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Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmds A des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsqui le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clichd, il est film6 A partir de Tangle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n6cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 hi 3iV;i»it*4^ Of; ^ ■'^^^mm^imm, CANADIAN LITERATURE AND JOUR.v ,LISM. n^'/i - J I , "J "> <-' c.> A REVIEW OF CANADIAN LITERATURE By THE EDITOR. THE literature of a country should be the expression of its heart and mind, the embodiment of its history and develop- ment. It is not necessary in order to achieve this purpose that it should include a Milton or a Shakespeare, a Homer or a Dante. A world genius may come in time and in coming add glory to what has gone before, but he will not in himself constitute the literature of his l;md. That will have evolved with the growth of the country — crude at first in its expression but gradually developing strength with the increase of education, the material progress of the people, and the spread of tiiat culture which coines so largely from the accumulation of wealth, the possession of leisure and the maturity of national thought. This is in a word the record of Canadian liter- ature. Definitions of a different nature abound, it is true, just as criticism of the most curious and contradictory kind has appeared at passing intervals upon the surface of Canadian life and thought and then sunk out of sight, unheeded or soon forgotten. And, though such criticism may serve a useful purpose in these later days of abun- dant, thoughtless and careless writing, it is none the less to be regretted that, where there has been so much really good work done, yet, with admitted room for higher ideals and a broader culture, there should be such superficiality or indifference amongst the critics of our time. I have before me now the assertion of a Canadian writer that " tht-re is no Canadian literature " and the state- ment of a Professor in one of the Toronto Coll- eges that historical and scientific works are not " pure literature " because they lack " the neces- sary quality of imagination." Such a definition would exclude from the literature of England the names of 'Darwin, Macaulay, Green and Lecky and a myriad of more or less eminent names. The fact is that historical writing in the best sense of the word has to embrace imagina- tion and that the more a writer is able to elimin- ate present conditions and prejudices from his point of view and transport himself by the power of thought and study into environments distant, perhaps, in both time and space, the more truly is he able to produce a picture of the past which is not only history but one of the highest types of literature. Canada possesses, in fact, a literature of which it may reasonably be proud. It has grown with the growth of the countryand reaches its highest point at the present time when the Dominion also attains its greatest stature in external influ- ence and internal unity. The beginnings of this literature lie far back in the old French annals of discovery, travel and adventure. The chief of these works, reaching down to the bed-rock of our history as a people, are the chronicles of Cartier's voyages ; the similar narrative concern- ing Champlain; tlie histories by Marc L'Escarbot and Gabriel Sagard of Do Monts' settlements and of the Hurons respectively ; Father Louis Henne- pin's Canadian Discovericx and Voyages; the famous Relations des Ji'siiites ; the semi-religious annals of Father Le Clurci ; La Hontan's somewhat unre- liable work of Travels : and the foremost and best of all these early chronicles, the Histoire et descrip- tion Generale de la Nouvelle France, by Pierre Francois Xavier de Charlevoix. Of course, the most abundant materials for the history of this period are to be found in the " Jesuit Relations" — especially in the magnificent publication now being edited by R. G. Thwaites, of Cleveland, U.S. — but the six volumes by Charlevoix, first brought out in France in 1744, are the production of a clear, able and practised xx8 CANADA : AN ENCY(;LOr/Kl)IA. writer, and as such are of the highest vahie. These vohimes taken together constitute the basis of all historical literature in Canada and are therefore of great importance, although not writ- ten by Canadians — in the nio5 The Jesuits in North America 1 867 La Salle and the Discovery of the Great West 1869 The Old R^i;inie in Canada 1874 Frontenac and New France under Louis XIV 1877 Montcali.i and Wolfe 1884 A Half Century of Conflict 1892 Years in the Canadas (1824) ; George Heriot's Travels (1807) and those of Isaac Weld (i7'jy C R. Tiitlle; The Ilistary of Manitoha, l)y Messrs. (Innnatiil Tiittlc; and — most imimrtaiit of all to tlio seeker after general information — Professor Macoiin's Manitoba and the North-Wesi (i.SSj) followed. I'oiir narratives of the second Nniili- West Rebellion have also been written by G. Mercer Adam, the Rev. C. P. Mulvaney, M.A., Colonel the Hon. C. A. H(julton and tlio Rev. R. G. Mac Beth respectively. In iS()4-5 appear- ed an elaborate and valuable, though not well arranged work in three volumes by Ale.xander Hegg, F.s.s, of Winnipeg, upon the History of the North-West. At the same time there was published the History of British Columbia, by Alex- ander Hegg of Victoria, RC. — the pioneer work upon this general subject. The Selkirk Setlleinent, by the Rev. R. G. MacBeth of Winnipeg, a work upon the Indians of the North- West by Dr. John •MacLean, and narratives of pioneer missionary life by the Rev. E. R. Young and the Rev. George Young, must also be mentioned as of sterhng in- terest and value. To return to Ontario, W. J. Rattray's StoM'» British North America showed greaf ability, and Nicholas Flood Davin's Irisli- w/cnmCrt/JdJn was a work of unusual brilliancy and interest. J. Edmund Collins wrote a history of the Administration of Lord Lome which was marred by the constant intrusion of views peculiar to him- self and fatal in their expression to any impar- tial presentation of current annals, while Dr. George Stewart published in 1878 a well-written and standard work upon Lord Dufferin's Admin- istration. William Leggo, of Winnipeg, was also author of a volume, full of valuable documents, upon the same subject. From this time on new life was infused into Canadian literature by the gradual growth of a Canadian market, and of readers from the Atlan- tic to the Pacific into whose minds had filtered the slow but certain consciousness of a Can- adian national sentiment and an appreciation of Canadian history, scenery, achievements and leaders. Within the last few years several his- tories of Canada have appeared. First and fore- most is the great work of Dr. William Kingsfird. a monument of resc irch, honest effort and p.itri- otic principle. Inspired by the desire to give a broad view of ("anadian histoi ic lif*;, unmurre«l by race or religious prejuilico, ho cninmenci.'d tlie svork in I.S.S7, at the age of sixty-eight, and issued a volume a year until tiic ten vohnnes were completed in iS(j8. The aiitiior gave a dis- tinctly new view of early struggles in Canada, based upon tieep study of its docuinentary annals. The work is nut an elM(|ii(.nt one nor can the writer bo comp.ired in this respect with Macaulay, Chas. G. D. Roberts. Green or other great authors. But with his limi- tations in this direction and his undoubted faults of style and arrangement admitted, the work remains, and must continue tp be for an indefinite period to come, the standard history of the country up to the Union of 1841. Two single volume histories of great interest and value are those of Charles G D. Roberts and Sir John George Bourinot. The latter was written for the " Story of the Nations " l ies. The Rev. W. P. Greswell, \i..\., of Cam dge, England, pub- ■B 123 CANADA : AN ENCYCLOPEDIA. lished a History of Canada some years ago which aii'ords a useful summary. Scliool histories of Canada were written in the early sixties by Dr. J. George Hotigins, and Mr. (now Chancellor) J. .\. Boyd. Later, Messrs. \V. J. Robertson and G. Mercer Adam published a small volume, and very recently those written by W. II. P. Clement, i!..\., of Toronto, and J. 15. Calkin, m.a., of Truro, N.S., have been issued. D. H. Read, y.c, besides some serious biographical work, pub- lished in ii>97 a history of that fruitful theme — the Rebellion of 1837. Of g.eat value in an his- torical sense and of importance also as indicating the growth of a strong and permanent intere.^t in Canadian annals are the local histories which have been issued within the last few years. The following are the most important : Tiilc. Toronto of Old Landmarks of Toronto The Roman CatholicChurch in the Niagara Peninsula Alillior. Rev.Dr.H.Scaddinj.^ J. Ross Robertson. \'ery Rev. Deanllar- ris. Pioneer Sketches of Long Point Settlement E.A.Owen. Sketches of Upper Canada. Thoiiias Conant. The Eastern Townships.... Mrs. C. M. Day. Counties of Leedsanil Gren- ville T. W. H. Leavitt. History of Compton County L. S. Channell. History of Scarborough David Boyle. Lake St. Louis, Old and New H(ju. D. Girouard. History of Pictou, N.S Rev. Dr. G.Patterson Historyof Annapolis County \V. A. Calnek and Judge Savary. Historyof Glengarry County. J. A. Macdonell,y.c. History of Huntingdon County Robert Sellar. HistoricalSkelchof Duiulas James Crcil. Historyof Gait and Dum- fries Hon. James Young. Quebec, Past and Present... Sir J. M. LeMoine. Picturesque Quebec " " La Seigneurie de Lauzon... J. Edmond Roy. Historical Account of Cape Breton SirJ.G. Hourinot. The Parish of Sault au Re- collet Rev.C. P. Beaubien. History of Halifax City T. B. Akins, d.c.l. The County of Lunenbourg, New Brunswick M. D. DesBrisay. The Sagueuayand Lake St. John Arthur Buies. Montreal, Past and Present Alfred Sauiiham. History of Argenteuil and Prescott C.Thomas. Peterborough and Victoria Hon. Thos. White. Annals of Niagara W. Kirby. L'lle d' Orleans Abbe L. E. Bois. . History of Northern New Brunswick R. Cooney. Louisbourg in 1745 (Edited) Prof. G.M. Wrong. Ten Years in Winnipeg Alexander Begg auii W. R. Nursey. Handbook of Montreal Dr. S. E. Dawson. Toronto Called Back C. C. Taylor. Toronto, Past and Present.. G. Mercer Adam. History of the County of Brant C. I'.Mulvaney, m.a. Ottawa, Past and Present.. C. Roger. History of the Iroquois High School Adam llarkness. History of the Ontario Par- liament Buildings Frank Yeigh. ChroniqueduRimouski L. Abbe C. Guay. Easily first of Canadian writers upon specific localities is the veteran author, Sir James Mac- phersoh Le Moine, whose busy pen has made his name a household word in the Province of Quebec and who so well merited his recent honour of knighthood. M. Fancher de St. Maurice in his day contributed some fascinating pages to the local annals of the same Province. Pictui-csquc Canada, edited by Principal Grant, was a notable work in this connection. Minor books of interest upon descriptive subjects were L'Abbe V. A. Huard's work on Labrador ct And- costi ; the Hon. Thomas White's Chronicles by the Way \n Manitoba and the North-West (1879); Alexander Monro's volume on the resources, etc., of the Dominion, published in 1879 ; the Rev. Dr. A. Sutherland's A Summer in Prairie Land (1S81); and Miss Mary Fitzgibbon's Tn)!) /o .^/(i;/- itoba. Turning to recent volumes upon special periods or events in Canadian history reference must be made to Lady Edgar's Ten Years o/Upper \ > CANADA : AN ENCYCI.Or.F.niA. '■!3 V < C(i«(n/(f, 1805-15; M. Kilouard Richard's //I's/ory of the Acadians ; and especially to tlie numerous valuable pamphlets written by Major Ernest Cruikshank, of Niajjara. Alexander MacArthur's volume on the Caiisesof the Manitoba Risiiij^ ni 1S69- 70; C. R. Tuttlc's Illustrated History of Canada (1S79); the two works by liobina and Katideen Lizars, entitled Hiiinors of '^'j and In the Dayf. of the Canada Company ; Stories from Canadiiin His- tory, by T. G. Marcjuis, and a similar volume in collaboration with Miss A^Mies Maule Machar entitled Stories of Xeii> France; and the Rev. R. G. MacBeth's Farm Life in the Selkirk Colony, must also be mentioned with appreciation. For many years past Dr. Douf^las Brymner, the Keeper of the Canadian Archives, has bt en doing quK't work of a value almost beyoud esti- mate to future Canadian historians, authors and statesmen. His annually published volume, or Report, contains a mass of documentary data upon our early history of unique interest. George Johnson, as Dominion Statistician and Editor of the Government Year Book, and by such valu- able little publications as First Things in Canada has done as much to extend knowledge of the Canada of to-day as Dr. Bryniner has of the Canada of long ago. In this connection another writer deserves attention, though he would be the last to claim any particular brilliancy of style or beauty of language — Henry J. Morgan. In days when Canadian literature was popularly supposed to be non-e.xistent ; when Canadian books were looked upon with indifference and often with suspicion or contempt ; when Canadian sentiment was a somewhat intangible quantity and was certainly not applied to the purchase of the product of Canadian pens — Mr. Megan wiote and published a continuous succession of books, calculated to preserve important historical and biographical details and promote public knowledge of matters Canadian. The following list of his works may be given here : Tour of H.K.ii. the Prince of Wales i860 Sketches of Celebrated Canadians iS6.i Buchanan on Industrial Politics (Edited) 1864 Speeches of Hon. T. D'Arcy McGee (Edited) 1S65 The Place of British Americans in His- tory 18O5 The Bibliotheca Canadensis 1867 The Canadian Legal Directory 187S Canadian Men and Women of the Time.. 1898 Canadian Parliamentary Companion 180.2-76 Dominion Annual Register (Edited) 1878-86 Another author who has written much about Canada which deserves appreciation is Mr. G. Mercer Adam. His editorial work in connection with the Canadian Monthly and the Canadian Educational Moutlily ; his history of the Canadian North-West and the Canadian novel written in conjunction witii Miss Wetherald ; his Outline of Canadian Literature and many hand-books of Canadian cities or districts; his continuous con- tributions in papers, periodicals and works of local history did good service to the ct>iintry. His connection witli the ("omiiiercial Union a;,'itatioii, however, injured bis popularit\' in later years. Of great and permanent value in Cana- dian historical work is Dr. J. George Ilodgins' Documentary History of Ed ucai ion in Upper Can- ada, and a volume made up of various authorit- ative contributions and entitled " Eighty Years' Progress of British North America," which was publisiied in 1864. Special reference must also be made here to a most exhaustive work upon 15ritish Columbia by Mr. R. E. Gosnell^)'fS(j6 Guesses at the Kiddle of Existence 1896 Tiuiiin^:,' to a lighter and brighter side of the general subject it will be found that romance has not held the place in our htcrature which it should have done. Instinct as Canadian history iswiih a myriad themes of romantic interest, it has yet remained to the last few years for Can- adian novels and novelists tc find their way into the hearts of the reading public. The French- Canadians were the lirst to realize the brilliant possibilities of fiction lying in the gloomy aisles of our primeval forests : amid the sim-lit expanses of our rolling prairies or towering mountains; in the stirring and vivid pages of our national annals. Eugene L'Ecuyer, Patrice Lacombe, Joseph Marinette, P. A. de Gaspe, Gerin-Lajoie, P. J, O. Chauveau, Napoleon Bourassa, John Talon- Lesp^rance, Real Angers, each in turn contri- buted to the evolution of a romantic literature. But the public was limited, the appreciation not as pronounced as might have been desired. Per- haps the best of these volumes was The Bastonnais (1877), by Talon-Lesp^rance, and Jean Rivard, by Gerin-Lajoie. In Upper Canada amongst the earliest efforts in this direction was Mrs. Moodie's Flora Lindsay. In 1886 appeared the Canadian story. An Algonquin Maiden, by G. Mercer Adam and EtheUvyn Wetherald. In Nova Scotia Professor James De Mille published a number of stories which had a wide popularity in their day*. Professor Conant by the Hon. L. S. Huntingdon and For King and Country by Miss Machar, of Kingston, followed, together with sundry novels and tales of Canadian life by Mrs. Leprohon, •Note. Mrs. Hrooke's Emily Montaigne was the first. Major John Richardson, a British officer of Canadian birth, had also written a couple of Canadian stories. Julia Catharine Hart, of Fredeiicton, N. H., published St. Ursula's Conv/iit in 1824. The Kev. Joseph Abbott published a very popular Canadian tale in 1843 called Philip htrngrave. Miss Louisa Murray, Mrs. J. V. Noel, Mrs. Annie Rothweli Christie, Watson Griffin, Mrs. S. Frances Harrison, W. D. Lighthail and others, which were usually {)ublislied in the magazines or journals of the time. In more recent years clever short stories have been written by the Rev. Arthur Wentworth Eaton, Marjory Mac- Murchy, Maud Ogilvy, C. L. Betts, tiie Rev. F. G. Scott, Stuart Livingston, Mrs. John E. Logan, Grace Dean McLeod Rogers, the Rev. Dr. W. H. Withrow, Miss F. (i. Gwilt and F- Blake Ciofton. W. A. Eraser has very lately Wiliiam Kirby. won considerable reputation in this direction, while E. W. Thompson has made a distinct mark by his Old Man Savarin and similar stones. But the central work of Canadian romance up to a very few years ago and one which will hold a permanent place, despite admitted faults of style, was William Kirby's J.c Chicn D'Or {iSyy). This novel brings before the reader much of the early stirring life of French Canada and has made Mr. Kirby the founder of a school of which Gilbert Parker is the most famous exponent. Of the CANADA : AN ENCYCLOP.KDIA. ta; o a a •le, 'his )ert the story indeed the latter lias spoken as being " a veritable mine of information and research, a powerful and admirable piece of romance." It was Sara Jeannette Duncan (Mrs. Everard Cotes), however, who in 1890 first came really before the reading world as a Canadian novelist, witli her charming volume entitled .1 Sacial Dcpaiiurc. Otlier more or less popular works from her pen have since been steadily issued. Her example was followed in 1891 by Miss Lily Dougall, of Mon- treal, with Beggars All. A number of well-received volumes have since been written by Miss Dougall and been widely read far from the shores of her native land. Edmund E. Sheppard had mean- while written three novels — notable for their clever character and dialect sketches — Dully ; Widower Junes; and A B.id Mans Sweethcayt. Grant Allen, a Canadian by birth, has made him- self generally popular by a number of .lovels, but as they in no sense touch Canada or Canadian life and history and were neither written nor published here they can hardly be included in Canadian literature. So in a great measure with the works of Robert Barr — " Luke Siiarpe"; and those of Margaret M. Robinson, authoress of Christie Redfern's Troubles and other popular stories. Very different has it been with Gilbert Parker. Intensely proud of his country and inspired to the point of enthusiasm by its picturesiji.o and peculiar annals he has produced a Series cf novels which have not only made him famous in Englisli-speaking countries but have illustrated Canadian history and adorned our native literature. The following is a cfjmplete list of his works to the end of l8(jS : A Lover's Diary I'oetry). Arouuvl the Compass in Australia. 'i'lie Wedding Day (A Drama j. Pierre and His People. An Adventurer of the North. The Translation of a Savage. The Chief Factor. A Trespasser. Mrs. Falchion. The Trail of the Sword. When Valmond came to Pontiac. The Seats of the Mighty. The Pomp of the Lavillettes. The Battle of the Strong. It issafe to saythat the Canadian novel has now come to stay, and that one of the most brilliant pages in our national literature has opened up to view. Charles G. D. Roberts' Forge in the Forest is a striking illustration of this fact. J. Macdonald Oxley has wim a high and deserved reputation as the " Henty" of Canada. Miss Joanna E. Wood, in \\cr jitdilh Mfiore and The Untempered Wind, has written a pairof very creditable Canadian stories. Mrs. S. Frances Harrison, in Tlie Forest of Bourg M.irie, has produced a work which shows dramatin power and much descriptive skill, wlule W. D. Lighthall in his recently published novel, TheFalse Chevalier, William McLennan in Spanish Jolin, Edgar Maurice Smith in Anenvstes the Gaul, Miss Blanche Lucille INIacdonell in Diane of Ville jA/iinc, and Ralpii Connor (Rev. Charles Gordon, of Winnipeg) in Black Rock, have written stories which are a credit to the literature of our country. Mrs. Henshaw — "Julian Durhain" — of Victoria, Ii.C, and Miss Marshall Saunders, of Halifax, N.S., have also, from the ends of the Dominion, and three thousand miles apart, lately produced novels of considerable merit. In poetry Canada has always deserved, though it has not always received, a high place. I must pass over the brilliant P'rench school, which is elsewhere dealt with, and wiiich has conferred such honour upon Canadian literature. One word must, however, be said of Louis Honore Frechette, who has received the lauroated approval of the French Academy ; who has been honoured by the C.)ueen with a c.Nt.o. ; and was lately described by Professor Leigh Gregor, of McGill University, Mcmtreal, as the acknowledged chief of French-Canadian litterateurs. A passion- ate admirer of Victor Hugo, a champion of senti- mental relations with I'^rance, an adherent of the modern school of liberal thought, an assailant of the British historical record in this country, yet a believer in the stability and advantages of Brit- ish rule, and a most eloquent poet of his people, he has certainly readied a high and secure place in the hearts of his fellow-countrymen. Charles Heavysege, Charles Saiigster, Alexander Mc- Lachlan, William Kirby, John Reade and Isabella Valancey Crawford hold the highest place amongst the earlier poets of English-speaking Canada. Others of the middle of the century who must be mentioned are J. J. Procter, Isidore 128 CANADA: AN KNCYCLOr.EUl A. G. Ascher, Helen M. Johnson, Jennie E. Haight Hairiet Annie Wilkins, Paiiielia S. Vininj^, Wil- liam Wye Smith, Annie L. Walker, Rev. Edward Hartley Dewart, Prof. E. J. Chapman, Evan McCull, Georf,'e Martin, Mrs. Susanna Moodie, John F. McDonnell, Rhoda Ann Prge (Mrs. Faulkner), William Pittman Lett. New Bruns- wick poets of an earlier day were the Hon. Jonathan O'Dcll and William Murdoch. Magnus Sabiston, of St. John, also wrote some clever verse, and James De Mille found time amidst his novel writing for the publishing of some excellent poetry. So in Nova Scotia, with Oliver Gold- smith, James Hogg, John McPherson, Thomas Knight and C. M. DesBrisay. I cannot resist quoting here the following tribute to Sangster and McLachlan, written in 1S64 by the Rev. Dr. E. H. Dewart as a Preface to his volume of Selec- tions — a work in which he rendered a truly pioneer service to Canadian literature : " Among those who have most courageously appealed to the reading public, and most largely enriched the poetic literature of Canada, the first place is due to Charles Sangster. The richness and extent of his contributions, the originality and descriptive power he displays, the variety of Canadian tlicir.es on which he has written with force and elegance, his passionate sympathy with the beautiful in nature, and the chivalrous and manly patriotism which finds an utterance in his poems, fully vindicate his claim to a higher place in the regard of his countrymen than he has yet obtained. Alexander McLachlan has also evinced that he possesses in a high degree the gilt of song. In tiic opinion of many, he is the sweetest and most intensely luitnan of all our Canadian bards. As Sangster and McLachlan are quite unlike, and each posses:;es a strongly marked individuality of his own, any comparison between them is inappropriate, and might be unfair to both. In elaborate elegance and wealth of descriptive power, in the success with which he has treated Canadian themes, and in something of Miltonic stateliness and originality of style, Sangster has certainly no equal in this country. But in strong human sympathy, in subtle appre- ciation of character, in deep, natural pathos, and in those gushes of noble and manly feeling which awaken the responsive echoes of every true heart, McLachlan is equally peerless." Of Heavysege's Saul the North British Review of August, 1858, declared that it was " Indubita- bly one of the most remarkable English poems ever written outside of Great Britain." Amongst English-speaking poets of the present day in Canada, Roberts, CampDell and Lampman are easily first in popular esteem.* It would be a difificult task to anywhere find more eloquently patriotic verse than some of Roberts' produc- tions ; more beautiful descriptive poetry than in Campbell's Lake Lyrics ; or a more delicate witch- ery than there is in many of Lampman's fugitive pieces. Take, for instance, this from the Lake Lyrics : Charles Sangster. "Domed with tiie azure of heaven, Floored with a pavement of jicarl, Clothed all about with a brightness, Soft as the eyes of a girl. Girt with a magical girdle, Rimmed with a vapour of rest, — These are the inland waters, These are the I-akes ol" the West." • N'oTB. See article by Mr. A. 1!. De Mille elsewhere in this Section. CANADA : AN ENCYCLOP.KDIA. 129 A word may be s;iid here regarding the dram- atic work of William Wilfrid Campbell. The public knows little of them, but his two tragedies, "Mordred" and " Hildebraiid ", show marked power. Of his treatment, Thomas Wentworth Higginscn has spoken as being "grim and unflinching but very strong." To return to the general subject of poetry, the following little verse of Lampman's upon " Autumn " illustrates his beautiful touch :* "The wizard has woven his ancient scheme, A day and a star-lit night ; And the world is a shadowy pencilled dream, Of colour, haze and light." Apart from these poets in the sense of popular- ity, but ranking with them in the power and bril- liancy of his verse, 13 Charles Mair. Tlie day will surely come when his drama of Tccunisch will rank among the great literary productions of our country, not only in the library of the student or the opinion of isolated critics, but in the minds of the people as well. The other Canadian poets of the last thirty years are very numerous and their poetry of most unequal merit. John Keade, of Montreal, must be placed amongst the highest and best. The special qualities of his verse have been described as sweetness and culture. For popularity and grasp of poetic dialect Dr. W. H. Drunuiiond also holds a high place. Amongst those not referred to by Mr. De Mille or Dr. O'Hagan elsewhere in this volume, Dr. Theodore H. Rand, W. D. Lighthall, A. H. Chandler and the Rev. C. P. Mulvaney, Kate Seymour Maclean, Arthur G. Doughty, Thomas O'llagan, Rev. A. W. H. Eaton, John Heniv Brown, J. A. Logan (Barry Dane), Mrs. Blcwett, Bernard Mc- Evo\-, Hereward K. Cockin and Mrs. S. A. Cur- zoii, have published volumes of verse which de- serve high commendation. Bliss Carman, a most charming and brilliant poet, has long since made his home in the States and his verse has lost the Canadian colour which it once possessed 111 Low Tide on Grand Pre (1893). .\mong politicians the late Hon. Josepii Howe, Sir J. D. Edgar, the Hon. David Mills, Nicholas Flood Davin and, especially, the late T. D'Arcy McGee have written some excellent poetry. "Note. The death of Archilwld Lampinan, as these pai^i-s are ijoiiii; lliroinjh the press, is a distinct loss to the best oleinen's in Canadian liicrary life. Facts of this nature afford a pleasant indication of growing national culture. R. F. Kernighan is well known by his nom dc plume of " The Khan" and some of his poems are so redolent of the farm and country life of the people and so in- stinct with the spirit of the soil as to have not only met a wide popularity but merited a perma- nent place in Canadian literature. Arthur J. Striiig(,r is another Canadian who, in isolated poems of great merit, has shown the possession of distinct power. Othe.s who must be mention- ed are T. Arnold Haultain, J. W. Bengough, Walter A. Ratcliffe, John Stuart Tiiomson, Helen M. Merrill, Arthur Weir, Phillips Stewart, J. A. Richey, J. E. G. Roberts, Mary Barry Smith, H. L. Spencer, Robert Reed, John Imrie, T. G. Marquis, A. M. Taylor, Francis Rye, John Loury Stuart, H. R. A. Pocock, Mary Morgan (Gowan Lea), Annie Campbell Huestis, A. R. Garvie, George T. Lauigan, Barry Stratton, W. A. Sherwood, C. L. Barnes, C. D. Shanly, C. E. Juke way, K. L. Jones, T. R. Ramsay, J. R. New- ell, George Gerrard, E. W. Tliomson, Mrs. J. C. Vule, Mrs. W. H. Clarke, J. E. Pollock, Stuart Livingston and Clara Mountcastle. It is a far call from poetry to science and kindred subjects but in the latter department of literature Canada has excelled even many older countries. Sir William Dawson, Sir Daniel Wilson, Dr. A. R. C. S^lwyn, Dr. George M. Dtwson, Sir William Logan, Dr. H. Youle Hind and Dr. T. Slerry Hunt rank high in the scientific world. Eikanah Billings, Prof. Henry How, Henry Poole, Prof. J. B. Cherriman, Wil- liam Cowper, Prof. Heaiy H. Croft, George and James B.iruston, the Rev. William Hincks and Prof. Charles Smallwood were voluminous writers in their day on subjects ranging from geology to meteorology. Professors John Watson and J. Clark Murray in philosophy; Mrs. Catherine Parr Traill, Professor John Maccjun and Dr. Alexander Milton Ross in natural history; the late Professor George Lawson, James Fletcher aiul G. U. Hay, in botany, &c., have won a dis- tinct place. Horatio Hale, Dr. G. F. ^lathew, Dr. R. M. Bucke, Prof. E. J. Chapman, Prof. B. J. Harrington, Prof. R. W. Ellis, Prof. R. Ramsay Wright, Dr. Robert Bell, G. C. Hoffman, Dr. William Saunders, F. D. Adams, Prof. D. P. >3o CANADA: ANf ENCYCLOIMCDIA. Penhallow, Dr. E. Gilpin, Jr., Prof. W. 11. Fiki-, Rev. Dr. C. J. S. Bctlnme, K. G. McCoiincll, Principal Loudon, ( f Toronto University ; Prof. H. T. liovey, Prof, L. W. Bailey, M. M. Ami, Robert Grant Haliburton, g.c; Eilvvard E.l'riiict;, Dr. Neil MacNisii and Prof, jolui Cainpheii iKunsdl earned high reputations for scliolarsliip or original research and for publications connected with some branch or other of the field of science. A most important subject in Canada which may be referred to here is Forestry and the general question of preserving the forests of the country. It has been dealt with most fully and authorita- tively over a long term of years and in many publications by the late R. W. Phipps, and by \. T. Drumniond, Edward Jack, J. C. Chapais, H. B. Small and Sir Henri Joly de Lotbiniere. In the interesting subject of numismatics Stanley Clark Bagg and R. W. McLachlan have written much. In legal literature some good work has been done ill Canada. The late Sir J. J. C. Abbott on Insolvency and Railway law; Sir J. D. Edgar and I'. II. Ciirysler on Insolvency law ; C. O. Ermatinger, Q.C., and Thomas Hodgins, Q.C, on Franchise law; J. A. Barron, Q.c.i on Conditional Salca; E. Douglas Armour, y.C, on Titles; Hon. D. Girouard and Dr. J. J. Maclaren, Q.C, on Bills and Notes ; W. D. McPherson and J. M. Clark on Mining laws; Hon. R. A. Harrison on Municipal law; C. M. Holt on Insurance law; Harry Abbott, y.c.,on Railway law; and the Hon. H. E. Taschereau on Criminal law ; have written authoritatively. Francois Joseph Cugnet, P. G. Mignault, q.c , J. R. Cartwright, John Crank- shaw, L. A. Audette, E. Lareau, G. S. Holmstead, C. H. Stephens, S. Pagnuelo, g.c, S. R. Clarke, Alfred Howell, A. T. Hunter, W. How:ird Hun- ter, G. W. Wickstead, Q.c, Hon. J. R. Govvan, C.M.G., R. E. Kingsford, A. H. Marsh, y.c, Hon. Archer Martin, Hon. Michel Mathieu, Chief Justice Sir T. W. Taylor, Alexander Leith, y.c; Joseph Doutre, Q.c, Judge Maclennan, Chris- topher Robinson, y.c, and F. J. Joseph, R. Vashon Rogers, Jr., Henry O'Brien, Q.c, Hon. T. K. Ramsay, Sir James Lukin Robinson, J. P. Foran, Q.c, County Court Judges J. S. Sinclair and J. G. Stevens, have published volumes upon special branches of Canadian law or practice. Others who have written much, though in a less iletinite form, are Edward Carter, Q.c, and Dr. James Kirby, of Montreal; John King, Q.c, C. R. W. Biggar, Q.c, and D. E. Thompson, q.c, of Toronto ; Benjamin Russell, q.c , M.r., of Halifa.x ; and R. Stanley Weir, D.c.L., of Montreal. To ecclesiastical history and literature much has been contributed by Canadians, but only a few volunios of really fust rank. Principal Grant in his Rdi<;ions of the World; LWbbe Auguste Gosselin in his L'Ef^lise Du Canadu ; Prof. Wil- liam Clark in his "Life of Savonarola"; Dr. William Gregg in a History of the Presbyterian Church in Canada; M. Faillon in his great work upon the annals of Canadian Roman Catholicism, L'Histoire de la Colonie Francaise; have occupied high ground in a distinctly able manner. The foremost Methodist writer of the past has been Dr. Egerton Ryerson,and perhaps the best known one of the present is the Rev. Dr. Albert Carman. The most valuable historical work done in that Denommation has been by the Rev. Dr. George H. Cornish, the Rev. George Playter,the Rev. Dr. John Carroll and the Rev. Dr. T. Watson Smith. The latter's History of his Church in the Maritime Provinces is of much value. The Rev. Dr. Mathevv Richey wrote voluminously. The Church of England in Canada has produced many able writers, but few great literary works. Bishop Strachan and Bishop Bethune of Toronto, Bishop G. J. Mountain of Ouebec, Bishop Hellmuth of London, Bishop O.xenden and Bishop Fulford of Montreal, Bishop Medley and Bishop Kingdon of Fredericton and Bishop Charles Inglis of Halifax, have in their time written upon various ecclesi- astical topics — the first named being one of the strongest controversialists in Canadian annals. Volumes of some value upon Church history iiave appeared, from time to time, by the Rev. II. C. Stuart, Dr. T. B. Akins, the Rev. A. Wentworth Eaton, F. C. Wurtele, Archdeacon Roe, Rev. Dr. John Langtry and S. Herbert Lee. The Rev. Dr. John McCaul wrote upon religious as well as classical subjects. The Rev. J. de Soyres has written several interesting religious books. Pres- byterianism has not been very productive inaliter- ary sense, and its best known names are those of the Rev. Dr. James McGregor, Dr. Robert Burns, Dr. R. F. Burns, Dr. Alexander Mathieson, Dr. CANADA : AN ENCYCLOr.-EDIA. 'i' i * John Jenkins, Principal Grant and Dr. Gregg. Dr. Willianr. Cochrane wrote some interesting religious works, as did Dr. William Ormiston. Dr. George Patterson and Professor John Camp- bell are known in connection with various his- torical subjects, while Dr. John Laing has written much on controversial topics of current impor- tance. Tlie Rev. Dr. Robert Campbell wrote a useful History of St. Gabriel St. Church in Mon- treal. The literary productions of Roman Catholicism include the works of M. Faillon and L'Abbc Ciossclin in particular, and much of the historical and poetic literature of French Canada in general. Its influence upon the development of Canadian culture has been upon the whole distinctly bene- ficial. Bishop Jean Langevin, Archbishop O'Brien, Mgr. C. Tanguay, Mgr. Tctu, Dean Harris, Mrs. Mary A. Sadlier, Rev. J. M. Coffee, J.K. Foran,Rev. yEueas McDonell Dawson, Rev. Dr. J. R. Teefy, Rev. J. B. Dollard and Thomas O'Ha^'an have largely contributed to the pages of Canadian Catholic literature. Miscellaneous writers who may be mentioned in connection with religious literature in Canada are the Rev. Dr. Joseph Wild, the Rev. Dr. Chiniquy, the Rev. Dr. John Carry, the Rev. Dr. T. E. B'\\\—TIic Iliptists in Canada — the Rev. Dr. J. M. Cramp, Dr. R. A. Fyfe, Dr. Henry Wilkes, Dr. Abraham de Sola, the Rev. Dr. J. M. King. Professor William Clark, already mentioned, in many pub- lished lectures and essays has proved himself one of the most cultured and scholarly of Canadian authors. Charles Lindsay in his Rome in Canada (1S7S), and in an earlier work upon the Clergy Reserves, assumes a strongly controversial posi- tion, but admitting this, the volumes are still of distinct interest and value.* In bibliograhy G. B. Faribault, Pliileas G;ig- non, William Kingsford, II. j. Morgan, and W. R. Haight have done good work. I have referred elsewhere to the volume of Selections from Cana- dian poetry made in 1864 by Dr. Dewart. This was supplemented m Onebec in 1874 by Edmund *XnrK. For more doliiilid l), Bart., m.d., was a great medical writer; Dr. William Osier is to-tlay one of the chief mcdic.'d authorities of the United States; Dr. Beattie Cio^iier has won a high place in Eng- lish science and literature; Montague Chamber- lain is an American authority in the realm of natural history ; the late Bisliop Gillis, of Edin- burgh, was a voluminous writer on Roman Cith- olic polemics; Robert Barr, Grant Allen, May Agnes Flemingaod Stinson Jarvis arc well known in the world of novels; Ernest Seton Thompson lias become widely popular in the United States by his work Wild Animals I have Known; the Hon. Charles Wcntworth Upham has written some standard works on local American history ; John Foster Kirk has won eminence in the United States as an historian; Dr. George McCall Theal's is the most eminent name in tlie histori- cal literature of Cape Colony. In this review of our literature it has been, of course, impossible to go into critical details. In any such summary tiiere must also be omis- sions, but I think nearly all works of importance published or written in Canada, together with many written about Canada, have been referred to within this article, or in the Section of which it forms a part. There is amongst such a num- ber of works necessarily much chaff with the corn. One volume is ])erhaps dull, another con- tains grammatical errors, another is poorly bound and printed, another is undeniably badly written. But in all of them there is something which speaks of, or for Canatla, almost inarticulately in some cases, brilliantly in others. Yet in its pur- pose the least of the writers named and the most ^HJH^^^v iti ^'.^^H • mm ^^ W^ L. _> fc.-; J i^ ^ (IILHKRT I'ARKER. CANADA AN ENCYCLOP.KDIA. 135 inferior of the works referred to have in some way helped to build a brick into the edifice of Can- adian literature. And this is true in the inpin whether the volume be critical, or laudatory of matters Canadian, so long as the intention of the writer is honest and his effort reasonably fair. Literature is not the product of an hour nor does its existence depend upon popularity, The personality of Homer is hard indeed to trace, yet he lives forever in his writings. So in the case of rtiany Canadian authors, unknown by name to the masses of our people, who yet will live in history as part and parcel of the development of public thought through the perhaps impercep- tible influence which their works have had upon other minds better able to express their senti- ments or historical views. Let me repeat that Canadian literature is, and must be, a fact to all who look back of the ever-increasing volume of English-speal:ing books and ephemeral journals to the substantial sum total of Canadian works wrought out of the pioneer thoughts and lives and manners of our people— the natural products in their defects and in their virtues of the envir- onment of the times. The literature of a country comes from within itself and must par- take of the characteristics of the period. To meet this fact a writer does not require to have lived continuously in Canada, but he must embody Canadian ideas or accurately describe Canadian conditions. And, whetlier we look at Canada from the days of Charlevoix to those of Garneau and Kirby, or of Fr<5chette and Parker, we can- not but see that there was always a growing literature, evolving gradually from an almost un- noticed condition into the final and full sun-light of national recognition. To-day the note of nationality— whether it be English-Canadian or French-Canadian in its local application and language does not matter so long as it rings true to the soil of our common country — is bein" struck, and with it comes a literature adequate to the whole range of Canadian progress and aspirations. For this as for every branch of our development we can truly say with Roberts : " A deep voice stirs, vibrating in men's ears As if their own hearts throbbed that thunder forth, A sound wherein who hearkens wisely hears The voice of the desire of this strong North — This North whose heart of fire Vet knows not its desire (Nearly, but dreams, and murmurs in ti'e dream. The hour of dreams is done. Lo ! on the hills the gleam ! " A REVIEW OF CANADIAN JOURNALISM BY THE EDITOR. TlUi newspapers and journ: Is of the Dominion embody in a clear and con- centrated form the general progress and position of Its people. In early days thty partook of the limitations of pioneer life, aid were not able to do much more than afford a certain amount of literary pabulum copied from English or American papers. Then came the period of keen political controversy, when able or progressive men sought the widening influence of the press in order to advance their views, especially those of reform, or change, or disaffec- tion. Hence it is that during more than the first half of tiiis closing century the intellectual supremacy in Canadian journalism seems to have been largely with the Liberals. After Confedera- tion broader views — less sectional and sectarian — commenced to control the press. Party prin- ciples, however, continued to firmly divide the people as well as the papers until within the last decade, wlien a distinct loosening in this direc- tion occurred for a time. Meanwhile, a curious conflict within the lines of this journalistic development maybe traced by tliose who look under the surface. It was a struggle between the influence of distant British newspaper standards — high-principled, imper- sonal, independent of petty monetary consider- ations — and the ever-present American newspaper ideal summed up in the words alertness, brevity, sensation, money. Had it not been for inter- national forces operating over a long term of 3'ears against closer relations with the United States the influence of the press of that country must have been finally paramount. Mrs. Jameson, writing in 1S3S,* says that in the previous year in Upper Canada there were 178,065 local papers circulated in the Province which paid postage, * " Winter Studies and Summer Rambles in Canada.'' 2:>J and 149,502 from other countries. Of the latter the majority were probably American, owing partly to contiguity, and partly to the high ocean postage. The evolution which resulted from this rivalry — one of which the people can hardly be said to have been themselves conscious — was a press which is neither British nor American, but purely a product of Canadian conditions and an embodiment of the peculiar national life of the Dominion. Canadian newspapers are by no means perfect. Yet the press as a whole is far broader in view and has a wider knowledge of world politics than has that of the United States. This is a natural result of our Imperial position. It is also fully equal in the larger city dailies of the country to the great Provincial press of England — in some respects, perhaps, is superior to the newspapers of such cities as Liverpool, Manchester or Shef- iield. But the press of Canada is sometimes sadly lacking in dignitx . Cable news controlled by American Press Agencies in London and catering to the less cultured classes of the great Republic help to promote this result. Far more space as a consequence is often given to the follies of some alleged " noble organ grinder " or the marital troubles of an aristocrat — compiled perhaps at second-hand by an irresponsible and alien news agent from some gutter journal of the world's metropolis — than to the popular and editorial opinion in Great Britain of some important Canadian and Imperial event; such for instance as the announcement of preferential tariff arrangements or of a proposed Imperial postal policy. In minor matters an Englishman would be justified in sometimes calling our papers Provincial or petty. Tha otherwise ably edited press of the Maritime Provinces uses hardly any capital letters in its columns, while CANADA: AN ENCYCLOP.^^.DIA. ;2i the cleverly-conducted papers of British Columbia are personal, and at times abusive, to a degree which brings back to memory the days of Mac- kenzie and his opponents in Upper Canada. The system of importing plates from the United States to fill the inside pages of certain country weeklies and smaller dailies is also a distinct and unpleasant exception to the Canadianism which now so largely characterizes the press as a whole. But with these and other minor faults the Can- adian press is none the less an honour to the country, well worthy of the pioneers who created it and of the great country from whose news- papers many of its founders came, or have drawn their truest inspirations. The first paper published in British North America was the Halifax Gazette, in 1752. It is now an official organ called the Royal Gazette. It was followed in the Maritime Provmces by the Acadian Recorder (1813) and the Chronicle (1820). In New Brunswick the " Royal Gazette and New Brunswick Advertiser " was established by Christopher Sower, King's Printer, in 1785. In Prince Edward Island the first paper was the Royal Gazette (1791). In Lower Canada the Quebec Gazette was first issued in 1764, the Montreal Gazette in 1778, the Quebec Mercury in 1805, Le Canadieii of Montreal in 1808, the Montreal Herald in the same year and La Minerve in 1826. In Upper Canada, or Ontario, the first paper was the Upper Canada Gazette, issued at Niagara in 1793, and this was followed by the News of Kingston in iSio, the Recorder of Brock- ville in 1820, the Journal of St. Ciitliariiies in 18.26. All the papers mentioned were weeklies and many of them are still living as dailies. In the old North- West Territories (mcUuling Mani- toba) the first paper was the Kor'-Wester, launched in 1859, and the first one permanently established in Manitoba after Confederation with Canada was the Free Press (iSy 2). In British Ci)luiiibia the British Colonist was the first paper of any per- manence and was issued in 1858. The first Boys' paper published in Canada was issued (1857) at Upper Canada College, Toronto, by J. Ross Robertson. The earliest newspaper published entirely in French was Tantpis taut Mieux, Montreal, 1778, with Valentine Jotard as Editor, and the cele- brated Fleury Mesplet as printer. The first daily paper in Canada was the Montreal Daily Adver- tiser* (1833), and the first in Ontario was the Royal Standard (1836). This latter paper started a short- lived course on the verge of the Mackenzie and Papineau troubles with the announcement that it commenced its career "at a crisis big with unborn events, and instinct with the spirit of change." The first religious newspaper was the Christian Guardian, tistuhlishcd under the fighting Editorship of Dr. Egerton Ryerson in 1829. The first penny paper issued in British America was the Morning News, published at St. John, N.B., from 1838 to 1863, by George E. Eenety. The progress of the press as regards numbers wassufficiently rapid when oncefairlyntered upon. In 1824 there were in Upper and Lower Canada some nineteen newspapers, which increased until in 1836, according to Montgomery Martin's "History of the British Colonies," there were fifty journals altogether, of which thirty were published in Upper Canada. A Quebec daily called Neitson's Quebec Gazette was issued on the peculiar plan of appearing fur three days of the week in French, and three in English. According to Munro's "History of New Brunswick" there were in 1855 two daily papers and twenty week- lies in that Province, in Nova Scotia three dailies and eighteen weeklies, and in Prince Edward Island five weeklies. At this period there seem to have been nearly 300 papers, all told, in the Provinces then constituting British North America. In 1864, according to statistics com- piled for McKim's "Canadian Newsjjaper Direc- tory" (i8(jj) by Mr. E. B. Biggar, there were 22 dailies, 2Jo weeklies, 26 tri-weeklies, 12 semi- weeklies, I bi-weekly, 5 semi-monthlies, and 27 monthlies in the Provinces of the present Domin- ion. In 1S74 — seven years after Confederation — there weie46 dailies, 325 weeklies and 41 monthlies. In 1S81, according to Koweil's " American News- paper Directory," there were in C;inada 567 journals, of which 61 were dailies, 407 »veeklies, 58 monthlies, and tiie rest scattering. Ten years later McKim's Directory gives a detailed list of Canadian newspapers numbering 1,033, of which 97 were dailies, 653 weeklies and 217 monthlies. The feature of the development during the last * Geoige Johnson's /■irst Things in Canada. 222 CANADA: AN ENCYCLOPiEDIA. two decades mentioned was, therefore, evidently in the weeklies — the source of local news in the growing small towns and larger villages of the country. An analysis of the press in 1891 shows that there were twenty-six papers devoted exclusively to agricultural and rural interests ; 34 devoted to the interests of societies and brotherhoods* 10 to law; 32 to literature; 15 to medicine, pharmacy, dentistry and hygiene ; 15 to temper- ance and prohibition ; 43 to trade, finance and manufacturing ; 7 to education, with 29 published as College papers. There were 144 papers pub- lished in other languages than English. Of these 126 were in French, distributed as follows : 115 in Quebec, 6 in Ontario, 2 in Manitoba, 2 in New Brunswick and one in Nova Scotia. There were also 13 German papers, all but one being in^ Ontario ; four Icelandic papers and one Swedish.' There were 100 religious publications of which 24 v,^ere classed as Roman Catholic, 15 asChurch of England, 13 as Methodist, 10 as Presbyterian, 6 as Lutheran, 6 as Baptist, and 26 as belonging to other Denominations or else classed as " un- sectarian." The table which follows gives a sunimarized view of the chief Canadian newspa- pers at the present time with the date and in the order of their foundation. They are nearly all dailies (morning chiefly) with the exception of about a dozen : Name Location, "Dale 01 l-'ouiidation. Royal Gaztitto Halifax 1752 Gazette Montreal 1778 Mercury Quebec 1805 Herald Montreal 1808 News Kingston iSio Acadian Recorder ...Halifax 1813 Morning Chronicle ...Halifax 1820 Recorder Brockville 1S20 Journal St. Catharines 1S26 La Minerve Montreal 1S26 Ontario Belleville 1830 Intelligencer Belleville 1834 Courier Brantford 1834 British Whig Kingston 1834 *NorB. Th'? dates of orf;!ini7.,ition are, with some few excep- tions, taken from McKim's Xr7cspaper Directory. They were supplied lo tliat pulilication liy tlio papers concerned and may, therefore, he a>.siuneil lo l)u correct. Citizen Ottawa Globe Toronto V/itness Montreal Spectator Hamilton Reporter Gait Chronicle Quebec Free Press London Herald Guelph Examiner Charlottetown PresbyterianWitness.. Halifax Huron Signal Goderich Dumfries Reformer... Gait True Witness Montreal Planet Chatham Expositor Brantford .. .. Review Peterborough . . Casket Antigonish Mercury Guelph Times .'. Woodstock Beacon Stratford Sentinel- Review Woodstock Examiner Peterborough.. Courrier du Canada... Quebec Canadian Post Lindsay Guardian .....Richmond Times Hamilton Colonist Victoria True Banner Dundas Norfolk Reformer Simcoe Globe St. John Journal St. Thomas Patriot Charlottetown Advertiser London Herald Stratford Canadian Gleaner ....Huntingdon .. St. Croix Courier St. Stephen. . .. Banner Chatham Le Monde Montreal Star Goderich L'Evenement Quebec Times Frederic ton .. Star Montreal Free Press Ottawa Telegraph St. John Telegraph Quebec Mail and Empire Toronto Free Press Winnipeg Times St. Thomas Morninti Herald Halifax 1844 [844 '845 [846 [846 tS47 [849 1847 1847 [848 1848 [848 [850 1851 1851 [852 1S52 t853 '853 ^854 '854 ^55 f857 tS57 t857 [85S [858 [858 [858 CS59 '859 '859 1S63 [S63 [863 [865 [S65 [866 [866 [867 [868 [869 [869 [869 [870 [872 1872 ^873 '875 CANADA: AN RNCVCLOI'.KDIA. 223 Sun St. Jolin 1S77 Times Bruckville iSyS La Patric Montreal 1679 Le Canada Ottawa 1879 Le Soleil Quebec 18S0 L'Electeur Quebec 1880 World Toronto 1880 Gleaner Fredericti )ii 188 1 Courrierdu Canada. ..Quebec 1881 Transcript Frcdericton 1 882 L'Etcndanl Montreal 1883 Herald Calgary 1883 Leader I\.uj;ina 1883 La Presse Montreal 1884 Ti mes Victoria 1884 Journal Ottawa 1885 Morning Guardian Charlottetowu 1885 Tribune Calgary 1886 News-Advertiser Vancouver 1886 Columbian New Westminster 1886 Standard Regina 1886 Star St. Catharines 1887 Gazette St. John 1SS8 World Vancouver 1888 Herald Hamilton 1889 Standard St. Catharines 1890 The Miner N elson 1 890 Tribune Winn ipeg 1890 Telegram Vancouver 1890 Record St. John 1893 Daily Province Vancouver 1893 Morning Telegram ...Winnipeg 1894 The Miner Rossland 1896 News London 1896 Canadian journalism has had a chetiuered career and the work of Canadian newspaper men has not always been upon the sunny side of life's great highway. The list of papers given above, however, with the length of time during which most of them have lived, affords ample evidence of the present existence of a substantiiil and paying business interest in all parts of the Dominion. But in the stormy days of our early journalism writers of skill and cleverness rose and fell with facility upon the waves of political unrest. Many a young man of ability struggled to make his way in journalism only to meet financial failure wirh his paper and perhaps with repeated papers. The well-known career of William Lyon Mackenzie is an illustration of these conditions. His Colonial Advocate (1824-1833) was the stormy petrel of Canadian journalism. Its political policy and influence need not be dealt with here, but the reckless, ruthless style of personal writing which Mackenzie affected gave its tone to much of the newspaper work of that period. The Maritime Provinces. A singularly vigourous and much more able man than Mackenzie was his Nova Scotia contemporary — the Hon. Joseph Howe. His name ranks as perhaps the greatest in Canadian journalism. The period in which he edited the Nova Scotian, 1827-41, 1S44-56, was the most stirring in the history of the Maritime Provinces. Largely through his writings in his famous paper, Howe procured and assured the liberty of the press in that part of British America and obtained without civil strife the Provincial rights of si.lf-government which are now the pos- session of all Canadians. Associated with him either in New Brunswick or in Nova Scotia in the great journalistic struggles of the time were men like John Sparrow Thompson of the Xova Scotian (father of the late Canatlian Premier) ; George Edward Fenety, founder of the Morning AVct's of St. John, N.B. ; Hugh W. Blackader, Editor and proprietor of the Acadian Recorder from 1837 until his death in 1865 ; the Hon. William Annand, a journalist of much and varie.-i experience. Jotham Blanchard was also a most energetic Reform journalist of this early period in Nova Scotia. He established the Colonial Patriot in 1827, was a Member of the Legislature and such a keen fighter that he wore himself out and died prematurely in 1838. Other press names of power in the Maritime Provinces, of that and a slightlylater time, were those of J. IL Crosskill (1810-1855), William Garvie, Angus M. Gidney, Edward Willis, John Young (the famous " Agric- ola") and his son G. R. Young, G. J. Chubband the Hon. Edward Whclan of the Charlottetowu Examiner. Sir J. G. Bourinot was at onetime connected with thi; Halifax Reporter. The Hon. Jonathan McCiiUy, a Father of Confederation, was long connected with the Halifax Chronicle. Several names stand out prominently in these Provinces during the period between the fifties and the eighties. The Hon. Siiiuju Hugh Holmes, Premier of Nova Scotia for a time, was 11 334 CANADA: AX KNCVCLOIVKDIA. proprietor and editor of the Colonial Standard of Pictou from its establishment in 1857 until 1878. The Hon. Tinuitiiy Wairen Anfjiin, afterwards Speaker of the Dominion House of Common;, established the well-known St. John Frecnuin in 1849 as a Liberal and Roman Catholic orf,'an, and of this he was Editor and proprietor until 1877. The name of the Hon. William Elder stands perhaps foremost during this period. Originally a Presbyterian clergyman he united scholarly attainments with journalistic ability and as Editor successively of the Colonial Presby- terian, the St. John Morning Journal and the Tele}j;rnph he ranks high amongst the greater newspaper men of Canada. John Livingston was a contemporary of William Eider's and was associated with him for some time in the editorial management of the Telegraph. Later on he established the Watchiuan, edited the Moncton Times, and from 1878 to 1883 the St, John Sun. For a time he also edited the Toronto Empire. His descriptive style was especially good. The men of to-day in Maritime journalism are worthy of its past record. John James Stewart was in 1S75 one of the founders of the Halifax Herald, the leading Conservative organ of Nova Scotia, and three years later assumed entire con- trol of the paper. Robert McConnell, after years of varied journalistic experience, became in 1892 Editor of the Halifax Chronicle. In St. John, James Hanuay of the Telegraph, 186^5-83 and iS92-9<); John Valentine Ellis, m.p., of the Globe (1862-91)); and S. D.Scott of the Sii>i (since 1883) are distinctly able writers. The Plon. W. S. Fielding and the Hon. J. W. Longley were con- nected for many years with the Halifax Chronicle, and the latter for Some time with the Recorder. Mr. J. E. 1;. McCrcady edited the Tt7.--n(/>/: of St. John forsome years and isnow(i899) Editorofthe Charlottetown Guardian. Other names which must be mentioned in this connection are John T. Hawkeof the Moncton Transcript, J. H. Crocket of the Fredericton G/t\ nc. Province of Ontario. Contemporary with the rise of William Lyon Mackenzie into journalistic notoriety in Upper Canada was tlie scattered establishment of many papers fur the advocacy of, or opposition to, his Radical virws — chiefly the former. Toronto was, of course, the centre of experiment and chanj^e in this connection. The Uf^pcr Canada Ga::clle (i/fjj), for some years under the control of Dr. Ilornc, was Mackenzie's chief journalistic critic in earlier davs. For sometime also it was the nuciium of oliicial or HuKh Graham. Government announcements, but in June, 1826, the administration decided to publish an orj^an which should mould public opinion from its own standpoint, and with this aim issued for a couple of years the Loyalist in connection with the official paper. In May, i8j8, however, the experi- ment was abandoned, and for a few years the latter or^an strug;f,'led on alone. The Upper Canada Guardian, edited for a few years by the traitor Wilcocks, collapsed with his death in the War of 1812. The Tory Observer was hrst pul>lished in Toronto in i8jo. In i8.i5 I'rancis Collins established for a lime a Radical orjjan called the Canadian Freeman which had a stormy e.\istence. The Patriot, a strong Conservative paper, was established in Toronto in 18.5.5, and, until his death in 1840, was edited by Thomas Dalton. It was merged in the Leader about 1S54. Chief Justice Sir John Haj^'arty was in his youn!J[er days editorially connected with this paper. In 1829 the Courier, a paper stronjjly Tory in politics and extremely loyal to Hritish Ciinnection, was foundi.'d by Georf,'e Guinett, afierwards Mayor and Police Magistrate of the City. The Editor for some years was diaries Fothcrgill. In 1838 Sir Francis Hinrks started the Examiner as a Liberal organ, but in a few \cars left for Montreal and it was put in ciiarge I f James Lesslio and afterwards absorbed by the (ilobe. The North Anurican, started by the Hon. William Macch-ugall in iN50 as a Liberal paper, lasted until 1S57. By 1858 all these and other less important papers had ceased to appear. The Weekly Messcn<;cr, edited from 185 j to 1S60 by William Lyon Mackenzie, had a somewhat precarious career. The British Colonist was established by Hugh Scobie in l8j8 and edited by him until his death in 185J — two years after he had turned the paper into a daily. It then came under the control of Samuel Thompson, until that time publisher of the Patriot, and also, for a season, of the Toronto Herald. From Mr. Thompson's editorial and financial control it passed, in 1858, into those of George Sheppard and Daniel Morrison — always remaining Conservative in politics, William Kingsford, afterwards celebrated as an historian, was for some time connected with its editorial columns. About 1865 the paper was absorbed by the Leader. The Globe came in 1844 and the Leader was established in 1852 by James Beaty as a moderate Reform paper. It was edited until 1867 by Charles Lindsey — formerly of the Exam- iner. In 1858 Samuel Thompson started the Atlas, aided by the Rev. Mr. Roaf, as a Tory organ, and controlled it for a short time. And then came the distinctly modern era of Toronto journalism. Mr. J. Ross Robertson, in iSf)6, was chiefly instrumental in founding the Daily Telegraph, which lasted for five years. In 1876 328 CANADA: AN ENCYCLOl'.KDIA. he established the Eveninf; Telef;rain — one of the most successful papers in Canada. The Mail was founded in 1.S7J and the Evening Xiws in 1880. The central fifjure of this latter journal during tlio following seven years was Mr. Edinund E. Shcppard, who as its Chief Editor, soon won a wide reputation for clever writing and radical sentiments — even to the point of favouring Cana- dian independence for a time. In 1887 lit; established Saturday Night, a weekly paper, wiiicii became very popular from his editorial contribu- tions and those of a subsetjuent Editor — Joseph T. Clark — now well-known under the noin-dc- pliime of " Mack." In Decetnber, 1895, Mr. Sheppard purchased the Evening Star, then a two years' old paper, and held popsossion for a time. Of the Globe under George lirown, J. Gordon Brown, Mr. John Cameron and Mr. J. S. Willi- son it is hardly necessary to speak here. Mr. Willison is probably the ablest all-round political journalist in Canada at the present time. His career commenced in the office of the London Adz'eytiser in 1882. During the next year he joined the Globe staff, and in 1890 became iis Chief Editor. The editorial management of the paper has, of course, varied greatly in point of ability and sometimes, perhaps, in consistency during its half century of life. But its policy is a part of the history of the country, and need not be discussed here. ' As a newspaper it stands to-day at the height of its influence, and with a reputation which is steadily growing. Tiie Mail, from its establishment in 1872 as a Conservative organ, has had a somewhat fluctuating career. Its first Editor and proprietor, Mr. T. C. Patte- son, was a brilliant journalist, and made the paper a political power. But in 1S77 it passed out of his hands into those of Messrs. John Riordan and Christopher W. Bunting. The latter was in control of the paper until his death in 1896, and his policy and career constitute an important but unwritten page in the history of Canada. The assumptionof independence about the year 1886 ; the establishment of the Empire in 1887 by Sir John Macdonald, David Creighton and others as a Government organ, and its gal- lant fight for Conservative principles in the general elections of i8gi; the final financial victory of the Mail in the rivalry which followed, and the amalgamation of the two papers in 1^95 as a single Conservative organ ; are interesting events in the record of Canadian journalism and politics. From 1880 to 1885 Martin J. Giiffin was tlie vigourous Chief Editor of tiie paper. Edward I'arrer then for a second time became connected with its columns, to which Dr. Goldwin Smith also contributed, and in 1890 Arthur F. Wallis became Chief Editor, assistiid in Inter years by W. II. Bunting and \V. Saiiford Evans. A word must be sai'i here as to the connection of Dr. Goldwin Smith with Canadian journalism. Wiien he came to Canada in 1871 much was expected from his great literary reputation, and he at once plunged into the field of political and personal controversy. As a contributor to the Canadian Monthly; as the chief support, if not founder of the Nation — a literary journal which did not last very long; as the writer of a little maga- zine called the Bystander for a couple of years ; as the foumler of the Toronto Week in 18S4, and a voluminous contributor to its pages during some three years; as a constant writer in Canadian, American and English magazines; as an edi- torial contributor in later years to the Mail, and for some years past to the luiiincr's Sun ; he has been exceedingly prominent m Canadian journal- ism. But all the enterprises with which he was closely connected have failed to influence the popu- lar mind in anyappreciable degree. Unfortunately, also, the strength of his personal prejudices from the time of George Brown to the later days of Sir John A. Macdonald, have contributed to give his pen a degree of vitriolic intensity which has had a distinctly detrimental effect upon the amenities of Canadian journalism. And, despite his own wide culture, this same cause has helped to retard rather than aid the development of Canadian literary culture. The example of moderation in treatment combined with brilliance of thoughl and expression, which he could have given Canada, would have been an untold benefit to its press. As it is, the bitterness of view and expression which he brought with him only intensified an evil already sufficiently prevalent. The weekly papers of Toronto have been and are too numerous to review. They run from the Christian Guardian established in 1829; the CANADA; AN KNCVCI.OIVKMIA. .'j(> Orange Sentinel fouiuled in 1870 jiiul edited by a representative journalist — Kdward V. Clarke, M.i'.; the Catholic Re<;istir started in iScjj as a practical continuation of the celebrated hisit (iiimdiaii ', ihii Monetary Times foinuled ni i.S()6; to tiie Westminster, established in iHcjO as an exponent of literary Presbyterianisin. Mf.inwliili' a Provincial press w.is slowly evolvin)^ out of tiie political chaos of Rebellion days and throuf,'h the stormy period of the strug^'le for responsible government. The eastern part of the Province was first in this respect. The earliest Kingston newspaper, the Gazette, was published in iiSor and lasted until 1818, when it didd. In 1810 the Kingston Chronicle made its appearance and was afterwards merged with a paper called the News, which had been previously started. The iniited paper has been publislied as a daily since 1851. About the same time (iSkj) the Upper Canada Herald appeared and lasted till 1851. In 1823 a paper was started called the M'atchinaii, but it lived only one year. In 1829 tlie Patriot was established, but the subscrii)tion list and good will were soon transferred to Toronto. In 1830 the Spectator was started, and after a pre- carious existence of four or five years was dis- continued. In 1834 the British Whi}^ came mto life, and is still vigourous and enterprising. The Argus, the Advertiser, the Fronteiiac Gazette, tlie British American and the Statesman also made their bow to the public during this period, and then, meteor-like, disappeared. According to a statement in the anniversary number of the Brit- ish Whig (1895) — and to which I am also indebted for the above facts — the Editors or proprietors of these papers from 1810 onwards were : Stephen Miles, Charles Kendall, Jolm Pringle, John Macaulay, Hugh C. Thompson, Ezra S. Ely, Walter Macfarlane, J. Dalton, John Vincent, Dr. Barker, Roy, Derbyshire, Hill, Cull, Bcntley, Ogle R. Gowan, Samuel and John Rowlands, Waudby, Merrill, A. H. St. Germain, Greene, M. L. Pense, of the Argus (father of E. J. B. Pense, tiie present Editor of the Whig), Armit- age, Armstrong and Carman. Turning to the Western part of Ontario we find that the Hamilton Spectator was established in 1846 by Robert Reid Smiley. In 1864 Thomas and Richard White bought the paper and pnblisheil 't for 8i,\ years, when they went to Montreal and a new Company was formed. David McCiilloch w;is its well-known I'2ditor for many years. In 1880 A. T. I'reed succeeded to the post and in 1894 J. Robson Cameron took his place. The /Vmi's started twelve years later (iS58)and tiie //'tTii/i/— edited since 1896 by J. L. Lewis — was estaljlished as late as 1889. Some eminent jnurnalists of an eailicr day in Upper Canada were connected with the Hamilton press —Alexander Soiiiervillc, William Gillospy, George Sheppard, Dr. iM. II. Oliver, Janus Ross, Hugh Bowlby Willson, Alexander Robertson, the Hon. C. H. Mackintosh and others. In London the Free Press was established in 1849 by W. Suther- land. Messrs. Josiah and Ste[)licn Bhukburn took it over in 185^ and the former edited the paper with satisf.iction to a large Conservative constituency in Western Canada until his death in 1890. He was succeeded by Mr. .Malcolm G. Bremner, the present able Editor, who had been connected with the paper in various capacities from 1865. The London Advertiser was estab- lished by one of the veterans of Canadian jour- nalism — John Cameron — in 1863. In 1875 Mr. Cameron founded the I.ihcral in Toronto as an organ of the Blake wing of the Reform part}-, but it lasted only a year. He w;is connected with the (7/oic from 1882 to 1890, when he returned to the Advertiser, The Hon. David Mills was also connected with this journal as Editor-in- Chief from 1877 to 1882. A well-known London paper in earlier days was the Prototype (1861), and its successor the Herald and Prototype, started as an evening paper in 1870, and lasting for about a decade. They were edited from time to time by journalists such as Daniel Morrison, Marcus Talbot, and .Morgan Caldwell. The LtMidon Stni had been issued as far back as :83i, by E. A. Talbot, who, in 1839, published for a time the London Freeman's Journal. The London Times had also a struggling existence in 1S44-33. The Daily News of London, a comparatively new paper, has been edited since 1895 by .Mr. C . B. Keenleyside. Others notably connected with the Provincial press of Ontario were Lieut.-Colonel David Wylie of the Brockville Recorder; George Benjamin, founder of the Belleville Intelligencer ; Rufus »30 CANADA: AM ENCYCI,OP^:i)lA. Stcpliunsoii, fuuiidor of tliu Chatliam I'luuet; Thotnas McQueen, who cstiiblislicd tin; Huron Signal; the Hon. James YounR, iulitor of tho Diiiiifiiea Rcfonn-.y U>>m iiS53 to l.SOj; Sir Mac- kciuie Howell, Editor and proprietor of tlie Helle- ville Intelligencer {mm i,S5j to 1.S75 and again since liS(j6; the Hon. Michael Hamilton I'"oley of lirantford ; the Hon. Thomas White, founder in i85jof the Peterhorough Review; W. H. Hij,'- gins, the founder of the Whitby Chronicle; the H(.in. C. H. Mackintosh of the Ottawa Citizen; W'iiliam Uenj.imin Wells, who wrote for many of our papers between IiSj4 and 1S50; Robert Davis of the OUiwa Z)rt//_y Times; Charles Roger of Port Hopi', Milibrookand otherplaces; J. I). Murray of Thoroid, St. Catharmes, etc.; James Innes of tlie Guelph Mercury ; C. 1). Barr of the Lindsay Post. Others well-known in their day were William Armstrong, David Beach, Robert Cooper, C. W. Cooi)er, Tiiomas Dalton, William Huckmgham, J. W. Carnian, H. J. Friel, William Harris, M. J. Hickey, the Hon. Charles Clarke, John Sheridan Hogan — whose brief but brilliant career was closed in 1^59 l)y his violent death near Toronto, George Menzies, James McCar- roU, C. P. MulvaiiN, James Foley, James John- son, the Rev. J. Inglis, Avern Pardoe, Rev. W. F. Clarke, T. P. Gorman, G. R. Pattullo, Nicholas Flood Davin, Douglas Brymner, George John- son, Wm. Houston and L. P. Kribs. Outside of Toronto, Hamilton and London, the most representative and able journalists of to-day in Ontario are perhaps A. F. Pirie of the Dundas True Banner, P. D. Ross of the Ottawa Journal, L. A. Magenis-Lovekin of the Ottawa Free Pras, Andrew Pattullo, M.p.p., of the Wood- stock Sentinel-Review, E. J, B. Pense of the Kingston ir/i/j;,', T. H. Preston of the Brantford Expositor, James S. Brierley of the St. Thomas Journal, J. R. Stratton, M.P.P. of the Peter- borough Exantiner and W. S. Dingman of the Stratford Herald, Journalism is, however, a wandering profession and Ontario has produced many other bright minds and pens now scattered throughout the Dominion. R. W. Shannon, J, A. Garvin, Horace Wallis, Fred Cook, J. A. Boyd, J. W. Dafoe, L. W. Shannon, Arch. Bremncr, J. A. Phillips, J. D. Clarke, A. J. Magurn, Archi- b.ild McNee, J. Inncs Mcintosh are some almost random names in this connection. The following list of Presulenls of the Canadian Press Associa- tion since its organization in 1^59 is also largely represetjtative of Ontario journalism : I>nlo. rrMldanl. I>l*ca of MeMing. i85(j W. Gillespy Kingston i^(m W. Gillespy loronto if>f»i W. Gillespy London iS(,j D. McDougall Toronto if<0.5 D. Wylie Toronto l«6.i Thomas White Belleville J 865 Mackenzie Bowell Bnjckville iS()6 Thomas Sellar Montreal 18O7 J. A. Campbell Godericli 1 868 William Buckingham.. Colli ngwood i86j D. Wylie Cobourg 1870 E. Jackson Brantford 1 87 1 James Somerville Toronto 1872 J"hn Cameron Bracebridge 187.5 Rev. W. F. Clarke Loudon 1874 •!• Hough Toronto 1875 John Cameron Hamilton 1876 C. D. Barr Toronto 1877 James Innes Toronto 1878 James Shannon Guelph 1 879 A. Matheson Kingston I S80 J. B. Trayes Toronto 1881 E.J. B. Pense Port Hope 1 882 George Tye Toronto 18S3 C. B. Robinson Montreal 1884.: G. R. Pattullo Toronto 1885 J. A. Davidson Toronto 1886 William Watt, Jr Toronto 1887 J, J.Crabbc Toronto 1888 E. H. Dewart, D.D Toronto 1889 Roy V. Somerville Toronto 1890-91 Andrew Pattullo Toronto 1892 H. P. Moore Ottawa 1893 A. F. Pirie Toronto 1894 T. H. Preston Toronto 1895 L. W. Shannon Toronto 1896 J. S. Brierley Toronto 1897 J. B. MacLean Toronto Manitoba and the North- West. On the 28th of December, 1859, William Buckingham, an Eng- lish and Ontario journalist of experience, and William Coldwell of the Toronto Leader, estab- lished at the Red River Settlement the pioneer newspaper in all the vast region between Lake CANADA: AN KNCYCI-OP.l'.DlA. ^31 Superior and tlic I'acifu: — The X or'- Wester. That country was then iii thu early stages of its colon, i/atitiii iiiul tlio (lilVuulties wure very great. Hut tile little papir bef^an with spirit. T. D'Aicy McGee, tlioii>,'h it was not known at the time, acted as its Ottawa corrcs|)ondLnt ; Georfje Shep- paici, who then had a Viiy liif,'h repntati')n as a JDiiinalist, was a cDntribiilor, and F. W. Cht-iso': was its English correspondent. Conflicts arose, however, with the Hudson's Bay Company and the paper soon foinid itself at war with the rnlers th()ii;,di supported by the people — the lattt.T a sli},'ht factor in that ngion and at that tiiiie. In iSOj Mr. Huckiii^diam returned to Ontario and soon after Mr. Coldwell ^nvc up his sliare in tlie enterprise to Dr. (afterwards Sir John) Schiiiv who, with James Ross, carried it on fur a c-()ii|i of years. From iSG.), and throii;4h the storm- days of : 869-70 Ur. Scluiltz continued to issue n himself at intervals. For a short time afterwards it was in the hands of Dr. Bown. The Xnc Xation, edited by an American named fl. M. Robinson, was a Fort Garry product of the lii^t Riel Rebellion and the orjjan of that movement. Thomas Spencc, of Portaj^'c La Prairie, afterwards edited it fur some years. The Miinitobaii was a weekly paper pubiislied in 1872 by Messrs. Cold- well and Cunningham, and L(;.U<'//s was an orpan of the Half-breeds, established in 1S70 by Joseph Royal, afterwards Lieut. -Governor of the Terri- tories and edited by him for some years. Li 1S72 it became Le Manitiha, and still exists edited by E. Trudel. The tiist daily in Winni- peg,' was the Ilciald, but it lasted for only a few months of the year 1877. A similar fate befell the Manitoba Tclci^'iaph, also a journalistic venture by Walter R. Nursey. The Free Press (1872) is the only survival of those stirring days, but its influence is consider- able in the Province and its position solid. Through his establishment of this paper and his position as its Chief Editor during twenty-one years, William Fisher Luxton stands out as the most prominent personality in Manitoban jour- nalistic history. In February ^894 he founded the Daily Noi'-Westcr- now known as the Tele- gram and as the Conservative organ in the Prov- ince — but only remained in charge a few months. In 1S90 Mr. Robert Lome Richardson, after being connected with the Winnipeg Sun for some eight years, established the Daily Tribune, which has siiiit; beiDine the spec iai or^an of Manitoba Liberalism anil the champion of "National" schools. Various other papers have been started from time to time and many changes have oi(iirre(l in Winnipeg journalism as in that of every lar!,'e city. The iKinii sof David K. Brown, F. E. Molyiieiix St. John, V. (". Wade, George H. Ham, Aicli. McNee, Acton Burrows, T, II. Preston, .\mo3 Rowe, ('. R. Tuttle, A. J. Mc- Giirn and Thomas A. Bell may be mentioned. In tile Province generally there ait; a iiiiiiil)er of excellent weeklies growing steadily vvitii tile growtii of the towns and villages. In what is now the Nortii-West Territories the first paper established seems to have been the ; skate he a' an Herald, of BattiefonI, by P. G. -aiirie, in 187S. John Livingston was for some ^i^ars Editor of the Calgary Herald, But the chief name in the journalism of these great rijgions and 01. e of the brightest in the press of all Canada is that of Nicholas b'lood Davin. An orator in the highest sense, a writer of beautiful ami vigouroiis Engiish, an antlior of estalilished reputation, and a well-known politician, his has indeed been a most interesting career. Founder of the Regina Leader in 1S83 he was its Editor and proprietor until very lately. John f. Young of the Calgary Herald, and John K. Mclnnis, of the Regina Standard, must also be mentioned. Iiritisli Columbia. .Although possessing even now a very small population in comparison with its area British Columbia, has, probably, in i)ro- portion to its inhabitants more newspapers than any other Province of the Dominion. Isolated as the Pacific Coast was until the completion of the Canailian Paciiic Railway, there was but a scant v population to be found then within its borders, and that wr -; located chiefly on the seaboard, the greater port on being in Victoria and New West- minster. Fri)m the rush of miners in the fifties intotheCariboo district, and until thecompletion of the Canadian Pacific Railway and the founda- tion of the City of Vancouver, the people of Brit- ish Columbia depended to a great extent for their news of the outer world — at least for more com- plete details than could be obtained fror brief press despatches — upon the newspapers of San aja CANADA: AN ENCVCLOP/i: DIA. Francisco, U.S.A., with whicli place tlicre was ref,'ular and frequent comnuinication by steamer. This dependence on and close intimacy y.'^h San Francisco had results which remain apparent in many ways, although new conditions brought about by the completion of the Radway and by the influx of people ''rom Eastern Canada, are rapidly obliterating these indications of the old order. In no field, perhaps, is this change more marked tiian in that of journalism. •The first newspaper published on tl.e British Pacific coast was one at Victoria in 1^57. It was printed fnjin a French font of type on an old- fashioned French hand-press. The Bishop cf the Catholic Diocese, a French-C'anatiian, was the promoter of the enterprise, and Coiute Paul de Garro, wdio left France after the coup d'etat of 1851, was the Editor. It was printed in the French language, and lived for only two or three months. The next publication was in May, 1858, when Messrs. Whitton and Towne, two Ameri- cans, started the Victoria Gazette. This was fol- lowed a month later by the Vaucoiiver Island Gazette, published by Frederic': Marriott which, however, onlyexisted for a month, being followed to the journalistic graveyard by its predecessor in December, 1858. The next newspaper to ap- pear (Dec, 1S5S) was the British Colonist which, under the latter part of the name, has remained in the field until the present time. It was origin- ally edited and managed by the late Hon. Amor de Cosmos — a noted pioneer politician and journalist of the Province. He remained in harness until 1866, when he was succeeded by Mr. D. W. Higgins, who conducted the paper during the next twenty years. Some of those associated with this veteran journalist of British Columbia, or succeed- ing him in editorial control of the journal, were the late Hon. John Robson (1869-75), afterwards Premier of the Province, Leonard McClure, the Hon. Rocke Robertson, Walford Harris, A. Bell, William Mitchell, J. M. O'Brien and Henry Lawson — for periods varying from some years to several months. Mr. Charles H. Lugrin is the present Editor. Between 1858 and the present time many other newspapers have been established in Victoria but have passed away after a brief existence. Among them maybe mentioned the Pos< (William McDou- gall 18.S0-2), iclc^ra[>li, lixprcss. Telegram, Herald, and Globe. The Standard was an exception and lasted twenty jears. The rn/ies was establislied \\\ 18S4, is sldl in existence, and gives evidence ot prosperity an'y of Canadian history by the publication of a magazine which aims at a national character and success. Its founder and first Editor, Mr. |. Gordon Mowat, deserves therefore to be held in remembrance, while his successor, Mr. John A. Cooper, has proved himself able to greatly increase the value of the magazine and the pros- perity of the undertaking. And this despite the intense competition of cheaper American maga- zines. Amongst other modern journals special reference must be made to two — Stewart's Quar- terly and the Maritime Monthly. The former was established at St. John, N.H., in April, 1S67, and was founded and edited by Dr. George Stewart. It commenced with the birth of the Dominion but lasted only until January, 1872. The chief contributors besides Dr. Stewart were James Hannay, Dr. Moses Harvey, W. P. Dole, H. L. Spencer, the poets McLachlan, McColl and Mur- doch, A. A. Stockton, Hon. William Elder and J. M. LeMoine. D'Arcy McGee wrote his last article for this magazine. It was succeeded, practically, by the Maritime Monthly, first issued on January I, 1873. This magazine was edited by the Rev. James Bennet until March, 1874 when it passed into the hands of the " Maritime Monthly Club," consisting of the late Lieutenant- Governor John Boyd, Hiram Ladd Spencer, John McMillan, A. A. Stockton, ll.d.. Judge Ezekiel McLeod, the Rev. J. Bennet, J. N. Wilson and T. M. Robinson. Mr. Spencer was appointed Editor. Its publication was suspended in Feb- ruary, 1876, the patronage being inadequate. Among its principal contributors were Dr. Daniel Clark, of Ontario, Himter Duvar, of Prince Ed- ward Islanil, Dr. Moses Harvey, of Newfound- land, Dr. A. A. Stockton and Miss Mary Barry Smith. The Neic Brunswick Magazine, now (1899) in its second volume, is a high-class histo- rical journal edited by Mr. W. K. Reynolds. Of magazines or weekly journals devoted to special subjects something must be said about the comic papers of Canada. Canadians are a somewhat serious people — or were in earlier days -and their literature of this nature has not been large. Now, the wit and humour of the country comes chiefly from New York. Even Punch is neglected in favour of the peculiarities of Ameri- CANADA: AN ENCYCL0P.+:DIA. »3S can humour. Its namesake, however, entitled Punch in Canada, flourished in 1849 in Montreal. The Flysheet was an ephemeral production of 1858. In the same year the Grumbler was established in Toronto by Mr. Erastus Wiman. Its pages were contributed to by W. J. Rattray, James Mc- Carroll, the clever writer of " The Terry I'innegan Letters," Clarke Tyncr and other bright jour- nalists of the time. In 1863 it passed into the hands of Mr. J. Ross Robertson, but only lasted until 1864 when its proprietor joined the staff of the Globe. A rival during about 18 months of 1859-60 was Poker, edited by the late Chief Jus- tice Robert A. Harrison. James McCarroll at a later period started the Latchkey, and William Halley established the Pick, but neither outlived the Grumbler. No distinctively and avowedly comic news- papers have appeared in Halifax, save a few ephemeral sheets devoted to electioneering lam- poons. The Bullfrog (1864-5), a critical and liter- ary weekly, controlled by some officers of the Garrison, had a number of caustic and witty contributions. The same may be said of The Critic in its earlier years, one of whose contribii- utors (" Snarler ") afterwards transferred his " Snaps and Scraps " to The Dominion Illustrated. But the funniest paper issued in Halifax was the Mayflower, which was started in 1871 as a speci- ally serious and edifying paper and two years later was converted by its purchaser, F. H. Baker, into a flippant, caustic and rather risque periodical. After attaining an exceptionally large circulation it suspended in 1881, its down- fall being largely due to Mr. Baker's printing a series of argumentive articles against Christianity which disappointed the majority of his readers (who bought his paper for his quips alone) and which offended all who had any belief in or respect for the Christian faith. Among the many humourous contributors to the Halifax daily press have been David Faulkner, who wrote frequently for The Herald under the nom de plume of " Adam Smith " ; S. D. Scott (while Editor of the Mail) and " Susie Kane " who parodied very laughably in The Echo the vanities and frivolities of the Halifax society writers. In Mav, 187J, the chief of Canada's comic papers was founded in Toronto by Mr. J. W. Bengough and, until 1892, was edited by him with distinct ability and success which, perhaps, would have been greater had the cartoons not been so one-sided politically. In 1894 the paper ceased to exist. Mr. Bengough'ij cartoons hue since been a popular feature of the Montreal Star and Toronto Globe. Samuel Hunter of the Toronto M'orld has of late years won a reputation of the highest in this connection, while R. F. Staples of the Toronto Telegram has exhibited a certain form of humour in his cartoons which is inimitable. In 1886 the Arrow was started in Toronto as a satirical journal, but did not last long. The same fate overtook Tarot in the year 1896. The Free Lance was founded in Montreal by (}eorge T. Lanigan. It had some clever con- tributors and lasted for two or three years follow- ing 1868. Diogenes was contemporary in part with the Free Lance, but lasted longer. It was actively supported by William Workman, Mayor of Montreal, who wrote for it under the name of " Grinchuckle." George Murray, Alfred Bailey, George Burden and others also contributed to its columns. In the capital of Manitoba the Winnipeg Si/tings spent its day of passing brightness, and in far-away British Columbia the Scorpion and then the Comet had, in late years, a brief career under the initiative of Mr. John Fannin. To give lists of medical, educational, religious, scientific, and other special journals of the last hundred years in Canada might be interesting to a few, but would be certainly difficult and hardly appropriate or necessary. Some of the best known of the religious journals still living in 1898 may, however, be mentioned here : Christian Guardian Toronto.... iS^g Presbyterian Witness Halifax 1848 True Witness Montreal ..1.S50 The Wesleyan Halifax iN5o Canadian Baptist Toronto.... IN54 Congregationalist do 1.S54 Canadian Methodist Magazine... do iSy^ Canadian Churchman do 1875 Presbyterian Record Montreal. . . 1876 Evangelical Churchman Toronto.. ..1876 Catholic Record London ....1S78 Canadian Freeman Ki ngston . . . i S84 Catholic Register Toronto.. . . 1893 The Westminster do 1896 Some of the earlier religious journals were the as^ CANADA: AN ENCYCLOP/KDIA. Christian Recorder at York (Toronto) in i8i(j ; the Christian Sentinel at Montreal in 1827 ; the Churchman's Remembrancer at York in the same year ; The Catholic, established at Kingston in 1830; the Canada Baptist Magazine, started in Montreal in 1837 ; the Canadian Christian Exami- ner at Niagara in the same year. The Journal of Education for Upper Canada, established in 1848, and that for Lower Canada, founded in 1857, lasted for a number of years with great benefit to that particukir national interest. Similar journals still exist in Toronto, Halifax, St. John and Montreal. An early agricultural paper was the Canadian Agriculturist, established at Toronto in 1849, and which lasted till 1S63, and perhaps later. Anotiier was the Fanner's Journal, of Mont- real, founded in 1847, and still in existence in iS8g. The Upper Canada Jurist was started in 1844, the Lower Canada paper of the same name in 1 868. The Canada Law Journal of Toronto was established in 1855. The " Canadian Journal of Medical Science " was first published in To- ronto in 1876, and was continued as the Canadian Practitioner in 1883. The Dominion Medical Monthly was started in Toronto in 1893, and the Montreal Medical Journal in 1S72. They are still living. A mass of other journals exist, deal- ing with mining, numismatics, architecture, elec- tricity, engineering, entomology, natural history. Masonry, archaeology, and a myriad of other subjects, but it would serve no useful purpose to mention them further. Journalists of a special subject, rather than of the general press, have fo:nd a distinct place in Canada as have journals of the same type. The names of F. S. Spence and W. \V. Buchan- an in connection with the Temperance question ; Edward Trout, James Hedley and M. S. Foley in financial journalism ; Rev. Dr. E. II. Dewart, Rev. J. A. Macdonald, Rev. Dr. W. H. Wi throw and many others in religious journalism ; E. B. I>iggar and J.J. Cassidy in the realm of indus- trial activity ; are cases in point at the present time. In the journalism of other communities, as in general literature, Canadians have qlsobeen distinguished. James Creelman, the famous war rorrespoudent ; Joseph Medill, one of the great names in United States journalism — a founder, proprietor and present Editor of the Chicago Tribune ; Alexander Edwin Sweet, founder of the celebrated Texas Si/ting';; James Jeffrey Roche, Editor since 1890 of the Boston P;7o/ — perhaps the chief organ of Irish opinion in the Republic; the Hon. Stephen Stock^well, one-time Editor of the Boston Journal; Daniel Logan, the leading journalist in the Hawaiian Islands: Joseph Albert Wheelock, founder and Editor-in- Chief of the St. Paul Press since 1861 ; Alexander Slason Thompson, editorially connected with many American papers from tiinetotime and one of the founders of the Chicago Herald; Andrew Miller, founder and proprietor of New York L;/e; E. W. Thomson, Associate-Editor of the Boston Yo iths' Companion; Henry Beckles Willson of the London Daily Mail; and P. G. McArthur of the New York Truth, are all Canadians by birth. Summarising the situation it is easy to feel satis- fied with the position and character of Canadian journalism — easier perhaps than to point out the deficiencies already referred to and which may be generalized in the statement that there is at times an absence of refinement in style and language, of dignity in head-lines; typography, etc., and of strict regard for accuracy where a political point may be made. Beginning in many cases without satisfactory education or training the newspaper men of pioneer days in Canada had great diffi- culties to encounter. There is now, however, no lack of ordinary education and the position is steadily improving. Where the trouble does ex- ist it probably comes from a natural inclination to imitate certain tendencies in the American press. Upon the wlujle, however, the press of Canada is a great influence for good citizenship and higher ideals. The leading journals are well written, increasingly moderate in tone, surprisingly non- sectarian for a country of divided religions, high- ly moral in principle, fairly free from external sensationalism. And it may be added that the material position of the press is steadily improv- ing- -to a degree which it is to be hoped will soon enable it to stand the expense of a Canadian news agency in London and a cable service distinct from that of the United States. The daily aver- age circulation of the Toronto Globe in 1897 is given as 31,314 and that of the Mail and Empire as 23,020 ; while in Montreal that of /.,( Presse is stated at 54,833 and of the Star at 45,911. CANADA : ANf ENCYCLOP.KDIA. 237 The past has been a long struggle against ail- marked by almost every clement of progress in a verse circumstances and difficulties only possible right direction. Tlie future holds out the pros- in a new country bordering for three thousand pect of a press wliich sliall more and more prove miles upon the possessions of a great national a lamp to light the way to the highest and best competitor and alien influence. The present is development of national and individual life. The hun. William Tempidiiaii. Wiiiiam WiituJ CanipOeli I 238 CANADA: AN ENCYCLOPEDIA. Literature and Journalism— Editor's Note. To the Marquess of Dufferin and Ava Canada owes much, and not the least of his services was the contribution to its literature of those inimitable orations which have become classics to every student of Canadian development. Some of Lord Dufferin's poems have also found a fitting place in compilations of Canadian verse. The Marquess of Lome ha? written much about Can- ada — notably his volume of poetry and remin- iscences published shortly after he left its shores. In connection with our T'rench literature the names of James Donnelly and William Chapman may be mentioned — French despite their names. Writers of occasional poems are, of course, innum- erable. A few more might be mentioned here. M. \'\hh6 N. Caron, J. H. l^owes, Mrs. W. N. Clarke, R.J.Devlin,FredcrickA.Dixon,Eud()reEvanturel, Pierre Falcon, L. J. C. Fiset, Aclrlle Frechette, W. H. Fuller, Alfred Garneau, J. H. Garnier, M. I'Abbe Appollinaise Gingras, M. J. Griffin, A. W. Gundry, Joseph Le Noir, J. K. Liston, R. liutland Manners, ^L j. Marsile, M:iry J. McCoU, Mary Mclver, Dominique Mondelet, Hon. M. A. Plamandon, Francis Rye, E. Hlain Saint Aubin, Samuel J. Watson, G. W. Wicksteed and Sir Daniel Wilson have all written poetry of more or less merit — some of it deserving a permanent place in our literature. The recently retired Chief Justice of Ontario, Sir John Hagarty, wrote isolated poems in his younger days which rank with some of the best in our language — notably the " Funeral of Napo- leon I." and "The Sea, the Sea". W. A. Ste- phens, of Owen Sound, is said by the Rev. W. Wye Smith to have written the first volume of poetry published (1806) in Upper Canada. In Canadian journalism a special place is held by the late John Maclean, both as one of the origina- tors of the National Policy idea and as being a prominent newspaper man in Hamilton and Toronto. James Somerville, who established the Dundas True Banner; Patrick Boyle, who so long edited the Irish Canadian ; John Fraser, who as " Cousin Sandy " was so well and widely known on the Canailian press; and Alexander W. Wrigh:, who, as Ediior of the Guelph llcnrhi, the Orangeville Sun and the Stratford Herald made a name for himself before he went into politics and the labour movement — should be also mentioned in any reviewof our journalistic history. Canadian works of value are yearly increasing in number. Very recently the Thorold and Heaverdam's Historical Society issued a dis- tinctly useful jubilee History of Thorold. The Rev. Dr. George Brvce, of Winnipeg, in 189S, published a volume dealing with Jolin Black, the Apostle o/the Red River. Mr. Edward Marion Chad- wick, of Toronto, who has devoted so much tune and study to Canadian genealogical research and to the history of the Indians, completed in the same year his valuable work up