from the wood of Pinus sylvestris and other species of Pinus by destructive dis- tillation. Preparations. Oleum Picis Liquidae— Oil of Tar— obtained by distilling tar. Pix Nigra — Pitch — the residue remaining after the distillation of tar. Unguentum Picis Lictuidse— Tar (by weight), 5; yellow wax, 1 ; almond ©il, 1 ; melt together, and stir till cold. Aqua Picis— Tar Water— Stir a pint of tar with half a gallon of water for fifteen minutes, and decant. Action and IJms,— Externally, tar acts as a vascular stimulant and tissue alterative, and for such purposes is I on oil of atter in its 36 irritation nternally in inistered as iseptic, and turpentine igredient of s. to si. ntment as a ers and Un- as 'digestive r — resin, 4 ; oil, 1. rs to impart od of Pinus ttructive dis- by distilling ig after the b), 5 ; yellow tir till cold. r with half a nt. ,s a vascular 1 purposes is TA R- OIL OF CA DE-OIL OF JVNIPElt 469 frequently employed in the form of ointment, or as a onst. ,ent of ointments and hniments in cas;s of dry scaly skin diseases. -^ It is also valuable as an application for mange in both horses and dogs, and may be combined with sutphur anS an oleagn.ous basis, the addition of an alkali rendering the preparation more efficacious ^ pa^ed tT\^"' f '"'' ''''^' ^" ^°^^^«' °ft^« accom- panied by insufficient growth of healthy horn, the oil of tar mixed with vaseline, is a useful application Internally, tar acts as a disinfectant and expectorant. It IS a favourite palliative remedy in cases of chronic cough and broken-wind in horses, the method adopted being to place a certain amount of tar in the receptacle from which the animal's drinking-water is drawn, ^t at me this water is readily partaken of. and in our ex- perience such treatment is of value in conjunction with other details. Tar in such cases probably acts by fa^vouring gastric digestion as well as by its expectorant Pitch administered in the form of bolus, is recom- mended by Professor Williams in the treatment of dTy Practice of Veterinary Surgery '). Oleum Cadlnum— Oil op Cade. Obtained by destructive distillation of the wondv Juniperi Oleum— Oir. of Juniper i ft I m 5,1 nil C! (^1 470 VETERINARY THERAPEUTICS It 18 believed to produce diuretic effects by stimulating the renal cells in a specific manner, increasing both sohds and water. It may be employed as a diuretic in ^'^mu °^ ^"^^P^y- "°* depending on acute renal disease. The (lose for horses is 7^. to ."ii., and dogs, n\.ii. to 1H_iv., given _ dissolved in spirit, and combined with saline diuretics. Oleum Eucalypti— Oil of Eucalyptus The oil distilled from the fresh leaves of Eucalyptus globulus. Eucalyptus amygdalina, and probably other species of Eucalyptus, the gum-tree from Australia. Z)oses.— Horses and cattle, ^i. to 3ii., dogs, n^ii. to ]\x., may be administered, dissolved in spirit, or in mucilage. In cases of septic diseases these doses should be increased and repeated at intervals. Actions and JJses.— Externally, oil of eucalyptus is a powerful antiseptic and disinfectant, and in the form of ointment (1 to 5) it forms a valuable surgical dressing. As an inhalation it proves of great service in bronchitis, allaying irritation, and preventing foetor of the secretions. Internally it acts as an antipyretic and antiperiodic, resembling quinine to a certain extent. We have observed excellent results from its employ- ment in cases of influenza in horses compUcated with bronchitis, and in cases of distemper in dogs, accom- panied by profuse and foetid nasal discharge. In such instances, frequent inhalations of the drug were em- ployed, along with its internal administration. Eucalyptus is excreted by the kidneys and lungs, and exerts antiseptic actions on the mucous surfaces of these regions. It is indicated in pyelitis, cystitis, and as it resembles other volatile oils in its action on the gastro- intestinal canal, it may be employed in certain affections of the stomach as a gastric disinfectant. timulating /Sing both diuretic in 3isease, i. to lliiv., ith saline JS lucalyptus .biy other 'alia. ii. to ni^x., mucilage, increased ^ptus is a e form of dressing, •ronchitis, ecretions. tiperiodic, i employ- ited with 3, accom- In such were em- id lungs, urfaces of is, and as le gastro- affections Camphora— Camihoh. A stearoptene obtained from the wnn^ ^f n- camphor., readily Powdered "f'tuS S^ri^^S «^"n^sr;^j:^^j,t^:'t-'°^"'-^ee, l^ reparations. Spiritus Camphor«_l in 10 „f rectified spirit .sfr?;i::tS\|V;&»'"-5'-'°^«-;sheep, lavender,]. ' ' spmt, 120; oil ol Tinctura Camphorae Composita-See p. 394. ACTIONS OF CAMPHOR. (1) lAniEDIATE LOCAL ACTION J^xternalbj camphor resembles fo n .. . • the actions of oil nf f, ™'^^®^ *° ^ ^erfcam extent tt: ^°' ^ '^*"™ '° «'= »-- «"er p it^'s;::::: nervous system It t' ''"""""'»« "'^ teart and (2) SPECIFIC ACTION ■'5 1 >l .'ill 472 VETKniNARY TIIERAPEUTJCS The chief action of camphor is exerted on the nervous system. In large doses it acts as a narcotic, and may induce convulsions. In moderate doses it stimulates the brain, spinal cord, respiratory functions, and the heart, the latter being also acted on in a reflex manner from the stomach. The diaphoretic effects described as occur- ring in man are not observed in veterinary patients. (3) REMOTE LOCAL ACTION. Camphor is excreted by the respiratory organs un- changed, acting as an expectorant in a similar manner to turpentine. It is also excreted by the skin and kidneys. Medicinal Uses.— As a carminative, camphor is em- ployed in cases of diarrhoea in the form of the tinctura camphorte composita. It is recommended by some authorities in enteritis in combination with opium. In cases of bronchitis, both acute and chronic, it exerts beneficial effects by its expectorant action, and may be combined with spiritus oetheris nitrosi and belladonna, when cough is a prominent symptom. When the ad- ministration of fluids becomes dangerous, in consequence of violent fits of coughing, camphor may be given in the form of electuary, being combined with potass, chloras and extract of belladonna. Camphor is frequently employed as a constituent of various cough mixtures and powders, the following being a useful powder for recent cases : Camphor, pulv., 5ss. ; pulv. foL belladonna, oii. ; potass, chlor., 3ii. ; pulv. anisi fruct., .^,ss. This may be given twice daily in the food. In cases of irritable cough in dogs, often accompanying distemper, small doses of camphor in combination with squills and belladonna give favourable results. Externally.— C&m^hov is extensively employed as a constituent of various stimulating liniments. It may be r BENZOIN M?, e nervous and may ilates the he heart, mer from as occur- mts. fgans un- nanner to kidneys. Dr is em- 3 tinctura hy some im. I, it exerts d may be jUadonna, n the ad- nsequence ven in the a. chloras itituent of ving being mlv., 5SS. ; pulv. anisi ihe food. )mpanying ation with oyed as a It may be combined with tincture of arnica and Hq. ammonifc fort, (see p. 230), which makes a useful hninient. The com- pound camphor Huiment is frequently used as a mild counter-irritant to the throat, thoracic walls, etc. The beneficial effects of camphor externally may he ascribed to its power of increasing the nutrition of injured or indurated parts, and relieving pain. Com- bined with chloral hydrate it forms an eflicient local anodyne. Benzolnum— Benzoin. A balsamic rosin obtained by incisions in the bark of Sty rax benzoin and other species of Sty rax. Benzoin contains 12 to 15 per cent, of hcmoic acid, a trace of cinnamic acid, two resins, and a volatile oil. Prcparalions. Adeps Benzoatus— 1 to 50 of prepared lard. Tinctura Benzoini Composita — ' Friar's Balsam '— Benzoin, 8; prepared storax, G; balsam of Tolu, 2; Socotrine aloes, 11 ; spirit, 80. Acidum BenzDicum— Benzoic Acid — Prepared from benzoin by sublimation. Benzoic acid is contained in tinctura camphoric composita (see p. 394). Ammonii Benzoas— Prepared from benzoic acid and solution of ammonia. Sodii Benzoas— Prepared from benzoic acid and car- bonate of sodium. (1) IMMEDIATE LOCAL ACTION. Externally, benzoin and its preparations are antiseptics and disinfectants, also acting as slight stimulants to the vessels. They possess slight styptic properties. Internally, when inhaled in concentrated form, they act as slight irritants to the respiratory passages, while if diluted they are mild stimulants. M 474 VETERfNA R Y Til ERA PEUTICS In the stomach, benzoic acid acts as a slight irritant ; its salts possess this effect in a less degree. (2) ACTION ON THE HLOOD. Benzoin and benzoic acid enter the blood in the form of benzoate of sodium ; the acid is partly converted into hippuric acid by combination with a molecule of glycoll, the same change occurring in the kidneys. (3) SPECIFIC ACTION. Benzoic acid and its preparations are to a certain extent antipyretic, and are believed by some authorities to increase metabolism. (4) KEMOTE LOCAL ACTION. Benzoic acid is excreted by the kidneys, skin, and salivary glands, and probably by the respiratory organs. It increases the flov? of urine, and is removed by the kidneys partly unchanged, and partly as hippuric acid. It also stimulates the bronchial secretions, thus acting as an expectorant. Medicinal Uses. — Benzoic acid and its ammonium salt are recommended in cases of cystitis, with alkalinity of the secretion and lihospliatic deposits; it is believed to produce beneficial effects by acidulating the urine and stimulating and disinfecting the mucous surfaces. As an Expectorant.— The compound tincture of benzoin is occasionally employed in cases of chronic bronchitis, in doses of ^i. to ^i.ss. for horses, and 5ss. to 5i. for dogs. Externally. — The compound tincture of benzoin was at one time extensively employed as a dressing for wounds under the familiar name of 'Friar's Balsam.' Other more effective and less irritating antiseptic agents have now taken its place, but it is still occasionally used as a dressing for unhealthy wounds. and \ , I BALSAM OF PERU AND BALSAM OF TOLU 475 Balsam of Peru and Balsam of ToFu resemble ben.oin in their actions ; both contain benzoic Balsam of Peru is recommended by Dr. Flemin- in the treatment of mange in house dogs; it destroys the acnri, and reheves the itching and inflammation of the skin It may be appHed of the strength of 1 to 4 of alcohol. Myrrh resembles the other oleo-resins in its actions. It is sti- mulant, disinfectant, expectorant, and stomachic. ValerlanaB Rhizoma— Valerian Rhizome. rnntlfjnl''r^ rhizome and rootlets of Valeriana officinalis. Contains a volatile oil and valerianic acid. Preparations. Tinctura Valerianae— 1 in 8 of proof spirit. Do5cs.— Horses, .^i. to 3ii. ; dogs, 5ss. to .-,i. Sodii valerianas ) „ Zlnci valerianas I Compounds of valerianic acid with QuininaB valerianas ) bases. Actions and Uses. -Valerian acts in a similar manner to other substances containing volatile oils, but has a more marked stimulant effect on the central nervous system. It is a powerful carminative, circulatory sti- mulant, and antispasmodic. Valerianic acid does not appear to possess the action of the volatile oil just men- tioned, so that the valerianates exhibit the actions of their bases. Valerian is said to have little effect on horses and cattle even in large doses. In dogs it is occa- sionally prescribed in cases of chorea and epilepsy, but we have not observed any beneficial results from its employment. 470 VETi:niNA It Y THERAPEUTICS Asafoetrida — AsAFarnuA. A gum-resin obtained uy incision from tho living root of Ferula narthex and other species. Contains a volatile oil, resin and gum. Do56'.s.— Horses, -;ii. to ."iv. ; cattle, ^i. ; shoep, ."i. ; dogs, grs. V. to grs. xx. r reparation. Tinctura Asafoetida— 1 in 8, -Dose— Horses, jss. to ji.ss. ; cattle, =ii. ; dogs, nj^xx. to ,)8S. Actions and Uses.- Asafcjctida resembles other volatile oils and gum-resins in its action on the alimentary cmal ; but instead of possessing aromatic properties, it is very disagreeable to the taste and smell. It acts as a stimu- lant to the mouth and stomach, and reiloxly as a ner- vine stimulant. It has a spr cial action on the intestines, stimulating the muscular coat, and being antispasmodic. It is partly excreted by the lungs, acting as a stimulant and disinfectant expectorant. The chief use of asf fcotida in veterinary practice is in cases of flatulent conditions of the intestines. It is some- times employed in the treatment of flatulent colic, com- bmed with oil of turpentine, aromatic spirit of ammonia, and raw linseed oil. It was recommended by the late Professor Robertson in cases of constipation and torpidity of the bowels in horses, in combination with aio<;b aj.d nux vomica. Calbanum and Ammoniacum are gum-resins acting in a similar manner to asafa3tida Md other oleo-resins. Ammoniacum is sometimes pre- S-. '.M \Q e disinfectant expectorant in cases of chronic o.M>, ':.i„.'s Tvicn profuse discharge. C.irS/CDif-MlJS'JWRl) ■177 l( 3 living root ns a volatile p, ."i. ; dogs, clogs, m^xx. lior volatile tary Coiial ; I, it is very as a stimu- ly as a ner- intestines, spasmodic. i< sl'unulant actice is in It is some- colic, corn- ammonia, )y the late 1 torpidity aio'iJv aii'd asafoitida iimes pre- >f chronic Capsici Fructus— Caihuum Vumr, The dried fruit of Capsicmn fiutigiatum. Distin- guished as chih pepper, and as cayenne popper when ground. *^ Preparation, TinctAira Capsici— 1 in 27. Actions and Uses.— Capsicum is a puwjcnl domachic, carminative, and stimulant. It is sometimes employed as one of the constituents of chlorodyno (see p. 338), Other varieties of peppers, viz., black and white peppers, resemble capsicum. They are often employed as popular remedies in country districts for colic in horses, being mixed with whisky or gin, etc. They possess heal stimulant and aromatic effects on the mouth, stomach, and intestines, and during tlieir excretion act as remote local stimulants of the circulation and nutrition in the urethra and rectum. Sinapis— MusTAUD. A mixture of the powdered seeds of white mustard— Jirassica alba-and of black mustard— Brassica nigra Contains a bland fixed oil, and when this has been ex- tracted and the mustard mixed with water at 120° and distilled, the oflicial volatile oil, oleum sinapis, is ob- tained. This has a penetrating odour and a blisterin<' action on the skin, and as the seeds and powder oi niustard are devoid of these irritating properties, the oil IS bdieved to be developed by a decomposition of their constituents. Actions.— Mustard, applied in the form of properly prepared paste to the skin, promptly acts as a rubefacient and nervous stimulant, causing increased local circulation, heat, and severe burning pain. This effect is followed by loss of sensihility of the part to other impressions and relief of previous pain. If the application be prolonged, vesication results by the production of local inflammation'. wf I ii>a«.ip( 478 VETEIl/yj/lr THERAPEUTICS Uses -The chief use of mustard is as a counter-irritant to a paste w,th water at a temperature of 100 and xifrafr::j^:;-:r---^^' In preparing the mustard, too hot water shou]<1 h. m the ease of well-bred horses or those with fiTstos If apphed too severely it causes great irritatioMollora the Stan. The cases in which connter-irritatlon will prove Th ere"rnrad° ^'^ "°"'""^' "^ «"»'»' -P-'-ce Ihere is no advantage gamed by applying the mustard kirrefur s'n T""" "'^' «""' "-"g^i-tio: : ' h Stan results such an occurrence should be rigidly avoided the' '. r'^lfr' "^"f '," "^"^^^ Sreat-de/res °» of the system As a general rule, if the patient is progress- ing favourably, counterirritants should not be eLtoved The indications for their use will be found at p 201 ^ ' In certain abdominal affections the application .f mustard to the abdominal walls seems to gtvf eUef As ^popular emetic mustard is given dissolved in warm water o dogs from one to three teaspoonfuls a!Z promptly as a local emetic. * 7C'S produced, the e-centres being agent, soothed f pain, while if 'see section on nmter-irritant e adoption of . OLiId be made of 100°, and ff with tepid 3r should be , etc., should ial oil is thus ident against d, especially ih fine skins, on, followed condition of )n will prove experience. ;he mustard ition of the lly avoided, 3pression of is progress- employed p. 201. lication of relief, id in warm uls acting CROTON OIL CHAPTER XIV. 479 THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM- -Cuvtinncd. ■pioy^ent not ^vi^i;:, rcTrus trb::r T- Of two .. r ,!^s zsr ■ '^ "°""" Oleum Crotonls-CEOTON Oil Thett?^e K~o/rtor„i,1fol "' ^-'^ 'W-"- to contain a vesicating n nr5 ? . •^'''''''® ' '^ ^^ beheved from each other! ° ^ Purgative principle distinct i^o....-Horses, .U. to .Ux.; cattle. ,ss. to 3i. I' reparation. spto.'sr"" ''"*°"'^-Croton oil, 1 ; „i, of ,,j,^„,_ 3^, by severe ';i"ii;'^t,n:r: 'TT' '""o™" leave a blemish ''"^ '° ''»='■ ""<• ™ay 4C:i"etrs7;:i»':rrt^^ frequent, fu„, „c flu. ; de ect n™ Itr; TT''' irritat on of the intp^finoi '^^^ ^^ <^i^ect heightened peltal-''°"' ^^^"^^rane, and causes special chCg^etfof"Tr""""r- '^ ^^^^^ and consequent Jninf^" i. '""''"^^' excitement - quent ,npmg induced by the drug are believed iixijjj 480 VE T ERIN A R Y THERA PEUTICS to commence before it has reached the duodenum, and are referred partly to a reflex action originating in irrita- tion of the gastric nerves. In large doses croton oil acts as an irritant poison, causing violent purgation and gastro-enteritis in all animals. The antidotes are opium and demulcents. Medicinal Uses. — In consequence of its violent effects, croton oil is but rarely employed as a purgative for horses. In cases where a speedy and complete evacua- tion of the bowels and a diminution of arterial pressure are demanded, such as in cases of phrenitis, meningitis, stomach staggers, etc., the drug may be given to the horse, combined with belladonna or hyoscyamus. In cases where the administration of a bolus or a drench is impossible, croton oil may be placed between the molar teeth, mixed with ext. belladonna. In dogs it should not be employed ; indeed, generally speaking, in all patients the use of this drug should be avoided as much as possible, and milder purgative agents, with the use of enemata, should be depended on to act on the bowels. In cattle, croton oil is an effectual purgative, and will often produce effects when other agents fail. At one time it was freely given in the treatment of that affec- tion known as 'fardel-bound,' but often with disastrous results, as the disease has been proved to be due to a condition of inflammation of the abomasum, a state in which violent purgatives are contra-indicated. Croton oil or other drastic purgatives should necev be given in cases of inaction of the bowels depending on inflam- matory changes, a paralyzed condition of the intestinal walls, or intestinal obstruction. Externally, croton oil is employed as a counter-irritant for cattle in the form of the linimentum crotonis. TICS ', duodenum, and inating in irrita- irritant poison, -enteritis in all its. ;s violent effects, a purgative for :ouiplete evacua- irterial pressure litis, meningitis, be given to the yoscyamus. In IS or a drench is Aveen the molar dogs it should speaking, in all ivoided as much , with the use of u the bowels, rgative, and will ts fail. At one it of that affec- with disastrous to be due to a isum, a state in licated. Croton ecer be given in iiug on infiam- 3f the intestinal counter-irritant jrotonis. EL A TERIUM-COLOCYNTH 481 Elaterium. A sediment from the juice of the fruit of Ecballium n.ffr''''''. ? squirting cucumber. Contains the official active neutral principle claterin. ar^'lol^T'"' ^"^ '"*^^^' ^''- ^- *° grs. X. ; dogs. Actions and Uses.-Elaterium is a. powerful hydranoque purgative, producing very watery motions, with griping and considerable depression. It is but seldom employed for horses, but is prescribed for dogs in dropsical alfec- tions and uraemia depending on renal disease ; it relieves the venous pressure by free evacuation of fluid into the bowel. It IS recommended by Professor Williams in cases of acute congestion of the liver in the dog, in order to cause a drain from the portal system. Colocynthidis Pulpa— Colocynth Pulp. The dried fruit of Citrullus colocynthis. Contains a cUmllh^!' ' ''^""1''^^'^''' ^""^ a resinous powder, Preparations. (1) Extractum Colocynthidis Compositum-Colocynth pulp, 6; extract of Socotrine aloes, 12; resin of seam- s' led '°^^' ^ ' '^'^''^^"'°"' '^^^«' 1 ' proof Dose. —Dogs, grs. ii. to grs. v. , (2) Pilula Colocynthidis et Hyoscyami -Colocynth pulp in powder, 1 ; Barbadoes aloes, 2 ; resin of scammony, 2 ; sulphate of potassium, 1; oil of cloves, |; extract o hyoscyamus, 3; distilled water, a sufficiency; mix. Dose.— Dogs, grs. v. to grs. xv., according to size. Actions and Uses.-Colocynth is a gastro-intestinal stimulant and powerful drastic, hydragogue cathartic, acting on the muscular coat, and increasing the secretions of the intestinal glands. According to Dr. Rutherford, it 31 m 1 ■ I m ml 482 VETERINARY THERAPEUTICS ! V also acts as a imccrful hepatic stimulant,' vQndiQYmg the bile more watery, but increasing the secretion of bHiary matter. In large doses it is a gastro-intestinal irritant. Colocynth is always used in combination with milder purgatives and carminatives. It is seldom prescribed for horses, but is a useful purgative for dogs, in the form of the pilula colocynthidis et hyoscyami. Colocynthin or citrulHn is recommended by Baum as a purgative for the horse. He administers 10 to 15 grains in the form of enema, combined with 6 ounces of glycerine and alcohol, and states that it occasions a prompt move- ment of the bowels; he has also observed satisfactory results from the administration of this agent to dogs and pigs. Cambogia — Gamboge. A gum-resin obtained from Garcinia Hanburii Con- tains about 73 per cent, of a resinous substance. ^aw%/c Dose.~Fov cattle, 5S8. to ^i , given in combination with other purgatives. Actions and Uses.-Gamboge is a. imccrful hydragocjue and drastic cathartic resembling colocynth, but possesses no cholagogue action. It is also diuretic, being partly excreted by the kidneys. In consequence of its irritant drastic effects it is not prescribed for horses or dogs, but is occasionally employed in combination with other pur- gatives for cattle. Jalapa — Jalap. The dried tubercles of Ipomooa purga, otherwise called Exogonium purga Contains 15 to 20 per cent, of the offacial resin, which is composed of two glucosides-co?i- rolvuhn Audjalapin. Dose,— Dogs, grs. x. to 5i., according to size; pigs, ^i. 'TICS !^,'rendering the retion of biliary sstinal irritant. ;ion with milder doni prescribed ogs, in the form d by Baum as a 10 to 15 grains ices of glycerine b prompt move- ^ed satisfactory agent to dogs [anburii. Con- bance, (jamhogic mbination with fid hydragogue , but possesses !, being partly of its irritant 5S or dogs, but ith other pur- lerwise called r cent, of the icosides — con- size ; pigs, ^i. .A./.,/>-..,r-,j/.w;.vr-/>o/;o/v/y,,.,.v 48.'{ _. ^^<'parations. Tmctura Jalaoje— 1 in « ^t Extractuni Jalapa— 2 in I Dose.-JJogB, grs. v. to 5ss'. Actions and Uses T I producing copious' watery dLhll '''"'™W"« <:'"''«rtic Butherford it is a modL ' prerfutT/";?* '° ^^• powerful intestinal stimulant '""'°' ^'"^ » oun:;:Va:Lgif r^^cnrt''-^^' - »'«»■ ^ '° ^ ■•-creasing tlfe activity tf th M "' ''°™'^' "''"^ may bo advantaglusly^bi ; Zt f^'T' "^ carmmative. ^"^ calomel and a Scammony. A gum-resin obtained fmn, +u scammonia; resembles jalaHn ,f', '°? ^^ Convolvulus irritant and liable to g ipe^ n ^^^^'^^^s but is more of the mtestinal glands, ^Z to a L. ^'^'H ^^"'"'^«''^ It is not prescribed alone bnM=i ^^^""^^ °^ ^^^ liver, of the pilula colocynthS eXsTyS^r^.Z^-^ tum, Am^rL^n' MTy?p°X"^ of Podophyllum pelta- Preparations. Podophylli Resina— Resin of Pnri^^u n- active principle, ^/c/-o^;oSvL^'^°P^^^ an Doses. — Horses ~i • f\ combined with hyoscyaml'-afS Ltl'' "' ' «"""^''y ■ J'"ptf ^"""""^'"-^ Smm in 1 fluid'dracbm of recti. i>.«..-Hor.es,3ss,t0 3i.s..;doga,,^.v.to3i. •r 'J !il! 'Hi 484 VETERINARY THERAPEUTICS Actions and Uses. — Podophyllin, according to some authorities, acts as a purgative and choJagoijuc in horses and dogs, while others state that its action is very un- certain when used alone. On dogs it is said to act as a powerful heimtic stimulant, and in large doses as a violent purgative. The purgative effect appears to be due to stimulation both of the muscular coat and the glands of the intestine, as well as to increase of the biliary flow. Podophyllin may be employed in combination with calomel and hyoscyamus in cases of torjndity or conges- tion of the liver. Aloe Barbadensis — Barbadoes Aloes. The juice v^rhen inspissated which flows from the trans- versely cut bases of the leaves of Aloe vulgaris, Barbadoes and Cura9oa aloes. Doses. — Horses, ^ii. to 3vii., according to size and re- quirements ; cattle, ^i. to ^ii. ; dogs, grs. xv. to grs. xxx. Prcimration. Aloin— a crystalline substance extracted from aloes. Z)oses.— Horses, 5i. to 3ii. ; dogs, grs. iii. to grs. x. Actions.— Aloes acts upon the stomach and intestines as a hitter and purgative. The former effect resembles that of calumha and other bitters (see p. 452). The purgative action of aloes demands special atten- tion, as it is the drug chiefly employed as a cathartic for the horse. It increases both the peristaltic movements and intestinal secretions, acts chiefly on the large intes- tines, and is a stiamlant of the biliary flow. The action of aloes as a purgative is very slow, espe- cially if the intestinal contents are not previously in a soft condition. The ordinary dose in an animal not pre- pared generally takes sixteen to twenty-four hours to TICS 3i-ding to some vjoijuc in horses iiou is very un- said to act as a OSes as a violent 8 to be due to d the glands of he biliary flow, iibiuation with mdity or coiujes- Aloes. from the trans- [aris, Barbadoes to size and re- XV. to grs. XXX. id from aloes, ii. to grs. X. h and intestines effect resembles 452). s special atten- s a cathartic for Jtic movements the large intes- w. very slow, espe- previously in a animal not pre- i^-four hours to ALOES 485 ;'3 may be produced m about twelve hours In some rare instances aloes produces diuresis instead of purgation. It is believed to stimulate the pelvic cir- culation generally as well as that of the rectum Aloes IS absorbed and enters the circulation, and is excreted chiefly by the intestinal glandular apparatus. In rrmmants the action of aloes is often uncertain, and large doses have been administered without producing rf H Tlu u' P'^^^^^'^^ity i^ believed to depend on the fact hat the chief action of aloes is exerted on the large in estines, which are not developed to the same extent in ruminants as in horses. In dogs, aloes is slow and uncertain when administered fo^!o^rT"\?""'r^^"'' '' '^^P'-Vativeinoeneraluse ndf . K 'T7^''^ '' '^^'' '° ^'^^' ^^d *be nausea induced by the drug, are great drawbacks. However in our present state of knowledge we are unable to suggest a more reliable or safer purgative agent, but it seems h ghly probable that in the future a combination of pur- gatives will be discovered which will act in a shorter space of time and with less nausea than aloes given Aloes is best given in the form of a properly prepared bolus, care being taken in its preparation nol to fpply too h,gh a temperature in melting the ingredients. It is of some volatile oil to prevent hardening and drying • from this the required quantity is made into balls. Tis draThtof H '"f "' '71 ^"^"^'"^ °' °^°Ser and half a drachm of the extract of hyoscyamus or belladonna with i i I,' i ^,"~' 1'' ^^■i 1 ^^^^^^^■B ■ 1 1 1 H 1 ■11 1 B ■1 ^^H^H ^^^^Hh^K> § ■ : i ^Hh f ■■ tf >l ' ^^^■iBb I 4 ■■ Hlf i '\\ m % V' ; li m m ^ m 1 ^;| 1 1 i ' 1 i; 1 1 B 1 m : ! ! ^H^H'': I li 1 'i .'' u 486 VETEIUNA II Y THERA PEUTICS the physic ball so as to avoid the tendency to griping. Few veterinary surgeons now go to the trouble of pre- paring their own aloetic masses, as there are reliable wholesale chemists who make up the required formula in a satisfactory manner, and send out the physic balls neatly covered with gelatine. Before a purgative ball is administered it is necessary to have the horse properly prepared, and to have pre- cautions taken as to after-treatment, as stated at p. 93 under the heading of purgatives; above all things, cold water should be prohibited, and when the physic has commenced to act, perfect rest in the stall is imperatively necessary, and any green foods, roots, etc., should be rigidly interdicted. In cases where full purgative effects are required, it IS of advantage to combine calomel with the aloes' in the proportion of half a drachm of the former with four drachms of the latter ; this is especially recommended in cases where it is difificult to produce purgation with the ordinary dose of aloes. Too large a dose of aloes, or neglect of the necessary precautions already mentioned, may induce a condition of .mperpurgntiou, and in some instances great constitu- tional disturbance occurs, with congestion of the intestinal mucous membrane and death from exhaustion, laminitis sometimes occurring as a complication. In some cases even a moderate dose of aloes will induce superpurgation and serious symptoms, in spite of all necessary precautions, these effects probably depending on individual idiosyncrasies to the drug. We often observe that purgation continues for a longer period than usual, but if no constitutional disturbance be present and if the pulse is regular, no danger is to be appre- hended. But if the pulse becomes frequent and feeble. ALOES 487 and the purging constant, with syn.ptoma of uneasiness. m h. Tt°" ''''r^°" °' '^' abdomen, then steps X f 1 ^'"'"^^'^t^ly t° overcome the injurious effects of the purgative. In cases where death occurred after the excessive action of aloes, Professor Williams gives the following post- ^nortem appearances : ' Congestion of the intestinal mucous membrane generally, concentrated in many cases n tha of the cu^cum caput coli ; a thick tarry appear- ance of the blood, and extreme blackness, congestion, or apoplexy of the lungs, the blood being, as it were, de- prived of Its watery elements, altered in its composition rendered too viscid to circulate through the pulmonary capillanes and so altered chemically as to render it unfit for perfect oxidation' (' Pri.riples and Practice of Vete- rinary Medicine '). In the treatment of superpurgation due to the effects ot aioes, great discrimination is necessary to avoid check- ing the action of the intestines suddenly, as congestion ot the mucous membrane may be induced. If the horse, although purging freely, appears moder- ately live y, and the countenance natural, without any marked change in the pulse, then he should be allowed well-boiled thin flour-gruel, and be warmly clothed, and cold fluids of all kinds avoided. If the purging still con- nues, It should be gradnalbj overcome, and Professor Wilhams recommends two ounces each of tr. opii and or.ta preparata in a quart of flour-gruel every three or lour hours until the purging is checked. We have found this treatment of great value in such cases. If prostration be present stimulants should be given the best in our experience being brandy and port wine' throo wineglassfuls of each bnina coml flour-gruel. eiug combined with the il I'i'! I 488 vi:tei{ixa r y tu eh a peut/cs It becomes a matter of very great importance to the veterinary surgeon if serious or fatal results occur after he has prescribed the usual dose of aloes for a horse. He should bo especially careful to ascertain that the animal has been properly prepared, and that the intestines are m a tit state, before administeJng the purgative. He should also give clear instructions to the groom or attend- ant with reference to the care of the animal, as many cases of ill effects after aloes are due to neglect of the ordmary precautions, and the veterinary surgeon's repu- tation suffers in consequence. In prescribing aloes, we must remember that a proper dose is necessary, as an insufficient amount is apt to'be longer retained in the system, producing irregular effects and an excessive degree of nausea. If the dose does not takeeffect in twenty-fourhours, moderate walking exercise should be ordered ; but when it commences to act, the horse should be kept at rest, and not worked until' the physic has ' set.' In cases where the ordinary dose of aloes fails to act. It is not safe to administer another until forty eight hours have elapsed. If immediate effects are necessary, we prefer to depend on the use of raw linseed oil, and' the administration of enemata by means of the long rectum tube. Aloes is recommended by many practitioners in the treatment of spasmodic colic depending on the presence of irritating ingesta in the alimentary canal. The difficulty of arriving at a correct diagnosis in cases of abdominal pain, however, makes us hesitate before prescribing a drug which, if the case happens to be the commencement of a more serious condition, will destroy the chances of a successful termination, and tend to a fatal result. UTICS iiportance to the esults occur after 3 for a horse. Ho 1 that the animal be intestines are 3 purgative. Pie groom or attend- auimal, as many ;o neglect of the y surgeon's ropu- 3er that a pjoper ouut is apt to be I irregular effects he (lose does not walking exercise nces to act, the vorked until the loes fails to act, orty eight hours 3 necessary, we eed oil, and the the long rectum titioners in the >n the presence al. ignosis in cases hesitate before •pens to be the )n, will destroy and tend to a A LOES 489 We have to consider, too, the time which aloes will take to act in an animal witliout any preparation, and hence the safer and more rational treatment is to relievo the pain by the administration of an anodyne, and to combine with it a suitable dose of raw linseed oil; by tliis means, no matter what the result of the case liappens to be, no possible injury will be inflicted by treatment. If we were enabled to accurately diagnose the cause of abdominal pain to ba the presence of irritating ingesta, then indeed the administration of Mie purgative ball would be rational treatment ; but clinu al experience and post-mortem examinations teach us that, although the primary symptoms may point to a simple case of spas- modic cohc, they may in reality be the precursors of a serious condition in which strong purgatives are entirely contra-indicated. In cases of impaction of the colon in the horse. Professor Williams recommends an enema composed of 2 ounces of aloes dissolved in a pint of hot water, and administered at a temperature of 90= Fahr. with the long rectum tube. Contra-Indications.— Aloes is contra-imUcatcd in irri- table or inflammatory conditions of the alimentary canal, also in respiratory affections, in influenza, and all debili- tated conditions of the system. In laminitis only a moderate dose should be given, as too large an amount is likely to increase the already in- flamed condition of the lamina. If a horse exhibits the slightest sign of a catarrhal attection or of a cough, aloes should not be prescribed, as It may mduce superpurgation, or may weaken the system and so render the animal in a condition less able to with- stand the effects of any respiratory disease which may follow. 490 I /'JT/'J/i/N. I /i y Til ERA P/WT/CS ^ Aloes 18 occasionally prescribod as a hit'ler to„!r and 18 ^Mven in small doses, coiubined vvitli otber bitters and a.-o.natic8. or with a mineral tonic, such as sulphate of In cattle practice, aloes is sometimes prescribed along with otber purgatives, usually in tbe form of a solution We have observed favourable results in some cases from Its employment, where tbe ordinary purgatives did not appear to produce any effect. In canine practice, aloes is not prescribed alone • it enters into the composition of the cou.pound colocynth and hyoscyamus pill, which is an effectual purgative for the dog. ° Socotrine and Cape Aloe, are varieties not employed in veterinary practice. ^1/om in doses of two drachms, has been found to act as a reliable purgative in horses by some practitioners, causing less dulness, nausea, and griping tban aloes. Others have not recorded such satisfactory results from Its use. L Senna. The dried leaflets of various species of Cassia • is not emp oyed in veterinary practice. "^ It acts as a purgative by stimulating tbe muscular coat of the intestine pro S t'h/for r'-^°" !y°'i,^ *^^ ^^^-^^ surface of 'the Dowel, the colon being chiefly acted on. Rhei Radix— Ehuharb Root. The dried root of Rheum palmatum and other species Contains 3 to 4 per cent, of cathartic acid, the punfatrve constituent of senna; also rhco-tannic acid. poSs W astringency, and a bitter colouring matter, chrPph^:^^^ Actions and Uses.-In small doses rhubarb, giver to dogs, IS a bitter stomachic and intestinal astringent. In tier tonic, and er bitters and s sulphate of (scribed along of a solution, no cases from tives did not ed alone; it tid colocyntli purgative for employed in found to act )ractitioner8, than aloes. results from issia ; is not a purgative testine, pro- :face of the her species. e purgative possessing 'ysophan. b, giver, to lay cut. In I nnuiiA un- ca .9 tor oil , .. i larger doses it causes purgation by stimulating the intes- tinal movements and the liver ; the cathartic acid at lirst exerting Its mJluence; afterwards an astringent eiTect is produced According to Moiroud. even in large an.ounts rhubarb has no purgative effect on horses or cattle As a purgative and cliolagoguo for the dog, it may bo given in doses of grs. xv. to grs. xxx., combined with either calomel or jalap. In cases of obstinate diarrhoea in foals and calves 1^ drachms each of rhubarb and carbonate of magnesia' with 10 to 20 grains of opium, given twice a day in well- boiled wheat-Hour gruel, often give favourable results, actmg as stomachics and astringents. Oleum RIcinI— Castor Oil. Th^'lfnn ^ expressed from the seeds of Kicinus communis, ihe bulk consists of ricuwlcatc ofylijt'cn//. ->88^to "^"iT^^n!!"' ?'V ^'f!^^P^"^U"g'^.3ii.t0 5iv.; dogs, 38S. to 311. ; foals, ,-^1. to nn. Actions and Vses. ~ Exter,iall>j, pure castor oil is bland in its nature, resembhng almond oil. It acts as a local sedative and protective, and is often applied to the conjunctiva to lessen irritation after the removal of foreign bodies from the eye, or after injuries by caustic substances to the cornea or conjunctiva. Internally, pure castor oil is a .iviple puryatioe, mild and pamless in its effects. It is believed to act by stimulating the muscular coat and intestinal glands but not the hver. It produces no effect on the stomach, but It gastric irritation be present, or if the oil is not pure it will cause nausea and vomiting in dogs. On reaching the duodenum, castor oil is decomposed by the pancreatic juice, aud the ricinoleic acid commences to act. It causes purgation also when administered as an enema il \^mtm VETERINARY THERAPEUTICS For the horse, castor oil is an uncertain purgative, pro- ducing much nausea, and cases are recorded where full doses'caused serious symptoms of superpurgation. For foals, however, it often acts very effectually, and is pre- scribed in cases of retention of the meconium ; it may also be administered in the form of enema with advantage in such cases. It should be combined with a dose of sweet spirits of nitre, and a carminative, such as oil of peppermint. In cases of diarrhoea due to the presence of irritating incjesta, both in foals and calves, a dose of castor oil should be the first step in treatment. hi cattle, it is an effectual purgative, the chief draw- back to its employment being the loss of appetite, and degree of nausea induced. It is of advantage to com- bine castor oil and raw Unseed oil in cases of arrested action of the bowels in cattle, enemas of the same being also of service. Li (logs, castor oil is indicated in cases of obstinate constipation and in intestinal obstruction, being given in the form of enema as well as by the mouth. It is of advantage to combine half doses of olive oil and castor oil, and to administer the enemas by means of a long gum-elastic rectum tube. Unfortunately, in cases of this nature the stomach is usually in a very irritable condition, and any oily substances given by the mouth are quickly expelled by vomiting. It is necessary to prepare a special mixture of castor oil in such cases, the B.P. mistura olei ricini, as follows, often acting well : Castor oil, 6 drachms ; oil of lemon, 10 minims ; oil of cloves, 2 minims ; syrup, U drachms ; solution of potash, 1 drachm ; orange-flower water, to produce 2 ounces. The dose is from | to 2 ounces, repeated at intervals until effects are produced. The addition of a small dose of sweet spirit of nitre LINSEED OIL 493 set spirit of nitre also renders castor oil more palatable. It is of import- ance to prescribe only the refined and pure castor oil, in order to avoid irritating and nauseating eilects. Oleum Lini— Eaw Linseed Oil. The oil expressed in Britain without heat from linseed — Linum usitatissimum, flax. In prescribing it is im- portant to remember that boiled linseed oil is used in the arts as a drying oil, and for certain purposes litharge is added during the boiling, so that the boiled oil may con- tain lead and exert toxic effects. The raw linseed oil should be procured as fresh as possible. Z>ose6'.— Horses, O.i. to O.i.ss; cattle, O.i.ss. to O.ii. ; sheep and pigs, ^iv. to fjvi. ; dogs, gi. to ^ii. Actions and Uses. — In full doses linseed oil acts as a mild purgative. It is devoid of irritating effects, and is extensively employed in cases where active purgatives, such as aloes, are contra-indicated. In the form of enema it is an agent of great value in all animals, and should be administered by means of the long rectum tube in cases of intestinal obstruction depending on impaction of the colon ; by this method we have observed the most satisfactory results. One drawback to the use of linseed oil is the nauseating effects which it is apt to produce, and interference with appetite. For this reason we should avoid the adminis- tration of large amounts by the mouth, and adopt the method by enema, the long rectum tube enabhng us to propel the oil into the colon. In cattle, practice, linseed oil is of great service in a large variety of cases. By softening the gastric contents it often produces beneficial effects when purgatives such as sulphate of magnesia fail. In impaction of the omasum and injlammation of tlie nhomasum, conditions frequently associated, large doses ■(:'' 1 I I 494 VETERTNARY THERAPEUTICS of linseed oil, combined with belladonna and glycerine forms the most reliable treatment, as the exhibition of strong purgatives seldom gives relief, but tends to increase the existing condition. In hamo-alhuminura or red water, linseed oil is indi- cated, if the saline purgative usually administered at the commencement of the affection fails to move the bowels I^mseed oil is also a convenient menstruum for the ad- ministration of irritant substances, such as oil of turpen- tine or croton oil. It is also a useful agent as a chmidcent in cases of irritant poisoning. In dogs, linseed oil is apt to cause nausea and vomiting Linseed oil is administered to horses in a bran-mash as a digestible nutrient, in amounts of one or two wineglassfuls • some take it with avidity, others refuse it. It is very useful in cases where the bowels are inclined to be con- stipated, and the animal is in an unthrifty condition In cases of broken wind it is prescribed with limewater, and 18 useful as a palliative remedy. Externally linseed oil forms an effectual basis for lini- ments for mange in horses. Mixed with equal parts of hmewater it forms carron oil which is a valuable appli- cation to burns and scalds. Cascara Sagrada. The dried bark of Ehamnus purshiana. Preparations. Extractum Cascarse Sagradse-Alcoholic and aqueous i^ose.— Dogs, grs. ii. to grs. x. Extractum Cascarae Sagradse Liquidum— 1 in 1. -Dose.— Dogs, 3s8. to .-jii. Actions and Uses.-Cascara sagrada in small doses acts as a touK and stomacJm. In large doses it is an ICS and glycerine, he exhibition but tends to 3d oil is indi- istered at the e the bowels, n for the ad- )il of turpen- ,s Sk demulcent .nd vomiting, in- mash as a ineglassfuls ; It is very- id to be con- •ndition. In ewater, and asis for lini- ual parts of uable appli- aqueous. 1. nail doses s it is an SYRUP OF BUCKTIWRN-TARAXACmi 495 • a^t and if freely given to dogs is cathartic. It is useful mc/jro;..c constipation in dogs, and may be given in a single full dose, or in divided doses of ten to twen v mmnns three times a day. twenty Syrupus Rhamni-SYRup of Buckthorn Z>05f?.— Dogs, ii. to 5ii. cafl^H^T^ U«««--Syrup of buckthorn acts as a miUl cathaitic to dogs, and is employed as an adjuvant to pur gahve mixtures. It is also used to disguisl the taste of bitter or nauseous drugs in mixtures. case ot dogs. At one time it was belipvprl f^ oA cholagogue, but according to Dr Ruthe ford t i.^ v ' ^ feeble stimulant of the liver ■^^^'^^lertorci, it is a very liqil^tf" *° '°^^ " ^'"'^ °^ "^-- *° -^- of the Euonymin. ^^Obtained from the root bark of Euonymus atropur- ditTZr^ ^«es.-Euonymin is a hepatic stimulant, a direct cholagogue, and a mild cathartic. It has been ad ministered to the dog in dosp^ nf ... - . fv,„ J X . ^ aoses ot grs. n. to grs. iv of the dry e=;tract in cases of hepatic derangements and jau„d,ce, and seems likely to be a useful agent n-:-' •J .'M i h Tr '"^ ||T^ IW. Mtv: 496 VETERINARY THERAPEUTICS 11 I )' CHAPTER XV. THE VEGETABLE KimmoU~Conthme,l Flllx Mas— Male Fern. The rhizome, with the persistent bases of the petioles, of Aspidium filix mas. Preparation. Extractum Pilicis Liquidum— ' Oil of Male Fern.' Doses. -Horses and cattle, ."ii. to 3vi. ; dogs, m x. to TTLxxx. Admmistered in milk or in emulsion. Actions and Uses.— Male fern is an active anthelmintic, being especially destructive to the tapcicorm. In large doses it acts as an irritant, and may cause gastro-enteritis in dogs. It may be given to the horse in combination with half a dos?. of ol. terebinthinas in raw linseed oil. For the dog it may be combined with areca- nut, and given dissolved in milk. It is of advantage to administer a purgative afterwards in order to assist in the removal of the parasites. Santonlnum— Santonin. A neutral crystalline principle obtained from the dried unexpanded flower-heads of Artemisia maritima worm- seed. -Doses.— Horses, 333. to 5i. ; dogs, grs. ii. to grs v • given with an oleaginous purgative. ' Actions and Uses.— Santonin is an effectual vermicide, particularly destructive to round and thread worms, but having little effect on the tapeworm. It is absorbed into the blood as sodium santonate, and in full doses may ncs lonthmed. of the petioles, Je Fern.' ; dogs, ]\x. to ion. •e anthelmintic, m. -nd may cause to the horse in inthinae in raw led with areca- iive afterwards asites. from the dried ritima, worm- ii. to grs. V. ; SANrONlX-AHECA 497 cause disturbance of consciousness in dogs, with giddi- ness, vomiting and convulsions, and great constitutional disturbance. These effects should be carefully avoided by regulating the dose according to the size of the animal Santonin IS excreted by the kidneys as an obscure pro- duct of Its oxidation in the system, and causes slight d ur SIS. It CO ours acid urine greenish-yellow, and alkaline urine red or purple. Areca. The seed of Areca catechu, the betel-nut tree. ^,^05e..-J3ogs, grs. XV. to 3ii. ; given shaken up with Action and Uses.-Areca-nut is an astringent and ver^ micidc, acting chiefly on the tapeioorm. Previous to its administration a purgative should be administered so as to clear out the intestines ; the drug should then be given to the dog after a few hoars' fasting and ,s best administered in milk, a second purgative being aft rwards necessary to cause expulsion of the parasite In treating the dog for tapeworm, it is of advantage to combine areca-nut with the extract of male fern. A variety of anthelmintics are, in addition to those mentioned, employed in human medicine, but are seldom Prescribed in veterinary medicine. Among these we may mention kousso, kamala. splgelia. pomegranate root ■•t!' :i;i n tual vermicide, id worms, but absorbed into ill doses may 32 i 1 'I i m 498 VETERINARY THERAPEUTICS 4 CHAPTEE XVI. THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM^Co«^w««/. Aciduni Tannicum— Tannic Acid, Tannin. An acid extracted from galls. Galls are excrescences on yuercus lusitanica, a shrubby species of oak, caused by the puncture and deposit of ova of Cynips eailie tinc- toria. ./ r o -Doses.— Horses, ^ss. to 5ii. ; dogs, grs. ii. to grs. x. /;ico;M^;a.^ii/cs.— Gelatine, mineral acids, alkalies, per- salts of iron. ^ Preimration. Glycerinum Acidi Tannici-1 to 4, with the aid of heat. Acidum Callicum— Gallic Acid. Prepared by boiling 1 part of powdered galls with 4 pares of dilute sulphuric acid for half an hour, strain- ing and purifying. looses.— Same as those of tannic acid. Incompatihks-^^^int of nitrous ether, metallic salts including persalts of iron. Tannic acid is the glucoside to which oak bark, galls logwood, and many vegetable astringents owe their pro- perties. ^ Actions.— Tannic and gallic acids differ only in the degree of their action, but gallic acid has no astringent taste, does not precipitate solutions of gelatine, and henc3 possesses no local astringent properties. The ac- tion of tannic acid and of the many substances containing It depends chiefly upon its property of precipitating albumin and gelatine. ^^N^^iC AND GALLIC ACIDS le aid of heat. Metallic salts, precipitating 41)9 Applied to the broken skin nr f« « faces, it condenses the albutLus „Zn 7""^ ^"^■ coagulates the fluids, reduce^the sen fbH ;:?;:! '"""' and compresses the vessels by constrd^tb! "'?''' tissues, thus diminishing the c^2^1^T connective It also coagulates blood ff appliedTn , " T^ "''"' Tannic acid thus act. pf . "''"^'''^*^'^ ^°^™- and co;..n.,.. Itdl L! Tr'""' "'''"^ '^'^i^^^ of the vessels hke Ip7^ a u "'' ^'^^^" contraction «. b, antrre^iitrsr sr :■"■ then more than neutralized ^'*^°' " partially an'JItteS'" "'^S ^onstringed and In the mteslims the astringent effert „f t • • tmued, hence its en.ployment o" that !f l ?'" " °'"'- taining it, in cases ofdiarrh jl "to °''''°"^ °°"- Of thTi* rsr/itr'T"'"! "''"^' p"'- the blood, the remaSderh' i *''"'° "'='''■ ^1^'* voters Tannin enters the blood a "1:""^'. " ''^ '»°^^- aefinite knowledge as to a„v f f ' ■"" '"" '"^^ "<> the vessels or cfa^uL^^ ll^^T-L'^"' °° mjected directly into the veins tannT, ", "°°"^- " and embolism, followed bylolth ""''' "'"'""S aCrfn^tlTa^iritttir '° ^^^^^^ s^i/;j^/c. ' ^°'^ *^^^°g astringent and Tannic and o^alliV o,-,;^- - latter, partly af p'rog ,1: ZitT "'"^"^ "^ "^^ I'J' game acid, m the urme, which it 1C; r L..ii.iUl^ noo VET ERIN A R V TUERA PE UTICS I a:: darkens in colour. Some authorities believe that these agents have the power of arresting renal haemorrhage, but this action is doubtful. Medicinal Uses. — In relaxed conditions of the pharynx and throat, tannic acid is applied locally in the form of glycerinum acidi tannici, and gives favourable results. In lucmorrharjc from the stomach, full doses of the acid act as direct styptics. In diarrhoea, dysentery, tannin or its compounds are frequently prescribed, the latter being preferred, such as catechu or kino, and may be combined with antacids and opium. As an antidote to antimony and alkaloids, such as morphine, strychnine, etc., tannic acid is employed, as it forms insoluble compounds, a purgative being afterwards given, and an emetic in the case of dogs. Externally tannic acid, combined with glycerine and water, is recommended in the weeping stages of eczema. It is also employed as an application to ulcerated sur- faces, as it condenses the superficial layer of cells, coagulates the discharge, and is believed to possess a disinfectant action besides. Gallic acid, in the form of the unguentum gallae cum epic, is employed in the treatment of haemorrhoids. Pyrogallic Acid. A body obtained from gallic or tannic acid by carefully heating: possesses a powerful affinity for oxygen, and thus acts as an antiseptic and disinfectant in 1 to 2J per cent, solutions. It also acts as a caustic and "local stimulant. It has been recommended in cases of psoriasis, and also in the removal of malignant growths. In toxic doses it causes vomiting, purging, and general nervous depression in dogs, and possesses a destructive influence on the red corpuscles of the blood, which be- comes of a brownish appearance and readily coagulates. cs !ve that these hyemorrhage, I the pharynx n the form of oie results. 3es of the acid jinpounds are erred, such as I antacids and oids, such as uployed, as it ng afterwards glycerine and jes of eczema, ulcerated sur- lyer of cells, to possess a am gallae cum )rrhoids. d by carefully ' oxygen, and in 1 to 21 per tic and "local in cases of lant growths. g, and general I a destructive lod, which be- ly coagulates. CA rECIW-KL. ..-LOGWOOD gOl Catechu— Catkchu gambfef" °' °' "'^ '''*™' -'3 young shoot, of Uncaria J«.o,upatMcs.^The alkalies, metallic salts, and gela- itsttions "t ^^^'-f ^'-l^" ^--'Wes tannic acid in ™y be combined witb opC"! ,l,ld~' a^' repeated at intervals if necessarv it i! k . *f ' . teredinwell-boiledflourgrei: ^' '' "'"""'- Kino — Kino. A juice obtained from the trunk of Pfov^no supium; closely respmhlpc^nf ", °f^ °* -t^terocarpus mar- Hamatoxyll LiBnum-LoGwooD. The sliced heart-wood of H.n,atoxylo„ campechianu™, Preparation. Deeoctum H«n,ato.yIi-l in 20 with i of cinnamon. Sss^to 3Us.'°""' 5""- '» 3- ■■ cattle, jx, to jxv. ; dogs. Actions and Uses—Hasmatoxylon possessp, th„ .,* • r I .' (|1 ;.4i I • ?>»" ' u:i...ms -. 502 VETERINARY THERAPEUTTCS succeeding when other agents have failed. It is fre- quently used as an empirical remedy in the treatment of ' red water ' in cattle, some stock-owners attributing remarkable success to its employment. Hamamelldis Cortex— Hamamelis Bakk. _ The dried bark of Hamamelis virginica, the witch r.azel. Hamamelldis Folia. The dried leaves of Hamamelis virginica. Preparations of Haviamelis Bark. Tiuctura Hamamelidis— 1 in 10 of proof spirit. Z>ose5.— Horses and cattle, ^ss. to sii. ; dogs, TTl_v. to 7;i. Extractum Hamamelidis Liquidum— Hazeline— 1 in 1. Doses.— Horses and cattle, ".ss. to ^ii. ; dogs, ITl v to m^x. ^ ^ Actions and Uses. — Hamamehs is astringent and hcBmostatic both locally and remotely. It is prescribed internally in cases of passive haemorrhage, such as epis- taxis, haimoptysis, haematemesis. It is also recom- mended in the treatment of diarrhoea, dysentery, etc., and in diseases dependent upon an unhealthy condition of the mucous membrane of the vagina, intestinal canal, bladder, and urethra; but clinical experience with the drug has not yet been sufficient to justify these claims. Externally, it forms a useful non irritating styptic. Ipecacuanlia— Ipecacuanha. The dried root of Cephaelis ipecacuanha. Contains from i to 1 per cent, of cmetene, which is its active principle. £>oses.— Horses, gi. to si.ss. ; dogs, gr. ss. to grs. ii. i. to grs. XXX. As an emetic for dogs, grs. Ilii 7S I. It is fre- he treatment '8 attributing Bauk. a, the witch I P EC A CU A NIT A irit. ?s, ni^v. to 7ji. ine— 1 in 1. ; dogs, 1Tl_v. nngent and s prescribed uch as epis- also recom- entery, etc., by condition stinal canal, ce with the ise claims. styptic. I. Contains 3 its active 3 grs. ii. r)()3 Pro para t lOllS. (1 in 10). ' ■ °P"""' ' ■ ^"'I'l'n'o of potas»iu,nrS- i)o»<«._Horse8, ,5i. to 3iii. ; dogs ^rs v to dupe-ss:»-:':rdiiVorefe^ -../"oliulsVr ^° '''"''"'■"'"■ »Lv. to ,>L«.. As an S™ -"""«---asi„, ,oea> oSatiotrd sol! In the dog, ipecacuanha in doses nf 71 ♦ on acts as an nmic, hoth by its looll !ff . t ^° 8™"' as well as by its action ™t[ ""' °" "^^ ''"'"Mh medulla; it i^ thus b^h a /• ! 'T'""» "^"'^^ '» 'he In the intestines 'pecaou2ha1';''" '"""-'«-'- effects, and increases the flow "C" "'"■" ^"""""""S it may act as an irritant """="'' '° '»^S'= "o^"*^ in-ilr;:; isr i: 'i^r^r^'^ °' --,„« the liquid and blood-stai d aC2:' ".' ;'^°''"« "«' poses is given in large e^os^.'S^^Zr'^ ""- Ipeca^cuanha s excreted h,, fi ■ ^P^*'^^^- branes, including thoTfof tht ZZiZ::^ TT intestines, also by the liv^v °™™',"ie stomach, the increased secretion and timuk?" ,1 '"•°™" "' "^''^^ as an expectorant. It has a tit T"' "'"' ■"='»« and acts as a ^' i^'".'5"'ly»'"»s, the combination imp^vin^ appetite, and acting as a general tonic to the system ° J"ca,u„e d>stempcr it is a very valuable Lenr'and .s°efflt' ''"™''''* '" "•'^" ^°'''' '^quently'lpe'ated benefl ■ , -"'""t^^"-- P^b^My aceounting'for ite oenetK cuon m this afifection. As a,i i^'Uipiintic it is one of the most useful asents wh,cu we possess. In cases of influenza, acute pneu monaa, and acute rheumatism, quinine is inXble when the temperature ranges high. It should be gTvenln a dose of half an ounce at first, and followed at intervals iVZeZr'"- ""-' °' '™ ^-'>™' -"' '"e 'em- If much debility be present, it is of advantage to admmrster stimulants at the same time, so as to ove" come any depressing effects which might be produced bv he drug. When the temperature is reduced ouinine may be contmucd in small doses with benefit ^ In such cases we believe that, in addition o its power and by Its miluence on micro-organisms. tain b:2' A 7^'°^'" ""'' r"'"' ''^ ""'"'""^y COP- „r„, T' ■' '" °"*^ °f "'"'»ri»l and other fevers atfectmghorses and cattle in India ( r„,.,.,„,™„, oorober! I 4' 510 VETERINARY THERAPEUTICS Cinchonine and other alkaloids and products of cin- chona may be employed as substitutes for quinine, their actions being similar. Cii. jhonine is | to ^ as powerful as quinine. Cinchona bark contains only a small percentage of alkaloids, and hence is a bulky agent to administer. It contains a quantity of tannin, and may be prescribed in combination with iron in cases of relaxed conditions of the bowels, as a bitter stomachic and tonic astringent. In canine practice for similar purposes the compound tincture may be employed. Acldum Salicylicum— Salicylic Acid. Prepared by passing carbonic acid into a mixture of carbohc acid and caustic soda at a high temperature and decomposing the salicylate of sodium with an acid and subsequent purification. Or prepared naturally from natural salicylates, such as the oils of winter-green sweet birch, etc. Salicylic acid is very insoluble in water, readily in alcohol and in ammonium acetate. Incompatibles.—^^ixii of nitrous ether, iron salts. Doses.— Horses and cattle, 3ii. to 5iv. ; sheep, 5ss. to 5i. : dogs, grs. lii. to grs. xv. Preparation. Sodii Salicylas— Salicylate of Sodium. Prepared by the action of salicylic acid on carbonate of sodium or on caustic soda. Eeadily soluble in water but slightly in alcohol. ' -Doses.— Horses and cattle, 5ii. to ^i. ; sheep, Sss. to 5i. : dogs, grs. X. to grs. xxx. Salicin. A glucoside obtained from the bark of Salix alba, and other species of Salix and of Populus. jOoses.— Horses, 5i. to Siij. : dogs, grs. iii. to grs. xv. 'JS iucts of cin- [uinine, their e. srcentage of ninister. It )rescribed in jonditions of 'ringent. e compound DID. mixture of erature, and %n acid and 'crally from inter-green, nsoluble in cetate. salts. ), 5ss. to 5i. ; I carbonate e in water, 5ss. to 5i. ; : alba, and grs, XV. SALICYLIC ACID oil (1) IMMEDIATE LOCAL ACTION local circulation " "'"' ^"""lates tlie powt'ttJLri ':;;": r r'" °' "'='"'-'-' the salicylic acid ^ """'='•*' ^^''^ '» 'derate oau.i„,.a.ea;:aio^;rg;nt:d:/ '°°^ '""-'• eanT„: ^^tZ"" "' '^^ '^^' '""-'■ ^"'' « P*.a in (2) ACTION IN THE BLOOD. fn the blood "wantr."'" """' *^ ^-« -^-«°es (3) SPECIFIC ACTION. «3f'e:r';i:!j':f4rf *"' "' =°'«- -" » '"« laaer. ' Full dose 'I*- T'' " '=°""^^"='5 ''"<' ^-^ disturbed res^^ior de;es'r ZZ "" ™'"""«' primary excitation re axaH^ ? .u ""^ '""' »"«' ing of blood-press'u » A . ""« vessels, and lower- =alicylate of sodiumt "'^'''^ '° ^'^^ B-'herJord, very'sligbt st'irt^f^th'eTntt Li M ^t"'^"'' ""' " dose.actascaraiacst..u::;:tS-t„r- ■1? ?ill r1 i I^^S fr 512 VETERINARY THERAPEUTICS Bm circulation; the temperature may be slightly lowered, although nitrogenous waste is said to be increased. Horses withstand the effects of large doses of salicylic acid to a remarkable extent, the only symptoms recorded being slight dyspepsia due to irritation of the alimentary mucous membrane. Dogs are more susceptible, ?,nd toxic doses of 75 grains, administered hypodermically, are reported tr have pro- duced dyspnoea, vomiting, weakness of hind-quarters, and convulsions followed by fatal paralysis. The most important action of salicylates is the power which they possess of reducing high temperature in febrile cases. This effect is believed to depend on some in- fluence which they exert on the pathological cause of pyrexia, pr. jably by acting on micro-organisms in a manner, not yet understood. (4) REMOTE LOCAL ACTION. Salicylic acid is slowly excreted in the urine, sweat, bile, and mucous secretions generally, chiefly as sali- cylates or the free acid, partly as salicyluric acid. On the kidneys and urinary passages, it acts as a stimulant and disinfectant, and increases the acidity of the urine. In large doses it may irritate the kidneys, so as to cause albuminuria, and even hematuria. Medicinal Uses. — In febrile conditions, with excessive high temperature, sahcylate of sodium is recommenu, J, such as in cases of influenza, pneumonia, etc. It is stated to be more rapid in its actions than quinine, less lasting in its effects, and more depressant to the circula- tion ; but in our experience quinine gives far more reliable results. In acute rheumatism, in all patients, the salicylate of sodium is regarded by many practitioners as a specific in Itly lowered, reased. 3 of salicylic >ra3 recorded e alimentary of 75 grains, tr have pro- ind-quarters, is the power ire in febrile )n some in- 3al cause of bnisms in a irine, sweat, efly as sali- acid. t acts as a e acidity of kidneys, so ih excessive JommenuJ, etc. It is quinine, less the circula- 3 far more alicylate of a speciiic in duration of the disetf T "' "^ ^''"'»"8 ">e favourable effects have not re'^'^I'V^"'""''' ''°™''«^' ment of this drug, probablyblteJr "" ^"P'"^" have not been sufHciently',; " 1M3 1'' "'T*'' cases of ehronic rheumatism ™ ™'"^ '° dose" Ef reXS'at^n, °^ i'' '<«""■" -"■ ">= u>ay with advantage Aoih?;"' u '™ '^™-' ""O of potassium in fuTdoses m T ""' '""^^''"'""^ fte dose of the sal cvlate „h™ u k ° P^'""'' ''«""''^» «o as to avoid the d.n ' r „f ? gradually reduced, are very common i:!::f:;,l::Sr °™"™°«' -""" stated o be less polrful 'T *«^=''™- *'«'-« - cylates, but .. be bltto ' 'V f""" "^"^ *« »»"" • cardiac and vascuilX^'es™?' "'' '"" '" ""^ '-' of thSrint::^ j r r^"':" '- "^^ '-'--' fouUiJaiine urine rdX^^trde" ol';: "^^^^ "'"^ preguated with^drt; ^rriirir^-Lr "- - Thioform. pa™dt;m^rg"i;,Sn:'o?'^'^i^sft" ^"v^-- '» p»- dithio-salicylate of sodium '" ""'"""h «alt and a s^rute"L?I;;rr i^Ti.^ ~ - by Professor Hoffman as a suricf f V"""^"'^ a surgical dressing. The 33 !»■■ i J14 VETERINARY THERAPEUTICS i h !•' following are the advantages which it possesses over iodoform : (1) It has greater antiseptic strength. (2) It is free from toxic properties and fror odour. (3) It has a marked desiccative action. (4) It can be finely powdered, and is not hygroscopic, and retains its extreme fineness and consistence. It has been employed with success in the treatment of affec- tions of the stomach and intestines accompanied with fermentation, hiemorrhagic diu.'rhoea, loss of appetite, emaciation, and general debihty. In one case of chronic catarrh of the stomach and intestines in a dog, with a history of emaciation and frequent stools mixed with blood, reported at the Wiesbaden cHnic, thioform was administered in large doses ; at first 2 drachms daily, together with milk diet. On the second day the haemorrhagic diarrhoea entirely ceased, and the appetite returned, so that more solid food was soon given, and in five weeks the animal had perfectly recovered. In this case opiates and subsali- cylate of bismuth had been previously prescribed without any success. As an aniisoptic dressing for wounds thioform is an excellent agent ; it does not form a hard covering on the wound beneath which the secretions are apt to collect, but produces a supple protective layer which absorbs the wound serum and allows it to pass away ; it has also a non-irritant desiccative action on wounds and ulcers, and compared with iodoform it far surpasses it in healing quaUties. Professor Hoffman recommends to dust a thin layer of thioform on the wound, previously cleansed and dried. In loounds of the eyes and eyelids, also in conjunctivitis and keratitis, Jiioform acts as an excellent antiseptic jsesses over r odour. lygroscopic, ice. It has nt of affec- janied with ot appetite, omach and ciation and ;ed at the 3d in large h milk diet, oea entirely more solid animal had ,nd subsali- bed without form is an sring on the b to collect, absorbs the I has also a ulcers, and in healing dust a thin eansed and njunctivitis • antiseptic OLfVl-: OIL dressing, it can be mxA\^i\ k ^^^ we have seen the besf sls^'"''"' "' " ^^'^"^^r, and such cases. The powde i Vr ''' ^"P^°y"^ent in ;ntate,and tends To promo L T T!^^ '"^' ^^'^ «ot drawback to the general «1 T^ ^'"'^"S* ^he only veterinary practice fs rh^grpl" slt^^^^^^^^^^ ^" CHAPTER XVIII Olauni Ollva_Oi.,vE o,l It is given internally in Tases Z ^'"•f """^ ""^ ''''<^^^^^^^t, -ntagoni.es the actio";, of aTkl3 ^f"'^^^^^^^^^^ ^* retards solution and absorotinn f ^ ""''^ '°^P«' and useful laxative enema ^^tinan?- '^ '°^-« ^ dog. innestinal obstruction in the Externally olive oil \^ ^ i. 'or iini^entl M^d iltTj '" ""*>^ "' " ^^^ Potesh and water, it forms "u 1 n° "'* ''"'''°°»'« of ^oftening the scales on ZtawMt t"' ''Pf'''='"'ou for blistered. P°™ *'='* bave been fired or obvfoil^Srdf^ «-". ^OO- Oleate. Made with oii?roil1^-S£ ^-i'.fo'assi.n o,e.e. Made with Actions and Uses q^ water, jo P~o.lean4-;SXX:\-t'™:;^ ■ • f f I 516 VETERINARY TIIERA PEUTICS scales in chronic skin diseases. Ttiey also form service- able additions to laxative enemas. The soap liniment is employed as a stimulating appli- cation, and also as a basis for other liniments. Clycerlnum— Glyceiune. A sweet principle obtained by reaction of fats and fixed oils with aqueous fluids, ainl containing a small percent- age of water. Actions and TJaea.— Externally glycerine is slightly stimulant and antiseptic, and diluted it is demulcent and emollient. It is largely used as a constituent of lotions where a desiccant effect is desirable, in addition to an emollient action. * Glycerine possesses marked powers as a solvent for fixed alkalies, alkaloids, and their salts. It is readily absorbed by the unbroken skin, and will carry into the system alkaloids or other active substances ; thus, when combined with belladonna and applied to the skin, the atropine will become absorbed. In pharmacy glycerine is combined with substances such as carbolic acid, tanr 't acid, boric acid, etc., forming an excellent vehicle for these agents. It is sometimes prescribed in mixtures containing iron, to disguise the taste of the latter. As an astringent, emollient application for cases of mud fever, cracked heels, and grease in horses, equal parts of glycerine and liquor plumbi diacet. are combined. As a laxative enema glycerine has been highly recom- mended, in amounts of half an ounce to an ounce for horses, either pure or diluted with one-third part of water. For dogs half a drachm to a drachm may be administered. The method adopted is to inject the agent with a com- mon wound syringe having a bulbous extremity. rni service- bting appli- is and fixed all percent- is slightly nulcent and 3ns where a i,n emollient solvent for ;t is readily rry into the thus, when ihe skin, the 1 substances etc. , forming itaining iron, cases of mud :jual parts of )ined. lighly recom- Bin ounce for >art of water, idministered. t with a com- lity. Sirr.- — ■ -"' °' '"« -° "' ana TpX of intestinal obstruction '^^nefacial effect m cases Therlaca— TuEACLB. The uncrystallfeed residue of the refining of su»ar „„unrfo,. hit' °*'"° ""'" ''>""l'. ""'1 ■" «• Hordeun, D.cor.lcatum--P„ .„,, n«,.nv . The drioil seel ot llorilr. j- .■ , integuments. ' ""'i^non divested of its PriprmtioK. Decoctam Hordei_Ba 'e , \Vf .. , r u , , . water. - vvuttt- — 1 boiled in 1.5 of conditionsofthebladdlLtT -^ '" "''"=' "' »"'al'lo being afiowed't: S irafpHre"""'''"' '"^ ""'""" Farina Trl»lcl_W„EAT™ F,,ou«. J-ne gram of whpnf /'t,.,v: sifted. Chiefly uled in 'tie trmof'T""? ^^j"""' "'' ■n cases of diarrhea, superpuSo".. S' "" "°"'' 8™"' Amylum— Starch. Is uSt tr,S^«S"lfehtT:,™--^ 'ice. dwrrhoca.dysentery.etc be, mi '"'''«''' '" ^''^^ of " " » ^'Wo'e fo^'ete'ss^^doseronolr." ^'"°"'™'- ai "t^^di:!; fo^r:/'™ r' ^^-"-'- " ^^ for surgical purposes "''"= '° "''"■'" '"'"''''ges -root:;trt;:a^::--— • 'I Ui I 520 VETERTNARY TTTERAVEUTTCS the mucilage is extracted and made into an ointment, which is a valuable cmolUcnt and dcmiilccnt application in cases of viammitis or r/arget. This ointment, com- bined with belladonna and glycerine, and applied to the udder with a moderate amount of friction, is an excellent application in cases where the udder is greatly inflamed and painful. Chaulmugra Oil. Obtained from the seeds of Gynocardia odorata. Con- tains about 12 per cent, of an active principle, gynocardic acid. Actions and Uses. — Chaulmugra oil has been employed in human practice in cases of eczem^/ and chronic skin affections^ It is also recommended in the treatment of rheumatism, being given internally as well as applied locally. We are not able to produce any evidence of its employment in veterinary practice. It might prove useful in cases of obstinate eczema in dogs in the form of oint- ment containing 15 to 25 gr< ins of gynocardic acid to the ounce of vaseline. n ointment, application ment, com- iplied to the m excellent tly inHamed irata. Con- , gynocardic n employed shronic skin reatment of as applied dence of its prove useful )rm of oint- dic acid to LANOLTNE-PREPARED LARD 531 CHAPTER XIX. GROUP II -THE ANIMAL KINaDOM. Adeps Lana Hydrosus-' Lanoline ' Prepared from Adeps lantc or wool fat H,p r.,.,-fl 1 mortar,andstirringia the water gradln^t^tWouT^^^^^ Actions and Uses. -Lanoline differs from ordinary fats by contammg crystals of cholesterine instead of glycLine It IS not decomposed by boiling with alkaline olutions' that IS, It does not form soap, and it absorbs water readily' Lanolme can be rubbed into the skin with great ease and has remarkable penetrating and absorptiye powers fc IS deyoid of irritating effects. It forms the bestTas s ^r omtments of all kinds, especially those einplo'ed fo aiiections of the skin, and also those for the purposes o counter-irritation. ^ ^pu5,e8 01 The ointments of cantharides and of biniodide of mercury, prepared with lanoline as a basis, produce a ar better effect than when the basis is of lard ot yaselTne It IS advisable to mix a small amount of vaseline Jen preparing the ointments, as lanoline alone is apt to become of too firm a consistence. A crude form iLo line forms an excellent dressing for weak and brittle feet Adeps Preparatus-PKEPARED Lakd The purified fat of the hog, Sus scrofa. Preparation. Adeps Benzoatus-Prepared lard, 50; benzoin, 1. Actions and Use.,.-^Lard is a simplo emollien't. It is frequently employed as a basis for ointments; but, in 622 VE T ERIN A R Y THERA PEUTICS I : consequence of its tendency to become rancid, vaseline is generally preferred. The benzoated lard is not affected by keeping. Cetaceum — Spermaceti. Obtained from the head of the sperm whale. This is an emollient, and is also employed in pharmacy. Celatlnum— Gelatine. Obtained from gelatigenous animal tissues : is chiefly employed for coating balls, pills, etc. Oleum MorrhuaB— Cod-liver Oil. The oil obtained from the fresh liver of the codfish. Gadus morrhua. Contains 5 per cent, of free fatty acids! 5i^nv~^°''^^'' ^"' '° ^^'"'■' ''''**^^' ^''' *° ^''•' *^°S^' Actions and Uses.— Cod-liver oil is jiutrient, tonic, and alterative. It is more easily digested than other oils, from the amount of free acid contained in it, which facilitates saponification, emulsion, and absorption. It increases the richness of the chyle, improves the quality of the blood, especially as regards the corpuscles, and is thus a hcsmatmic. It is a nutritive of the first importance, and IS not only oxidized in the tissues, but spares the meta- bolism of the nitrogenous elements. It may be prescribed with benefit in cases of general debility in all animals, and should be given in the minimum doses at first, so as to avoid interfering with digestion, and it is of advantage to combine an aromatic oil. In dogs it is a very useful agent, in convalescence from distemper, and in young animals not thriving, also in the various cases of nervous affections. It is eoatra-indicated in dianhcjea, in hemoptysis, and res 3id, vaseline is is not affected hale, lacy. This is les ; is chiefly 'IL. f the codfish, 36 fatty acids. to 5x. ; dogs, 'nt, tonic, and bher oils, from ich facilitates It increases uality of the md is thus a portance, and es the meta- les of general ^iven in the erfering with ! an aromatic escence from g, also in the noptysis, and '■'Ot ^-''"^^''^ ^^^'^ as ihe active principle is volatile '" Preparation, ACTIONS AND USES OF CANTHARIDES. Tnn.V, -^ ^^^ IMMEDIATE LOCAL ACTION. -«-ch less rapid, ti^-jit^rirdtret: ! »««**««««B*«»W|«ta4, 624 VET KRl NARY THERAPRUTTCS M J Applied m the forn of a properly prepared ointment, it causes, generally between three and twelve hours, the formation of large vesicles, which after a variable 'time burst, and discharge a yellow serous fluid which dries mto scurfy cicatrices. If too freely used, it .nay cause excessive inflammation of the deeper layers of the skin, suppuration, and perhaps sloughing, with injurv to the hair bulbs, and a permanent blemish as the result. If applied to a large surface, the cantharidin may become absorbed, and produce effects presently to be described. Internally cantharides, unless freely diluted, acts as au irritant to the mouth, throat, and stomach, and in toxic doses causes gastro-entei^tis f^'.-angury, and h^ema- turia. Cantharidin enters the blood both from surfaces too exte-sively bhstered and from the stomach, and finds Its way into all the organs, from which it is slowly eliminated. It disturbs the heart, respiration, and nervous system, causing irritabihty, quickened pulse, and injected mucous membranes. Cantharidin is slowly excreted by the kidneys, appear- ing in the urine, which com -s ' to the bladder and genital organs. In small doses it causes diuresis and frequent desire for micturition, and in some cases is believed to act as an aphrodisiac-/.^., stimulates the sexual appetite. In full doses cantharides produces nephritis, with scanty bloody urine, or even suppression; the penis becomes swollen, frequent erections occur, and in females the uterus may become congested. Antidotes.— In cases where cantharidin has been absorbed, and produces irritation of the urinary passages and strangury, a few doses of tincture of opium with bicarbonate of soda should be administered in muci- I ointment, it ve hours, the variable time I which dries It iTiay cause 1 of the skin, injury to the le result. If may become 3 described, ited, acts as lach, and in ', and haema- surfaces too ii, and finds it is slowly :ration, and ened pulse, eys, appear- Dladder and liuresis and ne cases is nulates the iritis, with the penis I in females has been cy passages •pium with I in muci- CA NT HA RIDES 535 app d), apply fomentations, astringent lotions, a'd gi^^ gon e exercise as soon as the pain subsides If tl« be Punct.;dtTstroT:h:r::"otthe^ 'T 'i flui(3_ ""^^ escape ot the contamed 8 g^Wor thrr'"'" ""=" "' "^"ib.uaes. such as or nasal gleet in combination with mineral tonics but other agents are far safer and more effectual. ' JixteniaUy, oantharides is extensively usM ,,= . ■ ::;;d't'rthi x:s tt^^^'^ D IQQ^ wi . puiposes ot a counter-irritant (see p. 199^ Where active effects are required it is advisabk to combine equal parts of the ung. cantharidis w'l 1 applieJ ; r'^ • .'' ^^-^P-'^y P-P-ed and ca fuUy applied, oantharides does not as a rule cause any blemish and in preparing the ointment it is necessarv I hIT fl vehicle to about 200" Fahr., so as to iZult^T^ ruim.^the usual strength of the application being ll 8 J^ f. ^^f^^.^^^essary to tie the horse's head to the rack after the b ister is applied for forty-eight hours n order to prevent him biting the part, or lickin'g it with Ms lips or \fUi f VETERINA It Y THERA PE UTICS 4Er hiiil tongue, vhich wouH cause a blemish, and alro biistor the mouth, etc. Some practitioners do not observe these pn cautions, but leave the animal loose, and they state thsv; no '.:n- tovyard effects occur. Hov^evtr, the risk of injiii'y from the teeth is too great, and the i^afest plan is to adopt precautions to avoid it. If the blistered part is within reach of the tail, the latter should be tied up so as to prevent the blister being carried to the sheatli, thighs, or mammary giand. W^a'u preparations of cantharides are believe nd business methods, of vital importance to > 'm in his future r leer. We usually find that a student who is vurau and ne. in dispensing is equally in- terested and careful in the other details of routine work. WEIGHTS A'T^ MEASURES, WITH SYMBOLS. In 1864 the Apothecaries' Wei^jbt was abolished, and the following standard weights were adopted ; Symbol. 1. 1 grain [ijranum) 1 ounce («?icfa) 7 '5 crains 1 pound (libruni) . ou 'S The scruple £), a weight .uivjv!: r.h to 20 grain-, was also abolished ; but great inconvenience was caused for war, of some 5i. lb. cs ble labels with abels, so as to mtson animals actions printed feref'ce to the This is a very H8 or ignorance xinar^ hurgeon ime if any uu- lem containing ying them, ir attention to agents, as it is importance in h siruilar care lemists for the 10 employment aided powders, e often observe The rai..;!Le 3nti()n to these isfaction given id neatness in mals as well as imt of trouble, :iand on what- lerves to train ithods, of vital Uly find that a is equally in- le work. STMBOLS. »hed, and the ymbol, gr. i. 5i. lb. 1. am-. •wai was also of some APPENDIX ME.\si;nEg. 1 minim {mmimum) Symbol, i Huid drachm (lj grains. 1 millilitre= about ir>J graiiiM, PRESCRIBING AND PRESCRIPTION-WRITING. The subject of prescribing has been already noticed in Part 1., p. HI, and also the component parts of the classical preHcrijjtion alluded to at p. 40. We may here again repeat that a prescription should contain as few medicinal agents as possible, that the technical portion o5e it should be written in Latin, and the signature or directions for its use or employment should bo in English. The names of drugs must always be written in full wherever there may be the smalk'st chance of error occurring. Thus, abbreviations such as arid, hydror. dil. should be avoided as being dangerous, as it might signify dilute hydrochloric acid or dilute hydrocyanic acid. Again, hjid. rhlor. might signify calomel or corrosive sublimate, mistakes which would occasion very serious consequences. Such terras should be distinguished as acid, hydrochloric dil. and acid, hydrocyanic dd., also as hyd. unbchlorid. and hyd. perchlorid. ; indeed, in the majority of instances it is far safer to write hyd. subchlorid. in its vernacular name, calomel. A prescription consists of five parts : (1) The superscription, consisting of a single sign, H, au abbre- viation for recipe, signifying ' take.' (2) The inscription, or body of the prescription, containing the names and quantities of the drugs ordered. The names of the drugs or preparations are in the genitive case, and should be legibly written in the proper Latin idiom. (3) The subscription, or directions to the dispenser, also written in Latin. . , , , , xi. i i (4) The signature, or directions for use, headed by the abbre- viation sig., or signa. After this are added (5) the name of the owner of "the animal, with the sex and colour of the patient, the date, and the initials of the prescriber. . .. ■ Certain abbreviations are allowed, viz., m. (misce), signifying mix ; s. (signa) ; aa. (aru). of each ; ft. (fiat), make ; d\v. (divide) ; r/.s. (quantum sufficit), a sufficiency ; ml, up to, the amount to ; c (cum), with ; ss. (semi), a half ; pidv. (pulvis), a powdtr; bol. (bolus); Un. (linimentum), a liniment; vvg. (ungueutum), an ointment ; vitsl. (mistuia), a mixture ; hauai. (haustus), a draught, etc. rs lrnclm\». IVRITINCJ. ,dy noticed in )f the cliiBHicnl should contain chnical portion re or directions 1 full wherever lurring. Thus, 1)0 avoided as jchloric acid or might signify would occasion )e distinguished il,, also as hyd. he majority of n its vernacular gn, 11, an abbre- ;ion, containing The names of ase, and should ser, also written id by the abbre- the name of the the patient, the lisce), signifying it), make ; div. 0(1, up to, the piilv. (pulvis), a liniment ; vng. mixture ; haunt. APl'EXniX /)33 .ho ,,,,,,0. ..f .„„ !,;:;' 'iL';r ,,;'rt;; :,':'\r: , ;i,;' ' ,"', ",t (! (IdSPM fi>l. i..;^t. 1 •, . . \ J .criber'ha"s'fir7";! n ''''/''" /("'^""^^ ^^ ^ ^'^^^"'^ the pre- may be, represent, a suffcie^nt dosi ^f It mESrcinllhSent '="' E.ruiiiple. H Tr. diyitalJH, ."x, Tr. firrii imielilor., gii.sH. .\. of medicinal substances. MedicinL n '"' ^^' '"^^^' ^^^ taste such as saline substances.le SrHr^"^.^'**'^ '^''"« *"«*«! the patient's drinking-wa er thp I. 7 h'' '^''^'i dissolved in they ct^r, l^Sr^b;? ^ ""/-^-^ -"^^tion so th.t when swallowing ViSSlLHl^^Z.:^^,^'^^ ''^^^^^ cicute laryngitis and in tetanus tK K ' '"^l'-'^' '" ^'^^'^^ of ^^ecret.ons of the mouth, an u'e tfelT' '^'.^''^'^^d in the , Hypodermic and intratrppilii ■ • 'i'''^>' ^^valiowed. able methods of introcSff ^^^^ ,|;;jf ^^ons ^'^ *be most reli- rhe proper doses are now prepie H '=^"'' "'^« '^^^ '^V.stt.m. pellets, which can be readily dffiovedi,^ ^"T "^ ^>'Pod*'''nic when required for use. The loose skr„Ffi""'" ',"""""* o^' «'ater most convenient site for h vTiit ' "'"/''"'^ "'' ^^^^'-^^t is the portant points in connect on wih^^^^^^^ ^be most im- needle, and fluid in an asep ic comS ' ""'^ *° ^'•'''' ^be syringe, anything of an irritant S.^intr I' ! *° '^''^"^ emploviS precaut ons is often the ca^i «? atce .". "' ^^'^^''^ "^ t'''^«« of injection. ^^ abscesses occurring at the seat ring" i?*f^se ■ifs&Ct"' r 'r-- •»'-» tbe b«CD glowing „ fa °;„°."'.X"'"'°*'^'"°<1'«">''^^ !■»« of lale ,.,„« ;=.aal agent i„ Ihfr i '' ' SS ','ii,"'.',"''H«'"8 tbo'^d ' mtestino -"f t'*.. >,„!. 1 - S'ouit.ion directiv u-Jq si,, i, „ "v ^i ui^ corse and tho miTi.,., c ^i " --"-^ luo iartre n-w .oca, an, ""-ula/r rL",.iS »-;-xi id u\ .. if '' ill 538 VETERINA R Y TJIERA PEUTICS )) )> \7n^^^^ il ^f^; '^i'^P.^- .^' *^=*« g»^^n '"ost satisfactory results of the rumen in the cow. It ia also of great advantage in admrnistenng medicines in cases of milk-fever in cattle, when the power of swallowing is impaired or lost. Pnnnfrtn'''^'-^''^.*'l' ^^^ veterinary surgeon, especially in a country practice to have a portable medicine chest in which he k oF?I7 iffi °>f dicinal agents required in ordinary cases, as it conntrv nlS'"^*' / °°* impossible, to obtain medicines in country places and many cases which he is called to. require immediate treatment. ' icqune The medicine case should be made either of leather or wood, ot a portable shape, and should contain stoppered bottles of sufficient strength of material. "uiwea or The following medicinal agents will be found of service : 1 8-oz, bottle of either tr. opii or chlorodyne. of spts. aath. nit. of spts. amraon. aromat. of ol. tereb. of ol. lini. of sether sulph. .. „ of creolin. , u"n^ °! hypodermic pellets of morphine. 2 balls of ext. cannabis indica. 2 physic balls. 1 4-oz. bottle of glyceriuum belladonnse. 1 pot of vaseline. 1 oz. iodoform. \ lb. antiseptic wool. 2 bandages. Wound syriuge. 1^ 4-oz. bottle of liq. ferri perchlor. Small instrument case. Hypodermic syringe. Measure-glass. 1 purgative mixture for cattle. 2 drachms of croton oil. 1 tin drenching-horn. Winton's enema syringe. A case thus fitted will prove of inestimable value, because in many instances the practitioner is not informed of the nature of the case, especially when summoned by telegram, and his destination may be far away from any pharmaceutical chemist. 1 4-oz. 1 „ 1 20-oz 1 4-oz. 1 .. factory results itic conditiona advantage in 1 cattle, when specially in a it in which he iry cases, as it medicines in Bd to, require ither or wood, ed bottles of P service : yne. l'\ "'• Sig. Give two 'APPENDIX PBESCKIPTIOKS. FEBRIFUGES. Horses. ^Vts...eth. nit-.^vi^- Aqua ad O.i. 5.^9 prnS'S'-""™"-™" a„ ^ Quininse sulph,, 5x Ac. sulphuric. dil.,"q ,s ¥ m Sir G- ArjuaadO.i. ' ^ In Uyperjiyrexla. ^ Clilorodyni, 5i Spts. ffith. nit.; Sii. J^iq- ammonii acet., ^ii Aqua ad gxv. ^ ) ^ i'^g. sulph., =,ii. Div. in puw. vi. s,v ^^."'^^^^-'''t-Sii. Siig^:;i^^^'*-'-^^n the patient. le, because in )f the nature ;raro, and his ical chemist. Dogs, ^ Spts. ffith. nit., 3ii. I'l'l. ammonii acet, ^iif F m Si., -.• ^'lua ad Sviii. "' ' w^WlMiii '!f*******««l«»«Ml««l«« 540 VET ERIN A R Y TITER A PEUTICS Febrifuges f r Doys — continvud. Ijt t^uininai Hiilpli , 5i-S8. Ac. sulph. dil, 'i.s. kSodii hyposulph., o'i- A(iUii ad ,^vi. F. m. Si". Give two tuaHpoimfuls tliruu tiinus a day. (Une/al in the prlmavij hUhjih oJ distavper.) F. 111. 1 Si.'. DIURETICS. Horses. R Potass, acet., ^ii. Tr. digitalis, .jx. Spts. leth. nit., 5 v. Aqua ad O.i, Give two wineglassfiila every four hours in half a pint of water. 1^ Tr. colchici, Sv. Spts. ffitli. nit., 5v. Liq. am' ;on. acet., 5*i' A(pi:i ad U.i. l'\ 111. Sig. Give two wineglassfuls every four hours until the kidneys act. (Useful ill azotaria, with scanty secretion of urine.) 11 Pulv. resinit-, j'''- i'litans. nit, Sii. Div. in p )lv. vi. Si;^. Give one twice a day in the food. Dogs. F. m. 1^ Potass, acet., '^s. Syr. scillfB, S^s. Tr, ditfitalis, 5'- Spts. .eth. nit., Jss. Aqua ad 5vi. Sig. A tablespoonful thred tinie.s a day. ( iJxvful in dropsy dtie to cardiac diseaw.) .4 PPENDIX TONICS. Horses. ^ Li,,, ferri dialj..satus f.iii. ■ir. .luininaB (o., ?v qua ad O. i. 541 F. R Tr. ferri perchlor., 5iii. I'otassffi chlor., 5ii.' Syriipi, q.s. A(jna ad O i. '»• Sig. Give tw,. winegla8.sfuls every U,m l.,au.. (Uiiffnl inpnrpvra.) food. ^ Ferri sulph., 5vi. Mag. sulph., 5v. Ac. sulph. dil., 5ss. Tr. quassias, gv. Aqua ad O.i. r. n. Sig Give two winegla.fuls twice a day in a pint ., ale. (Useful rn delnhly, n-Hh a tendency to comtipation.) 1^ Ferri .sulpli., ^vj. Piilv. gentian, 5ii. 1 . carui seni., gii. Div. in p„h.. vi. Si,, ,;j,, „„^ ^^^.^^ ^ ^^^^ .^ ^^^ ^^^^^ Cattle. ^ Mag. sulph., 5\ii. Ferri sulph., .^ii. Pulv. gentian., ,^iii. P. carui sem., ^iii. Div. in pulv. vi. Riij. ftiv dissolved e on.> twice a day in the food, 111 a pint of ale. or 642 VETERINARY TITER APEUTICH ' Tonics- contintird. Dogs. 1^ Tr. ferri perchloric!., 388. Tr. quassiie, Jii. Glyceriiii, 5ss, A(jua ad 5vi. F. in. SiK. Give from Uo teaspoonfuls to a tablespoonful (according to size of dog) twice a day. %;'1I Tji QiiininfB sulph., grs. xxiv. Ac. sulph. dil, q.8. Syr. aurantii, gii. Acjua ad 5vi. F. in. Hig. CJive two teaspoonfuls three times a day. F. ni ALTERATIVES. Horses. IJ Liq, arsenicalis, P.B., 5ii. Tr. j;entian. co., ^v. Acjua ad O.i. Sig. Give two wineglassfuls twice a day after feeding. I^ Sulphur, sub., 511. Potass, nit., gi.ss. Sodii bicarb., gii. P. carui sein., 5ii. Div. in pulv. vi. Sig. Give one twice a day in the food. GASTRIC TONICS. Horses. Tji, P. nucis vom., gss. Pulv. gentian., ^ii. Sodii bicarb., 5ii. P. carui sem., gii. Div. in pulv. vi. Sig. Give one t«ice a day in the food, or dissolved in a pint of ale. ful (according Gastric Tonics n Ti Dogs. continued. ir. nucisvom.,.^H. ,^"l- a'-seniealis, P.B. Jr. gentian, co.', i, '"^'• SjT. aurantii, Ji " I^--. Sig. Gi, . ^1--i5vi. 648 wr.'Krsfci::"?.-'''^ '«'se.;rdi7«"»"i"s. day. feeding. f(iod. CATHARTICS. Horses. 1^ Aloes Uarb., 5v gxt belJadonnre, ^s-s. P-zingib.,5i;. **-boI.i. Sig. PV,i,,,„ ^ %d. subchiorid, -Ji Aloes Barb., 3iv."^'- i;xt. be adonnffi, 5.SS. '• '^"'^'''^^P"'"S-«veandcholagogue. OJ. hni. o.i.ps. •"• ^'»^- Oleaginous purgative. ^ Physostigmina salicvlas „ro • Pilocarpine nit J;y;f;8'-«-'.«B. M S" T "*' '^■^" )r dissolved M. Sg. Gi Cattle. 9 Mag. sulph., ]b. i. P. zingib., Si. ihenacae, Jb. i. Aquaferv.. O.iii »ve all at one dose, adini nis tering slowly. 544 yi'/rEniNAitv TifEnAPEvrics 4 Cathartics for Cattle covn„vr.l, '4 OJ. crotoiiiH, ,"r. <>'• lini, Qt. i. •'* //; ... ^''- "'• ''^'V- One (lose. ( 'A^^/«/ m cases where a very artiv. «„ ■ /• • 'try arfiicpinyalive is necessary ) Dogs. li^ Ol. ricini, ,>«. to 3i Spts. leth. nit, 5s8. '^yr. rhamni, ,'^s,s. to 3i, J''- in. Sig. Pu ui'HatiVL' mixture. n Ext i''t. i.ii. Sig. (iiv Ext.clocjnth. co.,gr.s. iii. J u. liydraigyri, "v, j. Kxt. hyoHcyaiiiUH^gr. i. 've one or two, according to the .he of the dog. ASTRINGENTS. Horses. IJ P. catechu, 5vi. CretBeprep.,,5ii. £■• camphoraj, oiii. , ^' "'"gib., 5'. Div. in niih-. vi Sirr ni,, '■ 'Jo"r;rr^^-^'^--'"-^p-ntof ^ Clilorodyni, 3s.s. Tr. camphor. CO., 5i. OretfB prep., gs9. Aqua ad O.ss. r. in. Sig. Give in a a pint of flour gruel. Foals. R Chlorodyni, 3i. Tr. rhei, 5ii. t^retae prep., gs.?, V Q. Af|uaad,5iv. ^' m. S.g. Give in half a pint of flour jrrupl « . • if necessary! ^ ^^'P''** '" *^" h«w» UTJCS 4 in I. 'c w necessary, ) APPENDIX Astringfents— coM^ A f/. 1.0 I.I t^ Ilia ^ 1^ 12.0 yi III U I L6 'V O^M/ Hiofc^raphic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, M.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 4 # .''•^ <^ O ' ^ wv^ "^v ^^j^ ^ .^k^ ^t" ■^''f # .0 k\Wf 54G Si. VE TEH IN A R Y THERAPEUTICS Anodynes and Antispasmodic: — continued. Uogs. :^ Tr. opii, "iv. to laxx. Spts*. SBth. nit., 3?s. Tr. zingib., itlxx. Aqua, 3ss. . One dose. Repeat in two hours if necesFary. ANTITYMPANITICS. Horses. 1^ Creolin, ^as. 01. tereb., 5i'- Spts. ammiin. aromat. , 5'i- Tr. asafcptidte, gii. 01. lini, O.i.sK. V. m. Sig. One dose. (Useful injiatuknt colic.) Cattle. 1^ Creolin, o'- 01. tereb., 5iv. Spts. amrnon. arom., 5i^'' 01. lini, O.i.ss. F. m. Sig. One dose. (Uhi'/iiI in hoveu.) GASTRIC SEDATIVES. Horses. 1^ Glycerin! belladonnre, 3ii. Tr. opii, 5i. Sodii bicarb., 588. Aqua ad O.i, F. m. Sig. One dose. Repeat every three hours. (Useful in (jaslritin.) s if necesFary. APPENDIX 547 Gastric Sedatives -fo?L'//M(e(/. Cattle. ^ GJyceriiii bdladoiinm, gs. Sodii bicarb., Jss. Aquq, U.i. ( Useful I' ■":, ^'^' . • ""' '^"°'' ^'^'^^ '"'^'y *»"•«« h<,urs. F. m. Rig. Dogs. ^ Ac. hydrocyanic dil., ini. to miii Busmuthi subnit., grs.. v. to o,..,. ^^ Aluciliig.) acaciae, (j.s. One dose. Repeat in an hour if necessary. //I- /• 1 ' . *' little (' -CA"' »i 'jcutniU ami obstinate vomitin,,.) F. m. ANTHELMINTICS. Horse B. ^ 01. tereb., gii. Ext. filicis liq., 5ii. Lt(i. ferri dialysatus, sss. 01. lini, O.i. Sig. One dose. To be given fasting. Dogs. IJ Santonini, grs. iii. Pulv. areca, grs. xx. Ftpulv.i. Si,-. To be given in milk. For dogs of larger size this dosd may be djublod. ^ f" \: ry three hours. EXPECTORANTS AND RESPIRATORY SEDATIVES. Horses. ^ Pulv. camphoras, 3iii. Potass, chlor., gi.ss. P. fol. belladonnae, ^i.ss. Pulv. anisi fnict., 3ii. Div. in pt.lv. vi. Sig. Gi> e one twice a day in the food (mejul m simple coiig/is dependivg on catarrh.) 548 VET ERIN A R Y THERA PEUTICS Expectorants rnd Hespiratory Sedatives for Horses— co»8. 01. eucalypti, Jss. Vaseliiii, gviii. Ft. un.'. Sig. : Ung. Antiseptic, {Useful as an antiseptic ointment.) urics dimim. s in the dof). ) INDEX. c. nt.) Acacia, .ll? A. C. K. iiiixlmt!, 357 Acutanilidmii, 370 Acetuin, 322 Acids, 308 Acidum lu-uticuni, 321 araeiiioHUin, 277 benzoicuiii, 473 boricuin, 31!) carbdlicuin, 3ti9 tliroin cum, 321 citricuin, 322 gallicum, 'IDS hydroohldricuni, 315 hydrocyaiiicmn, 306 nitricnui, 313 iiitro bydiNiehloriciim, 31 S pyro-yailiomn, .lOO sAlicylicmi, 510 HUlphuricnin, 311 (iromaticum, 312 Bulphurosuin, 30G taniiicum, 498 tartaricmii, 322 Accuiiiuiatiou, 13 Aconite, 385 Aconitina, 3S(J Actic n iif inedicinoH, 25 Adops, 521 Adeps lame, 521 Adjuvants, 47 AdminiHtration of drugs, modes of| 33 Adminiatration of mediciiios, hints on, 635 .^thor, 354 Alcohol, 325 uses of, 331 Alkalies, 214 Alkaline earths, 28 Alk^iloida, 212 Aloes, 484 precautioi s in prescribinc, 485 Aloin, 484 Alteratives, 122 Altheae radix, 519 Alum, 253 Alumen, 253 Aluminium, 253 Ammonia, preparations of, 226 Ammoniacum gum, 476 Ammonium, salts of, 226 Amyl nitris, 362 Anaesthetics, 161, 336 local, 158 Anhydrotics, 187 Anise, 461 Aniai oleum, 461 Anodynes, 165 Antacids, 68 Anthelmintics, 87 Antidotes, 46 Antifebrin, 379 Antimonium, salts of, 287 Antipyr tics, 188 Antipyrin, 378 Antiseptics, 205 Anti-sialagogues, 59 Antispasmodics, 165 Aperients, 86 Aphrodisiacs, 524 Apomorphine hydrochlorate, 407 i . 564 VE T ERIN A It Y Til ERA PEUTICS Aqua, 323 destillata, 323 fort is, 313 laurocerasi, 3G0 regin, 318 Arecaimt, 497 Argeriti iiitras, 210 Argentum, salts of, 24(J Aristol, 38-1 Arnica, 461 Aromatic bitters, 452 volatile oils, i^^^ Arsenicum, salts of, 277 Arsenioua acid, 277 antidotes for, 283 toxic effects of, 281 Arteries, 132 Asafujtida, 476 Aspidium tilix mas, 49lJ Asthma, 152 Astringents, 85 gastric, 67 intestinal, 85 vat-cular, 132 Atropine, 415 compared with morphine, 403 Aurantium, 456 Balls, administration of, 535 or boluses, 530 lialsam, Friar's, 473 Peru, 475 Tolu, 475 JWbadoes aloes, 484 Barley water, 519 Baths, 202 Tu.kish, 203 Bellad.nna, 414 compared with opium, 403 Benzoic acid, 473 Benzoin, 473 compnund tincture of, 473 Bichloride of nieth>lene, 357 B smuth, salts of, 290 subnitrate, 290 Bitters, 452 Blistering, hints on, 520 Blisters, 195 Blood, agents acting on, 111 Blue stone, 251 Body-heat, agent> acting on, 185 Boracic acid, 319 Bornx, 319 Boric acid, 319 JJoro-glyceride, 319 Brandy, 325 Bromides, 299 Bromum, 299 Brucine, 439 Buchu, 504 Buckthorn, syrup of, 495 Butttr of antim mj, 286 Butyl chloral hydiate, 302 Cade, oil of, 469 Caffeine, 443 Calabar ban, 427 Call mine, 249 Cidcii lijpophosphis, 276 Calciuu), salts of, 234 Calomel, 2(19 Calumba, 452 Calx, 234 chloiinata, 236 sulphurata, 302 Cambogia, 482 Camphor, 471 Cannabis indica, 408 Cantharides, 523 Capsicum, 477 Caraway, 461 Carbo animalis, 306 ligni, 306 Carbolic acid, 369 Carbon compound^ 325 Cardiac stimulants, 130 Cardiac depressants, 131 Carminatives, 68 Carron oil, 234 Caryophyllum, 457 Cascara sagrada, 494 Cassia, 490 Castor oil, 491 Cataplasmata, 203 Catechu, 501 Cathartics, 86 Cattle, actions of medicines on, 39 Caustic, lunar, 246 Caustics, 206 Cautery, actua', 196 Caytnne pepper, 477 Cererbal stimulants, 160 INDEX 566 Cerebral depressants, ](J0 Cetaccum, 522 Covadilla, 390 Chalk, 23,') Charcoa', 30G Chauhmigra oil, r.20 Cherry laurel, 3(59 Chinolinu, 380 Chloralamid, 302 Cliloral hydrate, 3r)8 in milk fever, 3G1 Chloric eth.T, 337 Chlorine, 292 Chlorodyne, 338 ChlorofDrni, 337 cs an anie thetic, 34 1 method of ailnnnisterin^, 346 sj)irits of, 337 ChoIai,'()gnus, 87 Chromic aci I, 321 Cinchona, r>05 Circulatory system, agents acting on. 130 Circulatory stimulants, ]30 Circumstances modifying the action of medicines, 33 " Citric acid, 322 Citrine ointment, 273 Climate, effe ts of on action of medicines, -14 Cloves, 457 Cocaine, 412 Codeine, 396 Cod-liver o'l, 522 Colchicum, 392 Cold applications 203 Colic, spasmodic, treatment of, 90 flatulent, treatment of, 97 Collyria, 548 Colocynth, 481 Combination of drugs, 44 Condy's fluid, 222 Conium, 426 Consciousness, measm-es influenc- ing, 161 I Constipation, 89 j treatment of, 94 Constringents, 85 Contra indicatioiis, 32 ' Convallaria, 450 Copi^er, salts of, 251 I Copperas, 268 Cord, spinal, agents acting on, 160 Coriander, 161 Cdrnutine, 436 Correctives, 47 Corrosive sublimate, 268 Cough, 23 varieti»s of, 23 treatment of, 152 Counter-irritant-i, 195 useti of, 200 Counter-irritation, theory of, 197 Creasote, 382 Creolin, 375 Creta, 235 Croton chloral, 362 Croton o 1, 479 Cumulative drugs, 43 Cupri htil]ilia-i, 251 Curare, 4 27 Ciisso, 497 Dandelion, 495 Daturine, 424 Decoctions, 211 Delphinine, 391 Demulcents, 59 Deodorants, 205 Depressants, motor, 160 Diagnosis, 6 Diaphoretic?, 186 Di'irh'ea, 89 treatment of, 96 liffusible stimulants, 130 Digitalin, 444 Digitalis, 444 Diseases modify the action of medicines, 40 Disinfectants, 205 gastric, 67 Dispensing, 529 niuretics, 173 Dogs, actions of medicines on, 39 Donovan's solution, 272 Doses, 41 Dover's powder, 394 Drastics, 81 Drenches, hints on administering, 53G Dtiboisine, 424 Dyspepsia, 69 l^lM i)bl VETFMIN. I n Y TUFAi. 1 PEUTICS I JJyspepsia, trujitmunt of, 75 DyspiKi'ii, 1 IH trtatinunt of, 1 (^ 1 Easton's synip, 263 Kcbolicn, ^,'37 Elaterium, ISl Emetene, r>02 Emetics, 78 Empirical treatment, 55 Enemata, 100 Enteritis, 91 Epsom salt, 237 Ergot, 43»5 Ergotin, 436 Eacharotics, 200 EHereno, 427 EssenccH, 211 Ether, Sol spirit of nitrous. 36i EncalyptiiB, oil of, 470 Euonymin, 495 Euonymus, 495 Expectant treatment, 8, 55 Ex^jectorants, 146 Extracta, 211 Eye, agents acting on, 207 Febrifuge?, 188 Fenugreek, 461 Ferrous sulphate, 258 Ferrum, aalts of, 254 Fever, 19, 188 simple, 20 treatment of, 190 Filix mas, 496 Flour, 519 Fomentations, 203 Form and modo of administration of drugs, 33 Foundations of rational treatment. 53 Fowler's solution, 277 Foxglove, 444 Frequency of alministration of drugs, 42 Friar's balsam, 473 Galla, 498 Gallic acid, 498 Gamboge, 482 Gastric stimulants, 06 sedatives, 67 disiiifuctiints, 67 vascular Hlimulants, 67 astringents, 67 tonics, 67 specific nervo-muscularstimu- lants, 67 Gastritis, 73 trfatirient of, 76 Gelatinum, 522 Gelseniium, 135 General therapeutics, 48 General Kymptoms of disease, 6 Gentian, 45 t^ Gin, 326 Ginger, 460 G'auber's salts, 223 Glycirina, 212 Ghcerinum, 516 Glycerinum belladonna, 414 Glycyrrhiza, 518 Goulard extract, 244 Green vitriol, 258 Grey powder, 267 Gum acacia, 517 ammoniac, 476 b nzoin, 473 tragacanth, 517 Habit, modifying the action of drugs, 43 Hajmatinics, 112 HiEmatoxylon, 501 Htemorrhage, 136 treatment of, 139 Ifiemostatics, 206 Ifamamelis, 502 Hartshorn, spirits of, 228 Health, 49 Heart, agents acting < n the, 130 affections of, 133, 135 Heat of body, measures affecting, 185 Hellebore, 390 Hemlofk, 426 Hemp, Indian, 408 Henbane, 422 Homatropine, 415 Honey, 523 Horse, actions of medicines on, 37 INDEX 6 [its, 67 sculftrstimu- 657 48 disease, 6 E, 414 action of the, 130 3.') affecting, les on, 37 Hydrayogue^, 88 lij'drur^'ynini, 'JO'} pn paration.H of, 203 Jfydrastis, I'lf! Hydrate of chloral, .'ifiS Hydrociiloric acid, ■'!!;'» Hydrocyanic ncid, .'JtiO Hyoscyaniine, 123 Hjoacyaniiis, 4'22 Hypnotics, 162 H>po(ldrnii' injectinns, 35 HypophosphitiH, 270 Ichthyol, 381 IdiosyncrasitH, 32 Immediate local action, 29 Immtdiate tnatim/nt, 55 Incompatibility, 45 chemical, 45 physiological, 4(3 Indian hemp, 408 Infusions, 211 Inhalations, 36 Injecti(m, hypodermic, 35 intratrachtal, 36 intravenous, 36 Inle'tinal astringents, 85 Intestines, agents acting on, 84 Iodine, 293 lodism, 295 Iodoform, 383 lodol, 384 Ipecacuanha, ^i02 Iron and its medicinal salts, 254 Jaborandi, 432 Jalap, 482 Jalapin, 482 Juniper, 469 Kairin, 380 Kamala, 497 Kidneys, agents acting on, 173 Kino, 501 Kousso, 497 Lanolin, 521 Lard, 521 Laudanum, 394 Laurocerasus, 369 Lavender, 460 Laxatives, 86 Lead, nalts of, 241 antidotes, 2(3 toxic effects, 212 Lime, 234 water, 234 Liniments, 212 Linsnd meal, '.18 oil, 493 Liipior (iiiimoniie, 2 8 nc( tatis, 233 aiMi iciilis, 277 [272 arseiiiei it liydrar^iyr! iodjdi, .'itropinie sulphatis, 115 culcis, 2;! I ferii perchlniidi, 2'10 pctassii', 21 S sodii ethyliitis, 357 Liipioiice, 518 Lithaige, 213 Liver, ag. nts acting on, 104 Lobelia, 125 Logwood, 501 Lotions, 212 Lunar caustic, 246 Magnesium and its preparations, 237 Male fern, 496 Marsh mallows, 519 Mel, 523 Mentha piperita, 459 Menthol, 460 Mercury and its preparations, 263 and zinc cyanide, 274 Metabolism, 117 Methylated spirit, 326 Methylene, bichloride of, 357 Mixtures, 212 M.-rphina, 395 acetas, 396 hydrochloras, 395 suli)has, 396 Morrhuai olemn, 522 Muiiatic acid, 315 Muscarine, 434 Mustard, 477 as a counter-irritant, 478 M3dnatic.-, 207 Myotics, 207 Myrrh, 475 *:2'.att*,«a*ro. -'«**h..-i«l«>s^i.^ 558 VETEHLYA It Y TTTEIiA PEUTICS Naphthalin, 375 Naphthol, 375 Narcotics, 161 Natural recovery, ICl Nervous system, agents acting Nicotine, 424 Nitre, 218 sweet spirit of, 3(34 Nitric acid, 313 Nitrite of amy], 362 Nitroglycerinum, 364 Nitrohyc'rochloric acid 318 Nitrons ether, 364 oxide gaa, 336 Nux vomica, 438 Oils, aromatic Vdlatile, 457 Oleatum hydrargyri, 268 Oleum anisi, 461 cadiniim, 469 calcis, 234 crotonis, 479 eucalypti, 470 juniperi, 469 lavandulsB, 460 lini, 493 menthae piperitae, 459 morrhuse, 522 olivae, 515 picis, 468 ricini, 491 rosmarini, 460 tertbinthinse, 463 Olive oil, 515 Opium, 394 preparations of, 394 Orange, 456 Pain, 163 treatment of, 167 Paraffinum molle, 384 Paraldehyde, 362 Paralysis, 163 Paramorphine, 402 Paregoric, 394 Par*.ira, 504 Peppermint, 459 Peppers, 477 Permanganate of potash, 221 1 harmacodynamics, 50 on. Pharmncolngv, 4 Pharmacy, 529 Phenacetin, 380 Phenazone, 378 Phosphate of soda, 277 Phosphorus, 275 Physiological action, 26 . iiicompatibles, 46 Physostigniine, 427 Pilocarpine, 433 Pix liipiida, 468 Plethora, 112 I'lumbism, 242 Plumbum, salts of, 241 ! Podophyilin, 483 [ Potassii brom'dum, 299 I iodidum, 293 Potas.-ium, salts of, 215 Poultices, 203 Powders, 529 Prescribing, 31, 532 hints on, 532 Prescription, the, 46, 532 I rescriptions, 539 Pieventive treatment, 54 Proof spirit, 325 Prussic acid, 366 Pulse, varieties of, 13 Pupil, agents acting on, 200 Purgatives, 84 hints on, 485 Pyoktanin, 377 Pyrexia, 188 Pyridine, 424 Pyrogallic acid, 500 QuasMa, 454 Quinidine, 505 Quininas sulphas, 505 (Juinine, 505 Rational treatment, 55 Recovery, natural means of, 52 Rectihed spirit, 325 Rectum tube, Smith's, 101 Remote local action, 31 Resin, 468 Resorcin, 375 Respiratory system, agents acting on, 144 ^ Rhamnus catharticus, 495 a INDEX (I 20 r,r>o iM 1 19 5 i32 54 , 206 Rhubarb, 490 Kicini oleum, 491 Hosemary, 4()0 Rubefacients, 196 Ruminants, actions on, 39 Rye, ergot of, 43G of medicines of, 52 :■ »1 s acting 1 Sal ammoniac, 232 Sal volatile, 230 Salicinum, 510 Salicylate of soda, 510 Salicylic acid, 511 Saline diuretics, 175 Saline purgatives, 85 Salol, 381 Salf, common, 225 Epsom, 237 Glauber's, 223 Saltpetre, 218 Santonin, 49(5 Sapo durus, 515 Sapo mollis, 515 Scammony, 483 Scilla, 451 Sedatives, cardiac, 131 cerebral, 160 intestinal, 87 pulmonary, 145 Senna, 490 Serpentaria, 456 Sherry, 325 Sialagogues, 58 Silver salts, 246 Sinapi,3, 477 Skin, agents acting on, ISr Sleep, 156 Soap, 515 Sodii bicarbonas, 222 benzoas, 473 biborate, 319 bromidum, 299 hypophosphis, 276 hjposulphis, 224 iodidum, 296 nitria, 364 salicylas, 510 valerianas, 475 Sodium falts, 222 Specific action of drugs 30 Spermaceti, 522 ' Spirit of nitre, 364 Spirits, 212 Spiritus ietheris nitrosi, 364 ammonife aronmticus, 230 rectificatus, 325 tenuior, 325 vini gallici, 325 Squill, 4r,i Stnpliisagria, 391 Starch, 519 Stavesacre, 391 Stinml:intH, cardiac, 130 cerebral, 160 cir M, -ory, 130 hepatic, 105 • intestiniil, 86 ! local, 157 j motor, 160 I renal, 175 respiratory, 145 fttomach, agents acting on, 66 stomachics, Ca] Stramonium, 424 Strophanthus, 450 Strychnine, 439 Styptics, 206 Sudorifics, 186 Sulphonal, 362 Sulphur, 302 Sulphuric acid, 311 Sulphurous acid, 306 Surface of the body and ex- trem.ties, symptoms furnished Surgical applications, 205 Symbols, 530 Symptoms, general, of disease, 6 Syncope, 140 ' Syrups, 212 I Tabaci folia, 424 Tannic acid, 498 Tar, 468 Taraxacum, 495 Tartar emetic, 287 Tartaric acid, 322 Taste, loss of, 59 Temperature, 19 Terebene, 468 Terebinthince, oleum, 463 wit 560 VETERINARY THERAPEUTICS Thallin, 380 Thebaine, 402 Therapeutics, general, 18 special, 240 Theriaca, 517 Thioform, 513 Thymol, 460 Tincturte, 212 Tobacco, 424 Toleration of drugs, 43 Tolu, balsam of, 475 Tonics, hasmatinic, 112 stomachic, 07 Toxicology, 5 Tragacanth, 517 Treacle, 517 Treatment, different kinds of, 54 Turpentine, 403 Tympanitis, 91 Unguenta, 212 Urine, agents influencing, 174 Uva ursi, 504 Valerian, 475 Vaseline, 384 Venesection, therapeutical value of, 141 Veratrine, 390 Vermicides, 87 Vermifuges, 88 Vesicants, 196 Veterinary pharmacy, 528 Villate's injection, 253 Vina, 212 Vinegar, 322 Visible mucous membranes, 17 Volatile oils, 457 VomitioD, 77 Wash, black, 271 yellow, 272 Water, 323 baths, 202 Weights and measures, 530 Wheat-flour, 519 White lotion, 215 White precipitate, 273 Willow -bark, 510 Wounds, treatment of, 204 Zinc, salts of, 249 Zinci sulphocarbolas, carbonas, 249 chloridum, 251 oxidum, 249 sulphas, 250 valerianas, 475 Zingiber, 460 370 THE END. BaillUre, Tindalt it Cox, 20 and 21, King )yiUiam Street, Strand. VTICS 196 pharmacy, 528 jection, 253 :ous membranes, 17 s, 457 7 k, 271 , 272 202 d measures, 530 r, 519 >n, 215 ipitate, 273 k, 510 eatment of, 204 of, 249 Dcarbolas, 370 as, 249 urn, 251 1, 249 3, 250 nas, 475 60 im Street, Strand. »^'v,: