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 32X 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
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 5 
 
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-{' 
 
 
 i 
 
 Tflfi AITTHOB. 
 
 
f 
 
 •f . 
 
 TREATISE 
 
 k 
 
 ON THE 
 
 THEORY OF SWIMMING 
 
 MADE SO EASY THAT IT CAN BE 
 
 REDUCED TO PRACTICE 
 
 AT ONCE. 
 
 ALSO, 
 
 TREATISE 
 
 ON 
 
 CAUSES AND EFFECTS IN GENERAL,. 
 
 PKRTAININO MORE ESPECIALLY TO 
 
 THE FARMING COMMUNITY, 
 
 By EBENEZER MARTIN. 
 
 LOVELL FEINTING AND PUBLISHIXa COMPANY. 
 
 1876. ■ 
 
himih^^ 
 
 > 
 
 X 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1876, by Ebknkzbr 
 MA.BTiif, in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. 
 
 «^> 
 
 5 > i 
 
'X.......J. 
 
 W;- 
 
 <»iw> 
 
 > t 
 
 TO 
 
 PARENTS, GUARDIANS OF YOUTHS, 
 
 AND TO 
 
 ALL WHO HAVE NOT ACQUIRED 
 
 THE ESSENTIAL QUALIFICATION OF 
 
 SWIMMING, 
 
 THIS WORK IS RESPECTFULLT 
 
 BT 
 
 ;.:» 
 
 THE AUTHOR*- 
 
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 0O}|T/! 
 
 ,_.., ; . . .... \_ ......m'^<\<>.\^iS ■s-\ 
 
 >U \\ -,'.10 -ri JiO UN. aaqitL 10! .0«. -e.: '. • •■ :^m I0 t>0MC»^^;dif5 
 
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 "•v.- 
 
 f ' 
 
 1 L 
 
J. 
 
 II 
 
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 t- 
 
 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 
 
 As regards swimming, all animals when first cast into deep 
 "water will swim, except man, although man is blest with 
 much better facilities for swimming than other animals, still 
 "when man is cast into deep water he drowns himself, unless 
 lie has previously learned to swim. It is very evident that 
 God has seen fit to bring man into the world more helpless 
 and mofe dependent than other animals, perhaps it is for 
 the good of man that it is so, for dependence is one of the 
 strongest bonds of society. But man is capable of learning 
 more than other animals. 
 
 Since the facilities for travelling have increased the 
 -exposure to drowning has increased in the same ratio, and 
 in my treatise on swimming I have laid down the rules, so 
 that, when any one is initiated into the theory of swimming, 
 even a woman with a long dress on, down round her feet, 
 can reduce it to practice at once, when cast into deep \ : ; ;r, 
 without any danger of drowning. 
 
 The calculation has been made by some that fifty thou- 
 sand people are drowned annually, and the greatest number 
 of them were drowned because they did not know how to 
 «wim. 
 
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RULES AND OBSERVATIONS 
 
 I 1/ 
 
 OK 
 
 SWIMMING, 
 
 f I 
 
 BY EBEJTEZER MARTIJ^. 
 
 ^t 
 
 • T < 
 
 Several avithors have published works on the Theory of 
 Swimming, but I have never seen them all. I read one of 
 Doctor Franklin's works on the Theory of Swimming several 
 years ago, bat it appears very evident that people who do- 
 not know how to swim are constantly being drowned, as 
 they were before the Theory of Swimming was published. 
 Therefore it is apparent that all authors have failed on 
 the subject of the Theory of Swimming, but they should 
 have credit for their good intentions. 
 
 It has always been my lot to live close to a river, lake,, 
 pond or sea. I learned to swim over seventy years ago, when 
 I was but a child. I chose a place where the water deepened 
 gradually, I then waded in till the water come up to my 
 breast ; I then turned around with my face to the shore ; I 
 then plunged towards the shore and found that I could swim 
 till my hands and knees touched the bottom, I had no fear of 
 drowning, for, if I found that T could not swim, I could bring 
 my feet under me, and, by standing erect, my head would 
 be above the surface of the water. 
 
 I intended when I first went into the water to wade in up 
 to my chin, but I found that the water was going to buoy 
 me up, and I was afraid to lose my footing on the bottom 
 of the river. I went alone, without letting my folks know 
 of my intentions, as I was afraid that they would not let 
 ' me go, for fear that I would be drowned. Some time after 
 
10 
 
 I had learned the di^erent wnys of H\yiinming I went down 
 to the river alone one pleasant Sunday morning; I croflHed 
 over to the other uide of the river in a oanoe to where there 
 was a Bandy bank along the shore, and went in for a swim. 
 Soon after I came out and had dressed two young men oame 
 down, who were strangers to me ; one of them, a Mr. P., said 
 that he was a good swimmer and that his friend a Peter 
 Sylvester, had come to learn how to swim ; they urged me to 
 go into the water again with them. I refused, for the re** 
 son that I had been in so long that I was chilled, and that 
 I was going to paddle the canoe down the river so as to 
 warm myself. Mr. P. then said that he could swim faster 
 than I could paddle the canoe. 
 
 I started off down the river and he after me, but he soon 
 gave up the chase, as he found out that I could paddle the 
 canoe faster than he could swim, or anybody else. I looked 
 back and saw that he could swim very fast, so I considered 
 Sylvester was safe in his care, but I soon found oat that 
 I was mistaken in Mr. P., for, when I had nearly got oat of 
 their sight, Mr. P. hallooed out to me that Sylvester is 
 drowning. I first thought that he was only in fun, bat in 
 an instant I put around the canoe, for it was so constructed 
 that only one end was calculated to cut through the water, 
 {I had amused myself so much in paddling a canoe that 'I 
 thought I could paddle a canoe with any one of my strength) 
 where I could see the sand bank, and as soon as I hove in 
 sight of it, I found that Sylvester was really missing. I 
 knew then that he was under water, for there was no place 
 where he could get out of my sight. 
 
 I paddled As fast as I could towards the spot. I knew that 
 the water deepened gradually from the bank till it would be 
 ,up to a man's arms, and then it went down perpendicularly 
 into deep water. I kept looking forward all the time, in hopes 
 of seeing Sylvester come above the surface of the water. On 
 reaching the spot, I saw some bubbles rise to the surface of 
 r ji the water. To dive for him would have taken some little 
 o< time, as I should have had to take off my clothes, for I did 
 
n 
 
 '1^ 
 
 ( not know then that I could have swam with my clothes on. 
 ' The water being clear, and the morning very bright, T ooald 
 t see him lying on the bottom on his back. His head was 
 ' pointed down the stream ; his fists were closed and lay on 
 '' bit breast close together. 
 
 ^'^- In the canoe was a setting pole (used to set the canoe 
 ^' fW>m one side of the river to the other where the 
 >^ river was shallow and the water run swift.) An ob- 
 **flervation that I had heard my father and mother make 
 ^' flashed across my mind in an ini^tant, namely, that n 
 ^ drowning man will catch at a straw, consequently I took 
 '-' the pole, and run the end of it down a little forward of his 
 face, but he did not notice it. I then run the end of the polo 
 i* between his fists, and he caught hold of it in an instant. 1 
 ^*' pulled him up to the surface of the water. I then caught hold 
 ^ of one of his wrists, and brought both of his hands over tho 
 ^' side of the canoe. I then let go of the pole, and it took such 
 >^ a ptirchance as it went over across the canoo into the river, 
 ^' that it jerked the pole out of his hands ; his wrists being 
 * over the side of the canoe, he caught hold of the edge of 
 '' the canoe. I then took the paddle and paddled ashore. 
 ^ Mr. P. helped me to draw him up on the shore, becausie 
 ! it descended to the river very steep. Wo placed him on the 
 ' gw>und, his head much lower than his body ; water ran out 
 ' of his month, also food that he had been eating. We then 
 > raised his head somewhat higher than his body. He soon 
 ' calight his breath and recovered, (I should think that he 
 ■ w<is about 17 or 18 years of age.) The sand-bank that he lay 
 on was warm with the hot sun, which helped to warm bis 
 » body. He was so far gone that he was black and blue 
 t' under his eyes and around his mouth. Now if Mr. P. had 
 '■* the moral courage to rescue Sylvester when he got into deep 
 ^' water, it would have saved Mr. Sylvester the pain that he 
 suffered in drowning, and I may say the still greater pain in 
 recovering. - ^'si'^i ,vo\j9^mTXKmwiiin, 
 
 '^i^Atthat time I should say that Sylvester weighed about 
 one hundred and seventy-five pounds. He was quite too 
 
 '{ 
 
12 
 
 heavy for me to handle out of the water. But while he 
 was in the water his weight seemed to me only about three 
 or four pounds. 
 
 Mr. P. told me that he had come up the third time. I 
 think that he must have, as persons drowning generally 
 do. The foregoing case shows the danger of trusting to an 
 incompetent guide. .U:,^^^ rmtiv ^t -i 
 
 To convince the reader of the fact that a drowning person 
 will catch at anything they come in contact with while in 
 the act of drowning, I will state several instances that I 
 know of. 1 shall not relate them all, for it would take up too 
 much time and space, but I shall relate a sufficient number 
 to convince the readegr of the fact, that a drowning person 
 will catch hold of anything that they come in contact with 
 while in the act of drowning. 
 
 I know of a man in company with his wife and her sister, 
 an intelligent young woman. They started to go across 
 a mill pond in a canoe, the young woman was the last 
 to step into the canoe, in the act of stepping in she 
 lost her balance, and was pitched head foremost into the 
 water and sank to the bottom. Her brother-in-law, on 
 seeing what had happened, stopped the canoe, and waited 
 for her to come up to the surface, (as they generally do), 
 but on seeing that she did not come up^ he took off his 
 hat and coat, and being a good swimmer, he jumped 
 in ; he then dived to the bottom of the pond, and found 
 that she had caught hold of the root of a stump with 
 both of her hands; he at once broke her hold, and 
 brought her up to the surface of the water and saved her. 
 He stated that only he was stronger than she, he would 
 not have been able to save her, as she held on with such nn 
 iron grasp. - 
 
 ' I shall now mention some of the many cases that I know 
 . where people might have been saved if the bystanders had 
 known that a drowning person would catch at any thing 
 they would come in contact with while in the act of 
 drowning. 
 
 L 
 
 1 
 
 # 
 
 I II 
 
13 
 
 The first corpse that I remember seeing was that of afin6 
 young girl. Her name was Sally Trescott. She fell from 
 the string piece of a bridge. The river was neither very 
 wide nor very deep. She was seen by some women standing 
 near by as she fell into the water, and if they had known 
 that a drowning person would have caught at anything she 
 might probably have been saved. ttj'^ Jfir.j^qtacjsi 
 
 There was another young woman fell in along with her, 
 but she caught hold of some bushes, as she came up to the 
 surface, that grew on the side of the river and leaned over 
 into the river. 
 
 I will mention one more case of a man that was not a 
 swimmer and who fell into a mill pond and was drowned. 
 There were several people that did not know how to swim 
 looking on at him drowning. There was plenty of edgings 
 of saw logs and long poles near by, which were ample 
 means for saving him, but it appears that the bystanders 
 were ignorant of the knowledge that a drowning person 
 -would catch at any thing they come in contact with while 
 in the act of drowning. 
 
 I think that I have mentioned u sufficient number of 
 ■cases to convince the reader that any person while in the 
 act of drowning will catch at any thing they come in con- 
 tact with. '^ 
 
 Whenever a party of men and women go out for a boat- 
 ride, in a canoe or in a boat (as they often do), they should 
 have a long pole at the bottom of their boat or canoe, as the 
 case may be, in case any of the party should get into the 
 water and be drowning. In fact it should be the law in all 
 civilized countries that any one going out in a canoe or 
 boat, and not bringing with them a long pole, should be lia- 
 ble to a heavy fine. Poles can be had from fifteen to twenty 
 feet long, and made so light that a boy of ten years of age 
 can handle one with the greatest of ease. People that go 
 swimming should provide themselves with a pole, and have 
 it near them when they go in swimming, so as to be able to 
 reach it to any of them in case they should be drowning. 
 
u 
 
 A good swimmer cannot rescue a person drowning by diving .^ 
 in after them as quick as he would by the means of a pole^r^} 
 as by reaching a pole to them, they will catch it at once^r 
 except when they are entirely drowned, or have previously 
 caught hold of something at the bottom of the river, — in that 
 case to dive for them is the only means left. 
 
 A pole that is not more than a quarter of an inch in diam-^ 
 eter at one end, (poles can be cut in tamarack swamps, 
 from fifteen to twenty-five feet long, and not more then one 
 and a half inches in diameter at the butt end,) such poles as 
 boys use for fish poles, of good timber, will hold to pull 
 lengthways more than the strongest man can pull. 
 
 As soon as I was old enough I left St. Johnsbury and 
 went to the town of Linton in Vermont, to work for a tan- 
 ner and currier, as an apprentice at that business. One day 
 as the journeymen and myself were at dinner, I, having fin- 
 ished before any of the rest, was ordered to go and get 
 some water. I accordingly took two pails and went and got 
 the water from a penstock that ran into the soak vat. In 
 going for the water I had to cross the road. On coming 
 back, I set down the two pails of water to rest myself. I 
 happened to look back towards the mill pond, and in an in- 
 stant I saw the water spatter, as if somebody had thrown 
 something in. A thought struck me that it might have been 
 a fish, as I had heard that fish would jump out of the water, 
 and, in falling back again, would make the water spatter. 
 I could see the spot further than any body could throw a 
 stone ; it was not more than a few seconds after I saw the 
 water spatter, when I saw four small fingers above the 
 surface, spread as far apart as they could be. I started and 
 ran as fast as I could. Arriving on the spot I threw off 
 my hat, dived into the pond, and swam to the spot. I 
 then dived to the bottom of the pond and found a little boy 
 (he was about four years old) lying on his back. I 
 caught hold of his arm near the shoulder and brought him up 
 to the surface ; his head drooped so that I had to hold his 
 shoulders out of the water, so as to prevent his head from 
 
 ( 
 
 ■ 
 
15 
 
 
 touching it. His name was Henry Cushion. I brought him 
 on to the same side as I went in on, although his father lived 
 on the opposite side of the pond, bat the landing there was 
 not so good. After getting the little fellow up on to the bank 
 I held him up by the heels to let the wat6r drain out; a lot 
 of water came out as well as some food he had been eating. 
 I then laid him down on the bank, it being an awfViUy warm 
 day. His pants were already unbuttoned, which saved me * 
 some time. I then pulled his pants down to his ankles and ' 
 raised his clothes up under his chin, so as to expose his body '■'■ 
 to the heat of the sun. I then bent down close to his mouth 
 and blew into it several times in quick succession ; he soon 
 caught his breath and came to, saying I will go out. I r^ 
 plied to him, you are out ; his reply was, I say I will go out, — 
 this showed that his sense of hearing had come back to him. 
 As soon as he was carried to the house his Wet clothes were 
 taken off, he was then put into a warm bed, and, after a 
 while, his folks brought him home. It was a long time be- 
 fore he was thoroughly recoverd. The render may be anx- 
 ious to know why I did not save the little fellow's life b}'- the- 
 meuns of a pole. There were three reasons, which I shall re- 
 late to you : The first was because there was no pole handy. In 
 the second place I could not reach him from the bank with a 
 pole ; third, because I thought he was too far gone i ) catch 
 at anything, and I found it to be so. Now some folks would 
 wonder how it was I did not lose my life on account of go- 
 ing into the water so hot, and in a state of perspiration. 
 Well the only thing that saved me was that I changed my 
 clothes as soon as I could, and immediately went to work 
 again until ■ I commenced to perspire freely. The little 
 fellow's grandfather having found the spot where he fell in, 
 he got a piece of stick and threw it into the water where 
 the little fellow had fallen in, to see how long it would take 
 to float down the current to where the little fellow was ' 
 found, and circumstances showed that the little fellow was 
 over an hour in the water. ^ 
 
 I have known a great many families that lived close to 
 
m 
 
 ■I 
 
 16 
 
 rivers, and, instead of taking their children down and teach- 
 ing thetii how to swim, they would keep telling them not to 
 ;go near the water, as they might be drowned. Now I have 
 known several cases where the children were told not to go 
 iiear the water, and went and were drowned the very same 
 day. But I have never known of any one, when going for 
 tL swim, that would choose a place where the water deepened 
 gradually and went into it till the water came up to their 
 breast, and then turned around with their face towards the 
 shore and then make a plunge in the same direction, and 
 try and swim till their hands and knees touch the bottom, 
 and in that way they can learn how to swim without any 
 fear of getting drowned, as they would know by bringing , 
 their feet under them they could touch the bottom when . 
 'ever they might wish. In all the places that I have 
 lived there has been more than twenty persons drowned. • 
 through not being able to swim, besides several others that 
 would have been drowned if they had not been rescued in 
 time by persons who could swim. 
 
 A few years ago, on One of the Western Lakes, a steam- 
 boat took fire. The captain of the boat finding that the fire 
 could not be extinguished headed the boat for the shore, and 
 reached within swimming distance, when the fire drove all 
 the passengers into the water. There were several women 
 on board, they jumped into the water and were drowned, 
 simply because they did not know how to swim. 
 
 A woman with a long dress on down around her feet 
 <><ii I not use them, no matter how good a swimmer she may be. 
 If a Woman should fall into deep, water she should keep her 
 feet perfectly still, and she can save herself by using her 
 hands and arms if she only knows the proper way of using 
 them. 
 
 ]Sow, if the reader will trace back his memory to the 23rd 
 of November in the year 1873, the date of that appalling 
 marine disaster, the foundering of the steamship Ville de 
 Havre, where two hundred and twenty-six lives were lost, and 
 only eighty seven saved by the steamship Lochern. I would 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
17 
 
 ■« 
 
 . 
 
 , •' , 
 
 be taking up too miieli of yodr time tc'reiate TboW the disaster 
 
 aking uj 
 occurred, but I mean simply to pass a few remarks. 
 
 Now, after the collision she sank at once, and cast affbii) 
 boai'd into the deep sea. The steamship Locbern stocKf^ 
 about a mile from the spot where the disaster occurred, she- 
 at once sent off two of her boats to rescue those from th& 
 steamship Ville de Havre, and did succeed in rescuing some- ' 
 of them. They made two different trips, which was a mile 
 to the scene of the disaster and a mile back, "When they 
 returned for the third time they could find no more, they 
 havijig all sank. _ .^ ., 
 
 Now, if they all had known how to swim, most likely Ihey , 
 would have been nearly all saved. Some people seem to- 
 form an opinion that it is of no use to know how to swim in 
 case of a disaster at sea. Now there was an officer of the- 
 steamship Ville de Havre who swam to the steamship 
 Lochern, a distance of one mile, and the consequence was- 
 that he saved his life. Now, as I have said before, I could 
 mention a great many other instances of people drowning 
 through the want of not knowing how to swim, but it would 
 be only taking up too much time and space. 
 
 Some authors seem to differ on the various ways of bring- 
 ing a person to life after drowning. Some say roll the . 
 person on a barrel or wine cask ; others say don't ever hold 
 the person up by the feet ; then others say that they should 
 not be laid on their backs. The following is the system 
 adopted by Sylvester of restoring a drowned person : 
 
 1. Position : place the patient on his back with his sho.il l(ji3 
 raised and supported on a folded article of dress. 
 
 2. To maintain a free entrance of air into the windpipe, 
 draw forward the tongue and keep it projecting beyond the 
 lips, by raising the lower jaw. The teeth may be made to 
 hold in the proper place. 
 
 3. To imitate the movements of respiration raise the 
 patient's arms upwards by the sides of his head, and then ex- 
 tend them gently and steadily upwards and forward for a few 
 moments, (this action, by enlarging the capacity of the chest. 
 
18 
 
 iii4aciB>t inspiration.) Next turn down the arms and press them 
 gently and firmly for a few moments against the sides of the 
 "iihept (forced expiration is thus effected.) Bepeat these 
 measures alternately, deliberately and perseveringly, fifteen 
 times in a minute. 
 
 • The above way is recommended by physicians. But the 
 question has often been asjsed, when Physicians disagree who 
 ■«hall decide ? I say let experience decide. 
 
 The following is my experience: My practice has 
 ^always been to hold a drowned person up by the heels, 
 «8 it is the quickest way to have the water run out of 
 the lungs and stomach. The water must be got out be- 
 fore the patient can be restored to life, and the quicker 
 it can be done without injury the better. If the patient 
 should be a female, bring the lower part of her dress around 
 ;her ankles, then take hold both her dress and ankles and 
 hold her up by the heels, and by that means you shall avoid 
 ;the exposure of her person. 
 
 The first thing that is required after getting the water 
 out of the patient's lungs and stomach is heat, and if the 
 weather is warm enough, place the patient on his back with 
 the head and shoulders raised, and then place your mouth 
 close over the patient's mouth, and blow into it repeatedly, 
 and in quick sucession. Whatever the patient should be 
 iaid on should be very warm, as the coldness of the body 
 will soon make the place cold where they lay. 
 
 Warm flannels should be put under the patient, and the 
 body and limbs should be rubbed over with warm flannels. 
 The flannels first used soon get cold, therefore some one 
 should be warming others as the rubbing should be continued 
 without cessation. ^i,id^ -j^^nii^ 
 
 The longer a person has been under water the longer it 
 *will take to restore him to life. 
 
 Now, in case of a failure in restoring a patient to life on 
 the spot, he should be taken to a house where the flannels 
 <;an be kept constantly warm, (that is if it is too cold out 
 ndoors). The rubbing should be kept up till all hopes of 
 
 ^!^ 
 
 
19 
 
 I 
 
 * \ 4 
 
 restoring th« patient to life are giren up. Ai a matter of ' 
 course, wet clothes should be taken off in all casee^ 
 
 It has been published that the reason why men turn on 
 their baeks and women on their faces, while in the aet of 
 drowning, is owing to modesty. It is an error, they don't 
 think or know anything about modesty. The cause ^ men 
 turning on their backs and women on their faees Is strictly 
 owing to the difference in the physical organization of the 
 
 two sexes.' ,-■■■ -/<''-Pt-"i-i"^4^V. '^ivu,.iai , '^rliV^viivl i^u v 
 
 s.. Having mentioned some of iny experieiiceB in rescuing 
 persons in the act of drowning and in bringing drowned 
 persons to life, I will now proceed to lay down the theory; 
 of swimming in so plain and clear a way that everyone hav- 
 ing the use of their hands and arms can reduce it to practice ' 
 at once, when ca^ into deep water, and so as to keep 
 their head above the surface and swim to the shore, if with- 
 in swimming distance, i qif if>il ; t 
 
 It is necessary, previous to laying down the rules of 
 swimming, to mention the cause of persons drowning when-' 
 <5ast into deep water, and not knowing how to swim. The 
 ]>rincipal cause is fear. I have already shown in my pre- 
 vious remarks that all who do not know how to swim when '■ 
 cast into deep water, by being frightened out of their senses, 
 drown themselves by the irregular efforts which they make ^ 
 to save themselves. 
 
 Since the facilities for travelling have increased, the expo- 
 sure to drowning has likewise increased in the same ratio. 
 It has always been a wonder to me why a person that did 
 not know how to swim when cast into deep water should 
 drown. But I have learned by experience that fear is the 
 cause, therefore the main thing is to lay down the theory 
 of swimming in such a way that when a person is cast into 
 deep water all fear should be banished from them. The 
 first effort they should make is to catch their breath, shut the 
 mouth, extend the arms at full length before them, with 
 the palm of the hands downwards, the thumbs touching each 
 other, then bring the arms downwards in quick motion, 
 
20 
 
 which will throw the person up and forward ; repeat these 
 efforts continually, catching their breath between the efforts 
 of throwing tlie arms forward and bringing them back a» 
 above described. 
 
 The above is scmethirg the ^snae as t^hoving a puddle that 
 is used for a canoe. 
 
 ^S^AHBLS. — A little girl 3 years of age can shove a paddle 
 endways through the water with ease. But when the paddle 
 is raised perpendicular and brought back flat ways through 
 the water, it would require nearly all the strength of a 
 strong man to bring it back with a quick motion. A strong 
 man can paddle a canoe faster than one of less strength. So 
 it is in swimming. If one be stronger than the other, the 
 strongest one will swim faster than the other, because when 
 he loxtends his arms forward at full length he can bring 
 thein back with greater force, and as a matter of course gor. 
 through the water faster than the other. '.^* r^t-— 
 
 Now some authors on the subject of swimming have 
 drawn exquisite pictures of a man in the water swimming 
 in all the different attitudes that a man can be placed in, 
 but still peoi^e continue to be drowned, as they were before 
 anything was written on the theory of swimming, or any 
 pictures drawn. Therefore people will not learn by book 
 instructions. I have already mentioned that fear is the 
 principal cause of so many drowning. Now the best way is 
 to banish all fear from them, is the way I learned to swim, 
 and it is also the way Doctor Franklin recommended. But 
 I learned to swim before ever I heard of Doctor Franklin, 
 and I presume many hundreds of cautious little boys have 
 learned to swim by the same way. Many years before 
 Doctor Fr^anklin was born it appears that very few in com» 
 parison; ta the groat number that don't know how to swim 
 have ever jlearned that 'way, especially females. There 
 should be neither time nor money spared in laying down the. 
 theory of swimming eo as it can be reduced to immediate 
 practice, for what would it profit a man if he should gain 
 all the vinoney in Jhe world, and lose his life by disowning. 
 
 J 
 
l.i iUV" .'.1:J:M 
 
 ▲ OHAPTfift FOB THE WOMEN; 
 
 a> 
 
 J 
 
 I 
 
 " The following is a good method fbr learning the thebry 
 of swimming: • 
 
 Let them when washing their hands and faces in the morn- 
 ing fill the wash-basin with water, full enough that, when you 
 pat your flice down to the bottom, the water shall be tip 
 around your ears. Then let them place the basin on the 
 wash-stand or s6me other convenient place to salt the pur- 
 pose. After you have pttt enough of the water into the basin 
 so that it will come up around your ears, then catch your 
 breath, and put your face into the basin of water deep 
 enough bo as the water will come up around your ears. 
 Then throw your hands forward to the full extent of 
 your arms with the fingers of each hand closed together, 
 and your thumbs close to the edge of your fore>fingers) 
 with the ends of y6ar fingers raised higher than your 
 hands and arms ; then as quick as your arms and hands arc 
 extended to the full extent they must be brought back with a 
 quick motion in a circular form with the little fingers raised, 
 the highest. Bepeat these efforts while your mouth and 
 nose is under water as often as you conveniently can every 
 morning, day after day, week after week, till you become 
 thoroughly habituated. And then if you should be cast into 
 deep water you will extend your arms and swim as by 
 nature. 
 
 What I have just mentioned is only to initiate a person 
 into the theory of swimming. 
 
 By practicing the way I just mentioned once or twice 
 would be sufficient in case you should be cast into deep 
 water to enable you to bring your head up out of the water, 
 and by repeating the efforts you could easily keep your head 
 out of the water and paddle yourself ashore if within 
 swimming distance of it. 
 
 It would be advisable also to hold meetings to show 
 people the regular efforts that they should make in swim- 
 ming, and to appoint competent persons to hold meetings 
 
•IhroQghoat the entire country, and there, choosing a place 
 where the water deepens gradually, walk into it till it is up 
 to your breast, then turn round your face to the shoret and 
 make a plunge towards the shore, a£.d you will swim to the 
 shore; repeat till yon find that yju can swim well on. the 
 front, and then^ wade back till the water is up to your arms, 
 and then turn round your face to the shore ; then lie down oa 
 your back, your head under water except your month and 
 nose out free for breathing, your hands and arms extend at 
 fall length down by your sides, then bring your hands back 
 in a circular fbrm with a quick motion ; falling down repeat 
 the efforts in quick succession, and yon will find that you 
 can swim on your back, feet foremost; hate a swimmer with 
 a fish pole on the shore to assist you if required. 
 
 To deliniate and set forth the effect that habit has oii 
 people in all its bearings, would require several hundred 
 octavo pages, therefore I shall not attempt it, bnt suffice it 
 to say as the oM saying is, Habit becomes second nature. 
 
 a'Aa<iUK- . . SWIMMING HAND OVER HAND. < ,M 
 
 " In this mode of swimming, each hand is raised in quick 
 succcession hand over hand, not out of the watar, as they 
 wonld be heavier out than in, but near the surftwe; tho 
 hands Shoved forward to the full extent of the arms, with a 
 kind of a circular sweep, your hands grasping the water and 
 passing downwards towards the hips, is succeeded by the 
 other habd, which performs a similar movement. A 
 woman with a long drees could swim the above mentioned 
 way by using her hands only. Swimming hand over hand 
 is not the proper way of ewiraming, nor is it the quickest 
 way, it is commonly called swimming the dog fashion. The 
 proper way of swimming is on the front with both hands at 
 once. • ...i_:^..L' U -^ ■ 
 
 ^7S:^ H:Btfi ^i^ -SWIMMING ON THE BACK. ,;is<j.i a^&f S^T 
 -arDiwotions for a woman with a long dress on. 
 i>rWlen a woman is thoroughly initiated into the theory of 
 
 
 i 
 

 r ♦ 
 
 Bmmming, she oan tarn on her back. Her head ibaat be 
 tmmerfied.in the water, except her mouth Mid note ; they 
 tnofit be left out fVee for breathing. She must not attempt 
 to uae her feet, for if she did thej would get tangled in her 
 long dress, and thus sink herself. She must use the hands 
 by throwing them forward the fVill extent of her arms, and 
 then bring them down briskly in a oircular form, the same 
 as in front swimming ; but it is easily noticed that a woman 
 swimming on her baek cannot use her feet on account of 
 her long dress, she can use her hands only. By using her 
 hands only she will go feet foremost through the water. 
 There is no way that a man or woman can swim so easy as 
 on their backs, for the reason, that when you are in a 
 swimming position on your back, you would be all ^nder 
 water except your mouth and nose, they must be left out f^ree 
 for breathing. In that position you can lie still and float. But 
 in doing so, you will soon find that your feet and legs,^ being 
 more solid parts, will begin to sink gradually ; but with your 
 hands extended and brought back in a downward direction 
 by your hips, you will bring your legs to a horizontal: 
 position. Every effort you make with your hands and arms 
 will throw you forward, and by repeating the efiorts. you. 
 would reach the shore if within swimming distance. But . 
 if not within swimming distance you could manage, to, keep ' 
 yourself afloat till some one could go to your rescue. , 
 
 As women are entitled to our first care and attention, t 
 have therefore laid down the Theory of 3wiQ)^ing for- 
 women in case they should be cast into deep water with ftt 
 long dress on, and not knowing how to swim. ^^j^^^.. ,^ j ^^^ 
 
 '.-.aT . ^ . ■ 
 
 -ri 
 
 r mom moo at <:i. -^Ji?^ 
 
 fXtSi 
 
 CHAPTER FOR BOTH SBXB8. 
 
 SWIMMING ON THE FRONT. 
 
 * at 
 
 The legs being larger and stronger than the arms have- 
 much more power in swimming. To use the feet and leg»^ 
 to the best advantage in swimming, the first action of the 
 
>!■ 
 
 i| 
 
 24 
 
 feet and legs is to draw tbem in as high as convenient : The 
 feet then must be struck out as widely fVom each other as 
 can be done to the extent of the legs. Then kick back as 
 ^uick and with as much force as possible. «/i 
 
 There is a small loss in drawing the legs in, but in throw- 
 ing them out there is a gain much greater than the lo8s< In 
 swimming on the front the legs and arms are both used 
 alternatelyi and every regular effort that you make will throw 
 jou up and forward at the same time. 
 
 k- ' . 
 HOW TO MANAGE WHEN ENTANGLED BY WEEDS. ' 
 
 Should the swimmer at any time find himself entangled 
 "by weeds, he should turn on his back, so that his head will 
 1)0 immersed in the water, and mouth f^ee for breathing; 
 his legs extended at fhll length, the toes a little above the 
 surface of the water, and his hands extended at full length, 
 'with the palms down and the thumbs close to the fore- 
 fingers, then brought down in a circular form, as quick and 
 with as much force as possible, — the effort should be repeated 
 iin quick succession, and in this way you can go, feet fore- 
 most, over the weeds, your hands grasping the weeds and 
 water together, throwing them back every effort that you 
 )make, and at the same time you throw yourself forward. 
 
 TREADING WATER. 
 
 Ci^:(i^Li 90 .iillii 
 
 Treading water signifies to swim in an erect or perpendi- 
 •cular posture. It is of but little use, but often practiced by 
 good swimmers. The hands are folded across the breast or 
 placed on the hips, and the feet and legs are only used, by 
 •being brought down alternately in quick succession.T ^. v ,, 
 
 4-- 
 
 i^'iOdc a.i2 'l: ,/^ «H DEEP DIVING. 
 
 '•i' 
 
 After one has learned to swim he should learn to dive, 
 
 l)ecau8e occasion for it often occurs. Diving must be learned 
 
 by practice. The best way for a w^ beginner is to dive 
 
 off something not more than 3 or 4 feet above the surface of 
 
2ft 
 
 ^.h 
 
 
 I 
 
 the water. In going ^hend foreut>>Ht into the water the 
 hands muttt be bi'ought together; Btretch »f full length over 
 the head, stoop forward, and bring your ha&d )vvn as low 
 as your feet and then make the plunge, firing from a great 
 height is dangerous unletis the divcf haa practiced enough 
 60 that he can go with head down and his feet in the air 
 over his head, for, if he should lose his poiso and ftill flat^ 
 on the water, it might prore fatal. But the most common' 
 way of diving is from the shore, and it should be mohi 
 practiced, for the reason that a swimmer often finds it 
 necessary to run and dive otf the shore into t\\e water when 
 he goes to rescue a drowning person. -. , r^ -•-> : s.^ -; 
 
 It has often been stated by some authors, that the best 
 way to rescue a person drowning is to catch them by the:«< 
 hair of the head. But I have learned by experience that, to 
 catch a drowning person by the hair of the head, is a ro,ost 
 dangerous way, because a person in the act of drowning will 
 catch at whatever they con^e in contact with, thereforeia 
 he could catch the swimmer by the throat with both of his v^y 
 hands and choke him to death, But the way I have always 
 practiced, when it was necessary, was to catch the left arm of 
 the drowning person above his elbow with my right hand' 
 and hold him up over the surface of the water. . In that way^ 
 I could hold him out at arms' length and swim to the shore 
 with him, by using my left arm and feet. 
 
 There is one more remark I want to make before closing 
 my Theory of Swimming, that is ; — when a number of per- 
 sons go out for a boat-ride, and, if the boat should happen to ,-,,,-■ 
 capsize, it is a most dangerous practice to catch hold of one^i;, 
 another. They should strike out from each other, and, by; ,^^ 
 the ways I have mentioned in my Theory, they can keep 
 themselves up till assistance reaches them, or, if the shore 
 be within swimming distance, they can manage to paddje^ 
 themselves ashore. 'r ' - ''^'^ -f^^*- 
 
 There are two ways to show that a person is specifically ^ 
 lighter than water. One way is to wade into the water up i* 
 as far as you can, without letting the water take you off 
 
your feet. Then drop a piece of white earthen ware, it will 
 sink to the bottom; the water must be deep enough, so as 
 that you cannot reach the piece of earthenware without hav- 
 ing to dive for it, then stoop down and try and pick it up 
 and you shall find that you cannot reach it, because the water 
 will buoy you fup. There is another way to ascertain that 
 any person that has the breath of life in them is specifically 
 lighter than fresh water : — make a box seven or eight feet 
 long, two feet six inches wide, and two feet deep, water light,, 
 then put in water enough to come up over a person that is- 
 sunk below the surface of the water, then mark the box 
 at the surface of the water, then let the person get into the 
 box and be sunk below the surface of the water, then mark 
 the box again at the surface of the water, then let the per- 
 son get out of the box, (when the person is getting into the 
 box, they should settle back very slow and careful on their 
 back, so as to prevent the water from splashing, and lie 
 still, the one who is assisting can have time to mark the box 
 at the surface of the water, which will not take half as long 
 as one can hold their breath under water, then measure 
 and see how many cubic feet of water that the person sunk 
 below the surface of the water has raised the water, and you 
 will have the number of cubic feet of the person sunk below 
 the surface of the water. 
 
 Then weigh the water, and then the person on a true plat- 
 form scales and you will find the water is the heaviest. This 
 is the only way that it can be done, and any person or thing 
 that is lighter than water will float on the water. 
 " A sap holder or tub that is large enough to hold a sufficient 
 quantity of water to come up over a person would answer in 
 lieu of a box, but I have preferred a box, for the reason, if 
 made larger than mentioned, a person could learn to float or 
 swim on their backs a short distance feet foremost, by 
 using the hands only. A box of the above-mentioned size 
 or larger would answer a whole village. A boy from S 
 to 10 years old could swim with his clothes on from one end 
 to the other feet foremost. 
 
 ^ > 
 
 i 
 
(h 
 
 
 27 
 
 A girl can do the same with a swimming dress on or 
 without by having some one to attend to her that has a 
 right to do 80. At any rate she can learn to float and keep 
 her month and nose out of water, free for breathing. A 
 box for the purpose, made of wood, would shrink and swell 
 and soon leek, therefore it would be the best to make one of 
 zinc, it would last for years, and, therefore, in the long run 
 would be the cheapest. _„ ..t , , 
 
 
 
 
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 0{i I «i I'j'i *^- 
 
 t- 
 
 ' ... .' ; ■ ^ ' 
 
 THE END. 
 
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 .lAiiaHIti yli ^iMi^LU^i a^ii/V) 
 
 >^y 
 
 :f ri^Mi.a/^^:> 
 
TREATISE 
 
 ON 
 
 Ul 
 
 CAUSES AND EFFECTS IN GENERAL, 
 
 MOUE PAUTICCLABLY PERTAINING TO 
 
 THE FARMING COMMUNITY. 
 
f I i 
 
 * f^'MAiiM monMRnira 
 
 ■' ■(■,.■■- 
 
 
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 4-*-; . I -. .' Vj 
 
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 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 
 
 Treatises on causies and effects in general, pertaining 
 more especially to the Farming Community. The farmers 
 tvnd others throughout the United States of America and 
 the Dominion of Canada meet with avoidable losses amount- 
 ing annually to several millions of dollars. I will here men. 
 tion some of the different kinds of property on which they 
 meet with so many losses : first, on their seed corn not com- 
 ing up when planted in the Spring; second, on horses ; third, 
 on cattle, and how to kill lice on horses and cattle without 
 injuring them, and also how to keep lice off them ; fourth, 
 cause of horses druUing and cure ; fifth, how to manage with 
 hogs ; sixth, how to take the wool from sheepskins ; seventh, 
 how to cure burns ; eighth, how to cure corns on toes ; ninth, 
 how to manage with boots, shoes and harnesses ; tenth, the 
 eflfects of wearing Indiarubber overshoes. It is sometimes 
 the case that people have lodgers that leave body lice in the 
 bod that they slept in, the quickest and best way to kill 
 both nits and lice. How to take the frost out of potatoes 
 that are frozen hard, and leave them good for the table. 
 
 The cause of milch-cows' udders swelling, commonly called 
 bags, and a preventive, the loss among farmers every year 
 is great by their cows' bags swelling and their millr drying 
 up. It is often the case that cows, after they have calved 
 and were doing well, are taken at different times dur- 
 ing the summer, but oftener in the spring, — one quarter of 
 their bag is affected first ; in trying to get milk out thej'' 
 •will get blood, sometimes not anything, some lose half 
 their bag, some the whole, seldom that a cure is effected, 
 especially in cases of long standing. 
 
 But this complaint is easily prevented. To ascertain the 
 cause of this prevalent disease among milch-cows has cost 
 the author much time and to expense. 
 
 Cattle running in the woods or bushes to pasture. 
 
■i 
 
 : i 
 
 fiy^V■'■^Ii.>4L^^ k 
 
 
 
 .\/ ' ^ 
 
 - !■ ; #v 51" '■ /' 
 
 • ,,ltj 
 
 L , . ,. r f ,- 1-, , - ■ 
 
.i^:l 
 
 TREATISE 
 
 ON 
 
 CAUSES AND EFFECTS IN GENERAL, 
 
 MOnE PARTICnnARLY PERTAININO TO 
 
 THE FARMING COMMUNITY. 
 
 1 
 
 For many years 1 have noticed among the farmers a 
 failure of their seed corn coming up after it was planted. 
 In the spring of 1876 the failure has been very great, the 
 loss among farmers throughout Canada and the United 
 States must have amounted to several hundred thousand 
 dollars. Several years ago we had a great failure in its not 
 coming up. That particular year there was a long wet 
 spell in the month of December, and all corn that was 
 exposed to the dampness of the atmosphere got damp, then, 
 owing to sudden changes of the atmosphere from heat to 
 jsevere cold, its vitality was destroyed. In that particular 
 year it was a great failure of all corn that hung out in sheds, 
 barns, and other outbuildings. I had corn hung out that 
 3'oar in a shed, where no dampness could get at it except 
 tho dampness of the atmosphere. I planted that year 
 
 a little over two acres, and none of it came 
 
 up. 
 
 I 
 
 found one man had some that he had kept hung up 
 in his house, which kept it dry. I got some seed from 
 him, and I planted a piece over, and it came up all 
 right but, owing to the lateness of the season, I lost over 
 fiftv dollars. There was another man told me that his losses 
 would exceed over one hundred dollars. Some lost more 
 
!'' 
 
 !';! 
 
 ij 
 
 ; 
 
 and some less, according to the quantity tliey had planted^ 
 but the losses throughout the country that particular year 
 were about the same as in the spring of 1876. It was not 
 only the loss of new seed, and the expense of planting it 
 over, but, on account of its being planted so late, the loss 
 was greater, as the crops were not so good. i 
 
 .'T' 'i;'^' ] r ' -. I . . . 1. , ( , .' 
 
 HOW TO SAVE SEED CORN. 
 
 > ' / 'I - 
 
 Take the best and ripest ears before any frost comes in 
 the fall. Let it be traced up the same day as picked, and 
 then hung up in the dwelling-house, free from all dampness 
 and frost, and kept in that state till planting-timo in the 
 spring. It can be kept in that state for several years. 
 
 Now a great many farmers think that the cause of their 
 corn not coming up is in consequence of the lateness of the 
 spring, the ground being too cold, but that is not the cause, 
 for, when I was a little boy, I remember having planted corn 
 in the month of April, in the garden so as to have some 
 early green corn and it all came up, but there was several 
 hard frosts after it came up. I used to water it every morn- 
 ing before sunrise, and that took the frost out of it. I have 
 one more remark to make about saving seed corn. Some years 
 the corn does not get ripe enough to pick the ears oflF before 
 a frost. In that case cut up the corn close to the ground, leav- 
 ing the ears on the stocks. Then let them be put into the 
 dwelling-house where it is perfectly free from frost ; then, 
 when the corn is peri'octly dry, let the ears be taken off and 
 hung up. 
 
 HOW TO MANAGE WITH HORSfiS AND TO PREVENT AVOID- 
 ABLE ACCIDENTS. 
 
 I have been engaged in the farming and tanning businesa 
 for over seventy years, and fanners when they lost horses 
 and cattle would take the hides off and bring them to the 
 tannery. I was always curious to know how they had lost 
 them, and, hearing from a great many thousand ditierent 
 men in the many different places where I have lived 
 
 if 
 

 35 
 
 how they had lo8t their cattle, I have come to the conclu- 
 sion, for the benefit of the public, to relate how those dif- 
 ferent parties had met with their losses, in order that others 
 may avoid losing in the same way. I have known, in a great 
 many cases, mares being lost by catching cold after foaling. 
 If a mare should be caught in a shower of rain soon after 
 fouling she should be removed at once under cover in a warm 
 dry place and covered with a blanket. There is also groat 
 danger attached to mares catching cold in some very cold 
 nights, — in this case follow the same instructions as when 
 caught in a shower of rain. It is also very" bad to let mares 
 drink too much cold water at a time soon after foaling. 
 
 ■ RAISING COLTS FROM BROKEN-DOWN MARES. 
 
 Colts raised from broken-down mares, have seldom great 
 powers of endurance. 
 
 HORSES CATCHING COLD AFTER HARD USE. 
 
 Horses used till they got very warm should be put under 
 cover till they cool off, if not, they are liable to catch cold. 
 They are also liable to catch cold, even in summer, if thoy 
 should be left out in a shower of rain. Many horses have 
 been lost for the want of proper precautions. Cold water 
 should not be given to horses when they are warm, as it ia 
 sure to produce a water founder, except, when driving on the 
 road, if a party should come to a watering place they can 
 let their horse drink, that is, if ho is not too warm and thirsty; 
 but, after giving their horse a drink, they should drive him 
 right away so as to warm him up again. 
 
 HALTER BREAKING COLTS. 
 
 I have known farmers to have lost valuable colts for the 
 want of knowing the proper way of halter breaking. 
 
 They, as a general rule, tie the end of the cord attached to 
 the halter to a post, and let the colts pull till some have 
 broken their necks. Now the proper way is to have a long 
 
< t 
 
 ■'! 
 
 iii! 
 
 j; 
 
 piece of ropo, and put it once around a post, still holding the 
 end of it in your hand and, as soon as the colt pulls, slacken it 
 all of asuddon, which will cause the colt to fall to the ground. 
 Then, as soon as the colt gains his feet, tighten }'our rope the 
 same as before. After repeating this two or three times 
 you will find that the colt will give up pulling. ,i)«n, '». 
 
 TYING HORSES IN THE STABLE. 
 
 HTVS* 
 
 .».> 
 
 Many hor.^es have been lo.st by tying them in the stable 
 with a rope or stra]) around their necks. Many horses lying 
 down in their stallH tied in this way have been choked to 
 death. The l>est and safest wav is to tie horses with a head 
 halter. 
 
 Horses have also been lost by the stable door not being 
 fastened. When some horses get loose in the stable they 
 make for the stable door and manage to get their heads out, 
 and the door swinging with the wind catches it, and the horse 
 having his neck out is caught by the wind slamming the door 
 and the horse in making efti»rts to get his head back tightens 
 the door on his neck, and of course the harder the horse 
 pulls the tighter it squeezes his neck, till he breaks it against 
 the post on one side and the door on the other. 
 
 Many horses have been killed by neglect in leaving 
 sticks on the ground in barn-yards, fields, &c. The fol- 
 lowing is un example of how horses come to be killed 
 by the neglect of leaving sticks on the ground. Let a 
 piece of stick, say about 3 feet long, lay on the ground, 
 ajid if a hor><e happens to step on one end of it with 
 one of his fore feet, the consequence is the other end flies up 
 and sticks into his belly, and as soon as it hits him in the 
 belly it frightens him and causes him to make a jump for- 
 ward, wl)ich of course makes the stick enter deeper into his 
 bei'y 
 
 bil-C- 
 
 CAUSES OF HORSES DRULING. 
 
 1 • -.1 ■'. • y >nh^';i (} 
 
 Many }>eople say that it is caused by lobela that they eat 
 with their grass, others say that it is by a spider's web on 
 the grass. But the real cause is eating green grass wet 
 with the dew or rain. 
 

 37 
 
 A CUUE FOR THE DliULING. 
 
 By feotling them dry hay, oats or chaff it will stop it im- 
 mediately. The same complaint can bo produced on cattle. 
 They can bo cured the game way as horses. The reason 
 why cattle are not so liable to drule as horses is because 
 they lay down more at night than horses do, and chew their 
 cud at night while the grass is wet. 
 
 ■ ; ( t i V 
 
 HORSES KILLED IJY HORNED CATTLE. 
 
 , Now in some cases you shall find among the t'urm-yards 
 wicked horned cuttle, and if there happens to be any hoiTses 
 near them, they generally make a charge at them and run 
 their horns into their sides and let out their entrails. In 
 cases where there are wicked cattle about a iarm-yard put 
 a small piece of board from one horn to the other which 
 will prevent the horns from penetrating into anything. The 
 following is tho only instance I have ever known of a horse 
 killing a horned creature. The owner of the horse had just 
 returned from having him shotl with long sharp cork?*, and 
 wanting to go into the house after something, and just as ho 
 was about to enter he looked behind to see if his horse was 
 standing all right and discovered his bull just in the act of 
 making a charge at the horse. But the horse juoving him- 
 self too smart for the bull kicked with his two hind feet and 
 planted his sharp cork shoes into the bull's brains and killed 
 him on the spot. 
 
 COWS CATCHING COLD AFTER CALVING. t, ■, 
 
 I have noticed that there are a great many farmers that 
 are not aware of the danger there is in cows catching cold 
 after calving. Cows should calve in a cool place, and imme- 
 diately after calving remove them into a warm and dry place 
 and give them warm drink. Now for instance I had a cow 
 that died by taking cold after calving. She was with other 
 cows in the woods, and when the boy went in the evening 
 
II 
 
 III 
 
 m 
 
 to bring thorn home to be milked he could not find her. 
 I concluded that she had strayed away iVom the rest of the 
 cows to calve, as they generally do. The night was dark and 
 rainy. The next day two of us started out with an axe and dog, 
 we soon found her, she was lying down natural as cattle 
 generally do, she had also calved and done nicely. When 
 we tried to get her on to her feet again, we found she could 
 not get up ; we then pulled some bark and set down, some 
 crutches and raised hor up with the bark, but found she 
 had no use of her limbs, which was caused by her catching 
 cold. I mude a present of the cow and calf to an old farmer, 
 he drew her to his barn on an ox sled. But she soon died, 
 as they all do if they happen to catch cold after calving. 
 
 The loss among the fiarming community every year is 
 something very great by cows catching cold after calving. 
 
 CAUSE OF COWS' UDDERS SWELLING, COMMONLY CALLED 
 
 COWS BAGS. 
 
 *'■ There arc two causes of cows' bags swelling. One cause 
 is not milking a cow before she calves. When a cow's bag 
 is full of milk it should be taken from her. The next cause 
 is drinking stagnant water, it affects their bag as it is con- 
 centrated to that particular part. It also causes them to 
 get quite hard and feverish. The first symptoms of their 
 being affected is that they will loose a quarter of their bag. 
 I have proved and demonstrated that drinking stagnant 
 water is the cause of cows' bags swelling, it cost me dear to 
 ascertain the cause. 
 
 i' FEEDING COWS INDIAN MEAL. 
 
 Feeding cows with Indian meal directly after they calve 
 is bad. It creates too much fever, and cau>. ^ their milk to 
 dry up. A great many cows have been spoiled as milch 
 cows in that way. Indian meal is a very good and nutri- 
 tious food for cows except soon after calving. I have 
 fattened farrow cows with Indian meal, and succeeded in. 
 getting them quite fat and milked them all the time. The 
 best way is to feed it to them drj'. 
 
TYING UP COWS AND OTHER OATTLB IN STABLES. 
 
 I have tried all ibe different ways of tying up cattle in 
 stables, and I find stantials to be decidedly the best for 
 ' many reasons. 
 
 In the first place it is the quickest, because, as soon as 
 the creature put its head in, you have nothing to do but 
 knock the stantial back, the latch falls and the creature is 
 secured. In the second place it is the safest, because, in 
 case of fire, you do not lose time in trying to untie a 
 knot, or to be hunting around after something lo cut 
 the creature free. You have simply to knock up the latch 
 with one hand, and with the other push the stantial back, 
 and the creature is loose at once, and will go right out 
 if the door be open, because they have been in the habit of 
 it. In the third place, cattle tied up with stantials cannot 
 waste any of their fodder by getting it out under their feet. 
 And, in the fourth place, stantials are more durable and 
 never get out of repair. Now some farmers tie their horn 
 cattle in stables, with a rope or strap, and, in some cases, a 
 chain, around their necks, which is a most dangerous way. 
 Because a groat many have met with accidents while tying 
 and untying them up in their stalls, by being hit with their 
 horns. I knew of a man that had one of his eyes put out 
 by the creature throwing its head up. Now all other ways 
 your cattle are liable to break loose, but by having stan- 
 tials put up properly it is impossible for them to get loose 
 to do any damage. The stantials must be put up strong 
 enough, so as the cattle cannot pull them over, because, if 
 the stantials should not prove strong enough, and that they 
 were to pull them over, they would be liable to break their 
 necks. Very little expense would be required to fix them 
 strong enough, so as they could not pull them over. All 
 farmers to whom I have given my opinion have tried 
 stantials, and have come to the conclusion that stantials ai-e 
 decidedly the best in all cases. 
 
40 
 
 COWS THAT RUN IN WOODS AND BUSHY PASTURES. , .; , 
 
 There is a great danger attached in leaving a great clus- 
 ter of long hair at the end of a cow's tail. For when cows 
 ramble off in bfishy pastures or in the woods, in frisking, 
 their tails in order to brush oil' the flies, Ihey have their tails 
 caught in the limb of a tree and in trying to free themselves 
 they run around the tree until they fall down and die. But 
 it is oftener the case where they break their tails off half 
 way, which leaves them only a stump, which is no use to 
 brush off the flies'. The f(/iIowing is the best way to avoid 
 such accidents : — Take the cow's tail by the end, brush back 
 the hair leaving a little on the very tip of it. Then cut the 
 very tip of the tail off with a sharp instrument, which leaves 
 them enough to brush off flies, and thus avoid the above- 
 mentioned accidents. 
 
 Y i< 
 
 LOSS OF CALVES. 
 
 The loss of calves the first winter is very great among 
 farmers. The best way is to feed them with a little boiled 
 oats the first winter, in addition to what hay thej^ want. 
 Two quarts of boiled oats a day or more if they should 
 require it is enough. Some farmers practice feeding cattle 
 all the poorest fodder, before they feed any hay, that 
 is an error, cattle want a change of diet as well as men, the 
 best way is to feed a little of the poorest in the morning, 
 after they eat that, then give them hay. I knew one farmer 
 who lost all the cattle that he had except one, and several 
 others who met with great losses, by not feeding properly. 
 
 ., ,...., LICE ON HORSES AND CATTLE. . ,^ , ,,.,^ 
 
 A great many put on tobacco juice and different other 
 kinds of stuff' that is injurious to the creatures, i •t; ' s' 
 
 It is sometimes the case that people have lodgers, that 
 leave body lice. It has been ascertained that boiling clothes 
 in water will not kill them, but put in plenty of salt in the 
 water and it will kill both nits and lice. It will not injure 
 clothes to boil in salt water. „. . . 
 
 i ^ 
 
41 
 
 r < 
 
 ; 
 
 I have learned by experience that hay chatf, which 
 can always be got on barn floors, is a sure remedy, by 
 Bprinkling it on them and rubbing it into their hair. I also 
 have found out by experience that hemlock or oak bark 
 dust, that can be had at any Tannery, is also a sure remedy, 
 by using it on the same principle as the above mentioned 
 wav. 
 
 For killing ticks on sheep, hemlock or oak bark dust 
 should be used, as it will neither hurt the sheep nor the 
 wool. 
 
 CAUTION AGAINST CATTLE GETTING INTO FIELDS OP INDIAN 
 CORN AFTER THE CORN HAD BECOME GLAZED AND 
 
 HARD. 
 
 P' nf*^ //;'-iw v^/'^ s i> -M.ri" 
 
 I knew of one man that lost all his cattle by their getting 
 into a field of corn that had become hard and glazed. A 
 great many others have met w^ith heavy losses in the same 
 
 way. ' ■ . „ -.,,-. 
 
 HOW TO KEEP FLIES OFF CATTLE AND HORSES. - 
 
 Codfish oil is the best remedy. Get a piece of sponge, or 
 something soft, and dip it into the oil, then rub it very 
 light over the hair, so as not to let any of the oil get on 
 their skin, apply it once or twice a week. •* 
 
 Cattle frequently get choked by eating potatoes, turnips^ 
 and other things. In every instance potatoes and turnips 
 should be cut up for cattle. They sometimes get choked when 
 food is cut up for them, but very seldom. When they do the 
 best plan is^tofeel the whereabouts of the piece of potatoe or 
 turnip, as the case may be, in their throats. Then, when 
 you have found out were it lies, begin down below it by 
 pressing it up, hand over hand, till you get it into the 
 cveatuie's mouth. ^ 
 
 Tills is the best and quickest way to get whatever they 
 have been choked with out. > a f i>iu.»;atui ,, ^i jl . 
 
 ■uu 
 
 WARNING TO MILKMEN. 
 
 ■^iii'f vitV'> i'iJvjW >il 
 
 Some men when they sit down to milk, if the cow 
 happens to whisk her tail in their faces, they jump up 
 
42 
 
 fit of 
 
 and kick the 
 
 passion ana kick the cow. I knew of one man 
 who killed the only cow he had, by kicking her in the side, 
 fiimply because she whisked her tail in his face. I also knew 
 of other instances where they have caused cows to sling 
 their calves by kicking them in their sides. 
 
 Cattle have been killed by drinking lye. When horses 
 and cattle have been without salt for a great length of time 
 and happen to get to a bag or bin of salt they will eat enough 
 to kill themselves. I knew of one man who had a number 
 of hogs and had some beef brine and put it into their trough > 
 they drank and it killed them all. Hogs have also been 
 killed by drinking too much buttermilk at once or by drink- 
 ing too much of any kind of milk at once. Cattle have been 
 killed by getting into sugar bushes and drinking syrup. 
 
 Many cattle have got their legs broken by stepping over a 
 sled left in the way whore cattle were going. . 
 
 The following is the way the accident happens : Going 
 across the sled they step one hind foot over the runner and 
 under the rave of the sled, and by pressing right forward would 
 break their leg. Therefore all sleds should be turned up on 
 their side against something, so that they would be out of 
 the way of cattle. 
 
 CATTLE ON SLIPPERY PLACES. 
 
 Some farmers run a great risk by driving their cattle to 
 water when icy and slippery. For when cattle begin to slip 
 on an icy place, to keep from falling the}'- will straddle their 
 hind legs out wide, which throws their hips out of joint. 
 The best way then is to knock them on the head and kill 
 them. 
 
 > ■<- 
 
 ^Vr 
 
 IN CASE OF A FIRE. 
 
 Several years ago a house caught fire, and hearing a cry 
 of fire I proceeded to the spot and there found a dwelling- 
 house in flames ; a clapboarded barn stood close by, and it 
 was too near the burning to throw water on it. There being 
 snow on the ground, I called out to the people standing close 
 
M' 
 
 43 
 
 by to snowball the barn, which we all did, and by that 
 means we Baved the barn. I thought it well to mention 
 this for the benefit of the public, as few would ever think of 
 it in case of fire. '^•^'■•' <> 
 
 ,rt'. 
 
 TO CURE A BURN. 
 
 In my younger days I was clearing land, and in piling up 
 a log heap that had burned down l.got one of my hands 
 badly burned ; the pain was so severe I did not know what 
 to do, so I grabbed up a handi'ul of earth and kept it in my 
 hand for a short tii ^e, and throwing the first handful away 
 I got another handful, and by repeating this a few times it 
 took the fire out of my hand and also stopped the pain im- 
 mediately. Others that I have named it to have tried it, 
 and found it the best thing that they ever had tried for a 
 burn. It makes no difference what kind of earth you use. -.■ 
 
 THINGS OF IMPOHTANCE. 
 
 
 . . HOW TO MANAGE WITH BOOTS, SHOES AND HARNESS. • . 
 
 When I was in the tannin."- business, customers of mine 
 used to come in and complain of their boots being hard and 
 would want to oil them. Their boots being dry I used to 
 tell them that leather should be wet before being oiled. 
 But they would not believe me. One man came and bought 
 some oil for his harness. In a few days after he came back, 
 and wanted to know what sort of oil I had sold him. I told 
 him that it was good cod oil. I then asked him why he 
 asked that question. He said that he bad oiled his harness 
 with it, and that it made his harness as hard as a brick. I 
 then asked him what state his harness was in before he 
 oiled it. ]Ie said that it was drv. I then told him that he 
 had spoiled his harness, that leather when oiled should bo 
 wet. Now the proper way to oil leather is to have it wet, 
 that is, soaked through with water before putting any oil 
 on. " 
 
 ' '■■* If you put oil on dry leather it is sure to burn it and 
 
41 
 
 <*! 
 
 m 
 
 Ik- 
 
 make it still harder. The best way to oil harnesses is to 
 take them all apart. Then get a piece of bar soap and mako 
 a strong soap lather and wash the harness thoroughly in it. 
 Then you can oil it and place it up in a shady place to dry, 
 away from any heat that is caused by fire. Soft soap woul<l 
 not do to wa.'ih harnesses as there is too much lye in it. 
 Harnesses should bo oiled in the fall of the year just before 
 winter sets in, because if oiled in the spring, going out in 
 the hot sun the oil would fry out and leave the harness 
 sticky and gummy. For instance a man goes into a hay field 
 with a new pair of boots in the morning, he would be sure 
 to get them wet with the dew on the grass and he continues 
 in the hay field till the sun dries up his boots, and by con- 
 tinuing on in that way in one week's time he would spoil a 
 good pair of boots. Now whenever a new pair of boots get 
 wet they should be taken off and oiled while wet and hung- 
 up in the shade till dry, because as the water dries out the 
 oil soaks in and leaves them pliable. If boots soak water 
 very easy, put on warm tallow when wet in place of oil. 
 The loss throughout the Dominion of Canada and the United 
 States is immense from the want of knowing the proper 
 way of preserving leather. If a man has two pair of boots 
 and gets one pair of them wet, let him take the wet pair off 
 f.rA oil them and hang them up to dry, and so change every 
 day till the grease fills up the pores of the leather. I had a 
 pair of boots that I had worn over two years, and a French- 
 man that was working for me during haying time bought 
 them from me because they did not soak water and gave mo 
 two dollars for them when I was selling new ones for three 
 dollars. I met him the next winter and he told me that he 
 had been offered four dollars for them. I asked him why 
 he did not take the party up at that offer as they had only 
 cost him two dollars. He then said them boots were as 
 good as fifty dollars to him, as he had been ditching all 
 the summer with them and used to stand up to his ankles 
 in water all day, and at night when he would take oft' his 
 boots his feet would be perfectly dry ; he said that theupper* 
 
 > v 
 
45 
 
 of the boots were ntill whole. The boots were made of thick 
 upper leather. So as to prevent any mistakes about the 
 way of oiling boots, it is only the upper leather of boots 
 that should be wet when oiling boots. The solo of the 
 boots should be perfectly dry. By oiling the soles of boots 
 it prevents the water soaking in and aKso hardens the 
 leather. , , 
 
 •rji 
 
 RUBBERS. 
 
 ;:j;.i 
 
 Wearing rubbers is very injurious to the upper leather 
 of boots and shoes. The cause is that the perspiration of 
 the feet not being able to penetrate through the rubbers, it 
 remains in the leather of the boots and causes the fibres of 
 the leather to become hard and brittle. My opinion of wear- 
 ing rubbers is that the loss is more than the gain from the 
 experience I have had. 
 
 •••Wfi' 
 
 THOSE BUILDING NEW HOUSES SHOULD BE VERY CAREFUL 
 HOW TO BUILD THE CHIMNEYS. 
 
 I have known a great many houses to have taken fire by 
 having the stove-pipe going into the bottom of the chimney. 
 The safest way to have chimneys is to build them from the 
 foundation, or have them stand on the wall if the house is 
 built of stone or brick, so as the stovepipe will go into 
 the side of the chimney. Fire is a good servaiit but a hard 
 master to manage, therefore people should be more careful 
 than they generally are. i. 'i .> ■ -^ ' ; . 
 
 HOW TO MANAGE WITH POTATOES. 
 
 Potatoes should never come in contact with frosty air. 
 Several years before pocatoes commenced rotting I ordered 
 a load of potatoes from a man; he brought them on a cold 
 day, he had them well covered up and guaranteed them to 
 me not frozen. Several that had seen them decided that 
 they were not frozen. Wo unloaded them as quick as wo 
 could, and put them into a good warm cellar, and, when w© 
 come to use them foi* the table, 1 found that there were 
 blackish stripes in the middle of them, and they were so much 
 
m 
 
 ■iin'n^ ii'Hf * •• 
 
 W 
 
 
 K 
 
 HOW TO REMOVE THE WOOL OFF SHEEPSKINS WITHOUT ) 
 
 SPOILING THE SKINS. 
 
 affected by getting chilled that they were unfit for table 
 use. Having some of my own that never came in contact 
 with the frosty air, I took a few out into the frosty air to 
 try the experiment, if they would also turn black by leaving 
 them exposed for a short time. Then I took them and 
 showed them to several experienced men and asked their 
 opinion as to whether they were frozen. They all decided 
 that the potatoes were not frozen. I then put them back 
 into the cellar and left them there for a few days, and when 
 we came to use them we also found them affected the same 
 way as the load that I had bought. 
 
 POTATOES FROZEN SOLID. ' " ' 
 
 1 have found out by experience that when potatoes, frozen 
 solid, if Joked in that state before thawing out, they are 
 just as good as if they had not been frozen, and, as some farm- 
 ers got a great many frozen — more than their cattle, horses 
 and hogs can eat — before they thaw out, they might sell 
 them to others that had horses and cattle, and thus save a 
 ^ good deal, whereas if they were left to thaw out when the 
 \ weather became warm , they would lose them all. 
 
 1 read in a newspaper sevCTSl years ago that the loss in tho 
 State of Vermont alone was estimated at $30,000 annually, 
 for the want of knowing the proper way of removing the 
 wool from sheepskins without spoiling the skins. 
 
 The way the Partie recommended as being the best was, 
 as soon as the skin was taken off to put it on an ox, horse^ 
 or cow and tie it on, with the fleshy side down, on the back 
 of the creature till the wool would start, caused by the heat 
 of the creature. The above is a good way to get the wool off 
 without injuring the skin. The only objection would be, 
 that the creature on which the skin was tied, is liable to catch 
 cold after the skin is removed. Now the safest way is to take 
 
 " 
 
 f 
 
 
47 
 
 <' k\ 
 
 f 
 
 '# 
 
 the skin and sprinkle some fine salt on the fleshy side of tho 
 akin, then roll it up and keep in that way till the wool can,, 
 be pulled of. -^^ 
 
 The following is also a good way of removing tho 
 wool from sheepskins without spoiling the skin. Eub some 
 soft soap on the fleshy side and roll the skin up. The way 
 so many skins are spoiled is by putting lime or ashes on 
 them. Great as the loss is estimated for the want of not 
 knowing the proper way of removing the wool, it is only 
 a drop in the bucket in comparison with many other losses 
 farmers meet with which I have already mentioneci. 
 
 TO CURE CORNS ON TOES AND FEET. 
 
 Remove the cause that produces them and keep it removd. 
 They will get well in about three months. Soak the feet in 
 warm water every night before going to bed and they will 
 get well much quicker. The following is good: 
 
 Cattle that are taken from hay and turned out to grass, 
 are often taken scouring; it oftener happens to old cows. 
 Cure : feed dr^hay or hay chaff when the}'' are first taken, 
 this will stop it. But many have died by letting it run too 
 long. Horses have also been lost the same way ; the same 
 remedy for horses as for cattle. The loss among: farmers in ' 
 this way is less than it is in each of several other ditferent 
 ways that I have mentioned, but still the annual loss in this 
 way has for many years back, throughout the United States 
 and the Dominion of Canada, amounted to several hundred 
 thousand dollars, and, like the other losses, were avoidable. 
 
 1 . I 'I 
 
 'J ' '3 
 
 
 '' ^ ! ' ij - f W