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\ 
 
 Section 11., 1S8." 
 
 89 
 
 Tjians. Hoy. Soc. Canada. 
 
 III. — Soiirrcs (>/ Eitrlij Canudldu IJIfitori/, 
 
 By CrKiiROK Sthwakt, .Tun. 
 
 (Ucait .May I'S, is,s.5.) 
 
 / 1 
 
 i 
 
 Tho most ( onspicuoiis litfurc in the oarly history of Freiifh colonization in .Vnicrioa 
 is, beyond any doul)t, Louis di' Buado, Count ol' Palluau and Frontonac. lie was twice 
 liovi'inov of New I''rancc, and his administration covi'rs two of the most romantic periods 
 in (he progress and career of the country. His mastery over the Indian nature lias never 
 been excelled. He understood the chararter of the savage well, and ruled him with the 
 rod of iron, or the blandishments of the courtier, as occasion suited. Frontenac iirst came 
 to Quebec, after a brilliant military experience in Europe, in 1t!72, — a matured man of 
 lift y-two years of ai,'e. lull of'-uergy, zeal and enterprise. He continued in ollice from that 
 date until lt>S± when, owiuii- to his (piarrels with the clergy and his Tntendant, and cer- 
 tain trading operations forbidden by the court, reaching the ear of iiu' king, he was 
 recalled to France, and Le F«;bvre de La Uarre, a soldier of note, was appointed in his stead. 
 ])e La Uarre, however, did not reign lonu'. His career proved disastrous in the extreme, 
 and the iiiiseral)le policy he pursued crippled the resources of the little colony, andlowered 
 the |»restige of l-'rance in the eyes of the Indians. The king recalled him in the third 
 year of his governorship, and sent in his place the Marquis deHenonville, a pious colonel 
 of draiiooi's. who arrived in Quebec in the autumn of IdJ^o. De Denonville proved even a 
 more incapable ruler than his predeces.sor, and he had not been loiiir in the country before 
 he had brought it down to the very brink of ruin. One disaster followed (juickly on 
 another, and the Massacre of Lachine. in ItlM'.t, was the culminating blot on the troublous 
 administration of the weak and impotent mar(|uis. It was then that all eyes again turiu'd 
 to I'routenac, now in his seventieth year. The old warrior was forgiven his past follies 
 hy Louis, iind once more took up the governorship of the struuuling settlement of LaXou- 
 vellc l'"raiice. lie reached Queljcc in the autumn of 10H9, and was received with fireworks 
 and juliilations. He asserted his old power over the Indians, and soon had them under 
 subjection. His memorable defeat of I'hips, and numerous small \ictories over other 
 enemies of his coiiniry, together with his ueneial conduct of atl'airs l(>nt lustre to his some- 
 what eventful reiyii. He died at (Quebec in Itl'.tS, in tlie seventy-eighth year of liis age, 
 sincerely mourned by all New France. 
 
 The materials from which this brief story is drawn are <opious and rich. A laruv 
 portion of the manu.script sources may be found in the invaluable collection of papers 
 relating to New France, in the Archives of the Marine and Colonies, the Archives Nation- 
 ales, and the Bil)lioth('(iue Nationale in I'aris ; and in the office of the Provincial Registrar 
 at (Quebec. The Archives of New York, Massachusetts, and Canada, have made extensive 
 transcripts from these documents as follows: — 
 
 r~ 
 
' j^.'i.W'' " v^^RfirTOi' 
 
 40 
 
 (IMoliCK STKW.MJT ()X SOUIUJKS 
 
 1. " Corrcspoiulaiict' Oliiiii'lc," first scries, Vols. I — V. Tiiort^ arc transcriplN IVomtho 
 I'aris (locninciits . oi)ic(l in France lor the State ol' New York, and (rauslations of all of 
 them iire in the ninth and tenth volumes of the " Doeiinients rehitinn' to the Colonial Ilis- 
 tory of the State of New York." 
 
 •2. ■' Correspondance Ollieiele." second series. Vols. II, IV — VIII. These papers exist 
 in manuscript, and have not heen translated into I'Jiu'lish. There are eopioa in the Library 
 of Tariiament. Ottawa, and in the Archives Ollice of the Quehec Government. 
 
 '■]. A ciillection of papers made by an agent of Massachusetts at I'aris, Mr. Ik'ii. Perley- 
 I'ocre. in IS 14. They were copied afterward in Uoston on an order from the (Jueboc Gov- 
 ernmenl. and are in tlie keeping' of tlie Uegislrar at Quebec. Tliese documents were pub- 
 lislK'd in lour larue (jnartos by tlie Quebec Government, in 18S3-H5, under the general 
 title ■'(Collection de Manuscrits." Mr. I'crlev-l'oorc's coi)ies, comprising ten large volunn's, 
 are to be touiid in the Archivo" Ivoums of the State House, Boston. These papers are very 
 valuable as fur as they lio, but the copyist left many gaps unlilled, and returned to Massa- 
 chu.setts without completing his work. 
 
 The original Register and I'roceedings of Council, in several volumes, renniin in very 
 fair (onditioii in the Anliives of tlie (Quebec dovernment. The lirsl, a folio bound in calf 
 and indexed, bears two titles, the lirsl of which is, •■ Keu-istre des insinuations du Conseil 
 Supericiu- de Itld:; a 1()Sl»." pp. '.k;. ]( begins with tlie king's edict creating the Superitn- 
 Council, dated April Isl. ICCy, and ends with the ' I'roces Verbal'' of the Suin-rior Council 
 con.t'rninu" the '• Ucdaciion " of the "Code Civil," or Ordinance of Louis, April 14th, lOf'.T. 
 
 The second title is. " .luiienients ct Deliberations du Conseil Souverain de laNouvelle 
 France, Itiii;! a ItlTr.." pp. 2M. Ii bciiiiis with an (irn't of the Superior Council ordering 
 the reiiistration of tlic kinLi'.- edict ol .\pril 1st, Itid;',. creating the Superior Council for 
 ?vew France, to be iield ;il t^tucbrc; mikI riids with au interlocutory judgment, dated 
 Heccnibcr l!ilh. MTr,. iip,iii n jirtjiion of f'rancois Noir Uoland, complaining of his curate 
 for rcfii.-iuii- hiiii nbsolutioii. 'flii> book or resist. ■)• is authenticated by the eertiiicate of 
 the governor, Comic dc FrontciKc . on the lirsl pa^-c. as follows : " Lc Present l{»''gistr.' du 
 Conseil Souverain conlenanl imi.-. eciils soixante vt seize fcuillcis a etc cc Jour i>araphe iiv 
 viin'r/iir par premier ct dernier, par nous Louis de Buade de Fronlenac Clicvallier Comic 
 de Palluau, Conseiller du h'oy en -^es Coiiseils (!o\ivcrneur et Intcndant General inmr 
 sa Majesle, en la Xouvelle France, t^ucbc, . le i|uiu/iemt Janvier millc six cents soixante 
 et ([uinzc.— iMKiNTKNAC." Tile entries in evneial ihrounhoni this end of the book arc 
 authenticiited by the uoveriior, bishop, inteiulant. (oun. Mlors. or <lerk of the Council; 
 and the last, or two hundred and ciulily-tiist leaf is signed by Duchesneau, intcndant, 
 and by DuiKini, i.c^niber of llie ('(aimil. Its general coiilenis consist of a variety of 
 ordi'rs. rcuulations, ordinances, judumcnts, .ivil an.! criniina.. of the Superior Council, 
 lie itaiioiis. and adjuili.alions of Crown estates, repiH-scii.itions to the king and his 
 niinislers upon various subjects. TJierc are tlie four following volumes of this iieuister 
 in I lie Archives ut Quebec, bearing- the dates. HmJ to ItlSO, l(;si. KISl to KIH?, and ltiS8 
 to lt;!i:;. ropcctiv.^ly. Ivich of these contains interest iiii-' details td' Council in-oeeedings 
 duriiiu- the. iirst lalministralion of !• ronteiiac. tle^ lim,. of ,le \m Itarre and de Dcnonville, 
 and durin'i' i'";onieiiac's sec-oml term. 
 
 Ilie Kdil-ci Ordonnances," Vol. III. coiiiaiiis copies of ihc Commissicms of Fronte- 
 nac-, La Uarre and (|c> lleiionville. 
 
OK KAl.TiV OAXAOrAN IFISToRV. 
 
 41 
 
 I'm- i»;irliiiilars cuiicfriiini'' tlio youth of Fruiilt'iiuf, his luinily ami muiriiigc, sin' I'ark- 
 luiiii'is Appmulix, wlitri', anioui;' (ithor soiircos, aro nanit'd the Journal ol" .Toaii Heroard, 
 physician to tho Court, part ol' which is cited in " ].(« Corn'spon(hint " ol' Paris for 1873; 
 riiinrd, " C'lironoloyio [Iistori(|uc-Mililiiin' ;" " Lcs Moinoircs dc Sully ;" "Tubh; do la 
 Ga/i'tic (Ic I'nuuc ; " " Monioiros dc Thilippc Hurault " (in I'ctitoi); Jul, " Dictionnairo 
 Cridquc, l{iu^•raphi(JUl•, ct d' llistoirc," articlo, " Frontcnac ; " " Ilistoriottcs do Tallcniant 
 des J{eaux," IX. (cd. Monuicrqut') ; " Mcmoiros do Madomoisclle do Montponsior," Vols. 
 I-III ; and ' Monioiros du Due do Saint Simon." Froutenac's will is printed in the 
 "Mairazino ol' American History," Juno, 1883, p. 40;), \ow York. 
 
 At I'' ronton;! '"s doath \Vi> liavo an "Oraison I'unehro du Comto do F^'ontonac, par lo 
 I'rro Olivier (Joyer," proacliod from tho text, In m/il/ifintinr vidilmr bonus el in hello foHh. 
 A copy ol' this eulouy, containing a running commentary on its sentiments strongly 
 adverse fo tho views ol' tho preacher, is preserved in the Seminary ol' Quol)eo. Theso 
 commonts. selections I'rom which will l)o I'ound in I'arkman's "Count Frontonao and 
 New I'ranoo under Louis XIV," pp. 4:51-4-{4, are, Ab])o Casgrain inlln-ms me, from tho 
 caiistio pen of Al)l)e Charles Glandelot, who came to Canada in MT-'), and lalumred for half 
 a century in the Seminary. 
 
 Tho list of printed books relating to tho piM'iod under consideration is very lona\ but 
 few of tho.so writings are entirely trustvvorlliy as historical authorities, — prejudice and 
 partisanship characterizing tliom for tho most part. The contests of tho day dovtdoped 
 bitter antagonisms, and it was not easy at tho time to withstand their influences. When 
 wo invest iyate tho writings of those contemporaries, we find a remarkable lack of unity 
 and sympatliy prevailing, and this often extends to matters of trilling import. Unsatis- 
 factory as chronicles as those books are. thoy aro valuable as exprt>ssioiis of current 
 l>artisiin feeliiiu', and in the latter form they freipfnlly servo to throw light on all trans- 
 actions. I'oremosI among these early narnitivos is the "Premier Htablissoment do la Foy 
 dans la Xouvello I'ranco " of l''ather Lo Clorcq. This work, it is said, was written under 
 the oj^* of l-'rontenae himself. Certainly it is highly coloured, and presents tho Rocollet 
 side in a strong and bold liylit. l>acquoville do La Pothorio's " IIi.stoiro do TAmcrique 
 Sei»tentrionalc dopuis l.').'^4 Jusqu'a 17*11, "' (Paris, \~i-l, four volumes.) is an exceedingly 
 respoctablo authority, often ([noted, and particularly useful for tho light which it throws 
 on the relaiions of Frontonao and do Callieres. It is also hold in high esteem as a contri- 
 bution upon tho condition of tho Indians at that time. Charlevoix describes it as con- 
 taininti' " nndiuostod and ill-written material on a good portion of Canadian history." 
 
 Tho works of Ilonnepin, La Ifontan. Tonti. and Marcjuoito may bi> included among 
 the principal early narratives which are worth consulting 1)y tho student. With tho help 
 of ollicial and other <()ntomi)orary documents, theso writings may, in tho main, satisfy the 
 mind. 
 
 The "Ilisloiro du Canada," by Abbe Iiolmont. Superior of the Si'minary of ^[ontreal 
 during 171;? and 1724. is a short history ofaH'airs from lili>S to 1700. The Literary and 
 Historical Sociotv of (Quebec i)rinted, abmit 1840, iu their "Collection do Monioiros," a 
 small edition of the work from a manuscript copy in tho Bibliothe(jue Nationale of Paris. 
 This essay is gi>norally accural(>, and tho views oxpro.ssed aro evidently tho result of care- 
 ful consideration. 
 
 The general history of tho administrations of Frontomio, do LaBarro, and do JJenou- 
 
 !^cc, II., 1SS5. t>. 
 
I 
 
 42 
 
 (IKOIKiK STKWAI.'T ON SOl'IfCMS 
 
 villc is oxhuustivcly licutcd l>y Fiitlu'r Fniiirois Xiivifr df Cluirlfvoix in his " Ilisloirc el 
 Di'srriptiou (u''iu''iiilc dc la Nouvi'llc iMaiicc, avcc Ic Jouinul Ilistoriqut^ <l"un Voyiiafo i'liit 
 pur roidiv (III ]{oi dans rAiiirviiinc Soptcntiionalc,"" which was iasiu-d at I'ariK in 1744. 
 This work is the lirsl in point of inipoitanft' and valui\ and sfts I'orlh Un- Jesuit side of 
 tho story ably and Wfll, ,Shra, who edited an edition ol' th(> Ixwk, says : " Aecess to State 
 Papers and the archives ol' tln' reli<>ious order to which he l)eloiiged, osporionce and skill 
 as a practised writer, a clear head and an ability to analyze, arnuii^v, and describe, fitted 
 him lor his work." On tlie other hand, I'arknian often speaks of Chavlevoi.ic's "usual 
 
 tl 
 
 ireo 
 
 carelessness." in 1744 there were two editions of this history published, one in 
 volumes (piarto, antl the other in six volumes of small size, with the plates folded. 
 " Iferiot," says Justin Winsor. " published an al)ridn'ed translation of Charlevoix in 1804, 
 but the J'huilish reader and ihe student of Canadian history owes a ureat deal to tho 
 version and annnt.nions of Dr. Shea, wiii<'h this .scholar printed in New York in six 
 sumi)tiious volumes in |S()i;-7l'." Cliarlevoix. of course, gives great prominence to the 
 
 ecelesiasti<'al sic 
 
 A' th 
 
 -Ubiecl. 
 
 IL 
 
 IS noi a 
 
 llog'tlier unfair to Fronlenac, thouuh the 
 
 •II at his h 
 
 Kecollets do n<it fare so well at Ins liaiuls. 
 
 Abbe La Tour, not a very trust wortliy authority, wrote ''Memoirs .sur la vio d(3 
 ^I. de Laval, premii'r I'^veque de Quebi'c " in 1701. ( )nly one volume appeared, though tho 
 scope of the work demaiuh'(l two. The unfair manner in which ihshop St. Vallier was 
 treated in the maniiscripl of the second volume, leil the worthy prelate's family to 
 interpose ol)jections to the publication of the matter, and it was not publislied. I'ronle- 
 nac is bitterly assailed in the lirst volume, his faults are ureatly magnilied. and very serious 
 charges are preferred auainst him. 
 
 A iLsefiil work, which demands notice in the consideration of tliis jieriod, is 
 "L'liistoire de riloie] Dieu d.' Qiiel>ec, de It).']!! a 17Hi,' by the l{ev. Mother Francoise 
 Jiicliereau de St. liiiiace. printed in Paris in 17"tl. It contains many facts and incidents, 
 and is e.spicially rich in delails (oncerning the missionary activity of the time, and on the 
 attempt made liy the clergy to evanuelize the savages. A supplementary work, prepared 
 with great care and thoroughness from original documents, and bearing the same title, 
 has been written l)y Abbe 11, 1{. Casurain. It is brouulit down to 1840. and was published 
 at Quebec in 1S78. 
 
 In tho third series of •' Historical Dcxiiments." published under the auspices of the 
 Literary and Historical Soi iciy of (Quebec in 1S71, is a paper entitled " Kocueil do ce qui 
 s'est passe en Caiuida an sujet de la guerre, taut des Anglais (|ue des Irocjuois, dopuis 
 rannec 1(182." It contains a full account of the La<hine massacre from tin' pen of an eye- 
 witness. The author accompanied Subenase to the scene. 
 
 In a collection entillfd ' ISihlioliiei a Ameiicana : ("oUertion d'ouvrages inedits on 
 rares sur rAmcriciue, " with tlie imprint of Leipsic and I'aris, appeared the " Memoire sur 
 les Mceurs. Const unu's, el Iteligions des Sauvages de I'Ameriquo Septentriouale, par 
 Nicolas Perrot, public pour la premiere Ibis par lo 11. P. Tailhan, de la Compagnio de 
 Jesus, 18G4." Charlevoix, La Potherie, .4bbe Forland and other writers on early Canadian 
 history attach considerable importance to this memoir. It will be found often quoted 
 in their narratives. Ilarrisse (No. 8;13) says that this work seems to have boon written 
 day by day from KU;.'. to tho death of Perrot. Colden gives a part of the narrative in 
 his '• History of the Five Indi:in Nations," London, 1747. 
 
 J 
 
OK lv\l!LY CANADIAN' IIISTOlfY. 
 
 48 
 
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 Ai»proarhiiiii' onr own lime, we have Fraiirois Xavier Oariieau's " Ilisloire dn 
 Canada," the aeccplcd I"" lemh Canadian nuthority. lie bei^an wrilinu' liis work in 1840, 
 and puhlislicd the lirsl volume in Qnehee, in lH4i'», tliesoeond in lS4ti, and the third, treat- 
 iniv ofeveiils down to 1702, in IStS. A new edition, revised and eorreiled, and l)n>ui>ht 
 down to 1H4(), appeared al Montreal IVom John f^oveH's press, in 1H")2. and a Ihird 
 edition at Quebec in lS'>!t. In 1882, the fourth edition, edited hyhisson, AllVed Garneau, 
 the author of " Les Seigneurs de Fronlenae." appeared at Montreal. This edition i.s 
 enriehed by a biouraphy of the historian by the Hon. P. J. < >. Chauveau, and a poem l)y 
 Ijouis Ilonore Frrchetle. The i'lnglish reader is lautioiied against liell's so-called trans- 
 lation of (larneau's History, which contains many unwarrantable liberties with llie text. 
 
 The ecclesiastical history of Canada is particulary illustrated by Abl)e J. 1?. A. 
 Ferland in his " Cours d'llistoire du Canada, M^iM-MM," ((Juebec, ISdl and 1811.5, two 
 volumi's). The author died while the second volume was passing through the press, 
 and the completion of the ptil)lication devolved on Abbe Laverdiere, one of the ripest 
 scholars in the Canadian i)riestliood. i'"erland had access to many documents of great 
 interest, and his work shows judgment and a skilful handling of the rich store of 
 materials within his roach. 
 
 The "Ilistoire de la Colonic Fran^'aise en Canada," with maps, 1)y Abbe Faillon, a 
 Sulpitian priest of very great ability, was projected on an extensive plan. Tlie author 
 visited Canada on three separate occasions, spending several years in the country, and 
 making the most of his opportunities in gathering his material, not only there, but from the 
 archives of the Fropaganda at Rome, and from the pul)lic ollices in I'aris. His work is 
 of great and paramount vahu>, but it must be read with a full perceptiun of the author's 
 intention to rear a monument to commemorate the labours and trials of the Sulpitians of 
 Montreal. Three volumes only appeared, the lirsl two in 18f!.'>, and tlie third in 180(1. 
 The death of M. I'aillon al Paris, in 1871, prevented further publication, but he has hjft 
 in manuscrii)t enoui.-h prepared material f;; ;,,;„pie,,. ^,\y work as far as the conquest of 
 17.V,t-t;(l. The book ^vas iv'_';_';^,\j.^ anonymously, accordiiii-' to the custom of the Congre- 
 gation of St. Sulpice. 
 
 Two volumes of Francis Parkman's series of " France and l':ngland in North Amc i a" 
 deal intimately with the period covered by the administrations of Frontonac, de La iiunu 
 and dcDononville. These are his " Count l-'ronteiiac and New France under Louis XIV,' 
 (Boston, 1S77,) and his '"La Salle, and the Discovery of the thval AVesl" (lloston, 187'.'). 
 Tho .hief (questioner of Farkinan's views has been Abl)e Casgrain, whose position i.s 
 best understood from his " I'lie Paroisse Canadioniie an XVII Siccle." (Juebec tSSO. Of 
 Mr. Parkman as an historian, there has been a wide rero^nition of a learning, thai has 
 neglected no resource ; a research, wliidi lias proved fortunate in its results ; a Judgment, 
 which, though rroleslant, is fair and liberal; a critical perception, wliidi in liie conllict 
 of testimony keeps him accurate and luminous ; and a style, which has given his narra- 
 tive the fascinations of a romance. 
 
 John Dennis wrote a tragedy, "Liberty Asserted," which was acted in Lcmdon in 
 1704, in which Frontonac was nuuh" a character, together with an Engli.sh governor and an 
 Iroquois chief. Betterton acted in it. A romantic picture oftho period is furnished in an 
 amusing novel by M. Joseph Marmotto, entitled "Francois de IJienville," in which Fron- 
 teuac liguros as one of tho principal .haracters. Frontenac's expeditions against the 
 
44 
 
 (IF.omiK STKWAI.T ON \:\\l\.\ CAWItl.W IIIS'l'OltY 
 
 Iro(lut)is wi'i-t' uiadi' llic Milfictt of ii poi'iii liy AllVcd 1!. Sin'ct, ciitillccl " Fniiitfiiiic, or tin- 
 Atiitiuho ol' the Iro(iiii>is, " Jj)ii(loii mid Now \ovk, 1S41V 
 
 Mr. T. r. r>c(l;ir<l. of llic Anliivi's |)('i)i\rliiiiMit, (^U'ltcc, li;is a \y^\^rv in tlir '• Aimuiiirt' 
 dc 1 liistilut Canndii'ii,' Nos. 7 and S. issd-sl, wliitli discusses tin- lirsl and scidud adnii- 
 iiisl rations ol' llu' ("oiint, and slicds souh' lifi'iil on Ilic social and political aspects ol' the 
 country lietween lil7*2 and Ki'.'S, when I'rontenae died. 
 
 Other printed hooks relatinu' to the period considered in IJiese paues. are Michael 
 Eibaud's " Histoire du Canada sous la domination Francaise," published at Montreal in 
 I s:'.7, second edition in IS l.'i ; "The Jlistitry of Canada from its llrst discovery i'l iTMti." 
 l»y William Smith, (iiieliec, ISl.'i, " llisloire di's Canadiens-I'raneais, 1t;i)S.|sSi>," by l?en- 
 jamin Suite, ^Montreal, ISs-J-8-'!; and "Narrative and Critical History of America, with 
 ]{iblio^raphical and Descriptive essays on its Historical sources and autliorities." (eii>ht 
 volumes), edited bv Justin AVinsor, Id.,.!'., 18S"), IJoston. 
 
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