HAlsTD-BOOK
AND
SELF-TEACHER,
FOB THE
$al l^mnt §mx& of ©iiMda,
COMPRISINQ A SKIllES OP
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS.
BY
OAPT. E. CONNOLLY,
Teacber of Navigation and Nautical istronomy,
53 WATER STREET,
SAINT JOHN, N. B.
m'-'r'K-H AFFAIRS '
DEC 15 1355 I
Mori hern !?cs.r ",.';;-) i_;\ v
OVTAWA ' "■
SAINT JOHN, N.*^^^
McKlLLOP & JOHNSTON, PRINTERS, CANTERBURY STREET.
1876.
6^7
MtoiVil iiCToriliiig to the Act of Parlii.mont of ranuda, in tin. year Ono Thousan.l
KiKht Ilumlml and Sevcuty-six, l.y Cai.t. U. Cox.nom.y, in tlio Otticc of tli.-
Minister of Agriculturi'.
PREFACE.
In preparing this Self-Tkaciiku for the young and iuexperionc-ed
Mariner, I have hegun at the beginning, and explained tlie Tables to
be used, the method of using them, with the numbers of the pages,
and several examples for correcting seconds and tenths. My reason for
80 doing is, that in my experience as teacher, I have known pupils to
have been kept days seeking for the Tables and explanations, not know-
ing how to use them at sea, having had no one to instruct them. This
work will prove a valuable guide for them previous to attending the
school to prepare for examination.
In conclusion, the young Navigator will find on perusing this
little book, that I have left no stone unturned to make all that is
necessary for passing an examination as simple as possible, and that l>e
will find pleasure and benefit in the perusal ot its pages, whether lie is
at sea, and when at anchor, or lying in harbor.
K. CONNOLLY.
N. B.— I would feel grateful to any of my friends who may find
discrepancies in this work, to tell or comnmnicate with me, as some may
have crept in; having had no assistant, I have worked every (piestion
myself.
XoTiCK.— I have in press, and shall shortly publish a book entitled
"Seamanship Simplifikd," which I think will prove of great value
to young Mariners.
ERRATA.
Page 9. — + Logs for Answer, re.id 4884.
" 14.— Parallel sailing, 5th Question, read 2° 10' W.
" 1"). — Mercator's sailing, 1st Example for distance, read 10?A.
" 20.— Tides, Tanera, read A. M. 1.3, p. m. 1.44.
" 21.— St. John Tide, read a. m. 14', v. M. 38'.
" 32.— Day's Work, for Lat. left read 51° 25'.
" 34.— Day's Work, read course S. 33° 30' W., Dist. 88 miles ; Lat. in
50° 11' N., Long. 11° 6' W.
" 35.— Day's Work, read Long. 75° 00' W.
" 43.— Last line Answer, 21° 59' 67" S.
" 46.— First Question, read Lat. C8° 9' 19" N.
" 47.— First Questien, read April 30th.
" 49.— Amp., read Long. 150° 10' E., Dev. 5° 5' 30" E.
" 51.— Deviation, read 2° 45' E.
" 51.— April 10th, read 5h. 30m.
" 54. — Example 3rd, read fast, — for gaining, read losing.
" 66. — First Question, read 2m. 9s.
" 83.— Ex Meridian, Lat. read 52° 32' S.
" 86.— Star, read Lat. 26° 50' 47" S.
" 90.— Deviation, Ship's head at N. E., read 15° 37' E.
" 92.— Chr., read Long, by Acct. 75° 12' W. ; Chr. Sli. 20m. 20s.
" 94.— Ex Meridan O^S.
" 131.— Chr. Long., read Long 166° 51' 45" W.
" 132.— Day's Work, read Course S. 15° W. ; Long. 176° 56' W.
" 134.— Day's Work, read Lat. in 52° 59' N.
" 135.— Stars Dec, read 12° 34' 18'^ N.
LOGAKITHMS.
The Natural number is found in Table XXIV, Norie, pages
88 to 103; also, the Mantissa corresponding thereto, and is
found by looking at the left of page under No. at top ; it extends
to 999, Required, the Log. corresponding to 999. Look in page
103 and under No. left side of page, and under from tup the
Log. is 99956. Next, require the Log. corresponding to 9999.
Look for the first three figures as above, and the fourth at the
last column under 9,— the answer will be 99957.
But it often happens that the Log. of more than four figures
is required, then proceed thus : Find the first four figures as
above, then the remaining figures, multiply by the value found
in column marked Biff, at right of page, and cut off as many as
are over four in the Natural No., and if only one, cut off one;
but if two, cut off two, and all in excess accordingly. See the
following examples : — .
Required, the Log. of 22222. The value of the first four figures
is 346744 ; now you require the value of the fifth or remain-
ing figure 2,— the diff. in column is 195 multiplied by 2:
2 X 195=390; then by cutting off one figure from 39 0, leaves
39 to be added : 39 + 346744= (equal) 346783.
Next, find the Log. of 333333. The value of the first four
is 522835, and the diff. is 130x33=42.90, or 43 : 43 -{-522835
= (equal) 522878.
Again, find the value of 4444444, Find the first four as
above, and in diff. column stands 98 multiplied by the last
three figures, — the answer is 647818.
Again, find the value of 66666666. Find the value of the
first four figures as stated above,— which is 823865, and the
diff. is 65 multiplied ( x ) by the four remaining figures giTes
823908. i^° See following page for questions worked.
N. B. — If the figures cut off are under 5, 50, 500, reject
them; but if over, add one more to the Mantissa.
6
HAND BOOK AND SELF-TEACHER.
NATURAL NUMBER GIVEN TO FIND LO(JAKITIIM\.
Nat. No. 22222. ,346744 195 Diff.
+ 39.
X 2 excess of four (see page a. )
Ans. = 346783
Nat. No. 333333. 522835
+ 43.
Aus. = 522878
Nat. No. 4444444. 647774
+ 44
Ans, = 647818
39'0
1 30 Diff.
X 333 excess of four.
390
390
390
• 43-290
444 excess of four.
X 98 Diff.
3552
3996
Nat. No. 66666666. 823865
+ 43
Ans. = 823908
43-512 or 44.
6666 excess of four.
X 65 Diff.
33330
39996
43-3290
EXAMPLES FOR EXERCISES.
1. Nat. No. 22.
2.
' 333.
3.
' 4444.
4.
' 55555.
5.
' 666666.
6.
' 7777777.
7.
' 123401.
8.
' 1234002.
9.
« 12340003.
Ans. 1 -.342423.
« 2-522444.
" 3-647383.
" 4-744723.
" 5-82390a.
" 6-890856.
" 5-091319.
" 6-091326.
" 7-091315.
Every Natural number requires an Index, and is one less than
the number itself— (see examples above) ; and the Index to a
LOGARITHMS. 7
mixed number i^ one less than the whole numbers contained in
the (juestion :— the index to 1-23 is ; to 12-3 is 1 ; to 123-4 i^
2 ; 1234'.') is 3. The first contains only one whole number, and
is less than one ; the secimd, two whole numbers, and one is less
than two. Tlierefore, all indices are found accordingly, and
will be easily found in the tollowing examples.
INDICES FOR MIXED NUMBERS.
The index for a mixed number is one less than contained in
the whole number and stands thus : —
The figures to the left are the
whole nimibers, and those to
the right are called mixed.
2'34.5— 0.
12-345—1.
123-345—2.
1234-345—3.
12345-345—4.
In taking whole and mixed numbers from the Tables, take
them out as if they were all whole, the index only is changed.
Ex.— Find the Log. of 2-345 = 0-370133. It is quite clear
that you cannot have but in the index, as there is only ont
s'rhole number in the question, the rest being mixed numbers.
LOG. OR MANTISSA GIVEN TO FIND NATURAL NUMBER.
In the above examples tlie Natural number calls for one figur«
less, and if the Log. be given to find the Nat. number, tkat
number must contain one more whole number than the index
of Log. given. Suppose the Nat. No. of Log. 3-46871)0 b« rt-
(juired. Find the Log. in Table XXIV, and in No. at left side
will be foimd 294, and at the top of the page will be found 3,
which is to be placed after — 2943 — and gives the answer, a?
the index is 3 it calls for four whole numbers. Again, if the
Nat. No. 5-361335 be required, this cannot be foimd to agree
with any number, so take the next less, 361161, and the differ-
ence between them is 174 by annexing two cyphers, and divide
by the number 189 found in diff. col. gives 96 to be placed after
the figures found in No. col. and under the top figure gives
answer, 229796. It is plain that the index calls for six figures,
and they must be found by the above rule. But if the Log.
could be found to agree, then sufficient cyphers may be added
to make up for what the index calls for. It nuist l)e remem-
bered that only one cypher must be added at a time. See the
following examples.
8
HAND BOOK AND SELF^EACHER.
EXAMPLES.
1st. — Natural No. corresponding to Lojj. 0-1 15278 = 1'304.
The decimal point placed between first and second, as index
0- requires one whole number.
2nd.— Lojj:. 1 -115278. Ans.— 13-04, Index between second
aiifll third.
3rd.— Log. 4-432789
next less, 432049
An». 2708S-8 100)1400(88
1280
1200
1280
In the above example the in-
dex called for five whole num-
ber. By a cypher added to the
difference between the given
IiO§. and the next less, and di-
vided by diff. of col. at right side
gives 88 nearly, annexed to the
four figures found, and decimal
point placed after fifth
answer.
And 5-432789
next less, 432649
Ans. 270887-5=160)1400(875
1280
, gives
1200
'1120
800
890
The index five requires six
whole numbers. Two cyphers
are added to find the required
number, then, as there is a diff.
of 80 over, another cypher in
added, which gives one more,
and it is a decimal.
TIW NATURAL NUMBER REQUIRED FOR THE FOLLOWING LOGS.
Logs.
0-245678
1-345678
2-456789
3-987654
4-876543
5-654321
6-666666
7-777777
8-111111
9-999999
Ans.
1.
1-7607
2.
22-1657
3.
286-278
4.
9719-7
5.
95255-7
6.
451144-68
7.
4641571-3
8.
59948216-7
9.
129155223-3
0.
9999571627-9
MULTIPLICATION OF LOGARITHMS.
9
MULTIPLICATION OF LOGARITHMS.
Add the Lofj^s; of the multiplier and the multiplicand, the
Nat. number corresponding thereto will be the answer.
Multiply 22=1 -.342423
by 222=2-365488
Ans. 5104=,3-707911
In this example the sum of
Logs, was found to agree abreast
of 510 in Nat. No. col., and un-
der the 4 from top, gives the
answer, 4 whole numbers, as
index is 3.
Mul. 22-2= 1-346352
222-2=2-346744
Multiply 333 = 2-522444
4444=3-647774
Ans. 1479850=6-170218
169968 n. less-
ALns. 4932-84=3-693097
693023 n. less.
Diff. 88)740(84
704
360
352
8
The general rule is, there
ought to be as many decimals
in the answer as are in both
numbers.
Diff. 294)2500(850
2352
1480
1470
100
In the above example, thn
index being 6 called for 7 whole
numbers, therefore, cyphers had
to be added to find enough in
the quotient to annex the first
four figures found.
QUESTIONS PGR EXERCISE.
Multiply 234 by 456,
6456 by 42.
25-4 by 29-7.
289-4 by 2-46.
ii
Ans.
(4
U
((
106704.
145152.
754-38, nearly.
711-92, nearly.
10 HAND BOOK AND SELF-TEACHER.
DIVISION OF LOGAEITHMS.
There is no necessity for many examples in Division, as it is
performed similar to Multiplication, only that one Log. is sub-
tracted from the other, also the index, and the ahswer is found
us in Multiplicatioji.
Divide 4789 = 3-680245
by 842 = 2-925312
Divide 47-94=1-680698
bv 1-29=0-110590
Ans. 5.687 = 0-754933
Ans. 37-16 = l-570108
TABLE XXV.
LOGARTHMIC SINES, SECANTS, TANGENTS, &c.
These tables are very essential, as they are employed in solv-
ing five of the questions that are proposed at the Examination
Board, and are found thus : —
If the angle is given, and under 45°, it will be found at the
top, but from 45*^ to 90*^ it will be at the bottom ; and when
the degrees exceed 90 take its supplement, that is, what the
angle wants of 180, and if a Sine, Tangent or Secant, take the
Sine, Tangent and Secant. Suppose you want the Sine of
20" 20 ^— look at the top of Table XXV, and abreast of 20 ^ in
the col. marked M the Log. Sine is — 9-540931. Suppose the
Sine of 120^ 20 ^ subtract from 180.00=59.40 and Sine from
the bottom of the page, and miles at the right side stand Sine
=9-936062. Another method is, — take 90'' from the angle,
and take Co-Sine for Sine, Co-Secant for Secant, and Co-Tangent
for Tangent. As in the above case, take 90 from 120.20 it
leaves 30.20, and Co-Sine is 9-936062. But if the angle to
seconds be required, take the diff. abreast of the Log. given to
miles, multiply by the seconds and cut otf two figures to the
right and add to the given Log. If the angle 30^ 20^ 20^' to
find Log.,~tlie Log. given for 30^20' is 9-936062, the diff.
is 123 multiplied ( X ) by the 20, equal ( = ) to 24^ 60, by cutting
off the two figures to the right it leaves 24 or 25 to be added
f + ) to 936062, gives the Log. 9-936087. But if a Co-Sine,
Co-Secant or Co-Tangent b( given, subtract the diff. Co-Sine
SINES, SECANTS, TANGENTS, ETC. 1 1
Tequired of 40° 4()'40'^ Corresponding Log. to 40° 40' is
9-879963, diff. 181 x 40=72,40, sub. gives 9-S79891. It will
l)e remembered when the figures cut off are less than 50 they
are to be rejected, but greater ones are to be added. A few
examples will show when they are to be added or rejected.
EXAMPLES.
Find Log. Bine 35° 45 1 ^b ' '-9766598 292 diff.
+ 161. x55
Ans. 9-766759 • 160,60
The two figures cut off exceed 50, one more is added.
Find Log.Co-Siue 25°35^45//=:9-955186 101 diff.
— 45. x45
Ans. 9-955141 - 505
• 404
-45/45
The two figures cut oft', less than 50, are rejected.
THE LOG. GIVEN TO FIND THE ARC.
Tf a Sine, Secant or Tangent be given, seek in the Tables,
and if it be found to agree, there will be no seconds, but if not,
take the next less Log., also the diff. betweeu it and the
given Log., to that diff. annex two cyphers, and divide by the
diff. found in col. marked Diff., and the quotient will give
the seconds required. But if a Co-Sine, Co-Secant or Co-
Tangent be given, take tlie next greater Log. and annex the
seconds found to the degrees and minutes.
Find the Arc corresponding to Log. Sine 9-452078
next less, 452060
Diff. 713)1800(02
1436
Diff. 364
The next less log gives 16" 27' and by annexing what \f
found in the quotient 02, or 3 nearly, we have the answer,
16^' 27'04'^
Find Arc of Co-Sine 9-975233. This is found to agree exactly
in the col., and the Arc corresponding is 19° 10''.
.i;2
HAND BOOK AND SEXF-TEACHER.
Ans. 50'^ 49^ 59".
Find Arc of Co-Secant 0-1 10525
next greater, 0-110626
171)1010(59 seconds.
855
1530
1539
11
All Degrees less than 45'' will be found at top of page, and
miles found in left hand col. ; but all over 45^ at the bottom,
and miles in right hand page.
Log. Sine,
((
((
" Co-Sine,
((
((
" Secant,
n
a
" Co-Secant,
((
a
a
(C
a
n
Tangent,
((
EXAMPLES FOB PRACTICE.
5° 11/00//
5 11 44
76 20 00
76 20 35
17 25 00
17 25 25
72 29 00
72 29 29
9 25 00
9 25 45
Co-Tangent, 68 49 00
68 49 09
((
Ans. 8-955894.
8-956913.
9-373414.
9-373111.
0-020382.
0-020398.
0-020620.
0-020611.
9-219710.
9-220296.
9-588316.
9-588260,
a
t(
((
' a
a
■ <;
a
((
a
Sine,
Co-Sine,
Secant,
Co-Secant,
Tangent,
LOG. GIVEN TO FIND ARC.
9-763067 Ans. 35°25/00/'
9-765726
0-764940
0-402222
9-817850
Co-Tangent, 8-411639
n
(C
((
((
((
54 19 58.
80 06 33, nearly,
23 19 59.
33 19 20, nearly,
88 31 19.
PARALLEL SAILING.
If a ship sails on a parallel of Lat. she will of course be
making all diflf. of Long., and if you sail on a parallel of Lat.
within five degrees of the Equator, the distance run, or the de-
parture will be the diff. of Long. But the more you sail toward
PARALLEL SAILING. 13
file N. or S. tlie miles of Long, become less, for in Lat. 60^ the
degree of Long, is only 30 miles, and will decrease in propor-
tion as you approach the Poles, at which points it becomes
nothing. Tlie rule is very simple and will be found thus : —
Take the Secant of the Lat. Table XXIV (rejecting 10 of in-
dex) and common Log. Table XXIV of departure (or distance
run), add both and their sum found in Table XXIV will give
the dist. in Nat. number col.
EXAMPLES.
In Lat. 60^, Secant, (XXV) 0-301030
Departure 120, Log. (XXIV) 2-079181
Diff. Long. 240. 2-380211
In Lat. lO'' 30^ Secant, 0-007334
Departure 140, Log. 2-146128
Diff. Long. 142-4 2-153462
In Lat. 78° 35', Secant, 0'703461
Departure 999, Log. 2-999565
Diff. Long. 5046-9 3-703026
702947 next less Loj^,
86)790(J'«-
774
In Lat. 30^* 30' N., and Long. 177<=* 20 ' W., sailed 420 dae
West, — What is the Long, in ?
Secant of Lat. 30* 30' = 0-064680
Log. of Dept. 420 = 2-623249
Diff. Long. =6)487-4 = 2-687929
8-7 W.
Long. Diff. 177-20 W.
185-27
Exceeds opposite 360-00 Meridian, take from 360, and changes
from W. to E. Longitude.
174-33 E„
2
14 HAND BOOK AND SELF-TEACHER.
QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE,
In Lat. 47'' 47 ' and depart. .333. Ans. 495-G
In Lilt. 22 22 and depart. 22-2. " 240.1
In Lat. 11 11 and depart. Ml. " M31
In Lat. 77 27 and depart. 777. « 2576
In Lat. 5? 00 and Lon^. 2* 10' E., departure made to the
East 80*1 :- -Re([iiired the Long. in.
Ans. 00 00 00, or Mer. Green wicli.
In Lat. 60^ and Long. 175 W., a ship sails due West 150
in-iles — What Long, is she then in ?
Neither in E. or W., but 180 from Greenwich,
MERCATOR'S SAILING.
It is generally preferred to find the course from one Port or
headland to another, and particularly when the dist. is large.
The course and distance is found by tlie following rule : — Place
one Lat. under the other and subtract the less from the greater, if
both '.je N. or both be S. ; but if one is N. and the other S., add
tliem, which will give you the true diff. of Lat. in degrees and
miles ; then multiply the degrees by 60 and take in the miles, —
it will then be all miles. Next take each Lat. at the top of
Table 3 (meridonal parts), and the miles in the side col., and in
tlie angle will be found the meridional diff. (which are all miles)
and add or sulttract, as was done with both Latitudes. Next find
tlie diff. of Longitude, and if they are of same name, take their
difference, but if of contrary names, their sum. If the degrees
exceed 1 80 take that sum from 360°, and convert it into miles,
as you did the Latitude.
Wlien you get your diff. of Lat., be sure and name it either
North or South, as the case may be, and do the same with the
Long., for a great many mistakes arise through such neglect.
A few examples will suffice to show how they are named.
A ship in N. Lat,, and decreasing her Lat., the course will be
South ; but increasing, will be North, — the same in South Lat.
Likewise with Long., — if you are in West Long, and decreasing,
the course is E. ; if increasing, tlie course is West. It often
occurs that you change from one Long, into another, — that is
mercator's sailing. lo
crossing the opposite Meridian (180), — you still will be steering
the same course.
Then put down the diff. Long, and add 10 to the index, and
under it put the Mer. diff. of Lat. and sul>tract. That will give
the Tangent course in Table XXV, and aljreast will be found
Secant, and that added to]JLog. of diff. Lat., Table XXIV, will
give the distance.
Ex.— A ship in Long. 178^20/E., sails to 17(1'' 20 / W.,
although she changes her Long., she does n<:»t chnigeher course,
she will be still steering E., and would until she returned to the
same place that she left.
EXAMPLES.
Ship from Lat. 40'' 40^ N., and Long. 44*^ 44' W., sails unH)
she arrives at Lat. 55*^ 55 ' N., and Long. iyQ*^ 5^ ' W — Wliat
is her course and dist. ?
Meridoiiiil parts.
Lat. A. 40'^ 40/ N. 2675 Long. A. 44^" 44/ W.
Lat. B. 55 55 N. 4065 56 5^ W.
15 15 1390 12 12
60 60
915 N. 732 W.
Diff. Long. 732 2 + 10 12 864511 Secant course =0 053129
M. parts, 1390 3 143015 L.of diff. Lat. 915, 2 961442
Tang.
course N. 27 46 W. = 9 721497 Dist. 1027=3 014571
In the above example the ship sails from a low to a high N.,
and from a low to a high W., therefore the course is N. and W.,
she increases both.
Lat. A. 26° 26 / N. 1 645 Long. A. 35^ 35 / W.
Lat. B. 15 15 N. 926 Long. B. 25 25 W.
11 11 716 10 10
60 60
671 S. 610 E.
Diff. Long. 610 2 + 10 12 785330 Sec. course, 118523
Mer. parts. 716 2 854913 L. of diff. Lat.67I, 2 826723
Tang, course S. 40 26 E.=:9 930427 Dist. 88 1*5 = 2 945246
16 HAND BOOK AND SELF-TEACHER.
Lat. A. 30* 3f)/ S. 2363 Lon^. A. 137° 37 ' E.
Lat. B. 38 38 N. 2517 l.onir. K 15H 56 W.
75 14 4880
60
294
360
33
00
65
60
27
3927 E.
T). Long. 3927 2 + 13 13 594061 Secant course, 108376
M. parts. 4880 3 688420 Lono-. Dif. Lat. 4514, 3 654562
Tang.
course N. 38 49 E. =. 9 905641 Dist. 5793 = 3 762938
In tliis example the ship sailed from S. to N. Lat. and crossed
the Equator, and as she had to run the 36" 36 ^ miles of South-
ing to reach tlie Equator, and 38° 38 ' of Northing, hoth Lats.
must he added. She also sailed from one Long, into another
and crossed the opposite Meridian, therefore, botli Longs, must
be added ; and each Long, being greater than 180°, it must be
subtracted from 360° before it is reduced to mile^.
N. B. — It must be remembered that 10 must be added to the
index of the difference of Long, in all cases.
EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.
In the following examples the course and dist. is required.
Lat. A. 3*^ 33 / N. Long. A. 4° 44 ' E.
Lat. B. 4 44 S. Long. B. 5 55 W.
Ans.— S. 45° 00' W. Dist., 100-4.
Lat. A. 5° 55 ' S. Long. A. 9° 29 W.
Lat. B. 6 26 N. Long. B. 19 19 E.
Ans. N. 86° 59 ' 30/ ' E. Dist., 590-7.
Eequired, the course and dist. from Cape Sable in Lat.
43° 23/ N., and Long. 65° 37^ W.,to Cape Clear, Ireland, Lat.
51° 26 'N., Long. 9° 29 ' W.
Ans.— N. 77° 56 ^ E. Dist., 2310 miles.
Required, course and dist. from Cape Sable, Lat. 43° 23 ^ N.,
Long. 65° 37' W., to Cape of Good Hope, in Lat. 33° 54' S.,
and Long. 18° 24'E.
Ans.— Course S. 44° 49 ^ E. Dist., 6357.
Required, course and dist. from Halifax, Lat. 44° 26 / N.,
TIDES. 1 7
l.ong. 63° 34 1 W., to Monte Video, in Lat. 34'=' 53 ' iS., and Long.
56"=' 15 / W. Ans.— Course, S. 4» 43/ E. Dist., 4772.
TIDES.-HOME PORTS.
In all the Ports of Great Britain and tlie West of Europe,
as far as Gibraltar, and to the Cattagat in the North 8ea, tlie
Tides can be easily found, as there are several Ports of Reference,
or Standard, and in these Ports they are known every day in
the year by means of a Tidal Gauge. But as Wxk^xe are about
two hundred intermediate Ports, or liarbors, tliat ha\o no Tidal
Gauge, ;. d as it is often necessary to ascertain the Tides in all
these Ports, tliere are Constants given in the A(huir;dity Tide
Tables, from page U)3 to 108, wliich are to be added or subtracted
as marked abreast of tlie Port sought. Constant is tlie num})er
of hours and minutes that elapse between the time of high
water at the Standard Port and the Port you are looking for.
When Constant is added ( + ) the Tide will be later in the day ;
but if subtracted ( — ) the Tide will be earlier. For instance, —
You wish to know what time it will be high water at Dorchester,
(Bay of Fundy) ; St. John would be the Port of Keference, as
the Tide is known there every day, and it is high wnter full and
change days at llh. 21m. Now, as the flood tide, runs nearly
E., mid Dorchester lifting to the eastward, the Constant is +,
and the Tide must necessarily be later in the day ..' Dorcliester
than at St. John. Again, you wish to ascertain ,',hat time it
will 1)6 high water at Quoddy Head on a certain day. The flood
Tide runs by Quoddy in an easterly direction towards St. John,
and the time which elapses is about 45 minutes, tlierefore that
45 minutes is the Constant to be — from high water at St. John,
and consequently the hlgli Water at Quoddy Head will answer 45
minutes before the St. Jolm high water. I think t]\e young Mari-
ner will easily discern how the Constants are to Ite applied, and by
referring to the above explanations will have very little
trouble in finding the time of high water on any day at any of
the Home Ports.
The Constants, and how to Apply them to the Morxinc;
(A. M.) AND Evening (P. M.) Tides found in the Tide
Taules.
If Constant is add. ( + ) — found in pages 103 to 108 — add to
18 HANI) BOOK AND SELF-TEACHEU.
tlie tiine foiinrl in tlie calendar of tlie month and day, smd it will
^i\e tlie A. M. and i'. M. Tides respectively ; but when Constant
is added to A. M. Tide and it exceeds 12 hours, it will j^ive the
P. M. Tide hy takinjj^ 12 hours from it ; then you must take the
evening's Tide before, and if it exceeds twelve hours you will
have a morning Tide, but if not, you will only have a i*. M. Tide
tliat day.
When Constant is subtracted ( — ) and is less than the Tidefc:
ji^iven, it will give the two Tides that day ; but if — and a
blank marked thus — occurs in the A. M. column, take the P. M.
Tide and subtract, and if the subtraction can }»e made without
borrowiujii; 12 hours, there will be one P. M. Tide that day ; but
if you have to borrow twelve hours it will g\\e the A. n. Tide,
and then take the next morning tide and borrow 12 hours and
that will give the P. M., but if you can make a subtraction with-
out borrowing 12 hours, there will be only an A. M. and no v. M.
Tide that day. Whenever the Constant is — nnd exceeds the
A. M. Tide in the calendar, that Tide must be rejected, and use
the P. M. Tide instead, and if necessary, 1 2 hours must be bor-
rowed, the same as if a blank ( — ) occurred.
.The following examples will l)etter illustrate to the pupil
how to employ the Constants. (Tide Table for 1873 used.)
Ex. — Suppose you wish to know what time high water will
occur at Dartmouth on April 1st, 1873. Look in Tide Table,
page 107, and you will see Dartmouth, and abreast stands Con-
stant — Oh. 33m., and .in right col. under kStandard Ports will
stand Davenport, — that will be the Port of Reference for Dart-
mouth ; next look in calendar for April, and find Davenport,
and in the morning col. stands 8h. 4m.. and in afternoon col.
stands 8h. 21m. Now by add. (+) (Constant Oh. 33m. to both
Tides, it will give 8h. 37m. for morning, and 8h. 54m. for after-
noon Tide.
Find the time of high water at Ballycotton, April 8, 1873,
Waterford is Port of Reference, and Constant is sub. ( — ),
Oh. 26m., and in col. for April and under Waterford is 2h. 11m.
forenoon, and 2h. 42m. afternoon, and Constant — Oh. 26m.
gives lb. 45m. A. M., and 2h. 16m., P. M,
EXAMPLES.
Find time of high water A. M. and P. M. at Cherbourg on
May 4th.
TIDES. — HOME PORTS. 19
h. m. h. m.
Brest, Port of Reference, 8 52 A. M. 9 32 P. M.
Const. + 4 02 4 02
h. in.
P. M. of 3rd, 8 19 12 54 P. M. 1 34 P. M., 5th
4 2 12 no use.
00 11 A.M. 4th day. 00 54
It will he seen hy the above Tides that by -f Constiint to
A. M. Tide it exceeds 12 hours, and makes it u P. M. Tide, — and
\>y -f- to P. M. Tide, it makes it A. M. Tide of oth day, — so the
Tide of tlie evening of the 3rd had to be used, imd Constant
add. ( + ) to it exceeded 12 hours, and made an A. M. Tide of
4th day.
Find A. M. and P. M. Tides at Exmouth, May 20th,
Davenport, Port of Reference. A. M. 11 41 ]'. m. of 19th.
+ 38 h- m-
11 00
00 19 P. M. ??
11 38
no use.
Only a P. M. Tide on the 20th, as Constant 4 to P. M. Tide
of previous P. M. Tide does not exceed 12 hours.
Find time of high water A. M and P. M., at R'dtimore, Ire-
land, on May 6th. Queenstown Port of Reference.
h. m. h. ni.
A. M. — P. M. 30. A. M. 7th 1 04.
Const. — 38. 38.
A. M. 11 52. 26. 7th day.
no use.
When Constant is — as above, and the subtraction can be
made without borrowing 12 hours from the following Tides,
there will only be one Tide that day. It will also be seen that
the A. M. Tide is within 8 minutes of noon, and as a general
thing there must elapse about 12 hours and 25 minutes between
each consecutive Tide.
Find time of high water at Cromarty on June 24th.
h. m. h. in.
Leith, Port of Reference. A. M. 1 40 P. M. > 01
Const.— 2 21
A. M. 1 i 40 no p. M.
so FIAND BOOK AND SELF-TEACHER.
In the above Tide the Constant is greater than the A. M. Tide,
therefore it miirtt be rejected, and the afternoon Tide used in-
stead, and as ;i Hii])traction couhl not be made, 12 liours had to
he borrowed, which made it a forenoon Tide ; and as the Con-
stant couhl 1)0 subtracted from the following morning Tide with-
out ])orrowing 12 liours, there is only an A. M. Tide thnt day.
Find the A. M. and p. m. Tides at the following Ports : —
A. M. 1'. M.
Jan. 8th. Ballycotton (Ireland), Ans. No. 22
Fel). otli. Bristol (England), " 00 02 00 30
Mar. 3()th. Tort Patrick (Scotland), " No. 00 18
April .3th. Llanelly (Wales), " 11 34 No.
May 4th. Ballycastle Bay (Ireland), " Noon.
June nth. Ordforness (England), " 11 15 11 35
July 27th. Douglass (Isle of Man), " 00 19 00 49
Aug. 3rd. Tanera (Summer Isles), "11 39 No.
Sept. 1st. Alderney (Cinq Isles) " No. 00 37
It may not be amiss to state here that when a blank ( — )
occurs in the A. M. col. and Conet. is sub. ( — ) if a subtraction
can be made from the P. M. col., there will be only a P. M. Tid«
that day. Also, if Const. + and — in P. M. col., if the sura of
Const, and A. M. Tide does not exceed 12 hours, there will Ije
only an A. M. Tide that day.
TIDES.— FOREIGN PORTS.
In finding the time of high water for any Foreign Port the
Constant is to be applied in the same manner as in tlie Home
Ports. But you must first find a Const, by taking Brest as a
Standard, and the time of high water on full and change days
is 3h. 47m., and the difference between that and the full and
change days of any other port that exceeds five degrees to the
W. or E. is the Const. And to know when the Const, is + or
— place full and change of Brest and the Port required ; take
their difference, and if Brest is the least, the Const, is + , but
if greatest — . It is quite plain that if the full and change
happen at St. John llh. 21m., that of Brest 3h. 47m., the dif-
ference is 7h. 34m. That is, St. John Tide is later 7h. 34m. in
the day than at Brest ; therefore, by -f 7h. 34m. to the time
of high water found at Brest in the Admiralty Tide Tables, on
any day, will give the time of high water at St. John. But as
TIDES. — FOIIEIUN PORTS. 31
the Moon liiis some influence over the water it requires anotlier
small correction, found thus: Take tliediff. of Transit between the
two days ( found in left cor., marked Moon's Transit, Tide Tables),
and the Lonjjf. of the recjuireil Port in side col., in the angle
of meeting will he a correction to be -\- in W. Lung, and — in
E. It may be remarked here, that as the Transit of the Moon
is computed for the meridian of Greenwich, and as Brest is 4^
degrees to the W. of Greenwich, it will cause a small error,
which, however, can be avoided by -f- 4^ degrees to all places
in W. Long., and — in E.
The following examples will show more plainly to the learner
how the corrections are to be applied.
Require the time of High Water at St. John, Long. 66^ W.,
on Jan. 30th, 1873.
h. m.
Standard, Brest 3 47. High Water at Brest 30th .
h. rii. h. m.
St. John 1131. A. M. 4 50. P. M. 5 10. No use.
Const. + 7 34. 4 30 Evening 29th.
Const. + 7 34. 7 34
00 24.
Cor. + 00 10. 00 04
00 10
P. M. 00 34.
Transit 30th,
" 31st,
h.
1
2
m.
50.
42.
A.M.0O 14
Long. 66'^
Cor. 52. Table XVI, Norie. 70^
Constant + to A. m. exceeds 12 hours, makes a P. M. Tide.
The preceding Tide of 29th must be taken, and as it exceeds 12
hours it gives a morning Tide.
June 1st, 1873. — Require the A. m. and P. M. Tides at Trin-
comalie (Ceylon).
h. in. h. m.
Brest, 3 47 High water at Brest, June 1st, 7 30 a.m.
Trincomalie, 8 18 Const. + 4 31
Const. + 4 31 12 01
Cor. — 10
Transit, June 1st, 5 13
" May 31st, 4 27 11 51 A. M.
Cor. — 46 Table XVI, Norie.
3
22 HAND BOOK AND SELF-TKACIIKIl.
Til tlie precediii*:^ Tide the Const, added to the Brest Tide ex-
cet^is 12 hours, hut lis the cor. reduced it to llh. 5lm. it makes iin
A. M. of it, iind it l)eiug only 9' troin noon, there can be no
other Tide tluit day.
August 1st, 1H73. — Rerjuire the A. M. and P. M. Tides at Hal-
ifax, N. S., Lon^r. 6.3 W.
Ii. III. h. in.
Brest, 3 47 Higli water at Brest, Aug. 1st, 8 24
Halifax, 7 49 Const. + 4 02
li. m.
Const. + 4 02 Tide of July Slst, 8 03 00 26
Const. + 4 02 Cor. + 9
00 05 35 P. M.
Cor. -f- 9
00 14 A. M.
In working the last Tide, the Const. + to A. M. makes a P. M.
Tide, and taking the previous evening and adding the Const., it
exceeds 121i., or crosses over midnight, therefore it gives an
A. M. Tide.
October 1st, 1873. — Require the A. M. and P. M. Tides, Kyau-
ch»u Bay (Yellow Sea), Long. 120^ E.
h, tn.
High water at Brest, Oct 1st, 10 57
+ 1 13
h in.
Brest, 3 47 . 12 10
Kyau-chau, 5 00 — 19
Const. + 1 13 A. M. 11 51 no p. M.
In the last question, the Const, being + to the A. M. Tide at
Brest, it exceeds 12h. and makes it a P. M. Tide; but cor. for
Long. P^. 19^ when subtracted bought it back to A. M. Tide, and
being so near there can be no P. M. Tide that day.
QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE.
Required the A. M., and P. M. Tides at the following Ports : —
1873. A. M. r. 11.
Feb. 28. St. John, N. B., Long. 66« W. Ans. No. 19
May 22. Pei-ho, Long. 122^ E. " No. 13
Dec. 19. Parsboro, N. S., Long., 65'' W. " No. 5
Sept. 2. Hakodadi, Japan, Long. 135° E. " No. 3
Nov. 23. Yarmouth, N. S., Long. 66° W. "11 50 No.
Oct. 12. N. York, U. S. Long. 74° W. " No. 10
day's work. 23
DAY'S WORK.
Wliat is called a day's work is the course or courses, tlie diff'.
of Lat. and departure, and finally to ascertain the true course
and dist., the Lat. and Lonjj;. in, and her true position at noon.
Each course a vessel sails on is subject to two corrections, aud
sometimes to three. The tirst two are variation and deviation ;
the former is caused by the maji^etisra of the earth, the latter
by the iron used in the construction of the ship, and these two
are to be used when a ship is sailing before the wind, or the wind
right after her ; but when she is hauled by the wind, or the
wind on either side, she is then making lee-way, and that m»*8t
be allowed on each course with the variation and deviation. I
think it would be out of place to state here the amoimt of lee-
way caused by the different sails, the speed the ship has through
the water, and the nature of the sea at the time, — for of these
a careful Master or Mate will soon judge by several means wben
at sea ; and as lee-way will be in its proper place in all th« ««-
amples in this work, there is no need of further remarks.
HOW TO CORRECT COURSES.
All courses must be reckoned from the N. towards the E. and
W., and from the S. towards the E. and W. : that is, — the
points, or degrees, increase from nothing up to 8 points, or 90
degrees. Easterly variation and deviation are always allowed to
the right. Westerly to the left, and lee-way if allowed opposite
to the wind.
Suppose a ship's course N. N. E., wind N. W., variation 1|E.,
deviation ^ E.,— What would be her true course ?
N. N. E., or N. 2 E.
Var. + 1^ E. allowed to the right hand.
3|
Dev. + :|^ E. to right, also.
4
Lee-way, going free.
True course, N. 4 E., or N. E.
The course is N. 2 points E., and sa it increases towards Mae
24 HAND BOOK AND SELF-TEACHER.
E. bv var. and dev. added, both being Easterly, makes the course
N. E. or N. 4 E.
Compass course N. N. E., wind E. by N., lee-way ^, dev. | E.,
var. 2^ E.
N. N. E., or N. 2 E. In this example the lee-way is sub-
Lee-way — ^ tracted, as she is on the starboard
— tack and drifting towards the N.,
1^ and lessens the points, but the
Dev. + f dev. and var. are added, as both
— being E., therefore, true course
2i N. ^ E.
Var. + 2}
N. E. ^ E. ^
Compass course N. W. by W. ^ W., wind N., lee-way 1|,
dev. 1| W., var. 2^ W.
Co. N. 5| W. In this ex. the ship is steering
Lee-way + H between N. and W., and the
wind from the N., the lee-way
7 is towards tlie W. ; also dev.
Dev. 4- If and var. being W. is allowed
to the left, and all three
8 1 added puts her out of N. into
Var. + 2^ the angle of S. and W., and
when the course exceeds 8
11 pts., sub. from 16. (Sse form
16 of work.)
S.W.byW.,orS.5W. 5
Compass course S. ^ E., wind E. by S., lee-way 1^, var. ^W.,
dev. l^W.
Co. S. ^ E. In this ex. the course is S. ^ E., or
1^ ^ left of S., lee-way to right,
— the lesser is subtracted from the
S. 1 W., — 1 greater, and changes the angle
Var. — 1;^ from S. E. to S. W., var. being
— W., allowed to left, changes the
S. ^ E., ^ anglfe .3 S. E., and dev. +, be-
+ l| ingW. gives the course as below.
— N. B. — The learner should
S. 2 E., or S. S. E., 2 never forget, that all courses
day's work. 25
which cross over N, or »S., the lesser must be — from the greater ;
but over E. or W. must be -|- , and then — from 1 80 if in de-
grees, — if in points, from 16.
Compass course W, S. W., wind S., lee-way 2^, dev. 2-| W.,
var. 3 E.
This angle is to the N. and W.,
but the dev. aing W., it is
— and changes back to S.
and W. without being sub-
tracted from 1 6 ; and as vari-
ation is 4- it changes agam
to N. and W., and being over
8— 16.
W. ^ N., or N 7^ W. 7^
The next page will show the Traverse Table as kept at sea-,
all courses by compass corrected, the difF. of Lat. and departure
for each course, and Tables 1 and 2 explained.
Co.W.S.W.orS,
Lee-way +
. 6 W.
Dev.
2f
Var.
+
5i
3
16
26
HAND BOOK AND SELF-TEACHEE.
DAY'S WORK.
H.
1
2
3
K. g Courses.
Wind.
Lee-
way.
2i
Dev.
Remarks.
4 4 N.
4 4
4 4
E. N. E.
HW.
Departure taken at
noon from a point
of land in Lat. 42^
4
5
6
7
4 4
5 2 N. E.
5 2
5 2
E. S. E.
2|
i^w.
30/ N., and Long.
74°20'W. Bear-
ing by compass S.
S. W., dist. 10
8
5 2
miles.
9
3 6 E.
o. fe. E.
2
IfW.
10
3 6
•
11
3 6
12
1
3 6
6 6 S. E.
E. N. E.
UE.
Dev. as per Log.
2
6 6
4
3
6 6
4
6 6
5
3 3 S.S.E.
S. W.
U
IE.
Var. 3| E.
6
3 3
7
3 3
8
3 3
9
10
11
4 4 S. W.
4 4
4 4
S. by E.
H
1|E.
Current setting
S. S. E.(cor. Mag.)
l^ miles per hour
12
4 4
for the whole day.
1st course, N.
Lee-way + 2^ left or N. 2^ W.
Dev. + li left.
Var.
3|
True course N. :^ E. ^ right of N.
In this course her head is N., the wind E. N. E., or on her
right side, so she is on the starboard tack, and 2^ pts. lee-way
day's work.
27
drives her to the W. Dev. being W. is also added, a;nd increases
more to the W. ; but the var. being E., and allowed to right,
must be subtracted. Now, as the var. is more than the lee-way,
and dev. S^ pts. places her to the left of N., the lesser must be
subtracted from the greater, which places her to the right of
N., hence N. ^ E. is true course.
2nd course. N. 4 E. or 4 R. of N.
Lee- way, — 2| left.
- u
Dev.
1|- left.
i
4
8| right.
True course, N. 3^ E. 3|- right of N.
This course crosses over N. twice, and each time the lesser has
to be su))tracted from the greater. Her head being 4 points R.
of N., dev. and lee-way combined make 4^, that is, ^ point to
L. of N., or N. ^ W., and var. being R. 3f , the \ pt. must be
subtracted, and changes from the N. W. angle to N. E.
3rd course. E. or 8
Lee-way — 2
Dev.
6
If
H
Var. + 3|
True course E. 8
4th course, S. 4 E.
Lee- way — 1^
Dev. — 2|
Var. — 3f
True courses. 1 W. 1
S. E. angle to the S. W.
The ship's head is E., the wind
S. S. E., so she is on the star-
board tack, and lee-way is sub-
tracted from 8 pts., leaving 6
pts. to R. of N. Dev. is sub-
tracted also, it being to the L.,
or W., gives 4^ pts. ; but var.
being E. is allowed to R. and
added to 4^ makes the true
course N. 8 pts. E., or E.
In this course her head is S. 4
pts. E., wind E. N. E., she is
making no lee-way ; the dev.
being l^ E. is subtracted, as
also is the var., but as the var.
is greater than the course, the
lesser must be subtracted from
greater, and crosses from the
28
HAND BOOK AND SELF-TEACHER.
5th course S. 2 E.
Lee-way + 1^
Dev.
1
Var.
—
•2i
3f
True course S. 1|- "VN
T
•
H
6th course
s.
4 W.
Lee-way
+
2i
Dev.
+
8
Var. — 3f
-111
16
Her head is S. 2 E., wind S. W.,
she is on the starboard tack,
and lee-way 1^ is added, but
dev. being E. and allowed to
K. is subtracted, also the var.,
and as in the last course, the
lesser must be subtracted from
the greater, in crossing North
or South.
In this course she is heading
S. W., the wind is S. by E., —
slie is on the port tack, and
the lee-way is added, being
opposite to the wind, also the
dev. and var. ; all combined
put the course across W., and
as it exceeds 8 pts., must be
subtracted from 16, which
changes it from S. W. angle
to N. W.
True course N. ^ W.
H
Depart, course S. S. W., opposite pt. N. N. E. N. 2 E.
The opposite pt., is always taken Dev. — 1^
for a dep. course, and dev. is gener- —
ally given as for the first course, |
and variation allowed, as on all Var. + 3f
other courses. —
True course, N. 4|- E. 4^
Current course S. 2 E.
3|
True course S. 1| W. If
Nothing but var. is allowed on
the current courses, as the
dev. is allowed on each course
during the whole 24 hours.
TAKING COURSES AND DISTANCES FROM TABLE I.
Enter the Table with the course at the top (if under 4 pts.)
and .list, from left hand col. abreast will be the ditf. of Lat.
and dep. in the tirst two cols. ; but if the course exceeds 4 pts.
it must be taken from the bottom of page, when Lat. becomes
dep. and dep. Lat. ; if there are miles and tenths in the dist.,
day's work. 29
tliey must he taken out as if tliey were whole num})er8, and
make the last fi^^uie of the whole niunhcr a decimal; if there
are tenths in the coL, and they are alxne .'>, one (Ij must l)e
added to the tenth that is pointed off. For instance: find Lat.
iind dep. correspond iuj,' to 2()'"(), tiie course 2^ pts. Look in
'ttihle 1, pa;jfe 10, in one of the cols, marked " dist.,*' until
you liud 20(1, and in the next cols, of diff. of Lat. and dep., — iu
Lat. coh stands 1H1"7, and in dep. col. 1)7*1 ; now, hy pointin;^:
off the last figure of each they will stand thus, — IH-l, i)'7 ; and
as the figiue pointed off from difl'. Lat. is 1, one more is added
for the 7 tenths, it heing over 5, and would be placed in tlw
Traverse Table IH'2 Lat., 9*7 dep., nothing being added to dep.,
as the tenth in the col. is under 5. Again, if you wish to find
the diff. of Lat. and dep. for 33^*8. This cannot be taken out
as above, as the Tables give only as higii as 300''. It is found
thus, — under 2^ pts., at top and find in dist. col. 38 /, and in two
next cols, of Lat. and dep. is 29*1 Lat., lo'tl dep., next Uike the
8 tenths in a dist. col. also, and in Lat. is 07* 1, and in (hsp. 03*8.
Now the miles found must be made tenths and added to the
tenths of the 33 ', and if the figure that stands for tenths is
over 0, 1 tenth more is to be added to the tenths already
found. Lilt. Dep.
First found, 29-1 15-6
Second found, 7 4
Proper diff. 29-8 16-0
The 8 tenths in dep. is over 5, and 1 more is added to the 3,
which makes it four. Whenever the course is taken from the
top, the greatest is to be placed in the N. or S. cols. ; but when
found at tlie bottom, the greatest must be placed in the W. or
E. cols. Wiien all the courses and dists. are taken out and
placed in their proper cols., as will be seen in the annexed form,
all are to be added up, and the lesser Lat. taken from the greater,
also, the lesser dep. taken from the greater, and named after
the Lat. and dep. which are the greatest. If the most is in the
N. and E. cols., the course will be N. and E. ; but if in S. and
W., the course will be S. and W.
TO FIND THE COURSE AND DISTANCE.
Seek in Table 1 until Lat. and dep. are found to agree (or
nearly), and the course will be found at the top if Lat. is most,
4
30 HAND BOOK AND SELF-TEACHER.
but at bottom if dep. is most, and the dist. will be found in the
dist. col. at left hand.
TO FIND THE LAT. AND LONG.
With the diff. of Lat. found placed under the Lat. left, add if
t)f same name, but sub. if of contrary names, and that will give
the Lat. in ; then add both Lats. and divide by 2, which will
give mid Lat. ; then find the mid Lat. at top of Table 1, if it
is under 4 pts. or 45^, })ut at the bottom if over 4 pts. or 45*^ ;
then find the dep. in Lat. col., and in the dist. col. will stand
diff. of Long., — if it exceeds 60 miles divide by 6 and it will be
in degrees, place it under the Long, left, and if of same name
add, but if of different names sub., and it will give the Long in.
The above k finding the diff. of Long, by mid Lat., and as it
is sufficiently correct in short distances such as Day's Work,
no notice will be taken of any other method here.
The learner must remember, that if a ship be near the Equa-
tor in N. Lat., and the diff. of Lat. made S. will exceed the
Lat. left ; the Lat. left must be sub. from the diff. of La,t., and
the remainder will Ije named S.
Tlie same precaution is necessary in passing the meridian of
G-reenwicli or Long. ;/ ; })ut in passing from one Long, into
anotlier at the opposite meridian, or 180*^, both must be added,
and the sum taken from .360*^, and named after the latter.
Ex. 1st.— A ship is in Long. ITO'^ 10^ W., and sails due W.
140 miles=2^20'+179'^ U^=181° 30^— 360* = 178» SQ/E.
Ex. 2nd. — A ship is in Long. 0*40' W. and sails 49' E., —
What Long, will she be in? 0-40— 0-49 = 9' E. The ship
crosses over the first meridian, and as the dist. made E. ex-
ceeded tlie Long, left, the lesser is taken from the greater, and
named E. after the latter.
It would benefit the learner to fill in the blank spaces in the
following Table with a dash or cross, previous to entering the
Traverse Table. For instance, — in the first course she is
making N. and E., and notliing in S. and W. cols., &c.
DAY S WORK.
31
Dist.
Diff.
Lat.
Departure,
True Courses,
N. 1 E.
N. 3i E.
E.
S. 1 W.
S. 1^ w.
S. 4^: W.
N. 4^ E.
S. 1| W.
17-6
20-8
14-4
26-4
13-2
9-6
10-
36-
N.
17-6
16-1
s.
25-9
12-6
6-5
33-9
E.
9-
13-2
14-
7-7
43-9
28-2
15-7
5-2
3-8
7-1
12-1
6-3
50-0
78-9
50-0
28-2
Dep.
Diff.
Lat. and
28.9
Grives course S. 2^ E., dist. 32/.
Lat. left, 42° 30' Diff. of Lat. 28-9 =29 S., and is —
from tl
names.
Lat. in, 42 1 N. from the Lat. left, being of different
2)84 31
Mid Lat., 42 15 Found in Table 2 gives diff. Long.
For dep., 15-7 = 21 ' E. The diff. Long, is also of a
Long left, 74° 20 W. different name to Long.
left, therefore subtracted.
Long in, 73 59 W.
This is the only Day's Work that will be in pts., and the
learner will easily comprehend by the explanations given how
to use it practically at sea. I have made it my study to
treat all questions practically, without superfluities, for the ben-
efit of the young mariner, so that they may be readily under-
stood and more easily mastered. Moreover, as it is intended
only for those that are preparing to pass an examination in
Canada, and as they are to work all in degrees, it would only
be lost time for the pupil to go through different Day's Work
in pts., the changes of courses, etc., etc.
32
HAND BOOK AND SELF-TEACHER.
H.
Courses.
K.
2
O
2
Winds.
Lee-
way.
12
Dev.
Kemarks.
1
N. 24 W.
4
w.
M5 E.
A point of land
2
4
2
in Lat. 31^25'
3
4
3
N., Long. 9^ 29^
4
4
3
W. Bearing by
5
N. 45 W.
5
2
N. 24 E.
5
4-20 W.
compass N. 22"
6
5
3
30' E., dist. 12
7
5
3
miles.
8
5
2
9
N. 67 W.
3
4
N.
4
15-30 W.
10
3
4
11
3
4
Dev. as per Log.
12
3
8
1
S. 22 W.
8
3
N. 67 W.
2E
2
8
3
3
8
3
4
5
S. 45 W.
8
7
3
5
N. 70 W.
5
5E.
Var. 25° 30 ^W.
6
7
5
7
7
2
8
7
2
9
S. 67 W.
3
4
S. 5 W.
15
3E.
Current (cor.
10
3
4
mag.)S. 15"E.,
11
3
4
25 miles in the
12
3
4
24 hours.
S. 22 30 W. dep. course.
N. 22 00 W. 1st course.
-f
1 15 E.
dev. R.
— 12 00 Lee-way R.
-23 45
• 10 00
25 00 var. L.
— 1 15 dev. L.
S. 1 15 E. true course.
8 45
+ 25 30 var. L.
N. 34 15 W. true course.
day's work.
33
N. 45 00 W. 2nd course.
+ 5 00 Lee-way L.
50 00
+ 4 20 dev. L.
54 20
4- 25 30 var. L.
N. 79 50 W. true course.
S. 22 00 W. 4th course.
+ 2 00 Lee-way E.
24 00
25 30 var. L.
S. 1 30 E. true course.
N. 67 00 W. 3rd course,
-f 4 00 Lee- way L.
71 00
+ 15 30 dev. L.
86 30
+ 25 30 var. L.
112 00 exceeds 90^,
180 00
S. 68 00 W. true course.
S. 45 00 W. 5th course.
— 5 00 Lee-way L.
40 00
+ 5 00 dev. L.
45 00
25 30 var. L.
S. 19 30 W. true course.
S. 67 00 W. 6th course.
15 00 Lee- way R.
82 00
+ 3 00 dev. R.
85 00
25 30 var. L.
S. 59 30 W. true course.
S. 15 00 E. current course.
+ 25 30 var. L.
S. 40 30 E. true course.
a^— ^rrri FT ii n ■ wi ^i —imiiiMmBi r-^rw
NO;:T'-i:^M AFFAIRS
. >. ■ V . I , ; V 1 I ■ 1 : . I ) '„ , J ( \ J i..o
U
Mort:
34
HAND BOOK AND SELF-TEACHER.
Courses.
Dist.
N.
s.
E,
W.
S. 2*^ E.
N. 34 W.
N. 80 W.
S. 68 W.
S. 2 E.
S. 20 W.
S. 60 W.
S. 41 E.
12
17
21
26
33-2
29-4
13-6
25
14 1
3 6
12
9 7
33 2
27 4
6 8
18 9
4
1 2
16 4
9 5
20 7
24 1
10
11 8
17 7
108 00
18
76 1
18
—
. 17 7
(
))9,0 3
Dep. 58 1
Diff. Lat. — 1 30 S.
Lat. left, 51 25 N.
Lat. in, 49 55 N.
2)101 20
Diff. Lat. 90'',
and dep. 58* 1,
gives true c'rse
S. 33^^ 00 W.,
and dist. 108
miles.
Mid. Lat.
50 40
Diff. Long. 93 = 1 33 W.
Long, left, 9 29 W.
Long, in, 11 02 W.
It has already been remarked that previous to entering the
Traverse Table to take out the diff. of Lat. and dep. for each
course, it would be well to fill up the vacant spaces with a dash
as above. In the first course she is making Southing and
Easting, and the diff. of Lat. goes in the S. and E. cols, and
nothing in the N. and W.
There are numerous mistakes made by putting the Lat. and
dep. in the wrong cols., especially when in a hurry, and the at-
tention is drawn to the cols., in the Epitome ; but by a strict
observance of the above method a mistake cannot be made.
The diff. of Lat. 90 '3 and dep. 58-1 is found to agree in Ta-
ble 2, at top of page at 33°, and as diff. of Lat. is S., and dep.
day's work.
35
W., the course will be S. 33^ W. ; in the adjoining dist. col. is
found 108 miles, which is the distance made good. By adding
the Lat. in and Lat. left, and dividing ))y 2 the middle Lat. in
found, and that taken as a course ; and dep. in a Lat. col. will
give ditf. of Long, in a distance col.
H.
Courses.
K.
o
Winds.
Lee-
way.
Dev.
Keniarks.
1
S. 2-49 E.
9
3
S. 60 E.
2-50
3 W.
A point of land
2
9
6
m Lat. 40" 20 '
3
8
3
N., Long. 74"
4
5
5
40 'W. Bearing
5
S. 70 E.
5
7
N. 40 E.
4
14 W.
by compass N.
6
5
7
22"30'W. dist.
7
5
6
15 miles.
8
5
7
9
N. 25 W.
6
4
N. 45 E.
20
4E.
10
6
4
11
7
6
12
7
5
Dev. as per Log.
1
N. 61 W.
7
4
N.
15
19 E.
2
8
3
3
6
6
4
5
5
Var. 16 W.
5
S. 70 W.
4
4
N. 42 W.
25
14 E.
6
4
7
7
4
7
8
3
9
Current (cor.
9
N. 30 E.
3
9
N. 40 W.
low.
mag.) S. 23 W,
10
3
8
Dist. 12 miles
11
3
G
during the 24
12
3
5
hours.
- ,1
Corrected Courses.
S. 42'' E.
S. 19 E.
N. 84 E.
N. 57 W.
N. 73 W.
S. 43 W.
N. 4 E.
S. 7 W.
Diff Lat. 26/5.
Dep. 20/4.
True Course, S. 36° 30.
Dist. 33 /.
Lat. in, 39^ 53 N.
Lonff. in, 75'^ 06 ' W.
3^'
HAND BOOK AND SELF-TEACHER.
u.
1
Ccurses.
K.
9
'Si
1
8
Winds.
Lee-
way.
Dev.
Remarks.
s.
S. 67 E.
1-45 W.
A point of land
2
9
8
in Lat. 43^ 30 '
3
9
8
N. Long. 66^
4
9
6
20 /\V. Bearing
5
S5615\V
8
7
N. 57 W.
20
10-15 W.
by compass N.
6
8
7
45^ 30^ E. dist.
7
8
3
12 miles.
8
8
3
9
S. 45 W.
7
6
N. 67 \V.
14
7-30 W.
10
7
ti
11
12
6
5
4
4
Dev. as per Log.
1
N67 30\V
4
8
S. 46 W.
12
7-15W.
2
4
^
/
3
4
3
4
4
2
Var. 14° W.
5
S 67 30\V
3
6
S. 12E.
3
8-45 W.
6
o
O
6
7
3
4
8
3
4
9
N78 45W
2
8
S. 67 E,
12 W.
Current (cor.
10
2
8
mag.) S. 45 W.
11
2
8
10 miles during
12
2
6
the 24 hours.
Corrected Couvsos.
Dep. S. 30« W. Dist. 12 miles
3. Diff.Lat. 124^^6, Dep. 50 /•8
1st. S. 16 E. " 39 "
True course, S, 22^^ W.
2d. S. 12 W. " 34 "
Dist. 135 miles.
3d. 8. 10 W. " 27 "
Lat. in, 41^ 25 N.
4th. N. 77 W. " 18 "
Long, in, 67^ 29 W.
5th. S. 48 W. « 14 "
6th. S. 75 W. " 11 "
Cur
H. 31 V
r.
(6
10 "
TO CONVERT TIME INTO LONGITUDE.
The circ\imferenee of tlie earth is 360", and the sun makes
that circuit in 24 hours, and by dividing 360° by 24 it give&
TO CONVERT LONGITUDE INTO TIME. 37
15°, SO the Sim travels at the rate of 15° per hour. If we wish
to know what Loni,ntude corresponds with any num])er ot hours,
minutes and second-o, we multiply the hours by GO and divide
the sum by 4.
ist Ex.— T time. 2d Ex.— 2 time. 3d Ex.~4 24 8 time.
X 60 X 60 X 60
-4)60 -v-4)120 -4)264-8
15° Long, 30 Long. 66-2 Long.
In the last example the hours are multiplied by 60, the
minutes brought in or added, the seconds brought down and
the whole divided by 4 gives the Longitude, 66*^ 2^, which is
the Longitude of St. John; so when it is noon m t^t. John, it
will be twenty-four minutes and eight seconds past 4 o clock ar
London, or the meridian of Grreenwich.
Another method is, to multiply the hours by 3 and by 5.
1st Ex.- 1 2d Ex.- 2 3d. Ex.— 4 24 8
X 3 X 3 ^ ^_
~Z 6 13 12 24
X 5 5 . 5
15 Long. 30 Long. 66 2 Long. ai)oxe.} .
TO COXVERT LONGITUDE INTO TIME.
Multiply the seconds, minutes and hours by 4, and divide tlie
product by 60.
1st EX.-15 2d EX.-30 3d Ex.-66-2
X 4 X 4 X 4
-6,0)6/0 -6,0)12/0 -6/0)^6^
1-0 time. 2 time. 4 24-8 time.
In dividing- by 60 one hgure is cut off, which makes it Short
Division (no quotient), and the figure cut off is minutes ; it
there is a remainder after dividing by 6/0 it is placed before
the figm-e cut off, and the seconds will remain the same.
6
38 HAND BOOK AND SELF-TEACHER.
BY SKOONI) MKTHOT).
1st Ex. -^3)lo^ 2dEx. -^3)30^ 3d Ex. -^ 3)66 2 9
-^5)5 ^5)10 -^5)22 00 40
1 time, 2 time. 4 24*8 time..
GREENWICH DATE.
As (xreenvvich date is required to work all problems in Nauti-
cal Astronomy, and as all the elements of the heavenly bodies
are ^iven for Apparent and Mean noon at the meridian of
Greenwich, they are given in the Nautical Almanac for every
day in the year.
But the navigator has a different meridian every day, and
must necessarily compute the change between the meridian of
(rreenwich and his meridian ; therefore, he must ascertain what
time it is noon at Greenwich, or, what is termed the " Green-
wich date." It is found thus : — Convert the Longitude into
time, and if West, add to the time at ship ; but if East Long-
itude, subtract, and it will give the Greenwich date. But if
Civil Time be kept, and it is morning, or A. M., at ship, 12 hours
must be added before applying the Longitude, for the Civil day
begins at midnight, and the Greenwich, or Astronomical day at
noon ; therefore, 8 hours in the morning. Civil day, will be 20
liours Greenwich, or Astronomical day.
It should be remembered that when 12 hours are added to
the A. M. Civil time it changes the day one less, as Greenwich,
day begins 12 hours before tlie Civil day is ended.
All the elements used in this work are for the year 1876, with
the exception of the Tides, as a copy of them cannot be had
yet.
EXAMPLES.
January 1st, at 3h. 30m., P. M., in the Long, of Cape Clear,
gt) 29^ W., recpiired the Greenwich date.
Time, 3h. 20m. Long 9^ 29/ W.
+ 37 56 4
Greenwich Time = 3 57 56 37 56 in time.
February 2nd, at 8h. 20m., A.M., in the Long, of 8t. John,
N. B., 66*^ 2' \d" W., required the corresponding Greenwich
time.
GREENWICH DATE. 39
Civil time, Feb. 2nd., 8 20 A. M. Long. 60" 2 '
12 4
Astronomical day, 1st, = 20 20 0^0)20/4 8
4 24 8 4 24 8 in tinit.
24 44 8
24
Greenwich date, Feb. 2d, = 44 8
By adding 12 liours to the Civil time it changes the day one
less, but Long. W. added exceeds 24 hours, and clianges it ba^k
again to the 2nd day, so it will be 44 ' 88. past noon at Green-
wich.
March 4th. — When the sun is on the meridian in Long, in
(16* 2 ' W., what is the time at Greenwich ?
h. m. a.
Noon, = 00 00 00 Long. 66 2
+ 4 24 8 X 4
G. Date, 4th, = 4 24 8 -=-6,0)26,4 8
4 24 8 in time.
April 8th. — In Long. 120° 20' E., when the sun was on the
meridian what was the time at Greenwich ?
Noon, 8th, 00 00 00 Long. 120 20 E.
— 8 1 20 X 4
G. Date, 7th, = 15 58 40 -=-6/0)48,1 20
8 1 20 in time.
May 10th.— At 8h. 20m. A. M., in Long. ISO*' 40' E., what is
the time at Greenwich ?
Time, ,8 20 00 Long. ISO"^ 40 ' E.
+ 12 X 4
Astronomical date, 9th, = 20 20 00 -=-6,0)52,2 40
— 8 42 40
8 42 40intim«.
G. date, 9th, = 11 37 20
In the two last examples you are in East Longitude, and as
the sun will be seen there 8h. 42m. 40s. before it will at Green-
wich, the Long, must be subtracted to give Greenwich time.
40 HAND BOOK AND SKLF-TKACHKH.
June 20th.— At 3.4/5 v. m., in Long. 50^' 20 ^ E., what is lli«
corresponding Greenwicli time ?
Time, 2()tli, 3 'i'') ()0 Long. oU" 20'
-f- 24 4
lyth, 27 45 00 (vO)2:J,7 20
— 3 57 20
3 57 20
G. date, HHli, = 23 47 40
In this example tlie Long. tinTKul into time evecf'ds \]h; hoiirtr
of P. M. time at the sliip, 24 lioiirs must l»e added to the ship's
time, and change tlie day from the 20tli to the lUth.
All (juestions similar to this puzzles tlie })egiiiner, and I am
often asked, — Why, that hy adding 24 hours to the given time
at ship it don't make it a day more, instead ot a day less ?
Tlie beginner, hy carefully exaining the al)ove question, can see
that if he losses a day, he will gain in the hours ; for there can-
not he 271). 45m. in a day, and as his J^ong. is K., and exceeds
the time at ship, 24 hours have to l)e added to enable him to
make a subtraction.
TO CORRKCT THK SUN'S DECl.INATIOX.
The sun's Declination is what is N. or S. of the E(|nator, and
is given in the Nautical AImana(^ for every day in the year, for
(Ap.) apparent and (M. T.) mean noon at the meridian ol
(ireenwich. But as the mariner changes his meridian every
day, and seldom, if ever, ow the meridian of Greenwich, he
ought to be able to calculate the change of Declination between
that given in the Nautical Almanac and his time, whether in
W. or E, Long.
There will be only one rule given here, and that is by " hourly
difference" and middle time. Middle time is the difference ot
the hourly change of decl. at noon of one day, and at noon of
the next day, and will be found to agree, nearly, with any of the
other methods, and more accurate than some.
RULE.
Take out of the Nautical Almanac the decl. from page 1st for
App. time, and from page 2nd for M. T. ; also, the hourly diff.
Multiply the hourly diff. by the hoiu's and parts of an hour that
TO (JOllUKCT THE SUN'S DKC'LINATION. 41
yon are to tli<! W. or E. of Gn3(mwicli, and if tlie tied, is in-
<M'«'asiiijjj, iidd, Imt it' decreaHintjj, Hiilitract. fmni the drcl. taken
out, and yoiiwill have tlw correct (k'cl. for tlic sliij)"s tinio.
In tindin;jf tiie parts of an hour (or deiMuial), divide flie
seconds hy (», plact^ the minutes liefore the result and divide hy
• J also, and that will ho the decimal reijuired.
What part of an hour is 24m. 3()s. ?
(i)30s.
6)24.'5
•41 {)arts, or dei-iuial.
In 2m. 4Ms. what part of an liour ? t))4Ss.
f))2.S
'.'} (ritiarly.^
In 5()m. oOs. what part of an hour? (!)oOs.
r.)o()S
•8,3 (nearly.)
In 28m. 3s. what part of an hour? ())3s.
())2H()
•47
In fact it will ho near enough to divide the minutes hy (> and
reject the seconds altogether.
KXAMTLKS.
187G, Jan. 1st. — ^In Lonjij. 9'^ 29^ W., when the sun is on the
meridian what is the correct decl. A. T. ?
Decl., page I., 23 2 :M\ H, D., 12-05 Lcmg. 9^ 29 ^ W.
— 8 -(kS 4
Cor. Decl. S., 23 2 28 3615 37 56 in time.
7230
6)379
7/5915
•63 pts. of an hr.
43 HAND BOOK AND HELF-TKACIIKIl.
In tliip; ex. there is no necessity for takinfj middle time, as it
is only '^3 of an hour from (ireenwich noon, and the clianjj^e of
Decl. only 12s, so hy miiltiplyin^j; the II. D. hy the decimal found,
and cutting; olf 4 figures, as there is a decimal of 2 Hj^ures
in the H. l).,and 2 decimals in the time, which leaves 7^5915
— 8s. nearly, to be subtracted, because the decl. is decreasinjj;.
187(5, Feb. 1st. — When th^^ sun is on tlie meridian in a place
the Louji^. of which is 88" 58^ E., required cor. decl.
Decl. page 1st., 17 11 42
— 412
H. D. 42-48
5-93
12744
38232
21240
Long. 88" 58
4
Cor. Decl. 17 7 30
6)35/5/ 52
5 55 52
■
6)25/1,9064
6)559
4-12 (nearly). -93 pts.
In tliis (|uestion the Long, turned into time is 5h. 55m. 52s..
30 tlie H. I). 42-48s. is multiplied by tlie hours and decimal of
an hour, that is, of 55m. 52s., =-93, aud after cutting off the
4 decimal tigiu'es there will yet remain three, which are seconds,
then by cutting off I figure, and the remaining 25 divided by 6,
will be minutes, — which must be subtracted as the decl. is de-
creasing, and we have the cor. decl. for the ship's place.
1876, March 19th.— At 7h. 20m. P. M. In Long. 174" 48"
W., what will be the Decl.
h. m.
Time at ship, 7 20 Long. 174" 48'
Lonjr. M. time + 11 39 12 W. 4
G. Date, - 18 59 12
6)69,9 12
11 39 12
Decl. page 1st, 19th, 0" 17M9"
18 46
H. D., 59-27
19
57
53343
5927
6)112/6/13
18 46
TO CORRECT THE HUN'H DECLINATION. 48
Tlif middle time is neglected in this question, as it i8 '3 only
between both noons, and as the cor. is greater than the decl. the
decl. is suhtructed from the cor. and changes decl. from S. to N.
187(). — April nth, at 8h. 2.5m., A. M., App. time, in Long.
115^ 50' E., what will he the sun's decl. ?
Decl. I()tb,8^ir2/' H. D. 5.5-19 lOth noon. Long. 115^ 50 'K.
54-84 nth " 4
2)11-03 t))4(),3 20
55-01 mid. diff. 7 40 20 !"
h. III. H.
Time at ship, 11th, 8 25 00 Being A. M., at ship, 12 hours
4-12 is added to reduce it to As-
tronomical time, and the
loth, 1^0 25 00 Long, in time subtracted, it
— 7 43 20 being E., gives (rreenwich
time, 12h. 21m. 40s., on the
G. date 10th, = 12 21 40 10th. Then the seconds
and minutes divided by 6,
6)217 we have 12h. 3()m., which is
multiplied by mid. dif)'.,
12-36 55'Ols., gives 11m. 19s., or
X 55-01 20 cor. to be added to decl,,
1236
6180
• 6180
6)67,9/236
Increasing + 11 19 or 20
DecL 11th, 8 11 2
Cor. decl. = 8 22 21
QUESTIONS FOR EXERCISES.
1876.— Jan. 10th, in Long. 40'' 40m. W., when the sun is on
the meridian, what is the cor. decl. ?
Ans. 11° 59m. 57s. S.
44 HAND BOOK AND SELF-TEACHER.
187f;.— FeL. 20t}i, in Long. 120'' 30m. E., when the sun is on
the meridian, wluit is the cor. decl. ? Ans. 11*^ 9m. 25s. S.
187(i.— March 21st, at 8h. 20m., P. M., Long. 140" W., re-
quired the sun's cor. decl. Ans. 00^ 47m. Is. N.
1876.— Dec. 20t]i, at 8h. 40m., A. M., Long. 178^ oOm. E.,
required the sun's cor. decl. ? Ans. 23*^ 26m. 49s. S.
TO FIND THE LATITUDE BY THE SUN'S
MERIDIAN ALTITUDE.
First note the Altitude as read oiT the Sextant or Quadrant,
and it it has an error apply it by the sign + or — .
Next tind the altitude in Table IV, and abreast in the next
col. to tlie right will stand the refraction, always subtraction.
Next, on same page, under Table V, will stand the dip., and
is found by looking down the col. under height ; and abreast,
under dip. is the cor., always subtraction.
The next cor. is parallel Table VI, always addition, (a.)
Then take out of Nautical Almanac the Semi-diameter, page
2, and if lower limb (marked) L. L. or ^ it is added, but upper
limb (marked U. L. or "o^ it is subtraction, and that will give
the true altitude of the Sun's centre.
Subn-act the true altitude from 90*^ and you will have the
zenitli dist., to be named opposite to the bearing of the sun.
That is, if the sun is to the N. when the observation was taken,
tlie zenith dist. is called S. But if it bears S. from you it is
named N.
Next place the Sun's cor. decl. under the zenith dist., and if
of same name add, but if contrary names subtract, and you have
the latitude called after the name of the greater. State the
« question as below:
1876, Jan. 20th.— In Long. 120*^ 30 ^ E, the obs'd alt. _0_
])earing S. was 30^ ,30/ 30'/, index cor.— 1 ' '2,0", height of eye
21 feet. lve([uired the Latitude.
(a.) The Refraction and Parallex together may be taken out from Table
XVIII., Norie.
TO FIND LATITUDE BY THE SUN S ALTITUDE. 45
Obs'd alt. 30^ 30' 30/' Sun's decl. 19th, 20 24 39.
Cor. — 1 20 Cor. for 16th, — 8 28.
30 29 10 Sun'scor. decl. = 20 16 11.
Ref.IV, - 1 37 H. diff. 19th, 31-27.
30 27 33 " " 20=.32-23.
Dip. V, _ 4 23 "
^ ' 2)63-50.
30 23 10 „., ,.^ — 7-
Pari. VI, + 8 Mid. diif. 31 wo,
30 23 18 Long. 120^ 30/ E.
Semidr. + 16 17 "^
True alt., 30 39 35 ^^48/2 00
90 00 00
- 8 2 00
Zen.dist. 59 20 25 N. 24 00 00
Sun's decl. 20 i 6 1 1 S. ^ , ^ ,
(t. date 19th, 15 58 00
Lat. 39 4 14 N.
Mid. diff. 31-75
G. date, x 16 hours, nearlv.
19050
3175
6/0)50/8,00
8-28
N. B.— G-reenwich date will be employed in all the questions
in this work.
May 15th.— In Long. 66'^ 40' W., obs'd alt. _0_ bearing S.
was 40'' 40' 40//, cor. + 2/ 20/ /, height of eye 14 feet, re-
quired the Lat.
46 HAND BOOR AND SELF-TEACHER.
Alt 40 40 40 Decl. 16th, 19« V 2 ^ ' H. diff. 3494
Cor. + 2 20 Incr. -f 2_33 341 4
40^3' 00 T9~03 35 2)690J^
I^^^' ~_ ^ ^ Mid.diti\ 34-54
40 41 52 Long. 66^ 20 ^ 4-4 2
I>ip- — ^^^ 1 6908
40 38 16 6)26,, 5 '20 13816
Par + 7 13816
^^'- ^ O. date, 40 25 20 ^
40 58 23 ■ 6)15/2/6668
Semidr. + ___15^ 6)2_5_3 — -—
True alt. 40 13 14 '42
90 00 00
Zen. 49 46 46 N.
Dec. + 19 3 35 N.
Lat. 68 50 21 N. Same name +.
1876, Juae 30th.— In Long. 74^ 50^ W., obs'd alt. © bearing
N. was 33^ 33/ 33 '^ index cor. — 1 ' 20'^ height ot eye 22 feet,
required the Lat.
Alt.
Cor.
33 33 33 Su
— 1 20
n's deci. 30th, -^6 V ioi>.
Dec. cor. — 51
Cor. decl. 23 8 25
Long. 74« 50 'W.
, n. uin. vuo
10-66
Ref.
Dip
33 32 12
1 26
33 30 46
4 30
2)20-31
10-15
nearly 5
.50*75
Par.
33 26 16
+ 8
33 26 24
Semidr.— 15 46
6)29, 9 20
4 59 20
Different names.
True
Zen.
Decl.
alt. 33 10 38
90 00 00
dist. 56 49 22 S.
23 8 25 N.
Lftt. 33 40 57 S. Named after the greater.
AMPLITUDE. ,47
1876, April 3rd.— In Long. 44*^ W., obs'd alt. _0^ bearing N.
was 74" 50' 40", height of eye 20 feet, cor. — 2' 19", jte-
(juired the Lat.
d. m. s. d. m. a. s. (1.
Obs. alt. 74 50 40 Decl. 14 58 03 H. D. 4561 Long. 44
Cor. — 2 19 Cor. + 2 11 4498 4
74 48 21 Cor.decl.l5 00 14 2)9059 6)17/6
Ref. — 15 -^
Mid. diff. 45-29 2, 56
74 48 6 2-9
Dep. — 4 17 2-9
40761
74 43 49 9058
Par. -f 2
74 43 51
6)13/1/341
Semidr. + 15 54 Cor, 2-11
74 59 45
90 00 00
Zen. dist. 15 00 15 S.
Cor. decl. 15 00 14 N.
Lat. 00 00 1 S.
AMPLITUDE.
Amplitude is the bearing of any of the heavenly bodies when
rising or setting, and is named E. in the morning, and \V. in
the evening. It is of great benefit to the navigator to correct
any errors that may arise in his compass from the different
cargoes taken on board, and also in sailing along coasts of a
mineral nature. Every Master of a vessel, no matter wliether off
the coast or on it, should be able to detect an error in his com-
pass by an Amplitude.
There is no necessity of an Azimuth compass to get the sub's
mag. amplitude. It can be found correct enough by taking the
compass on deck and placing any small bar, or even the parallel
rule edge on the compass card and towards the centre of the
«un, read off the bearing, and you have the sun's magnetic
amplitude.
48 HAND BOOK AND SELF-TEACHER.
TO FIND THE TRUE AMPLITUDE.
The Secant of the Lat., rejecting 10 from index, and the
Sine of the sun's cor. decl. added. The Sine corresponding to
the sum will be the true amplitude, named E. if ol)served in
the morning, and W. if observed in the evening, also after the
sun's decl. That is, if the observation is made in the morning,
and the decl. S., the amp. is E. and S., and in the evening
W. and S.
TO FIND THE ERROR.
If the true and mag. amplitudes are of the same name, take
their diff., but if of opposite names take their sums (that is.
if one is N. and the other S.), and it will give the error.
TO NAME THE ERROR.
If the true amp. falls to the right of mag. amp., it is named
E., but if to the left, it is named W. Suppose tlie sun's true
amplitude was E. 20*^ 30' S., and the mag. amp., or bearing by
ship's compass, was E. 10" 30' S., the true amp. is to the right,
and the error would be called E. Or, fancy you are looking at
both suns, point a hand at each (no matter whether morning or
evening), and if the true sun is abreast of your right hand i1
will be E., but if to the left it will })e W.
The error found is caused by local attraction, — that is, the
iron that is used in building the sliip ; also, by iron cargoes
taken on board, — both draw the needle of the compass either
to the W. or to the E. from the N. point, and is named tlie
Error.
Rut there is another error, called Variation, that affects the
compass needle, which is caused by the magnetism of the earth,
and acts different on the needle in dift'erent Latitudes, and
sometimes it will be of the same name as the error (caused by
local attraction) and different at other times, so both combined
is called tlie Correct Deviation of the Compass.
TO FIND THE DEVIATION.
Having found the error, place under it the variation as given
on the chart. Change name — If itbeE. call it AV., and if \V.,
call it E. ; tlien if they be of different nami^s, take their ditf.
and name the Deviation after the greater ; but if of the same
name, add, and it will be the same name as both. Or, let the
variation keep the same name, and if of different names, add.
AMPLITUDE. 49
but same name, subtract, and the diiference, or sum (as the
case may be) will be the Deviation.
Then, to name the Deviation, you must suppose yourself look-
ing towards the N., and if the variation falls to the ri^lit of
the error, the Deviation is to be named E., but if to theleit of
error, W.
N. B. — I would advise the learner to practice tlie first method
(change names of var.), as he will have little or no trouble in
naming the Deviation.
_P- S. — When tlie sun's decl. is nothing, tlie true amplitude
will be E. in tlie morning and W. in the evening. Also, if
your Latitude is nothing, that is, you are on the l^cpiator, tlie
sun's correct decl. will be the true amplitude named after tlie
decl., and wlien the error is nothing (00 00), that is, the t^"^
and niagnetic amplitude are equal, the variation will be ,]ie
deviation of an opposite name.
EXAMPLES.
1876, Jan. 1st.— At 4h. 20m. A. M., apparent time at ship,
in Lat. 50^ 20 ^ N. and Long. 150^ 10 ' W., tlie sun's magnetic
amp. was E. 12° 30^8. and var. 20° 15 / E., reciuired the^dev.
h. m. s. d. in. s. s
App. time, 1st. 4 20 00 Decl. 23 2 36 Diff. 1205
12 00 00 — 29 1320
Dec. 31st., 16 20 00 Cor decl. 23 2 7
10 00 40
2)2525
LonjT. 150° 10' -^iid dilf. 1262
26 20 40 "* 4 2-3
24
6^0)60/0 40 3786
G. Date, 1st., 2 20 40 — '■ 2524
10 00 40
Lat. 50° 20' Secant, 0-194961
^ Decl. 23 2 Sine, 9-592373
20. 026
True amp. E. 37° 48^ 30/^ S. 9-787433
Mag. amp, E. 12 30 S.
Error, 25 18 30 E. True, being to the right of mag.
Var. 20 15 \V. Change name of var.
Dev. 3 30 E. Named after the greater.
50
HAND BOOK AND SELF-TEACHER.
187€,'Feb. 2nd.— At 6h. 30ra. P. M., apparent time at ship,
in Lat. 10^20'S., and Long. 17H^ 50 ^ E., sun's mag. amp.
was W. 30^^ 20' S., and var. 7" 10' W., required the dev.
h. m. s.
App. time 2d. 6 30
24
d. m. s.
Decl. 17 11 42
13 21
Diff. 4248
4322
30 30
11 47 20
Cor. decl. 16 58 21
Long. 176^ 50'
4
2)8,570
4285
late, Jan. 1st., 18 42 40
18-7
29995
'34280
4285
6)70/7 20
Time, 11 47 20
6,0)80,1/295
13 21
Lat. 10» 20' Sect. 0-007102
Decl. 16 58 Sine, 9-465108
True amp. VV., 17 15 30 S. 9-472210
Mag. amp. W., 30 20 00 S.
Error,
Var.,
Dev.,
13 4 30 E. True, being to right of mag.
7 10 00 E. Change name of var.
20 14 30 E.
1876, March 20th.— At 6.40 P.M., in Lat. 50^' 00m. and
Long. 30^ 30m. E., the sun set by compass VV. 2^ 45m. N., and
var. on chart 2" 45m. W., required the dev.
(1. m. s.
Decl. 20th. 5 52
4 33
Cor. decl. 1 19
Civil time, 20th. 6 40
Long, in time, — 2 2
G. date,
4 38
H. diff. 5924
4-6
(i. Hi.
Long. 30 30 E.
4
35544
23696
6)12,2 00
— In time, 2 2
6,0)27,2/504
4 32 3 nearly.
AMPLITUDE. 51
rt. m. ». d. ni. H.
Decl. 119 Sine, 6-68866o True amp. W. 2 45 N.
Lat. 50 00 Sect, 0-191933 Mag. amp. W. 2 45. N.
9-780598 Error, 0~(r~0
next less, — 764756 Var. 4- 2 49 E. (ci>^"««
liainc.)
Diff. -^ 34762)158420(45// Dev. 2 49 W.
139048
193720
173810
In the above example the decl. shows no degrees, but minutes
and seconds, therefore it is necessary to iind its value from the
select pages at tlie beginning of Table XXV., as it gives the
value of the nearest second ; and as the diff. of the logs diffeied
materially when the minutes were found, the next less lias to
be taken, and the difterence divided by the diff. found in col. t<>
find the seconds. It is not necessary to go into such close cal-
culations in an amplitude, but the pupil should })e acquainted
with the Table.
1876, April 10th.— At 4h 30m. A. M., in Lat. 42^^ 40m. N.,
and Long. 74'^ 50m. W., the sun's mag. amp. was E. 4^ 25m. S.,
var. by chart 15" 00m. E., required the dev,
d. in. «. s d. m.
Dec. 9th. 7 48 54 Diff. 5552 Long. 74 50
Inc. -I- 20 56 5519 4
Corded. 8 9 50 2)11071 6,0)29^^)
1,. Mid. diff. 5535 M. time, 4 59 20
Civil time, 10th 5 30 22-5
12
27675
9th, 17 30 11170
4 59 20 11170
O. date, 9th. 22 29 20 6,0)125,6/375
20 56
Decl. 8 10 Sine, 9-152451
Lat. 42 40 Sect. 0-133530
True amp. E. 11" 8 20 N. 9-285981
Mag. amp. S. 4 25 S. 285766
Error, 15 33 20 W. 1069)2150(20
15 W. (change name) 2138
Dev. 30 33 20 W. ~~T20 —
52 HAND BOOK AND SELF-TEACHER.
QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE.
187(), May 2()th.— At Th. 30m. P. M., in Lat. 45^ 15ra. N.,
and Long. ()()*^ 20m. W., the sun's mag. amp. was W. 1*^ 50m.
N., var. by chart 10^ 20m. W., re([uired the dev. of compass.
Ans. dev. '67'^ 54m. E.
1876, Jmie 30th.— 4h. 40m. A. M., in La(. 48«' 40m. N., and
Long. 50'^ 30m. E., the sun's mag. amp. was E. 30"^ 20m. N.,
var. by chart 19" 40m. E., required the dev. of compass.
Ans. dev. 25'^ 55m. W.
1870, July 5th.— At 8h. 15m. P. M., in Lat. 69° 00m. N.,
and Long. 79*^ 50m. E., the sun's mag. amp. was W. 40'^ 30m,
S., var. by chart was 33*^ 20m. E., required the dev. of compass.
Ans. dev. 13^ 21m. 30s. E.
1870, Aug. 15th.— At 4h. 40m. A. M., in Lat. 00° OOra. OOs.,
and Long. 28*^ 10m. W., the sun's mag. amp. was, P]. 3" 40m.
N., and var. by chart was 4" 20m. W., required the dev. of com-
pass. Ans. 5*^ 57m. W.
1870, August 29th.— At 7h. lOm.P.M., in Lat. 45^ 15m. N.,
and Long. 06*^ 20m. W., mag. amp. was W. 4* 15m. N., var.
l)y cliart 17'^ W., required the dev. of compass.
Ans. 25^^ 33m. 30s. E.
1876, Sept. 23rd.— At 4h. 40m. A. M., in Lat. 50'^ 30m. N.,
Long., 38"^ 10m. W., mag. amp., was S. 90" E., var. lO'' 20m.,
W., re(][uired dev. of compass, Ans. 10^ 34m. 41s. E.
1870, Oct. 1st., at 5h. 30m., P. M., in Lat., 45° 40m. N., Long.
174° E., mag. amp. was W. 25° 20m. S., var. 22^^ 20m. W., re-
quired the dev. by compass. Ans. 53" 11m. 45s. E.
1876, Nov. 20th.— At 5h. 30m. A. M., in Lat. 15° 50m. S.,
Long. 27° 00m. E., sun's mag. amp. was S. 76° 45m. E., var.
by chart 4° 20m. W., required the dev. of compass.
Ans. 11° 40m. E.
1876, Dec. 30tli.— At 6h. 20m. P. M., Lat. 40° 40m. N., Long.
70° 00m. W., sun's mag. amp. W. 10° 20m., var. by chart 9°
11 m. W., required the dev. of compass. Ans. 11° 38m. W.
TO FIND THE DAILY RATE OP A CHRONOMETER. 53
TO FNID THE DAILY RATE OF A CHRONOMETER.
Every Master who trades to tlie West Indies, no matter liow
small his vessel, should be able to ascertain the daily rate of his
Chronometer, both by the sea and an artificial horizon. There
is no necessity for having an artificial horizon on board, as one
can be made very simply, — by covering the head of a cask with
molasses, or even with water, a true altitude can be found inde-
pendent of the sea horizon. There are very few Ports in which
a sea horizon is visible when lying at anchor. Very few Chro-
nometers keep a uniform rate, and when Masters of vessels
find that their Chronometers have lo^t or gained, and do
not agree with the land they have made or the Port they are in,
become uneasy, and perhaps may rate them by Chronome-
ters of other vessels, for few, if any, like to send them ashore in
the West Indies. The rate is found thus : —
If a Chrono. is fasti . . If fast 1 , .
and more fast, | 8^^"^°^' and less fast, J ^'''''^'
If slow \ , . If slow 1 . .
and more slow, | ^'^^^°g' and less slow, | ^^^^^^S-
EXAMPLES.
If a Chrono. was fast of Greenwich Mean Time 4m. 3s. 4t.
on Jan. 1st, and on Jan. 21st fast 5m. 58s. St., what would be
tlie daily rate ?
m. 8. t.
Fast, — 4 3 4 In this example the Chrono.
More fast, 5 58 3 is fast and more fast, — the
diff. is taken, and divided
1 54 9 by the interval, 20 days,
60 which gives rate 5s. 7t.,
nearly. Whenever the re-
20)114-9(5s. 7t. mainder is less than half
100 gaining. the divisor it is rejected,
^ut if greater, one tenth is
149 added to the quotient. If
140 there be minutes in the diff.
they must be brought into
9 seconds before dividing by
the days.
54 HAND ROOK AND SELF-TEACHER.
A Chrono. was slow 2m. 4s. 8t. on Feb. lOtli, and Fel). 20th
slow 2m. 88. St., what is her daily rate ?
III. H. t
Slow, 2 4 8
More slow, '2 8 8
10)40(-4t., losing.
40
C)n March 3rd, a Chrono. was fast lli. 20m. 10s. 4t., and on
March 23rd was fast Ih. 18m., refjuired the daily rate.
h. in. a. t.
Fast, 1 20 10 4
Less fast, 118 Same name, subtract.
2 10 4
60
20)1304(63. 5t., losing
120
104
100
4
On April 30th, a Chrono. was fast 2h. 45m. 57s. 8t., and on
May I7th v^as fast 2h. 45m. 12s. 9t., required the daily rate;
li. m. s. t.
Slow, 2 45 57 8
Less slow, 2 45 12 9
17)44 9(2-6. Gaining.
34
1 09
1 02
7
On May 29th, a Chrono. was slow 22s. 4t., and on June 7th
was slow 4s. 4t., required the daily rate.
Slow, 22 4
Less slow, 4 4
9)18 0(2s. Graining.
TO FIND THE ACCUMULATED RATE. 55
June 2()tli, a Chrono. was fast 4tn. 24s. 7t., and on June .30th
svas 4m. 27s. 7t. Reciuired the (hiily rate.
in. n. t.
Fast, 4 24 7
More fast, 4 27 7
10)30(-3t. Gaining.
QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE.
On July 10th, a Chrono. was slow 15m. 10s. 9t., and on JiJy
22nd was slow 17m. 50s. 4t., recjuired the daily rate.
Ans. 13'3. Losing.
■
August 29th, a Chrono. was fast Ira. 10s. 4t., and on Sept.
10th was fast Ira. 17s. 8t., required the daily rate.
Ans. r)*2. Gaining.
Sept. 21st, a Chrono. was slow 31i. 57ra. 49s. 9t., and on Oct.
15th was slow 3h. 59m. 59s. 7t., required the daily rate.
Ans. -5*4. Losing.
Cm Nov. 29th, a Chrono. was fast Ih. 14ra. 20s., and on Dec.
14th was last Ih. 13m. 16s. St., required the daily rate.
Ans. 4'2. Losing.
TO FIND THE ACCUMULATED RATE.
The Accumulated Rate is what a Chronometer gains or loses
in any number of days. The day that it is sent on board, the
daily rate is given, and by multiplying the days and decimals of
a day by the daily rate, it will give what is lost or gained in
the interval.
Suppose you had a Chrono. on board from Jan. 27th to Feb.
21st., and at 8h. 20m. A. M., you wished to find the accumulated
rate, the daily rate being 8s. 6t., gaining.
Civil Time, 21st., 8h. 20m.
+ 12 Interval from Jan. 27tli
Astro. Time, 20th, 20 20 to Feb. 20th = 24d. 8h.
(1.
Inter. 24 8 In this example the Chrono. gained
Daily rate, x 8-6 8s. 6t. per day, and the interval
was 24 days and 20 hours ; then
you have to find what part of a
day 20 hours is. By adding a
6 0)21 3 28 cypher (0) to the 20 it makes it
200, and dividing that by 24 you
1488
1984
Accum. date, 3 33 fi^d the decimal of a day.
56 HAND BOOK AND SELF-TKAClThTR.
Another metliod is to multiply by tin* days only, and take
parts for the hours, divide into tlie daily rate. Thus : —
Days, 24 Or thus, 24
12h. is ^ -j- daily rate, 8'G 12h. is ^ 4- 8-6
8h. is ^ 14-4 14-4
192 192
4-3 6 is ^ -f- 4'3
2-8 2 is I -^ 2-1
(V0)21,3,5
I
6/0)21/3,5
Same as above, 3 33 5
3 33 5
N. B. — The first method is tlie most simple, and as the be-
ginner often becomes confused in takinjjf and dividing the part*
of a day, as in the last, it is desirable that the first be used.
From noon, March 10th, until April 15th, at 4h. p. M., a
Chrono. loses 2s. 9t. per day, what is the accunuilated rate ?
Interval, 36-2 2nd method, 36
2-9 4 is I -f- 2-9
6/0)10/4/98
3258 324
724 72
5
Ace. rate, 1 45 nearly.
6/0)10,4/9
1 45
QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE.
From May 30th until June 29th, at 4]i. A. M., a Chrono-
meter loses daily 4s. 2t. What is the accumulated rate.
Ans. 2m. 3s.
P'rom August 29th until Sept. 4th, at 8h. P. M., a Chrono.
gains 98. 8t. What is the accumulated rate ?
Ans. Im. 2s.
From Sept. 5th until Dec. 29th, at 5h. A. M., a Chrono. loses
daily Is. 2t. What is the accumulated rate ? Ans. 2m. 16s.
From Jan. 10, 1876, until Nov. 21st, at 9h. p. m., a Chrono.
gains daily 8s. 4t. What is the accumulated rate ?
Ans. 44m. 18s.
OREENWICn DATK BY CITnONOMKTKR. 57
TO FIND TIIK (HlKKWVICll DATK HY CIIRON'OMKTKR
When a (-liiouoiueter is tiiken on hoard, it is sohloin, if ever,
on Greenwich Mean Time, — that is : to show the same hours,
minutes and se(!onds as sliown at the Royal Ohservatctry at
Mean noon. And wliat she is fast or sh)W is called the Oriuiual
Error, which is to Ik; achled if 8h)W, and suhtracted if fast.
Tlien the accumulated rate (as alre;i,dy shown) is to he ajiplied
and you have Mean Time at Greenwich. At the Dominion
Board Examination the approximate Longitude is jifiven, with
the A. M. or P. M. hours at siiip, t(» find the ;i[)proximate (rreeii-
wich day. As no day \» jj^iven hy the (Chronometer, — only hours,
minutes, and seconds,— therefore to know whether it is A. M. or
P. M. hy Chronometer proceed thus : Set (hnvn the Ikmus,
minutes and seconds as jj^iveu at ship, and if A. M., add 12
hours, and put the day one hack ; next, turn tlie Lonjjfitude
into time, and if W. add to shiji's time, hut if K. siihtract, ;ind
you have the Cfreenwich date nearly; if the Chronometer dif-
fers ahout 12 hours from the time found, 12 hours must he
added to make hotli a^ree nearly. (Previous to 1872 tlie daily
rate was given, hut now the candidate has to find the daily rate
in all examph's given.)
1876, Jan. 2yth.— At Hh. 20m., A. M.,in Long. 03" 30m. W.,
a Chrono. indicated OOh. 24m. 40s., wliich was slow 8m. 00s. 3t.:
on Jan. 1st, and on Jan. 10th was slow 8m. 14s. tit. Required the
•Greenwich date hy Chronometer ?
h ni ' m. s, t.
29th, 8 20 Slow, 8 00 3 Long. 63 30
12 8 14 6 X 4
28th, 20 20 9)14 3( I -(i, '^ISiS"' (i, 0)25, 4 00
4 14 9
4 14 00
24 34 53
24 00 54
(1.
29th, 00 34 Interval from Jan. 10 to 29th, 19
h. m. 8. X 1*6 daily rate.
Chr. 00 24 40
+ 8 14 6 last rate, 114
19
32 54 6 —
+ 30 ace. rate. 30^4 LosinV
Gr. date, 29th, 33 24 6
58 HAND BOOK AND SELF-TEAGHER.
The Civil time was 8h. 20m., A. M., 12 hours had to be added
to reckon from noon of the previous day, wlien the Astronomi-
cal day commenced, and had to be reduced a day less, from the
2f)th to the 28tli ; l)ut Long, beinj^ W., and turned into time had
to be added, and the sum exceeded 24 hours, 24 had to be sub-
tracted whicli brou<^ht the day to the 29th again, and gave the
(Tret'nwich date nearly. The Chrono. indicated only a few
minutes past noon, and the last rate (original) slow added, also
ace. rate losing (slow and more slow) added, gave correct
(freenwich date, agreeing nearly with approximate date.
1876, April 30th.— At 3h. 49m. P. M., in Long. 179" 38 / K,
a Chronometer indicated 3h. 43m. 4s., wliich was slow 8m. 6s.
Nov. 13tli, 1875, and on Jan. 10th, 1876, was slow 6m. 33s. 8t.
for Mean noon at Grreenwich. Required the Greenwich date by
(Chronometer.
It. m. t;. m. 8.
30th, 3 49 00 First rate slow 8 6 Long. 179 38
24 00 00 2d rate less " 6 33 8 - 4
29th, 17 49 00 Interval, 132 2 6/0)71,8 32
— 1 1 58 32 E. 60
1158 32
App. Go date 29th 15 50 28 58)922(1-6 gaining
58
Chr. 3^4 31 342
+ 6 33 8 last rate. 10 348
21 Jan.
29 Feb.
31 March.
29 April.
3 49 37 8
2 57
3 52 34 8
12 00 00
1 1 n.rr Interval frmn 10th Jan. tc
llyf I lyth April.
G. date, 29th, 15 52 35 8 x 1*6 daily rate.
664-2
1107
6^0)17,7/12
2 57 ace. rate.
• In thie (juestion it was r. M. at ship, but A. M. at GraenwicJj.
GREENWICH DATE BY CHRONOMETER. 5D"
because the ship's time was in advance of Chrono, 12 linnrs,
nearly,— 12 hours liad to be added to Chrono. time to make if
correspond with ship's date.
1876, Jmie 14th. — At 8h. 30m., A. M., Longitude by acct.
38" 50/ E., a Chrono. indicated 6h. 00m, 58s., which was slow
6m. 00s. It. on April 19th, and on May 11th was slow 2m. 24s. 6t.
for Grreenwich Mean noon. Required the Crreenwich date by
Chrono.
in. E. t.
14th, 8 30 &low, 6 00 1 April 19th. Long. 38 50
12 00 less slow, 2 24 6 May 11th. 4
20 30 3 35 5 22 Inter. 6,0)15^5 20
2 35 20 E. 60
2 35 20
I3th, 17 54 40 22)2159(9-8 gaining.
198
31
179 11
176 —
h. m. s. 20 May.
Chr. 6 00 58 3 13 June.
+ 2 24 6 original. '
33-9
6 03 22 6 9-8
5 32 ace. rate.
2712
Gr. date, 5 57 50 3051
12
6/0)33,2/22
G-. date, 13th, 17 57 50
5 32
In the above question it was A. M. at ship and A. M. at Green-
wich, therefore 12 hours had to be added to both dates to reduce
them to Astronomical time. The Original rate, slow, wan
added, Init being slower than the first rate, the Ace. rate was
gaining and had to be subtracted.
1 876, Feb. 10th.— At 91i. 00m. A. M., Long. l)y acct. 8^ 50 ' W.,
a Clirono. indicated lOh. 21m. 59s., wliich was fast 34m. 40s. 9t.
on Oct. 30t]i, 1875, and on Dec. 2nd, 1875, was fast 39m. 01s. 4t.
for Mean noon at Greenwich. Required the Greenwicli dato
by Chronometer.
60 HAND BOOK AND SELF-TEACHEK.
in. s. t.
lOth 9 00 Fast, 34 40 9 Oct. 30 Long. 8^ 50 M ..
12 More last, 39 1 4 Dec. 2 4
21 00 4 20 5 32 35 20
35 20 6
31
9th,2l 35 20 33)250-5(7-9 2
231 —
Chr. 10 21 59 29 Dec,
_ 39 1 4 295 31 Jan.
297 9 Feb.
9 42 57 6
9 11 'i 69-8
7-9
9 33 46 6
12 6282
4886
6)55/ 1/42
~9~rr
a.date,2133 47
TO FIND THE HOUR ANGLE.
The Hour Angle is the Apparent time from noon when an'
observation is taken, and is named A. M. if taken in the morn-
in<r, and P. M. if taken in the alternoon. It is found by addmg
tlie'true Altitude, the ship's Latitude and the Polar distance,
and the sum divided by 2 gives the half-sum ; from the half-
sum subtract the true altitude, which is called the remainder.
Then take the Co-Secant of the Polar distance, ^
The Secant of the ship's Latitude, I Table XXV,
The c...-Sine of the half- sum, j
And the Sine cf the remaindei, j
The sum of the four Logs (rejecting 10 from the mdex)
found in Table XXXI will be the Apparent time from noon, or
Hour Angle.
N(iTE.~If the Lat. be 0, and the declination 0, the Zenith
distance turned into time will be the Hour Angle.
The Polar distance is found by subtracting the correct
TO FIND THE HOUR ANGLE. 61
(leclinjition from 90, when of the same name, })ut addiniritto 90
when of different names.
If the Polar distance is over 90, it must be subtracted from
180, as the Tables are -iven to 89 only. Or the Secant of the
decimation can be taken which will give the same result.
EXAMPLES.
The true alt., 1 7^ 46 ^ 50 ' ' N., decl. 2 1 « 2 ^S., Lat. 28^ 45 / N.
Required the Hour Angle.
f>- '»• «■ d. ni. (1.
Alt., 17 46 50 Decl. 21 2 -f- 90 — HI 2' P. D.
Lat., 28 45 Secant, 0-057136 Cosine, 9-289600
P. D., 11 1 2 Co-Sec, 0-029945 — 584
Co-Sine, 9-289016
Sine, 9-941878,
2)157 33 50
9-289()l(i
Half-sum, 78 46 55
Alt., — 17 46 50
Diff. 1061
X 55
Rem. 61 00 05
5305
li. ni. s.
Hour Angle, 3 37 3
= 9-31797/5
5305
— 80
583/55
9-941819
18 = 3s.
Diff. 117
+ 59
5
9-941878 58,5
.f Dc'5;iSoTi;>'le;i"^' "^' '''''■ •'""'^ '' '^'''^^"^"^ "'^'"-^ '^'^l exceeding 90, UK.S.,.H,n
True alt. 27° 45^ 20^^, Lat. 45" 30/ N., decl. lO'^ 20/ S.
Required the Hour Angle, or App. time.
Decl. 10« 20/ S. - 90 = 100° 20/ P. Dist.
Alt., 27 45 20
Lat., 45 30 Secant., 0-154338
P. D., 100 20 Co-Secant, 0-007102
«^~^"T~ 8-749055 375H
2)173 3.3-20 Co-Sine, 8-747553 — 1502 x 40
Half-sum, 86 47 40 Sine, 9-933242 8-747553 1 502'^40
27 45 20 '
8-842235 9-9.33217 126
Rem. 59 2 20 _ 175 + 25 20
Hour Angle, 2h. 2m. 19s.
4s. = 59 9-933242 2.5. 20
8
(32 HAND BOOK AND SELF-TEACHER.
True alt, 40^ 37' 50/^ Lat 36'' 40/S.,decL 12« 25' 18'' S.
Required the App. time from noon, or Hour Angle.
Decl. 12'^ 25' 18^/— 90=77^34^42/'
Alt. 40 37 50
Lat. 36 40 Secant, 0-095759
P. D., 77 34 42 Co-Secant, 0-010287
2)154 52 32
Half-sum, 77 26 16 Co-Sine, 9-337459
40 37 50 Sine, 9-777517
Rem. 36 48 26 9-221022
Hour Angle, 3h. 12m. 34s. 75
27=:4s.
-010307
20
47
42
-010287
94
188
19,74
337610
151
945
16
337459
5670
945
777444
+ 73
151/20
281
77-7517
26
1686
562
73,06
Note.— The Hour Angle can be found independent of Table
XXXI, thus :— Divide the sum of the four logs by 2, take the
result in Sine col., Table XXV, and the degrees at the top, and
minutes in left col., which multiply by 2 and turned into time
will give the Hour Angle.
Ex. — The sum of Logs in last question was 19-221012 -^ 2
Sine, 24 4 7 "TeToSlT
X 2 next less, 477
48 8 14 Diff. 471)3400(^07
X 4 3297
6/0)19,2 32 56
Hour Angle, 3 12 33 nearly as above.
LONGITUDE BY CHRONOMETER. 63
LONGITUDE BY CHRONOMETER,
Tn fiiidinor the Lorioitude by Chronometer, it is necessary to
rind the ]Mean Time at ship first, and the difference l)etween
that and the Mean Time shown by a Chronometer will be the
Longitude in time ; but both must agree in dates, that is,— it
must not be one day at ship and another at Greenwich.
Suppose the Mean Time found at sliip was 2()li. 5()m. 30s.,
Jan 20th, and Mean Time shown by Chronometer was 8h. 30m"'
on Jan. 21st. The diff. is 12h. 20m. 30s.; now, if this differ-
ence be multiplied by 60 and divided by 4, it will exceed any
-Longitude, that is,— it will exceed ISO''.
12 20 30
60
4>740 30
Long, in 185 7 30 E. — 360 00 = 174 52 30 W„
Therefore, 24 hours must be added to the date in advance, and
put one day back to make both dates agree.
By adding 24 hours to the 21st day, shown by the Chronom-
eter, it will reduce it to the 20th, then the difference is the Lon-
gitude.
h. in.
Time by Chrono., 21st day, 8 30 00
24
M. T. Greenwich, 20th day, 32 30 00
M. T. at Ship, 20th day, 20 50 30
11 39 30
60
4)699 30
Long. 1 74 52 30 W.
tn the first case, the Longitude is East, as the ship's time !«»
greatest, but of different dates ; but in tlie latter it is W as
Greenwich is best, on same dates. '
It has been explained already, that bv adding 24 hours to the
day m advance it will make it one day less, but it gains in the
hours, as in the last example.
64
HAND HOOK AND SKLF-TKACHKIt.
TIh^ Lonoitiule nijiy l.c foimd, in the first case, })y leavin^^ both
tiiiif'S (litrmnit dales and tnkiiij,^ tlie result from 'M\i)'\ iiml
„;iniiii<.- 11,(. Longitude opposite. It is more plain and simple
lo follow the last rul(s wliieli wdl not lead the learner into so
many mistakes.
KXA.MTLKS.
lS7(i. Jan. .Slst.- At ^h. r)()m., P. M., in Lat. 42" 00^ N and
Lon-r. l,v acct. oir ;>()' W., tin; observed alt. _0_ was 14^ 15 20"
index cor. + 2m. lOs., hei<,dit of eye 17 feet, when a Chrono.
indicated (ill. 4!)m. lOs., which was slow 12m. OOs. lt.,on(ireen-
svich Mean Time Jan. 2nd, and on Jan. 23rd slow 11m. 20s. 4t.
Kecpiired the Lon^. in.
Inter., 21 davs, from 2nd to 23rd Jan. Lonj;. 50 50
7 ,/ A
Ship's time, 3 5() 00
l.ono-. f- 3 23 20
App. G. date, 7 13 20
Timehyriir., 49 10
Oriu-. error, + 1 1 20 4
Slow, 12 00 1
Slow, 1 : 20 4
6)20, 3 20
Int. 21)31) 7(l-9KainmK. 3 23 20
21
187
1 89 d.
7 00 30 4 2nd Int. from 23rd to 31st. 8-3
Accl. rate, 15 o•aiIlin<,^
+ 1-9 d.r.
M.T. G.,31st. 7 00 14 4
Ol.s. alt., 14 i'5 20
Cor,, 4 2 10
747
83
(i. in, H.
Decl., 31st, 17 28 42
— 4 55
15,77
14 17 30
Dip., — 3 57
Cor Decl., 17 23 47 31st, 41-72
4- 90 00 00 H.D. 32nd, 42-48
14 13 33 r. IMst., 107 23 47
2)84-20
Hef. par., — 3 33
14 10 00
fllmi-Di., + Hi H>
Cor. alt., 14 2(1 Hi
Mid. ditf. 42.10
7
6)29/4,70
Cor., 4.55
LONGITIJDK MY f •iri{nN()M KTHH. 65
fl m. H.
Cor. Jilt., 14 2(1 K;
L:it., 42 00 00 Sec. 0-l2S!)27
P. IM.sl., 107 23 47 Co-Seo. 0-020272
(Jo-Sin.' !M4S02(i
2)l(i,'i r>{) .S Sine, J)-9(ior,-)()
H. Slim, 81 ')5 1 J)-2<)277')
Alt., 14 2(1 K) (;r,
Rem., fi7 2S 4'> 13 (2s.)
0-020.']03
()5
:n
47
•020272
I.5.J
2(10
{)(;.-;-> 11
,".0, ;'>.")
31)
H7
9{;')jrj()
4')
h. in.
H. allele, 3 22 42 43,-,
Kciuiition, + 13 43 34H
M. T. S., 31st., 3 ;^(; 25 Qo 1/^
ALT.G.,31si., 7 00 1', '
K(|u:ition, 31st, 13 40 Diff. -378
Long, in time, 3 23 50 1^ 3 7
X GO L
-^ 4)203 oO
Cor. Equation, 13-43 2. (i4(;
iiong. in, r>0 57 30 W.
In this example it was P. m. at ship and W. I>on^ntn(le, and
conseciuentJy of same date, so tliat tlie e.piation was Jidded in
il. A., without sul)tractini>- or addinir 24 hours, and tlie differ-
ence between tlie Mean Time at «hip and mean time at (ireen-
wich gave tlie Longitude in time.
1870, Jan. 28tli.— At 4h. 01m. i>. m., in Lat. 28^ 45 ' N
Long, by acct. 170^ 55 ' E., alt. O 17^ 4()' 30'^ index cor. —
3m. 2oa., height of eye 16 feo^t, time by (Hirono. 4h. 31m. 30s
which was fast Im. Ids. 2t. <m Dec. KItli, 1875, and on .Inn. 1st,
j87() slow Im. 3s. for Mean Time at Greenwicli. Ke(iuii(Ml the
Long, at ship at time of observation.
()(/ HAND BOOK AND SELF-TEACHER.
li. m. 8.
Sliip's time, 4 01 00 Fust, 1 16 2 Lon^'. 170-55
— 1 1 23 40 Slow, 1 3 4
App. G. date, 27tb, 10 37 20 2 19 2 6,0)68,3 40
f>
Chrono., 4 31" 30 U 23 40
+ 1 3 Int. 16cl.)139-2(8-7 losing.
1 OK Oii'T l"t. fi'i'in Jiin. Ist
1^0 ^" ' U.Jau.a7tl..
4 32 33
+ 3 52
4 36 25
12 00 00
112 609 38-50
112 522 39-33
174
2)77-83
6)23/2/29
M.T. G. 27th,16 36 25 38-91
Ace. rate, + 3-52 irsing. G.D. 16-6
Alt., 1 7 46 30
Cor. 3 25
Decl.
18 32 53
23346
10 47
23346
17 43 05
3891
Dip. — 3 50
Cor. Dec,
, 18 22 06
6/0)64/6906
17 39 15
Cor. Dec,
, 18 22 06
Cor. ref. 2 49
4-
P. D.
90 00 00
H.
10-47
17 36 26
108 22 06
Diff. -516
Semi-Di., -f- 16 17
.m
16.6
Eqna., 12-57 —
T. Alt., 17 52 43 +9 3096
Lat., 28 45 00 Sec 0-057136 3096
P. D., 108 22 06 Co. Sec 0-022707 Cor. Eq. 13-06 516
Co-sine, 9-335384
2)154 59 50 Sine, 9-935855
H. sura, 77 29 55 9-351082
Alt.,- 17 52 43 090
59 37 12. 18(3)
949
55
4745
4745
8, 56 56
123
12
14/76
521/95
LONGITUDE BY CHRON(\MCTEE. H7
Hour An<,rle, 28th, 3 4(5 13
Kqn. 4- 13 7
3 o9 20
24 00 00
M. T., 8hip, 27th, 27 59 20
M. T., Greenwich, 27th, 16 36 2.5
11 22 55
60
4)682 55
Long, in, 170 43 45 E.
In the above example the Hour Angle was 2SMi day, v m
but the ship being in a high E. Longitude, and that subtraote'd
troni time at ship brought the day back to the 27th, Greenwich
date, and the H. A. was on the 28th, conse.iuontlv thev were of
different dates, therefore 24 hours had to be added to ship-.-
date, a _ it was in advance, to reduce it to the 27th (hiv and
Greenwich date. •^'
1876, Nov. 25th.--At 7h. 50m. a. M„ Lat. 40^ 10' S Lontr
72 59^ W., Alt. _0 was 33- 50' 50'/, index cor. + loi I'"
height of eye 18 feet. Time by Chron. 71i. 40m. 59s., which was
tast 32m. 02s. Oct. 18th, and on Nov. 7th fast 29m. 50s. f o •
Mean Time at Greenwich. Required the Longitude at time of
observation. '
Int. from Nov. 7th
h. m. to 25th is
Time at Ship 7 5 18-3 fast 32 02 Oct. 18th
^^ ^ 6-6 « 29 50 Nov. 7th
19 50 1098 "2X2
Long. + 11 31 56 1098
60
31 21 56 6)12,0.78 1st Inter. 20)132(6-6 losin...
24 j.^O
„ 2 1 ace. rate losinjj:
App.T.25th, 7 21 56 120
120
fift HAND nyOK AND SKLF-TKAf'HKR.
Tiiiir l)v (^ii-., 7 40 yj Loii^^ 172^ 59/
7 11 09 (;,0)()9,1 5H
Aoc. riitf, I '2 1
11 31 5(i
M.T. (i.^othw in 10 ,1. m. ...
21 00 00 Dec'l. 25tli, 20 53 3') 2S7r.
liicr., f 3 23 H. Dit. 2777
31 13 11
(I. 111. s.
Cur. Decl., = 20 oH 58 2)5().)3
()l,s. Alt., 33 50 50 90 00 00
Cur. -f 1 15 '^^'^^^
P. Dist. =:= (19 03 02 (J. 1). X 7-2
33 52 05
Dip — 4 4 K(in. 12 4014 5(152
Dee.,— 4 87 19782
33 48 01
('or. 18, — 118 Cur. K(]u. =r 12 45 00)20,3.472
33 4(143 0-ll(;809 3-23
Semi-l)i., + K5 15 ()-029704
_. 9-498444 H. 1>. •78(;
(\n: Alt. = 34 02 58 9-785274 G. D. x ()-2
Lat., 40 10 00
(U) 03 02 9-430231 1570
. ._ 47l()
Sum 2)143 K) 00
Half-sum, 71 38 00 Hour An-;le, 25tli, 4 10 05
Alt., — 34 02 58 24
Rem'd, 37 35 02 App. T. G., 24t,h, 19 49 55
E<iua., — 12 35
M. T. S., 24th, 19 37 20
M. T. G. 24tli, 31 13 10
1 1 35 50
6
4,87,30
4)()95 50
Long., =:^ 173 57 30 W.
In this example the Hour Angle bad to be subtracted from
LONaiTUDE BY CHUONOMKTEH. (]U
24 liouiH, it hein^r A. m. wlu-n ohservation was taken, and chan^^'ed
the date to 24tli, and tlie (inu-nvvich date l)eiiig tlu' 25111^21
Ijours Imd to be added to bring it to tl.e 24tli, same an ship's
dale, as it was tlie day in advance; tlieditf. then was tlie Long.
IH7(), Feb. I2tli. -At 8h. 3()m. a. m„ Lat. 51^' OO'N., LonL'
by aect. 1(17- 40^ E., obs.Alt. 0_ 10" 02' .50'/, index cor. -'
2in. 508.,lieight of eye 19 feet, Time by Chroti. <)h. rlHm. .'iOs
which was fast 3.Sm. OOs. 4t. Dec. 22nd, IHTf), and (.n .fan. I2th
187<i, fast :ir)m. 02s. 4t. He<|uired tlie Longitude at time of
observation. ,, ,„ ^
Ship's date, 8 30 00 Fa^t, 38 00 4 Lon.>' lf;7-40
J2 '' 35 2 4 ^ 4
nth, 20 3(T00 2 58 6,0);i7o-40
U 10 40 GO '___'
, H H)40
App. date, nth, 9 19 20 1st Int. 21 )178(8-o losing.
IfiH X 30-4 2nd int. fwuri
Chrono. 9 58 50 1 2th Jan. to
Orig. rate, — 35 2 4 108 340 lllli Feb.
105 2550
9 2347 6
Ace. rate, + 418 4 3 (;)25^8/40
G. M. T., = 9 28 0(i TYh]^. r. losmg.
Alt., 10 02 50 Decl. 11th, 14 07 52 4914
^^'or., — 2^ 7 48 41,72
10 00 00 Cor. Decl., ^ 14 00 04 2)988^
Dip, — 4 11 ^
4943
9 55 49 0-201128 (i, D. x 9-47
Cor.,— 5 9 0'013098
'~i77<71n 9-112342 •'^"^f^^^l
SemiDi i- ^a1^ «-i^79283 '^2
t^erai-Di., f lb 14 44487
/^/^,. Au TTrTwTTT 9"305851 ,
Coi. Alt. =r 10 Ob 54 . fi 0)4fK 8, 1021
Lat., 51 00 00 ___ -i-'
P. D., 104 00 04 17 (3j ^^^'- '^"^^
Sum, 2)165 06 58
Half sum, 82 33 29
Ait., — 10 06 54
72 26 35 Equa. 14m. 30s'. No. Cov.
9
70 HANI) BOOK AND SELF-TEACHER.
H(Mjr Angle ;'2th, 3 33 48
24
nth,
E(iuatian,
= 20 26 12
4- 14 30
M. T. Ship nth,
M. T. G. nth,
= 20 40 42
= 9 28 G
11 12 3(1
60
4)672 36
Long. = 168 9 E,
TO FIND THE DEVIATION OF THE COMPASS
BY AN AZIMUTH.
Azimuth is the angle at the Zenith between the meridian ot
the observer and the circle of altitude passing through the
" The true Azimuth is found by adding together the Secant of
the true Altitude, the Secant of the Latitude, the Co-Sme ot
tlie lialf-fium and the Co-Sine of the remainder. The remam-
der is found by subtracting the half-sum from the Polar distance,
or if the half-sum is greater than the Polar distance, subtract
tlie Polar distance from the half-sum. In either case it will be
the remainder. ^ wir -n
Half the sum of these four Logs., found in Table XXV., will
give the Sine of half the true Azimuth, which, multiplied by
2, will be the true Azimuth.
TO NAME THE TRUE AZIMUTH.
If the Latitude is S., name the Azimuth N., and if the Lat-
itude is N., name it S., (always opposite to the ship's Latitude;
towards the E. in the morning, and towards the W. in the even-
ing. That is, if the observation was taken in the morning, and
DEVIATION OF COMPASS Di' AN AZIMUTH. 71
the Latitude of tlie ship S., the Azimuth would be N. and ?'.,
but iu the evening it wouhi be N. and W.
The ditference between the True Azimuth and the IVTtignetic
u tlie Error, — to be named E. if the True Azimuth is to the
right of the Magnetic, but if to the left it is named W. Hotli
Azimuths muat be named from the same point ; one cannot be
N, and the otlier S., — if so, subtract either one from 180^ and
it will cliange the name to the same as tlie other.
Tlie Magnetic Azimuth is the bearing of the 8un from tli<'
•ship by an Azimuth compass, fitted with sight vane and reflector,
but as few of our merchant ships have them on board, a descrip-
tion of them here would be useless. A substitute may be simply
found. Thus : — place a small piece of putty or dough on the
centre of the ship's compass, stick into it any small rod, a piece
of cane, or a straight stem from a broom, so as it will stand
perpendicular, and the reHection on the compass will l)e the op-
posite bearings of the Sun, or Magnetic Azimuth, which will be
accurate enough for any practical purpose. I have often prac-
ticed the latter method, and found the error, ami had very little
difficulty even when the motion of the ship was considerable,
'ffie Deviation is found the same as in an Amplitude, by placing
imder the Error the Variation (by changing the name), and it
same name their sum will be the Deviation, but if of contrary
names their difference will be the Deviation, named after the
greater. The Polar Distance is found as given already, — that
is^ if Lat. and Decl. are same name take the Difif., but if contrary
names, the sum. If the ship's latitude is 0', name the true Azi-
muth opposite to the declination.
If one Azimuth be named N. and E., and the other N. and
W., their sum will be the error.
It must be remembered that the Deviation found is not tlu
Deviation to be allowed on all courses steered, — it is only the
Dev. for the point she is on at the time.
EXAMPLES.
Being P. M. at ship, the true Alt. was SO'' 20 ^ Decl. 10«
20 / N., and Lat. 20«' 30' S. Required the true Azimuth.
•y
2 HAND BOOK AND SET-F-TEACHEH.
.1. 111. ''• "1-
P. Dist., 100 20 Decl. 10 20 N.
Alt., 50 20 Secant, 0-194961 90 00
L'dt., 20 30 Secant, 0-028412
P. Dist., 100 20
2)171 10
Half Sum, — 85 35 Co-aine, 8-886542
100 20
Rem., 14 45 Co-sine, 9-985447
2)19-095362
20 40 Sine, =- 9-547681
2
T. A/. N., 41 20 W.
fn tliis question it being P. M. at sliip, and the Lat. S., the
true Azimuth is named N. opposite to the liat. and W. as it
was r. M.
N. B. There is no necessity to correct the Logs for ( '^) se-
conds, as tlie nearest minute is sufficient. When the second*
arp imder 30 reject them, bwt 30 or over take one minute.
Peing P. M. at ship, the true Alt. was 20" 40', Decl. 23" 10/,
S., Lat" was oO*-" 50 ^ S. Kequired the true Azimuth.
rl. ni. rt. 111.
p. List., 66 50 Decl. 23 10 S.
Alt., 20 40 Secant, 0-028887 90 00
Lut., 50 50 Secnnt, 0-199573
P. Dis. (]i) 50
2)138 ?0
Half sum, 69 10 Co-sine, 9-551024
ei^ 50
Keni., 2 20 Co-sine, 9-999640
2)19-777124
77 5 Sine,' = 9-888562
2
T. Az. N. 154 10 E.
DEVIATION i)F COMPASS BY AN AZIMVTH. 7.V
In this Example the Lat. and Decl. are same name, the Dit'l".
is Polar Dist., and the Half Sum exceeds it, so the Polar Dist.
had to be sulitracted from tlie Half Sum t'> get a remainder.
THE TRUE AND MACJNETKJ AZIMUTH GIVEN TO FINJ^TIIK
ERROR,
Suppose True Azimuth was N. 41 " 20' W., and the Maj;-
netic Azim .V. 30^ 20' W. Reciuired the Error.
True Azimutli N., 4\ 20 W.
Mag. " N., 30 20 W.
Error, = U 00
In (lie ahove example the True and Mag. Azimutlis ;.ie In-'I;
reckoned from th.e same point, N., and tlieir Dift'. is tlie Eiiur,
and is named W., because, by looking from tlie centre of th*
comr^ass in the direction of both Azimuths, it vvill be stcu th;.t
the True Azimuth is more to the W. than the Magnetic Azi-
muth, and also to the left of it, and is named W.
Suppose the True Azimuth was N. 154'^ 10' E., and the
Magnetic S. 40^ 30' E. Required the Error.
(1. in
True, N., 154 10 E.
180 00
S., 24 50 E.
Mag. Az. S., 40 30 E.
p:rror, 15 40 E.
In this case the True and Magnetic Azimuths are of con-
trary names ; the True had to be sul)tracted from 180'-, a\ hid
changed its name from N. to S., the same as Magnetic, and tlie
difference is the error.
Suppose the true Azimutli was S. 5*^ 40' W., and ^Magnetic
was S. 10*^ 50' E. Required the Error.
True Azimuth, S., 5 40 W.
Mag, " S., 10 50 E.
Error, 16 30 E.
In this case one Azimuth was S- and W., and the other S.
and E. Both added gives the Error.
TO FIND THE DEVIATION BY AN AlilMUTH.
1876, May 30th, at 3° 30' 40", P. M., in Lat. 4r' 5i!<, ^^,
74 HAND BOOK AND SELF-TEACHER.
l.oiij,^ 95*^ 40/ W., Sun's Mag. Azimuth N., 120« 30' W., Alt
_o. 45^ 40' 50^', Index Cor. 4- 2' lb'', height of eye 12 feet,
Hiui the variation by Cliart was 12*^ 20' E. Required the Dfe-
viation.
h. m. s. d. m. h.
Ship's Time, 3 30 40 Decl. 20th, - 20 06 53
Long. + 6 22 40 -f 5 5
App G. Date 20tb,=: 9 53 20 Cor. Decl., - 20 11 57
d. m. 8.
()b,'d Alt., 45 40 50
90 00 00
ind. Cor., +2 15 P. Dist., 69 48 03
Alt., 45 54 48
Dip., —
45 43 05
3 19
45 39 46
48
45 38 58
15 50
Lat. 41 58
2)157 40 51
Cor. table 18, — 48 H. Sum, 78 50 25
— 69 48 3
Semi-Dia. + 15 50 Rem'r, 9 2 22
True Alt., 45 54 48
37 27 H. Diff. 3080
2 G. Date, x 99
True Az. S., 74 54 W. 27720
180 00 27720
" " N., 105 6 W. 6 0)30.4,9 20
Mag. '' N., 120 30 W.
5,5
Error, 1 5 24 E.
Variation, 12 20 W. c. name. co-secant,. 0-1 57706
co-secant, 0-12869i)
Deviation, 3 4 E, after greatest. co-sine, 9-287048
co-sine, 9*994580
sum, 2)1 9-568033
sine, = 9-784016
The Declination- and Lat. being of same name, their Diff. is
the polar dist. The True Azimuth id named S. and W., and
DEVIATION OF a)MPASS BY AN AZIMUTH. 7o
Magnetic N. and W. The True is taken from 180', whch
-changes the name N,, and same as Magnetic, tlieir Ditf. is then
the Error, named E. As True is to the right of Magnetic, then
change name of Variation from E. to W., and as the Error anci
Variation are of contrary names, their Dilf. is the Deviation
T)aro.ed after the greatest.
AZIMUTH.
1876, Dec. 26th, at 8h. 10m. 20s. A. M., Lat. 16^ 02 ^N.,
Long. 129^ 30/ W., Mag. Azimuth S. 70" 19 ' E., ObsVl Alt.
0_ 20° 15/, Index cor. + 2^5'', height of eve 16 feet, :\m\
^'ariation by Chart was H'^ 59 ' E. Required the Deviation.
I'- 'u- s d. m. s.
12 00 00 Obs'dAlt., 20 15 00
Ship's Time, 8 10 30 Index Cor. + 2 05
20 1 7 05
Long. 8 38 Dip. — 3 50
20 13T5
Cor. Alt. 18,-2 26
20 10 20
8 38
*ZH 48 20
24
Ap. Gr. Date 26th, — 4 48 20 20 10 49
Semi Dia. 4- 16 18
P. Dist, 113 20 58
Alt. 20 27 7 T. Alt. 20 27 07
Lat. 16 2
Secant, 0-028271
Sum, 2)149 50 05 Secant, 0-017231
Co-sine, 9-415347
H. Sum, — 74 55 02 Co-sine, 9-89:3946
P. Dist., 113 20 58
Sum, 2)9-354795
Sine, = 9-677397
Kem., ~ 38 25 5(y
Half Az., 28 24
2 Lon,?'. 1 29 30
4
True Az. S., 56 48 E. _
Mag. Az. S., 70 19 E. 6,0)51,8 00
Error, 13 31 E. 838 00
Var., 6 59 W. change name.
Devi., 6 32 E, after the greatest.
7i) HAND nOOK AND SELF-TEACHER.
Decl. 2fitli, 23 2127 II. Diff., 395
• — 29 G. D., X 4-8
Cor. Dec, 23 20 58 4760
90 00 00 2380
P. Dist., 113 20 58 28^560
In iliis (jimstion the declination heing S., and Lat. N., their
.Sum is tlie P. Dist. The Sum of Logs gave the Sine of lialf
rhe Tiiie Azimuth, which, multiplied by 2, gives True Azimuth
reckoned from opposite I^nt. S. towards tlie E., it heing A. M.
Now, as the Magnetic Azimntli is reckcmed from S., they are (tf
tlio same name, and the Diff. is the Error, named E., as tiie
'i'lue Azinuith is to tlie right of the Magnetic, tlien the Varia-
tion given on tlie Cliart is 6^ 59 ^ E. -is changed to W., and as
they nn; of contrary names their Diff«n'ence is the Deviation
named after the greatest.
AZIMUTH.
1870. March 1 9th, at 9h. 3m. A. M., in Lat. 42^ 59/ N.,
Long. 91" W., Sun's Magnetic Azimuth S. 45^01' E., Alt.
_0_ 32" 40', height of eye 18, and Var. I)y Chart 25« 29' W.
H("|uired Deviation.
Ii. 111. (i. in. s.
Time at Ship, 9 5 Decl. 19tli, 17 57 Long. 91
12 — 3 8 4
18th, 21 5 Cor. Decl. -0 14 49 6)36,4
Long. +64 t 900000
6-4
27 9 P. Dist. 90 14 49
24
Ap. (J. Date 19th, rr 3 9
DEVIATION OF COMPASS BY AN AZIMUTH. 77
H. Difr. 59 27
3
Obs. Alt.. 32 40 00
Dip., — 4 4 9' =r 'fl, 177 81
9 88
32 35 56
Cor. Alt. 18th, - 1 21 aO)18/7/r)9
32 34 35 3-8
Seini-Diam., + 16 5
0-075672
True Alt., 32 50 40 =r 0-135755
3-iit., 42 49 = 9-083332
P. Dist. 90 14 49 9-996546
2)165 54 29 2)19-291305
H. Sum, 82 57 14 9-645652
Hem., 7 17 35
Sine, S,, 26 16 E.
2
True Az. S., 52 32 E.
Ma^r. Az. S., 45 1 E.
Error, 7 31 W.
Var., 25 59 E. change name.
Deviation, 18 28 E.
1876. Feb. 26th, at 2h. 30ra. P. M., in Lat. 4" 50 ' N., Lou-.
166^ 50^ E., Magnetic Azimuth N. 116'^ 34/ W., Obs. Alt. _o^
60^ 36^ 50'/, height of eye 19 feet. Required the Devialioi),
Variation to be 7^' 15 / E.
Mnp a Tmie, 2 50 Obs. Alt., (>() 36 50
24 Dip., 4 11
25th, 26 50 60 32 39
11 7 20 Cor. 1 8, 28
App. G. Date 25th, 15 42 40 60 32 11
Semi-Dia., + 16 11
True Alt., := 60 48 22
10
HAND ROOK AND SELF-TEACHER.
}». Dist.,
98 58 26
Alt.,
60 48 22
Lat.,
4 50
=z 0-311705
- 0-001547
= 9-127060
Sum,
2)164 36 48
= 9-981361
Long., 166 50
4
6,0)667 20
H. Sum, — 82 18 24
P.Dist., 98 58 26 -2)19-421673 11 7 20
Kern., 16 40 2 Sine,= 9-710836
d. s. (1. s. m.
HalfAz., 30 55 Deel. 25th, 9 13 00
2 — 14 34
True Az. S., 61 50 W. Cor. DecL, 8 58 26
180 90 00 00
N,, 118 low. P.Dist
Mag. Az. N., 116 34 W.
Error, 1 36 W.
Var., 7 15 W. change name.
Dev., 8 51 W.
t.,
H.
G.
98 58 26
Diff.,
Date, X
55 67
15 7
ne.
38969
27835
5567
6^0)8/7,4,019
14 34
FINDING THE LATITUDE BY REDUCTION TO
THE MERIDIAN.
When the Sun's Altitude cannot be ol)taiued at noon to get
the Latitude, an Altitude may be taken about 30 minutes either
before or after noon, (and by two corrections, one for the cor-
rected declination, and another for the corrected altitude, found
in Towson's Taljles,) the Latitude thus found will not differ
materially from that at noon, and will answer for all practical
purposes.
Rule. — The first thing to be done is, find the time from
noon or (hour angle,) put down the time shown by watch (if
a. m.,) add 12 hours, add or subtract what she is fiist or slow,
as the case may be. Then if tlie ship changed her longitude
since the watch was regulated, (which is generally done about
FLNDINCJ LAT. 15Y REDUCTION TO MERIDIAN. 79
Hli. A. M.,) turn the lunnritude into time, and if it is E. add, but
W. subtract, and the result is tlie hour an;,^le. But if it is A. M,
it must he subtracted from 24 hours, for tlie lutur anole found
will be from the preceding noon, and the hour angle"re(|uired
must 1)6 from the nearest noon. If p. m. when the observation
was taken, the time past noon will be the hour angle.
The next thing is, the Greenwich date has to be found. To
correct the declination to the apparent time shown by watch,
add W. longitude, and subtract E. ; if A. M., subtract from the
hours, minutes and seconds tliat are taken from 24 to find the
hour angle, hut if 1'. M., to the hour angle itself ; and it will
gi\e the Greenwich date.
Note. -The difference of long, that the ^hip makes is to br
applied the opposite to find the hour angle to the Longitude ot
the ship to find a Greenwich date.
TO FIND THE HOUR AXirLE.
EXAMPLES.
Jan. 2(), P. w., at Oh. 30m. 40s. by watch, which was found t«.
be fast 10m. 22s. on app. time, the diff. of Long, made to the
E. ,31 ''•4. Required the Hour Angle at the time of observation
Time by watch, 6 .30 40 DifF. Long. 31-4
Fast, ' — 10 22 '^ 4
20 is 6)12, 5, ()
Diff. Long. E., 4- 2 6 — __
2-H nearlv.
Hour Angle, — 22 24
In this Example the watch showed Oh, 30m. 40s., and wae
fast 10m. 22s., which had to be subtracted, and since the watch
was regulated she changed her time 2m. 6s., which had to be
added also, as the watch was losing on time goinc to the E..
and the result was the Hour Angle.
Feb. 27th, P. M., at 2h. 20m. 30s. by watch, which was found
to be fast 2h. 21m. 10s. on app. time, the diff. of Long, made
to the E. since the watch was regulated was 38 ''•6.
h. m. s. •
Time by watch, 2 20 30 L'iff; Long., 38-6
Fast, — 2 21 10 4
Feb. 26th, 23 59 20 6)15 4.-4
-b 2 .34 1-^
2/. 34 -4
Hour Angle, 00 1 54
80 HAND BOOK AND SELF-TEACHER.
Ill this case the vvatcli was faster than the time shown by liei
past noon ; then a subtraction could not he made without bor-
rowing 24 hours, and that put the time back to the 26tli, bii<
as tlie ship was making Easting, that time had to be added,
and exceeded 24 houia by Im. o4s., which was the Hour Angle
past noon.
jMarch 30th, P. M., at Oh, 20m. 40s. by watch, which was sk)\v
10m. 20s., and diff. Long, made to the W. 15 ''4. Required
Hour Angle.
Time by watch, 20 40 Diff. Long 15 '-4
-f- 10 20 4
3100 6)6/1,6
1 2
1*2 nearly.
Hour Angle, 29 58
April 10th, A. M., at llh. 20m. 40s. by watch, whicli was
found to })e slow 10m, 20s. on app. time, the diif. Long, made to
tlie W. since tlie watch was regulated was 14m, 8s. Required
the Hour Angle.
li. ni. s.
Time by watch, 11 20 40 Diff. Long., 14 8
4- 12 4
April 9th,
ISlow, +
, 23 20 40
10 20
23 31 00
5&
9th,
23 30 01
24
59/2
Hour Angle, 29 59
It was A. M. when the observation was taken, and when all
tlie corrections were applied it was 23h. 30m. Is. from apparent
noon on the 9th, but as the Hour Angle is re(]^uired for the
nearest noon, that time had to be taken from 24 hours, and tlie
result, 29m. 59s., was the Hour Angle.
]May 20th, A. M., watch showed 4h. 50m. 20s., which wae
found to be 5h. 10m. 10s. fast on app. time, and diff. Long,
made to the W. since the watch was regulated was 19 '*8, Re-
quired the Hour Angle from nearest noon.
FINDING LAT. BY UEDUCTTON TO MEllIDIAN. Si'
h. Ui. s
Time by watch, 4 50 20 Diff. Lon^^, 19 ^-H
Fust, -^ 5 10 10 4
23 40 10 (I o;7 9 2
— 1 19 _
1 1!>
33 38 51
24
Hour An.!4le, ~ 21 09
In this example it wa? A. M. at ship, ;iiifl the vvatcli showed
41i. 50m. 208., whicli could not he in tlie forenoon, and if 12
iiours were added would }»e = 161i. 50m. 20s., and llie 5h. 10m.
10s. slie was fast subtracted, \\nuld (,ave 1 Ih. 40m, 10s. tlie pre-
vious day, wlien no observation could lie taken. To find the
correct Hour Angle 24 hours had to be added to what tlie watcli
sliowed, and what slie wns fiiwt subtracted, and ditf. of Long,
also, and the result sul)tracted from 21 hours gave Hour Angle.
187n. May 20th, a. m., Long. lon^4n' W., Obs. Alt. _0
N. was 31 '^ 50 ' 40^', Index Cov. + 52^/, lieight of eye 20 feet,
time by watch -th. 50m. 20s., whicli was found to be fast 5h.
10m. 10s. on app. time at ship, diff. Long, made W. since the
watch was regulated was 19 ''8. Required the Lat.
h. in. 8 ,1 ni
Time by watch, 4 50 20 DifT. Long, \^)^'H Long. 10(5 40
Fast, — 5 10 10 ' 4 4
23 40 10
- 1 19
23 38 51
24 00 00
21 09
23 38 51
7 6 40
30 45 31
24
6)7/9/2 6/0)42/6 40
Change of time,
1 19 7 6 4(^
App. T. Ship 19,--rr 23 38 51 ^ ,^
Sim"s Peel. 20th, 20 06 50
Cor. -f 3 25
H. Angle,
Cor. Decl. = 20 10 15
App. T. Ship, 23 38 51 1st August, -}- 4 42
Long
Aug. Dec!., 20 14 57
U, Date 20th, 6 45 3i
H'2 HAND IK)OK AND SELF-TEACHER-
01)s. Alt., 31 oO 40 N. 3()>^()
('<»!■., + 52 H. DilT., 2994
31 .31 32 2)(JU74
Dip., ~ 4 17
Mid. Time, = 3037
31 47 15 Ct. Date, -f (wH
Kef. 18th, — 1 25
1S222
31 45 50 212.'»9
.Semi-l)i;i., -I 15 50 18222
True Ah., 32 0140 6/0)20/5/2992
Au«r. 2iul, + 8 9
3 2.5
Aug. Alt., 32 09 49
90 00 00 Hour Angle and Decl. gave In-
dex (49).
Zen. Dist., 57 50 1 1 S. m ^
Decl, 20 14 57 N. Index for 48, = 7 56
" " 52, = 8 36
Dat., - 37 35 14 S.
3)40
+ 13
7 56
Cor. Aug., 8 9
Tliis is tlie same example as tlie last, and gives same Hour
Angle. But all the corrections are employed here and the Lat.
found. It was A. M. at ship, and the app. time found was from
noon of the previous day, which had to be subtracted from 24h.,
and gave tlie Hour Angle from nearest noon. In taking H.
Angle, 21h. 09m., (from Towson's Tables,) agreeing with Decl.,
gives Index No. (49), which could not be found under the Alt.,
the nearest two, 48 and 52 had to be used, their difference
taken, and, divided by 3, gave a correction to be added to the
next less augmentation, 7*56, and gave 8'' 9//, correct aug-
tnentation for Alt.
Note. — Even by taking the nearest Index to (49) = 48, and
taking the direct cor., 7' 56'', it would make only a difference
of 13''', which would make no material error in the Lat. It
should l)e remeniiiered that in an A. M. observation it must Ic
23 liours ;.pp. time, and p. m. no hours.
FL\1)LN(J LAT. HY HEDLCTi(JN TU MKIUDIAN. 83
EXAMPLES.
1«76. .J;in. 2(itli, i\ M., Long. 52" 20/ E., ()})s Alt O N
was 55^ 50 / 40'/, Index cor. -- 2 '9'/, liei^dit, c.f Kye itteet]
time of watdi 30m. 40s., which was t'ound to be fast 10' 22' '
on app. time at ship, ditf. Long, made to the E. since tlie wiit'ch
was reguhited was 3r-4. Keipiired the Lat.
li. m. s. I
Time by watcli, 00 30 40 DitT. Long. 31 /-I LonLr. 52 20
Fast, 10 22
00 20 18 6/0)12/5.6 6,0)20/9 20
(Change of time, + 26
Hour Angle, 00 22 24
Long., — 3 29 20 Cor.
2 6 nearly. 3 29 20
Decl. 25th, 19 2 52
12 58
G. Date 23rd, = 20 53 04 Cor. Decl., = 18 49 54
<1. rn. 8. ''^"^- l«ti -t 6
Obs. Alt., 55 50 40
Index Cor., — 2 9 Aug. Decl., 18 55 00
55 48 31
I>ip-, — 4 11 H. Diff.,
Kef. 18,
55 48 31
4 11
55 44 20
49
55 43 32
15 49
55 59 20
10 46
56 10 06
90 00 00
33 49 54
18 55
3679
3765
2)7444
Mid. Time, 3722
G. Date, 20-9
hemi-Dia., -f
3349.S
True Alt., 55 59 20 74440
Aug. 2nd, -f
AuiT. Alt
6/0)77/7/^90
1258 nearly.
Zen. Dist., 33 49 54 S. Hour Angle and Decl gave
Decl., +18 55 S. Index (55).
Corresponding Cor. for Alt.
I-at., 52 44 54 S. = 10' 46/
In this example, after the correction being applied to the
.v-atch, and the change of time made E., it gave the Hour
Angle ; it being P. M. at sliip, and the diff. of ship's Long, sub-
tracted because E., gave Greenwich date. With the Hour
S4 HAND BOOK AND SELF-TEACHER.
Angle 22' 24 '\ and the cor. decl. gave first Augmentation for
decl. 5' ^" and corresponding No. (55) under the True Alt.
gave second Augmentation for Alt. 10' iG''.
1876. April 9th, A. M., in Long. 30° 10^ W., obs. Alt. _0
S., was 36^ 59' 50", Index cor. — 1' 4", height of eye 12 feet,
time of watch Ih. 02m., which was found to be fast Ih. 21m.
208. on app. time, and diff. Long, made to the E. was 21 '-2.
Required the Lat. by reduction to the Meridian.
h. m. M. d. rn.
Time by watch, 1 2 00 Lif. Lon. E., 2r-2 S. Lon. 53 10 W.
Fast, 1 21 10 4 4
33 40 50 8/4/8 6)21/230
Chg. of time, + 1 25
1 /25 nearly. 3 32 40
Ap. time 8th, 23 42 15 Decl. 9th, 7 48 54
24 Cor., + 3
Hour Angle, 17 45 Cor. Decl., 7 51 54
Aug., + I 24
App. time, 23 42 15
+ 3 32 40 Aug. Decl., 7 53 78
H. Diff., 55 52
G. Date 9th, 3 14 55 55 19
Obs. Alt., 36 ^^ 50
Cor., — 1 4 2)110 71
36 58 46 Mid. Diff., 55 35
Dip., — 3 19 G. Date, 3 23
36 55 27 27675
Ref. 18, — 19 11070
.36 54 18
16605
Semi-Dia., -f- 16 6/0)17/9.8875
True Alt.,
Aug., +
37 10 18
7 35
Aug. Alt., =
37 17 53
90 00 00
Zen. Dist.,
52 42 07 N.
7 53 18 N.
Lat., 8s
60 35 25 N.
2/59=3'nearl.y
Decl. and Hour Angle gives
Aug. 1st 1' 24" and Index
(38). Index and T. Alt.
gives Aug. 2nd 7' 35".
FINDING LAT. BY REDUCTION TO MKRLDIAN. 85
The Index 38 could not be had under tlie Alt., but 3(1 ;md
40, so both were added and divided by us and uiven Aua. '^\uL
1876. June ICth, A. M., Long. 24^ 50 ^ E., obs. Alt. O X-
was 33^ 10' 15/', Index Cor. -2' 10^/, height .>f eve 1 7 feet»
time by watch Oh. 59m. 58s., which was found to 'l,e f:,>t Ih.
18m. 20s. on app. time, diff. Long, made to tl.e E. sin..e the
watch was regulated was 13 '-7 Re({uired the Liititu(!e.
h. ni. H. ,1 ,1, ^
Time by watch, 59 58 Obs, Alt.. 33 10 15
Fast, — 1 18 20 Cor. ~ 2 10
23 41 38 33 08 ol
DifT. Long. + 55 Dip., — .3 57
App. T. ship, 23 42 33 33 04 08
24 Ref. 1th, — 1 20
Hour Angle, = 17 27 33 02 48
Semi-Dia., 4- 15 47
App. T. ship, 23 42 23
Long, of ship, - 1 39 20 Trxe Alf., ?,:] 18 35
Aug., -+- 5 33
G. Date 15th, 22 03 13
Cor. Dec, 23 32 57
Aug., + 3 33
Aug. Alt., 33 24 08
Cor. Dec, 23 32 57 jjO 00 00
Zen. Dist., 55 35 52 S.
Aug. Decl., 23 26 30 Aug. Decl., 23 26 30 N.
5 79 Lat., 33 09 22 S.
Half Diff., 4 76
Decl. 15th, 23 20 58. Diff. Lon;;. 13 7
2)105 5 1 59' 4
Mid Time, 5 27 Cor. Decl., 23 22 57 54 8
G. Date, + 22 5 '
2635 Decl. and H. A. = Aug. 1st, 3^ 33 '/
1054 Index(32)& Alt = Aug.2nd, 5 ^8
;6/0)lL8/585
Cor. -}- 1-59
U
86 HAND BOOK AND SELF-TEACHER.
TO FIND THE LATITUDE BY A FIXED STAR.
Tliere is very little difference between finding the Lat. by a
Meiedian Alt. of the Sun and finding it by a fixed Star. In
fact it is more easily found by the stars ; the dip and refraction
is found the same as for the sun (semi-diiisieter and parallax
rejected) and the declination requires no correction.
Rule. — Correct the Alt. for dip and refraction, then find the
star in the Nautical Almanac, page 297 @ 299, and note the
right ascension (this is an index), then find that right ascension
from page 236 @ 237, and in the next column to the right will
be found the declination with the hours and minutes at the top
and seconds down the col. There cannot be a mistake made
as no other star will have the same right ascension.
EXAMPLES.
1876. Jan. 11th. The obs. Alt. of the Star a Leonis (Reg-
ulus) was 50^ 40' 30'/ N., Index cor. — 1 ' 30/', height of eye
22 feet. Required the Latitude.
m. 8.
Obs. Alt.
Index Cor.
50 40 30 N.
— 1 30
Dip, -
50 39 00
4 30
Ref.,
50 34 30
47
True Alt.,
50 33 43
90 00 00
DecL,
39 26 17 S.
12 34 19 N.
Lat.,
16 51 58 S.
(Regulus) was found in page 298,
N. A., and abreast stood right as-
oension, 10k. Im., which was taken
for an Index, and found at page 345
(Fixed Stars), marked R. A., and
over it (Regulus). the Star required,
then, by looking down the extreme
left hand col., marked at top (month
and day), and abreast of 11th day,
and under col. Decl. will be the
Decl. to be added, or subtracted, ac-
cording to the name of the Zenith
dist.
1876. Fe)). 20th. Obs. Alt. of the Star a Argus (Canopus)
S. was 59° 20/ 30//, heig '. of eye 14 feet. Required the Lat.
TO FIND DEVIATION. 87
d. m. !>.
Obs. Alt. 59 20 30 S.
Dip., — 3 36
59 16 54
Ref., — 30
59 16 24
90 00 00
Z. Dist., 30 43 36 N.
Dec, 52 37 51 S.
Lat, 21 54 15 S.
TO FIND THE DEVIATION OR LOCAL ATTRAC-
.TION OF THE COMPASS.
Deviation or local attraction, so caused bv the iron used in the
construction of the ship, also the cargo she takes on board, par-
ticularly iron. The Deviation so caused can be found by swing-
ing the vessel to at least eight points of the compass, and taking
the bearing of any conspicuous distant object, and note each
bearing when the ship's head in at each point, and if they are
all from the same point of the compass, or have like names, add
all together and divide by 8 and the result will be the correct
magnetic bearing.
But if some of the bearings are from the N. and others from
the S., substract the less from 180 and they will have like
names. But if some are named N. and E. and others N. and W.
subtract the least from the greater, and divide by 8.
TO NAME THE DEVIATION.
If the correct magnetic bearings thus found falls to the mght
of compass bearings, it will be E., but if to the left, W. For
instance, — if correct bearing of distant object was N. 32*30^ W.,
and compass bearing N. 42» 30 / W. — 42° 30/ = 10« the De-
viation is E., this time falling to the right.
88
HAND BOOK AND SELF-TEACHER.
'J'lie follo\vin;j; form is given at the Examination Board, and
the Candidate has to fill the Deviation column : —
Sliip's
H<;id.
Bearinijf of
Dist. ( )l)Ject.
N. 41 20 W,
N. 57 30 W.
N. G3 low.
N. 59 40 W.
N. 44 30 W.
N. 23 20 W.
N. 18 00 W.
N. 23 00 W.
Deviation
Required.
The Deviation is found as
follows :
N. E,
K.,
S. E.,
S.,
s. w.,
^v.,
N. W.,
•
Sliip's head at N.
Cor. Mag. hear'g N. 41 19 W
Compass bear'g N. 41 20 W
Deviation, 1 E
Ship's head at N. E.
Cor. Mag. bear'g N. 41 19 W
Compass bear'g N. 57 30 W
Sliip's
Head.
Bearing of
Dist. 01 .i eel.
Deviation
Required.
Deviation, 16 HE
Ship's head at E.
Cor. Mag. bear'g N. 41 19 W
Compass bear'g N. 63 10 W
N. 41 20 W.
xr ^', nix VI-
01 E.
Iti 11 E.
21 51 E.
18 21 E.
3 11 E.
1 7 59 W.
23 19 W.
17 19 W.
i> . 111., J.-\ , U 1 ti\J T» .
E., N. fiSlOW.
S. E., N. 59 40 W.
S., N. 44 30W.1
S. W., N. 23 20 \V.\
\y., N. Is no \v :
Deviation, 21 51 E
Ship's head at S. E.
Cor. Mag. bear'g X. 41 19 W
Compass bear'g N. 59 40 W
N. \V.,
NT. 23 00 W.|
Deviation, 18 21 E
8)330 30
Cor.M.b-s.41 19
Ship's head at S. W.
Cor. Mag. bear g N. 4 1 1 9 W
Compass bear'g N. 23 20 W
Ship's head at S.
Cor. Mag bear'g N. 41 19 W
Compa.-'s bear'g N. 44 30 W
Deviation,
3 11 E
Deviation,
1 7 59 W
Ship's head at W.
Cor. Mag. bear'g N. 41 19 W
Compass bear'g N. 18 00 W
Deviation, 23 19 W
Ship's head at N. W. '
C<ir. Mag. bearing N. 41 19 W
Compass bearing N. 23 00 W
Deviation,
38 1 9 W
TO FIND THE DEVIATION.
89
The compass beprings are all added together, and the sun
divided by 8, the result is correct magnetic })earing, and placed
in the Deviation coliunn, and if correct magnetic bearings is to
the right it is to Ije named E., but if to the left, W.
The candidate also is given two correct magnetic courses to find
the compass course, and two compass courses to find true. From
Napier's Curve, also, he has to take the bearings of two light-
houses or two beacons, whose geographical position is known,
and find the Deviation for the ship's head.
Napier's Curve has a vertical line divided into 360 equal parts,
also the points of the compass. The vertical line is crossed at
an angle of 60 by two lines, — one a plain and the other a
dotted, — the plain line represents the true course, and the dot-
ted the compass course. When the ship is swung to the eight
points a course is made, showing the deviation whether E. or
W., the Easterly deviation is to the right of the vertical line,
and Westerly to the left. If the true course be given to find a
compass, take a pair of dividers^ and rest one leg on the vertical
line, extend until the other leg touches the curve (parallel with
the plain line) then return parallel with the dotted, and where it
touches on the vertical line will be the compass course. If
compass be given to find the true course go off on the dotted
line and return by the plain, and the course indicated on the
vertical will be the true course required. The following lines
ought to be committed to memory, and the learner would seldom
mistake the course : —
" If compass be given magnetic to gain,
Depart by the dotted return by the plain."
" But if true course be given to find an alloted,
Depart by the plain and return by the dotted."
From the following table find correct magnetic bearing of
distant object, and Deviation for each point t^wung to : —
Ship's
Head.
N.,
N. E.,
E.,
b. E.,
S.,
s. w.,
w.,
N. W.,
Bearing of
Dist. Object.
N. 10 low.
N. 30 20 W.
N. 35 low.
N. 30 00 W.
N. 20 00 W.
N. 2 20E.
N. oOOE.
N. 40E.
Deviation
Required.
4 33 W.
15 37 E.
20 27 E.
15 17 E.
5 17 E.
17 3W.
19 43 W.
15 23 W.
Devi, for each Bearing is found
as in the following form.
Head at N.
Cor. Mag. bearing N. 14 43 W
Compass bearing N. 10 10 W
Deviation, 4 33 W
90 HAND BOOK AND SFXF-TEACHER.
N. and W., 125 40 Head at N. E.,
N. and E., — 8 00 Cor. Mag. bearing N. 14 43 W
Compass bearing N. 30 20 W
Deviation, 20 27 E
8)117 49
Cor. Mag. Bng. 14 43 nearly.
Head at E. Head at S. E.
Cor. Mag. bearing N. 14 43 W Cor. Mag. bearing N. 14 43 W
Compass bearing N. 35 10 W Compass bearing N. 30 00 W
Deviation, 20 27 E Deviation, 15 17 E
Head at S. Head at S. W.
Cor. Mag. Ijearing N. 14 43 W Cor. Mag. bearing N. 14 43 W
Compass bearing N. 20 00 W Compass bear'g + N. 2 20 E
Deviation, 5 17 E Deviation, 17 03 W
Head at W. Head at N. W.
Cor. Mag. bearing N. 14 43 W Cor. Mag. bearing N. 14 43 W
Compass bear'g + N. 5 00 E Compass bear'g -(- N. 40 E
Deviation, 19 43 W Deviation, 15 23 W
In this example while swinging the dist object bore N. and
W. at 5 bearings, and N. and E. at 3 bearings. Then the 5 N.
and W. bearings had to be added separately, also the 3 N. and
E. bearings, and the less subtracted from greater, the result
divided by 8 gave N. 4*^ 43 ' W. the correct magnetic bearing.
In finding the Deviation for each bearing, wlien correct mag-
netic bearing and compass bearing had same name their differ-
ence was the Deviation ; but when different names, their sum,
that is, one was N. and W. and the other N. and E. — [See the
work above.
day's work.
PAPER FIRST.
Multiply 234 _ Divide 4567
91
St. John, N. B., Long. 66° W.
NAPIER'S DIAGRAM
Shift ' { !...
U'mt lh\vifirn -NbW KuMlky-iafirn
90 HAND BOOK AND SELF-TEACHER.
N. and W., 125 40 Head at N. E.,
N. and E., — H 00 Cor. Maj^. bearing' N. 14 43 W
v>
■
DAYS
WORK.
91
PAPER FIRST.
iMultiply 23-4
Divide 45(17
By 345
By 3456
DAY'S WORK.
H.
Courses.
K.
4
lOtht,
4
Winds.
Lee
Way
15
Devia-
tion.
Remarkf.
1
S. 27 30 W.
S 4()E
8 low
Lat. left 43^ 30 '
2
4
5
N., Long, left 66^
3
4
6
20 W., bearing hy
4
4
5
Compass N. 30*^30'
5
N. 44 E.
5
5
S 60 E
20
12 E
W., Dist 15 miles.
6
5
5
7
4
6
8
4
4
Deviation as per
9
S. 25 E.
3
3
E
10
4 W
Log.
10
3
7
11
4
3
12
5
7
Variation 1 9 «* W.
1
S. 10 E.
3
6
S 85 E
13
2 W
2
3
6
3
•
4
4
4
4
4
Current set fcor.
5
S. 1 w.
5
8
S 65 E
40W
Mag.)N. 60'E. 12
6
5
4
miles during the
7
6
6
24 hours.
8
6
2
9
S. 45 W.
6
5
S 65 E
15 W
10
6
5
11-
7
5
12
7
5
1876. Jan. 1st, in Long. 63"" 20' W., obs. Alt. 0_ S., was
33* 20/30'', Index Cor. — 2' 10'^ height of eye 12 feeb.
Required the Lat.
In Lat. 44" 30 /' N., Departure 40 miles. Required diff'.
Jiong.
Lat. A. 43" 80' N. Long. A. 66© 40/ W.
Lat B. 47" 20' N. Long. B. 67° 50 / W.
TIDES.
1873, Jan. 2nd, find the time of high water at Bristol and
St. John, N. B., Long. 66" W.
92
HAND HOOK AND SELF-TEACHER.
AMPLITUDE.
187n, Jiin. 3rd. at 71i. 2()in. A. M., in Lat. 44*^ 30 ^ N., Loiij^^
m» 20 / W., Sun's Ma'4. Amp. E. 29" 30 / S., var. bj Chart 19^
W. Rei|uirft(l Deviation.
CITRONOMETER.
1870, Jan. 4tli, at 31i. 40m. i>. M., Lat. 44* 10^ N., Lonn:. hy
acct. 75^ 12', ()1)S. Alt. _0_ Hi" 20^ 30", Index cor. + 2' '2'\
heii^ht of eye 14 feet, time by Chr. 7h. 20' 20", and found to
be fast 2m. 41s. 4t. on Dec. 4th, and on Dec. lotli fast 2m. 21s.
8t. Kefiuired the Lon;j;.
AZIMUTH.
187f), Jan. oth, 7h. 50m. A. M., mean time, Lat. 48" oiV N.,
Lonj<. 75^ 50' W., Sun's iMa^r. Azimuth S. 57*-' 10' E., obs. Alt.
^ 8" 40' 10/', Index cor. — 1' 50", lieight of eye 16 feet,
var. by chart 16* 20' W. Required Deviation.
EX. MERIDIAN.
1876, Jan. 6th, p. m., Lon^r. 66© U)' W., obs. Alt. 0_ S. 23*
20 30/', Index Cor. ~ 2' 4", heij^dit of eye 14 feet, time by
watch Oh. 30m. 40s., wliicli was fast on app. time 8m. lOs., diff.
Long. "VV. 15''8. Required Lat.
STAR.
1876, Jan. 7th, obs. Alt. of Star (Sirius) S. of ol)server was
38* 10, height of eye 20 feet. Required the Lat.
DEVIATION.
Construct a Napier Curve and correct the
folh»wing ('ourses: —
True course given to find Compass, S.
25* 30 E., and N. 25* 30 E.
Ship's
Bearing of
Head.
Dist. Object.
N.
N. 44 44 W
N. E.
N. 67 57 W
E.
N. 72 15 W
S. E.
N. 61 40 W
S.
N. 54 54 W
s. w.
N. 42 20 W
w.
N. 20 33 W
N.W.
N. 27 50 W
Compass course given to find True, S.
67* 30 W., and N, 67* 30 W.
Suppose you were sailing along shore, and two well known
olvjects were seen bearing N. 2* 20' W., S. 2* 20' W., with the
ship's head at N. 30* E., required correct Magnetic bearings.
PAPER
:\Iultiply 8974.7
By 49.9
bay's work.
SECOND.
03
Divide U.fi
By 13.34
DAY'S WORK.
H.
Courses.
K.
7
lOihs,
6
Winds.
Lee
Way
Devia-
tion.
Keinarks.
1
N. 10 W.
W
4 12 E
Lat. left 44^' 44'
7
6
8., Lono-. left 84^
3
7
4
45 W., beariij^- ot"
4
6
9
land vvlien depar-
N. 25 E.
5
6
N45\V
12
3 15W
ture was taken S.
6
5
6
59^ W., Dis. 14
7
5
5
miles.
8
4
5
9
N. 40 E.
4
3
N20W
14
12 W
Deviation 8^ V..
10
4
3
11
4
6
12
4
5
1
N. 70 E.
3
4
N15E
20
20 W
Variation 9^' K.
2
3
4
3
3
4
4
4
4
5
N. 40 W.
4
3
N18E
18
6E
Current set (an-.
6
4
2
Mag.)N.40^W. 12
7
5
3
miles from the time
8
6
3
the departure was
9
N. 12W.
6
4
N45E
6
4E
taken to the end of
10
6
4
the day.
11
6
4
12
7
5
MERIDIAN ALTITUDE.
1876. Feb. 8th, in Long. 120*^ 40 ' E., oIjs. Alt. 0_ X., was
49«> 10/ 20''', Index Cor. — 2^ 4'^ height of eye 12 feet.
Required the Lat.
PARALLEL.
In Lat. 69*^ 40 / S., Departure 427 miles. Required diff.
Long.
MERCATOR.
Lat. A. 40° 40' S. Long. A. 173^ 30 / E.
Lat. B. 20«' 30 ' N. Long. B. 140" 40 ' W.
12
94
HAND BOOK AND SELF-TEACHER.
TIDES.
1873, Feb. 7th, find the time of high water at Penzance and
Hi-ide (Japan), Long. ISS** E.
AMPLITUDE.
1876, Feb, 9th, at^h. 20m., Lat. 43'' 20 ^ N., Long. 66" 40 '
W., Sun's Mag. Amp. E. 22*^ 80/ S., var. bj Chart 17" 30'
W. Required Deviation.
CHRONOMETER.
1876, Feb. 2nd, at 9h. 59m. A. M., Lat. 54<=' 58 ^N., Long, by
acct. 18^ E, obs. Alt. 0_ 14*^ 20 / 10 '^ Index cor. — 15^^
height of eye 15 feet, time by Chr. 9h. 12' 59", and found to
be slow 50^/, on January 10th, and on January 25th fast 2^\s. 4t.
Required the Long.
AZIMUTH.
1876, Feb. 20th, 4h. 20m. P. M., Lat. 37° 59' N., Long. 96*
50' W., Sun's Mag. Azimuth S. 43° 10' W., obs. Alt. ^ 27°
10' 20 /% height of eye 20 feet, var. by chart 12° 40' W. Re-
quired the Deviation.
EX. MERIDIAN.
1876, Feb. 21st, A. M., Long. 106° 10' W., obs. Alt. ©. was
21° 50' 59 //, Index Cor. + V 2'', height of eye 21 feet, time by
watch Oh. 5m. 50s., and fast 29m. 50s., diff. Long, made E.
30'-2. Required Lat.
STAR.
1876, Feb. 30, obs. Alt. of Star (Aldebaran) was 29° 52' 10",
Index cor. h- 4° 10 ' 7", height of eye 15 feet. Required the Lat.
Construct a Napier Curve and correct the
following Courses : —
Correct Magnetic to find Compass, N.
30° 30/ W., S. 50° 30/E.
Compass to find Correct Magnetic S.
70° 26'E.,N. 87° 50/ W.
Sailing along a well known coast with
ship's head at W., bearing of dis. object was
Ship's
Bearing of
Head.
Dist. Object.
N.
S. 40 40 W
N. E.
S. 20 10 W
E.
S. 7 20 W
S. E.
S. 15 30 W
S.
S. 41 30 W
s. w.
S. 66 10 W
w.
S. 72 40 W
N. W.
S. 59 10 W
day's work.
95
PAPER THIRD.
Multiply 333.3 Divide 6660.6
By 223.3
DAY'S WORK.
By 777.77
H.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
II
12
Courses.
N. 30 W.
N. 10 W.
N. 15 E.
N. 20 W.
N. 10 W.
N.
K.' lOlhs. Winds.,^^^
Way
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
4
4
5
5
5
5
9
9
9
10
10
10
11
11
6
4
2
2
3
4
3
8
8
4
4
4
6
8
N85W
N67W
N48W
N35 E
N 15E
N56E
15
10
12
Devia-
tion.
15 E
6E
4 W
10 E
6 E
2 E
Remarks.
Lat. left 48 «> 30'
S., I.ong. left 179«>
10'' E., bearing by
Compass S. 37^30'
W.,Dis. 12 miles.
Dev. as per Log.
Variation 14° E.
Current set (cor.
mag.) S. 30° 30'
E., 27 miles during
the 24 hours.
iMERIDIAN ALTITUDU
1876. March 17th, in Long. 177° W., obs. Alt. o S. was
88° 50 ' 50 / /, Index cor. + 3 ' 50 ' ', height of eye 1 6 fe^t. Re-
quired the Lat.
PARALLEL.
In Lat. 49« 40 ' N., 444 miles. Required the ditf. Long.
MERCATOR.
Lat. A. 2° 10/ N Long. A. 171° 10/ E.
Lat. B. 15° 40 'S.
Long. B. Io0°20/W.
90
HAND BOOK AND SELF-TEACHER.
TIDES.
1 873. March 28tli, Find the time of high water at Wick and
at Grindstone Island (Bay of Funday), Long. 65*^ \V.
AMPLITUDE.
187f). Afarcli 19th, At 6h. 20m., A. M., in Lat. 46'^ 30' N.,
Long. ()7" 30/ \V., Sun's Mag. Amplitude E. 3« 20 / S., and
variation 14® W. Required Deviation.
CHRONOMETER,
1870. March 26th, at 8h. 20m., A. M., Lat 10° S., Long, hv
acct. 84^ 50' \V, obs. Alt. 0_ was 30® 30' 30//, Index cor. —
30//, lieight of eye 20 feet, time by Chr. Ih. 58m. 58s., whicli
was fast 2h. 2s. It. for Greenwich mean noon Jan. 6th, and on
Feb. 5th fast 3h. 50s. 4t. Required the Long.
AZIMUTH. •
1876. March 26th, t , 8h. 10m., A. M., in Lat. 40® 50' S.,
L'.ng. 150" 30/ E., the Sun's bearing by Compass S. 104® 40'
20^'' E., obs. Alt. "^ was 19® 20' 30'^ height of eye 14 feet,
A'ar. 14"^ 30' E. Required Deviation.
EX. MERIDIAN.
1876. March 19th, A. M., Long. 135® 30' E., obs. Alt. S.
43® 40' 20", Index Cor. — 1' 4'', height of eye 19 feet, time
by watqh oh. 40m. 20s., and fast 4h. 10m. 30s., diff. of Long,
made E. 3S' 4t. Required Lat.
STAR.
1876. M.I roll 19th, obs. Alt. of Star (Arcturus) 30® 40' 20"
b(';ivingN., Index Cor. — 3' 2", eye 21 feet. Required Lat.
DEVIATION.
Construct a Napier Curve and correct
the following courses : —
Ship's
Bearing of
Head.
T)is. Oliject.
N.
S. 43 20 E.
N. E.
S. C^i] 30 E.
E.
S. 71 40E.
S.E.
S. 60 30 E.
S.
S. 53 50 E.
s. w.
S. 41 10 E.
\\.
S. 19 ,30 E.
N. W.
S. 2() 30 E.
True course to find Compass N. 33® W.,
— S. 86® 40' \V.
Compass course to find true N. 80® 30"
E.,— N. 40® 30" E.
Suppose you were sailing up the Bay of
Funday and the ship's head at E,, and Par-
tridge Island in one with Fort Howe, bear-
ing N. 20® 30' E. Required Deviation.
day's work.
PAPER FOURTH.
Multiply 4444.4 Divide 55555.5
97
By
333.3
By 5555.5
DAY'S
WORK.
H.
Course.
K.
4
lOths,
Winds.
Lee
Way
20
Devi-
ation.
Remarks.
1
N. 70 \V.
3
N15W
2130E
Lat. left 42 '^ 40'
2
4
4
N., Long, left 61"
3
4
4
5
20' W., bearing by
4
6
Compass S. 70° 30'
5
N. 30 E.
4
6
N35W
10
1020W
W., dis. 12 miles.
6
5
7
7
5
5
8
4
6
.
9
10
11
iV. 40 E.
4
4
4
7
8
6
N16W
10
22 W
Deviation as per
Log.
12
3
8
1
N. 80 E.
2
8
N30E
29
27 W
Var. 30° 30' W.
2
2
8
3
3
4
4
4
6
5
6
7
8
N. 25 E.
5
5
4
6
N30W
18
1230W
Current (correct
Mag.)S. 70'E., 19
5
5
6
6
miles during the 24
hours.
9
N. 20 W.
6
N75W
25
610E
10
6
11
6
5
12
- ■
6
8
MERIDIAN ALTITUDE.
..i^'Jv Q ^T\ ^^t' ''' ^^''l^- ^^" 2^' ^^•' ^^'^ «^«- Alt. O was
33^ 22 fe., Index Cor. h- 4' 3", height of eye 12 feet Re-
quired Lat.
PARALLEL.
In Lat. 43^ 50' N., Dep. made good was 134 miles. Required
dm. Long. ^
MERCATOR.
Lat. A. 20 10 N. Long. A. 160 30 W.
Lat. B. 30 40 S. Long. B. 132 50 E.
98
HAND BOOK AND SELF-TEACIIER-
TIDES.
1873, April 2f)th, find the time of high water at Anticosti
Island, Long. 64d. W., and lianjowangie (China) Long. 14od. E.
AMPLITUDE.
1876, April 10th, at 4h. 20m., A. M., in Lat. 70d. 30m. N.,
Long. 108d. 50ra. W., the Sun's Mag. Amp. E. 4d. 20m. N.,and
var. lOd. 20m. W. Required Deviation.
CHRONOMETER.
1876, April 20th, at 4h. 10m. P. M., in Lat. 2d. 20m. N.,
Long, by acct. I78d. E., obs. Alt. (^ 31d. 59m. 59s., Index Cor.
-T- 2m. 10s., height of eye 16 feet, time by Chr. 3]i. 48m. 8s.,
which was fast 6m. 4s. 2t. on Nov. 10th, and on Jan. 6th fast
3m. 5s. 8t. Required the Long.
AZIMUTH.
1876, April 10th, at 4h. 10m., P. M., in Lat. 52(1. 10m. N.,
Long. 171d. 10m. E., Sun's Mag. Azimuth S. 79d. 50m. W.,
obs. Alt. Q lOd. 20m., height of eye 21 feet, and variation to be
lOd. 20m. E. Required Deviation.
EX. MERIDIAN.
1876, April 30th, A. M., Long. o9d. 59m. W., obs. Alt. Q S.
was 47d. 47m. 20s., Index Cor. + 2m. 48., height of eye 19 feet,
time by watch Oh. 5()m. 59s., whicli was fast Ih. 10m. 153., dilT.
Lonar. made to the E. since tlie watch was rey^ulated 19m. 5s.
Required the Lat.
Construct a Napier Curve, and correct the
followiuij courses :
True to find Compass, N. 30d. 30m. E., S.
48d. 30m. W.
Compass to find True, S, 60d. 30m. W,, S.
lOd. 10m. W.
Suppose you were sailing along a well-
known coast witli the ship's head at N.
33d, E., tlie bearing of dist. object S.
20d. 30m. E., and N. lOd. 40m, W. Re-
quired true bearing.
Ship's
Bearing of
Head.
Dis. Olvject.
N.
S. 2 10 E
N. E.
S. 1 20 W
E.
S. 9 30 \V
S.E.
S. 12 10 W
S.
S. 1 10 W
s.w.
S. 12 20 E
w.
S. 14 00 E
N.W.
S. 6 30 E
day's wouk.
H.
1
2
3
4
5
G
7
8
9
10
11
12
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
PAPER FIFTH.
Multiply 484-897 Divide 8888-74
By 337-579 ]]y 7777.33
DAY'S WORK.
Courses.
N. 80 E.
N. 60 E.
N. 30 E.
N. 1 W.
N. 4E.
N. 62 E.
K.
6
6
6
6
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
8
8
9
10
5
5
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
9
9
2
5
9
9
4
3
4
4
6
4
9
9
4
6
2
2
2
3
Winds.
Lee ; Devi-
Way! ation.
N20 E
North.
E.
E.
N60W
N 3E
12
23
20
25
23 E
20 E
4E
2 30E
3E
19E
Eemarks.
Departure taken
from a point of land
in Lat. 40d. 40m.
N., and in Long.
40d. 40m. W.
Bearinj^^ by com-
pass S. 40d!' 40m.
W.
Dist. 10 miles.
Deviation, lOd.
10m. W.
Variation 15 W.
Current set (cor-
rect magnetic), S.
88d. E.. 30 miles
during the whole
24 hours.
MERIDIAN ALTITUDE.
1876. May 13th, in Long. 51d. 40m. W., obs. Alt. O S. was
8 Id. 10m. 40s., Index error + 4m. 2s., height of eye~~18 feet
Required the Latitude. ^ ^ 10 leet.
PARALLEL.
^'^.^^l^J'r^' ^^^- ^^°^- ^"> Departure was 189 miles. Re-
quired diff. Longitude.
MERCATOR.
Lat. A, 47 47 N. Long. A, 44 44 W.
Lat. B, 57 57 N. Long. B, 64 44 W.
100
HAND BOOK AND SELF-TEAClfBR.
TIDES.
1873, May 22nd. Find the time of high water at IT. D'Vew,
and Batoo Barra (Sumatra), Long. 95d. E.
AMPLITUDE.
1876, May 28tli, at 8h. 10m. A. M., Lat. 56d. o8m. S., Long.
41 d. 30m. E., Sun's hearing by compass E. 2d. 4ym. S., Varia-
tion 28d. W. Required Deviation.
CHRONOMETER.
187G, May 20th, at 3h. 10m. P. M., Lat. 19d. 50m. N., Long.
by acct. 14ld. 59m. E., obs. Alt. "o^ 39d. 10m. 20s., Index cor.
— 2m. 10s., height of eye 21 feet, time by Chron. Gli. 1 2m.
593., which was fast 2ii. 10s. Jan. 2nd, and on Feb. 22nd fast
3m. 20s. 4t. Required the Long, at the time of observation.
AZIMUTH.
1876, May 21st, at 9h. lOna. 20s. A. M., Lat. 53d. o9m. N.,
Long. 12d. 30m. E., Sun's Mag. Azimuth was S. 58d. 20m. E.,
obs. Alt. (T) 53d. 10m. 30s., height of eye 22 feet, variation by
chart 13d. 10m. W. Required the Deviation.
EX. MERIDIAN.
1876, May 20th, P. M., Long. lOOd 30m. W., obs. Alt. (jf)
was 41d. 12m. 10s. S., Index cor. + 2m. 4s., height of eye 17
feet, time by watch 6h. 40m. 20s., which, was fast 6h. 20m. 40s.
for app. time, diff. Long, made E. 35 miles. Required Lat.
STAR.
1876, May 1 8th, obs. Alt. of Star a Hydrse was 28d. 58m. 48s.
S., Index cor. -i- 2m. 30s., height of eye 19 feet. Required the
Latitude.
DEVIATION.
Construct a Napier Curve and correct
the following courses : —
True course to find compass N. 29d. 30m.
E., S. 51d. 10m. W.
Compass course to find true S. 79d. 40m.
K, N. 87d. 50m. W.
Ship^s head at N. 45d. E.
Bearing of dist. object J^. 2d. 10m. W,,
S. 32d. 20m. W.
Ship's
Bearing of
Head.
Dis. Object.
N.
N. 53 20 W
N. E.
N. 39 00 W
E.
N. 23 30 W
S.E.
N. 17 40 W
S.
N. 32 20 W
s.w.
N. 53 10 W
w.
N. 61 40 W
N.W.j
N. 58 20 W
day's work.
101
PAPER SIXTH.
Multiply 4of)7-8 Divide 780n'4
By 5678-9 By 34oir7
DAY'S WORK.
H.
1
2
3
4
,5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Courses.
N. 25 E.
N. 65 30 E.
N. 3 30 E.
N. 43 30E.
N. 78 30 E.
N. 36 E.
K
9
8
7
9
4
4
5
5
5
5
6
6
7
7
7
8
9
9
10
10
10
11
11
12
lOtlis,
7
9
9
4
4
6
4
9
4
8
4
5
7
9
5
5
3
3
6
4
8
Winch
N78E
N7E
N66E
N15W
Lee
Way
9
N28E
S 45E
7 30
9
1030
Devia-
tion.
14 E
1650E
5 E
1630E
1650E
5E
Kemarks.
' — ■^^ — .
Lat. left. 40^ 20 '
N., Long, left 81^
50 W., bearing })y
Compass N. 5 1 ^' W.
Din. 14 milos.
Deviation 9^W.
Variation H^'W.
Current set fcor.
Mag.)N. 57^30 E.
27 miles for the
whole 24 hours.
MERIDIAN ALTITUDE.
1876. June 12th, Long. 59^ 45 ' E., obs. Alt. O N., was
44^ 20^ 30'-; Index Cor. —:3M0'^ height of eye 19 feet.
Required the Lat.
PARALLEL.
In Lat. 44° 20/ N., Long. 178° 20' W., Departure made good
was 230 miles W. Required the Long.
MERCATOR.
Lat. A. 39° 39' N. Long. A. 170° 10/ E.
Lat. B. 14° 14/ S. Long. B. 165° 35 / W.
13
102
HAND BOOK AND SELF-TEACHER.
TIDES.
1873, June 17th, required the A.M. and P. M. tides at Hellevoet-
slius and Wangaruru (New Zealand), Long. 174" E.
AMPLITUDE.
1876, June 3rd, at 4h. 2m., P. M., Lat. 53° 10 ' S., Long. 25^
10' W., Sun's Mag. Amp. was N. 54« 50' W., var. G« 1 ' \V.
Required the Deviation.
CHRONOMETER.
1876, June 20th, at 8h. 45m. A. M., Lat. 15'' 20' N., Long, by
acct. 35«» 50' E, obs. Alt. _o was 38^* 50/ 59 ", Index cor. — 15'',
height of eye 19 feet, time by Chr. 6h. 2" 4", which was slow
6m. 2s. It. on April 15th, and on Maj 20th slow 3m. 5s. 7t.
Required the Long.
AZIMUTH.
1876, June 26th, at 3h.35m. P. M., Lat. 61 «> 50' N., Long. 66'='
10' W., Sun's Mag. Azimuth was N. 17" E.,the obs. Alt. ^ 16"
50' 40/', height of eye 21 feet, var. by chart 57" 30' W. Re-
quired the Deviation.
EX. MERIDIAN.
1876, June 6th, P. M., Long. 144" 44' E., obs. Alt. O^ S. was
50" 9' 20 / ', Index Cor. - 1' 20 ", height of eye 19 feet, time by
watch llh. 47m. 30s., and found to be slow 40m. 50s., diff.
Long, made W. 18''4. Required Lat.
STAR.
1876, June 20, obs. Alt. of Star a Eridana fAchernar) was 47"
10' 14 ' ', Index cor. — 4m. 7s., height of eye 1 9 feet. Required
the Lat.
DEVIATION.
Construct a Napier Curve and correct the
following Courses : —
True course to find Compass, N. 49°
E., S. 78" W.
Compass course to find true S. 30" 40 ' '
W., N. 10" 30/ E.
Sailing along shore you took the bearing
of two distant objects with the ship's head
at E. S. E., find correct Magnetic bearing
N. 30" 30'E., S. 50" 50' W.
Ship's
Bearing of
Head.
Diet. Object.
N.
N. 2 10 E
N. E.
N. 13 5W
E.
N. 15 W
S. E.
N. 8 low
S.
N. 3 low
s. w.
N. 2 5 E
w.
N. 10 10 E
N.W.
N. 13 E
day's work.
PAPER SEVENTH.
Multiply 87.4444 Divide 888.777
103
By 899.9999
DAY'S WORK.
By 77.666
H. Courses.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1
2
Z
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
K.
N. 67 W.
N. 68 W.
N. 70 W.
S. 80 W.
S. 75 W.
N. 89 W.
5
5
5
5
5
4
5
4
4
8
4
6
4
4
4
4
3
6
3
2
3
3
4
3
8
4
4
4
4
4
6
5
5
6
6
2
6
2
6
4
6
6
Winds.
N 8 W
N 6 W
N15W
S20W
S16W
S40W
Lee
Way
Devia-
tion.
20
17
19
10
15
18 E
19 E
20 E
15 E
Remarks.
Lat. left 51^ 2.5'
N, Long, left 9"
29 W., bearing by
Compass N. 22^,30'
E., Dis. 10 miles.
Dev. as per Log.
Variation 25" W.
10 E
20 E
Current set (cor.
mag.) S. 24" W.,
15 miles during tlie
24 hours.
MERIDIAN ALTITUDE.
PARALLEL.
In Lat. 62S departure made 84 ^-S. Required diff. Lon^
^S-
Lat. A. 61^^ 13/ S.
Lat. B. 43" 21' N.
MEi .TOR.
Long. A. 66" 34/ W.
Long. B. 19" 5 W E.
104 HAND nOOK AND SELF-TEACHEn.
TIDES.
1S7.3. July 29th, find A. M. and P. M, tides at Quilleboeuf ar.d
]l.)Uian}j;!i (New Zealand), Lon^;. 175^ E.
AMTLITLDE.
IHTf), July 3l9t, at Hh. 20m., A. M., in Lat. 39° 10' N.,
Lunjr. \;y2" 30/ K., Suu'h Ma^r. Amplituck' was E. 14^ 30' S.,
variation 3H^ 10^ W. Kequired Deviation.
CHRONOMETER,
1870. July 24th, about 9h. .5()m., A. M., Lat 24" .50' 8., Loncf,
])V acct. 1()5" W., obs. Alt. _0 was 2H^ 59' .59//, Index cor. —
4 ' ol ''/, height of eye 14 feet, time by Chr. 8h. 1 7m. 59s., which
was fast 3m. 28. 4t. on May 29th, and slow Im. 25s. 8t. on June
:U)tli. Ke([uiied the I^ong.
AZIMUTH.
187fi, July 3l8t, at 7h. 50m., A. M., in Lat. 22° 50' S.,
Lnn},^ 49° 50/ E., the Maj<netic Azimutli was E. 42° 20/
N., ubs. Alt. "o was 46° 59' 40'', Index cor. + 3m. 523.,
liei-htof eye 19 feet, and the var. by chart 7° 30' W. Re-
(piircd tlie Deviation.
EX. MERIDIAN.
187(5, July 29th, P. M., Long. 30° 10' \V., o))S. Alt. Q S.
was 41° 20' 30", Index cor. — 3' 20", height of eye 15 "feet,
time })y watch llh. 50m. 20s., which was slow 38m. 50s., diff.
Lung, made to the E. was 33 miles. liecpiired the Lat.
STAR.
1876, July 10th, obs. Alt. of Star (AlderbarariJ bearing S.
was 48° 20' 30", Index cor. + 2' 10", height of eye 22 feet.
Keiiuin^d the Lat.
DEVIATION.
Construct a Napier Curve and correct
the following courses : —
Sliips
Bearing of
Head.
Dis. Object.
N.
N. 13 E.
N. E.
N. 5 E.
E.
N. f) W.
S. E.
N. 5 E.
S.
N. 13 E.
s. w.
N. 20 E.
w.
N. 21 E.
True course to find Compass N. 76° 30'
E.,— S. 76° ,30' W.
Compass course to find true S. 22^ 30"
E.,— N. 22° 30" \V.
Sailing along a well known coast two
distant objects bore by Compass N. 25° 30"
x-- ^,r XT -. o •c' 1 ^•' S- ^^^ 50" W., sliip-s head at S. 30"^
^ •^^- N. 18 E. I y^r ^ ^^^ (.^j.^ ^j^^^ bearings.
day's work.
PAPER EIGHTH.
Multiply 7777.3 Divide 06777.3.^
^^^•44 By 55GGG.22
DAY'S WORK.
10.5
By
H.
Course.
K
3
lOllis,
4
Winds
Lee
Wav
9
Devi-
' ation.
Remaiks.
1
S. 33 E.
N 67 E
14 E
Lat. left 14^ 30'
2
3
4
N., Long, left 177-'
4
5
f)
S. 58 W.
3
3
3
3
5
5
4
3
S 20 E
41
18 W
20^ E., beaiiujr l,y
Compass N. 07 ",30'
W., dis. 13 miles.
7
2
8
2
9
10
S. 29 E.
2
2
4
4
N70E
39
12 E
Deviation U'' E.
11
3
12
3
4
:^
N. fi8 \V.
4
E
25
17 W
Var. 9° W.
2
4
3
5
4
4
5
9
5
6
7
8
N. 35 W.
6
N 25E
13
18 W
Current set (cor.
6
Mag.) S. 33^ 45' E.,
7
4
31 miles during 24
7
4
hours.
y
S. 24 W.
M
/
S36 E
4
10 W
10
7
11
7
3
12
7
3
JIERIDIAN ALTITUDE.
PARALLEL.
diff'^Lon^r^^" ^^'' ^^P-^^"^^ go^^^ ^^as 135 miles. Required
MERCATOR.
Lat. A. 34 50 N. Long. A. 158 30 F
Lat. B. 42 20 N. Long. B. 59 59 w!
1(W
HAND BOOK AND SELF-TEACHER.
TIDES.
1873, August 19£h, required the A. M. and P. M. tides at Car-
digan and Tracadie, Long. 64d. W.
AMPLITUDE.
1876, August 25th, at 6h. 30m,, A. M., in Lat. 47d. 30m. N.,
Long. 12d. 15m. W., Sun's Mag. Amp. was E. 5d. 30m. S.,and
var. 29d. W, Required Deviation.
CHRONOMETER,
1876, August 15th, at 7h. 20m. A. M., in Lat. 39d. 59m. S.,
Long, by acct. 12d. 59m. W., obs. Alt. of Q was lOd. 38m. 50s.,
height of eye 19 feet, Index Cor. — 3m. iOs., time by Chr. 8h.
59m. 10s., which was fast Oh. 2m. 30s. 4t. May llth, and fast
Im. 29s. on June 29th. Required the Long.
AZIMUTH.
1876, August 19th, at 8h. 50m., A. M., iu Lat. 19d. 50m. S.,
Long. 47d. 30m. E., Sun's bearing by Compass E. 37d. 50m. N.,
obs. Alt. Q was 46d. 59m. 59s., Index Cor. + 2m. 3s., height
of eye 1 7 feet, and variation 17d. 20m. W. Required Deviation.
EX, MERIDIAN.
1876, August 2nd, P. M., Long. 42d. 20m. W., obs. Alt. O S.
was 4 Id. 20m. 30s., Index Cor. + 2m. 10s., height of eye 13 feet,
time by wr.Uh llh. 30m. 20s., which was slow Ih. 10m. 10s. on
apparent t "* . and the diff. of Long, made to the W. 27 mik«.
Required the Lat,
STAR,
1876, August 31st, obs. Alt. of Star Orionis (Rigel) was 43d.
47m. 20s. bearing N., Index Cor. + 3m. 2s,, height of eye 14
feet. Required the Lat.
DEVIATION.
Construct a Napier Curve, and correct the
following courses :
True to find Compass, N, 19d. 40m. \V., S.
77d. 20m. E.
Compass to find True, S. 19d. 40m. E,, N.
69d. 30m. W.
Ship's head S. 35d. E., bearing of distant
objects N. lOd. 15m. E., S. 37d. 20m. W.
Sliip's
Bearing of
Head.
Dis. Object.
N.
N. 83 20 W
N. E.
N. 71 50 W
E.
N. 53 10 W
S.E.
N. 48 15 W
S.
N. 63 40 W
s.w.
N. 83 10 W
w.
N. 81 40 W
N.W.
N. 83 50 W
day's work.
PAPER NINTH.
Multiply 494-22 Di,i,j^ 4^7^ 43
107
By 375-89'
H.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Courses.
N.
N. 11 E.
N. 56 E.
N. 67 E.
N. 78 E.
N. 22 W.
DAY'S WORK.
By 320-44
K.
lOtfis.
7
7
7
7
7
6
6
6
6
6
5
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
8
8
8
9
2
3
5
^
7
8
9
8
4
6
6
4
8
8
8
Wind?
Lee
Way
N67W
N56W
NllW
N.
N 12E
N40E
11
14
Devi-
ation.
3 30E
Remarks.
9
17
15
4 20E
10 E
18 E
Lat. left 50" 50'
N., Long left 140<^
30' W., bearing by
Compass S. 45" W.
Dist. 18 miles.
Deviation as per
Log.
Var. 25" 19' W.
19 E
4 W
Current set (cor-
rect magnetic), N.
45d. E., 20 miles
during the whole
24 hours.
MERIDIAN ALTITUDE.
dpJ^ln ^tn 23rcl, in Long. 160d. 40m. E., obs. Alt. "q S. was
42d. 20m. 30s., correct - 2m. 10s., height of eye 20 feet.
PARALLEL.
q J^d^'dlfff Loo^Judr- '*'''"'"" """^ ^''^ ™^ • ^»-«- «-
MERCATOR.
Lat' b' fn •i'! ^- Long. A, 139 30 E.
Lat. B, 10 ^0 b. Long. B, 179 20 \V.
108
HAND BOOK AND SELF-TE.VCHER.
TIDES.
1873, Sept. 14th, Find the time of high water at Wells Bar
and Tutiikaka, Long. 134d. E.
AMPLITUDE.
1876, Sept. 9th, at 5h. oOra.^A. M., Lat. 25d. 10m. N., Long.
57d. 3()m. W., Sim's Magnetic Amplitude E., var. by Chart
.5d. 50m. W. Recjuired the Deviation.
CHRONOMETER.
1876, vSept. 2nd, at 2h. 10m. P. M., Lat. lOd. 12m. N., Long,
by acct. 130d. E., obs. Alt. 0_ was 61 d. 59m. 40s., Index cor.
— Im. 20s., height of eye 19 feet, time by Chron. 5h. 10m.
4s., and found to be fast Ini. 4s. 2t. on Aug. 10th, and on Aug.
20th fast Om. 403. 3t. Required the Long.
AZIMUTH.
1876, Sept. 2nd, at 3h. 48m. 10s. P. M., mean time Lat. lid.
30m. S., Long. 140d. 20m. E., Mag. Azimuth N. 80d. 30m. W.,
obs. Alt. 34d. 10m. 00s., height of eye 19 feet, variation by
chart 4d. 40m. W. Required Deviation for ship's head.
EX. MERIDIAN.
1876, Sept. 10th, P. M., Long. I77d 59m. 50s. E., obs. Alt. ©
was 63d. 10m. 40s. S., height of eye 16 feet, time by watch llh.
o8m. 20s., which was slow 10m. 4s., diff. Long, made E. 12m.
28. Required the Lat.
STAR.
1876, Sept. 20th, obs. Alt. of Star (Regulus) 61d. 20m. 30s.,
Index cor. — 2m. 10s., height of eye 22 feet. Required the
' Latitude.
DEVIATION.
Construct a Napier Curve and correct
the following courees : —
True course given to find compass N. 60d.
W., S. 40d. E.
Compass course given to find true S. 27d.
W., K. 80d. E.
Suppose you were sailing along a well
known coast, and two objects were seen in
one, with the ship's head at N. 50d. W.
Required the Deviation for the ship's head,
N. 20d. 30m. E., N. 67d. 40m. W.
Ships
Bearing of
Head.
Dis. Object.
N.
N. 3 30 E
N. E.
N. 15 20 W
E.
N. 17 low
S.E.
N. 10 30 W
S.
N. 5 30 W
s. w.
N. 4 10 E
w.
N. 12 20 E
N.W.
N. 15 30 E
NAUTICAL ALMANAC.
JANUARY, 1876.
109
a
o
AT AITARKNT NOON
THE SUN'S
Eciiiation of
TiiiK! to
be added to
Apjiareiit
Time.
Var. in
1 lioiir.
AT MEAN NOON
THE SUN'S
o
Apparpiit
Ducliiuition.
Var. In
1 hour.
Apparent
Decimation.
Senii-
diametcr.*
1
O f II
S. 23 2 36-4
n
12-05
in s
3 38-54
1-190
O ' II
S. 23 2 37-1
16 18-2
2
22 57 33-5
13-20
4 6-92|
1-175
22 57 34-4
16 18-2
3
22 52 3-1
14-34
4 34-94'
1-159
22 52 4-2
16 18-2
4
22 46 5-4
15-47
.- 2-56
1-142
22 46 6-7
16 18-2
5
22 39 40-6
16-59
5 29-76
M24
22 39 42-1
16 18-2
6
22 32 48-9
17-71
5 56-49
1-104
22 32 50-6
16 18-2
7
22 25 30-5
18-82
6 22-75
1-084
22 25 32-5
16 18-2
8
22 17 45-7
19-91
6 48-50
1-062
22 17 48-0
16 18-1
9
22 9 34-7
21-00
7 13-72
1-039
22 9 37-2
16 18-1
10
22 57-7
22-08
7 38-39
1-016
22 1 0-5
16 18-1
11
21 51 55-0
23-14
8 2-49
0-992
21 51 58-1
16 18-0
12
21 42 26-9
24-19
8 26-00
0-967
21 42 30-3
16 18-0
13
21 32 33-6
25-24
8 48-91
0-941
21 32 37-3
16 17-9
14
21 22 15-2
26-28
9 11-19
0-915
21 22 19-2
16 17-8
15
21 11 32-2
27-30
9 32-83
0-888
21 11 36-5
16 17-8
16
21 24-8
28-31
9 53-81
0-860
21 29-4
16 17-7
17
20 48 53-2
29-31
10 14-12
0-832
20 48 58-2
16 17-6
18
20 36 57-8
30-30
10 33-79
0-803
20 37 3-2
16 17-5
19
20 24 38-9
31-27
10 52-69
0-774
20 24 44-6
16 17-4
20
20 11 56-9
32-23
11 10-89
0-744
20 12 2-9
16 17-3
21
19 58 52-1
33-17
11 28-37
0-713
19 b^ 58-5
16 17-2
22
19 45 24-8 34-10
11 45-10
0-681
19 45 31-5
16 17-1
23
19 31 35-5 35-01
12 1-08
0.649
19 31 42-5
16 17-0
24
19 17 24-5 35-90
12 16-28
0-617
19 17 31-8
16 16-9
25
19 2 52-1 36-79
12 30-69
0-584
19 2 59-7
16 16-8
26
18 47 58-7 37-65
12 44-30
0-550
18 48 6-7
16 16-7
27
18 32 44-9 38-50
12 57-10
0-516
18 32 53-2
16 16-6
28
18 17 10-9 39-33
13 9-08
0-482
18 17 19-5
16 16-4
29
IS 1 17-2 40 14
13 20-24
0-447
18 1 26-1
16 16-3
30
17 45 4-1 40-94
13 30-56
0-413
17 45 13-3
16 16-2
31
17 28 32-1 41-72
13 40-05
0-378
17 28 41-6
11) 16-0
32
S. 17 11 41-6 42-48
13 48-()9
0-343
8.17 11 51-4
16 15-9
"•■ The Soinidiiuut'ter f(
)r Apiiar
iiii Nooir nia.v
' bo a.ssiunc
d tlicsunic as that for
Mmn Noon.
14
110
HAND BOOK AND SELF-TEACHER.
FEBRUARY, 1876.
1
AT APPARENT NOON
THE SUN'S
Equation of
Time to be
added to
Apparent
'I'iiiii'
AT MEAN NOON THE SUN'S
<1)
O
Apparent
Deliuation.
Vur. in
1 hour.
1. line.
Var. in
1 liour.
Ap )arent
Dec iuation.
Scmi-
diameter.*=
1
o f rr
S 17 1141-6
It
42-48
m «
13 48-69
0-343
S 17 ll' 51-4
I /■
16 15-9
2
16 54 33-1
43-22
13 56-50
0-308
16 54 43-1
16 15-7
3
16 37 6-9
43-95
14 3-47
0-273
16 37 17-2
16 15-6
4
16 19 23-5
44-66
14 9-60
0-238
16 19 34-0
16 15-4
5
16 1 23-3
45-35
14 14-89
0-203
16 1 34-0
16 15-3
6
15 43 6-7
46-02
14 19-35
0-169
15 43 17-7
16 15-1
7
15 24 34-2
46-68
14 22-99
0-135
15 24 45-4
16 15-0
8
15 5 46-1
47-32
14 25-81
0-101
15 5 57-5
16 14-8
9
14 46 42-8
47-94
14 27-83
0-068
14 46 54-4
16 14-6
10
14 27 24-8
48-55
14 29-06
0-035
14 27 36-5
16 14^4
11
14 7 52-4
49-14
14 29-51
0-003
14 8 4-3
16 14-2
12
13 48 5-9
49-72
14 29-19
0-029
13 48 17-9
16 14-0
13
13 28 5-8
50-28
14 28-12
0-060
13 28 17-9
16 13-8
14
13 7 52-4
50-82
14 26-31
0-091
13 8 4-7
16 13-6
15
12 47 26-2
51-35
14 23-77
0-120
12 47 38-5
16 13-4
16
12 26 47-5
51-86
14 20-53
0-150
12 26 59-9
16 13-2
17
12 5 56-8
52-36
14 16-58
0-179
12 6 9-2
16 1.3-0
18
11 44 54-4
52-83
14 11-95
0-207
11 45 6-9
16 12-8
19
11 23 40-8
53-29
14 6-64
0-235
11 23 53-4
16 12-G
20
11 2 16-5
53-73
14 0-67
0-262
11 2 29-0
16 12-4
21
10 40 41-7
54-15
13 54-05
0-289
10 40 54-3
16 12-1
22
10 18 57.1
54-56
13 46-78
0-316
10 19 9-6
16 11-9
23
9 57 2-9
54-95
13 38-88
0-342
9 57 15-4
16 11-7
24
9 34 59-6
55-32
13 30-37
0-367
9 35 12-0
16 11-5
25
9 12 47-6
55-67
13 21-26
0-392
9 13 0-0
16 11-2
26
8 50 27-4
56-00
13 11-57
0-416
8 50 39-7
16 11-0
27
8 27 59-4
56-32
13 1-29
0-440
8 28 11-6
16 10-7
28
8 5 24-0
56-62
12 50-45
0-463
8 5 36-1
16 10-5
29
7 42 41 -6
56-90
12 39-07
0-485
7 42 53-6
16 10-3
30
S 7 19 52-6
57-17
12 27-16
0-507
S 7 20 4-5
16 lO-O
* The Semidianieter ior Apparent Noon may be assumeil the same as that for Mmn Noon.
NAUTICAL ALMANAC.
MARCH, 1876.
Ill
o
^.
m
.a
o
AT APPARENT NOON
THE SUN'S
Apparent
Declination.
IS.
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
S.
N.
N.
7 19
6 56
6 33
6 10
5 47
24
1
37
14
50
27
3
39
16
52
28
5
41
17
5
29
53
1 16
1 40
2 4
2 27
2 51
3 14
3 37
4 1
4 24
4 47
D
5
4
4
3
3
3
2
2
1
1
1
52-6
57-6
56-8
50-7
39-6
24-1
4-4
40-9
13-9
43-8
10-9
35-6
58-1
19-0
38-4
56-8
14-5
31-9
49-3
52-9
34-3
14-5
53-2
29-9
4-4
36-2
4-9
30-2
51-7
9-0
21-7
29-5
Var. in
1 hour.
Equation of
Time to
be added to
Apparent
Time.
57-17
57-41
57.64
57-86
58-05
58-23
58-40
58-55
58-69
58-81
58-92
59-02
59-10
59-16
59-21
59-25
59-27
59-28
59-27
59-24
59-20
59-14
59-07
r>8-98
58-88
58-76
'58-62
|58-47
'58-31
5813
57-93
57-71
m
12
12
12
11
11
11
11
10
10
10
10
9
9
9
8
8
8
8
7
7
^
6
6
6
5
5
5
5
4
4
4
3
27-16
14-74
1-82
48-42
34-57
20-28
5-57
50-46
34-98
19-15
3-00
46-56
29-84
12-87
55-67
38-27
20-69
2-94
45-05
27-03
8-91
50-70
32-41
14-08
55-71
37-33
18-95
0-58
42-25
23-97
5-76
47-63
Var. in
1 liour.
0-507
0-528
0-548
0-568
0-586
0-604
0-621
0-637
0-652
0-666
0-679
0-691
0-702
0-712
0-721
0-729
0-736
0-742
0-748
0-753
0-757
0-760
0.763
0-765
0-766
0-766
0-766
0-765
0-763
0-760
0-757
0-753
AT MEAN NOON
THE SUN'S
Apparent
Declination.
s.
s.
N.
7 20
6 57
6 34
6 11
47
24
1
37
14
50
27
3
40
16
52
29
5
41
17
5
29
53
1 16
5
5
5
4
4
3
3
3
2
2
1
1
1
N.
1
2
2
2
3
3
4
4
4
40
3
27
50
14
37
1
24
47
4-5
9-3
8-3
2-1
50-8
35-1
15-2
51-4
24-2
53-9
20-8
45-2
7-5
28-1
47-3
5-4
22-7
39-8
56-9
45-5
27-2
7-7
46-7
23-8
58-6
30-7
59-7
25-3
47-1
4-7
17-7
25-8
Semi-
diameter.*
16 10-0
16 9-8
16
9-6
16
9-3
16
9-1
16
8-8
16
8-6
16
8-3
16
8-0
16
7-8
16
7-5
16
7-2
16
7-0
16
6-7
16
6-4
16
6-2
16
5-9
16
5-6
16
5-3
16
5-0
16
4-8
16
4-5
16
4-2
16
3-9
16
3-6
16
3-4
16
3-1
16
2-8
16
2-6
16
2-3
16
2-0
16
1-7
* The Scmidianieter for Apparent Noon may be assumed the same as that for Mean Noon.
112
HAND JJOOK AND SELF-TEACH llll.
APRIL, 1876.
^
AT APPARENT NOON
THE SUN'S
Ki| nation of
AT MEAN NOON THE SUN'S
1
Time lo ))('
iulilnd to
0/
5
siilil. from
Ajijiarfiit
^
^
Apparent
De iuation.
Viir. ill
1 hour.
Tiuio.
Var. in
1 Iiour.
Ap larcnt
Dec ination.
Scmi-
dianiL'tur.*
1
O / "
N 4 47 29-5
57-71
la s
3 47.63
0.753
O ' //
N 4 47 25-8
/ //
16 1-7
2
5 10 32-0
57-49
3 29-60
0-749
5 10 28-6
16 1-5
3
5 33 28-9
57-25
3 11-69
0-743
5 33 25-8
16 1-2
4
5 56 19-8
56-99
2 53-92
0-737
5 5(] 17-0
16 0-9
5
6 19 4-4
56-72
2 36-30
0-730
6 19 1-9
16 0-6
6
6 41 42-4
56-44
2 18-87
0-722
6 41 40-2
16 0-4
7
7 4 13-5
56-15
2 1-64
0-713
7 4 11-6
16 0-1
8
7 26 37-4
55-84
1 44-63
0-703
7 26 35-8
15 59-8
9
7 48 53-8
55-52
1 27-88
0-692
7 48 52-5
15 59-6
10
8 11 2-4
55-19
1 11-39
0-681
8 11 1-3
15 59^3
11
8 33 2-8
54-84
55-19
0-669
8 33 2-0
15 59-0
12
8 54 54-8
54-48
39-30
0-655
8 54 54-2
15 58-7
13
9 16 38-0
54-11
23-74
0-()41
9 16 37-7
15 58-5
14
9 38 12-1
9 59 36-8
53-73
53-33
8-52
0-627
0-611
9 38 12-0
9 59 36-9
15 58-2
15
6-34
15 57-9
16
10 20 51-8
52-91
20-82
0-595
10 20 52-1
15 57-6
17
10 41 56-6
52-48
34-91
0-579
10 41 57-1
15 57-4
18
11 2 51-0
52-04
48-60
0-561
11 2 51-7
15 57-1
19
11 23 34-6
51-59
1 1-86
0-543
11 23 35-5
15 56-8
20
11 44 7-1
r:i-12
1 14-69
0-525
11 44 8-1
15 56-6
21
12 4 28-1
50-63
1 27-OS
0-507
12 4 29-3
15 56-3
22
12 24 37.3
50-13
1 39-01
0-487
12 24 38-7
15 56-1
23
12 44 34-3
49-61
1 50-47
0-468
12 44 35-8
15 55-8
24
13 4 18-8
49-08
2 1-46
0-448
13 4 20-5
15 5 5- 6
25
13 23 50-4
48-54
2 11-97
0-428
13 23 52-2
15 55-3
26
13 43 8-8
47-98
2 21-98
0-407
13 43 10-7
15 55-0
27
14 2 13-6
47-41
2 31-50
0-386
14 2 15-6
15 54-8
28
14 21 4-5
46-82
2 40-53
0-366
14 21 iy6
15 54-6
29
14 39 41-2
46-22
2 49-06
0-345
14 39 43-3
15 54-3
30
14 58 3-2
45-61
2 57-08
0-323
14 58 5-4
15 54-1
31
N15 16 10-3
44-98
3 4-5 8
0-302
N 15 16 12-6
15 53-9
'* The Semidiauieter {or Apparent Noon may be assumed tlie same as that for Me/in Noun,
NAUTICAL ALMANAC.
MAY, 1876.
113
"5
c
AT APPARKXT NOON
THE SiLN'S
Kipiation of
Tinii> to
1)0 sul)t. to
Ajiparont
Tiiu(>.
Var. in
1 hour.
AT MEAN NOON
THE SUN'8
1
o
>,
Apparrnt
Duclinalioii.
Var. in
1 hour.
Apparent
Deelination.
Semi-
diameter.*
1
o / "
N.lo 16 10-3
44-98
ni s '
3 4-58
o'-302
O f 'f
N.15 16 12-6
15 53-9
2
15 34 2-2
44-34
3 11-57
0-280
15 34 4-6
15 53-7
3
15 51 3S-6
43.69
3 18-03
0-258
15 51 41-0
15 53-4
4
16 8 59-2
43-02
3 23-95
0-235
16 9 1-6
15 53-2
5
16 26 3-7
42-34
3 29-33
0-212
16 26 6-1
15 53-0
6
16 42 51-7
41-66
3 34-15
0-189
16 42 54-2
15 52-8
7
16 59 23-2
40-9()
3 38-41
0-166
16 59 25-6
15 52-5
8
17 15 37-7
40-25
3 42-11
0-142
17 15 40-1
15 52-3
9
17 31 35-0
39-52
3 45-23
0-118
17 31 37-0
15 52-1
10
17 47 14-8
38-79
3 47-7(;
0-094
17 4.7 17-3
15 51-9
11
18 2 3(5-9
38-05
3 49-72
0-069
18 2 39-3
15 51-7
12
18 17 41-0
37-29
3 51-09
0-045
18 17 43-4
15 51-5
13
18 32 26-7
36-52
3 51-88
021
18 32 29-0
15 51-3
14
18 46 53-8
35-73
3 52-08
004
18 46 56-1
15 51-1
1.)
19 1 1-9
34-94
3 51-69
0-028
19 1 4-2
15 50-9
16
19 14 51-0
34-14
3 50-72
0-052
19 14 53-2
15 50-7
17
19 28 20-6
33-32
3 49-17
0-07()
19 28 22-7
15 50-5
IS
19 41 30-4
32-49
3 47-05
0-100
19 41 32-5
1 5 50-3
19
1 9 54 20-3
31-65
3 44-3(i
0-124
1 9 54 22-3
15 50-1
20
20 6 49-8
30-80
3 41-10
0-1 4S
20 6 51-7
15 49-9
21
20 18 58-8
29-94
3 37-28
0-171
•20 19 0-6
15 49-7
22
20 30 47-0
29-07
3 32-91
0-193
20 30 48-7
15 49-5
23
20 42 14-1
28-19
3 28-01
0.215
20 42 15-8
15 49-4
24
20 53 19-9
27-29
3 22-60
0-236
20 53 21-5
15 49-2
25
21 4 4-1
26-39
3 16-68
0-256
21 4 5-6
15 49-0
26
21 14 26-5
25-48
3 10-29
0-276
21 14 27-9
1 5 48-9
27
21 24 26-9
24-55
3 3-43
: 0-295
21 24 28-2
15 48-7
28
21 34 5
23-62
2 56-12
' 0-314
21 34 6-2
15 48-6
29
21 43 20-6
22-68
2 48-38
1 0-331
21 43 21-7
15 48-5
30
21 52 13-6
21 73
2 40-23
i 0.348
21 52 14-5
15 48-3
31
22 43-7
20-77
2 31-67
0-365
22 44-6
15 48-2
32
N.22 8 50-8
19-81
2 22-73
0-380
N.22 8 51-6
15 48-1
* The Sfiuidiuiuetur ft
14a
ir ApiHir
•'ut Noon nia>
be asiiuiue
1 the same an thattiur
Miun Noou.
114
HAND BOOK AND SELF-TEACHER.
JUNE, 1876.
I
&
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
AT APPARENT NOON
TUE SUN'S
Apparent
Declination.
N.22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
N.23
8 50-8
16 34-7
23 54-3
30 52-5
37 26-1
43 35-9
49 21-9
54 44-0
59 42-0
4 15-7
8 25-2
12 10-3
15 30-9
18 27-0
20 58-4
23 5-1
24 47-0
26 4-1
26 56-4
27 23-9
27 26-5
27 4.2
26 17-1
25 5-2
23 28-6
21 27-2
19 1-2
16 10-7
12 55'7
9 16-2
5 12-5
Viir. in
1 liuur.
19-81
18-84
17-87
16-89
15-90
14-91
13-92
12-92
11-91
10-90
9-89
8-87
7-85
6-82
5-79
4-76
3-73
•2-70
1-66
0-63
0-41
1-44
2-48
3-51
4-54
5-57
6-59
7-61
8-64
9-65
10-66
Equation of
Time to be
subt. from
to
Apparent
Time.
ni 8
2 22-73
2 13-41
2 3-73
1 53-71
1 43-35
1 32-681
1 21-71
1 10-45
58-93
47-17
35-17
22-96
10-57
1-99
14-69
27-52
40-46
53-48
1 6-55
1 19-65
1 32-75
1 45-82
58-82
11-72
24-50
37-13
49-59
1-84
13-87
3 25-67
3 37-20
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
Var. in
1 liour.
0-380
0-396
0-411
0-425
0-438
0-451
0-463
0-475
0-485
0-495
0-504
0-512
0-520
0-526
0-532
0-537
0-541
0-543
0-545
0-546
0-545
0-543
0-540
0-535
0-529
0-523
0-515
0-506
0-496
0-486
0-475
AT MEAN NOON THE SUN'S
Apparent
Declination.
N.22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
N.23
8 51-6
16 35-4
23 56-0
30 53-1
37 26-6
43 36-3
49 22-2
54 44-2
59 42-1
4 15-9
8 25-3
12 10-4
15 31-0
18 27-0
20 58-4
23 5-1
24 47-0
26 4-1
26 56-4
27 23-9
27 26-5
27 4-3
26 17-2
25 5-4
23 28-8
21 27-5
19 1-5
16 11-0
12 56-1
9 16-8
5 13-2
Sfini-
dianieter.*
15
48-
15
47-
15
47-
15
47-
15
47-
15
47-
15
47-
15
47-
15
47-
15
47^
15
46-
15
46-
15
46-
15
46-
15
46-
15
46-
15
46-'
15
46-
15
46-
15
46-'
15
46-
15
46-
15
46-
15
46-
15
46-
15
46-1
15
46-(
15
46-(
15
46-(
15
46-(
15
46-(
' The Semidiumeter ior Apparent Noou may be assumed the iiaiue a.s that for AJean Noon.
NAUTICAL ALMANAC
•
115
JULY, 1876.
a'
1
AT APPARENT NOON
THE SUN'S
Efiuation of
Time to
he added to
Aiipiiient
Time.
Var. in
1 hour.
AT MEAN NOON
THE SUN'S
o
Apparont
Decl nation.
Var. in
1 lioiir.
Apparent
Decl nutlou.
Semi-
diameter.*
1
N.23 5 12-5
10-66
1
m 8
3 37-20
0-475
f tt
N.23 5 13-2
15 46-0
2
23 44-7
11-66
3 48-46
0-463
23 45-4
15 46-0
3
22 55 52-8
12.66
3 59-42
0-450
22 55 53-6
15 46-0
4
22 50 37-0
13-65
4 10-06
0-436
22 50 38-0
15 46-0
5
22 44 57-4
14-64
4 20-37 0-422
22 44 58-5
15 46-0
6
22 38 54-2
15-62
4 30-34 0-407
22 38 55-3
15 46-0
7
22 32 27-5
16-60
4 39-93 0-392
22 32 28-7
15 46-0
8
22 25 37-4
17-57
4 49-14 0-376
22 25 38-8
15 46-0
9
22 18 24-1
18-54
4 57-96
0-359
22 18 25-6
15 46-1
10
22 10 47-7
19-49
5 6-37
0-342
22 10 49-4
15 46-1
11
22 2 48-5
20-44
5 14-36
0-324
22 2 50-3
15 46-1
12
21 54 26-5
21-39
5 21-91
0-305
21 54 28-4
15 46-2
13
21 45 41-9
22-32
5 29-01
0-286
21 45 44-0
15 46-2
14
21 36 35-0
23-25
5 35-65
0-267
21 36 37-2
15 46-3
15
21 27 5-9
24-17
5 41-82 0-247 \
21 27 8-2
15 46-3
16
21 17 14-8
25-OS
5 47-51
0-227
21 17 17-2
15 46-4
17
21 7 1-9
25-99
5 52-71
0-206
21 7 4-5
15 46-4
18
20 56 27-5
26-88
5 57-39
0-184
20 56 30-2
15 46-5
19
20 45 31-8
27-76
6 1-55
0-162
20 45 34-6
15 46-6
20
20 34 15-1
28-63
6 5-16
0-139
20 34 18-0
15 46-6
21
20 22 37-5
29-49
6 8-22
0-116
20 22 40-5
15 46-7
22
20 10 39-4
30-34
6 10-71
0-092
20 10 42-6
15 46-8
23
19 58 21-1
31-18
6 12-61
0.067
19 58 24-4
15 46-9
24
19 45 42-9
32-00
6 13-91
0-042
19 45 46-2
15 47-0
25
19 32 44-9
32-82
6 14-61
0-016
19 32 48-5
15 47-1
26
19 19 27-5
33-63
6 14-70
0-009
19 19 31-0
15 47-2
27
19 5 50-9
34-42
6 14-18
0-035
19 5 54-5
15 47-3
28
18 51 55-5
35-20
6 13-04
0-060
18 51 59-2
15 47-4
29
18 37 41-5
35-96
6 11-28
0-086
18 37 45-3
15 47-5
30
18 23 9-3
3672
6 8-90
0.112
18 23 13-1
15 47-7
31
18 8 19-1
37-46
6 5-91
0-137
18 8 22-9
15 47-8
32
N.17 53 11-1
38-20
6 2-30
0-163
N.17 53 15-0
15 47-9
* The Semidiameter for Appartut Nouu may be assumed the same as that Cor JUtan Koon.
116
HAND BOOK AND SELF-TEACHER.
AUGUST, 187G.
1
AT APPARENT NOON
THE bUN'S
IvHiiitinn of
Tillii' Id lie
iiiMi'il to
Mibt. IVnm
A|iii!iiciit
AT MEAN NOON THE SUN'S
o
i
i
Alipiirciit
Dtcliiiaiiun.
Var. in
1 liudr.
Tiiiio.
Var. in
1 liuiir.
A]) lari'iit
Dec illation.
Srnii-
diaiiR-UT.*
1
N.17 53 IM
ff
38-20
Ill s
6 2-30
()-163
X.17 53 15-0
15 47-9
2
17 37 45-7
38-91
5 58-07
0-189
17 37 49-6
15 48-1
.3
17 22 3-3
39-62
5 53-23 0-214
17 22 7-2
15 48-2
4
17 6 3-9
40 32
5 47-79' 0-239
17 6 7-8
15 48-3
5
16 49 48-0
41 00
5 41-74 0-2 ti4
16 49 51-9
15 48-5
()
16 33 15-8
41-68
5 35-10
0-289
16 33 19-7
15 48-6
7
16 16 27-6
42-34
5 27-87
0-313
16 16 31-5
15 48-8
8
15 59 23-7
42-99
5 20-06
f\.n It —
15 59 27-5
15 48-9
9
15 42 4-2
43-63
5 11-69
0-361
15 42 8-0
15 49-1
10
15 24 29-6
44-25
5 2-75
0-3S4
15 24 33-3
15 49^3
11
15 6 40-1
44-87
4 53-27
0-40()
15 6 43-8
15 49-4
12
14 48 3()-0
45-47
4 43-24
0-42S
14 48 39-6
15 49-6
13
14 30 17-5
46-06
4 32-69
0-450
14 30 21-0
15 49-7
14
14 11 45-1
46-()4
4 21-(i2 0-472
14 1 1 4S-5
15 49-9
15
13 52 590
47-20
4 10-03 0-493
13 53 2-2
15 50-1
16
13 33 59-4
47-75
3 c7-94: 0-514
13 34 2-6
15 50-3
17
13 14 46-9
48-29
3 45-35 0-535
13 14 49-9
15 50-4
18
12 55 21-7
48-.S1
3 32 -2 (i 0-556
12 ,i5 24-6
15 50-()
19
12 35 44-1
49-32
3 18-(hS ().57(i
12 35 46-8
15 50-S
20
12 15 54-5
49-81
3 4-62
0-596
12 15 57- L
15 51-0
21
11 55 53-3
50-29
2 50-09
0-613
11 55 55-7
15 51-2
22
11 35 40.8
50-75
2 35-09
0-634
11 35 43-0
15 51-4
23
11 15 17-3
51-20
2 19-64
0-653
11 15 19-3
15 5l-()
24
10 54 43-1
51-64
2 3-75
0-671
10 54 44-9
15 51-9
25
10 33 58-''
52-06
1 47-43
0-(;s8
10 34 0-3
15 52-1
26
10 13 4-4
52-46
1 30-71
0-705
10 13 5-7
15 52-3
27
9 52 0'4
52-86
1 13-5.S
0-722
9 52 1-4
15 52-5
28
9 30 47-0
53-24
5607
0-737
9 30 47-9
15 52-8
29
9 9 24-7
53-61
38-19
0-752
9 9 25-3
15 53-0
30
8 47 53-8
53-96
19-97
0-766
8 47 54-1
15 53-2
31
8 26 14-4
N. 8 4 27-0
54-31
54-64
1-41
0-780
0-793
8 26 14-4
X. 8 4 26-8
15 53-4
32
17-46
15 53-7
' The Semidlameter for App(trcnt Noon may be assumed the same as that for AJean Noon.
NAUTICAL ALMANAC.
SEPTEMBER, 187().
117
.a
1
AT APPARKNT NOON
Tllli SUN'S
Ei|iiatii)n of
Tiiiii' to
be Nub. from
All|l!lf('llt
rime.
Var. in
1 hour.
AT MEAN NOON
TIIK SUN'S
**
o
>>
5
Apparent
DecliDiilion.
Vnr. in
1 liour.
54-64
A)) (iiroiit
iJeil nation.
Senil-
diameter.*
1
o / //
N. 8 4 27-0
ni H
17-46
0-793
N. 8 4 26-8
15 53-7
2
7 42 31-9
54-95
36-63
0-805
7 42 31-4
15 53-9
3
7 20 29-4
55-25
56-08
0-815
7 20 28-5
15 54-2
4
6 58 19-7
55*55
1 iD'U
0-825
6 58 18-5
15 54-4
5
6 36 3-2
55-83
1 35-70
0-835
6 36 1 -7
15 54-6
6
6 13 40-1
5()-()9
1 55-84 0-843
6 13 38-2
15 54-9
7
5 51 10-7
56-35
2 16-16 0-850
5 51 8-5
15 55-1
8
5 28 35-3
56-59
2 36-65
0-857
5 28 32-9
15 55-4
9
5 5 54-3
56-82
2 57-29
0-8()2
5 5 51-5
15 55-6
10
4 43 7-9
57-04
3 18-04 0-867
4 43 4-8
15 55-9
11
4 20 16-5
57-24
3 38-89 0-871
4 20 13-0
15 56-1
12
3 57 20-3
57-43
3 59-83 0-874
3 57 16-5
15 56-4
13
3 34 19-8
57-60
4 20-84
0-876
3 34 15-7
15 56-6
U
3 11 15-3
57-7()
4 41-89 878
3 11 10-8
15 56-9
15
2 48 7-1
57-91
5 2-98 0-879
2 48 2-2
15 57-1
IG
2 24 55-6
58-04
5 24-09 0-879
2 24 50-4
15 57-4
17
2 1 41-2
58-15
5 45-19 0-879
2 1 35-6
15 57-6
IS
1 38 24-2
•')8-25
() 6-2S' 0-878
1 38 18-3
15 57-9
19
1 15 5-0
58-34
6 27-33 0-876
1 14 58-7
15 58-2
20
51 44-0
58-41
6 4S33
0-874
51 37-3
15 58-4
21
28 21-4
58-46
7 9-26
0-87U
28 14-5
15 58-7
22
N. 4 57-8
5S-5()
7 30-10
0-866
N. 4 50-5
15 59-0
23
S. 18 2()-()
58-53
7 50-84
0.861
S. 18 34-3
15 59-3
24
41 51-4
58-54
8 11-45
0-856
41 59-4
15 59-5
25
1 5 16-3
58-53
8 31-92
0-849
1 5 24-6
15 59-8
26
1 28 40-9
58-51
8 52.22
0-842
1 28 49-5
16 0-1
27
1 52 4-8
58-48
9 12-34
0-834
1 52 13-8
16 0.4
28
2 15 27-8
58-43
9 32-26
0-825
2 15 37-1
16 0-7
29
2 38 49-4
58-37
9 51-95
0-815
2 .38 59-0
16 1-0
30
3 2 9-4
58 29
10 11-40
0.805
3 2 19-3
16 1-2
31
S. 3 25 27-4
58-20
10 30-57
0-793
S. 3 25 37-6
16 1-5
* The Semidiameter for Apparent Noon may be assumed the same a> that for A/can Noon.
15
118
HAND llOOK AND SELF-TEACH KR.
OCTOBER, 1876.
J
AT APPARENT NOON
THE SUN'8
Knuiition of
TtMie to lit'
sul)t. t'roin
Appurcnt
Time.
Var. in
1 hour.
AT MEAN NOON THE SUN'S
1
Apparent
Duullnutiun.
Var.iu
1 hour.
Apniiront
Dee inalion.
Senii-
(iiaiiioter.'*
1
/ «
S. 3 25 27-4
58-20
Ill 8
10 30-57
0-793
' "
S. 3 25 37-6
16
1-5
2
3 48 43-1
58-10
10 49-45
0-780
3 48 53-5
16
1-8
3
4 11 56-1
57-98
11 8-02
0-766
4 12 6-8
16
2-1
4
4 35 6-1
57-85
11 26-24
0-751
4 35 17-2
16
2-3
5
4 5S 12-9
57-70
11 44-09
0-736
4 5S 24-2
16
2-6
6
5 21 16-0
57-55
12 1-55
0-719
5 21 27-6
16
2-9
7
5 44 15-2
57-38
12 18-59
0-701
5 44 27-0
16
3-2
8
6 7 lO-l
57-19
12 35-19
0-682
6 7 22-1
16
3-5
9
6 30 0-4
56-99
12 51-34
0-663
6 30 12-6
16
3-7
10
6 52 45't)
56-77
13 7-01
0-643
6 52 58-0
16
4'0
11
7 15 25-4
56-54
13 22-18
0-622
7 15 38-0
16
4-3
12
7 37 59-5
56-29
13 36-84
0-600
7 38 12-3
16
4-5
13
8 27-3
56-02
13 50-97
0-577
8 40-3
16
4-8
14
8 22 48-6
55-74
14 4-54
0-554
8 23 1-6
16
5-1
15
8 45 2-8
55-44
14 17-55
0-530
8 45 16-0
16
5-3
16
9 7 9-6
55-12
14 29-98
0-506
9 7 22-9
16
5-6
17
9 29 8-6
54-78
14 41-82
0-481
9 29 22-0
16
5-9
18
9 50 59-3
54-43
14 c3-()5
0-455
9 51 12-8
16
6-2
19
10 12 41-4
,54-Oi)
15 3()6
0-429
10 12 55-0
16
6-4
20
10 34 14-4
53-68
15 13-63
0-402
10 34 28-1
16
6-7
21
10 55 380
53-28
15 22-96
0-375
10 55 51-7
16
7-0
22
11 16 51.7
52-86
15 3l-(i3
(-347
11 17 5-4
16
7-2
23
11 37 55-1
52-42
15 39-62
0-319
1 1 ,38 8-8
16
7-5
24
11 58 47-8
51-97
15 46-93
0-290
11 59 1-5
16
7-8
25
12 19 29-4
51-49
15 53-55
0-261
12 19 43-1
16
8-1
26
12 39 59-5
51-01
15 59-46
0-231
12 40 13-1
16
8-3
27
13 17-7
50-50
16 4-65
0-201
13 31-2
16
8-6
28
13 20 23-6
49-98
16 9-10
0-170
13 20 37-1
16
8-8
29
13 40 16-9
49-45
16 12-81
0-139
13 40 30-2
16
9-1
30
13 59 57-1
48-89
16 15-75
0-107
14 10-3
16
9-4
31
14 19 23-8
48-32
16 17-92
0-074
14 19 36-9
16
9-6
32
S. 14 38 36-7
47.74
16 19-29
0-040
S. 14 38 49-7
16
9-9
* The Scmidiameter tot Apparent Noou may be assumed the same as that for Mean Noou.
NAUTICAL ALMANAC.
119
NOVEiMIiEK, 187<).
a
o
V
.a
AT APPARKNT NOON
THK SUN'S
Apnarent
Declination.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
H)
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
S.
14 38
14 57
15 16
15 34
15 53
16 11
16 28
16 46
17 3
17 20
17 36
17 52
18 8
18 24
18 39
18 54
19 9
19 23
19 37
19 51
20 4
20 17
20 29
20 41
20 53
21 4
21 15
21 26
21 36
2146
21 55
36-7
35-4
19-5
48-7
2-6
0-7
42-7
8-1
16-6
7-7
41-0
56-0
52-4
29-7
47-5
45*5
23-2
40-2
36-2
10-8
23-5
14-1
42-2
47-4
29-4
47-8
42-4
12-9
18-9
0-2
16-2
Vnr. in
1 hour.
Kquntioi uf
Time to
Ik> nu1>. friiin
Appiiri'iit '
Timo.
Var. in
I liiiiir.
1.
ni
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
15
15
15
15
47-74
47-14
46-53
45-90
45-25
44-59
43-90
43-21
42-49
41-76
41-01
40-24
39-45
38-65|15
37-8315
36-99 14
36-14
35-27
34-39
33-49
32-57
131-64
30-69
!29-73
;28-76
,27-77
126-77
25-76
24-74
2370
22-66
14
14
14
14
13
13
13
12
12
12
12
11
11
10
10
n. 1
19-29
19-86
19-61
18-54
l()-63
13-87
10-25
o- / /
0-43
54-22
47-14
39-20
30-39
20-71
10-19
58-82
46-61
33-57
19-71;
49-()()i
33-37
16-37
58-62 1
40-141
20.93
l-Ol
40-40
19-11
57-16
34-56
0-040
0-007
0-027
0-062
0-097
0-133
0-169
0-205
0-241
0-277
0-313
0-349
0S85
0-42 i
0-456
0-491
0-526
0-560
0-594
0-627
0-66()
0-692
0.724
0-755
0-785
0-815
0-844
0-873
0-901
0.928
0-955
AT MEAN NOON
TIIK HUN'S
Apnaront
l)ecllnatIon.
, Scrai-
(ilnmoler.*
S. 14 ,38 49-7
16 9-9
14 57 48-2
16 10-1
15 16 32-2
16 10-4
1 5 35 1 -2
16 10-6
15 53 14-8
16 10-8
16 11 12-8
16 ll-l
16 28 .54-5
16 11-3
16 46 19-7
16 11-5
17 3 28-0
16 11-7
17 20 18-8.
16 12-0
17 36 51-7
16 12-2
17 53 6-5
16 12-4
18 9 2-6
16 12-6
18 24 39-6
16 12-8
18 39 57-1
16 13-0
18 54 54-7
16 13-2
19 9 32-1
16 13-4
1 9 23 48-8
16 13-6
19 37 44-4
16 13-8
19 51 18-6
16 14-0
20 4 31-0
16 14-2
20 17 21-2
16 14-4
20 29 49-0
16 14-6
20 41 53-8
16 14-8
20 53 35-4
16 15-0
21 4 53-5
16 15-2
21 15 47-8
16 15.3
21 26 17-9
16 15-5
21 36 23-6
16 15-7
21 46 4-6
16 15-8
S. 21 55 20-6
16 16-0
* The Semidiaiueter fur Apparent Nuou may be asiiunicd the same as that for Mean Koon.
120
HAND BOOK AND SELF-TFACHER.
DECEMBER, 1876.
5
a
o
AT APPARENT NOON
TUE SUN'S
Equation of
Time to be
subt. from
AT MEAN NOON T
HE SUN'S
added to
Api)arout
0)
■s
<3
Apparent
Declination.
Var.in
1 hour.
XllUC.
Var. in
1 liour.
Apparent
Declination.
Semi-
diameter.*
1
Of"
S.21 55 16-6
22-66
ni s
10 34-56
0-955
S.21 55 20-6
16 16-0
2
22 7-8
21-60
10 11-32
0-981
22 4 11-4
16 16-1
3
22 12 33-4
20-53
9 47-47
1-006
22 12 36-7
16 16-3
4
22 20 33-3
19*45
9 23-03
1-030
22 20 36-3
16 16-4
5
22 28 7-2
18-37
8 58-02
1-054
22 28 10-0
16 16-5
6
22 35 14-9
17-27
8 32-46
1-076
22 35 17-4
16 16-6
7
22 41 56-1
16-16
8 6-38
1-097
22 41 58-3
16 16-7
8
22 48 10-5
15-04
7 39-79
1-118
22 48 12-4
16 16-8
9
22 53 57-9
13-91
7 12-73
1-137
22 53 59-6
16 17-0
10
22 59 1 8-2
12-78
6 45-23
1-154
1-171
22 59 19-7
16 17^1
11
23 4 11-2
11-64
6 17-32
23 4 12-4
16 17-2
12
23 8 3t)-7
10-4«
5 49-03
l-]8(i
23 8 37-7
16 17-3
13
23 12 34-4
9-33
5 20-40
1-200
23 12 35-3
16 17-4
14
23 16 4-4
8-17
4 51-45
1-21-2
23 16 5-1
16 17-4
15
23 19 iro
7-00
4 22-24
1-222
23 19 7-0
16 17-5
16
23 21 40-5
5-83
3 52-79
1-231
23 21 40-9
16 17-6
17
23 23 4(J-4
4-66
3 23-14
1 -239
23 23 46-7
16 17-7
18
23 25 24-1
3-48
2 c3-34
1-244
23 25 24-3
16 17-7
19
23 26 33-6
2-31
2 23-42
1-248
23 26 33-7
16 17-8
20
23 27 14-8
1-13
1 53-42
1-^!51
23 27 14-S
16 17-9
21
23 27 27-6
006
1 23-37
1-2 32
23 27 27-6
16 18-0
22
23 27 12.0
1-24
53-31
1-252
23 27 12-0
16 18-0
23
23 26 28-1
23 25 15-9
2-42
3-60
23 2S
1-250
1-246
23 26 28-1
23 25 15-9
16 18-1
24
(i-()S
16 18-1
25
23 23 35-5
4-77
36-55
1-242
23 23 35-5
16 18-2
26
i/3 21 26-8
5-95
1 6-29
1-236
23 21 26-9
16 18-2
27
23 18 50-0
7--12
1 35-87
1-229
23 18 50-2
16 18-2
28
23 15 45-1
8-29
2 5-26
1-220
23 15 45-4
16 18-2
29
23 12 12-3
9-45
2 34-43
1-210
23 12 12-7
16 18-3
30
23 8 11-6
10-60
3 3-35
1-199
23 8 12-2
16 18-3
31
23 3 43-3
11-75
3 31-99
1-187
23 3 44-0
16 18-3
32
S.22 58 47-4
12.90
4 0-32
1-174
S. 22 58 48-2
16 18-3
• The Semidiameter tor Apparent Noon may be assumed the same as that for Mean Noon.
STARS DECLINATION.
January 7tb,
Sirius,
February 30th,
Aldebaran,
March 19th,
Arcturus,
May 18th,
a. Hydrae,
June 20th,
Achernar,
July 10th,
Aldebaran,
August 31st,
Rigel,
September 20tli,
Regulus,
16" 34 M6'^ S.
16« 15'37/'N.
19'^49^25/'N.
8« 7' 27// S.
57^ 51 '33'' S.
16^ 15/40//N.
8«^ 20^26'/ S.
12'=' 34/ 18/'N.
ADMIRALTY TIDE TABLES.
121
EXTRACTS FROM ADMIRALTY TIDE TABLES, 1873.
FOREIGN PORTS.
Date.
Name of Port.
A.M.
Tides.
P. M.
Tides.
Moon's
Transit
High Water at
Full & Change.
h. in.
b. m.
h. m.
b, in.
Long.
Jan. 29th,
4 5
4 30
1 7
" 30th,
St. John, N. B.,
4 54
5 17
2 4
11 21
66° W.
May 3L^t,
6 44
7 7
4 27
June 1st,
Trencomalie (Ceylon),
7 30
7 54
5 13
8 18
80° E.
July 31st,
7 44
8 3
5 11
August 1st,
Halifax, N. S.,
8 24
8 48
5 54
7 49
63° W.
Sept. 30th,
9 15
10 4
7 3
Oct. 1st,
Kyau-Chau (Yellov Sea),
10 57
11 47
7 14
5 00
120° E.
Feb. 27th,
3 51
4 14
8 2
" 28th,
St. John, N. P.,
4 36
4 58
42
11 21
66° W.
May 2-'nd,
Pei-ho (Yellow Sea),
7
35
1 34
3 4C
122° E.
" 23rd,
1 3
1 30
8 41
Dec. 19th,
Parrsboro', N. S.,
3 5
3 26
9 29
17
65° W.
" 20th,
3 48
4 10
11 41
Sept. 1st,
9 38
10 23
fi.O 40
" 2nd,
Hakodadi (Japan),
11 11
11 57
7 14
5
135° E.
Nov. 22nd,
4 40
4 59
8 15
" 23rd,
Yarmouth, N. S.,
5 18
5 39
1 52
10 9
66° W.
Oct. 11th,
6 45
7 09
a.O 50
" 12th,
New York, U. S.,
7 34
8 00
4 11
5 7
8 13
74° W.
16
122
HAND BOOK AND SELF-TEACHER.
EXTRACT FROM ADMIRALTY TIDE TABLES, 1873.
HOME POKTS.
Date.
May
Name of
Port.
A.M.
Tides
!.(
,1 line
a
Jan'y
a
Feb'y
2,
3,1
4,
20,
6,
24,
25,
7,
H,
9,
4,
5
March 30,
h. 111.
Cherbourg,
Exmouth,
Baltimore,
Cromarty,
Do.,
Ballycotton
7
8
11
1
2
11
1
11
P. M.
Tides
Conhtant Port of Peference.
52
53
41
40
23
29
3
9
20
li. in.
8 19
9 52
30
2 1
2 44
ii. 111.
+ 42 Brest.
+ 38
— 38
— 2 21
Do.,
a
March 4,
April 5,
May 4,
11,
June
ii.
July
ii
August 3,
" 31,
Sept. 1 ,
Bristol,
Do.,
Pt. Patrick,
Do.,
Do.,
Llaiielly,
Ballycastle,
Do.,
Ordfordness
Do.,
26, Do.,
27, Douglass,
Tanera,
Alderney,
1
10
11
3
4
11
11
8
9
43
54
37
33
30
41
27
15
48
11
30
38
37
1 14
1143
11
1 21
1 K)
1 55
10 58
4 18
5 34
6
4S
11 31
- 26
+ 19
58
+ 4
— 4 18
— 51
Do.,
Davenport.
Queen stown.
J^eith.
a
Waterford.
Weston-Supermare
Greenock.
Belfast.
Harwich.
33
9 00
10 23
+ 1 1
— 1 51
4- 2 59
a
Holly Head.
Thurso.
Brest.
ANSWERS. 123
ANSWERS TO PAPERS.
ANSWERS TO PAPER FIRST.
Multiplication 80730 Division 1-321
DAYS WORK.
Dep. course S. 58° E. 1st. S. 15" W. 2nd. N. I?'' E. 3d.
S. 38^ E. 4th. S. 18- E. otli. S. 19" E. 6th. S. 11« W.,
current course N. 41" E., true course S. 28° E., dis. 43 miles,
Ut. in 43° 8' N., Loner. 65° 31 ' W.
MERIDIAN ALTITUDE.
True Alt. 33° 30'. Dec. 23" 1/45''. Lat. 33° 28^ 15// N.
PARALLEL.
Difference Long. 56*08 miles.
MERCATOR.
Course N. 17° W. Dis. 240-6.
TIDES.
Bristol 9h. 20m., A. M., 9h. 43m., P. M. St. John Ih. 13m.,
A. M., Ih. 37m., p. M.
AMPLITUDE.
Dec. 22° 52/ 21 n. True Amp. E. 33° 01 ' 15//. Deviation
22° 31/ 15// E.
CHRONOMETER.
Daily rate, Is, 8t. Ace. rate, 57'/. G. date Jan. 4th. 7}i.
18m. 35s. Dec. 22° 44/ 14// S. True Alt. 16° 32' 10//.
Equation 5m. lis. Hour Ande 2h. 12m. 35s. L(m2'. 75° 11 '
15" W. ^
AZIMUTH.
True Alt. 8° 44/ 51//. Dec. 22" 39' 27". Sum of Lo^^^s
9-064314. True Azimuths. 13° 20/ E. Error 17° 20/ 54 '/.
Deviation 27° 30/E.
' EX MERIDIAN.
G. Date Jan. 6th, 4h. 46m. 7s. H. Angle 21 ra. 27s. True
124 HAND BOOK AND SELF-TEACHER.
Alt 23'^ 29' 1". Dec. 22° 31/24'/ S. Ist Aug. 5in. 258.
2nd Aug. 5m. 30s. Lat. 43« 48 ' 34// N.
STAR.
Dec. 22° 52 / 40 ' '. True Alt. 60° 23 ' 3 ". Lat. 52° 29 ' 37 /'.
DEVIATION.
Cor. Mag. Bearing N. 49° 13/ W. If-,^" 29' W. 2nd.
18° 44' E 3rd. 2i^ 2' E. 4th. 12° 2?/ E. oth. 5° 41 / E.
Gth. 6° 53'/ W. 7th. 23° 33/ W. ^8th. 27° 58' W.
Correct courses S. 38° E. N. 19° E.
Compass courses S. 55° W. W.
Ship^ head N. 10° 40/ E. S. 15° 20/ W.
ANSWERS TO PAPER SECOND.
Multiplication 447837 Division 1-094
DAY'S WORK.
Dep. Course N. 67° E. 1st, Course N. 3" E. 2nd Course
N 43° E. 3rd, Course N. 57° E. 4th, Course N. 79 K
.5th, Course N. 43" W. 6th, Course N. 5° W. 7th, Current N
21° W. True Course N. 32° E. Dis. 6/ miles. Lat. m 43
48' S. Long, in 83° 56^ W.
MERIDIAN ALTITUDE.
True Alt. 49° 19' 2". Dec. 15° 12' 2". Lat. 55° 52^ 20".
PARALLEL.
Diff. Long. 1229 miles.
MERCATOR.
True Course N. 31° 17' 33" E. Dist. 4294-4.
TIDES.
Penzance Oh. 10m. P. M. Hi-ide 6h. 48m. — 7h. 31m., P. M.
AMPLITUDE.
Dec. 14° 17' 59". True Amp. E. 20° 33' 36" S. Dev. 15°
33' 30'' E.
ANSWERS. 1 25
CHRONOMETER.
Daily rate 4s. 9t. Acct. rate 38s. G. date Feb. 1st, 2lh.
11m. .5()s. Dec. 16" 56M4'^ True Alt. 14^ 28/ 26'/. Eciua-
tion 13m. o6s. H. Angle Ih. 48m. 30s. Long. 18^ 22' 30'' E.
AZIMUTH.
True Alt. 17^ 20' 31'/. Dec. 10^.52/47". Sum of Logs
19-213089. True Azimuth 47" 40/ 24'/. Error 4" 30' 24'^
Dev. 17^ 10' 24" E.
EX MERIDIAN.
G. Date Feb. 21st, 6h. 42m. 40s. True Alt. 22° 7' 53".
Dec. lO'' 04' 59". 1st Aug. 2m. 58s. ; 2nd Aug. 6ra. 16s.
Lat. in 57^ 14' 30" N.
STAR.
Dec. le'^ 15' 37//. Lat 43° 53' 24/' S.
DEVIATION.
Correct Mag. Bearing S. 40" 24' W. 1st, 0° 16' W.; 2nd,
20" 14' E.; 3rd, 33" 4' E.; 4tb, 24" 54/ ; 5th, l** 6' \V. : 6th,
25" 46' W. ; 7th, 32" 16' W. ; 8th, 18" 36' W.
ANSWERS TO PAPER THIRD.
Multiplication 107755-7 Division 8-571
DAY'S WORK.
Dep. Course N. 67d. E. 1st, course N. 14d. E. 2nd, N. 20d.
E. 3rd, N. 37d. E. 4th, course N. 5th, course N. 6d. E.
6th, course N. 16d. E. 7th, or dep. course, S. 17d. E. True
course N. 24d. E. Dist. 141 miles. Lat. in 46d. 21m. S.
Long. 179d. 25m. W.
MERIDIAN ALTITUDE.
Dec. Od. 53m. 55s. True Alt. 89d. 6m. 54s. l^at. in Id. 46m.
41s. S.
PARALLEL.
Diff. Long. 686 miles.
120 HAND HOOK AND SELF-TKACHKK.
MERCATOR.
Course S. 64d. 54m. W. Dis. 2522 miles.
TIDES.
It
Wick 1 Ih. 59m. A. M., no P. M. Cxrindstone Island Uh. 39ra.
A. M., 111). 59m. P. M.
r
\MPLITUDE.
G. Date March 18tli, Oh. 22m. 50h. Dec. Od. 18m. 49s.
Dev. lid. 17m. 20s. E.
CHRONOMETER.
Daily rate 3s. 6t. Acct. rate 2m. 56s. 4t. (t. date March
25th, "ill. 52m. lis. Dec. 2d. 4m. 58s. True Alt. 30d. 40m.
17s. E(]uation 5m. 54s. .Hour Angle 3h. 53m. 24s. Long.
84d. 55m. 15s, W.
AZIMUTH.
True Alt. 18m. 58m. 8s. Dec. 2d. 13m. 52s. Sum of Logs
19-510903. True Azimuth N. ()9d. 25m. E. Error 5d. 54m. 40s.
W. Deviation 20d. 24m. 40s. W.
EX MERIDIAN.
G-. Date March 18th, 14h. 30m. 24s. Dec. Od. 27m. 25s. S.
True Alt. 43d. 18m. 5s. 1st Aug., + Om. 13s.; 2nd Aug.,
■\- 23m. 30s. Lat. 45d. 51m. 00s. N.
STAR.
Dec. 19d. 49m. 25s. Lat. 39d. 39m. 16s. S.
DEVIATION.
Correct Mag. Bearing S. 47d. 53m. E. 1st, 4d. 33m. W.:
2nd, 18d. 37m. E. ; 3rd, 23d. 47m. E.; 4th. 12d. 37m. E.; 5th.
5d. 57m. W.; 6th, 6d. 43m. W.; 7tli, 28d. 23m. W. ; 8th,
2 Id. 23m. W.
" Correct courses N. 22d. 30m. W. N. 67d. 30m. W.
Compass courses S. 68d. E. N. 57d. 30m. E.
ANSWKRS. 127
ANSWERS TO ]>APER FOURTH. '
Multiplication U8131-8 Division 10-00
DAY'S WORK.
Dep course N. 62d. E ; 1st course S. 81d. W. ; 2ncl, course
l'l-^;-5 .^yd course N. 3d. W.; 4th, course N. o3d. E. ; .5tb,
course N. ; 6th co,„se N. 19d. W. ; 7th, or dop. course N. HOd!
K; true course N. 8d. E. Distance 99 miles. Eat. in 44d 19m
M. Long, m Cld. 2m. W.
MERIDIAN ALTITUDE.
Dec 8d lom. o5s.. True Alt. 23d. 4m. 41s. Lat. in 65d.
lUm. 40s. N.
PARALLEL.
Diff. Long. 185-7 miles.
iMI;:RCATOR.
Course N. 51d. 36m. W. Dis. 4910 miles.
TIDES.
Anticosti Oh. 24m. A. M., Oh. 46m. i'. m. Banjoevvangie No
A. M., Oh. 18m. P. M. ^
AMPLITUDE.
G-. Date 10th April, 231i. 32m. 10s. Dec. 8d. lOm. 40s. T
Amplitude E. 25d. 14m. N. Error 20d. 54m. 30s. W. Devi-
ation lOd. 34m. W.
CHRONOMETER.
Daily rate 3s. It Acct. rate .-m. 25s. Cf. date 19tli, 15h.
oOm 2.S Dec lid. 37m. ,34s. T. Alt. 32d. 12m. 53s. Equa-
t^ionlm. lOs. Hour Angle 3h.oOm. 16s. Long. 179d. 39m.
AZIMUTH.
lo'^n^fict!^' n?- ^^?- ^t ^^''- ^^' 4^- 27s. Sum of Logs
19-.02196. Irue Az. S. 90d. 25m. W. Error lOd. 35m. E.
Deviation Od. 16m. 15s. E.
EX MERIDIAN.
G. Date April 30th, 3h.^lm. 58s. Dec. 15d. OOm. 52s. True
128 HANI) BOOK AND HKI-F-TKACHKR.
Alt. 47(1. 28m. 34s. 1st Aucr. , + 2m. 37s.; 2iul Au^^, 10m.
41s. Hour Aiij,4e 17m. o8s. l.iit. 57d. 24m. 14s. N.
DEVIATION.
Correct Ma|,r. Beariiijr S. Id. 21m. 30s. 1st. Od. 49m. K. ;
2nd, 2d. 41m. E. ; 3rd, lOd. olm. E. ; 4th, I3d. 31m. E. ; oth,
2d. 31m. E. ; 6th, lOd. 59m. W. ; 7th, 12d. 39m. W. ; 8th, 5d.
9m. W.
Correct course N. 26d. 00m. E. S. 70d. 2()m. W .
Compass course S. 49d. OOm. W. S. 8d. OOm. W.
Ship's head S. IGd. 30m. E. N. Od. 40m. W.
ANSWERS TO PAPER FIVE.
Multiplication 13690-97 Division 1-142
DAY'S WORK.
Dep. course N. 16d. E. 1st, S. 80d. E. ; 2nd, course N. 88d.
E.; 3rd, N. Id. W. ; 4th, N. 14d. W.; 5th, N. 3d. W. ; 6th, S.
89d. E. ; 7th or dep. course, N. 77d. E. True course N. 42d. E.
Dist. 110 miles. Lat. in 42d. 02ra. N. Long. 39d. 02m. W.
MERIDIAN ALTITUDE.
G. Date May 13th, 3h. 26m. 40s. Dec. 18d. 34m. 31s.
Alt. 8 Id. 26m. 21s. Lat. 27d. 8m. 10s. N.
PARALLEL.
Diff. Long. 436-3.
MERCATOR.
Course N. 49d. 43m. W. Dist. 943-5.
TIDES.
Isle D'Yew, llh. 54m. A.M., no P. M. Batoo Barra, llh.
26m. A. M., llh. 54m. P. M.
AMPLITUDE.
G. Date 27th, I7h. 24m. Dec. 21d. 31m. 32s. True Amp. E.
35d.*39m. N. Error 38d. 28m. W. Deviation lOd. 28m. W.
ANSVVKHS. 129
CHRONOMETER.
G. Date 19th, 18h. 7m. 37s. Daily rate Im. 48. Acct. rate
2m. 2s. True Alt. 3«d. 4f)m. 548. Dec. 20d. ()3m. 3l>8. K(,ua-
tioii 3m. 42s. Hour Angle 2h. o3m. lis. Lono-. 141(1. .)(im
308. E.
AZIMUTH.
G. Date 2()tli, 20h. 2()m. 2()s. True Alt. o2d. 49m. 27s. Dec
20d. 17m. 308. Sum of Lo^s 18-909105. True Az. 8. 33(1. (mu
K. Krror 25d. 14m. E. Deviation 3«d. 24m. E.
EX MERIDIAN.
G. Date 20th, 7h. 4m. True Alt. 40d. 53m. 4.Ss. Dec. 20d.
10m. 24s. N. 1st Aug. 5m. (is.; 2nd Aug. I2m. 9s. Lat
()9d. 9m. 33s. N.
STAR.
True Alt. 28d. 47m. 17s. Dec. 8d. 7m. 27s. S. Lat. 53d. 5m.
16s. N.
DEVIATION.
Correct Mag. Bearings N. 42d. 24m. W. 1st, lOd. 5Gm. E •
2nd, 3d. 24m. W. ; 3rd, 18d. 54m. W. ; 4th, 24d. 44m W •
5th, 10d.4m. W.; 6th, lOd. 6m. E. ; 7th, 1 9d. 16m. E. : 8th'
15d. 56m. E. '
True courses 1st, N. 27d. 30m. E. ; 2d, S. 47d. 30m. W.
C(^mpass courses 1st, N. 80d. 00m. E. ; 2d, N. 68d. 30m W
Ship's head 1st, N. 5d. 30m. W.; 2nd, S. 29d. 20m. W.
ANSWER TO PAPER SIXTH.
Multiplicat on 25940000 Division 22-84
DAY'S WORK.
Dep. course S. 77d. E. 1st, course N. 13d. E. ; 2nd, course
N. 74d. E; 3rd, course N. 16d. W. ; 4th, course N. 52d. E. •
oth, course N. 89d. E. ; 6th, course N. 24d. E. ; current course
N. 41 d. E.; true course N. 44d. E. Dis. 196 miles. Lat. in
42d. 44m. N. Long. 78d. 49m. W.
17
130 HANI) HOOK AND SELF-TKACHKll.
MERIDIAN ALTITUDE.
G. Date 1 1th, 2()li. Im. True Alt. 44d. 2Hm. 4s Dec. 23d.
llm. 30s. Lat. 22d. 20m. Is.
PARALLEL.
Diff. Long. 322-4. Long, in 17(i(l. IHni. K,
MERCATOR.
Course S. 22d. 49m. E. Dis. 3507 miles.
TIDES.
Hellvoetestiiis, 71i. 15m. A. M., 7h. 43m. P. M. Wanganirii,
llh. 48m, A. M., No P. M.
AMPLITUDE.
G. Date 3rd, 51i. 42m. 40s. Dec. 22d. 25m. 3()s. True Amp.
W. 39d. 28m. N. Error 4d. lOm. E. Dev. lOd. 22m. E.
CHRONOMETER.
G. Date lOtli, 18h. 2m. 308; rate 5s. gaining; ace. rate 2m.
34s. Dec. 23d. 27m. 2s. True Alt. 39d. Ira. 15s. H. Angle
3h. 34m. 36s. Equation Im. IGs. Long. 3(5d. Olm. E.
azi:\ii;til
G. Date 7h. 59m. 40s. Alt. 16d. 59m. 5s. Dec. 23d. 20m.
43s. N. Sum of Logs 19-815487. True Azimuth S. 107d. 55m.
W. Error 89d. 06m. Dev. 3 Id. 35m. W.
EX MERIDIAN.
G. Date 14th, 48m. 10s. Hour Angle 27m. 6s. True Alt.
50d. 18m. 55s. Dec. 22d. 41m. 20s. 1st Aug. 8m. 30s. 2nd
Aug. 24m. 56s. Lat. 62d. 6m. 15s. N.
STAR.
True Alt. 47d. Im. 7s. Dec. 57d. 51m. 33s. Lat. 14d. 52m.
30s. S.
DEVIATION.
Correct Mag. Bearing N. Id. 30m. W. 1st, 3d. 40m. W.
2nd, lid. 55m. E. 3rd, 13d. 30m. E. 4th, 6d. 40m. E. 5th,
ANSWRnS. 181
True Courses, N. 38tl. P:., N. 88d. 30m. W.
Compass (V)urse8, S. 28d. W., X. Ud. W
Ship's head, N. 36d. 40m. E. S. Gld. 30m. M\
ANSWERS TO PAPER SEVENTH.
Multiplication, 78699-8. Division, 1 1 -4436.
DAY'S WORK.
Dep. course S 16d. W. 1st, course S. 86d. W. ; 2nd, course
S 89d. W . ; 3rd course S. 8b-d. W. ; 4th, course S. 80d. W. ;
oth, course S. 75d. W. ; 6th, course S. 89d. W. Current course
^J iq ^'"\^°"^«« ^- 73d. W. Dist. 122 miles. Lat. in
oOd. 49m. N. Long, in 12d. 34m. W.
MERIDIAN ALTITUDE.
06m."m N^^"^' ^^'^' ^^'' ^''- ^^'^' ^^"'" ^^'' ^' ^'^^' '*^^-
PARALLEL.
Diff. Long. 180-6.
MERCATOR.
Course N. 34d. 25m. E. Dist. 7606-4.
TIDES.
00?'^itllToh.'4Sn/p .1' """• '""• "• »•• "''■'■^"=-'
AMPLITUDE.
G. Date .30th, 1 Oh. 10m Dec. 18d. 16m. 52s. True Amp.
ii-. 23d. 52m. N. Dev. OOd. 12m. W. '
CHRONOMETER.
3m\l%^^'\ "'•ffm 48s Daily rate 8s. 4t. ; ace. rate
6m. 18s. It. True Alt. 29c ' ■'m. gUs. Dec. 19d. 41m 14s
132 HAND BOOK AND SELF-TEACHER.
AZIMUTH.
Gr. Date 30th, 16h. 30tn. 40s. True Alt. 46d. 42m. 46s. Dec.
I8d. 13rn. 00s. N. True Azimuth N. 19d. 40m. E. Error
28d. 00m. W. Deviation 20d. 30m. W.
EX MERIDIAN.
G. Date 29th, 2h. 40m. True Alt. 4 Id. 28m. 18s. Dec. 18d.
36m. 12s. 1st Aug. 9m. 42s.; 2nd Aug. 25m. 40s. Lat. 66d.
olm. 54s. N.
STAR.
True Alt. 48d. 17m. 24s. Dec. 16d. 15m. 40s. N. Lat. 57d,
58m. 51s. N.
DEVIATION.
Correct Mag. Bearing, N, lid. 7m. E. Ist, Id. 35m. W.
2nd, 6d. Om. E. 3rd, 17d. E. 4th, 6d. E. 5th, 2d. W. 6th.
9d. W. 7th, lOd. W. 8th, 7d. W.
True Courses, N. 63d. 30m. E. S. 87d. W.
Compass Courses, S. 2ld. E. N. 27d. 30m. W.
Ship's head, N. 18d. E. S. 69d. 30m. W.
ANSWERS TO PAPER EIGHTH.
Multiplication, 6909634-7. Division, 1-199.
DAY'S WORK.
Dep. course S. 63d. E. 1st, course S. 19d. E. ; 2nd, course
S. 72d. W. ; 3rd, course S. 13d. W. ; 4th, course S. 61d. W. ;
5th, course N. 75d. W. ; 6th, course S. 9d. W. Current course
S. 43d. E. True ccKse S. l8d. W. Dist. 87 miles. Lat. in
13d. 5m. N. Long. 176d. 51m. E.
MERIDIAN ALTITUDE.
True Alt. 51d. 48m. 9s. Dec. I2d. 22m. 54s. N. Lat. 50d.
.^4m. 46s. N.
PARALLEL.
Diif. Long. 391-5.
ANSWERS. 133
MERCATOR.
Course N. 86d. 7m. E. Dist. 6644.
TIDES.
Cardigan, 4h. 28m. a. m., 4h. 58m. P. M. Tracadie,4h. 26m.
A. M., 4h. 58m. P. M.
AMPLITUDE.
G. Date 24th, 19h. 19m. Dec. lOh. 38m. N. True Amp
E. 15d. 51m. N. Deviation 7d. a9m. E.
CHRONOxMETER.
G. Date 14th, 201i. 58m. 40s. Daily rate Is. 2t. losing ; ace.
rate Om. 59s. True Alt. lOd. 42m. 30s. Dec. 13d. 55m. 24s.
Equation + 4d. 12m. H. A. 4h. 11m. 3s. Long. I6d. 22m.
30s. vV ,
AZIMUTH.
G. Date 18th, 17h. 40m. True Alt. 46d. 41m. 27s. Dec
12d. 40m. 58s. N. True Az. N. 43d. 42m. E. Error 8d. 28m.
W. Deviation 8d. 52m. E.
EX MERIDIAN.
G. Date 2nd, 3h. 28m. 2s. Dec. 17d. 35m. 30s. True Alt.
42d. 14ra. 5s. 1st Aug. 14m. 16s.; 2nd Aug. 40m. 2s. Lat.
65d. 35m. 40s. N.
STAR.
True Alt. 43d. 45m. 46s. Dec. 8d. 20m. 26s. Lat. 54d.
a4m. 40s. S.
DEVIATION.
Correct Mag. Bearing N. 7 Id. 07m. W. 1st, 12m. 13s. E.
2nd, 43m. E. 3rd, 17d. 59m. W. 4th, 22d. 52m. W. 5th,
7d. 27m. \V. 6th, 12d. 3m. E. 7th, lOd. 33m. E. 8th, 12d.
43m. E.
True Courses, N. 32d. W. S. 55d. E.
Compass Courses, S. 35d. E. N. 59d. W.
Ship's head, N. lid. 45m. W. S. 15d. 20m. W.
134 HAND BOOK AND SELF-TEACHER.
ANSWERS TO PAPER NINTH.
Multiplication, 185809-82. Division, 15-218.
DAY'S WORK.
Dep. course N. 22d. E. 1st, course N. lid. W. ; 2nd, course
N. 4d. E.; 3rd, course N. 46d. E. ; 4th, course N. 69d. E. ; 5th,
course N. 88d. E. ; 6th, course N. 66d. W. Current course N.
20d. E. True course N. 27d. 30m. E. Dist. 144 miles. Lat.
in 53d. i7m. N. Long. 138d. 43m. W.
MERIDIAN ALTITUDE.
True Alt. 41d. 57m. 8s. Dec. Od. 7m. 59s. S. Lat. 47d.
22m. 55s. N.
PARALLEL.
Diff. Long. 278-2.
MERCATOR.
Course S. 31 d. 45m. E. Dist. 2364 miles.
TIDES.
Wells Bar, llh. 39m. A. M., no. p m. Tutukaka, llh. 57m.
A. M., no P. M.
AMPLITUb^:
G. Date Sept. 8th, 21h. 40m. Dec. 5d. 8m. 7s. True Amp.
E. 5d. 40m. N. Dev. lOm. E.
CHRONOMETER.
G. Date Sept. 1st, 16h. 9m. 54s. Daily rate 2s. 4t. Ac.
rate 30s. True Alt. 62d. 9m. 36s. Dec. 7d. 48m. 49s. Equa-
tion 30s. H. Angle Ih. 52m. 22s. Long. 130d. 29m. 30s. E.
AZIMUTH.
G. Date 1st, 18h. 26m. 50. True Alt. 34d. 20m. 25s. Dec.
7d. 47m. 42s. True Az. N. 72d. 8m. 48s. Error 8d. 21m. 12s.
E. Deviation 13d. Im. 12s. E.
ANSWERS. 23,
EX MERIDIAN.
Alf fisf^f P';f"" Yf-P""- '*"• 'O^'^- 4d. 54m. I6s. True
STAK.
SlI^k'^N. ""■ '""• ''" '''''■ ''"• ^«'»- 32- Ut. 41d.
DEVIATION.
Correct Mag. Bearing, N. Id. 38m. W. 1st dev 5d Sm W
2nd, 14d. 48m. E. 3rd, 16d. 32m. E. 4th 8d 52m V .)^ '
3d.50n..E. Gth, 5d. 48m. W. Tth,' 13d!'58m: w"* 8^ f^^^^^^
True Courses, N. 45d. W. S. 50d. E.
Compass Courses, S. 23d. W. S. 83d. E.
Ship's head, S. 28d. 30m. E. N. 75d. 40m. E.