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Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont film«s en commenpant par la premiere page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernlAre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaftra sur la dernlAre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols — ► sifjnifie "A SUIVRE " le symbols V signifie "FiKf". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvent Atre filmes i des taux de reduction diffAren^s. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul clich«, 11 est film* A partir de I'angle sup«rieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bas. en prenant le nombre d'images nAcassaire. Les diagrammes suivants iilustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 J«x 5 6 i OLD TESTAMENT HISTORY \* ITS CHRONOLOGY, APPARENT DISCREPANCIES AND UNDESIGNED COINCIDENCES, 1 % % A LECTURE DELIVERED BEFORE THE CjalVfajt Soimg Ultn's Cljvist'ian ^osociation, DECEMBER 22nd, 1857, DV REV. GEORGKW. HILL, M.A., rnoFEssoR rASTonxi. thkoloqt, kino's collegk, wiNDSon, '•M fi\ rUINTED BY JAMES BARNES, IVD IIOLLIS STREET. 1856, i P 11 E F A C E . fWn , '''', "' I^'""^*^"^^'^"^ ^« originality beyond tlie mere eductions, are presented. Published at the request of other, the author takes the opportunity of endeavouring to make it njore fully a guide to the study of Old Testament History. >V.th tins end m view the following list of works is subjoined. The greater part of those mentioned were consulted durL- the preparation of this short Essay,-one or two not actualize- ierred to were not within reach at the time of writing.. The student m Theology, or the general reader may fmd it conv.! mem to iH>ssess the titles of a few books written on the subjects treated of in the succeeding pages. On the connection of Sacre.rand Profane History there are t^n-ee standard works which take different periods and com- plete the subject. ^' ^'"tv;;^,^;"""''' ^aoredand Profane Histoty connected, 2. K"^^^cd,^M., 8acred an.l Profane History connected, 3 vols., ^* ''"vol^'s't: '''"' ^'' ""' ""'''' '^"-"^^"'"^"^ -'--'^-1' ^ bellir ^''^' *"' ^''"'''^ '" *'" '''^'' '" ''''■''' ^^''y "''^ ^0 Usner, Archbishop, The Annals of the World fol. 1058 (It ' bnngs the history of the world down to the destruction ot Jerusalem.) JS-i V- 1) V. TRKFACK. llale.=, "Wni,, A new Analysis of Clironology, 4 vols., 8vo., 1830. Cahnct, A., A Dictionary of the Bible, a vols., 4to. Stackhouse, History of the Bible. llorne, Thomas Ilartwell, An Introduction to the critical study and knowledge of the Holy Scri[)tures, 4 vols., 8vo. (An edition of this valuable work lately published tam- pers with the subject of Inspiration and has been dis- owned by the venerable author, the objectionable por- tions having been introduced by his assistants.) Gray, I?., Key to the Old Testament and Apocrypha, 1 vol., 8vo. Tomline, Bishop, Elements of Christian Theology, 2 vols., 8vo. Grotius, Hugo, De veritate Keligionis Christianae, by the Rev. J. E. Middleton, I'imo., 1849. The English notes and illustrations being particularly valuable. Keith, A., Demonstration of the truth of the Christian reli- gion, 12mo., 1838. Cumming, J., Is Christianity from God, 12mo., 1 vol. Eadie, J., Biblical Dictionary. (Recently compiled and con- taining much that is modern in scientific illustration.) Graves, Dean, on the Pentateuch. The list might, of course, be extended to a great length, but the above will suflice to show that there is ample aid for those desirous of studying the History contained in the sacred writings. G. W. II. L E C T U R E . History IS always instructive, generally intercstincr; histori- ans, however, do not always make this i.unression. When they tail, the fault lies with them, and not with the suhject. The an- nalsofthemost obscure nations, whether derivable from hiero- o-lyphies or tradition abound with useful information, and may be rendered serviceable as well as amusing to those of more civili- zed times. Proportion, indeed, exists in this as in other studie«» : the recon^s of some centuries being more fruitful than those of others. ^ In the Old Testament Scriptures wo have a possession of inhnite mstorical truth. Upon its pages are written the narrative of events and circumstances occurring in a time the most distant from the present, penned by authors of consummate skill and heavenly wisdom. In this venerable volume we have the most ancient History treated by the most trustworthy Historians :~ the bosl material wrought by the most skillul workmen ; the most interesting period sketched by the most faithful annalists. \Ve have the history of not one nation or people, but of all the kindreds of the earth as they meet at the door of the ark ; or still lurther |)ack, as ihoy were found within the carden of Eden. Ihe antiquity not of the book alone, but also of the cv-nts which It records invest it with a peculiar value. Fur beyond the date of all other reliable reconls it reaches back, and passin^v bch'nd the veil whkh usually hides primeval scenes from sight, .-dieds a li-d^t even upon the dark unshapen worli. This one featSro distinguishes it from all other histories; in tracing back throu-di them to the origin ofaJl things, there is one great barrier beyond which the eager aspinmt for information cannot go; a boundary oyer which he cannot step; a mighty gulf which he cannot cress. Ihe deluge forms this barrier ; with its history that of almost ev- cry nation begins ; their archives may be ransacked in vain for even a hint of times anterior to the mighty flood. Some scrip, tural accounts have boon borrowed and worked up in form and -color adapted to the writer's age and country. But the sacred historian leads us back to the unknown time (as it is styled by Varro) ; floats us safely over the broad expanse of waters ; lands us in the antediluvian world, where they built houses and plant- ed fields, bought of one and sold to another, were manied and given in marriage ; attbrds us a picture of the Leviathan, that Great Eastern ship as she floated on the waters with her precious freight ; leads us still from generation to generation until we come to that " beginning in wliich God created heaven and earth." Nor is it antiquity alone that clothes the volume with such inter- est and value; but " the treasures of wisdom and knowledge which are amassed in the five books of Moses have enriched the whole civilized earth " They have been," says Dr. A. Clarke, " a kind of text book to almost every writer on geology, geography, chronology, astronomy, natural history, ethics, jurisprudence, political economy, theology, poetry and criticism from the time of Moses to the present day. Books to which the choicest wri- ters and philosophers in Pagan antiquity have been deeply in- debted and which were the text books to all the prophets ; books from which the flimsy writers against divine revelation, have de- rived their natural religion, and all their moral excellence; books written in all the energy and purity of the incomparable language in which they were composed; and lastly, books which, for im- portance of matter, variety of information, dignity of sentiment, accuracy of facts, impartiality, simplicity, and sublimity of nar- ration, tending to improve and ennoble the intellect, and ameli- orate the physical and moral condition of man, have never been equaled, and can only be paralleled by the Gospel of the Son of God." Our purpose, at present, is to treat briefly of the chronology of the Bible, — to harmonize some apparent discrepancies in the narrative, — to produce some undesigned coincidences, and here and there to connect with the sacred, the profane Historian. So ample is the range that the limits of a lecture will not suffice to contain more than a mere notice of each topic now mentioned. The ulterior object will be gained if the sacred Volume will henceforth be read by any with inoreat.ed interest ; and those who may have heretofore considered it as a dull unengaging book shall be intJuced to award it a proper place, even the highest rank among written records. Nine and thirty treatises courpose the Old Testament. Some of these arc historical, some prophet- ■ical, and otlicrs devotiomil The five hooks of Moses, or Ihe Pentateuch, belong to the first class, and with the exception of the book of Job, are the most ancient. The first in order is al- so the first in time and commences with an account of the crea- tion, which according to the chronology attached to the author- ized or King James' Version of the Bible, took place 4004 years before the birth of Christ. Whether this be the correct date is ciuestionablc. There are some, and these 2ot a few, learned men who believe it incorrect, and assign a much earlier period for this event. Reference is not r^ow made to the Geologist who sees ia ■the works of nature and reads from the rocks a testimony, that the earth sprang into existence long ages since ; — on the controversy or attempt to harmonize " Genesis and Geology" we do not enter. Whether the six days spoken of by the inspired author were li- teral, or successive durations of time, we leave for others to dis- cuss. It is sufficient for our purpose that the Jewish legislator announces two facte, the origin of the world as the work of God, and that on the sixth or last day previous to cessation from work lie made man. From his creation and speedy fall we date as from a given point ; how many centuries have elapsed from that moment to the present the learned, as already stated, are not agreed. Although chronological inquiry is considered uninter- esting and rather mystical, we will venture to answer the ques- tion which arises. By what process are these dates ascertained, and why is there any diff^erence of opinion ? Many, unquestion- ably, have never framed the inquiry, and putting it into language demanded on what authority events and circumstances have been assigned to certain points of time. The figures 4004 B. C. meet us in the very opening page of our Bibles, and familiar with the date we have assigned to it no special idea. This and all the succeeding numbers which appear in the margin of our transla- tion were inserted on the authority of Archbishops Usher and Lloyd, " prelates who were esteemed as well for their learning, as for their zeal and integrity. In chronology, it is well known, the name of Usher as well as the greater name of Newton has long ceased to command any special attention. The primate from the respect which ho entertained for Hebrew literature put an undue degree of confidence in the opinions of the Rabbis ; the philoso- pher, on the other hand, assured himself that a basis for an in- fallible system of chronology might bo found in the deductions of i'- ! 8- ond I. 7 ^f''''^Smoim;-ihe one being that of reck- oning backwards the specific periods mentioned ?n Holy Writ and profane history, and when these are wanting, countincr Itltr! ' ?"T^" '^'*' ^' '^^''^'^^- '-Tlie Other mode is by as- tronomical calculation. In the rererse s-tyle of computation t will be readily seen that difficulties arise the further we ascend ment w^^ of time for in the earliest portion of the Old Testa- arci age duration of human life and the length of a generation Mnes with a much clearer and more steady light, conducting he historica student to results which not only harmonise with I o leading details of the sacred annals, but also correspond o tie franlT'^'^'" 'V-^'f^ '' thatdistantperiod, and toreco t It wi .hn r'''^ kmgdoms."t One example may be adduced. It will show how an approximation is made to the creation. St 1 aul s address to tne people of Antioch furnishes us with a date proving ot great value in fixing the limits of a certain in eival He reminded the Jews that about the time of 40 years tie It mighty suffered their manners in the wilderness. ^Tnd when he had destroyed seven nations in the land of Caanan, he divided t^eir land to them by lot. And afie. tl.at he gave dl' u'ges about the space of 4o0 years until Samuel the prophet. And afterwards they desired a king, and God gave unto Vem stu fo^^vears''^T""°''^^^^^^°? ^^"j'"- b^ ^^- i- of Joiy years. Ihese numbers added make ;>91 years. Josenhir V^^" ^^^f'T^^ ^'^P'^^^^ '' '-- ^'- 592 compt yeais. Having this interval accurately determined, wo can rea.'Ilv discover the date of the Hebrews s departure from E.ypt- s fii^ lows, beginning with the biith of Christ we knJw not only t'B'Xish';\^"f^"^ History, that 588years J^pLd £ of the S^nf t'^/7^ ^^P''''",S ''"•^"Sh the successive reigns- «!. wi,n ^ '^"*^^'' "P *° ^^^ '*"^^^"^fe' of the temple by Solo- man there is an aggregate of 4] G yean^ while we have ah^t tl^Zlfi^^JYXrt^^ Aiftioch, that from the foundt tion of the temple back to the Exodus comprised 592 years But 1 Russel's Connection, vol. ,,p, p. 15. 14. w*! have another determined period of time ; the seed of Abraham was_ to he 430 years in the land of Ele coin- cidence with the hi.>tory of the Evangelist, but it is rather, per- liaps.the result of ingenious reasoning, than the self-evident conclu- sion prcduccd by manifest harmony. "It is an idle labor, and will prove of disservice to religion, to add miracles of our own mak- ing to those which the Scriptures set before us," hut wo nnist be careful to resist every device of rationalism, every phase of neolo- gy. Anil the foregoing view is more useful, perhaps, as a bea- con to warn than as a light to guide us. The value of these chronological incpiirieH is very great to tho student of Old Testament History. Having settled the timo of any particular occurrence, and harmonising it with the modes of computation employed by other nation, , as the "Olymiiiad," tlio * AJfoid's Or. Tcdt. vol. i. 12 JeuMsh people. Thi., .cLTlV -^'^''^ ^° ^^'^'^'- "Pon the oi' time, .L.,, ai^rrr ,:, rs';f"'^'j'"?'"^p«-"« our events recorded in tho livT ^"•/,.co""exion of the vari- t-n tbeaeoon,p,i.h,:„ff ;;•-•] '"^^^^^^^ to ascer- , Ifi our attempt to ascert-n-n f / P'ophecies. length of stated^riodr uVt r. f'' '' ^^"^*^' ^"^ ^'- ^■ri'^t ^PP^--^le " r elves '"iV'T""';^' ^''"^'' g ;^t will look back upon his own nTst as'u-n . '""' ''''°"°'°- Uc have reverted to a Ion. ^nJerv", J I '' *^^^^^ "^ ^^l^^'-^- ofyears l.etween the prescinnd . . ^T' ^'^'^ thousands con.pnred with this J^^l^ Ll j' d'^ r":? ^O'^^"" ^^°^^ vast. And how solen,n the thoug 1,;^ on^ d ' ■ f ^''^ '■'°'^'"«' y^^^' harem nioaninir. when fl,n . "', °"'' ^"J tJ»o term itself shall Pver and ever th'it te t &»:""" '^'^" ''■''' ''^^^^ ";oienW,,, the stream nSKy;;°^;^'~l;"\«haIlb^ -erged The lonp:,t series of years is n th nJin ^''^^'°"«JJ^^^« ocean. I'ounded a.on into which v^. 1 "fh 7 *" ^^^''^ ""' ready against that brief but U S.fnff ^ ^■•'"''^^- ^^"^^ ^^e be •^''^>"N in ti>e twinklin. of n/ever '/'"'''. ^''«" " "' ^'"o- ''ound and the Son of'-liod ^l)!^^'/!!.' '"'"^^'-SoV^ trumpet shall Te.^n;e;:;;^;^:;fi:^!,--^ the oid ^>- adduced with their o?X'H7"^"'"?"^^^^'ffi«»>tio.s.u.-:y tors of the book of CJcnes ! ?, ;t f I fT ''^" "'"'^^ ^''''^''^ '^''^'P -pineal lable. invlS^*^ ^^j^^ ,- ^^ *^'f -ous philL ont (iroek writers ; fbr the nm-nrl / ''? example ofthe anci- ''i« legislative cnac ment "'''"'^"/^g'VH-g greater w.-i-du to «vil.~and as an intXl^ r?h;i''^ ^'" ^'''g'" ^^''--n thoy eori.ider poetic fiction V'ttT'^'';'"^ ''"'* ^'^ ^^'"'ieh ;"a.lein tlu.e 'chapters a";ns pi '^.;:'''^^ The slaten.cnts to as any in thosucceding n •( I of T/T^"""^'^ '•^''^"•'"^l "« there recorded is refen^i^^^ '"a i u '" T'^' , ''''° ^'-^'^^'^^ ^0 ^uW,ue„t fall, and the 1 "^ ^i^; ^^'l'^" ^'"^ /on.ptation. I^ese w.. n.,..y reject the wholU Cl nH? ''I'-' -^^ "''' '"^''^'^'t ^ ivi; to O. r. Up, Ton.Iin«'8 Kicuent,- 13 lightjin the firmament of heaven -and let them he for h--lit<^ to give hght upon the earth." If the light was first created, how can he sun and moon he said to give light, or, as sometimes pu how, if the sun he the source of light, could there have been .ight four days previous to its creation ? The difliculty vanishes by a reference to the original, or to the marginal readino- Cod ;' made two great hght-bearers.- He collected the i^art'of li^ht into the sun and made it to be the source whence that li°ht should be .hed forth over the globe. The sun and moon nTay have existed millions of years before this, but they were now made sustain a relati^onship which they had not sustained be- thrnitht °4 " "° '* -^ ^^''"' '''^'' ''"'^ ""^^^'^'"S *''^ ^^'y f^-oiu Another inconsistency adduced against the sacred narrative U ouud in tlie statement put forth by infidels respecting the rain- }>ow. It IS said that a rainbow must have existed m-evious to Its mention after the flood, and yet it is there spoken of as beinjx instituted. Our translation would give this sime countenance asserting that when Noah went forth from the ark, Ciod said! I do set my bow m the cloud," as a symbol that the waters of the occ;.n shall never again so overflow as to destrov the in-, hab. ants of the world. Now the literal rendering is, - I do «;> pond my bow in the cloud : the very expression showing that it had existed before and was only now made use of as a si-m of God's future purposes. If there were raindrops, a mist and sunbeams before the f ood, there must have been rainbows : since the rainbow s produced by the retraction of the rays of light from the drops of water on which they fall. ]Jut the Hible does not assert that God created the rainbow immediately after the flood, but that He then applied ,t to tins special use, just as He applied ti.e twe vS stones set up after the children of Israel had crossed the Jordan lor a sign to posterdy. Not that the stones wore then made now but applied to a now purpose."! ' The objection is made to the historical announcemont — thni- men before the flood lived to a thousand years All 'nl^nti! penoneo proves, say some, that mankind eould not poMbly have Ivedsolong.^ To omit any conjeeture upon the dillerenee of chmato occasioned by the ovortlowina of the waters, and tha ♦ Koitl.'s Kyi.lenoci. Cuni.nhij:« Evi.loncos. T feimcktord * Connexion. Cummirnf'8 Kviat-ncei. li u It was necessary to perpetuate -m *''^'"^?^'^"^-'«n' Patriarchs, world; as there was^n?w"tt^ ;"^ 7^ntain revelation in the living witnesses of the wrds^oCbvO^"^^ "u^'^"' ^'^^* ^'- years added to their lives Hen' A i ^"^ ^f^^^^ ^^ave many ah were three links that outlf^r.? /^','^' ^^^^t^^^saleh and No- «aleh had eonveS kit Lt In n' ^^"^'"^ ^''''' ^^^^'^"• ry of his te,nptation Tnd his S 1 i"'1/T ^''''^'' '"^'^o- thusuloh andLeived fix)rhim hon r^°"'^. '""^^''^ '"'^'^ ^o- from Adam. The pur ty and prZ^r' r' ^'"''^ ^'"^'-'^ '^^"''^l secured by the great len-fth of lfX\ ^k""!" ^''"^'^ ^^'^« ^hus ers of the world^. There° no ^1?^:."'?^ ^^ '^''' «"«■«»* fath- every independent reason to Sit i^"^'"°^'^' ^^'^'^ »'^<^re is purpose mentioned ; sccondiv "u^.,^; '*'«"* ^^Pacity for the tifie principle, and could ot'havbrn?it:iP 'l'^- T"" '^^'^"■ the waters. Compared mth the ^TZ- f 'f'^ !^' ''"^^^'" °» built upon the "Thames,"T ark wasC^"' .'^' ^'''' «'^'P eity in every way. The oomnar.fTv ^ "' ""^^ ""^^^'^ 'm- dilleronce of size."^ Ac orS o . r ""'''' ^''''''^' "^ ^'^'^ he was 450 feet long. 75 fee b,md ,'1-^. calculation the «rk athan is G80 feet^in len^l sJ* ^^^^ ^^ feet high. The Levi- iveight. The tonn- ,J? V'u ^ '" ^'^'"'^^h, and (>♦) foot in dor^ .hip va't&ter tH^f '"°'T^^' ^*'^' ^^'^^ «'' the no the ship of fori? Hv wa, •''''"' ^'."''^ ^'-^ ^"^^''h- ^Vhile proof is given ha 1 is ^s ; ^ 1" ''"" "'"" ^^^'^^ «^'P>'«'^ent, the tl^atthisLs fbrn; d ofsSt fie '.Cbl'"";, ^"^'^ a'f.brio a„d rect and (he plan natura Tkt I ' '^'''f' ^''" P^'«P"'-tior.s cor- to show the folly of t e old 1 o^"^- " '^^^^^^^^ ^"'' ^^'""""^ ark; someoflheocea,rstc.me sol'H-'^^^^^ '' ^''^'^' proved that the buildin. of S. ' ^""«'d hue had already possibility, and the ol\;; ^^ .t"'^- '''' ^^'^^in the limits of city of the ship for I>orUu ! ^i ^^^ ^' ^'- -pu. that (ho deluge swept over the v. rn 1 r /. ,*'''' supposition bo borne in n^nd that t uTark wi " ,,?f '^'^''"'^ ^^^^ '^'""■^t but the animals and their W^'n:" ,7:" ;:?'"'" "^""'"^ P-i-- modern steam ship, w^t^^^h: ^:S;:;::^ ZJ^Z ♦ Kciih'. Kvi,lcnco8. Shuckioi.r.KvMcncw. I ^uat there patriarchs, on in the »1 that the ave many h and No- Methu- le sad sto- ^vith Mg- had heard was thus ■ent fath- ' th(?re is first, that for tho •n scien- urdcn on ■cat ship i^s eapa- ^ith the :he ark e Levi- foot in tlie luo- While 3nt, the •ic, and r)s cor- Brunei Noah's 1 1 ready uitN of cupu- wition t niu,st ithing occu- 1 luol 15 requisite for a voyage. The whole interior was devoted to the creatures and their sustenance. According to Calmet* and other teamed men, who some years since calculated the number ct an- imals that^ were housed by Noah, the ark would have held more than five times the necessary number of creatures, and more than five times the requisite quantity of food to maintain them for twelve months. But we must consider this as wholly extrava- gant, and necessarily incorrect, as it is based upon incorrect data —tho pairs of four-footed animals being more than liuffon ha* stated them, as also the birds. «« Whether every species of ani- mal was in the ark is a question, the answer to which is modified by the opinion formed as to the extent of the deluge, i. e., whether it were^universal in the literal sense, or only extended so far as the race of mankind had increaFcd. On this point various opinions have been given : but the majority of critics and judges are now de- cidedly in favour of a limited inundation. The language of the Barrative does not necessarily imply that it was universal, except hat it ovenvhelmed all flr sh. In many geographical statements in scripture the word aHhaa only a limited signification,—" And there weredwellingat Jerusalem. Jews, devout men, outof everv nation under heaven"-where the nations actually meant are spe- citiod,and those buta fcwofthe numerous countries of the rorld "i Lven a better instance, if possible, is that of the Evangelist Matthew -Ihere went out to him Jerusalem, and all jSdon and all the region round about Jordan." xNow tho term '« air could not be interpreted literally, for we have no reason to sun- pose that every individual, man, woman, and child was present at the administration of the ordinance of baptism. Tims the expression used in reference to the flood, may not necc.sarilv teach a universal deluge; and if partial only, the ark, of cours/ Bee. not have been so extensive as it otherwise would have been' iho cause of th.steuiful calamity was undoubtedly the nre- valcnt lUKpiity. 'J he particular phase manifcHted was probnblv murder .n its most tearful form. " The earth was fillo "g^'"- Afto? so ^laubed with mud; romervVT T"?"^' ^'«^ ^hey ea^'o baek an toy returned' to t "e Is! ^ o'^^ ^ ^^ 'Z '' ' ''^^' ^ * that the story of Jiorosus andJni^ ^^'^^ '^^^^ros to bo will not weary theau« various par. 3Josaje account of the SoVn ''^•^'^ confirming ^Uio «n indisputable fact that the nit •' P"^«'arelmi ages. '=1 " ng'-eo with Moses' accoun of """""^ traditions remarlc-tl ll ot n.an, the delu-CSX r ' "■'"^'"" °^' *'^« worl^ the f M -clod by the n,uSr t t^::::^:: V"'"'"'^'- '^'- . - strong reseu^bianee to Jch other aLt 7"' "' ^•^'''' '>«^^r a _ _ iier, and to the narrative in the sa- n,;„.f ^-•. "<>'-«c Moauicno. ShucKfo.-.l'. Conn B. T ,• ^""' % Toin line's liJo. 17 tnl^'^fl?-T ^"^^^'';^^"t;y ^o»tain the fragments of one original ruth, ;vhich was broken by tl)e dispersion of the patriarchal fi niilies and corrupted bj length of time, allegory, ^ and lob t^" From this universal concurrence on this head! one of the ethi.^s" s necessarily true; cither that all these traditions muT InS been taken from the author of the Eook of rlT • , ^ author of- the Book of Gene^Js talt hl^Z^'fJoi nt:'': or all such traditions as ^verc already ex(ant or Hsf Iv he received his knowledge of past evLi'y"4;^^;i^'V^^^^ hen all these ti-aditions taken from the Mosaic lioryV T .as been shown by Sir William Jones and Cm cV tha they were received too generally and too earlv to nv In V i • :?r w^ r^v'"^^'^^ ^^ '^'^ exiie.1 "!^ m " ; ;: ot the world m the very ago when 3Ioses lived. Was the Mn saic history composed from the traditions thc^ exi it^ Jf -I falBr, 'vt ■ "^M.ny .none, .Sflot't llK! |nic nnd iviort (h.. false, lliore was no nioi e Ijy wliicli l,e <-nT,l,l Jn Vh let go llic chaff nn.I scciuT (lie k rnVl lT i • ,^^ S'-am. .loe, unfold ,1... mj-slo;.; 1 ow 1 „n"n rf ,'/'"" 'Ti'"' aom» teach that ,1„ mm ■ d e „f I ;'^' "'«.'■''» " ""- ■nas, , that th,u "K.(a,n„rpl„.ed,yt''^..rf,fdin '",■','' "vcr the givm ,le,.,„ ,,u.l-,hal whe,, l,r,vat t^ n i e 1 ^ ^ lew away in the shape „Cl,vo ,l„ves The 1 , .1 1 ' a IV , ■ '^' ^^ ''" ^'"' '"S '1.*^ voyagi; acted agreea- * Up. Tomliuc's Klcmcnts, vol. I , p. 97. 18 bly to observations made upon the flight of doves sent forth from the ship.* Thus surely do we trace a connection between sacred and profane history. "ciween We must pass rapidly by the tower of Babel, merely rfan- cmg at the vestiges of that strange attempt to reach the hea- vens. Answering the cavil of semi-learned infidels-that the whole story is absurd,-by demanding evidence against it, and producing two eminent historians, Herodotus and^Strabo a witnesses tha there was a tower built in Chalda^a, called which two chariots could drive abreast. It was here that the confusion of tongues was brought about, and from hence the diffusion of mankind took place. That question of so much interest to some, the origin and progress of language in itVva ned forms, finds here a new starting-point, /nd 'uiough Z lumcs have been written and published upon the subject no certain proof has been assigned to any oni language n^w ex' tant as the source and fountain of all others. The craniolo- g.st informs us that science offers indisputable evidence that he human race is plainly not sprung f/om one common pa- rent. The heads of the European, African, Asiatic and Ame- rican are of different shapes, and therefore they are all notde- scended from a single origin. Is not the solution of the pro- blem more reasonably and less dangerously found in this Mo- saic record of the scattering abroad the human family. Whe^ the language was confounded were there not distin-uishinff characteristics assigned to the heads of families, whereV they and heir posterities were distinguished. If the mental endow- ment was miraculous, as we must believe, why should it not have been accompanied by a physical change of' aspect ? rhe next great event, alike influential on the fate of the world and mlculated ultimately to bring all mankind into one family-thc household of faith-was the call of Abraham and the covenant of God with the patriarch, whose nani^ H^ fess renowned than that of Babylon. And like another nail fasten- ed in a sure place, that name was given by the Lord."t A pe- rL "f n ^''"'/f "Pf^^I^r ^''^ ^""^^ ^^'^^" God first spoke to the "father of the faithful" until Moses led forth the child- * Faber, Ilorae Mosaicne. t Keith's Evidences, p. 130. sent fortli on between irely glan- h the hea- Idels — that against it, nd Strabo, [a3a, called )n it dong e that the hence the f so much ! in its va- hough vo- iubject no } now ex- craniolo- lence that timon pa- \nd Ame- all not de- ' the pro- this Mo- . When iiguishing •eby they il endow- uld it not ct? te of the into one liam, and Is no less il fasten- I" Ape- fst spoke 10 child- ^9 Ten of Israel from the land of Egypt. « Now the sojourning of the children of Israel, who dwelt in Egypt, was four hun- dred and thirti/ years." In Stephen's speech, recorded in the '' Acts of the Apostles," he quotes the "bondage as lasting /oar hundred years. Here is a difference of 30 years ; too many in proportion to the whole number to have been omitted for the purpose of using round numbers. On a little investigation, however, we discover Isaac, whom God promised to Abraham, was not born for 25 years after the call. Stephen probably enumerates from this as the epoch, and therefore uses the num- ber 400, as a round number for 405— this difference being com- parativelysmall, and though 30 were too many to omit, 5 were not so. After a lapse of 25 years an occurrence familiar to all took place upon Moriah. Here again we meet with the profane historian. And although we need not repeat the whole story, vre may gather enough from the Phoenician antiquities collect- ed by Sanchoniatho to mark the resemblance in narrative an evident imitation of Abraham's intended sacrifice of his son. Cliromis had two sons, the one by a bondmaid, the other bv a free woman ; he circumcised himself and all his family, and sacrificed this only legitimate son as Abraliam did in spirit and was reported by the heathen to have done in foct. Thus the historians agree, while proof can be adduced that Chronus having lived after the time of Abraham, the Phoenician narra- tive is a copy of the Mosaic, and not the Mosaic of the Phoe- nician.* We may pass unnoticed other events until we reach the shores of the Red Sea— which according to some we too may e.^sily cross over dry-shod. We should indeed require the al- leged skill of Moses in the knowledge of the tides— its ebb and flow— and require the full forty years training which he ac- quired when watching the flock at Iloreb, before we should dare to attempt the passage, remembering it was this " which the Egyptians essaying to do were drowned." If, however the Israelites were conducted over the Red Sea upon a recess of the tide, then all the particulars of Moses account are false and there is not a shadow of reality in the whole narration — If Moses' skill guided them, the pillar of fire and cloud is a * Shuckford's Connection, vol. i. 20 graluitous invention. 2. Tlie waters ire «ni,l ir. i r ivall to tl.em on tlieir ri^^lit hid irf left t, ' • "^ ''.'-?" " absurd, if ,„e,. was only l^^Z'^^^t^.^f'^ ^;i^:::^»S;ifS^?r'"^-" whiO alone would W efeedtl^'e^'^'^'^l "'•"''• as well as the resemblance iSmed 7ai ' ,"1 ""^""""S over the sea of Pamnl.vlia nre ;.,-l r''^"""''"' « passage cavns of ut^upporteS'^otTvenfJettrsc'e; i^s"'^ '""'-^ or eonsistenc^Tf videS K ;r/°"''^^ nuieness of a coincidence bitows Cate^ v no^n; /f '"'" II.C Book of Levitieus ife ^! e iree" o,,s for .t''^''''';'' ■^" of a house from lenrosv •titer ,1. v^?. • P""!'™""" * Shuckfoi-a's Connection, vol. i t Gravca on the PcntatcucI, vol. i., and Palcy's Ilorac Pa.Iinae. 21 liave been u s manifestly licle. 3. A n East wind, lie mentions, I have been i-\rest winil, lis colourino' sr's passage )e the mere tics.* )e left with- s of the un- well as in concurrence 'om two dif- g upon dif- icidence. — ntional, the The j)ii~ on the ar- more diffi- i narrative tradict one 3d to agree, le is aug- t the Book the three umbei's se enume- y striking, n lej)rosy, ies, Moses lunie. In urification land of 'iitrary, in ulinp.c. "^he purification from the presence of dead bodies lie mentions -only a tent and not a lioiise. How is this to be explained ? — "When Moses writes in Leviticus the children of Israel vceve ■living in tents. Rules had been given regarding the purifica- tion of tho.se very materials of which the tents were made, hence no necessity existetl for specially mentioning them : but M'hen they came to live in Canaan they would occupy houses, and thus it was needful to specify how tlie dwelling, fonned of different materials, was to be purified. Again, all the rules lor purification from the pollution of a dead body being equally applicable whether in house or tent, the latter, in which they were living at the time, as is natural, is mentioned, leaving it to apparent circumstances to suggest the necessary alteration. All this bespeaks reality ; and is such as never could have en- tered a fabricator's head. In the 14th cliapter of Numbers the Lord said to those who murmui'od at the spies' report, " As I live your carcasses shall ■all in this wilderness : and all that were numbered of you, ac- cording to your whole number, from twenty years old and up- "ward, which have murmured against me, doubtless ye shall Mot come into the land, save Caleb the son of Jephunneh, and Joshua the son of Nun." In the 20th chapter, containing the f^uni of all Israel j\(st previous to their entrance into the pro- mised land, the following strong language occurs, " These are they that were numbered by Moses and Elcazar the priest, * * * but among these there was not a man of them whom Moses and Aaron the priest numbered when they numbered the children of Israel in the wilderness of Sinai. For the Lord had said of them. They shall surely die in the wilderness. — And there was not left a man of them, save Caleb the son of Jephunneh, and Joshua the son of Nun." Could anything be •.stronger than this ? Yet we are told that Eleazar the son of Aaron, who was over twenty years of age when the curse was j)ronounced, entered the land of rest. We find him discharg- ing his duties in the tabernacle long after the passage over the river, and no explanation offered resj)ecting him, while Moses and Aaron were excluded from the Holy Land for a com[)letely different reason. But the explanation is not wanting. We are in possession of it, and can harmonise the apparent contra- diction. P>y a little close attention to the language of the doom, it will be observed that the Lcvitcs — the whole body — wcix? 23 not included in the lan^ua'^e " To,,,. «o the wilderness : and all tli-if w.r« /"""'f '^' ^^^" fall in^ to your whole nurberlubtl^^^ "^ >^«"' ^^^o^'^^ing Bj a reference t^the 3rd ctS vol T^ numbered by Moses and Aar^n on Ih" ^^^ '^^^'" ^^^^^ ^^^e the other tribes-" But tit ZjfV' ^''^'^'^ ^'^^^^^^^ to all tha children of Israel al the Tn/ '""'^ "ot numbered among tem^ards indeed Thev Vt 1 ^^^mmanded Moses." J/! without AarS SancT Tdth' '''' '"* ^^ ^^^^ ^^-"^ from all the rest. I have no Tonhl.r. f "^ ^'^'" separately concerning those who wand ere d^^^^^^^ and Joshim were the ^n^v t 'o n^^f ' wilderness, is thnt Caleb the inference of any c2l re^^^^^^^^ «"«^^ ^^'ouldbe how Eleazar escTp^ed the S^,^,^"^ when askcl to explain mountable until th^e coinddenS^ 1^ ?"^^ ^^^^' ^^^» ^"^"r- Ws tribe fell under the t"^^^^ '''' ^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^t none of tjons are given to each fS^ of tfe-f '^ ^"^ ,^^^' ^"'^^- the tabernacle to be ca^ ed w^. ^'^""^ "^ ^^ ^^^^ P^'t^ of place. This subject is then drl^ ''T^'"^ ^^^"^ P^-'^'^e to wholly unconnec e?w t Tare dTo ' ^T '"1^^^^^ "^^ P«"^ts following. Inthe7trchanteri?? '"^'^ ^^ *^^ ^^^^^Pt^rs of Israefpresented sil cZTed ^^^^^^^^^^ ^' *'^^ P^'-^es service of the tabernacle " Am? M? ? f "^^^"^^ ^^^" ^o^* the t^^e oxen, and gave tht unto dfe foTte^Vl ^"««-« -^ four oxen he gave unto the son.s nfr! i ''^'^ waggons and service: and four wa4onsanri.t'r ''"'"'^'"S to their of Merari according trt^irfevyt'^Z ^'' «"^'^ •""*« the sons this-the most natural i)hcc fn, /i ^ ""^'^^'^ ^' ^««^g»ed in vehicles. So perfbcttSsTfr l Tf^"^^ division of the of all attempt to SyteUor. ^^'^^^^'^"^rrative, so devoid tliat the author wZlW omksnJ^f ^^'' statements in it,, tlje 4th chapter and 31s?^;.^"^;^V^^^ ^^^r^^' ^"t Merari,-thc charge of IiSr l^.H^:';;^ ^!,^"'^ ^^^ '^'^ «-»« of bernacle, and the bars thereor . -^^^'^ ^°^^"^^« ^^ the ta- sockets tiiereof" wlSe h^ nfM ^^ ^'i"''''' ^^^^^'^of, and the moval of all the l^ht rri^^^^^^ '^"' °^ ^^crshon was the re- Here is a reasoX rhTZtauTvT-] ''''^''' '''' ''''''' tent, signedly consistent that it becoZ. ^^'tribution and so unde- Aspin, in chapter ii V If 7 ?'°''^ f authenticity. apter ii. v . 1 C, 1 , , where the order of t4 tribes 23 in their marches is assigned to them, Reuben " shall set forth in the second rank. Then the tabernacle of the congregation shall set forward with the camp of the Levites in the midst of the camp :" according to this verse the Levites marched be- tween the 2nd and 3rd divisions. If comparison is instituted between this and chapter x. v. 17, 19, an apparent contradic- tion arises. " In the tirst place went the standard of the camp of the children of Judah. * * * And the tabernacle was taken down : and the sons of Gershon and the sons of Merari set for- ward bearing the tabernacle." According to this the Levites marched between 1st and 2nd, and not, as before stated, be- tween 2nd and 3rd, divisions. The difficulty is solved by- reading the 21st verse, which is introduced not at all for the apparent purpose of harmonising the jar — " And the Koha- thites (who were the third family of Levites) set forward, bearing the sanctuary : and the others did set up the taberna- cle against they came." The less sacred parts, the exterior, the mere frame, was borne by the Gershonites and Merarites after the tribe of Judah, in order that it might be erected by the time the true tabernacle, the holy of holies, the mercy seat, had arrived. Such minute coincidences in such trifling mat- ters are perfectly natural, on the supposition, that Moses who arranged the matter, recorded it, but wholly impossible that a forger should think of it, — so minute — so circuitous. We may apply the same arguments to the narrative of mi- raculous events. In the direct history the miracles are all mi- nutely and circumstantially narrated : the time, place, and oc- casion of each are specified, and both common and miraculous events are combined in one orderly and regular series. Had the Book of Deuteronomy been fabricated for the purpose of gaining credit for supernatural facts, there would be evinced a desire to magnify these miracles and obviate objections to them. Nothing of the kind occurs ; the miracles are adverted to, as if there could be and had been no question of their reahty, and are only incidentally introduced as motives for obedience to the laws. And it is worthy of our notice that only one mi- racle is mentioned in Deuteronomy which is not spoken of in the direct narrative. The wanderings of Israel in the waste, howling wilderness were at their close, their aged leader was bidding them farewell : he had brought them to the border of the promised land, but here he must part with the pilgrim host. 24 llieir associations were with him and his witli them: he had been their uiwgiver and their captain, their counsellor and tnend— his name must indeed have been a household word — In lookmg hack upon their many marchings and countermarch- ing3 upon the burnmg sands, he recalls his owii position and one strange truth-" I have led you forty years in d,e wilder- ness : your clothes are not waxen old upon you, and thy shoe IS not waxen old upon thy foot." JIow natural to mention th . ow. 1 ne chu'J leature of the miracle was its en.luranee toi the complete i)er.od of thei.- wandei-ings, the full forty yem«s and hrougl.t to tlieirnotice thus, was calculated to arrest tJie attention and mipress the mind. One miraculous event related in the Book of Numbers eaves, on a cursory perusal, the unpleasant impression, tha^ no ingenuity can divest the account of contradic ion. S K'ak I... of the rebellion of Korah, Datlian and Abiram, tile la - gaage o the author runs thus, -The earth opened hCr mouth and swallowed (he,n up, and their houses, and all the men that' a Ppertamed unto Korah and all their goods. They and .at appertained to them went down alive into thcpil, andtlie a. 1 closed upon ihem." In a subsecjuent chaptei where al- u.ion IS made o this event, the words are these, "Notwith- .•^ undmg the children of Korah dicnl not." Only fron. the nu^t rvTvei tai« fact, that Korah, together with 250 men oarryinr^ censers, went to the door of the tabernacle ; Dathan and Abi". am. K.d, ahmg w,(h thur wives and children, at their own ,' nt ( ooi.> Korah an-l h.s comiiany were burnt up with fire rom tl.« Ld-d. JJa.han and .N Kiram were engulphed by to opening at tlie very spot on which ihey^st ,od, Their < . pensh..d with theni ; KoralCs sons w4 m>t ^i.h him ; '1 e.elore esc-apnd. How (hen does the historian say that ■ 1 ^^<"^•e swallowed up alive in (he pit wh.., (he mode of pu •^ .-to.y would have it ; when (he sin mid its punishment is n on<. genera ly general terms arc used ; when particular 0.^ are speched (he i.ardcuiar p>u,i,s!unen( is al'o. Who V I , h r ^'r'f I" '^r'"' '' ''*'^'-' "• l""ve the auih..n(ici,y of the history i It ,s both (uo renio(e and too near a contradii^ 25 tion to have been flesigned. It is the result of artless sim- piicity. Fearful of overstepping the bounds of prudence, I will only mention one undt'signed coincidence further on in the history. A mere hint must sufrice : a full explanation would occupy us too long. Wlien David lay dying he took a revicAv of his fiiciids and toes. As to the enemies of the crown, he prophe- tically denounced their doom ; as an instrument lie communi- cated the punishment due to them (had it been personal ma- lice he could have shown it during life) ; but for his friends, he made no mention of the son of Jonathan, his sworn ally, his bosom companion. Why was this ? A comparison ot inci- dents informs the student that IMephibosheth was disloyal. — The notion usually gathered is that Ziba, the servant, slander- ed his master to the king of Is?'ael. But it would rather seem that he told the truth, and that IMephibosheth waited at home when Absalom headed the rebellion in the hope that the king- dom might return to the crown of Saul. When the grand tjue-tion was seltU'd, and the crown replaced upon the mo- narch'.- brow, this time-server, this waiter upon events, came li)r\v:u'(l to render homage to the -sovereign. l>iu the greeting was iiistrnclivc — " Wlierefore weui t thor not forth ^vith nn-', IMephibosheth ?" The answer was unsatisfactory, and the mo- narch cut short the colUxjuy. " 'Why speakest thou any more of thy matters ? I have said, thou and Ziba divide the land." Had the conduct of this descendant of the royal house been satisfactory to David, or capable of being placed in a good light, doubtless, the m march for his oath's sake would liave restored to him nil the lands of his father. The subject is suggestive of two iinitortant (piestions of the day, !ind in some degree calctdatcd to answer them. Is the Bible an ins[)ircd book, and does the authorized version need revi- sion ? The contradictions and the inconsistencies lead some to say that it cannot be the Wo'-d of God or such errors would not disfigure its [)ages : while passage upon passage is adduced to show a possibh; improvement in the translation of the origi- nal. Entirely apart from the doctrines contained in the Old Testament the historical narrati\e, whicli at first sight, abonnds with antagonistic statements, ha-' iieen tound in some instances (•aiKible of harmony ; while the deeper the research the more do the dilliculties vimish, until we are led to the belief that time 26 and study would prove the existence of perfect harmony, un- jarring concord, throughout — the contradictions and inconsis- tencies being apparent and not real. It needs no learned ar- gument to substantiate the truth that this sacred volume comes to us with the authority of the word of God. " Holy men of old spake as they were moved by the Holy Ghost," combined with that other declaration, " All Scripture is given by inspi- ration of God," is sufficient to establish in the reverent mind the simple truth. Whether inspiration be verbal or only sug- gestive of the thoughts is the grave theological inquiry of pre- sent days. Our sympathies are with those who, as champions for revelation, uphold the plenary inspiration of Scripture. — " In the jirsi, place the Scriptures contain a communication of truth from God, supernaturally given to man : and in the se- cond place they contain that truth supernaturally transferred to human language, and therefore free from all mixture or ad- dition of error." With the various objections against this doc- trine it has not been our object to deal, nor yet to adduce all the positive evidence in favour of the inspiration of Scripture. Of the great fact that the sacred writings are in truth the ora- cles of the living God we have abundant witness. The Book comes boldly claiming the character, while the morality it teaches attests a heavenly origin; the voice of prophecy, ut- tered from every page, proclaims the assertion true, and mira- cles unquestionably stamp the seal of God upon its words. And does this Book, so familiar to us all, need revision ? — With some few expressions now anti(iuc, some few thoughts not fully expressed, far better it should remain as now, than any attempt made to improve it. What difficulties surround the mere suggestion. The many interests to subserve stand before us at the very mention of a new translation. The Epis- copalian, strong hi his belief and conscious of his rectitude, de- mands a favomable view of his Church : the conscientious Bap- tist struggles for the right rendering of the contested word « baptise :" the Presbyterian, faithful to his Confession, be- holds thought and language through this medium, while the Wesh^yan, standing on another point, sees some (piestions wear a ditferent aspect. AVho shall yield ? Where shall conscience sit as arbiter, or must it decline its presence at the coiuu-il of the learned ? AV'e cainiot j)nrt with the old faniiliar linigiuige ; it id associated with our childhood ; its words ring sweet music ^7 in our Gnr<3 • u ; , t. ^ and plulosophers, by our ife^^!:^^^ ^^^ our statesnfen Jars and authors of every s ado w * '^"'"'^'' ^^^^ 0"^ sclio- eveiy where it is dear to^us aI^^^^^^^ ^' everj^where and f; the accents of a beloved friend a^/^ ^^'^mes it sounds as the companion of many years t^^ T' ^^^^^^^ ^« ^old needs the renewing hand It i. fi •„ ^'""^ S^'^^^'n old and housands have classed he deseuo^t^. '^^^'^' ^^ ^^1"^!^ leads us to the city of our GoT U ^\^ ^""'^ ^f rest, it still obscure phrase miyoccasLnn^^ h ^ f'"'^^« word and t" pared with the plahmesTSS^iplL^^^^ ''''''' ^"^ ^^O'"" the sacred page, they are fe^i^i i^ oUictum which adorn tanked side by side with Zn "''''^'' ^"^-^ o^ tri/hng import the Bible stan/s ptdly^re':^;;^^;^- T^^"^^'^^''^^^^^^^^ while Its precious truths aroM.nT- 1? "^ '^' simplicity: and anguage in which tl^y h, ' ' ^^'^^ ""^ ^''^^ ^f the world,^he '' «^^^'vice. So long as i til Lm " '^"^"^"'"^ated has rendered «;;d houses, read fn ^u hemt'tf "^'^ 1" ^^^ ^'^^'^cTe P':.yers, quoted in our bookf an?/ M ™/?° 1'^" ^^"P^^ of our "■'th "« even from our clSdhood t !"' ^^'"^."^"^ ""^ ^o"«d up g^age be in some do-rT ^^ ' • 'j*"" '^'" *^»e English Inn. are told by the most omTn T'l'T'^ '^^t'"'» due limits \vJ language o^flit:XuntuSr';"' ''^ ^^™-y md no that the Teutonic torlurbccnmo ' ""''?^'^^^ ^''« ^^^hle ; from Portance, until it stooS in CZZff ''''^' ^^'^'^^^ '^"^^ '"> and flexibility. 0„, nuti orisS^So^r '"^^^^ his for the English language ^aur ,"' ""' •'Accomplish to the perversion of the An?Wn < ^^ ^'-'^'" " ^^^ong check around which the .^li/^^^ j^^^' " grand^em ' volve. Were if possible in.l w1 V ^^''^ "^^'^n might re- and find men in Ihon' 11 C Slns Tn ," '"^^^ •'^'^^''^'t'ons donee as to ability and in eg ' ' " ''"? ^'''^''' ^-^^nfi. ahle) objection could bo brcSt'a!ml "V'"«'">^ (nnanswer- as the practical execution i?t: -S '^ *''^' Proposition. IJ„t Jlgn is sin.plo, we T^ZZ u fwlf '^^/''^'heoretical d ! hands that wo have '^th,. ivn. i I ^' '"""' 'his Book in our '--^ - to you, ami m yTh t^^^^r h' 'f" ^^'^^ ^^^^ and thcM,snlms lead yoti^oTlinffu.!' '?"' ^''^* P^'^Phet. '^-- Christ, the grcilt .u.^e"';? ttir ISmlliiT '''''' ^^^