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N« u 1997 Some Hints on the Bnilding np of a Canadian Nationality. On previous occasions, when I had the pleasure of addressing you, I dealt chiefly with the past — in large measure with the dim and shadowy past. This evening I wish to draw your attention to a present-day problem — one that should be earnestly considered by every thoughtful person in this Dominion. The question I shall endeavor to discuss, briefly and for that reason more or less imperfectly, is : " How shall we fill up our country with a population commensurate to our great extent and varied capa- bilities ?' For want of a better title I might calit his contribution to the subject : " Some hints on the building up of a Canadian nationality." I do not mean this in a political sense, but in the sense of preserving and strengthening those physical, mental and moral qualities which make a people great. Perhaps it may seem quite ".nneeessary to inquire whether the natural conditions of Canada are such as will warrant us in believing it capable of maintaining in comfort a people that will at least compare favorably with the most progressive nations. Or in other words, whether our country is capable of nourishing a people that will take rank among the foremost nations of the world. A brief glance then at our natural resources. Among them, perhaps none liave attracted more attention tlian our magnificent forests, whether we consider their extent or the diversity of their products The cedar of British Columbia, the pine of Ontario and Quebec, and the spruce of the Lower Provinces, have more than a local reputation. The coast fisheries of both the Atlantic and Pacific yield a rich harvest to the hardy fisherman, while the great stretches of lakes, in the middle of the Continent, are abundantly stocked with those varieties of fish peculiar to fresh water. Our great minesal wealth is just beginning to be realized and is fast attracting foreign capital for its development. We have gold, cupper, nickel, iron and coal in abundance, while most of the rarer metals aie found also. And last, but not least in our natural outfit, are our agricul- tuml possibilities. Whether we look at the immense wheat area and graimg lands of the Prairie Provinces, or the comfortable land holdings of Ontario, the grass lands of Quebec, or nearer home, the fertile dyke lands of the Lower Provinces, we find in all, fertile sections capable of maintaining a large population from the pro- ducts of the soil alone. 1 T^t u '" ^"""^^ ^*y *''^ ^^^ "^"^^^ «f o><^ : " A good land, a land of brooks of water, of fountains and depths, springing forth in valleys and hills, a land wherein thou shall eat bread without scarceness, thou shalt not lack anything in it, a land whose stones are iron and out of whose hills thou mayest dig brass." If vye compare our own Province with "such a country as Denmark, which is conditioned with respect to climate very ifluch as we are, we shall find that with two-thi Js of the area, she has ne^ar y five times the population of Nova Scotia, of whom tully one-half live by agriculture alone, the rest by manufacturing for domestic purposes and commerce. If Nova Scotia was as densely peopled as Denmark, i. e., about 145 to the square mile It would contain nearly 3,000,000 of a population. By taking Scotland instead of Denmark, we shall get about the same result. Neither of these countries can be said to be very densely populated, especially when compared wth England or Be gium which have respectively 548 and 593 to the square mile. But we can afford to make a more conservative estimate, and allow 2.000,000 of people for our Province without being congested. " Taking into consideration the varied resources of our country I think we are well within the mark when we place the number ot people that can be maintained in this Dominion at 50,000,000 about equal to the population of Germany, which has an area a little less than that of Ontario. Further comparisons might be made to show us the great extent of our native land British Columbia is as great as Austria and Italy combined, or as France and Spam together, and nearly as large as Norway, G^Tcec"' '"™' *^* Netherlands, Switzerland, Portugal and In this vast region the Canadian patriot sees nothintr im- possible or even improbable in 50,000,000 living in comfort freedom and peace. On the other side of the shield we find two objections to our optimistic views. These arc (Ist) the extreme length as com- pared with the narrow breadth of the habitable portion of the country, and (2nd) the severity of our climate. With respect to the first objection it is true that our country has great length as compared with its breadth but it is m he I right direction, i. e.. it runs east and west, lu the duectiou of the 1 parallels of latitude. For this reason the proauots of the s^«l ^ (hroughout the whole Dominion are those pecu bar to the colder parts of the Temperate Zones. A .iniforuuty «t the food supply give a uniformity in many other directions, in customs, manners, institutions and all those nameless oualities which help to make up the sum total of living. The No.a Scotian is perfectly at home in Manitoba or British Columbia, the conditions of life are so similar to our own that he falls into line there wiliiout any effort. But the case would be different should he pass from Jiere into the tropics As the products of the temperate zones differ from those of the torrid zone, so do the inhabitants differ lu temperament, feeling and ideals. During the settlement of this continent by Europeans two streams of emigrants from the Motherland struck the Atlantic coast to the south of us. One, the Puritan, found a suitable ivsting place atnong the bleak, barren hills of New hngland. The other Ihe gay cavalier, chose the sunny South, and m old Virginia and Carolina he found just such conditions as suited h.m. The locality chosen by each intensified their peculiarities, hach section pushed civilization westward until at length in the Mississippi \ alley they came into conflict. The quarrel was not between the east and the west, it was between the north and the south There arose over a question of the domestic relations, one of the bloodiest wars 'of modern times, the whole country from the great lakes to the Gulf of Mexico, and from the Atlantic coast to the Kooky Mounuins, being divided into two hostile camps by a hue running ca«t and west. Owing to the different sky, under which he came to live the English cavalier's home life took on a different com- plexion. Of these two streams of emigration it might be saul as it was of two natural streams : " Both from ono craiUe'g siile, Both (loin oiii' iiiolher'n knee, One to the ilark ami fror.en north, One to the Hummer nca." From these and other considerations wc cannot believe tliat the extreme length of our country, as compared with its breadth. will be any barrier to the bnildine un of o j, nationality. "»iming up of a homogeneous With reference to the sprnnH «K;o„f .l . DitU our climate will militat^arainstufSr t '^""''^ °^ here all our live, can afford osmleBuffoTth?' "T. ""^' know our country so well wp n!i„i; u '^°^*' '''^^ '^o ^o' wheat has secured the hiljt ranf in 7; '''"'l'^ ''^^ ^«"''«'>* and Canadian cattle carrSd off mL ?k T'^^^ "^ ^^^ ^"''Id. the Pan-American ESln at B,Vf'" ^^e.r share of prizes at for an international exh Son f ' '"u^^'" ^^^ ^'™« "o™*^ beet and flour wm g ve a ^ 1 '"f °V ?"'" ''^'^ «" Canadian nn» <• 7 ? ^"'^ account of themselves "She iiM wootls of pine and maple, « here Knglan.l mixht be lost ; She has ports that aie ever open To ships that are tempest tossed • She has fields of wheat unbounded U'here the whole horizon glows And the hot sun laughs to hear'her styled Our Lady of the Snowa. ' " "She has vineyar-is hanging heavy With clustering purple ami white And the velvet poach, in it. .waying nest, fills the gardener with delight. She can pluck if she will at Yu'letide In the Italmy air, the rose, Our Lady of the vSnows, ' " , m , . , -Arthur Ukir. may assist us in solving/ thirnrohl . f"'l"w»"g illustration operandi. Suppose o7e of ..r?' T '"^«''' * '""^"^ should conu, suEfy i ratho n.""^' ""^ Progressive farmers an extensive and fe fle^^lot .M ."r^['^"'^,^'".v '"^o possession of cientfortent.n.esS VS e/i' ;S s'"'' 'n'""^" «"«^- winners at our Provincirexh b tinr "^^ ^'*>' '^^ «f the prize Cumberland, with his H .ref.!.^, S ' / ,'"*'"^''^' «''''^'^. «f Polled Angu. or A:^.^^:^^^':;^?^^?:^'' "'^' ^'* Under such sup^.sed circ«m.Une:fw!;rw^;:r^,3e men do ? Let us say to them, "at the present rate of increase of your heitls. you will not reap the full benefit of your late accession for some years to come ; would it not be advisable to go out among the farmers in the adjoining sections and buy a sufficient number of animals to stock your farm up to its full capacity as quickly as poosiDle, so that you can utilize all its productiveness ? 'Tis true, those you pick up in this way will not be the equal of your present herd either in beauty of form or size or in their adaptability for the purpose you require, but you must remember that these aniiuals have never been cared for as yours have and as soon as they receive better treatment, abundant and proper food, they will improve very fast." Now what answer to such a proposition should be expected from an intelligent, up-to-date stock-raiser? He would reply about as follows : " After much consideration, I selected my present breed of animals because I thought they were the most suitable for my purpose, and after a sufficiently long trial I am convinced [ made no mistake. After much experi- menting and careful observation I discovered how improve- ments could be made, how nature might be assisted by wo king along certain lines, until now I fancy my stock is among the best of the kind. I have utilized very fully the labor and thoughts of other?, but ray success has largely if not almost entirely resulted from the two following sources : (1) The infusion of new blood by the introduction from abroad of the best types of the breed, strong, healthy specimens, having clear records for some aenerations past. By introducing inferior or vicious stock I would destroy the work of years. (2) The judicious weeding out of all degenerates as soon as discovered. By neglecMng these under- Iving principles my labor would have been largely wasted. Ihose from whom you wish me to purchase have done just the reverse. They have introduced no new blood and have disposed of the best of their flocks from time to time, and kept what were too poof to sell in the market, hence the tendency towards degenera- tion among their animals." . ■ , r Let us see if we can apply these two underlying principles of successful stock raising to the development, preservation and extension of that portion of the human family destined to occupy this Dominion. Ail will admit that during the last half century there has been a great advance in all the products of the soil. Not only have the domestic animals been improved but all other departments of husbandry have been developed. If time, labor and thought have been expended in the past aad are still being 8 expended, that the ox or the horse might reach greater perfection is it too ikuch to ask that man, the noblest of all creatures, should receive some little attention also ? It has been said that the best crop any country can produce is a crop of men. If this be true, then every effort sh-'.ld be made to prevent the introduction or perpetuation of anything t. t would lower the standard of excellence of the product. A distinguished writer has said: "It is far higher morality to preserve the perfectibility of the race than to secure the well being of our neighbor and of existing society. We shall now take up the additions to our population from abroad, and from the general national characteristics of each group consider whether all or any of them are suitable for our country. I shall have to quote some statistics from the Government Blue Books to show the nationalities of the immigrants and the pro- portion of each group to the whole. I shall confine myself to the la^t four reports published, viz., those for the calendar years 1898. IRqf) 1900 and 1901. The total number entering our country m 1898 was 3l"00; in 1899, 44,543; in 1900,44,697; in 1901 49 149 In each of the three latter years the largest number from any one country were from the United States About one Quarter of the whole came to us from across the line "» 189^. while rather more than one-third in each of the two fbllowing years were from that country. Many of these are doubtless repatriated French-Canadians returning from the New England States but bv far the larger number are from the western border States' These latter are seeking homes where the prospects for a successful career are brighter than in the country they have left. But among those who come to us from the adjoining republic we may look for a large influx of the class of " ne er-do- wcels, whose nomadic habits prevent them from remaining long m any one place The f-* ■' vilh which we can pass from one country into the other, v. ..ways make in ditticnk to distinguish the rea immigrant from the wanc^erer, and in many cases to reach a coirect estimate of the number. All that cuu bo said of this class is that they are presumably an avera-e specimen of their kind and we mav expect no ditticulty in assimilating them. If those cming to us from the great agiicultural States of the west aie retuvning Canadians or of British or North European stock, we should open our arms to receive them. . , . , The British Isles in 1898 sent us over 11,(M)0, the greater number tf whom were from England and Wales. Tho.se em- 9 braced more than •ne-third of the whole immigration for the year In the following year there was a considerable falling on both' absolutely and relatively— less than one-fourth were British In 1900 and 1901 the proportion was still less than one-fourth. As these are our typical immigrants it is unfortunate to find a declension in the proportion from that source. There does not seem to be any prospect of a much larger number coming, from the Motherland than at present. The industrial activity ot the past few years and the withdrawal of so many men from the ordinary labor market, in consequence of the struggle m South Africa have caused a decline in emigration and for some years to come we cannot look for a large influx from that quarter, particularly as new lands will come in competition. In the earjv years of immigration into the neighboring Republic, the great bulk came from the British Isles, but that source of supply is beginning to fail From returns for the year ended June 30th, 1901, ot the .562 868 who entered the United States only 3% were English just' equal to the number of Magyars from Hungary, while Ireland furnished only 6%, the Jews themselves . counting double the number, or 12%. • , j ^i.„ Next amoii.' our desirable arrivals may be considered the Scandinavians an.l G.-rnvuis. Unfortunately the number of ihc^e is small. Of the fi-rnu-i we received on a average about l.bUU during each of the four years under consideration, while the Germans scarcely reacheil half that number. LeavincT out of the calculation those coming to us from the United States let us comj.aro the number from the British Isles and Northern Europe with those coming from the other parts of the European Continent. By this means we shall be able to show the trend oi our immigration. In 1898 from the British Isles and Northern Europe we received 13,895, from the rest of Europe, 8 811-t; in 1899, 12,906 fr..m the Hrst and 19,^-32 from the other cmiutries. This large increase from the Continent was o.ving to the largf importation ot Galicians and Doukhobors, of the tirst there wero 0,700, of the latter 7,350 In 19. the numbers stand 13,445 from Britair and Northern Europe, trom the rest of the Continent 15.76J. In 1901 14,544 and 16,038. . From these comparisons we learn, that the immigration from the British Isles has remained nearly stationary, from year to vear, yet relatively it has fallen olf rapidly when we reckon hv per reniagcs of the whole. In 1898, for every 13 British and Northern 10 European immigrants coming iu, there were 8 from the other European countries; in 1901 they stood 7 to 8. As the Govern- ment returns do not give a full analysis of all who reach our shores, classifying a large number as miscellaneous, I think we might consider them as South Europeans. S. W, Russia and Austrian Poland or Galicia have given us more than their share. From the latter in 1898 we received 5,500, in 1899, 6,700; in 1900, 6,5:'3, and in 1901, 4,702. In 1901 over 2,000 are en- tered for the first time as Hungarians, Russians, &c. Before leaving statistics, which do not make very amusing reading, although very necessary for our present purpose, I should like to refer to the last immigration returns of the United States. About 21% of the whole were Sla-onic, 25% were South Italians and 12% Hebrews. Only 24% came from Britain and N. Europe, with the°se may be ranked 4% of North Italians. From this you will see that the tendency there is the same as here, a growing incriase of South over North Europeans. The press of that country is warning the na'ion of the danger'to the Republic in leaving the door wide open for all who seek admission. As long as the greater numbfer of immigrants entering the United States belonged to the English-speaking people a hearty welcome was given to "all. The racial change will necessitate an alteration in their immigration policy. Among the questions we might ask ourselves is this : why do we hold out our hands to the North German and Scandinavian and look askance when the Italian, Russian or Pole knocks at our door? Physically, the Teutons or dwellers about the Baltic and North Seas are " a vigorous race, tall, with flaxen hair, large of limb, stout of heart, tenacious of will and with abundant physical energy. Owing to their ''rength, bravery and stature the Teuton has been a great conquering ,ace." "Mentally the pure Teuton is sluggish and niattrial but is directed by clear insight, and an unconquerable pertinacity. His conquests, whether on the field of battle or in the areiia'of the intelloct, have been attained by deliberate calcu- lation and dogged obstinacy." These are the characteristics of the race as given by two of the most distinguished writers on this subject in the English language, viz.. Canon Taylor and the late Prof. Biinton, of Philadelphia. The latter continues : "Within the last century, the extension of this group over the globe has left all others far behind. The Gernian, the Englishman and the Anglo-American now control the politics of the worl<<, and their 11 contributions to every department of literature, science and the art8 have been the main stimuli of the marvellous progress of the '*'Th"ei'evrS"people have gone they have become leader, and "as is we 1 know.v the landed gentry of Europe are largely ZLuTJirol this race." It is very doubtful if there woud be to-day a Slavonic state of any importance had it not been for the northern freebooter. Bohemia, Poland and even Russia am. debted to the north for the beginning ot their national existence Forming, as we do. a part of a great empire which embraces many ^o^es^naticns and languages, yet -^ose dominant princp^s and iuidina genius are Saxon, and that continually, is it not natural fh^ w'eSd welcome our brethren from the Northland ? For indeed they are our nearest relatives on the Continent of Europe No braver bolder or freer man walks the earth than the hardy Norseman For a thousand years he has braved the stormy Atlantic and wherever he landed he found no superior. But as soon a he left the life of a sea-rover and settled down in more fertile lands than his own and under more genial skies, he took on quickly the advanced civilization of those around him, but lost Ton'e of his courage. We want as many Norwegians as we c, get to man our fishing fleet. In the county of D.gby alone t has been said 500 additional men could be employedjn fishing if they could bo procured. If we could .nduce a »«™ber of Daiush farmers to come to us and impart their knowledge of the art ot butter-making, it would be a good investment for o«r Province to give them farms and goo.1 ones too. They l^^^i/^^^^^^P^f^^ countries in dairying, their butter commanding jjf ^jf «^ ^^ in London during its season. Any of these peop es, whether Norwegians Swedes, Danes or North Germans, would make ex- Slent^oit Lns through their intelligence, industry, thrift and Te e"al suSity of character. Another advantageous feature is hi^ndSuaf independence, a willingness to -f ^g^^^J" ^^f^^ to better their position, and for that reason r.malgatua e leadi ly and very quickly as compared with those people who hive in communities. . , . oU„„l,i uv-p to Before leaving the north there is ono people I should like to refer to. the Finn!. My time will only permit of a very b lef reference This is a peculiar people— Asiatic n language, E roprn in civilization, 'while their oppressors, the Russian, are European in language but Asiatic in culture. This country w.s for 500 years subject to Sweden, from whose people the.tnuis 12 acquired their civilization. They are a fair-haired race, more closely resembling their near neighbors, the Swedes, than their reatives hngmstically, the native races of Northern Asia. Although living north of the 60th parallel of latitude they occupy a prominent position in the agricultural world, particularly in Thirj' i°i J v!'^ '^!l "' * ^"""y '^""'^ «'^°«"d to Denmark. Ihey are bold, hardy fishermen and lake to the sea naturally, and hlvZ°^ Tr ^^'"^ '^f. ^"'''*° «^« «^« °^^°^d and manned vpJ M ^^ T '°*?'>g«»' a°<^ are said to adapt themselves very quickly to changed conditions. At present Russia is en- deavpring to Russianize the people by forbidding the use of the native tongue as the official language of the State, and generally by taking away the autonomy of the Duchy and making Finland a Russian Province instead of a semi-independent Duchy nnder mmded and highly civilized people-are becoming restive and are looking about for a suitable land to which they may emigrate Many have gone to the United States and a fei to Canada It is to be hoped that we shall get many of these people yet. In common with all the inhabitants of Nurtl;ern Europe, they are naturally democratic, taking an intelligent interest in all political movements. We shall now turn our attention to the southern or rather the CO.. W . ° r" of Europe. The greatest number of immigrants race-chiefly Gahcians and the so called Doukhobors. The former Zll ft'' P"' '^S"' Austro-Hungaiian empire, once in- cluded in the ancient Kingdom of Poland, and are known as Galicians, Ruthenians or Little Russians. Accordina to the census of 1901, there were 28.400 of these people and 31,226 iiussiaus in our North West. Foremost among the many factors insuring the stability of a and h^ll ^ '";nty of language, (2) common heritage of tradition and belief, and (3) the permanent occupation of a definite terri- toi}. App ying these tests to tho States lying between the Adnat^ and Black Sea., and extending no.4 lo include e o^ni ' "'*"'• 7''"' ^"^ r ""*' • ^'" ''tate that fulfils all these conditions, scarcely one iha. fulfils any two of them Turkey with the unspeakable Turk as ruler, holding in suLct m t?; Greek and the Slav. The Moslem at war with the Chr'.ltlradH to the i,|tensity of the situation. The existence of the E.npire of Au.tro-Hungary hangs upon the lite of u„ old man-Francis 13 Joseph. The polyglot character of the people, added to the intense race hatred between the German, the Slav and the Magyar, keeps the political pot constantly boiling in that kingdom As for the region commonly called the Balkan States, no ordinary person is capable of getting order out of such a social, religi- ous and political chaos. How long will it take us in this country to educate peasants from these regions and make them irUelligent units in our state i A class that for centuries has been trampled upon by succeeding hordes of eastern barbarians. In many of the Slavonic tribes there is a large pficentage of Mongolian blood — the saying, "scratch a Russian and you'll find a Tartar," is liierally true. For this reason it has been said that, " The Mongol capacity for dumb obedience and suffering in silence, favorable to the formation of political herds, has passed to the Russians." This is particularly applicable to the peasantry, those whom we get as immigrants. This indifference to suffering is a common charactpristic of the lower races and also of the vicious among the civilized. Prof* Brinton tells us that "The Russian (a general name for all of Slavonic blood) is laborious, submissive, dreamy, unpractical. The individual is lost in the community, the mir, a communistic village association of great antiquity. His religion is the merest formality, reliHVed by outbreaks of fanaticism. Russian literature, which has lately become the vogue in other natipns, is intro- spective and unhealthful, oriental in its spirit and occidental in its cravings." This statement might be enlarged upon, particularly with respect to their primitive village communities and their snperstitious-raile-marks in the progress of civilization that we passed centuries ago. When we find in addition, as in the case of the Doukhobors, strong religious convictions, antagonistic to our ideas of duty towards the state, should it not give us pause, before opening our doors to these people indiscriminately ? There are over 7,000 of these Doukhobors now in the Territories and still more ready to come. The Slav is agricultural in his instincts ; for many generations he was a fixture upon the land he tilled. At first sight this appears to be in his favor as our chief want is more farmers. But he is not a farmer in our sense of the woid. He is contented with a scanty living of coarse food upon which an American could not or would not live, obtained from the soil by a most crude and primitive process. If we judge the civilization of a people by the position occupied by the women, what rank shall we assign to the lii' 14 Doukhobors, who harness their women to the plow ? We want something besides brute strength in the coming generation. OIti Ben. Jonson tells us : " It is not growing like a tree Id bulk, doth make man better bn ; Or standing long an oak, three hundred year. To fall a log at last, dry, bald and sere : A Lily of a day Is fairer far in May, Although it fall and die that night- It was the plant and flower of Light." Farming on this Continent is no longer a question of brawn, but it is one of brain. A man to succeed in farming to-day must keep his wits about him. H^ot only must he understand the nature of the soils and the crops adapted to them but he must keep his eye on the markets and be prepared to change his pro- ducts from time to time as circumstances change. The area of competition increases from year to year with the increase of quick transit and cheap carriage. A man of very ordinary ability and lacking in push, can earn a better living in a factory than he can on a farm, hence the great increase of urban as compared with the country population in all countries. Just another word about these people. Araon^ them there is no great middle class as with us. Instead of traders coming up from the lower ranks, as in all other commercial nations, business is done by Jews inland and Greeks on the coast. The Jews are very numerous in Russia and Austria, particularly in the old Polish quarter of these empires. They are probably the poorest specimens of humanity that land upon our shores. They are a people without a home and without a common language. Wherever they live they speak the Ian- ^uage of the country but never settle upon the soil— they may be in a country but not of it. They are a separate people wherever they go and when they are hived in large numbers, they become the cause of serious trouble. If time permitted we might pursue this division of our argu- ment to much greater length, yet I h .pe, enough has been said°to show us the danger, if not the criminality of allowing such people to come into this country. There is a duty we owe to those coming after us, to transmit to them a heritage free from the contamitiating influence of an alien race, with which we have nothing in common, and which may neither amalgamate nor die out. We should carefully guard our borders to prevent the 15 admission of snch into our land. Look to the south of us, for an example, of the admission of an inferior race. When the first slave ship landed her cargo in the United States it was an inocu- lation with a virus that quickly spread over half the land. Here we have a people that will not disappear in the presence of a superior race, neither will they amalgamate. One of the most serious problems that has over come before the statesmen of any country is looming up in the Southern States, i. e., the future status of the negro. When we look in that direction we should take warning and try to avoid their position. Why should our stretches of magnificent country be mad« the dumping ground for the scum of Europe, whether they come from the plains of Poland, the steppes of IJussia or the slums of Man- chester or Birmingham? Why should we be an.\ious to get a people that even Russia cannot utilize ; she is willing lo let the Doukhobors go but not the Finns ? There should be no uncertain attitude on this question throughout the land. The press is beginning to souad the alarm and not any too soon. Misguided philanthropists may tell us, it i:; duty and privilege to bring the poor and down-trodden from .; congested districts of the older countries and place them w..ere there is plenty of rjom. But they are looking at one side of the question only. We cannot touch pitch and not be defiled. Their very contiguity to us is a danger; and if we attempt to assimilate them, there can only be one result. When pure gold and en alloy are melted in a crucible, the quality of the alloy is certainly im- proved, but still the whole is only an alloy— the pure gold, as such, has disappeared. So in the union of a superior and' an inferior whether in individual cases or in masses the result is the same, the baser gains at the expense of the better. In Tennyson's Locksley Hall you will find this idea dwelt on ; he says. Yet it shall be, thou shalt lower to his level day by day, What is fine within thee growing coarse'to sympathize with clay, As the husband is, the wife is : thou art mated with a clown, And the grossness of his nature will have weight to drag thee down. He will hold thee, when his passion shall have spent iu novel force, Something better than his dog, a little dearer than his horse. Better that millions of acres in our North West should lie fallow for a hundred years and become egain the grazing ground for the buffalo, than have it filled with an ignorant, dreamy, fanatical, stubborn and unprogiessive people. Instead of expend- 16 ing our strength to secure quantity, we shonld look very carefully after the quality of those coming to ua. Let us now turn our attention to the second part of our subject — the cure of the degenerates. To treat this subject at length is very tempting, but this is neither the time nor place lo discuss it, I merely wish to point out what we are doing for this class and what we might do in addition to protect society. My remarks on this head apply to our own province only. For better purposes of treatment I shall divide them into defectives and criminals. This division is purely empirical, many individuals coming under both heads. The criminals are actively dangerous, both are passively so. Among defectives may be classed, tlie diseased, deformed, feeble minded, drunkard, epileptics, and that discouraged, hopeless class, notably those bereft of home very early in life, and who have been reared in benevolent institutions, those " indigent faint souls past corporeal toils." The provision raadu by our Province for the treatment of the diseased — whether the trouble is mental or physical — is worthy of all praise. If all our defectives had such institutions for the amelioration of their condition, I should have no text for uiy present remarks. The Victoria General Hospital and the Nova Scotia Hospital are doing a noble work, under most skillful and competent management. These central and provincial institutions are being relieved by the equipment from time to time of smaller but similar ones in the different counties throughout the Province. On that score there is nothing more to be said, except that the time may hi near at hand when a home for physical incurables may be found necessary. Here may come in some of the de- formed, whose condition disqualifies them from earning a livelihood and whose friends may not be able to keep them. Among the unfortunates, there are two classes, whose po-sition to-day reflects the highest credit upon private munificence, handsomely supple- mented by grants from the Province and the Municipality. I refer to the Blind and the Deaf Mutes. The time was, and not so long a o, for some present, may remember, when they received no training whatever in this Province and were scarcely treated as members of the family. We now find them well looked after and instructed by patient and unwearying teachers to be self-reliant members of society and in most cases to earn their living or at least to relieve their friends from a large part of their care. Anyone who is curious in these 17 matters can estimate the cash value of the work done in thP,« Srarror/s 'r f ^ ''^''^ P^^^'^ in whi^L'to^^on^d '"^ twer* irson L" -^"^ '^" ^ ''*'''"^«*'"^' 'he difference be- able to JTrn Jis nwnl"- '^'\' "f-'^" ''''''y ^"'^ °"« ^ho is credit sidPonlnK''u?~'^'*"='"8 ^''^™ '*>« debtor to the credit side— one may be able to see the value to the state of ihl investment in such institutions ^^ thfsrtnd th'JeTr'r^^"^'^-' four-onet.deTthe"Untr STf thatttween 30^^^^^^ nianagement. It is claimed to do marrthisi Lit:4ir.i;7:.? tScTe^f s^ selve, to » certain extent. The remaiViino 60»/ or ?n»/ scuooi ai waltni I had for the year ended 30th S«r.f i«qo ^er The latr ^''"'' ^^r'' ^'-'"^'^ '^''^^ ^^^^ todi:" ai ine expense of the state, cities or towns. The school ha<, Hp vXr..'T^f '^''' * ^''"' P'^^Veny of noarly 2.000 ac.es in ; m n Sutd'.irr P"''";'- "'"" ^^•'^''^'' 'he older boys and ".UaTenSotrnt^"^"^ "' ^ «''«^^^^-- -''^^ '» '^eir Lited inmltt^Zd^T^T'^'"'.'^'^'''"'^^'''-^'"'*^'^^ that besides the 622 obieetof It n ^ ""■" " "™™«'-y- There is no greater Z ai.lr'^ ,T °°"'""""'J' »han the poor, homeleas, mother- world S:"""^''' T' ?"■'• '<"°°''"' »'»'" '■J' »" ""M"g worw, ready to be made a victim by those searching for such prey 18 I wish I could sufficiently impress upon all thoughtful people throughout the Province, the danger to society of allowing these poor creatures to go at large. We have them with us and shou d care for thera. Besides lhi^ it is our duty to do more, we should see that they be not allowed to project themselves through future generations. Here is a field for the exercise of pure philanthropy. Thousands of dollars are expended, and sea and land en- compassed, to make converts to Christianity and civilization llus is perhaps as it should be. But right here in our midst there is an opportunity for the exerc.sc of the noblest qualities of woman s heart and mind. Those who will undertake to see that their unfortunate sisters are properly guarded and cared for, jnust be contented largely with negative ivsults.for the work will be chiefly preventive. Let us hope that the day is not far disi.ant when we shall see in our midst an institution wh'ch will meet the require- ments of this class of our defectives, whether it be the result of philanthropic endeavor or of state endowment. , , „ . There is a trinity of evils, lyin- near the border-land of crime. Poverty, Ignorance and Intemperance, which act and react upon each other as cause and effect aiihysically and mentally incapable of being otherwise. Through insufficient nutrition or tVom other causes they lack the physical stamina necessary to the struggle for existence. They form a portion of the weaker, who go to the wall. The capacity to do a full day's work is wanting, much less can they perform six days' work in a week. They are very ready to take up the responsibility of a household, at au age when the prudent and industrious would not think of it. The time may come when society will find it neces- sary to interfere to prevent the multiplia>.tion of these incapables. In helping the impoverished a careful discrimination should be made. The causes of poverty should be considered before assist- ance is given— indiscriminate alms-giving only fosters the disease. On the subject of intemperance and its remedy, there is little for m'> to say; it has not yet reached the region of calm philo- sophy ; it 's still in the storm region. Whether it is the cause of nearly all the misery in our land, or whether it is an effect of some other cau-e or causes, or whetlier it may not be both cause and effect, are questions that are being continually discussed on the platform, in the pulpit and press. A perfect panacea for the cure of the abuse of an otherwise natural appetite is not to be expected 111 the near future. It may be the desire is inherited from a long hue of ancestors whose very heaven, Valhalla, was a scene of sliif.' and debauch. This much, however, as a student of society in a small way, I may bf allowed to say: If the death of a drunkard ended'all with linn as far as this world is conciTned, \vc might look on with some complacency while relentless nature was gradually removin-T liini from iliis sphere, " '^ Br.t it (ii)es not. No more terrible legacy is l.ft to society tliaii the oll'spring of an inebriate. He may be the first weak link in a l)ng chain, but those who succeed hiin increase in weakness ui i; geometrical ratio. In hii train there follow insanity, im- 20 becility, epilepsy, vagabondage and crime. Every student of the dark side of human nature must admit that drunkenness is very frequently the first visible symptom of a decaying stock. Closely connected with some classes of the defectives is the criminal. In most cases he coiranits anti-social acts because he lacks the capacity to earn an honest living. We are all liable to follow the line of least resistance. This is particularly true of the criminal. Like a child or a savage, he soon tires of any sys- tematic employment, takes the shortest cut to relieve his i)r(!sent wants, quite careless of the future. It has been observed among the lowest strata of society, that in large families whyre tlii> older sons are crinjinuls, tiie younger are paupers, tiius showing the close connection between these two classes of degenerates. Crime in its widest t jiise is a violation of law either humun or divine, but it is generally confined to actions contrary to the laws of the state. In the past, punishment has been adjusted to the crime, mainly as a deterrent, with very little reference to the character of the criminal. To-day people are awakening to the fact that each individual found committing any overt act against the state, should be the subject of a careful physical and psychological diagnosis. Time will not permit even a brief analysis of the differ- ent varieties of crime, so for our present purpose we shall consider it as a whole. Hereditary instinct and environment are the two factors in the production of crime. One of the most im- portant monographs on the study of heredity in its relation to crime, as well as the part played by a suitable environment, was written by Kobt. L. Dugdale, of the State of New York. It is called the "Jukes" family — "a study in crine, pauperism, disease and heredity." It was the result of two special inquiries — one of county jails in 1874, the other of state \ risons in 1875. He found mjthing warthy of .special notice until he reached a certaii. county, the name of which he does not give, where six persons, who were blood relations, were held for trial for various crimes. The ancestors of these people hd<' lived in that locality for several generations and had not intermingled, to any e.xtcnt, with the laf'jr immigrants to that region. The place and its sur- roundings were well suited to be the "cradle of crime." A mountainous locality, away from the common line of travel, rocky, barren and dreary nf aspect, it was ii suitable site for such a miserable race. Here they lived in thu winter .seasun in hovels of wood or stone that had ditiw duly for soveriil ijenerations, fit only for the slaves of ihe South. In the summer season both 21 men and women gathered in the large cities to reap a harvest from vice and crime. Related to these six, he found 29 adult males, of whom 17 were criminals ; 15 of these had received sentences aggre- gating 71 years. They had committed or attempted to commit nearly all the crimes in the calendar. This led him to further investigation, the results of which are so appalling, that I shall only refer to a few. The name "Jukes" was given this large group from the most conspicuous members of the primitive stock. Somewhere about the middle of the 18th century, there lived in the neighborhood of the Catskill Mountains, a rough, hurd-drink- ing hunter and fisher, a man working by fits and starts, called Max. Two of his sons married two sisters from a familv of six girls, whose parccntage is not known. One of tliese girls" having left the district nothing is known of her descendants. He traced the progeny of the remaining five sisters through //i'^ j^enerations, or seven generations, if we reckon old Max and his sons. Out of a probable 1,200 descendants in all, he was able to find records of 709. One of these women, called Ada Ju'-3s, but who is better known as " Margaret, the Mother of Crimin. " had an ill.'j,'iti- mate son, who was the progenitor of the di- ictively ciimhial branch. Out of these 709 that were traced, there were 7 mur- derers, 60 habitual thieves, 280 pauperized adults, and 300 pre- mature deaths among the children, or one in four of the popula- tion, and 310 who passed an aggregate of 2,300 years in poor liouses. This does not exhaust the docket, by any means ; the figures given but faintly represent the hideousness of the life they" led. But what should appeal most readily to the taxpayer is the fost of this "cradle of crime" to the State. He enters ini<. an plaborate calculation of loss to the State for the maintenance of these peoide, in prison and out of it, cost of trials, of goods stolen, of I'.vea sacrificed by sickness and disease, and so on, and finds the whole bill foots up 81,308,000. Mr. Dugdale says : " Over a million and a quarter dollars of loss in 75 years, caused bv a single family 1,200 strong, without reckoning" the cash paid'for whiskey, or taking into account the enlailment of pauperism and crime of the survivors in succeeding generations, and the incuiable disease, idiocy and insanity growing out of this debauchery, and reaching further than we can calculate. It is getting to be lime to ask, do our courts, our laws, our almshouses and uur jjiils deal with the quistion presented'" 1 have chosen the story of the Jukes as an illustration of the interaction of heredity and environ- ment. It is probably the most jainstaking and exhaustive effort 22 yet made to trace the history of criminal tendencies. The inquiry covers so much ground both in respect to the extended period of time under review and the number of persons whose life history has been investigated, we are inclined to doubt its applicability to our own country. It rtay be quite true, that in this Dominion no such aggregation of vicious people can be found, nevertheless there are many Jukes' families in miniature. Without pursuing this aspect of our problem any further, let us look for a moment at the means we adopt for the reclamation of any portion of these unfortunates. We find three different institutions to which criminals over 16 years of age, belonging to our city, may be sent, viz., the County Jail, the City Prison, and Dorchester Penitentiary. Sometimes it is difldcult for the ordinary lay mind to understand why one of these places should be chosun rather than another. In all cases I believe the law is carried ou' as fully and as onscientiously as possible by our magistrates and judges, but the oole and only object of our law is punishment. The boy of 17 and the hardened criminal of 60 are alike sent to prison as a punishment. We have oue cure for all sorts and conditions of crimes, departed from only in the case of murder. Le Sage in his " Adventures of Gil Bias," tells us his hero was, at one time in his career, apprenticed to a i hysician to learn the profession. After practising a while he became dissatisfied with his progress and complained to his master that although he invariably carried out the prescribed treatment, he lost nearly all his patients, or as he put it : " It looks as if they took a pleasure in dying, merely to bring our practice into discredit." The pre- scribed remedy in all cases was to bleed the patient and then administer copious draughts of warm water. No matter what the disease was, whether fever, dropsy or smallpox, the treatment was never varied. The master admitted they were not at all successful in their practice ; "but," he said, " I have published a book, in which I have extolled the use of frequent bleeding and aqueous draughts ; and couldst thou have me go and deny my own work ? " Just so has it been with our own treatment of the criminal : measure off so many months or years of imprisor.'uent, according to the crime committed, without any consideration of the effect upon the individual. Whether the offence is petty theft or maiislaughtei, the punishment is the same in kind, differing only in degree. This mode of treatment has been a failure. Far, notwithstanding the great advance we are making in civilization generally, crime is increasing, particularly among 28 the young. It is a disgrace to our boasted civilization that boys of 17 years of age, or even young men of 21. should be sent to Dorchester, in many casec their misdemeanor being their first offence. All under 30 years of age should be sent to a Eeforma- tory, not for a limited period, but until those in charge are satisfied they are capable of earning a living and are willing to try. A well equipped and properly conducted Reformatory is a crying necessity in our Province. The institutions we now have, that IS the Industrial School and St. Patrick's Home, are doing as good work as can be expected under the circumstances, as their incomes are limited. The Province might well relieve them and allow their means to flow into some other charitable channel. What we need is an institution to which young persons with criminal tendencies can be sent and where they will receive a careful phyHcal, mental and moral training and a sufficient insight into some handicraft by which they may be able to earn a living. To send a young man to any of our penal institutions is, in nine cases out of ten, to destroy all the chances of his reformation. We place a brand of infamy upon him and then turn him loose upon society, a greater enemy of civil order than at first. What IS needed is a thorough examination of all sent up, and that followed by a treatment suitable to each particular case. The time is coming when our criminals will be studied and treated as our insane. When a person gives evidence of dis- ordered mental actim he is sent to Mount Hope for treatment. Is he sent there for 60 days or 2 years ? No. He is sent there to stay, until experts say he ii fit to take his place in society again. There is no time limit. So should it be nith our crim- inals. Crime is a disease and should be treated as such. No reformatory system however has yet been devised that will reclaim all. After everything has been done, there still remains a residuum of incurables. These should be carefully yuarded and never allowed at large. < »ne of the saddest examples of our system, is the case of that poor unfortunate Neil Keardon. Sent to prison three or four times a year, and as soon as the time of her incarceration expires, she returns to her old haunts, commits the same offence and is sent back again. In the nanjc of common decency, i.^ it not al)out time such exhibitions should cease? A few years ago on a visit to the Maiiti.ne penitentiary at Dorchester, we weio shown through the buildmg by lii.- Deputy Warden. On passing around amon;^ the cells, he asked us to 24 step over to the opposite side from where we were, as he wished to show us something unusual. Presently he halted before a cell out of which stepped two little boys — the eldest about thirteen — mere children. So unexpected and unusual did the whole appear, that we judged the officer was playing off a practical joke on us. But we were soon undeceived on that point. We were told that these children were sent there for some slight breach of the law, because the judge had no option in the matter, there being no other place to send them. Such a sad sight brought tears to the eyes of some of the party and made most of us think that " the law's inhumanity has made countless thousands mourn." But we need not go so far away from home for examples. On the first day of this month there was confined in the common jail of a town in this province, a boy — or rather a child — eleven years old, on the same corridor with a man who was held for trial for attempted murder. The inhabitants of the town pride themselves — and justly so — on ths high moral and intellectual standard of their people. This boy was placed there for truancy, and it is safe to say that the knowledge that he will acquire while there will stay by him longer and will bear more fruit than that obtained during any one year of his attendance at the public schools. The foUowing clipping irom a Montreal paper of June 25th last, headed Colleges of Chime, gives in a short space an illus- tration of our mode of treatment of the criminal class : COLLEGES OF CRIME. Francis Teiirney, who wai? scntciicctl to six niontlis' imprisonment Satiu-dtiy for stciiliiig iron spikes beiongiiiK to llie Harbour Boa^il, has been going to gaol pretty regularly lor the last twciity-si.x years. He graduated as a criminal at the age of ninett-en ami is now forty-tive years old. He li:i8 been sentence*! no less than Ibrty-iiiiie times, and is probably a harder citizen than wlien lie was first " sent down." Obviously the gaol can have no terrors lor this evil-doer. He is no belter for having served forty-nine terms in prison, and it is doubtful if sfteicty is any better off. Theie is sonictliing radically wrong with our system of dealing with offenders against the law. In nothing is the failure of nKnlein civilization more appjirent. We liave niuile little or no progress in this matter in many jears. There \* a largo section of llie human race wiih whom crime is an mheritetl instinct, an here '"' "'^" '^*''' ^"'^ ^^'^^^^^ «»tl«^ed him- sen, let him be t..-ate?t^ ""f-' i'"'""'"^^'' "ght in the matter is that of the com- ,. iZ V, ^*^.^ herately pursues a course of conduct which ofothe;"" ' ''"^ ' life, liberty or pursuit of happiness' sh.m.' Vr'"/'^"''"''^ *" "'' "'^"'^''" f*'""y *« *" example of shame and .nfan.y-a survival of the unfittest-I should like to name a few fan-Hies in ihe Mother land and the neighboring repul.l.c that are Can.ous in the annals of their country for abHitv upn^rhtness and strength of character. ^ ^* Thpl^rrt'"\''/..r''l '"'?'''" "'"""^ throughout the civilized world. The celeb,ated Charles has added g,eat lustre to it, but for four generufons it has produced several men of marked abil.>,y It has been sa.d that : " The number of individuals in this tamily who ha^e followed some braiiob. of natural history is very remarkable " Among the great commanders are the Napiers of England and conti'nt"" '""'"'^ "' ^'" """^« "^ Orange-Nassau on the That distinguished statesman and diplomat, the late Marquis 26 of DufTerin, owed no little of hia brilliancy to the blood of the Sheridans that flowed in his veins. The late Prime Minister of Great Britain handed over to his nephew his seal of office, while we have to-day, the unusual spectacle of a father and son both occupying seats in the same cabinet: the Colonial Secretary and the Postmaster General of Great Britain. There are two families in England by the name of Taylor who for some generations have filled important positions in the com- monwealth. That called Taylor of Norwich, besides those of their own name, includes the Martineaus, of whom Harriet and Rev. James are the best known. The late Lady Duff Gordon, whose " Letters from Egypt " is an English classic, also belonged to this family. The other family, that of Ongar, has given four Isaac Taylors in direct succession, carh of whom was much above the average* in his department, "he first "with au artist's ambition " became an engraver of note; his son was a clergyman, an author and also an engraver ; the third was the author of " The Natural History of Enthusiasm ;" and the last is Canon Isaac Taylor, referred to before, the learned author of " Words and Places." In the neighboring republic we have the Adams family that gave the country two Presidents ; the Harrison family also gave two, old Tippecanoe and his grandson, the late Benjamin Harrison. But perhaps for our purpose the Edwards family makes the greatest contrast with the Jukes. Jonathan Edwards was the founder and was born in 1703. Of the 1,394 of his descendants identified in 1900, there had been 295 college graduates; 13 college presidents; 65 professors; CO physicians; more than 100 clergymen ; 75 officers in the army and navy ; 100 lawyers ; 30 judges; several governors, and members of Congress, &c., &c. " Almost if not every department of social progress and of the public weal ha3 felt the impulse of this healthy and long lived family." " It is not known that any one of them was ever con- victed of crime." It ha.^ been said ; "The Jukes family never mingled any good blood with Its own," while " the Edwards family has instinctively protected its blood from degeneration by careful and prud at ujarriages." Starting from a poor miserable stock, in the one family, we have intensified degeneracy through intermarriage and poverty-stricken surroundings. In the other, from an upright, stur(iy piogenit )r we get an ideal race, through selected alliances and a favorable environment. It may be asked, can we make of Canada an Arcadia, if the 27 suggestions given should be carried out ? Can we expect that sin and sorrow will be wiped out and man live in the pristine state of innocence of the fabled Golden Age ? Ask the gardener, when he selects his seeds carefully and plants them in a virgin soil, if his work is done ? He will tell you that in his calling, eternal vigilance is the price of success. Because we cannot eliminate all evil and stamp out all iniquity, there is no reason why we should not exercise common sense and adopt modern scientific methods for the treatment of all our defectives. With the tide of prosperity that is sweeping through our land at present, a few miserable waifs, incapable of earning a living, can be kept warm, clothed and fed without taxing our resources severely. But let our population inc"3ase and hard times pinch us — as inevitably will be the case — then every useless individual becomes a serious burden on the community. In warm countries men can subsist with little labor. No artificial heat is required, as the sun furnishes all that is necessary, his food grows spontaneously, little clothing is needed, while the forests provide sufficient shelter. Not so in this country. The incapables in Canada must be cared for, otherwise they will perish. Within the last few weeks, we have had an illustration in our North West o( a people not fit to take care of themselves. Such fanatical outbursts are liable to occur at any time whilst th ^- remain in large culouies apart from their English speaking neighbors. Ever since the ac(iuisition of the North West, there has been a continuous clamor from press and political platform against successive governments, because more people were not "brought into the country. Only sucti as offered could be trans- ported and if in the desire to satisfy this outcry, undesirablo people have come into our midst in the past, we should take warning and guard ourselves more carefully in the future. The following is taken from a criticism of a Romance by a Itussiau, which appeared in one of our leading periodicals a short time ago. It describes in a few .vords the mental make up of these people, not only of the literary class, but of the race as a whole. " For there is withal a trouble upon the senses of the Slavic race, and in their mimls like a delirium. They see what is not there, and what is there they see out of all proportion and grotesquely. They conceive ideas that are not " rights of great anti^ufty to cCth?""? °," ^P'^' °°' ^««»««i older iands^ We haVe a dean ?helt 'wheels of progress as in beginnings of our history Not ] k«l „ T "'^'"l '° ^'''^ "»« the life of a heathen divinitf was , * tXr^'J f "^r^* ^h«^° that of a Christian saint. Althou/h1.«h """k*^ '°^''« ^^^ ^<"- evening with the dark sidetf on tcU hfrjr/'*""^ ''''' the submerged tenth which fhn„„k • ^.?"'* ^'^'^^ among cientlylargftoinfect^heis ;;t*^ll7"^^ «"»*"' " «"ffi- for I have unbounded conSce't the tZ"T'. * ^'T'"'' people. I am one of those whrth;ni! I • greatness of our homeland." ^^ '•""'' '^^^ »3 "no land like the of hL tuntr '' " *'' ''"' °' * J'"»^' ^'^^ ^° ''^•'t of a lover y^-'r^^ I