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Thoae too large to be entirety included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand comer, left to right and top to bonom. as many framee aa required. The following diagrama iiluatrate the method: Lee cartea. planchea. tableaux, etc. , pauvent dtre fllmte A dea taux de rMuction diff^rents. Lorsque la document eat trop grand pour fttre raproduit en un seul ciich4. il eat filmA i partir da Tangle sup^rieur gauche, de gauche i droite. et de haut an baa. en prenant la nombre d'imeges nicessaira. Lea diagrammes suivants illustrcnt la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 (Front Cafuidiivi Xat/iru/isf Vol. A' h'o. j.) 4^ THE RELATIONS or THE NATURAL SCIENCES. r.v T Stki(i;v Hint. LL. D . (Cantiil) .) F.ItS. (The !'reni(lent'.s adUri'S.- Ijetmc mo MitljeiiiaUcil. l'hj. togotlKr ii^ one which should ojark a uiw dcp.irturf \u the iiittHectual historj of Ciinada. Seiorice and letters find but Cow votarich in a country like ihis, where the best eueryie.s of its thiukeis are necessarily directed to devising tiie best ineanstjfi^ubduin^ the wilderness, opening the wavH ofcouiinunication, iiupniviiii; agriculture, building up indus- tries, and establishing upon a proper basis sciiools in which the youtii of the country may be instructed in tiiose arts and pro- fessions which are among the lirst needs of civilized .society. The teachers under such conditions can do little more than interpret to their pupiK .so much of the wisdom of the past, and of con- u-mporary science, as may .suffice for the immediate want>< of the country, and will have but scanty lei.-ure for original investigation in the Held of knowledi;e. There are however never wantiri" earnest and curious minds who feel an almost irresistible impulse t of man and iiatun;. To fo.ster tills spirit, to encourage Iln beginnings, and to extend the influ- ence of its example, should be the aim of wise .statemen and legislators who seek U) elevate their kind and ennoble their nation : knowing that the brightest glorio and tlie most enduring honors of a country are tiio.se which come from it,s thinkers and its scholar,-. Thi^ wiiiid'.^ intellectual work' r> .ir.;, fnim tin; very n iture of their livc> iif thought :nil ^t'l'ly, ~i'p;ir;ite>] in ^ouie ileiireo fruiu the in,i?-s i)f nuiikimi. Thi y f'oel liuvvivr ii-it less than nthers the tn ril if 1 iiiliali -yiiijiilhy ilfi'l cijnper aio.i, :,iiii ii\it nt' this need havr L,'riiwii ,ic I'i' luies ud Ii'.iiiimI -.ieii;i..-! .K;vut( J tu the ciiltiwttiim of I.'tt! r.> ;iii(l mI' siiciiei'. 'I'll ■ n onrds of these boilie.- ill Flon:nec, in Roin' , i! I'.Jiis. in lion loii. luul elsewhere, lire the recorJ.s of sci<'!ititie pro-re~s f"i- 'lie ! i>i liir'-e' cttiiiiries. Sneh lioilie.- 'Ill let er.iti' tl;iiikr:-^ iii'.i Work i'-. but tiiiy ^ivt; to tlieni :. -eielliitie h^ine, ;i e -utre of influi'IiCe,, ,11, li tile IM ■ UI.1 't' •II ikiiii: known to tin.' woiM tlie r-sults of their 'ahors. It wa^ with .. wi>r loH'thoiii:;ht llit iie'n il.aii .1 1/ iitmy ~iiice Franklin .iinl his fi iei, 1> f'Tnie.! .t Phifeh Ij.hi ^ lie' Aiii-rieaii Pliilosojihical Siiei>ey. Its j.'iinliii^ then seem .i premature, hut its vigorous urowth ilurinj; ■: eentury If.s set V' ij to show that the seed was not too early •■■wii This, fow^v. r, iiiiiike m my of the academies ot' liie' ohi woivl lo whieh we 1; iv ■ advert d. h id no formal neo/iiitiiiii from the >t:iti . and th v i-aiU'' a permd in the l^'rowth I''.' the Aiie ri.'ati I'lami wh/n the- need "f .n nffici '■'■ -eien- tiiie body wa> fi It. Tims it w.is that nineteen y- ars a^o. m the midst ot' the irre.t eivil wat. the Aineiiea!, CoiiLrress .uthonzial •he ereetion nt' a .Nation i Aead.eiiiy oi' .-^eieiues m wiiieh, :- an American eitizen. 1 have the honor to belong. The aim proposi d in founditi^ this Academy was to '_'ith''r together what w i> b--t ;ind hi'j;he-t in the scientific life oi the nation, ind ninreov.r, to orij;aiii/.i' a Imdy of eouiieillor,- to ,'.liieh the • x> eutive luiliority could ..Iwa.y.- loiik for livico and direction in -i.'i iitilh' mi't'Ts relatiri- to the int'Tc-is o!' the State, In tii t \ei.leiny -'' first coiisi.-lin^ ot' tifty. and now [iractieiil'v limited to . ,],• hundred members 1,1 uuinbi r which .1 ii i> not yet ,ilt lined)- — t.he domain ot' letters i.- iinrepresk-nti d , while :hc ll(tyal Socii'ty ot' London '-in liki' m inner,- althoii-h -■cholars and statesmen Si" k the 'lonors ot' its jiilowship.- ■ >- nti d!y an .\i- oJemy of Seieii'-i -. Our infant organization att' mpl.- i '.ir.^- r p'an. and • nibi'ices A'ith the iiiathemalic.al and jdiy-ie.l -eii nei--. letter-, jihil >sojihy, and history, iniitatiu,:; the lloyai Iri-h Academy, wliich. lik. thi-, is divided into two cl.is.ses; -h,!! of the Sciences, on the on.- ' and, and that ot' Polite Literature .nd .V!,lii|uities on tin othiT. The lii-ti!uti' of Kiaiiee. niadr u|' 't' liv \e,i f mie>. iiiibr.ees •he Fine .Vrts in its ,till wid' r .'heme. Tlic second class of "Ur Society with its 'wo .sectioiii, aspire- io cover the same trmuiirl 1^ til- At' ill ni\ nf Sci«'nce.- nf ilii' I i.'^titufi- dt" l''r..n(.'r tli;' S(;i. tK'c (li\isiiin iil' tlr I^nyil Iri-li Ac ult my. tlii- lloyal Pooictv oi lidiidiiii, iriil tlic Nulii'iiu! A.f uli iii\ ni' Scirot'i's ot thf I'nitfd St:it(>. 'I'lir Iwii sfc;ioiis intii «!iic-li "in -ir..n(l el i-s i> iinw ilividcil. ii:iiii('I\ III. iDclinliiiL: M;it!i'-iiKitic. I'li_\~ic iitiiI ('hcmi-lry, •nui I\'. iiiiliraeiiit: Hiol(ii:y njil (iinlu^y. :iri'. in itnir liin-; iinil tlnir oli|i'Ct-, clii.-i-lv r''l;iti-il t'l iMcli o;li' r. und wiil ■iv -'pirit ^tal)lisli in tin' litrr.iry d p irt'ii'-nt of i!ii- Miciitty a n.ittiral divi>iiin int > two Mcticn-. In tl,- d [iiitin'Mit nl' tin- scirMccs, hiiwcvi'f, tli(r.' i^ nil n turii li i^i- I'nr : >iiiiil:ir divi>ioii. :ind it will iir.ihdily In' t'umil in tic iicir futai'' t'l it sulijcct- id' cnm- inoti inti-!(',-it will di'a\v ni'irc and ni'H''' clu.-^cly toLT' tlnT nur two section- until, a- in tlii- vai; ni- -oci'-tics wliicli w.- Iimvc niiiicd, tlic distiiH't'oti b'twcn inaMc in itic d. ji'iV-icd and ehciiiieal studi'S on till' nil- li ind. i-nd '.-••'oIolmc :1 and I iiilo.ric d studio> on till' otlicr, will he !(i-t -ijlit ol li -ccni- to uic tlicndiU'c fittiiiLT tliat W(^ should in thi- tiiii • and phipo consider tlio uiutu d nl.itioiis of till >c two divi-ioii- md iiii|iiire int> tiic v due of the distirictiori> upon which thev },av. hcen tiiscd. AjLirl IVoni |.i;i-i' in :thein:it ic. \\ hicli i- b i-cd ujion our intu ition.'- of s[).('c, the >ciiiK"-- which now concein us liave to do vit li mat' ri d nature, and are proj erly caii'd natur il sci.'nces. It is not their jirovince to look behind or beyoiil the mit'-rlil World ol' n iturc, nor to -r;iji|>lc with the iny-tery of the Inlinitc with which, ill the l:;>t a.'nly>is, the inijuirer alw ly- find- liiniselt' i'ace to I'lcc Our various iiifta]ihvsical system- are sidicmes which men h ive d'vised t" solve tlii< iniuhtv prohleui, :ind to tr itisj ite into inti'lli::ible lin^u 'LTc their effort- to eouiprchcnd it. What We call NalUli' l- :it once ,'1 in Ult'e :illd :! Veil in wllildl tll(! S[iirit tial both clothes mid conccids itself. "1 weave," (Joetbe iii iko> the world-spirit s.iy, '■ the liviicj 'jaiiiient of the Deity." Tlii< jihrasc embodies .-i jiroloiind truth. All nature is livitiLr; it is, as tiiC word lidliiril itself, eijually with its (iieck eijlli V.dellt. Jilti^sin. implie-, that whicli is urowiiiL'. the perpotudlv-bceoming or beiiiL' born ; and this sense, whicli un(b'rli(!s etymolojrically tlu' words nutiir il and plii/xiinl, should never be lost siirht of. It i,s a cotiiujoii repro icii in the mouth- of certain civilhrs at science thai it does Tint expl.iiii tin beginning- of life in m itter. Thnt f! plant .'iiid thr miraal art- livio'j:, is ovidont to tln^tn, but they iss\iiEi' that the air. the w.it^r and the earth, the olemint.-* frim winch tiic plant ltdws arid i> fed. arc dead , that life i.-^ a inysU^r- ious sniiietliint: which oonip'^ fri>m without, and i."* ixtraneous to the ortiatii.^m. Perhaps we may trace the oriirin of this con eeptiiy) to the ancient leuetnL which appears in more th .n one form, of a human body fashiimed nut nf dr.id matter and waiting: for vivifying breath or fire. Tlie student of inor<:aiiic nature, however. sofin learn- to reeojinizf the f let tfiat all matter i« instinct with a(!tivities and finds that a i^reit number of tliose processes which witc formerly rei;,irded .is functions of ori^aniziid bodies are redly common to these und to inor'i'anic m.ittor. The phenomena of ijravitation. of jiirht and of electricity, the diffusion :ind transpiration of jjases and lifjuids. tlie crystallof^cnic process, and the peculiar rel ition.s of (!olloids. are all, when riirhtly under- stood, manifestations ui' ener^'ics and ,ieti\ities which forbid us to speak of uiatter as de.id. To all of these dynamical for as they are Kcnerally called, phy-ical) activities of m.itter. supervenetho.se processes which we name (chemical, and which Lrive rise to new and specifically distinct inorL'anic forms The attainintr of indi- viduality by matter, which has alw.ivs seemed to me tlw ijreatest step in the proLrre.ss of nature, is first seen in the erysi il. but therein the forces of matter are in .1 static condition, except so far as certain dynainie;d relations are concerned. It i> not until .solid matter rises from the cryst.dline to the liiirher condition of the colloid, that it becomes cap.ible <>f absorption, diffusion .and even of .assimilation . tli.at. in a word, it as-umes relations to the e'xtcr- n.al world which >^how that it possesses an individuality hiirber th.in the crystal, and is. in fact, endowed with many of the activities belonu'in^' to tho.se mas.ses oi' colloidal matter which biologists have a^^rci d to call livino-. In the.se phenomena we li.ive the first developments of indivi- duality and of oriianizatioi;, and I think that the careful student who .'iideavours with a ^tronix mental Lirasp to seize the true relations of tliiuL's will see that we h.ave here t<< do, not with a new activity from without, Init with a new and liiirher develop- ment of ,1 force which is inherent in matter, and thus manifests itself at a certain ^tau'e in ehemie^ji devtlopment. He will then, in the words of .i philosophi(t poet, •• Si-e tliroin;)] {][[< iiir Uii-- •" iaii .and tlii- ••artli. ,\11 mutter .)ui' k atiil I'lir'-tiriL: iiitn liirflj ' 5 The adjective, (juick, i.s lure to be 'Hider.-touii in \tt- primi- tive sunso of livinj,', :is (ippotrd to dead, ;iTid ipily defines tlie notion wliicli I have eudeavord to convey. All the eneri,'ie« Been in nature, are in this viiw, but niiinifestitions of the es.-M-n tial life or <}uickness of matter, whetlier displayed in tlu ..'oin iin of what are called dynamical or phy>ieii aetivitiis, in chl'Tuie il proccHses, or in the phenomiiia of irritability, a'^>irniiation. j^rowth .and reproduction wliieli we may eompreli •n-ivily dcsi.'- uatc as biotical. VV^hon we have attained to lhi> eoiierpiion of liylizoism. of i livini; maUrial univer.se, the n)y>tory of n iture i> >olv<'d. Tin- Cosmos i.s not, as ~om.' would have it, a vast machine woumi up and sit in motion with the certainty that it will run down like a clock, and arrive .at .a period of staj^nation and death. The modern theory of thermodynamic, thouirh jcrliaps true within its limitations, has not yet ;^ra>ped thi probLm of the universe. The force that ori;.^in.it. d and impelle'l. -u-tains, and is the Divine Spirit, which ••Lives througli all life, .-.M.-nils tljiMii-L all ■■.\triit. Spreails undivided, upcratfs iinsintit ' The law of birth, growth and decay, of endless chanjre and perpetual renewal, is everywhere .seen woikini: Ihiou^hout the Cosmos, in nebula, in world and in ~un, as in mck, in lurb and iu man, all of whieli are but pas>in^ phase.- in ih' •aidless circu- lation of the universe, in that perpetual new birth which we ciil Nature. This, it will be said, is thr poet's view ^f liu- external world, but it is at iIk ^ame lime the oia- which .-em- l" me tn be forced upoi us as the hii^hcst i;i^u>.ralization ol njodern science'. The study of Nature in it> details pro.-ent-. iiseif lo tin mii:d in a two-fold aspect, — a> historical and .as philosophic il. The first i. :;ives u^ -ysitmatie and di' .^criptive botany ai.'d /.oolo;j;y, with thi ir el issific itii'ij and their terminology, whil<' tiie phy>ioi;rapIiy of ih'- miner o kiiii^doin includes not only -yslematic and descriptive niinir .lii_'y, as j^.'-i- erally understood, but those branches of ^^olDj^y which we de-i;j,- nate as petrography and geognosy, or the i'wly of rhc constituents ati.'ii and tli.'ir distribution. of the enrth's crust, t!ieir a;j;gre Tlir .Hi;Coii(i a.«l>.vt ..J'tli. sfu.U-of nitiirt. win. I, w, |i;,v.. .j, si- n:.r.'(l MS pliil,.S(.f,I,io:il, rcfrnrds fl..- l.,-ic ,,( n.itiin . <.r wlmt the '.M.T wrihTS s,.ok.- of IS 0,.nmuru,urs appropriately t.Tin..(l X itiiral IMiilusophy, a .l.-i-natioi, ^^■hu•U is tli<' corr..lativ of N.tuial Fli^tury. With tin- ,wl]>'nl ..r.t-nly ill tliV^or-inic kinud..m>. wv miv lamili.-ir wM. i tl„ ii,„ir, ,,1' |,hv -inloHcal botany :nul |.hy>i..I..irical znol.wy. ui,l, h ,•,.,„•, m thrrn- K'lvfs with .•>ii..to!„y.„r':ano.:r;,phy. .in.l m..if,h,,l,,._ry, .„„] with tiie pr..cr.vsos f.f-n.wth. nutrition :,u>l -l.c.y ii. or-miz.-l oxi-t-nfcs Tl.(> n.it.iial phih.sopiiy of thr inor-anie world invsti- itr-. il,,; motions and tli.- on('r!:i''s of tlir iM'avmly !- .di, .. :i„,l t'l. n, r.wniii" down to our pl,n,a, co„,id. rs all the phenoiu na which cm ■ under thr hea.! of dynamic or physic. a< \v,ll a^ tho,- of cl.-nii^tiy Thrs,. virions activities to-etlier ■ con^titut.- tie' >-.-ul.r life of our pl:n.t. T\u■^ :.n- the -co-onic au'enoi-s which in the cour«,- ,.f a-.> have nmuhhd the i.iinr.l ma- of the t>arth, and Ironi primeval chaos h iv- evolv,,] i,, pivsrnt order, forne.l it. variou^ rocks tilh-d thr v.i„, i,, it. erust with netiis, ores, -.■Ml- ui.i -pir-. and d. t.rniin-d th ■ eonipisitin,, „f its waters and its atni..si,|„ ,•■ Tiev >till r -u: ,t,. alike ih ■ t r- re.«trial, thr oceanic .and iii.' aeri il ciiviil iti.,„. ;,|,1 jrvsid^' ovr the constant chinue and (he ,y hy whicli tie su: f,e ■ of t!e' .■uth IS incessantly reinw^ .1. ni.j th,. condirion- n.'oes^ ,ry t^, or-anic life arc niMiniaiiied/' * T.m. tlie p],y-iMi,,-ie ,! si'n.iy ,,f ti,u iiior-anie wui Id. or i'l other word-, it- n it.ir .1 phi! ., ,|,iiy,'i:iclu les in its seopr .t oncr theoretical astioii'.in; cid the.,r,tie .1 :;,.(, l,,_'y or L;e(i'_'eii y. Th. t^snf.jd divi>;,,M nhiel, ',,•. \yu aiup-.-d i„ the seieiititio cl .- o!' ,Mir 11 w ^oci.'iy d>. - .ir,i cirr ■-;.();, d ;,, t!i it wlur.li v,-.- Imv,; .in-t ,.,f f,,it!,; niiii.ly. of natural l,i-t ay on the one ii uhI and ii.-.tuial phi|..>nphy on th- other; iiory, t. ,,~ mi-ht at tir-i ~,rni to '' ''"■ <'•••'■• '■' '1^' "nor( r:iiii!iar(ii-ti:!eii,,i h twr, n iiior-a'>i(r a id "'';-•'"''■ "atuiv. Our ,- :etioa HI. 1,,, 1,,.,,,, ni .d.. to enihr.c, it i- Ini', much hnth o| the luiturii l,i-t,,iy and the n.tural philosophy of the inorjanir world, ineludinj h'M^ie. |, ly.ie. and chenii-tiy. hotu dcMTiptiu. and the,.retie,. a>tr..noni v. an.l mineralogy Thi- -:,ne- s.rtioM h,. al-i ha-i mail.- to inehidc •The DDiiiain of Physi.-Io-y. or N'atiir.- in Tleni-lit and I.anfrnaK'', !■>■ T Sterry flunt; Lnn.hm, K.iiiil.uri;)i and Uublin l'liih)s„i.hi,al' .M.u'a/iie' cfV ] xii 2.'!:i-2r,:;,) t'-i o. i^Imt, i.s81. ""'"'■,1 n'irncr, tlinu-l. In ;,. ... ' "" "' ''" 'i"IU iin ,>f «■* '1-1.1.™ ,.,,,,■,,, ''^;' ,''''''■■;»■''•-■''■■'•■ i...«i. '■7''™'""i--»i.K.„:,^, ;;;;:""■'•■■•'/':■''■•" • ""•''^'''> ••'like ti,.. \,tm.j r;; , ' ■''•|'-'"".„t „r hi.,!,,^,. -■ '■■■»■•>■■ r, t,.,.,, „„..|,„M .,1 ,t ;.. j, ' '"•"• ■'■■■■-» •I >i7'iir.if ^' ' •» I ''I'D ll.rv ,,.| : I -'"-'- t). relation, ,/t. '''^'•:^* ■'■''' ■'■ '" i-s ..tl,... '■"•e..„„Mo^ |„„„i '^" -'■""«' '!i'-...._^h tins Mo III < will b " "'" "" ""t'ev.l ,h,t in tir. h,-; ,■ ^'"' ""''■'■''' wants „rn,;. \ JT !" ^^'"''^'^ '" '- ^'ti.n t., ''^"J^"' """..•..n,. h„.,J tiioscoC ^:'^;v'--';i::::^:!.:;::;;^;';;:;';:,r ;; ..■ 'ulinm,t,ri,i ■.. _ : ^ '":":•'' "^ w' c!^ an ,n„.t Ihilt- "^"'"••' ^^i'l' tlie.e l„w..r ..n,|. in , i „, v " ^^'^ '"^"'•'''^ •'• J^O. H..niy, ,u„| MK-1, .,1, V .. """• ""•"'"■ ''"•■■' "- I— „, m..n ...,;,, ,.',:" ""^ "'^'-''!^y-JoMn.f;,r '"-'""^ l^'i-rs with li.I. '■""•>" '•^^^-''•''Ut pu,>u,.J-|„.i, '"t^"-" '■•■val i„.,.,lt In rl|. „ /•"'' ='°'^ '" '"-^l' '!""e 'l^.s ^-vl-'.e .n,i wi.lo,„ irn^p,; ;, : ' r V'" ^'^'" '"•^'• ■'t 1- -UC), M-k 8 "»v t.- thi -1^ wti" li ivi' itt nihil 111 tlif ili-cov.T) of thosf secTclrt wliicli h.'ivi' 1(1111 (iT ilir .Tciti^t Imiii fit to liuinanity. The ad -.rk lir-'t for trutli .ind for mi-' tl,;ii Ui llio.s<' who thus ni 'lUtlnli I- t( tlul w, ifi JU-tl At. Ml Ih tl 1|> 0(111)1 - till M-ik ull otlii-r fhiii;.'> -I, all h* »iijii T.nliiid Jt|i>i,;nuii uii'l |)r li-i kvortli} tu lahm l.i i xir.u;! the iiii't il f ihr lire, illil tltt* ho;i!iliu Iriiiii rom tin jil lilt, tii lub'luf the JfOW r> of flvctrici'v ii.d nl -t< un to tin -rrvici' of iiini. To iJi'Jsc who ittoiu tliifM 11(1- til. worl.i u'ivo it- >uh>.tanti il re nanls, bat far hi;:li iiiiir> ;iii iii>tin{ciouH- tiiat whatever of trutli i- tnadr known by their studies will Di i-tiM:; i^aiii to liiiiii tilt} . Tl lUf," to r(>pi'iit wor ull another occa-iou, It ever li ipp«'ns, lu aceoruancu witli tin use th th 1) nine ordir, that th' wnrki r uu St lose himself and his lower aim- in liis work, and in >u-JBnin;_' find his highest reward; for rlu' profit of his libor shall be, in thr lanj^ua^'c oi' one of old, to the -1. )f tin? (^reator .inl to the relief of man'.- estate ' Till- relations of (.'lu-inistrs ^/fj^UKSS^cy and Therapoiiticu, an aJ.irisift liifuie thi Ma-isaihus(!tti- (?cllcgt of I'liurnia' y, by T Sterry il lat lionton. 1H7'', i