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I'lliti-ll (.'nulilil-t a.-.i; l.'i']|"ii 111 IkliriiiL; .Sea ( Hniiiii-.ii.li iiii'l \ir .I'ugl! iii ix [pnil c.| |',iiii«Ii ('iiiiiiiii'^iipiii i> [3UJj I5;i[;i7 BEHRING SEA ARBITRATION. INDEX TO BRITISH CASE. A. Page. Action (if Unilcil Smtcs and Kiissia, 18G7-1880 Ailanii, Mr. .1. (I. Article in " North Amcricnu Kcvicw ' „ to M. I'olctico, I'ebrimry 25, 1822 „ „ Mmcli 30, 1H22 „ to Mr. MiadletoiJ, .luly 22, 1823 "Addle." Seizure of .. ., ,, ,. Alaska. Act for protection of fur-bcnrinjj animalg in „ Cession of to United Stoics in 1807 ,, „ debates in Congress on „ Report on lisherics of in 1889 .. .. Aleutian Arcliipdug). Description of by Orccnliow,. AnRoll, Professor. Arli-lc by in "Fiirum " ■■ .Ania Heck." llriif for United States in case of ,, ". Antelope." Ciise of .. Arctic Ocean. Line of demarcation cxtcmls to . . ■VrRument. Heads of . . „ Outline of . . . . . . . , „ llecapitiilalion of Arnin({onicnt of C«-. I'cliiimiy I'.l, l8-"i ti) Mr. O. ('iinniM'-', .Minli '. It^'-' it ", !, ,. .. ' April ;(, 1 «•-'•'> .. "Curolciii." Sii/uri' i.f C'lui'. Arinnmmint <>f . . • • (ViiMi> dl' IliKsiuii Si'ttliMi, fills ill ISl'.i (VM aiul Uussm, 1824 .. (heat r.iitiiiii mill Uus^iii. IH'J.3 .. „ ., and I'niKil Stales of 1892 C'uol, 'Jiiiitiiiii. I>is(o\eriis of. in Nortli I'lcilic ,, .. Vovaires ol" . . • • • • "Coiwin." Iteport of f riiize of. ill IHH'j ., Culm. I'o.-itioii talicii h\ l'..it fi8 7fi 90 102 121 in 140 101 9'J 12.1 1 12-1 II, 121 1 110 S2 ■1.1 2 15 15 IIU 142 ftl 102 I.r2 l.-il) HI 75 95 14 '• Eliza." Seizure of tlie . . . • •'• ' Klliiitl, Mr. II. \V. Ineliiies licliriii^ Sea in the Pacific I'itholen. lleporls on «ii:iler- in liehriii;; Sea *' I-'uropa." ('ise ot .. .. .. _ •• KxcliiMVP jinis'lclion. 1 irst a-serti'ii of, by Kiis.-ia. . I'alklaml Is'ancli-. Case of il.,- • ll:,rriet " . . „ „ Se,il fi.sherics of Fera n.i/nnr, animals cannot lie property . . Kcrris:-, Mr. On ce-sioii of Alaska Fish, Mr., to Sir V. Thcretoii. .lannaiy 22, 187.'i. of jurisdiction .. .. oil Conveiiti 111 of 1H21 . . .Asserts marine league Ko'ivi'Miers. Compitition of, wiili Uiissiaii-.'\iuerican Comp.iny KoisyUi, Mr. Oil case ol' tlie " I.^riot," ?.'(.veml)er li, 18H7 "Koruiii." Article ill. by I'lofessir Aniieli French, Mr. Lctlcr to .^I;■. (I'Aiieov.ii. .March 12, 1 881 Fur-»ca's are aiiinial.s /'•/■«■ nnlnru- Freedom of ti-liery assertcil liy Tniteil States Uinht of piopeity'in, elaiincil hy United Slates, miprcccdcnteil „ Suggested C^unventioa lor protection of ,. •• o lie limit 117 70 8;i 114 .■IS 130 i;!7 140 101 149 109 37 80 7,->, 151 111 11)6,100 l.-iO 1,15 120 INURX, o. Vntfv. OnzcilLcrs. ItcfiTrnccn to, a» |o Hihriiif? Sin, Sic. . . OcoBrn|)liicnl iiw i.f •• I'acilie " miil " Nortli-Wrst ('(mut " (Jdloviiin, cm KuNsinii-AmcricQn Ccimpany .. anciilmw. >riMii(iii- h\, «n Pnuific Occnn . . 1. <"i AliMili:iii Aicliij)('la({o I, on l-iilkluiid lulaiiilii ,, I, oil North. West (.'oaHt 7,1 72 32 07 or, 137 or, Ilnlifnx l''i>liiiiis Comiiiissic.ii. I'loccedinKs of •• •• I. Spci'cli of Mr. Dana at llnll, Mr. \V. !■: i fknsi „( 1HJI llalli'tk, (111 closed seiiH .. Hnnna. ( aptiin. Discoveries of , . " Harriet." Case of . . . . ,, " Ilenridla." .Siizurr i.f lli-^toriial oullino of ditcoveiies and trade in North Pacifie, 17V8-I7!„|„,r siilimiiliil I' (I'unl Ni-«srlron mare I IdUiidii .. ■• •• •■ •• Outline of argument . . . . • • • • • • " P. Pacific Oman. Kxtend> to liel.rin^' Straits .. •■ Free navii;ation ol ns«eited by treaty ol 1824 ,, Meanin<; of . . . . ■ ■ • • ,, „ Nnnies nivcn to . , ,, Russian interiirelation of .. .. •• Use of term bj- liaron Nicolay '' I'earl." Sei/.nro of . . Peliknn, Mr. Notice i^sued by .. ., Peters. Mr., nn cession of Alaska . . .. •• • Pctroff, .Mr. han. H'linrt of .. .. •• •' Phelps, Mr., lo -Mr. Houtnell, March 25, 1872 Phillim.vr'. Sir H.. on rifjhts of Uus.sia Poli'lica. M.. to Mr. Ada'i-.s. I-rhruarv 28, IS22 ;\pril 2, 1822 .. Portlock .and Dixon. Discoveries of .. .. •' Propc-ty e'.aini involves mara ihii$um „ ' „ of United Slates novel . . . . ■ • „ interest, claim of in fur-seal . . . . • Proposals for International .Vi^reeincnl Protection. Alleged ri',;ht ef .. .. Protest of Ur.ited States nL'ainsi Uknsc of 1821 Page. 144 Mr, ir,:, 17 t)(> 04 43 50 04 fil 28 122 Q. ' Quarterly Keview ." .Vi !ie e in on Nortli-Wcst Coast HI 4t 01 3S 00 30 32 113 114 113 1 144 150 7 lij 52 00 13 ea Gl 57, 78 7(1, 110 110 107 70 18, 03 49 17 135 135 133 125 153 47 64 INDEX. Vli R. UpKuliilioiii. C<:iixiclc'iali'iii <>r |Mi>t{iiiiii il ., ,. ,. ,, llevi'mii' cnii/i r-'. liiNliiii'tioii'. to in iHHli ,, ,, ., HivIm.! Stmiiti ^ 111' I'l.itiil S'liti 1, Sccii^iii lli.jo, iiuulc to include Itvliiiiii; Sin KiKliI <'l miiieli mi liii^li iiih^ t<) t'liitcil Slali-H uii cChHiniMff Alahltii •• •• Uohlii'ii Inlaiiil.. ,. .• .. .. .. ItUHsia. Alianiluiiiiii'iit nt' vluiiii to ixclimivc iuri»ilii'tio:i „ Action lit, ISiiT-lMHCi .. ,, Dill » nut I'laiiii jiiiiMlictlDn imt»iilc :!-iiii|i.' limit .. „ Tcrritiiriiil c1aini'< iif in IHlSanni|ian} . l)ri){iniit' ,, ,, ,, .. ,, ,. ., Kc[;utati „ .. Mr. Sumner on extent of , , . , . . ..I \2l \-z; l.Vi HI 11.1 II 1(1] ii:. ■ij IS ;i;i SI M 117 j;) IS (■,'.) S7 111 ij " Saywnril." Opinion of Supreuic Court in case of ,. Sclieilule urcliinis for (lnmii'.'eH .. ,, ., Seal li-lierics. Kreeilmn of a>»erle!l liy rnitcd Stnti.i .. liiiiitiiii;' ill Itcliiin^ Se.i in 1B7J ., „ l-laiiiN. I.cii>ei,r.. .Seals. Inoreaseil ulauj-lili r (f niter cession . . I'rohiliition of killim- ill INCS Scarcli. Ui[;lit iif on liifjli ^:l'as .. Seizures of Itiilish \e>sels in lleliring Sea .. ., Vie^vs of .Mr. IVialne on . . . . Shctikof. Ciilonies c-talilitlied by .. .. Siikii. Dcstnietion of ,, ., ,, ., „ United States' hrief at I'oiiit of . , Slave Trade. Case nf " I.c I.ouis '' Stowell, Lord. .luil^ment of in case of '• I,e Louis ", , Sumner, Mr. ('.. on cession of .\li-ka ., .. T. " 'I'linriitoii." C'a-o of the .. ,. ,. ,, Territorial jurisdiction. Object of I'k.ise of 1821 to extend ,. „ „ .Said to extend for 1 01) miles Tradiim ond exploriiticns, lS2l-18;!fi .. " .. ., Treaty between Great liritaiii and liussin. 182"i ., ,, of C'.'ssioii discu-scd . . . , . . . . Tixtof between I'nited Sl.ites and Uussia, 1821 ,, „ ,, made navigation free „ " „ .. Text of .. Twiss, Sir Travcr.s on clo.scd seas. , . , . , , , Tvler, I'rc-iilent, on detention "f vessels on the liifsh seal ,, .. 1 Mi! It'll lH.-i llii iHl loll I(U 1 5:1 121-123 13o 2'.) no iji iji ai, imi 1, 127 ,31) 133 77-7;i 17, .03 '.11 ■iH--S3 r,'i a 2 130 157 V. Ukase of 1 701'. Circumstai'.ees leading up to „ ,, ('on>idered „ ., Not notified to foreign (iovcrumcnts „ „ I'nrely domestic, , ,. .. „ ,, Text of „ ., and 1821. Areas alfcptod by „ 1S21 based on doctrine of mure '•lausuiii „ „ leading to Treaties of 1821 ami 1825 .. „ „ never enforced 22 27 29 25,28 25 13 48 37 57 VI 11 INDEX, ^y Fnge. Ukiisc of 1821. Protest ngainst, by Groat Britain „ „ „ Ui:ito(l Stiitcs „ „ I'urposu of „ „ Text of ■Uiiiili.ska iilmiidoiicd by Bnrauoff . . ri'.itod Stales. Action of, IHfiT-lSRCi .•• , . ,, nfseitcil no extraordinary juriwlietion previous ,, ,. autliorities iiieliidc Ikhrini; Sta in the I'neitic, ,, ,, contentions since 188(1 ,, ,, oflicials. Instructions to . . „ protest njjainst Ukase nf 1821 ,, „ whalin<; industry in Ni rth Piieilie Us(r of waters up to 1821 , , . . „ 1821-18G7 to 18SG. 40 47 38 37 30 103 119 69 121 104 47 89 13 77 \'cn iJuren, President, on case of the Vaiiecuver. Voyages of Yattel, on inbmd seas , . V. ' Loriot ' 82 1!) 117 Walru.<. Hunting of . . . . . . Wnshburn, Mr., on cession of Alaska Washington Temtory. Memorial from Water?. No special mention ol' dominion over in Trcnly of Cessiou Wellington, Duke el' t i Count Xes.selrode, October 17, 1822 .. ,, ., Mr. 0. Canning, November 28, 1822 i . „ ,, Ciiunt Lieveii, November 28, 1822 West, Sir L. Protest by, against seizures , . AVhalers. Kegulations for, in Sea of Okhotsk ,, llussia did not claim riglit to exeheie ,, sometimes hunt seals , , , , Whaling flett in Norlli Pacific about 1S5(1 , , ,. ' „ ,, from 1807-1880 ,, „ .. Valne of catcli „ indiistry, Htalisties of , . Wharton, Mr., on I'kasc of 1 821 , . Wheaton, on Irtcdom of high .sea Williams. Mr., on cession of .Vlaska Woolsey, Dr., on Hussian claims . . . . ,, ,, on present dispute.. ., 8!l, 110 lUl 99 05 42 40 43 121 8(i H.-j il;i 8a 110 88 89 75 141 101 7"i 139 ( ix ) INDEX TO BRITISH COUNTER-CASE. Page. A. Abbey, Captain C. — Islands insufficiently guarded . . Adams, T>. — Globes by . . . . . . • • . < Adams, Mr. John Quincy — Admits no pnrt of lluasian claims in 1822 .. .. Contests Russia's territorial claims in 182;i .. Declines Haron Tuyll's overtures in 1824 .. ., Quotation from his diary . . • . • • Alaska — Object of purchase not fur-seals . . . . . ■ Alaska Commercial Company — Charges f galust, by General Howard . . . . . . „ „ Governor Swincford , . . Treatment of natives by .. «. •• •• Quiita of seals unchanged during lease. . . . . , ' Alaskan seal herd "— United States' contention OS to distinctness of ,. Aleutian Islands — Passes through , . , . . . . . . • Alexander, Mr.— Evidence as tu loss of seals by sinking. . . . • . Allen, Professor — Admits standard of skins lowered . . . > . • On intermingling , . . . . . • • • • On length of stay in islands , . . , . . . . On loss by sinking . . . . . , . . • • Says seal is wild animal . . . . • • • i Statements, contradictory, respecting abstinence from food ,, „ „ habits of Pitmipedia Amos. Mr. Sheldon — On territorial waters . . . . . . • • Anadir, Sea of — Term does not indicate separation from Pacific . . Area in dispute — Dccisi; u of 'J'l ibunol shouM be confined to . . Definition of Argentine Hcpublic — Seal fi.-hery, laws of Argument— Itrcaiiitulation of , . Arrangement of Counter-Case Attu island- — Distance from Katutclmtka End of Aleutian ^roup Australian pearl fisheries — Laws confined to British subjects 292 44 28 15 39 35 70, 226 278 279 300 275 119 47 18G 276 132 108 180 117 214, 215 103 82 45 78, 162 162 U2 loo I 40 46 1)4 Ilogot, Sir ('. — Ilis negotiations in 1824 ,. lialtic— Damage to fisheries by seals . . llancroft, " History of .\laska" — On prices of kins in 1825 .. [302_ B. 2;>, .12, 33 1.53 57 C INDEX. Banen fcmnlcs— Indinn evidence .. .. •• •• •• •• Pelagic iicnlcrs' evidence , , . . • • ■ • • • Views of Mr, Elliott , . . . • • • • • • Bay of Biscny — I'nrt of Atlantic, thougli separately named . . . . . . Bchrinn Sm — AlK'Scd assertion of onncrsliip in Treaty of 1867 Alleged distiTictness from Pacific discussed I're(|uento(l by foreigners before 1824 .. .. .. •■ Nuvigated hy Hritinii te.-si'ls during Russian domination , . Xo disiinctivL' nnnie during Treaty negotiations . . Not clistinguislied from Pacific in Ukase of 1821 Russian juiifsdiction over. (See Jurisdiction.) Ku-siim title n east ciiast. {Sec Russian Title.) Skii.s lakiu ill Cistern part in 1892 .. .. .. •, User up to 1821 . . ,, .. .. .. ., User from 1S21 to 1867 \V.".s it ineUuled in Pacific in Treaties? United Ststcs' contentions „ ,. „ Summary of British reply . Was included in Pacific in Treaties . . . . , . Whaling in ,. ,. .. .. .. Witliout (li''ietive name on many Maps .. .. .i Behring straits — ICiigland would not tolerate closing in 1824 .. .. Berg, Dr. ('.— His reply to Dr. Merrium . . , , . . . . . Blar'kst'.ine— Rel'ere'ices to anim'.dsyj-'rff «a/tt>'« . •• •• • Blaine, .Mr.— C'rilici-ni of his list of Maps. . .. .. His inteipretatinns of north-west coast .. .. . Supports limitation of reference to area in dispute . . . Blanch:ird, Dr. i{. — His reply to Dr. Merriara Boutwell, Mr. Seerctnry— Foresaw control of islands would be incfiectiTC . . Objections to leasing i.slands to a Company . . . . Breedin;; femules. (See also Females)— Not known to go to sea for food . , , • . . , T'nited States' evidence as to going in search of food Breeding islands — I.eiigtli of seals' resort to ,, .. ., ., Seals wduld profit by man's abandonment of . ■ . . Breeding seals — XevtT go far from islands . , , , , , , , British Columbia — Fur-seals in inland waters of, , , , . . , , . Winter home oT lur-seal on coast of . , , . British C'ommis^ioners on — Dead pups in 1801.. ,. ., ,, Females kilkd at sea . , . . . . . , . Intermingling .. ,, Killing of males only .. ,, Loss of sials by sinking ,, .. .. .. . Natives, condition of , . . , . . , . Quota of seals on islands Raids , . , . , . . , . , , , , Bryant, Captain — Contraiiictoiy 0])inions of ,. ., .. On m.'irine hihits of fur-seal .. .. .. .. . On dead iin|.s , . , , , , ., .. , Bulls. {Si, aUu M;,les)— Length nf siijourn on islands, , ,. ., ,, . Buynitzky, .Mr. S. .\I.— On intermini;liii,; . , . , , . , , . . , Canada — Seal-fi-l.i'iy laws ,. ,, ,, Canadian se.ding (liel — Tid>le sliiiwing value of ,. ., Value ol'. ilisiiissed. . ,, ., Canning, Mr. (1. — His instruetiuns throughout negotiations Page. 256 251 251 ■15 09 42 24 52 27 26 177 G 55 41 42 54 59 43 31 1660 83 43 48, 49, 50 163 166 B 273 228 211 213 105 115 218 154 139 208 ll'H, 201 130 234 185 302 275 293 217 104 209 100 127 89 310 309 ,.l 16, 29, 31,32 INBEX. XI Cape of Onod Hope — Scnl fishciy laws , , , , , , _ ^ Capital ill Bcal-skin industry , , . . , . Caipmail, ^[r. — Mrtoorohiyical 'i'aUuB by ., ,, Ceylon — Pi nil fisheries of .. .. ., ,, Charter of 1821 — Kxeludivl Ibreigncrs . . . , . . Tlie (inly one ailecting foreigners . . ,, Charter of 1829 — Kxcliiilirl niilv otiii'r Itussian iiubjccts .. Charter of 1S44— ExcUidcd only other Russian subjects . . Charters of lluisiaii-Anicrioan Company— Discu-s'.'d. , , . , , , , . , Proposed renewal in 1 8G5 .. ,. ,. Chile- Seal fishery laws .. ,, ,, ,, Circular to naturalists by Dr. Merriam — Criticism of replies to . , . , . , Climate of I'ribylott' Islands — Causes seals to leave . . , , , . Not only reason for seals resorting there . . Stress laid I'H bv United States Coal- Supply to natives . . . . , , , , Coition— Freijuent at sea , . . . , , , , CoUett, Trofo^sor K.— His reply to Dr. Merriam Commander Ishmds — Detciilied as in Ricific in Treaty of 18G7 U-iids on , , , , , , , , , , Committees of Congress — Keports on purchase of Alaska . . , . Common jind Civil l.aw^ Meaning of terms .. ., ,, Common interests of nianUind ,, ,. Cornyn, " Di^'est" — Oil aninialsyt'/ff Hn/Hrir .. .. ,, Coiieiusions — To Chapter I , , . . . . , , II Ill IV V VI VII .. To Pan I. . ,. n C->nferenec of Uussian Dignitaries— Their Ueport iliscussed , , , , , , , , Their interpretation of Treaty of 1821.. ., ,. "Contre-rrnjet" of Anglo- Ilussiar. Treaty by Uussian Plenipotentiaries Control c.f Hibrin^ Sea by Uussia. (See Jurisdiction.) Control of islands- United States' eontentions . . . , Summary of llritisli reply . . . . . . . . Inelleetive by liovenimciit Agents Should be in hands of Government . . . . , , Control of Se:ils — Not domestication . . . . . , , , , , , Control of ((uota — Inefleetive . . . , . , , , , , Convention — As means of giving effect to Ilogulations Cook, Captain — On Uu-isian Settlements .. .. ,, On sea-otter industry ., .. ,, ,, Cows — Lenijtli r,f sojourn on islands , . , , , , , , Coxe, " Uussian Di-coveries " — On term " Kostcrn Ocean ' ., ,. Cross' Sound , . Page. 8'.t . 310 U7 til 17 112 02 17,61 03 01 ICCin 151 115 IIG 303 115 lOGi! 2'J7 70 SO 81 .. . so -10 51 (17 7.'> '.to 154 158 ail 2n, 27'. 272 2 1 <> 283 112 270 IGl 7 57 100 44 34, 35 Xll INDEX. U. DaiimRCs — Clnira of Groat Britain . . . • • • • • Tall, Dr. \V. 11 — On conduct of Governmcut Agent* .. .. .. •• „ condition of natives . . . . . . • • ,, dc'cicase due to killing males . . , . . . • • „ killing in 18GH . . .. .. •• •• •• ,, marine habits of sciil ■ . . . . . • • „ small value of industry in 180" .. .. •• ., tradois in lielirin;^ Sea .. .. .. •• Davis, Ocnernl Jtfferson — On condition nf natives . . . . . . Dead pups — Attributed by I'niled Slates to killing females at spa Circumstances in 1891 .. .. •• ■• •• Kvideuee of rarity before 1884 contradicted „ as to proRressive increase retrospective . ■ . • Not duo to pelagic S( aliiig owing to dates Not i>rovcd due to killing of mothers at sea .. •• •. Number iiicreaicd in 1892 when no pelagic sealing in eastern portion of Itehring Sea .. .. •• «• •• •• Observed by Hrilisli Commissioner in 1851 .. •. Observations of Mr. Macnun in 1892 .. Probable causes of mortality . . • . . . . . • • Vie«s ef United States' Comn.is.sioners erroneous ., .. „ Uritisii Commissioners in 1891 confirmed in 1892 „ Captain Bryant . . . . . . . . „ Mr. Elliott .. .. .. •• •• „ Lieutenant Maynard . . . . . • • • Decrease — Contentions of United Slates, . ., •• Sunininry of British reply . . . . • • . . • ■ Admitted by I'liitish and United St.ates' Commissioners .. .. Datii in United Stale-' Case show to be due to killing in previous years Date in United Hiales' Case opposed to previous Reports .. Kslimated amount . . .. .. .. •• •• Evidence of United Slates misleading as to sea ,. General eoiielusioiis as In amount of ■ . . . . . . . Not observed at sea . . , , • • • . • • Not due to jielngie seiding whoa first observed . . . . . • On laud mainly due to excessive killing there . . ,, >erioiis before pelagic scaling. . .. .. Beporls showing reduction of males on laud .. ,. .. Under llussian control . , . . . , . . • • „ United States' eo!:trnl practically continuous .. .. Views of lirilish and United States' ('oinmissioners .. . , „ ^Ir. Ulliiitt as to males .. .. .. •• Wrongly attributed to pelagic scaling , . . . . . . . Denmark — Damage to fisheries by seals. . .. ., .. ,. Diagram, showing relative sizes of .skins sold in London .. , . Diiigrams in Uiiilcd Slates' Commissioners' Keport — Criticism of . , . . .. . . .. .. Distance at niiieh seals are shot- Evidence as to , , . . , . , . . , . , Disturbance on islands — Kllccis of. , . , . . . . . . . . . . Domestic — Word inapplicable to fur-ieals .. ,. ., ■• {See also lur-seal.) Domesticity of fur-seal — No cviilence of . . . , , , , , . . , . Drives — I'cnialo seals included in . . , , . . . . . . Driving — Conlentions of United Slates. . .. .. ., Kuinmary of liritish reply ,. .. .. .. .. • Causes disturbance . , , , . . , , , , „ destruction , . , . . , . . . , . . „ exliauslion ,, ., ,, ,, .. ,. ., impotenee ., ., .. .. ,, waste of seal-life ,. .. ,. ,, .. Numbers unniees-aiily driven .. ,, .. ,. Sraicily of killaldes inereasis evil effects of .. . , Views of Brili-h Commissioners ,, ., „ Mr. Elliott „ Mr. Ciuir . . . , , , , , . . , , Page. 316 277 200 250 225 103 73 59 299 208 212 208 210 211 211 213 208 •.!13 211,213 212 213 209 208, 209 209 167 168 163 171 173 173 177 178 173, 170, 178 172 231) I GO 213 183 169 174 24.. 24.5 171 153 facing 2J7 241 193 235 111 117 269 2C0 261 262 261 207 264 270 265 262 268 262, 264 265 IKDEX. xili Driviiif? {continued) — Views of Mr. Mncoun , . „ Ijicutrnnnt Maynard , , „ Cnptnin Scamnion . . , , „ United Stntcs' C^oinmi'iHiancrs E. Eastern Occnn — Alleged to be allerniiti''c name for liehring Sea . . KviJenno of Coxe . . . , , , ,1 Adams Globes .. Is a synonym for the Pacific . . . . Edwards, Dr. A. M.— His reply to Dr. AfeiTiam . , Elliott, Mr. II. W.— Artiele in " Korest anil Stream " (Jii Alaska C'oinniercial Comi)any and I'nited States' Government „ barren females . . . . , , , , „ eontrol of seals by men . . „ dead pups ,. ., ,',' .',■ \\ „ derreasc , , „ driving „ difficulty of protection by cruisers .. ,. fisli-like habits of seals . , . , . , „ fish cunsnmcd by seals , . , . „ ifiMorance of value of seal fisheries in 1867 . .'. „ interminjilini; . . . , , , _ , ., sus.p:nsion of killing .. ., I'npuiilishcd Report of 1890.. ,. ,, Kxecs^ivc killiii!; — Under Russian control . . , , , , {Sic aNo Killing.) Excrement— Absence of, on breeding-grounds . . , , F. Falconer, Wr. — Ou length of sojourn in islands . . , , Falkland Islands — Seal fishery laws . . , , . , . , Females — Date of going to sea for food, . ,. ,, Included in drives , . , , , , Large number iinserved Proportion in pelagic catch , , . . . , Females in milk — United States slatenients as to killing at sea Taken aficr weaning of young . , , , Taken where no eonnoetioii with islands possible Females killed at sea — Allcnttiions in United States' Case inconclu-sive . . Exaggeration of numbers by United States Recent excess duo to killing on islands,. Pelagic scalers anxious to keep down numbers , . Views of British Commissioners , , , . Female skins — First noticed in I'riliylolF cateli 187H ,. ,. I'Wtr udtiiyte — Instances of animals . , Seals classed us . , , , . , ^ ^ Fish — Abundance near rookeries , . , , , , Amount consumed by seals . . . , , . Asi erted by I'nitc' States to be scarce near rookeries Inlluence en sinl i.n^ratinn , , , , Fisheries— Damage tci, by sea'.s Terni applied lo .senl industry Fish-like haliit^ of fur-seal ,. ,. ,, Flowir, ?ir W. A, — On habits of /VwHiyjfi/w [;jo2] Page. 209 203 203 270 43 4i 44 44 !C(! u 246 281 251 11.5 208, 209 170 262 289 104 1.53 71, 72 126, 129 38.5 214 224 no. 217 108 S6 217 209 21.5 201 219 219 219 200 198 193 198 198, 201 2J7 82, S3 82 219 1.53 22(1 139 152 109 104 III4 d XIV nnoEX. Food — Abstiiiciicc from, iluring brcidins season . • . • Entirely (k'rivcd from sea . . . . • • • • • • Soals do not (;o fur to sta for. , . . • • • • FoieiKiiers — Nuiiibirs in lU living Sea previims to 1824 P'ori'igii l*o\vcrfe — Adlu'sion of, to Keguliilions .. .. •• Forci};" traik' — AflVitid In- Umrtcr of 1821 .. Allowed from latitude 55° to the northward Foreign vessels — \o evidence of I xpulsion by Uussia .. .. •• •• Not excluded under Vkiise of 17U9 ., .. •• Fowler, Mr. (a^ent of Lessee f'ompany) — On length of sojourn ill islands .. .. •• •• Fowler, Mr. (Mendier of Cun^ress) — Opposition to lease i>f Alaska Company . . . . • • Fox Islands . . . . . . ■ ■ • • • ■ • • I'Vaucc— Fishery legislation of , , ■ • • • • • • • Frntis, Mr.— On length of sojourn in islands . . •• •• •• Furriers — Evidence in United States' Case contradictory .. •. „ as to increased number of female skin* in Pnbyloff catch, . „ showing differences between skins on two sides of North slight ,. •• •• •' •• •• In Great liritain do not want pelagic sealing stopped . . Fui-seals. ("Sre also Seals)— Alleged to be ■lumcstie animals. United States' contentions „ „ „ Summary of British reply Alleged (djjeet of Russian jurisdiction . . . . . • • • Afraid of man Analogy of other animals . . . . ■ • • • IJreeding on North-west coast . . . • • • Control, not domestication , . . . • . • • • • Controllable on land because defenceless Do not feed on breeding-islands Fera nalura . . . . • • • • • • • • Have fins, not feet . . . • ■ • ■ • • • Length of resort to brccding-plaees . . Marine h.d)its. United States' contentions ,, ,, Summary of British reply .. .. •• Movements away from breeding-places Mr. Blaine on claim to protection of fisheries No specific care by man . . . . . . - • • • Not a natural product of soil , , . . . • • • • • Not fed by man ., .. ,. ■. ■• Object of assertion of domesticity . . . . . , . . Price of skins in 1825 ., .. •• .. Property alleged in, by United States . . . . . . Rarely lands, cxce])t on breeding-places . . . . Resort to Pribyloff Islands solely for reproduction Right of property in. United States' contentions . . . . ., „ ' Summary of British reply Sexes arrive at different times . , ■ • . • Spei^l much time in the water even when on islands Spoken of as a wild animal by Professor Allen .. .. .• Stmy iirriv;ds of, at ishnds. . .. ,• ., Summer and winter habitats of .. .. •• •• Uneontrollable at sea .. .. .. •• •• Value lot considered on purchase of Alaska Voluntary rriurii of, to islands does not make them property . . Winter home of,. .. .. ., •• •• G. Gavitt, .Mr.— Absence oC in'.tructioiis to •• .. •• • Gazetteers — Show tiiat Ik'hrlng Sea is ineUided in Pacific Ocean . Geographical sketeli of IJoliring Sea in United States' Case- Criticism C'f . . . . . . .• Gjglioni, Dr. II.— Views of , , , . .. ft* •• Pacific I'agc. 21» IH) 220 21 161 1" 11 fi7 17 107 227 47 94, 95 107 123 257 124 308 111 111 50 112, 113 114 143, 114 112 112 110 82 101 10.5, 107, 108 100 100 UG 78,79 114 I.J4 115 111 57 82 102 104 74 75 lOfi lOH 117 100 141 112 71 85 130 284 45 4(> 1C6b INDEX. XV (ilendowo, Mr. O. — Nfi'mnrnniliiin bvi on Cuimdiiiii icalitiK fleet .. ., Oliddcn, Mr.— Itaids rninjilairiLMl of by «, ,, .. ,, ()<)«•, Mr.— DinV'iiMit oiiininns oxprcsHcd by, in 1889, ISOO, anil IR92 (>]i evil iHi'clN iif drivinn .. ,, ,, ,, (iovcniincnl Agents — Abitciic:' r iiistriictiona to ■• ,, ., I'requcnt cbaiigcH of, deplored by United Slates' rommissioncrs Ciriiss limit — Olist nations i^n, by Mr. Mnconn . , . , , , UnlriislwDrliiy iis indlcntion of number of seals . . . , (iravid (cinalit — Number ol', in pcia ;;io crttch nbown to be small . . ■ ■ Grconlioiv, Mr. — Dt'(inllii>ii cf i.iirlli-wi'st coast ngiccrf with Hritisli construction (iidCiif I.yonf — I'arl of Mediterranean though separately named H. Habitats of seal .. .. .. ,, Hair seals floating when sluit— ObscrvatiiinH of Mr. Macoun as to .. .. ,. .. llartlaub. Dr. (i.— VicwH of . . . , . « . . . , , • . , Huyst:'ck Islands — Viaitcd bv Mr. Macoun . . , , , . "Herd"— In:i]>plieabU' to fur-seals ., ,, ,. ,, ,, ., HiKh Sea— Not exi'ni|)ted by United .States from right of protection ,. ,. H. lub, J)r. O.— Vievv.4 of . , . . . , ,, .. ,. ., Homo of fur-*-eal — f'nnlei.tion of United States as tu ,, .. Ilritisli reply .. ., .. .. .■ Howard, (ienoral — On Alaski Conmiereial C^ompany and control of islands bj United States' (jovernmont . . . . . . . . . . , Hudson liay Company — Sale of skins by , . . , , , . . , , , . , Huxley, Professor — Heferonce to, in U[iit''d Slates' Counter-Case .. ,, Icel.ind-- Damage t(» fisheries of, by seals . , , , . . , , Identity of seals difficult to establish . . , , Increase of seals observed at sea , . . , . . , , . , Indian evidence in United Stales' Case eonlradieted .. . . ,, Indian hunters dcponJent on pelagic sealing .. .. .. Iiulians — Loss of seals by, very small . . . . . . . . On coast know little about seals killed elsewhere .. ., Industry. {Sri- Seal-skin industry.) Inland waters — I'ur-seal found in . , . . . . . . . . • • lustruetions to (iovernmenl Agents — Captain Hryant on want of . . . . . . . • . . Interests — Only those of lessee Company regarded by United States' Ooveri'.ment Intermingling — Contentions iif United States as to .. .. .. .1 Summary of liritisb reply . . . . Amount of, estimated by furriers .. .. .• .. Hetween St. Paul and St. Oeorge. Kxperiraentnl proof of . . Early opiriions of United States' authorities as to . . Kvidence aa to evidence of in llnited States' Case i)urely negative , . Furriers, not naturalists, appealed to in United States' Case .Mr. Miller on . . I'robability of , . . - . . . . I'.ig ;ilo, 312 :!'Ji •-'in •2n& 083 'JH3 17ti 175 ■JOl) .'ll l.i Ml 101 IC'On 113 no TG Ititi n 141 142 278 121 K'lj, iw; ir„i liv.) 178 178 ol3 1811 177 151 284 275 118 119 131 129 120 135 121 127 129 XVI INDEX. J. I'nai'. lutcrniincling (continued) — In southern latitudes • . • • Near Behring Strait . . . . rrovcd by nbscncc of spcoifie difference „ " evidence in United Sttttcs' Case . ., evidence of furriers .. „ Inter evidence ,. . „ logs of scaling-schoonrrs . . I!( nmrks of British Commissioners ns to „ United States' Commissioners as to , Iri'lniid — I'isheries Aet . . • t • • ■ Islands — Alone reserved bv United Suites' Laws Italv— Coral fisheries of . , . . 137 1.18 133 133 130 130 137 130 132 03 84 95,96 Jim Miijcn Pciil iMsheiy Convention .. .. Jnimn seal lishery— Laws (jf .. ,. •• .. •• •• Joint Connnissiincrs— A;!iiomenl as to sccreey of reports Jurisilieli(ju eonfini'd til area in dispute JuriMliction over liohriug Sea by Kussia — Alleged to have been lor proteci ion of fur-seal . . icmtinuert after Treaties of 1821 and 1825 Burden of proof lies on United States.. Emplialie protest ii;;aiiist, and withdrawal of claim I'irit claimed in 18;;l .. .. .. •■ Not idmiltcd by United States .. .. .. „ a'^serted before 1S21 .. .. .. .. „ claimed by Baron Tuyll . . . . Only evidence" of consists in interpolated passagen Uubsiun doemnents in T'nited Stales' Case do not prove , . Stall nienl by llussian Foreign Oflicc that none existed ., Two marine lea^ues ollcrod in British " I'rojct " „ „ proposid by Baron Tuyll ,. .. 90 92 ICG 78 ."iC CI 59 39, 10 It; 28, 29 24 39 21 C5 60 29 39 K. KanitclialKa, Sea of — I'ositlDn of name on Ma|is , , Kent's Commentaries — Iteference to aninialsyica' miliirtc Killiuj; of males oidy — liriti;-h Conunissioneis on , , Count Salvador! on. . r.vil effects of . . , . Killin'j of seals on islands — In 1808 .. Captain Bryant un . . Mr. Llliolt on . , .. Mr. Glidden on , , . . Mr. Moidlon on . , Unili r eontriil of Company , , Kotchoottii, J. — On length of resort to islands Kollt'bne Sound — I'igott trading at . , .. Kouslviikvini Kiver , . . , Kurile Islands — In Nortli-Enslcrn Ocean 43 83 234 234 234 183 285 28.J 280 280 285 107 19 9 44 I.avcn(Ur, Mr. A. W.— On scarcity of bulls .. .. ,. laeU if i)ri.teetion against raids ,. Tl.iiilis all driven seals should be killed 244 292 266 INDEX. zrtt Lnw» of — KoruiK" Oovpmmeiits mciitionril in Uiiitenls^ By cinkinf;. liritish Commissioners on ,. „ K.\ngi{eratcd . . , . , . „ New evidence as to, in United States' Case , . „ Numerical .statements as to „ Shown to be only 3 or ■! per cent... .. „ Small percentage of admitted by pelagic scalers „ Unitc(l States' Comniissioners not quoted as to By Indian hunters. Kvidence as to , , , , , , ,, white hunters. Kvidence as to .. ,, ,. Wounded m sea. Suiumarv of statements as to ,. Lutki— On danger of killing too many males ., ., ,. Lyman's diplomacy of the Uniti. States .. .. ,, M. Macoun, Mr. — On driving . . , , , , . , „ control of iiilliiig by Company ,. .. ,, „ csecssivc number of females ,. ., ,. „ grass limit „ improvemeni of rookeries in 18'J2 .. ., ,. „ want of protection against raids ,, ,. ,, Male seals — Excessive killing of. United States' contentions „ „ Suniniary of British reply „ „ Dr. Dnll on decrease due to , , Increased number seen at sea since killing on islands reduced Escessive killing of. Mr. Elliott nn ,. ,. ., Management of I'libvloU' Islands- United States' contentions . . , . . , Summary (if liiilisli reply by Kussia ,. Maps — Criti'. ism on Mr. Blaine's list . . . , . . On very many Bcliring Sea has no distinctive name Si/o and position of names on , , , , Mine cliitisiim — Disavowed by Mr. Blaine .. .. .. ,. Marine league — Limit of territorial waters . . , , . , . . Martin, Messrs., lirni of .. .. .. Massachusetts — Damage to lisheries of. by seals . , , . , , Maynnrd, Lieutenant — On dead pups , . . . . , ,, evil effects of liviviiig . , , , . , Maxwell, Sir 1". U.— On territorial wiiteis ,. .. .. ., Melntyre, Dr. — On lowerinj; standard size of skins ,. ., .. ,, scarcity of males .. .. .. Merriam, Dr. — Circular letter of, to naturnlist« ,. Does not mentiiai agreement as to secrecy .. ()a iKigr.itory animals Page. 80 80 77 109 84 297 14. 31 100 B 10.1 49, .'ill 13V 04 1M5 1H5 180 190 190 187 180 189 188 193 250 10 [302] 269 287 251 176 174 298 237 2S8 250 199 1241, 245 221 22'2 43 43 43 79 81 308 153 209 '.'63 170 21!) 100 100 a 151 e xviu IND£X. MelioniloKiciil Ti\lilc§ bv Mr. Ciirpmni'l MitlioilH prnclisi'l on ialaiicU drive hciiIb Mrxico— LcitiKlntioii of . , . • MiililpiulDif, Dr. .\. v(in — Views of. • «« •• Mi(l''il>leuk, Itiinvinii sfttUMiicnt nt ,, I'iUv. 17(1 J o. Okli(>t»l<. >i:i .;l'— Wlialiii;; in . . Old mull' M'iils— I.ui'); • iniiiber of, impotent P. I'licific Ocean — Dftinitiiin of. I'nilcd Stall's' conlcntiond Sumnuiiy of lirilisli ri'ply I'ai.ific t)ci'an — AUo calleil Kastirn or Noith-Kttstcrn Oi'cnn li.iion Tiijll's intC'i|)ri'tntion of .. .. Conipri'liends llt'liriii}; Sf ,l., .. .. Incluckil Ik'lirinj; Sea t'..iouRliout negotiations .. Limited iiiterinetation of, only suj^gestcd after 1S21 Not distin^tnislied from lieliring Sea in Treaty of 1825 Hiiskian di);nitanes, interpretation lif .. ,, I'alnici', Mr. \V.— On"' iicter oi' (jovernment AKcnti ,, ., „ < \ il cfect of drives , . , . , , „ ra'ils , . ,, ^e:u'eity of la'eeji'ctions of Uus!. •• I'aets by wliicli United Stales' Government shouhl have been guided Fixed by Unite d States nuirc tlian double that by Russia . . Ineffective control of, by United States .. .. Injury caused by filling adinitted in United States* Case , , .. Not reduced where seals kuov.ii to be deerensing Views of llritish Coii'missioners on ,, ,, •• Only included marketable skins Uneharigrd dtiriiig lea'^e of Alaska f'onunereial Company ,. E. Kaids — United Stales' conteiilion- ., ,. ., Summary of British reply , . , , . , Attempt 10 minimi/.e in United Stales* Ca«e .. British Coinniissionerji on .. ., .. Coinplai!it>, of by tloverntu'iit -Vgents. . , , Dcat'.i ol' ]juim Ciinsed by ., .. J'lavly instances of .. ,, ,. Injurv caused bv . . ,. ., ,. List of those recorded, 1871-1K91 Mr, Mnconn on , . . , , , , , lieeapimlatinn of nrgnmenl .. ,. ,, Iteclus on meaiung of I'acilic Oienn .. ., Hegidations — Considerations aflecling . . , . Nature of, at sea and on shore ,, ,. NeeesSurilv correliilive ,, ., ,. Object of". Keferencc to, in British Cas". . ., ,. Scheme of . . . . . . , . Scope of, under At tide VII of Treaty. , , . 'rrenled of, in deforenee to wishes of Utdted Slates Would not he binding on foieign Powers . . Mcservntion of seal fishery by Jiussia — No evidence of . . , , , , . . lies niilliiis — Seals arc , . , , . , Page 228 151 221! !) 29 32 74 75 82 77 70 74 75 5G 78, 79 70 70 70 80 202 28'.) SO 243 109 229 229 270 270 274 275 229 275 2P8 288 289 293 290 209 2S9 29,i 294 293 155 el .vry. 4ii 159 ft iei/. 164 ii;ii 159, 103 102 i04 100 3 161 68 82 INDEX, XZl Page. 289 . 308 18 18, 19, 20 .. 80 7-1 it set/. Rcvcnut" eruizers— nifficulty in obliiining .. ., Rerilloii, Messrs. — Trade in aenl-skins of , . . . Kiccord-Pigott — C'oiitruct, Di's-i,.n management of .. ., .. Natural condition of, ehanyed by killing of males on islands ituasia — Alleged assertion of exclusive rights not proved . . Docs luit claim jiirisdictio!i lieyond territorial limits Russian- Amerieim Company — Not concerned about iVliring Sea Privileges on land only Revocalinn of privileges on east coast of Bcbring Sea Their objections to Tre.itT of 182'1 .. ., Russian — Autliorities, on number of killable seals Dignitaries. Confereme of .. ,. I)ocun;enls. Quotations from incorrect translations ,. Slalement as to translations of Kslablishments. liarter by United States' establishments at .luiisdietion over liehriiig Sea. (iVd Jurisdiction.) Majw, show Eastern Ocean to be synonym for Pacific Hegime. Average number of seals killed under Outline of Right of discovery, fimclful . . SeitU'.nenls-. None norlii of AU.skau Peninsula in 1802 .. Territorial claims iioi admitted by United St;itcs Title t) eastern shore of liehring Sea . . , . . . , . >' M ., contested by United States . . <• >. „ first asserted in 1799 1. „ not acknowledged by (ireat Britain Ryan, Mr. — On position of Uonipany's jVgenIs „ scarcity of male seals ,, want (if insliuetioni „ want of protection against raids Salisbury, Lord— Observations on gei)','i:ipliieal ar^iuii Sidvadori, Coinit — Views of . , , , " Sayward " ease — Claim for costs in . . Scarcity of bulls— Ciptaiii llryanl on . . .Mr. Elliotton Mr. (ioffon, in IHS9 and 189(1 Scarcity of females- Evidence of, inconclusive . , Scarcity on ishipjs — New contention ai to . . Sc'inimon, ('aplain — On evil effects of di ivim; On intermingling . . Selireck, Dr. I,, von— Views of,. ,, 69 el teq. Ui 113 231 174, 19) 223 233 17 90,93 39 63 63 34 225 33 21,22,23,24, 34, 53, 54, 65, 66, 67 4 20 45 225 223 16 10 28 7 15 15 14 281 249 284 ?91 4J IOC, n ,il5 217 244 240, 24 1 239 2;!9 2G3 12U 166 u [302] xxii INDEX. Sclatcr, Dr.— Views of . . . . . . . . • ■ • • • • Scotland — Ilcmiij! Fishery Act •• .. .. .. .. Sealing fleet — Value of . . . . . . . • • ■ • • t . Senling-selioouers— Cost of building . . . . • ■ . . • • • • Superior characler of . . . . . . . . • • t'>-ele>8 for other trrtde!» . . • • . . . . t . Sealinij-vcssek — Mi<;!it snil under foreign flags ., .. .■ .. None in llelirin;,' Sea in early times because industry was unknown Owners of . . . • .4 . . . . Seal-skin industry — United Stiites' eontcntious ,. Sumniaiy of liritish reply .. .. .. .. .. Cagiital invested in,, .. ,, ., ., .. Existed in Great liritain prior to 1870 ,, ., ,. Numhei' of persons employed in, in Canada . , . . Nut distinetive except at sources of supply Not disturljcd by pelagic fcaling Persons engageil in not wholly so occupied , , , , . , Persons c:nployed in, in London .. ,, ,. ., A'nluc (jf furs sold in London , , . . . . . , Sea lion — Habitat of .. .. ., .. ,. .. Seals— (Src also Fur-seals.) About .lOO.OOO killed 1807-69 Great slaughter of, in 1868 ,. .. ,, ,. ,. Means o( securing when shot . . . , . , When wounded escape to die. Assertions as to , , . . Sea otter — Ai]aln;;y with fur-seal . , . , , . , , , , More important than fur-seal in 1822 , . Sedgwick— On territorial waters . , , , , , . , . , Size of skins from Pribyloff Islands— Dimiii\i!i()n in ,, ,. ,, ,, ,, ,, Skins from Pribyloff and Commander Islands — Dillirenccs in views of furriers as to ., ., ,, ,, ,1 „ pelagic sealers as to . . . . Not separately catalogued till 1887 ,. .. Skins — Inerrased immber of females and small-sized skins in Pribylofl' catch Of same animals vary in difTcrent localities . . . . Prices in 1825 ..' .. ,. ,, St.indaril of lowered Value of depends on fur, not kind , . , . , , Slave Trade Treaty of 1811 Southern hemisphere — Sealing in .. .. ., ,, Stamp, Mr. \V.— On intornjingling ., ,. ,, Statistics as to pelagic catch ,. ,, Stowell, Lord— Juilgmciit in ease of " Le Louis" .. ,. .. " Strays " in migraticm , , Swinelbrd, Governor — On lessee Company ,. ,, Summer, .Mr. — Speech by, on cession of Alaska ,, ., T. Taylor, Mr.— On searoil'- of male aeids On raids . . . , , , Territorial jurisdiction — Definitions of TikhhienidT — " " " Aeeoimt oi I'.ai on Tuyll's negotiations., ,, Jurisdiction uf Ku^Ma' in Hehring Sea , , .. ,', || Page. 168 c 93 .309 311 309 312 101 60 312 304 304 310 300. 307 313 305 308 305 30.5 306 148 227 226 187 191 149 67 97, 98 258 123 125 124 257 121 57 170,233 122 51 182 130 173 77 105 278 71 249 290 97, 98 38 66 INDEX. ZXllI Tingle, Mr.— On intermingling ,, ,, ,, ,, ,*, ,, On raids , . . . , . . . . . , , . , Trndi'rs in Ikliriii;; Sen — Dr. D.ill on Trftnsl.itiuns. (AVe Kiisbiiin docunionts.) Treaty of 1824— Summiirizi'd . . , . . , . , . , , . Intirprclation of Russiiin dignitaries ., ,, ,. ,, Points raised by Russian Company on . . , , . , Treaties of 1824 and 1825 — Esaniined ,. .. . . . . . . ., Koeopniz'd rights of Great Kritain and United States in Behriug Sea Treaty of — Praw.s no distinction between Bcbring Sea and Pacific Ocean Hctwceu (ircat llritain and Russia 182.^ 184;i. 1 B,')'.). ler.T. Allej^ed assertion of ownership of Behriug Sea ,, United States' ronlcntions .. ., ., Summary of Briti.«li reply . , . . Turtle- Analogy of, with fur-seal , , . . . , TuvU, HiiroTi — Did not elaim jutisdietion over Bchring Sea Interpretation of Treaty of 1824 Interview with Mr. Adams . . . . . . Overtures declined . . , . , , . . Impliedly admits freedom of Behring Sea . . Satisfied with 2 marine leagues Te.Kt cf draft note to Mr. Adams .. u. Ukaec of 1 71111— Correct translation of .. .. .. Domestic, and not notified to foreign Powers Unsslan competition alone excluded .. ,. S:ivB nothing of huntiu'.; ,. ,. ., Ukase of 1821— United States' contentions .. ,. ., Sunnuary of British reply . . . > Allej;cd reason of 100-mile limit ,, Applied to coast north of 51° .. .. Cireumstnnees lending to Trenties of 1824 and 1825 Did not distinguish Helirin;,' Sea .. Sen area dcii'ied in, de.seribed as Pacific Ocean , , United States Comi.'issioners on — Dead pupi in 18U1 , , , , Decrease . , . . . . . . . . Driving . . . , . . . . Frequent elianges in Government Agents Intermingling . . , . . . . . United Stales' (iovernment Agents — Charges against by Dr. Dall ,. ti United Slates — Uights and inleresis of, in lur-seals . , • . Uruguay- Law fur protection of seal llsheries ,, ,, User of ileliring Sea and North Pacific — To 1821. United Stales' contentions . . „ Summary (if British reply .. To 1821-1807. United States' contentions „ Summary of British reply Value of furs sold in London, (ffr Seal-skin industry.) Value of scaling fleet — British CommisBioiiers on ,, .. ■■ Vcniaminov — On evil effects of driving . . . . . . On life of seals . . ' Virility- Duration of, in nnile and female seals unknown . . Page. 128 291 59 47 33 34 47 .'14 54 52 52 eg r.9 69 114 39 37, 38 35 39 38 39 37 11 16 14 13 'Jo 57 26 25 26 26 212 174 270 283 132 277 1.59 1)0 6 6 55 56 306 309 263 243 243 XXIV INDEX. w. Wiinlman, Mr. — On laiils ,. •• Waslibmnc, .Mr. — On lo.ise to Alaska (Jonimercial Company Waste in Uillin'; on islan> are lost when seals arc on high sea Falkland Mauds. Seal lislicrv legislation . . yera natitrtc — Fur-seals are .. •• •• '* ^ •• •• Law s ol Great liritain and United States as to, identical . . . . Fishery Coiiveni ions. Ar|j;iiinent8 to be deduced from .. .• Fish — Comniou rii;lit of all men to t,ike on high sea . . i'norl of fur-seal ,, •• .. •• •• •• Fcn.l (f I'ar-.eal derived from the sea ,, .. Foicit:n seal fisln ry U ;,'islation. Conchisioua from ,, .. Freedom of tl'c sea defined .. .. .. .. •• Freneh fishery laws .. .. .. .. •• .• Fur-seal — Cannot he classified as domestic . . . . . . Dmatiim of stay "U shore Food of, derived from high seas .. .. .. Is |)eki;;ic ia hahit , . . . . . • • ■ • ■ • Not provided with food hy man .. .. ■• •• Undouhtedly/frw nn/Hia? Great Hritain. Contentions of ., .. .. •• •• Greenhnw iaehides liehrinj; Sea in Pacific .. .. .. Grccnlaad — Fisheries. I'rotectloii of .. .. .. •■ Seal fisheries. Legislali.m for Ilamlf ird. Judiie. Decision of, in case of "J. 0. Swan " " Herd." Term only ajiplieahle to seals when on islands High sea. Claim to protect seals in Home of fur-seal as applied to PribylolT Islands inadmissible . . HoveiiuK ^^cts — United States' Argument based on , . . . , , . , Do not extend limit of territorial waters Intermingling of seals — Between St. I'aul and St. George Islands ,. .. .. In North Pacific .. .. .. .. .. .. .• International law — Cannot create new principles ., .. .. .. ., Derived from pnutice of nations ,, Sources of . . • . • • . ■ • • ■ . Irish oyster fislieries legislation .. .. .. .. .. Italian ciral li-heries ., .. .. .. .> .. .. " James (1. S-.van.' Case of the . . .. .. .. .. Japan seal fi-heri' s legislation . . ■ . • . . • Jurisdielion;d iiiuslioiis — Cannot be lightly dismissed .. Fully di-cussed in British Cabc and Counter-Case ., .. ,, Slated bv I'liited States to be of secondary importance ,. ,. ,. Kent. Oil sources of inter; itior.al law .. ,. Laws of otlier iiaiiuns. Objects of United States' Argument derived from, discussed., ■■ •• •• .. .. ,. ,, Legal principles. Kxaniination of . . . . , . "Lel/ouis." I'ase of .. .. .. ., ,. " Lisiere" as distinnuishc:! from uorth-west coast ., .. .. .. 10 10 .18 53 71 72 71) 71 .•30 .10 10 1 ;il 46 37 69 28 -19 7 52 30 28 69 28 31 4 10 19 as 45 20 •S 28 00 CO 2S 29 35 35 34 50 53 26 49 34 39 55 5C, 20 INDEX. XXVU Tn-p. Lobos I^laiuls. Soul fiHlicrv . . , , , , I.o\v-w;itcr innik. Limit of (iriitory ,. ., Miillrc not !illrj;c'(l ii^ainst pcliiijic suaUrs ,, Mniin^riMPiit (lues not con-tituti" |iossi'ssion,. ,, Mexican pe.irl fishorics ,, ,, ^, ^^ -Vof/«,( f/i™h( ry legislation , , . , New Zealand- Seal fi»liOiy leni-la^lon Mi»•^l■>l^lnellt in United States' Case as to North-west eo:i«t — Kxlended to Hehrin); Strait , . liieliides whole nurth-wo.'-t eoast of North Ameri'^a Limited nuioiiiig placed on, by United States incorrect . . Norwegian whale (isherii s . , . . . , Notice issued by United States in 181) " Onward." Seizure of . . . . , , . , . . Pacific Ocenr. — f'onnnoidy used to include liehrinf; Sc* ,, ., ., Ineludi (1 Behring Sea in Treaty of 1823 . . "I'earl." Case of the .. Penrl fisheries legishition — Australian ,. .. .. .. ,, C'eyloii . . , , , , . . , . Colombian , . , , , , Mexican . . . . , . . , I'elagie seal'iig — l'nit(d Slates have no legal right to inipose regulations on ., .. maintain, must be prevented evcrywliere I'lielps, .Mr. On lights of ])roperty .. ., .. Pollock and Wright. On animals /'c/vt' ;in^M)v/," ,, ., I'ossession — Conditions of, do riOt exist except at niomcni, of capture . . Examples of , , . . , , . , , . Kight of, cea.ses when seal-^ leave the islands , . . . . . Preface . . , , , , , , . . . , Pribylolf Islands. Desciijjtion of ., Property and possession <•>' wild animals applied to feals Property, elaini of, by United Slates Nut eoi lu eled wilii Itegulalions , . . . , . . . Summary of U'nfounded .. .. ,. .. ,. ,. Protection — Abstract right of, cannot exist , . , , , , , , Apart IVon\ property, claim to ,, . ., .. Claim admiUed to be novel ,, Hight of, dees not exist in ISehring Sea . . . . Itights of a tjoverninent as to , , , , . . , , Quarantine Act, 1823 .. .. ,, ,. ,, ., tjuestions at issiu' between Tier M.-ijcsly's (iovernmenl and ilie United .States ,, raised by Article VI stated .. Raids are a violation of possession rights of United Sta'es Uegi.lations — Arguniinl ad:lressid to question of ,. ,, ,, ,, For se.d fisheries — Arger.tine Kepublio .. ,. ., ,, ,, Canada . . . , Cape of Ciood Hope .. ., .. .. Chde Falkland Islands (jreenliind (.Ian .Meyan) . , . , . . . , , . •lapau . , , . , , . , , . , . Newfoundland,. .. .. ., ., New Zealand . . . , , . , . , , . . Russia . . , , , , . . . . Uruguay Her Majesty's flovernment willing to join in ,, .. ., Involve curtailment of rights, , . , . . . , . , ■IS 59 ■•i2 .!.! 5» :i8 20 1-1 II 12 10 21 19 •1:) .'1 19 21 18 51 at a 9 P.'J, 64 .■54 31 33 32 27 1 1.-) .j3 G ;i7 .",9 34 37 36 7 27 30 02 8 11 03 48 43 43 48 41 45 48 44 41 40 48 4, 63 69 XXVlll INIIKX. Hcguliitioiis (conliiiiiKl) — Limited to instfin linlf of nehiint; Scii.. .. Must npply ti) liiirdiii),' isliuids as well ii^ [iilii^i'' ^cnluiK . . Mr. Wlini'tnnV |iio|iosul for . . Must lie jnst t(i ill! conccined rosilion'ol' I'liitcd Stnton' fiovcniiiu:it ;i< I.. .. Should lie liindin^ ou idl unliou^ . . • • Wiilcis In lie nirerted by .. It.visoil Statuloi "!' rnitrd Stntos. I'owcr.-i of , . ,.•*■, ili-lit^ c-1niTU<>d liv Unitid StiilO!* luivr no nualoKj- to otiicr lishing iif^Uts. Kiulits of I'niiKl Stiilo-^ no: violated by takinj,' spul< in high neii \lu>>iii — Alleged <'Iaiius of . . Pid not claim lijjlits asserted by United States . . I lid not exereisc jurisdiction over lichriug Sea . . Seal fi.sbery leglsjiition St. Helena Act, ISlo .. Scotch herring fisheries legislation Scaling schooners. Alleged interest of t'nited Suitc>' citizens in Seals— Anliiials./i/w iKi/iinr Laws for piMtection of, cited by I'liitid States ,. Partly eontroUable on hind, but .luile uncontrolhiblo at sea Said to be a product of the soil Seizures of llritish vessels — In 1HH(! .. .. .. ■• .•• Not unalogous with vessels seizd under Hovering Acts ., Sitka. Trial of llritish eiews at .. .. .. "■,'.',,'! Skins. Those from I'riliyloir Islands often classed as from Coinuiandcr Mauds uud rice vcrxil .• .. •• •• '.', i ■' i '* Swimming aniuinls. Claiui to propeity in, not analogous with thnt in pcnrl or oyster beds . . . . . . • • • • • • Territorial Waters .liiiisiliitiou Acts, 187H. , .. •■ "Thornton." Case of the .. .. •• •• •• Treaty— Of 18;; I. Discus.sed .._ ,, Included liclirluL; Sea .. .. •• •• •• Of lHJo. Analysis i.f Discussed . . . . . ■ • • • • • Vrovi'S liehriui; Sea is a part ( 1 the racilic Treaties of 1811, 18i:i, and IS.-)'.! prove tleit North-west coast incluiled shores of ISehring Sea Treaties show Itu.ssia never elainied rights assorted by I'mled States Trtatv of 1807 — United States' Arguiiiints b.ised on .. Did not acipiire rights over non-territorial waters Tr.ansliitioii of, ineorrecl Tribunal, leeision of, must follow laws of both parties . . . . T:kase of l?.iy. Cliaracter of .. .. .. .. •• Ukase of 18'21— (h.iraeter of .. ._. .. •• •• •• Notifieaiiou of, to Great liritiiin Protests against, liy Cjriat Britain and the United States . . Withdrawal of Uussiai. claims United Stale.^ — Argument derived from laws ol other nations .. Claims, genera! view of Claims, varying eontentijiis in .. .. Contentions as to fishery laws of other nations . . Contentions, varying nature of Position as to l!egulati(ais ,. ,. .. .. .■ Statutes tlcaling with Ahiska. . .. .. .. Uruguay seal llfheiies legislation , . Water boundary-line. Meaning of West, Sir I.. S.. protest by. against seizures AVharton, -Mr., on Kegu'aiious White .Sea .seal fishery legislation . . Winter home of fur-seals Zone. I'roposals for. by Mr. Blaine .. .. .. I'Hge. .. (■).') .V U 9, iVi ■.1. (17 (il hts'.! '.. •2H l.-i " ■17 .. r,i ,51 73 27 ■HI .■!(l 7 1, 2, 71 CI 1 .•38 1, 25 18 19 20 I'J 21 21 24 12 22 ;io Ki 17 17 17 18 3'J ,-i •I 49 10 '.I 21,22 48 25 1 fij 40 29 67 ( x»« ) INDEX TO REPORT OF BEHRING SEA COMMISSION, AND RrPORT OF BRITISU COMMISSIONERS. I'urugraph. I'.g.. Aclnnd (Akcily) Dr., autopsy of dead ; i'ps, 1891 Affidavits . , . . . . , • liakiT, Cnptnin W. K. Ilixset, Ciiptniii A. ., Cox, C.N. Cox, W. rnckcr, 11. Domlns, A. . . •. .. HiicUclt, Captain C. .. .. Killcy, C. J. I.uiii^. A. I). . . . . • ■ Mcnoil-:ill, C. .. McLuaii, L. I,. .. Mnj-iK'si'ii, Captniii T. M. .. O'l.raiy, Captain W. I'eiit, Captain W. i:ol;uts, (i. TiioiuHun, U. . . . . I • Alaska Cateli — Sales in Loudon . . Alaska Commercial Company — A(hanln(;cs derived froni islands hj . , Seals on l(ol)l)cn Island destroyed by.. Treatment of natives by Allen, I'rofesBor — Fenialea receive males in water Killiiif; under Russian management . . Aleutian Islands — Kiiily lii.-tory of . . . . V'lirmei ly resorted to by fur-seals I'as.-es liiriMi};li wliieh seals travel ropulation of, in early limes Aleuts — Interests in teal industry .. Method of huntini; fur-seal . . . . Amstirdatn I.sland— Fui-f-eals on. . . . . . Appendices .. Area I.imil (sfc Limitation i.f Sealing) — V'.asily manageable on sliore . . I'o-siljle arrangement at .sea . . Area of Itookeries (see also Rookeries) — Accurate deliiiition iinpo.'.sibic Lielicii as indication of . . . . I'olishod rocks as indications of . . Argentine Kcpublic — Reply to inquiries. . .. .. Scaling prohibited in . . . • Atka Island- Grey pups seen at Attn Iskuid— Seals seen at . . . . • • Australnaia — Protective regulations in .. •• [302] 352 B7'> 724, 72.') 295 CC3, CC4 ^48 247 175 218 24b 52'>-5.34 Hill 111 142,113 i 3'j.'> 38(1 377-3 7'J 175 534 12!) 219-241 222 22G 224 234 22S 239 237 319 230 237 240 227 238 220 228 230 217 151-24) IdH 168 XXX INDEX. B. Bachelor Sonls (see Killiiblc Seals and Males). Barclay Sound — So!i!s sicn near in December, January, and February . . Barren l^'enuilis — Lirje n'.inilier observe J ,, .. .. .• ,, ,. in Bchring Sea . . Uchrin,' Isl.ind— l)eseripti"n of .. .. .* .. *• Uookcrics on . , . . . . . , . . Behriii<> Sea — Date III' ciiti'iing by sehooiiors ,, ., .. Ivir'y ex|iloration< in, as bearing on seal life ., l''irst peliigio sealing in . , . . . . ■ . Unnge of I'ur-seal in .. .. ,, ., Bonilla Islam! — Seal-i oblaiiied jiear. in ppiing, mostly cows . . . , Brazil— Uej]ly to inquirie:'. Sealing unknown in . . . . Brecding-gro ii iids — Nature of , , , , • • , , . • Breeiling. places — Kll'eet of stopping killing on ,. Ill Gilt' of (Jcorgia .. ,, ,, .. IiiNm-tli I'aeific .. In Soiiiherii lleniispliere ., ., ., ,, Killin^' (i;; (srr Killing). On llayslack Inland .. ,, ,. On Kaee Rock-, near Victoria , , , , , , On Smith's I-land . , . , . , . , Original oomlition of . . . . . , , . Possible establishment of, on coasts of British Columbia Aleutian Islands , , , , , , , , ^^easons for selection of bv seals .. ,, ,, Time of arrival at, and departure from Breeding Rnokeries — Examination of ,, ,. ,, British Cdnmbia — Ifouts and men employed in fur-seal fishery of (1887-91),, l-'nrseals permanent winter residents on coast of IMagic catch, and vessels (1871-91) , . Rejilies 1 1 inijuirics from Iiulian agents and other residents in Sealing llect, value of in 18'.)1 Skins taken on coasts of, by Indians , . . , British Commissioners — Citn\mls-,ions , , . , , , _ , Conduct of inquiry ., ,, ., ,, Iiistnictions to . . . . . . . . ,, Places visited , . . , . , , , Plan of Report . . , . . . , , . , Scveial Report of,, .. ,, Brownlovv, Karl — Infiirmation as to breeding of doer . , . , ,, Bryant, Captain — Copulation (iltcii occurs in water ,. .. ,. Death of s'als from natural causes .. .. .. Kill 11^ uiiiler Kii-sians ., ., ,, Bulls (.SVC Mail's), Burgomaster (lulls— Scf Is killed liy, nn Robbcn Island ,. ,, ,, Canton — Reply to inquiries from Cape Horn — Skin^ sold in London Cape of Oood llnjic — Protective 111 i;\ditions at Reply to iufiuirle^ from Seal lite at Paragraph. 18: 431-433 64G 262 265-267 619 205,206 .596 216 639 31, 244-276 655 2*14 32 524 218 30 Page. 295 337, 338 66.') 328 167, 168 172 172 172 172 407 , , , 186 J , 207-J13 , , 170,171 POO 5G9 . , VI, Vll 3-j V, vi •1,5 5 3 184, i85 180 216 194 154,155 154,155 INDEX. XXXI Para^rapli. Pa- Catch— Coirpiisilini of (jcc Pelagic Scaling), Diu^Tniu illustrating ., .. ,, ., Si ills and 5ca-ottirs in Japan .. ,. ,, " (."aallcn'^'ci- " — OlisiTvations nn si'.il? (iurinf; voyage of ,. ,, Uoport by Mr. Jolin Murray , , , . C'liaits (sie Maps anil Diagrams). Chile— liaily seal iisliorics nil coast of .. .. ,. Cl'isc Si'a'on (»fe Liniitatiiiiis) — ISi'st conihiiR'il with nuiulK''' limit .. .. • Di'Kncd . . • . • . .• •• •! Diirirciit I'lrucls on sea anil sliore ,, .. ., On i'lilkhmd Islands .. .. ., Only n;i])licalili.' to pelagic scaling .. ., In Uruguay , . .. .. .• .< Cl'.ihliing— At ( ape i)f Good Hope . . . . . . . Greater care reconiineudcd . . • • • > • • In ralkla;id Islands ,. .. .. Cual Jold to natives — High price of .. . . .. •• •< Coa-t Catch .. Cod- Numerous mar Behring Island . . . . Coitioa ,, .. .. •• •• IVjssiblo .at sea, but usual on land ,, .. Coaiinandcr Islands — Dili'' ofiHscovcry . . .. .• •• Didiniit Iroiii I'riliy'ioir Islands .. I.I ngtli oF drives on ., .. •• ■ .Miiiratin- littli' ipe filed ,. I'hv~ieil i'!i:iriiitiTistlcs (if . , ,. ,, IVitrctiun against ra'ds on . . . . .Sail s of skins iu London .. .. Seal-killing ill earlv yuirs nil ,. .. Soals arrive l.itir than on I'liliylolf Islands spin all tlie wint'T iu mild seasons .. Skins tiiki'ii for s'.iipmciit Conriuiiucalion Ik'twuen seals on rribylolf and Commandi (ift n/.vij Iiiterniiie.^liiig) {^ouipositi'in of Catch (.sff I'olagic Scaling) — MviJence of scaling captains ,. .. IVveeiitage of bearing feP'.alcs . , . . • (Clipper Islnnd— Diseription of .. .. . •• • Ivoukeries on . . . . • • • • Yojrlings scarce on, in 1891 .. ■• <'o\\» (sci iih) t'ows siiekling) — Ago when first pup is born . Arrival on islands . . . . • . • Date of first going to feed . . . , • • Distances iliey go to feed . . Tivvel rapidly in lieliring Sea when in pup .. Co«s suckling — Killed at 8ea . . • • .• •• ■ Nuli\es Miy they do not i at , . . . • ■ ' in as a rule close to slioro "■■ .,rks as 111 lhc:iry .. •• •• Tlieir own young. Analogy of other animals . . Views of Professor Klliott . . Currents in North Pacific Oi'can., .. .. • D. Dall, Mr.— Karly history of Aleutian Islands IViler. of ".rrival of seals on islands Head pups — Autopsy by Dr. Aeland (Akerly „ bj Dr. (illnllii r . . Exceptional in 18111 ., None on St. Oeorge's Island Island- 855 l .-iOli JOO-il-' 1S7 • Ul ■;u7 aoo ni 7-324 .•iir-.'j'io .')2U I JO •J IS 07H ;i.vt :'.5:. Facing '22 m , , 1.55, 150 , , l;52 , , 155, l'J3 i;ii ,, IGO 155 117 • • 150 725 035 231 .. 21)5-297 • • 21(5 •• 217 • • TOO ■ i:)7 ! . . 218 211 214 183 XXXll INDEX. Information from Earl Brownlow to Dcnil imps {conliiiueil) — Not due to i)eln(,'ic scaling . . On "North-east I'oint rookciy On Tolstoi loolicry Opinion of Mr. Fowler Opinions of natives as to causes of I'loliabK' fnuses of Decrease — Aflirmdl ■• fliieily of maks on islands , . May lie arrested by Itegulations Not entirely due to pelagic sealmi; Not ol)ser\ed at sen On C'oninmnder Islands On land, observed in 1880 .. On Tribyloff Wands Origin and [iroRress of Deer-breeding — Analogous to seal-breeding, Departure of seals from islands -. .. •• Depletion {see also lAterniination) — Greater danger of, on shore . . . . • • • • Less danger o', at sea . . . . Depositions (see AfHdavits). Destnietion - Natuial causes of . . Devereux, Captain O. — Seals on coast of Vancouver Diagrams (.we aho Maps)— Comparison of pela-ie and island catch in one season . . _ of numbers kiiled on land and sea from early times present . . . ■ , • • • • Diseases of fur-seal (see ahu Kpidemics) . . DiftaiKcs cows go to feed. A'arious statements as to Distribution of seals at sea Affectel by winds and eurrents Charts Illand IV . . Means taken to a: eut.iin .. .. •• •• Various observations on ,. t< •• Drives — Cause fright :aid distress .. •• •• •• Cnieltv of Large 'nunilK i of seals rejeclcd from, as uiddllablc Length of, ou Conimauder Lslanils „ of, o)i rribylifl' Islands Mr. Golf's opinion on .. .. ■• •• Mr. rabner's opinion on ., .. .. •• Mortality caused by excessive . . t • I'lofe-sor L.Ucjtt's opinion on lleLOinnienilations as to regulation of.. Vital energy of seals impaired by Waste of teal life in Wiakness of seais after ., ,, •• •• I'ailv I''xj)loralions in liehiing Sen — Keferenees to fur->tals in accounts of .. .• .» l-.liiott, ProlVssor— Obsirviilioi.s on death of seals frc.ni natural causes .. .• ,, on driving ,. .. • • ■• •• „ on intei Illation between I'ribyloff and Commander seals . , . . • • • • • • ,, on ]ire|jovtion of n^ales to females ., ., ,, on seal lif.' . . . . ■ * • . • • Epidemies («, (i/mj Diseases)— At Cape of Gocd ll(>])e .. .. >• •^ •• V'vidence— Circular of inquiry to Governments .. .. .. i List of jeisi 119 and (iovernmcnts supplying ., •• •< 111 pbes i,f (ioveronunts ,, ., ,. >• •: Kxcieraent— Absence of, noted •• t, •• •• •' • None on rookeries, . ■. .. •• •• • 355 346 348 348 34C 336 57, 94 71 s)4 71 87 92 686 89-91 674-093 282 117 118 326>343 184 339 309-312 209-223 209 210 223 74 704 708 705 705 708 74,' 704 714 H7 708 721 710 2C5,2llG 337 714 452 10 277 Exti Ext( 184, 185 177 Facing 22 „ 150 Facing 150 I'air Falk Farii Fcm Fish Flag Flat Flov Fog! Fooc 187-189 ow Fur- 243 242 155 !M tSl-l»3 154-109 f'V IHSEX, XTSUi Paragraph. Page. KxUnt of ground occu|iie(l lij' Rcnis ., ,, ,. ,, 377-S95 Extermination {see also Depletion) of Fur-seals — " l''innncially impossible . . . , . . , , , , 458 • • F. l''air« Pill her Ground — Reals most numerous on from 1st to 15th Juno.. .. .. 187 Falkland Islands — " Protective Eogulalions on .. ,, .. ., ., • • 129-193 Hiply to inquiries. . , . , , , , . . • • 155, 150 Farallones Islands — Seals formerly bred on 248 Females (see a!>o Cows) — Destruction of, at Cape 154 Kxcpfs of, owiiij; to killing of males on shore , . , . g;j5 Lnrf^e number killed on islands in 1868 808 I'roiiortion of, in peluific catch 77,73 Fish- All kiTids of, eaten by seals . . 2iB • • Lnrj'e number of, near rookeries 231 Fl;,g- Distinctive, for pelagic sealers in Japan ,. .. J ^ 165 recommended ,. 162 Flattery, Cape- Catch of seals near . . , . . . , . , . 185 172, 173 Flower, Sir \V. II.— .MemoramUini on classifieation of fur-seal . . . . . . , , 185 Fogs- Assistance to rniilers .. .. ., .. ., 768 Food — Absenec of, in cows killed on Commander Islands . , 235 Distance to which seals go for, from islands . . . , 303-316 , , Fur-seal on Juan Fernandez reported to abstain from .. 243 • • „ surface not bottom feeders . . 230, 231 .- Information gained on, from natives ,. 2ii5 ^^ M'l.'ration habits depend on (*(»■ Migration) ,, .. .. 224 ,, Offur.scnl 224-243 , , (itily baei.elors and cows leave islands for 305 ^^ i'rineijM! ii.ids of. . .. .. ,. 220, 227 , , Usrely fmiul in seals killed on islands , , . . , , 233 , , Stoni.* laud in stomachs of seals 23fi-:;38 ,, ^' .rms in f fomaehs of seals , . , , . . . , 237 • • 'owi r, ^^•.• (M.iijci UB !o dead pups in 18U1 .. ., ,, 343 , ^ Fur-scai ■ w aU,o Penis) — Abu. i-iuer ., aifeeted by weather .. 408 • • „ in sea near rookeries . . 313 • ■ Becoming more pelagic 85, 42K , , lired formerly on rocks in Hecate Strait ,, .. 410 , , linidiiig-grounds on southern part of North America .. ., 447-450 lireeding-jilaces of 30-32 , , lireed on outlying rocks on A i.uic coast .023 , , Change nf habits in recent vears .. ,, 3;)6-H0 , , ,. „ on eiieli side of Pacific 207 41 ,1 produced by disturbance . , !•; , , Contents of Btonmchs examined 2.J1 . , C-nitinued abunduncc at sen 402-407 , , Date of arrival at I'l-ilijldil' Islands .. IS-H , , ,, leaving l'.d)yli)fV Ishnids 174 , , Distribution at sea {sir Dislributiou). i '.x s luit migrate i'l Southern nemisplieie 211 ,. tally takes of, on I'ribyloli' Islands .. .. .. ■■ 772-770 , , I'j^idence of retutii to sanu' hanlini^-grouiuls 270 Kxcess of breeding males in 1671 07« , , lO.vcessive killing of, in 18(i8 677, 808 , . Food of {src Food). Ilabitals in winter and sumniei [sec Migration).. .. .. 38 Habits of (. of sciiU on Pribylaff Islands in latci' Russian timCH .. Indians — Mni|)!oynu>nt of, in BoaUnj;-schooncr3 . . . . . . IntiiL'st of, ill st'al fisbciy . . . . • • . . Mctliod of liuntiu); fur-soal , . . • . . . . N\niiber of si'als lost by ., .. .• I'ric'os ])aid to, foi- skins, in 1891 .. .. .• Indian Agunts — I!i plitp of, to Circular of inquiry Interests iuYolvcd ,. ,. .. •• •• Aleuts .. .. .. •• •• •• As represcnlcd by nkins taken •• Pritisli Columbian • • , ■ • • • • (ierman ., ,. ., .. ■• a* liidian •. ,. •• •« •• •• dapaneso ., ,. ., .. ,. Land and sea, eompnrt'd ,, .. ■• *• Natives on ishuuU .. ■• *• •• Kussia .. •• .. •• •• •* Inti rniinirlini^ of Coinmaiider and I'ribyloff seals Ml'. Flliolt's views on ,. .. •• •• Intel lelalion of Commander and Pribylofl seals (.«(' Intermingliiif;}. J. Jaciison, Mr. — Seal rcokcries at Cnpe of Good Hope. •• .Ian Mnyen — Heyulations for hair-seal fisheries lapan - Distinetive ([ag for sealers in . . . . Kni-seal fisheries of .. .* •• Hef:!;nlations for scaltlslieries *. •• ,, ,, ,, not enforced .. Keply lo in(puries. . .. .. .. Sealing-vessels sailiii^ from., .. •• Wii'ter habitat of seals on west side of Paeific.. •loint Commission— llepiMt of . . , ■ t • • . raragia[ili. 280 .54. r,5, 130 29S 123 123 123 Page. .127 • • n, 12 • « lll-ll;!,.'i.J7,.50f. .. .•)0n, .i7(i . . ■'I'M el nen. .. !>-ir> ■048 •• r 0, 171 17 , 18, 19 123 ,, 108 «• 111-11.'!, 123 .. 103 • • 112 • • 103 • • 127. 128 • . 112, I2:i • • 103 • • 151-4.57 • . 452 «• Kelp- K. Birth of pups on, improbable ,■ .■ •• I'.aten by jiups in Septenii>er •• •• •• •• Killable scabs (t « Killing of Sials on I'rihytofr Islands)— Nirnbcr fixed too bij^h .. .. •• •• •• Small number of, in 18i'0 .. Ki'ller-wbiile- — Deslriielinn of younj; seals by . , • . ■ . • • Killin'j of females at sea . . . • • • • • • • rernii-sible, to preserve normal proportion of sexes ., Surjilufl of fi'males lenders pnieliee loss harinfal . . Killing of r^eals on I'ribvloft' Islands— Average niiniial slaughter unler I'uited Slates' management Io.t Rrcat .. .. Control of, bv I'liited States Evil elfects Jf . . . . KxecBsivc in early Russian period , , . • ,124 • • 120 180 102 175, 480-508 503-505 1C5 102-164 1G7 1G0-1G7 108 27, 201 , , 245 240 58, 5 9 1.30, 137 .lill-l.'lO 7'/-hO SO 70 17-51, 002 43 35, 44, 15, 009 40 XXXVI INDEX. Killiiis of Seals on I'ribylofT Islands {conliHucd)— Imnicdinte cause of diuijjer to seal life Methods employed in, cruelty of (w» Drives) .. „ ,," tlieoicticiilly pood. . .. ,, ,, waste involved in .. .. Mr. Palmer on bad effect of. . . . • . Nni.dicr killed, 1817-91 .. 1!( ;;idaiions for, at different periods . . „ dillicnlty of .. Sudden increase of, nnder I'tiitcd States' nianngement Suggested improvenicnts in, . ,, prohibition of, on one island . . „ total prohibition of . . . . KilliiiiT on Breeding Islands — Cause of depiction in Southern Ileinisplicrc Onlv method ever employed in Southern Hemisphere Klawak— Seals taken by Indians of .. .. •• Kurile Islands- Sealing in the .. •• .• •# L. I.ngeon liookcry on St. I'uul Island . , I.amiison, C. M., and Co. — Sale of skins in Lrndon .. .. Licences- Proposed issue jf, to white hunters . . Lichen— Test of area of rookeries , . Limitation of Sealing by — (.'lose season . . ■ . . . Number of seals taken (scs Xumber Limit) Itestrictcd area , . . . . . Lobos Islands — Fur-seal fishery on Skins shipped 'trom (1887-!)1) „ .sold in London (1873-92) 'loial catch of .seals on (187C-91) ,. Little Kastern Uookery, St. George Island., Lo.-s of seals at b( a ^«f(■ Pelagic Scaling) , . Luk:iiini)n and Kctavie Kookeries, St. I'aul Island Lntki' — Obscrv.itions on killing of male seals , , Mail.ay. Mr. J. W.— Seals o« coast of Hritisli Columbia ., ., ., Malj Se.ils (.vcp Killin^; of Seals ou I'ribvlnlT Islands). Males- Age of virility . . . . , . . . , , Hanger to SI al life if tiMi many killed. . ., .. Decrease of. on islands ,. ,, ., Proportion of, to !'■ males .. .. ,, Scarcity of, on islands, makes b.'.liits of seals irrcgtdar ., Manatee (.sf£ Sea-cow). Maiiagen\eut on — Comniander, compared with that on Pribyloff Islands .. PribUoli Islands; insulHcicnt care taken till recently Maps (sci: also Diagrams). 1. 'I'raeli Chait, showing route of British Commissioners -'. licsorts and migiuti' n routes of .seals :). .■\rea of B-als, July and Au^'us; "I. ,. „ Aegust an 1 .September .. .. T). jiiagram showing number of seals killed, and price of skins Mayiuird, I.r iitenant — Observations on seal lif;' ., ,, ,, ,, lleport on I'ribylolf Islands, . .. .. ,, Meleorolo^ie.il observatious taken in 1891,. ., ,. Paragraph. 117 611 660 74,75 39,'771 36-38 76 659 147, 148 161 121, 166-168 117 154-160 176 256, 273 150 •• 380-382 .. 130-138 • • 130, 131. 137 , , 130, 141-144 •• ■ a 169 215 215 , _ 215 257 , , 77,81, 8l>, , , •2.50 , , 291 183-185 277 815 219 Page. 187. 189 160-167 215-217 287 , , 289 ., 71 , , 54 4:! I •• 72. 427 70 •• Facing 150 „ 150 .. „ 160 • • ,. ISO , , „ 151 INDEX. XXXVU MctlioJs of taking Seals — I;n]iiovemont8 sufjgcstcd at sea . . , , .. ,. on hliore , , , . Migratiuji — At fajic of Oood Hope Coiir.si' of seals ill sprin;^ In Xortli Pacific ,. .. ., .',' In(|iiiiies as to, made in British Columbia None at Falkland Islands .. ., Raiiiic of, on west side of Pacific Kcasoiis of . . , . P U travel north in Rprin;; and south in autumn S thcrn course in North Pacific liypothetical . . Ttt o lines of , , , , . . Mixiiit livenili o{ \HOl . , ., Mortality of young teals in 1891 (see Dead Pups) .. N. Naiive iiilercsls on islands ,. ,. ,, ,^ Natives on Islands^ AUijjed ill treatment of . . . . . . , , Insufficient coal supply to .. ,. ,, ,, Native nues intcresled in scaling ., .. ., Neali Hay {sfp Cape Flattery) — I'Mdeuee of Indians as to gravid females taken near . . N<'ts— i;nii)loyment of should be forbidden . . , . . . Circy pups ()bt:iincil In .. ,, .. Newfoundland proteciivc Ilegulations .. .. ,, New South WalcB— Seiiling industry in, censed to exist .. ,, ,, New Zealand — Seal fishery of ,. .. ,, ,, ,, Nordeiiskiold, Haron — Letter from , , , , , , , , , , North Atlantic — I'ur-seal unknown in Nortli-Kast Point. St. Paul Island— Hooktry on . , , . , , . , , , North Uookery, St. Oeorge Island .. ., ,. North-west catch — Sides in London , . , . , , , . , North-west Coast — Indian seal fishery on ,. ,, ,, ., Number killed on Islands (see aho Killing of Seals on Pribyloff Islands)— Nit properly curlaikii .. .. ,, Sug^'csted maxinunn . . . . . , minimum . . . , , , Nunilur Limit — liist conibinod with lime limit Possible application of, at sea .Sile maximum slioidd be fixed oi L*|iciially eH'eclivc on land . . Number of Scids on Islands — Alfeeted most by eitccssivc killing o Area occupied best index of Bryant's method of enumerating Flliott's „ ., I>tim;ite!i of. exaggerated . . (Ijiiiions of vnHous authorities as to Paragraph. Page. I land sliori Okhotsk Sea- Fur-seal in ., Origin of decrease of seals Oltir Mand— liaids mi ., Seals on,, ,, o. p. Paeifie— Migrations of fur-seid in {sec Migration). Palmer, .Mi'. \V Observations on breeding-islands [:{02] H9, 150 147, 118 .. .. 155 195 171-lUC 172 , , 156 197-208 208 27 196 27 .IIIS 3H 356 •• 723-7S6 72-1 725 526-570 * • 035 " 150 " 650 837 250,390.391 257 72, 73, 131 155 150 137 130, 161 151 131 92 30S 35H 359 90. 305 300 .'J J _ 07-l-0',i3 710 25 I. 7 10 195-198 157 182, 183 183 216,217 170-172 187-189 XXZTIII INDEX. Pelagic cateli {lee also Vehgk Sealing). Ai]i)ioxinintc stiitlstics of United States .. .. Rilii-in); Sen, nbnut 5 ])i'r cent, cows in miik ,, ., Ilritisli C'olunibinn. Kcport.s of ,, „ ..iciiunnrra . . • • • • Cli;iinctei' and coin|)Ositioii of . . . . . . Dia^'i'.'Mns illustrating ,, .. •. Eaily ciilclu's in Helirin;; Sea . . . ■ . . Inci>'nii)lcunts- (iC Unilod Stales' statistics Nuinlur |)er boat and ninn ., .. .. .. IM'oportioM of reniaU'8 .. •• •• Skins taken ill 18'Jl .. •• •• «• Suninuiiy IVoni 1871 to 1891 Pelngic Si'ulrr- — Not pnaclurs . . , , .. •. .. Ojiinions as to abandanec of Bi'als at sea .. .. Pelaj^io Scalin;;— A'lvantasis of Indian niet'iod of spearing Afliilavits rispce'int; (spf AlKdavits) , , ,, Ainonnt paid to Indians eii^'aged in 1840 .. A new factor of decrease in Bcal life . . At first not objccle:! to ., .. •• .• Beir fits to Indians ., ., .. .. Capital enijiloyed , . . . ■ . • . . • ConllieiinK ividence as to sexes taken . . , , Continuation dijiends on abundance of seals .. ., Cou'.d not baw caused iirst decrease on land .. ., Crilleisnis on .. ■• •• •• .• Cruelty of, as compared with land killing Danger to incn employed .. .. ., ,. Date of conimenccmenl . , • . . , „ „ in ISehring Sea . , ,. Early bi-tory of ,, .. ,. >. First known attempts •• •• •• ,. ,, jmirtised in canoes . . . . , . , , ,, seizures by United States' Government ,, ., Future of , . . . , , . . , , Growlb of, in United States , . . , , , Iniprovcnients suggested , . . . Inilians seldom lose seals wlien speared Loss exag'.'crated . . . , , . , , . . „ by wliitc hunters . . . , , . , . Methods employed None at ('a])e of Good Hope . . ., ., in Falkland I-lands . . Not caii'-e of ts in . , . . , . Value of United States and British Columbian fleelB, 1891 Periods of Rest — Found ncec^savy ill l*us>ian period .. ,. Suggested as protective measure .. ,, ,, Physical ebaract' ri-tic~ of I'ribylolf and Commander Islands . . Places visited by Kriti-h Cimniissioners ,. ,. ., Polaviua Uookeiy, St. I'nd Island ., ,, ,, Fiist drivin in 187'.l .. ,, ,, .. Poaelier- — Term eannnt I.e nppliid to pelagic sealers ., ,, Precautions on Islands — Better on Conimanders than I'ribylofis ,, ., Pribyloff Islands- Date of discovery. . ,. ,. ^, ^^ Decrease of fcal.'! notie.d in 1879 Decrease of kiilabl'.> seals marked in 1885 Description of . , . . , , . , ^ ^ !list'>rieal not'. ■■ on rook'.'iies ,, ,, Killin.; of seal excc.n-ivc ,. ,, ,, , , 319 616 , , , , 207-212 (i52 ,, 633-653 • • Facing 22 and 691 • • 108, 597 , , 87 , ^ 77,78 , , , , 204 • • 207 012 403-407 ., C57 585 , , 60 , , 583 • • 585 • ■ 106,114 , , 034 , , 054 , , 091 , , 77 , , 010-G12 , , 009 , , C4 , , 69, 696 , , 588 , , 580 , , 582 4 , 590 , , 654-658 . , 599 , , }AM)EX. KaiiU {cbiillnui(l) — Destruction (if fcnlM on Itobbcii I^hind liy .. .• t. Drain on s( nl lifi' ciiusid liy . . . . . . Ease willi wliieli t'ley ean iie niail<' .. .. .. •• Illefinlity of Ii.siillieirut protection against, cm rribvloff Islands .. , t,i-i of, (in I'lihylolf Islaiid-i .. .. .. .. Mians tiikcn In cl.ecli, on f'oniinandi c Island: .. .. No recorded instance of, lu Canadian vessels on I'ribyloff Islands . , lleiidered |KJs-ible by laxity of eontrul ■• .■ .. SImiiiM be more slrietlv guarded le.'ainst to tin causing destntctioii of South Sea Siintlai'ity of nntliod 1 reeding re-orts ,, .. ,, .. .. llaidli'.i;-vessels — Seid.s killed by. in waters near rookeries . . . . . . l • . • Ilifles, use of, in pelagic sealing, sliovdd be prohibited .. liolibeii Island — Destruction of seals on, by .\laska Commercial Company .. Mean.s taken by Russian (iovci'innent for protection of , . . . Migration routes of seals frecinenting ,. .. .. Ibnds on . . , . . . . . • . • • Kookeries — .\rea of (.^r*' Area oi Uookcries). Features of , , . . . . • . • • ■ , Voiincr extent of . .. .. .. .. .. Necessary e(jndition> li r. exist elsewhere . , . . . , Not neecs-arily liinitt (1 in area .. ,. .. On liehrii'.g Island, North .and Simtb. . .. .. ■• On Copper Idand. , On St. (icotge Island ((('reat Kastern, Little Kastern, North, Starry .\rteel, and Zapadnie) .. .. .. .. On St.l'aul [sl.md (I,ai!oiii. I.ukannon and Ketavic, North-East Point, Polavina, Itcel, 'IVdstoi, and /apadnic) .. .. Protection of, better on Coumrander tlian I'ribyloff Islands .. Reports as to condition (f. inisati-factory ,, ., ., Sliovihl not be (listurbe'l ,. ,, ,. ,. .. Smell of. , . . . , . . . , . . , . Russi Increase of seals on Pri>>yli)(l Islands midc Interests of, in sciding industry ^lanagement of C imniunder Islands by Precautions against raids by Rcbbcn Island pr(jtected by., ,, s. San Fi.inciscc — licply to inquiries made at . . Sealing fleet .. Scarcity of ."seals iscv lulling on Islainls)- Due to over-killing of ii.tdcs 8ea-cow — Extermination of ,, Forn;8 10(.'-lo8 14.0 ICCI, 170 '.)4 ir>2 102 100 155-161 i;!0 150, G.jG 51.T 515-517 203 510, .Olil 258-200 27.i 2711 272 2GC. 207 208, 2C'.l 257 25C. 722 52 148 271 41,42 lOli 72, 722 707 51.5-517 Page. 4;18-4'I0 470 471 877 oO'J, 88i) 8H5, 887 87»<, H79 179 206 IKDEX. xn 8t»l Ki»licrii'» (ionliiiueil)— Fnlkliiiul lalniid!) , , . . , , LoboN tnlnndH . , , , , . New Zi'iiliind Soulli Shetland ,. .. ,. '| Scaliiif; lit S( n (see I'elagie Scnliiig). Sc»liiiK I'lect — Brilisli Columbian .. ,. ,, Ignited Stales' . . . . . . , . '\ Scaling Industry (are alio Inlerests involved) — Capitul implojcd in FoiniiT 1111(1 present condition of Ocriiinn, Jiipanese, Uu88inn, and United States' interest "in Interests on sen iind sliovu . . Number of men employed in Seal Islands — Flnurisbini,' condition of when cedml by Russia Senling on Island- — I'nrity of interests with sralin;^ nt sea Sug^jMsted iniproveniiiits in nietlindi . . Seal Life— Ueroniing more pelagic .. ,, ,, Conditions of, on breeding-islands . . . , . , Disturbance of, greater in recent years . . . . Evidi nee ns to conditions of . . , , Fluctuations in number .. .. ,. ,. General conditions of . . , , , , , , Oiadunl diminution of, on islands Natural conditions interfered with ,, ,, Should lie stuilied at fca as well as on laud , . , , Seal Logs — Ktpt by Her Majesty's and United States' cruizcrs in 1891 Seals feeding (xef tilsn l-'oud)— Doubtiul whetlier by night or day Seals (net- aim Fur-seal) — Methods of enuinernting . . , , , . Sinking when shot ., ,. ., Loss of by, exaggerated , , , , ,, Views of Professor Allen as to Sea-ottei , Oliservations on ,, Breed all ihe year round ('ateli of, in Japan . , . . Conid hj protected more cisily than the fur-seal Forniei rookery of, at Cape Lopatka , , , , Iiiudeiiuate protection of, by United States' Government I.nr^e number of, in early days , . , , Not ]iroporly pelagic . , Only remaining rookery is on Copper Island . . Value of skins of . . .. ., Si'ccalc'hie (rre Hulls). Scizuns of ^iealing-vessels by United States' Government — Date of first seizure , , Suniiiiavy of . . , . , , Scses — liiquisitc piopoition of ., .. ., ., Shanghac — iU'ply to inipiiries from «, ,, ,, ,, Shecji — Analogous to seals in breeding habits , , Habits when Buekling . , . . . , Shot found in seals killed on islands Skins — Average price in London, 1871-91 ,, Uouglit from Indians mostly " grey puiis ' or emails Clas-'cd in London more by qimlity than origin, . Copper Islnnil, sales of Tnllerenccs between ** Alai-kT " ard " C'o:iprr " . . . . From Cape Horn . . , . . . . , , „ Capcof Good Hope .. „ Commander Islands (1802-91).. „ Lobos Islands , , , , , . Marketing of .. ,, ,, ,, North-west const c.itch, distinguished by shot and spear inark> „ „ sale of Obtained from Indians (1832-90) Of " stagey " uiul pup licals unmerchantable [002J Paragraph. 882, SS-I 87(; 892-894 872, 873 601) 000 I0'l-107 103 102, 103 111, 112 «70 126 117, M8 86 277-283 390 52, 53, 50 33 20-34 701 34 15 210 31G 357-370 613-630 013 630 459-469 460 464 407 408, 409 460 461 465 459 £90 109 292-294 Page. 205 200 14-16 166 180 181 ;i2s 02S •• 213 182 653 .. , , 213 Co3 , , 21fi 155 ., 211 , , 215 902, 903 .. ViM 210.21 . , 213 74 zlii INUKX. Skill* (eonlinuei) — Slii|miciit of, 110 I'vidcnce of fraud . . . . . . • • \^*c■i^llt of . . . • • ■ • ■ • • ' • Weight of, OH isliiiiclH . . t . „ „ Reduction ill (iiice 1888 ., .. Soutlcrn IliJiiisplurc — AiTountoffur-sculu ill early times Fm-soiil tislieric's of . ■ . . • • • • • • „ „ Kalliliiiid Islands destroyed by American tcbbcIi Sontli Sea Sealing — N-' nniiloi;y ttilh pehigie s.»aliiig ., .. •• Spcnis used by Indians fov killing seals .. .. •• " iStiigey " .■ieasov .. .• .. •• •• •' IVriod of . . • • • . • • • • " Slin;ey " skins — Never taken at sea . . • • • • • • • • rnniereliantable ,, . .. •• .< Stampedes — i)e(itli of pups caused by . . • . • • • • ■ ■ Stnrry Artccl Uookeiy, St. (icor};e Island ,, .. •• .• Stones found In stomachs (■:*» Food), Suckling (iff (ils'i Cows)— •"'ows will Mieklc young of other cows at Cape of Oood Hope Habits during lime of .. .. .. .. ■• Swan, .liidge — I.ettt I s from ,. .. .• It •• •• Thinks seals are fou d near Caiie Flattery all the yeor round .. T. Table showing normal increase of seals ,, .. < Tasmania- Protective Refjulations in . . . . . . . lU ;<',v to inquiries from Tax on skii s paid to United Stiites' Oovernmont, increase of , Time limit t-.-'e Close Season) ,. ,, .. , Tolstoi Rookc. y, St. I'aul Island . . , , . . Paragrapb. u. United Slates — Scaling fleet, 1891 „ ,, incomplete Keturns of catch of Uruguay— Heply to inquiries, . . , , , V. Venianiinov, Bishop— f)n (iiives . , ,, , , , , Vir;>iii fcnuiles dilTiculi 'o d-stini;uish from young males Virility, age of ., Volcanic origin of breeding-islands ,. w. Wariness of seals luiises tliein to shun the coast , . Wark Inlet- Grey pups taken in ., ., ,, Waste of seal life on islands . . , , . , Weight of skins taken on islands " " » largely reduced in 1889 » .. „ lowered in 1883 ., Western side of North I'acific Ureeding-plaei s of fur-senl on History ui sealing industry on 670 671 B04-703 (J97 8^1-85-l 834-901 flU7 5B3 20.>, 281 133 134, n31,633 74 74, 331-333 257 317-325 I'agc f.97 712 633 284-2'Jl 249 426 177 74, 76, 667 694-703 607 696 42 J-526 477-486 H3, 190-192 165, ISC \M Wi W( Yci Za, Zoi 155 172-177 371-376 • • 158 , , 168, 159 695 , , i;in-i38 2jt) . • 206 109 tNDKX. xliii Paragraph. Va\iv. -102 5r, \\ l.alc Kooil— ScniN most miint'rous wlure it is IouikI Wilson, Sir Siiniutl, M.l'. — Inl'orinntion n8 to Klioop-brccdinR ,, Worms— drills troubleil t)V , . . , Yc!!0 Y. Const fishery . , , , , , Sc'iiln seen near, in autumn iind lute winter Znpadnif Koolarv, St. (Icorgo Ibliiiid St. Paul Island Zii]) Kisliii («w I'eriods of Ucst). Zom.' of I'rotcelrd WnterB — IVflncd . . Uccomini'ndi'd . . . , 77 229 .•M3 199 ■2rn 2.JG 155-160 151-155 184 1G6 59