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Coll., Toronto; ONB or THE Pti SICIAN8 TO THE TORONTO OENEKAL HOSPITAL, AND TO THE LYINO-IN HOSPITAL, LECTURER ON THE INSTITl'TES OF MEDICINE AT THE TORONTO SCHOOL OF MEDICINE, PROFESSOR OF NATURAL THEOLOGY IN TRINITY COLLEGE, AUTHOK OF OUTLINES OF NATURAL THEOLOGY, AND SEC. TO THE SYNOD OF THE PROVINCE OF CANADA. TORONTO : PRINTED BY LOVELL & GIBSON, 67 YONGE STREET. 1862. il .1 To the Hon. Messrs, SICOTTE and MAC DONALD, PRISINT PREMIIRS OP CANADA, AKD To the Hon. Messrs. JOHN A. MACDONALD and GEO. E. CARTIER, LATE PRIMIIRS or CANADA. Gentlemen, I trust that it is no transgression of the laws of propriety, if I venture to ask your consideration and support, as the leaders of the two great political parties of the day, to u matter that has reference to neither of the parties, as such, but in which both arc most deeply interested. The correspondence appended to tliis plea, alone justifies me in asking your attention to a scheme for the amelioration of an evil, which presses heavily upon our people ; and unless such strong support had been given, as deprives it of the character of being a mere isolated suggestion, the accompanying pages would not have been submitted to your thoughtful attention. When, however, judges of the land, magistrates, mayors of cities, and others, hesitate not to express their opinions in favour of an eifort being made to reclaim the inebriate, the matter comes before the legislature supported by a weight of authority which no individual could give to it. If I have ventured to do more than duty required, I crave your indulgence, and with respect subscribe myself your obedient servant, J. BOVELL. tl i ( A PLEA FOR LNEHRIATE ASYLUMS. Unkomtunaticly lor tlio liuman race, tin; vice ol inlfinpiTunce in the use of iotuxi- cutiny ilriuli!* is luU ttcniliiud to any |)arti(iiliir niitiim or M-ciioii of pt-oplf. Under Moint; form or otlii.'r it exisl.t among the civilizfd iin all with whom he is eounecli;d. The records of our criminal courts annually furnish a long list of cases, from the crime of petty larceny to that of murder, which arc traceable to hours misspent in debauchery — to days and nights wasted in drunken revels — to the companionshi|) t)f Io(j1s, who gloried in the degradation which lliey worked one with the other.* I'ainful as it may be to look on the stupid sot, decaying in body and mind, how much more sad, to realize tlii' train of wrelehedness iind misery which follow in the track of his depravity — a cheerless home awaits his return from the haunts of his folly — a broken-spiriied and care-wt)rn wife, neglected and ragged children — these are sliarj) irons which enli-r into his very soul, and add bitterness to a heart not dead to the obligations of duty, liut experience proves that by this n-^ by every other vice, the conseience becomes more and more seared, until at length, regardless of all consequences, feelings of shame cease to arise, domestic misery is not recognized, and a career of crime, or tin; sudden perpetration of some desperate criminal act, plunges the wretched victim into the felon's cell. The career of the persistent drunkard is seldom swift, but it is a suri^ road to ruin : • " A STAUTi.ixfi RguouD." — I'lider tliia caption the N'cw Vork ObsrrnT cnmnients upon a statement ipioted by the Boston Tniiiscripl from the Ihirviiril Miiifuzine, to tho effert that of the only ninety composing the lust gradu- atinj? class in Harvard Collcj^e, " tifty-onc smoke, aixty-livi^ ilrink, fifty-seven do tioth, and twenty neither.' The Obserrcr says: — " In the most venerable educational institution of the venerable commonwealth of .Massachusetta, we arc told out of the ninety composing the class just grudunted, sixty-five ' drink.' They will go forth iinfjucstion- abty to show their influence iu years to como af,'ainat the cause of temperance. In tho high places of the land, in positions of power and authority in the courts, on the rostrum, on the bench, in their varied professional pursuits, they may be found on the side of those who a.te at best iDdifferenl to the evils majiifold occasioned by the use of inloxcating drinks. Such facts arc of ill omen for our country's future. Drunken politicians have been tho curse of the land. lU'peatedly have they brought upon us national disgrace. .Vo true patriot can be indifl'erent to the character of the candidates for political eminence, and yet we may discern beforehand what that character must be, if two-thirds of our college graduates give promise by present habits of the profligacy that i» usually alliad ^TiUt a tlre« U3e of the intoxicating cup." 6 it may be — and it generally is so — that years of intemperance are before him, until more and more under the dominion of the insatiable passion, the fatal hour comes in which is realized the gains of his life. Surely one would think that the unhappy consequences which, it is generally admit- ted, flow from indulgence in the use of intoxicating drinks, productive of such ever increasing misery, and leading to the absolute destruction of thousands of human beings, would have led earnest statesmen and others high in autliority, to consider the effect which inebriety has on national prosperity, and the deadening intluence which it ever exercises on the morals of a nation. Why is it, that stringent legislative measures are passed against other crimes, that adequate punishment and reward is meted out with a view to their correction and removal, and yet, not only has no sufficiently well-regulated system of discipline been established to meet the circumstances of the drunkard, but it may with truth be said, that but little discouragement has been given to him, either by society at large or by government. So deep-seated is this social evil, so extensive its hold on the masses, that we know not with what to compare it, unless we liken it to a vast and wide-spread marsh, from whose bosom rises a noxious exhalation which, entering into the houses of the rich, vitiates their tastes, and blights their fairest hopes ; the statesman succumbs to its baneful intluence, the professional man and the merchant stagger under its prostrating influence ; the mechanic and labourer are brought by it to poverty, and their families to the work-house ; the public gaols arc filled with criminals — the lunatic asylums supplied largely with inmates, and Idiocy is begotten by it. Everywhere the results oi the vice are apparent ; and truly, so long as men of education and refinement continue to stand aloof and refrain from taking the necessary measures to purify the moral atmosphere (in tlie midst of which they live) of the grossness which contaminates it, so long must general society suffer, and the weaker amongst them fall. VViiile many are ready to admit that drunkenness is the fruitful source of much of the misery that prevails, but few are conscious of tlie extent to which it ministers to human misery ; they fail to see, in the criminal standing on the gallows, or shut up in the forger's cell, or the felon's dock, the victim of intemperance ; still less do parents recognise tlie connexion \\ Inch certainly exists, between drunkenness and various forms of mental obliquity and moral infirmity, as developed in the children of the intemperate. Are they aware, that in the indulgence of a habit which brings to themselves a series of incalculable woes, that they are almost as certainly bringing down ou their children a similar heritage ? do they know that the child of sottish, drunken parents is born to a life of special temptation, and that the hapless offspring but too frequently ends its existence as the parent before it did ? It may be, that fully recognising the fact, somf; at least will be induced to pause in their career, and for tlie sake of their children, place themselves in a position, where by whole- some restraint, and by moral discipline, they may learn to avoid the temptation, and to cure a habitj which is to them, and to their young ones, a source of such mischief. PROOF THAT INTEMPERANCE AFFECTS THE CHILDREN OF THOSE GUILTY OF IT, AND BRINGS FATAL DISEASE ON THEMSELVES. In a report furnished to the National Medical Association, Washington, U. S., Dr. S. M. Bemis, of Kentucky, made a report, of which the following is an extract : — " Phy- siologists have examined the physical condition of the progenitors of idiots, and sought for some satisfactory causes of the very vice or defect in the organization which causes idiosy. Several striking truths seem to be the result of these enquiries. One of the most striking is, that eight-tenths of the idiots are born of wretched stock ; of families which seem to have degenerated to the lowest degree of bodily and mental condition, if this condition, the result of intemperance, of excesses of various kinds, committed for the most part in ignorance of their fatal consequences. Of four hundred and twenty cases of congenital idiocy which were examined in Massachusetts, some information was obtained respecting tiie progenitors of three hundred and fifty-nine cases, save only four, it was found that one or the other, or hotli of the immediate progenitors of the unfortunate suHi-rer, had in some way or other widely departed from the normal condition ol health, and violated tiie natural laws. That is to say, one or the other, or both of them, had been very unhealthy, or had inter-married with blood-relations, or had been intemperate, or had been guilty of sensual excesses which impair the constitution. The idiotic child i.s just as umch tliu result of some vice or weakness in the constitution of the parent as the .sour and the crabbe-apple are the neces- sary product of a wild and bad stock. A Report made to the State of Massachusetts, by a Fioard of Commissioners ap- pointed in 1846 to investigate thi? condition of Idiots in that State, has the following: " In some families which pre degraded by drunkenness and vice, there is a deoree of combined ignorance and depravity which degrades humanity. It is not wonderful that feeble-minded children are born in such families, or, being born, that many of them become idiotic. Out of this class, domestics are sometimes taken by those in i)etter circumstances ; and they make their employers feel the constHjuences of suffering igno- rance and vice in the community. Probably the habitual use of alcoholic drinks does a great deal to bring families into that low and feeble condition of body alluded to as a prolific cause of idiocy. Out of three hundred and fifty-nine idiots, the (;ondition of whose parents was ascertained, ninety-nine idiots were the children of drunkards. The use of alcoholic drinks or other stimulants by parents, begets an appetite for them in their offspring." In one of Dr. ConoUy's early reports of Ilanwell, of the causes assigned for insanity we find that in two hundred and eighty-one eases, thirty-seven were from intem- perance. Calm(Ml slates that, out of one hundred and seventy-six patients received into the Lunatic Hospital at Charenton in 1857, alcoholic excess was assigned as the principal cause of insanity in sixty cases. In A.D. 1858 there were forty-two such eases out of one hun- dred and seventy-four. Dr. Chapen at the King's County Lunatic Asylum, lays much stress on the adulteration of alcoholic drinks as a cause of insanity, even among those who are habitually temperate. In the asylums and hospitals for the insane in Russia, there were treated in the year 1856, on the whole 3,616 patients, of whom 2,087 — 57-4 per cent. were sent out cured or improved ; 388 — 10-7 per cent. — died ; and 1,150 remained under care. The form of insanity in one-sixth was drunkard's delirium. Alcoholic intoxi- cation was by far the most common cause, so that in Pultowa, out of one hundred and eight patients, ninety-five males — fifty-two out of fifty-five — owed their disease to this cause. Among these patients there prevailed a special tendency to imbecility. The Inspectors of States' Prisons, in their Eighth Annual Report, observe : — " From the great number of intemperate persons who have been annually committed to onr prisons, it is evident that the traffic in intoxicating liquors has not only been the cause of intemperance and pauperism, but also of a large amount of crime." We particularly ask attention to the tables annexed, illustrative of the evils which spring from the vice of drunkenness, proving how like other great sinful habits, it becomes stereotyped in human nature, requiring the most riged and hard-to-be-endured discipline to eradicate it. The results of prison experience in Britain shows, that even after separation from old haunts, and from evil associates, it never answers to send the liberated back again to mix in early scenes ; and we know this to be equally true of the inebriate ; it i? absolutely essential that he avoid evil company, and throughout his whole life, the vow of the Rechabite must be on his head, and on the heads of his family. 6 DEATHS t)URl!^G THft YEAR 18SB IJf AUfitJRN PRISON. Color, White. do. do. do. do. do. Black . do. do. White. do. do. do. do. Habits. ^]^C" i Intemperate, do. do. do. do. Temperate. . do. do. 1 .Moderate . . . , 39 Iiitenipernte. 49 Temperate . 45 Intemperate. 28 Temperate . '39 do. Slioo ... Cabinet Tool ... Machine Tool . . . |Stnte jWushhonse 'state I Weave ... .Slioe State Wasli luuise State , Cabinet . . Crime. Time in Prison. As.t'll & liatt. witli iul Burglary and larceny. Petit larceny, 2d IJape Grand larceny Anion Petit larceny, 2d Burglary Ilurgiary and larceny. ITitjliway robbery Grand larceny Attempt to rape Counterfeiting Perjury T. M. 3 3 2 11 7 3 Received lti| Date of Hospital. I Death. Disease. Jan. t>, July 16, 23Jiiiie 4, 9 Jan. 22, OMar. 5, slApril fi, 22J.Mav 2, 24 Jni'ie 8, 201 do. 13, 14 do. 2ri. 1.^ do. 2i!, 28!jnly 14, lO,Sept, 2, 2.50ct. 4, ' 1855 '.I.T Jan. '54 ilo. '54 Feb. '55' do. '55 .Mar. '55 Anril •55Mny '55 .lune 'u5i do. '55 do. '55 .lulv '55 do. 55 Oct. '55|Nov. G Fracture of the .?kull. 21 Consumption. 13 Hvdrothorax lit Fistula. I 7 t'cinsunipliuii. 10 llepatirrhnea. til Consuiiiption. II Consumption ami scrcfula 23 Scrofula. 27 llydrotliora.x. 5 Diarrlura and debility. I!) Fcbris and debility. (i Scrofula and pneumonia. SjConsumption. Total — Eight intemjierate out of fourteen cases. Number of Prisoners — Shelving their Habits. — {Auburn Prison.) Teniperatf 106 Intemperate 94 Moderate tlrinkers 68 Total , 268 SHEWING THE WHOLE NU.MBER OF INVALIDS IN CLINTON PRISON, NOV. 30, 1855. Date of admission to Prison Age. Habits. Health. June .... 22, 1855 26 Intemperate Cons^umption. February. 22, 1855 71 do Broken constitution. April .... 21, 1853 17 do Ruined from masturbation. February . 3, 1855 16 do Amput'n ol limb and nicer in side June 15, 1855 24 do Sulijecl to epilepsy. November 27, 1851 37 do Broken constitution. June .... 16, 1855 42 Temperate Health very poor. February . 1 5, 1855 21 do Lame Irom fracture of illiuni. September 6, 1 855 51 Intemperate Ruined constitution. May 22, 1853 25 do Feeble constitution. May 22, 1855 20 Temj)erate do do April.... 19, 1855 47 Intemperate Ruined constitution. November 10, 1851 23 do Bad. February. H, 1853 24 do Imbecile. February. 3, 1853 26 do Feeble constitution. April 10, 1853 16 Temperate Ulcf^f of the leg. February. 7, 1854 22 Intemperate Broken constitution. September 27, 1853 30 do do do February. 13, 1853 49 do do do October ..18, 1864 66 do Afflicted chorea. October . . 6, 1854 38 do Secondary syphilis. December 27, 1855 24 do Opihalmia. October . . 26, 1854 51 do Ruined from inlemperance. January.. 13, 1854 19 do Disease of the heart. May 28, 1852 55 do Broken constitution. April .... 14, 1854 55 do do do September 5, 1854 25 do t)eafness. February. 27, 1854 27 do Snbject to epilepsy. October . . 3, 1854 64 do Old and feeble constitution. 9 SHEWING THE WHOLE NUMBER OF INVALIDS IN CLINTON PRISON— (7on5 Aiif;- l."),lR5.".,(;olli(inalivc diarrlKca. BliicU. -0 do do . . lAttenipt lo rape. .' 3 ') .'! Aug.l,">, '■ : " 21, " ,Met, of rlieum, to heart. AVIiite. 21) do I Blacksmith Uurg. and larcenyl 1 4 19 Mar. 2!), " :Sepl. 1, " ^Phthisis pnlmonalis. do ;3:! do i do i do do 1 1 8 Ij ISept. (i, " 1 " 18, •' | do do Total 4 mtemperate. DEATHS IN SING-SING PRISON.— I'kmai.gs. Color. V I Nativity. Negrefs ^Vhite . . do .. Habits. Whit. do Negro White do do 20 21 .10 r>;! 2" 25 Received in I Admitted to Prison. I Ho3|)ital. Disease. I Date of Death. New Yiirk . do Germanv . . . i Intemperate. . . ' Feb. 22. 1S,"4. Mav .} do ...! Mar. ID, 18.-.,T.; Nov. . I Temperate ...i April 4, 18,j,j. i April 1, 1854. Consimiption..' Oct. 22, 1R.")4. 1, 18,-,4.i do ..: Feb. II, lSo5- 4, 185.^. I Ohro. diarrhira July 30, 1855. New York . . . . do New .Terse}-. . Connecticut . do Germany .... Temperate . . .Moderate . . . do . . . Intemperate. do Temperate . . Mai.ks. ,| April IS. 1854. .i May 21, 18.54. .' April 15, 185:). ,1 Oct. 18, 1851. ,1 Sept. 2,5, 1854. .1 July !>, 1853.1 Nov. Jan. Sept 2!t, 1854.' Lacerated lung Nov. 20, 1854. 2. 1854.' Consumption..' Dec. 24, 1854. Hi, 1854. i do ..Jan. 22,1855. 1,5, 1853.! Dropsy ; Feb. 8, 1855. 5. 1855. j Typhoid fever . Sept. in, 1855. 20, 1855.1 do ., " 2G, 1855. 4 out of 6 not temperate. 10 Habits of Life. — {Sing-Sing Prison.) Jf:il -s. F-.'rrmlcs TomprratP :^T ! 65 InUMi\i)cralo 2.ta fj") MckIltiiIc drinlvurs* 2(>V> !6 831 106 In his Criminal Prisons of London, Mr. Miilicw snys : " Tlu chuplain has j^iven the fc)llo\vin-i!niiennes.s oi bad company, or both united." From the Report of the ^Montreal Police Magistrate we g iriicf tliat ihcre were fined : — Tavern-keepers and keepers of dram shops, kci>jiing their laverns or dram sh j)s open on I.ord's-day, or aficr hours If 2 Drinking in taverns on ihe Lord's-day 28 Selling or purchasin.'j rKjuor on [^ord's-day 29 Causing a disturl)anee in taverns 7 Gambling in laverns 2 Although the evidence, that inteTnjieranee is the fruitful source of 'nucli of the evil that afFl-cts our race, is drawn from sources not directly native, ne\crtli( less there is (|uite enough to cstai)li^h the fact and to found a claim w liieh may iegi*imitrl> he presented to our Legislature, for making provision to check the cause of so iraieh ^^ aste of human lif(! and happiness, knowing that drunkenness is a fruitful source of crime ^^•ith us. li i CONSIDERATION OF SOME OF THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ON MAN. Much of the (>vil which (lows froiri the ip jniinate use of aleo'ioli* drinks and fer- mented licjuors, arises from the wide-spread but erroneous belief that they irnard against tlie effects of undue exposure, avert tlie mischievous consequences which sonietiiues re- sult from it, and that they enable those who ar" engaged in Ial)orious or fafiijuing em- ployment, to sustain with prolonged ability the ciVort wiiich is necessary for 'he cotni)le- tion of their task. It seems bootless to argue with , hose who are he.ni to l)e convinced, that the very fact of ihe alleged necessity fur the conlin'ious use ol stimulaiing draughts, proves the transitory nature of the sr.ppoi-ed supply of reid power, and thai experimental tests prove that individuals who were once in the be.liit of taking stiinuhmts freely, were enabled to accomplish a larger ainoum of work, ind ( iidured less fatigue, when they ci-'ased to use such agents, and in pliice of them jiiirlook oj a nutritious (ll(>t. Ft is la- mentable to think that an agent capable of doing much god, and, \\'lien employed judi- ciously, most valuai)le in saving human life, shoidd bi' so abused as to rentier it a far greater instrument of evil than of good. ; and it may be that numbers, igno.ant of the true use of alcohol, and knowing but little of the injurious eflects of iir- action on the organism, consume the drink, believing that they arc acting wisely. Dr. }3arelay, in his Essay on the Use of Slimulant,s, quotes Liebeg for the assertion t'laf " Temperance families, depriving their servants of beer, gave them oompensaiion in money ; but they u if soon found that the monthly consutiiption of bread increasied so strikingly, fhat the beer was twice paid fi>r, — once in money, and a seeond time in bread." 'I'liere can be no doubt as lo the nutritive (iiialilies of porter, of ale, and of Ijeer ; but that they are 1o be taken except as stimulating food, usefidly, we have very grave doubts. We do not question the fact that, in moderate (juantities and under certain conditions, porter, or spirits proper, are most valual)le agents. It is against their commt)n and indiscriminate abuse thai we conti'ud ; and in tlu? case above referred to, whic^ii was the most wholesome food? Much, however, has been \\ ritlcn b\ learned men, on the ellcels of alcohol, by way of warning ; and medical miMi liiiow, and te;ich the young student the i)roper use of a weapon whu-h, like a two-edged sword, cuts both ways. \ol withstanding it is to be feared, that the medical |)ra<-titioner not unlVc(|uently, by his own incautious imlulgenee, l)lunls the i'orce of lii-< arguments, aijd leads the nninstructcd to doubt the validity ol" his oracular declamation against iutempi'riuic*.'. The first masters of the science, ni'vcrtheless, unanimously declare against the free use of alcoholic and fermented beverages, and clearly point to tlu; evils which must follow so pernicious a practice. Lallemantl and Ferrin oioscrve : " Aktohol is a body, whose study is of great interest as regards nliysiology, metlicine, and hygiene. \Vc sought for a means by which we might be ab ■ to recognise the presence of very small iiiiantities of alcohol in the tissues and fluids ot the bofly. Having obtained sucii a test, we proei.'etlcd to I'ollow the trourse of the alcohol into the body, its absorption by the digestive organs, its circulation in the blood, its localisation in certain tissues and in certain organs, and then its elimination by diH'erent parts of the body." The results of these inquiries we condense, and ask that they may be carefully consideretl, especially by those who imagine that, they may take freely ol such poison without provt)king organic changes in their organism. Tlicy ex- amined, with spei:ial care, the (juestion whether alcohol in its pas>age through the body retains its chemical composition, or whether it is converted into proilucls of combustion ; whether, in fai't, it behaves as food or as a non-assimilable substance, foreign to the body. By their experiments they establish, in the lirst place : that alcohol, mixed with water, is rapidly id)sorlj(,'d by tli(> stomach, passes into the blood, and reaches the lungs, which are the chief organs of its elimination. Four men, each of whom had taken 100 grammes of branily, passed their breath during four hours (relieving each other) through an apparatus. The liquid products of the condensation of the vapour thus introiluced was twice distilled over (piick lime, and yielded four grammes of a lim|)i(l licpiid, having a distinct alcoholic odour. It w as, in fact, diluted alcohol, and was capal)le of burning when healed. The alcohol also passes oft' with the urine. Thri'c litres of the urine of four men wlio had taken three botlks of wine containing 10 to 12 per cent, of alcohol, and about IJO grammes of eati tic vie, were collected. The urine was carefully distilled, and yielded 2 grammes of highly concenirated nearly puw. alcohol. Alcohol was also extracted frt)m the jjlood. In ascertaining this fact, the authors were led to a remarkable discovery, viz., that the blood was not the part of the body which contained the iargi'st amount of alcohol. 240 grammes of alcohol of 2P were injeeled into the stomach of two dogs, — 120 into each, — and in one hour and a half 700 granunes of artificial blood were taken from the carotid arteries of the animals. It was then distilled, and gave 3 grammes of concen- trated aiul nearly pure alcohol. When dilferenf parts of the bodies of these animals were subjected to distillation, it was found that the tissues of the liver contained a larger pro- portion of alcohol than the blood; and that in the muscles only a trace of it could be found : — the blood, for instance, containing 1, the liver containing 1.48, and the brain 1.75 proportional parts. Alcohol, therefore, accumulates by a sort of alhiiity in certain parts of die body. The fact well corresponds with the known pathological ell'ecis produced in the liver and the brain by alcohol. They Uien endeavoured to ascertain whether alcohol 12 was decomposed in the body — whetlier it was respiratory food. The experiments were negative ; and they therefore conclude tliat alcohol is a non-assimilable substance, audi as aicoliol in the body, acts as a local excitant of tin^ tissues. Fnlroduccd into the circu- lation. It p{'rvatles all the tissues ; it accuniulatcs in ilic liver and llic nervous centres ; it remains a lonii; lime in the body ; it is cliuiinnted as iiicolu)! by the Inn^s, iIh' skin, and ehielly l)y tlic kidneys. Tiii- localisation of alcohol in certain orii;ans i-xplains its patho- genic inllucnee over certain constitutional and organic diseases of the liver, tlie nervous system, and the kidneys.* Dr. Goodfellow, in an able lecture reported in the Medical Times, Nov. 17, ISGO, corroborates the above views, and further illustrates the evil couseciuenccs of alcoiiolism of the system. " ]MM. Lallemand, Perrin and Durny havo made this inquiry in tlio true ipii-it of pliilosopliy, and in the most scaicliing manner. It i.s inipo.ssilik' to read the aoco\int of tliuii- expi'riment.s and analysi^s with- out beinjj convinced tliat they Iiad one olgect alone in view, and thiit was truth, apait from any preeon- coivod views or theories. It is altogether out of the scope of tlieso lectures ta i|Uoto at length tlu' beautiful, ingenious and very satisfactory experiments by which tliey have been led ineslstably to their conclusions. Suttice it to say that the results uf their experiments admitted of no otiier conclusions than those which the authors came to, and which are of great value in explaining the pathogenic action of alcoholic and allied substances. These gentlemen then have found upon evidence, which I do not see how any one can gainsay, that whether alcohol, or its compounds, brandy, rum, gin, or whiskey, lie taken into the stomach, or inhaled ijy the lungs, it is only found as alcohol in the blood and in the tissues, especially in the nervous .substance, for which it would seem to have a .special attraction ; and that it lias no claim to be regarded as an alimen*-. When taken into the stomach .some small portion may lieconie converted into acetic acid, by the gastric juice and the mucus acting as ferments. But even tliis .small quantity does not enter the blood. In this list, fermented drinkr, which contain nioro or less nutrient matter mixed with the alcohol must be excluded, sucli ius wine, beer, cider, perry, itc. Wines contain even nitrogenous matters, also colouring and fatty nuitters, and salts ; ciiler contains glucose, mucilage vegetable acids, A'C. ; beer also contains glucose, dextrine, and allied substances in considerable ])ropor- tions, nitrogenous matters, bitter and aromatic princijiles, and salts. According, then, to M.M. Lallemand, Perrin and Duroy, alcohol is neither transformed nor destroyed in the organi.sm, and is idtimataly elimi- nated without undergoing any moditication. They have detected it in considerable quantities in the blood, brain-substauce, when freed from mendiranes and blood, and in the mine by means of distillii'ion ; they have shewn afterwards, by the aul of exact doses analogous to the i)rocess of analysis by the method of volumes, that alcohol difi'uses itself in the tissiies, and that it accumulates in the brain, and in the liver, where it is fotmd in larger quantities than in the blood anf alcohol. At present it is in its physioldgical form that thoy are of iiiipurtaiK'u. Since ulc(.ii(il ]irn(luces a nioditication so singular, may it not oll'i'r also, when present, an obstacle to tlie disengiiyement of earlionio acid, or delay even the combin.ation of oxygen with the carbon of the blood I If this be tho case, alcohol contributes to nutrition, not actively as an alimentary substance, but in an imlirect manner in exercising a moderating inHueiice upon orL'anic decomposition. With re»|iect to its inlluence inilepiMulently of this separation of the fatty principles, and perhaps their conversion int(j a nonMi]i(jniliable .state, but little is positively known. It is conceivable, however, from the properties which alcohol is known to i)ossess, — its great dilliisiveness through, and attraction for, waiur, — its power of di.ssolving sonje very important animal principles, und of coagulating others, — that it does exert a cimsiderable inlluence ujion the ]]hysical, and also probably upon tho chemical (pialities of the blood, and blood-corpuscles. Nothing detinite, however, has been obs':rved. Dr. Addison, of lirigliton, whose able researches have thrown light \ipon some physiologicid and jiathological ju'oces.scs, has observed some very curious ed'ects \ipon adding sherry wine to lilond out of tho body ; and it is possible that alcohol, when taken into the system in large ({Uantities, may in time work such changes, and even destroy the red corpuscles already formed, and hinder tho full development of others. MM. Lallcmand, I'errin and Duroy, however, saw no alteration in tho corpu.scles, even when alcohol was ailded to tho blood out of tho body, and also in blood taken after largo quantities had been imbibed. " i'oisenille's experiments proved that its mixture with the animal fhiids, both when directly injected into the blood-ve.ssels, and after being taken into the stomach, retards tho circidation through the capil- laries, although its lirst eHect is to excite tho heart to increased action. It diminishes the want of food, and impairs or destroys the appetite for it. Bouchardat remarks th'it with drinkers of brandy and other alcoholic liipiors, tho alcohol acts by diminishing and suppressing probably the functions of absorption by tho stomach in re3[)ect of every other substance ; it augments, on tho contrary, the secretion of that organ ; and from tlu'se conditions arise the increased secretion of mucus, disgust for food, and the emaciation. Of Course such licjuids as beer, some wines, and cider, and other nutritious and true alimentary and fattening drinks, are not included. " That it attects the nervous system, and indirectly, if not directly, the muscular system also, 1 need scarcely ment Jill : it is too often rendered obvious to us. A moderate (luantity produces an excitation of the ];ervous .systna, which extends over the whole economy ; a still larger dose pnidnces great disturliance of the cerebral functions, which another and still largar doso completely annihilates. The same etl'ects are observed upon the muscular system. A moderate dose seems to impart strength to the muscular contractions, while a very large dose destroys all voluntary contractility, and a poisonous one that also of the iiividuiitary muscles. Flourens' experiments, upon the effects of alcohol upon birds, are very instruc- tive, Its eti'ect upon them resembled that produced by the removal of the ceiebellum, except that tho intelligence remained. With alcohol, 1 need not say it was destroyed. In lJoi^:olung by alcoln'l, the respiratory movements and those of the heart were the least affected, — those of the heart tho last Even for some considerable time after respiration had ceased, the heart continued to beat. In the exiieriments which I made upon the frog, which some of you witnessed, tho heart continued to beat, the circulation went on, for some time after respiration had ceased. " 7 Vol I I'(ifh(ihi(jical Eif'i'cts. — That alcohol is a local irritant is unquestionable, and that it produces its oH'ects upon tho system partly in this way is very probable. It may act remotely by smpatliy to some small extent, as Orhla believed. But we have seen from the very ab'o researches of MM. Lallemaud, Perrin and Duroy, from whose book I have already quoted so largely, that it is rapidly absorbed by the venous radicles, and that its principal action is directly upon the different organs which it irritates, and eventually intlame.s. Especially has it been proved to be present in greater proportion in the nervous tissue than elsewhere, which it more particularly excites. It disturbs its functions ; it perverts and ulti- mately destroys the intellectual faculties, and even the emotional faculties ; it disturbs the function of the sensory nerves, both common and special, as shewn by subjective tactile phenomena, strange perA'ersions of taste, double vision, and other disorders of the optic nerves, tinnitus aurium, and other disorders of the auditory nerves. It equally disorders and destroys the functions of the motor nerves, as shown in irregu- larity, and absence of consentaneous action of the movements From these effects ujion the cerebro- spinal system, it is more than probable that it disturbs and impairs the functions of the organic nervous system, as evidenced by defective nutrition and secretion. When taken in the form of brandy, whisky, gin, and such fluids, it impairs nutrition, probaby from its groat attraction for water, inspissating the blood and juices of the body. I need not mention in what large proportion water enters into the composition of the tissues and fluids of the body. It is probably in this way that it acts as a diuretic so far as tho increase of the watery part of tho urine is concerned, not only from the increased quantity of water ingested 14 with and aftor the hrniidy, Init from it» ahatractiiig it fiimi tlio tissues. Tlicrc is no iloiibt that it tciiiia to hanli'u the I'l'uiii sulintiiiici', mill prmlucL' iitidiiliy uf iiiiiiiy nf thu »tniy >' I'aaiiig tlio lamntity oi coniicctivu tissi)c» iiuil utla-i' vvliitr lilp;uiis ti'-Mic-i, lUul hu liMiliiit^ to iiiuluf [nu. i .ipoii tho muri! iiui>nrtaiit ]iaits. but liy I'dinlt'ii iiig thu tiN«\iL'.s iliiictly Ky tliu alistiactiou of wattT. 1 iuru is no iloiibt 1)1 its uxi'iliiig ihiH ilu.^tiuyiug inlliiiiic'o ii(hiii tho livoi . 1 sliall (jmluavour tu bhovv yuu that it iUjus BO ii|ioii tliu kiillicy alHO. Ah a funeral niU', it iiiitatu^ ami iiillaiiies tliu tiiuiUL'8 uf tho stuuiavll uiul dilude- luiiii, and fVuu till' iiaiicivatii.' and ht'|iatii: dm ts, ami it |iri)balily allbcts and dotoiidrati!) tho st'civtiuii of thi'si' ylanda. It iirci(liKo.s hy[n'rtiu[iliy of tlio I'onnoctivo ti^siio fminuifi (Jlis.son'.i liqisuk', whu'li in its turn, iiivssi's iiiKii) tho small vosacls, and n|Hii; the hrpatic colls, and inodiaos atrojihy of thoso anatciniical olomciits ill two ways — tiist, by cutting ill' tho Miiiply of nulriiMit iiiatLiials, and socuiidly, by abauiptioii from prossuro. Thu digcstivo procossos aro [probably still imiif impaired liy tho bad iiuahty of tho bilo and pancivatic sociotion . "isow, voiy iiinoh tho siuno cliaiijjos tako placo in tho kidiioy as in tho livor and othor organs. Wo hftvo aooii that alcohol passos through tho vos.sols and tisMios of this organ as alcohol ; it irritates tliosu tissues, as it does similar tissues in otiier parts ; it loads to blood delay ; it imi>airs tho intliieiico and func- tion of the nervous system ; it produces hypertrophy of tho coiinoetivo tissue, binning tho stroma or frauiowork of tlio organ, and of tho capsnlo ; and it produces a granular appoaranco proci.soly as it iloes in tho livor. In fact, this alteiatioii is very commonly soon in both thoso organs in old ilrunkards, especially and almost exclusively those who take the raw spirit in large ijuaiitities, or spirit mixed with only small fiuantities of water. Those who drink largely of lieer, and perhaps of wiuo, aro found to have a soiiiowhat dill'ereiit form of kidney, especially when drink is taken as gin, brandy, iVc. lint we have soon that alcohol separates and moihlies tho tatty matters of the blood. Mil. Latlomand, I'orrin and JJuroy, havo soon this. Most pathologists beliovod that so far as the relation botwoou caiwo and oll'ect could bo traced, it was almost certain that alcoholic beverages, when largely and eontinuously consumed for any length of time, led to fatty degradation. This .separation h.is now boon actually seen and proved. Now, this sejiaration and alteration of the tatty priiuiplos of the blood probalily plays a very imiiortaiit part in tho pathological eli'oct of alcohol, when taken in large ([uantities, in the form of brandy, gin, whisky, itc. Now, sapoiii- tiable fatty matters, that aro visible to flio naked eyo, aro calculated to impede the circulation through the capillaries — if not to cut off tho bloud-siijiply altogether — ami .so produce atrophy of tho secreting ti.ssue.s, wlulo tho Connective tissue, buijporting tho vessels, would receive an undue supjily of bloud [ilasma, and thereforo bocomo hypertropliieil. Jt is not improi able that some of thoso fatty matters bocoiuo transuded with tho exudates, and thus lead to the pro.sence of fat in the tubules, and also in the intertubular sub- stance ; some may also remain in tho walls of the capillary vessels, and replace in timo tho normal elements." Proft's.sor Carpenter, llif well-knuwii |)i:ysi()loj,'ist, records his Dpiiiion as i'ullows : — " Tlie use of alcoluil in ediiihiiiation w iili water and wilii organic! and saline eonipounds, in tiie various I'orms of ' feriiieiiied li(inors,' deserves parlieidar noliee, on aeeoiinl of liie numerous iaiiaeies which are in vo:^ue respeetini,' it. In the first place it may he safely afKrined, thai alcohol t'annot answer our of thoi-e important ptu-poses for which ihe use of water is required in the system ; and that on the oilier hand, it tends to aniagonize many of tiio.se piirpo.ses, by its power of prceipitatini,' most of tiie organic compounds, whose solution in water is essential to their approprialioii hy the living hody. SccDiullif, — The ingestion of ah^oholic li(|iiors cannot supply anything wdiieh is essential to ihe due nutri- tion of the system ; since we lliid not onlv individuals, iiiU whole nations, mainlaininir the highest vigour and activity, hoih of hody aiid iiiind, without ever emploving ihem as an article of diet. Thirdlfj, — There is no reason to believe that alcohol, in any of its forms, can become directly subservient to ihe nntrition ol the tissues; for it may be certainly affirmed that, in common with non-azotized substances in general, it is incapable of transformation into alburainou; compotmds ; and there is no sidlieient evidence ihat even fatty matters can be generated in the body at itsexpen.se. Fourthly, — 'I'Ik; alim;.'ntary value of alcohol consists mendy in its power of contributing to the production of heat, by affording a pabulum to the respiratory process ; but for this pmpose it woidd be pronounced on chemical groimds alone to be inferior to fat ; and the result of the experience of Arctic voyagers and travellers is most decided in regard to the low value of alcohol as a heat- producing material. Fifthly, — The opeiaiion of alcohol upon the living body is essen- tially that of a stimulus ; increasing for a time, like other stimuli, the vital activity of the ' I 16 to 10 fc f, body, nnd psppcisilly that of the nrrvo-miiHfnIar a|)|)ar;iiii«, nn that n Krcatfr rfTect may often ho nmdnccd in a tjivcii time under its use than ran he olitiiint'd withont it ; hut bpin<5 lollowcd hy (i corrcspoiidiiii,' (h'prfssioii ol' power, which i> the more prolniii^ed and severe in pniporlion as the previous excitetiient iia> heen crreater. Notiiinij, tlierctore, is gained in the end iiy their use ; irhich is oiili/ jiistifnil)li' where some emerireney ciin only be met hy a t»Miiporary aut,'menlation of power, cm'ii ai the expense ol an inereased nmoimt ol suhsequent depression ; or u hen — ^as in the ease of some indivichiai whoHr dijiestive power is di'lieieiii — it alica'ds aid in llie inlroiluetion ol' aliment into the system which noihini; else can so well supply. 77/rw ai.si:s will he Iv.ss tiiitnewun, in jiroporlion as due altnilioii is paid to other means of prouDtiiit; health, which arc more in accordunei- with nature. The physiologieal objections to the habitual use of even small (piantities of alcoholic iicpiors ri'si upon the followiiiij i^n-ouiids ;_ /'Vr.v/, — llicy are universally ailmiltcd lo possess a poimnnuH chararlpr, when adminislercd in larye doses; death beinif the speedy result, through the suspension of n(>rvous ])owcr \\ hicli their inirodnelion into the circulation, in sutiicient ([uantity, is certain to induce. SccdiiiIIi/, — When habitually used in excessive qtiantities, universal experience shews thai alcoholic li(iru>rs lend to produce a moihid condition of the body al lari,'e, niul especially t)f the nervous system. Thinlli/, — The Iretpicnt oeenrenee of more ehronie diseases of the same eiiaractcr auionsj persons advanced in life, who have liai)itually made use of alcoholic liijiiors in " /«0(/f m/p " amount, aflimls a stroiii^ |)robabilily that they result from a i^railual perversion of the nutritive i)rocesses, of which that habit is the cause. Foiiiilil//, — The special liability of the intem|)erate to zvinotic diseases, indicates that the liabUiial iiii^eslion of alcoholic liquors tends to prevent the due elimination ol' the products of the disinle<^ration of the syslein, and thus to induce a " iermentablc " condilioii of the blood. What is here spoken of as " fermentable mailer," is not a mere hypothetical I'lilit}-, l)Ul lias a retil material existence, as appears from this consideration : that in all the conditions of the system in which we know that (h-composition is ir«)intinir llie cxtrenn's of heat and cold, as Wf'll as other depressini; ai^eneics, is diiuiiiished rather than increased by their habitual employment." On 'Awsv grounds. Dr. Carpenter has felt himseli hilly jusiili"(l in the conclusion, that for physinloirieal reasons alone, habitual abstinence from alcoholic liepiours is the best rule that can be laid down for the i,'reat majority of healthy individuals. Till' distinguished Lehmann remarks: — " AltlioUi,di in our considerations of the influence exerted by ordinary food upon the r(>spir.ition, we have deduced the results of the observations in question from purely chemical relaiions, we should i^reatly err were we to adopt the same method in reference to certain subst.'uees which are occasionally introduced with the food into the organism — such, for instance, as the ethereal oils, alcohol, theine, &c., &c. We do not mean that these substances constitute any exception to this fixed law of nature, but the immediete elfeet which they produce reminds us that there are nerves in the animal body which exert the most im|)ortant inlluence on all its functions — on nutrition as well as on respiration — and that, consequently, they in some degree disturb that uniform course of phenomena which we mi^ht suppose would result from chemical laws. We cannot therefore believe that alcohol, theine, &c., which produce such powerful actions on the nervous system, belong to the class of substanc(»s which arc capable of contributing towards the maintenance of the vital functions. We le nee this in tlu: <'f\se ot alcohol, which, when taken with the food, (liminish(;« the pnlmoiiiiry «"Nh:il;ili(>n in-^lfiid of (iiiiimt'iitinp it, V'l-ironlt, like F'roiit, found that the excretion of carbonic acid, is both absolutely and relatively diniini^licd after a moderate use ol spirituous drinks. He hixs also confirn.od Front's observation, " that the increased excretion of carlionic acid which accompiini-.s digc-lomaeli, and i,qves some little appetite for his inornini,' meal." Tliiis ifradiially tla^ victim of intemjieratice is led on, held within the i^rasj) of a liioral Mild plivsical disorder ; and with one more reference lo the aecuiimlaled ills which <;ailier round the imt'orlunate inebriate, we conclude this brancli of our iii(|uiry. He should know that even if he tor a time escapes organii' change in his nervous >ystem, or his oilier organs, that he still i> extremely liai)le lo coiuplieations in the (M)mse of suddenly a((|uired diseases or accidents. Dr. Watson s;nys : — " The delirium iiiduecd by inlemperaiiee comes iu ihe Course of certain diseases, as, for example, in inllamma- tion of the Inn.;-, diarrlneas, dysenlery, &ic., &:i'., and is a very common result ol accidents and ol surgical operations — or, we should rather say, that il ollcn follows sui'li diseases and casualties; lor it is e\en llicn tht' eonsec|uence of the rigid trealmciil and rigeinen to which the p;iiieni i- snhmilteil rather than of 1h(> surgical or medical ailment. So lre(pieiilly docs \\\c deli'iimu iiianifest itself on the cessation of the accustomed spur, that the coiilimi;dly recurring stimulus has been regarded as the predisposing and ihe ])rivation of that stimulus as the existing cause of th.e alfection. Sometimes it comes on in men who are pcr|)etually luddlcd, even tlioui^h they have not intermilted thi-ir usual indulgence in drink. We had a porter at the Middlesex Hospital, who was of great use to us as a subjcci for exhibition. I never saw him so drunk as to be unable to jjcrform his duties, — but I cannot conscientiously say I ever saw him sober. F^very lhre(! or four months we were sure to have him in the wards with delcrium tremens." How many of us can call to mind just such cases, of men, and women too, (>ver on the verge of positive intoxication — never sober, never drunk, never clear in mind, ever ehntded ; at one time plunged in sorrow for their grievous slate, at another, jovial and boisterous with mirth. At length death comes, and how little do men rcHect, that it is not probable, after life's fitful fever is passed, that the drunkard sleeps sweetly. I 17 SHAM- \Vi: IJKCLAIM rilK DUUNKAHU? Il >('i'm> sIriiiiL;!' tliiil mil' -"lioiild cini.-ifliT Micli a (|m'-ti(iti ii('i'i'ms;ii'\ , l)\il ri'iilly il" \vn rcllccl on llii' apiilliy wli'nli (■\i>ls iiiudmi^'mI iis as a IhhIv dl' (Miristians, or as a Nalinn, il (lois scriii lo 1)1' vi'iy iicci'^sary iImI our |)co))lr luiiild he asknl w luiliii' iliry inlriid Id reclaim llic Drunkard, and In iniirposi' lo sa\i' llw risini,' ifrnrralion I'min lalliiiir iiiUi f\ il coiirsi'-i. rni'oilunalidy \\r lia\c nol y\ {\\\\\ rcco^rnisi'd ihc iiiamiiliidi' ol' ihc «!vil, nor rcali/c'ii llu' iiii|)orlanl lirarinu; wliicli il Ins on our •y>li'ni ; wr arc nol yet (|uilc iiuarn ol the aiuonnl oreriiiii' wliii'li is liiJi^otlcn l)y il, and how ccrliiiiily inleiii- pcraiicc sii|)|)lics vicliins I'oi- llie prison ami the i,'all(i\\s. I'lvcrylhiii:,' has liiiherlo liein left 1(» privalc hencvoleiice ; and sireiiuoiis have hccii llie cljorls lo eoinlial llie di'uioli passion, hut so deep -eated i> llii' iii.dads and ^'0 siirronnded w illi diliienlly, thai we I'ar nol holdly lo declare ihal il caiuiol lie Idi lo private inlcrrereiice, nor indeed is il advisable, ihal in a mailer of such eol|sei|UeMee, illM i|\ illl,' llie lilierly ol the snhjecl, and il may he, (lis- liirhini,' lamilv relalion>lii|)s, private iiilerpo>ii ion slioidd he perniilled. We refer lo this point ill coiisc(ineru'e ol' the remarks ol one ol the inosi earncsl advocates of ihe cause ol 'reiiip"ranee, remarks with which we cannot lUj^rcc and which we are fully as-ured arc not the result of deliberate rejleelioll. Our friend thus eomiiieilts oil llie scheme for iIkj establishment of two Asylums as a teiilative measure of relorin. " It is by no means a new siii;i,'eslioii that these unfortunate-- could be rescued from their evil ways, by plaeiiii,' them in a ri'Ireat w here they would be unable to procure the tcmptini,' llu id, and w here medical skill could bi' applied to the treatment of llie peculiarities of individ- ual cases. Many of the insane in our asylums have been made so by drink, and have been rcliirned, after a period of time, to their friends entirely cureil of llieir temporary ahfrralioii. I5iil there are olher clas-'es, not \ioleiil in llii'ir iii-aiiil\, nor incapable in their sober momi'iits of uiana^ini,' their allair-^, who ari' just as miieli in need oi' liriii thoiii,'h mild restraint as ihe inmates of die l.uiialic A>yluiii. Many of iheiii also are perfectly sensible of iheirown wcidiiiess, and wcaild gladly take lliemse|\-e-i aw ay I'roai ilieir ac( iislomed haiiiits, where lemplalion meils iheui at eveiv iiiMiiienl and m many sii ipes, to a residciK-e w here the Icmpler coiilil not come, and w here all the suri'oimdiii ,' oljeeis would l( ad them to ihe practice ol habits of virtue and sell-denial. // in iiuiiiissihir lo cnliiuolf llic iniiiihcr of nun , onil iroiiirn loo, who ntiiihl he mirrd Jur ii li/'c <>/' roiiijinnilire hditjii liens and nscfnlnvsn l>>/ Ihe tii^enrij of i:Cimi/i'cl ,\«\liiiii, n lii'ir oifiunihlv dusoi iiitiniis, ^mxl ri'ffiiiiin, iiml nuinil unit /•(7i,jn/'M/.-( iiilliniicc- w (iiiU iliArloji till' wiiniii:,' |iip\\(is ImhIi nl Iim(I\ iiikI iiiiinl." And uuMiii : "II Imiii'vuI. Ill tri'iiilnnni will iink.' :i lir,'imiiiii,', iiml jii-dm' ilir iim'TiiIiicsm of llicir liilmi- li\ till' «iiiTi'-- w liicli iicci>iii|>;iiiic's till III, lliry muv iilicrw md* rcrciNc n inn- (lii'Uiii 111 -ii|»|iiiri liiiiii I'.irliiiiiH'iii." Now wr •-IkiII imi mi\ nnirli in ;iii>\m r lu ilir iidiiii^-'inii Hill iiiiiiilii'rs woiilil III' I'l'i'laiinrd, Iml \m' woidd m>I\ llir |iMlilir In ciiiinidrr lliiii til' ;ill iii»iilitrMiii> III! A>vluiii liir liii'liriiilc-^ wmild not l)i' ilir li'if>i cxiHMiftivc, invnls ill:.', .'i> il would iiri'fr'iarily do, ii >ilr ami liiiildiiii,'x, " wlii-ri' ii^'iTi'idili' assoriii- tiiiii>, :,'iMid irLjiiiirii, and iHiiral and irlii^idii- inlliiiiur- iiiitflil ili'\i|ii|ir I'r wiiiiiiiii |ii>\vcis (il Imdy iiiid iiiiiid." \ir \\i' far w roll:;, w lim \\c say lliiit in ( anada llir inainlcnaiifi' nl two liwliliilinii-^, mi ;> msiIc siillicirnliy larnc to lir iim'TiiI al all, (miiikii i)\ any |)ii>'il'ilil> l>r >n|)|)(iil('d liy [irivalr iiiiiniliii'iici', and il will, \\f Inisl, lir niadi' clear l>y lln' mijiu'I iliai, iiia^nniili a- (idvci-niiuMi would in liiiic lie icIii-M'd ol (•oii.«id('ial)lr r\|ii'ii--i' lor ilir |iuni*liiiirnl of riiiiii' and ilir sii|i|)(>rl of ci-iiiiinal.-', in I'i'aliu ihnr would iioi lir all iiicirasrd liuidrii lliiown on ilir Trra-iiry lor dn- su|i|ii)rl ol' liirliriatr--, A'-;ain, in llir .-iiwi' i'iu|iloscil, wr caiinol lliink il would hr ad\ isalilr to (•iiiiiiiiriiii' an r\|irriiiii'iii on so Muall a x'ali' a- llial lU'illirr inojH'r moral Irrainirnl nor di-(i|ilini' loiild 111' iMirird oiil, and llu'rcloir wi' a>lv iIiom' who wr Know lo lir mosi M'rioii-- in llirir dcii riiiin.ilion In aliah.' llir sin ol iiili'iiijirraiici', lo cm ii^r us il wr cndravoiir lo show, why ihr i llial inii-'l conir Iroin ihi (iovi'rniniMil, llic iiisiiiiiiion lir niidcr ihrir siiprrvision, and llic Urloriualory spci iaily di'siijncd, with a view to ihr moral and ri'lii>ious Inaimcni ol ihr imnalrs. With ii'^iard loan oiiicilion w huh lia> lircn aihaiirrd ai;ains| ihc admission into the Asylum, of iliosr iinrorlunali's who, in «'oiisi'((iii'nri' of inli'mjirranff, have I'allcn into evil roursi's, we think that a litllr irlli'i lion will --irvr to show lliat ihr arL,niiui'n|s iti laMiiir ol' alto:,'rilirr rxi'liidinn' siii-li an' untciialile. 'i'hi' (^itrlirr Mrrciirif says: — " A strikiiii,' liliiiidrr is apparent in the plan. Il eonlriiijilates die division of tlK- Asyiniii into two deparlmenis: our for the aeeommodatioii of jialii'iils — habitual drunkards — who may he placed there liy their Iriends, or who may voluntarily enter in nioinenls of sober sanit) ; the other lor the reeeption and treatment of persons whose (IrnidiennL'ss leads to violations of law, and who are eoidined under magisterial orders! Now , it is clear that no conceivable escellenee of iiianageinent will reconcile the |)ul)lic lo the bringintf under the same roof these two classes of druidvards. Sci)arat(! them as you may, the fait that the Asylum is in any dc';,'ree jjenal w ill completely drive from its doors the larger and more worthy class, for w hose benelil the New N'ork institution is designed, 'i'lu' Irii'iids of a jierson occupying a respectable position in soeieiy will not, under any circumstances, coiisenl that he shall enter a building which is in any manner invesli'd w itli a penal character. The penal and the voluntary are incompatible. Where one Is the other will not be. An Inebriate Asylum, especially a inoiUd one, should he appropriated to llie sole us|. of imlorlimales who are nniainled w illi olli'iiees against the law. [Why, diunkeniiess is an olleiiee already against the law, punishable by line or imprisomiieiit. — |].] |-"or actual olleiulers, whose (illcnces originate in inloxiealion, other places ol correction and eiii'e must be found. Wliv not make the more mercifid and more ralioiial iiianagement of such, a distinctive feature of |)rison discipline.-"' 'riiere are several misconceptions in the above w liicli are speciallv worth noticing, since they are likely to \n'^r\ prejudice against the scheme. In the lirst place it is the very iiniiiciciliil system of seiiiliiii,' "• iiol the pi'iial,'' but the iiierelv druidicn person, to i^aol under a iiiaLfisiral(.'''s warrant, vviiich degrades and sinks the unforlnnale being to tlu; penal standard, , and not mil'rciiucntly " ihe friends of a peisoii, ociaipying a respectable jiiisilioii in society," ar" obliged to under ;o the pain of seeing tludr relalive in the custody 'it tl"' |)oliee. and treated as crimiicd, when under a more truly merciful system, he 10 mislit lor tlif oflrnrc: linvi- liccn quietly lakrii to ii rrfrrnt liolh from prrHmiil ami Iroiii |iulili)' i'\|itiMir<'. \\r picMiiiif lluit tli<' law iii'Mt would xaia lion tlir mihIii.;: "« /nii'il /><7«(>/i" or *'" riiniiniil" to an AwnImiii oinlilisliid lor llic riihiiiialiini of ilriiiikartl.i ; Iml liirri- are many eaws xcni licioii' tin' Mai,'i.slral<', and i'>|ic(ialU n| ni' n- yoiitliN, w ho liavr (•uMimillfd ^omr assiinll or ai'l ot w loiii;, -ari>ini; onl ol iMlrmin'fitaf wliiiit lor the liicl ol ilic |it'iMjn iicim,' iiitovicalfd, wnidil ni'M r liavr liccr' .i t, ,ii,.||. We mu^i oli|ci-l a;,':iin, to llir doiiniu' thai ilir dniiiKaril i-, in ihr r\c ol' iiir iiiuralii«), lo he Ircali'd \\ ith :;i'cal*'i' lorlii'ai'ancc ilian llir nnroi'iiin;ili' iiiljiiii, w ho, under iIm' |iani;s ol' poNcrly and di ^liiiiiiiin, coniiHil-' an oU'rarr w liiih |ihiii-. him u ilhin Uir jioucr ol' ijic law. 'I'lir la\^ ol (ind hiiN |iioii(PUii(td mo>i diri' rondi'innation ay;ain->i llir intcmix'rali' ; and lii^* |)osilion i> llii- mori' liarlid, liicaii>r il may he, thai haviiiy w ilhin liis hrarl ifood principh's, lir ^mollicrs, and in lad Mippiaiilx iIu'm , li\ the \(i|nniary Mirirndcr of iiis ri'a>on lo tlif tlirahiom ol vitiated di'^irc, v\ liicli may at any limr pimi^i' him into po-_' ; h'l um no iiini/rr make c \- (•u>»i'>' lor ihr sin, hill leach the people thai jN nalme i> so >erion>, that it inii'-t he treated an an oH'ctiee — thai il le\els lo a low >land,iid ail ifiiiltv of it — and lliat as the prii ;ni*e and in('eiiii\e in irinn' ol all kiinU, the lime has come |'(a° the law of man to e\pre>s ilie riuhleons condemnation ol the law of (iod ay^aiiist it. When we seriously rcljcct un the conscipicnces which follow on inloNicaiioii, how can we conseni to place a wide lin<' of separation JM'twcen it ami other irrcal sins!— can we make a distinction hetween sins? The criminal records o| every •oiinliy ahoimd in illn^lralioiis of the mo^t aifyrasated oiJeiMcs perpetrated under 1 he in 1 1 lie nee of the maddetiiiiL,' eu|): and w or-.e yet, men have repeatedly lieen saved Irom the <'oiuiuissioii of crime hy the inlcrposilion of friends, ha\(; heen lold of the perilous position ill W llicli they had lieeii [ilared, and, W itii the excuse that they did not know what they were doini,', have turned ayain anr, have to leani the i,Meat K'sson, viz. : to keep a person out (if jirisoii as long as possible — to use the jail as tiie very last resource ol' all, and to understand that if it were mside a thousand limes as terrible as it is, it would even then lie far less awful in reality than in imagination. 'I'he rule, llioiigii, a])pears to be the very reverse, viz. : to thrust a lad into prison on tiie luost trilling occasion, and to familiarize him, even in his child- hood, with scenes that he should be made ar(|aainted with the very last of all in his manhood." *' Hut," continues Mr. Mahow, " The reader may desire som(> facts : let us deal with the class of Misdemeanants. We quest ioni-ti several hoys as U) the ori'enees for which they were imprisoned — here are tlie answers taken before the Warder : — "■What are you here for, boy.-' said we; ' llcavin' a highster-shell through a street huup, sir.' ' And yon ■'' we askml, pointing to another, ' A woman said I hit her baby.' ' And you ?' ' lleavinu clay.' 'And you:' ' lleavinii stones.' 5. ' ThreJitening to stab another lioy, sir.' (!. ' Stealing a bell Irom a garden, sir.' 7. ' Heaving stones.' 8. ' Heavinii; stones.' 9. Ibavinii stones.' 10. ' jjeavinii stones.' " IFere, tluMi, out ol' ten casr> there was only one of a malicious and two of a criminal cliaracter ; \\hilsi tht> mainiitv wcie imprisoned for such ollcnoes as all Ixiys couuuit, and for which impri^oiiiinii! amoii^; thieves is surely the worst possible riMuedy." It is jusi to save from ruin and destrnction of all proper ])ride and self resj)eet, numbers oi yoiuiy persons, who, overcome bv temptation or misled by others, have through unhappy intoxication, committed transi^rcssions clearly attributable to acts of intcmperancr', that \\ c plead for a retreat to which they may be sent, in order that tiiey may not become " criminals." Dr. Barclay, from whom wc have already (pintcd, remarks : " When a man has lost his self-control, he has i)i-come hmatic, and shouhl be dealt with as such. After a i-ertain number of convictions, such {'ases should be si'iit to an asylmn I'or a considerable |)eriod, — say eii^hteen months or two years. It is oidy the medical man, w ho has to si<;ii i crti- ficates of lunacy, w ho know^ how dilfuadt il is to Iodide those labourinii under this form of tlisease in asylums, IcuallN, under the present law; and the detention of them liiere after they have recovered from the debauch, is, strictly speaking', <'onlrary to law. I woukl have every case of (liliriiiiii Iri'iiiciis Irom drink, secluded ; and for a second at- tack, a longer period of "-edusion than lor a lirsl : and I wouhl also have them let out on parole, — a ticket of leave, — and if evil ways were reverted to, seclusion slundd be again legal, even before a reiifular outbreak had taken place." Jlow -ily jxr-ons aceordinu; to their natural tastes, their habits of thought, and mode of life ; but we do not believe that there should be one law for the rich and auiither for the poor. In tlw manai.,'ement of Lunatic Asylums no objection has been in-ij;cd ayaiiist them, on the irromids that the unfortunate lunatic poor are admitted under the same roof w ith the more wealthy ; and there may be and should be effected as perfect a severance l)etwcen the dilliivnt classes in the inslitntion, as the ordinary I I I 1 ^ 21 mlts and propriftips of society rcntlor necci^snry. 11' a system of idle seclusion formed un essential feature of the proposeil sy: leiii, ilii'ii indeed there would he some truth and force in the ol)jeetions urged, hul when it is ])ropose(l to einpU)V the several iuuiales at their aceustomed duties, all, and each one, would fail into the aeeuslouied |)lace w iliiiu the Asylum, lie would oeeujjy if he were outside in tip' world of society. In the arran"e- ment of the hiiildings reference should he had to these special necessities, and if on a suliicienlly large scale, tlx- independence of the hettiT elas.-, "the iv>pectai)le tipplers," for whom our friends plead, migiil he maintained a< surely, as if the Champaigne corks dew hy the dozen in the Kossin House. We rather turn to the opening sentences adminihly expressed by the (^iieliee Mrrcuri/, and beg that, inebriety may l)e looked on and treated " less as an intentional e\il than as a manifeststion of disease, the cure for which must be sought in the same class of remedies as those which are a|)|)lied to ordinary insanity;" and we earnestly ask that the same care may be ix'slowed on this recoverid)le class of Lunatics as is so proptjrly bestowed on others, ami that they be not consigned to lails. THE UKUNKAUl) IS VERY OFTEN DESIROUS OK UKFOUMAIlON. It seems to be ;i tnUh that, a human being wlios<' conseic'nee has l)cen once touched, with a sense of the value of virtue and good living, who has in short had his moral facul- ties at all excited or awakened, is very seldom indeed altogether lost to proper feeling. Crimes of the darkest dye may shiU up the loftier sentiments and attrd)utes ol the soul, but through the dark ai'..i dismal night which excludes the light of the Sun of Kig' leous- nc^ss, there steals a fe;'ble thread-like ray aw akening the slumbering c(inscicnee, in the hour of loneliness and relleetioii arousing the enuuiry, " what am 1, and w hither am I going?" — the dei'pi'st villian may be unule to think and to humble himseii too as he thinks, and those who have had umch expericnee with drunkards, know that in vers many instaiu'cs they are keeidy sensible of their fault, and would most thankfully submit to ;my resiraitU which would save them from the powi'r ol their enemy. Ililherto the tendency ofour moral discipline although imu-h improved, has nol l)ecn to make d<'lin(|uenls lliink suliieient- ly on the nature of iheir vice, nt)r has the christian public aided as they should have done, in enhancing the value of those rewards which the autliors of moral rclorm liiive inslimied, for bettering the condition of tiiosc who eitlier Irom hereditary predi-|iosition, or Irom want ofpropir moral training fall into evil ways. We generally lori^^el that the laiills ol men uniy freiiuently proceed from imperfect developement of their moral iinaliiies, Irom w.uil of instruction in youth as to the perfect nature of that moral lili' which is alune eon- ilncivc to the attaimuent of perfeiM happiness, and althouulnl be true that there is diliiiiiliv in approaching the minds of young people to lay bare the eonseiiucnces which llow irom innnoral indulgences of every kind, we believe that it would be better to br:ive the dangers that may arise from this source, and let youth know the certain (l;mi;("rs that beset their path, than to leave them in ignorance of the consccpienees of exce.-^. The mere love of al- coholic driidis seldom induces a man to yo on in a systematic eourse ol drunkenness ; for the most |)art the career ol' wickedness is ushcri'd in by other mistaken ;md improper courses, begun in the school or by evil assoei ition, until, step by stcj), the liital passion is lixed. And even when the liai)it has be(M)me " a second nature," how t'rccpuMUly does the victim struggle against it, and how keenly ali\e is he, to the daiLv^ers of his position ; and we believe that there is no one, more truly conscious of the enormity of the misery which awaits him, than the drunkard liimself. It would be strange indeed if it were not so, lor even in degraded criminals the lio|)e of reclamation is never entirely lost, and no one seems to be so ulti^rly liirsaken as to be dead to the sense of virtue, unless he per- sistently ami wilfully rejects every effort made to change his stale. Mr. Maliew in his 22 " Crirniiiiil Prisons ol'Londdn," makes tliis very iipparcnt, niul wi; would particularly bor- row t'runi liini ohx'rvaiious wliicli arc nol diily iiisiiuilivc but suggestive. Mr. Maliew lakes llie ease ol ilie nuu-(ler(;r IJislioj) atid \\i\\> eoiunn'uis oii it. " .Jolin JJisliuj), the num- ster who uas exeeulrd lor the cruel uuutler ol the llaliau ho} wfiiiiu he burked in order to secure ilie price oi ihc body iu 'die school of anatuiuy was, willioul (;.\ce]jiJon the most tiiushetl ruliian witinn uiy uieniory." Mr. (Mioterlon \\ ho was in ciiari^e ol' hiiu say.s " Ho was a uiiui oT jioweiiul liiuue, ol re])ui>i\c counlciiauce, and ol' brutal address and man- C'oiisiyued to uiy eliaj'L;!' on couuuaiid, and with the dinn-tion to ha kept apart, lie aiul indulifinii' iu the I'rossest laui/uat't' ners. ation? b-- ) entered tlie prisou utterinir oatii> aud exrci wiiile he assaih'd tiie subordinate's and even uiyseli' w ith menace and delianee. ilo had received no provocation, but gave \t'y\\ to ilie irrisi>libh' briMalily of his nature. Fourteen days of exclusive' self-eoinuuuiiiig incarceration, pioduced in this abandoned c'riiuinal a change so marked and de])res>ing, as to conNiiiuic ;m instructive commentary upon the wear and tear whicli unrelieved lellcction will produi'c upon a guilty mind. Uisho)-) was by law, entitled to supply hiuiself with a generous diet, and Iu; was permitted to t;ike daily exercise in the open air, uulI to have an auijilc sU|)ply of books, sotlial h'ebleness would not havt; been indiu'cd by diminished snslinaiiee, nor be nderable to any tlmig else than the terror resulting from solitary ruminations. Certain it is, that iron-souled nusereant became so meek and subdued, so prone to tears, so tremidous, and agitated, that at the end of four- teen days, w hell he was again sent up to ihe I'niiee-ollice, he couki hardly be rccognizetl us the same coarse ane dormant faculti<'s, aud intensify their ac- tion, what great liojies may we not have lortiiose who wiiatever their fallen state, are seldom sunk so low as lo be lost to all sense ol virtue. Wf are inclined to believe, continues Mr. .Nhihew, that iliere is a greater (h'sire lor religious consolation among fallen men than is usually supposed. Indeeil it is our creed that men oflt'uer det'ci ve themselves in this world than they deceive oilnTs. It siiould be borne in nnnd, that criminals are essentially crea- tures ol impulse, and thoiiiiii liable lo bi' deeply alfected for the moment art: seldom subject to steady anti permanent impres>ion>. Siill, amid all this lickleness of purpose, and its eonseepieut semblance of hxpocrisy, and amid too, a large amount of positive religious training and deceit, there are undoubii'd eases of lastiu" clianges having been |)ro(.lueed by discipline." When we lo(ik to the ell'cel of diseipiuie on the mind as carried out in the American I'risons we; Jind the same conclusions arrived at. The chaplain of Auburn Prison writo : — " In iienising the ri-jjorts of the Insjiectors, as far ba<-k as th" year 1S17, I discover thai the subject of the govermiieut and dixipliue of our prisons lia.s been more or less dis- cussed : and the power of kindiies-, and tlu' iH)Wt'r of bi'iital force, have each hafi their advocates at dilferent periods. I ad\erl to this point, because the systt'in of discipline which may be adopted is so intimately and \itally connected w ith the reformation and moral imjirosemeni of theeon\ircc, harsh- ness, and especially inaumanily, has a direct opposite tendency and clli'ct ; thus the hitter measure conliicting with the former, and in many cases entirely j)reventing the philanthrt)pic design of our Slate, the reformation and future usefulness of the convict. The idea has aborU been exploded that the prison is a place of torture, cruelty and brutal inhumanity. The effect of such treatment has always been to exasperate and harden the convict, ajid excite in liim a ispiril of revenge and retaliation. 28 " My sentiments on this subject perfectly accord with those expressed in the report of the warden in the year 18 IH, as follows : — " ' Altlioiiijli piinishiiieiit is soinclimcs iirccssjiry, it is not the only ini^ans of main- tainini,' order and kccpiii^; up disi!ipli cannot be rcf'onncd, i)v scvcritv. ii lie II) (iiir prisons. wrn Clin I IS liclir\i(l 111 I 111 are to redeem and n are not so hardened I' iiiulirr a:id imlili'i- ul)|i'(is ol'discipli I'orm rallier ili:iii |iiiiiisli oircadi'rs. All the iniiiales of our prist e ^ovcnii'il, tlii'v ne )ns and ahaudoiicd a-^ iioi lo lie wiiliin llie reach ol moral ell'orl. and their reformation is not alloi^^cthci- as liopdc-- ;is many seem to sii|)|)()sc. 'I'licy ari' men, and possess the feelings and sympathiis ol men : and many ol llicm cim he inlluenecd by the same motives which inlluenee oilier nun/ " Tlu' fact is now well c>tal)lislieil ilmi ihc sy-lem ol pri'^mi dix-ipline depends entirely for its success ami ellieieiicN iipun liie ihlelliL;ence, ilie >a:^-:iciiv, and ihe moral influeiR'c of llic otiicers w ho have ilie immediate (•hal■^'e of the comieis, and upon the prudence and exemplary conduct of all those who li.nc daily intercourse with ihem. So far as iiiv l%nowledife and obserxation cvtend, the discipline now in operation in this prison, is characterised by mildness, JirmiM ss and decision — thai ii has been ol' a sahilary nature in li;ssciiine; ollenccs, and thai in all cases die refractory oll'cndcr has been made to see that his piinishmcn! is necessary, riirhi. and just. " From the great miiiiber ol iiilemperale persons who lia\e heen amuially comniiltcd to our prisons, it is I'vident thai llie trallic in intoxicating li((Uors has not only been tlic cause of inlemperance and paiipi'rism, but also of a large amount t)l crime.'''' The Chaplain of Cliiilon Prison writes: — " The reformation of convicts, however desirable the ^\■orl< appears, is one attended with peculiar dilUculties. This will be re;idily coiicedi'd cvi'ii by tliose wlio have but a iinnted actpiainlancc w illi iheir history. Main/ of Ihc iiniialcs <;/' our /iri.son.s iirc J'ciblc in tlifir menlitl vujuicilivs and liinilcd in Iheir inlvlltctudl (iciiuircnicids. Of the tiinda- menlal princi|)les of morality lliev liaxc hut little knowledge, and they have lived w itlioid stdijcction to moral restraints. Their passions ami appetites, uncontrolled h\- reason or revelation, have made ihem familiar with deiiradini; and ruinous \ ices. They have not been instructed in relalion to tjicir duties lo llienisidvcs, to (iod, or iheir fellow -men. In this moral condition, so darkly shaded, are found a large niuuher of those commitlcd to prison. " Another but much smaller number havt^ received religious in^triiclion : llicy have also been taught in onr common schools, ;md ari' in many respects (inalified to manage common business aflairs with propriety. Of some lew it may be said, dial iheir lalents and inl(dlectual attainments are above mediocrily. II lliey had bet n virliioiis in iheir lives; if thidr ])assi()ns and ap|)eliles had heen wisely controlled, thev mighl have occupied stations in society honorahle ami iisel'iil to ihemsolves and others. I}iii the power of 1em]itation h.'d them to force the harriers of reslraini, one criminal act lia> heen followed by anotlier, until as imprisoned criminals tjicy are compelled to suHIt the punishment justly awarded lo transgressors. " The severe mental srdl'eriiiirs experienced by such men iiiiisl in all prohahilitv be great, and known only to ihemstdves. What they once were, and what they now are, furnish themes of relleetion not to be avuided, and which must be attendetl with the most painful regrets. " Many of the inmates of the prison are noi >o hlind to the ruinous coiise(|ueiices of their vices, as not i'recly lo acknowledge the neccssily of reformation. I'urposcs of reform, most si'rionsly expressed, ;u'c not uncommon. A large number intend to avoid the committing of crimes by w liii h they will become exposed to tlu; dri'aded penalties of the laws. A smaller number intend that hereafter they wdll walk in obedience to hn\s human and divine, and thus become thoroughly reformed in heart antl life. It is 24 intensely ilesirnblr that reformations, as a:rcat as any i>ro|)oxecl or inicndcrl by thorn may soon bfcouic appari'nl, ami then thfir examples furnish tlie tvidonnc that the work is fully coiiiplcted. Mm iiilcndrd reformations at souk* fnlurf day ^'fnert^My fail tc he aecoiuplished. The time, I'avoralile nnd eonvenieiil. '"..i >.'id(im arrives. ' We imaiiine liial enough is addiieed terlion of a letter received from the Chiel Superintendent of the Luii;iiic A-<)lMm at Toronto. It is scarcely necessary to add, that Dr. Workma.n having succeeded in makinj^ the institution over wlTu'li he |)resides a model of excellence, as far as the construction and si/(! of the l)uilding will allow, is an autiiority whose opinion s^hould have weight. 'PiMVixi lAL LrxATie .\svi.r.v, i "Toniiito, 4th Sopt. ISd'J. "UkaI! Siii, — I Ikivl' 1 11- full- nil' yniir iiiL\il;ii' ivliitiiig tn the iiistituti'm ii' t'anml.i of usyltniia for a oi'i'tain i-lii.s.s of iiiotiriiitis, on tlio merits of wUicli you Ir.wf riMiiu'st^d mo to .^tuto my vii'W.-,, " My tiiiK' (loos not peniiit me to ciitoron tlio «nl)ji'i't .^o fully as I uiiylit otlierwisL- tVi'l th-pos'jd ; ami 1 must ]iray you to ri'tiivo, with duo allowiince for their dofocts, a few luariod ruuiark-s. " Vou .say that " in ui.-uiy instaiR'o.s the ri'sideuce ot i>ationtH would he cumpurativoly short." If so, / fear tho risnlt.s woidd be almost vauioh'ss. The lialiit i>f de.sperate intemperance eaiinot hi; .'subverted in a lirief period. Not only would I advi.se a lOii/nii'itin lii linii/ reside. loe, lint also thai the ri.sideuce should lie compulsory and under magisterial eonnnitment. Tf otherwise, it wiH ne found that the r'-iative.s will, in nineteen instances out of twenty, in.sist on (lisclu.rgo after brief resijfiiee. I'erl.aps a partial corrective or preventative of this evil might behadina bylaw, prohibitiuj; re-admission of patients taken oiii contrary to the advice of the medical superiiitendent (for I a,)prehend your projected i>.sylunis wuuld oe under medical charge. ) "lolijcct tfi local township asyhnns : they would lie .■..//(^■iioi^irc/;/ very expensive aiul very oadly managed. The philanthropy of mnnici)ial bodies is, in my estimation, clo.se akin to " tender mercies of the wicked ; " and who does not know that pnvacy of residenco in a vil'age or rural s|Kit, is an i!ni>os.-iihility. I believe in the privacy of living in a crowd: a popudu.s town w lulo be iiiy choice, Hero 1 under the necessity of seeking seclusion for .any friend of mine. t)f cours.;, £ would strin-^ently exdude visitors having no liusiness with tlie institution or with it.s patients. "You say the people taxed for the support of sucli ir.stitutions would feel directly interested in promoting the suppression of the habit, /. '., ot \ntoiiiperance. If tlio tax fa'l wholly on ihe ra.inufacturers and vendors of intoxicating drinks, there might be some ."how of argument in your assiniiiifcion ; but tlio taxpayers are not (to any noticeable extent) the li(piortraprescn- tati nf Hritish and Foreign Spirits entered for consumption in (.'atiada, tluring the yi'ars IHo.}, 185 1, and 1855. { 1853. |! 1854 . Quantity. Value, QiiiUility.' Value. I " I il I 18 5 5 QuiuUitv X'lilii Average for 1853|'54,'55 Quuiitity.' Value. Giilldus. <:. GiiUoius. * r Gallons $ c. Mn,J.;l t:, 1711.418 1 ■J2.S,77h 93 ■J.i'.M .".tl l,M47 j 2,;i83 30 i;7,si-u ■:>< \:'.',i'.i3 ^ (•,■2,1133 30 6I,7.")7 21,h;i4 -In ■ f.3,854 21,803 12 i 37,7117 21.i:.-l i:'. ;"2,10(i 21,717 38 324,1175 '.I7,S14 33 7ii3,313 240,322 20 I 83(i,tl8i; : 3i;ri,l.si) Hil H21,4r„S 2:;4,430 13 Giin(m.-i. Unuidy 147,828 139,5(15 00 21,"j, 113 291, 500 17 148,31 Cdrilmls 1,470' 1,054 52 2,858] 3,400 85 1,211 Gin 129,274 51,707 52 1 lii,548 ' (i(i,.3(Jl 00 1.30,05.; Itum Wliialiey . . . Wine 358,471 205,230 07 424,124 ! 297,082 20 ;' 344,408 ' 305,813 OO 375,008 > 209,407 33 Average number of ('.aUcins uf Spirits luiported niul Manufactured during the >''i"-" ^ 4 d.r,;; .-,54 (j.,llon3 1853, 1854, and 1855 S ' " '' _ Deduct fur Exiiorts 9,570 Quantity consumed in One Vear. takiiit; tlie average of 1853, 1854. ami 1<.'.5. 4,043.984 Gailmis lonsd Puttius till- |irie.' at ,V.'n pi-'r giiHon, wnuld give a sum of .>;2,42i;.390 exiieii.l.'il in (inc year, exclusive of Beer and Fcriuenleil I,ii|Uiirs. By reference 'o llie T.ilile, it will lie seen that tliere had lieen a gradual increase in t!ie amount of Whiskey im- ported during tin- ycar3 1853, 1854, and 1855. Co.MPARATivE STATEMENT of llic nuuibcr of (ialKm- of I'ic.df Sjiirils di-iillcd in the Province (if Canada, in the years 185J, |.S.-) J, 18,") 1, and L'S.").^), together with the Number of Stills, and animmt of revennc derived thcrclnnn : Number ot Stills. Number of Gallons .M.iuufactured. 1852. 1853. 1854. 1855. Can'aDA E.ast . . . . i (Ia.v.vu.v Wiisr, , . , 128 10 129 10 112 too 1852. 4i:!,iii 1853 1854 1855. 683,012 ; 008,i;94 "■1.720 ,145i;80 '■ 1,923300 j 2,011,882 Total . 135 139 ! 122 115 2,495 983 2,728,' ,92,000 2,703,002 We arc indebted to Professor IT. V. Hind for tlie fdllowiug facts published in the Agrii'itlluri.'^t, October, lS(i2, whilst these sheets are ptissiiiLr tiiroiigh the pres-; ;— " Last year (18(11) ii|>ward-i of one inilhon, three hundred thoioami bushels of grain, ami four luindred and fil'ly-hve tlidusand l)iislu>ls of unit were consumed in nninufac- luring spirituous and malt lainors. '['he munlier of distilleries in Canada West, in 1861, \\\\>i seneiiti/ ; in (.'aiiada F,a>t, ,/b!//-. 'i"he ciiiantities of the diU'crenl kind-^ of grain eon- simietl in this way form a cnritms table, >hewino- the various sources tVom wiiicli the pcisoned cup is lilled to overllowing, and how sieadily the producliou is increasing year l)^ year. " The following table slio'vs the (piantities and kind of grain used for distillation in Canada, during the years 18,")!), 18(i0 .and 1801. No doubt much that goes to the distiller is of inferior quality, and scarcely fitted hir ;my other purpose ; and if the product obtained 26 by distillation were only used for manufacturing purposes, there would be no one to regret its final disposition ; but wiien there is no doubt whatever tiiat a laige proportion is employed in llie inanufaelnre of intoxicating liquors of the worst (leseri| lion, there arises a subject on wliich llie piiilanthropist may amplify to the bcnifit of thousands of his fellow- countryimn, and the relief of society at large. USED FOR DISTILLATION. 1850, Bushels. 18fiO. lilSllKLS. 18G1. Hi'siiEi.n. !Mah .. Wheat Karlev Kve.' . II J,C:)1 22,2iU 47,(i»7 I 1 ')4,,>>H6 Indian Corn oll,H|(> Peas 1,880 liiiekwheat 1,532 Mill Feed i G3,4.-)7 Oa's 2J1,3.J5 Po' ativs 25 M.)lasses or otlier substances j 37,706 108,347 100,603 2I,02> 22,490 4J,II2 27,256 179,027 233,554 40!),79.) 542,989 4,816 2,851 2,812 2,494 88,622 92,637 416,744 323,955 1,391 64 20,794 The total quantity of grain used for distillation in the same years was as follows : Bl SMKLS. ISliO. I!ri-iiKL8. IHIll. Hisiii i.s. Total of Grain 1,208,909 ; 1,275,288 r.MllntT). Oillcn* 1,348,883 Proof Spirit distill(«d ; 3,239,870 : 3,327,819 3,817,660 USED FOR BREWING. 1 859. IRGO. Number of Breweries in Canada West » " " East 128 22 122 21 18GI. 138 Oil Total 150 143 160 Gallons. Quantity of Malt Liquor produced I 3,488,271 ' Bn?lir1>i. Quantity of Malt consumed 326,834 Gallons. Gallons. 4,249,934 i 4,898,995 Biislicls. 386,624 Biisliels. 455,001 "The total q'lantity of grain ani malt employed by the distillers and brewers of Canaia in the three years before named, is as follows: — Bushfls. IRfiO. Busliels. Total quantity of grain and malt consumed ] 1,535,743 i 1,661,912 ' Gallons. • Gallons. Total quantity of spirits and malt liquors manu-! j faclured ' 6,728,141 | 7,577,753 1801. Bushels. 1,803,884 Gallons. 8,716,635 27 " The excise duty last year on spirits, at 6 cents a gallon, amounted to $229,050, and on malt liquors, at one cent a gallon, $48,989. " We cxporl a iiktu trille of i-pirits and mall liquors ; hence we may assume tiiat the produce of lliis country is consumed at iioiuf ; and, therefore, the average annuiil (jiKm- titv of beer and spirits drank by eacii individual in the Province amounts to nearly seven callous per annum. But the returns are for proof sjjirils, or about 50 per cent, iileoiiol, and 50 per cen;. water. Whiskey — the eomnionest form in which >pirituous liquors are consumed contains rarely more than from 25 tp 30 per cent, of alcohol ; eonsequi nlly, allhou'^h a very considerable margin is allowed for the employment of sp rits in manu- factures yet it appears tlial the averagi! amount consumed In ivery imm, woman and child in Canada exceeds nine gallons per iiimuni." That this stale of things can be left unredressied is impossible ; and the alarm becomes greaier, when it is considered thai there is ii much laager consumption of spirits and malt in Western than in Kasteru Canada, as appears from the amount of capital employed, from the statistics ol crime and otlences, and from the geiu'ral characler ol the |)opulal,on. We heartily couuuend to tiur Legislatm-e the concluding paragraph from the Journal of Agriculture : — " It is certainly one kinti of progress — but not of the kind which would be seli'cU'd by preference — that as a people we have grown to such an I'XU'ui in liiile more lh;>n ( nc veneration, that we are able to consume, in the shape of alcoholic li(juors, manufactured by ourselves, more human food than our forefathers could raise throughout the length and breadth of Upper Canada. We have made vast progress in creaimg maieruil weahli, but it is also apparent that we have made e(iually great progress in intemperance. In a former article on the Cultivation of Wheal in Canada, the gradual disappear.iuce (jf that cereal in Lower Canada was adverted to. It will not fail to strike the reader who m; y glance at this page, that no increase has taken place in the number of breweries ui Canada East smce 1859. In that year there were live distilleries in the eastern half of the Province, now there are only four." Mr. Grindrod, in his prize essay, says : — " At a moderate calculation, it appears, that at least three-fourths of the poveriy existing in our nation arises tVom the intluigeii' e in intoxicating liquors. It is a matter of deep regret that so large an amounl of d.sUt'ss should be produced by the consumption of an article j)ureiy luxurious in its naiuie. St, eh, however, is the fatality of mankind, that an evil which has ever aiii.cied hiunan Lcngs in the direst form, is not only voluntarily allowed to exist to an unlimited exienl, but its use is absolutely fostered and encouragca. In England alone, the poor-rates return ol 18J2 state, that £7,036,968 were expended for the relief of the poor. A large portion of this poverty is well known to arise from the consumption of ardent spirits. That this inler- enee is correct seems to be proved by a recent statement, that of the numbers of the citizens of London who belong to the class of strictly temperate, a fractional proportion only are candidates for relief from the Poor-law Commissioners or Work-house lioard. Again it may safely be said, that the quantiiy of grain used in distillation, is wasted not only as food for man, but curtails his ability to procure an increase of food csseniial to his maintenance. Taking the instance of Canada alone, we find t'-at the consiimpiion of the coarser corns employed in distilleries, in the manufacture of a non-as^iu^laLle beverage, and therefore wasted as food, costs $2,426,390 a year. Now, expend this \ery sum on feeding sheep and oxen for the markets of the country, and how largely would the supply be increased, besides removing from the people the provoking cause ot a large outlay for purposes arising out of the abuse of drinking strong liquors. But not only must we consider the waste of moans in money to the country, we are also to take into account the waste of human life. In an admirable table, Mr. Grindrod has shown how the bills of mortality fluctuate in accordance with the rate of consumption of spirits :— 26 '•Thert' is ii vory interesting article in thf .VpiH'iidi.t to the Ui-purt nf tlu- New British nnd Foreigi Temperance Souioty. Tlio ol'JL'ot of it i^, to show that tliu nuinhi'r of iliatlin and l)iirials in Loiiilon, tor more than a century liavo riton imd fallen, accordini^ to tho fauilitii's j^ranti'd liy f,'ovt'niinoiit for manufacturing, vending, and pnrcliiniiif,' siiiiitiinui liiinor:*. Wlifiu^vcr tlicj^overnniunt, to satisfy distilk'iN and von lors, opuiiud the Hood gates and sulhii'ud tlioiii to pour out tho poison upon tliu couiniunity, then th.i bills of mortality invarial)ly arose ; und whou tlie evil became too groat to be borne and tho gcveiniueiit laid on a heavy iliity, and checked iinport.ition, ainl hodgi'd up the trallie, tliun tho inor tality was les.seiied. Tims in the seconil year of Williani ami Mary, an act Wiis passeil avowedly for tlie purpose of eucouraiiin;,' tlu' liouio manufacture of spirituous liiiuors. Distillers became so expert in their business, and .sold their iiuuinfactures so cheapo tiiat the poor began to drink it extravagantly, to the destruction of health, morals, and life. In the year 1720, the bills of uiortulity rose to 20,7'^2. That year the government interposed to check tlio evil, and imposed a duty l. But the duty was so olmuxions to the farmers, that it was reinoviHl in 173'J, at which time the mortality was l.'3,3ri8. The nation went again to drinking, and in 1732, the mortality riise to 20,2r>;{. Again in 1757, when tho mortality of London was 21,313, the distillation of home spirits was suspended for three years, in conse(iuoiice of a scarcity of grain, and a great diminution of consumption ensued ; men could nut poison themselves as rapidly as before, antl the mortality was, in 17i)7, 21, 1513, and in 17o8, 17,o'-0. In 17tiO, distillation was resnmcil, and the mortality increased in a year, 12;}0. From tliis period, drinking and death, inaiiitaimcl for many years a nearly uniform relation to each other. In 1702, there was a, great increase upon the preceding year, in the consumption both of spirits and small li(|uor, and tho increase of mortality was l-to;*. In 1700, di.stillation had again to be suspended from the scarcity of grain, and the mortality of Londi>n sank bSOl. In 1801 was another .season of scarcity, and the mortality which had risen to 2^,tt08, sunk to 10,;{70, or ;t,()02. In I80:i the duty was advaneeil, and the consumption, and mortality, sunk together. In I8;il the Beer bill flooded the kingd(im with beer ; the consetineiice was, that while the mortality in 18o0 was on''- 21,045, in 18151 it was 2r),;!;)7. And le.st it thonld be objected that a largo city cannot atl'ord a fair ; [)ecimen upon an entire country, of its drinking customs, the fol- lowing table is given to prove that, not in London only, but throughout England and Wales, an augmented consumption of alcoliolic liipKirs is ever succeeded liy an augmented mortality of the people. Not in tho order of nature, not by the visitatii.'ii of fJod, not by pestilence, nor famine, nor the hardships of poverty, do they perish — but by a plague their own hands have prepared. No. Year. ^. \ X"- 1 Mortality of Malt Liiiuor. | England [ and Wales. Increase of Deaths. Decrease of Deaths. 10 1803 1804 5,353,300 3,078,679 2,573,002 1,508,009 7,243,344 7,045,103 203,728 181,177 22,551 1808 11 . 1800 5,384,304 630,340 2,174,751 2,100,(J25 7,281,603 200,713 7,105,920 101,471 9,242 1813 12 1814 162,101 4,053,706 :{,044,680 3,332,183 6,838,705 7,056,744 180,477 206,403 10,926 1825 13 1826 3,055,232 7,407,204 1,080,807 3,082,033 7,086,414 8,416,042 255,018 268,liJl 13,143 " Tho numbers in the Hrst column, saj's the compiler of these statistics, will guide the reader to the particulars of e icli epoch, as we have already described them, in treating of the varying mortality of London. The elt'ects of the Beer Bill, in 1831, we are unable to exhibit, there being no returns in exist- ence of the burials, through 'lit Enyland and Wales, for that year. With this unavoidable exception, wo have been .so fortunate as to in-ocure tlie necessary inl'ormatioii for illnstiating the periods (jf change since 1801. It will be seen how |)iecisely they accord with the results we have already obtained from the Metro- politan bills. We need only add, in further explanation, that a period of severe distress, in 18(J0, arising from the high price of grain, increased the mortality throughout the kingdom, but es])ecially in the country districts, and thus the beneficial etl'ects of diminished consumption are less strikingly oxliibited, than in the preceding period of 1803-4. " But neither this table, nor those which have preceded it, show more, bo it always remembered, tlian 20 an incrernrnt of rvnfha, reuniting from an iwrfmail nf co)iiiitinpti'i)i. Tho rral amount of ilontlia produced by iiitoinpurunco, us wo uUervutl bolurn, tliuy do not show. Tliat amount rt'inaius wholly unknown, wholly incalciilalilu. •'Till.' siilijoct thiuH presontod itt, certainly, worthy the uttontioii of tho philanthropist, thu Christian, aud tliu patriot ; and tln! iminiiy ouj^ht to l)u prcMOud homo to uvury nmii's bosom, it i;, iKit thu duty of every govoinmcnt ho to It^gi.-dato as to pivsurvo tho lives iii tho cilizons / ll' thoy may kyislatc »o as to koop out yellow fever, plagu), and other di-tiuctive evds, may they not, ouj,'ht they not, to keep out thoae alcoholic poiauns, which till vuyards witl. their deluded victimu /" VVf Hi'v. what the cost of drunkenness is lo ii counlry both in life and niean>. Now let lis approxiniah? the proijahic expense lo ourselves ol' llic clllirt lo rcclaini. The dietary ol" llie instiluliun would iiiun; or less pariakc ot the (•hara<-i(r of llial, in use at our public hospitals or our lunatic asylums; and, as an averai,'(' calculation, we may to a great extent be guided by that in use ut the General Hospital, in 'I'oronlo. Including the cost ot" servants, hirl, lighting, water, and a steward and lesident inedicui sujierintcndent, we njay caleulale that the annual outlay will nol be I'ar short of jCJ,()1)(). Mr. Hrcnt, the excellent aeeountani to the (ieneral Hospital, has furnished tin- fol- lowing Table, shewing the cost for the inainlenaiiee of the General Hospital : — TORO.VI'O GENERAL HOSITTAL. The cost of maintivunng each patient luia been : — Cost of diet, 8^d. ; Expense of Institution, Is. 7^*1. : Daily Expense of each patient, 2s. 4d. — about £44 per Hiinuin. The DiKT llol.i, of the Hospital for the year endiiis,' 31st December, 185!), shews an expenditure of £1,184 "s. 4d. Estimatiiij^ the average innnht r uf jnitii nt^ ul !(0, it gives as the liaily cost fnr each, T^d. Tho items of outlay to be included iu tho cost of uiaintaiiiing the Hospital are as ftillows : House expenses £2,37'* !• '"> Medicines, Wines, w diet is 4 oz. The total ((uantity of Bread cons\imed is 30,002 lbs., giving as tho daily allowance about 14i oz. Spoon and low diet is 8 oz. The total (piaiitity of Milk consumed is 14,301 tiuarts, giving as tho daily allowance .about 14 oz. Low diet, 2 oz. ; spouu diet, 4 oz. Tho tl<' cxix'iih' per patient, sinrc many ol' thi' cases would ri'(|nirc lK»:ii in (liciil trfainn nt and nouii-liin^' il.ut. TIil- eusl ol maintenance ol pat;eni> at ilic (i •ncial llos|)iial, viz., JL 1 1 p.r head, is caused in groat measure Ly the want ol' pi-ovi>ioM lor proper healing atui veniilalini,', antl the great si/.e of the buildmg in proporiion lo ilie niinilier-* admitied. We may, with tliese facts in view, assume lliat tlie (O't of p;ilieii;> uMih'r a proper system would be about £.iO |)er head; if so, the cost of iiiaiiiieiuiiu'e of lUJ cases in the asylmii would be about i;3,U0U per unuuin. i; E N K V L !■: y T i .\ s r i t u t i o n s. Name* of Iwstititioss. Pniviiic'ial l.uniiiii'A»jliun,roMiito X'liivi-rtity lliuiicli ui» OillliH vlu (lu F.iri .Mitlilt'ii ilu H.;iM|iiMt di) Il...K«uiiil U.> M.cniir lln-pilnl, Qiit'iu'O ... (.^KiltildUiir il(> Oi'uaaU iHle ht. Juiiir.> A»yuiin lu 5 *l:) IIH is i i 201 2!l u 4T §7 ' 1 . fli7 2IM I.HU Hi ll«l ;ui ib u llllO :iiil Died. — IT » •" < 42 437 1) UMJ M 4.7 II M 3.i 23 i 40 Tuttlcoat. Total uuat i'aia b; ut III 1 tliu a.iiiiM^ or Male, j pnlhiitn pt.T Ih-UU. 5ll,MU IIV I ( tl.tUll uu < lU.iililiU ( ITS OU I 1)11,7 tt (III ! 5ll,MUIIV 401 U.UJII oil j 111 ioli uu I •mi I I'l.uusini is.Uuiiuu I m m *J,7 u^l.iii.: iiu tM.iij^ uu A 14s U s7 I I M , I'.iiii IIU lu.us; uu 44 ' MMIIU I 8,S3ltUU 14 M Coat per liiail lu lliu Mute, • uli. ma 3» t)7 89 148 a 14 13 1U5 AS HOW ARK WE TO SET ABOUT TO RECLAIM J HEM.? The (luesiion is iruh'ed too comprehensive to lie answered in such a communication as this ; we can only venture to indii/aie how we may make a partial attempt immedi- ately to save a lew, alihongli we may reasonably iiope that tiie moral lesson to be drawn from the atti'iiipt, will not be lost on many in the present, and on very many of the rising. Two inliuences may be broncht to bear upon men, that of the Church, and that of ihe Government: we shall take the latier first. It is manifestly the duty of the state to eonserv(! the morals of the people, for the end of all good government is tlit- wel.ireofthe citizen. Without therefore entering fully oni the subject ol the duties of the state, we may briefly observe that it is no part of its duty to oiler the slightest eaeourageinent to the exist(>n(;e of evil either directly or indirectly; hence it docs not seem to be an act of political wisdom to raise revenue for the use of liie state, by dt.'ali.ig directly with articles the usi; or introduction of which into the country is fraught with bad results. A valuable exanijile in illustration is furnished by wtiat look place in Ireland;* "corn had been litile cultivated and a slight failure of the harvest entailed on the country great scarcity. In the early part of the eighteenth century the Irish legislature directed attention to the best means of increasing its growth. Acts for the encouragement of tillage were passed. The manufacture of spirits became a popular measure, not only as a means of increasing the growth to come, but as an ellicicnt and powi.'rful method of augmenting the revenue. Men of enlarged views, witnessed the encouragement thus given wiih well-founded apprehension. Unfortunalety for Ireland these fears were realized at an early lime. The revenue in I'lld, produceil not more than jC.)785. The consumption of foreign and home-made spirits in tin.' year 17J9, was l;i9,lo(J gallons. In 1795, the consumption amounted to 4,oOo,l 17 gallons. In 1731, the inhabitants of Ireland were estimated at 2,010,221 souls, in 1792, at -l,08tS,2J(i, souls. Nor was the enlarged consumption attri- butablt! to increase of wealth, tor other artielesof luxury do not appear to have increased in any similar jiioporlion !" We purposely allude lo ihis lauientublu instance of mis-directed (Jnndrod, p. 219 81 policy, bcrfiHSf th**»» t •l»^ng ^frr 'tation on nur own Finnrioe Minl«^f>r!« fn look nhrx^it I for some Iruitt'ul sour. »( r^ vcnu' orii wliicli ilicv riiiiv oMa ti lilllf !><• fW^rt-tl thii our netcxsi- tifs are drivini? us itiii. tlbe adopti i of -on- iiwffionni ' mod* liir ohliiining supplies. If is not our province? to consider this (|uc-iii j» ^ politi ,i one, I" -oU'ly ris rclalini; to the moral condition of ourselves as a pi-op kiJ \\r mot help itiiriMiij; llial as seen from this point of view it would have a i.''" lU'cl ori (Kipnlnr mind, if we alislaitieil frotu recof,'nisinij at all the very present' \ Disullii - imiuni,'si us, an. I in place of putting a tax on spirituous liipiors, put it on all Unids > ^raii d oilier arli( les used jti the manufacture: and hesides deniandin<,' a higher lieeii^i ,m taverns, disrnrraiieliise their proprietors, and render their occupation disinsteful in liie eyes ol liie peoph'. .\t present the pojiular mind is not sullii-icntly impn-ssed wiih a linowlcdyc of ihe enornM'v of the sin ol drunkenness, hecause there is not sutlicieni punislimeiii uieied nni lor llic ollcnee, and it is ^ralilyina: to find, that some of our judiies are lullv alive, to ijie need for refor- mation in this iriatler. In France it is the custom lo license houses of the most oh|cciioii- ahlc <'liiiracter, atid to compel the inmales of such phu'i's loohtain a license, and alliiou^'li much may be said in favour of the lalier |)raciici' on ilic populace diminish rapidly the desire for sironii; drinks and we may liclievc this to he the probidile result, since il is foun I tint the tr ivellers alou.j the lines of railway oommunicalion, as a sjeneral rule, invariably prefer tea an i colf'e ai the sioppiiiLT [ilices, lo the whiskey and other drinks a few yeais aijo aloiu' to he h id at the hi.'hway inns. In addition to this, it is worthy of considerali()n whether it would not he jiidicions to li.ive two scales of license, — one al a comp iralively low rate, for iieer, cider, 4i:c.. ;ind the weaker French wines, and another at a mere noinin il rate for houses al which wo ild he -old tea, colfee, an I cocoa, &c., and thus m irk in the luin Isof persons the clill'ereii:-e that w cmld sensibly be felt to exist between liic two km Is of taverns. We cannot I ul think that the institution of such measures of a practical kind would resull in ^ood, and that ihe llii,di- landers pjrace would soon cease to be said : "Oh, gie us rivers o' whisky, chaiiMcrs o' snufl', an' tons o' ic>baeea, a |)re!id an' o' a cheese as piai(l to lie rediieetl to iliiil »taie nt mind wliieli renders liim, in the eye ol' the law irri'H|)oiif«nes> in w hieli all 1,'ood resolves melt auav, and moral I'oree is overwhelmed. Ueduted in such a eonditiou, thousands are annually plimyed into ruin, and their liimilit s rendered rniseialile ; pro- mise after promise lo reform is made- and made Iti he hrokeii. In ilie laiii,'uare of tin editor of the (ilobe newspaper : — "The evil of inlemperanee still e\ists ihron;;li e\ery yrad' ot ilie eoimmmily, destroying its vielims hy the thousand, earryiny; misery and dri,n'adalioii to families wlio, hut for its inllnenee, mi:,dil he happy, prosperous and re^peeialiii'. In one pliase>, MO ordinaiy temperance ori;ani/.alion has been found alile lo grapple w iili ii. Il is Irue, lliat many ineliri iles have lieen lelormed hv the Sons of 'rempcraiice and oilier bodies of a bke kind. liul Ijiere is a clas> be\oiid the re;icli dl ilieir elUirl-. We mean those w ho become *ii be-olled b\ drink as In be utierly uiiaiile lo maintain an inlelli'.,'enl eolllrnj of their own aeiions. K\ery reailer imisi be alile to recall w iihin his own circle of ai(piain- taiu'cs men who have become so tliorouijhiy the sla'eof the drinkiiii,' habil, thai no considerations of personal interest, no entreaties of frit tciiiplalion, K\cn w iiile devirin:^' to avoid it, i|s presciilalioii lo iheiu appears always suliicicnl lo make them yield to ils inlliienei's." Dr. iJarclay, in his Icciures hefuri liie I'hilosophieal Instilule, dbserves : "There ar(^ druidiards who are no lomjer responsible agents ; we call them oiiKintdniacs, or (li)iso- nionidcs. 'i'liey drink because they cannot help it ; they have no longer ihe self-control w liieli denoles >;inity ; they do nol drink for pleasure — they drink as often as they can, w licMc\cr iliey can, and as much as tliey can. No rejiard lo piililie opinion or common di'Oeiiey, or domesiic lies or religion, or the certainty of impendin;,' ruin or dei,'radalion, or even the fear of dealli, can preveni ilieir drinking milil lliey can drink no longer." .\nd olhers can leslify thai lliey have seen poor wrelclied beings lying on the bed of death, whose whole llioiiirhl was "■ for one, only one last drink." Secondly. The man who iriily desires to reform his lite, and rid himself ol a icmptation whicli will in the end lead him lo deslruetion, is capable only of judging whal i^ his true interest, when in calm and lucid moments, his moral nature |iersiiades his w ill, and eonseienec rightly decrees llial lo be freed from sin is alone true freedom, it is al a timi! like this, ihat man should yield himself up to the dictates of approving reason, and volun- tarily submil lo lliose reslrainls wliicli are essential to his reeo\ery. Does \u>\ Cliristi- anily teach him even lliat wliii-li ihe ani-ient heathen philosophy inculcaied : — .N'.im cur, Qua- l.Tdiiiit iiciilnm, festiims (h^niere ; si quifl r-Nl iininiiiin. iliirurT cviramli Itrniuis in iiniium? Iiiiniiliimi facti, qui ra'iiit, liabet ; 6ii|ieie uuile, Iiicijie.'' The resolve to amend being taken, let a too bold ennfidence bo hushed, and a distrustful sjiiril yield itself lo a well-appointed discipline. Vo mere human ellorts can possibly reclaim fallen human nature, therefore it is essential that we one and all submit to those reasonable restraints which the law of God imposes, and which a Christian see If 'y IS u nd er (il)li''alion to see carried out, and to be the instrument for carrying out. ■t ^ And it is because we fail to recognize the power of the Creator in the light employment 83 il Inrccx — hv IH't'CS- .11' would nut iii'oiiiisc ol iciisiHi ,111(1 |(;i>NJi)ii, would ifovcrii iiien .> in this \v;iv lii' liaH of monns that wo diMnist the cfTirnry of ihosr aids to reformation, which arf t\w. dcvc- lopenrii-nt and inMlitiiliori of Chrictianily. lint lor {'hrJNtianily whrre would have been our lio>|)italf<, our iinvIuiii!*, ;uid other ('liri>liiiu iliariiifm ' TlioNf, who Ironi the UMlurluiiali- iircinii>laii(t's of their lallcii stale, may liave a phieo of rcfuire from their lemplaloti ollered to them, we would impro^ with the Kpirit willi which it i?< de^ cjiii well lie imai,'ini'd. The fact is, that u hen a legislator threatens u iili penalties those who iiilriiii,'e a law, or pronuses rewards to those who olx'V it, I"' has no thought of eoiistrainiuu', as with physii'al loree, those to whom he od'ers this two-fold sanction of the law; his oidy intention is to yive rise to hopes ;iud foars which may, in tia- case proposed, act its motives on their volition. Me takes men an tiicy are ; he ^^hows th'iii, if he is wise and just, irhal is their diil/f, their mil interest ; he calls this a hiw ; ami then to enforce the ohliijation which this duly imposes, and strcntihten the desire which their interests awaken, he siipeiadds |)romises and ihreuts. IJocs this imply that lie considers men as puppets? .Inst theco I'rary. If he thought men machines, he wouhi not attempt to eidorre the law l)V exllitii'' ' to them il-> iustiee or expediency : tnr llii'se con (piions of the reason do not :iei i' sary impidsjon. He would not menace tliem wi' r • rewards : for menaces and jiroudses art only thrcaiifh i ' and not as a coustraininir loree. Tliis is the way in me attempts it ; and W Ijen he secures their oliediellfe, |i done it ; ami herein is iliscosered tic true and prop^i .' "ainntf of the words i^orernment and (>l)eiliciu('. These words, in their proper aceepiiiion, imply the lilierty of tin- sidiject. Whoever, then, asserts that there lati lie no such, tluui^ as f^'overnment, if man is a fri'e beiiii;, places himself in dii. et opposition to coumion I'orms of speech, and to the only true meaning of these words, fforcniiiiriit and oitv/Zc/icc, which, far from <\cludintr the liberty of the governed, necessarily implies it, and never could have been invented with- out this idea of liluMty. " Such is till' dili'erence Ur\\\ fi-n /ihf/sical and /*io;y// govcriuiienl. No man of common sense can fail to perceive ii tlislinction w liicli is clear as the day. To inlliuiicc and to compel are two wholly dissimilar acts. 'l"o be subject to inlluence, a beiiiir uuist be supposed to have faculties a{ comprehenHion and tA choice, in a word freedom of the will, ("ompulsion supposes iiothini.' of the kind. We i-ompel beings who have no intelligence, no frei'dom of choice. We inlluence beings who are I'lidowed with these capacities. Sup|)r(>ss the ideas of liberty and of intelligence, and the word //(//(/(vu'f hasno Icf^iiimate sense in which it can be applied, any itiore iliaii the words, goi'ernnient, or obedience, or a thousand others, with which all languages are tilled, and which are genuine product.s of our moral nature." We have been asked, " Is it intended to take a man and place him imder restraint for being drunken.' Is \\v. a slave .'" We answer in the saying of old, " What makes thee a slaves ? Not Nero ! for he is a slave as well as thou ! Not fate ! for thou art not bound to be a «lav(' ! Not Clod ! for he w(mld not liave tliee a ,«lave ! It is thysef.k !" And it is to enable the slave of Intemperance to escape unto the perfect law of liberty, which he is under obligation im|iosed by his nature to obey, that we desire to remove him from the dominion of passion. If we are to persuade men to be free to practice virtue, we must, too, urge them to submit to the dominion of moral governiricnt, for they are under obligation as created beings, and are only free in fulfilling the end of their creation; for, says Cousin : — 34 " Oliligation implies liberty ; where liberty is not, duty is wanting, and with duty rii,'ht is wanting also. Moral truths are distinguished I'rom other truths by the sinajular cliaracter that, as soon as we perceive them they appear to us as the rule of our conduct. U" it be true that a deposit is made to be remitted to its legitimate successor, it is necessary to remit it to him. To the necessity of believing, is here added tlif nt'cossity of practising. The necessity of practising is obligation. Moral truths, in the eve of reason necessary, are to the will obligatory. Obligation has its foundation in the necessary distinction between good and evil ; and is itself the foundation of liberty. If man has duties, he must possess the faculty of fulfilling them, of resisting desire, passion, and interest, in order to obey law." Man is a slave in desire and passion, he is free only in will. Acjain : — " True activity is voluntary and free activity. Desire, is just the opposite. Desire, carried to its culmination, is passion. I am no more free in desire, than in the sensation that proviiles and determines it. Will often combats desire, as it often also yields to it : it is not therefore desire. We do not reproach the sensations that objects produce, nor even the desire that these sensations engender ; we do reproach ourselves for th(> consent of the will to these desires, and the acts that follow, for these acts are in our power." IltTc then truly is there a law of the meml)ers warring against a law of our mind, and an explanation of the truth iliat U) he tempted is not sin, but to yield to the temptation is sm. It is then only by the supremacy of the enlightened will, it is only wlien the moral nature is really and truly illuminated, and receives implicitly those lessons of truth which it lias the capacity to receive, that man is free. The will is enshived when uniler the dominion of desire. I am only free, when in the supremacy of will I may follow that which is good, for by this can I alone satisfy my moral judg- ment, satisfy my desire truly, obtain the good, and enjoy an approving conscience. If man had not the power of will, if his will was not free, then his moral accountability would cease : but behold the great mercies of (ioil — he U-aves not man to himself, he not onlv sees him in the possession of a will which is truly free, is likely to be enslaved, is prone continually to bring him into captivity, but he surrounds him with inthicnces which tend to strengthen and feed the power of that weakened will, and to maintain it supreme over desire and passion. Ii is alone on this view of our nature that we inter- fere in the moral improvement of our race, it is only by recognising the fact that, man has a will which enables him to choose between good and evil, that we can appeal to him to eschew evil, and to learn to do wtdl : and it is also by the employment of appointed means, sundry and diverse, that that will is improved, and when awakened, strengthened. Are we, then, as Christian men under obligation to take the slave of passion, and surroundini( him with wholesome influences, to endeavour to strengthen his weakened will ? Can we place the victim of intemperance in a better position than that proposed, by which we may restrain his desires and encompass him with moral influences. The wholesome dread which most men have of the "abuse of power," leads them often to question its legitimate e.xercise, and we are not surprised at liearing numbers ask " does the proposed plan of reclamation of inebriates imply that, it is to be a purely voluntary act of submission on the part of the intemperate person?" We venture to answer that it must be both, and in many cases would comprehend the perfectly voluntary surrender of the individual, to the .system of discipline intended for his recovery. But even here there must be no mistake, one of the most serious evils both to the Institution, and more so, to the individual, would be the injudicious interference of friends, and the resistance of the inmate himself, to a sufficiently prolonged detention within the walls of a Reformatory. So soon as the immediate effect of the debauch was over, or through duplicity, (the intention being to plunge again into the vice) the drunkard ! 35 might demand his release ; under such circumstances one of two courses may be adop- ted, either he may be allowed to depart with the distinct knowledge that, he will not be received again, except under a greatly increased ciiargc, or his detention must bt; under the sanction of the family, and a magistrates warrant, or by order from a judge. In some cases it may be essential to the preservation of the means of the family that, the properly should be placed beyond the drunkards control, and in every case requiring sueli de- cided steps, we presume that, a warrant might issue to detain the person under diseipline, until positive improvement could be recognized. As compared with lunatics, tiie deten- tion would be comparatively short, but few p(>rhaps requiring more than a year or a year and a half residence ; so that, there is the greater nece.-isity, to exercise a restraining in- fluence over intemperate persons if they are be recovered from their tenijilation. In reflecting on the doctrine of JouftVoy, the drunkard and those who act for hiin, nuist remember that the peculiar weakness whieii exposes him to ruin and shame, is that irom moral declension and physical disorder, passion predominates over will, he lacks that power of self-control which is his only safe-guard. Intlamed by desire, notiiing stops the mad craving which besets him, tormented by moral and physical infirniiiy, every thing that is truly good and dear to him in calm and healthy moments, is surrendcieti, and heaven itself would be forfeited for one single draft of the fatal cup. Let the following speak for itself: it is from an address on the state of the London poor delivered by Mr. M'Cree ; this gentleman showed, how the drinking habits of liie peoj)ie blunted their moral characters, and instanced a case where he went into a small back room in which there was no bed, no tai)le, only one chair, no lire, no food. Hehiiul tin- door was a mattress, on which lay a child covered from head to foot with tlic small jjox, with a piece of old sack thrown over it, and a naked iid'ant crawling about upon it. As he looked he remarked to the ])erson who had brought him, what a shocking s(('ne it was. "It is not so shocking as was seen here last night," said the man, " Mr. So and So brought a clean sheet and wrapped the child in it ; but when the father v.wur home he pulled ort" the sheet, took it away, pawned it, and spent the money in drink ;" and yet that man was earning 27s, a week. He had a wife who was at that moment beg^^'ing a morsel of bread in the street ; his son was in prison for picking pockets ; and his (i;m;;liier was that morning before the Magistral'- at Bow Street, charged with buri,'lai-y. Such was the home of a working man earning 27s a week ; and I do not hesitate to say that that man and his family would never have descended to such a depth of dey;railation, if it had not been for drink. I thank God that I was induced to take the pledge 2.') years ago, and look upon Temperance' as a tree planted by the rivers of water which would bring forth much precious fruit at a jjroper season." This is, unfortunately, no very uncommon case. \ot six weeks ago, a man holding a good situation, from which he derived income suflicient to enable him to support his family in a comfortable cottage, and in respectable circiuusiances, ])luni,M"(l them into degradation and abject poverty, by a prolonged debauch ; causing the loss ol his siinition, the sale of all his household eflects, and the casting out of his wife and children on the streets ; a clergyman was obliged to go, late at night, looking for shelter for them. 'I'he experience of medical men, and of (clergymen, will enable them to testify to the \s ide- spread misery and cruelty which results from intemperance, and conscious of the evils which accrue to society at large from it, we are confideiv 'la* they will most heartily recommend and second such measures as will sutFice to "< -irair ind check its further development. We cannot resist extracting a remark by a writer in Temple Bar Magaziiw, by way of answer to the anxious enquiry which many persons put, with respect to the kind of supervision which it is proposed to exercise over those who are to be entrusted with the admitisioa and care of inebriate persons. If, says the writer, we look at the obstacles to 36 improper admission, we shall sec how unlikely any improper incarceration can be effected. " In the first place, if a desire is felt to lock a person up who is perfectly sane, the certifi- cate of two medical men must be obtained, which has to be endorsed by the medical attendant of tiie asylum, and forwarded to the commissioners of lunacy within seven days of admission. The (•ommissioners are bound to visit the asylums in the metropolitan districts four times a year. These visits are made at unexpected jieriods. They do not trust the reports of medical nu'n : ihey keej) registers ot iluir own, in which the names of every person untler restraint are registered, with their own private annotations at the side, and they examine every patient personally." Such arc the safeguards placed around the patients in England. If, however, it is a matter of conmion jubtJce to throw every safeguard around those who need protection from violence and wrong; it must also be remembered that, in a large number of cases, the unfortunate family of the drunkard requires as much, and more than he does, that the arm of mercy should be interposed to save them, and in saving them, so too, to ])reserve from most painful retleitious after- wards the author of the tnil brought upon the household. Surely it we understand the meaning of the wf)rd liberty, it does imt imijly in any sense the power to infringe the legitimate rights of our neighbour; true liberty comprehends the idtimate gouil not only of the one, but of the many, ami il is impossible to conceive true liherly as comprehend- ing the unrcstrainc'd actions of the imiividual. Individual good, and the general good, are inseparable, and no soc'iety suilai)le to man, uiuier the Christian dispensation, can bo imagini'd, in which the gtwd of the indivio d is to be alone recognized, and that of the many only seeondarily eonsidered. The father of a Christian lamily, from the very nature of his relationsiiij) to the family, is only free in so far as he is luitilliiig llie iluties of his station ; he is under oliligations which he is not at li )erlv to tlisobey ; and il is no violation of his freedom to call upon him to diseharue those duties. In slK)rt, lihvrtij, under some circumstances, becomes licentiousness, and the Ireedom which was given to accomplish the end of human existence, viz. : the greatest good ending in the greatest ha|Ji)iness, is lost, and the most intolerable slavery, tl\e slavery of the will to evil desires, and the subjugation of others to lln' jjassion of one, and that one debased, is substitutetl for it. We therefore infringe no moral law when we impose restrictions on the drunkard. Mr. (irindrod observes : "The distinction or line of iiartilion between drunln crimes committed in a slate of actual intoxication and under tiie eonse([uent state of excitement, and such ;,s are j)erpetrated \\hile labour- ing under »if(Hi"o « /w^w, or delirium tremens, at an indufinite period subsei|ucnl to the alleged intem|ierance." " According to the law of Scotland, as stated by Mr. Alison : ' D;unkenness is no ex- cuse for crimes. Hut on the other hand, if either the insanity has supervened from drinking', without the jiannels having been aware i'..at .'ueh indulgence in his case leads to such a consequenci' ; or if it has arisen from the coud)ination of drinking with a half crazy or infirm state of mind, or a pre\ ious wound or illness, which rendered spirits fatal to his intellect, to a degree unusual in other men, or which could not have beon antici- pated ; it seems inhuman to visit him with the extreme punishment, which was suitable in the other case. In such a case, the proper course is to convict; but in consideration of the degree of infirmity proved, reeounnend to the royal mercy.' — Principles of the Criminal Law of ScoUaml, p. G.") J. " In the Island of .Iim'si^v a law exists, by whieli an habitually int'^mperate parent may, on sufficient evidence being adducetl, be dreprivcd of the guardianship of his children. This judicious law was put into execution at no very ilisJant period.* " Drunkenness may correctly be considered a" a ,)ecies of voluntary insanity. A question therefore arises wli(Uher, under such sircumstances, it would not be justifiable i 37 and humane, on the part of the loi^iislature, to enact such a measure as would place persons subject to fits of inti-mpcrancc nnder temporary confinement or control ? The question is one of great importance. A law, indeed, to ihis etFect would be not only an act of mercy to tlie drunkard himself, but in iis operation it might be productive of a salutary induence in restraining the prevaienee of intemperance. It is a common [)rac- tice, states Dr. Maenisii, in the West of Scotland, to send persons who arc excessively addicted to drunUcnncsN, to rusticate, and learn sol)riety, on the islands of Loch Lomond. Two islands are appropriated lor the purpo^-, where the 'convicts,' remarks this well- known writer, 'meet wilh due attention, and such indulgeiicies us their friends may think proper to atlard to ilicui.' "f We have so far spoken, not we trust unnecessarily, of the duties of the state, we cannot close these remarks without vcntiu-iiiglo exhort the church to do its duty fearlessly. VVe have no hesitation in saying thai, the dcryy themselves have it a good deal in their power to repress the loocommon tise of alcoholic drinks for whether we (>penlv confess it or not, they have an important inlluenee t)ver the minds of men ; and if as a bodv they made the introduction of wine at their tables the exception and not the general rule, ii of itself would be an exhibition, tlic moral of which would not be lost. I know that the answer to this proposition invariably is "am 1 my brothers keeper" must 1 debar myself the temperate use ofajjroper stimulus, because my neighbour is fool enough to take it in excess.' perhaps the lime will come at which v.c shall tind that to a much greater extent than we imagine, we arc each one of us "-our brothers keeper ;" and it may be then that, the full intent ol St. Paul's holy words will be understood, " but if thy brother lie yricved with thy meat, now walkest thou not charitably, ilcstroy not liim with thy meal, for whom Christ dieil." Aiielves> at her altar, while under the dominion of a niiscralile and sinful passion. Not that the clnireh is to blame for such a sad state t)f tilings, (or so lonjj; a^j ilie civil law is a bar to efficient discipline, clergymen are detered from acting, least they should be pun- ished for doing what really is their duty. Perhaps with greater freedom of action and dis- connnected from the State, she may prcs(!ntly impose ti-vms of comnmnion \\ liieh under her former condition she could not impose or enforce. Want of discipline Ims \vn\ tin; elfeet of allowing many a soul, to go on in the indidgcnci; o( sin which might liave been resis- ted had the firm administration of the law of (i:xi been (jxercised, and until men are made to feel that vice, such as drunkenness, is an offem e to God and man, they will not realize its enormity. And as to the Government if the repression of intemperance eannot bo effected by legal enactments directly, ne- crtheless indireetly much good may be done, and we may call attention to the report op licenses issued by the Corporation of Toroifo, in which city it will be found are licensed 302 Taverns. Tile General Inspector ol Licenses presents his Annual Report of Licenses issued by him for the year 1860, as follows : — Xo. L'censea. Amoun.. 302 Tavern Licenses $1 IjffjO 00 11 Tavern License Transfers iS8 00 108 Shop Licenses 3,810 00 1 Shop License Transfers H 00 Billiard Licenses .'90 00 2 Ti'n Pin Licenses , 10 00 1 2 Porters' Licenses 1 1:0 00 4 Livery Licenses 1 1.^ 00 47 Butchers' Licenses 17 00 67 Batcher Shop License 2G3 00 1 Circus License 1 20 00 1 1 Auctioneers' Licenses .,,,.. ibO 00 1 Pedlar's License 20 00 1 14 Cab Licenses 07O 00 200 Cart Licenses 844 00 922 Licenses ..„ §18,(500 00 General lnsj)eetor's Office, Robert Beard, Toronto, 31st Deeember, I860. Gen. Insp. Licenses. This table shows the facilities given in Toronto for drunkenness. Now whether it wonld not be an improvement to take away from the city authorities the power to issue licenses for Taverns and make it a Provincial License is a matter de- serving consideration, for so long as tavern keepers have it in tiii>ir power to influence the polls so long will they continue to increase in numbers and gather slrengtli to be exerted in a mischievous manner, this coupled with the previous recommendaliou to disfran- chise every tavern keeper, and owner of taverns, would have a powerful elieei in dimin- ishing their numbers, and their importance to the political candidate for elec tioii. Lastly, il may be again asked, why not str.ke at the root of the evil, and prevent by legislative enactment, the manufacture of alcoholic drinks? We answer tlict such a consum- mation is perfectly impracticable anywhere, and especially so in Canada, cv in any country with an extensive frontier. Abolish the distillation of whiskey in Canada to-morrow, and on the following day, the Lake shores on the opposite side, would bo lined with smugglers 89 g nt ready to carry on illicit traffic, and shops for the sale ofpatent medicines would be opened, at whinh stimulating potions would be procurable at as cheap a rate as plain whiskey is to be obtained now. The system of legislative repression has been tried and it seems hopeless to make men sober by any legal measures. We must influence their minds, by appealing to their better nature, by holding up to them the fact, that all good men recognize the deelurutions of Scripture against drunkenness to be true, and by relorinative measures, and by i'orec of example, persuade the people, that it is an evil which must be re- pented of, if they desin; to be respected in this life and happy in the life to come. And siiall we not recognize, the benefit which must result, from the establishment of asylums ; How many minds inclining to evil at the early period of life, will receive a cheek, when they see standing in the midst of the land, " The Asylum for Drunkards .•" what a visible protest against Intemperance; and how much more readily may we influence youthful offenders by sending to such an asyliun those who now for acts of intemperance are placed in the common gaol, to be degraded both by the punishmeju, and by assoeiation with tlie most corrupt criminals. It may at first seem an expensive process, but we simply a.-k our statesmen and the right thinking amongst our citizens, to consider what large sums, the Prisons and Lunatic Asylums cost the Province, and to remember that a large number of their inmates have been the victims of Intemperance. The Provincial Penitentiary, containing 784 souls, costs the >tate jj,87,22'." the Reformatory Prison, Penetanguishene, $18,947 ; and the Reformatory at Isle-aux-Xoix f 15,009. The Provincial Lunatic Asylum, Toronto, costs $56,889 ; and the expenses o( the Gaols in I'pper Canada stand at $72,334, Toronto alone paying in 1861 the sum of $11,430 for its prison expenses. The probable cost is $180 per head, according to the able Report of the Inspi^etors of Prisons. The totals of Lunatics admitted into the Asylums of the Province were, in 1861, 1353. The following figures exhibit the yearly number of Imprisonments in the Common Gaols of the Province : In 1858 there w.^re 10,483 imprisonments \ ^•'I'^'' ?^"='t' ^vfn ' ' I Lower Canada, 3,1)97. I iQrn .1 II 101 ■ • , S Upper Canada, 6,586. In 1859 there were 11,131 uiiprisonments v, ' ' ,. ,','.,, ' ' ^ Lower Canada, I, o4j. I tani^ .\ iinr'ci • • . ^Cppcr Can.'ida, 6,370. In 1860 there were 11,268 miprisonments s , ' ' ^, , ' ,'uno ' ^ ^ Lower Canada, 4,898. I tor^t .1 ino'jr, ■ ■ . \ Upper Canada, 5,67 1 . In 1861 there were 10,872 imprisonments It'' ,. , ' ,- „>i ' ' ^ Lower Canada, 5,201. And we append the Report for Toronto, which is instructive and suggestive. NATIVE COUNTRY OF OFFENDERS FOR THE YEAR ENDING 31st DECEMBER, 1800, TORONTO. MONTH. J.inuftry . . February. . March .... April May Juno July August . . . September October . . November December . Total '- - ■ — - _-- ._. Irish. Canadian. ENOLisn. Scotch. Amekican. (iEBMANT. m m 1 ^ od ej a "3 5^ Q " i*^>^ .'■>2b Jm'ie ' 3 Si....: 335 82 317 " :iii tu 40 " 7H0 . . . . 398 Jiilv ; 2 2 ' .. i .. • 237 101 I 33S •• 40 to , 10 " 435 145 Aiipust ■ 4 1 : 5 I .. i 2S2 I 130 I 418 " oO to (10 " 1,30.... 38 September • 2 '..'.. 210 136 340 " 00 to 70 " 44.... 18 October I 6 ■ 2 .. ..174 inol 2S3 " 7U to 80 " 17 8 November 10 2 14 4 197 105 302, December 3 .. 7 .. I.mi |w 278 Totul 2521 1275 Total 50 18 30 5 2."i21 12T5 3T90 Total Males ami Females, 3790.* or the Mah I'rUoiie-s, 20 wore brought ii)! twice, 10 tliiice, IJ four lime?. 8 live times, six times, 1 seven times, 1 eight times, aiul 1 nine times. Female ^ri^otler?, 49 twice, 28 thtice, 20 four times, 17 live times, 13 bi-K times, 9 seven times, eigUt limes, 5 nine times, 2 ten times, and 1 eleven times. _ Dnmk ur ctlur Disuiderlj- Ci udiict. 'I'ntal (Mleiicos. MONTH. January .. Fobniufy .. Maicli April May .June July August September Octubei" November.. December.. Total . T. X a ale i g fa 75 50 50 50 blf 05 118 83 121) 80 111 fiO 104 72 110 8(1 IKi 00 •Hi 80 no 59 87 70 I — 1 Females. Boys. 1- 1,".8 , 70 ' 237 145 80 14 245 17,'f 130 14 317 232 104 15 351 248 • 110 304 '*;i2 ■ 82 3 317 23.i i 101 3 338 200 ! 130 13 ' 418 200 1 130 1 346 100 ' 108 9 283 102 105 i) 302 173 08 o ' 278 1100 880 2430 1275 Here, then, art" fads a1 \vlii''h the mind is shocked, iiiiil it is iiKlcoil attention was ypcfiaily dirccicii lo our yoiitlirul popiilatioii, timl tliat we i far as possible to keep llieiii fioiu the eoniiiion uaols. Tiie iiiipoftanee of young may ho shewn by refeiriuc to Mr. Mahttw's tables, taken from 'l851 (EnL'landV AfiES OF I'lUSONEHS IN KN " 875' " 40to45 " 1,278 " 70 to 75 " l.Tto20 " ,5,081 " 45 to 50 " 820 " 75 to 80 70 years old 132 73 20 to 25 25 to 30 30 to 3," 0,400 3,003 2,402 oO to iio 55 to 00 CO to 05 084 333 207 80 to 85 85 to 00 00 to 95 23 13 3 1 Per ccntage of persons between 15 and 25 to those of all ages, 48 7. • These results nrc in exact accordance with Mr. Mahew's statement, t Note that of the total 3,796 offenders, 2,065 were drunkards. 41 As regards the criminal period, atliis Mr. iMaliow, we find upon calculating the ratio between the criminals of diU'erent ages, that bj I'ar the largest proportion of such people is to be found between the ages of fifteen ami twenty-five. This period of life is known to physiologists to hr that at whiili the character is developed. Up to fifteen, the will of the individual is under restri'int, and somewhat in abeyance, for the youth is kept under parental ctmtrol. After fifii -n this wholesome dominion is being shaken oHT. This is the most dangerous time of life to every man — it (s a term of great trouble." The ratio between the population of fifteen and twi-nly-five years of age and that of all ages throughout England and Wales, is but I9() per cent., whereas the ratio between prisoners from fifteen to twenty-live years old and those of all ages is, for England and Wales, as high as 48-7, and for London lO't! per cent. Anyone the least conversant with tin; habits of our population, knows tiiat it is at this very age that the vice of intemperance begins ; the boy wislies to be thought a man. and .iju's the follies of the full grown adult, and, with the |)assion of youth, enters on a headlong career. How necessary to snatch these brands from tlie burning, and instead of waiting to punish at a later day the burglar or the murderer, rescue tht; youthfid aiul deluded devotee of pleasure, so miscalled, and teach him by i thorough system of moral discipline to feel and to know the value of a moral life. The law may reach the youth or man who presents himself to society in an intoxicated state, and may, as it ought to do, treat tiie oH'enee as a serious one, and tne habitual drunkard may be placed under temporary restraint in a gaol or lunatic asylum ; yet we cannot but think, that until strong measures are taken early mischief will go .>n. To prevent drunkenness simply by a law against selling strong licfuors is imj)ossible, therefore the only ri'ally humane plan, as well as thi' only rational one, is to provide a retre;it for the drunkard. Public opinion is loudly in advance of legislation in this matter, and the government which is first awakened to the necessity of providing for the recla- mation of the inebriate, both by establishing asylums and by punishing intemperance us a serious evil, will earn for it.seif the lasting gratitude of the people. With all the facts before us, and knowing what human nature is, we ask wiiether it is right to permit (even if it br. possible in Canada) individual efibrl to grapple with the ditlieully. During the present half century, liie lunatic asylums have been taken uniier government supervision, and for reasons which are j)a1ent to every body ; and it is to be feared, that if inebriate asylums fall into the hands of private and irresponsible persons, objectionable uroeeedings may arise, fraught with the most serious, if not disastrous conseiiuenees. After the inunediate violence of the temptati<.)n is over, or after the fit of delerium tremens has passed away, whi(;h caused tlie reception of the patient within the rooms of the asylum, it is more than probable, that in many instances the person would desire to go home again ; or, indeed, may be sadly annoyed at his admission into an institiuion : what right would a private suiperintendent have to retain such a man in I'ustody.- or, supposing that he did retain him, what guarantee would he have that he would not be punished ? or what guarantee is there that cases of wrongful incar- ceration would not be practised .' On these grounds alone we confess tliat we see grave diifieulties in the way of the establishment of private institutions. But :furlher- more, of all classes of persons, the inebriate requires tlu' most careful systematic moral discipline and watc^hing, as well as nicely regulated |)liysieal training and dieting. To place him, therefore, in any sort of building not specially adapted to his wants, would at once |)revent a proper classification of the patients, and frustrati." all hopes of making the institution not only reformatory, but self-supporting, which, we believe, in due time, and under a sullieiently large scak', it might in part become. It surely would not be wise to take individuals into residence, merely to keep them in confinement and from the pot-house. Constant employment, bodily and mental, adapted to their capacity and power, must of necessity be enforced ; and how can this 42 be carried out without .>e necessary to state that we do not quote the passagi: lo sanclifm any system of se]iaralion of a liarsh nature, but merely to show the beneficial effects wliich follow on rellection and retirement lo the (juiet of the closet. " It sliouki," says Mahew, " be borne in mind that it i~ impossil)le for any one to repent of his past misdeeds — to be overcome with remorse for an ill-spent life, — and vet be lively and happy over the matter. Crief necessarily has a tendency to depress the mind and body, and so too, mcmtal or physical depression has a tendency to induce grief: consequently, there l)i'ing here a state of action and reaction, it is but natural that the dejection or lowness of spirits residting from separate coidineiuent slioukl induce sorrow for the pasl, and tliiit this same sorrow again should come to iner(!ase such dejection. Whoever became a better man without lamenting his past transgressions? If, therefore, we really wish to excite in the mind that state of contrition which must infallibly precede all reformation, if not positive conversion of character, we must place the individual in precisely those circumstances, which will sitvc to depress his haughty nature, and to humble the proud spirit ; and this is just the efTcct which, according to the medical evidence, the system of separate confinement is calculated to produce." As it is not proposed lo sanction a system of inaction, nor tofal dependence on the charitable provision of the Government, it is not to be imagined that all persons will be admitted at the expense of the country ; on tin' contrary, provision is made; for the reception of those " private cases " who should be charged hotel prices for their accom- modation, and as in the case of patients admitted to the General Hospital over and above "the free list," they might pay a moderate fixed sum towards their sup- 43 port. Again, as nlrondy hinted, in procoss of time the results of tlie lalnir of tlip poorer inmates might, to some extent, he rendered it nut very produetive, at least .*iiliiejenlly remunerative, to lessen the cost of niaiiitenaiiee in some degiee. It appears from the United Stales Prisons tliat those institutions reeeive considerable eontril>Mtions from the labour of the prisoners, as the following table illustrates : — Table exhibitimj th f. .itfi-iujc mcnthlij ij'jiiHKi:* itml (.iiiiiinijg iif larli cnHvici at tht Vlinion FrUon, VcliiUr Ut, 1851, In SijAaidwr 30, 1855. from Months. Total i'nrniiiits, iiicluiliiiKrurni pi'OiluctJuli'^ raist'il. 1854, October 'f^^,'■i'^ •IT November . . . 2,'yli'' 08 December . . ! Ji^iWU 00 1805, Jiiiuiary i 2, CM Miiv I 2,7J1 58 June I 2,212 20 July 2,151 03 August 2,1H4 05 September ..1 2,2U4 42 Number AverilL'C Total ejiiiMisc .\\'rn»(ci xpi'iise Av'raircei|ien«o III' euriiiiifrH, lur unlnmrv lur uriliimry I'otal cipeiise. oil total ennvictji. 1 »U|l|Jllil. sii|i|iiiit aliMc. expehUiturc, ^10 80.0 )j'4,C14 02 *20 97.2 *4,7!)5 27 1^21 79.0 22 J 11 X! 3,0H0 :ii 10 50. 4,240 05 19 01. G 220 10 12 8 3,714 02 10 43.0 3,9 75 50 17 59 227 1 10 72 2 3,0 70 08 13 50.0 3,2 75 80 14 43.1 22i» 1 !» 71.2 3,275 4.^1 14 30 3 3,307 17 14 70.3 205 11 -17 M 3,508 oT 13 23.8 3,550 30 13 39 7 201 'J 40.7 3.S.-,5 02 14 00.3 3,938 01 14 91.0 252 10 7!t.ll 4,112 94 10 32.1 4,090 27 18 21.6 205 ; 8 34 8 3,573 70 13 48.5 4,354 50 10 43.2 207 1 8 05.8 3,470 83 12 90.9 4,021 03 15 00 278 7 80 8 3,473 11 12 49.2 4 359 00 15 07.2 277 8 28.3 3,714 20 13 40.8 4,204 20 15 39.4 Farm productions raiscil, $853.33. (M. ) Statement exliil)iting tlie yearly, monthly and daily average expense for each convict at the Clinton |)rison from October 1st, 1851, to September 3Uth, 1855. Number of convicts, 2li). Total exi)ense $48,832 12 Yearly exjiense lOG 11 .4 Monthly average lU 3 l.iJ Daily average 53.7 (C. ) Statement exliihitinij the average yearly, monthly and daily available earnings, upon eonlract and otherwise, at the Clinlou prison, from Uclober 1st, 1851, to September 30th, 1855. Numlvr of convicts, 249. Total earnings, including farm productions and rents $33,227 56 Yearly average 133 44 . 4 Monthly average 11 12 Daily average ". 30 . 5 (D. ) Statement exhibiting the yearly, monthly and tiaily average of ])rodiielive and unpro- ductive earnings at the Clinton prison, from October l>t, 185-1, to September 30th, 1855. Number of convicts, 249. Productive ciiinings, including rents $33,227 56 Unproductive earnings 1,100 00 Total earnings I 37,327 56 Average yearly earnings, each convict 1 49 90 . 9 Average monthly earnings, do 12 49.2 Average dai'v earnings, do 41 4A It is evident tiiat on our plan it is necessary that the Asylum be surrounded by ;i sufficient ((uantity of land, in order that space may be had, not only for the buildings and workshops, but for garden and paihlo.-ks, extensive enough not only to furnish uien? eiu- ploymen' for some of llie palienis, l)ul to providi! some o| the articles of food, which would be cliea|)ly obtained having labour wherewith to accomplish the cidtivaliou. F'ortuna'ely in this respect there would be no great expense incurred. 'I'iie Public bodies (;is in the (Tily of 'I'oronto) hold lands which may be most usefully occupied for such a purpose, and aln ady private individuals have odcre(! free sites whereon lo erect buildings. \Vc trust, however, tiiat tiiosc whom the (iovcnuneni uiay iiitrusi willi tiie over- sight ol the buildings an as 'o l)c in any degree remuner- ative there must be room enough lo I'luploy the workers on a large and not a small scale. The design for thi' building, accom|)aiiying these remarks i< purposely so arranged, that it might be exiendcd, if foimd to accomplish llie (i)|<'ct of its erection, for l.')U jjalicnts or more, and in order to prevent the waste of means it is intend'-d to he larg(! enough to acconuuo- date, as we have already remarked, eighty patient.:, tor it will cost no more for heating, lighting, water, aiul proportionally less in all other respects, lo provide lor eighiy or even one hundred patients, than for lorty. According to Mr. Kaulliiiairs estimale, the proposed plans, including workshojis and gas-tittii:gs, &c., will be live thousand pounds, exclusive of land. So much for ihi' eslim.ileil cost of the iiislitution ; wheliicr it lie worth w hilt? to spend this money with a view not only to reclaim the driudiard, but lo keep them from passing on to our ])ris()us and asylums is left to the consideration of the humane, and to the rcHeclion of llie (Jovernnient. Give us even one such iustiiulion, and rcmemiier lliat in any attempt that is made to place men under discipliiu-, they should have; llie fiilii'st assu- rance that that discipline is solely lor their lia|)piness and ultimate good ; and it is earnestly to be iioped tli:i men high in aulliority, the judges of the land, ami the C'liiiucellor of the Province especially, should be constituted ex officio guarilians of those who are und r re- straint in the Inebriate Asylums, and this for two particular reasons : — 1st. To protect those within the walls from imjjroper detention or even wrongful admissiou ; and ind. In case of rightful admission, to insist on their reasonable detention till the probability of cure is efrcctcd. COUNTY ASYLUMS. It is proposed at present to ask the (iovernment to establish two Institutions to serve as models for the management and construction of others, as well as to illustrate the benefits which arise from well directed elforts of reclamation. It is, however, an o|)en question as to whether two large Asylums would be bclt(;r, one in each seel ion of the Province, or Asylums in each County to be supported by a local county rale, and therefore under the control of the County Councils. Dr. Workman's opinion, to which from his great experience I am inclined to attach much wiught, is decidedly adverse to the multiplication of them, and there cannot be a doubt that much is to be said in favour of his views ; others, again, favour the erection of buildings in the several counties as they may be required. Experience has shown that asylums for the reception of too large a number of indi- viduals are not advisable, and the best English authorities disapprovi^ of crowding num- bers into one building, be it ever so well arranged. It is therefore matter for njllection, whether, with the view to ultimate classification, it is not the best plan to comprehend the establishment of institutions in different parts of the country capable of holding two hnudred or two hundred and fifty each, rather than one holding four hundred and fifty. 46 As in llic casn of lunalic nsyluins, indiviiluals may hn passed from ono to the oilu-r; for Itip iiisiitiitions may bu so arranged in lime as to coniprclicnil tlio priiclical separation of classes in tlie scvernl establishments. We sluaild imagine that two good insiiiutions in each section of the Province miglit lie ail that wonld l)e re(|iiired ni present nnc for the reformation of drnnken and criminal cases, and another for the merely drunken cla>5L's not yet involved in crime. When, iiowevcr, we carefully consider the matter it would seetn to he the better course to establish, in the lirst instance, two (Jovernment .Asylums, which, iivctcd on the most eonvenit-'nt and earelnlly <-onslriu-teil plan, and phiicd under the lic-i supervision and control, would render the value of such .\syhiitis iipparent, cr on the ((intouv prove their iiselessness. .According to the ideal plan accompany in:,' this paper, llure would be aecomiiKJilation for eighty persons, a number sullieienily large to tot the riicriis of the experiment, and if tlw buildings are erected as they ought to he on a siilUcienilv largo space of land, say 10 or JO acres, it necessity demanded, iiddilioiial accommodation could be put up; and eventually it could be determined whether it would be wiser tu have county in-lead of two or three large institutions. ( )f cour-e the benetits imme liately to be derived from a large institution are very great. In liie tirst place, the comparative expense is much less : fewer mirscs, a less ([uantily of fuel, lewcr supt-rintendents, and, undoubtedly, ^m/^rr /jr/cor// and ^'/vr^/rr ecominni in the management of the farm or groutids. It secm^, thiicforc, tint iu cscr} point ol view it is belter to wait the action oi (iovermuent iiKiuirv bclore aiiv seilled deter- mination is arrived at, for this seems to be one of those :,'rerit (pic-iion- in which it is o matter of po>ilive duty on the piirl ot the l,ei,n>lalure to inteiTcre ainl i;i\c direction to pid>lie sentiment. There is a great moral cNpcrimeiii to be wcirkeil out lor the i'verla>liiig interests of the people, an experiment in ilsell' expeii>ive and bevmid llie eapaeilv of j)ri- vate charity to solve ; we therefore feel .assured that, sup|)oried as the -clicnir i>, by llw voice of the chief rulers of the people as well as by that ol the people at lar^e, the legis. lalure will not shrink from the responsibility of taking tlii' initiative, fraught, as the cliort is, with such iiiteresting eonseijueiices. Since, the greater portion of this paper was in print, we have received ihrouuh the kindness of ,lames ^McDonnell, Escp, thi' Hoard of Trade Reports for iStil. Il lurni^hcs a most valuable commentary on the condilion of the country : we can add iiolhing lo enloree the moral to be drawn from U, but in eoiielusion ask the Legisiatur-' ami oiIi.t iiillucntial bodies to study the contents of the Tables annexed, taken from these authentic (lovi'rnment reports. Can any thoughtbil person arise from the contemplation of them wilh any other conviction but that a people investing such enormous sums of iuf)ney in the mannfacture of intoxicating drinks, imisl become an impoverished pi'ople il the lolly is not put away from their luidst. The total (juantity of Spirits, Malt, antl Malt I.itjuor, for l«t)l, was !I,17I,(J.'JG gallons; and of Hraiidv, «7,-125 gaUons, worth ^r>J,8,>;5. In three years tlu- (iovernmeni have received, in duty alone, 'gi770,540..57 on spirits and lireweries and malt Tujuors, and on brandy ^8G,I32.7S = 'i5,86G,973.;5r). It is certainly not the least alarming feature to find, that during years of very living depression to every branch of iiidu.stry, a dei.>stable trallic making successful headway amongst us, and if it develops itself in the same ratio in the next three years woe be to the inhabitants of the Province. The Hon. Mr. (iait observes: — "The excise duties on stills and proof spirits, breweries and malt liquors, also show an increase during (he last year, the amounts collected from these branches of the excise Revenue being, for the last three years, respectively as follows : — 40 1869 $210,164.41 1860 ).»t»,l2H.r»7 1861 i.'H.j,;) 17.50 Table No. 27 show.. Ilie various descriplioiis ami the (iiiaiititic-* of ^'raiii and otlu-r substances used in distillation nnd browini;, anil aiNo ihi- (|iianlily '>! spirits ami inalt liquors produccil during oacli o( tlio yiirs above nifntioni'ii. 'I'lir lollowiiig (extracts of thul table shew u largo incruuBC in 18G1, over iliu two preceding years: — FOR DISTILLATION. Total quautity of Qraio. Proof SpirtU DiatiUcd. 1859. 1860. ; 1861. : 1869. | 18C0. j 1801. BuibcU. ' Bu8bel9. i Uusliels. Gnllons. Gallons. i Qallons 601,491 708,031 517,416 ; 367,257 919,219 2,170,48.1, 2,183,'J91 2,911,80 I 429,634 1,009,38C I,133,!j28| 905,763 Foil ItliKWIMi. Total rjiinntity of MuU. Malt Lii|uur. I ls,-.!i. 1860. liuebcls. , UuslicU. 1801. 1859. I 1800. I 1861. UualiL'li. ' Oallona. Uallona.' Qalloni. I ' I 209,111 231,174 287,4802,138,715,2.440,7452,923,440 ' i 117,000 152,450 lG7,312|l.349,52i; 1,800,144 1,975,585 1,208,009|1,275,28.'< 1,348,883 3,239,87('|3,32",81U|;l,316,81u| 326,834 386,U24| 455,001 3,488,271 1.240,9:14 4,.sy8,995 Ami, continues tli(> late inspector (jeneral, by a nt'ereiico to the couiparative table No. 3, it ^viil l)i' seen that the eiiiet artii'les upon which revenue lias been ilerived I'rom increased importations are Brainiy, Tea, (ireen C'otlec, Linens, Woollen, Hosiery, Fancy Goods, Earthenware and Glassware. From table So. 3, of articles entered for consump- tion, we find : — Articles. Qimntity. mro ) A'f') I^''''"" 'in, und irltn irmiUl ai.-ili to <(i2. 1 beg to express my entire and hearty eoncnrrenee in the object of the resolution which proachiiig meeting of your I'roviiicial .Synod — with my best wishes for lacliiiiL! y(jur suece.-s m the elloit you are making on behalf of a class standing very much in need of all the help which can be extended to them in their endeavours — greater in many cases than they obtain credit for — to break the tetters by which they feel themselves bound. Regarding you as laying the ct.mmunity under obligation liy your generous and considerate attomjit, be assured it will allord me pleasure to render you .any aid iu my power. Y'ours respectfully, A. LILLIE. De. James Bovell. Dr\u Sir, — I take tins me of your intention to bung the .subject of KiNOSTON, C. W., Sept. r.th, 1802. pportunity to acknowledge the recei])t of your circular, in which you inform vincial Synod of the an Amilidn fur /(o //m(|/i .•< befori the r Fnited Cliuieli of Knghind ami Ireland in Canada, at its next meeting to be held in .Montre;il. I am ha]ipy to inform yon, representing as 1 tlo the Hriti-sh American Order of (iood Templars, that in rpper Ciiiia.la we have a .Membcrshii) of 1«,(I(I0 and in Lower Canada 7,00(1, being a grand ti>tal of 2."),r)rinnent and pi'Ojile of the coinitry snppoi'ted by the influence of the n:iiii.',i and po.sitions of the mi'ndeis of the Knulish Clinrch. There is no class of the connnmiity that reipiires the symiiathy ;lit before the Police Cmi't, an 1 linl tliat the distress •■uid c.i'ime, in nineteen cises ont of every twenty, are tr.iceablc, either ibreelly or nidirectly, to intemperance. I tind also, that after a few years' indulgence in the nse of ardi^nt .spirits, the parlies lose all power of resistini,' the temptation. Nothiii;.: but ri'straint, such a-: .an asylnm or reformatory alone can ail. ud, will cure the ins.itialile ilesire for intoxieatinL,' drink that Ioul; indnK'ence invariably crl^■^tes. The institution ,on propose will, in my o)iinioii, d.) more to striUi' at the root of the evil (^'ross in- temperance) than any of the many luaievolent ell'orts that have been maile by philantio]iists for (..at purpose. I am, my dear Sir, Your very obe!iid. Vmils, Very ob( dirllt Iv. I!. I> W ADsWui; 111, I'rc'V. It' p. (i W . I'.il liareli S of Tempi r.iiu'e. N. n. — The followini; may be intercstiiig to soiru' of our i-eaders. The Imllaim of Ibitlsh (Jni.ina have. I uiiderst.uid, the art of mii-.nf.icluriin,' a stroie^' li,|uoi-, which is made by the as.sembled tiibe, who hold jubilee on th.> occasion. (,,) lotiiiLj from mem oiy, t'l.' lu li.ris ilaiieo around the vessel eontainini; water, and chcwini,' the vei,'::table siibst.ince employed, spit it into the t.ib or troii'^h. This accompashed, th'! whole is left to ferment. The drink is called "/^ycii.viiciV." Whether I have the right ortlio^raiihy I know not. Tho Indians of this Province have adv.inced a s!age mi this respect, and havu certainly a niMch inoro o 60 cleanly method of procedure, iw stated by the writor of the following letter, himself a fuii-bloodod Indian, atul hij^'hly advanced in civilization and intuUectnal acquirements, and formerly an Upper Canada CoUcgo Boy :— TonoNTo, October 20, 1862. Dear Sir, — Since I saw you last, I have been up to Manitoiilin Island. V'hilo there I took the opportunity of niakin;^ enquiries concerning the juice of wild grapu.n, as prepared by tlie Indians ; and I now give you tlie substance of the statements made to me on the suojoet by individuals whom I considered best al)le to nfl'onl information, as they were in a position to ejjeak from their own personal knowledge and oKscrvation. It ajipears tluit in former times, some of the Indians wiio inhabited or freipiented the Boutliern shores of Lake Michigan, — where wild grapes grow in great Abundance, — were in the habit of gatliering those grapes for the sake of the juice. The Indians, it appears, after going through tho process of proB.'sing the fruit, usually ptmred tho^liciuor into emj)ty whiskey kegs, or kegs having con- tained some ( ther strong licjuor, which they carefully fastened, and biirieil \mder the sand during the wintir. That in the spring, on their return from their hunting grounds, they dug up tlie kegs, and made use of their contents us a delightful beverage. But in addition to its pleasant taste, I am informed, tho liquor iiad stioiigth enough to make lialf-iutoxicated those who drank it, especially the younger members of a family. No o.xperiiiit'iit Wiis of course ever made, .so far as I am informed, as to whetTier it would render a person dniiik if lie took a quantity of it. Perhaps tho.se exhilarating qualities attributed to it by till' Indians may, in some measure, be accounted for, by the fact of its being confined li; a keg which had pvovioii.sly contained spirituous liquors. However, upnii further in(iuiries, I learned that the "Medicine Men" among the Indians are ac- quainted with roots and herbs, the juice of which, obtained by boiling them together or iiii,\iiig them otlii".ttise, will iniiduce intoxication. These preparations, 1 am told, uve made and a(linini.stered only as remedies in cirlatii eases of sickness. The ilriiik of some of them is said to euise a i)le:usaiit siii.sation to till' person partaUiii',' of it, which makes him smoke his pi|ie with much |ilcasure, as some peojile ilo after takiii;^ a u'lass i>r two o( a .stroui; liqimr. I!ut others are so powerful as to ivnder at once the patient, after takiii:; the nieiliciiie — say a tumlilcr full — incapable of physical exertion. In such ca.sts, he is carefully laid upon his back and closely watched, as the least moliou of the body makes him taint ; he lemaiua. in that state for a whole day or muv, not however wholly deprived of bis senses. It would appear that remedies of this kind are resorted tii only in extreme cases of sickness. Fnnn whit is stated aluive, I think it is evident that the Indians knew in their wiM state how to pro- pare intoxicating drinks from various routs, herbs, and bark. The labour, expense, and difticulty in ac- quiring and piociiiing the proper mixtures, have no doubt been the cause of the knowledge of those remi'ciies liein^' cimliiicd to a few individual Indians. I ln"4 [lennissioii to add, that it has been stated to me that th" •' Mcdicim^ Men'' knew ilso how lo counteract the ellecls of whiskey and other spiiitiioiis liipior.s. A person fnrnislied with the antidnte may drink a quantity uf liquor sullicieiit to intoxicate threi^ or fuiir individuals ; still he would retain his phy- sical streimtli and tlu^ lull use of his sen.ses. Hence formerly, whei. a iiersmi w.is invited to a •."■■•it least, wliei'o he knew th re would be; miicli drinking, an