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MACNAB, STEAM BOOK AND JOB PRINTER, 12 PRINCE ST., 1882. : ^^^Q)(gi^^^^)^^'^Q)(Qj^'^^Q)^^^^ c. n t TEREDO NAVAUS IN NOVA SCOTIA — MURPHY. 357 hiaLpr twenty- in this not reach teenth, and the last two between the twenty-second and twenty-third, or between the twenty-third and twenty-fourth h.'mnal spines, in other words upon the twenty-thi fourtli centrum, (I have specimens of both befo: case the last interhaemal spine is very short and the extremity of its posterior hu^mal spine. 72. The Lophius has no ribs. In conclusion,! would mention that the foregoing paper when read, was illustrated, by the disai'ticulates, which J powder, nourish- ibstanee nal, and I nee by hy the appears onsists ich the iheless 1 Lt onijfer first pel led r. It ivater, water eredo shall gal- only one quarter to half a milUuietre, it enlarges little by little, until it reaches a diameter of five nullinietres and more; as regards his length, and consecpieiitly that of tlie tube whie^incloses him, we have sometimes found it to bo tlnrty to foi^Bcenti metres. He never goes upward more than half way between tlie flow and ebb of the tide ; although the teredo is thus, for a short lime, partially above the water, yet it appears that the wood holds a sufficient amount of moisture to sustain his life teinpo- ra,rily. ' The researches of Kater have still further shown, what had ftlready been remarked by Sellius, that the Teredo can hibernat'J in the wocul, and that it is tbosv individuals, thus preserved,which in the spring go through with all the phenomena of reproduction — i. e., the formation of eggs, fecundation, development, and ex- pulsion of the young. "The part of the external integument- which constitutes the mantle deposits a calcareous matter, forming an interior lining to the gallery in the wood (fig.l2. f.) Between this calcareous cas- ing and the body of the animal there remains a space sufficient to prevent any inconvenience, at least during the act of respira- tion, for it is possible that when the Teredo absorbs w^ater, which serves for respiration, his body is distended, and fills exactly the calcareous tube. Tlio form of this tube, secreted little by little, corresponds exactly with that of the gallery, which has been slowly perforated in the wood ; it has the appearance, also, of a series of rings placed one against the other. As the animal pro- gresses a new ring is added to those which existed before, so that when the tube is closed at its extremity by a calcareous film, its length represents the total length of the animal, (fig. 12 ; b to c) Among the segments of the tube, those which are nearest the surface of the w^ood are the oldest and hardest ; in the interior of the wood, where the gallery ends (fig. 12, g), the calcareous ring, newly formed, is at first soft, flexible, and of slight consist- ency ; later, it becomes solid, and closes up the tube, as has been remarked by Sellius, " The calcareous tube, once formed, constitutes for each Teredo his own abode, where he isolates himself from his companions, 3G4 TEREDO NAVALIS IN NOVA SCOTIA — MURPHY. and has nothing to fear from their close proximity. One never sees a Teredo pierce the tbue of another. The tubes make their way side by side, and cross each other in every direction, but, 1)6 the wood Jibr so worm-eaten, there always remains a, woody wall, often vSP thin, it is true, between two adjoining tubes." I think this description by the Dutch Commission is so full and comprehensive, that it leaves but little to add to the mode of sustenance and attack of the animal, which is all I shall ad- vert to hei'e. Suffice it to say, that the characteristics so ex- plicitly described are largely if not fully applicable to the species of Teredo inhabiting our shores. Let us now return to a review of the habits and attacks of the Limnoria Lignorum, so destructive from Chedabucto Bay west- erly and along our Atlantic coast and the shores of the Bay of Fundy. The piece of pile alluded to taken from the old Club house wharf at Halifax, was sent to me by Mr. Peter Archibald, C. E., Resident Engineer of the Intercolonial Railway. It had been in the water seven years, — was 12 inches in diameter when placed there, and was reduced to six inches by the action of the Lim- norin. I received it just as it was taken out ; one could observe with the naked eye the Crustacea then living. I had it placed in sea water, and sent to Notman's Photographic establishment here to be photographed. The operator found no difficulty in obtaining a negative of the piece of wood which I produce, and enlarging it about four diameters. It was very difficult, how- ever, to find a single perfect specimen ; they all died when about one day from their abode in the harbour, and owing to their di- minutive size, they had so shrivelled up as not to be recogniz- able. Fortunately, Rev. Dr. Honeyman had a specimen which I obtained, and which is shewn enlarged about four or five diame- ters ; it is procured from the same neighbourhood. Two views are shewn, the dorsal and ventral. Owing to the vrey able and comprehensive description of the Limnoria Lignorum given by Professor Baird, in his Report of the sea fishenes of the south coast of New England in 1871-72, we are able to place this wood boror in the order of its species a» one of the Crustacea. At page 379 Dr. Baird says : II Y. TEREDO NAVALIS IN NOVA SCOTIA — MURPHY. 365 . One never )s make their [irection, but, lins cfc woody ing tubes." on is so full to the mode 11 I shall ad- ristics so ex- the species itacks of the Bay west- f the Bay of Club house iibald, C. E., had been in vhen placed oi the Lim- uld observe J it placed ablishment ifficulty in oduce, and icult, how- hen about their di- recogniz- n which I ive diame- wo views ion of the Report of 1871-72, species as •' Of Crustacea, the most important is the Limnoria Lignorum, (p. 370 Plate VI, tig. 25) This little creature is grayish, and covered with minute hairs. It has the habit of eating burrows for itself into solid wood to the depth of abo\]jl|half an inch. These bui-rows are nearly round, and of all size^up to about a sixteenth of an inch in diameter, and they go into the wood at all angles, and are usually more or less crooked. They are often so numerous as to reduce the wood to mere series of thin parti- tions between the holes. In this state the wood rapidly decays, or is washed away by the waves ; and every new surface exposed is immediately attacked, so that layer after layer is rapidly re- moved, and the timber thus wastes away and is entirely destroyed in a few years. It destroys soft wcods more rapidly than hard ones ; but all kinds are attacked except teak. It works chiefly in the softer parts of the wood, between the hard, annual lay- ers, and avoids the knots and lines of hanl fibre connected with them, as well as rusted portions around nails that have been driven in ; and, consequently, as the timbers waste away under its attacks, the harder portions stand out in bold relief. When abundant it will destroy soft timber at the rate of half an inch or more every year, thus diminishing the effective diameter about an inch annually. " Generally, however, the amount is probably not more than half this ; but even at that rate, the largest timbers will soon be destroyed, especially when, as often happens, the Teredos are aiding in this woi'k of destruction. It lives in a pretty narrow zone, extending a short distance above and below low water mark. It iccurs all along our shores from Long Island Sound to Nova Scotia. In the Bay of Fundy, it often does great damage to the timbers and other wood-work used in constructinir the brush fish- weirs, as well as to the wharves, &c. At Wood's Hole it was formerly found to be very destructive to the piles of the wharves. The piles of the new Government wharves have been protected by broad bands of tin plate, covering the zone which it chiefly afleets. North of Cape Cod, where the tides are much great- er, this zone is broader, and this remedy is not so easily applied. It does great damage, also, to ship timber floating in the docks, and 3C6 TEREDO NAVALIS IN NOVA SCOTIA — MURPHY. ! great losses are sometimes caused in this way. Complaints of such ravages in the Navy Yard at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, have been made, and they also occur at the Charlestown Nav^' Yard, and in tlfe piles of the wharves at Boston. Probably the wharves and (rtner submerged wood -work in all our sea ports, from New York northward, are more or less injured by this crea- ture, and if it could be accurately estimated, the damage would be found surprisingly great. " Unlike the Teredo, this creature is a vegetarian, and eats the wood which it excavates, so that its boring operations provide it with both food and shelter. The burrows are made by means of its stout mandibles or jaws. It is capable of swimming quite rapidly, and can leap backward suddenly by means of its tail. It can creep both forward and backward. Its legs are short and better adapted for moving up and down in its burrow than else- where, and its body is rounded, with parallel sides, and well adapted to its mode of life. When disturbed it will roll itself into a ball. The female carries seven to nine eggs or young in the incubatory pouch at one time. " The destructive habits of this species were first brought pro- minently to notice in 1811, by the celebrated Robert Stephenson, who found it rapidly destroying the wood work at the Bell Rock light house, erected by him on the coast of Scotland. Since that time it has been investifjated, and its ravajjeshave been described by numerous European writers. It is very destructive on the coasts of Great Britain, where it is known as the " gribble." If we contrast the destructive powers of the two most remark- able wood borers inhabiting our shores we find a great diversity in size, form, mode of operation, mode of existence and attack. The Teredo, as we find it, is from four to six inches long, anble." t remark - diversit3• attack, long, and fc 1-16 to Jss. The nd ovate. l)ores for water ; into the heart of the timber ; the Limnoria attacks from the outside only, and rarely more thar one half an inch, until the cells are des- troyed by the water, when it renews its efforts and destroys again. From these facts it will be seen that the pre^Hntive measures to be taken in order to counteract the attacks of these two classes of borers, should be quite different. For instance • the means to be devised for the preservation of wood from the at- tacks of the Teredo in the harbour of Pictou should be entirely h'ed hot on wood previously roughened by a toothed instrument ; this application was two millimetres thick. 4. Method of M. Ripurjk, analogous to the preceding. 5. Paraftine varnish, obtained by the dry distillation of peat, from the factory of M. M. Haages & Co., at Ainsterdam. 0. Coal tar applied cold on the wood in several successive layers, or applied hot on wood whose surface had been previously carbonized. Some pieces were treated as follows : Holes were first bored in them and filled with tar ; then plugs were fitted closely to the holes and driven in with sufliicient force to make the tar penetrate the wood ; other pieces still were painted over with a mixture of tar with sulphuric acid, or sal ammoniac, or turpentine, or linseed oil. 7. Painting with colours mixed with turpentine and linseed oil, amoniT others, with chrome-jjreen or with verdijorris. 8. Singing or superficial carbonization of the wood. The pieces of wood thus prepared were placed in the water at the end of May, 1850, and the first examination, made toward the end of September of the same year, showed that neither of these methods afforded any protection from destruction by the Teredo. There was one partial exception, and that was the piece of wood treated according to No. C ; these showed only traces of the Teredo here and there. But at a later examination, in the autumn of 18G0, when the wood had been exposed a year and a half, these were also found to be equally severely attacked by the Teredo. The results of these experiments strongly convinced the Com- mission that no exterior application of any nature whatever, or modification of the surface merely, would give any efficacious guarantee of protection against the teredo. Even supposing that one or another of these means would prevent the young teredo from attaching themselves to the wood, yet the constant friction of the water or ice, or any accident, might break the surface of the wood sufficient to give access to the teredo. This seems .. proper place to mention a practice in general use in Holland for warding off the teredo ; this consists in covering: wood with a coat of mail made of nails. This operation i ■, very 370, TEREDO NAVALIS IN NOVA SCOTIA — MURPHT. ^^i n 1 1 costly ; for, to really protect wood in this way, it is important that the square heads of the nails join exactly ; for insuring the best results, the armoui'ed piles are exposed in the open air for some time before beinf? placed in the water, that rust, forming on the surface of the iron, may clost> up the interstices inevita- bly remaining between the heads of the nails. But this precaution is not infallible, as the Commission examined piles more than once, in the coui'se of its investigation, which had been several years in the water, and whose surface was entirely incrusted with rust more than a centimetre thick, but which were, never- theless, eaten in the interior by the teredo. Impregnation of wood with different substances. The Coin- mission exaii)ined in this category the following methods : 1. Sulphate of Copper. 2. Sulphate of Protoxide of Iron (Green vitriol). 3. Acetate of Lead. 4. Soluble Glass and Chloride of Calcium. 5. Oil of Parafine. C), Oil of Creosote. This is, as is very v/ell known, a product of the dry distillation of coal tar, separated by distillation from the more volatile parts, which serve for the prepamtion of ben- zole and naptha, the residuum being pitch. Experiments had already been tried abroad, as well as in Holland, with this sub- stance, and from the beginning of their experiments the Com- mission paid especial attention to this very important method of preparation. Wood of various kinds, prepared with ci'eosote oil, at the works of the Society for the Preservation of Wood, at Amster- dam, was placed in the sea in the month of May, 1839, at Fles- singue, Harlingin, and Stavoren, the pieces of oak, pine and red fir, were found intact, while those unprepared M'-ere perforated. In the month of October, of the same year, the pieces of creo- soted pine and fir at Harlingin showed a perfect state of preser- vation. At Harlingin the treated and untreated pieces were fas- tened together; the teredo penetrated the latter, but had not touched the creosoted wood. The same was true of the cveosoted wood at Stavoren, when visited in 1859. tPHT. is important • insuring the '■ open air for rust, forminff itices inovita- lis precaution >s more than been several >Jy ineruster] were, never- The Com- -hods : TEREDO NAVALIS IN NOVA SCOTIA — MURPHY. 371 1, a product ation from on of ben- men ts had 1 this sub- the Coin- method of »il, at the fc Amster- ), at Fles- le and i-ed erforated. of croo- >f preser- were fas- had not creosoted At Nieuwendam in March, 1859, three pieces each of oak, )ine, and red fir, all creosoted at Amsterdam, were exposed in the sea. They were examined in September of the same year. They had been fastened together by cross pieces of unprepared wood ; it was found that the teredo had penetrated, at the junc- ture of these cross pieces, even into the creosoted wood, and that sometimes he stopped immediately beneath the surface; ; at others he penetrated to a depth of several millimetres ; in the oak, he worked his way into the interior through those parts of the surface which were not in contact with the unprepared wood. Experiments with creosote oil were recommended in July, 1800, with ten pieces each of oak and red fir, following the plan indicated in paragraph 5 ; the localities chosen were Kieuwe- Diep and Stavoren ; in the latter place the pieces which remained intact the previous yeai* were again placed in the water after their s :rface had been removed bv the adze. Still latei- in August, 1861, a further trial was made at these same places, with pieces of pine, beech and poplar, sent to the Commission by Mr. Boulton, and prepared at his works in London. All these pieces were examined toward autumn in 1802, 1803 and 1864 ; while the unprepared pieces, placed near the others as counter- proof, were found each year filled with teredos, one could not re- I'avages olt- is. eat certain- [vood is ex- theless, in )e of good ucli woods confirmed e Nethei-- Crepin, a a Report r5, LS(j4: e, and we ft woods, ttacks of tion. The of tho- e of such 'und that arieties.'' in a re* nts con- ductey making a common fire-place at one end of the reservoir, and running a fine under the bottom. This system was, however, exceedingly dangerous, because the oil came iri contact with the heated iron plate, and the temperature could not be raised beyond 70° or 75°, or only just sufficient to enable the work to be continued conveniently during the cold weather. The experiment was then tried of allowing high pressure steam to blow into and upon the creosote in the I'eservoir ; by this means the temperature was raised as high as was recpiired, and it has continued to be used. Where a steam enjjine is used for working the pressure pumps, the waste steam can be employed to heat the creosote, by passing it through a coil of pipe laid in i TEllEDO NAVALIS IN NOVA SCOTIA — MUllPHY. 37:> i the bottoiri of the reservoir. This mode of heutiiiir was tirst adoptiMl at Mr. Bethell's works at Battersea, and it onswers admirably. "The cylimler now used in the ordinary process is similar to a steam enj^inc boiler, C feet diameter, and from 20 feet to '>() feet lon*.^. Formerly the end or charginj^ doors were made in a va- riety of ways, some to open inwards, some to slide in air-tight grooves, and others similar to the cover of a (fan nstort. Noti.- ing, however, answers so well as to liave the covta* of the full size of the cylinder, with proper fastenings, and all the joints ac- curately turned and ritted together, for the pressure on so large an area is enormous, and the heated oil is so excee«lingly subtle, that great care is necessary to prevent leakage. Small trucks run on rails inside the cylinder and carry the load. These for- merly ran out upon a long switch, and were then turned into a siding and unloaded. A difterent plan is now adopted, by making the inside lorries run out upon another larger and stronger truck of the ordinary gauge, so that by this means they can be run on to any of the adjacent sidings, to be unloaded without shifting a second time. Since 1853 the process then described by Mr. Burt, as creosot- ing under pressure in strong cylinders, has become the favorite one to adopt to resist the attacks of the teredo. The sa me pro- cess, with slight modifications, is carried out to this day, both in Europe and America. The Dutch Commission speak most favorably of it. Encflish engineers, such as Hawkshaw, Burnett, and other.", speak of it from time to time in the Reports of the Transactions of the Society of Civil Engineers, in a very favorable manner American engineers generally recommend its adoption. But no better example could be desired of the efficiency of cre- osote to prevent the attacks of the teredo, than we have in the Harbor of Sydney, Nova Scotia. Here the teredo is seemingly as destructive, if not more so, than at any place on our coast, and here, about ten years ago, a coal -loading pier was erected suffi- ciently large that three ocean-going steamers could load coals at the same time. The pier runs out into the harbor ; it was erect- :J7<) SIIOHK illKDS OF NUVA SCOTIA — GILPIN. 0(1 cntlivly of pino timber, croosotetl in CUvat Britain, and sent out here. It has most oHectively witlistoocl the ravages of the tore(h), wliilst all other piles in the neighboi'hood liad to be re- newed twice. Not satisfied with reports about its permanency, so far, I re- quested tliat tlie Sydney and Louisburg Coal and Railway (Com- pany would liave an examination made for the purpose of this pa])er. 1 luive to-day a telegram frojn Mr. D. J. Kennel ly, Q. C, jiuuuiging