i 
 
in • )Bpi ■ vfi|f*wi|« 
 
 III 
 
 OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE, 
 
 OR 
 
 "CHINOOK JARGON." 
 
 I! 
 
 -!* 
 
^^ — r • ^" 
 
AN INTERNATIONAL IDIOM, 
 
 A MANUAL OF THE 
 
 OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE 
 
 OR 
 
 "CHINOOK JARGON. 
 
 By HORATIO HALE, M.A., F.R.S.C, 
 
 MEMnRR OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY; „K THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL 
 
 INSTITUTE OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND ; OF THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL 
 
 SOCIETIES OF VIENNA AND WASHINGTON ; OF THE 
 
 CANADIAN INSTITUTE, ETC. 
 
 A 7dJ,or of ' ' Ethnography and Philology of the U.S. Ex/lonng Expedition 
 " The Iroquois Book of Rites" ^c. 
 
 LONDON : 
 WHITTAKER & CO., White Hart Street, 
 
 PATERN03TER SQUARE. 
 1890. 
 
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 CHISWICK press: — C. WHITTINGHAM AND CO., TOOKS COURT, 
 CHANCERY LANK. 
 
 -J 
 
PREFATORY NOTE. 
 
 The following treatise was designed to form part of a 
 larger volume of linguistics, the work of several con- 
 tributors. The publication of that work having been 
 deferred, it is thought advisable, in view of the scientific 
 interest of the subject of this treatise, and its practical 
 usefulness to residents and visitors of the Pacific States 
 and Provinces of North America, to publish it in a 
 separate torm. Comprising, as will be seen, a complete 
 grammar and dictionary, with specimens of collo(iuial 
 and narrative phrases, songs, hymns, a sermon, etc., it is 
 intended to afford a manual for the use of travellers and 
 settlers in the region where it is spoken, as well as an 
 opportunity for philologists to study the construction oi 
 a genuine " international speech," now current, with the 
 best results, among populations in various stages of civi- 
 lization, speaking more than twenty distinct languages, 
 and diffused over a territory nearly half as large as 
 Europe. 
 
I 
 
 Extract from the " Introduction to the Study of the Human 
 A' ares ;^* by A. de Quatrcfof^cs. Part I I., p. 603. (Part's, 1889.) 
 
 "The formation of these new languages deserves to attract tlie 
 attention of linguists ; and it will be fortunate if the example given 
 by Mr. Hale should arouse their interest on this point. That 
 eminent anthropologist has found in Oregon and north of that 
 country a sort V){ lini^tia franca^ which, born at first of tlie neces- 
 sities of commerce, is to-day employed almost solely by many indi- 
 viduals. This idiom has already its vocabulary, its rules, its 
 grammar. The elements composing it are borrowed from four 
 languages — two American (Nootka and Chinook) and two European 
 (French and English). A certain numl)er of words have ])ecn 
 formed by onomatopo'ia ; and the language admits the formation of 
 compound words to supply the deficiencies of its vocabulary." 
 
 
 1 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 The Oregon Trade Language 
 Its Origin and Composition 
 Orthography and Pronunciation 
 Grammar . 
 
 Past and Future of the Language 
 
 isONCiS 
 
 Hymns . . " " 
 
 A Missionary Sermon 
 
 The Lord's Prayer 
 
 Dictionary :— 
 
 Trade Language and English 
 English and Trade Language 
 
 PACE 
 I 
 
 3 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 ^9 
 24 
 
 26 
 
 28 
 
 37 
 
 39 
 53 
 
 CORRIGENDA. 
 P. 10, line 10, for ,7 read ^. 
 
 „ 12 from below under "Jargon," for zVce/i' read ///r//. 
 " ^ " " "Chinook," for A/^"-///C-a read ?V^-i 
 
 
 i 
 
 m 
 
THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE, 
 
 OR, 
 
 "CHINOOK JARGON." 
 
 The interest recently awakened in the subject of an in- 
 ternational language has given a new importance to a 
 study originally made for purely scientific purposes more 
 than forty years ago. As a member of the United States 
 Exploring Expedition, which surveyed a portion of the 
 western coast of North America in 1841, I undertook the 
 charge of giving an account of the ethnology of Oregon. 
 This name, now restricted to a single State, was then ap- 
 plied to an unorganized and undefined territory, a " de- 
 batable land,^' as it might have been truly styled, which 
 stretched northward between the Rocky Mountains and 
 the Pacific, from what was then the Mexican province of 
 California to the as yet undetermined limit of the British 
 possessions. My opportunities, however, did not allow 
 me to extend my researches much to the north of the 
 present southern boundary of those possessions. Within 
 the space thus limited — a space larger than France — 
 there was ample work to occupy an ethnologist for a 
 
 B 
 
THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE: 
 
 much longer time than I was enabled to devote to the 
 task. 
 
 On commencing that work I encountered at once two 
 remaf-kable phenomena, the one of which added greatly to 
 the labour of the inquirer, while the other afforded an 
 eqiially notable and unexpected help. The great obstacle, 
 as it seemed, and indeed was- -though it has proved ulti- 
 mately the source of most valuable gains to philological 
 science — was the surprising number of distinct languages 
 which were found to exist within this limited area. 
 Twelve of these languages were distinct, not in the sense 
 in which thf" Spanish differs from the Italian, but in the 
 sense in which the Hebrew differs from the English ; that 
 is, they belonged to separate linguistic stocks, utterly dis- 
 similar in words and in grammar. Furthermore, several 
 of these stocks were split up into dialects, which some- 
 times differed so widely that the speakers of one of them 
 could not be understood by the speakers of another. To 
 work one's way through this maze of idioms, many of 
 them exceedingly harsh and obscure in pronunciation and 
 intricate in construction, to a correct classification of 
 tribes and stocks, seemed likely to be a work of no small 
 difficulty. 
 
 But the perplexity was lightened and almost removed 
 by an aid which, as it appeared, this very difficulty had 
 called into being. The needs of commerce, that had 
 suddenly arisen with the advent of the foreign traders, 
 required some common medium of communication. The 
 " Trade Language," which came afterwards to be known 
 
ITS ORIGIN AND COMPOSITION. 
 
 .1 
 I 
 
 ■ V 
 
 
 I 
 
 'a 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 as the " Chinook Jargon," grew into existence. As finally 
 developed, it has become really an " international speech," 
 widely diffused among the fifty tribes of Oregon, British 
 Columbia, and Alaska, and of inestimable service, not 
 only to commerce, but to science, to missionary efforts, 
 and to the convenience of travellers. Nor were even 
 these the chief benefits which have sprung from it. A 
 well-informed writer, Mr. James Deans, in a recent article 
 relating to the tribes of British Columbia, gives some 
 striking evidence on this point. " Pride and ignorance of 
 the languages of their neighbours were," he tells us, " the 
 principal causes of the wars and ill-feeling between the 
 various nations. For example, some ill-timed joke would, 
 through ignorance on the part of the members of another 
 tribe, be construed into an insult, which their pride would 
 not allow to go unpunished." This root of infinite mischief 
 has been extirpated, he informs us, by that " trade lan- 
 guage or jargon, the Chinook," which " the traders found 
 it necessary to create," — *' than which," he adds, " 1 know 
 nothing that has done so much to civilize our native races. 
 It stimulated friendly intercourse between tribes, by en- 
 abling them to converse with each other, — whence sworn 
 foes became lasting friends."^ 
 
 The origin and character of this interesting speech 
 cannot perhaps be better described than in the terms in 
 which my notes, made during the investigation, were 
 afterwards summarized in my published report.^ These 
 
 ^ " The Journal of American Folk-Lore" for July, 1888, p. 123. 
 ' " United States Exploring Expedition, under Charles Wilkes, 
 
I I 
 
 THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE 
 
 will here be given with such additional information as 
 later inquiries have procured. 
 
 The British and American trading ships first appeared 
 on the north-west coast during the closing years of the 
 last century. The great number of languages spoken by 
 the native tribes proved to be a serious hindrance to their 
 business. Had it chanced that any one of these lan- 
 guages was of easy acquisition and very generally diffused, 
 like the Chippeway among the eastern tribes, the Malay 
 in the Indian Archipelago, and the Italian in the Mediter- 
 ranean, it would, no doubt, have been adopted as the 
 medium of communication between the whites and the 
 natives. Unfortunately, all these languages — the Nootka, 
 Nisqually, Chinook, Chihailish, and others — were alike 
 harsh in pronunciation, complex in structure, and each 
 spoken over a very limited space. The foreigners, there- 
 fore, took no pains to become acquainted with any of 
 them. But, as the harbour of Nootka was at that time 
 he headquarters or chief emporium of the trade, it was 
 necessarily the case that some words of the dialect there 
 spoken became known to the traders, and that the 
 Indians, on the other hand, were made familiar with a 
 few English words. These, with the assistance of signs, 
 were sufficient for the slight intercourse that was then 
 maintained. Afterwards the traders began to frequent 
 the Columbia River, and naturally attempted to com- 
 municate with the natives there by means of the words 
 
 U.S.N.," vol. vii., "Ethnography and Philology," by Horatio 
 Hale, 1846, pp. 635-650. 
 
ITS ORIGIN AND COMPOSITION. 5 
 
 which they had found intelligible at Nootka. The 
 Chinooks, who are quick in catching sounds, soon ac- 
 quired these words, both Nootka and English, and we 
 find that they were in use among them as early as the 
 visit of Lewis and Clark, in 1804. 
 
 But when, at a later period, the white traders of Astor's 
 expeditions, and from other quarters, made permanent 
 establishments in Oregon, it was soon found that the 
 scanty list of nouns, verbs, and adjectives then in use 
 was not sufficient for the more constant and general inter- 
 course which began to take place. A real language, 
 complete in all its parts, however limited in extent, was 
 required ; and it was formed by drawing upon the 
 Chinook for such words as were requisite, in order to add 
 to the skeleton which they already possessed the sinews 
 and tendons, the connecting ligaments, as it were, of a 
 speech. These consisted of the numerals (the ten digits 
 and the word for hundred), twelve pronouns (I, thou, he, 
 we, ye, they, this, other, all, both, who, what), and about 
 twenty adverbs and prepositions (such as — rjw, then, 
 formerly, soon, across, ashore, off-shore, inland, above, 
 below, to, with, &c.). Having appropriated these and a 
 few other words of the same tongue, the Trade Language 
 — or, as it now began to be styled, " the Jargon " — 
 assumed a regular shape, and became of great service as 
 a means of general intercourse. 
 
 But the new idiom received additions from other 
 sources. The Canadian voyagetirs, as they are called, 
 who enlisted in the service of the American and British 
 
! I 
 
 6 THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE: 
 
 fur companies, were brought more closely in contact 
 with the Indians than any others of the foreigners. They 
 did not merely trade, they travelled, hunted, ate, and, in 
 short, lived with them on terms of familiarity. The 
 consecjuence was, that several words of the French lan- 
 guage were added to the slender stock of the Jargon. 
 These were only such terms as did not previously belong 
 to it, including the names of various articles of food and 
 clothing in use among the Canadians (bread, flour, over- 
 coat, hat), some implements and articles of furniture 
 (axe, pipe, mill, table, box), several of the parts of the 
 body (head, mouth, tongue, teeth, neck, hand, foot), and, 
 characteristically enough, the verbs to run, sing, and 
 dance. A single conjunction or connective particle, 
 puis^ corrupted to /^, and used viVn the various meanings 
 of then, besides, and, or, and the like, was also derived 
 from this source. 
 
 Eight or ten words were made by what grammarians 
 term onomatopoeia, — that is, were formed by a rude 
 attempt to imitate sound, and are therefore the sole and 
 original property of the Jargon. Considering its mode 
 of formation, one is rather surprised that the number of 
 these words is not greater. Liplip is intended to express 
 the sound of boiling water, and means to boil. Ting- 
 ting, or, more commonly, tintin (for the nasal sound is 
 difficult to these Indians) is the ringing of a bell, and 
 thence any instrument of music. Po, or poo^ is the report 
 of a gun ; tiktik is for a watch ; tumtnni is the word for 
 heart, and is intended to represent its beating. The 
 
ITS OKIGIN AND COMPOSITION. 
 
 ■1 
 
 word /«w, pronounced with great force, dwelling on the 
 concluding w, is the nearest approach which the natives 
 can make to the noise of a cataract ; but they usually 
 join with it the English word 7vatcr^ making tuvi-wata, 
 the name which they give to the falls of a river. Mash 
 represents the sound of an):hing falling or thrown down 
 (like the English mash and smash) ; klak is the sound 
 of a rope suddenly loosed from its fastenings, or '* let 
 
 go." 
 
 All the words thus combined in this singularly con- 
 structed language, at that stage of its existence, were 
 found to number, according to my computation, about two 
 hundred and fifty. Of these, eighteen were of Nootka 
 origin, forty-one were English, thirty-four French, one 
 hundred and eleven Chinook, ten formed by onomatopoeia, 
 and some thirty-eight were of doubtful derivation, though 
 probably for the most part either Chinook or Nootkan. 
 But, as might be expected, the language continued to 
 develop. Its grammar, such as it was, remained the 
 same, but its lexicon drew contributions from all the 
 various sources which have been named, and from some 
 others. In 1863, seventeen years after my list was 
 published, the Smithsonian Institution put forth a " Dic- 
 tionary of the Chinook Jargon," prepared by the late 
 George Gibbs, a thoroughly competent investigator. 
 His collection comprised nearly five hundred words. 
 Those of Chinook origin had almost doubled, being 
 computed at two hundred and twenty-one. The French 
 had more than doubled, and comprised now ninety-four 
 
8 
 
 THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE. 
 
 words. The English terms were sixty-seven. The great 
 Salish or " Flathead " stock, with whose tribes, next to 
 the Chinook, the Oregon traders had the largest relations, 
 furnished thirty-nine words. The Nootka, in its various 
 dialects, now yielded twenty-four. The others, about 
 forty, were due to the imitation of natural sounds, or were 
 of casual or undetermined derivation. 
 
 The origin of some of the words is rather whimsical. 
 The Americans, British, and French are distinguished by 
 the terms Boston, Kinchotsh (King George/, and PasaiukSy 
 which is presumed to be the word Fran^ais (as neither/, 
 /•, nor the nasal « can be pronounced by the Indians) 
 with the Chinook plural termination uks added. The 
 word for blanket, paseesee^ is probably from the same 
 source {franfatses, French goods or clothing). " Foolish " 
 is expressed by pelton or pilton, derived from the name 
 of a deranged person, one Archibald Pelton, whom 
 the Indians saw at Astoria; his strange appearance 
 and actions made such an impression upon them, that 
 thenceforward anyone behaving in an absurd or irrational 
 manner, was said to act kahkwa Pelton, " like Pelton," 
 but the word is now used without the preceding particle. 
 
 Since the publication of the vocabulary of Gibbs, no 
 material change seems to have been made in the lan- 
 guage. Two later dictionaries of the Jargon have come 
 into my hands — small pamphlets, both printed in Victoria, 
 B.C., the one in 1878, and the other as late as 1887. 
 The former is announced as the " sixth edition," and the 
 latter is described as a "new edition" — facts which 
 
ORTHOGRAPHY AND PRONUNCIATION. 9 
 
 I 
 I sufficiently prove the continued and extensive use of 
 
 this " international speech." There can be no doubt 
 
 '$, that it will remain a living and useful language so long 
 
 •'W( 
 
 as the native tribes continue to speak their own dialects. 
 Rude and almost formless as it is, the spontaneous pro- 
 duct of the commercial needs of mingled races, it has 
 been the source of great and varied benefits. It may 
 well serve, if not as a model, at least as a finger-post to 
 direct us to some higher invention for subserving the 
 larger uses of an advanced civilization. Viewed in this 
 light, and also as presenting one of the most curious 
 specimens of a " mixed language " which philologists 
 have had the opportunity of analyzing, the Jargon seems 
 to merit a somewhat careful study. 
 
 1 
 
 Orthographv and Pronunciation. 
 
 In my original account of this language, the usual 
 "scientific orthography " was adopted. The vowels had 
 their "continental " sounds (as in German or Italian), 
 and the consonants their English pronunciation. But 
 what was then a purely oral idiom has now become a 
 written language. Books have been printed in it, and 
 dictionaries published, in which the English orthography 
 has been adopted. The defects of this orthography are 
 well known, but, under the circumstances, we have no 
 choice but to follow it, making up for its deficiencies by 
 the necessary explanations. 
 
 In the phonetics of the language one point is specially 
 
¥ 
 
 1 1 
 
 10 
 
 THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE. 
 
 interesting, both as illustrating the usual result of the 
 fusion of two or more languages, and as showing one of 
 the laws which must govern the formation of any inter- 
 national speech. As the Jargon is to be spoken by English- 
 men and Frenchmen, and by Indians • 'f at least a dozen 
 tribes, so as to be alike easy and intelligible to all, it 
 must admit no sound which cannot be readily pronounced 
 by all. The numerous harsh Indian gutturals either dis- 
 appear entirely, or are softened to h and /('.' On the 
 other hand, the d^f, </, r, 7/, z^ of the English and French 
 become in the mouth of a Chinook /, /, k^ /, «', and s. 
 The English y (dzh) is changed to ch (tsh) ; the French 
 nasal n is dropped, or is retained without its nasal sound. 
 The following examples will serve to illustrate these and 
 other changes. In writing the Indian words, the gutturals 
 are expressed by ^^h (or kJi) and q, and the vowels have 
 their Italian sounds : 
 
 I 
 
 Chinook. 
 
 Jargon. 
 
 Meaning. 
 
 taqegh. 
 
 fikcJv, 
 
 to wish, will, desire. 
 
 thliaksOy 
 
 yakso, 
 
 hair. 
 
 eleghcy 
 
 illahee. 
 
 earth, land, country. 
 
 etsghot, 
 
 itshool, 
 
 bear. 
 
 optkleke. 
 
 opitlkeh, 
 
 bow. 
 
 tkalaitanam^ 
 
 kali'tan, 
 
 arrow, shot, bullet. 
 
 \ \aghka. 
 
 yahka, 
 
 he, his. 
 
 ntshaika. 
 
 nesi'ka, 
 
 we. 
 
 mshaika, 
 
 mesi'ka, 
 
 ye. 
 
 ^ Some writers, however, retain in the Jargon the "digraph" 
 gh, to express, in some words of Chinook origin, the sound of the 
 German gutteral ch in Buch. 
 
 ■1 
 
;^ 
 
 ORTiiOGRAPJIY AND 
 
 Chinook. 
 
 thlaitshka, 
 
 tkhlon, 
 kustoi:;htkiny 
 
 English. 
 
 handkerchief, 
 
 ay, 
 
 coffee, 
 
 suppose, 
 
 stick, 
 
 sun, 
 stone, 
 
 dry, 
 'varvi, 
 cold, 
 skin. 
 
 French. 
 courir, 
 la I'ouche, 
 la hache, 
 la graisse, 
 le viouton, 
 le main, 
 le lotip, 
 poudre, 
 sauvage, 
 chapeau. 
 
 Jfirgon. 
 
 klaska, 
 ikt, 
 klone, 
 stole kin. 
 
 Jargon. 
 
 hak'atshum, 
 cly, kali', 
 kaupy, 
 spose, pos, 
 stick, 
 piah, 
 sun, 
 stone, 
 
 tly, deiy, 
 7vaurn, 
 kole, cole, 
 skin, 
 
 Jargon. 
 
 kooley, 
 
 laboos , 
 
 lahash', 
 
 Okies', 
 
 lemooto, 
 
 lemah', 
 
 lelod, 
 
 pdlalie, 
 
 si'ivash, 
 
 seahpo. 
 
 PR ONUNCIA TION, 1 1 
 
 Meaning, 
 they, 
 one. 
 three, 
 eight. 
 
 Meaning. 
 
 handkerchief. 
 
 cry, mourn. 
 
 cofTee. 
 
 if, supposing. 
 
 stick, wood, tree, wooden. 
 
 fire, cook, ripe. 
 
 sun, day. 
 
 stone, bone, anything 
 
 solid, 
 dry. 
 warm. 
 
 cold, winter, year, 
 skin, bark. 
 
 Meaning, 
 run. 
 mouth, 
 axe. 
 grease, 
 sheep, 
 hand, 
 wolf. 
 
 gunpowder. 
 Indian, 
 hat. 
 
 I 
 
 
 As will be seen, the orthography of the Jargon is 
 unsettled and capricious. Most writers spell Indian and 
 French words " by the ear," but use the ordinary English 
 

 12 
 
 THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE, 
 
 spelling for the English words comprised in the language, 
 without regard to uniformity. 
 
 Grammar. 
 
 The grammatical rules are very simple. There are no 
 inflections. The language has no article. The demon- 
 strative pronoun, okook^ this, occasionally supplies the 
 place of the English the. 
 
 The genitive of nouns is determined merely by the 
 construction; as, kahtanem inika papal (lit., what name 
 thy father), what is the name of your father ? 
 
 The plural is in general not distinguished in speaking ; 
 sometimes hyu^ many, is employed by way of emphasis. 
 
 The adjective precedes the noun, as in English and 
 Chinook; as, lasway hakatshum, silk handkerchief; 
 mesahchie tilikiun^ bad people. 
 
 Comparison is expressed by a periphrasis. " I am 
 stronger than thou," would be wake inika skookum 
 kahkwa nika, lit., " thou not strong as I." The super- 
 lative is indicated by adverbs ; as, hyas oleman okook 
 canim^ that canoe is the oldest, lit., *' very old that 
 canoe ; " siah ahnkottie, very ancient (lit., far ago). A 
 great deal is expressed by the mere stress of the voice ; 
 hyas" (dwelling long on the last syllable) means exceed- 
 ingly great. Ahn"kottie, with the first syllable drawn out, 
 signifies very long ago ; so hyakf, very quick ; hyu'^ a 
 great many ; tena^^ very small, &c. 
 
 The numerals are from the Chinook. They are — 
 
 '"^ 
 
 # 
 
nguage, 
 
 I are no 
 demon- 
 •lies the 
 
 by the 
 at name 
 
 peaking ; 
 iphasis. 
 lish and 
 :erchief ; 
 
 "I am 
 
 skookuvi 
 le super- 
 a)i okook 
 old that 
 igo). A 
 voice ; 
 exceed- 
 awn out, 
 hyu'^ a 
 
 Ire — 
 
 1 
 
 GRAMMAR, 
 
 ■s 
 
 /77, one. 
 moxt^ two. 
 kloncy three. 
 lakit^ four. 
 k'oinnum, five. 
 tai^hum^ or tahkum, six. 
 
 sjnafnoxf, seven. 
 stotekin, eight. 
 k'iOaisty nine. 
 tahtlelitm, tahtlum, ten. 
 takamonuk^ hundreil. 
 
 The combinations of the numerals are the simplest 
 possible. Eleven is tahtlum pe ikt, ten and one ; twelve is 
 talitliim pe inoxt^ &c. Twenty is moxt tahtlum ; thirty, 
 klonc tahtlum. Thousand is tahtlum takamonuk. *' Eigh- 
 teen hundred and eighty-nine " would be tahtlum pe 
 stotekin takamonuk stotckin tahtlum pe kwaist. 
 
 The personal pronouns are — 
 
 nika^ I. 
 inika, thou. 
 yahka, he. 
 
 nesika, we. 
 mesika, ye. 
 k/aska, they. 
 
 iVasa/ka (or ntshaika) in Chinook means "we here," 
 excluding the person addressed. In the Jargon, 7iesika 
 is used in a more general sense, though alhika (in 
 Chinook alghaika), which means " we al) " (including the 
 person addressed), is sometimes employed by those 
 who understand the native idiom. 
 
 The personal pronouns become possessive merely 
 by being prefixed to nouns ; as, nika house, my house ; 
 mika papa, thy father ; nesika illahee, our land. 
 
 The interrogative pronouns are, klaksta, who ? kata or 
 ikta, what ? and kunjik, how many or how much ? The 
 latter is also used for when? i.e. how much time, how 
 many days ? 
 
14 
 
 THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGt:. 
 
 The relative pronouns must, in general, be understood ; 
 as, kah okoke salimun mika wawa nika t where is that 
 salmon [of which] you told me? Sometimes, however, 
 the interrogative pronouns supi)ly their place, as in Eng- 
 lish ; thus, 7vek nika kumtuks ikta mika ivawa, I do not 
 understand what you say. 
 
 Okoke, thi^ or that, is the only demonstrative pronoun. 
 
 The indefinite pronouns are, kiinamoxt, both ; halo, 
 none ; konaway, all ; hyu, much or many ; terms, few or 
 little ; huloima^ other. 
 
 In general, the tense of the verb is left to be inferred 
 from the context. When it is absolutely necessary to 
 distinguish the time, certain adverbs are emjjloyed ; as, 
 chee, just now, lately ; alta^ now, at present ; winapie, pre- 
 sently ; alkie, soon ; ahnkuttie, formerly ; okoke-sun, to- 
 day; tomolla, to-morrow; tahlkie, yesterday. 
 
 The future, in the sense of "about to," "ready to," is 
 sometimes expressed by tike/i or tikegh, which means pro- 
 perly to wish or desire ; as, 7iikapapa tikegh inimaloose, my 
 father is near dying, or about to die. 
 
 A conditional or suppositive meaning is given to a sen- 
 tence by the words klonass, perhaps, and spose (from the 
 English " suppose ") used rather indefinitely. Nika kiaass 
 nika papa klonass inimaloose, I fear my father will die 
 (lit., I afraid my father perhaps die). Spose mika klaiawa 
 yahwa, pe nika chaco kahkwa, if you will go yonder, I will 
 follow (lit,, suppose you go that way, then I come the 
 same). Na (or naJi) is a common interrogative particle ; 
 sick na mika, are you sick ? 
 
GRAMMAR. 
 
 15 
 
 rstood ; 
 is that 
 owever, 
 m Eng- 
 do not 
 
 ronoun. 
 
 , few or 
 
 inferred 
 ssary to 
 yred ; as, 
 ipie, pre- 
 ■sinu to- 
 
 iy to," is 
 lans pro- 
 \loose^ my 
 
 to a sen- 
 Trom the 
 ika kwass 
 
 will die 
 I klatawa 
 ler, I will 
 :onie the 
 
 particle ; 
 
 t 
 
 The substantive verb is always to be understood from 
 the form of the sentence ; as, mika pdton^ thou art foolish ; 
 hyas oluman mika house^ very old (is) thy house. 
 
 The adverb usually precedes the adjective or verb 
 which it qualifies, though it may sometimes follow the 
 latter ; as, hyas klos/ie, very good ; uika hyas tikch kum- 
 titkSy I very much wish to know ; pahtlatch 7veght, give 
 more, or again. 
 
 There is but one true preposition, kopa^ which is used 
 in various senses, — to, for, at, in, among, about, towards, 
 &:c. ; but even this may generally be omitted, and the 
 sentence remain intelligible. Nika klatawa niku house 
 (I go my house) can only mean "I am going to my 
 house." Keekwilie^ down, is used in the sense of "be- 
 neath," and saghalie, high up, in the sense of "above." 
 Kunamoxt^ both, or together, is sometimes used in the 
 sense of " with." 
 
 Only two conjunctions, properly speaking, are found 
 in the language — pc, from the French yNOidpuis, used to 
 mean and, or, then, but, &c., and spose (often contracted 
 to pos), from " suppose," employed in the sense of if, 
 when, in case that, provided that, and in general, as has 
 been said, as a sign of the sul)junctive or conditional 
 mood. 
 
 It will be noticed that these two conjunctions form the 
 only exceptions to the rule that all the grammatical 
 elements of the Jargon are derived from the proper 
 Chinook language. The pronouns and the numerals are 
 pure Chinook. The fact thus brought to view accords 
 
i6 
 
 THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE. 
 
 I ! 
 
 with the well-known law of linguistic science, that in 
 every mixed language the grammar is mainly derived 
 from one of the constituent idioms, which must conse- 
 quently/determine the stock of the composite speech. 
 The Oregon Trade Language, though framed mainly by 
 English-speaking men, must be held to be, philologically, 
 a dialect of the Chinook stock, just as the English, in 
 spite of its immense store of Romanic words, is properly 
 classed as a Teutonic idiom. 
 
 It may not at first be easy to comprehend how a lan- 
 guage composed of so few words, thus inartificially com- 
 bined, can be extensively used as the sole medium of 
 communication among many thousand individuals. 
 Various circumstances, however, are to be borne in mind 
 in estimating its value as such a medium. In the first 
 place, it is to be observed that many of the words have a 
 very general sense, and may receive different, though 
 allied significations, according to the context. Thus 
 mahkook is to trade, buy, sell, or barter, and, as a noun, 
 a. dealing, bargain, or exchange; hyas mahkook (great 
 bargain) signifies dear or precious ; tejias mahkook (small 
 bargain), cheap. SahJialie (or saghalie) expresses above, 
 up, over, high, tall, and, as a noun, the upper region, 
 heaven. Stik^ or sticky is stick, wood, tree, forest, club, 
 cane. Solleks is angry, hostile, to quarrel, fight. Mitlite 
 is to sit, reside, remain, stop, and may also express to 
 have and to be ; as, mitlite hyu sahmun kopa mika ? have 
 you plenty of salmon ? (lit., remains much salmon to 
 you ?) Muckamuck is to take anything into the mouth ; 
 
GRAMMAR. 
 
 17 
 
 >w a lan- 
 lUy com- 
 idium of 
 lividuals. 
 : in mind 
 I the first 
 is have a 
 ;, though 
 :t. Thus 
 ,s a noun, 
 lok (great 
 ook (small 
 ses above, 
 er region, 
 rest, club, 
 Mitlite 
 xpress to 
 'ka ? have 
 almon to 
 e mouth ; 
 
 ■% 
 
 i 
 
 hence, muckamuck sahmun^ to eat salmon ; muckamuck 
 chuck, to drink water ; muckamuck kinootl, to smoke or 
 chew tobacco. 
 
 But it is in the faculty of combining and com;)ounding 
 its simple vocables — a power which it doubtless derives, 
 in some degree, from its connection with the Indian 
 tongues — that the Jargon has its capacity for expression 
 almost indefinitely extended. Three or four hundred 
 words may be learned without difficulty in a week or 
 two, and a very short time will make the learner familiar 
 with their ordinary use and construction. He will then 
 have no difficulty in understanding the numerous com- 
 pounds which, if they had been simple words, would 
 have cost him much additional labour. Almost every 
 verb and adjective may receive a new signification by 
 prefixing tnamook, to make or cause. Thus, mamook 
 chaco (to make to come), to bring ; mamook klataiva 
 (make to go), to send or drive away ; mamook po (make 
 blow), to fire a gun ; mamook kloshe (make good), to re- 
 pair, adorn, put in order, cure ; mamook keekwilee (put 
 low), to put down, lower, bury ; mamook klimmin (make 
 soft, or fine in substance), to soften, as a skin — also, to 
 grind, as wheat ; mamook papch (make paper), to write 
 or draw; mamook kumtuks (make to know), to teach. 
 
 The following instances will show the usual mode of 
 
 , forming compound terms. From the English words 
 
 (adopted into the Jargon) man, ship, stick, stone, sail, 
 
 ^'ouse, skin, are formed shipman, sailor ; shipstick, mast or 
 
 spar ; stickskin, bark ; saiihouse, tent ; stickstone, a piece 
 
 c 
 
i8 
 
 THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE: 
 
 'r ! 
 
 lit' 
 
 'I! 
 
 of petrified wood. The latter term was used by a native 
 wlio saw a geologist collecting specimens of that descrip- 
 tion ; whether it was composed on the spot, or was 
 already in use, is not known. Hyu-luuse (many houses) 
 is the common term for town ; cole-illahee^ wauvi-illahee 
 (cold country, warm country), mean summer and winter. 
 Cole-sick-ivaiun-sick (cold sickness, warm sickness), pro- 
 nounced as one word, is the expressive term for the ague- 
 fever. Kopd kumtuks (no longer know) means to forget. 
 Tenas-man (little man) is the term for boy ; tenas klootsh- 
 vian (little woman), for girl. The usual ex])ression for 
 God is Sai^halic-Tyee, lit. above-chief, or the heavenly 
 chief. Tiuu^ heavy noise, and 7i>ata, make tum-waia^ a 
 cataract. Cok-snass (cold rain) is snow. 
 
 Finally, in the Jargon, as in the spoken Chinese, a 
 good deal is expressed by the tone of voice, the look, and 
 the gesture of the speaker. The Indians in general — 
 contrary to what seems to be a common opinion — are 
 very sparing of their gesticulations. No languages, pro- 
 bably, require less assistance from this source than theirs. 
 Every circumstance and qualification of their thought are 
 expressed in their speech with a minuteness which, to 
 those accustomed only to the languages of Europe, ap- 
 pears exaggerated and idle, — as much so as the forms of 
 the German and Latin may seem to the Chinese. We 
 frequently had occasion to observe the sudden change 
 produced when a party of natives, who had been convers- 
 ing in their own tongue, were joined by a foreigner, with 
 whom it was necessary to speak in the Jargon. The coun- 
 
 I 
 
ITS PAST AND FUTURE. 
 
 19 
 
 itive 
 crip- 
 was 
 uses) 
 llahee 
 inter. 
 , pro- 
 : ague- 
 ■orget. 
 loots h- 
 on for 
 avenly 
 vafa, a 
 
 tiese, a 
 ok, and 
 neral — 
 on — are 
 ;es, pro- 
 n theirs, 
 ught are 
 hich, to 
 ope, ap- 
 forms of 
 se. We 
 change 
 convers- 
 er, with 
 le coun- 
 
 tenances which had before been grave, stoUd, and inex- 
 pressive, were instantly lighted up with animation ; the 
 low, monotonous tone became lively and modulated ; 
 every feature was active ; the head, the arms, and the 
 whole body were in motion, and every look and gesture 
 became instinct with meaning. One who knew merely 
 the subject of the discourse might often have compre- 
 hended, from this source alone, the general purport of 
 the conversation. 
 
 The Past and Future of the Jargon. 
 
 The notes from which the foregoing account of the 
 Trade Language has been chiefly drawn were made, shorvly 
 before the middle of the century, at Fort Vancouver, on 
 the Columbia River, then the headquarters of the 
 Hudson's Bay Company in Oregon. The following de- 
 scription, written at the time, may be cited, as possess- 
 ing now some historical interest : — 
 
 " The place at which the Jargon is r^ost in use is at 
 Fort Vancouver. At this establishment five languages 
 are spoken by about five hundred persons, namely, the 
 EngUsh, the Canadian French, the Chinook, the Cree, 
 and the Hawaiian. The three former are already ac- 
 counted for. The Cree is the language spoken in the 
 families of many officers and men belonging to the 
 Hudson's Bay Company, who have married half-breed 
 wives at the ports east of the Rocky Mountains. The 
 Hawaiian is in use among about a hundred natives of the 
 
ill 
 
 20 
 
 rUE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE: 
 
 Sandwich Islands, who are employed as labourers about 
 the Fort. Besides these five languages, there are many 
 others, the Chehalis, Wallawalla, Calapooya, Nisqually, 
 &c., which are daily heard from the natives who visit the 
 Fort for the purpose of trading. Among all these 
 persons there are very few who understand more than 
 two languages, and many who speak only their own. 
 The general communication is, therefore, maintained 
 chiefly by means of the Jargon, which may be said to be 
 the prevailing idiom. There are Canadians and half- 
 breeds who have married Chinook women, and can only 
 converse with their wives in this speech ; and it is the 
 fact, strange as it may seem, that many young children 
 are growing up to whom this factitious language is really 
 the mother-tongue, and who speak it with more readiness 
 and perfection than any other. Could the state of 
 things which exists there be suffered to remain a century 
 longer, the result might be the formation of a race and 
 idiom whose affinities would be a puzzle to ethno- 
 graphers. The tide of population, however, which is 
 now turning in this direction, will soon overwhelm and 
 absorb all these scattered fragments of peculiar lineage 
 and r;peech, leaving no trace behind but such as may 
 exist on the written page." 
 
 The concluding prediction, which seemed at the time 
 well warranted, has been but partly fulfilled. The lan- 
 guage, in fact, seems destined to a long life and wide 
 usefulness, though in a region somewhat remote from its 
 original seat. On the site of Fort Vancouver it is now 
 
17 S PAST AND FUTURE. 
 
 21 
 
 bout 
 nany 
 lally, 
 It the 
 these 
 
 than 
 
 own. 
 ained 
 
 to be 
 i half- 
 n only 
 ; is the 
 lildren 
 5 really 
 adiness 
 tate of 
 century 
 ace and 
 
 ethno- 
 /hich is 
 plm and 
 
 lineage 
 
 as may 
 
 the time 
 
 The lan- 
 
 id wide 
 
 from its 
 
 It is now 
 
 '4 
 
 I 
 
 ■ )' 
 
 ■If 
 
 only heard from stray Indians who have wandered 
 thither from their reservations. But on the reservations 
 and in the interior it is still in frequent use. Its great 
 field of usefulness, however, is now, as has been said, in 
 the northern regions. In British Columbia and in parts 
 of Alaska it is the prevailing medium of intercourse 
 between the whites and the natives. There, too, the 
 Indian tribes are not likely to die out. Along the rugged 
 coast and in the mountainous interior there are friths 
 and defiles which the white settler disdains, but where 
 the hardy native fishermen, hunters, and trappers find 
 ample means of livelihood. These natives seem destined 
 to be hereafter to the whites of the valleys and towns 
 what the La|»ps are to the Swedes, and the Samoyeds to 
 the Russians, an alien race of semi-barbarous but peace- 
 ful borderers, maintaining their own customs and lan- 
 guages, but keeping up a friendly commerce with their 
 civilized neighbours. This commerce will probably be 
 carried on for centuries by means of the Trade Language. 
 When we note the persistency with which such isolated 
 tribes preserve their own idioms — as in Wales, in the 
 Scottish Highlands, in the Pyrenees and the Caucasus — 
 we may find reason to believe that the Jargon will still 
 have its office of an international speech to fulfil, among 
 the many-languaged tribes of North-Western America, 
 for hundreds, and perhaps thousands, of years to come. 
 
/ 
 
 ■',.,.',^.vv-^. 
 
 'li 
 
 
 ! ! 
 
 23 THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE. 
 
 The Language as Spoken. 
 
 In addition to the examples of construction given in 
 the foregoing pages, the following colloquial phrases, 
 written down as they were heard from the natives and 
 others versed in the idiom, will show the manner in 
 which it is employed as a medium of ordinary inter- 
 course : — 
 
 Nah, siks ! 
 Klahorvyah. 
 
 Kah viika house ? 
 
 Kah mika klata^va ? 
 
 Kah mika chahko ? 
 
 Pahtlatch chuck. 
 
 Hyas olo chuck nika. 
 
 Hyas olo muckamuck. 
 
 Nika klatawa kopa canim. 
 
 Kopet 7uaiva. 
 
 Kunjik mika tillikum ? 
 
 Tahtlum pe klone house kon- 
 
 away. 
 Nika tikeh muckaviuck fnowitsh. 
 Kunjik sahmun fnika makook 
 
 chahko ? 
 W Moxt tahtlum pe quinnum. 
 Kahta okok win ? 
 
 Hyas 7vin. Halo win. 
 Okok sun hyas waum. 
 
 Kahta nem mika papa ? 
 
 Sick mika papa f 
 
 Ho ! friend ! 
 
 Good day ! (the common saluta- 
 tion). 
 Where is your house ? 
 Where are you going ? 
 Whence come you ? 
 Give me some water. 
 I am very thirsty. 
 Very hungry. 
 I am going in a canoe. 
 Do not talk. 
 
 How many are your people? 
 Thirteen houses in all. 
 
 I want to eat some venison. 
 How many salmon do you bring 
 
 to trade ? 
 Twenty-five. 
 How was the wind ? (What that 
 
 wind ?) 
 Strong wind. No wind. 
 The sun (or day) was very 
 
 warm. 
 What is the name of your 
 
 father ? 
 Is your father sick ? 
 
COLLOQUIAL AND NARRATIVE PHRASES. 23 
 
 Kokshiit yahka Icpee. 
 Nawitha hyas klahowyam yahka. 
 Mika na kumtttks alkie snass t 
 Okook stick klatawa illahie. 
 Nika hyas tikeh kumtttks ma- 
 
 vtook papeh. 
 Ahnkottie hyas nika kumtttks 
 
 kapswalla ; alta kelapi nika 
 
 ttimtttm. 
 Iktah mika wake klatawa kok- 
 
 slitit ecna, — alkc mika mahkook 
 
 mtisket. 
 NaK'itka konawaynesika tilliktim 
 
 ntemaloose. 
 Hyas kloshe okook moola ; hyak 
 
 okook mamook klimminklim- 
 
 min okook sapolil. 
 Wake nesika kumtttks -oaykitt ; 
 
 kopa illahie klataiva ship ; 
 
 kalo chuck ; hyas win ; kok- 
 
 shttt ; klimmin chahko ; alta 
 
 klatawa keelrwilee chuck ; wake 
 
 klaksta memaloose ; konaway 
 
 klatawa mahtwillie. 
 Nesika sollcks mesahchie tilli- 
 ktim ; klone nesika kokshiit ; 
 
 moxt kahk'wa hyoo nesika. 
 
 His leg is broken. 
 Truly he is very miserable. 
 Do you think it will rain ? 
 That tree fell to the ground. 
 I wish very much to learn to 
 
 write. 
 Formerly I used to (lit. knew 
 
 to) steal much ; now my heart 
 
 is changed. 
 Why do you not go and kill 
 
 beaver, — and then buy a gun? 
 
 Truly all our people are dead. 
 
 Very good is that mill ; cjuickly 
 it grinds (makes tine) the 
 corn. 
 
 We did not know the channel ; 
 the ship went aground ; there 
 was no water (to float it) ; a 
 strong wind ; it perished ; 
 went to pieces ; then sank 
 down under water ; nobody 
 was drowned ; all got ashore. 
 
 We fought the enemy (bad 
 people) ; we killed three ; 
 they were twice as many as 
 we. 
 
 The language has already the beginning of a literature. 
 It has its songs, mostly composed by women, who sing 
 them to plaintive native tunes. One of these simple 
 songs, with its music, is given by Mr. J. G. Swan in his 
 volume, "The North-VVest Coast," published in 1855. 
 It might be styled " Annawillee's Lament." The de- 
 serted wife thus reproves her faithless husband : 
 
34 
 
 THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE. 
 
 Kah mika klatawa ? 
 Kah mika klalawa i 
 Konaiuay sun 
 Hyit kely 
 Annaunllee. 
 
 Oh, nika tenas ! 
 Hyas klahozvyam ! 
 Hyu kely, 
 Konaway sun, 
 Aika tenas, 
 
 Konaway halo 
 Nesika muckavnick ; 
 Wakc-siah tniinaloose 
 Nika tenas. 
 
 Where hast thou gone ? 
 Where hast thou gone ? 
 Every day 
 Greatly mourns 
 Annawillee. 
 
 Oh, my Uttle one ! 
 Very wretched ! 
 Greatly mourns, 
 Every day. 
 My little one. 
 
 All gone is 
 Our food ; 
 Soon will die 
 M / little one. 
 
 Dr. Franz Boas, during his recent visits to Britisli 
 Columbia, has collected many of these artless little effu- 
 sions, which he has published in the "Journal of American 
 Folk-lore" for December, 1888. Several of them have 
 at least the poetry which a touch of true pathos will 
 always give. Here are some that, as we are told, " refer 
 to the parting of friends, and greetings to those staying at 
 home": 
 
 Klonas kahta nika tiimtum ; 
 Kwanesum nika tikeh nanitsh 
 
 mika ; 
 Alkie nika wawa klahmvya. Ya 
 
 ay a I 
 
 Hayaleha, hayaleha^ hayaleha ! 
 Spose mika fianitsh nika tilli- 
 
 kum, 
 IVake-siah nika mimaloose alta, 
 Kopa Koonspa illahie. Yaya ! 
 
 I know not how my heart feels ; 
 Ever I wish to see you ; 
 
 Soon must I say farewell. Ah 
 me ! 
 
 Ah me ! ah me ! ah me ! 
 W^hen you see my people, 
 
 (Say) Almost I am dead now, 
 In Queensboroughland. Ah me ! 
 
 1'.. 
 
SOATGS. 
 
 as 
 
 y'a/t ! konaway sun nika sick Ah ! every day I am sick at 
 
 tumtttm, lieart, 
 
 Kopa nika man kopa Kixliponia. For my husband in California. 
 
 Then we have some of the rude " songs of love and 
 jealousy " that float among the motley throngs of Indians 
 and sailors in the native shanties which form the suburbs 
 of Victoria, Vancouver, and New Westminster : 
 
 Klonas kahta nika tiimtum 
 
 Kopa Johnny. 
 
 Ohook tcnas man mamook pelton 
 
 nika. 
 Aya ! 
 
 Yaya ! 
 
 Spose mika isknm klotshman, 
 
 Yaya ! 
 
 Hake mika solleks nika. 
 
 Kultus kopa nika. 
 
 Kultus kopa nika 
 Sposi tiiika mahsh nika. 
 Hyutenas man koo lie kopa town ; 
 
 Alkie xvekt nika iskiim. 
 Wake kill kopa nika . 
 
 Aya, aya ! 
 
 Ellip nika nanitsh 
 
 Sitka, mesika illahie. 
 
 Kultus spose nika mimaloose 
 
 Yakwa ellip. 
 
 I know not how my heart is 
 
 Toward Johnny. 
 
 That young man makes a fool of 
 
 me. 
 Ah me ! 
 
 Ah me ! 
 
 If you take a wife, 
 
 Ah me ! 
 
 Do not ciuaiiel with me. 
 
 It is nothing to me. 
 
 It is nothing to me 
 
 If you desert me. 
 
 Many young men go about 
 
 town ; 
 Soon again I take one. 
 That is not hard for me. 
 
 Ah me ! ah me ! 
 Soon shall I see 
 Sitka, your country. 
 No matter if I die 
 There speedily. 
 
 now, 
 Ah me ! 
 
 The missionaries, among whom, both in Oregon and in 
 British Columbia, there have been men of more than 
 ordinary talent and cultivation, have not failed to turn to 
 account this fondness of the natives for verse and song. 
 
36 
 
 THE OREGON TRADE LAiWGUAGE. 
 
 ,■' 1 I 
 
 ; '■■ 
 
 ii ii 
 
 The Rev. Myron Eclls, missionary on the Skokomish 
 Reservation, well known for his valuable contributions to 
 ethnological science and religious literature, has pre- 
 pared and published a little collection of ** Hymns in the 
 Chinook Jargon Language," in which the difficulty of 
 expressing moral and religious truths in this limited and 
 purely material speech has been overcome with much 
 skill. The following is sung to the tune of " John 
 Brown " : 
 
 Jesus chaco kopa sai^lialie ; 
 
 Jesus hias kloshe. 
 Jesus ivawa kopa tiUikums ; 
 
 Jesus hias kloshe. 
 
 Jesus 7oawa, 7vake kliinitnvhil ; 
 
 Jesus hias kloshe. 
 fesus 7va7va, wake kapswalla ; 
 
 Jesus hias kloshe. 
 
 Kopa nika Jesus viimaloose ; 
 
 Jesus hias kloshe. 
 fesus klataiva kopa saghalie ; 
 
 Jesus hias kloshe. 
 
 Alia Jesus mitlite kopa saghalic ; 
 
 Jesus hias kloshe. 
 Yahwa Jesus tikegh nika kla- 
 tawa ; 
 
 Jesus hias kloshe. 
 
 Jesus came from heaven ; 
 
 Jesus is very good. 
 Jesus taught the people ; 
 
 Jesus is very good. 
 
 Jesus said, do not lie ; 
 
 Jesus is very good. 
 Jesus said, do not steal ; 
 
 Jesus is very good. 
 
 For me Jesus died ; 
 
 Jesus is very good. 
 Jesus went to heaven ; 
 
 Jesus is very good. 
 
 Now Jesus lives in heaven ; 
 
 Jesus is very good. 
 There Jesus wishes me to go ; 
 
 Jesus is very good. 
 
 The following, entitled "Heaven," is sung to the tune 
 of " Greenville." A literal version shows that the hymn 
 is not devoid of poetical sentiment : 
 
HYMNS. 
 
 27 
 
 Kopa sas^halie Jtorunvay tillikums 
 
 Halo olo, halo si(k ; 
 Wake kliminu'hil, halo sol/ecks, 
 
 Halo /'(ill Hum, halo dy. 
 
 Chorus — 
 Jtsus mitlite kopa sai^halie, 
 Kunnmo.xt kottdvay tillikunis 
 kloshe. 
 
 Yah'iva tiUikiims -wake klahor^ya, 
 
 IVake sick tumtum, halo till, 
 Halo mimaloose, wake mesachie, 
 
 Wake polaklie, halo cole. 
 
 Vahxva tillikutns mitlite kxvane- 
 sum, 
 Hiyti houses, hiyu sing ; 
 
 Papa, mama, pe kloshe tcnas, 
 
 Wakitt yaka chikamin pil. 
 
 Jesus potlatch kopa siwash, 
 Spose mesika hias kloshe, 
 Kouoway iktas mesika tikegh, 
 
 Kopa saghalie kivanesum. 
 
 In high heaven all the people 
 Do not hunj;cr, are not sick ; 
 
 Say no falsehood, never quarrel, 
 Arc not drunken, do not weep. 
 
 Jesus dwells in heaven above, 
 With all people who are good. 
 
 There the people are not 
 
 wretched. 
 
 Not sad-hearted, never tired ; 
 
 There they die not, are not 
 
 wicked, 
 
 There no darkness is, no cold. 
 
 There the people dwell for ever, 
 
 Many a home there, many a 
 hymn ; 
 Father, mother, and good chil- 
 dren. 
 
 In the streets of yellow gold. 
 
 Jesus will bestow on Indians, 
 If you all are very good, 
 
 All the things that you can long 
 for, 
 In high heaven evermore. 
 
 Mr. Eells has been accustomed for many years to 
 preach to the Indians in the Jargon, and he mentions 
 the curious fact that he sometimes even thinks in this 
 idiom. I am indebted to his kindness for the copy of a 
 sermon which was preached in August, 1888, and which 
 he has been good enough to put in manuscript for me. 
 
 ^ 
 
j8 
 
 THE OREGON TNADE LANGUAGE. 
 
 |:ll| 
 
 I 
 , 
 
 i 
 
 liiii{ii 
 
 iii 
 
 1.1 ! 
 
 ^'li 
 
 I'M I 
 
 I 
 
 It will serve to show how this language, limited as it is in 
 vocabulary, can be made a vehicle, not merely of instruc- 
 tion, but also of effective argument and persuasion. 
 Before giving the original, with its interlinear translation, 
 it may be well to prefix a version in ordinary English, in 
 which form, as will be seen, it becomes such a discourse 
 as might have been addressed to the white pupils of a 
 Sunday school in England or America. Mr. Eells writes : 
 *' By way of explaining it, I ought to say that, in speak- 
 ing to the Indians, I am accustomed to use some large 
 pictures, which I refer to ; also that on the previous 
 Sabbath 1 had been at Walla Walla, celebrating the semi- 
 centennial of the organization of the first Presbyterian 
 church in this region." 
 
 Mati". xxviii. i8, 19. 
 
 "Two Sundays ago I s[)oke to you concerning that 
 picture. There you saw two women coming to the 
 sepulchre where Jesus lay, on Sunday, just at sunrise. 
 When they came to the sepulchre they did not see Jesus. 
 Jesus had risen ; He was gone. So I told you in that 
 sermon. 
 
 *' To-day I wish to explain to you about this picture. 
 After Jesus had risen, He continued on the earth forty 
 days. When the forty days were ended, He desired to 
 ascend to heaven. So He led the people out of the city 
 to that place where you behold them. Here you see 
 Jesus. There are those people. Jesus wished to give 
 
W SEA'A/O.V. 
 
 29 
 
 good instructions to the people before He returned to 
 heaven. 
 
 '• Now I will explain to you the teaching of Jesus to 
 those people. He said to them : ' It is good that you 
 should go to every country in all the world, and carry 
 the Gospel to all nations.' Thus spoke Jesus to them. 
 
 *' Jesus was aware that all the nations of the world had 
 no knowledge of the Gospel. They knew nothing of the 
 hapi)y home in heaven. They knew nothing of the 
 Devil's home in the great fire. Jesus knew that the soul 
 of a man is truly precious ; that it is more precious than 
 all the money and everything else in the world. So He 
 wished His people, His missionaries, to go everywhere, 
 and to help all people to leave the Devil's way, and to find 
 the way of Jesus. 
 
 " They accepted the teaching of Jesus. One man went 
 to one country ; another man went to another country ; 
 and others went to other lands. Thus it was with all 
 these missionaries in ancient times. Jesus was gracious 
 to them and to their work. Jesus helped them ; and 
 many people in many lands became Christians. Before 
 all those early missionaries were dead, five hundred 
 thousand people had become Christians. 
 
 " Now Jesus wishes us to do likewise. He wants us to 
 help other people to become Christians. Perhaps He 
 may wish us to go to a distant land, and tell the far-off 
 people about Jesus' word. Perhaps not. Perhaps He 
 may want us to speak to the people who are near at 
 hand. Perhaps He wishes us to give some money to 
 
pi 
 
 |>n|iih 
 
 iM|i 
 
 ! I 
 
 ' it' 
 
 il 
 
 30 
 
 THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE. 
 
 help the missionaries in those far-off lands. In distant 
 lands — in China, in Africa — there are many heathens. 
 They do not want missionaries in their countries ; so they 
 will give no money to missionaries in their countries. 
 Where shall the missionaries get food and other things ? 
 It is good for us to give some money, and to send the 
 money to the far-off missionaries, and help them to carry 
 the words of Jesus to the distant nations. If we are poor 
 and have not much money, we should give a little money. 
 Such is the teaching of Jesus. 
 
 " Perhaps we really have no money. Then we should 
 pray to God that He will help those far-off missionaiies. 
 Jesus will accept our i)rayers. Thus we shall help to 
 carry the teaching of Jesus to all countries eveiy where. 
 
 " You know that last Sunday I was not with you. I 
 was far away, at a place called Walla Walla. And why 
 did I go ? Fifty years ago American missionaries came 
 from a distant land to Walla Walla. They wished to 
 tell the Indians of the Gospel of Jesus. Just fifty years 
 ago they fo'imled a church there. So now the Christian 
 people desir c to have a celebration. Fifty years ago 
 these missionaries left their homes in their far American 
 land, and did just as Jesus had taught. Nearly ten 
 years they remained at Walla Walla. Then some bad 
 Indians became very hostile to one missionary, named 
 Dr. Whitman, and they killed him and his wife and other 
 persons. Other missionaries became afraid of those 
 Indians, and left that region. Perhaps many persons 
 said, ' The teaching of Jesus was not good, when He 
 
A SERAfON. 
 
 31 
 
 said to the missionaries long ago, that they should go 
 into all lands, and carry the Gospel to every people.' 
 
 " Was what they said right ? No ! Before Dr. Whitman 
 died he had given good teaching to the Indians. Other 
 missionaries had done the same. That teaching was 
 like good seed. Now this has grown mightily. When I 
 now go to Walla Walla, I see there an Indian missionary; 
 he is of the Nez-perce's nation. And I know that not 
 far from Walla \Valla there are now ten Indian mis- 
 sionaries and seven hundred Christians. Fifty years 
 ago niissionaries did according to the word of Jesus, and 
 bore the Gospel to the Indians, like good seed ; and 
 now it has become great. Thus we know that the 
 teaching of Jesus is very good teaching. Jesus wishes 
 you to do the same. It is good that you should help 
 other people to become Christians." 
 
 The following is the sermon in its original language, 
 with an interlinear translation. A careful enumeration 
 shows that to express the whole of its historic and de- 
 scriptive details, its arguments and its appeals, only 
 ninety-seven different words of the Jargon are required, 
 and not a single grammatical inflection. We may learn 
 from this striking evidence, as Mr. Eells suggests, with 
 how slender a vocabulary and how little grammar a 
 language can "get along." Of these ninety-seven words 
 we find that forty-six are of Chinook origin, seventeen of 
 Nootka, and two of Salish ; twenty-three are English, 
 seven are French, and two only are the special property 
 of the Jargon. 
 
32 
 
 THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE. 
 
 !l 
 
 n 
 
 iiiil 
 
 11 1 1 
 
 ' 
 
 Moxt Sunday ahnkuttie nika mamook kumtux mesika 
 
 Two Sundays a^o I made know you 
 
 kopa okoke papeh. Yahwa mesika nanitch moxt 
 
 about this paper {picture). There you saw two 
 klootchmen. Klaska chaco kopa mimoloose-illahee, kah 
 
 women. They came to death-place, where 
 
 Jesus mitlite, kopa Sunday, kopa delate tenas sun. 
 Jesus lay, on Sunday at just little {early) day. 
 Spose klaska klap okoke mimaloose-illahee, klaska halo 
 When they ^'cached that death-place, they did not 
 
 nanitch Jesus. Jesus get-up ; yaka kiatawa. Kahkwa 
 
 see Jesus. Jesus had risen; he was gone. So 
 
 nika wawa kopa mesika talkie Sunday. 
 
 / spoke to you {in) discourse oj Sunday {sermon). 
 
 Okoke sun nika tikegh wawa kopa mesika kopa okoke 
 This day I will speak to you about this 
 papeh. Kimtah Jesus yaka get-up, yaka mitlite kopa 
 picture. After Jesus he had risen, he continued on 
 illahee lakit tahtlum sun. Spose kopet lakit tahtlum sun, 
 earth four ten days. When ended four ten days, 
 Jesus yaka tikegh kiatawa kopa Saghalie. Kahkwa yaka 
 Jesus he would go to HeaTcn. So he 
 
 lolo yaka tillikums klahanie kopa town, kopa okoke illahie 
 led those people out of town, to that place 
 kah mesika nanitch klaska. Yahwa mesika nanitch Jesus. 
 where you see them. There you see Jesus. 
 Yahwa yaka tillikums. Jesus yaka tikegh potlatch kloshe 
 There those people. Jesus he would give good 
 wawa kopa yaka tillikums, elip yaka killapi kopa 
 speech to those people before he returned to 
 Saghalie. 
 Heaven. 
 
 Alta nika mamook kumtux mesika kopa Jesus yaka wawa 
 
 Now I make know you about Jesus his speech 
 kopa yaka tillikums. Yaka wawa kopa klaska : " Kloshe 
 to those people. He said to them : " Good 
 
A SERMON. 
 
 33 
 
 mesika klatawa kopa konoway illahee, konoway kah, pe 
 
 you go to every country^ every wherc^and 
 
 lolo Bible wawa kopa konoway tillikums." Kahkwa Jesus 
 
 carry Bible words to all nations." So Jesus 
 
 yaka wawa kopa klaska. 
 
 he spoke to them. 
 
 Jesus yaka kumtux konoway tillikums, konoway kah, 
 Jesus he knew all nations^ every where, 
 halo kumtux kopa kloshe home kopa Saghalie. Klaska 
 did not know about good home in Heaven. They 
 
 halo kumtux kopa Lejaub yaka home kopa hias piah. 
 did not know about the Devil his home in great Jire. 
 Jesus yaka kumtux ikt man yaka tumtum delate hias 
 Jesus he knew a man his soul truly {of) great 
 mahkook ; yaka clip hias mahkook kopa konoway dolla pe 
 
 price J it more precious than all money and 
 konoway iktas kopa konoway illahee. Kahkwa yaka 
 all things in every country. So he 
 
 tikegh yaka tillikums, yaka leplet, klatawa konoway 
 wished those people, those missionaries, go every 
 
 kah, pe help konoway tillikums mash Lejaub yaka 
 where, and help all nations reject Satan his 
 
 owakut, pe klap Jesus yaka owakut. 
 way, and take Jesus his way. 
 Klaska iskum Jesus yaka wawa. Ikt man klatawa kopa 
 They received Jesus his words. One man went to 
 ikt illahee ; huloima man klatawa kopa huloima illahee ; 
 one country J another man went to another country; 
 huloima man klatawa kopa huloima illahee ; kahkwa kopa 
 another man went to another country ; so with 
 konoway okoke leplet ahnkuttie. Jesus chaco hias 
 all those missionaries formerly. Jesus became very 
 kloshe tumtum kopa klaska, kopa klaska mamook. Jesus 
 good {in) heart to tkenu to their work. Jesus 
 yaka help klaska ; pc -hiyu tillikums kopa hiyu illahee 
 he helped them,; and many people in many countries 
 
 ' ill Jp J 1 ■. > 1 'I 
 
 Ik' 
 
34 
 
 THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE. 
 
 '\ 
 
 I 
 
 !i|| 
 
 \\\ 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 li I 
 
 I 
 
 II 
 
 
 klaska chaco Christian. Elip kopa konoway okoke 
 
 they became Christians. Before that all those 
 
 leplet mimaloose ahnkuttie, kwinnum tukamonuk thou- 
 missionaries died anciently^ five hundred thou- 
 sand tillikums chaco Christian. 
 sand persons became Christians. 
 
 Alta Jesus tikegh nesika mamook kahkwa. Yaka tikegh 
 
 Now Jesus wishes us to do likewise. He wishes 
 
 nesika help huloima tillikums chaco Christian. Klonas 
 
 us to help other people becoine Christians. Perhaps 
 
 yaka tikegh nesika klatawa kopa siyah illahee, pe mamook 
 
 he wishes us to go to far countries, and make 
 kumtux siyah tillikums kopa Jesus yaka wawa. Klonas 
 
 know far nations about Jesus his words. Perhaps 
 halo. Klonas Jesus yaka tikegh nesika wawa kopa tillikums 
 9iot. Perhaps Jesus he wishes us speak to people 
 wake siyah. Klonas yaka tikegh nesika potlatch tenas 
 
 7iot far-off. Perhaps he wishes us to give a little 
 doUa, kahkwa nesika mamook help leplet kopa siyah 
 money, so we make help missionaiies in far 
 
 illahee. Kopa siyah, illahee, kopa China illahee, kopa 
 countries. In far cou?itries, in China country, in 
 nigga yaka illahee, hiyu mesachie man mitlite. Klaska 
 7ieg7-o his country, inarty bad men live. They 
 
 halo tikegh leplet kopa klaska illahee ; kahkwa 
 do not want missionaries in their coujitries ; so 
 klaska halo pay doUa kopa leplet kopa klaska 
 
 they do not pay money to missionaries in their 
 
 illahee. Kah okoke leplet iskum muckamuck pe 
 countries. Where those missionaries get food and 
 huloima iktas? Kloshe nesika potlatch tenas dolla, pe 
 
 other things ? Good we give little money, and 
 
 nesika mash okoke dolla kopa siyah leplet, pe 
 we send that money fn distant missionaries, and 
 mamook help klaska lolo JeSUs' y?ika wawa kopa siyah 
 
 make help them carry Jestis his words to distant 
 
A SERMON. 
 
 35 
 
 tillikums. Spose nesika klahowya kopa dolla, pe halo 
 nations. If tue are poor in money ^ if not 
 mitlite hiyu dolla, kloshe nesika potlatch tenas dolla. 
 have much money^ good we give little money. 
 Kahkwa Jesus yaka wawa. 
 So Jesus he said. 
 
 Klonas nesika delate mitlite halo dolla. Spose kahkwa, 
 
 Perhaps we really have no money. If so, 
 
 kloshe nesika pray kopa Saghalie Tyee kloshe yaka help 
 good we pray to Heavenly Chief kindly he help 
 okoke siyah leplet. Spose nesika mamook kahkwa, 
 
 those distant missionaries. If we do thus, 
 
 Jesus yaka iskum nesika wawa. Kahkwa nesika help kopa 
 Jesus he receives our words. So we help in 
 
 lolo Jesus yaka wawa kopa konoway illahee konoway 
 carrying Jesus his woi'ds to every nation every 
 kah. 
 where. 
 
 Mesika kumtux kopa talkie Sunday nika halo mitlite 
 You know on sermon Sunday I did not stay 
 kunamoxt mesika. Nika mitlite siyah kopa ikt illahee yaka 
 
 with you. I stayed far-off in a place its 
 
 nem Walla Walla. Pe kahta nika klatawa .'* Alta nika 
 name Walla Walla. And why {did) I go ^ Now I 
 mamook kumtux mesika. Kwinnum tahtlum cole ahnkuttie, 
 
 7nake know you. Five ten winters ago, 
 
 Boston leplet chaco kopa siyah illahee, kopa Walla 
 American missionaries came to far country, to Walla 
 Walla iUahee. Kiaska tikegh mamook teach siwash kopa 
 Walla country. They would make teach Indian about 
 Jesus yaka v/awa. Delate kwinnum tahtlum cole ahnkuttie 
 fesus his words. Just five ten winters ago 
 
 kiaska mamook church yahvva. Kahkwa alta Christian 
 
 they made church there. So now Christian 
 
 tillikums tikegh chee mamook kloshe time. Kwinnum 
 people wish just make good time. Five 
 
I ^ 
 
 
 
 iiiiiiii 
 
 |H| (< I <ii 
 
 *^i|!iil! 
 
 Jli'il^ii 
 
 I 
 
 36 
 
 77/E OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE. 
 
 tahtlum cole ahnkuttie okoke leplet mash klaska 
 
 ten winters ago those missionaries left their 
 home kopa siyah Boston illahee, pe mamook delate 
 home in far-off American land^ and did just 
 kahkwa Jesus yaka wawa. Wake siyah tahtlum cole 
 
 as fesus he said. Not far {}iearly) ten winters 
 klaska mitlite kopa Walla Walla illahee ; pe mesachie 
 they stayed at Walla Walla country ; but bad 
 siwash chaco hias solleks kopa ikt leplet, Dn 
 Indians became very angry against one missionary, Dr. 
 Whitman yaka nem, pe klaska mamook mimoloose yaka 
 Whitman his name, and they made dead him 
 pe yaka klootchman pe huloima tillikums. Huloima 
 and his wife and other persons. Other 
 
 leplet chaco kwass kopa siwash, pe mash siwash yaka 
 missionaries became afraid of Indians, and left Indians their 
 illahee. Klonas hiyu tillikums wawa, " Jesus yaka wawa 
 country. Perhaps many persons said, '■'fesus his words 
 hias cultus, spose yaka wawa ahnkuttie kopa leplet, 
 very foolish, when he said formerly to missionaries, 
 kloshe klatawa kopa konoway illahee konoway kah, pe 
 good go to every country every where, and 
 
 lolo Bible kopa konoway tillikums." Okoke delate 
 carry Bible to every nation.^'' {Was) That true 
 wawa ? Halo. Elip okoke man. Dr. Whitman, yaka 
 speech ? No. Before that man, Dr. Whitman, he 
 mimaloose, yaka potlatch kloshe wawa kopa siwash ; 
 died, he gave good speech to Indians; 
 
 huloima leplet mamook kahkwa. Okoke wawa 
 
 other missionaries did likewise. That speaking 
 kahkwa kloshe seed. Alta yaka chaco hias. Spose nika 
 
 like good seed. Now this becomes great. When I 
 chee klatawa kopa Walla Walla, nika nanitch yahwa ikt 
 now go to Walla Walla, I see there an 
 
 siwash leplet, Nez-Perc^ yaka illahee. Pe nika 
 Indian missionary, Nez- Percys his country. And I 
 
THE LORD'S PRAYER. 
 
 37 
 
 kumtux wake siyah kopa Walla Walla mitlite alta tahtlum 
 know not far {near) to Walla Walla reside now ten 
 
 siwash leplet, pe 
 
 Indian missionaries and 
 Kwinnum tahtlum cole 
 
 Five ten winters 
 kahkwa Jesus yaka wawa, 
 
 as Jesus he said, 
 kahkwa kloshe seed, pe alta yaka chaco hias. 
 like good seed, and now this becomes great 
 
 taghum tukamonuk Christian. 
 
 six hundred Christians. 
 
 ahnkuttie, leplet mamook 
 
 ago, missionaries did 
 
 pe lolo Bible kopa siwash, 
 
 and carried Bible to Indians, 
 
 Kahkwa 
 So 
 
 nesika kumtux Jesus yaka wawa hias kloshe wawa. Jesus 
 we know Jesus his speech very good speech. Jesus 
 yaka tikegh mesika mamook kahkwa. Kloshe mesika 
 he wishes you to do likewise. Good {that) you 
 help huloima tillikums chaco Christian. 
 help other people become Christians. 
 
 To the foregoing may be added the version (showing at 
 once the strength and the defects of this idiom) which 
 Mr. Eells has given, in his Hymn-book, of 
 
 The Lord's Prayer. 
 
 Nesika Papa klaksta mitlite kopa Saghalie, kloshe 
 Our Father who livest in the Above, good 
 mika nem kopa konoway kah. Kloshe spose mika chaco 
 
 thy name over everywhere. Good if thou become 
 delate Tyee kopa konoway tillikums. Kloshe spose mika 
 
 true Chief over all people. Good if thy 
 
 tumtum mitlite kopa illahee kahkwa kopa Saghalie. Potlatch 
 
 mind is on earth as in the Above. Give 
 kopa nesika kopa okoke sun nesika muckamuck. Mamook 
 
 to us during this day our food. Pi- 
 
 klahowya nesika kopa nesika mesachie mamook, kahkwa 
 // us for our evil doing, as 
 
1 1 mi 
 
 fiiiiii 
 
 38 
 
 THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE. 
 
 nesika mamook klahowya klaksta man spose yaka mamook 
 
 we do pity any man if * ■ does 
 
 mesachie kopa nesika. Wake mika lolo nesika. kopa kah 
 evil to us. Not thou carry us to where 
 mesachie mitlite ; pe spose mesachie klap nesika, kloshe 
 evil is; but if evil find us, good 
 
 mika help nesika tolo okoke mesachie. Delate konoway 
 thou help us conquer that evil. Truly all 
 
 illahee mika illahee, pe mika hias skokum, pe mika delate 
 earth thy earthy and thou very strong, and thou truly 
 hias kloshe ; kahkwa nesika tikegh konoway okoke. Kloshe 
 very good; so we wish all this. Good 
 
 kahkwa. 
 so. 
 
TRADE LANGUAGE AND ENGLISH 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 In writing the Jargon, philologists like George Gibbs and mission- 
 aries like Mr. Eells have been compelled, by the demands of the 
 population for whom they wrote, to adopt the English orthography, 
 with all its notorious imperfections. The result is, that in many 
 cases it is impossible for a stranger to judge from the spelling of a 
 word how it should be pronounced. Whether the mv in klahowyah 
 is pronounced as in the English "how," or as in " know ; " whether 
 nanitch is sounded "nah-nitsh," or "nay-nitch ; " whether r7//«X7///?V 
 is accented on the first or on the second syllabic, cannot be known 
 from the orthography. In the dictionary, therefore, wherever any 
 doubt can arise, the correct pronunciation is indicated in l)rackets, 
 by employing the vowels with their Italian (or German) sounds : a 
 as in father ; e like a in fate ; i as in machine ; o (long) as in note, or 
 short [5) as in not ; u like oo in pool, or short («) as in but ; ai like i 
 in pine ; au like ou in loud. The acute accent (as in klonas) marks 
 the syllable on which the stress of voice is placed. In many cases 
 there are various spellings and different pronunciations, which are 
 given as far as such minute accuracy has seemed likely to be useful. 
 
 The letters C., E., F., N., and S., refer to the derivation of 
 words, and signify Chinook, English, French, Nootka, and Salish. 
 Words marked J. are considered to be the peculiar property of the 
 Jargon, as having been formed either in imitation of sounds or by 
 some casual invention. Unmarked words are of doubtful origin. 
 
 In words derived from the Chinook language, the guttural sound 
 represented by ch in German, and in old English \i^ gh^ is sometimes 
 retained in the Jargon, and is expressed by gh^ as in saghalie, tikegh, 
 'iveght, and a few others. Speakers not familiar with this sound will 
 be understood if they utter it as a strongly aspirated English h. 
 
 This dictionary, it should be stated, is, in the main, a copy (with 
 
40 
 
 THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE. 
 
 some additions and corrections) of that of George Gibbs, published 
 by the Smithsonian Institution in 1863, and now regarded as the 
 standard authority, so far as any can be said to exist ; but it may be 
 added that the principal part of that collection was avowedly derived 
 by the estimable compiler from my own vocabulary, published 
 seventeen years before. 
 
 Abba, well then. 
 
 Ahha, C. [aha], yes. See Eyeh. 
 
 Ahnkuttie, ahnkottie, C. [an- 
 kati, ankoti], formerly, an- 
 ciently, ago. Moxt sun ahn- 
 kutiie^ two days ago. 
 
 Alah, J. [aid], ah ! oh ! Excla- 
 mation of surprise. 
 
 Alip, first, before. See Elip. 
 
 Alkie, C. [dike, dlki], soon, 
 presently, by-and-by. 
 
 AUoima. See Huloima, 
 
 Alta, C, now. 
 
 Amota, C. [amote], strawberry. 
 
 Anah, J. [and], exclamation of 
 pain or displeasure, ah ! oh I 
 fie! 
 
 Appola, anything roasted. See 
 Lapellah. 
 
 Ats, C, younger sister. 
 
 Ayahwhul, S. [aydhwiil], to 
 lend ; to borrow. 
 
 B. 
 Bebee, F. [bibi], to kiss, a 
 
 kiss. 
 Bed, E., abed. 
 Bit, E., a sixpenny piece; a 
 
 dime. 
 
 Bloom, E., broom. Mamook 
 
 bloom, to sweep. 
 Boat, E., boat. 
 Boston, American. Boston il- 
 
 lahee, the United States. 
 By-by, E., by-and-by. 
 
 C. 
 
 Calipeen, calipee, F., a rifle. 
 (Fr. carahine.) 
 
 Canim, C. [kanim, kan^m], 
 canoe. 
 
 Capo, F, [kapo], coat. 
 
 Chaco, chahko, N. [chdko], 
 to come ; to become. Chako 
 kloshe, to get well. 
 
 Chakchak, C, the bald eagle. 
 
 Chee, C, lately, just now ; 
 new. 
 
 Chetlo, S. , oyster. 
 
 Chetwoot, S., black bear. 
 
 Chikamin, N. [chikamin], iron, 
 metal ; metallic. T^kope chika- 
 min (white metal), silver. Pil 
 chikamin, or chikamin pil 
 (yellow metal), gold, or copper. 
 
 Chikchik, J., waggon, cart, 
 wheel. 
 
 Chilchil, C, button, star. 
 
 Chitsh, S., grandfather. 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 41 
 
 Chope, S., grandmother. 
 
 Chotub, S., flea. 
 
 Chuck, N., water, river. Salt 
 (hiicky the sea. Skookum chuck 
 (powerful water), rapids. 
 
 Chukkin, S., to kick. 
 
 Cly, or kely, E. [kiilai], to cry, 
 lament ; mourning, weeping. 
 
 Cole, E., cold, winter, year. 
 Cole illahie (cold country), 
 winter. Tahtlum cole, ten 
 years. Kole- sick ■ waum ■ sick, 
 the ague-fever. 
 
 Comb, E., comb. Mamook 
 comby to comb. Mamook comb 
 illahie (to comb the ground), 
 to harrow. 
 
 Cooley, F. (courir), to run, go 
 al)out. 
 
 Coopcoop, C, small dentalium, 
 or shell money. 
 
 Cosho, F. {cochon), hog, pork. 
 Siwash r^j//c(I ndian pig), aseal. 
 
 Cultus, C, worthless, purpose- 
 less ; merely, simply ; nothing. 
 Culitts man, worthless fellow. 
 Cultus potlakh , free gift. Cultus 
 //^M6V,ajoke (merely laughter). 
 Cultus mitlite, to sit idle 
 (merely sitting). 
 
 D. 
 Delate, delett, F. {droite) 
 [delet], straight, direct, true ; ! 
 truly, exactly. Delate kwinnum 
 cole ahnkuttie, just five years 
 ago. 
 
 Diaub, or yaub (diable), devil. 
 
 See Lejattb. 
 Dly, dely, E. [dulal], dry. 
 Doctin, E., doctor. 
 DoUa, tahla, E. [tdla], dollar; 
 
 money. Dolla seahost (silver 
 
 eyes), spectacles. 
 
 E. 
 
 Eyeh, N. [iyeh], yes. 
 Ehkahnam, C. [ekanam], tale, 
 
 story. 
 Ehkoli, C. [ekoli], whale. 
 Eena, C, beaver. Eena stik 
 
 (beaver wood), willow. 
 Eenapoo, C. [inapu], louse. 
 
 Sopen eenapoo (jump-louse), 
 
 flea. 
 Ekkeh, brother-in-law. 
 Elahan, lann, S. [ilahan, 
 
 ilan], aid, alms. Mamook 
 
 elann, to help. 
 Elip, or ellip, S. [dip, or clip], 
 
 first, before, sooner, more ; 
 
 soon, speedily. Elip yaka 
 
 mimoluse, before he died. Elip 
 
 Mas mahkook, more precious. 
 Elita, C. [ilai'te], slave. 
 Enati, C, across, on the other 
 
 side. See Inati. 
 Esalth, yesalth [isalth], Indian 
 
 corn, maize. 
 Ethlon, C, fathom. See Itlan. 
 
 G. 
 
 Get-up, or ket-op, E., to get 
 up, rise ; risen. 
 
'1 > 
 
 'I 
 I 
 
 42 
 
 T//E OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE, 
 
 
 Olease, E., grease, fat, oil. 
 Gleast piah, candle. Sec Lak- 
 less. 
 
 H. 
 
 Hahlakl, C, wide, open. 
 Mamook hahlakl la pote, open 
 the door. 
 
 Hahthaht, S., the mallard 
 duck. 
 
 Hakatshum, E., handker- 
 chief. 
 
 Halo, not, none, absent. Halo 
 mitlite (nothing remains), 
 empty. Halo seahost (no eyes), 
 blind. Halo ikta (no goods), 
 poor. Halo dolla, without 
 money. 
 
 Haul, E., to haul, pull. 
 
 Heehee, J., to laugh, laughter, 
 amusement. Mamook heehee, 
 to make fun, toj'^st. Heehee 
 house, place of amusement, as 
 a tavern or bowling alley. 
 Heehee limah, gambling. 
 
 Help, E., to help. 
 
 Hias, great. See Hyas. 
 
 Hiyu, much. See Hyti. 
 
 Hohhoh, J., to cough. 
 
 Hokumelh, S., to gather, 
 glean. 
 
 Home, E., home. 
 
 Hoolhool, C, mouse. Hyas 
 hoolhool (big mouse), rat. 
 
 House, E., house. Mahkook 
 house (trading house), shop. 
 
 Howh, J. [hau], interj., yohoc 1 
 hurry! Hatvh, howh, hurra! 
 Ho ! ho ! hurry up ! 
 
 Howkwutl, C. [hAukwutl], how 
 could, cannot. Hoivkwutl uika 
 klatawa ? how could I go ? 
 
 Hullel, C. [huUcl], to shake. 
 
 Huloima, C, other, another, 
 difiercnt. 
 
 Humm, J., bad odour; stink- 
 ing. Humm oputsh (stinking 
 tail), skunk. 
 
 Hunlkih, C, crooked, knotted, 
 curleil. 
 
 Huyhuy, J. [huihiii], bargain, 
 exchange, barter ; to change. 
 Huyhuy lasell, change the 
 saddle. Huyhuy tumtum, to 
 change the mind. 
 
 Hwah, hwahwa. J. (exclama- 
 tion of surprise, admiration, 
 or earnestness), aha ! dear 
 me ! 
 
 Hyak, C. [hai'ak], swift, quick ; 
 hurry ! hasten ! 
 
 Hyas, hias, N. [haias], great ; 
 very. Hyas tyee, great chief. 
 Hias mahcook, great price, 
 dear. Plyas ahnkottie, long 
 ago. 
 
 Hykwa, hyakwa, N., shell- 
 money ; the dentalium. See 
 Coopcoop. 
 
 Hyu, hyoo, N. [haiu], much, 
 many, plenty, enough. Hyu 
 tiliikum, many people. Tenas 
 hyu (little many), some. 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 43 
 
 I. 
 
 Ikkik, C, fishhook. 
 
 Ikpooie, C. [ikpui], to shut, 
 close ; closed, shut up. Ikpooie 
 lapotCf shut the door. Ikpooie 
 kxvolaun (closed ear), deaf. 
 
 Ikt, C, one, once ; a, an. Ikt 
 man, a man. Ikt-ikt wan, 
 someone or other. W nika 
 klatawa kopa yaka house, I 
 went once to his house. 
 
 Iktah, ikta, C, what, why 
 (same as kahta). Iktah okook, 
 what is that ? 
 
 Iktah, iktas, C, thing, goods. 
 Hyu tenas iktas, many little 
 things. 
 
 Illahee, illahie, C. [I'lahi], the 
 earth, land, dirt. Saghalie 
 illahee, high land, mountain, 
 heaven. 
 
 Inati, eenati, C. [inatai], across, 
 opposite. Inati chuck, on the 
 other side of the river. 
 
 Ipsoot, C. [I'psut], to hide, keep 
 secret ; hidden ; secretly. 
 
 Isik, C. [isik], a paddle. Ma- 
 mook isik, to paddle. Isik 
 stick (paddle-wood), the elm. 
 
 Iskum, C, to take, receive, 
 get, hold. 
 
 Itlan, it'hlan, C, a fathom ; 
 the length of the extended 
 arms. 
 
 Itlokum, C. [itlokum], the 
 game of " hand," a gambling 
 game. 
 
 Itlwillie, ilwillie, C. [itlwili], 
 flesh, meat. 
 
 Itswoot, itshoot, C, the black 
 bear. Itshoot paseesie, thick 
 dark cloth ur bl.inkets. 
 
 X. 
 
 Kah, C, where, whither, 
 
 whence. Kah mika mitlite, 
 
 where do you live ? Konvway 
 
 kah, everywhere. 
 Kahdena, C, tu tight. 
 Kahkah, J., a crow. 
 Kahkwa, N., like, equal with, 
 
 so, as, thus. Kahkwa nika 
 
 tumtum (such my heart), so I 
 
 think. Kioshe kahkwa (good 
 
 so), that is right. 
 Kahnaway, C [kiinawe], 
 
 acorns. 
 Kahp'ho, C, elder brother, 
 
 sister, or cousin. 
 Kahta, C, how, why, what. 
 
 Kahta mika chaco ? why have 
 
 you come ? K'ata tnika nem 'i 
 
 what is your name ? 
 Kalakalahma, C, a goose. 
 Kalakwahtie, C. [kalakwati], 
 
 inner bark of the cedar ; 
 
 woman's petticoat of bark. 
 
 Kalakwahtie stick, cedar tree. 
 Kalitan, C. [kalaitan], arrow, 
 
 bullet, shot. Kalitan lesac, 
 
 quiver, shot-pouch. 
 Kalakala, kuUakulla, C. [ka- 
 
 lakala], bird, fowl. 
 
]\ 
 
 i 
 
 44 
 
 T/IE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE. 
 
 Kam«8S, camass, lakar.'ass, 
 
 N., camass root, Scilla escu- 
 lenta. 
 
 Kamooks, C. [kamuks], dog. 
 Kahkwa kamooks, like a dog, 
 beastly. 
 
 Kamosuk, C. [kamosiik], 
 beads. 
 
 Kapsualla, kapswalla, to 
 steal. 
 
 Katsuk, kotsuk, C, middle, 
 centre. 
 
 Kaupy, E., coffee. 
 
 Kawak, S. [kawak], to iiy. 
 
 Kawkawak, C. [k. . -ak], 
 yellow, or pale green. 
 
 Keekwilee, keekwillie, C. 
 [kikwili], low, below, under, 
 down. Mamook keekwilee, to 
 lower. 
 
 Keepwot, or keepwah, C, 
 needle, thorn, sting of an in- 
 sect. Shoes keepwot, an awl. 
 
 Kehwa, because. 
 
 Kelapi, kilapie [k'lapai], to 
 tuni, return, overturn, upset. 
 Elip yaka kelapi, before he re- 
 turns. Kelapi canem, to upset 
 a canoe. Mamook kelapi, to 
 send back. 
 
 Kely. See Cly. 
 
 Ketling, or killing, E., kettle, 
 can, basin. 
 
 Ket-op. See Get-up. 
 
 Keuatan, C. [kiuatan], horse. 
 
 Kilitsut, C, flint; bottle, glass. 
 
 Killapie. See Kelapi. 
 
 Kimta, C, behind, after, after- 
 wards, last, since. 
 
 Kintshautsh,E. [King George], 
 English. Kintshautsh man, 
 Englishman. 
 
 Kinootl, kinoos, C. [kainutl], 
 tobacco. 
 
 Kishkish, C, to drive, as 
 cattle. 
 
 Kiwa, J. [kaiwa], crooked. 
 
 Kiyah, S., entrails. 
 
 Klah, C., free, clear ; in sight. 
 
 Klahanie, C. [klahani], out, 
 without. Klahanie kopa town, 
 out of town. 
 
 Klahowya, C. [klahauya], how 
 do you do? good-bye ! The 
 common salutation. 
 
 Klahowyam, klahowya, C. 
 [klahauyiim], poor, wretched, 
 pitiable, pitif'd. Mamook 
 klahowyam, to be pitiful or 
 
 generous. 
 
 Klahwa, C, slow, slowly. 
 
 Klak, C, off, out, away. 
 Mamook klak, take off, untie, 
 put away. 
 
 Klaksta, C, who ? what one ? 
 Halo klaksta, no one. 
 
 Klakwan, S., to wipe or lick. 
 
 Klale, C. [klel], black, dark 
 blue, or green ; dark, igno- 
 rant. 
 
 Klap, C, to find. 
 
 Klapite, or klapote, C. 
 [klepait], thread, twine. 
 
 Klaseess, C, stars. 
 
 L mm 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 45 
 
 Klaska, or kluska, C, they, 
 
 their, them. 
 Klatawa, N., to go, walk. 
 Klawhap, C. [klahwap], a hole. 
 Klemahun, S. [klemahun], 
 
 to stab, wound, spear. 
 Klementikote, C, to lie. See 
 
 Kliminvihit. 
 Klitl, or klilt, C, sour, bitter. 
 Klikamuks, C, blackberries. 
 Klikwallie, C. [klikwali], brass 
 
 wire, brass armlet. 
 Kliminwhit, klemanawit, C, 
 
 a lie, falsehood ; to lie. 
 Klimmin, kliir.min-klimmin, 
 
 C, soft ; fine in substance. 
 Klip, C, deep, sunken. 
 Kliskwiss, C, mat. 
 Klohkloh, C, oysters. See 
 
 Chetlo. 
 Klonass, C. [klonas], perhaps ; 
 
 I do not know : it is doubtful. 
 Kohlkohl, C, mouse. See 
 
 Hoolhool. 
 Klone, C. [klon], three. 
 Klook, E., crooked. 
 Klootchman, N., woman, 
 
 female. Tenas klootchman^ 
 
 little woman, girl. 
 Kloshe, N., [klosh], good, well. 
 
 Kloshe spose, well (is it) if. 
 
 Kloshe spose nika Klatawa ? 
 
 shall I go? (lit. well, if I 
 
 go?) 
 Kluh, C, to tear. 
 Klukkul, C, broad or wide, as 
 
 a plank. 
 
 Ko, C, to reach arrive at, 
 attain. 
 
 Koko, J., to knock. Koko stick 
 (knock-tree), woodpecker. 
 
 Kokshut, kokshutl, N., to 
 break, kill, destroy ; broken, 
 destroyed, killed. 
 
 Konaway, C. [konawe], all, 
 every. Kotiaway kah, every- 
 where. 
 
 Koosah, C, sky. 
 
 Kopa, formerly kwapa, C. 
 [kopa, or kopa], to, in, at, 
 with, towards, of, about, con- 
 cerning ; there. 
 
 Kopet, kwapet, C. [kopet, 
 kwapet], to stop, leave off; 
 finished ; enough. Kopet to- 
 malla, day after to-morrow. 
 Kopet kumtuks (no longer 
 know), to forget. 
 
 Kow, C. [kau], to tie, fasten ; 
 a parcel, bundle. 
 
 Kull, C, hard, solid, difficult. 
 
 Kullah, S. [kiilah], fence, en- 
 closure. 
 
 Kumtuks, N., to know, under- 
 stand ; knowledge, acquain- 
 tance. Kopet kumtuks (cease to 
 know), to forget. Halo kumtuks 
 (no understanding), stupid. 
 
 Kunamoxt, C. [kun'amokst], 
 both, together. Kunamoxt 
 kahkwa, both alike. 
 
 Kunjik, kunsic, kunjuk, C, 
 how many, when, ever. Wake 
 kunjik (not ever), never. 
 
46 
 
 THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE. 
 
 Kushis, S., stockings. 
 Kwaddis, J., whale. 
 Kwahta, E., quarter of a dollar. 
 Kwanesum, C. [kwanisum], 
 
 always, for ever. 
 Kwaist, C. [kwaist, or kwest], 
 
 nine. 
 Kwalal-kwalal, C, to gallop. 
 Kwahl, S., aunt. 
 Kwan, C, glad ; tamed. 
 Kwass, C, fear, afraid, tame. 
 Kwates, kwehts, S. [kwets], 
 
 sour. 
 Kwehkweh, J., a mallard duck. 
 Kwekwiens, S., a pin. 
 Kweokweo, C, ring, circle. 
 Kwinnum, C, five. 
 Kwitl, C, to shoot, hunt, kill. 
 Kwish, or kweesh (exclama- 
 tion of refusal), pooh ! no 
 
 indeed ! 
 Kwitshadie, S., hare, rabbit. 
 Kwolann, S. [kwolan], the ear, 
 Kwulh, hwult, C, to hit, 
 
 strike, or wound (without 
 
 cutting). 
 Kwunnum, S., counting. 
 
 Mamook kwunrmvi, to count. 
 Kwutl, C, to push, squeeze ; 
 
 tight, fast. 
 
 L. 
 
 Lableed, F., a bridle. 
 Laboos, F. [labus], mouth. 
 Labooti, F. [labutai], bottle. 
 Lacalat, F. [lakalat], carrot. 
 
 Lacaset, F. [lacaset], a box, 
 
 trunk, chest. 
 Lacloa, F., a cross. 
 Lab, v., C, to lean, to tip (as a 
 boat), to stoop, to bend over 
 
 (as a tree). 
 Lagome, F., pitch, glue, gum. 
 Lagween, a saw. 
 Lahash, F., an axe or hatchet. 
 Lake, E.. lake. 
 Lakit, C. [lahkit], four. 
 Lakless, F. [lakles], fat, oil. 
 
 See Clease. 
 Lala, J., long time. IVake 
 
 lala, not long. 
 Lalah, C. [iala], to cheat, trick, 
 
 joke with. 
 Lalahm, F., an oar. Mamook 
 
 lalahtn, to row. 
 Lalang, lalan, F., the tongue ; 
 
 language. 
 Laleem, F., a file. 
 Lamess, F., the ceremony of 
 
 the mass. 
 Lamestin, lametchin, F., 
 
 medicine, physic. 
 Lammieh, F. [lamie], an old 
 
 woman {la vieille). 
 Lamonti, F. [lamontai], a 
 
 mountaiy. 
 Lapeashe, F. [lapiesh], a trap 
 
 {la pii'ge). 
 Lapeep, F., tobacco-pipe. 
 Lapehsh, F,, pole (laperche). 
 Lapellah, J. [lapela], roasted. 
 
 Mamook lapellah, to roast be- 
 fore the fire. See Appola, 
 
 1 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 47 
 
 Lapell, F. [lapel], a shovel or 
 
 spade. 
 Lapeosh, F. [lapiosh], a mat- 
 tock, a hoe. 
 Laplash, F., board {la planche). 
 Lapoel, F. [lapoel], a stove. 
 Lapool, F., fowl, poultry. 
 
 Shvash lapool (Indian fowl), 
 
 grouse. 
 Lapooshet, F., fork (/a jour- 
 
 chette). 
 Lapote, F.jdoor. 
 Lasanjel, F., girth, sash, belt 
 
 {la sangle). 
 Lasee, F., a saw. 
 Lasell, F., saddle. 
 Lashalloo, F. [lashalu], plough 
 
 [la charue). 
 Lashandel, F., candle. 
 Lashase, Y. [lashes], chair. 
 Lashen, F. [lashen], a chain. 
 Lassiett, F. [lasiet], a plate. 
 Lasv^ay, F., silk. 
 Latahb, F., table. 
 Latet, F. [latet], the head. 
 Latlah, F. [latla], noise. (F. 
 
 faire du train, to make a 
 
 noise.) 
 Lawen, F. [lawen], oats 
 
 {ravoine). 
 Lawest, F., waistcoat, vest. 
 Lazy, E., lazy. 
 Lebardo, F., shingle {le bar- 
 
 deau). 
 Lebal, F. [libal], ball, bullet. 
 Lebiskwie, F., biscuit, crackers, 
 
 hard bread. 
 
 Lecock, F., a cock, a fowl. 
 
 Ledoo, F. [lidii], finger {U 
 doigt). 
 
 Lejaub, F., devil {le diahle). 
 
 Lekleh, F. [likle], key. 
 
 Lekloo, F., nail. 
 
 Lekoo, F., neck. 
 
 Lekye, spot, spotted ; a pie- 
 bald horse. 
 
 Leloba, F., ribbon {le ruban). 
 
 Leloo, F., wolf. 
 
 Lemah [lima], or lehma [lema], 
 F., hand. 
 
 Lemahto, F., hammer (/^ war- 
 tcau). 
 
 Lemel, F. [limel], mule {le 
 nmlet). 
 
 Lemolo, F., wild, untamed [le 
 marron). 
 
 Lemooto, F., sheep. 
 
 Lenay, F., nose. 
 
 Lepan, F. [lipan], bread. 
 
 Lepee, F., foot. 
 
 Lepishemo [lipi'shimo], saddle- 
 housing. 
 
 Leplet, F. [liplet], priest, mini 
 ster, missionary {le prctre). 
 
 Lepome, F. [lipom], apple. 
 
 Lepwah, F. [lipwa], peas. 
 
 Lesak, F. [lisak], bag, pocket. 
 
 Lesap, F. [lisap], egg, eggs 
 {les aufs). 
 
 Lesook, F., sugar. 
 
 Letah, F. [lita], the teeth {les 
 dents). 
 
 Lewhet, F. [lihwet], a whip 
 {lefouet). 
 
 S\ 
 

 i ! 
 
 48 
 
 r//E OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE. 
 
 Lice, E., rifce. 
 
 Liplip, J., to boil. 
 
 Liskwis, C, mat. See Klis- 
 
 kwiss. 
 Lolo, C. , to carry, take. 
 Loloh, C. [I0I6], round, whole, 
 
 complete. 
 Lope, E., rope. 
 Lum, E., rum, ardent spirits. 
 
 M 
 
 Mahkook, N. [makuk], to trade, 
 buy or sell ; a bargain. 
 
 Mahsh, or mash, F., to leave, 
 put away, remove {marcher). 
 
 Mahsie, F., to thank. 
 
 Mahtlinie, C. [matlini], off 
 shore ; (in boating) keep off! 
 (if on land) towards the 
 water. 
 
 Mahtwillie, C. [matwili], in 
 shore, shoreward ; keep in ! 
 (on land) towards the woods, 
 or inland. 
 
 Malah, C. [mala], tinware, 
 earthenware, dishes. 
 
 Malieh, F. [malie], to marry. 
 
 Mama, E., mother. 
 
 Mamook, N. [mamuk], to 
 make, do, work. Used gene- 
 rally as a causative verb, as, 
 mamook chaco (make to come), 
 bring ; mamook liplip^ make 
 to boil. 
 
 Man, E., man, male. Tenas 
 man, young man, boy. 
 
 Melass, F., molasses. 
 
 Memaloose. See Mimaloose. 
 Mesachie, C. [mesatshi], bad, 
 
 wicked. 
 Mesika, C. [misaika], ye, you, 
 
 yours. 
 Mika, C. [maika], thou, thy, 
 
 thine. 
 Mimaloose, C, to die; dead. 
 
 Mimaloose illahee (death 
 
 ground), cemetery, sepul- 
 chre. 
 Mimie, C. [mai'mi], down 
 
 stream. 
 Mistchimas, N., slave. 
 Mitass, J. [mitas], leggings. 
 Mitlite, C. [mitlait], to sit, stay, 
 
 reside ; to be, have. 
 Mitwhit, C, to stand. Mit- 
 
 whit stick (standing-tree), mast. 
 Moxt, C, two, twice. MoxV 
 
 poh, double-barrelled gun. 
 Moola, F., mill. Stick moola 
 
 (wood mill), saw-mill. 
 Moon, E., moon. 
 Moosmoos, C, buffalo. 
 Moosum, S., to sleep ; sleep. 
 Mowitsh, or mawitsh, N. 
 
 [mauitsh], deer, wild animal. 
 Muckamuck, J., food ; to eat, 
 
 bite, drink. 
 Musket, E., musket, gun. 
 
 N. 
 
 Na, or nah,J., the interrogative 
 particle. Sick na mika ? Are 
 you sick. 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 49 
 
 Nah, or naah ! J., interj., ho I 
 hey ! look here ! Nah sikhs ! 
 halloo, friend ! 
 
 Nanitsh, N. [nanitsh], to see, 
 look, seek. 
 
 Nawitka, C, certainly, in- 
 deed. 
 
 Nem, E., name. 
 
 Nesika, C. [nisaika], we, us, 
 our. 
 
 Newha, C. [niwha], here; come 
 here. 
 
 Nigga, E., negro, African. 
 
 Nika, C. [naika], I, me, my, 
 mine. 
 
 Nose, E., nose ; promontory ; 
 prow of boat. 
 
 O. 
 
 Okoke, or okuk, C. [okok], 
 this, that, it. 
 
 Oleman, E. [oilman], old man ; 
 old, worn out. 
 
 Olhiyu, C. [olhaiyu], a seal 
 {phoca). 
 
 Olillie, or olallie, C. [olili], 
 berries. Shot olillie, huckle- 
 berries. Seahpolt olillie (cap- 
 berries), raspberries. 
 
 Olo, C, hungry, craving. Olo 
 chucks thirsty. Olo ?noosum, 
 sleepy. 
 
 Oluk, S., make. 
 
 Ooskan, or oiskin, C, cup, 
 bowl. 
 
 Owakut, C, road. See Way- 
 hut. 
 
 Opekwan, C. [opikwan], bas- 
 ket ; tin kettle. 
 
 Opitlkeh, C. [opitlkeh], bow. 
 
 Opitsah, C. [opitsah], knife. 
 
 Opoots, C. [oputs], tail; hinder 
 part ; stern of vessel. 
 
 Ow, C. [au], younger brother. 
 
 P. 
 
 Pahtl, C, full. Pahtl lum, or 
 pahtlum (full of rum), drunk. 
 Pahtl chHck{{v\\\ of water), wet. 
 
 Paint, or pent, E., paint. 
 
 Papa, E. and F., father. 
 
 Papeh, E. [pepah], paper, let- 
 ter, picture. 
 
 Paseesee, P., blanket, woollen 
 cloth [i.e., I-'rau<^aises, French 
 goods). 
 
 Pasiooks, F. [pasaiooks], 
 French, Frenchmen (from 
 Fran^ais, with the Chinook 
 plural termination, iiks). 
 
 Pay, E., pay. 
 
 Pechuh, or pechuk, C. [pit- 
 shuh'), green. 
 
 Pe, or pee, F., and, then, or, 
 but (Yx. puis). 
 
 Pehpah. See Papeh. 
 
 Pclton, J., a fool, foolish, 
 crazy. 
 
 Peshak, or peshuk, N., bad. 
 
 Pewhattie, C, thin, slight, 
 flimsy. 
 
 Piah, E., fire, cooked, ripe. 
 Alamooh piah, io cook. Piah- 
 ship, steamer. 
 
so 
 
 THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE. 
 
 \ 
 
 El 
 
 
 Hi 
 
 i 
 
 11 
 
 ■ 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 [ 
 
 jl 
 
 ; 
 
 if 
 
 Pil, C, red. Pi i dolia, go\(\. 
 
 Pilpil, J., blood. 
 
 Pish, E., fish. 
 
 Pishpish, cat. See Pnsspuss. 
 
 Pitlil, thick, as molasses. 
 
 Piupiu, F. [piupiu], to stink. 
 
 (Fr. f>uiT.) 
 Poh, J., a puff of breath. Ma- 
 
 viook poh, to blow out, as a 
 
 candle, to fire a gun. 
 Polallie, F. [polali], gunpow- 
 der, dust, sand. (Fr. pottdre.) 
 Poolie, F., rotten. 
 Pos. See Spose. 
 Potlatsh, or pahtlatsh, N., to 
 
 give ; a gift. 
 Pray, E., to pray. 
 Pukpuk, J., a blow with the 
 
 fist. 
 Pusspuss, or pishpish, E., 
 
 cat. Hyas pusspuss, panther. 
 
 S. 
 
 Saghalie, or sahhalie, C. [sa- 
 hali], above, up, high ; heaven ; 
 heavenly. Sag/iah'e tyee (hea- 
 venly chief), God. 
 
 Sail, or sell, E., sail, cotton or 
 linen cloth. 
 
 Sakoleks, C. [sakoleks], trou- 
 sers, leggings. 
 
 Salmon, or sahmun, E. [sa- 
 mijn], salmon. 
 
 Salt, E., salt. 
 
 Sapolill, C, wheat, corn, flour, 
 or meal. 
 
 Seahhost, or seaghost, C. 
 
 [siahost], face, eye, eyes. 
 Seahpo, or seahpolt, F. [sid- 
 
 po], hat or cap. (Fr. cha- 
 
 peait. ) 
 Shame, or shem, E., shame, 
 Shantie, F., to sing. 
 Shelokum, C. [shilokam], 
 
 glass, looking-glass. 
 Ship, E. , ship. Shipvian, sailor. 
 Shoes, E., shoes, mocassins. 
 
 Stick shoes (lit. wooden shoes), 
 
 stiff leathern shoes. 
 Shot, E., shot, lead, 
 Shugah, E,, sugar. 
 Shut, E,, shirt. 
 Shwahkuk, E, , frog. 
 Seed, E,, seed, 
 Siah, N, [saia], far, far off. 
 
 Wake siah, not far, near, 
 Siam, C, [sai'am], the grizzly 
 
 bear. 
 Sick, E,, sick, sickness. Sick 
 
 tumttim, grieved, sorry, sick 
 
 at heart. 
 Sikhs, C, friend, 
 Sinamoxt, C. [sinamokst], 
 
 seven. 
 Sing, E,, to sing ; song. 
 Sitkum, C, half, part, Sitkum 
 
 do/la, half-a-dollar, Sitktim 
 
 sun, noon. Tenas sitkum, a 
 
 quarter, or small part. 
 Sitshum, S. [sit-shum], to 
 
 swim, 
 Siwash, F, [saiwash], Indian. 
 
 (Fr, sauvage.) 
 
DICTIONARY, 
 
 5' 
 
 to 
 Idian. 
 
 Skin, E., skin. Stickskin (lit. 
 
 t ice-skin), bark. 
 Skookum, or skookoom, S., 
 
 strong ; a demon, ghost. 
 Skwiskwis, C, squirrel. 
 Smoksmok, C, grouse. 
 Smoke, E. , smoke, clouds, fog, 
 
 steam. 
 Snass, J., rain. Cole snass [<:,o\A 
 
 rain), snow. 
 Soap, E. , soap. 
 Solleks, or sahleks, J. , angry ; 
 
 anger. Mainook solleks, to 
 
 fight. 
 Sopena, C. [sopina], to jump, 
 
 leap. 
 Spoon, E., spoon. 
 Spose, E., suppose, if, when. 
 
 (Often pronounced pos.) 
 Stick, E., stick, tree, wood ; 
 
 wooden. Ikt stick, one yard. 
 Stocken, £., stocking, sock. 
 Stoh, C. , loose ; to untie, set free. 
 Stone, E., stone, rock, bone, 
 
 horn. 
 Stotekin, C. [stotkin], eight. 
 Stutshin, E., sturgeon. 
 Sun, E., sun, day. Tenas sun 
 
 (little sun), early morning. 
 Sunday, E., Sunday. Ikt Sun- 
 day, one week, ///as Sunday 
 
 (great Sunday), a holiday, 
 
 Christmas. 
 
 Taghum, or tohum, C, six. 
 Tahlkie, C, yesterday. 
 
 Tahtlum, tahtelum, C, ten. 
 Takamonuk, C, hundred. 
 Talapus, C, coyote, prairie 
 
 wolf. 
 Talkie, E., speech, discourse. 
 
 Sunday talkie, sermon. 
 Tamahnowus.C. [tamdnowus], 
 
 luck, fortune, magic ; sorcerer. 
 Tamolitsh, C. [tamolitsh], tub, 
 
 barrel, bucket. 
 Tanse, E. or F., dance. 
 Tahnkie, C, yesterday. See 
 
 Tahlkie, 
 Tea, E., tea. 
 Teahwit, C. [tiawit], leg, 
 
 foot. 
 Tenas, or tanas, N. [tenas], 
 
 small, few, little, young ; child. 
 Tepeh, C. [tepeh], quill, wing. 
 Tikegh, or takeh, C. [tikeh], 
 
 to want, wish, love, like. 
 Tiktik, J., a watch. 
 Tilikum, or tiliikum, C, 
 
 people. 
 Till, or tuU, E., tired, heavy; 
 
 weight. (English, tire,) 
 Tintin, J., bell ; to ring. 
 Tipso, C, grass, leaves, fringe, 
 
 feathers, fur. /^ly tipso, hay. 
 T'kope, C, white, light-co- 
 loured. 
 Tl'kope, C, to cut, hew, chop. 
 Toh, or tooh, J., spitting. 
 
 Mamook toh, to spit. 
 Tolo, J., to earn, gain, win, 
 
 conquer. 
 Tomolla, E., to-morrow. 
 
$a 
 
 THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE. 
 
 Tot, S., uncle. 
 
 Toto, J., to shake, sift, win- 
 now. 
 
 Totoosh, J. [lotush], breast, 
 udder, milk. 
 
 Towagh, C, bright, shining, 
 light. 
 
 Tsee, C, sweet. 
 
 TseepiC [tsipi], to mistake. 
 Tseepie 'uayhut, to take the 
 wrong path. 
 
 Tsikstik, J., waggon, cart, wheel. 
 
 Tsiltsil, or chilchil, C, but- 
 tons ; stars. 
 
 Tsolo, J., to wander, to lose 
 the way. 
 
 Tsugh, C, a crack or split. 
 Maviook tstigh, to split. 
 
 Tukamonuk, C. [tukamonuk], 
 hundred. 
 
 Tukwilla [tuk'willa], nuts. 
 
 Tumchuck, waterfall. See 
 TuDnvata. 
 
 Tumtum, J., the heart; will, 
 mind, feeling, thought, soul ; 
 to think, feel. 
 
 Tumwata, J. and E., water- 
 fall. 
 
 Tupshin, or tipsin, S., needle. 
 
 Tupso. See Tipso. 
 
 Tyee, N. [taiij, chief. 
 
 Tzum, C, spots, stripes, marks, 
 figures, writing, painting. Ma- 
 mook (zufH, to write. 
 
 W. 
 Wagh,C., to pour out; to vomit. 
 Wake, N., no, not. 
 Wakut. See PVayhut. 
 Wash, E., to wash. 
 Watah, E., water. See Chtuk 
 
 and Tumwata. 
 Waum, or wahm, E., warm. 
 Wawa, or wauwau, N., to 
 
 talk, speak ; speech, talking, 
 
 word. 
 Wayhut, wehkut, owakut, 
 
 C, road, track, path. 
 Weght, or weht, C, again, 
 
 also, more. 
 Winapie, N. [winapi], soon. 
 
 presently. 
 Wind, or win, E., wind, 
 
 breath, life. 
 
 Yahka, or yaka, C, he, she, it ; 
 
 his, hers, &c. 
 Yahwa, C, there, thither, 
 
 thence, beyond. 
 Yakso, C, hair. 
 Yakwahtin, C, entrails. 
 Yiem, S. [yaiem], a story, tale : 
 
 to relate. 
 Yootl, S., pleased, proud. 
 Yootlkut, C, long, length. 
 Yootskut, C, short. 
 Yukwa, or yakwa, C, here, 
 
 hither, this way. 
 
 
DrCTIONARW 
 
 S3 
 
 ENGLISH AND TRADE LANGUAGE. 
 
 A. 
 
 Above, sag/talie, sahhalie. 
 Across, inati. 
 Afraid, kwass. 
 After, kimta. 
 Again, 7veght. 
 All, konaway. 
 Always, hvanesum. 
 American, Boston. 
 Amusement, heehee. 
 And, pe. 
 
 Anger, angry, solleks. 
 Apple, lepome. 
 Arrive, ko. 
 Arrow, kalitan. 
 As, kahkwa. 
 At, kopa. 
 Aunt, kwalh. 
 Axe, lahash. 
 
 B. 
 
 liad, mesac/iie, peshuk. 
 Bag, /^m/.. 
 
 Ball, /f<5a/. 
 
 Bargain, to, mahkook, huyhuy. 
 
 Bark (of tree), stickskin. 
 
 Barrel, tamolitsh. 
 
 Basket, opek7van. 
 
 Beads, kamosuk. 
 
 Bear (black), .-/^^/w,^^/, ;V^^^^^. 
 
 (grizzly), siavi. 
 Beat, to, kokshut. 
 
 Beaver, eena. 
 
 Because, kehiva. 
 
 Bed, ^tf^/. 
 
 Before, elip. 
 
 Behind, kimta. 
 
 Bell, tint in. 
 
 Belly, yakwahtin. 
 
 Below, keekxvillie. 
 
 Belt, lasanjel. 
 
 Berries, <?/////>. 
 Best, f//> /{'/^j//<.. 
 Bird, kallakala. 
 Biscuit, lehishivee. 
 Bitter, /-///i/. 
 Black, >t/a/f. 
 Blackberries, klikaninks. 
 Blanket, pascesie. 
 Blind, halo seahhost. 
 Blood, //i^//. 
 
 Blow out, mamook poh. 
 
 Blue, >(•/«/<?. 
 
 Blunder, to, tseepic. 
 
 Board, plank, /a//,;.//. 
 
 Boat, boat. 
 
 Boil, to, ///)//}». 
 
 Bone, stone. 
 Borrow, to, ayahwhul. 
 Both, ktinamoxt. 
 Bottle, /a<5otf//. 
 Bow, opitlkegk. 
 Bowl, ooskan. 
 Box, lacaset. 
 
54 
 
 Tlil: OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE, 
 
 P 
 
 Bracelet, kite kwal lie. 
 
 Brave, skookum tumtum. 
 
 Bread, h-pati. 
 
 Break, to, kokshnt. 
 
 Breasts, totoosh. 
 
 Bridle, lableed. 
 
 Bright, to'd<a^h. 
 
 Broad, k/nkiil/i. 
 
 Broom, bloom. 
 
 Brother, elder, kahpo. 
 
 Brother, younj^er, ffiv, 
 
 Brotiier-in-law, ekkeh. 
 
 Buci<et, tamolitsh. 
 
 Buffalo, moos moos. 
 
 Bullet, lehal, kalitan. 
 
 Bundle, kow. 
 
 But, pe. 
 
 Butter, totoosh lakUss, 
 
 Buttons, tsiltsil. 
 
 Buy, to, mahkook. 
 
 By -and -by, ivinap'c, alkie. 
 
 C. 
 
 Candle, lashaudd, glease piah. 
 
 Carrot, lacalat. 
 
 Carry, to, lolo. 
 
 Cart, tsiktsik. 
 
 Cat, pusspnss, pishpish. 
 
 Cataract, tunnvata. 
 
 Cattle, moosmoos. 
 
 Certainly, naivitka. 
 
 Chain, lashen, chikamin lope. 
 
 Chair, lashase. 
 
 Cheat, to, lalah. 
 
 Chicken, tenas lapool. 
 
 Chief, tyee. 
 
 Child, tenas. 
 
 Clams, ona. 
 
 Clear up, chahko klah. 
 
 Cloth (cotton), sail. 
 
 Cloud, smoke. 
 
 Coat, capo. 
 
 Coffee, caupy. 
 
 Cold, cole. 
 
 Comb, comb. 
 
 Come, to, ihahco. 
 
 Confess, to, yicm. 
 
 Conjuring, tamahnous. 
 
 Cook, to, mamook piah. 
 
 Copper, /// chikamin. 
 
 Cord, tenas lope. 
 
 Corn, esalth. 
 
 Cotton cloth, sail. 
 
 Cough, hohhoh. 
 
 Count, to, mamook kwunnum. 
 
 Cousin. See Siste*- and Brother. 
 
 Coyote, talapiis. 
 
 Crazy, pelton. 
 
 Cream-coloured, Icclem. 
 
 Crooked, kiw.i. 
 
 Cross, lacloa. 
 
 Crow, kahkah. 
 
 Cry, to, cly. 
 
 Cup, ooskan. 
 
 Curly, hunlkih. 
 
 Cut, to, tlkope. 
 
 D. 
 
 Dance, to, tanse. 
 
 Dark, polaklie. 
 
 Day, sun. 
 
 Dead, mimaloose^ memaloost. 
 
 Deaf, ikpooie kwillan. 
 
DICTIONARY, 
 
 55 
 
 Different, huloima. 
 Difficult, knlL 
 Diji. to, mamook illahie. 
 Die, mimaloose. 
 Dime, bit^ or mit. 
 Do, to, mamook. 
 Doctor, doctin. 
 Dog, kamooks. 
 Dollar, r/t;//<i, or tahia. 
 Door, lapote. 
 Down stream, mimie. 
 Drink, to, muckamuck. 
 Drive, to, kishkiih. 
 Drunk, pahtlum. 
 Dry, </t'/j'. 
 Duck, kwehk-iveh. 
 Dust, polallif. 
 
 E. 
 
 Eagle, chakchak. 
 Ear, k'iiolann. 
 Early, /^waj j«m. 
 Earn, to, /t?/<?. 
 Earth, illahie. 
 Eat, to, muckamuck. 
 KgiJj ^<?.ya/, /^ct;^. 
 Eight, stotekin. 
 Elk, moolock. 
 Enclosure, kullagh, 
 English, Kinchautsh. 
 Enough, /4?>«, /^tj/^/. 
 Entrails, kiyagh. 
 Evening, /^//^j polaklie. 
 Every, konaway. 
 Exchange, htiyhuy. 
 Eyes, seahhost. 
 
 F. 
 
 Face, seahhost. 
 
 Falsehood, kliminwhit. 
 
 Far, j/fl//. 
 
 Fast (quick), hyak. 
 
 Fast (tight), /(7i7///. 
 
 Fasten, to, koriv. 
 
 Fat, please. 
 
 Father, papa. 
 
 Fathom, Ulan, 
 
 Fear, kxvass. 
 
 Fence, kulla^h. 
 
 Fetch, to, mamook chahko. 
 
 Fever, •vaum-sick. 
 
 Few, /t-zMj. 
 
 Fight, to, kahdena, mamook 
 solleks. 
 
 Fight with fists, mamook puk- 
 pitk. 
 
 Figured (as calico), tzum. 
 
 File, la lee m. 
 
 Fill, to, mamook pahtl. 
 
 Find, to, /(-/r?/. 
 
 Fingers, ledoo. 
 
 Fire, //V?//. 
 
 First, ^///). 
 
 Fish, pish. 
 
 Fishhook, ikkik. 
 
 Five, kwinnum. 
 
 Flea, jo/i?// e napoo. 
 
 Flesh, ithvillie. 
 Flint, kilitsut. 
 Flour, sapolill. 
 Fly, to, kaiuak. 
 Fog, smoke. 
 Food, mtukamttck. 
 Fool, foolish, pelton. 
 
56 
 
 THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE. 
 
 Foot, Upee. 
 
 For ever, kwanesum. 
 
 Forget, to, mahlie, koptt kum- 
 
 tuks. 
 Fork, lapoushi't. 
 Formerly, ahnknttie. 
 Four, lakit. 
 Fowl, la pool. 
 French, pasiooks. 
 Friend, sikks. 
 Frog, schivakiik. 
 Fry, to, maiiiook lapoel. 
 Frying-pan, lapoel. 
 Full, pahtl. 
 Fun, heekee. 
 
 G. 
 
 Ciallop, to, kwalalkwalal. 
 
 Gamble, to, keehee limak. 
 
 Gather, to, kokumelk. 
 
 Get, to, iskum. 
 
 Get out, tnaksk. 
 
 Get up, gct-ttp, or ket-op. 
 
 Ghost, skookuin. 
 
 Gift, cultus potlatsk. 
 
 Give, io, potlatsk. 
 
 Glad, kwann. 
 
 Go, to, klata'oa. 
 
 God, sagkalie tyee. 
 
 Gold, pil chikamin. 
 
 Good, kloshe, or klose. 
 
 Good-bye, klahowya. 
 
 Goods, iktah. 
 
 Goose, whuyivhuy, kalakalak- 
 
 ma. 
 Grandfather, chope. 
 Grandmother, ckitsh. 
 
 Grass, tipso. 
 Grease, ji^lease, lakless. 
 Green, pcckugk. 
 Grey, grey horse, Uj^Uy, 
 Grizzly bear, siam. 
 Ground, illahie. 
 Grouse, smoksmok. 
 Gun, musket, suhuialal. 
 
 II. 
 Hair, yakso. 
 Half, sitkum. 
 Hammer, Icmahto. 
 Hand, lemah. 
 Handkerchief, hakatshum. 
 Hard, kull. 
 Hare, kwitshadie. 
 Harrow, to, maiiiook comb illa- 
 hie. 
 Hat, seakpo, seahpolt. 
 Haul, haul. 
 Hay, lily tipso. 
 He, his, yahka, yaka. 
 Head, latet. 
 Heart, turn turn. 
 Heaven, sagkalie illahie. 
 Heavy, ////. 
 
 Help, to, mamook elann. 
 Here, yukiva. 
 Hide, to, ipsoot. 
 High, sagkalie, sahhalie. 
 Hit, to, kwuPh. 
 Hoe, lapeosh. 
 Hog, cosho. 
 Hole, klaivhap. 
 Holiday, hias Sunday. 
 Horn, stone. 
 
I 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 X- 
 
 4 
 
 Horse, kiutan. 
 
 House, house. 
 
 How, kahta. 
 
 How are you ? klahowya f 
 
 How many ? kunjik ? kunsik f 
 
 Hundred, tukamonuk. 
 
 Huny:ry, oh. 
 
 Hunt, ku'iti. 
 
 Hurr)-, /mo/i, hyak. 
 
 I. 
 
 I, nika. 
 
 If, spose. 
 
 In, ^'^/rt. 
 
 Indian, siwash. 
 
 In shore, mahtwillie. 
 
 Iron, chikamin. 
 
 It, yahka. 
 
 J. 
 
 Jealous, j/r/^ tttmtum. 
 Jump, to, sopena. 
 
 K. 
 
 Kamass-root, iakamass. 
 
 Kettle, ketling. 
 
 Kick, to, chukkin. 
 
 Kill, to, marnook mimaloose, 
 
 kwitl, koksfmt. 
 Kiss, to, <J,f/;^^. 
 Knife, opitsah. 
 Knock, to, >{v/&c7. 
 Knotty, hunlkik. 
 Know, to, kuvituks. 
 
 L. 
 
 Lake, /a^^. 
 
 Lame, ^•^i?/t teahwit. 
 
 S7 
 
 Language, lalan^. 
 Large, /^ydtj. 
 Lately, r//<?A 
 Laugli, //^M^rf. 
 Lazy, /a«)'. 
 Leap, to, sopena. 
 Leaf, /"//j^, tupso. 
 Lean, to, /a^'//. 
 Leave, to, mahsh. 
 Leave off, to, kopet. 
 Leg, teahwit. 
 
 Lend, to, ayah-vhul. 
 Lick, to, kiak7oun. 
 Lie, to, kliminwhit. 
 Like, kahkiva. 
 Like, to, tike^h. 
 Little, /e-m/j. 
 Long, youtlkut. 
 Long ago, ahnknttie. 
 Look, to, uanitsh. 
 Look here ! «a//. 
 
 Looking-glass, shelokiim. 
 
 Loose, j/tj//. 
 
 Lose the way, /W<?, /iv<r//^ rt'oy- 
 
 Love, to, ///t^^/i. 
 
 M. 
 
 Magic, tamahmvjus. 
 Maize, wa////. 
 Make, to, marnook. 
 Man, wa«. 
 Many, ^^?«. 
 iMarry, to, malieh. 
 Mass (ceremony), lamesse. 
 Mast, shipstick. 
 
' 
 
 58 
 
 TJ/£ OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE. 
 
 m 
 
 Mat, kliskiviss. 
 Mattock, lapeosh. 
 Measure, to, tahnim. 
 Meat, itlwillie. 
 Medicine, lamestin. 
 Mend, to, niamook tipolim. 
 Metal, chikamin. 
 Middle, katsuk- 
 Midnight, sitknm polaklie. 
 Milk, totoosh. 
 Mill, moola. 
 Mind, the, tnmtnm. 
 Minister, leplet. 
 Miss, to, tseepie. 
 Missionary, leplet. 
 Mistake, to, tseepie^ tsolo. 
 Mocassins, skinshoes. 
 Molasses, melass. 
 Money, chikamin. 
 Month, moon. 
 Moon, moon. 
 More, weght. 
 Mosquito, melakwa. 
 Mother, mama. 
 Mountain, lamonti. 
 Mouse, hoolhool. 
 Mouth, laioos. 
 Much, hyu. 
 Mule, lemel. 
 Musket, musket. 
 Mussels, toluks. 
 My, mine, nika. 
 
 N. 
 
 Nails, lecloo. 
 Name, nem. 
 
 Near, wake siah. 
 
 Neck, lee 00. 
 
 Needle, keepwot. 
 
 Negro, nigga. 
 
 New, chee. 
 
 Night, polaklie. 
 
 Nine, kwaist, or kiveest. 
 
 No, not, wake. 
 
 Noise, latlah. 
 
 None, halo. 
 
 Nonsense, ctdtus wawa. 
 
 Noon, sitkum sun. 
 
 Nose, nose, lenay. 
 
 Notwithstanding, keghtchie. 
 
 Now, alta. 
 
 Nuts, tukwilla. 
 
 O. 
 Oak, kull stick. 
 Oar, lalahm, laltim. 
 Oats, lawen. 
 Off, klak. 
 
 Off-shore, inahtlinnie. 
 Oil, glease. 
 Old, oleman. 
 Old woman, lammieh. 
 One, ikt. 
 Open, hahlakl. 
 Opposite to, inati. 
 Or, pe. 
 
 Order, to, mahsh tumttim. 
 Other, htiloima. 
 Our, nesika. 
 
 Out of doors, klaghanie. 
 Ox, moosmoos. 
 Oyster, chetlo^ kloghklogh. 
 
DICTIONARY, 
 
 59 
 
 P. 
 
 Paddle, iskk. 
 
 Paddle, to, mamook iskk. 
 
 Paint, peut. 
 
 Paper, papeh, pehpah. 
 
 Pay, pay. 
 
 Peas, lepaoah. 
 
 People, tilliktims. 
 
 Perhaps, klonas. 
 
 Petticoat, kalak'iuahtie. 
 
 Piebald, lekye. 
 
 Pin, kivek'iviens. 
 
 Pipe, lapeep. 
 
 Pitch, lagome. 
 
 Plate, lasut. 
 
 Pleased, yootl. 
 
 Plough, leshalloo. 
 
 Plough, to, klngh illahie. 
 
 Pole, lapehsh. 
 
 Poor, klaho7uyit>n, halo ikta. 
 
 Pork, cosho. 
 
 Potato, 7vappaioo. 
 
 Pour, to, ivagh. 
 
 Powder, polallie. 
 
 Prairie wolf, talapus. 
 
 Piesently, alkie^ winapie. 
 
 Pretty, toketie. 
 
 Priest, leplet. 
 
 Proud, yootl, kiuetlh. 
 
 Provided that, spose. 
 
 Pull, haul. 
 
 Quarter, (enas sitkum. 
 Quarter-dollar, kzcunta. 
 Quick, hyak. 
 Quills, tepeh. 
 
 R. 
 
 Rabbit, kwitshadie. 
 
 Rain, snass. 
 
 Rattle, shugh. 
 
 Rattle-snake, shttgh-opoots. 
 
 Reach, to, ko. 
 
 Red, pil. 
 
 Relate, to, yiem. 
 
 Return, to, kelapi. 
 
 Ribbon, leloba. 
 
 Rice, Ike. 
 
 Rifle, calipeen. 
 
 Ring, a, kiveokioeo. 
 
 Ripe, piah. 
 
 River, chuck. 
 
 Road, way hut ^ wakot. 
 
 Roan, sandelie. 
 
 Roast, mamook lapellah. 
 
 Roasted, lapellah, appola. 
 
 Rock, stone. 
 
 Rope, lope. 
 
 Rotten, poolie. 
 
 Round, lolo. 
 
 Rudder, boat opoots. 
 
 Rum, lum. 
 
 Run, cooley, koolie. 
 
 S. . 
 
 Sack, lesak. 
 Saddle, lasell. 
 
 Saddle-housings, lepishcmo. 
 Sail, sailf sel. 
 Sailor, shipmon. 
 Salmon, salmon, sahvtun. 
 Salt, salt. 
 Sand, polallie. 
 Sash, lasanjel. 
 
6o 
 
 rjIE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE. 
 
 Saw, lag^vin, lasee. 
 
 Say, to, 7vawa. 
 
 Scissors, leseezo. 
 
 Sea, salt chuck. 
 
 Seal, olhiyiiy shuash cosho. 
 
 See, to, nanitsh. 
 
 Sell, to, mahkook. 
 
 Seven, sinamoxt. 
 
 Sew, to, mamook tipshin. 
 
 Shake, to, toto, hullel. 
 
 Shame, shem. 
 
 Sharp, yahkisilth. 
 
 Sharpen, to, mamook tsish. 
 
 She, her, yahka. 
 
 Sheep, lemooto. 
 
 Shell-money, small, coopcoop ; 
 
 large, hykwa. 
 Shingle, lehahdo. 
 Shining, io'ivagh. 
 Ship, ship. 
 Shirt, shut. 
 Shoes, shoes. 
 
 Shoot, to, mamook poo y kivitl. 
 Short, ytiteskut. 
 Shot, shot, tenas lebal. 
 Shout, to, hyas wawa. 
 Shovel, lapell. 
 Shut, to, ikpooie. 
 Sick, skk. 
 Sift, toto. 
 Silk, lasway. 
 Silver, Ckope chikamin. 
 Similar, kahkwa. 
 Since, kir'ta. 
 Sing, to, shantie. 
 Sister, elder, kahp'ho ; younger, 
 
 ats. 
 
 Sit, to, mitlite. 
 Six, toghitm. 
 Skin, skin. 
 Skunk, hum opoots. 
 Sky, koosagh. 
 Slave, eliteh, mistshiinus. 
 Sleep, nioosum. 
 Slowly, klahwa. 
 Small, tenas. 
 Smell, a, huvim. 
 Smoke, smoke. 
 Snake, oluk. 
 Snow, snoru, cole snass. 
 Soap, soap. 
 Soft, klimmin. 
 Sorry, sick tumtum. 
 Soul, tumtum. 
 Sour, k7uates. 
 Spade, lapell. 
 Speak, to, uiawa. 
 Spill, to, ivagh. 
 Spirits, lum. 
 Split, tsugh. 
 Split, to, mamook tsugh. 
 Spectacles, dolla siahhost. 
 Spit, to, mamook to. 
 Spoon, spoon. 
 Spotted, lekye, tzum. 
 Squirrel, sk^uiskwis. 
 Stab, to, klemahtin. 
 Stand, to, mittvhit. 
 Stars, tsiltsil, klaseess. 
 Stay, to, mitlite. 
 Steal, to, kapsualla. 
 Steam, smoke. 
 Steamer, piah ship. 
 Stick, stick. 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 6i 
 
 Stink, /i«//«, hutnm. 
 
 Stirrup, sitlay. 
 
 Stockings, slacken, kushis. 
 
 Stone, stone. 
 
 Stop, kopet. 
 
 Store, -tnahkook house. 
 
 Story, ekahnani. 
 
 Straight, delate, sipah. 
 
 Strawberries, amoteh. 
 
 Strong, skooktim. 
 
 Sturgeon, stutchun. 
 
 Sugar, lesook, shtigah, shukwa. 
 
 Summer, 'oatttn illahee. 
 
 Sun, sun. 
 
 Sunday, Sunday. 
 
 Sunset, klip sun. 
 
 Suppose, spose. 
 
 Swan, kahloke. 
 
 Sweep, to, mamook bloom. 
 
 Sweet, tsee. 
 
 Swim, sitshum. 
 
 T. 
 
 Table, latahh. 
 
 Tail, opoots. 
 
 Take, to, iskum. 
 
 Take care ! klosh nanitsh ! 
 
 Take off, or away, mahsh, ma- 
 
 tnook klak. 
 Tale story, yiem, ehkahnem. 
 TaiK, iva'ioa, luauwau. 
 Tame, kwass. 
 Tea, tea. 
 
 Teach, to, mamook kumtuks. 
 Tear, to, klugh. 
 Teeth, let ah. 
 Tell, to, wawa. 
 
 Ten, tahtlum, tahtlelum. 
 
 Thank, mahsie. 
 
 That, okoke. 
 
 That way, yahwa. 
 
 There, yahwa, kopah. 
 
 They, klaska. 
 
 Thick (as molasses), pitlilh. 
 
 Thin (as a board), pewhattie. 
 
 Thing, iktah. 
 
 Think, tiimtttm. 
 
 This, okoke. 
 
 This way, ytik~oa. 
 
 Thou, they, mika. 
 
 Thread, klapite. 
 
 Three, klone. 
 
 Throw away, mahsh. 
 
 Tide, high, saghalie chuck. 
 
 Tide, low, keekwillie chuck. 
 
 Tie, to, kovj. 
 
 Tight, kivtitl. 
 
 Tinware, malah. 
 
 Tip, to, lagh. 
 
 Tired, //'//, full. 
 
 To, towards, kopa. 
 
 Tobacco, kinootl, kinoos. 
 
 To-morrow, tomolla. 
 
 Tongue, lalang, lalan. 
 
 Trail, track, luaykut. 
 
 Trap, lapeashe. 
 
 Tree, stick. 
 
 Tree, fallen, whim stick. 
 
 Trot, to, tehtsh. 
 
 Trousers, sakoleks. 
 
 True, delate. 
 
 Tub, tamolitsh. 
 
 Twine, tenas lope, klapite. 
 
 Two, twice, mokst. 
 
62 
 
 THE OREGON TRADE LANGUAGE. 
 
 11' 
 
 ■1 1 
 
 IIm. 
 
 u. 
 
 Uncle, tot. 
 
 Under, keekwillie. 
 
 Understand, kumttiks. 
 
 Untamed, lemolo. 
 
 Untie, mamook stoh, mahsh kow, 
 
 mamook klak. 
 Up, saghalie. 
 Upset, to, kelapi. 
 Us, nesika. 
 
 V. 
 
 Venison, mowitsh. 
 Very, hyas. 
 Vessel, ship. 
 Vest, lawest. 
 Vomit, to, wagh. 
 
 W. 
 
 Waggon, tsiktsik, chikchik, 
 
 "Wander, to, tsolo. 
 
 Want, to, tikegh. 
 
 Warm, waum. 
 
 Wash, to, mamook wash. 
 
 Watch, a, tiktik. 
 
 Water, chuck, %vata. 
 
 Waterfall, tumwata, ttimchuck. 
 
 We, nesika. 
 
 Weigh, to, mamook till. 
 
 Wet, pahtl chtick. 
 
 Whale, ehkolie, kwaddis. 
 
 What, iktah^ kahta. 
 
 Wheat, sapolill. 
 
 Wheel, tsiktsik, chikchik. 
 
 When, kansik, kunjuk. 
 Where, kah. 
 Whip, Icwhet. 
 White, fkope. 
 Who, klaksta. 
 Whole, lolo. 
 Why, kahta. 
 
 Wicked, mesahchie, peshuk. 
 White, klukulh. 
 Wild, lemolo. 
 Will, purpose, tumtum. 
 Willow, eena-stick. 
 Win, to, tolo. 
 Wind, 7vin, tvind. 
 Winter, cole illahie. 
 Wipe, to, klakwun. 
 Wire, chikamin lope. 
 Wish, to, tikegh, tikeh. 
 With, kopa. 
 
 Without (not having), halo. 
 Wolf, leloo. 
 Woman, klootshman. 
 Woman, old, lamieh. 
 Wood, stick. 
 Wooden, stick. 
 Work, to, mamook. 
 Worn out, oleman. 
 Worthless, cultus. 
 Wound, to, klemahun. 
 Write, to, mamook papeh, ma- 
 mook tziitn. 
 
 Y. 
 
 Year, ikt cole. 
 Yellow, kaivkawak. 
 
DICTIONARY. . 
 
 Yes, ahha, eyeh, \r 
 
 Yes indeed. L.//.i-.. I ^°;;/°7 ^P''^' '"-'■^^ «ee 
 
 Yesterday .../J/X-/., tahnkie. ikt YoLtuL 
 sun ahnktutie. s. «♦*. 
 
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 Third Edition^ Crown 87'^, Clothe 6s. 
 
 PRACTICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 A WORK ON 
 
 PREPARING THE MEMORY, DEV^ELOPING 
 QUICKNESS OF PERCEPTION, AND 
 TRAINING THE CONSTRUC- 
 TIVE FACULTIES. 
 
 By CHARLES G. LP:LAND. 
 
 A Kthor of " The Minor A rts," ' ' TuuuW Manuals oj Art W 'ork" " The A Ibunt 
 
 of Ri-poussi^ Work" fnJusfrial Art in Education, or Circular 
 
 No. 4, 1882," " Hints on Self-Education" etc. 
 
 Mr. Lrland was the first person to introduce Industrial Art as a branch of 
 educaiion in the pnl)lii: schools of America. The Hiirean of Education at Wash- 
 ington, observing the success of his work, employed him in 1862 to write a pam- 
 phlet showing how hand-work could be taken or taught in schools and families. 
 It is usual to issue only 15,000 of these pamphlets, but so great was the demand 
 for this that in two years after its issue more than 60,000 were given to applicants. 
 This work will be found greatly < nlarged in " Practical Education." Owing to it 
 thousands of schools, classes, or clubs of industrial art were established in Eng- 
 land, America and Austria. As at present a great demand exists for information 
 as to organizing Technical Education, this fjrms the first part of the work. In it 
 the author indicates tliat all the confusion and difference of opinion which at pre- 
 sent prevails as to this subject, may very easily be obvialed by simply beginning 
 liy teaching the youngest the easiest arts of which they are capable, ami by 
 thence gradually leading them on to more advanced work. 
 
 "The basis of Mr. Leland's theory," >ays a reviewer, '"is that before learning, 
 children should acipiire the art of learning. It is nut enough to fill ihe memory, 
 memory must first be created. Hy training I'hi'drcn to merely memor'ze, e.vtra- 
 ordinary power in this respect is to be attained in a few months. With tins 
 is associated e.\ercises in quickness of perception, which are at first purely 
 mechanical, and range from merely training the eye to mental arithmetic, and 
 
 Eroblems in all branches of education. Memory and quickness of perception 
 lend in the development of the constructive fai.nilties or hand-work Attention 
 or interest is the final factor in this system." 
 
 ' ' Mr. Lelanifs hook will have a wide circulation. It deals with the whole sub- 
 ject in such a do7v>iright practical fashion, and is so much the res7ilt of long 
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Classical.,,,,! lui„calio„al WoH- 
 
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 31 
 
 
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