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GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY OF CANAOA 
 __ALFHED 11 C. SELWYX, C.M.G., LL.D., P.RS., D.kkcxok 
 
 HErORT 
 
 OX TJIE (JEOLOGY OP THE 
 
 I 
 
 MININCI DISTRICT OF CARIBOO 
 BRITISH COLUxMBIA, 
 
 BY 
 
 AMOS EOWMAN, M.E. 
 
 if 
 
 PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF PARLIAMENT. 
 
 MONTREAL : 
 DAWSON BROTHERS 
 
 1888. 
 
ni'f^A -mn'Sfm- 
 
 I 
 
 V 
 
To Alfred E. C. Selwv.v, Esq., C.M.G., F.RS., LL.D., 
 
 Director Geological jxnd Natural HiHoru Survey of Canada. 
 
 Rn.TTp 'r "^T ^'""^ f "'^' '''''"'"^ ^'^ '^' '""""^ ^>'«t'-i«t of Cariboo, 
 Bn i.sh Co unib.a. ,. herewith .■espectfullj submitte.1. The socon, 
 porfon wm include details and detailed plans of nuning development!;! 
 
 I have the honor to be. Sir. 
 
 Your obedient servant, 
 
 AMOS Bow^rA^^ 
 
^ISF^Tlff '^"^ 
 
 i ! 
 
 NoTE.-The bearings throughout tliis report arc given with reference 
 to the true meridiiin, unless otherwise specially noted. 
 
REPORT 
 
 ON THE GEOLOGY f)K I UK 
 
 MIN1N(} DISTJiJOT OF (\\U1I}()(), 
 BKTTISTI (X)LUMIUA. 
 
 I'.Y AMOS BOWMAN, M.E. 
 
 Part I. 
 The work in llie Cariboo District of Britisli Columbia, here reported J 'int. 
 
 • I i 1 • ii /. .riTP. 1 -,,-.r,n i i Provincial iiiul 
 
 upon, was carru'd out ilurniif the r.oasons ot I.S>>5 ami loHb, undw tlieDMiniiiicm 
 
 control of the Direct )r of the (ieoloyical Survey, but with the assist-' 
 ance of a money grant from the Government of British Columbia, and 
 on a plan agreed u])on beforehand. The enlightened j)olicy of theGov- 
 ernnient of ilritish Columbia has thus rendered jiossible the completion 
 of the map work in a comparatively short space of time, the demands 
 upon the funds of the Geological Survey being such as to make it im- 
 possible to devote more than u certain .sum annually to work in each 
 province or district. Tiie call for special assistance in the Cariboo 
 district arose pi'incipally from the absence of any trustworthy map, and 
 the necessity of undertaking a geographical as well as a geological 
 survey, while the decline in product of the placer mines, and the etfbrts 
 being made towanl the development of '• quai'tz mining" ajipeared to 
 <leserve suidi immediate assistance and guidance a> might be uf.orded 
 by a systematic study of the district and a reasonably accurate delinea- 
 tion (d'its features. 
 
 Cariboo has not only been the mainstay of gold mining in liritish iiMpnitanco of 
 (!oliiinbi-. for many years, but has ])roved. for its area, one of the tie'"i<! "^"^ 
 richest ))!acer mining camps in the world ; and it would therefore a])pear 
 reasonable to assume the existence in it of rich (juartz lodes, from 
 whi(di, by natural pi'ocesses of waste, the alluvial deposits iiave been 
 supplied. The importance of tiie Cariboo district will be undei'stood 
 when it is stated that probably half the gold product of liritish Colum- 
 bia since 1860, or not le>'S than S15,000.il00. wa- derived from it, 
 and chiefiy futw a few miles in length of auriferous drift in 
 s(!veral valleys, ol' whicii tliose of Williams. Lightning and Antler 
 creeks have been the most productive, and have mailo Cariboo 
 famous. 
 
6o 
 
 BRITISH COLIMBIA. 
 
 Limits or Fiklij. 
 
 On iilatraii 
 region of llie 
 I'piier Frii><T. 
 
 Politii'iilly, Cai'ilioo ilisii>i,i ombrncos a coini>loto .x'ciinii uci'o.ss tlio 
 rini'tlifrii iiitt'i'idi- |iliiteiui, l'ri>in the c<ia»t mountJiiiis to tlio Rocky 
 Moiiiitiiiii rcirioii. iiDrtli n\' t|ic Canadian Pacific Uailway, anil witliiii 
 the drainage lia>in ot'tlie Kramer. Tlii.s is lii.sected in a north andjsonih 
 lino hy Frascr Hivcr. I'.i|piilarly, "Curihoo " inchides ordy the eastern 
 half,<trthe gold cnnnlrv north of Lake La llachc. To the principal 
 miidng developments of this area our involigationB were accordingly 
 confined, and the map herewith presented does not include all the 
 outlying portions even of the area thus limited. 
 
 The soiith-caslirn limits of tiie Carihc > mining district inciude tho 
 valley of the Horsefly, and country extending eastward of it to the 
 water-shed of tiic ( 'learwater and North Thompson rivers. 
 
 The most northorl_\' mines of importance within this area are tjiose 
 of llixon Creek, a trihutary of Canon Creek, iiotwei-n Quesnel and 
 Fort (ieorge; and the newly-discovered mincsof (loat River, atrihutaiy 
 oftheUjiper Fraser (]irohaMy identical with '"Shuswap River' on 
 Ti'uteh's map), on the eastern slope of the Cariboo Range. 
 
 The lower half of it has been explored by prospectors, and has be- 
 c(jme tolerably well known liy rejiort, to many of the residents of the 
 district beytmd ]iresent mining localities. 
 
 The eastern Alpine vegicm, and the low-lying northern parts, wlierc 
 Hear and Willow rivers Join the Fraser, are little known even to tiie 
 I'csiilents of (!arib<)0, and may be set down as scarcely ex|)lored, 
 t<..inoniically or otherwise, fieographical explorations in these little- 
 known regions have been confined to the lines of survey on the Upper 
 Fraser and Clearwatci' rivers, b\' the Government railway- parties in 
 1872-70. 
 
 Between the Upper Fraser (Tete Janne Cache) and the well-known 
 Cariboo mining countrv of Ilarvty and Cunningham creeks, the dis- 
 tance is but oO miles; yet very few prospectors or ex]»lorers besides 
 Mahood, of the railway exjiloi'ation i)arty in 1872, and Isaacs' ])ros- 
 jiecting j'arty in 1886. have been through it.-i^ 
 
 * The liest mii|) in existence, wliijh inclmlej ('ariboo, was that known as Trutch's Map , 
 drawn by .1. r.. Laiiiiili'ij in the LuniJs ami Wmk? Department of I'ritish Coliimliia, under the 
 directiiin of the Hon .1. W. Trutch, .■^cale 25 mile? to the inch ; il creditiible and weil-e.xeeuted 
 comi''lalIon of tiie surveys of tlie Aduiirally, ami surveys and explorations of tlie Itoyal I^nRi- 
 neer corpr^ under Col. Moody, and aljove all <pf the geographical information collected by tho 
 Hudscm liay Company's officials from Indians, including the reports of intelligent prospectors 
 and miners, a few of whom had been surveyors. A later map on tho same scale was that com- 
 piled by E. MohuD, C.E., and published undir the direction of the late Hon. W. Smythe, adding 
 toTrutch's map such ccjrrections as had been develojied by tho Dominion Railway surveyors 
 and the explorations of the (icological Survey: none of them, however, in the mining region of 
 Cariboo. The scale however was much too small fur our purpose, and the information was 
 mostly sketched. 
 
«N>] 
 
 LIMITS OK FIEI.I). 
 
 Wor/c in 1885. 
 
 1 V 
 
 Tlu'work cit'iliis -caMiM was lU'ci'SHarilv t'nrtho mo>l part nf a m-o- AiLiMcinih 
 :.'faiiliical ami topoi.q'U|iliical chai'actri', the ^onlogical and miiiin*; 'ruil''. 
 |iroliKin-* ln'iiig assi^iu'il a M'coiidary iihico till tin- main outlines of 
 tlu' map liail been laid. My assi>tants diii'lny tho year Wfrc Mi'ssrs. 
 Jamr,s MiKvoy, H. A].. Sc-..".S. I*. Tii.k. (".H./an.l L. R. Voli,«ny, C.K. 
 
 Uai'lvi-rvillo. in tlu' centrt' ot'tlic Carilxii; mining district, was, in (he 
 lir>t ])lacc', ronncott'd iiy an nduim'U'r .'•ni'vcy along tlio waggon road 
 with •^•lU'snel ; and I'roni {{arkcrvilk' a-" a ccntrt' ti'avei si-s worts cxlundcd 
 liy meaMii'iiig-w!iL'cl> aloni:- tlic principal roads and trails ci(' tlio district. 
 
 I 
 
 Work in ISSfJ. 
 Piirinu: tlii> sca^ou I was assisted ly yiv. McEvoy. We entered t lie . Mountain and 
 
 11 ,■ 1 .« •! 1- ■ • ^ 'l> r 1 1 nnlljing HICIiS. 
 
 siiuihern edgt' ot the ( arilMio district map near IJeaver Jjak ' dm tiie 
 tjth of July, ami work was actively prosecuted in the district till the 
 .'JOth ."septemher. Tlu' wliole time -pent in tlu- tield this season was 
 four months ami a hall', hut this imludetl time spent in going to and 
 returning from the district, as well as that consumed in making 
 various necessary arrangements. Pack animals were I'lnployed in 
 moving from place to place, whei'ever possible, hut some jiarts of the 
 district could only \h- rculied on foot; and for the [uirpose of makingu 
 micrometer surviy of t^uesiiel Lake and examining i(s shores, boats 
 were utilized. Some topugraphical work was included in the opera- 
 tions of this season, but miudi of ray time was devoted to the detailed 
 examination of mines and auriferous creeks. 
 
 The results of tield work in 1885 and 188G included eighty-one ji'otted 
 sheets, Ibrty iiaiKU'umic topographical sketches, and iunety-se\en 
 smaller sketches of the same kind, chiefly intemled to show the topo- 
 graphy, and relief of the country. 
 
 The mountainous, and often almost inacccssiiilo character of portions 
 
 f the district included in the majis. prescnteit us with many ditiicult 
 
 jiroblems in transportation, and in the execution of the work. These 
 
 were successfully overcome by the ready and efficient co-operation of 
 
 mv assistants antl men. 
 
 Dr. Hugh Walt, <if Harkerviile. obliging!}' undertook the reading of 
 tiie mercurial station barometer on which the reduction of our observecl 
 altitudes depeiuled. To Messrs. .lohn l^owron and W. Ste]ihenson, 
 Provincial Governmeni Agents at Harkerviile and (^uesnel Forks res- 
 pcctivel}-, we are indebted f<u' innumei'idile favors; and, in fact, all the 
 residents of the district, including even the Chinese, seemed to tak(^ an 
 interest in our work, and to assist us whenever possible. 
 
I 
 
 
 F 
 
 ! 
 
 
 
 Ij 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 :U 
 
 ■f 
 
 
 11 **' 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 8c 
 
 BRITISH rOI.UMBIA. 
 
 Country Survited. 
 
 Tho |ir»ritiililr 
 
 h'.vidoiilly lliis vast i'0<^inn coiilil imt have hoon aile(niatoly oxplnrod 
 ill one oi' two seasons, nor (luriiii;- thf proirivss of sy.xtciiiiitic surveys 
 ill tho old placer miiiiii<^ region. Directing our attoiition, therefor*', 
 to a narrower area, asdistingiiislied hy jirotilalijo miniiiu- operations, — 
 iiu'liuled within the limits of the Cariboo histrict niaj>, — tho country 
 topograiiliieally surveyed lies within the piirallelv of 52 dog. 45 
 niin., and 53 deg., 4."» nun., and tho meridian-^ of 12(J dog.. 45 niin., ami 
 V2'l (leg,, eoinprisiiig, thus limited, an area of 3,13T sijiiare miles. 'riii> 
 block extends into tho aljiine region nieiitioiie(|. while it covers the 
 whole of the placer mining country v.'liidi ha- been found s|iecially 
 noteworthy on account of its yield of gold. 
 
 The Hrst step in our work was to enter the hirgor titdil first roforred 
 to, and to mak«' tho necessary reconnaisance surveys, in onler to dis- 
 <'over tho extent of the gold-bearing country, and its relations to the 
 .surrouniling country, with a view to narrowing the Held. Tho second 
 >va8 to make a systomatic geographical and geological survey of the 
 snudlor area. 
 
 Survey Opi-.ratioxs. 
 
 Outside work. While our survey operations woi'c chiefly contined to the smaller 
 area, tho road traverse measured from Lake La Hache to Lightning 
 Crook .>readows, at Heaver Pass, belongs to the wider field. A great 
 deal of both geological and general survey work had to be done ou'side 
 of the limited area, in order to arrive at necessary results in tho mining 
 region itself. It includes rcconnaissanco surveys of all ap))roachos to 
 the mines, by horse trail and by projected railway; of (^uosnel River, 
 including its mines, situated between the torks and the mouth; of the 
 Cottonwood Kivor mines (between Cottonwood Bridge and the Ilixon 
 Creek trail-crossing) ; the trail from (^iiesnel .Moiitli to Hixon Creek, 
 about forty miles; and a small area of country at the junction of Hixon 
 and (Tovernment crooks, tho site of important mining operations. 
 
 The geographical work included the measuring with the steel tape 
 of two independent base lines fifty miles apart, situated rospootive!y (jn 
 Snowshoe IMateau and at Quesnel ^louth. 
 
 Detailed maps of all the iinj)ortant mining localities were also e(jm- 
 pleted. The geograjihical foundation (embracing fiom one to throe 
 mile 'U tho paying crooks,) having been |)rocuivd dui'ing the tiist 
 soasoi, of Hold work, tho details and geological features remained to bo 
 obtained dui'ing the second. 
 
 Tho accuracy of the creek maps must not be uudorst I to lie equal 
 
 Uttscs 
 mcainirci 
 
 Areas mappoil 
 in detiiil. 
 
 Accurac. 
 
aOWMAN.] 
 
 SUIIVF.Y Ol'EllATtONS. 
 
 90 
 
 to tlint iii'a transit MUi'vcy curricil out into all these (li-talls; nor Is tlmt 
 of till' Ciii'ibdo (iisti'ict mii|) to In- iirKlorstond ns int'linliiiu- transit inttM'- 
 >0(tinnH to tlic miiiur jMiints. niiuiy (»f whitli woic n<it in sin'lit from 
 ilic transit Htations, Tlio detail maps wore hasod on compass surveys, 
 and, iionorally, wheel nu'asiirenientK ; luit parts of tlioni were filled in 
 l)y track or reconnaissance surveys, whore siicii infoi'mation could not 
 he procui'cd in an_\' hotter shal>(^ 
 
 Tiie topojrraphical details of the Distiict map wei'o plotteij from theTiPixigrapliy. 
 sketehi^s di'scrihcif ^Vhere iinniodiato intersections could not he had, 
 theohjeets were located relatively to fixed points, in such <lotail as the 
 sketcdios permit tod. 
 
 I deemed it necessary to occupy a numhcr of transit stations outside ciioolt wmk. 
 of the smaller area, for tho |)urpose of connect ini;- our trian,irulati(»n 
 system in the niininu' rei;ion with a point on Fraser River at (^uesnel 
 Mouth. This sorvi'il as a check of the wa^yon road survey. Its prin- 
 cipal ohject, however, was to ensure the accuracy of the triangu!ation 
 system, hy the measiirenieMt of a second, or check hase, in tho neigh- 
 lioihood of t^uosiii'l ^Moutli. 
 
 I'oSITIONS. 
 
 Taking our departure in 188() from Ashcrofi, 8-4 miles south 
 '•outh-oast from Cache Crook, the position of that place was fixed by 
 Oi;ilvie's railway traverse, and Klotz's tolograjjliic and astronomical 
 observations, under tho direction of Captain Deville, the same season, 
 as follows : — 
 
 Ashcroft siding, latitude 50° ■')2' .-)0". 
 
 longitude 121" W :J6". 
 
 Krom Cache Creek to a point marked ly a stake on the north shore i,,n({itu(ie liy 
 of Lake La Jlacho, near the 12.") mile-po-t, tlu' Lands and Worksite-'"^''''''"''' 
 partmc i measured a lino followinij the way'gon-road nearly, placing 
 (he latter point north of Cache Crook 78;^ miles, and west ol it IGg 
 miles. 'Phe accuracy of this survey, howevoi', Mr. Gore, tin' Surve^'or- 
 Goneral of Ihitish Columbia, considers cannot ho guai'antced to he 
 ch)sor than l-lOth of a mile in a moasureJ mile, it having heo>' run by 
 ci>?ii]pass, and chained hy Indians. Assuming it to be in thj main cor- 
 rect, — the ]ioint so ti.xcd being the jiearest fixed pointof the I'rovincial 
 Laml Surveys, — we iuivefor its [losition: — 
 
 Stake on Lake L:i Ilache. lat. 52 ' 00' 53". 
 
 long. 121° 16' 35". 
 
10 u 
 
 BRITISH fOLUMHIA. 
 
 Ldiiiiiliiilc. 
 Ijiititudc. 
 
 Ill(l0|ICIul0Mt 
 
 iiliscrvaticiiis. 
 
 Skt'luton 111,1 1'< 
 
 Ui.-laiK'es 
 
 Tlioncf (() Barkoi'vilk' liy <>iir own Hiirvoy. witli prismiUi*' compnss 
 and wheel moasuroraont — coiirrtos caliulatoil by latiliulos and depar- 
 tures — the position oi' Uariton'ille was obtained imiependontly ol" our 
 own and Lieut. Palmer's astrontniieal observations. The minus or east 
 dcparlu res were found to bo in excess of the ])liis or west departures 
 by just si.x miles, giving us as tiio longitudde ol' Haikerville 121° 33' 
 2-4". 
 
 Its latitude by a series of sextant observations taken by m^'self and 
 Mr. .MeKvoy in 18Hr)as5:j^'4', 
 
 'Ibis position agrees veiy closely both in latitude and longlitude 
 with Lieut. II. S. Palmer's determinations from independent observa- 
 tions, so that the position of the eontral point of the mining region 
 may bo considered as sati.sfaetorily established within the limits of 
 accuracy re(|iiire(l. 
 
 TriatK/ulation. — The diagram on the opposite page shows the tri- 
 angulation framework ot the Cariboo District Map, with primaiy and 
 calculated triangles. 
 
 By the old steamer and waggon road route, followed by us into llui 
 country in the working season of 188"). Markerville, the trading centre 
 of the mining region, was reckoned to be distant from Victoria 550 
 miles. 
 
 Co.MMUNlf ATIONS. 
 
 The following table of distances by steamer and waggon road route 
 is compiled from Williams Directory of British Columbia, 1885, p. 243 : 
 
 From Victokia to 
 
 
 B 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 t 
 
 V 
 
 B 
 
 C 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 s 
 
 
 a'C 
 
 
 •p- 
 
 •/. 
 
 — 
 
 <* 
 
 h3 
 
 C/.P3 
 
 
 Mil.'s. 
 
 Mil's. 
 
 MilV. 
 
 Mil'H. 
 
 Mil's. 
 
 Miles. 
 
 
 ;."> 
 
 ■in 
 
 41 
 
 1« 
 
 57 
 
 ■2t 
 
 tal... 
 
 ";") 
 
 115 
 
 15»i 
 
 i7r. 
 
 232 
 
 ;:;V) 
 
 ^ 
 
 . 
 
 ji. 
 
 
 K 
 
 i • 
 
 %l 
 
 o 
 
 ^t 
 
 a 
 'ii 
 
 
 
 "r.^ 
 
 £ 
 
 "iO 
 
 3 
 
 i! 
 
 S'5 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 m 
 
 Of 
 
 w 
 
 pq 
 
 Miles. 
 
 Mil'.s. 
 
 Miles. 
 
 Mil's. 
 
 Mil's. 
 
 Miles. 
 
 Mil 
 
 2ii 
 
 132 
 
 m 
 
 35 
 
 12 
 
 2?5 
 
 311 
 
 U3 
 
 503 
 
 5.!8 
 
 551' 
 
 By tlie old Douglas route, used before completion of the waggon 
 
 roail 
 
 I'miH L'l.i.'ioKT A( 
 
 Clintuii. 
 
 .•^oila t'rcek. 
 
 Qiiesiiel. 
 
 Stanley, 
 
 !!aikcrvil 
 
 MU.H. 
 
 .Wi/.«. 
 
 M1I<H. 
 
 .W )■/«.,. 
 
 .U.Vfv. 
 
 47 
 
 17;i 
 
 2311 
 
 274 
 
 280 
 
DIAGRAM OF TRIANGULATION POINTS'lN CARIBOO DISTRICT 
 
 1' 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 I^VH 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 il 
 
it 
 
 M 
 
 m 
 
 12 BRITISH COHMUrA. 
 
 Hoad and 'Trail Distances. 
 
 Tho following is a table of distances obtained with the wheel : — 
 
 (loixn EAsTWAiti) FitoM (ji'E.sNEL (ii. u- co's Corner) to — 
 
 Miles. 
 Four-mile Creek l! .8 
 
 Walliioo's Rani'lie 13.3 
 
 Boliiinnon's, Cottonwood 20-0 
 
 Cottonwocxl Eant'he 21 . o 
 
 Boyd's "Cold Sprinj; House " '-'ri.2 
 
 Heaver Pass House 38.3 
 
 ? tanley Post Office 44.8 
 
 y.iv^le Creek Bridge 47.5 
 
 Barkerville 50.5 
 
 COING SOUTH-EAST FROM BAKKERVII.LE, VIA SAW-MU.I. KI.AT, TO — 
 
 Miles. 
 
 Grouse Creek 4.0 
 
 Antler Creek Bridge 8.0 
 
 Porter's (old Antler Town) 10.5 
 
 Littler'a cabin, Saw-mill Flat 13.0 
 
 Veith's store, Little i^now-shoe 24 .4 
 
 Junction Little Snow-shoe and Keithley 27.0 
 
 Veith & Borland's, mouth of Keithley 32.1 
 
 Quesnel Forks 40.0 
 
 <;0IXG SOVTII-EAST FROM liAUKEKVILI.K, VIA C'CXXINCillAM CREEK, OVER SXOW-SHOB 
 
 I'l-ATEAF, TO — 
 
 Miles. 
 
 Sharp's cal)in, Cunningham Creek Ki-O 
 
 Har\ey "s Creek Forks 25 . 3 
 
 Veith & Borland's, mouth of Keithley 35.4 
 
 GOING NORTH FROM UARKEItVll.I.E TO — 
 
 Miles. 
 
 iMoscjuito Creek 0.2 
 
 Cornish Creek 8.4 
 
 Hardscrabble Creek 10.5 
 
 Walker's mine Sugar Creek 1-5 
 
 i 1. 
 
 iii 
 
 Geological Field Work. 
 
 JJl^^^^,^^^ During the first season, the nu-thod pursued in regard to geological 
 
 work was simply that of reconnaissance, with a view to observing the 
 accessible features of the district. In jilacos not likely to be revisited, 
 all the necessary geological observations were completed. During the 
 second season, the distribution of the rocks, and the mining features of 
 the country govei-ned. not onlj' inj- own movements, but largely the 
 movements also of the geographical party, whoso work was narrowing 
 towards comjiletiou. A section was made from the limestone rocks ol 
 
 v'^m 
 
BOWMAN.] 
 
 rilYSICAI, FE.ATUnES. 
 
 i;} 
 
 IJoaver L.ako, through tho gold bearing series, to the water-shed of the 
 Carilioo Eange between Mittdu'll's Lake and Canoe River, ending op- 
 posite to, and not far distant from Tote .launo Cache. Siibseriuenliy, 
 tho chert rocks of Bear Riv( ••, which occupy a prominent position in 
 Cariboo, were intersected at various points, and in ditferent directions. 
 
 (Quartz ledges, esjiecially those adjacent to tho placer mines, were 
 everywhere noted, and in many instances carefully examined, and 
 sampled for assay. 
 
 The most imi)ortant areas in connection with mining operations 
 within the district, which have been examined in greater detail, are 
 indicated by rectangulai- blocks, outlined upon the accompanying maj). 
 Of tiicse special maps have been drawn, and lithographed on scales, to 
 accompany the descriptive details forming Part II ot' the present 
 I'cport. 
 
 Physical Features. 
 
 Mountains and Valleys. — The relief of the district surveyed is shewn Details 
 upon the accompanying map by means of contour lines, having a vertical min'inp.'^ 
 interval of :i50 ft.; every fourth one, accordingly, representing 1,0(10 I't. 
 A heavy contour carried throughout the region represents a datum- 
 plare on a level with the mouth of Williams Creek, near Jack of Clubs 
 Lake, 4,000 ft. above the sea. Each 1,0(1(1 ft. contour, is marked by 
 pairs of dots, for easy reference to the datum plane. 
 
 A closer examination of the featurers of the region under consider- |{ciief. 
 ation, establishes the fact that the uorth-westerly trends so remark- 
 able tor continuity and regularity in the region of the upper Columbia, 
 are here carried out in all the geological and physical details. The 
 Cariboo Range, tbrming the north-eastern limit of the Cariboo country, 
 is the north-westerly continuation of the Selkirk Range. The crystalline 
 schist or "gold belt," seen on (^ucsnel Lake, is represented by similar 
 rocks on Shushwap Lake and in Kagle Pass. 
 
 The region of Mount Agnes and Snowshoe Plateau is an o-xpanso of.Mimntain 
 smooth and rounded flat-toppctl schistose lulls, having tho same uni-"'"^'' 
 torm north-westerly trend, and rising in Cariboo District to an alti- 
 tude of a little over G, 000 feet. To the right and left of it, following 
 the same trentl, are low-lying valley's forming tho present drainage 
 channels of the country. These are occupied by recent deposits. Lying 
 along side of them ai'e ranges of hills occasionally rising into mount- 
 ains, whicli represent valleys of an older date •' e. synclinals, or 
 troughs occu])ied by I'ocks newer than tho gold-b ng series. Tho 
 valley of Quesnel River on the left or south-west side, is 4,000 feet lower 
 
 If^lRII^I 
 
Uc 
 
 BRITISH COLUMBIA. 
 
 Transvorsu 
 breaks. 
 
 i I 
 
 The gold rarisc. than Snowshoo Plateau; while tiic valley of Boar River and Bcui- 
 Lake on the right or north-oast side is 3,((00 ft. lower than the gold 
 range. 
 
 Two remarkable breaks cross ihe schist or gold belt, connecting the 
 two valleys described. These valloys are occupied by streams 
 characteristic ot the present drainr.ge system, and by lakes. Caribiid 
 Lake, and Quesnel Lake, extend, oi- formerly extended, entirely througli 
 and across the axis of the goL or It. These lakes, and the iow-lying 
 valleys connecting them, ai'o ace .ained by narrow belts of level land. 
 much of it in the form of terraces or benches. At the lower levels ot 
 the country, generallj', terraces are frequent. The smooth rounded 
 character of the mountains of the schist belt is, however, itself, due to 
 
 Terraces. the ])resence of these terraces at higher altitudes, and their continuations 
 
 over the mountain flats and summits, tbrming plateaus of which 
 Snowshoe Plateau and Bald Mountain Plateau are examples. 
 
 On the west, Quesnel River valley becomes a part of the plain. 
 Going eastward, and beyond the a.xis of the Bear Lake valley, the 
 aspect suddenly becomes alpine. 
 
 The reader imagining himself located upon the summit of Mt. Agnes 
 on the map, sees, in the accompaning panoramic sketch looking south- 
 west, that half of the horizon embracing the rolling plains of the in 
 terior. Turning around and looking north-west, ho sees the gold 
 region at his feet ; the alpine region, and other featurers herein de- 
 scribed, beyond. By noting the horizontal and vortical angles written 
 along the margins of these sketches, he will be able to identify each 
 point upon the map, or in the country itself. 
 
 From Mt. Barker (six miles east of Cariboo Lake) looking west, he 
 can see the half horizon of another sketch, made to exhibit the charac- 
 ter of Snowshoe Plateau, and the cross cutting valley of Cariboo Lake. 
 
 Pyjg3(_ The forest covered portion of the country ceases, going eastward. 
 
 with the boundary line between the Mesozoic rocks and the gold bearinjd- 
 schists — approximately along a linodi'awn from the middle ofC^uc'^'nel 
 Lake to the head of Swift River — and further east generally at alti- 
 tudes above 3,000 feet. 
 
 Thrifty forests exist above that level only in clumps, on sheltered 
 uplands, or on slopes where both soil and shelter are favourable. Sucli 
 forests and clumps of trees as exist on the higher mountains are often 
 very attractive to the eye, es])ecially on the plateaus of the gold-beai- 
 ing belt. On the southern slope of Mount Mitchell, in the Cariboo 
 Range, a handsome forest of cedais and firs having an undergrowth of 
 Devil's club, rises to a level of 4.000 feet above the sea. 
 
 Snow. Perennial snow lies on the summits of tno eastern or Cariboo range, 
 
 eastward of Bear Lake valley, only between TjOOO and 8,000 feet 
 
 Panoramic 
 views. 
 
S 30° E 
 
 Geological Sunvev of Canada. 
 
 «o 50 N 40 V 
 
 n 
 
 ir,r:, ,;. V- 
 
 N 30" W 
 
 70 
 
 M 
 
 
 to 
 
 40 
 
 30 
 
 S 20° E 
 
 
 ^i 
 
 Sy»AMP 
 
 RIVER 
 
 .. VAlklV, 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 -^ 
 
 10° 
 
 •^w-ggl-^-ii^- ^es^sr 
 
 .4^" 
 
 10" 
 
 * f- - ■'i*.->'i L-f'c^'sff'i. Co Mcf>'<ej 
 
 SOUTH 
 
 NORTH 
 
 
5Q0E 
 
 SOUTH 
 
 • ll HORSEfty J AK[> ■•GREEN TIMBfH ■ PHINS 
 
 i j ■ ._.H0H7M_Fp.H!S_a.r ^ji aUtSisLL HliU L 
 
 1 1 i t ^ - '. •: 1 -^ ■J! i 
 
 .JLt'NEt - — . .- mvtK_ 
 
 ad 
 
 i i 
 
 i : 
 
 ■! J 
 
 1 ? 
 
 ...FRASEH HI 
 
 jl 
 
 ^^^^ -!i_^_-^^_^^^-_,^^ jvL^.^ _L^^ 
 
 — -\ »«•— 
 
 PANOHAivllC bKErCH FROM MOUNT 4C.N^:s, U'- MH.ES S.S.W K 
 
 1.O0MNG SOUTH*!.ST TO*AHD THE PIAIN8. 
 
 N 30- W 
 
 NORTH 
 
 PANORAMIC SKETCH FROM MOUNT AGNES, <4'.- MILES S.S.W^ r r!( 
 
 LOOKING NOHTM-LAST TOWARD Ti-lE RoCKr FOUNTAINS. 
 
 SOUTH 
 
 10° 
 
 ^•tjtion Ley€L;Mo»ifON)re500 Feet ascve the s^«-^ a t 
 
 
 GOOSE CREEK 
 
 MTS. '^^ rq I ^8 
 
 WEST 
 
 VAL . LEr . OF . 
 
 . ..- L. . .« 4 
 
 i- «' • ■ 
 
 •S • ^ i if 
 
 '■ I r . « QUEs ". NEL RIVER. : 2 4 : a 
 
 J J-- J- i t i i 1 8 
 
 PANORAMIC SKETCH FROM MOUNT BARKER, (6 MILES EAST OF 
 
 '.MBBACINO TME WESTERN HOniZON, AMD SMOWIKa THt CHARACTER Or 8N0WSH0E PLATEAU «>io THE CRO 
 
WEST 
 
 Geological Survey of Canada. 
 
 ao 50 N 40 w 
 
 
 AGNrS. U'- MII.ES S.S.W, FROM tiAHKERVILLE 
 
 rn^tST TOWARD TMt PIAINS. 
 
 S 20<'E 
 
 ONES, (4''.- MILES S.S.W^ J DOM BARKERVILLF..) 
 
 TOWARD TmE rocky VOUNTAINS. 
 
 WEST 
 
 NORTH 
 
 3ARKER, (6 MILES EAST OF CARIBOO LAKE.) 
 
 3r 8N0WSH0E PLATEAU «M) tne CROSS-CUTTING VALLEY Or SWAMP BIVFR. 
 
BOWMAN.] 
 
 OEOI-OOr OF CARIBOO DISTRICT. 
 
 15 
 
 above tho son. While wostward, the Hurfiice contour of the country 
 is smooth anil ploiHing. Kast of Boar Lake valley all tho mountain 
 tops appear riigi^oil, and snow-tiolds are eommon and oxtensivo, 
 frequently terminating in gi' jiers, which <.oscond to a level of 5,000 
 foot above tho sea. 
 
 Throe-fourths of tho territory of tho Cariboo map lies above the 
 ;!,000 feet ((mtour. Snow lies on the ground above that altitude for 
 four months in the year. Quesnel Lake is elosed by ice from Novem. 
 bcr to Mareh. 
 
 Cteoi-ooy of Cariboo District. 
 
 Approaching the ('ariboo country from Ashcroft on tho Canadian Ai.proiioh. 
 Pacific Railway, tho traveller passes over a region, o.Ktonding from 
 Cache Ci'oolc to Clinton, of chert icks and limestones, which have 
 yielded fossils of Carboniferous age,* and which occupy the plateau 
 in parallel undulations between the Rocky Mountains and the 
 Coast Ranges. Passing over the plateau of ihe • Green Timber," these 
 undulations aro seen to liave been completely buriou in places by a 
 scries of Tertiary clays, sands, and gravels, capped by volcanic matter, 
 and covered by drift ofglacial origin and date. Underneath the Tertiary, 
 represented by the gravels and volcanic matter of tho tireen Timber, 
 are clays ap<l lignites. These have usually been found to be restricted to 
 narrow basins scattered over the j)lateau of the Cordillera, and have 
 yielded fossils of Miocene age.| 
 
 Leaving the waggon-road at the 150-mile house, ^-o reach tho south- 
 west corner of the Cariboo !Map on Guy's mountain, at 2,500 feet above 
 tho sea, being one of the undulations mentioned. It is composed, like 
 many of the Clinton and Hat Creek mou' tains, of limestone. 
 
 Descending irom Guy's Mountain into tho valley of Beavei- Lake, at 
 the low level of 2,200 feet above the sea, we sec benches skirting the 
 hill-sides, and beneath the gravels seen in these benches, throughout 
 the region of Cariboo, are founil at the lowest levels, occasional crop- 
 pings of tho lignites of the middle Tertiary.J 
 
 Having thus entered our field of survey at its nearest i)oint to the Formations 
 Canadian Pacific Railway, and Cariboo waggon-road, we are prepared 
 for the transition from the formations heretofore examined, to those 
 now to. be described. 
 
 •Reports of Dr. Selwyn and James Richardson, 1871-72, pages 56-62 ; and of Dr. Q. M Dawson, 
 ISTJ-l 876-77. 
 
 t Re s of Dr. G. M. Duwson for 1S75, 1876, mid 1877. 
 
 t Till lossils obtained nearest to this locality are from Quensel Mouth, described in Dr. 
 Dawson's Report for 1875-76. The nearest liKiiite is at Boyd's Cold Spring house, on Lightning 
 Creek, a little above its junction with Swift River, mentioned in the Report of 1876. 
 
 '■ 
 
 1 
 
 ; :i 
 
 
 } 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 
Ifl'" 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 ■ i 
 
 In 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 r 
 
 I;, 
 
 |; 
 
 V \lley and 
 
 [•ujfaco 
 
 dt'iiosit?. 
 
 Soil. 
 
 10 C KRITISII COLUMBIA. 
 
 KxcluMivo of till' sui)orliciiil di-po^ils, tho rockis mot with in tiieCari 
 1)00 (llHtrict may, ui'oorilin^ to our proacut knovvlud^o of thuin, bo 
 cla.s8od us follows in doscomling order: — 
 
 I'lo-^'laciul gavels, riioreno? 1 
 
 Hasiiltfl ^ Cainozoic. 
 
 Clay-slialns, etc., with iijrnite, .MiiM'(!no J 
 
 QiU'Riiel Rinr HkIh, ur>.'illitos, UKgloinoratos, (Hc 1 m,,,. ^j,,,: , 
 In part at least Ix)wer Cretaceous i ' ' " 
 
 Jiear Rinr licdn. Limestones, ohorty (luart/.ites l 
 
 and beds of volcanic niai.^rials, iirobalily in part S I'aliiozoic (Upjier.) 
 
 Carboniferous j 
 
 Cariboo Scliifls, rocks more or less conipUitel v crvs- \ n„i „,,„!„ / 1 „„.„_ \ 
 lallino, .if very varied character .'.. / ^ a'"'0''-oii' U-ower.) 
 
 Quemel Lake Crijstalline Scries |- Arcl icmi. 
 
 Granites and granitoid recks. 
 
 liKCENT. 
 
 Tho low-lyinfi^ valloys of Boavor Eivor, Quesnel River, and Boar 
 Iliver, and the hiifhcr valley of Willow River, are observed to have 
 flats, which are fioquently a railo, to two miles, in width. Still higher 
 lying mt'udows than those of Willow Hiver, are found in places on 
 nearly all tho trilnitaiy branches, at various altitudes. Usually these 
 occur where the contiguration of tho country has led to tho forma- 
 tion of basins in the interrupted descent of the streams. The recent 
 deposits of those valleys are indicated by a yellow coloring on the 
 map. 
 
 The material of the recent de}>osits consists of the ordinary thin 
 stratum of humus, or loam, overlying very e.^tensivo bodies of sand, 
 and gravel. The latter were washed down from higher deposits of 
 gravel and sediments of an older date, and wei-o bedded in tho flats by 
 the present streams. 
 
 A soil that would be classed as good agricultural land, extends over 
 tho low or level portions of tho hills and plateaus, 3-iolding excellent 
 crops of grass. Indeed no bettor grazing i-ountry can be found than 
 the mountain meadows of Snowshoe and Bald Mountain plateaus in 
 July, August, and September. Those meadows situated iit altitudes 
 from 3,000 to f!,000 foot, afford opportunities for summer grazing in 
 in connection with a varied agriculture, and tho wintering of cattle at 
 lower levels. 
 
■ OWMAN.] 
 
 post tertiary and tertiart. 
 Post Tertiary and Tertiary. 
 
 n a 
 
 rm;;- 
 
 the 
 
 thin 
 <anil, 
 
 IS of 
 ts hy 
 
 over 
 client 
 than 
 ms in 
 tucleb 
 Dgin 
 tie at 
 
 The foi'miitioiiH of the Post Tertiary and Tertiary, are tniiniportant 
 as to area covered, since such areas are usually otiierwlse colored to r'e- 
 prosent the underlying rocUs. These formations are suiicticial in 
 character. Whore rendered important hy their product of gold, niid 
 occurrini:; in the form of narrow i)elts of gravels accompanying the 
 valleys of streams, the}' are indicated by hachures in red on the map. 
 
 But in point of fact tlie entire surface of the country is covered jy 
 Post Tertiary detritus, hlending into still older gravels partly Tertiary, 
 of as great or greater economical importance. All these gravels will 
 lie appropriately considered and delineated in connection with the 
 details of mining as shown upon the mining maps. 
 
 The volcanic rocks of Tertiary age, which are so widely distributed ^'iicanic. 
 elsewhere over the |)lateau of British ( 'olumbia, were noted only at 
 two points within the area of the Cariboo map, viz. : on the north 
 arm of Quesnel Lake, (in association with Tertiary gravels), and at 
 Guy's ^[ountain. In both cases tliey cover limited areas. The lignite Litfuitc. 
 clays, although present, can be seen only in localities situated near the 
 bottom of the lowest valleys, and are usually covered or hidden by the 
 Toitiary and post Tertiary gi-avels. They represent a notable feature 
 in the drainage of the country related to middle Tertiary histrry, and 
 will be further referred to in that connection. 
 
 Mesozoic. 
 Quesnel Ricer Beds. 
 
 A large arc ' which can bo detinitely referred to the lower Cretace. Foot hills. 
 ous, accompanied by an oUler series of rocks, (which may be Jurassic,) 
 is delineated by a green coloring, occupying the trough of Quesnel 
 Kiver valley. They cover the entire lower and left hand margin of 
 the Cariboo District ma]i. 
 
 This belt is crossed in travelling from Beaver Lake to (Quesnel 
 Forks, and thence to Kangaroo Creek — a. g the usual travelled trail 
 from the loO-mile house to the mines. It has an average width of 
 sixteen miles, within the area of the map. All along Quesnel Eivcr 
 and at Cedar Creek on lower Quesnel Lake, this formation has yielded 
 auriferous gravels. Those wore the first " pay gravels " discovered ; 
 and the first to be ]irotitably mined in the Cariboo country. 
 
 The prevailing habitus of the series is that of mixed volcanic and voic«nio 
 sedimentary rocks, ^fassive beds succeed each other with great regu- i."jfj|„"g^'{„^y 
 hu'ity. The dip is flattish rati er than steep, but frequently at a greater '■'"-'''°' 
 angle than 45 degrees. Their strike corresponds with the general 
 2 
 
 
 i.:i 
 
T 
 
 llotii.iliirier 
 
 If 
 
 Ak|icoI 
 
 liocutitie!! 
 einmineil 
 
 Lithnlogiciil 
 fcalinef. 
 
 18 
 
 IIRlTIsn rOM'MDIA. 
 
 trend of tlio fonimlion, wliicli is tliat of the troii/^hn iiiul riilgon j^onc- 
 nilly. 
 
 Tho liniitw of tlio lonnatioii aro: aloni; Heaver Uivor valloy, on tlieii' 
 HOk tli-woit hide; and alonj; u lino fioni rppcr Swil't IJivor to S|»ani>li 
 Lake valley on tho nortli-oast hUo. Tlio latter liitiindary oxtonds in a 
 north-wostorly direction tn Lit^litninj; Crock, liolow the Bonanza mine, 
 whore it Ibrnis itetl Canon of Lightninif Creek bolwcoii tlu' Honan/.a 
 and Boyd's Cold Spring houno. In the opposite or soiith-castorly 
 direction, it c'ontinuo8 to l^uosncl Lake, sinking tho Lake u fow niilo> 
 ahovo Lynx Poninsula. Thoiico eastward it forms the south shoro ol 
 (^uosnel Lake. 
 
 The hills conijtosod of these rocks aro much lower than those of tho 
 underlying gold bearing schists, on tho north-east. Their surface is 
 rough and craggy. Trees appear to have a preeai'ious footing. In a 
 largo area on the south-side of (iuosnel Kivor tho winds and liie- 
 togother have proetnUe<l mo.st of them before attaining any consider- 
 able si/o. In tho valley of Ilazeltine Creek, however, the soil derivt d 
 from this formation is deeper, and the forest is luxuriant. The hills in 
 general have a characteristic even, tlattish surface contour. Tlioy can 
 be recognized from a distance as belonging to tho formation of tho 
 ti'ough of Quesnel Itiver valley, (i'^norally they are from two to three 
 thousand feet lower than those of the gold schists. 
 
 They were exanuned at several jjlaces on Cottonwood Caiion ; he- 
 tween the Cott(mwood Ranch and Ilixon Creek trail-crossing; at tlio 
 Donaldson Bridge in the Canon of the Quosnol ten miles aliovoQuosnol 
 mouth ; at Wallace's .Mountain, and on the dividing ridge between 
 Quesnel and Cottonwood Bivors ; at Morehi-ad Creek; and at several 
 places along the south fork of Quosnel, as well as on tho north, and 
 on the shore of Quesnel Lake. ^Ir. ^FcKvoy noted them along his track- 
 survey from (Quesnel Forks to (Quesnel Mouth. 
 
 Thereisa lithological resemlilanco throughoutoftherocdisof the above 
 named localities, as shown by the specimens collected, which lestities 
 to a history distinct from anything elsewhere observed in t!ie district. 
 
 Among them were found the characteristic conglomeratt-s of the 
 " Shasta Group.' The cementing material is often u brownish, or 
 greenish mass. From conglomerate to bi-eccia, with the same cement- 
 ing material, they ]>ass into a conv|)act rock, consisting of the cement- 
 ing material alone. Sometimes this is crystalline, and in massive bed-;, 
 less fre(iuently thinly bedded. Of the mineral ingredients aside from 
 hornblende and felspar, tho crystalline varieties aro frequently tine in 
 grain, and not readily determined without the microscope. 
 Metnmorptiism Thoso rocks have been subjected to consid'»:'able metamorphi^iu. 
 In small outcrops it is often difficult to recognise any definite strike or 
 
BOWMAN.] 
 
 MEsnzoi'- 
 
 l!to 
 
 mil'. 
 
 30Vt' 
 
 ti'iei. 
 till' 
 1, (vr 
 ineiit- 
 neni- 
 jeiU. 
 i'l'iim 
 111' in 
 
 lii>in. 
 ko (»r 
 
 <lip, Joiiitugo and clouvagu planus boing inoru pioininuMl than those of 
 budding. In the laigcr o-Kposuro.-i tlio latter can, howovor, i,a>nerally 
 bo (Ictt'ctt'd. 
 
 The bulk of tbo >tiata constituting the group ari- cloaily Ibo re-^ult 
 of st'diinontaiy deposition, while others are as i^learly of oontonipo- 
 ranoous volcanif oriLfin, both niolton and fragniental. 
 
 {''o.ssils \v*!ro ('oll('<tod on tbo south sboro of (^uosnol Lake. noarCrefiweoui'. 
 
 azoltino (Jrook ; and al Big Whool Flat, two miles liolow tbo outlet of 
 ' inol Lake. Of three species eolleotod, two appear to be unde- 
 HOI ■■ d. Tiie third i.s the well-known Auculla Piocliii, of (iabb, indicat- 
 ing thohc)rizon as proliably oijuivalent to the np])er part of tbo Shasta 
 group i)f (Jalifornia. 
 
 Hy refereiioo to the accompanying section, it will be .seen that there xiiickne».<i. 
 is a groat thickness of those strata overlying some that are auriferous, 
 southward of (^uosnel River; and that those latter come to the surface 
 mostly along that str»*am, and northward of it. 
 
 Eeasons for sujjposing that Jurassic rocks may lie represented in the 
 district, exist in tbo occurrence of slaty and certain other beds 
 observed immediately below these holding fossils, on the south shore of 
 Quesnel Lake ; and in similar slaty boils observed a little above the 
 Falls of the South Foi'k (»f Quosnol River, near (^nesnel Forks. TheJura»nio? 
 latter consist of soft and jiorfoctly black carbonaceous slates of n 
 character also obsei'vod in some of the bed> in the Canon of Lightning 
 Oreok. These slates ditl'or fi'om those of the older gold schists in pos- 
 sessing no perceptible crystalline ingredients. 
 
 The placei- miiung cai'ried on between the outlet of Quosnol Lake p|,,per ,„i„j„jj 
 and tbo town of (^uesnel Forks, owes its wealth of gold to the rocks 
 described. If any rocks of .luiassic age occur here they may be sup- 
 posed to come to tbo surface unconformably with the Cretaceous. 
 Jiecent ])ublished evidence indicates that the rocks holding Aucella 
 Plochii, kvbich have been referred to tiie Neocomien, may be 
 as now as the Dakota group. 
 
 We have here a repetition of ifold-bearint; rocks e.xbibitini; in several ttnifomian 
 particulars conditions peculiar to tbo foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada, 
 in California, viz: the occurrence of the Shasta group of Shasta 
 county, with an Aucella allied to that characteristic of the gold-bearing- 
 shales in .Mariposa count}', on which the geological position 
 of the California gold-bouring shales has been based ; the association 
 with Carboniferous limestones, in Shasta and Sierra counties, and 
 again, the formation in which these fossils occur flanking a higher range 
 of crystalline schists, containing no fossils, but intimately associated 
 with adjacent older crystalline and granitic rocks, in Cariboo District, 
 us in the Sierra Nevada. 
 
 i| 
 
 '» 
 
Oarbonifcrou!'. 
 
 
 20 itiUTisii com:, a. 
 
 t 
 
 DiM'Ell PAIi.r.OZOK'. 
 
 Itcar /tirir Limestone and Cherty Scries. 
 
 AlluHion liiiH liooii nijido to tho gonlogical j)Ositioii ni'tlio hmall piidh 
 of liiMcsloiio aiui iiss(K'iut«'(l roiks seon iit. (Juy'a Alountain, in tlio 
 Houth-wi'st coriuT rX llio ('arilmo map. This is supjiowi'd to ho 
 identical with tlu! CarlioiiifoiuUH limostoiio ol' Carlio (JiooU and (itlu'r 
 loi'alitit'H. 
 
 lA'aving Iho liiiioHtoiu's of Guy's Momitalii and tlic (^>tiosnol Rivrr 
 rocks Jusl. di'scribcd, and conliiniini; oiii- I'outo in a nortli-oastorly 
 direction aloh^ the iinnof Hoction Miaiki'd upon tho map — whicli cuts 
 acrosH IhoMo dilVerent foniuUiona nearly at rij^iit angles — wo ascend to 
 (lie ])laleau of the gold hearing schists, eoninionly known as the "Slate 
 Melt," iieai' its north-oasloni hountiary on IJound Top Mountain. 
 The usual route of travel is u little (o (he right of our imaginary line, 
 following tho western shore of Cariboo J.ake and tlie valley of Swanij) 
 h'iver as far as Harvey ('reek', where i( ascends Snowshoe JMateau, lo 
 our lino of section. 
 Limesioiu'.'. Standing on Round Top, and facing north-east, we look across the 
 
 Hocond geological valley or trough, descrihod as an existing valley, 
 viz., that of Hoi.r Lake, and I'pper Swamp liivei*. On Swainj) Hivcr 
 again, theru is an inimonse while elilf of iiniesloue, in a mountain 
 rising opposite JTarvey Creek, a thousand feet above tlio valloy. Similar 
 wliilo (diffs of limestone aro seon to the eastward an<l northward, 
 within a radius of 1(!0 degrees, as far as (he eye can reach, for tifty 
 miles, on holli sides of the Hear River valley, embracing generally Ihc 
 formation coloured gro}' upon the map. 
 oii.risaiiii This formation is remarkabli^ not only for its limestones, hut for its 
 
 ii"utiim'"rphi!^ii^ '""' dilfers in those respects from any other in the dis- 
 
 trict. Among (he cjicrt rocks are occasional beds of volcanic origin, 
 and limestones do not always aciompan}' the cherts. The forn»ation 
 was intorsoctod at many ditlorent point:, and traversed in many 
 dill'erent direct-ions, before its identity and continui(y could be ascci-- 
 tained. In contrast with tho crystalline schists of (he gold bel(, none 
 of tho characteriH(ic orystalliiio rocks are to be found init. Totliis, sonic 
 of the limestones are an exception. Tho rocks in general are more 
 compacted and more altered than those of tho Mosozoic area of (iMu's 
 iiel River. It Ibrms part of several distinct ranges of mountains, 
 amongst which (ho Two Sisters ((5,800 foot above the soa) are tho 
 liighesi in the vicini'y of the gohl region, being exceeded in heigiil. 
 oidy by the alpine peaks of Hio Oai'iboo Range; the culminating points 
 within the area of this tormation av(n'aging about the same height as 
 those of Snowrflioe and iiidd Mountain plateaus, in tho auriferous bell. 
 
>tlu 
 
 noin' 
 sniiu' 
 
 iitiiiiiN ; 
 
 ir tlic 
 
 hoigliL 
 
 jioiiits 
 
 )ijj;ht art 
 
 UH liell. 
 
 IVMAN.] 
 
 ITIM'EU l'AI,,1';0/,(tI(\ 
 
 21 o 
 
 On tlio iiortli-ciist Hidt', tlif liountlaiy of tlu* formiiliou is iioui' tlio 
 wostovn loot, of H\o Carihoo llaiii;i', at tlic lowest lovols of tlic l5oui' 
 IJivi'i' basin. Tlio southwestern houiidary is not so dislinc-tiy inurUt'd 
 liy |)li3'Hiciii loaturoi'H. It Hhos to the samo lieiii,lils, and in many 
 plucos cojiloscos witli tlio gold-beuriny; schists, on tlu- Manias of protnin- 
 iMit inoiintiiins of its own. oi of schist formation. 
 
 From Swamp liivcr, at a point a few niih^s al»ovo tiu' jinu'tion of 
 llai'voy Cri'olv, tho lino botwoon il and thofifold schists crosses ovcrllio 
 iioitiicrn slope of Jloimd Top, and continues thence westwuid to the 
 <lreal IUmkI of ( "unningliiim (!roel< without havint;; t^iven rise to any 
 decided houndiny; vallo\'s of ei'Osion. h'rom the last inontioned point 
 continuini.'; wostward, it keeps close to, without procisely followini,^ 
 aiiothoi' north-wtvsterly Irondinjj; (diain of valleys, represontinl by tho 
 ( 'unniiii^ham-Anller I'ass Oioek, a tributary of ('unidn<j;liam ('reeU, 
 and hy a|)ortion of Antler (/'roeU, Pleasant Valloy CreeU, .Suii;ar Creek, 
 Valhy Crook and Willow Itivcr. 
 
 It is thirloon miles in width opposite harkorvilleand above Boar 
 liake. It widens towanis the north-wc^st, aiul narrows in theopj)osite 
 <lirection i live miles and a hall at the head of the North Arm of 
 (^Miesnol Lake. 
 
 In appearance tho mountains of this formation aro generally smooth. 
 On the summits and hif;her slopes Ihey are bald iaid j^rass ('ovei'o<l. 
 They show a brown colourin;;- of soil, visible from a distance of many 
 miles. Their outlines show an intimation of rocky ribs, more appar- 
 <iil than in the mountains of tlie ""old bearint' schists. At tho same 
 time their regularity sols olf, and in rounded and graceliil curves con- 
 trasts with tho ruggi^il peaks of tho (Jariboo range beyond. Their 
 lower slojioaand foot-hills are covered, in all liivorahle placos, by ilenso 
 and luxuriant forest. 
 
 The rocks of this formation wi're oxaminod at Wiley's .Mountain, 
 alt he head of Sugar Creek, at tho Two Sisters Mountains, at j)oints 
 along the trail IVom Markorville lo Bear Lake, at Mount Murray, 
 along lower AntliM- ('rook, on the Palmer .Mountain.s at Anllor-Cun- 
 iiingham Pass, and at tho head of I he North Arm of (^ui'snol Lako. 
 
 Tho most strikir poculiarity of these beds is tho provalonco of groon- 
 ish cherts, and of Jaspery silicious rocks. Oldor volcanic Hodiinonts 
 (iicur in all grailations of fragnu'niation, from breccia to sandslono 
 and from sandstone to shah'. Tlu^ cementing material i^ usually of u 
 greenish cast, as art* tho rocks thom.solvos, when compact. 
 
 The ilegreo of metamorphism has been plainly much greater than 
 in tho .Mo-sozoic uroa, and distinctly less Ihun in tho area of the gold 
 schists. Tho limeslonos, for example, are oidy occasionally and local- 
 ly altcrod to a perfectly crystalline condition. Pressure has produced 
 
 lloiiiiiliiriuM. 
 
 Wi.llli, 
 
 Aspci't. 
 
 (Iiocii I'horl.'! 
 1111(1 .jii..<|i(3r. 
 
 li 
 
 
Rcpuliir 
 heddiiiB. 
 
 TossilF. 
 
 Gold. 
 
 22 c 
 
 BRITISH COLUMBIA. 
 
 ill some instance.", that t''int appearance of schistosity which is pecu- 
 liar to the schists. ^ nowhere produced the perfectly crj'stalline 
 chanutei's universa . schist belt proper. 
 
 At Eight-mile Creek Cafion, on the trail from Baikerville to Bear 
 Lake, along with other characteristic rocks of the sei'ies, there are 
 grey schists and sandstones more altered than elsewhere seen 
 within the limits of this formation. It was first thought that these 
 were older than the tyj)ical cherts of the Bear River series. A tend- 
 ency towards a crystalline slaty character is apparent in the mineral 
 ingredients, which, nevertheless, show distinctly on their weathered 
 surfaces, their original fragmontal charactei*. 
 
 Tiie position of these altered rocks is ])roitably low in the series. 
 They may represent transition beds, rather than the under- 
 Ij'ing gold schists, from which they difier in uniting distinctly frag- 
 mental, with some of the characters of the crystalline rocks. Situated 
 in the axis of the Sisters range, the lower strata of which they repre- 
 sent, a local jnetamorphisni under greater pressure, may sufficiently 
 account for their aspect as described. A tendency to silky folia- 
 tion in the softer shales is a further characteristic. 
 
 Another feature notable in the rocks of this formati i i their 
 regularity of bedding. The rocks are often seen in massive .s, only 
 moderately inclined. 
 
 A series of fossils was collected near one of the mining camps on 
 lower Aiatler Creek, situated about three miles below the junction of 
 Pleasant Valley and Antler creeks. Crinoids are ])reserved in the 
 limestone, but unfortunately too imperfectly for determination. Their 
 rounded fovms afford only pi-esumptive testimony, — along with the 
 stratigrapbic and lithologic evidence — of an age not newer than Upper 
 Palii'ozoic. 
 
 The placer mines of Lower Antler C/'reek liave derived their gold 
 from rocks of this formation. The yield has been sufficiently good to 
 indicate the presence of the precious metals in their accompanying 
 veins, in quantities that render them worthy of the attention of the 
 prospector. 
 
 1 
 
 Axial raiipc. 
 
 LowKH Palaeozoic. 
 Schists of the Cariboo Gold Belt. 
 
 We come next in descending order to the gold schists; a series of 
 crystalline rocks, which are low down in the geological scale. 
 
 The gold range of Cariboo, lying between the two troughs described, 
 has an average width of twenty miles, from Swift River on the west, 
 
 ■i 1 
 
 iM 
 
AN.] 
 
 LOWER PAL/KOZOIO. 
 
 23 
 
 to tlie two Valley Creeks on the east; — or from Spanish Lake, nearer 
 the eastern border of the map, to the head of the North Arm of Qiies- 
 nel Lake. 
 
 Its boundaries are: on the south-west side, the north eastern jjounjarje,. 
 boundary of the Mesozoic rocks of the Quesnel Jiiver series, already 
 described in detail ; on the Nortli-eastei'n side, that of the Palaeo- 
 zoic rocks last considered, alon^ with which they form the mountain 
 system of the i^old region, or the gold range of Cariboo. 
 
 This implies a geological relationsliip. Those gold schists are, as ,\pimrciit 
 already stated, mindi more highly altered than any of the rocks 1^'=""'""""^" y 
 the Bear Elver series. Their Junction, as observed on Antler Ci jek 
 below Pleasant Valley Creek, exhibits, howevei', a similarity of strike 
 and dip suggestive of conformability. But the greater degree of 
 metamorphism is apparent at a glance and is alone good evidence of Kclmivo age?, 
 their greater age. Their inferior contact with gneissic and granite 
 rocks points to the same conclusion, and the ])resumption is that they 
 constitute some part of the lower Pahcozoic — perhaps even pi'O- 
 PalsBOZoi c — sy s t e ni . 
 
 There is a certain individuality in the apjiearance of the gold belt 
 superricially. The soft and friable schists readily decompose under 
 atmospheric intiuences, and there is consequently a disposition to 
 rounded forms in the outlines of the hills. Eound Top Mountain, Asiiect. 
 dominating Spoxvshoe Plateau by some hundreds of feet, contains 
 quartzile beds, which have resisted weathering. Blount Agnes, Pich- 
 tield Mountain, Yank's Peak, and Cariboo Mountain, are prominences 
 due to the ability of the rocks there coming to the surface, to resist 
 weathering. 
 
 The northern slopes of these mountains are frequently steeper than Esoarpmont?. 
 the southern. The fact is usually attributalde in Cariboo district, as it 
 is elsewhere, to the inclination of the beds, in connection with the 
 eroding operations of adjacent strcims, facilitated and sometimes 
 directed by tb ' iointage of the rock. More rarely clitt's may have 
 been determined i)y lines of fractui-e and displacement. 
 
 The strike of the rocks, as in the formations heretofore described, is .strike, 
 usually in the direction of the mountain ranges. The entire schist or 
 " slate belt '' is furthermore characterized by an abundance of (juartz- 
 veins; and on the higher mountains these rise above the surface, and 
 generally follow in direction the strike ot the slates. 
 
 In the folding to which the schists have been subjected— by a ,„.es-,^'^""'''^'"=® "'" 
 sure exerted at right angles to the trend of the ranges — there appeal's 
 to have been a tendency to fractures in a north-westerly and south- 
 easterly direction. 
 
 The fissures resulting have att'orded facilities for the percolation of 
 
 Is 
 
 qiiaitz vein?. 
 
 m 
 
^^- 
 
 Litholdgioal, 
 
 Thioknes;'. 
 
 340 
 
 BRITISH COLUMBIA. 
 
 Schist»belt 
 more Wr 
 co'sinlline, 
 older rocks. 
 
 alkaline and silicious waters, theprosence and prolonged action of which 
 forming (piartz, Horvod as nature'H healing ngenfy of the fractures. 
 Large veins arc more fre(iiu>nt, and more remarkable on thi' mountain 
 tops — llichtield Mountain, Mount Agnos, Mount Burdell, etc. — than in 
 the valleys. 
 
 Lithologically the Cariboo schis's are alteroi) sediments — clays and 
 sandstones, with occasional small bands of limestone and calcareous 
 shales, comprising popularly' the characteristic " slate rock," where 
 gold is looked for, in veins, and placers, by the experienced miner. 
 
 The "slate" varies from a black or bluish shale, cleaving, commonly, 
 in the direction of the bedding, to a more or less foliated grey ov 
 green chloritic, or talcose schist; the varieties ending with typical 
 mica-schist. The latter is the most characteristic and most widel}' 
 disrtibuted of the varieties of the Cariboo " slate." 
 
 Bands of silicious and calcareous ingredients can be traced. Also 
 bands of more or less decidedly marked mica schist, containing several 
 varieties of mica. 
 
 In the gold region, eruptive rocks occasionally occur in the form of 
 dykes. A dyke on the eastern slope of the Eound Top summit is of 
 hornblende rock. Dykes of " porphyry" are not uncommon. 
 
 As it would be unsafe, where the r(<ck8 are so frequently on edge, to 
 draw conclusions regarding their thickness from any general section, 
 however accurate, attention may be directed to the following distances 
 on the Cariboo Map, where a constant dip in the same direction was 
 observed. On Williams Creek such uniformity occurs for five miles; 
 on Antler Creek, it occurs for four miles and a half; and along the crest 
 of the (loose Creek Mountains, from Goose Creek to Barker's Moun- 
 tain, six miles. 
 
 In Devlin's Diggings at the foot of the Williams Creek section, and 
 again at Mink Gulch above Richfield, the attitude is vertical. Above 
 these points arc seen the usual gentler northerly dips. There is prob- 
 ably a re|)etition of beds on Williams Creek, such as is indicated on 
 that part of the general section corresponding to it. 
 
 In that part of the section corresponding to the crest of the Goose 
 Creek 3Iountains, it will be better in accordance with the facts to con- 
 clude that some beds have been inverted, than it would be to assume a 
 thickness of ;U),0()0 feet. The total thickness of the schists is probably 
 as has been indicated on the section, from five thousand to eight thou- 
 sand feet, 
 ,„d In delineating the schist belt, two shades of coloring are used : that 
 of the main body (Payne's Gi'ey) representing the gold schists on the 
 north and west; and that of the more highly crystalline area to the 
 southeast, exhibited on the North Fork of Quosnel Eivor, and again 
 
 ''.'■ii 
 
and 
 .iove 
 )rob- 
 il on 
 
 Goose 
 coii- 
 iine a 
 )ubly 
 thou- 
 
 thut 
 . the 
 to the 
 
 eOWMAN.] 
 
 LOWER PAL.KOZOIC. 
 
 25 
 
 along the shoi-es or tlio North Arm of Que^inel LaUe, which is repre- 
 sented by a 'igiiter «hade of the .same color. 
 
 Those two aieas possess certain rocks and other characteristics in 
 common. Others are peculiar to eacli. Tiio more crvstalline of the 
 schists characteristic of the gold region occur also in the eastern area, 
 in association with coarser crystalline felspathic and (juartzose ingre- 
 dients. In the western area no granitic or gneissic rocks are any- 
 where found in place. In the eastern area, on the other hand, the 
 Mount Stevenson group of mountains is a granitic core of the highly 
 ■crystalline series. 
 
 The characteristic rocks of the western and eastern areas re- 
 spectively, are seen in close proximity at Shoal Bay, a little westward 
 of the junction of the two Arms of (^uesnel Lake. They are in associ- 
 ation with eacli other at several places between that and the head of 
 the North Arm. They appear to be related, ami separable only by 
 regarding the more crystalline as an older and underlying member, 
 re-appearing in folds in the gold region. 
 
 A belt of the eastern and older rocks was i-ecognized on the North ^^■hel•e 
 Fork of Quesnel Eiver. Similar coarse crystalline rocks were ob- 
 served at Cariboo Mountain; ami near the wing-dam on the waggon 
 road between Boyd's and Beaver Pass. They occur at othei- places 
 in the schist belt, where their presence might be accounted for by 
 folds of the older series accompanying the schists, although it is im- 
 possible at present to trace such connection throughout the district. 
 
 Among the rocks of this eastern area are granites, gneisses, (luartz- Resemblance to 
 
 11 n , 1 • ■ » 1 >'' mt n ArchiBanrocks. 
 
 ites, and other ot the characteristic Archiean rocks, ihe surface 
 features of the country, although rounded, are rougher and more 
 ■craggy than those of the gold region. 
 
 Rocks of the Alpine Region of Cariboo. 
 
 JJelonging to the Cariboo Eange, east of the Bear Lake trough, the 
 rocks of Mount Mitchell were examined, and were tj)und to be the 
 same as the gold schists of the western area above described. Lime- 
 stones occ-ur in large masses near by, overlying the schists uncon- 
 fiirmably and with their accompanying roc s forming the crests of the 
 range. 
 
 The latter exhibit a contrast to tho schists, in their more ru<;<fed 
 and alpine character, as well as in their greater regularity and the 
 moderate inclination of their bedding. 
 
 Neither in the Cariboo Bange, nor in the crystalline region of which 
 Mount Stevenson is the representative, has gold been found in quantity 
 corresponding with that of the area described as the gold region 
 
 R 
 
 ^ i ill 
 
 Limestones 
 
 overlying 
 
 sclii.stj. 
 
 Less rieli in 
 goM. 
 
26 c 
 
 ItRITISlI COLUMHIA. 
 
 \i'M 
 
 Litli"l"t.'ioiil 
 re-^einbliini'e-' 
 
 Buceession ( 
 f(irinati(in=. 
 
 11 IF^ 
 
 proper. And though gold has been found in all the creeks, and has 
 been more or less mined on the easily accessible ones, the fact re- 
 mains that it has not lieen found in ])rotitable quantities in any other 
 part of the country under considejation, nor elsewhere than in the 
 area of the folded schists. 
 
 The entire crystalline series of the gold region of Cariboo is litho- 
 logicall}' identical, as near as can be described in general terms, with 
 th(! rocks of the Pre-Cambrian and Cambrian gold regions of eastern 
 Canada. The gneissic and schistose type of rocks of the Mount 
 Stevenson groui) especially (supposed to reijresent the lowest horizon, 
 (m account of their association with granite in a central and massive 
 mountain gi'oup) tiiids lithological re])resentatives in the Pre-Cambrian 
 rocks of the eastern provinces of the Dominion, and in the Appala- 
 chian axis. 
 
 Section from Guy's Mountain to the Cariboo Bawje. 
 
 The line of section drawn from (Juy's Mountain across the schist 
 belt of the Snowshoe Plateau, to the summit of the Cariboo Kange, a 
 distance of sixty miles, is constructed on a scale, horizontal and verti- 
 cal, of two miles to the inch ; the base being sea level. On it is 
 shown the succession of the formations represented in the district ; 
 their attitude as seen at ditt'erent points, in travelling across them, 
 and their thickness, as deduced from the dips and distances along 
 the line of section. Its course is north -10° east, tiierefore not exact- 
 ly at right angles to the average strikes, and the mountain trends of 
 the district. 
 
 MiNiNo Geology. 
 Dip and Strike of the Country-rock. 
 
 In practical importance not second to distribution, arc the dips and 
 strikes of the several rock-formations, which have been summarized 
 in the accompanying section. In order that the data from which the 
 section was drawn may be further available to the miner interested in 
 tracing quartz veins, a large number of strikes in each of the 
 formations are shown upon the district map. All the bearings arc 
 from the astronomical mei'idian, the magnetic meridian being 
 N. •lU'' E. 
 Si nificancc uf ^^^ general agreement of the strikes with the trend of the hills and 
 (lii)sand streams, in a south-easterly and north-westerly direction, has already 
 
 (si. rlKCc* 
 
 been mentioned. It is not difficult to obtain from the attitudes of 
 
schist 
 
 r 
 
 .'5 ., 
 
 2 «. .. 
 -In. 
 
 SeaXlj. 
 
 
 I N 
 
G. CACHE CREEK ROCKS. 
 
 UPPER PAL.'^OZOIC. 
 
 K QUESNEL RIVER ROCKS 
 d(uMn/ro/(Yi/iir (U/ff/o/ncraic.s; ((rf/i/Zi/cs rh' Lou erf 'rcfarrous ni /m// 
 
 MESOZOIC. 
 
 • V 
 
 Scci\L fif!i 
 
 1 
 
B, CRYSTALLINE ROCKS OF NORTH FORK OF QUESNELRIVER& LAKE, 
 (fitr/xsi's i/iuH .sv///.s/,v (/iaiiul(ir(nK/si/iru>ns 
 
 /iif/y/rroNS ^'r/nsLs of Duck ('trrh- . 
 IfoutKriop ('/<; pro/,(t/f/ff ARCH/EAN. 
 
 BTO C. CARIBOO SCH' 
 
 ('■(/()/(/ /M>a/nff/\sh/cs ) l>i(tr/,- . (/ra/ ((//(/ (/rrciii^ 
 Silken. lalcoso, and /maiccoKH. LOWL 
 
 SKETCH SECTION FROM GUYS MOUNTAfN TO THE CARIBOO RANGE, VIA SNOVi 
 
 I 'crtical and //onzon/a/ Sade 2 mUe.f to I nwh 
 
SCHISTS. 
 rins/i in('(f( luoi'pinc schLsts- 
 OWL'R PAL/EOZOIC. 
 
 etog. bear lake 
 
 lutwstone ( IwrKsfftid (/. 
 /jrd)f//j/ij UPPER PAU 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 _y--,_ 
 
 I 
 
 
 .r- 
 
 V 
 
 ^ i 
 
 ^ S 
 
 c 
 
 
 "s 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 •s, 
 
 :5; 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^c 
 
 >o 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■s. 
 
 
 \^ 
 
 1=^ 
 
 
 Q 
 
 s 
 
 S 
 
 V 
 
 fc 
 
 ?: 
 
 =q 
 
 „~s 
 
 "C 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 V 
 
 ^ 
 
 O^VSHOE PLATEAU. 
 
OEOLOOICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. 
 
 G. BEAR LAKE ROCKS. 
 )ne ( /wrf^s' (Uid (fuartzt/f\s 
 '>/iJ UPPER PAL/EOZOIC. 
 
 Btoc. cariboo schists. 
 
 ovorlai/i hi/ nuts.sh^e limestones. 
 
 -^-- 
 
 N 
 
 t 
 
 V 
 
 1 
 
 —A^. 
 
 i 
 
 
 $5 
 
 
 
 S3 
 
 •;; 
 
 
 v 
 
 < 
 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 V 
 
 s 
 
 3 
 
 t 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 5i 
 
 >§1 
 
 ^ 
 
 n'^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 'V 
 
 n: 
 
 
 1 
 
 *»5 
 
 1 
 
I- 
 
 lOMMAN.J 
 
^ifl 
 
 lOWMAN.j 
 
 MININd OKOI.OOV. 
 
 27 
 
 '..0 rocks oxiiibited in tlio soclion, an intolligililo idea of llu-ir history 
 as otl'-shoro sedimt-nta of iin ancioiit Archu'nn ridgo, or arcliipolago ol' 
 the Cordilloraii region. Facts of imitortanco to tlio quartz minor ai-o 
 developed by a comparison of the dips and striicos of the rocks on 
 tlio several pio'italile phicer-minini,' creeks. Thoy will lie more 
 precisely shown on the creek niajts, which aie on larger scales, 
 Tlio positions and areas of the several creek maps are outlined on the 
 general district map, along with other details which cannot be shewn 
 upon the scale of the district map. 
 
 The dips and strikes ])lotted on the district map sufBce to show the 
 
 \i.;ten^o of an axial line (' 1) which marks (he position of a saddle, or 
 
 .•mtidinal in the gold slates and schists. It lies close to some of the pro- Aiaie'limil.ixlu. 
 
 "iinent mountains of the region, but seldom strikes thi'ough thoir 
 
 *■ ighest points. The dips on either side of it are usually nearly vertical, 
 
 though occasionally they are nearly horizontal, as if occuj)ying the 
 
 unbroken summit of an arch. The line is nearly parallel to tho general 
 
 strike of the schists, and equidistant from the massive limestones of 
 
 the Hear Lake series, on tho north-east. 
 
 In tracing :i line of this description through a country where there is poid?. 
 a succossi(m of wavy folds, it is not easy to distinguish the continuation 
 of the axis of one fold from that of the next one in the series, on account 
 of their frequent interruption by cross fractures, and by valley erosions. 
 One such cross fracture is indicated by the dips of Beaver Pass and 
 liuchon Creek. It runs in a noi'th-north-eastcrly direction, and corres- ^^''^J^J'-''''''' 
 ponds with the course of one of the vein systems of Burns and Island 
 Mountains. Another is seen in the transverse-cutting valley of Swam]) 
 liiver. Cariboo Lake, and of tlio north fork of Quesnel Eiver, which has 
 detlecied all the strikes adjacent to that valley from their normal direc- 
 tion. A similar disturbance of the Mcsozoic rocks occurred, judging 
 from the plotted dips and strikes, on Quesnel Lake between its outlet 
 and the narrows. 
 
 A clue to the identity of beds, and accompanying vions on Williams Montity cm 
 and adjacent creeks, is atforded by the limestone bands. They occur creeks"' 
 to a limited extent in the gold schist series. In the folds of the rocks 
 exhibited upon the general section of the country in a broader manner, 
 the limestones are seen repeating themselves in widely ditt'orent atti- 
 tudes. The limestones of Jack of Clubs Crook on the northern slope of 
 Mount Agnes, those of Black Jack Caiion, and of tho lower part of 
 Baikerville on Williams Creek, as well as those of Antler Creek, and 
 Cunningham Creek, similarly repeating themselves, will bo found sus- 
 ceptibio of identitication, and correlation by means of their dips and 
 strikes. 
 
 ! Ui 
 
if 
 
 J8c 
 
 BRITISH COLUMBIA. 
 
 Dip and Strike of Veins. 
 
 Keluted to 
 placer?. 
 
 Openings on 
 ledges. 
 
 Relationship of 
 veins to 
 placers. 
 
 Differing dijiS. 
 
 Vein fissures. 
 
 Quartz veins ave represented on the Cariboo map by a heavy 
 red line, drawn in the direction of their strilce; the dip being indicated 
 in the same manner as that of the country-roclc. 
 
 Their general correspondence in strike with t at of the country-rock 
 has been alluded to. A glance at those parts of the district maj) which 
 are covered by the outlines of the creek maps will show the gev)logical 
 features bearing on their continuations through intervening ridges and 
 approximately their identity on the ditt'erent creeks. Such identity 
 may often be of little consequence at the distances in question, but it is 
 noteworthy wherever traceable, especially as it is found to have 
 a certai i relation to the quantity of gold in the placer diggings of 
 the vicinity. 
 
 Early in tiie history of these mines, attention was directed to the 
 croppings of ledges noticed between Lowhee Creek, Proserpine Moun- 
 tain, and the head of Grouse Creek. Openings were made on the 
 Enterprise ledge on Lowhee Creek ; on the Bonanza, Jilack Jack, and 
 Steadman ledges on Williams Creek ; on the Wilkinson ledge, on Pro- 
 serpine Mountain; and on the Dutferin and Fountain-head ledges on 
 Grouse Creek ; all approximately in the same line of strike. 
 
 The dotted line E F is drawn along the upper edge of the richer 
 placer diggings, from Eed Gulch via Mosquito Creek, Lowhee Creek. 
 Stouts Gulch, Williams Creek, Grouse Creek and Antler Creek to Cun- 
 ningham Creek, showing a close enough relation to the series of veins 
 which are plotted near the same line of strike, to render additional 
 details regarding them of interest. The depth of the superficial soil 
 and gravel has prevented their connection being actually traced on the 
 surface, between these ditt'erent creeks. The testimony of accf)mpany- 
 ing rocks, their relative position geogi-aphically, their geological 
 position between the top antl bottom of the series to the north of the 
 axial line of Mount Agnes, and the dip of the ledges themselves aiv 
 the factors throwing light upon the question of their relations on the 
 difterent creeks. Finally the contents of the ledges as given, may lie 
 investigated. 
 
 A comi)arison of the dips and strikes of the ledges with those of the 
 country-rock, reveals the fact that while they agree remarkably in 
 strike, they do not agree in dip. This fact holds good in some of tiio 
 principal ledges throughout the mining region. The identity of strike, 
 and not of dip, is readily explained by the supj)osition tiiat the quartz 
 veins filled fissures which were iiiHuonced in direction by that of the 
 bedding and the lines of disturbance during uplift. They happen to be 
 parallel to the strike, though they are often independent of tlu' 
 
eOWMAN.] 
 
 MINING GEOLOOT. 
 
 29 c 
 
 heddini,^ VoiriH of thiis description do not necessarily continue 
 downward within the bedding to any depth ; though a coincidence of 
 the phme of hedding with the direction of the fissure or vein, doubtless 
 fre(|uently produced conditions favourable thereto. 
 
 Among the series of veins enumerated, the Island Mountain ledges i:'»"<l . 
 ^how a southerly dip, of from <!0° to 80°. The Enterjjrise, Steadman, ledges, 
 and Proserpine ledges are vertii^al. The Bonanza, Dutt'erin, F'ountain- 
 head, and Nugget Gulch, and Antler Creek ledges have a northerly dip, 
 of from 50° to SO''. All of them are in a country rock which has a 
 prevailing northerly dip. If they Iielong to one system, a remarkable 
 twi^L would have to be accounted for. Elsewhere at Island .Mountain 
 the northerly dips may very piobably occur also. 
 
 The persistency of the strike of the principal ledges of Cariboo in oause?. 
 the direction of the trend of the mountain system, co-incident with 
 that of the schists, must be ascribed to a common original cause, that 
 of the uplift anil folding, therefore it is only incidentally related to 
 the bedding of the schists. 
 
 Other peculiarities of these veins, inidudiug the character of their Vein contents, 
 contents, are referred to below, and will be considered hereafter in 
 giving further details of the creeks. 
 
 The cross-vein system of Burns Mounttiin is different from that last Tnmsvcrse 
 described in general direction, being north-north-easterly tind nearly'"^' 
 vertical. The ailjacent country rocks dip to the south-eastward 30°, 
 finding a parallel t(j their strike in the rocks of Beaver Pass and 
 Kuclion Creek, which dip to thewestward at a similar angle. 
 
 On Snowshoe Plateau the ledges show an agreement in strike with 
 lliat of the country-rock, vet with notable variations in dip. The 
 ledges of Buck Creek, the North Fork of Quesnel, and of Spanish 
 Creek vary from the country rock both in strike and dip. 
 
 Distribution of the Placers. 
 
 i IS 
 
 $ 
 
 It is found that those parts of the Carib- ^ country which have a 
 record in placer mining, can be included within the red lines G. (J. and 
 H. H., forming a circuit with a diameter of forty miles, of which Cariboo 
 Mountain is the centre. The periphery is represented by a circular 
 belt of about ten miles in width. It includes the diggings, — beginning 
 at the north-west, and following the hands of a clock, — on Lightning 
 Creek, Euchon Creek, Willow Eiver, Sugar Creek, Hardscrabble, 
 Slough Creek, Eed Gulch, .Mosquito Creek, Lowhee Creek, Williams 
 Creek, Grouse Creek, Cunningham Creek, Harvey Creek, Snowshoe 
 and Keithley Creeks, Goose Creek, Duck Creek, Spanish Creek, 
 the north Fork of Quesnel, Kangaroo Creek, Cedar Creek, the south 
 
 (ircmpiiig lit' 
 i>liu'ers 
 ueconling to 
 erosion. 
 
30 
 
 BRITISH COLUMBIA. 
 
 Nature'.* 
 assiiys. 
 
 Indiciitioii? 
 
 Foi'k of (Juesnel, Morehead Creek, and the main (Juesnel River; and 
 covers all of the formations descrilted in the district ; tliat of the gold 
 schists being the only one remarkable for the wealth and pei-manence 
 of its diggings. 
 
 A feature attending the entire list of creeks, embracing the placer 
 mining country generally, is the width and depth of the erosions 
 peculiar to the placer ai-ea. 
 
 Accumulated wealth in the form of placers, is simply representative 
 of a g"eat thickness of the country-rock, including quartz-veins, ilis- 
 intcgrated and removed. Its metal has been concentrated, and retain- 
 ed, along with the heavier rocks and the haider gravels which resisted 
 disintegration. 
 
 Higher portions of the creeks, reaching up into the mountains or in- 
 to the plateaus in their vicinity, within the placer belt, it is frequently 
 observed, have not proved correspondingly rich. This fact should not 
 be placed in evidence against the wealth of ledges not adjacent to the 
 richer placers, or outside of the limits of the principal placer belt. 
 These lodges sinipl}' happen to be visible whore erosion has not hail 
 the opportunit}' to do its work. Hail the streams done an equal 
 amount of cutting away and concentration upon them, there might 
 have been placers in their vicinity, perhaps equall}' rich. Concentration 
 by denudation being thus duly allowed for. the placer deposits will 
 generally prove to be the most reliable indication of the wealth of the 
 adjacent ledges. 
 
 It is well understood that angular boulders and coarse gold cannot 
 have sutt'ercd such attrition and haniracring as are incident to much 
 travelling in the course of a stream bed. Thus the placer mines indicate 
 first, the belts of auriferous country-rock, the streams will indicate 
 the direction, and the transported matter itself shows the distance we 
 have to go to the lodges, whether large or small, from which the placer 
 gold was derived. They may Justify mechanical exploitation or not, 
 according to circumstances peculiar to the district, such as transporta- 
 tion, etc., (|uite apart from their character. 
 
 The lines of strike, accomj^anied by the axial line CD., and the area 
 of deep erosions included between the lines G.G. and H.H,, furnishing 
 I'espectively, the elements of identity of the I'ock. and of the value to 
 be attached thereto from the testing of it by erosion, will bo found to 
 contribute materially towards confirming a judgment from nature's own 
 hand, of the promise of the ledges on the ditt'erent creeks. 
 
AN.] 
 
 MININO OEOLOGY. 
 
 31c 
 
 Quartz Ledges Examined. 
 
 Williams Creel;. — Among the ledges which have attracted tlie atten-Q,„irtz. 
 tion of tlio phacer miners, and later of quartz prospectors, in a few 
 instances succeeded by systematic underground mining, — are the 
 following, with their principal features, and assa}- values, as found : — 
 
 Proserpini' Ledge. — At Wilkinson shaft house. Strike and dip, etc., 
 not visible on account of the tilling up of the shaft ; supposed to be in 
 line with Mason Avenue, which runs X. 47° W. ; bearing to Honanza j^^^j" ''*'"**" 
 lodge N. 43° W. The strike of the soft black slates, taken 200 feet west 
 of the Wilkinson shaft, was found to be N. 43' W. ; dip about vertical. 
 Hence the ledge here may be considered as between beds. Body not 
 visible. Contents, quartz, pyrites, ferric-hydrate, carbonaceous mat- 
 tor, and a little siderite. The shaft is 50 feet deep; it was sunk in 
 1864-66, by Wilkinson. 
 
 At the Proserpine shaft house, "00 feet east from last, the attitude 
 is about the same, the vein dipping S. < 75° ; body, 10 feet. Contents : 
 galena, iron pyrites, quartz, chlorite, brown oxides, and a<;aicn.a. 
 bluish felspar. An at-say by Mr. Ilortmann, of specimen containing 
 iron pyrites and galena, in a gangue of quai-tz and chlorite, gave i. old, 
 0.787; silver, 20.738 ounces to the ton. Anothei' (Xo. 54) yielded only 
 a trace of gold, and no silver, P^-rites in "slate" is said to have 
 assayed very high. The .shaft is 97 feet deep. (Filled with water.) 
 
 At a distance of n30 feet W.S.W. from the Wilkinson shaft house is vein across 
 the ''supposed Steadnian Ledge," a body of (juartz striking east and '^*'"''''' 
 wcL^t, with a southerly dip of 7.')°. It is in slates striking X. 33° 
 W., and dipping north-eastward •< 65°; showing local irregularity 
 in the attitude of the country rock, and an intersecting vein system. 
 
 Steadman Ledge, Eichtield. A body of about four feet in width can be 
 seen near the bed of the creek, where it has been exposetl by an open 
 out. Strike, X. 48° W,, standing about vertical. Fiftj- feet from it the 
 slate rock strikes S. 35" E. and dips north-easterly <* 70° ; ap- 
 parently in broken ground, as a hundred yards above it, and about the 
 Name distance below it on Williams Creek, tho slate rocks strikes S. 
 65° E. and dips northward from 70° to vertical. Contents : A speci- 
 men sent to me by James Eeid in Decembei-, 1886, obtained from a 
 depth of 30 feet, assayed by Mr, Hotfmann, contained gold, a distinct 
 trace ; silver, none. 
 
 Jlines Ledge, above Eichtield. (Quartz with pyrites and mineral 
 lesembling limonito. A body of quartz several feet or more 
 in width was sunk upon by the occupant of the adjacent cabin. 
 l>opth of shaft, six feet; body of ore, four feet ; direction of strike and 
 continuity unknown. It is at the head of the profitable placer mining 
 on Williams Creek. Contained little or nothinsr. 
 
il , 
 
 
 
 B 
 
 1 
 
 
 lii 
 
 
 '1 f 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 imiTISH COLUMBIA. 
 
 Vein lit'lwi'en 
 liods. 
 
 ledgcH. 
 
 Stout's (luleh Led(/e, Hydraulic Oig^irin^'s, noiir Bjirkcrvillo. An 
 assay, by Dr. Harrington in \8H>ul, of a specimon collected by Dr. 
 Dawson, from a five-fcct cross vein, containing white quartz with iron 
 pyrites, gave gold, 'IJIJS oz. ; silver, 'VM oz. to the ton. 
 
 Bonanza Ledije, situated near the divide between Stout's Gulch and 
 Lowliee Creek, near T5arkervillc. Strike of ledge X. 48= to (53° W. ; 
 dip northward , ; 4.')° to tiO° ; strike of slates in tunnel, X. 65° to 80° 
 W. ; dip northward < 45° to fiO*^. The above are repeated 
 trials at ditterent places. Taking an average, that of tlic ledge would 
 be N. .55i° W., and of the rock N. 72^" W. ^ The strike of a large body 
 of ([uartz on the surface several hundred yards east of the tunnel 
 known as tlie " Big Blowout," agrees in the main with that ol' the 
 ledge in the tunnel. It is plotted on my track survey as W. N. W. ; 
 but Mr. C'raib, who observed inslrumentally at my re([ucst, reports its 
 strike, N. 41)'' AV. On the whole, I am inclined to think the JJonanza 
 imd cuntents "(' lodge I'uns in the bedding of the rock. Country rock, slate; showing 
 evidences in places of fragmental origin. Contents: Quartz, with 
 polished "slickensidc " wall, iron pyi'ites, graphite, etc. 
 
 An assay of south casing of Bonanza ledge by Di-. Jlarrington 
 (Ec])ort of 1870-77, p. 477), gave gold, -004 ounces; silver, -02;^ 
 ounces to the ton ; of north casing, only traces of gold ; and of blue 
 quartz containing slaty matter, only traces of gold. 
 
 Specimens received at the Survey Office in 1S78, containing white 
 quartz, pyrites, and some carbonaceous matter, gave gold, •i)'\\ ounces 
 (SI 1.45) ; silver, "335 ounces to the ton. It had been reported as con- 
 taining S90 (Eep. 187(i-77, p. 478). 
 
 Mr. Forrest states that this I'ock was assayed in 1878, and was reported 
 to contain $00 a ton, but tliat subsequently the fissays were reported 
 erroneous. Mr. Harper, who worked some tons at Nason's Mill, claimed 
 that it paiJ S3 to S4a ton, but did not get gold enough to make a bar. 
 No rock from the Bonanza wiia crushed in Jliotte's time, beyond test 
 samples. 
 
 A tunnel several hundred feet in long^.h strikes the lodge 55 feet 
 below the surface, anil a shaft from its innvir end 50 feet deep, shows 
 the ledge to a depth of 105 feet below the surface. Counting in the 
 side stringers it is w^timated to be 22 feet in width. Some galena is 
 found in the hanging wall ; in the foot wall the ore is all pyrites. 
 
 Home Rule Ledje, Barkerville Mountain, half-a-milo west of lower 
 end of Barkerville. The opening on this ledge is a hole less than ten 
 feet wide and deep, leaving the strike and dip uncertain. Mr. Dooley, 
 the first locator, considered it as running east and west. Mr. O'Neil, 
 subsequently owner, considered it as I'unning nOith and south, basing 
 his conclusions on appearances in the opening. These would indicate 
 
 Erroneous 
 assay?. 
 
 I1cv<'lo|imenf 
 work. 
 
 I'ncertniii 
 Htrike. 
 
 I . .m 
 
 'IB I 
 
 
BOWMAN'] 
 
 MINlN<i (lEOT.OdY. 
 
 33 
 
 Ixiwceii lied'i. 
 
 :i \o(\gG of about five loot in width, dipping Oiist < 80°, having 
 |ii)r|piiyry in tho foot and iianging walls. There is, howovoi", a stringer 
 ot'ipiartz extending thi'nngh this porphyry in an easterly and westerly 
 direction, dipping S. "5", which nwiy rej)reaent the hoolov ledge. 
 At a distance of 'l'>0 feet south of Mr. O'Neil's opening there is a 
 hoily of mineralized (juartz from tive to six feet in width, striking N, 
 41" Vj., and <lij)ping norlh-westerly < 80°. Twenty feel to tlio cast 
 (if that there is a coni'u-etl hody of ipiartz separated from ii hy i)or- 
 phyry. In asoutheily diriTtion from tlie Jlome IJulc opening, Mr. O'Xeill 
 found other similar I'roppings hetween jse and the moutii of Stout's 
 (ruich. (.'oHtc>tt.<: Iron pyrites, linionite, anil galena; yellow earthy oxides, 
 ferric hydrate, a(ci)ni])anying pitchy looking limonite. In places along 
 with iralena, also a reddish brown, a vellow, and a white oxide. The I'P'i'i ^'.''I'h''''" 
 
 ' _ ^ ' , _ lllill llXlllo. 
 
 principal characteristics of the Home Itule is its abundance of mineral 
 in the shape of galena, limonite, pyrito.s, and their oxides ; in which 
 respect it is not excelled by any U'dgo seen by tne in the district. An 
 assay iy llolfmann of a sjiecimen containing an association of galena, 
 iron ji^'i'ites and linionite, gave gold, -0-0 ounces; silver, G'ofij! ounces 
 to the ton. 
 
 Dooky Ledtje, an easterly extension of the last. Mr. Dooley's prin- Proi.iiiii.v 
 cipal opening is about oOO feet east of the Home l{ide opening, and 
 the body of ([Uartz disclosed strikes N. 75"' \V., dip S. <70' ; witlth, 
 three feet. It does not .show as much mineral. What there is resembles 
 iliat of tiie Homo Hule opening, except in lesser degree of decomposi- 
 tion. The country rock in the vicinity, a spotted slate, strikes N. SO*^ 
 W., and stands vertical. Probabl}', (Ui i'urther development, the ledge 
 will be found to riui with the slate. On the brow of the hill, back of 
 Sincox's dwelling, the latter strikes N. 75° \V., and ilips N. < 75°. 
 
 Scrijeant Limlsai/ /.oA/e, Richtield Mountain. Strike of main hdgc, 
 X. m to 7<;' W. ; side ledge, N. ST W. Width of main ledge, 4^ feet ; 
 side Jedge, 2^ to T)^ feet. The main Icdgo dips S. < 50°, and the 
 side ledge is vertical. These two bodies form a single ledge at the foot vein« across 
 of the hill, (where the ledge has been opened), and diverge at a small ^•''''' I'vitc.-. 
 angle to tho westward. Countiy rock, grey slate, with an apparently 
 tlaltish dip. It b:is a cleavage striking S.S.IO., dip easterly < liO% 
 Great bodies of similar (piartz croj) on all sides near this ledge, and 
 show a continuance in many diflbrent directions by smaller cropiiings. 
 I'ontents: (puirtz with ferric hydrate and a little jiyrilcs. A unitbrmly 
 whitish barrcndooking (piartz, occasionally fragmental, and showing 
 lirown iron oxides in bands. Assay by Hoffmann yielded gold a trace; 
 silver, 1-80H ounces per ton. 
 
 f 
 
,■»■ ; 
 
 1 
 
 II 
 
 34 c 
 
 BRITISH COLUMBIA. 
 
 Loichee Creek. 
 
 Not same a- 
 Bormnzii. 
 
 Veins hetwccii Enterprise Ledqe, H niilo woHt of (he Bonanza watershed. Close to 
 
 beds; Iree giiliJ. . , i " n i ^ • • • t i i-.- i ... 
 
 it on the west, and jtanillel to it in coui'se, is .lack i'lnkerton .s ledgo 
 
 HO .similar in attitude, iiody and otlior characteristics that it inii,fht ho 
 
 descrihod as a ropolition of tiio Enterprise. Strike of Pinkei'ton lodge. 
 
 N. 59° W. ; dij. northerly < 85° ; width, nine feet. The ledge is 
 
 about lIOO feet troni the Knterprise ; hoth striking with the slate, which 
 
 dips however, S. 7(»°. They cross Lowhce Creek about 2,000 feet 
 
 below the Victoria upper shaft house, which would .strike near the 
 
 jwsition of the Ealph lodge, on Barkerville I\rountaiii. The country 
 
 rock is finely laminated cliloritic slate. 
 
 Strike of Hnterpri.-e ledge, X. (J2" W. vertical ; body eight to ton 
 feet. Tiiose ledges, accordingly, do not appear to lie in the extension 
 of the Cariboo or Jionanza ledge. On Lowheo Gulch, whore the 
 Eiiterpriso and Pinkorton ledges cioss it, the slates hold the same 
 strike, S. 60° E. ; showing an unbroken country between ; but the diji 
 is less, being only about < 40", while the colour of the rock is more 
 greyish. George B3rnes & Co., in 1^78, drifted in quite a distance on 
 a ledge at ov near this crossing. CnHtmts : (Juartz not containing any 
 mineral visibly ; remarkable for their perfectly polished slickensidos. 
 An assay of a specimen of " Enterprise ore," sent by W, Pollard to 
 the Survey office in 1878, contained white quartz, pyrites, iron oxide, 
 and slaty matter, and yielded gold, 20'01Wi ounces; silver 4'92!t ounces 
 to the ton. Opened by a tunnel about 37y\) foot long. 
 
 Victoria Shaft Ledge. — Peculiar quiirtz crystals, encased in galena. 
 Supposed by Mr, Forrest to be the western extension of the Bonanza. 
 The Victoria was tapped 100 feet west of the shaft-house, by a tun- 
 nel running magnetic north, which cut a body of sulphurots two 
 feet in width, i»ut broke ott' abruptly' to east-ward, in the direction of 
 the Bonanza. 
 
 Sam Crane's Old Store. — Stringers yielding 820 a ton. • 
 
 Island Mountain. 
 
 "Lady of the Lake'' Ledge, on west shore of Jack of Club's Lako. 
 Pyrites, and quartz, with carbonaceous matter. Assay — gold, a trace; 
 silver, none. A tunnel was run in by Forest Dunlevy & Co., some 
 years ago; course, W. to N.AV. ; continuity undetermined ; body in 
 places, eight feet. Vein lost. 
 
 Following the strike of the .John's ledgo from the John's tunnel 
 eastward about 1200^fect, in sight of Jack of Club's Lake, and 300 foot 
 back from it, bodies of quartz have been found having a similar strike, 
 but no continuity in developments so far made. This supposed 
 
 Inter.'cctinK 
 );aleiia. 
 
 i 
 
eOWMAN.J 
 
 MININQ (lEOLOOr. 
 
 35 c 
 
 trace : 
 some 
 dy in 
 
 uiinel 
 i) feet 
 irike, 
 posed 
 
 extension of the I^lanil Mountain or Walker Le(Ji;v, is claimed liy 
 Roliert J. Walker. Tlio rock near the lake strikes S. 05° W., (lii)j)in<j; 
 nortiiward < 45° ; accordingly agreeing- with that of the .loim's 
 tunnel. 
 
 The John's or Isldtvl Mountain Led(je, one-tliird to one half mile west strike with 
 of .Jack of Club's Luke. Strike, as observed in tunnel, X. K'° W. ; dip, comriiry'. 
 southward < 60® to 75°. Mr. Walker <,ives the strike as S. 50° W. 
 magnetic, S. T5^ W. true, or 22" more to the souiii tiian I founil 
 it in the John's tunnel. The rock strikes AV S.W. to S.W. ; dip to 
 northward, < 25 or 30 degrees. A well defined pyrites ledge of -11 to 
 51 inches has been followed in about 50 feet. Contents: Iron pyrites, I'yrites. 
 ami (piartz. A woiking test of a sample lot from tlie John's tunnel, 
 I am informed, vieldeil Mr. Craib in 1S87 S^iO to tlie ton. This ledije 
 has i)een supposed to be identical with the Walker ledge. It is 830 
 feet east of the Walker opening, and within 1500 feet of .lack of 
 Club's Lake. The John's tunnel or Island Mountain ledge however^""''"''""'**'- 
 varies in strike from that in the neighbourhood of the Walker ore- 
 house to the extent of 20''. 
 
 The Island Mountain Company's operations during 1880-87 included Development, 
 the purchase of the Lane and Kurtz Mill, and the grading of a mill 
 site on Jack of Club's Lake, at a ])oint where the course of the 
 western portion of the ledge would strike the Lake. From the John's 
 tunnel it was proposed to deliver, during the winter of 1880-7, lOOti 
 Ions of quai'tz ; and to ad<l to the mill, concentrators, and roasting and 
 leaching appliances for its treatment. 
 
 For sevei-al thousand feet the quartz here opened to sight, it will be co„tr,iry dips, 
 obsei'ved, while not departing widely in strike from that of the slates, 
 distinctly does not follow their bedding. The ledge shows every 
 appearance of regularity and continuity. 
 
 Walker Ledge, 830 feet west of last. The ledgo strikes S. 75" W., 
 and dips to southward <()0'^'. Strike of rock in cut near ledge, S. 60° 
 to 05° E. ; dip N. < 45". A heavy body of quartz is in sight, vary- 
 ing in thickness from three to six feet. The cut into the Walker 
 ledge runs S. 50 feet, striking the ledge nearly at right angles. Con- 
 tents : Iloney-condjed quartz, and brown inin oxide from decompo- 
 sition, with glistening while talcose mineral resembling mica. 
 From same locality, quartz, iron pyiites, and greeiush talc. A 
 <)aantity of rock milled by Riotte in 1887 (imperfectly roasted) Tests, 
 yielded $19.03 to the ton. The bulk of the rock worked by Mr. 
 liiotte was hauled to the Lane and Kurtz Mill, and not roasted at all. 
 Being mostly iron pyrites, with very little or no free gold, it yielded 
 only a few (lollars to the ton. During the winter of 1885-6 Mr. Nason 
 worked 3000 lbs. of ore from this ledge taken from the dump at the 
 
f' ^1' 
 
 I 
 
 36 
 
 nniTISH COLUMBIA. 
 
 
 I I 
 I i 
 
 ! 
 
 f } 
 
 Veins 
 
 lied.o : 
 
 iicrn,-s 
 liyritcs 
 
 oie-houso, and obtniiied $19.70. Mr. Walker rejmrts u sample of the 
 tailings sent to Pittsburgh for assay which yielded .*fil to the ton. 
 Coniriuy dip?. West of the Sadou ledge crossing, another cut ending in a short tunnel, 
 has been run into the Walkei- ledge. It is 420 fret westward from the 
 ore-house. The slato rock strikes N. 75° W., and dips northward <45° ; 
 perhaps is a little disturbed. A bearing taken along its strike, as 
 indicated by Mr. Walker from his developments here and elsewheiv, 
 was S. 7!>° W. About 500 feet further west in this direction, the ledge 
 is again ojjened by a cut which discloses a body three feet ami a half in 
 width, nearl}' vertical, or dipping slightly to the south. Mr. Dunlevy 
 owns an e.Klensiou here of 1500 feet. Tiio ledge is traced another 
 1500 feet west, where it is known us " Joo Mason's extension.'' About 
 a mile beyond that, to the westward, are the ledges elsewhere noted 
 having a similar sti-ike, at the head of Mosquito Ci •■ i». 
 
 ^V((/('/; Xf(/(/('. near last; strike, S. 30° to 45° W. ; attitude, nearly 
 vertical. .Mr. Walker observed it as S. 14° W., magnetic, which agrees 
 ajiproximalely. Strike of country rock, S. 55° W. ; dip, northward 
 <,45-'. The .Sadou ledge is opened by a short tunnel, several hundi'ed 
 feet to the westward from Walker's opening. It is a lodge crossing 
 the above named ; body, ;i to 4 feet. Contents: A milk-white quartz 
 coated with hydrated pero.xide, having pyritous cavities gave, gold, 
 •058 ounces; silver, "233 ounces to the ton. Assay by Harrington, in 
 1870-7, of I'usty quartz, with mica slate, from the Sadou ledge gave 
 goKl, • 175 ounces; silver, '802 ounces to the ton. 
 
 The Sailou claim runs 000 I'ect in the general direction of the lodge 
 up into the mountain, takini^in a width of 100 feet. It is owne I in 
 Paris. At the bottom of the cut there is evidence of a fault, in (quartz 
 lying near to. if not belonging to the ledge. 
 
 Fox Ledye. — Near last; strike, W.S.W., dip, southward < 85'\ 
 Country rock, slate; strike, S.W., dip, N.E., <40°. An ii'regular 
 l>roken ore body of considerable extent. Contents : An abunilance of 
 iron pyrites, and iron oxides containing free goUl. Yielded colors of 
 gokl after roasting. An assay of selected ore is said to have yielded 
 SOO. 00 and $70.00 to the ton. 
 
 Wright Ledye. — Near last ; strike, south-westerly, nearly vertical. 
 Strike of country rock, S.W., dip, N.W. <30°. Body, 2^ feet, and less. 
 Contents : Pyrites &c. Assays are said to have yielded $50.00 to the 
 ton. The ledge lies along the tunnel, which is in the strike of the 
 rock, for the first twenty feet ; then diverges it on the light hand of 
 the tunnel. The tunnel runs S.W. 150 feet ; then S.S.W. 170 feet ; 
 total, 320 feet. 
 Galena. Atc/ieson Ledye. — A small ledge between the Fox and Wright. Con- 
 
 tents : galena, with other ore. 
 
 Fiiult 
 
 Veins acrof,^ 
 bed?. 
 
 Veins across 
 breakiigi- 
 
-•] 
 
 MININd OEOLOOY. 
 
 37 C 
 
 Tlio Fox, AtchoHon and Wright li'dges linvo some appoaranco of 
 hroaUago, wliifli may alsoatloct tho Sadou and WalUor lodges. 
 
 Aliout 200 fuot oaHtward from tlio moiitli of tlio Wriglit and Atclioson 
 openings, Mr. Walivor, in 18(19, ran a tunnel south, 124 foet in ioiigth, 
 nearly at right angles to tlioso lodges, witiiout sti'iUing them ; show- 
 ing tiiat thoy pass more to the north ; and fui'ther proving, that the 
 Walker ledge does not, as it should not, pass in that vicinity. 
 
 Soda Co. — Mr. Walker informed me that about 2,0(tt»foet west of the voinneroas 
 Dunlevy cut above mentioned, Flynn I't Co. under the name of the Soda 
 (Jo., have loeated a ledge which crosses tlio Walivor, striking N.W 
 magnetic, (W.X.W. true), is four foot wide, and yields an assay of 
 ^3S.OO to tho ton. 
 
 The Sadou ledge, and some bodies ofquai-tz showing on the moun- 
 tain near tho "Lady of the Lake' facing Jack of Club's Lake, corres- 
 pond in course and attitude with some of tho ledges of Burns' Moun- 
 tain, four miles furthei- south. 
 
 Mosi/ulto Creel;. 
 
 Ledge in Saunders vlacer di>/(/in(/s.—Hink<i, X. 62° E., dip, north-west- v^n between 
 erly, very steep. Strike of country rock, S. 7')° W., dip northward 
 < 80°. Body, ono foot to two feet and over. Contents : Quartz, and 
 felspar, with ferric hydrate, and a little iron pyrites. Chlorite and .Altered strike, 
 white mica with nests of i)itchy iron oxides are also characteristic. An 
 assaj' by Hort'mann yielded a trace of gold ; no silver. 
 
 Ledge near Flynn's lower diijijings, where float galena in large masses, (iaiena, 
 from adjacent ledges not identified, gets into the sluices. Assay by 
 Ifotl'mann yielded, gold, 0.182 ounces ; silver, 3().4r)8 ounces per ton. 
 
 Ledge in Fli/nn's upper diggings, .')00 feet above last, largo irregular 
 botlios of quartz are seen in jdace. Contents: a little pyrites, and a 
 white talcose mineral. An a.ssay by Hoffmann j-ieUied a trace of 
 gold ; no silver. These are the uppermost placer diggings on Mosquito 
 Creek. 
 
 8i.\ hundred feet further up Mosquito Creek forks; in the forks a tun- 
 nel has been run into the hill .")00 foet, intersecting two or thi-ee quartz 
 ledges of moderate size. Their course is easterly- and westerly. One 
 contains a great deal of galena, and is probably the source of the 
 
 n , , ■ , n 1 • 111 '1 • Normal strilte. 
 
 numerous specimens of that mineral found m Mynn s placer mine. 
 
 The other contains sulphurct of iron. 
 
 Ledges at the head of Mttsquito Creek. — Ono mile from Flynn's cabin. Dip contnvry. 
 
 Supposed Island Mountain or AValker Ledge. Course, E. and W. 
 
 inagnetic=N. 64° W., dip S. Body about five foet. Contents: Galena, 
 
 with white and yellow oxides. 
 
 m 
 

 38 c 
 
 nniTisn colu.mbia. 
 
 LiyMiiiny Creek. 
 
 VeinH ncrop.-i 
 liedH, 
 
 Beedr cr I'crkins' Le(l(/e, on Uui-n's M(>iintiiiii,()no inilo ami ii quartci- 
 norfli of Lijjlitiiinfr Crt'oU. Strike, N. N-E., vertical ; diHering from 
 that of tlio slate. Tlic coiintiy rock giadiiatos from nlalc to nhaii' ; in 
 Honio ])lac 's it in ]ilaiiily nnaltorod from samlstoiio. It is n soft 
 cliloritic rock, in j)laces; siliciticd, in othcrH, and in the IJurns' Mountain 
 ('om|)any'H tunnel it is iinrd to drill. Strike, N. N. W.; dip, eastward 
 < HO'. Uody from six to eighteen indies, sometimes widening to three 
 feet or more. There are scv -al ledges of this sort near each other. 
 Contents: (Quartz, with galena, ferric hydrate and iron ])yrifcs. The 
 iliuirtz is usually honeycomhed from dccompo.sition of the pyrites, 
 resulting in <iark brown, bluish and blackish oxides. Accompanying 
 the galena there arc white and dirty yellow oxiiles. An assay by Mr. 
 Hotfmannof <|uartz carrying a little galena, gave gold, 2.(125 ounces; 
 silver, 3.033 ounces to the ton. Another, holding more galena, yielded 
 * gold, 0.3(15 ounces ; silver, 29.H9(i ounces per ton. Free gold shows in 
 
 tine particles after i-oasting and washing. Development work consists 
 Doveloiunoni of a tunnel (the Ri'id) about three hundred feet long, and several 
 shafts, fifty to seventy feet deep, with connecting drifts and stopes. 
 Several hundred yards north of the Perkins shaft is the Laura Ground, 
 on one of the Bcedc series of ledges which has been extensivel}' opened 
 by the Cohen incline, etc. 
 
 Burns Mountain Comjiany's Ledge, on Bin-ns' Mountain, two miles 
 north of Lightning Creek. Strike of ledge, N. 36° K. (as traced on the 
 surface b}- Mr. Jacques), attitude, vortical. Strike of country rock, 
 N. 35 E., dip, south-easterly < 30°. Body in main shaft, two feet 
 and a half to five feet. Contents: Iron pyrites and galena, witli 
 yellow o.xidcs. Assays various, including some visible free gold. 
 
 At their principal shall the Burns's .Mountain Company has sunk on 
 a ledge tive feet wide at the surface, to a depth of about tifty feet. In 
 the last half of that distance the lodge sutfercd a break; tlie quart/, 
 diminished to two feet and a half; pinclied o>it, came in again in con- 
 siderable force, but its farther continuity has not been (letermined- 
 Selvedge lines and ganguo, willi broken rock, tilled the place of tlievein 
 where bj'oken. 
 
 From a ])oint on the nortliern slope of the mountain, one hundred 
 and seventy-four feet lower than the shaft house, a tunnel has been 
 brought in, over eight hundred feet in length, to a jioint vertically 
 under the shaft. Two series of veins were intersected, running N.E. 
 and N. 30° to3G° E. respectively. During the season of ISst) they were 
 drifted on, and prospected under the superintendence of Mr-. .lacques. 
 Silver Ledge, Burns' Mountain Company. Galena and pyritc!*. 
 
 StrikiiiK with 
 rock, (lip 
 contrnry. 
 
 Breakaec. 
 
 Development. 
 
 .Stl 
 
 lb 
 
 no 
 
 he; 
 
 on 
 \Vi 
 
 litt 
 led 
 
BOWMAN.] 
 
 MININd OEOLOnV. 
 
 3'Jn 
 
 Striko, N. ;J0° H. ; hocly t\vi» foot; in tuniiol, voiy hmiill. Assay by 
 lloflmaiin gnvo ^oUl a distirift tmco ; silvor, 3442 ouncos por ton. 
 
 Ledfjes near junction of Van Winkle and Li(/ht7vn</ Creeks.— Oi\ tho vcins heiween 
 noitli sido oI'Liirhtriing Crock, opposite tlio old Van WinkloCompany's'""'' " ''^""'''* 
 headcpiaiteiH, thoio is u small lodgo whioh strikes N.W.; dij), N.H. 
 <65°; thicknosH, two feet, with parallel seams of smaller size. This is 
 on an island of hod rock, liotwecn the Point claimand tho present Van 
 Winkle Crook. In the rieh Plaeor ground of the Point elaim, in lfi75, 
 four men, working in two shifts, took out five hundred ouiicos 
 o*" gold a week. Contenta : Quartz witii chlorite and a little ferric 
 hydrate. An assay hy IlolVmann gave a trace of gold ; silver, none. 
 
 On the south side of Lightning Creek, nearly opjtosile to the last, aSirikiiKt with 
 little lower, and directly opposite to tlie Van Winkle dump, is u small L'''>niniryl' 
 lodge or stringer which stiikcs S. 72° W., and dips southerly < 40°, 
 following the strike and bedding of the country rock, liody, six 
 inches. Contenfa, qinirtz with chlorite and ferric hydrate. An assay 
 by Holfmann gave a trace of gold; silver, none. 
 
 From this point for three hundred feet down Lightning Crook, w.is 
 the richest placer ground on the creek. David Kdwards, who cleaned 
 the bed rock in drifting, states that quartz was visible in consider- 
 alile (piantities under-^^round. A large mass of it was found on a beiicli 
 on the north side, about two hundred feet below first mentioned. No 
 ledge was visible under tlie creek, so far as he knows. 
 
 Above the junction of Van Winkle Creole, three or four small lodges Vein across 
 cioss Lightning Creek, between Van Winkle and Kagle creeks. Creek. 
 
 Sam. MonU/omery's Led(jc, quarter of a mile above Stanley. Strike 
 (from information), about S. 30 E. Body, two to four feet. Contents : 
 (Quartz with a little chlorite and limestone. Barren-looking. Assay 
 by Hotfmann gave a trace of gold ; silver, none. 
 
 Mr. Montgomoiy rejoorts a ledge uncovered in the diggings at this 
 place about 187<j, which had a strike of S. 30° K., as nearly as ho can 
 I'ocall it, and a width of four feet. It is probably indentical with tho 
 ledge from whicli my specimens wore obtained, — cropping under the 
 blutf on the south side of the Creek, a little above Montgomery's cabin. 
 
 At the timber shaft, about 100 feet farther up, a •' rotten ledge " 
 was uncovered, from four to si.\ inches in wiilth, which crossed the 
 creek in the same direction. The diggers sunk into the rotten knlge itntten ledge, 
 lour feet, all along its course, and washed the loose stufF, which yielded 
 ihe best prospects in the claim. Montgomoiy got coarse gold out of 
 it, 84.00, JtJ.OO, and an ounce ($18.00) in weight. About six hundred 
 ounces of the coar.^est gold in tho claim was taken out of this r<ttten 
 ledge. 
 
 ! 
 
 rm 
 
mim 
 
 I mv. 
 
 40 
 
 BRITISH COLITMIIIA. 
 
 HtrinirerH. 
 
 ■■i ■' 
 
 
 Vein norci.<!< 
 
 (■hisholm (yci'k. — Oho mile ami u lliinl noidi of Staiiloy. Lowc-I 
 It'dgcs or Htriiiafcrw found iicai' i icli pliicor yjiomiil JiiMt nl)ovi' Sinn 
 MoiitifonHM'y'H old pliircr dii,'ffiny;M. Sninll visins of liunvn-looUini; 
 quartz. StiiUo K.S.K., dip noitliorly <r)0 doyroos ; liody ton to 
 twenty incho.-t. Contents: (Quartz with a small quantity of chloritu 
 anil fcnif liydrato. Assayed by IlotVmann. i,'avo a distinct trace of 
 gold ; silver, none. 
 
 The dij,'ginys wore worked in 18()3-4, and puiil ^.'jO.OO a day to the 
 hand — the richest on the C'reok. While these lodges iiia^y have contri- 
 huled to the rc'^ults in juirt, the prohaliilily is that most of tlio gold 
 was trom ledges furtiier up. 
 
 Two or three series of lodges with a similar strike are found iie- 
 tween this locality and the junction of Oregon gulch. Here a nar- 
 row vortical ledge crosses the gulch at its outlet, in a noi-therly 
 and southerly direction, showing excellent oie. 
 
 " The Foster Led(je " is in this vicinity. It is tapped by a tunnel 
 running W. to S.W., a hundred feet aliove the Junction of Oregon 
 gulch, not now accessible. It was at one time the subject of much 
 attention, founded on finds in the placera cif its vicinity. Its strike is 
 said to bo Houth-weaterly. 
 
 ; i 
 
 ii' 
 
 1! 
 
 '1 
 
 I: 
 
 1 
 
 Vein aorcss 
 beds. 
 
 Siujar Creek. 
 
 Cooper's Gulch. — A little over half a mile above its mouth. A two 
 feet and a half vein containing plenty of mineral, pyrites and galena, 
 with fori'ic hj'drato, chlorite, felspar and (juartz. An assay by llotfniaiin 
 gave a trace of gold. 
 
 (ialena Ledge. — Two thousand five hujidred foot up Cooper',s guich. 
 This raaj' be identical with the Galena ledge crossing Sugar Ci'eek a 
 mile above Cooper's (!reok ; striking in that direction. Body two feet 
 and a half, weathering into a hollow in the hill side. Contents: Quartz 
 with a little galena, (often coated white) and iron pyrites. Assay 
 by Ifott'mann yielded distinct trace of gold ; silver, O'^y'I't ounces pei' 
 ton. 
 
 Forks of Cooper's Gulch. — Near last. Barren-looking quartz with 
 white talc. Strike, S. 80° E., dip, X., nearly vertical. 
 
 Up the S.S.K. l)ranch one quarter mile, another ledge cro.sses, strik- 
 ing S. 50° K., and dipping south ,vard <7I>° in which there is 
 nothing visible at the point of crossing. Mr. Wiley thinks it is the 
 same ledge which shows on the point of the mountain about half a 
 mile to W.N.W. in good body, containing at that place an abundance 
 of iron sulphurets. 
 
 Ledge in Wiley's Old Diggings, at mouth of Cooper's Gulch on Sugar 
 
 Ml 
 
VOWMAN.] 
 
 BIININO nEoi.onr. 
 
 41 
 
 IS 
 
 a 
 ill' 
 
 Croi'Ic, (conlaitiiiii; con^loiiioralo ccmoiit ImhiMoi'm). Sliiko S.W. A 
 li'ilge of <r(i()(l lioily, two or Ihroo I'ei't, iiixl (iiic looking ore, Imt umlc- 
 torminod contimiit}'. Contents : (imiit/, iJyritcH, ami brown oxiilo. 
 Assay hy IlotVniaiiii ,!j;uvo a distinct liaci' of i^'old ; silvi'i', none. Tin* 
 phuor ground wa> rich in its vicinity. Mr. Wiley attrihutos it to the 
 lodge. 
 
 f'piier f.edi/e in Caiion ahovo Wiley's house; strike of ledge N. H0° „ , 
 h., dij) northward <T.). On the north-side of Sugar (.reek li liody iioiln. 
 of ([uartz Mix to eight fei-t in thickness stands ahove the surrounding 
 Burfaco. Contents: Qiuirtz with iron pyrites and a little copper pyrites. 
 As.>»ay by Ilottmann gave a distinct trace of gold ; silver, none. 
 
 Fifty feet above the creek on the north side there is a l>eneh which 
 was worked l)y Mr. Wiley ten years ago. It yielded iJ-i.OO a day 
 near this ledge, and ^J.OO away from it. 
 
 Lower Jjedije in Ciiiion, 150 feet below last. Tliis strikes N.W. and veins noroM 
 S.IO., and dips to southwai'd Ttr ; accordingly crossing the last 
 inentioncil on the bench. At the edge of thi' creek on the I*!, side 
 there is a boily three feet in width, which a|)pear8 to be a bunch — 
 continuity doubtful. Country-rock, Hiate. strikes X.W., ilip north- ,^yrijo„u(Q,. 
 ward < 70°. C'Wtoi/s ." (iuart/, wi»h reddi-th weathering siderito, and 
 ferric hydrate. Assayed by Ilotfniann yielded distinct trace of gold ; 
 silver, none. Anothei- specimen showing, akmg with quaitz, siderite, 
 and ferric hydrate, also chloiite, and a small (piantity of blende, yield- 
 ing on :issay, a distinct trace of gold ; silver, none. 
 
 This ledge crossing the last mentioned on the bench described, at or Qy,,|,„f 
 near the cro.ssing contains co])per p^'rites, malachite, and a pitchy 
 ore probably a copper sulpliuret 
 
 Ledije at Ditch irdterfall, near Wiley'; cabin. Strike with slates S. .;,rik„ with 
 55° !•;. ; but not following their bedding. It dips southerly < 60°, while ^'/.^."Jr;,'^^'; 
 the slates dip northerly about the same amount. Mody, two feet. 
 Contents ■■ Brown iron oxide in moderate quantity. It yielded gold 
 appreciably, in the sluices of the adjacent placei' mines, altiiough not 
 containing much mineral visible to the eye. 
 
 J.edye at Wiley's cabin, (passing under woodshed). About 20t» feet 
 l>elow last, .striking with the slates. Body, 2 to 2h feet. Continues 
 through the diggings; east of the creek enters hydraulic diggings 
 near the Walker tunnel. Contents: l/uartz with lion pyrites coated 
 black, ankerite, ferric hydrate, chlorite, and a small quantity of 
 blende. Specimen assayed by Hoti'mann j-ielded gold, a trace ; silver, 
 none. 
 
 Dirt from its vicinity thrown into Wiley's sluices, yielded a different 
 gold from that of the placers overlying it. (iold is iiivisible to the 
 eye in specimens. 
 
 IVJ^w 
 
 : 
 
 tl 
 
■1 i 
 
 ■ 
 
 i 
 
 f 
 
 ' 
 
 
 ■i 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 Vein lH'tw<'( 
 bods ; iron 
 i-iil|)hiile. 
 
 Twist and 
 breiikage, 
 
 Piiriihyry. 
 
 42 c 
 
 HRITISH COLUMBIA. 
 
 Lower Didnbujs Ledije. — Still another k'dgo crosses the creek 
 about tlie middle of the lowest placer bench worked to bed-rock, u 
 quarter of a mile below Wiley's house. Strike, N. \Y.k S. FO., vertical ; 
 body, 2^ to -4 tVet, It contains an abuni.anco of sulpluirot. 
 
 On Mustang Creek, which enters Suijar C-'reok halt-a-mile below 
 Wiley's, there are several quartz ledges seen crossini^ Isaac's placer 
 dig!,'inn-s diagonail) . Tliosi' diggings are two nulos above the moutli. 
 Wiley HupposL's these ledges to be the continuations of those of upper 
 Cooper's Creek. 
 
 Grouse Creek. 
 
 The Clear Grit Jjedye, situated on Canadian Creek, two nules east of 
 Baikerville, strikes apparently vyith the slate country ro_k, N.W., and 
 is, like it, vertical in attitude. Body, five feet. Contents: Iron pyrites 
 with the usual accompaniments, in abundance. 
 
 The Fountain Head Ledge, on (frouse Creek, is situated at the head of 
 the placer diggings above Canon Ravine, and strikes X. 52" W. dip north- 
 ward < tJ5° ; having nearly, if not precisely, the same attitude as tb:> 
 country roidv. Body, ten I'eet, running in jjarailel stringers, wiiich are 
 separated by selvedg.'s. The vein does not show on the East side, but 
 ought to go through the Ottawa Company's ])lacer claim. Contents . 
 Quartz with a little chlorite and ferric hydrate; iron ])yrite8 weather- 
 ed out of :v honey-oombtd qua''tz. An assay by Ho flniann gave a dis- 
 tinct trace of gold; silver, none. 
 
 It has been little more than toucheii ; while its position and apjjcai - 
 ance would seem to warrant prospecting it. Xotable on account of 
 paralellism of (luartz deposits. 
 
 The Lady Durferin Ledge at the head of the creek, strikes S. 65° 
 E. ; dip northward <C 70°, v/ith the country rock. AViilth, Hvo feet nine 
 inches. Contents: Iron pyrites with oxides, quartz, ami carbonaceous 
 matter. It contains rather a barron-Iof)king quartz. Iron sulphuretsiii 
 stringers are seen running into the slate hanging wall. Assay by 
 Hoffmann yielded gold, 2.042 ounces ; silver, 0.2!t2 ounces per ton. 
 
 The ledge has been exposed by a tunnel sixty-tivo feet long, running 
 S. 75'-' W. The ledge is named the L)rd Dutferin on the east side ol' 
 the creek. Here its strike, as seen at the surface, appears to be S. 25' 
 Vj., dip northward <60'; but on entering the tunnel it is S. 80 to 85^ 
 E., dipping from ncarlj^ vertical to < 50° northward — showing a dis- 
 placement by a twisting movement. A porph^'iy streak of six inches 
 divides the ledge. From stray pieces it i> supposed that additional 
 porphyry dykes exist which had, probably, a good deal to do with these 
 disturbances. The country' rock is a sjjotted bluish ^latc, which falls 
 <lown in large angular blocks, often knotty in appearance. It has been 
 exposed by a tunnel run >S. 25"^ E. to a depth of 175 feet. 
 
 ; 
 
 ^^fl^H 
 
 |i m 
 
 
 
 
 mM Lt' ^'"jM 
 
 
MINtNa OEOLOQT. 
 
 43 
 
 Antler Creek. 
 
 Porter's Lidtje on middle Anllor Crock is a little below the old town Southerly diji 
 ot' Antler, on tlie we<t side. Two ledges hero show, within 50 feet of MiiphidU-.''' 
 oac'h other. The upper one is host seen above the trail and several 
 hundro, I'eet back. .Strike K. S. E., dip to southward < 80°. These 
 ledg(.> show also in the crook, and bjyond it, several hundred yards 
 v.. S. K. Body, unknown. Contents: Quartz and a little chlorite, with 
 f'ei-ric hydrate, running from brown to bhiekish in ]»arts ; weathered 
 >peiimens showing also yt'ilow and white o.\ides. An assay by lloti- 
 mann showed a trace of gold; silver, none. 
 
 The lower led(je shows a largo body of ferruginous matter, with somo 
 tinedooking (piai'tz. Body an<i character cannot bo determined witli- 
 (jut digging. 
 
 Pebbles of ironstone are found in the sluicoH of the Yellow Lion Co. I'eiiblcs, 
 at McBean's Flat. Where these pebbles aio found on Antler Creek, it 
 i> vaid there is gold found witli them. They are jas])ei-y in appearance, 
 jqiproaching hematite in the (|Uantity of iron they contain; ami were 
 jirobably derived from a ledge, which in de])th becomes pyritou; . 
 
 The Limestone Ledfje of Nuqqet Gulch, half a mile above Porter's house, VriniietwccMi 
 
 , ,. •11 1 1 n 1 /• beds; iron 
 
 >ti'ikes and dips with the country rociv, and has a body ot several leet oiiriioniito. 
 in thickness, blending into limestone. Contents ' Aidcerite and ferric 
 liydrato. An assay by Hoffmann showed that it contained neither 
 gold nor silver. Nugget Gulch in the vicinity has been mined lor 1,000 
 lecL up from its Junction with Antler Creek, and the s<uirce of nuggets 
 \iud been attributed to the limestone ledge. Further up, Nuggcttiulch 
 lias not been ])rospocted to bed-rock. 
 
 Round-Top JIoKutdin and ('iinnimjhdm Creels'. 
 <)n Iiound Top 3lountain there is a comb of (luartz or ([uartzite Viininiwcen, 
 
 1 • 1 • • 1 1 • I 1 • 111 mi licils: iron 
 
 vvliicli isev'ilently too massive to he anyilung else tlian barren, i he oxide,", 
 summit itself is mostly (piartz, or (jui.rtzite, which strikes with the 
 rest of the country rock; strike N. 80° W., dip northward < 4(°. 
 
 The " Blij Ledije,'' or comb of ([uartzite on tho eastern mer.iber of 
 IJound To]i Mountain, one mile S. Iv of last, contains oxides of iron in 
 Mii'dl (luantit}-, witli very little pyrites. Strike more to the S.I'], than 
 on the main suininit ; dij', also northerly, but steeper. Country rock, 
 ^late. This comb runs from one-(|uarter to llireo-<iuarters of a mile 
 K.S.K. from our Round Top camj), striking over the summit of the 
 eastern mountain. Slides from it, on the X. side, show oxides of iron 
 ill Mitlicient (|iiantity to colour the side hill of the northern escarpment 
 \\''\. visible at a mile distant. 
 
 I 
 
~ 
 
 Rl'! 
 
 44 c 
 
 nillTISU COLUMllIA. 
 
 Tletwi'cti Ijcd-i 
 Miliiliide. 
 
 IJulwcoti lied." 
 carhoniilc. 
 
 Unknown 
 ledges. 
 
 Leihje on Cunniwjhon Creel., near tlio lioad of Sharp's Ditch, two 
 miles west of Eound Top, ami 100 feet above tiie ditch. Course, N.W. 
 and S.K, witii tho rock; dip noi-therly less tiian < 4S°. (Quantity ot 
 ore considerable, but the continuity has not .Seen ])roved. Contents . 
 Iron jiyrites, nearly purt- ; also deconijiosi'd products, with quartz. An 
 assay by Hotl'mann showed a vciy distinct trace of gold; silver, none. 
 
 L(ul(je in Sharp's Dlijijings, Cuiininghani Creek. This is called the 
 "Big Iron" Ledge, and is an iron stained ledge or d^'ke, containing 
 pyrites. Its attitude is that of the country rock, which is slate and 
 limestone. Contents : AnUerite, with a little (juartz, chloi'ite, antlsoiue 
 ferric hydrate. The assay by llotVmann showed a tiaee of gold ; silver, 
 none. 
 
 At the Chinamen's Di'/ijinf/s, on the western hill-side, half a mile below 
 Sharp's, great numbers of ijuarl/. boulders are found scattered, indi- 
 cating proximity to a ledge of good character, not yet discovered. The 
 digging in 1S86 yielded well. It is a side-gravel deposit of local 
 origin. 
 
 Snowshoe Ftatrau and Snowshoe Creek, . 
 
 Vein across Titc Jlolnies Ledje, Breakneck IJidge, head of Si.x-mile Creek, on 
 
 I)ed8; load, Iron ii » .i • -i 1 -i , i ...■•. i i i- i i. 
 
 and zinc tho Antler ti'ail, strikes east and west ; attitude, nearly vertical. II 
 
 su |i Ml IS. j^ jj^ _^ comb of slate extending down from the Mountain, the country 
 rock striking N.W.. dip N.K. < 70°. Cleavage lines of large masses 
 appear to correspond with the strike of the rock. Body of ore very 
 considerable, in the shape of nests from three to six feet in width, the 
 continuity of whicii has not been determined by openings. Contents: 
 (ialena, and iron pyrites, with zinc blende, accompanied by white 
 oxides; galena in considerable abundance. A sack of the ore was sent 
 to San Francisco for a working test, which resulted very favorably, 
 having yielded, it is said, a profit to the owner, above cost of test. 
 
 ILuiwood's Arastra Jji'dije. imi'-(\yvAv\vv mWii nortli from upjior Little 
 
 Snowshoe Creek, strikes S.S.Iv, and dips eastward :^ 45 deg., like the 
 
 ,. . , country rock, a grey slate. Body, six to eight feet, as seen in a shallow 
 
 Veins between i i , 
 
 bods ; free gold, prospect hole of the same dimensions; not further determined by ex- 
 ploration. Contents: Pyrites in quartz, with ferric hydrate, chlorite, 
 and (reported (occasionally) free gold. The (piartz is a good deal honey- 
 combed, from decomposition. A specimen assayed by llotVmaiin 
 yielded gold, (1.408 ounces ; silver, 0.058 ounces to the ton. Another 
 showed a distinct trace of gold ; silver, none. 
 
 A tunnel was run in by Mr. Haywood many years ago to tap thf 
 ledge. Its direction was N. (J E., and length, 00 feet. It did not fol- 
 low the ledge; and very little can be seen from tho developments, of 
 
•^m- 
 
 BOWMAN,^ 
 
 MINING OEOLOOy. 
 
 45 
 
 tlie cliiiraotor of the Icdjj;*'. Piosjicct ditcheH, imd openings niach? I)y 
 Jfaywood ])i'oved, Iiowevci', :in aLundanee ()t'(niartz. 
 
 An aiasti'a located on tlie ground was iin])i'olital»ly woi-Ued \>y Mi. Ara-n.i. 
 liiKu. Its name was oi-iginally tlie Douglas ledge. .Mi-. Ilaywood 
 re|iorts that he found visihle gold all the way down, from tlieiluv he 
 cummenced prosjioct work, to the bottom of his hole, which was 
 loeali'd on the richest |ilace at the surface. 
 
 His tiinnol was on <jne sitle ol' the luiigo, cro.-sed it diagonally, and 
 then kept alongside. Ahout K( I'eel in, was obtained the mineral now 
 seen on two dumj)s. Various .^tringers three or foui' inches in tliick- 
 iie.s.s were crossed, iiosidos the main ledge. 
 
 A ledge on the top of the hill, l,-t()ll feet N.X.W from the Arastra 
 ledge, also follows thr strike ol' ilie rock. There is (luart/. scattered 
 all ovej' the top of the iiill. 
 
 The SnoicshoeCnel; Rich Bouldtr Lc'hji, never ideiititied, was tho ij,,ni(kT ; 
 ledge sought in the .Vra.stru location. The only other ledge ever found ^^^,1'™',"^!-,.,.,^ 
 on Little Snowshoe, besides the Arastra, in pro.ximily to the placers, '^"'''' 
 is on the point 200 yards below Smith and Anderson's hydraulic dig- 
 gings. In 1S74, Mr. Haywood ran a tunnel to find a high rock-bed 
 bench ol the channel, and fouml this ledge. It eontainec a good deal 
 of galena. What struck him w;is, that it appeard to b" the same kind 
 of rock as the rieh (|uart/, boulders for which the Li 'tie Snowshoe 
 Creek placer diggings have been notetl, containing g^ilena and free 
 gold. 
 
 The Arastra ledge did not contain exactly the s;ime kind of (jiiartz uh 
 these boulders ; galena was lacking. tJllier ledgoand stringeis near it, 
 however, above and below the Arastra, contained galena. Abe ut 200 
 yards west of the Arastra, still another ledge was found, running S.W., 
 which contained galena. 
 
 On Ilorseahoc Gulch, I'orming the extreme north-easterly source of Vein iiciwci'n 
 Little 8now.shoo ('reek, several ledges and stringers are seen crossing 
 the gulch diagonally, in the strike of the slates ; course, N. .'jO° W. 
 Contents, of ledge noticed, (iiiartz and galena. 
 
 7'hr Steele. Ije<l(/r in on iho dividing ridge between little Snowshoe, 
 and French Snow.shoo creeks ; containing honey-combed (luartz and 
 brown iron oxide, with iilacki-h parts. Several bodies of (|uartz a few 
 feet wide show on the surface, without much apjiearance of continuity ; 
 nor containing much visible mineral. Developments, about 18 inches 
 sunk (jn ledge. 
 
 The (ialena Ledtie, nearby issui)posed by llavwood, to be in line with VejniM.twpon 
 the Arastra Ledge; lieiiig S. 2P h. from Arastra Ledge throe quarters 
 of a mile; on spur forming the north-west sideol Yank's Peak, one Iburth 
 <if a milo from summit. It is in line with the tunnel lodge on French 
 
 II ! 
 
4b' c 
 
 BRITISH COI.rjIBIA. 
 
 Veiri'bctwecM 
 l)ed.-^!; giilciia. 
 
 SnowMlioe, whicli Hgurod (lm'iii<,' the (Hiartzoxcilcmoiit of'lSTS. Cliiuilc> 
 of galena arc found on thi' surlhcc iMimediately belnw tliis lodge. Mv. 
 Haywood supposes the galena in the Little Snowshoe placer mines to 
 have been derivcMl from it. 
 
 77(6 " ^/'/ Lfdije," on the S.W. side of Yank's I'ealc, claimed l>y Ihyy- 
 wood ami Itawley, strikes north and south, and according to Haywood, 
 standing vertical, shows only scattered croppings to speak for itself. 
 
 Galena Seams and Veinlet^. — A mile helow the Arastra, and about 
 100 yai'ds beh-w Haywood's present hou&e, Haywood, in 187b', found 
 a seam of galena an inch thick, on the east side of Little Snowshoe 
 Creek, in ])lumbaginous black slato, along with a scragg}-, sparry 
 quartz. It was in the sti'ike of tiie rock, running from S. K. to N. W. 
 Near the same loealil}' on Jjittle Snowshoe Creek, pyrites occur in 
 association with a felspar weathering red, in the rocks cut through 
 l)y the creek. 
 
 Veins between 
 I)C(lr^; iron 
 sulphide ;inil 
 ciiroonate 
 
 On Harceij Creek. 
 
 The Ironstone Ledije, one-(|iiarter mile below falls of Harvey Creek. 
 Olive and bluish felspar with iron pyrites. Over three feet in width. 
 Strike east and west ; dip, X. < fitr ; with the slates apparently. It 
 is from three to eight feet wide, and is repeated in another locality 
 near il, Contents: Siderite, with magnetic pyrites and u little iron 
 pyrites; a great body of metal, being nearly solid oie. Assay by 
 Hoffmann showed a distinct trace of gold ; silver, none. 
 
 The ledge weathers retl on the surface. Projecting into the creek, 
 bouldei's from il strew the placer mines below. 
 
 Dud: Creek. 
 
 Veins aorofs ' 
 beds; lead, iron 
 and zinc 
 suliihides. 
 
 Ledije 300 feet aOore the Forks Trail crossing. Striue of ledge S. W. ; 
 attitude, vertical. Strike of country rock in the vicinity E. and W., 
 dip, north. Body tw<i to four feet, f'ontent.<i: Galena with white and 
 yellow oxides, a small (|uantity of iron pyrites, zinc blende, reddish 
 oxides, and opaline hornstone. Assay bj^ Hofl'mann showed a trace 
 of gold ; silver, 3.850 ounces to the ton. 
 
 A surface cut was made in 1818 on the north side of the creek, 
 disclosing considerable quantities of galena. On an adjacent dis- 
 coloured bluff of country rock, an excitement was raised 25 years ago, 
 owing to placer finds supposed to have been traced to this vicinity. 
 
 Borland Ledije, two miles above trail crossing ; strike, S.W. ; atti- 
 tude, vertical. Strike of slates in the vicinity, S.H. ; dip, southerly 
 •< 25°. A body of four to five feet in width crops out on the N. side 
 of the creek, into which a shallow cut has been made. Contents : (Quartz 
 
bowman] mining qeolooy. 47 c 
 
 with iron pyrites and chlorite. Assay by Hoft'mann showed a trace of 
 gold; silvoi", none. 
 
 fn the winter of 1878, the Chinese, supported hy the merchant 
 Ching at (Juesncl Korks, took great interest in this ledge, and worked 
 at and aroui\(l it the greater part of the winter, without accomplishing 
 much. It was indieved to 1)0 rich. 
 
 North Fork of Qiiesnel River. 
 
 Moore's Ledijc. — A ledge is i-eported by Mr. James Mf>ore cropping 
 at low water on the left bank of the North ForJv '00 yards above 
 the mouth of Spanish Ci'eek. Tt crosses the river at I'ight angles. 
 Body, three feet. 
 
 Below Spanish Creek the bed of the North Fork was found rich ; piucpr iroid 
 aliove it, poor in gold. 
 
 Ne Tye Ledge. — A mile below mouth of Spanish Creek Chinese hy- 
 draulic diggers near old Diller tunnel, exposed ledge in washing. 
 Strike, N.W., dip. N.E. <f (50°. Slates strike east and west, dij), north 
 eight degi'ces. liody, one to four feet ; iri'egular in continuation. 
 Contents : (Juai-tz with ferric hydrate, from decomposed pyrites. 
 Assay by Hotl'mann showed a trace of gold ; silver, none. 
 
 The Diller tunnel was run into a point on the right bank, intersect- 
 ing a ledge in this vicinity. 
 
 The Stephenson Ledge also on the right bank, one mile and three-quar- 
 tei's below the mouth of Spanish Creek, was oi)ened by shaft and 
 tunnel in 1878. Body and contents, unknown. 
 
 Vi'in iicioSH 
 lieds; iron 
 sulpliiiU'. 
 
 i; 
 
 •I'eek, 
 
 dis- 
 
 ago. 
 
 atti- 
 herly 
 
 side 
 tiartz 
 
 Spanish Creek. 
 
 On Spanish Creek there are seven or eight known ledges, reported Numorous 
 by Mr. Moore. A mile above its mouth there is a ledge two feet wide, * ^'"'' 
 not containing any sulphurets. There is a ledge from five to seven 
 feet in width at the meadows, near the outlet of Black Bear Creek. It 
 contains galena in streaks about an inch wide, and strikes N.N.E. 
 Another, a mile up Black Boar Ci'oek, is six inches wide, and consists 
 of decomposed (juart/,. Above that, one mile and a half is a ledge four 
 fool wide containing ii-on pyrites. These ledges run in the same 
 general direction. 
 
 While working placers on Black Boar Creek, Mr. Moore frequently 
 fnund pieces of pure galena weighing from one ounce to ten pounds, 
 and many quartz boulders containing galena. 
 
iiii! 
 
 I ! 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 111 
 
 
 48 c 
 
 imiTISH COLUMIUA. 
 
 So\tth Fork of Qiicsncl River. 
 
 Hold ill 
 conKluiiieratos 
 
 Between (Jiiesnol-Forks town, ami (iuosiicl Lake, a iiincmile stretch 
 of Qiichiiel Hivor lias been designated as the South Fork. In the 
 jthicers aeeonipanyin;;' the I'ivor lieie on iii^h shelves of be<l-roek, 
 (|uart/, bonldei's occur along with iron pj'i'ites, and tiieir rusty decom- 
 position products, derived from the newer mesozoic locks of that 
 i-egion. A soft conglomerate is picked by the miners, in ordci" to 
 wash it; and its metallic contents are seen to have led them occasionally 
 far lip on the hill sides, above the bod of the okl river channel. .Mucii 
 of the gold on this stream, accordingly appears to be a secondary 
 deposit. Veins in this area are certainl}' less numerous, and have 
 attracted little attention in connection with the placer deposits. 
 
 Btticeen the Main Quesncl and Sivift Mirers. 
 Vein ll(•r(l^■s x/w Dwiuinion Lediie on western end of Cariboo .Mountain ; strike N. 
 
 beuf, tree Kold. •' ' 
 
 85" K.; di]), southward, < 80"". Body, eight to ten feet. It plunges down, 
 and follows midway the steep northern escarpment of Cariboo Mountain. 
 It is conspicuous above the surface, from six to twelve feet in width, 
 for one third of a mile. Beyond that to westward and eastwaril, its 
 identity' becomes less certain, mingling with neighbouring croppings. 
 Although broken fragments are found to the westward in the line of 
 strike, the appearance is that of a diminution in strength in that direc- 
 tion, ('ross stringers occur plentifully. Country rock, "re}' slate. 
 Three quarters of a mile to the westward, black slate ..u>».ecds the 
 grey. Strike of country rock, N. 40° W., dip, S.W. <50^ Contents: 
 A barren-looking white (juartz, in some places stained light yellow. 
 Specks of free gold are visible occasionally. 
 Development. Development work has amounted only to the removal of about 100 
 cubic feet of rock from the surface of the ledge. Several miles to the 
 westward, on or near the strike of the vein, Mr. Porter panned gold out ot 
 the surface dirt, at a point where the moimtain slopes down into the 
 valley of Swift River. 
 
 Hi.Lon Creek. 
 
 Veins between Que&nel Company's location on Washburne Ledge. Strike N. 4<1° W., 
 and«croi<.«be(i>.jip N^ < "0°, with tlio slate Country rock. Body from (] feet to a 
 few inches. Cross-veins of less body, striking N.E. and standing ver. 
 tical, contain richer ores. Contents: Iron pyrites, grey copper, and their 
 decomposition jiroducts, with free gold. Assays by various parties, 
 from $28.00 to $274.00, averaging over $70.00 per ton, in gold and 
 silver. 
 
 fe( 
 hIi 
 
^■•WT ■' 
 
 •] 
 
 MINI N.I QBorooy. 
 
 49 
 
 Tho muin Hliiiit is 20(1 (eel doo]). Tlio MoHon nhtiCU Hovoral linrKlred Development, 
 foot north of it at (ln> biiHc ol (ho hill, \h 40 feot deepj mid the Koch 
 shaft in TO foot deep. 
 
 Three moi-o or Iohh crooked proHpec^ling driftn have boon nm north- 
 westward into tho hill, Hearchiiif^ for a continuous ore body. Follow- 
 inf,' bodioH of quart/,, in sovoral inHtanceH the general course was with 
 shitoH, an given al)ove. Tho oldest of those was run by Kuckloy 
 and Washburno, (ho next by G. B. Wright and Coleman, and the last 
 by the present conipaii}', under tho siipei-inlondonce of Mr. (Ji /go 
 Koch. Tho last mentioned was tho only one in 188(1 open to inHpoction. 
 It starts from the bottom of tho Koch shaft, and is 174 feet long, Tho 
 others start in at the surface level, and are about twfvthirds that dis- 
 tance in length. 
 
 From tho main shaft, drifts have been run along the strike in 
 opposite directions, and also along tho cross-veins, in opposite direc- 
 tions; and in other directions, at tlill'erent depths, and in dill'orent 
 places, amounting to a large aggregate of exploratory work. The 
 lack of continuity in tho ore bodies found near tho surface, and the Ore bodies, 
 smallness of tho rich cross-stringers, has lieen batHing. The main 
 shaft having been deepened in 1881, a short drift to Lhe north-east dis- 
 closed a large timl promising ore body. 
 
 maam 
 
 tittmimm 
 
I 
 
 mmam 
 
m^r ( I I t^ft.4k •«. ^ •«, 
 
 K. ff^ 
 
u5coUicjical auD Katin 
 
 AUrtnl H.C'.Sc'lvvvii 
 
 .Sl.llCi. 
 
 I'liluo^'ic. 
 
 Mla2 | I 
 
 iminiiiiii 
 
 I'lf i;/ai,i il (!r,ri-/r. in, Iwiiiif; 
 ttttir,-/ . /*,■/<».!• /*r/*»r«; i/tiliH- 
 Hi;-' irirl.1 I r^tit- ,, 
 
 M 
 
 Sw fat e Hilt iiravfts ami itr- iiiu^iuni HtuHI. 
 '•hi\i Mi>/'tj I'tfiHitfHf. 
 
 I / I ffHSnt jli/i'r/liiu//. 
 
 Contcur lines : IMtum kvel (heavy (oiitour) j^oo /(ft ahovf sea tnel. 
 I t-rlical intin'dl, 50 /iv/ /'i-/r.'iYH solU liiii's ; /o/rrf /v/a'ti-it dollfd liius. 
 
 Hxri.ANATinS. , Sfnfcr 4" Dip , , . , Ditcft., 
 
 In the color s hone il will />e obienrd that I'le ierenu 
 liitTerrnt fi^rimttions ,>f' i^nrt'i-l\, ami fra^mentu! matter of the 
 old and Mesent river raUexs, eiiU'raiiitf^ t>u- Caimzoii ml' 
 diviiioiii, are indicated In fraii;>ne>ital lines, or diit<. 
 
 NoiK. J he deef channel. L3. mork< the p<>}lion 
 of a tertiary i-alle which u>a^ filled up irii'i pre 
 glacial detritus, and parth re excavated b\ the pre 
 ■ient stream. 
 
 
 Longitudinal 
 
 AM 
 
 2)>-tA .sff^gp/t towards old Sl^cK 
 
 CJtoss s£cr/OM./Mjt//ifsM^Fr 
 
. auii Katunil l)iiitan> ^urbcp af iJlauaDn 
 
 illVf'd !?.( .Sclvvvii. C.M.G.. IJ J).. V.U.S.. DivwWv 
 
 1889. 
 
 ^mm 
 
 
 .AJTA'. 
 
 ji,,lt 
 
 sla**'^ 
 
 
 LONOITUDINAL SECTION OF OPENtNBS OV VVAhHBUffNE LEDGE 
 \^rtii;iJ 'S\'^iif t^/iM/ ht /fuitioritftJ-.'-J i^A fv wo l\-ff AppnxT'. 
 
 1J)><7/^ in old Thjine/ (furthest SoiUA- ^ fifirt ) <tO /i efta^ WJucfi/ uU^r.t^cietf 
 
 ti 
 
 rT» 
 
 tjer 
 
 i 
 
 
 irn^-ber 
 
"»▼■ 
 
 CffOSS SECTION ml M4S0N SHArt 
 
 iKiT.i- %TiUT>Tf^a i>y n n'fi'/f.r,rr// /f/'.V 
 
 £• j4 . Hon'tiuin /,V,V.5-C>' h't^^^iorfs 
 of Qur.T,,^! a M ''o AVV.T_6* 
 
 :s;^«j:^r*'' 
 
 
 'j^'^ 
 
 SIJRVEV5 CARRICD OUT wuh tre CU^QPERAT 
 
 The Hon 101 
 
 HIXON 
 
 CREEK 
 
 IN CARIE 
 
 Surveyed and Drawn 
 
 50 
 
 _1_)__L .1 _.„. 
 I I I 
 
 100 li.icos. 
 
 '/I' 
 
 I I I I 
 
 UXKJ 
 
 N'PIK. '^ ( »1K- illrh 
 
 's inrh - '/i,i. Mill. "T 10 I'ai 
 
 111 S \'mV< .: .j'jS It. I n'\ 
 
3UT wnh th, r.O^OPERATION of the PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT of BRITISH COLUMBIA 
 Thf Hon lOHN ROBSON, Mi.i'»ter of M,n,» 
 188r..G 
 
 ;reek quartz locations 
 
 IN CARIBOO DISTRICT, B. C. 
 
 mvevEO AND Drawn by AMOS BOWMAN, Mi>j!HO Enoinccr. 
 
 To UJnahrttr /i'^/n>rf o/\-f fion-httrrt 
 
 SCAI F:,l '-.nGT 
 
 '/.■"r '.. Mile 
 
 I I r- 
 
 llXX) 
 
 JlXX) ffft. 
 
 inch- '(Vi.MiK. >>t lo I'm-L's ^ So l.inlo.. 'riu> Milit.ciy ui R.mii;iii I'aci- i'jii|ilijyfi| is n iluiiliK' nacf 
 8 link- -:-|-2Sll. I u'\'iliilic.ii III' iln- .MliiiiiL-lfr wlii'fl : looo - l Mile. 
 
I^^pi 
 
 c»5colocjical auii Katunil JH^ton 
 
 .f 
 
 / 
 
 AUh'd W.C.Sc'lwvii.C.M.G., L.IJ).. 
 
 iBBn 
 
 ItATA-TnirA- jtirr,^ (hi-m i^tfjin^l fo V AT roj claims , i, ih^nc< h, jrnas,^' ^' 
 
 ,Hi.r-" f'rvrfr M flowman S^n iV^ IMM . '^lUo l.> <h,„,-rnmerit CnrA <ht 9*h<Hl0- k}> 
 
 • <y ■ .-/«//>&>• fti/ n' ff' Hansen, C £., /or <J M f V ui'i'' ' 
 
 ,.V,„rey( o,' .-Jainui hy f>' ff' /ft/^s<i/, C £., fi/r U M f'f 
 
 ^y 
 
 # 
 
 N'ljiK. /'/if i/r-f/ luinnil, L3, miirks ihf /<,uiliopi .<; ,1 
 'i.irx t',j//iy tt'Aii/i «•<;.< fi/W u/< 7t'i//t />ri- i;/ii,ij/ ,/,-fr:fm, 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 iSrv '■rneaubzr currartt n rClSlbJ; ' ''^ I' ' 
 Slr,f.e E^W: Bifi,S.i^,>7uU^f4^'^'y^'^^ ut^MU, r^,.J, broken ^ 
 
 / W^M^ ,^ 
 
 
 
 v 
 
 ^v 
 
 ^if^^i'f&^ass^-'i 
 
 <0 
 
 •6; 
 «0; 
 
 
 \ 
 
 *V^/S.S/} 
 
 
 mm- /v 
 
 
 r ^^^-^ ^ ^,, 
 
 ^^/"\ /..>i^..-< 
 
 ^^^ .rt'f . 
 
 /./ 
 
 \ 
 
 rv -■■■ /^-'^ \ 
 
 '^^^^ 
 
 'oe,f. 
 
 %«/• 
 
 
 
 ^'^ w 
 
 ■^ Detail t |. M Sh&et ^ 
 
 S, 
 
 ^«^< 
 
 y'i^-^li' ,J^ HixoN C'^ Quartz! | ^ >.' LocationI' - -|_ 
 
 .>,\\' <v 
 
 liil ZCH 
 
 ^^,„..r,..>^^ §i *■ ft 
 
 %(UAi 
 
:vM.(;.M.(i.. iJJ)..K.w.s..i)iivcU)i-. 
 
 lBHr» 
 
 
 
 ^ Sh&£T "■ 
 J Locations 
 
 WE 
 
 "''^''"'--: ^ ^ 
 
 ^^^^^p,n^ t,rn^&r 
 
 nj!*^ 
 
 / 
 
.s*<<* 
 
 
 and ^ 
 
 '^-(S'Sc^v^^'^'^'^A MIS? 
 
 \ ■ * ! 
 
 /r : '. ' 
 
 I 
 
 til'Unh 
 
 I 4 
 
 >^ 
 
 
 'sri&d 
 
 \ Jior^e ffranUr BortUierw. 
 
 Note, 
 
 Se/jtion 
 
 Olie Mile. 
 
 
 \rrficftl •Sc<ile rjr/j^jfralrif, 6 Urrtes to J of Jforizonlal Distance 
 
 SURVEYS CARRIED OUT «ith tl)e CO-OPERATlON of tbe PROVlNCI 
 
 TbeHon JOHN ROBSON Minister 
 
I < Mll. lill 
 
 S2\i^CMi| 
 
 """"' V^,. ,, 
 
 (BruferMams)^..- - - ' ^^^^ fif<ui<fM 
 
 d 
 
 bi-un/i 
 
 Vkm & TLACE'R MINES OF 
 
 HIXON CREEK 
 
 m cAmtooMSTRifnimtrrLSBmwMm 
 
 BY AMOS BOWMAN, Mining ENeiNEER. 
 
 -i 1 u 
 
 SCA' E, I : ?.S. Jlj-i. 
 I 
 
 z Miles. 
 
 lobfJ 2006 ffi't. 
 
 id 
 •A- 
 BoxtLderv. 
 
 Note. «-— One inch * y^wwh - '/i" Mijc, or KX) I'lict-s - 8 Cliains. 'I'lie .Military ..r Kom.in I'acu enipK.yccl is a double step of S links 
 
 = 5'2S It'ci I rcvoliitidii of the odometer wheel : 1000 to the Mile. 
 
 mm Ml I 
 
 FG ■ 
 
 L3 
 
 
 Ml-, 
 
 MS 
 
 lip 
 
 Pittui'Zoii . 
 
 Il,;i,h;l 
 
 ,. ^,^ „ , l'''f:xlariall.;>;i:{li.imliiding Siiri.ue Hill limvh ami Ter- Alhivii.iK-TitieHl. t'lac,-> Mininir 
 
 ''"*/'"'■ A in X. i'>-a:yl\lylo:r/»-euHtilyaiti- r.uci Stores - I'leistocene. 
 
 Mfi, 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^1 
 
 \ 
 
 ^<ffH* 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 ,s 
 
 k^ 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 hI 
 
 
 
 y 
 
 J^ 
 
 li 
 
 Z400 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 TT"^ 
 
 ^f-^ 
 
 Tt" 
 
 
 ~^'.f 
 
 -r 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 1 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... ., 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i'JJ 
 
 «» 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 ■1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r- i ■ 
 
 -■ 
 
 age Irt'fls-- / eytiayy. -^ 
 
 RXFLANATIOy ■. — Contour lines 4 to fray 1000 /?. I'erliral; <Jo<ffd coiUeurj refiirsenl SOfi: i eilLail . 
 + +^+ 1*1 1 fit., W Shrcft. —i 7)ifi KstriJ<-e._^__ /)if7 verticai., 
 
 In thf r.'/or s'hi-m,' it 'fill />,■ ohsenrJ tlutt th<- irveni! 
 JiUcrtiit fi<riinifu'ii^ >■/ x/,r7r/<, am/ thii^mcnhil niotterof Ih,- 
 <^ld aiui f<iys(nt /vrr* ;,///t-i... .■mf'ni.inx tht luinoion- Mih- 
 
 One Mile. 
 
 'Hstnnce 
 
 PERATION o< tlje PROVINCIAL QOVERNMENT of BRITISH COLUMBI/\ 
 Dn JOHN ROBSON M'nlater of^jino*, 
 3SaA-6 
 
 'fii iMn^tfrttr /I'r/'wit i>f\4 Bt.