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Vivere natural si conveh^entef oporlet, Ponendxque domo quseretida est area primuiOj Novistine locum potiorem t ^n^^f%nnni^^^^^^^ .HJLIFJX, JV. S.: PailftED AT THE RoTAL A^ADIAK ScHOOt^ 18S3. {Price 65. «^ <>Cl Vi^Tv ns t1^ i«f . '■' ,vV? '40 n'^0'j^,.ij(m ■W'fy ■■■^.1** J ^-iHOo:) ui / va ■■# g A* /Li.m -■^^^.^li-y.'-^f.l ^;2»> ■*• *^'">I'W *v '-fv r .efg *' '. 4 * ^fr^ / v/ ^/ DEDICATION, ' .r'f^:' ,s»- -■■ij»i^-\ UC 4i- - *■ * i^-m.^. ■y-^ ■■-■- * " ■5 • "^ A ^■'■>, ..4 is r^r-.^ t ^^' ■i-v To tht HoTWurabU RICHARD JOHK UNIACKE, Esquin; Attorney General and memhtr of Hit ,Majestjf^i Councilp npHC knowledge you possess pf the true interests of Nov% -*- fi.coUa, and the zeal you hare always manifested for its advancement and welfare, encourage me to hope that the following pages will meet ypur apprgbation apd patronage* HowEViER incompetent I may be to the task, and how incomplete and de£ective soever the work may appear, I fl take the liberty to solicit your protection of it, and to request your acceptance of this Dedication, as a tribute of respect lor your distinguishied talents, and as an expression of that deference, which is so justly due to you, for your disinteres- ted-exertions to promote the Agriculture and Cqoamerce gi the 'Colony- •Permit me also to add, that while I inscribe this Work to a Gentleman, whose eloquence at the Bar, and extensive knowledge in the Legislature, arc equalled by few, and excelled by none in America, I gratify 2^ feeling of pei'SOQal y^jity, by publicly subscribing myself Your most obedient servant. THE AUTHO t • ■;.'-f:■)^ 1 1 »' '^■*i '1.1? » * "** • 1/' * * * . I I * ■ .' '■■ ■/ ■.■ . . •If «)«. ' ^ 'i ; ',. " ■ J- .' ■ ! I V -''.'' ''^i *1 ■ < ^' :vf '^. :*V' -"v ;. ,?'^^^P_ ; *if^ ^ "^f y . I "I „ V ; i '^-^.^^fl^ii-? -^i- ■>■?' ft,.. t'REFACK, ■1' IN GREAT BRITAIN, less is known of Nova Scotia, than of any other Colony she possesses. Many persons suppose, that the only value of the Province, consists in the shelter its various bays and harbours afford the Navy; that the Coast is thinly inhabited by fishermen ; and that the interior, is a stony sterile region, incapable from the pover- ty of the soil, and inclemency of the climate, of yielding a sufficient return, to repay the labour and expense of cultiva- tion. Some admit that there is a little good land on the banks of the rivers emptying into the Bay of Fundy, but all condemn the climate in the most unqualified manner, and the soil with little exception. The object of this work is to dispel these errors and to give a true description of its climate aha productions, its agriculture and trade, its public institu- tions and laws, &c. &c. A residence of more than fifteen years in the country, and repeated journeys into the interior, have made the Author sufficiently acquainted with these particulars, and great pains have been taken to render the work concise, yet not too general ; correct, yet not too minute. To those who have friends or relations resident in Nova Scotia, it may be interesting to know something of the coun- try they inhabit, and to those about to emigrate to America, who, when they change their country, would wish to continue their allegiance to their natural and lawful Sovereign, it may be useful to know, that if Nova Scotia possess not throughout, ^n equal fertility of soil, with the Ohio, Kentucky, &c. it has pot their local fevers, and epidemical disorders j that if it pro- duce not so much per acre, it has a better and readier mar« ket ; and finally, that if they should find change of place, not producing a corresponding change of fortune, their re- turn to their native land, is not for ever precluded by those formidable mountains, those immeasurable wilds, those unbridgcd rivers, and tkose weary journeys, which, in the interior of the United States, form the barriers of a frightful prison, that incarcerates the unhappy exiles for life.* Should the following pages be the means qf prevent- ing anv persons from emigrating to Nova Scotia, who have been deceived by misrepresentations as to the statp of the country, and suppose it to be more rich, more fertile, or more populous, than it really is, ^or ^ould they induce others to, choose it as their place of abode in preference to adding to the wealth and strength of a country, the natural,! HvaF of Great Britain, then the Author wlll'be'fully comperrssated for, b^ trouble, and his labour will not have boen invain. . * it was designed by the Author, that this ^Book should h^ve been printed in England, but circumstances have occur- red to suspend, for the present, that intention. This fact wiy account for many observations and passages in the course ctf )the work, which, were they confined to the limits of Nova iScotia, might be deemed unnecessary and tedious. Th^ following works have been consulted tby the Author, who, Jias in some instances extracted entire fparagraphs from .them4 — Charlevoix, ;-,> Jefferson's Notes oi\ Vir-> 'Abbe Jla;ynal, ghiia^ .J Bowes' Lejc Meroatoria,) Provincial Laws, ' ■ .^ i Robertson's History pf A- ) merica, y ? Bromley's Pamphlets on the ») Indians, •{ •American Historical CoUec- 4 tions, J Morse's Geography^ Guthrie's do. &,c. &c. &c, ^^ , I (Title Nova Scotia,) History of Penobscolt &l ) Acadie, ,\ Lockwood's brief desorip-,) tion of Nova Scotia, J Journals of the House of) Assembly, J iBelknapp's -Hist, of New-) ...Jlampshire, ' ) i CHAPTER I. A Sketch of the changes M'oTa Scotia underwtnt hetiteen (hi ttitcovery of the Country and the year 1768 vohen the Jir$t General Assembly met at Halifax* NO Part of the British American Settlements, has occa- sioned £0 many contests, or has been so often granted and purchased, conq\iered and ceded^ as Nova Scotia. It has been several times alternately possessed by the French and Knglish ; the former claiming it by priority of possession, the latter by discovery. It was originally regarded by the English as part of Cabot's discovery of Terra Nova ; and Ivas afterwards comprehended withm the boundary of a large portion of America called North Virginia. The first settlement of the French in Acadia was made at a very early period, being four years before the smallest hut was erected in Canada. In 1603, Monsieur De Monts wa,« ordered by Henry ihe fourth of France to explore the country and select a suitable place for settlement. De Monts^ after having met with many disasters incident to a Navigation, where there were no charts to direct, and where the shoals, banks and harbours were totally unknown, completed his examination of the eastern, southern, and western coasts. Instead of fix- ing towards the cast of the peninsula, where the emigrants would have had larger seas, and easy navigation, and an excellent cod fishery, he chose a small bay, afterwards called the French Bay, which had none of these advantages. It has been said, that he was induced by the beauty of Port Royal, where a thousand ships may ride in safety from every wind, where there is an excellent bottom, at all times four or five fathom of water, and eighteen at the entrance. It is most probable that he was led to chuse this situation, from its vi- cinity to the countries abounding in furs. This conjecture ifc confirmed by the following circumstance ; that the first MOTiopolizers to«k the utmost pains to divert the attention of their countrymen, whom restlessness or necessity brought ilitf* these regions, from clearing the woous, brcf^rlinj;-: cattie, fishing, and from every kind of culture, choo.-in': r:i\h=-T to engage the industry of these adventurers, in hunting or in triiing with the ravages. Port Royal therefore, since called it ■ Annapolis, soon became the Capital of all the French settle* inents in the Province. In these voyages of discovery, the object pursued by the Sovereign was dominion, but gain stimulated the subjects. Asa compensation for this hazard- ous enterprise, and important service, the King of France made a grant to De Monts, of all the country from the 40th to the 46th degree of northern latitude. This Territory had the general appellation of New France, or Acadia, and is the same which was afterwards called Nova Scotia, compre* bending the present Province of that name, New Brunswick, and Cape Breton. The French however were prevented by the English settlers from crossing the Kenebec river. Thus by the extreme points of national strength and exertion, a boundary seemed to be settled, not as ine line of peace and concord, but as the place of future controversies. All the lands from the river Kenebec to the Narragansett country^ being granted to the company called the Council for the affairs of New England, and being reduced to possession un- der the grants of that company, avssumed the name of New England by common consent. It is singular that the off- spring of these two rival nations, no longer acknowledged their former patrons. New France belongs to Great Britain^ and New England is an independent state- The French have preserved in their records a great variety of incidents, which took place while they were in the progress of disco- vering and settling Acadia. A minute detail of all these events, so similar to the e^rly history of most of the Ameri- can Colonies, would not be interesting to every reader, and from the circumstantial detail, with which they are related, would far exceed the limits of this chapter, which is designed, rather as a sketch of the political changes of the country, than a history of its settlement. In 1618, Sir Samuel Argall, then Governor of Virginia, made a cruising voyage along the coast, as far north as Cape Cod. There he was inform- ed of Oe Monts' Fort at Port Royal, in the south-west part of Acadia, which he soon afterwards conquered and destroyed. About this period. Sir Ferdinand Gorges, Presi- dent of the New England Company, recommended to Sir William Alexander, to procure from the English Government a particular grant of New France, or of a portion of that country to the northward of their Patent. Sir William, accordingly applied, and obtained it of King James the first m irt 1621, nnd named th^ territory contained in his grant Novii Scotia. Tlio next year he sent a ship with passengers to' settle there, but it beinij late ia the autumn, they \yere compelled to winter in Newfoundland, and to wait until the next season, before they could get away. As soon as the weather permitted they set sail, and landed in what they afterwards called Luke's Bay. Owing to various misfortune* and difficulties, this attempt to colonize the coimtry provefll abortive. Sir William Alexander, but little affected by th« disasters attending this expectation, published a very flatters ing description of the connU'y, on his return to Europe, and placed it in so favourable a view, that his Sovereign craate^ a new order, called the Knights of Nova Scotia, to facilitate its plantation.* lie attempted to make another settlemenjt in 1630, but out of seventy Scotchmen whom he had sent to Port Royal, thirty died during the following winter, for want of accommodation. There was afterwards another graRt made of the northern part of this country to Sir David Kirky which was purchased by the king of France for the sum of £5000. Sir William, some time afterwards, sold his propen- ty to Claude De La Tour, a French Nobleman. By the treaty of St. Germains in 1632, Acadia was relinquished by the English, and La Tour became dependent on. the Freneft government. Wishing to strengthen his title, La Tour ob* tatned a grant from the k»ng of France, of the bay and riv.€r St. Croix, the islands and lands adjacent, twelve leagues upon the sea, and twenty leagues into the land: also a grant of the Isle of Sables ; another of ten leagues upon the sea, anc| ten into the land, at La Have; another at Port Royal of the saine extent ; and one at Menis ; with all the adjacent island! included in each grant. The French being now in possession, by purchase and treaty, re-established their former settlements with great ac* tivity, and sent out a considerable number of emigrants with very ample equipments. A strong fort was erected at La Have, and the fortifications at Port Royal were enlarged and rebuilt. A person by the name of Daunley, having obtained *.^ copy of one dflhese singular grants ofaBaroity^ with its castUs^ towen and fortifications^ in the then unexplored forestt of Nova Scotia^ rcill be found in the miscellaneous chapter ol the end of this work, l) r • to* i T^Trxtt^nnFre grant #f Acadia from the French gor^rni^ ■Rent, and a commiMioh of commander in chief over the coun" try,, set sail from France with a great force, and a larg^ amount of property, in merchandise, suitable Cor the trade witbthe Indians. Daunky had scarcely arrived there,whe» La Tour, considering him asanintFuderupon his po^isessienir,. declared war against him. Various were the battles and skirmishes between these two petty territorial lords, and va^ rious the sticcess. La Tour generally proved the weaker^ anJ was finally routed, his fort destroyed^ and ail hisfpro* pertv to the amount of £10,000 carried off by his successfoi rival. Daunley died soon after his victory,; and La Tour married his widow, and thereby became reinvested with the possession and title of Nova Scotia. Oliver Cromwell in 1^54, sent a force under the command of a Major Sedjeworth to dislodge the French from Port Royal, which' he effected, and took possession of the whole country for the British government. After this conquest^ Charies De St. Estina or Ksticnne, son and heir to Claude De La Tour, went to England, and on making out his title tO' Kova Scotia,, under' Sir V^liam* Alexander, thcn< Eani of Sttriing, Cromwell allowed his claim. Oit the twentieth of September 1656, St. Estina sold and coni^eyed his property hi the said country to Sir Thomas Temple and William Browne, who- divided their purchase by deed of partition.. Sir Thomas afterwards, in the year 1-662, obtained a patent for it from the crown, nol oaly for the territory, but for the government thereof, during- his natural life, and the sole mo* nopoly of the fishery and trade with the Indians. He did not fcowcver long continue to enioy his property and privileges^ for by the treaty of Breda in 1667, this country was again eedcQ- to the French, and in 1670 the possession was deliver- ed to them' by Sir Thomas^ pursuant to the* said treaty, and in obedience to the express orders of the Earl of Arlington, then secretary of state. The Rum« of £16,200 was stipulated to be paid him, in rccompence for his disbursements in build- ing forts', m«iintfiining garrisons, and for debts du« him from the natives, but this amount was never paid to hinv by the court of France. In 1690, on the 28lb of April, Sir William Phipps, by order of the Massachusetts' government, fitted •ut an expedition for the reduction of this couTitry. which he effected without much loss, and having appointed a Governor^ I 7i ench got^rni^ >vcr the couiv and a larg^ for the trade i theFe,-whei»^ s pa-i<3essien9,. battles and ords, and va*^ the weaker^, all hijF^Oo his succjftssfwl nd La Tour sted wiiLthe he command h from. Port of ths whoio iiis conquest^. eir to Claude »ut his title tO' ;hcn^ Eapi of twentieth of his property and WsLiiam of partition •■ ned a patent but for the the sole mo* He did not d privileges^ y was again was deliver- treaty, and )f Arlington, as stipulated •nt* in build- u« him from him' by the Sir William imcnt, fitted v. which he a Governor^ jc^ iriurned to New England, on the SOth of May following. The English remained masters of Acadia till 1697, when, by ihe treaty ,of Ryswick, it was once more restored to the French. By this treaty the Vrench and English attempted ti pstivblis.h a r)OUQdary hnc between Kew England and Acadia* The eastern boundajry of the British dominions was fixed at the river iSi,. Croix, but stil) it remained a question which of two rivers ll^is was. The Frcrxdh conlcftdcd, that the river now lying on tlw; east s^ide of .the settlement of St. Andrews, called Makagada^^ick, was th/c boundary; but the E;igi!si;L f^onleiidcd fqf a large and retipectable stream, iwcntv league* fastx»f that, which i3 ^w called tlic St.. Jphn% The trutli wa^ihat when the ErjencJi landed on the west bank ^f what is cow Uic Bav pf Fundy, they jcrected a cross 4«i ^he laid, and gave (lie wiiole£outitry jihepaine of the Holy Cros^ U'he rivers had no ;iajme at ihat time, bu^ such as were ex? protised in t^c Indiaji langU9ge, a^d therefore a^ong th^ I Europeans, they took 4he gepcral jiame of the coujitry^ and were all called St. CroiX:. This subject has «ipce proyed a (ruitiiil source of dissentioip. ^n 1710, Naya Solatia was agaj^ reconquered by the forces of Per Britannic Majesty Queen Aiwe^SQni from New J^ngland wider the command oftjenwaj Nicholson, and by the treaty of Ujlrefbt in 1712, U was fnydir \y peded and secured to GjRcat Britain, and jjas eycjp ^«;]nce continued in her possession. By that event, the court of Versajles tv.is for ever deprived qf a colony, of which it h^d newer known |he value. The Ac>^ians, wfeo in submitting to a new yoke, had swQrn ikvct to bear ar;ns against their formey standards, wexe callecj ihe French neutrals, There were twelve or thirteen hiwidred of them seltled in ttni capi-' tal, the rest were dispersed in the jicigh'bouring country* Ko magistrate was ever set ov.e«r th^em, aivd they iverc never ac- quainted with the laws of England. , No rents or taxes of any kind were exactrd from them, Thieir former sovereiga had relinquished and forgot them, and theif new on« was a totiil stranger to them. Froiyi this period, Annapolis contir nued to be the capital of the country until 1745, when the seat of ^Qvrrjiment was removed to flalifax. At tliis tim^ fjirc at Britain percciv^ed of what consequence the posRession of Acadia might he. to her commerce. The peace, ^vhirti necessarily left a great number of men without employment, furni&hed au opjJorLunity, by the dibbajidin^ of the troopfe^'. r*r" 12 ^r peopling and cultivatmg the vast and fertile territory. The British itynistry, offered particular advantages to all who would go ovner and settle there. They engaged- to adr Vance, or reimburse the expenses of passage, to build houses, to furnish all the necessary instruments for fishing or agricuK lure, and to defray the expences of subsistence for the first year. They also offered grants of land, the quantity of which was apportioned, according to the rank or family of the emigrant. These encouragements determined 3,750 per- sons, in the month of May 1 749, to emigrate to Nova Scotia, The new colony was intended to fo^m an establishment to the south-east of Nova Scotia, in a place which the Indians had formerly called Chebucto, but the English Halifax, This situation was preferred to several others, where the soif Was better, for the sake of establishing in its neighbourhood an excellent cod fishery, and fortifying one of the best har- bours in America. But as it was the spot most favourable for the chase, the English were qbliged to dispute the posses- «>i«n with the Mickmac Indians, who mostly frequented iu These savages, instigated, as was supposed, by the French lieutrals, defended with obstinacy j^ territory they held from, nature, and it was i^ot until after very great losses, that the English drove them out of their farmer hunting groimds^ ilalifax will alwdjrs continue to be the prmcipal place, of the Province, an ad\^ntage it owes to the encouragement lavish- ed upqn it by the mother country. The sum expended upon, this settlement fbr several years amounted to more thai^ £3937 10 per anniiili. Such favours were not ill bestow- ed upon a place, which from its situation, is the natural ren- dezvous of both the land and sea forces, which Grciat Britain is obliged to maintain there, as well for the defence of her fisheries, and the protection of the West India Islands, a«^ fbr the purpose of supporting her connections ivith the Ca- nadas. About this time, considerable agitation was disc6- vered among the neutral French, the hostility of the Indiai;j3 continued unabjsited, and repeated outrages wer^ committed by their joint exertions upon the English settlers. The French, who^e manners were so simple, and who enjoyed such liberty, entertained sctious apprehensions, that their in- dependence would be materially affected or abridged, by the' introduction of these new colonists. To this alarm they jl4^ed the fca? of having their es, that the tna grouj)ds^ place, of the ment lavish- Dended uporv more than^ Dt ill bestow- natural fen- Jrciat Britaiti cnce of her Islands, a«^ rith the Ca- was disc6- f the Indiai;» * committed Ltlers. The ho enjoyed hat their in* bridged, by alarm they red. Theiifk s i Priests, eithtr heated by their own onihusiatm, or secretly in- stigated by the Governors of Canada^ persuaded them to credit every thing they chose to suggest against the English, whom they called heretics. This word, which has so powerful an Influence on d^uded minds, impelled some to secret acts^lbf violence, arjcj determined others to quittheir habitations, and |-emove to Canada, whci^ they were ofibred lands. The ponstant state of irritation in which they kept the hidians, and^he extreme aversion which they manif of the paihttic farmnt of the ManVaan Shepherdy taken drm^ frvm his patrimony by the victorious inldiert ofjiugutiv:$^ /ii i* Lycida, vizi pervenimus, advena iiostri ^tXh,yiJ-i^ 'i {Quod nunquam vcrili sumus) ut pfoiiissor a^Ui *^rir« Dicertt : Hasc ima sunt ; vettres migrate coloni. En unquam patriot longo post tmiporefines^ Pauperis eftugur* congestum cespite culmtn^ Posi aliquot mea r^gna vidensmirabor cristas f Impius hac tarn culla novalia miles habtbit ? % Barbarus has segeies ? :•. tor j^ 'iil he m^e>,felix quondam pecus, ite captllas^ U t Xon ego vospostkaCy viridi prbjtctus in &ntfO^ ^m yhUmos^ pendtre procul de rtiptvidebo» » i ^'^I^Vjiii.^f'Wi^^ ^^^.^;d iv ;v vj -^u 1st 4i, 9th Ed.-Tirg*^ i}: ""wi ly " r» . 1 1 -•. ,- . i:>t4-^ «^it**i '*v hh ■■■y. /'# ...■;■■>■»'* Tikt following is a list of the Goyernors of Nova Scotia since 17d8, at ivhich time the first General Atserablj of tlie Province met at Ualifax. 17^8 Charles Lawrence, Es- auire, Governor, and Lobt. Monkton, Lieu- tenafit*Govemor, 1761 Jonaithan Belcher, 1769 Montague WilmoU, 1 766 Benjamin Green, Adn^- nislrator, 1766 Michael Fran^klin, 1767 Lord William Campbell, 1 767 Michael Francklin, (ab sentef Campbell,) 1769 LordWm.Camphell, 1775 Michael Francklin, (ab? center Campbell,) 1773 Franpis Legge^ Ksquire, 1776 Marriot Arbuthnot, ngitude, west from the Greenwich meridian, it is connec- ted with the body of North America by a narrow isthmus^ By a fair computation it contains 15^64 7 square miles, or 9,994,880 acres. One«third4aif this ^upeiiicies is occupied by lakes of various shapes and stees, spread in all directions on the face of the peninsula^i There is no point in the Province thirty miles from navigable «ratef« It is about three hundred miles in length, but of unequal width. The southern margin is broken and rugged, with very prominent features, deep in- dents, and craggy islands, with ledges inserted in the sea cither forme^ by nature to resist the constant attacks of the Western Ocean, or more probably exposed by its action* The features of the northern coast are soft and free from rocks. It is. bounded onjthe north by part of the Oulf of St, Lawrence, which separates it from Prince Edward^ft'lslnndj ^ the ROfth-east by the Gut of Canso, which divides it apd[ ■^^ i 15 I / Cape Breton ; on th« west by the Bay of Fuhdy aad New Brunswick ; and on the soulk and ftouik-ca»t by the Atlantic Oceaiu Including Cape Breton, which i» now a part of the same IpvernoeBt^ it is. divided into ten counties. Halifax, l.ufi«ni)urgv Cumberland, King's County, HantSy Annapolis,*. Shelburncy Sydney, Queen's County^ Cape Bret<»n.> Tnfn* tkttt send ReprettnlO' tivet to the Houst ofAtunibl}^^ Halifoz, Tfuro, Londonderry, Onslow, .^*i Lunenburg, .yl Amherst, ( Horton, i Corn wa His, r Ai:v ., i Windsor, < Newport, ( Falmouth, i ' C Annapolis, ? Digby, f Granville, i Shclburne, ^ BarringtoR, /■fi4 r Yarmouth, Liverpool* There are many other townships which do not send Repre*^ sentatives to the Assembly^ such as Rawdon, Douglas, Parrs- boro, Aylesford, Wilmot, Sherbrooke, Dalhou^ie, Clements, Clare, Tuskct, Chester, Antigonisb, Guysboro, Arichat, &.C. It is to be regretted tha-t the representation is not more en- larged, not that the interests of those townships are neglected, but because the assembly is not composed of a sufficient number of members. There are ^Iso districts or settlements, which though comprehended in particular counties, are not^ eorttained m ar>ir township. The counties arc not well divi- ded, some being disproportionably large. Halifax county ewers nearly one-quarter part of the Province, and Amidpo- lift county is about one hundred miles in length. From thift ' -arrea^ement'jurcrt ai^d witne^Fes sometimes vKperimce mucli ioconvcDience, whoM attencbnoe in required at so great a distance from their honies« The dilliculty of appop(ionin|^ iht rcfireseiAatipiv has^ in eome instances obstructed a better division of the Province^ h ii» the opinion of a gcculeman of great information in the colony, that it w(nild be advisable to 4f>rm an entire new rtppesentation. lie proposes that fifty piersoRt be elected' by the Province at large^ or in other' words that every Ireebolder should vote for Afty members, who would not reprvind is often* from the eastward which- occasions a cloudy rainy atmo- sphere. The rest of the year has a very large proportion of agreeable clear weather. It has been observed,, that the winters are lcs« uniformly cold than formerly, and that of late years, the storms of snow are neither so frequent or so-heavy.. The same remark has been made in Canada and in the- United States. An intelligent priest, in the island of Orleans, kept for half a cantury, a correct meteorological ti*vble, and his successor continued, it for eight years longer'.. The result of their observations tended to prove, that the medium of cold in winter had diminished eight degrees' in that period. Dr. Williams in his history of Vermont obsorv'es that by " reniarks 1 made in the university of Cambridge for seven- years, from 1780 till 1788, l found the mean heat in the- month of December to be 29 degi 4 min. in January it was 22 deg. 5 min. and' in February it was 23 deg. 9min. These- numbers express the present temperature at Boston. If this? computation be admitted, the change of temperature at Bos- ton, from the year 1630 fo 1788, must have been from ten to* twelve degrees." Dr. Mease in his philosophical observa- tions on the climate of Piiiladelphia, observes that a consider^ able change has taken place in the climate of Philadelphia^ ill common with the state at large, during the last forty jeara*. f .it 2^ 2: 19 ;f of \ht c'oirtki* , with two or •ovincc, is the i sky is clear lie air is more (Ds as in Scot- al)py»v"vcM, situotion, and ?e3scs' that not t by keeping .Uhy." What ly with great iid he thought Dad in tlic air ce or tt^ouble, , of a good cU- tolerable one* for trarvellingr- e wind is often* iy rainy atmo- e proportion of' rved, that the and that of la t(r [\t or so heavy.. da and in the- and of Orleans, ical t#vhle, and ?r:. the result he roediura of in that period. 5er\'es that by ridge for seven- ean heat in the* January it. was .9min. These- loston. If thisr leratiire at Bos- een from ten to* phical obscrva- that a consider^ of Philadelphia^ last forty years*. I'he winters are not so cold and variable as brfor* the piw fiod just mentioned. The Delaware for many years p;i\t has not alfordcd the diversion of skaiting for more than two >vc«*ks at a time, vvhi!<^ formerly during four or sijc weeks, it «vas the av.^no. of pastime and niaHly exerrisrs. Thf following tabks will exhibit the daily temperature of tho ihi'cc w'liiier in 1 summer months in Nova Scoti:i. c a c ,'w &< 75 sTT • .4J0 • 3 2 u "68~ • i SSI • »^ <• 'i it a. c ^ 6 — i 95 • d . .3 as • 1 w 2 75 s\v 'i 68 sw 2 84 w 3 76 sw 3 06 tC S 1' 3 84 N W 4 76 N 4 68 s w 4 72 N 6 81 S 5 64 \NV\ 81 NE 6 80 s 6 68 S W 6 83 W 7 82 s 7 64 7 87 S W C 02 s w • 8 66 vsw 8 80 ■ N 9 75 s 9 68 s w 83 S ,270 10 7? NE 10 68 s w 10 77 NE .270 11 23 s .030 11 69 11 80 12 78 s .300 \% 64 rSV^ i2 84 NW 13 68 N 13 66 s 13 84 s w 14 74 NW 14 69 >Sl 14 75 S' 15 80 S 15 66 ssv 15 70 N 16 77 s w 16 70 ' s w 16 71 NW 17 77 w 17 74 w 17 72 s .640 18 76 N 18 70 sw 18 75 E • 19 78 s ^ 19 64 SE 19 81 SW 20 68 NE 20 69 NW 20 81 N 21 73 NW 21 69 SW 21 81 N W 22 80 NE 22 68 29 80 £ 23 82 S 23 68 2r 85 S .350 24 8? E 24 69 ssw 24- 66 N 25 71 N 25 72 s w 2.'^ 72 N 26 75 SW 26 71 ssw 26 77 N 27 75 NE 27 68 s 27 7G SE , 28 82 S 28 66 SSW 28 80 SE 20 75 S 29 70 s w 29 82 SE 30 85 s ft 30 71 wsw 30 76 W 31 75 sw 31 66 NW 4K> e a o S • 10 11 19 13 14 IS 16 17 18 19 20 SI 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 19 35 40 31 N NE NE 38 I N 35 29 28 35 42 22 19 26 36 32 8 33 36 31 31 24 28 6 12 19 20 18 12 15 27 N N W SE W W SE NW NW sw NW NNW N N NE NW NE N SW W u •J C 8 9 10 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 2:1 2^1 25 26 27 2R 20 1 3 D 3 . • ^ b -o U 04 c a •^ r* ^ 22 NW 33 SW 18 NW 32 30 20 13 23 17 15 25 35 30 22 29 26 21 42 24 40 17 22 26 18 25 19 28 33 31 3r 26 31 2$ W N W NW N N W NW N W W NW E S w NW NW NW S W N W N E N N S W o CO I Q 1=: 6 10 II 12 I.M U 15 IG 17 1- 19 20 21 2? 24 2f5 2U 16 12 36 37 38 13 15 26 40 46 39 49 43 42 54 10 24 31 24 44 32 25 37 58 45 35 • • ■o ^ c o i^ JS NNW N W N W N W SE iN W ^ VV 'N NE S s w SIV NW s N W SW W N S NW NW S N NW SE .<^ n NW N W SE N W ^ VV 'N NE S s w s w NW s N W sw w N S . NW NW S N NW S SE .6 A \ ,*i-..- ^ a a t\Z I-- O) CO il o . j= u Vm kl o rt 1 B ^. C3 o • ffii^ •taJ 'TO "t e CO -» ti4 t 3- tn C •-J r^ Fi i? o oc: ^^"^ rC cd ♦J too {3 •^ O o «<::. V M H ^ 03 CO c» '?5 C* >r5 o o CJ <— • ^. r^ 'O •* *-j u 00 t CO 9 T rp •o ^4 1^ Ci •C c • • • o r- 'O •«1' ./) !-> o >o o 3 ^ •o • CM • ■«< o CO to o 14 CO CO c 3 r- —5 >0 CO 0> CO _CO en »o tM CN < •^ >f> tM rH O *^< (n • • O r- ___Cfc_ CM • » iS CO •-5 CO CM CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO T CO lO 1^ 05 • • »o CO (N fN »o C75 • rf r^ CN 1-H »o CO • • '^ C5 fN ^x CO 1^ ^^ ?-< CO 03 •-^ ««« IV ■ ^-"1 .: - >' . ' ' ' J. 1 '■■■:' ■ •!. ;■' ii » ; ' ' I It is impossible to ascertain, with any degree of precision, the portion of heat felt in any part of America, merely by measuring its distance from the equator. The mnxims which ► are founded upon experience in the old hemisphere, will not apply to the new, where cold maintains a mnnifest preponder-» nnce. Various causes contribute to render the climate of America difiercnt from thntof the old Continent, America advances much nearer to the pole than either Kurope or Asin. J^oth these have larger se;is to the north, which arf open jjuriugpart of the ^ car, and even when covcreil with ice, the Pi . • ^u "»t a wind that bloirs over thepi, is less intensely cold, than that yyhich passes over land in the same high lalitudts. But ii^ America the land stretches Irom the St. Lawrence toward^^ the pole, and spre^ids out jjinmensclj to the west. '^\\e wind in passing over enormous mountains covered with snow and ice, becomes so impregnated with cold that it acijuires a piercing keen'icss ; so thaj. qvcr the whole continent of North America a northwestyvardly wind and cpld are synonimous. terms. Thus diherence in heat is supposed by the author of f' Recherches sur lefe Americans," to be eaualto, 13 degrees. Dr. Mitchell con|;c'ud5 tha^ it Is cQual to, (Ipni^teen or lifteea degrees, but if he alluded to the Easiern Stales, \(^j climate is. ^essentially altered since he wrote pi; the subject, for nine or. ten degree^ is no\y admitted to b^ ^ fair comparative differ-, ence. The ground in Nova Scotra is generally covp.red with snow; from the twenty-fifth of December to the fifth of March, du-. ring which time the farmer* draw upon sleds their wopjd and; poles fronn the forest, and carry 0ieir produce to market.^ The relative proportion of snow to water may be ascertained^ by means of a long cylinder, closed at one end,^ and; imr mersed ip snpw until it reach the suirfacp of the ground. It will thus contain a cq]umR of snow equal to. the. depth that has fallen, ar^d qn bemg dissolved will shew the quantity of- water tp which it is equal. It is difficult to say when spring commences, as it is rather late and irregular in its apjjiroach-. partly p.\ving to the quantity of snow retained in the es, woods by the spruce ar\d othep evergreens lojig after it has, disappeared from the cleared land, and partly from the influ-. ence of the ice which at this season passes the coast. But when vegetation commences, it is very rapid, and sometimes two or three days make a very perceptible change in the verdure of the foliage. The summer heat is moderate and regular, and by no means intense, there seldom being more than a week of very warm weather. The autumns are pecu- liarly fine. The temperature iti thp middle of the ^ay is si- rjilar to that of May, moderated by a firi,e clear elavStic healthy air, which gives a great cheerfulness to the spirits. This weather continues sometimes until the first of Decem- ber as in 1823, with this change only, that as the season ad- vances, the air becomes cooler at morning and evening, At mid-day the sun is warm, but the breeze being generally frpov •m5 m. f 53 old, than that udts. But it^ •ence iQwartlsi t. 'I^hc wind vith snow and it acquires a nent of Norlh e synoTiinious the author of o, 13 degrees, teen or hfteen \^c climate is. ct, for nine or. )aratiye differ- red with snow: of March, du-. heir wood and; ice to raar.kel,^ je ascertained end, and; im-_ e ground. It he. depth that he quantity of- when spring its apjjiroach-. tained in the ig after it has, "rom the influ-. 3 coast. But md sometimes change in the moderate and m being more Tins are pecu- the ^ay is si- clear plavStic to the spirits. •St of Decem- he season ad- evening. At cncrally from,. .4 m ■1 iht north-west is bracing. In no respect is this country «9 Biisrcpresenicd as in its climate, which is extremely healthy and pleasant, and never visited by any of those local or cpw demical disorders, with which other countries arc so much afflicted. HaUfax, which is often the only place visited by strangers, is by no means so pleasant as the interior, and ol^ fers perbap&as poor a specimen of climate and soil, as any in the province* Few parts of the world are so well watered as Nova Scotia. The rivers, brooks, springs and streams of different kinds arc very numerous. In addition to these there are lakes in every township., sonae of them connected one with the other §er a great distance. The number of these lakes has never been apcerlain«d^ but it is supposed to be tery greats Lockwood in his Survey of the Prorince states, that the space occupied by water is equal to oae^hird of the superficies of the country. Some of these lakes are extreme- ly beautiful, containing in general one or more small islands-, which p. re covered with- a lUixuriant growth of wood, and vary in every imaginable shape- The land m the neighbourhood of them i» often undulated m ike most romiantie manner* In several in^stancGS they n«aHy intersect the Provinee* From the head of the Slmbenacadfe River they extend with- fittle interruption to the neighbouThood of Halifax* It has- been agitation tO' connect these waters with B^edfcrd Basin, m tliereby forming an inland comnHinication with the capital and the Bay of Fundy* The ground has been accurately surveyed, its practicability established, and the expense as- certained not to e:«ceed j£3 5,000* "tliis work if oacc com- pleted, will not o«;ly be the n*ean« of aftordiag Halifax im- mense expcM-fs of Coal, Slate, Plaistei^ of Paris, Lumber,, Staves, Produce, &c. but ii» tlie event of a war with the United States put the internal trade of the country beyond the reach of interruptiotn from the enemy. The advantage- resulting from- an inland (iommtinicaiion of this kind would fee incalculable.* There is also a connected chain ©f lakes^ eommencing within a mile or two of St. Margaret''s Bay, and emptying into the river St. Croix near Windsor; and ano- ther near Annapolis, which, with a very frmaTl portage, make » water comnwinication with Liverpool on the other side of the- Province. This track is always pursued by the Indians when travelling across the country, who take their canoe» with them. A similar line of lakes lie between Tusket audi S4 the Atlantic. Tho«;e Inkes nObr;! f,T^^< f;i»i]ity for mill work, both as naliu';)! roj^ervoirs ol' waU'i*, ami for floating tinUu-r and logs, ill some ol" tliom tln-rc lirc trout ot' fxcelleui fla- vour, great (niruititics ol" salmon ami gaspereaux, — Smelts and other fish are taken in the spring of the year in their pas- sage to the lakes to spawn. Tlie quality and flavour of the water in Nova Scotia va- ries, as in every other country, accrrrding to the strata of soil and rrlineral and fossil bodies through which \t flows. When passing through a peat moss or heavy soil it is discoloured and brackish, but when percolated through gravel, sand, or lime-stone, is lucid and wholesome : consequently there is as great a variety in the cjuality of the water, as there is of the soils. There are many springs of water strongly impreg- nated with iron, depositing a rusty brownish sediment in their course. This flavour is sometimes so strong as to prove medicinal even to cattle that drink of it. There arc also a few salt springs of which the brine is much stronger ('lan the ocean. From one of these, near the river Philip in the east- ern part of the Province, a considerable quantity of very excell(;nt salt was manufactured in 1811. There is anothei* at Pictou, which was worked for several years nporr an ex- tensive scale. It is believed there are no springs of heated water in the country. The cascades or cataracts of Nova Scotia are of a very diminutive size when compared with thofre of any oilier part of America. The largest is at Nictati in tho coimly of Anna- polis. This beautiful water-fall is formed uj the ])recipilous descent of all the waters of the south branch of the Annnpo- ' lis river over a ledge of about twenty feet in height. The weight of water which passes the falls is in the spring of the year very- great, and the sound is heard for mnny miles, par- ticularly during the stillness which prevails in the atnvosphere previous to a shower of rain. The Sherbrooke falls dis- charge by no means so large a body of water, but their height is much greater, and the scenery infinitely more wild and romantic. They are situated in a very retired unfre- quented part of the country, between Sherbrooke and TTor- ton Cornor. The fall is formed by a brook, which, after winding its sinuous path, between two small aclivities cover- ed with a tall growth of forest trees, disrhnrgrs itself over the abrupt descent of the mountain into a valley about thirty ^ for mill worfc, ot\ting tiniber excelU'ivl tl;i- MUX,— .Smelts ir in their pas- )va Scotia va- » strata of soil flows. When is (liscolourecl ravel, sand, or rntly there is as there is of •ongl J impreg- Jimcht in tht'ir 5 as to prove ore are also a Tnger I'lan the lip in the east- :intity of very lere is arvothef rs nporr an ex- ings of heated are of a very ny mher part \inty of Anna- le ])reripilous rf the Annapo- height. The I spring of the ny miles, par- le atmosphere )oke fall* dis- tcr, but their ely more wild retired nnfre- oke and Tfor- which, after livities cover- Tfs itself over y about thirty M- f\\e feel beneath. Halfw«j the fall is broken by « project- ing bed of rock, by which it is apin thrown off to a duitance* There is no cultivated ground in the neighbourhood. The sky, the vvooils, and water arc the only objects vitible* 'J'hcre are many otiicrs, but too small to require a particular account. The fruits of a country form a good criterion of the cli- mate, and therefore mention should be made of those of Nova Scotia. The wild fruits are, the wild gooseberry, crantbtrry, clioke-cherry, bramble-berry, black-berry, raspberry, straw- berry, blue-berry, black or wild cherry, Indian pear, beech- nut, and hazel-nut.* The exotic Iruits vhich thrive well and are perfectly naturalized to the climate, are pears of various kinds, all the varieties of English plums, apples of very su- perior quality, both of summer and winter fruit, auinces, may- duke, mack and white heart cherries, and other varieties, black, white, and red currants, gooseberries, apricots, peach- es, and grapes, if assisted by the shelter of wooden fences, high ground sloping to the south, or brick walls, will thrive about as well as in England. It has often been asserted by the Acadians and Indians that a wild grape existed in the country, and although this was long doubted, it has been late* ly confirmed by the discovery of a large quantity of native vines, covering about an acre and a hat? of land, near pigby. This grape is said to resemble that of Massachusetts, a^nd wdl afford valuable stocks for gracing. The hortulan plants and roots, are water and musk melpoa of different varieties (which are easily raised in the open air), cucumbers, squashes, potatoes, and artichokes, cauliflowers, cabbages, beans and peas. Hops arc an invariable and sure crop, and may be raised in great abundance; Pumpkins and Indian corn are cultivated to a great extent. Carrots, on- ions, parsnips, and beets,: — thyn^e, sweet marjoram, and sage, — Turkish rhubarb, chives, celery, caraway, mustard, and asparagus are more or less to be found in almost every good kitchen-garden in the country. Tlic grains cultivated * The author is indihttd to tliat scienlifc gentUman^ Dr. Aldcrson (62d Rfgf* Foot)^/or a catalogue of our nallve plants Tohichhe has been enabled to arrange fratn personal observation and loith the assistance of that valuable meviber ofSoriffi^ Titui Smith. The list Kill be found at the end of this chapUr* D 5«- Ijy the farmers, are summer and winter vrlieat, rye, buck- wheat, barley, and oats. These productions speak more in favour of the climate than the most 'laboured panegyric, for it is well known that many of them will not thrive under a cold variable atmosphere, which Nova Scotia has always been represented to possess. The natural forest-trees are elm, cherry; white, black, yel- low and gray birch, red oak, beech; white and yellow pine, fir; white, red and black spruce, hackmatack or juniper, cedar j black, white and mountain ash ; white and rock ma- ple, larch, poplar or aspen, hornbeam, dogwood, &c. The minerals of Nova Scotia arc but little known ; neither the British government or provincial legislature having tak- en any steps to procure a scientific survey of the country. Hence there seems to be no person in the colony to direct a stranger's inquirres, and very few who have thought much upon the subject. The most valuable at present is the coal* This is found at Sydney in Cape Breton to a great, extent, and of better quality than m any part of America* It is as hich- ly valued as that from Newcastle, and will bring as good a price in market. Were the trade of the colonies opened to the United States, this would become an article of great export,,, and give extensive employment to shallops, sea-men, labour- ers, &:c. In the district of Pictou, coal is discovered in many places. The following is a comparative analysis of the Sydney and Pictou coal. .^.v., .. .. ^ . *■■ .^■'' ANALYSIS. ..!, • ^^ ''^[■.■'^" \ 100 parts. Carbon. Bitumen. Ashes. Volatile Mntfer. Sydney, Pictou, 40.12 SO. 5-5.8 58.80 ' 4.0 H.20 In Cumberland, Douglas and Granville it is also found, but has been worked in Nova Scotia at Pictou and in Cumberland only. There is not much consumed within the colony, ex- cept at Halifax and Windsor, and in very small quantities at one or two other places. A portion is exported to St. John, N.B. but the greatest quantity is either used at Halifax or shi^> ped from thence to the United States. By reference to the I'. ^ tia 2? •at, rje, buck* speak more in jancgjric, for hrive under a ia has always ite, black, yel- d yellow pine, :k or juniper, and rock ma- d, &c. nown ; neither ire having lak- ' the country. )ny to direct a thought much !nt is the coaL eat, extent, and It is as hich- •ing as good a 3r opened to the !" great export,,, a-men, labour- vered in many lie Sydney and also found, but in Cumberland the colony, ex- ill quantities at ed to St. John,. Halifax or shi^. ference to the •fr I tables contained in chapter A'lll. the amount exportedfrow, I'ictou and Capu Breton will be found stated at large for a period of ten years. The next in value is the Tlaisier of; The composition of this article may be thus t^xpressed : Of sulphuric acid oae proportion 76 i; ;vj w** - > ',i Liiiie one do. 55 •%■) f.i 3mLx ♦Water two do. 17 each, 34 ' - * ' Plaistcr or gypsuai is chiefly found in the county of Hants, alihougli liicre is some in Cumberland, in the parts of Hali- fax county bordering on Ilanlfi, and at the Gut ofCanso. There ar-e various kinds, but it is generally known by the division of hard and soft plaister. The hard plaistcr is firm- er in i^s texture, and more difficult to mRnufuctitre than the other, and consequently not much valued. The soft is of different shades of colour, and of diffcTcnt degrecsof indura- tion. Windsor, Newport and Shube^iacadie are the places where the greatest quantity is to be met with. It is on high broken ground where the rocks are principally worked, to save the labour of digging. T-his fossil is by no means a solid body. Large veins of earth are scattered through the rocks, sometimes red^nd other coloured clays, and not un- frcquently layers of lime, all which it is necessary to clear »way at much expence. The mode of working it is" by blast- ing with powder, and breaking with the pick-axe. This stpne is exported to the,Unite0^ en calcined.* Province, and rcis, in which would ako be \ the present fen the neigh- inty of Hanla I he Province. ly divides the reel ion of etst he south side )ut at Chester, s every where ely used, nnd in its crude or ig more exten- i, he Welsh, has should Wind- of parliament, Jnitcd States, Rawdon, but cred there, is em part of the port, at Bear it abundance, s the gypsum, r Pibtou, from arid Province et-bove, where •J*, th* Author itfe an expert- loery satitfac" a clay kiln^the escape of ihe ed the plaister very poor land adbeenprevi- the crop prorvtd 29 thest«neirat cfuarrird of which the C«llegiale Academy at Windsor was built. In th^se places the stone is of a very li* Diilar nature, of a 5ne grain, dark olive colour, and close tex* ture. There is a great variety in the quality, colour, and texture of free stone, in general in Nova Scotia, and there are few townships which do not contain it, in greater or less quantities. At the entrance of the Basin of Minas, there is a Btone of a dark red colour and coarse grain, which is rcmar- kable for resisting the effect of fire. When first raised it is very soft, and requires to be gradually heated, but when thoroughly burnt, it will endure in ovens, or the backs and jambs of chimneys for any number of yeaits. There are quarries aUo in Cumberland ; of which grind stones are ma- nufactured, and shipped to different parts of the Province, to New Brunswick, and to the American lines. This article is beginning to form a large export, and will eventually be very valuable. But for this as well as other ex;)ort$ the Province is much in want of a market, in consequence of the restrained trade with America. Clay suitable for bricks is abundant in many places, but few are manufactured except at Dartmouth, Cumberland and Annapolis, and seldom ex- |>orted but from the latter place, from whence some few thousands are annually shipped to New Brunswick. Iron ore has been discovered in several places, but in the greatest quantity in the county of Annapolis. No experi- ments have been made upon it m Nova Scotia to ascertain its quality. It was once in agitation to commence a foundry there, and the house of Sir Brook Watson & Co. of London had a quantity of the ore shipped to England, for the purpose of essaying its value, preparatory to the undertaking; but the f)roject was abandoned, either from the difficulty of procuring abour, or under the impression that the population of the ifountry was then too limited to afford a sufficient market* In the recent grants of land all mines of this kind are reserved to the King ; &T>d consequently cannot be worked but by per- mission. Some small pieces of copper have been founa at Cape Dore, on the north side of the Basin of Minas ; but not Sufficient to establish a well founded expectation, of finding any mine rich enough to pay for the working of it. It is a»- rertained that lead exists in several counties; and manganese is in great abundance in the town?(hip of Newport. Of other mines little is Icnown. A tradition exists among the Acadians, so i that the French government was auarc of silver ore existing in several places, and thej name some of their ancestors who were sent to the Mississippi when thes« people were remov- ed from the country, who were acquainted cith the spot* where it was to be met with. Many people attach credit to this story, but time alone must decide whether it be true or not* _..:.■ .•..■••m >,{; /, v^-j :5';t>-, .. The native animals are neither numerous nor troublesome. The following is a catalogue. ,. / - -. - •IIM f .t Grey Moose, Carraboo, Bear, Black Fox, ^ Red Fox, Grey Fox, Lynx, Weasel, Martin, Minx, ' Otter, Woodchuck, Rabbit, Flying S(iuirrel Red Squirrel, Ground Squir- rel, Field Mouse, Hou'^c Mouse, Black Mole, Heaver, Musquash, Loup Cervier, Rnt, Field Rat, Porcupine, Racoon. The beaver is a valuable r>nimal and is now becoming scarce from the constant warfare which the Indians wag;* against their whole tribe. There is something so uncommoi* in the manner of erecting their habitations, that although ro» peatedly described, perhnps some account of them will be acceptable. " Their houses are always situated in the wa- ter, sometimes they make use of a natural pond, but general- ly they choose to form one, by building a dam across some brook or rivulet. For this purpose they select a number of trees of soft wood, generally of less than six inclcs diameter, but sometimes of sixteen or .eighteen inches. Tht-se they fell and divide into proper lengths, and place them in the water, so that the length of the sticks make the width of the dam. These sticks they lay in mud or clay, their tails serving them for trowels and their teeth for axes. These dams are six or eight feet thick at bottom, sloping on the side opposed to the stream, and are about a quarter as broad at top as at bottom. Near the top of the dam they have one or more waste ways, or sliding places to carry off the surplus water. The forma" tion of their cabins is no less remarkable. They consist of two stories, one under the other, but both above water. They are shaped like the oval bee hive, and of a size proportioned to the number of inhabitants. The walls of the lower apart- ment, are two or three feet thick, formed like their dams, those of the upper story are thinner, and the whole on the I iii. 3J ■ ore existing ncestors who were remov- ith the spott attach credit her it be true > troublesome* ^lusquash, ^oup Cervier, ilrit, ^ield R;^t, \ Porcupine, '\ Racoon. now becoming Indians wag;*? T SO uncommon at although ro- • them will be ited in the wa- -id, but general- am across some jct a number of ncl.es diameter, .b-sethcy fell n in the water, h of the dam. s serving them dams are six or opposed to the )p as at bottom. 3re waste ways, T. The forma- They consist of ve water. They ze proportioned the lower apart- ike their dams, whole on the inside plaistered with mud. Each family conducts and fnha^ bits its own cabin. The upper apartments are curiously strewed with leaves, and rendered most clean and comfort- able. Before a storm they arc all employed in repairing and strengthening their dams. They retain this indu&trioua habit even alter they arc domesticated. In Summer they roam abroad and feed upon leaves, twigs and food of that kind. These beavers are considered the same species as those in Europe, but are vastly superior to them in every re- spect. The birds are not so numerous or so various as in more cultivated countries. They delight to live in the neigh- bourhood of their greatest enemy, — man. The following catalogue contains a list of mtost of the known birds of the Province with their popular names. •i, * Horned Owl, Whooting Owl, Little Screech OvVl, Barn Owl, ' Great Gray Eagle, Bild Eatile, Hen Hawk, Chicken Hawk, Pigeon Hawk, SpaiTOw Hawk, or Lrast Hawk, Raven '-'" " Common Crow, Blue Jay, Cuckoo, Whet-Saw, PigeonWood-pecker Speckled Wood- ^ Pecker, ; Great Crested King ^ Fisher, Humming Bird, King Bird, I Pewit, or Black Cap Fly Catcher, liCsser Pewit, or Brown & Greenish Fly Catcher, Wild Pigeon, Black Bird, Robin Red Breast, or Field Fare, Cherry Bird, Summer Red Bird, Cat Bird, or Chick- en Bird, Birch Partridge, Spi*uce Partridge, Rice Bird, or Bob lincoln, Gold-finch, or Yel low Bird, Towhe Bird, Pewce or Cheweek, Spring Bird, Winter Sparrow, Little Field Sparrow Snow Bird, Blue Bird, Water Wagtail, Summer yellow bird MI". >'\ ■?■■-? - Tomtit, :•• '■': House Swallow, or Chimney Swallow, Martin, White bellied Swal- low, Barn Swallow, ' Great Bat. or Chuck- will's Widow, or Goat Sucker, . Whip Poor Will, ' Night Hawk, Murr, ' '- ' Great White Gull, ' Great Grey Gull, Little White River Mackarel Gull, Irish Shoal, Crane, ---r.^^ Marsh Bittern, or Indian Hen, Old W^ife, Dipper, Blue winged Teal, Whistling Duck, ■i\rSr ■ir' p ;!f. I ■ I'll'- yi White Cvrlew, Lester Field Cur lev, Sea side Letter Cur- lew, Meadow Snipe, Little Pond Snipe, j^lue wipged Puc)(, 12 Large spotted Loon, or Great speckled Diver, Red Sheldrake, Ortolan, Black and White Wild Goose, White Brant Goose, Great particoloured Brant,or grc j Gpo^c Great Black Duck, Sea Duck, Water Hen, Mother Carjr^a Chicken, Kildee, or Chatter- ing Plover, Yclk>w Leg Plover, There are two kinds contained in this catalogue which me^ rit description on account of their rarity and beauty, the humming bird and boblincoln. The former is the smallest of all ihe feathered inhabitants of the air. Its appearance surpasses description, on its head is a small tuft of jetty black, its breast is rea, its belly white, its back, wings and tail of the finest pale green. Small specks arc scattered over it with inexpressible grace, and to crown the whole, an almost inperceptible down softens the several colours and produces the most pleasing shades. They arc of two kinds ; one has a carved and the other a strait bill. The boblincoln is a smalt bird of black and white colour, and dwells in the meadow land where it builds and rears its youijig before the mower begins to invade his retirement with the scythe. It has a peculiarly sweet and melodious note, and is the only bird in Nova Scotia that sin^s while on the wing. These birds are most numerous in the large dyke marshes, and their approach is hailed as the surest symptom of the commencement of sum* mcr* The following is a list of the fiah that frequent the coast and harbours of this country. Whale (rery scarce) Dolphin, Porpoise, Grampus, • ' Behiga(very scarce) Thresher, ( , Skate, Shark, Dog Fish, Lump Fish, Golden Bream, Sun Fiih, Eel, Haddock, Cod, Frost Fish, Pollock, Flounder, or Halibut, Red Perch, White Perdu, Sea Bass, Shiner, Periwinkle, Barnacle, Land Shell Clam, Speckled Mackarcl, •,'iii DIack Duck, >iickf r Iten, it Carjr'i ken, e, or Chalter- iMover, w Leg Plover, igue which mc^ nd beauty, the is the smallest Us appearance i of jetty black, ings and tail of attercd over it hole, an almost •s and produces inds ; one has a ncoln is a small in the meadow fore the mower rthe. It has a he only bird in ^hese birds are their approach cement of sum- quent the coast 3Ut, , Perch, Pcrch(, )ass, j-r, vinkle, acle, Shell Clam, kled Mackarcl, 1 Salman, Salmon Trout, Trout, Smelt, Herring, Shad, Hard-head, Alewife, 33 Sucker, Long Shell Clam, Oyster, I^collops, Minnow, Sole, Mum my c hog, Anchovy, FlyineFish, Sword Fish, Crab, ' J Lobster, • . v , Shrimp, Cray Fish, Muscle, Cockle. .. There nre no venomous snakes or dangerous reptiles in Nova Scotia. The only troublesome insects are the mos- quitoes an . ^ li .111 ■ . I ' Local disorders are unknown in this country, ful con- iBumptions and inflammatory colds and fevers, are prrl. ;ps more common than others. The Medical Profession labours under every discouragement, for want of some law to protect it from quacks and unqualified intruders. Any person who thinks proper to style himself 8 ejeon or Doctor, which in this country are used as sj^nonui ous terms, may, without licence or examination, commence his fraud upon the fcors or ignorance of the community. The number of these wretched pretenders is very great, and the injury committed I ■ E ^ ■■ 'I : U :| ••li %f the«T, Oftrn ittfiulrvl with nfrio«i fonsffjUfnrrsk Wof-- williKtiuifiiinc thr»c (iitlkultirn, thrr<' riro iniiny priu utionrrr of iT!»|>orlnl)lr inform!) (ion nn«l roj^ulur riluoiuion, hut thry •rKloin nr(|uirc niort) thun w conuxMtfnry on nt count of the numhrr of (luiiUHcd iinil uiV}utiUhC4l prmous who nre cm- plo^fil hj tno public. i»« *♦ ,4 Ia»I of Plnhtit indii^nnoHs lo Jiova 5VofiVi, romp rising ihm mott rtmurkaUe and vitiuabU that havt ^tt bctn Hiscovtrsd," , , TRICES. Vtrkaculor ^amen Sdmttjie J^mnt»» Crnut ft Sptcitt* L(\rch,lfiickmi\tack orJunijHJp, Plniw Lnrix, Whiif l*ine, Vrllow Pine, K:«l!*ini» rir, WoHntnin Pine, lilack or yellow Birch; Whito HiiVh, Pwnrf Birch, ^ Brfch, Suffixr Rork rwvM or Bii'ilN 10 vr Mn|)h\ Rrd llowrnng or white Mnp Dwarf Muj)lt, Khn, Jfornl>rnm, Rrd Chrrry Strolnin, Silvr.-^trid, Bt«l!it\niift7rli,, Pineru Bctulu Nigni, AIIki, — — ' Nanrt, F«gUH Silvniicn,^ Acer Sacchurinum,. > Ace Ruhrum, Naniu Chokf Chrrry, Whifc Codnr, Trrmhling F\)plnr;. Whitp Poplnr, Monnlnin Ash or Fowlrr's Ulmus Amt^rlrnnti, Cnrpinu!* Osiiu, Prunus Avii^um, — — — Viri'i»»it^n, Thuy.1 Ocriilcntnhiv Popuhi* Trcniulrt, — — - Allm, Sorbuft Aucupftria,- Q^trrfui Rohrr, Friixinun Antcricontr Rftuin AlnuK, PhpulliR BftUnmiferrt, Buifon Woml or Syromorc* rhnuanus Oe.ci«h»nt.^li!i Sfrvicc, Onk, White Ash, Aider, 'VU'i ! ox Berrj Ofitmsjun rrus p>«lli Mc»pilui CarMuciMia< )S y priu tilionf rr ii«»u, l)ut ihry nr.couut of I lie \ who are rm- VtrnacHlar A'anHi. SUKUB!?. S icrl, nnti, urn, »Ariav r, IrriconS' miforn. Witch TIncol, INmuI HuHh, *Vutcr Khic/, M;u»lo hnwod Viburnum, JRrurdti, ^1 Spirma Fri;tex rcwnrf ! inure), i^iJvcr Icaycd Lfiurcl, ^wmnmcWn Virgiuioii, Cephahxnthui OecidcuUlii^ ViliurtuunOpuluu, , /t», . Vihuriuim Luntunii, ArerifoUum, Sambuou» RnrQiiiuAii^ Nigni, niheA Nigruii\, — Kuhrum, — Uva Cri«pi, Loniccra Alpigena, — — XVloiteunii Dlervilltt, IVinoji Ghibor, VQccinium MyrtiUus — — Frondo.*um ' Vitin Idwo, . ■ " ' Album, ■ Oxycoccoi, HiKpiduIuni l^rdum Lixlifoliutn, t llhodorn Cnnadennin, Anih'omedM fioHfoliii, Calyculaliv, llubus IdmuH, — Frulicoiut, — Srtxn tills, — !li«pldu«, — Chivnivmorui, |)a1il>nrda, Spirtra M'omentonA, — — Salieifolin, Myricft Orifera, Myrica On la, Asploni-folia, Juniperun communiii, Sill >ina, K nhnia An^uKtifoliai se I ■ni.v 1 [i 1- II!' Vernacular Jfamts* Berry benring heath, Bear berry, Poison Ivy, - ' Sumach, f ' - Scientific Barnes, Genu$ tt Sptcitim Empetrum Album, Arbutus Uva Ursi, " Rhus Radicans, Canadensis* Seeded Swamp Grass, Wild Millet, Small wild Oat, Elymars, Do. Bearded Thatch Grass, Cotton Grass, Sweet Flag, ^ Chair maker's Flag, GRASSES, Briza Medea, " Panicum Brevifolium, A vena Spicata, Elymus Canadensis, - Elymus A^'enarius, Dactylis Cynosurcides, ' Eriophorum Alpinum, - Acorus Calamus, Typha Angusiifolia. PLANTS, Pigeon berry, Enchanter's Night shade. Bladder wort, Blue flowered grass. Twin berry, Blue Solomon's seal. Branched Solomon's Seal, Tongue leaved Solomon's seal. Single leaved Lily of the valley Broad leaved Plantain, Plantago Major, Sea Plantain, Cornus Canadensis, Circaea Alpina, » Utricularia subulata, Sisyrinchium Bermudianum, Mitchella repens, Convallaria, polygonatum, racemosa, trifolia bifolia, Hairy Plantain, Shepherd's Needle, Sweet Cicely, Sarsaparilia, Prickly do. Spikenard, • ■ Convolvulus, ' Sea shore Loveage, Ground Nut, Ground Nut, Canada True love, Nodding Trillium, ;> 1 Maritima, Lagopus Scandix Pecten, . Odorata, Aralia Nudicaulis, " n Spinosa, Racemosa, Convolvulus Arvensis, Ligusticum Scoticum, Claytonia Virginica, Bunnium Bulbocastanum, Trillium Erectura, ■ Cemttum, !'mf-' }^ames. M Vernacular Xamti, Sptciti, A urn, ■, Jl Thrill, Jrsi, ■■■'■. ,^[| Blue flowered pond weed. S ■H| Chickweed winter green, ISlS* JUP 'i'ruc l^nmrose* ' |H| Small flowered Primrose. ^B French Willow, Ifolium, lensis, . rius, )suroides, Ipinum, us, ifolia. ensis, I, ■ ■■' ■•;■■%'■ bulata, Bermudianum, ms, )olygonatum, acemosa, rifolia lifolia, ir, • ima, pus n, . ita, Lulis, a, losa, irvensis, oticum, ' ' •ginica, locastanum, urn, American Saniclc, .-. Princes Piony, Winter Green, Mountain Tea, May Flower, . Indian Cups, Chocolate root, Gold threads pr spak^ rpot. Wild Tulip, ■ Herb Robert, Pragon Roo^, Blood Root, Fumitory, Ladies' Sqnock, ' , Leontice, March Marygold, Fellow Violet, ' Blue Violet, : White Violet, ., . Cancer Rpot, Linnea, Chelone, Meadow Rue, St. John's WorL Arrow head. Thistle, Mullein, Royai Rocket, Green Briar, Scull Cap, "yf 37 • Scienirfic J^''amiti, Geiiui el Species, ^ Statice Limonuro, Pontcderia Cordata, i Tricntalis Europaea, CEnothera biennis Parviflorti, Epilobium Angustifolium, Palustre, Mitella repens, Pyrola Umbellata, Rotund ifolia, . , Pyrola Secunda, Gaultheri^ repens, Epigaea repens, Sarraccnia purpureap Geum Montanum, Helleborus trit'olius, . Tulipa Silveslris, Geranium Rubertianum, Arum Triphyllum, Sanguinaria Canadensis, Fumaria Cucplata, Spectabilis, , jTardamine Ti'ifolia, Leontice ThalictroideS) Caltha Palustris, Viola Canadensis, ■ , Palustris, Lancdolata, Obliqua, Lathraea clandestina, / LinnaBa borealis, Chelone Acadiensis, Thalictrutti disicv[qa, ■ ^ Hypericum Canadense, Sagittaria Sagittifolia, Carduus Bencd ictus, Verba scum Phlomoides, Phceniceum, Smilax Rotundifolia, Scstcluria Lateriflora, '-.r M Vtmacuhr Jfanuif I IS i» '■' f •' Kali, Dock, Thorough wort| Lobelia, Ladies' slipper, Groundsell, Golden rod, Autumnal dandelion, Spring — r- — Siar wort, Virgin's BoWer, White water lily, Yellow do. . Sweet scented do. Kaim's do. Woo'd Sorrel, Cudweed or Everlasting, Five finger, Goose grass, Straw berry, Polygonum,] Scientijlc Kamtt^ G%rms tt Sptcicim Salsola Kali, Rumex Patientia, — — — — Persicaroides, ^ Maritimus, £upaU)riuin perfoliatum, purpureuna, Lobelia Dortmanna, — Inflata, Cypripedium spectabiie, Senecio Aureus, Solidago Str'cta, Leontodon autumnale Taraxacum, Aster Cordatus, — Corymbosus. — r LedjfoliuSi — Radula, — -Estivus, Clematis Vitalba, Nymphsa Alba, - Lutea, Odorata, • Kalmaina, Oxalis acetoseila, corniculata, Giiaphalium UUginosum, Margariteuia,^ Potentella reptans, ■• anserina, tridentata, ■ fniticosa, norwegica, Fragaria Vesca, Polygonum Persicaria, Hydropeper, < Sagittatum, — r- Convolvulus. «'%«M>^ki« ^' Lunenburg^ 30,196 • 9.817 7,151 n,098 i^ 40 III'*' i s: Shrlbtirnp, King's County, Cumberland, Hants, 4,874 7,145 2,9Gd 6,471 Total 78,346 This account however, is well known to have been taken^ in a very loose inaccurate manner, and persons well acquaint- ed with the country, arc disposed to rate the population ai high as 125,000 at the pr^ncnt period. This number is com- posed of Natives, Scotch, English, Irish, Germans, American Royalists, and the French Acadians. The Germans are not so numerous as the others, being principally as found in Lu« fienburg and Clements. They have made extensive improve- ments wherever they settled, by their unremitted industry* They arc not so fond of emigration in general as the sub- jects of Great Britain. Contented with their own country, they seldom go out of it, but to cultivate others which they are not ambitious of conquering. They have fertilized every country under the English dominion to which chance has conducted them. The Scotch are scattered over all parts of the Province, but by far the greatest number arc living on the rivers of Pictou, on the coast bordering on the gulf of St. Lawrence, and the intermediate country. The Highland Scotch are not so advantageous a class of settlers, as their Lowland neighbours. Their wants are few, and their ambi- tion limited to the acquirement of the mere necessaries of life. A few acres of cleared land, half a dozen sheep, a cow, and one or two pigs, are all they seem to value or desire. Their first improvements are macie with great rapidity, but these re- main stationary whenever they afford subsistence. The Low- landers on the contrary to the frugality, and industry of the Highlanders, add a spirit of persevering diligence, a constant desire of improvement, and a superior system of Agriculture, which render them a valuable acquisition to the Province. The religion, language, customs, and sympathies of the French Acadians, naturally attach them to eacn other, and induce them to settle together as much as possible. Their largest and most populous settlements are at Menudio in Cumber- land, Chizencook, which lies to the eastward of Halifax, at Clare in the county of Annapolis, and Tusket in the coun- ty of Shelburne. The exceptions are so few that they may 41- ,874 ,145 1,9GJ ,471 1,345 ve been taken« well acquaint- population at lumber is com- ans, American jrmans are not IS found in Lu- jniive improve- itted industry, iral as the sub- r own country, prs which they fertilized every ch chance has »ver all parts of ;r are living on 3n the gulf of The Highland cttlers, as their md their arabi- essaries of life, ep, a cow, and desire. Their y, but these re- ice. The Low- industry of the nee, a constant of Agriculture, 3 the Province, js of the French er, and induce Their largest dio in Cumber- pd of Halifax, [et in the coun- ' that they may r be said n.»vrr to intermix by marriage with- their prolostfint neighbours. Among ihemselves ihoy still lonverse in the FiofH ii Imi^unge which is corrupted not only by patois, but by words drrived from the lndi:ins and fCnglish. Although the males are not gencriilly ignorant of the fiinglish language, there ore but few of their Icmales or children who con un- derstand it. As a people they are moral in their habits, sim- })le and ceonimical in their expenditures, cheerful in disposi- tion, and contented, and happy. The Abbe Raynal says, that in 1749 they computed as much as 60,000 head of horned entile, and that most families had several horses, though the tillrspe was carried on by oxen. They bred a gjreat deal of poultry of all kinds, which made a variety in their food, fop the most part wholesome and plentiful. The common drinlc was beer and tider, to which they sometimes added mm. Their usual cloathing was (he produce of their flax, or the fleeces of their own »heep. .With these they made common linens, and coarse cloths. If any of them had a desire for articles of greater luxury, they drew them from Annapolis or J^ouisburg, and gave in exchange corn, cattle or furs. The neutral French had nothing else to give thcirneighbours, and made still fewer exchanges among theraselyes, because each .separate family was able, and had been used, to provide for ir^igbt him hrr portion in flocks* Tiiij* fnnaiFy grew nne coiwitry. Slave labour resembles profit on stock, or ca- pital, niore than, labour properly so ealled* The individual 1\ ho coBterpplates an establishment of this ktnd^ faftes jnto> ^onsidevatioA the cost of tt^e necessary number of sl!»vcs, in» t^e same ma^^er as he calculates the costs of the land. The uncert^ty of this species of employment affords another ground of rei^mblance'to commerce. Independent theirefore- ef^ political) ai»d morat considerations, such a system is by n©» means suitable to a colony like Kova Scotia, where there are ^>w branches of business requiring a- regular body of labour- crs, and where their clothing and provision is attended withi ^o muph expcnce. . A great proportion of the inhabitants of Nova Scotia live to a very advanced period. It is not uncommon to see peo- |>Ie ^ yearfs old, and many have attained to the age of » hundred. This observation is more particuliarly applicable to emigrants, as the settlement of the country is yet too recent? to exhibit many instances of longevity among tKe natives.. The people who came from New England arc peculiarly^ Ibng lived, a very great proportion of them reaching their* eightieth year in full enjo^'ment of alRheir faculties. Untif; tilcly this great longevity was also observable among the l.ndiaiis. especially the. females, who lived to nn extreme oMI atgc.. Uut ilie use of; ardent spirits to which many of m •if, '■.„T imify grew aner of sllstves, in* the land* The affords another ndent thewefore- system is by n&i where there are body of labour- fi attended withi ova Scotia live nooi to see peo- > the age of a arly applicable s yet too recent; g the natives^ arc peculiarly^ reaching their iculties. Untif. ble among the nn rxtrrmc olrtlj hich many o£ 4J , both sexes are addicted, has cdfttribufed 16 sTtortrn the tfifrjH tion of their lives, and it is now a rare thing to sec an aged Indian. In the human existence another circumstance is iUirai' remarkable, that •^ip few countries do so many children attain to the age of puberty. This observatwn is alsQ strengthened by the great proportion that children bear td adults. All new countries are favourable t6 early marristge?,' aB the iqeans of subsistence are easily acquired; conteqneiit- ly where there are so many children, the deaths of infantii fnight be expected, according to the co^irse of things in Eti* rope, to be very great : — but the reverse is the case in Nova" i^cotia, where children ai'c easily reared, and instanced of inortality among them rare. The militia throughout the American war was in a Vef^ effective state. At present the Legislature feels e> yarr na- tural reluctance, to impose muck military duty in a time df profound peace, upon a new settler, whose attention and coii- . tinued presence are recjuired upon his farrt. The law cn8lt"t^ that ever} mal* from sixteen td^sixtv, be enrolled as a mflit^a man, excepting the members of the Legislature, lawyers,' magistrates, surgeons, and officers of the civil and milttatry ■department. Every regiment, if capable, is divided mtd ^battalions, which consist of not less than SOO, rtor more than 800 men. Every, battalion is again divided into companies ivrhich consist of not less than 30 nor inore than 80 men. ! Every rcgk^ient, battalion, or company is called oiit four times a year upon three days' (Previous notice, by coinpahies' twice, and in regiment or limttalion twice, and the whole is' under the sopcrintettdence of two military inspecting field officers, who review the militia ort the days of regimental jimeeting. Some years ago a quantity of arms was furhi*Ked' to the mflitiat ^^ the use of which they were well trained. The SquaddriU irttrbdu<:ed by Sir George Prevost, the only^ effectual mode of disciplining a militia, have rendered some Icompanies nearly as expert in their ex:crcisei as re>gulair troops. ^ T4iere are several religious denominations in this country. The proportion perhaps, as applied to the pbpulation, may be assumed to be, Roman Catholic one quarter, Church of Enejland and Methodist, one quarter, Baptist one quarter, |and the Church of Scotland, and other dissenters one quar- ;r. The tolerant laws of this country are of a nature to 44 'it -.* ..1 i. Ui ii«'' 'i J; kill m produce ^oat harmonjr among all classes of Di»<^rntri*s, and the Kslablistied Church. The Church of Kiigiand is sup- ported in this country by the benevolence and liberality of the Society for propagatuig Christian Religion. The church* e» have been erected partly by subscri|)tion, and partly by funds belonging to His Majesty to which the socictr htis oc- cabionaily contributed. They are in general handsome wooden buildings, well finished and painted, and add very much to the af^pearance of the country. The clergy of thfs church are about twenty-eight in number, and are under the control of a bishop, whose jurisdiction extends over the Province of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. The salary of the clergy is £200 sterling a year, to which may be added the proceeds of sniall glebes, parochial fees, and other per- quisites, the whole of which at the present period, when bills are at a great premium, and the price of wages and provision 40 much reduced, adbrd the clergyman a very comfortable maintenance. Thje church is increasing in the Province, and its congregation contains a large portion of the respecta- ble inhabitants. The Roman Catholics were for many years under control of a vicar general, and afterwards of a bishop wlu) has recently died, and at present no successor has been appointed. In their late bishop. The Rev, Di*. Burke, not only that church over which he presided, but the Province in general have experienced a great loss. He was a man of profound and extensive learning, of great and unaffected piety, of condescending nnd affable manners, and of the most charitable and humane disposition. By all classes of socie- ty, and by every denomination of christians throughout No- va Scotia, as well as in many parts of Canada, where he was many year» actively employed among the Indians, he was regarded with great respect, and when dead was universally lamented. The subordinate clergy of the Catholic Church amount to ten or twelve. This number in proportion to the size of their flocks is much smaller than that of other deno- minations, which is attributable to the circumstance of the Catholics living more together, than the pieople of an v other persuation. The Presbyterians have a provincial church government of their own, and have about twenty-five minis- ters. The Methodist Missionaries act under the direction of n society in Fine;land, and are also about twenty-five in num- ber. Thoj arc in general natives of Great Britain, and of I /* m ■'■!» I $' 46 Dissenters, and Ingbnd is sup- id liberality of I. The church- and partly hj locictr hits oc- ?ral handsome and add very B clergy of thfs are under the ends over the k. The salary may be added and other per- iod, when bills s and provision py comfortable the Province, :)f the respecta- for many years •ds of a bishop *essor has been )r. Burke, not It the Province c was a man of ind unaft'ccted md of the most asses of socic- iroughout No- where he was ^lians, he was ivas universally itholic Church >portion to the of other deno- mstance of the of anv other vincial church mty-five minis- he direction of ity-ftve in nnm- Britain? and of ,> ■3 hte yfars are men of better qualifications than their prcdw- ccssors, and their church is ,i;aiiiing ground both in respecta- bility and in number. The Baptists are numerous, but not. so well organized a body as the Methodists, nor are they so well provided with a regular clergy. The number of meet- ing houses belonging to all the different sects in Nova Scotia is very great, and speak loudly in favour of the religious feeling of the country. In Nova Scotia, as in the United Slates, much of the pomp and ceremonies of religion seem reserved for the last honours man receives before he is shut up ill the eravc for ever. As soon as any one is dead in the !»,< '■;<:• Tht Indians (two trihrs)^ attacks on Canso, treaty^ customs, manner!!, civilization, specimens of their language, irN the estimate of population, inserted in the preceding -■- chapter, the Indians were not included. As they form a distinct body of people, with customs, manners and language peculiar to themselves, I have reserved the account of them (or a separate chapter. So many volumes however, have ' j \ 1,1 : •• sii ii'3l 40 V)€pn written, cxclustvcly treating of the aborigines of North America, and so general a simililude exists, in the colour, di- atectiK, ainl hHbits of the dilVerrnt trihes inhabiting the Bvitiffh colonies, that a very detailed and minute description of them would be unnecessary. There is hitrdly any nation from the north to th6 south pole, to which, some antiquary in the extravagance of conjecture, has not ascribed the honour of peopling America. 'I'he Jews, the Canaanites, the Fhueni- vhitesh intingand fish- mpt to rear a la de^ee of vi- It of her care. 47 From this motive it istlio univrrsal practice of the women !• suckU' Uuir rhildren during stverrd years, ami us ihry >oU dom roitrry early, the period o| their ftrlililv is over before they can finish the long but necessary attendanre upon two or three childreuJn Nova Scotia they are now diminished to 350 familks or 1500 persons. Previous to the dismember- ment of the Province in 1784, there were two tribes of Indi- ans inhabiting the country, the Micmaes and Richibuctos* They were a sav?.;*c and ferocious race, often committing great outrages upon the solitary and peaceable settlers. But the French who have been always remarkable for their pow- ers of address, conciliated iheir friendship, and afterwards con- verted them to Christianity. They were all Catholics,aDd very ; strict observers of the ceremonial parts of their religton. As allies of the French they were the natural enemies of the ^^Knglisb. To enumerate the various rencounters with the in- Indians, and the many injuries committed by them on tl^c trade oCthe country would be departing from the plan of this work and extending this chapter to a size exceeding that of the f whole book. I shall therefore merely mention two of their ; attacks Qpoi> Canso, whick will sufficiently evince tile reso« Jute and warlike character of these people. On. the 7th of Augcrsl 17^ a party of Indians Dell upon Canso^ within the ^Province o4' Nova Scotia, but peopled every summ^rby fish- ermen fr(Mn Massac hasetlK. Such was the secrecy, order, and expedition, with which it was done, that they surprised ilthe English in their beds^ and stripped thero ©f every ching ; telling them they came to carry away what they found Hp©» their owa land. The French of Cape Breton no doubt plan* ;:^d this enterprise, for the next day some of their vessels l^arried away the plunder, including among other ihingfv ;;^SOOG quintals of dry fish. Tlie loss sustained by the Englisht ■^Vras estimated at £20,000 currency. There were but three |©r four lives lost asiong the whites upon this occasion. The Indians were most convenient allies for the Freneh. Whei* ; ion outrage was committed by them, and satisfaction demand- ;ed of the French, they.«>xcased themselves from intermed- ladling with them, assigning as a reason that they were not ^French subjects, and therefore not under their controJ. In 1753 there wys a very general w{U' commenced by all he tribes in. this c|UfH:t.cr, tiie Richiburtos, the Micmacs^ nd Pcno|j6€ots> In the latter part of July they surprised II l|) ^M 41 u i liihi •>i; *' I**, u li lull MiHiuK h> IM< H^'tiM'hh'^t'll^. ( Mivri'noi" tMitli)H liit|i|)ni I hi 1)0 (U ( 'iUiMU, riuti i\\u<«r(l I^M) <«I(MI|ih (o Iih iiiiuiihmI, itiirlly vvuh NultiidtMM* iniloin Iroiii iihmi ItitiiN^ vrw nrlw, whiili >\rr<' Ium»Iu» n \vmI» li/»h, tnul m'\\\ ilit^iu, uiulri' lln^ ( \MIUIUM)il ol' JuItU rN umr* |>iu^, luul niHcriilril ull lun nirn, ('Hrr|)t lour or live, nnftl 1h^ t'unr ntMi* (o rt'iir ol ihr v(*m«t U, wliirli li ol (iImmU 40 iiuli.om ultotoviiliin lo'drinu, ih' v holMril iIh ir |M'niltoilr., toul I '^IIimI oni% *'Slriko Mm^IiixIi «iot»/i, :iinl ronu' ultoio'il, lor >'s»n luo ii)l piMHonfrK." Kliul nn'twtMfd, (hut hr wonlii nuikr nil itir hi^tr hr roulil. KoHliiit; he> u»(oU' nu ulUMupt lo »m (»)»r, thry l»i^)i;ini lo linM' ihry luol tnuglil tt 'rui'(iuM\n(l ml ito«luii'< linl lit> wtfi loo «|ni« U (uc iloni, nnd niunrili<oul lull lU^ l»uor, »lo\v loiolr ii l»rkiv«\i'nnii|iini!; imIo \hv holfl, MHot lhrr>v hi« hioitl ^rttniolofit ullrr I linn, uliirli \\\^uW n\w\\ \\\^ vorl(, thnl till \Nlii('li iTmiiini^l tilivr look lit tlic \vuln\ >vlirro lli(\y wri'o w lior nu\rk for thr F.nglij^h f«l>w(. I'immo ihi« oi- n likt' lo'llom pi'oltultly look riiit\ u tiunnion <'K|M'f*»^ion iiuu»ni( r.n^lii«l> M»Mii^r«, iuhI j*oniriinn'i* Kn -.li^h hunh-i"*, win), wlu'H (Itrv luol kill( (I i«h tniliun, nnoir \\\vW Ixk^jki ol Itnvini; killed n I'liu'k ilurk. I'^ivf onlv immoIomI iho nhort* I'.liot iTi'rivtMl llirrtOtiMl wonniU, Miul nrvrrnl ol' ihr nirn wrif* \vo»niil«Mlv nnil oiu^ kill«'liv«'i wrrr fttti- v«m'»mI IVoni lh(' rnnny. Tln^v Innl Mrnl \\\n\\y ol'ihf pi'i^on. rrn nwiiy nn«l nlntj tln-y Imil killotl in rokl liloo«l.* Tkri Novu Si'olia IniliwnM h^tl ihr chuructrr (»riM'i*i|; moi'o nnvnj^o ^ nnH luol turiii lUo 1 ur u(» »i " «'«iF M CT»I W IW [^ * f-i'urhif wan iu)( ('0)»/»»»r«/ /o the /moo| rctiiMi/t /u //io>f r'/o» nhould iini^^ »i» /fM^ /n(/< Miu v«« ihr l( uImmit uC Mul (>'. hI(, lb;*! ihrv w#rf otil «i| 1)11 iNriit h uui hr hiui not uh it iiuni« irut H* )au«l, llir ih«iin/ Itihi^ Wry huiunoun. 'ritr lol \\l«i loKct), nlurh litiii lirnt i«^it(^vi'« tlirir iirttoun*, uluuihl l»r» hi» proltT* thill, 'riii'rr of (ho liiiliiOin wriit on l«mi(l \m vrii«rl, ntni («* ^i'immI lor thr rtirtmun lioth oi vrn«i'l« nuilmplivrf*, which \\f\i^ tli-i(vri'ri) to him iiKti thrrutuoin jmul. 'I'hi' iCh h»^o«ito»i hi(litu(i«, wlio lUvfh on ih* hurtlrrMtl ihn ihillol" St. I.sufrmti*, within ilto liutit^ ol Nrw Uiukiwh h, thru w iiurt ol' Novi^ Sroliu, w^m'o fouuil hv th*» l^^^^h^h to ho II iiioHt InirurtiiMo trihtM uiui it wioi iiiit \Mitil l7tU) iltu thiy liitiHv itiihuotliMi to (hr hiMtiiih (jovrniintMit. Thr hillowinn in u (opv ol' llo* tiTtity ilguf**! hy ihcii* thirl', ut llolil'.it Hiih ihr (i, with Mirhut^l Au^uf»tinr,(?hirf ofth** HI' hilunn- io(t tfihr of Iniliunn lit llrthl'iu, In ihf lV(»viiu'«^ hfoiT»hhl, '* I Mirhttrl Au^niiitn' lor niy«r>;r {\\v> kr. < onil ovri' tito tri'i'itorirn of Novn ^v()\]\\ or A<'»(lin, Ain) ^0 «h> intikrMiliniiMion to hiM Mujruiy in tho louiit prHVcl, aim* |ih' tui pi'onuwr h>r iny*rlf iiint n«y trll>«*, ihni I nor ihf f n\\A\\ nut nioh'nt Hny of lliji Mnjr^tyV unhJH'tJi in thrir wrtllr- inniij* (t» (ihTuily innlr', or ihnt\\n>y Im* hiMTwOrr mmlr, <»r in « i\nvin>' on ihrin'onnnrirr, or m uny ihin^ ivhtitrvrr withiu •linithr I'rovihft' of h(H utitil Mujinty or »«Ui»whrr«\ •' Aiul if liny in»nh, rolilMMy, or (Miirum' nhttll liunpn In 1»«* < oinmittrti by nny of niy trlhi*, utthHl'in lion iinil ivtrihmn»n .hill) I H* nun )o toth |H'r«i>n or inM>on«» nii(M »M IM "Thul nrilhri' I nor twy inlu »hall in ttti| niiimrr enllv U m ;i'! Vny of his said Majesty's troops or soldiers to desert, noriw- any manner assist in conveying them away, but ©n the contra- "py will do our utmost endeavours to bring them back to the company,reginient, fort or garrison to- which they shall belong. *' That- if any quarrel or mifiunderstanding shall happen between myself and the English, or between them and any of my tribe, neither I nor they shall take any private satisfaction or revenge, but we will apply for redress, according to the law^s established in his said Majesty's dominions. " That all English prisoners made by myself or my tribe 'shall be set at liberty ; and that we will use our utmost endea- vours to prevail on the other tribes to do the same, if any prisoners shall happen to be in their hands^ " And I do further promise for myself and my tribe,that, we will not either directly or indirectly, assist any of the enemies of his most sacred Majesty King George the second, his heirs or successors, nor hold any manner of commerce, traffic nor intercourse with them ; but on the contrary, will as much as may bq in our power, discover and make known to his Majes- ty's Governor, any ill designs which may be formed or con- trived against His Majesty's subjects^ And I do fiirther cii- gJige, that we will not traffic, Barter or exchange a«y commodi- " ties in any manner, but with such persons, or the managers of ' such trucK-houses, as shall be'appoinfcd or established by His * Majesty's Go vennor at Fort Cumberland, or elsewhere in Nova Scotia or Acedia. " And for the more efiVctual security of the due performance " of this Treaty, and every part thereof, I do promise, and engage, that a certain ftumber of persons of my tribe, which shall not be less in number than tAvo, shall on or before the " 24th day of June next, reside as hostages :d Fort Cumberland, or at such other place, or places in this Province of Nov- Scotia or Acadia, as shall be appointed for that purpose, bj ' His Majesty's Governor of said Provinre, which hostages shall be exchanged for a like number of my tiibe when re- ^' guested. -■'/•' .'-"■ ••'-•/•:■■•- ;v^v v-^.-,'- -'.;, , " And air these foregoing 'Articlc!3 and every one of them, made with His Excellency Charles Lawrence, Esq. IFis Ma- ' jesty's Govenior of said Province, I do promise for myself and in behalf of my Tribe, that we will most strictly keep and ob* ' ucrve in the most solemn manner. ^ In witpess whereof, I have hereunto put my mark and seal, % m 51 > desert, nor iW' It «n the contra- cm back to the ey shall belong. v^ shall happen hemiindanyof vate jsatisfiiction according to the ons. self or my tribe ur utmost endea- ,hesamc, if any ny tribe,that, wc ly of the enemies second, his heirs merce, traffic nor -, will as much as . own to hisMajes- > formed or con- 1 do farther cn- ngc any commodi- )r the managers ol' istabhshcdbyliis elsewhere in Nova E> due performance do promise, and )f my tribe, which [\ on or before the Fort Cumberland, Province of Nov?. r that purpose, bj. ., which hostages mv tiibe when re- every one of them, incc, Esq. IFis Ma- iiiseforioysclfaml rictly keep and ob- my mark and. seali ;at tl:i1ifr'.x, in Nova Scotia, this tenth day of March, one ihoxh .«and seven hundred and sixty, and in the 33d year of Hi:^ Majesty's reign. (Signed) "MICHAEL X AUGUSTINE." " I do accept and agree to all the articles of the foregoing reaty. — In fuiih and testimony whereof, 1 have signed these jresents, and have caused my *eal to be licreunto affixed, his lOlh day of March in the 33d year of his Majesty's ^%cifrn, and in the ye;ir of our Lord 1 7G0. (Signed) '' CHARLES LAWRENCE^ ■if- By his Excellency's Command, > I '' R. Bulkley, SecVy." y ■ .■ ^ ^ «. ^ ., ; As this tribe is no longer a part of the Nova Scotia Indians, f shall in the succeeding par>t of this chapter confine my re- arks to the ]\licmacs, who dwell exclusively within thc^ ecincts of the Province, In size they resemble tfce Europenns and very like thera height, from five feet eight inches to six feet. In colour ey are similar to the Lascar of the East Indies ; they are ithcr black nor mulatto, but a reddish brown, with hi^ht eek bones, large lips and mouths, long black coarse hair, no means curly or woolly like that of the negro. The les in general have fine intelligent penetrating eyes. They e broad shouldered and bandy legged, (owin^ to the liga* res that hold them when infants on the cradlie or board :) pos- ssed of the gi'eateet activity of body, and capable of enduring cessive fatigue and hunger, when pleasure or neccssitv re- ire, but at other times they are extremely indolent and lazy." len sober they are silent and thoughtful, very shrewd and, sible in their remarks.* When intoxicated by liquors,which too often the case, they are riotqus and quarrelsome among. * Mn Indian some, time since^ entered a tavern to purchase ne tpirils^ for which ten shillings p^.r gallon was demanded^ en the retail price at Halifax was about half that sum, Upait ; expressing his astonishment at the extravagant price, the idlord endeavoured to explain to him, ike. loss of interest ancL }ense of conveyance, and illust rated the remark by telling, i that the expense of keeping a hogshead of mm was as great, that of maintaining a coio. The Indian replied with great. uUness and sonic humour, " tnay be it drinks as much wai^r,^^ lading to its aduUtrati^n) " hut certain no eat so much hay*\ .. ji 62 :Jt| If 1 f wir ' ■ I' : fi 1 |:„, 1 . ' lli each other. In the woods, they are as much at home as the wild animals of the forest. Thej can travel without a compass to any given point, and can trace footsteps which are impercep- tible to any eye but their own. With respect to costume in place of the furs worn by them when they were dis- covered by the Europeans, they now use cloth, which for the males is cut into two garments ; — a full gaiter or legging which reaches a little above the knee, and a kind of loose coat, descends below the top of the gaiter, and is se- cured round the waist by a girdle. To this girdle is fasten- ed a fur purse, containing their coin, a flint and steel, and a email piece, of touch-wood or fungus for lighting a fire. The coverinc: of the feet, which is called mogasin, consists of one piece of leather or raw hide, through the rim of which a small cord is inserted, that when drawn tight, forces the leather to assume the shape of the foot. This is much warmer than a shoe, and as it admits of the action of the toes, is far better adapted for use upon ice and slipper^' places. The women wear the mogasin, a large skirt of broad cloth, and a blanket folded in the shape of, and used as a shawl. Their caps are also made of blue cloth, cut in the shape of the letter A, pointed at the .top, and usually edged with a red border. Both sexes allow their hair to grow in great profusion, though not trimmed in any panic u- iar shape, or gathered in any form by combs or ribbons. Among all barbarous people the situation of women is very degraded. Man, proud of excelling in strength and courage, the chief marks of pre-eminence among rude nations, treats woman as his inferior, with disdain. In this tribe the female sex are the servants of the men, and carry not only the children, but in travellinc, all the domestic utensils, provisions, and other burdens. At liome they are employed in making baskets, carrying water, cooking, and other drudgtry. Tasks are imposed upon them without' pity, and services are received without complaisance or gratitude. When the husbands are intoxicated they suffer every species of ill-usage, but however severe their treatment may be, they submit without , murmur, and in no instance re(|uire or receive the interference of the whites. The method they adopt for carrying their children is admirably well suited to a woody country. They make a small wooden case, before alluded to, open at the top Bed the two ends, in which th« infant or p&pouse is well secured ■S % ■m 63 lomc as the wild >ut a compass to :h are impcrcrp- )ect to coslume they were di5- se cloth, which -a full gaiter or se, and a kind of gaiter, and is sc- girdle is fasten- nd steel, and a ling a fire. mogasin, consists he rim of which a tight, forces the This is much action of the toes, ce and slippery a large skirt of lape of, and used ^ blue cloth, cut in » .top, and usually ow their hair to d in any parlicu- ombs or ribbons, of women Is very mgth and courage, de nations, treats ribc ihe female sex only the children, ovisions, and other n makino^ baskets, igfry. Tasks arc vicfs are received den the husbands y of ill-usage, but ley submit without [\e the interference for carrying their ly country. They to, open at the top ouse is well secured by a transverse lacing of cord. This box is fastened to the neck, and carried on the bi^ck of the mother, who b^ ward- ing off the limbs of trees and bushes, prevents the child from receiving any injury, which, were it carried in any other manner, it would be impossible to prevent. At the close of day, or whenever they have occasion to encamp, this cradle is suspended lo a large branch and set in motion. Althouth the dependance of children upon their parents, among the Indians, for many obvious reasons cc; water a canoe will outstrip any boat in rapidity of motion. In some parts of America the Indiahs have domestic animals, and a local domicile ; but here they ate enemies to all the lower animals and not their masters, they waste and destroy, -,■)- i I Ilii 64. but koow npt how to govern them, ond the only species to which ihey are attaclied is the dog. Their tents are of the simplest construction, requiring little time to be erected, and in general of too little value to be removed with them. They vary a little in shape, but are generally built with poles placed in a conical form, lil;e a sugar loaf. The poles after being well secured in the ground, and bound together at the top, are interwoven with the branches and bark of the birch tree, which completely exclude the weather. In the summer the fire is made on the out side oTthc tent or wigwam^ for the purpose of destroying the mosquitoes and other winged insccis. In the winter it is lighted in the centre of the camp, (a.! the colonists term it) it having a small aperture at the top to emit the smoke. Their beds consist of a few boughs of evergreen, loosely spread upon the ground, and they generally sleep in winter, with their ieet' towards the fire, which they suppose to be a preservative of health* It may be thought by those unacquainted with these peo- ple, that in a climate like that of Nova Scotia, such a mode of living must be attended with the greatest bodily suffering and Avretchedness, but this is very far from being the case. The south side of a hill or declivity in the forest is in winter inac- cessible to the north wind, and forms so complete a shelter, that a very slight wigwam is sufficient to protect them from the inclemency of the weather. It is doubted whether they feel the cpld so acutely as the whites. A constant exposure to the vicissitudes of the climate, from their tenderest years, no doubt renders them less sensilile to its severities. In ad- dition to this cause of hardihood they use a good deal of oil with their food, which not only preserves heat in the stomach, but defends their vitals from the severity of the frost. They " also anoint themselves with the fat of the bear, in summer, to prevent the annoyance of the black fly, and in winter to avoid those rheumatic pains, which they would otherwise suffv^r by sleeping in damp phces. The winter is the season for hunting moose, carraboo, &c, and for taking fish in the lakes by means of holes in the ice, to which they are attracted by a torch of lighted bark. At this period they manufacture buckets, tubs, churns, baskets, and, bii;Qh work of different descriptions, axe handles and similar articles, with which, and the venison and fur they 55 e only sppcics ir tents are of i to be erected, ed with them, ;enernlly built igar loaf. The id, and bound the branches y exclude the n the out side destroying the lie winter it is nists term it) it smoke. Their ily spread upon , with their t'eei preservative of with these peo- such a mode of \y suffering and he case. The in winter inac- plete a shelter, )tect them from 1 whether they istant exposure enderest years, erities. In ad- ^od deal of oil in the stomach, e frost. They ' r, in summer, d in winter to >uld otherwise carraboo, &c. tes in the ice, to ted bark. At [lurns, baskets, e handles and and fur they V 4 jprofuire in hunting, they purchase broad cloth, blankcfj, powder and shot, axes and knives, liquor, &c. They have a chic/ who is elected by vote, and confirmed by the priest; but as they are almost insulated m Nova Scotia, and have no intercourse v;Lih other tribes, his jurisdiction is principally confined to fixing the limits of hunliilg grounds for (liffcr- ent families, in order that they may not interfere with each other, ai^d in settling any differences which may occur a- raong his tribe. Although the law of the Province recog- nizes Lhe Indians as subjects of His Majesty, and as well ex- tends to them its protection as exacts their obedience, yet they never litig^ite or are in any way impleaded. They have a code of traditionary and customary laws among themselves, although the use of it is daily diminishing. Not many years ago they condemned one of their tribe to be stoned to death. He was accordingly fastened hand and foot, and conveyed to loiv w;itrr mark, and placed on the top of a small rock. 7'ii.' y \h?n ',;rocccdcd to the oxccTition of his sentence, stoned hitn. and itit, liini i'ov d(>ad. His fnlthfiil squaw or wife,' who v.as anxiously awaiting the cveur, in a neighbouring thicket, api^roached him as soon as the executioners ond spectators h;^ur, and has made blic, but he has opinion prevails [hat any attempt ;ely productive of lity of this idea is I it is maintained, the Province are ing grounds, the :e, and repeated ature to prevent they derive much irected to agricul- What then will will exist no more 3t the times of sa- the fabulous times >f civilizing the In- lUSt arise from one incapacity, or, se- bour. If the first might reply in the , as he comes ori- y where the same, ncy, whether it be ivi'lized nation, we distinction or supe- !ms to be the same, , as well as the vir. cising, depend in a *vhich he is placed, nodatps itself, and n proportion to the r to feel, and the intellectual powers 1, their aversion to ^7 labour, their own repeated solicitations for grants of land, and the circumstance of several families having already become proprietors of it is a siiflicient reply. The Society of Friemls in Pennsylvania have bv several experiments, siiffici- :^f cntly proved the possibility of reclaiming the Indians, and i have left this stibjert no longer a matter of speculation. It might also be added that one tribe of these pepple on lake Ontario, sell annually 5,000 barrels of flour, the produce of their own lands. It is probable that they would not all imme<* diately become domesticated, and that they would at first'only ,j{ make agriculture subsidiary to their support, but not thei^" 't sole dependance. This however would be a great object to t attain, and would no doubt lead to their ultimate abandon- ment of their present erratic mode of life. Their Istiguagfl t"' is extremely beautiful, soft, comprehensive and har^nonious, but is so different from that of the Richibouctou (cibe in New ^Irimswick, tkat those neighbours cannot understand eacb >ther. When deposing upon oath, which is sometimes the [case, they return their answers in their own dialect to an in- ternreler. Upon these occasions they exhibit great fjucncy |ana eloquence, accompanied with a fine animation of counte* lance, and a very appropriate action. Subjoined arc various specimens of their language .\>".^} 7'0- Knglish, imerican. lunt, 5 ^Arrow, kir. kUtumn, , Irother, llauket, hitton, by (very smaO) ley (large) lall, low. ..^'Ahi- \ » Father's sister. Mother's sifter, ii;.-^j( . '4 ' I r • n j>iUbi 1 1- loat, > '^ Miemac» /i Bas-ton-cow-a-chce, ■ Li^kq, Se-qui$, Ma-joc-ta-le-gan, Kum-la-mit, Taugh-wagh, Wit-che-ka-teak, .;^ Pe-tu-ga-no-«on, or Bli-keetj > * Pe-joc-wic-on, .;. MQ-jou-a-cheech, Wi.m^.) li.CI Ba-touse, ^^ijij l> jiir.f Pe-low-wey, . f.. v) ■An-be, iifi.> Wcl-bote, J 4 "Ae vowels marked are sounded like a in hat, a in name, e in devout, 1 in chio, and J in Held, a ■•"^ i^ '>W ! t If. /i. If'',, ■'', III , IIH J. |. . .. ill-' i Jim'' : ■ i.MJ' ',■*■ Ji. "■, " ; 11.^ ,^4, MP **■■-' . t , ; Pib-be-nagh-an, Co- beet, N«-bc-nog-hon, Mashk-wet, Mac-to-wak*, -. ^«»L« Jl.i ^rmi Mac-to-wake-S-soon> ^-.laim Mus^or-na-mook, irmwiM IVhich-wil-le-nix-cumv? / "n ♦♦u Me-jou-a-eheeeh^ /j-.hiH> Aag-wes-un, ;j.n y^^, > )l:.',ci A b-el-e-too-a-sic, . fth*»v':i/'l' ""i' •« Es-ca^e-gan, Uiy.'f.hM: ^mciiu Engiith Bread, , Beaver, ' Birch tree, « Birch bark^. m j*»i; y»*: >/j Black, i;'ti:>.>,.>' f'. '';■;)'; I. jn j;: Black cloth^' :••> ti'i » Blue,. .., r>.i nut' A ?'f:;:ha Cap, (a woman^s) (i ui Cap, (a man's, or hat); •; v* -. Chest, i'. 't/ivtfiijiif -ir--..::' t>i- ; Cano», I ii '.i r ,« 5i l'> '4h Que-tan, .../h, tj H^i loin -fti Cod-fish, (1) 'j/i-fft'^ivKj, Paa-choo, irin..;! YJ''**'*'>'^'*'*'' 'i£^ ;?■ Chcrry-tre^y. :>!>4<- .ni>i ,o Cradle, 'fi,.^.H}:tr"; i.iji Devi), '''^nv.,-: *.• /bi.I>^wiJ Daughter^ >•:)>»!> ;rwp wjuj j Dollar, • A- .■! ;V TiU } il X V • ;*}i »! DogV"' ■ {■* f.-oi^.^'fju./''!'; -^Jiii' /;'•«■■' Duck, Day, Englishmany Evening, Frenchman^ Fish, Father, Finger, Flint, Fiddle, Fire, . aJi^■^'■-i)ikv(^^•.Jt' Feather, a t c;« >! Vi - 'm-' Girl, (small) i ' ^if .♦ «:-a>Q >;> Girl, (large) -^ >^rtijk? Un-toose, u; n-i«!r» 7-.*4iJ ^a^^ij-i* Nec-ta-geek, (g hard^ wnqiwr Ne-mooche, » . • .i '«S)j4,y ii i r;tv;'rji>i>i!r Na-gucck, - ^>'>n;5 %]»;/!; ; An-glash-e-«we, - Wel-Iake, .iV4«?.'U ; Wen-nooch, .m/HV>irk Ne-ftiaach, - *? v iU<. -I ^ Nooch, >}l(; J Un-tel-a-wig-an,. t^t'^?!, Malse, .'-■;-,■,. • 4:8. A Ab-bc-S-jidck, . v^flif^^uA Puc-tow, Who-quisk, Pe-guing, Aa-pe-ta-chccchi.^5y ?/?^ z) t(o»^f Aa-pe-te«, ('>; irlV'foJi .nfiiA ('(?l7?^;s^l-^ Ke-Roulk, >^ .yii i Paas-cow-we^ .:>JoUrl;j^ Se-nunk, ^^ Un-put-en, -,A^;.i» :?ii- 'iV t^;j/;!'-i^? fi-s'iUi Mo-nou-ch»e,, .b'...ii .'.' i !..ii( Na-sab.-o% . . «> jj'iVuU} "^,1.1 .'1' ■■:r:Uan ^nicwa • • > t >A-:7>N>\ . ■ -■■. ^ . 01/ ) ■ > EiigUsJu . v».! ITravrn, HcIJ, Herring', indiacL, Iron, Knii'c, ' Lakcj (of fresh water) Lobster, Mother, Maple, (white) Mogasin, (Indian shoe) u ')-•;; Mosquito, .cot!* Morning, Macktrel, ■ ^ ,...X ,3:! »-r,(,ij- I^ail, (Iron, &C.J - Noon, ,v,- -'i' .J h , ! •' •>■. #rt Oar, .Octer, ,*:im)J .^^^.tto^h^n NOak, - '"■■' •PaddJcj i'?. i'l .3t^ ;i?/o «f:« 1- Potato, ' '■■■■^^■< i Hope, i'/*, iijj* ■•>.>• l'->t{- loot, ■',•.•'*! >ivrsi I'j/n j.:f^>«vi ted, jf*^^ .'!!••• ir. Lajspbcrr jj n I's *i*j it^jl* i,5« Jhoe, • ' ;«ilH->(i^*grtv" Jon,/- yr 1 (Ti.^; i')H:5 j^/!;: fii^ > b Jhipi, • ••.?!.:' >ea, rawberry, able, humb,' eeth, ree, Fncle, V'hite, ,n ::?;': Ir?i mi J\Jicnnn^ -, I; ^ WiViook, Mun-doo-a-k«, Shoo-gin-a-mccj Il-le-noo, Ciis-a-wi>c, Wag-hon, Wus-pem, »^ Wal-am-quech, Un-kitch, ',1 C he-Qc-c he-moo-c he,; JUm-cuB-scn, Ka-io-nioach, E9rkit-p|0ok, Ham-il-eh-mec, .*n Pe-lai-go, i. /^ iMay-how-la-gmt,^ WAn-jou-lah-o*, Cu-fee-nic, U ii-qu a n-moo-sec^ Ta-gan, Ta-Sa-tate, *A A-bub-bce, Buc*tarwilchq, Ou-ta^bec, /in Ma-quake, ; (Kil-lc-dagh,' * - Wan-jauk-se-naD) . Un-quc-cheech, .'>»:,' (H^tj?' Nab-ig-wan, j ti^ .ttj^ or<^ - £c-ke-tggn, •"l.^t;**! <»'a^*'' ^d-wam-ke-wink, ^ uth:i'nl~"'' Pad-da-loo.tee, ' ''* * Teetcheen, . Ne* bee-del. Gum-mooch, Un-cla-muc-sis, Wab-ake, SS-boffh-\Tan, t -...fir '^' i ,- ■ ' ' >> ■• ■>■ .;vr ,'.-...t •« ■[->vr^ -,'»» VVad-aj > ec* •)'»i4 '!;■•; ''.fi' €b r I' iii' ' ti. i -i' On Kugliih G, WO, Th rpo. our 'ire. MX, ven, Se Eight, Nino, Ten, Naa-cut, "J'ft-boo, Seest, Nil-hoc, Mas As. I Mknuic, 4 t. >t I! r, > H ^1 I IPI.KMI «n. sa-com. ou-ig-i-nacy ■f W I 5 I (.. ) even, Kl Twcl we ve, nty, rg-a-mul-chrn, I*es-roo-nt-cleck, v iJii-tiI-«n, UiHtil-un-ckfWnafi-rut, ^^. ^ ,» Un-til-un-chel-ta-boo, &c. to nineteen. f'»j '.I'.! /:w>r/ rp- ra-l)un-skfiv 1 1/ Twenty-one, . Ta-bun-ska-ihel-naa-cut, &;c. to tw*ntjr-ninc, Thirty, Thirty-one, Forty, Forty-one, Fifty, Fifty-one, Sixty, Sixty-one, Seventy, Stventy-one, Eighty, Eighty-one, Nirvety, Ninety-one, „it,;, Na sin skft, Na sin ska chel na£^ cut, &c. to 39, Na win isku, Na win ska chel naa cut, &.c. to 49, ■Nd an in ska, Na an in ska chel naa cut, &c. to 59, As w, com da sin ska, ,,o!r'(>' As sa com da sin ska chel naa cut, &c, to 69, |jOU ig i nac da. sin ska, Lou ig i nac da sin ska chel naa cut, ^c. to 79 Vs; a mul chih da sin ska, Ug a mul chin da sin ska chel naa cat,&c.to 89 Pes coo nfl dcick da sin ska, , <;'f Pmcoo na deck da sin ska chel naa cut, &c« ■• One hundred, Pes kim tul njig un, . , i Two hutidred, Ta bo«i kes kkn tul nS an^ ' Three hundred, Secst kes Jcim tul na an, Four hundred, Na hou kes kim tul na an, Five hundred, T^a an kes kim tul na an, Six hundred, As ^a com kes kim tul na an, Seven hundred, Lou ig i nac kes kim tul na an. Eight hundred, Ug a mul chin kes kim tul na an, Nine hundred, Pes coo na deck kes kin) tul na an, One thousand, Pid win tul na an. Two thousand, Ta boo pid win tul ha an, Three thousand S^est pid win tul na an, yom- thousand, Na hoo pid mil lul na an, &c. 711:)'!V7 .on i n tf' .1 ^ inn, Monday, Tufsdny, .'.• > '.»t'>>'''^' Wednesday, ^ ^u *J'hnMday, -^'^ <- >^- \i Friday, . v\ o gw:o rl o g\vr«mp, '' Sccsl ol O'-gwamp, »k^.i^.^ Na hoo ct o gwamp, 'utU Quel tain mul timpk, ' '^ Ked du gueg de a wink, Lou ig i nac ta sug e n&, :\. Negh too be na an, Nftft cut teg un de a hook, Tft boo teg un de & hook, Nep ta git tep ca nu set, ^ Ta boo tep ca nu sa jic, Nop idi gun cue. a Ha"? fi iy s fe 'til'-. b'>'n*Pr«H«iil»> Singular, Enf^liah, . ,Vfct«ac, I, rr^Jf^* Neen, Thou, f '^' Keel, He, '^'H^i • . Negham. Plural. 'K- English, Miemae^ «»•;• We, Kenoo, :iJjn You, Kelow, «!'<( They, Negamow* i A-mSil-kT, I dartre, A^mal-knl-ttquc, We dance. A-mal-kati, Thou dancest, A'Hi^l-kat, H^ donees. iMPsarKcT TftMss, Siftgular, PluraU A-mftl-kaUde-yogh, Ye or yi»u dance, A^tnal-kaUde-Jik, They dance ■ 4-«%«V"* x t,-- ' A mal ki yap, I danced, A Dial kape, Tiiou didst A mal kap, He did dance. A ma) kal de cup. We danced, A mal kal dd a hop, Ye or you 1 J j)r; jvr danccd, A mal kal dib nic,Thcy danced * Thist proMuna art never mfd tiuth the ttrbs as in tht Engt Ihh — for example set the last syllahtz of the nhove specimen of ihe verb to dance, by tohieh it will appear that the verb contains the pers-'jn and the number, as is the case in ihe Delanart^ and- other Indian di4xhcts, » i-"JAjM't.»^:iv h - • T.,;.nr.j'.«j\ . • - 62 Mil V' „'^ CHAPTER VI. Chief loTuns and rivers^— Halifax^ StlthmerU of it, Expedilion JitUd out there agamsi the fvfuch in Cumberland, and de- struction of their foris^-^— Capture of LouisOourg and J ale of St. John, — Present gtatt of Halifax, its Population, Public Buildings and Society, -r^ Dartmouth, — Lodge, — Mmmt Uni- acke, — Windsor,-— ,4nnapolii, summary of its hi f lory, urii' cles of capitulation, allempts jor its recovery by the French, — Digby, — Yarmouth^ — Barringlon,^Shclhurne,- Ldverpool, — LvLnenhurg, — Chester, — Truro, — Villages of Cumbe rland. Col, Church's expedition thcre^ — PiiploUf — Shubenqcadie, and Annapolis Rivers, ^c^ ^Cp.oi ii.ir.:-: "npHE beauty and safety of CJiebucto harbour attracted the •*• notice of speculators at a very early period, and many applications were, at difl'erent time* made for a grant of the land in its vicinity. The famous projector Captain Coram xvas engaged, in 1 7 1 8, in .a scheme for settling there, and a Eetition was presented by Sir Alexander Caimes, James Douglas, and Jo&hua Gee,'*' jn behalf of themeeWes and others, praying for a grant upon the sea cpast, five leagues S. Vf. and five leagues N. W. of Chcbucto ; when they proposed to build a town, and to improve the country round it in rais- ing hemp, making pitch, tar and turpentine; and they under- took to settle 200 families there in three years. This peti- tion received a favourable report from the Lords of Trade, but as it was opposed by the Massachusetts Agents, on ac- count of a clause which it^contained rcslrainipg the fishery, it was thrown o^it in the Council. The eagerness with which these petitions were pressed upon the attention of govern- ment, induced ministers to think of taking the settlement in their own hands. A measure of this kind had become ne- cessary from the many disputes, which had arisen between the subjects of England and Era nee, concerning the limits of JQova Scotia, which no treaty had as yet propej-ly ascertained. A fort had been raised, and a small garrison maifitaiiicd at Annapolis Royal, to overawe the French Neutrals settled in the neighbourhood ; but this did not answer the purpose for which it was intended. \j\K)X{ every rupture or dispute ■^^—P** I I ■!»■■■ » ■ ■ '■ i -- I ■■■■■■ 111 ■■■■■■*■■■■■■■■»»■■■ ■■ I 11 ■^■■■■- ■■■^■■■■1^——^ * The author of a well known work on Trade, 63 )/*t/, Expedilion berlund^ and dt- ourg and Jsle of^ ipuiation, Public e, — Alonmt Uni- Its hiflorVy urii- f by the French, urtUy— Liivf.rpooiy f of Cumberland, mbencfcadie, and iir attracted the •iod, and many r a grant of the Captain Coram ig there, and a Caimes, James Ives and others, leagues S. IV. they proposed ound it in rais- nd they under- [•8. This peli- )rd5 of Trade, \ gents, on ac- g the fishery, ess with which ion of govern- settlement in \d become ne- risen between g the limits of y ascertained, m maintained 'Utrals settled r the purpose re or dispute rade, . , 1 between the two crowns, these planters, forgetting their neih Iraliiy, intrigued with the indiiAis, communicated inlelhgrnce to their own countrymen settled at .St. John's and Cape Bre- \ ton, and did all the ill offices their hatred could suggest d agalrwt the the colonies and subjects of Great Britain. 7 A scheme was now formed, for making a new establish- '[ roent, which should further confirm and e»tend the property ^ and d«miinion of the crown of Great Britain in that large * tract ol' country, clear thf uncultivated grounds, constitute - communities, dFft'use th#5 benefits of papulation and agricul* ,i ture, and improve the fishery of that coast, which might be '^ rendered a new source of wealth and commercr^ tc old Eng- j;) land. The particulars of the plan having been duly considered, ^ it was laid before Hi» Majesty, who approved of the design, f,| and referred the execution of it to the board of Trade and 1^' Plantations, over which the Earl of Halifax presided. This ^viiobleraan, endued by nature with an excellent capacity, ^trhich harl been diligently and judiciously cultivated, anima- iSted with liberal sentiments, and fired with an eager spirit of ,y patriotism, adopted the phm with the most generous ardour, Jand cherished the infant colony with paternal aficetion» The Commissioners for Trade antl Plantations immediately ad» J^vertized, under the ianction of his Majesty's authority, that *'|proper encouragement would be given to such of the (officers ,and private men, lately dismissed from the land and sea scr-> ^vice, as were willing to settle, with or without families, in* the • JProvin<:e of Nova Scotia. The scheme was so feasible^ and jthe encouragement so inviting, that in a little time from 3,750 r^lo 4,000 adventurers with their families were entered, accor- ^ ?ding icy the direction of the Board of Trade, who, in the be- '^^ginning of May, set sail from England, umler the command rpo( Colonel Coi*nwalHs, whom the King had appointed their 'Governor; and towards tlic latter end of June 1749, arrived , tat the place of their destination, the harbour of Chcbucto, on ,4the sea (*oast of the Peninsula, about midway between Cope -Canso and Cape Sable, one of the most secure and commo- dious havens in the world, anct well suited for the fishery. ;' Governor ("ornwallis no sooner arrived in this harbour ;th an he WAS joined hy two regiments of Infantry from Cape Breton, (which had been restored to the French by the trr.n- of Aix La Chapelle,) and a company of Rangers of Anna- Us. He then pitched upon a spot for the settlement, and il->( ;> Iff' i'-' it' m I? ''rilf P 1, ■"»■■.. > 'nil ^ Iv.il 4 ■■'* l;^ employe*] thr people in cl«'ari;i^ the ground for laying the fuuiidatiunft of a town ; but somv inconvcniencirg being (iis< covered in this situation, he chose another to the northward, near the harbour, on an easy ascent, eomnianding a pros* pect of the whole Peninsula, and well supplied with rivulets of fresh and wholesome water. Here he began to build a town on a rcgular«plan, in latitude 44" 40' north, and 63° 40' went longitude, and about ten miles distant from the mouth of the harbour. To thi.s place he gave the name of Halifax, in honour of the nobleman who hatl the greatest share in founding the colony^ and before the approach of winter, above 300 comfortable wooden houses were* built, the whole surrounded by a strong palisade. ' ■-'> * j In the first chapter of this book, T attempted to trace the political transfers of this country, and stated that it was finaU ly ceded and secured to Great Britain by the Treaty of Utrecht. It was, nevertheless, the secret but firm dctemw- nation of the court of France to repossess herself of it as soon as the position of her affairs would warrant the attempt. The conduct of her agents and emissaries soon g;tve such strong indications of this design, that it was found necessary for this infant coi6ny to put forth all its energies, to secure its very existence. Before I enter into a detailed description of the present state of Halifax, 1 shall give an account of the difficulties it encountered in its first settlement, and the expeditions it fit- ted out against its enemies. Halifax was no sooner built, than the French spirited the Indians of that neighbourhood to commit hostilities against the inhabitants, some of whom they murdered, ami others they carried prisoners to Louisbourg, where they sold them for arms and ammunition ; the French pretending that they maintained this trafiic from motives of pure compassion, in or- der to prevent the massacre of the Ene:lish captives ; whom, however, they did not set at liberty without exacting an ex- orbitant ransom. As those skulking parties of Indians were generally directed and headed by French commanders, repeated complaints were made to the Governor of Louisbourg, who still answered, that his jurisdiction did not extend over the Indians, and that their French conductors were chosen from thr iahnbitants of Annapolis, who thought proper to remain in liiat fomitrjf ■i'* (1 for laying the icitt being iiis< I the north nrard, aianding a pros* ed wilh rivulets gan lo build a nh, and 63*= 40' Vom the mouth am« of Halifax, rcatest share in lach of winter, built, the whole od to trace the [hat it was fmaU the Treaty of It firm detomit- sclf of it a» soon lealtcmpt. The itve such strong ccessary for thi» ) secure its very of the present the ditficulties it xpeditions it ht- ich spirited the )stiiities against , ami others they y sold them for iding that they ompassion, in or> aptives ; whom, ozaciing an ex- nernlly directed complaints were I answered, that dians, and that the inhnbitants I in tiiat touiitrjf -■M '■m After it was ceded lo tUc Engli^^h, and were in fact the sufci- jccis of Great Britain. Even while the conferences were carried on, for ascertaining the limits of Nova Scotia, tlie Governor of Canada detached M. La Come, with some regu- lar troops, and a body of militia, to fortify a post on the Bay ofChignecto (Cumberland) on pretence that this, and a ffreat part of the peninsula, belonged to his Government, The possession of this post situated on the narrow Isthmus which connect^ Nova Scotia with New Brunswick, not only secured to the Indians of the Continent a free entrance into the Peninsula, and a safe retreat in case of pursuit, but also encouraged the French inhabitants of Annapolis to rise in ojien rebellion against the English Government. In the spring of the year 1750, General CornwalHs, Gover- nor of Halifax, detached Major Lawrence with a few men to reduce them to obedience. At his approach they burned their town to aishes, forsook their possessions, and threw themselves under the protection of M. La Come, who thus reinforced, found himself at the head of 1,500 men, well pro- vided with arms and ammunition. Major Lawrence being un- able to cope with him in the field, demanded an interview, at which he desired to know for what cause the, French inha- bitants of Nova Scotia had shaken off their allegiance to the crown of Great Britain, and violated the neutrality which thev had hitherto alfected to profess. The French oiBicer, without pretending to account for their behaviour, gave him to understand, in general terms, that he had orders to defend his post, and these orders he was determined to obey. The . English major finding himself too weak to attack their united force, and having no orders to commit hosti'-ties against any but the Indians and (heir open abettors, returned to Halifax, without having been able to fulfil the purpose of his expedi- tion, immediately after his retreat, the French Neutrals it- turned to their respective farms, and in conjunction with the Indians, renewed their depredations upon the inhal)itants of Halifax and its dependent settlement. The English Governor, justly incensed at these outrages, and seeing they would nei- ther submit to the English Government themselves, nor allow others to enjoy it with tranquility, resolved to expel them edectually frQfn the country.* Major Lawrence was ag:un .^.„. *. * Sec SihqIUCs History. of Englund, it H 'I J, I i !l ;: 1 1- :' ■■rh ■ I*. ". .*. j»> ..J ••, I, . ». Jetached with 1,000 men, transported by sea to Chi ffticctv (Cumberland), where he found the French and Indians in- trenched in order to dispute his landing. Notwithstanding this opposition, he made a descent with u few conipanies^ received and rcturn«d a smart fire, and rushing into their intrenchments, obliged them to fljr with the utmost precipita- tion, leaving a considerable number killed and wounded on the spot. The fugitives saved themselves by crossing a river, on the'further bank of which La Come stoor< at the head of his troops, drawn up in order to receive them as friends and' dependants. He had by this time erected' a fort, which he denominated Beau Sejour; and. now the English built ano- ther on the opposite side of the river, which was called, after its founder. Fort Lawrence. This being provided with a good garrison, ser%'ed as a check upon the French, and in some measure restrained the incursions of their barbarians* Not that it eflfectually answered this purpose, fbr the Indian?^ and Neutrals still seized every opportunity of ailacldng the- English in the interior parts of the Peninsula. '^^ .. In the course of the succeeding year, they surprised the- little town of Dartmouth, on the other side of Halifax Bay,, where they killed and scalped a great number of people,^ and carried off some others. For these expeditions the French always supplied them with boats, canoes, arms^ and ammunition; and indeed they were conducted with such care and secrecy, that it was almost impossible' to prevent their success. The Indians continued to plunder and massacre the British subjects with impunity, and were countenanced by the French Government in that country, who now strength- ened their lodgment on the neck of the Peninsula at Cumber- land with an additional fort, distinguished by the name of Baye Verte, and built a third at the mouth of St. John's . River, on the north side of the Bay of Fundy. ♦o Jn the beginning of the year 1755, the Assembly of Massa- chusetts' Bay in New England, passed an act prohibiting all! correspondence with the French at Louisbourg ; and early in the spring they raised^ a body of troopS w hie H was transport- ed to Nova Scotia, to assist Lieutenant Governor Lawrence in driving the French from the encroachtnehlithey had made . upon the Province. Accordingly, towartW 1SU end of May, the Governor sent a large detachmentof troops, under the command of Lieutenant Coloxicl Monkton upon this service;; m »a to CBfgrfccW and Indians in^ Notwithstanding few coropanieiSy siring into their ilmost precipita- md wounded on crossing a river, A at the head of n as friends and fort, which he iglish built ano- wDS called, after provided with a French, and in heir barbarians* , for the Indianf^ )f auacking the jEi>. *y surprised the* )f Halifax Bay^ nber of people, expeditions the inoes, arms^ and sd with such care o prevent their and massacre countenanced ho now strengih- isula at Cumber- :>y the name of h of St. John's embly of Massa-- rt prohibiting all rg •, and early in; ;H was transport- ernOr Lawrence L^ they had made la^A end of Mfty, roops, under the ion this service ;; md three frigates and a sloop were dispatched up the Hay if Fundy, under the command of Captain Rous, to give their ssistancc by sea. The troops, upon ilieir arrival at the iver Massaquash, found the passage stopped by a large mbcr of regular forces, reliel Neutrals or Acadians, and ndians, 450 of whom occupied a block-house, with cannon, louuted on their side of the river; and the rest were posted ilhia a slrong breast-work of timber, thrown up by way of ,,^jputwork to the block-house. The English Provincials attacked '[||his place with such spirit, that the eucmy were obliged to fly, ft^nd leave ihcm in possession of the breast-work. Then the '^arriapn in the blpck-house deserted it, and left the passage f the river free. From thence Colonel Monkton advanced the French fort qf I^eau Sejour, which he invested, as far I least as the small nuHjber of his troops would permit, on e 12th of June; and after (byr days' bombardment obliged to surrender, thougjj the French had twenty-six pieces cannon mounted, and plea^ of ammunition, and the Eng- isK had not placed a single cannQn ijpon their batteries. The garrison was sent to Lpuisbpurg, on condition of not cariog arms in America for the spacp of six months ; and ^lijie Acadians who had joined the French, were pardoned, in (Onsidcration of their having been forced into that service, ""olonel Monkton, after pittmg a garrison into this place, and ranging its name to that of Cumberland, the next day at- cked and reduced the other French fort, upon the river aspcreaux, which runs into Bay Verte, where he likewise und a large quantity of provisions and stores of all kinds ; at being the chief magazine for supplying the French I*- ans and Acadians with arms, ammunition, and other ncces- es. He then disanned these last to the number of 1 5,000, nd in the meantime Captain Rous with his ships sailed to le mouth of the river St. John, to attack the new fort the reach had erected there ; but they saved him that trouble ly abandoning it upon his appearance, after having burst eir cannon, blown up their magazine, and destroyed as far » they had time, allthp works they had lately raised, The nglish had but twenty men killed, and about the same num- er wounded, in the whole of this expedition, the success of hich secured the tranquility of Nova Scotia. A powerful rival and enemy still remained unsubdued in c neighbourhood, an^ , it w^s found ipipossible to carry on .•1 'TiKS Fl' m Pi! ii': i'M Wf If *,' ''*/: I ( ■; „! t .M h vM !i i' 'pi ■■'4 6d , any trade at Halifat, while the French were in po««cMion of Cape Breton and the Island ol St. John. Immediate prepar- ations therefore were made for the reduction of these places* Major Geheral Amherst and the celebrated General Wolfe be- ing joined by Admiral Boscawen with a fleet and forces from England, the whole armament consisting of 167 sailt t«ok their departure from the harbour of Halifax in Nova Bcotia, on the 28th of May, and on the second of June part of the tran>ports anchored in the Bay of Gabarus, about seven miles to the westwai'^1 of Louisboure. The garri8on of this place, commanded by the Chevalier Drucor, consisted of 3,500 re- gular troops. 300 militia formed of the burghers, and towards the end of the siege they were reinforce^ by 350 Canadians, including sixty Indians. The harbour was secured by six ships of the hne, and five fi'igates, three of which the enemy sunk across the harbcur^s mouthy in order to render it inacces- sible to the English shippingf After a brave defence of up- wards of twenty days, Louisbourg surrendered, and on the 27th day of July, three companies of erenadiers commanded by Major Farquhar took possession ofthe western gate ; and ,Brigaflier Whitmore was detached into t\ie town to see the garrison, lay down their arms, and deliver up their colonies on Che esplanade, and to post the necessary guards on the stores, magazines and ramparts. Thus at the expense of about 400 men killed and wounded, the English obtained possession of the important Island of Cape Breton, find the strong Town of Louisbourg, in iihich the victors found 221 pieces of cannon, with eighteen mortars, and a considerable quantity of stores and ammunition. The merchants and in- habitants were sent to France in English bottoms, but the garrison, together with the sea oflicers, marines and mariners, amounting in all to 5,637 prisoners, were transported to En- gland. The loss of Louisbourg was the more severely felt by the French King, as it had been attended with the destruc- tion of so many considerable ships and frigates. The parti- culars of this transaction were immediately carried to Eng- land, in a vessel dispatched for that purpose, with Captain Amherst, brother to the Commander, who was also entrusted with eleven pair of colours taken at Louisbourg; these were by his Majesty's order, carried in pompous parade, escotted by detachments of horse and foot guards, with kettle drums and trumpets, from the Palace of Kensington to St. VhxxW 69 « alhousie for the use of the officers of the garrison. The other government buildings are the General's Hou^je, ir residence of the Commandant, the Military Hospital, built iy the late Duke of Kent, and the Stores belonging to the Ordnance. The Colonial Buildings are Government House, the Pro- ince Building and the Court House. The first, which is the ssidence of the Lieutenant Governor, is built of brown free bne wfll polished, and is situated in the south end of the town^ Province Building is also erected of an excellent free >ne, and is the best built and handsomest edifice in North limerica. The dimensions of it are 140 feet in length, 70 in Eidth. and 4? in height. It contains all the public Provin- |al Offices, the Secretary's, Surveyor General's, Treasurer's^ rothonotary's, «fcc. Also apartments for the Legislature id Supreme Court, lobbies, vestibules, anti-rooms, &c. It IS two passages on the ground floor, one extending the whole igth ot the building, and one running from the front to the tar. It is. situated in the centre of the town in the middle of jquare, the whole of which is neatly inclosed with an iron ice. This building is much beyond the state of Nova :otia, and on too large and expensive a scale for the means id revenue of the country. The Court House is a plain brick building in which there I an Exchange Room for the merchants, and suitable apart-. '% Ml i.( "I 1 I; r I ■ '4 1 1 r ■>. !li I 1 rhS \i ■■> Xi I ' I ill inents fdr thr Court of Common Pleas. There is aho a large ivooden building, called Free Masons* Hall, in which the public assemblies for dancing are usually held. Besides the Schools and the Poor House, elsewhere no- ticed, Halifax contains a House of Correction or Bridewell, which was established in 1815. Persons designated in the act, as liable to be committed to Bridewell for a lime net ex^ ceeding seven years, are described vaguely as disorderly and idle people ^^ who notoriously mispend their time te the neglect of their own and fumily^s support,^' and those who are convicted of any clergyable or " lesser criminal offence." There are in the township a Paper Mill, a Sugar Refinery, and a Distillery. This place also maintains five weekly Newspapers which arc as well edited and managed as any in Korth America. The harbour of Halifax, which is about sixteen miles in length, is large enough to contain any number oS shipping in perfect safety. It lies nearly north and south, and termin* ates in a beautiful sheet of water, caHed Bedford Basin, in which there are ten square miles of good anchorage ground. A Light-House on a small island marks the entrance. The . lantern is elevated above the sea 200 feet. A small party uf artillery are stationed there to attend the signals, and are furnished with two 34 pounders as alarm guns. This harbour having no river connected with it (for Sack- ville river is a mere brook), and the wind during winter pre* 'vailing from the north and north-west, there is no floating ice, and it very rarely occurs that it is so frozen as to impede m- -vigation. There is an island at the entrance of the harbour called M'Nabb's, which was oridnally granted to Lord Corn- 'Wallis in 1788, and by him sold to the father of the present proprietor for one thousand pounds. It contains about one , thousand and ninety acres. Viewing Halifax from the en- .' -trance of the harbour, it has a very pleasing appearance. .;It is situated on the side of a high hill, and as it contains S6 ' . veral churches and public buildings, which are all on an ele^i vated ground, it appears much larger than it really is; cons -^ quently there is a feeling of disappointment, atnnding tb l^'it is not reality but effect. To one accustomed to thegoo^i ^^ old substantial towns of Europe, and who has never seer • America, this new and wooden town presents a novel an " ' interesting scene* The unpaved streets, the great inequalii; 75 Jin the size of tht houses, and the cxtpcm^* lace are very dissimilar. The incongruities and peculiari- \y of this Colony, in a short time lose their novelty, and cease excite remark ; and we soon begin to Hnd the same reli- gion, the same spirit of loyalty, and, though differing in many >articulnrs, yet on the whole the same manners as in Eng- i\nd. The society is composed of the permanent inhabit- mtb, the officers of the army and navy and their families, ind the officers of public departments. Many persons have been struck with the resemblance be- reen the society of this town, and that of a watering place England, from the constant llucluation which it is perrietu- lly undergoing by the change of its inhabitants. Officers olding situations under government, generally intermix brgely in society^, and by the time they have established a lirclc of acquaintance and friends, a removal takes place ; ^ut this removal is no ordinary one, it is not to this or that )st, but it is to another hemisphere, from the new to the old forld, and is attended with this painful addition to the sepa- ition, that it is probably for ever. The European pnrt * the society do not look forward to spending their latter lys in Nova Scotia, and the idea of home seldom intermixes lith their schemes of life. There is a great want of permanency in the society, a fix- ire of families. This transitory stale of things is incident ' every Colony, but it is not the less injurious to it. It is )vious that this mode of reearding the country as a hired )use, as ready furnished lodgings which we can quit at a oment's warning, leaves the landlord but little ground to ex- jct, that the tenant will expend much in repair or substan- li improvements, in beautifying or ornamenting the pre- lises, when he intends to quit at the expiration of his lease, kmong this class there is little or none of that feeling of local ttachment, that affection for things and places, that regard )r names and persons, which, though apparently unimpor- int in itself, constitutes the very association of ideas, which J •> 74^ »» ■ r > Si Mr the parent of the amor patria, or love of rountry. TTiw tvil hHo howi'ver its counterbalance, theso gentlemen bring with them Knglifth manners, English principles and Engli.^h feeling. The^ keep alive in the Colony aa attachment, not only K>r individuals irv England, but for the government and country itself; and, although most come with an inteirtion to return, some settle in the Province for life. To i hem also Ha- lifax is indebted for most of its splendour and gaiety. A mer- chant on the contrary who amasses much property at Halifax, and removes to Great Britain to enjoy the fruits of his labours, exhausts the funds of the country ; and large sums of money have at various times been transferred in that manner from the Colpny for ever. There are alway* im this town a few British merchants whose intention is to return to Europe, and their hope to return soon. The wealth of the Province there- fore is not centred at Htilifax as many people suppose. If wc hear of large mercantile establishments, rich firms, &c. it is necessary to inquire who are they composed of. Are thcy~ natives of the country, or are they strangers ?^ If of the first class their wealth belongs to the country, and* may be placed in the column of the table which estimates its riches, if not, their property can no more be said to belong tO; the town, than the ships in- the harbour, which carry ihc flags of differ* cnt nations. It is like a caravait which halts at a village, it fills it with riches to-day,, but it departs onthe morrow. The realwealth of the Province therefore is not at Halifax, it is^ in the country, in the owners of the soil, in the respectable body of yeomen who live on their own farms; whose ira- provemeints are their countryls, the individual amount of whose property is small but permanent. The style of entertainment, the hours, feci are always in imitation of those at Government Hbusc, the residence of the Lieutenant Governor. The fashions of the place are impoFt- «d from Great Britain ; and in respect to the dress and man- ners of the inhabitants in general,' it is that of a provincial town in England. The gayest season is in winter. The first fall of 5?now is hailed as the commencement of amusement. Sleighs built, decorated and trimmed in all the different shapes and forms that the fancy of the owners can devise, immediately make their appearance ; some driven with four horses, and some | with, twoy either abreast or tandem» So long as the snow # . 75 it fall of snow li ttinurj on the ground, thitj dmiiiirm^nt is pro^rfuled wIlTi rrcdt eagerness and spirit. In the winter al»o there are pub- tir assemblies fur (lancinK got up by subscription among the inhabitants, or by ilieomcers of the cliiTcrent regiments, and lunu'timcs by both. Besides the«c there are balb given hj the Governor. These balls are either public or private, either confined to a j^lect society, or extended generaUy to ill who have admission to Government l^touse. Of late years the town has been much enlivened -by an imatcur theatre, fitted up in very good taste, and plays pei'- rnied by the oiliiuirs of the garrison and their ladies, which |cnds to increase the gaiety of the f)lace, and pass aiway the lullness of the winter. In most oilier particulars HalifajL fesembles a county town in England, and therefore needs but title additional ebsorvation. The arrival ^of the English packets in th/e spring it event anticipated with mtich anxiety, as the reconv- lencement of direct intercourse ,with England. The de- farture of the last in autumn also excites some interest, as it the period at which it i» usual to make the remittances rhich are to ckwe Ute accounts x^f th£ current year. The Cessation of the packet service during winter is perfectly uiv icessary, as Halifax is at all seasons of the year accessible. the mail -can be conveyed every vnonth regularly by a >vernment vessel from Bermuda to Halifax as at present, rhy can it not as well be f«nl by the packet ? Yet such has ;en the arrangement for somo years past. The ground occupied by government ijS a great iinpeted to his Royal Highnesf who expended hirge 6uu)8 of money in making and repairing roads, creeling buildings, Ulc, The roads then made ander his authority, have required but little repair until the present pe- riod. About eighteen miles beyond the Lodge on the same ixoad is a handsome country residence ^ Mount Uniacke,'' belonging to Richard John uniacke, Esquire, the Attorney iOeneraU This house is situated between two very hand- lome lakes, the margins of which still retain their ancient growth of wood. A very considerable sum of money has 3cn expended at this pbce by the worthy proprietor, and lany poor families maintained upon the estate in cottages [erected for that purpose. It is much the largest and hand- somest private establishment in the Colony. Windsor is the county town of Hants County, and is situ- ited nearly in the centre of the province, on the banks of the liver Avon. The town is sipall but well built and one of the prettiest in America. I'hc scenery in the neighbourhood is Remarkably fine, and the undulation of the land such as to pre- sent a great variety in the landscape. The scene is diversi- led by the serpentine windings of the Avon and St. Croix ri- rer8,which are liordered on either side by rich and fertile mea- lows. The neighbourhood ot Windsor is not devoid of trees fnd groves, as most of the cultivated parts of the country, iaving some of the original tenants of the forest still remain- ig. There are also a few good hedges in its vicinity, which |;row in a very luxuriant manner, and which in time will be- come the most prevalent kind of fence. The whole of this leighbourhood is extremely beautiful, the luxuriance of the Dcadows, the frequent changes of scenery, the chain of high (ills on the south and west cloathed with wood of variegated iliage, the white sails of the vessels passing rapidly through le vales, are some of the leading features of this landscape. In the town itself there is not much commerce, the rincipal export consisting of plaister of Paris or Gyp- im, which is shipped from different parts of the rivers lost contiguous to the quarries where this fossil is raised, 'his place is fortv-five miles from Halifax by land, to vrhlth lere is an excellent road. It contains besides the College ind Academy elsewhere described, a Church, a Roman ,nlholic Chapel, a Mcihotlist. a Presbyterian, and aBpptist leeting House,- and Court House. About six miles above n Windfior is a wooden bridge across the Avon, which connects that township with Falmouth. At the town of Windsor ano- ther bridge is now coinDienccd of i,000 feet in length over the same river, the expense of which is intended to be defrayed by a lotterVk There is a small military post at Windsor, called Fort Edward, after his Royal Highness the late Duke of Kent, which is much out of repair, and now scarcely tenantablc. After leaving Windsor and proceeding on the great western road, the travello* is verj much struck by the ex!ent and beauty of a view which Inirsts upon him very unexpectedly on descending the Horton Mountains. A sudden turn of the road displays at once the townships of Horton and Cornwal» lis, with the Basin of Minas, and the Gaspercaux and Horton Rivers. Beyond is a lofty and extended chain of hills prer senting a vast ch&sm, apparently burst out by the waters of eleven rivers that empty into the Basin of Min^s which here escape into the Bay of Fundy. The great breadth and ex- tent of this view, the still retired verdant *^ale, at the foot of the mountain, the extended township of Horton interspersed with groves of wood, and cultivated fields, and the cloud capt summit of the lofty Cape which terminates the chain of North Mountain, form an assemblage of objects rarely united with so striking an effect. The post road, after passing through parts of Horton, Corn- wallis, Aylesford andOranviHe townships, brings the traveller td Atinapolis, formerly Port Royal. This place from the earli- est settlement of the conntry, until the establishment of Hali- fax, was the capital of the Province, and heiad quarters for the forces of France and England, as they akernately posses- sed the country. Much of the history of Ndva Scotia is con- nected with this place; for the capture of Port Royal was for- merly considered the conquest of the whole Peninsula. I shall therefore select from these occurrences, such as 1 think will interest those who have a local knowledge; of the country. A Fort built there by De Monts in - - . - Destroyed by Sir Samuel Argall - - - - - Granted (with the rest of the country) to Sir > William Alexander ------ ^ Restored to France by Treaty Reconquered by the Eiujlis^h and Major Sedgwick Restored lo France by Treaty - - t - - - 1603 1618 1621 1632 1654 16&7 tf Reronqucird by Sir William Phippa - - - • 1650 Restored to France by Treaty - - - - - - 1697 Reconquered by General Nicholson - - • - 1710 And secured to Great Britain by the Treaty) i7i« of Utrecht i "»' On the fourteenth of May 1692, Sir WiUiam Phippt arrivr at Boston from England with the new charter of Massar ^husetts, which was found to include within its limits Nova kotia. That gjs^vernment therefore isRQcd commissions, and istruction for the management of the Colony^ and not only Itted out the subsequent expeditions against the French in* iabitants, but maintained the garrison at Annapolis. The Expenses requisite for the protection and government of this ^lace were so great, that they finally petitioned England to ^nd regular troops there,, at the national expense, which re* lest, as it was considered a tacit abandonment of their ^im to the country, was complied with. After the treaty of Utrecht, therefore,. I find no forther noi- le taken c^that part of their charter which contained Nova :otia. Of the two last armaments dispatched by Massa* lusetts for dislodging the enemy from Annapolis, and the ibsequenb attempts of the French for its recovery, 1 shall i\e a brief account. In 1 707 Massachusetts, assisted by Rhode Island and New [ampshirc, equipped an expedition for the capture of Port loyal, which was conveyed by the Dcptford Man of War, ^ptain Stukely,and the Province Galley, Captain Southack. le land forces were under the command of Colonel March*. ley arrived at the place of destination on the 26lh of May*. >1onel March immediately landed with 700 men, on the irbour side, and Colonel Appleton with 300 men, on th(» [her side, now called Granville. The next day as Marcb id his men were advancing towards the fort, he discovered >ut 200 of the enemy near the summit of the hill, witb ibercase, the Cdramander-in-chicf^ at their head. . A short tirmish ensued, in which the French Governor had his horso lied under him ; but the numbers being very unequal, the rench soon retreated, leaving two of their men killed, and iving wounded thr^e of the English. On the 29th, Colonel Ippleton and his 300 men were attacked by a body of Indi* Ss joined by about 60 Canadians, who had arrived a few liys previous to man a Pi-ivatccr that lay in the harbour* 80 V i They killed tw* of the English and then retreated. All ihe inhahitatXft t'oi'M>ok (heir houseti, and retired to the i'ort which was well garrisoned. They krpt up a coniinuai fire with cannon and morturs upon the English camp, but not having any skilful engineers, very few of their shells fell so as to be any annoyance. The Indians upon every quarter, skulked about, and shot down every man who ventured without the camp. The English soon opened their trenches, and in three or four days, having made some practicable breaches, de- termined upon a general assault ; but advancing toward the fort, and finding no'deserters come over, they altered their minds, and on tne sixth or seventh of June the whole army returned. Colonel Kidknap the Engineer, and Colonel Ap- pleton went to Boston for further orders, and the rest of the army to Casco Bay, having two men scalped, in sight, while embarking, without being able to render them any assistance. Governor Dudley, notwithstanding the diffidence expressed by these officers, thought of nothing short of the reduction of Port Royal, and after so ereat an expense in raising such an armed force, and so little diminution of it, he was unwilling to abandon the design, and sent immediate orders for the forces to remain where they were, until he should consider of further measures. Colonel Hutchinson, Colonel Towns- end, and Mr. Lcverett were selected to superintend the pro- ceedings. They embarked about the middle of July in a vessel belonging to Captain Gcrrish, without about 1 00 de- serters who had left the army at Casco. Upon their arrival they found parties formed in the army, no suoordinatign in the men, a coldness in the officers, and an aversion in I he pri- vates to return to the ground they had left. But it seems that the Governor had insisted, that at all events, the army should return to ihe attack. The tenth of August they again crossed over to Port Roy- al, where they landed, but on the opposite side of the fort, and in every respect, in a much worse condition than before. The nights were growing cold, the men sickening, and the army in general incapable of sustaining the fatigues of a siege. Wheelwright's letter to the Commissioners August 1 Uh shews the state they were in : — " Our not recovering the intended ground on the opjx)sitc side is a mighty advantage to the enemy, as they have an opportunity, and ore improving it, for casting up trenches in the very place we designed to land, m » • m(\ draw up our wntll fotces, Vesferday the French, sbottf eight o^clock in the forenoon, on the fort point, with a smtfU party of St. John's Indians, begatt to fire upon our river guards, and 80 continu'ed until about three in the aftcrnooiY : there. appeared about one, hundred Indians and French upon the same ground, who kept conCinuaUy firing at us until dafk. Several were shot through their clothes, and one IndmW through the thigh. About fou* in the afternoon I suipTered a' number of men, about 40 or 50, to g6 do^n to the bank of [the river, to cut thatch to cover their tcnii. All returncKi [well except nine of Captain Dimmock's men, who were sur- [rounded by at least one hundred French and Indians, who I in a few minutes killed every one of them, then: bodies being [mangled in a frightful manner^ i return yott' Dr. Ellis's ac- count of the sick — G»od help us." Thft army contin^iCcI ashore until the 20th, when they re-embarkedi The encmy [ihen attacked them. The English accounts say thdt tfi^f ' illed and wound«d many of the enemy, and finally put them to flight. The French say that both retreated by turnsi. Each seemed to have been glad to be released of the presence of the other. About 16 were killed* in the whole expedition, Knd as many wounded. The conquest of this place was an' bject of too much importance to be thus easily abandbn- ed, and accordingly, * another and more successful expedUion was fitted in ITlO. On the 18th of September aifleet consist- ing of 36 saii left Narttucket for Port' Royal, having on board a g;iment of marines, and 4 regiments raised iti New England*. he fleet arrived on'the 24th Snpteml^r. One transport, Capt* Taye, ran ashore at the mouth of the river and was lost, to- ether with 26 men. The forces were landed without oppo- ition. Subercase the French Governor had only 260 men, nd most of t4iem he was afraid to trust out of the fctt't, uttdpl^ n apprehension that they would' desert to the Englifeh. Ajt- e army were marching up to the (brt several men were kil- ed by the inhabitants, who fired from bchivid their housesf nd fences, and made their escape. On the 39th' the C-Jover- or sent out a fla*^^ of truce, praying leave tor some of his la- ies, who WTZ .tfraid of the bomhfe, to be sheltcre^^ in the nglish camp. The officer, not observing the rules of war, * See Gov, Hulch'mson'*^ Hkfory of Alassachusells'' Bayy tot. 2.- ;). 181. K •i* I 4\ i ^ m Vtts |Mt ttiid(*r an Aireit, and an English officer seat t6*di» fort to acquaint the Governor with the cause of his detention.* The first of October the two engineers, Forbes and Kidknapy had three batteries open, twa morlari and 34< cohorn mortars* ready withia a hundred yards of the fort, add began their firing, the French retumine shot and sheila at the same time.* The same da/ Col. Taylor and Capt. Abercrombie were s^nt with a summons to surrender ;> and in consequence there- of a cesftdtioB of arlDtwa*< agreed upon, the terms of capitu- lation soon aettlsd^ aod the oiext day the following-, articles •igned* *^ Arttelef of capitulatfoivi agrved upoa fof the- surrender of the fort at Port R^al, &c. bdtween* Francis- Nicholson^. Esquire, General and Commander-in-chief of all the forces ot her Britannic Majesty, Anne,/ Queen of Greats Britain, and> Monsieur Saberoase, Governor, ^c- fop hi» most- Christian Majesty. K That tNe ^rrison shaU marth out with their aras^ and baegQite, drumt btating^ and'Cnlours flying. if. That'there shall be a sufficient number of ehips, and> previsions- 1» transport the said garrison to Kochel or Roch« fort,, by the shortest passage, when they shall be furnished with passports for their return. llftTmit I may. take out six^giaAt and twO'mofCarsi sucb at I shall think' At». IV. "JThat the o^Acers^ stiall carry out all their effects, of what sort soever, except they do agree to the selling them, the payment of which to be upon good faith. . V. That the inhabitants witbio cannon-shot of Port Royal, fhall remain' upon their estates, with their corn, oattle, and ^rniture, during two years, in case they are not desirous to! go before, they takmg the oath of • aUegianee and fidelity toj er Sacred Majesty ef Great Britain. VT. That a vessel be provided for the privates belonging* | to the Islands of America, for their transportation thither, j VII. That those, that are desirous to go> for Plaoentia iaj {Newfoundland, shall have leave by the nearest passage. Vni. That the Canadians, orthose that are desirous to go tkerf , may, during the space of one year. ! IX. That effects, ornaments, and utensils of the chapel and] hpspital shall be delivered to the almoner. X* 1 promise todeliver the Fort of Port Royal inta lands of Francis Nicbolson, ^sjuire, for ^t j^U«en ot 'Qrettt Iritain, wK^in t^ir^ .days after Che i«iification of this pre* ept Treaty, wkit adl ihe effects belonging to the king, aigun'* lortars, bpntbs, baM^^w^ergand all other small arms* XI. I will djscoveruponmy f%ith all.Ule!Biii|ies,iti|MM% ihd casemate^. XII. All the artiHee of this present fi^^^t^'^^l^ •xak (uted i>pon gOQd faith without di^oiltjr, aQd sigmed bj eadi ^thcf, at hmr Majesty of Great ^ritain^s Camp, before Port Royal Fort, this ifeooDd day of October, in the ninth year qt }€T Majesty^s "Reign, Annpqne Bomini Iv710. FRANCIS KICHOLSON, SUBEHCASE. I1ie Englis!i lost 1# ^r Idnien in tills expedition, besides c twenty-flix droirned when the transpprt was lost, Crene» 1 NichoHon hamg left a safl^cient garrison uiSLder the com- and of Colgnel Vetch, whp ws^s destined in the event of ccess, to the government of t^ country, retnnjed with the et and f^'my to Boston, arriring there tae Hth of Qctober* in 1 71 1 an expedition was fitted put la Massaichusetts a- inst Canada, which, although it failed of success, yet in all bability sa^xed Annapolis from falling into t|^e hands of French. Tite garrison there was redttced to a handful of u Betwteen ivjftq and three hundred «f the New Er^land trees were Iccpt tbere after the place was cpnouered, and ^ey were so reduced by sickneis, f"-. to be afraMwen of tha :adian8 alone, without any additions * f^reftgth* The French ^urt, sensible of its mistake, in not giving morf attention to S preservntion of that country when it was in its hands, ;b8ed t^c Ciovernpr of Cdmada, in the strongest manner, to kert liinreeif fpr the recovery of it. A body of troops was [ised and ready tp depart from Canada for Nova Scotia, icn the news arrived of tlie departure of th^ fleet from iKsacbosetts, and the ftwcc that was designed against Nova ^tia, was detaine<| to defend Canada. The French inha? ints of Acadia, having notice of the force intended for their lief, threw aside all reserve, and became so hostile that i^ ^R not safe for a Englishman to appear i^ ithoutthe precincts the fort.. As soon as the Acadiatis heard of this disap- linlmeut, thry became t^ubmrssive, and made acknotrlrrli;- Snt of tVir faults : bat at the wime time intimated to V»ii« the French commander-in-chief, that his Majesty th« u fi I ■ ■ !!' m Kii^'Of Prance bad no better subjects, -and that nccestitjr alone had induced them to submit. These were ihe inhabit- ants oi! the Banlieue (three miles round the fort) included in the copituPiition. jVfany of those at a distaucc had not yield- ed -to the li^uglishf and Uaptain Pigeon, an ofllccr of the rcgu« IdVs, w;as sent up the river to reduce them to subjection, and $0 Aut limber fur the repair of the fort. He wati surprised by ^ great number of Indians, who killed the fort major, the engineer, ♦ and all the boat's crew, and took thirty or forty 9f the pi^ty prisoners. This stroke 'encouraged the inha bitants to take up arms agaii), and iive hundrcu of them, witn as many Indian:* as they could collect, were preparing to at- tack the fort, expecting an experienced officer from rlacen- tia to head them, .but the Governor of ihat place not being ^blc ttb spare one, they laid down their arms and dispersed. In 174^6 Annupulis was again threatened with an attack of 9L very formidable nature. The year preceding, Louisbourg had Dccn .captured by a colonial force to the very great as- topisbinent o(f both England aud France.. The latter had conceived plans of extensive revenge on the American Pro- yinces.' Ihe Duke D'Anville, a nobleman in whose courage l^pd conduct great confidence was placed^wus appointed to the command of the expedition. On the 22d of Jun^ the fleet left l^ooheUe, consisting of eleven ships of the line, thir- ty ^ms^tler vessels carrying from JO to 30 guns, and transport sni()6 with ,3,1^0 land forces, commanded by )3rigadier Gene- ral Cormeret. The French of Nova Scotia, it was expected >vould join them, and Jiamsay, a French officer, with 1,70Q Canadians and indians were actually in arms there, ready for their arrival. After a cserics of storms tbis large fleet was dispersed and disabled* The Didce D'Anville, in the North- iMnbcriantl, anived at Chebucto (Bedford Basin) oa the 12lh of Sei^ember, with one other ship of the line and three trans- ports. He found in the harbour one of the fleet, and after iraiting several days, three transports came in. Agitated, beyond measure, in thus disappoiniing the high expectations which this powerful armament had created in France, the puke's health wTis so much aijected, that he died suddenly] ■ -" ' ■ ' ' ■ ". I " • .. ' ! L. I ■ :■ ' » ■ ' r . I ' I- ! ' * The f.ttr^e of this disanter is sijluatc4 aUmi seven miles o*] hove iht fori on the road io Halifax^ and is slili called Bloody ] ^reek, . - fA that nccesaiiy re ihe inhabit- :>i't) included in ; hud not yield- ;cr of the rcgu- subjection, and a» surprised by fort major, the thirty or forty aged the in ha ;d of them, wita preparing to at- r from riacen- )lace not being 8 and dispersed, ifith an attack of ling, Louisbaurg ic very great as* The latter had : American Pfo* n whose courage ras appointed to l2d of Junp the of the line, thir^ ins, and tcansport Brigadier Gene- it ivas^ expected fficer, with 1,70Q rms there, ready lis large fleet was ille, in the Norths asin) oathc 12ih ; and three trans- t fleet, and after le in. Agitated, ligh expectations I in France, the le died suddenly m Ai mii seven miles a*, till called t^lodii^ ^OD the 'ith day after Ids arrival ; the French say of aooplexjr^ the jEpgliiih of poison. A few days after his deaili. Vice? I Admiral D^l^stournelle, with three or four ships of the line, rejoined the scjuadron at Chcbucto. Monsieur dc la Jon- Iquiere, Governor of Canada, was on board of the Norihuxa- berland, and had been declared a Chief D'Escadre^ which [roade him next in command to the VicerAdmiral. In a [council of war on the 18th, the Vice- Admiral proposed re* [turning to France. Four of their first rates and a fire ship^ lad either returned, or were so disabled that it was found leccssary to destroy them.* The land forces were chiefly [on board the missing ships, and those who had arrived were lin very sickly condition. This motion was strenuously op* Iposed by Joncjuiere, who maintained that they were" in a situation to recover Annapolis and Nova Scotia, after which ^hcy might return to France. After a lon^ debate the attack m Annapolis was decidtd upon by the majority. The Vicc- ^dmiraPs spirits were aftected to such a degree as to throw lim into a fever, attended with a delirium, in which, imagin- ng himself a prisoner, he ran himself through the body« Having lost both the Admiral and Vice»Admiral, and a- )ove one-half of tlie forces, the remnant of this once power- il fleet left Chcbucto for Annapolis on the 13th of October. 'heir misfortunes however were not yet completed, for, en» :ountering a dreadful storm off Cape Sable, they were so lispersed and weakened that they returned to France. The lews of the first disasters of the fleet having reached France )y some of the returned vessels, two men of war were imme* liaicly dispatched with orders to Jonquiere, to take Annapo^ at all eveuti^ but the fleet had sailed three or four days lefore they arrived. At the present period the town of Annapolis is a place of Ltlc importance. It contains a Court House, Church, and lethodist Chapel, a Government House, or residence for the ;iommandant, and very good quarters for both oflicers and Below Annapolis about twenty miles is the town of rw^! • I* ^L ' I • 111 1 1 • ■ .1 len. >igby. The air of this j^lace is remarkably salubrious, the * Two of these skips, scuttled in Balford Basin, are still to l»c seen, in very cahn clear wtnther. The Duke was a person the greatest rank^ who had ever died in America at thai :nod. « wttcr emellcnt, and tht town rendered particularly agve^ •bl« in summer by a cqoI «ea h^Wlde, }t is much frequented during the auiunyn by cQmpajiy from New Brunswick. A packet runs opqc a weel^ thronehout the yeaf^Wtfreen Digby and St. Jobn's. About tiiree rnucs bel^w the t^wji tlie iratrrs of Digby Biitin arc connected with the Bay 4^ Fundy by a passage through the North Mountain, called by manners The Gut, mm its narrowiiess, whjph seen^ to have l^eei^ fprmed by some vipjcnt effort ^qf nature ; its sides bcin^ tieaHy P^i^ pcndicQlaf. This circfipistajQce pf rivers iorctng their way throu^fb a ridge of mountains, is b^ do npans uncommon i% America, although a thing ^f fare urishing thriving tsm^e T^e pepple are generally in gQ9d circumstances, the houses large aiid w^li l&ilt, and fhe great increase of population, prove the resourcfai of the country to ht cood. The land in the township ezceedi W0fi99 acres, three thousafid pf whick are marahf In 1781 itcpi^aiQed SI 6 Houses aad 1,300 swils, fai 1808 340 houses a|id 3,d00 aouls, In 1816 450 houses and 3,337 souls, In 1833 (estuoaled) i»40 houses and 4,500 souls. Tarmout!i carries on a very profitable trade with the West Indies^ an,d furnishes most of the vessels that transport the Plaistc;r of Peris to the American shores. The Labrador and mackarcl fishery are also prosecuted wtth great enter- prise and spirit. Barr independent government.. This event was ppo-> ictive e£ great advantage to Nova- Scotia y and from this sriod its- imppo¥ement proceeded very rapidly. A very imepouft and. respectable tmigvation immediately took pUce^ that class of the inhabitants of the States,'who, daring that ifortunate and unnat«iial struogle,. badi adh«ie4 t» theiv ralty. Those people were oaraulaMd'tiD* he of the greatest [ portance to-a new colony. They were composed,- partly of in of pro^rty, who removed thither' witn their famlieflv ;alth, iiopnilure, and stock of various descriptions^ am^part* of halfi^ay oiKcen,. who drew large coranensatioiis from >vernmeiit for tneir losses, patriotism, ana services* Be- Ics these there were many professioaait gentlemen of ex> ^llent edaea«ion,.who« were* qualified to form that class, of licbthe Province wa»then-^eatfy diestitute. Magistrates^ nicea of< the inferior court of. judicature, and country gen-^ (men. A gveat body of formers, mechanics, trades-people different descriptions, adventurers and disbanded soldiers British: and foreign regiments, were also in the number* Hs to be regretted that the Province was pot altogether in a Station of sufficient advancement to avail itself efikiently the means and wealth of these people, and that they lemselvea settled in that part of the country in direct oppcK ^ioo r9' the most disinterested and atreniious advice of those lo were then- best acquainted with the Province. fPort Roseway w^s ttie^cllief place of disembarkation^ an^ large and spacious town was soon built there called Shel- It has a very commodious harbour, which^ next tti ^, ^U"^.^ '^^^^.I^, IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I UilM |25 ■^ lii 122 ^ 1^ 12.0 am, ||l.25 III 1.4 1 — ^ 6" - ► <% V '/ Hiotograiiric Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MS80 (716)872-4503 dd Halifax, is "esteebfjcd the l)Cst in the' Provrhce. This towrt m 1 783, was supposed to contain about 1 0,000 white inha- bitantSy beside 1,200 blacksi The error of thus preeipitately building so large a town, in a part of the Province of all others, perhapK the least calculated, to support so great a population, from the barrenness and sterility of the soil in its neighbourhood, was soon manifested in its rapid deline and desertion. This place, once so populous and well built, so respectable for its great wealth and excellent society, is now a small fishing town, desolate and poor in the extreme. In October 1816, there were only 374 persons in the town and its suburbs, and that number has since decreased. Disappointed in their views to attract thither the leading people of Nova Scotia, and make it the Seat of Government and the Emporium of the Province, most of them returned ta IIm United States, or settled in other parts of the country* From this ill-judged enterprise, much property and many yaluabte inhabitants were lost to the Province, which other- wijJe might greatly have contributed to its welfare. The emigration however was not confined to Port Rose way, but Annapolifi, Horton, Cornwall is, Windsor, Newport, Cumber- land!, and HrUfex, participated in the accession of wealth and popuktion.^ The habits of industry, sobriety and econo- Bsy, Wmch these; people introduced into the country, have in a great ioeasure contributed to its present flourishing con- dition.. Liverpool is the next town upon the coast. This placer Ivas first scttlied in 1760, and 1762 contained 90 families^ "who removed thence for the convenience of the port fcwr the fishery. The population is now about 16 or 16 hundred- Liverpool is the 8t,<:ond commercial town in the Province, isf Femarkably well built, and contains a number of very enter- prising and intelligent mercliants, who are exclusively em- ployed in th<* fisheries, West-India, and timber trade. Art Episcopal Church, a Methodist " and Anabaptist Meeting- house, a School afld Custom house, are the public buildings. There is a very neat bridge erected by a corporate body over the- Liverpool River, h is about 800 feet in length, and is built upon wooden piles, which, contrary to the expecta- tions of many persons acquainted with the winters of Nova Scotra, hare stood remarkably well. This place is cormected vith seteral large lakes iu tlic ncighbouvhood,- by meaas^ o| .m- IS n n - ■ f* ■ . • . • . irhich tinaiber, staves, and lumber of varioiis Jcinds ^re ,tX'> ported wiihout the eiLpcnsc pi' land carriage, 'fhere vc nearly as nuany sqq:irc-rigged vessels owned at this port itf at Halifu;!* Ou the souin side oif CoHin\s hland, at the eo- ir»Eice of the harbour, is a light-house, which was Arst lighted in 1816. The light revolves every evening two mii^utcs^ ^d iQa^ be seen at i^ great distance. Piameter a{L tlie base, 58 feet. H«ght, . - .50 Jyantcrn's diameter, 17 ITpiglu, - - - 12 Tot»l height, - - 75 jtiUnenbwrg was settled in 1 753 by Dutch and Germans^ tran«|K)r(,cd to this country at the expense of government. They consisted of 200 fapdilies, amoui)ting to 1,500 person?, 3v|^o were jsypplied with implements of agriculture, and ma- terials for building. One thousand pounds was expended in Stock and catt4e. They were nv^inlained for three years by governjnc^nt, and until 1 7$2 considerable supplies of Hour and grain y/ere sent to them. At that period, two vessels onl^ were owne4 by this setile^iept, but they soon discov.ered an active spirit of industry, which has met w^th the success it merited. Vessels of difTerent descriptions are now constant- ly plying between this place and Halifax, carry int* ,^o mar- ket cord-woodj lumber, hay, catile-styck, and alTkinds of vegetables. Tne population exceeds 4,500. This town, cal- led by the naiiv«8 Majagash, carried on an extensive trad^ with the VV est Indies, but during the late American war, a large portion of its shipping was captured by privateers ; it is now only recovering from the severe losses it then.sqstained** It contains an Episcopal Church, a large I^uiheran Meeting- •house, and some smaller plac4^8 of worship* It is about Uie size of LiverpoQl or Winasor, but not so wc^l built. The soil in tlie neiglibonrhood is naturally stony, but by the unremit- Xing industry of the inhabitants, and the great quantities of ^ea^wecd .used by them as manure, it is renjioi^d Ficix ^n4 productive. In the neighbourhood, at L,a Have, may still b« we.D th« remains of the Fwinchfort erected more than 188 years ago# — ■■.■M w i w 1 ^ I >. iiii I II ■ I I I ■ ■ y "Scottish etniKrahts and their descendants. This town fi irregulaHy built U{)On the side of a steep hill, and is a phice of much business, It is the greatest shipping port for timber of ai|^ in the Pfotittce, and possesses in its neighbourhood, in addition to this ^e^t staple ardclc, great quantities lof coal and free stone of Superior ouahty. ft began to export coal in I8l5, in which year the wst Inipttient was only 6^chal^ dronS) in 1818 the quantity amounted to S5Q$ chaldrons; From thai period The quality of the boal has improved in pro- portion to the quiantity raised, a^id will probatily soon bear as good fli pi^ke ab |)iat brought from the Island of Cape Bre^ ton. iThe town itself will never bt tnuch tii^re extcnsit^ ihan at present, as much of the trade is catrled on at the head of thjii rivers eifapty ing into the harbobr, front w4iich the coal and tiAiber are mote conveniently freighted than from Pictou. There are several Other small tbWfis in the Province, but pot of siiftcient importance to merit particular defscripf ion, •I'he reason whi'^h has been advanced ias thie tsvist of therte being so few large towns in Virginia, may with «quill proprin eiy be applied to Nova 'Scotia, Vix. That the Provihdfe is %Q well supplied With navigable rivters, that there is not th'e sam« occasion for them as in places tviiich have merely ports oT entry. So uncommoii an advantage has no doffbtpi^vehted their formation in this Colony, and accordingly rtic inh«i,br(« ants, who were assured that ship^ could come to t^ir farihs, and that they Could embark their comttiodities wii^hout going Jrora their own houses, have dispersed themsclyiDS tpon the borders of the several rivers. In this sityation theylind all the pleasures of ruri) lile, united to all the ease that trade brings into cities. They "find a TacittTv of extending their cultivation in the country, united to atf the assistance which the fertilization of I'mds receives from cOmmeree. indeed |i aiuy be questioned whetlher th'e iticrease of towns wbul4 'si lK)t prove injurious to population, and i^hcthcr agriculture would not loite as much as coinuience ^x^ould pxin hj \U Be* tween HaliCix and the eastci-n extremity of the Province, Ih^e ar« ttvient^'Siz exceiieot ports, twelve capable of re* teiving ships of the line, and fourt^^n with capf^city to shelter merchant vessels, abouadirtg in wood, water, fish, and other necessary supplies. The two largest rivers of Kova Scotia, arc the Shuben- acadie and the Annapolis 1'he former, cjiikd by way of pi*e-eminencc Shubenacadie, or Tht Hiver of Acadia, (Bliaben being the Indian name for a river) <« yery ^rg^, rapid and circuitous* It tai«^ its rise from lakes of the aann: name in the coanty of Halifax, afi'€>r receiving the tributary breams of Gay's river, Nine Mile and Five Slile rivers and iSlewiack, empties ksolf in the Basiin of MInss. Throughoiit its w4iok cotH-se, the exi^t length oi'wiikh is liot accurately tkiscertained, it passes through a very feiliie country, wkich It enriches with valuable and «xtcnsiTe mairahes and inter^ vales. It is nG^rigable for large vessels for a great dista^ice Intbe interior, ^d ctiwtains hi its banks laitgc quantities of plai^tcr df Paris and iine. The land at the head of this ri- ver is t:overed whh valuable tinier, soiiie of which has been recently exported to Europe. This river, and the lakes with which It is connrected, form aehain of wntert^omiBumcalion with Bi^dford Bmifk near Haililax, with ihe exception of two i»r three portages. The rise^ilid ^11 of tbe tkle At the moutjii of this river is about iiftv feet, and thie inr^tuosity of the current very great. 5 he scenery » Very picturesque "tttid varied, here bv the abrupt <£own*ing c]j^ with iui Woody isutnmit, and there by the extended vetKlant me^- r0ken solitude ol'ibe i^viklci^ness, or by the t:faeerful busy soene^yf cukivaiion. ?%ie Basin tkf Minas is a iaifge reservoir, wtbich receives the vrirters of eleven riv^ra, — ^Tbe Shubcnacadie, 'CornwalHs, iNorth Kiver, Salmon Ri- "ver, Canar, Gasjpweaux, Jiiennetcook, "Cockinegun, Petit, St» Croix, wnd Avon. Fi-Dm tbcnce they escape between Cape Blomidon and Cape Split intD the Bay of Fimdy. Tha li:ennfeicook is an lextensive river, conunencing in Doi^las,, about twelve miles distance from t^ "uppcr paii-t of the Shvh %ena^adiie, and pa^frng through Doii^s, Kut slowly up the extensive Bay Saint Mary, which adds to its strength along the costcn; shore. This vast body of water, incrcaKing in rapidity a> the bay narrows, suddenly fills the Basin of Minas and Chig-^ necto with vast impetuosity, and rises as high as 75 feet. At Pic toU' there are three rivers, which empty themselves mto the harbour:* — the East, West,. and Middle Rivers arc na» vigabic for large vessels which resort to Hhem from Great Britain for timber On these rivers there aur very fine set- tlements and large tracts of intervale land. The cultivation of the soil there notwithstanding the timber tvade, which is generally an enemv to agriculture, is conducted in a very masterly and worKmanlike manner. On this side of the Province, the tide is not so violent as iii' the Bay of Fundy, but it is more irregular; being much influenced by the win J^^ It rises within Pictou haphour six feet.- This iiregnlarity i» so great in the gulf of St. Lawrencie, titat notiabHlar account can evei* be given of the currtnts. Durine a heavy gale of wind, the stream in the Gut of Canso will for many success < sive daVs run one way. In the other rivers there is such a general similarity, that it \vill be sufficient to name the largest,, without entering into a pai'ticular description. — Macan, Na- pan, Gaspereaux,^ and the River Philippe in Cumberland., Charles River, St. Mary ^s, Musquodobit, Little Indian, Ann^C tigonish, Salmon Rivera and River John, in the eastern part of the country : Liverpool River, Stormont, Sable, Jordan^, Clyde, Shelburne, Tuskct, Salmon,, and Sissiboo Rivers ia south-east and south-west part of the Pi*ovincc. CHAPTER VII.. ' Soil and Agrkullure^T-r-Afode of setilhig nev) Lands ^ — -Ftet ^pungy luosa/^ i^noibcr says, ^^ U «cenift ai if the envy that de|)upulaied the < uuniry hud bliist- cd it.** 8evct'.ii circumsttincas no duubt caiiirihuled t<> :»Uitnp this cbftracter upon the touiitry. Nova Scotia h^& l»ceB settled for 320 years, but llie uitentioH of the French, ^ulio occupied it for a century and u half, wm devoted almost ex- clusively to the fisherich und fur trade ; and their agriculture Ivas confHiMl to the diked marshes, which each surces»ive year vicldod a crop of grain without inunure* When con- tatneu withiti the charier of Massachusetts, that Province was not di»posed to incur much expense for its settlement, iiavmg expended large sums iu inaintaiiiiog garrisons there, and supporting a government. Nothing therefore of coiisc- quence was attempted lowiu'ds colonizing, aud the only use made of the country was td form an extensive lisbing esia- blirihment at Canso, and to erect ports foi* trading wkh the natives and Indiuns. In this neglected state Nova Scotia con- tinued until 1 749, when Halifax was founded. Until this time few grants were issued, and those conveyed only sniail [uecea of land for town and fishing k>tS4 Sevej'al yea^rs after thi9 period elapsed, in subduing and removing the Freorh Neu- traJs from the Province, which Itecame again in a .great mea- «ure Tacant, and it was not until 1 7j33 and 4, wb^ the great cmigraition took place from New England thi>t Nova Scotia could be «atd to possess an agricultural population. It is therefore probable that persons adverting to the length of time lliifr country has been inhaluled, (four years before Ca- nada) would attribute the backward state of its agricu^tiure, rather to sterility of soil or inclemency of climate, than to a studied neglect by both the early French and English plant- ers, who pursued other objects of more immediate gain. The eflective settlement of the Province therefore from which its present prosperity arose (notwithstanding tlvc great number of years it has been discovered and possessed) must be dated -at 1783, from which, time until the present period, few parts ■of his Majesty's colonial possessions have increased more •rapidly. ] turn with pleasure from th^se authors, whose stateniems are founded only in ignorance or prejudice, to exhibk the soil aad agriculture of the colony in its true and teal cheuraciert •? f he soil of a country of such an eKimt as N<9y« ^ci)(U tnust iicce.s8:irily be various in clittcreiU pnrls. It' an imngin* ctry linb U' drawn dividing the Pravince in the exact centre^ from east w west, the noi'th- western haJf Will he fotind to contain by far the greatest portion of land. On the side towards the Bay of Fundy^ the soil is v^'iy ricli and free from fitonc, and contains many thousand acres of diked marsh laud. This is alluvial land, and is made by the deposit of the tideS) a sediment composed of the tincr particles of soil^ . brought away by the rivers and torrents in their course to the Bay of Fuudy, of J)Utresccnt matter, salt, &,c. This land called marsh, a(\er it has attained a suitable height is ^iked^ and the waters of the rivers excluded. Nothing caa exceed Its fej'tility* In marty places, particularly about Windsor and Truro, it yieldfl three tons of hay per acre, anil has con« tinued to do so without manure for fifty years past^ I'bcrc M is a difference in its quality* Where tne tide which over* - Hows it is not much enriched, by a long course tlirough the country, it is thin and of an inferior quality, and on the other hand, that which is partly marsh and partly intervale \ tliat h, composed as well by the sediment of salt Water, as that t)f fresh water» it exceeds in luxuriance any land in the Pro- vince. The quaniity of these dikes is very great»* Therd is one marsh in Cumberland containuig neady as much land as Homney Marsh in Kent, and of a quality vastly superioi * There is something peculiarly agreeable to cattle m the grass growing Upon these marshes, which has a wonderful tenden- ty to fatten them. This land is found in great quantities in Cumberland, Macan, Napan, Londonderry, Truro. Onslow, Bhubenacadie, Noel, Kennctcook, Newport, Windsor, F*d- toiouth, Itorton, Cortiwallis, Granville, Anmipolis, &c. The bexl best quality of land is called by a term peculiar to Ame- l^ica, intervale^ an alluvial soil made by the overflowing ot large fresh- water brooks and rivers in the spring and autumn. The quantity of intervale is incalculable. It is to be met with in evetj part of the Province, and is frequently founa covered with a long natural grass, several feet in length, and h' sometimes called wild meadow, and somotimcs intervale. The quality varies according to the size of the brook or rivei* J • I I ■ 1 * - i I • 1 I I I III .« * <4f/ tht head <^ the Bc^ of Fundy there are scvefity thousmii tiicrM in one nmnccUd body* M n \ Vf wffrTr \i it tnarlc, but in general it ia rery fcrtitean^ ri^cfr# 1 hm itphnd varies so much that it is difficult to give a general description of it, but one tract deserves noiicc^ from its cx" tent and quality, k commenees at Cape Blomid the Europ^ns. first b«gan to cukivatt (He Ntw Wcurld^ they tvcro ahtonifthcd at tiks mxuriant power o§ vcgviaiion ii| it» virgin loould, and in several nhccs the ing^nttity of the planter iv Riiil eiD|plujred» in dimifiishing and wasting its sti* perflltio«4& fertility, m order to brii^ it dowp to a state fit for pco&Loblc ctilture,^* The growth of the wood is generally an index to ascertaiw tine quaUty of the soil. When ib produces bl&ck and yellow bij'i^h a|iu rock maple, or either of those trees, intermixed with hemlock' aAd oak, or elm, ash, and beech^ the land is in Mneral of superior c^ualityv Its strength is alM) mantfestedi by the height and bulk of the wood, and the distance betwceii Iho root and the first limh of the tree { but spruce and fir,.op white birch and poplar, are in. geperal marks of an inferior quality., l^ar^d bearing beech ol a good) gr(Mvth, and' pines. ii laege dimensions, forms a mcdiuin between the twot, and i^ •C an ordinary dbscription,. Akhough the first mendonec^ wood is a sure proof of gooc) land, the bttei^is t\ot an ii\falli« ll>l« qnark of ti^ taferiof ityv liargc fires have at diiTcront times raged ia the wildemess,^ fi«her by the neglected embers in the Indian camps or by fMher accidents ; and where these fires- consumed the original growth, a new set of saplings aroKse, frequently of a difiVi^enpo8ed tor be o^an ordinary nature^ has turned' out upon cuHtvation ta be of a vf^ry j^oocJ quality* The growth however of the yfm^ii a^1 Tuu observed} is inost como^enly » pi^'oti^a good cr^>^ UH f«p|on> hy wl^ich^ to estimate the soft* Ttt^. fhnt kind t»Ht proves bad, the khtter soaiciimes betcep t\\sm is expected. \l\ Nova Scotia there arc two descriptions ollfarmcrs,. onift who lives on a new farm, and the other who cultivates land which hais been prcvioui^ly tilled. It ms^ not bi amiw to ccHun^enco with the new t^etUor fi*oni tl)o period <^f hit oAi- tainioghis gramt, ^\nd at^ampiuiy hini* until he niabe* use o( the plough, shewing how the grant is obtained,, the moide and expense of tilling, and the maauicp in whit h he lives* Aa respects the plid farmer, I shall not stath how he Ougl^, but |ipw he does, cultivate, what he raises, the description of cat- tle he uses, a^d the manner ii) which he disposes of his pro- duce. In each district thrQughout the Province there »re Boards of Lof^ation. composed of three or more of the gentlemen ef the county, who facilitate the grantinrof land. Ancnugrant oahis arrival applies to one of these Boards which sate once a month* |i^ i^ shewn by the se^etary a plant of the comttyt f;ont«inin^ all the \ingranted lund belonging to his Majesty^ After having macje his selection, he presents 9 petition to tne Board fpr a grant of (he spot he has chosien^ iF the prayer ^f the petition is approved it is forwarded 'o Halifax for the Hispection of the Qovernor, and the grant is issued s^ccordi^g-t ^. The fees on grants, if only one person ui^iucluded i^i % ^ant, are as Jbllovr, j Number of acres. Gover- nor's. Secreta- ry's. Attorney Generafs Audit and Quit Rent TotaU *^ i £ 9. £, 9, d* • 4*. £ ^d. £ 9, d. £ s,r. too 3 10 S U 10 t^ 1 ;^4 13 4 116 6 200 3 10 3 !4 10 * ^ 1 3 4 0,1s 4 11 & 6 SOO 3 10 3 H 10 2 s 13 4 1 3 4 11 le G 400 ' 3 10 3 14 10 3 4 1 3 4 I 13 4 12 6 a 500 3 10 3 14 10 2 5 ! '3 4 2 3 4 12 16 6 *-• * ' ^1 109 If 9ior^ than one application is included ii\ the grant the feet are proportionably smaller* .£5 4> P . V % <° £1 (fl •A 800 300 400 3 500 600 800 1000 i a s C5 3 10 3 10 105 106 10 10 10 9 2 14 7 19 15 15 "3 6 6 -w- T CO »«r <^ (O s 2 % 15 idi T 9 1013 Oil 11 1 13 1 9 1 17 2 3 0i4 3 5 2 15 3 15 10 L 1 •3 «QJJ ^ ^ 40 13 13 13 13 1 3 ia4 40 13 4 /. 12 13 14 15 15 17 t9 p2 0) o a -T— CO fi«jQ- 10 2 9 10 9 6 9 2 6 8 11 • 11 8 2 3 4 5 2 I 4 6 5 1 4 19 lU 3 12 4f 3 1 10 7 13 4 4 T 9 3 18 4 >w n I i ij ^ j.!. ' ji^- rrtn. TC- ' 'After hnying obtained his grant and had his boiuvlary line established, the next step of the emigrant is to settle himself upon his new acqqi^ition* In the mode of commencing his < clearing, he is governed by the means he possesses. If he has wherewith to subsist himself and fainilj for a year, he begins to clear the land of the wood, to build his house, and remove upon his premises* If not he cuts down a few at^res of the wood in tne autumn, and leaves it to be prepared for the appticaton of fire, by the effects of th^ sun, and hires out as a laoourer until the expiration of the ensuing spring. As . soon as this season commences, he bums the wood he had previously felled, f(^nces his field, plants part of it with pota- toes, and, during the autumn, sows the remainder of it with winter grain and pass seed ; he then cuts dOwn a similar C^uantity of the a^oining wood. After his crop is secured he seeks employment again until the following spring, when he erects his house. From this period he is enabled to make J' a living from the land, and is at liberty to devote his whole tim« to its improvement. In the cqupse gf a year or two his little farm is in a situation to keep a few sheep and cows. In ^ this regular and progressive manner h^ projceeds for five } years, at the end of which time, the piece of lan4 first clear* ^ 103 .>:^ '*9f M iiVti a sftdatiort to Bear the pibiigfi. Th* slow 'btrt'itifHi effects of time anrd weather, subdue the stumps and roots of the trees, which decay and return again to the earth from whence they sprang* Each year presents a similar piece for the plough, according to the regular routine in which it has been successively cleared^ From this stage of his setdement he ifiay be said to culti- tate the soil^ and must provide himself with the implements of husbandry. During the season, tor planting and hatvest- ing^ and at other Convenielit^ periods, he may, if he thinks proper, seek emplojmi^nt among the neighbouring farmers, and thereby acquire the mean* lor the purchase ol stock or other necessaries. ' To a person acqcfafnted with Canadiaa and American modes of settling Hew lands, it is a matter of great surprise, that the Legislature has never turned its attention to the en- couragement of emigrants and other new settlers, by offering . them a bounty for manufacturing potash. The process is so simple, and attended with so little labour, that in a woody country like Kova ScOcIa, the introductbn of this system would prove of incalculable benefit. A small portion of this article might be made by every family living in the forest, which would not only individually assist those employed in manufacturing h, but would increase the exports of the coun- try^ and form a valuable remittance to Europe, more espe* cially when bills of exchange bear so great a premium as at present. In winter a settler has necessarily much leisure time, and could devote a large portion of it to this employ- ment, wifhout neglecting his interest in other particulars. It is necessary here to describe the process, but merely suffice ent to observe, that it is little else than boiling down to a sub-» stance, the lie obtained from wood ashes. Beside this advantage, which might be reaped from the situation of the country, there are others* that are not neglect- ed. Timber, staves, hoops, shingles, oar-rafters, and hand- spikes, are, according (o lo(ial conveniencies, prepared du- ring the leisure of the winter, and sold to coasting traders in the spring. The woods, the lakes and rivers, contain food of different descriptions. If the moose, deer, and rabbit, the salmon and the troot, gaspereaux-, Kerrin^ and shad, supply the wants And necessities of the wandering tribe of Indians, without one P^ hW ' »•. i V ^ [ •L^i.'.:uk.t^ m lUitcc^tv sol*- dom made use of manure, but continued from year to yetefP ta' plough the. land and sow it with grain* Few soils can bear those ropeatted-draftsiupon then- l^tititjrwkhom failure in the . end ; but the diked land^ wiiich they inblosed, wa^^^tdo rioh tor* bc:exhaustc»d in their time, and has desccmded'to their ' su^«* cessori^ not mUch injured by this hard treatm^titi Tk^ in** habitants who first removed to Nava Sootla, aftw'the Acar$ raised- littli, a«i The old' British' settlers found that the difficulty oi pro^' curing labour was so> great, and the price so high, that tney deemed' it more eligible to purchase grain by the sale of the c^ttiie,. than to raise it themselves^ In process of time not daly sttaiisers who witnessed this eireat importation^ but the fi&rmers wTio- wert in the habit ofmaking it, began^ to sup- pose that wheat could not be raised in abundance, and I^ova. Scotia soon acauired the Provincial tenn " of not being a* wheat country/' 't'Ke demand $|lso' was^ increased by the iiabitsnof the peoplle*. The meanest and the poores(t peasant in Nova Scotia,, estccihed superfine iTour ani article of ikdis-- pcnsibl'e necessity, and regarded all the coarser grains witfe sovereign; contempt. This extravagance of expenditure; ad- ded toi^the^ extent of grazing, rendered Nova Scotia almost, w'holly dependent upon the United States for bread. In 1790 nt) less than 40^000 barrfels of bread' and' meal*, and 80,000 bushels of grain: were imported from that country. During the late war with America, when the unportation of fVour was attended with great difficulty and hazard, it was^ sold in parts of the Province as^ high as five pounds per barrel. A genferal change has^t^en place in this^PPspect, to whicb many causes- have contributed. Necessity U certainly the* first and great cause of thi^ agricultural revolution. The* low price of labour sflfecting a reduction in the* expense of tillage has also had its ftilf share But these causes were- much strengthened by the formations of agricultural socictie»' throughout the Province,, which were subordinate to a Cen- tral or Provincial Society at ^lifax* The Ccnatral B:>ard i$< •.♦m#nf thi early laws of the Provinci^ there, is one act prohi' Iniing. the exportatum of wheat and four from J^ota Scoticu. 107 m a rrcat measure under th€^ |)ices of his Ef cejjencv the Elarl of Dalhousie, while Liesotef nant Upvernor of the fcovince, whose naijje will ever be held tdear in Nova Scotia, while connected with Ibis branch of itf /Colonial ^dyanccmentf The particular attentipn of the Earl, and pf tlie •country at large, wat directed to this obioct hy an ^anonymf^ writer tn the Acadian Recorder, wjao treated ^f the agricui^tuire of t|^ country at great ieng4Jh and witk inuch ability^ apd wIk) very clearly refuted the assertion that jihe t'royince w^^ aqt capable of raising its owj) bread* Tho^ essays anpeaned at a favourite period, and as they Ireated of a pepufaf and interesting subject, were very cxten- «ively circulated. Inquiry after lime, jj^arles, and other ma- nureS, was everjr where prosecuted with great spirit. Socie- ties and associations w.ei^ formed in all parts pi th<^ country, and very general excit^roent -created. Ploughing matches, cniileshows, and other exhibitions appeared in all the coun- ties. An improved breed of stock of various descriptions, seedft, ipiplements, &c. were impeirtedfroi^ Great Britaui and the United States* Milk for gr}ndii|g oats and shelling bar- ley were erecuA in several districts. The use of bread made of grain pf an inferior Gfaality, became more common amoqg the poor, and hi short a most extensive and salatary change was effected. Much less flour is impqrted fiow than formerly, and ^n maiiy districts, particularly about Pfctou, there is a ^rplus. Cumberland, if all itf b^utiful and fer- tile marshes were appropriated to tillage, could alone supply Nova Scotia with a sufficient quantity of bread for its home consumption. King's, Hants, or Annapolis county, could perhaps do the same, if under an improved state of tillage. That tb€ consumption of foreign grain 'is decreasing will appear from the folio wiog tables. ',; If J ■;^ *•■' Ibl WJ .. MfwMWr^fW G I ;<■':' J' ■■■'■ ,^l,^ o > o ^ ' P H ijm e 6 -a I I iS f4 O r» wi I'lMiQh'ns. Bushels. lifigfl. ^-■- B^rrcte. .0 <0 CO OS M jd CO lO 00 Funcli'iis. Pags. Barrels. Punch'ns. Bags. Pushels. Ba^s. sBags. Bushels. Punch'iisT Cw <0 00 00 •^ ( >^ 9^ .-^ ( - -^ ^ to r- ^ CO 00 0« "prsr § ^ Barrels. Barrefs. Barrels, CO -O wm vfi (H 00 Tf CO r^ «0 i> (N 00 00 « CM P eo G» «o eo —r- ^ »c r^ -* cvca CO «Q «P CO *^ eo o CO QfJ §' 93 2 ^ 00 g OD ■ 5" S" '-* =r « ■^»"*li!Wi«WilWl' 109 3 I I •I g »> • '^ r t^unch«. Bu»hels. c O I i Esi Bags. Barrels. Punchs. Bfl^. Barrels. Bags. Bufihels. Baffs. Bushels. Punchy. CwtR* Bags. Barrels. Haif" Barrels. Barrets. o I t» u>i 00 CO r 1 1 I I I 09 9 3 CO <;o Tto > i ...; o S! « I I Mii fin mJ^tOM^ ■3J ^ ^ CD CO 00 „, — i. O ^ t " ' {^ " "" S' .U.3L O) Ml ^l^ iH< II ( ' rf to CO a •o. CO CO to CO CO S J9 B -WAii f-s ..§ I.§ i CO' O Jj* 3 >? CO 'r ^05 ~ J, li- ^ I^ilii tio Although the chan|;e produced hj these societlei is rerjr ; sre.it, yci it is more visible in the improved breed of cattle, 1(1 the variety and quality of the seeds, in the use of coarser grains, and in the attention paid to manure, than in (he dilTerr ent branches of work performed upon a farm. Tl^e ploughs ing is «till badl^ executed, iapd generally undrainc^, poorly ) fenced, insufficicotly manufed, and in many places so neglect- ed as to become very foul with weeds. Id the extent of tilV lage there will be a great increase, but in the piode no veryi essential chan^ will take place at presenu The evil is be*' jrond the reach of the societies, anu is roqted in local circumt. * stances, which are peculiar to a new €ol(^y« I^ands have hitherto been cheap, and farms of course large ; and it re^ quires much less ingenuity to raise 1,00C| bushels of wheat upon sixty acres of land, than to raise the same quantity upon thirty acres. So long therefore as the faraie^. in Nova ' ■: Scotia can hav-e one hundred acres of land tq cultivate, he will never trouble himself to discover how he can raise (lis crops upon half that quantity of lancL It is population alone that stamps a value upon property, and lays a foundation for high iifiprovemcnts in agriculture.' ^. When a man is obliged to maintain a family upon a small; farm, his invention is exercised to find out every improve-; ment that majr reed^r it more productive. This appears to be the great reason why laads on the Delaware and Connec-' ^ ticut rivers ^Dsroduce to the farmer twice as much clear pro-, ^ fit as those of equal quantity and quality upon the Hudson* U If the preceding observations be just, improvements will keep pace with population, and the increasing value of lands*. The rotation of crops in Nova Scotia is very simple. Pota-:' toes, grain, and clover constitute the usual rj^utioe; some-j S/y, From comparing the statementi of 1 8120 and 1 832, there is ', . a diminution of the imports of very near a full half in favour of the latter year^a result which tovUd scarcely have been anticipated* Sly^ This great saving to the Province has not arisen entirely, i from the extended culture of wheat, although that has operated : to a certain extent, but from the substitution of oatmeal for Jlour^. end from the increassd supply of potatoes. ,^ . |: 4/y, fn i820 and IQ^l the exports exceeded the imports only in [^ one column each year; lohertas in 1822 the balance is in favour of tiu Prqvinct in bread^ in oats and barky y and in Indian meaU < Ill lidiei commencing with grttin, but oftener with potatoes. Tut* nips have not entered largely into the agriculture of the country* A difficulty arises as to the mode of preserving them during the severity of winter ; too much covering en- dangering them from heat, and too little rendering them ac- cessible to the cold. It is said to be ascertained by experi- cnce, that small i[}iianti,ties covered with straw and earth, will continue in a state of preservation for a whole win4er» But this is not the only obstacle to their introduction* They are unfortunately attacked by a host of winged enemies in their mfancy, and the nature of the climate preclude* the English practice of folding sheep upon them* Great quanfi'tiesof oats, wheat and rye are rdisred, and hut a small proportion of barley and buckwheat* Potatoes and Indian corn are produced t& a very great extent, and as the ktter cannot be raised in the cloudy dimate of England, its cultivation speaks as loudly in favour of the climate of Nova Scotia^ as any productions of the country. Pease, carrots, parsnipsr cabbages,. &c. are sown on a yery small scale* Flax k seldom raised for sale,, but the country is favourable to its production^ and its cmlttrrc is rapidly increashig. ) The hay of the coomtry consist* ol a variety of grasses. The intervalesy when m tiieir natural state, produce a grass vulgarly called bluejo3nt,whkE is very lixuriant, bat aftbrds a coarse and inferior food* The dikes produce clover, or thnothy mixed with clover* Sometimes they bear flat grass, which is a plant strongly partaking of a saline nature. A proportion of this flat grass land is very valuable to a farmer, as the crcp may be gathered after all his other hay is se- cured, and receives but littk injury from the rain. Working oxen sometimes prefer the hay made of it to cbver, and it is always an agreeable change of diet for them. The undikcd marshes prodncc a coarse salt grass, which is covered at high tides by the sea water without injtiry* Young cattle are fed upon this in winter and continue in very good condi- tion. This grass is also valuable for the manure made of it, which is of a much superior quality to that produced by cat- tle fed upon clover. White and red clover, timothy and brown top, are the grasses usaally raised upon upland. The farms in the old townships consist generally of dike and upland. The former is set apart for hay, with a small por- tion for grain. The latter is divided into two parts, one of . A- £l| f hV^ \\i yMi^i coataiom l inwU piece of ground fm HIIa^^ audi tk^ test is a UlJ!ge |x^irt' in v^hjcb the whole of the ttocif^ cow% tiQf^eii,. fiif cpi, pigs^ and )^oiu)g' c;ui!lQ (ftcti ai lurge during the ftumiiier^ la iks 9»i\iam so soon dA the hiiy is gathered^ the stock '» rtniovcd to. th/9 Uikjes to depasUiI'^ upon thiB aflep« grafffk The properties of t\m. gras^ arc so ncculiar,- that j^orscs or horn<^ cattle, how«vcc lour in conuition) become COiOfiiktQlJjr faiiQiicd m the course of six- weeks* 'if his s-j^demamoo^olhcfs huovf undergoing aii: attferatiom. The piropoBtioi) of: tillage land is becoming gi!catef?4 and idtS! ]MAtttoesxonBeqA]entl}^ somewhat improvec)* The farmer isi hereby enabled to raise potatoes oi^ other vegetable prodtiota sufficient for stall feeding, and the markets are not so much glutted by grass fed boef in the autumn as. hi^itetoforct but re^' ffularly supplied ai diiierent periods according to the aemandii Tb^ (^uantiXy of maoUro isaUo proporiionably increased,. and! tjbc sQiL therorby reiidclMid ttiore rich and productive. Tbepc* i;iod of sowing differs according to the season and soilf) but in general; oats and w.heat are sown in April ; Indian com iin ]H&Rted according to local circumstances^ at any time be«> tween thje tenth of May and the tenth or twelfth of Juneiu ]^i4ey and buckwfhoat are sown about; the first, of June^ and tui^nips about the, tenth, of July » Ajio.wing commetices about the 3i&th of July* Reaping beginS' in August^ and if fihishedr ii^ September* , Dung: is the only manure which has. been ussd: in; Noy^ • Sjt^otia^ until within these two or thrao yeare. But, since:thc(r establishment of agriculturaf societies, lime has boeit appliedr ivith much. success^ and composting has become a general; {^ftctice. In: most districts bordering on the Bay of EHmdy^, marsh mud^of which the dikes are composed) is applied as sb superdcial dressing for grass landj8> and as a mamlrQ^iopgraii^> c:;nops. The effects. of this application are very great^ oftcni pjToducipg two or three courses of wheat in sUc(!ession, and! SkCCerwam. a strong growth of grasf, for several years*. In-: .Hants, King% and:Afinapolis;countics,thoi*e are very cxton «i^ s i ^ pmmt t 9k P* ^^ ^P ^P ^S #« »s«« r^r« r*K r»K SCR l^aSS §2 g2 fe"' t22 52 « !!" e It4 .«e I'aise jTood and I nia^ whea and S soil, I is vcf ihatc Nova Bt£rili short Mary qualjt SO to' Mrheat averax averaj been 8 lof wbc The crossei tii&Ro Nova i tailed t\ since tjj general HTJth. hardy, chusett €c) an introdu proport many would the win is attcm vidual \ ILhcm, b Thed r Qciitd 9oQie of these results are doubtless swelled to the fuTleet textent and the mode adopted for ascertaining the quantity • raised upon an acre, was oy no means accurate. A squam p-ood was selected, apd the produce weighed pr measured, and the amount of an acre estiipated by that standard* It may however be stated with ce^^inty that ihi; ly bushel9 of wheat, 32 do. of Rye, 40 do. of oats, 34 6(f* Qf ^dian cofn, and 325 do. potatoes are considered os fan* crofM in good soil, although on dikes or pieces of prime land this estii];uit« is very far ex(;eedcd^ By comparing this latter scale witk that of otl^er counties |t will be found, that notwithstanding Mova ScQiia has been described as doomed to ^ unrelenting sterility,^ the prepuce i^f hs soil will rather exceed thanfall short of that of most States ip the American Union. ** In Marylancl/^ says Morse, ^* the soil is of sjich a nature apd quality as to produce from 13 to 16 bushels of wheat, or from 20 to 30 bushels pf Ipdian corn per acre. Ten bushels of wheat and jSfteen bushels of corn per acre, are the annual average crops in thtfif 16 to 3() poUndw;per qiiarter, and yield a fleece ffq^ t^o to eight pounds, accordfnjlg io tjte tirentment they h^ve; reeeived,"' M^raniichie ajid' S^. Jbhn In, Jffew Bfrun^wick fi»m a market for working o'xen^ and fat cajttle,, Halifax and iLivcVr p&pi, N*. S» -NewToitnUlnnd, and the West Indl^es^^ for frc^^anq naU beef :-^-~oais, applel, cider, liftittbr, and cl\ees^,'are ex-* pOilk^d^tO the sun^e pikpes, in quai|^Ut^^ yanvin^ thedemandii ' "»r v;*' 'os,- • HortkuUUi»e is greatjy neglected, by the. farmers* A, scrang^i* is'miich surprised at tfte tot^l want of eoo() l^tchcn . gardt^ni, ro (^bsentiat to the eConoiny andcpmfort of afhrnicr^ Iffr i& also aMODiHhed to se^ a lavish' eih)enditurc ir^'tne ,erec> tioj^Qf la^^c farmhouses, h^t^ddo^icly paijaicd^»an^(i.tt^^ m m f^uf^d viih ornan^i^ttl railingH- t^iu} p9Jisa<)<»>; inHUe the interior of th? buililm^ is itot untrc4^,Meuiijr Opid imii> \m6omb^ ed* External show, in two muny instaiice^t svpcroadct thtiA' compact, neat, comfortably^ appcarancey wbidk cbai^ctasbM the English farmer. I'he winter is deyoted ta trhrailMng madf' cleajiing corn, to transporting fuel, and poles- for feiicciy aodj parrying po\)ltry, muttoq, pork, and beef to mikvketk YW ^pruig IS sometimes tcdioiM in making its ai^tpearafiee, buC ^h^n it commences it compensates, by ifs ropiditiyi, ftwthe lateness of its approach* At this period there is much.«ioBl| to be done, ploughing,^ sowing, carting! mfl^ure, and repairing fences. The summer is generally, fevourablie for harvesting, and it seldom occurs that damage is sustained by variable or wet weather. Thte ^tumns are peculiarly fit>e, and fre^ qjjenUy.iatdmit, of ne)d wock u^ ja^e a$ the jiirat oli Decem>bor. The improvement of ihr provincial agriculture, istver^ per^. ceptibJe, iff the great quantity of additio»alla?bourv:wmcji i» no)y performed at this sna^oot Fi^l^ pbughing aS}it< is* teivii«- ed> or autumnal preparation of the grouituy was ap one; time little atf^nded tOvbut now, grqat exertions; a>re madett&aiiti«* cipat^ the spring wprk, and a> ^litabki u^e is; made of this, sempti SO essential to thcidiip ppurseof huM^andvy. Oa«tbe yrhole, though much iniprovement ha» uadoubt^ly tokens pl^ceao the habits, and m^innera, of the fofmefa^ there is still room for the intrpduction of fWtlieii io^iui^ry and' economy. Nature i§ too .gratqf ul;> afid i-etiurns. eViC^y favour she iwcdves ivith so bqun^iful a hand jistOispoU her chiljdren; by indul- gence. The native fasm^ iS' tQO aptrto speculate) to enter into trade, and da^le. i^ ^{|)1 co96tin^< vessel^ to the neg- lect andMnJMry of hiafaf m*. The»?3t hPWCVW are evils; whiefi will in time cqrrec* themselves, I havQ.extenj(^^ thifvchapicr beyond the limits assigned to it, as I thought $om^det»ib waSr.r«qAii - r V Total 4,080,000 Deduction for sugar plantations, ' 639,000 For pens, - - - - 380,(000 For coffee, cotton plantations, fee' i 40,000 * — — -r 1,059,000 - Which leaves more than 3;0QQ,00Q of barren wilderness, Dominica contains 186,436 acri^s^ hot so much as 50,000 of which are fit for cultivation pr improvement. Even Ire- land which is so extremely fertile, if allqivance be made for its mountains, waters and bogs (one of which alone, that of AUeo, extends 60 miles, and is c<^ipputed to inchide 300,000 ierei lair SI iftb{ large wilds l^cotil woull Everj in his fit ierci) will ht found to contain in proportion to its extent ft leir sreater c|uantity of unprofitable land than Nova Scotia. ..] All that the Province reqiures is capital pnd population* if th^ecHintry were sufficiently known in Great Britain, a large portioTl of that capital wluch is. now transported to> the wilds of th«! Unked States, would be transported to Nova l^cotiav where its investment whik k enriched the colony, would by a reaction, materially asdist the erports of England* Every peimti settled in the colonics, is supposed (by Child in his Treaties on Trade ^nd Colonies) to give employment to three or four at home in supplying his wants, and wherever the mother country does not turn the tide of emigration to> her own Provinces, every emigrant may be considered as a citizen httt to the community, and strangers mi!uit reap all the benefit of answering his demands. <:hapter viil Itrade^r-Queries submitted to the merchan^^ — Tath of arti' ela that may be imported from the United States , toith the du' ties payable thereon^' — Lfitto from Europe and Africa, with duties on do. — Table of duties payable at the eaeise, — King^a duties^ — Abstract of the trade toith Great Britain and Ire* land^-^with the' southern parts of Europe^f^itith the West Indies, — with Canada, New Brunswick, and J^ewfoundland^ --with the United Sti^ites in foreign vesselsf^Do* in British ships, — Abstract of coal trade, — Amount of duties collected under the late arts of Parliement, — Accmnt of dutiable arwing into die sea t?hie garbage anrf otfe^r' mh from ftrefr vcs«elii. ^est. Havfe Tott any; iki\d #Kdt; IchciWTedge a* tb" th« va*-' lote of th'e Fi!rfierit*s* appertaining t& Aat [^art of (he coasts tjf IgBWtburtdlknd', the Straitsdf Bcffldste, LabrjftJw Sljore, aticj , itetRdaS'ert firtsmdi^ trpori Micli'a'ri^ to* take and* c^th^ flfeli/ h^tf beeri gt^ajitcd tothe peddle of tlie Unhetf Sfe^esl tAd^t*^ the Cdrivention ikteiy contlltidfed Between tt!s' BTaJe^t/ ati^f ttte Othnerinfthertf df chat country f ff f Ju liapvc, s!?t foAft the* iltme, and'dipScrtlJe how yoti Have ac<:tuir<*d' siich kndi^lf^tlgi^ j iral the Fishery granted by that Conyemtion to the United Stateii;' and that still retained by Great Britain in North America ; selling forih what proportion the Value of the one bears to that of the other* Jlntt The Convention gives them every advantage in the Cod Fishery they can wish for or desire. A general indul* gence in the whole wg have retained would make but littlo difference, unless we can preserve the M'et Fitkery, The overwhelming numbers of the American fishermen will ex- clude British sul^ects from participating in the Fisheries now^ made common to both nations. Quest, Will the liberty of Fishing granted by the late Con- vention to the Ujiited States afibrd to them any^ and what^ , facilitiefliiii participating in the Fisheries still exclusively re* tained by Great Britain ; and if it will, describe how and in what manner they will attain that object ? Ans* Unless we can preserve the Net Fishery, the Ameri- cans will have nearly the same advantages that the British have in the reserved Fisheries ; besides which, they will sup- ply the British Fisheries wiih ^stores of every kino, and re- ceive from them their green fish in return ; and they will, through the same channel, supply in a contraband way, the inhabitants with all sorts of foreign commodities. Quest, Is there any, and what, net fishery, and to what ex- tent carried on from the coasts of this Province, beyond the limit of a cannon shot, or three marine miles from the shoje 7 If there is, describe the nature and value of such fishery. ./^n». There is to a very great extent; particularly the Mackarel Fishery, which is of the greatest importance, and is at some seasons carried on at double that distance. We have much cause to fear, that the ruin of the net fishery will be the consequence, if the Treaty allows the Americans to come within the Headlands, keeping a cannon shot from the shores in the bays and harbours, they will be in the very lieart of our net. fishery, vt Quest* Will the general permission granted to the Amert*^- can fishermen to talke fish at the distance of a cannon shot, or three marine miles from the shore of this Province, ope- rate in any respect, and how, to the prejudice of the British' fohery? Ant. ft will, not only from the increased number of vessels they will employ in the Cod Fishery j but particularly in the B) < lii 'I Af ! ' i- ».(. .1 A F I": ■ .'i**;;: •^1 'i rd '% ffi it ■, V 's. sr ■,;.!s '■■/■ 'bi;' 3lac!^i;el Fujherj *^ the. best ou^rKe^ for Wihich h U(e tJnitt^^ £;itesvit ip a pknery of vast yal^c to this Vrovinqe, and ul whkb ft bas hitherto na4 tlvc nioiiqpply : hxkt the Ajmcric^nv wliile engaged in tbte Cod Ij^ishcFyy will set their Qet^ thre^ nilcs (rooi the shore,, where a,% one se^ftoa pC ih^ ^^r t)iey iBl|^ ibic^fi aH tke ^als 6£ that'fish ^ and. wl^^^ they, rim^ iiear<'> crtathe &hore,< they can set tjiieir nets in the night, wb^h i» thetl^:tne|lsb'ru|^ aoqs them.in tfaypi^ boats froiQi their resscjls at an aiichor thriec tnile^ fi^onn the s)pre.» this wiljk aisa apply to'tjie Herring Fishery f and ^ they cq^te withh^ tfie licadlilDds,) keeping three mi\o3, fyom^ t|^« shores oC. thic bars, the whole net fi»herjr w open tQ t-hem^ so is th^ Dp^ F^hjery, the 0^1 o( which nshery ' is a ine&t, important ,br;a^^^ of our trade; but when it is considered that with tp^J^erty; oT fishiai^' three mites fj^ont th(^ shore ;., they can en^r ^v,ery liarbbui* and vivet in the. Noi>th Ameiricaii; Colonies, nothing, isjefv^r theB|iti^h fi^(;rraenj^ but t^scrai^bje. on the com- moffgriauQq, having superior numbei^ to cont,cp4, with ^^n^ejr. BUch qircutns^anpes, British ^shei^ hav^ their nets ail vh^, mercy b^ tbe. Americ^ans, who. carry them away by sj^^ing^^. ^rbugh tl^em, vi^khjMt t6eBI;it4shlashermeB^ h^vjng the. small* estprospect of redress. Besides^, they, rum^ the iishery by tlirbwihg ih^ip o^ls ii^to the ^ai w&ijiQ our fishl^sm4iia;0rmg;;^ them^ta the shore. ''^(«5t»'](^]^i^iidsh subject^ wep«aUpw<;d tocfishoi) the^eo^st^^ ttid^to«eDt?ey the harbours of ^etjnited States of America, iw. tnc same infay that the people of that country are allowed to*-* enter t)iose of the British North; American Colpnies^ iyould BUcI) l^i^vilege be of any» and wb^^, advaiitage t(» the £|.rfta8%: %h^rtes and oQminerce. f v • Jtfis^ None,ftirthef than. Tt would fiirnish to aur p€OpleeH iA:^i(}e froqi tjiis Pkt>vihce $ )i)ut it has been principal!/ carried on by |icr^hs from £n^» fflhd, NelirC$unditif)d^ aHd Canada, Thb trade witli the na- tive^ ii ValJiiEiblc, and \i^i hitherto becti conducted by t!fe |{udM>n> Bay Corhpany aiid traders fikim NewfoimcllAtid ; tMt the wb^lie U now thrown dpcfji to the AmeFitatjs, ajid lU lidvfttit^gcsii^ill almost ei;cii»>ivcljr eei^ier wi'ththeih. QAeilf Describe ^ow the Fishery on Uie coiiii 6l Labr^ iddr is parried oti^ whctlier ih boats Or vessels, alid ti tvlrhdt di^an^e froih the land. Alii. The FisHeri^ extends frbrii the dSstdiice of about hiilf li mile to betweefi three or four miles from the shore. It is parried oi| h^ vesseijt of fh)ni iftO to 00 tons bui*dert ftfid ti|i- l^ards; these i^essels Xvi a< atiiibor in the. hs^rbdurs a^d senjl cut their boats with crevs Iq the fishing ^rbiind : tBc fmi IdrH itli ta|eh by tb^ bo^itsi b^ohgih^ to the vesseh,^!iich IretnaiH i^d up fn t^ ^drbqUrft until their lelitdin^ of fish Is fcompleted* Qatstf Do yditi kpow whether American or British iftsHnk feM^ ^re outfitted arid havlgated at ihecKyp^st rate? ritia if you di>^ state the CK^ro^fafatiV^ expeiices, sD. ^ to she«f iiow ^tid 2n ti^h&t inanner the bdyaritaige lie^ on either ^de. J?w'i: Tliere is very lilUe di^rehc^ iiiijeace: ^^ Que^f. Have you known any, and what, instances !ii wTilen . B^itiSB ftsKferftcn have' been fSltiUy i>reveiiied by the Atne- ric^ fkih<#tijt'h fronA car^^ittl) (Bilil^hliali, 9 to 18 days* t*rdm SayantlAh to Boston of Ports* tootitki Arom 8 to 16 days^ from SaVanhfth to Philadelphia pr N(e# York, much t|^e aame, froih 6 to 19 days ; fron) Sdr Vai|l|fih to Norfolk, from 4 to 8 days ; tVom th^ naM^ pldcto to Cbftrleaton, from 8 to 6 days. OueiU If a gei^eral freedoo) of cpromercfe tras {KfrifiiineMtiy te^ablifthed in the North American Colonies, eould hot. the knanufattiirefl of the Mother Country be thefe ej^qhaA/^^d fol> the cOtiiinodities of the United States, generally, upoh as gOod terms ai they are now exchanged ij) the principal Ifcldittg fowHs of the United States ? Jtnki They would, upon better term^* Queiti Turn your attention generally to th^ iltibj^tit itt&tfelt of thi^ inquiry, and stille ahy matter relative theretd; ififitKh irtajr not have been set forth, and parti(iularly explained Ih your answerft to the foregoins cjuestiond. Am, If Great Britain would hold out to the iperchantA ahd tiiherih^n of that country, eiigaged in the Wha)^ kM tod ^httti the enjoyment of the same eothmercial tidvii[hfa#^ ih Bl'itish North America, which they now enjoy in the ifffK^ 6taie« ; «ddili^ thereto all the commei'ciaf and othet* advilji- taees tirliich belong exeksively to ^rkish ^tibj^fiF^ kiH ^oM abo allow them to remove ^ixk then* vef^eli 9Lm ef- f^dis lh(d the British domioliod^, Aaturalieihg ih« ikterch^iifft Itttd fishermen, and constituting the vessel they br?rf| With theni Into a speciaf alnd particular braneb of British nWi^a lidtl,^o calculated a» (b hattifralize thei# tetieU a^ B¥mH hmh t^ip% qu«rtified to carty oiV tkfe wh^le and c6d ff^h'^ from British America; to which occupation they arhrotftd B^ i^^hn^iv^ coVifihed, ^nd re^trictetf fik^iit beirfg etj^pfoyv^d in tMy oGi^ biranch of B^iti^h ti'ad^ or codiM^ircert ^4, ^m m^ c^ti^j mi intcrcopf se with thii diedcriptioft' of ^o^ n1^. ard weH ac(:(natAt^d witb th«if ^enflmet^ts and n4 km knlo% tiie pb/Wdr^f ^flbct if wodd hitvt, if a nt^a^t% (»d iMfple in ttsew, sb easily ex^ciVted, ^fmf ifttenfded with' i^ €i^ |^Wse> #«» carri^ into effect. We kritiw that, trnUe^ stfcH encouragement, gf^t humbet^ ifioM ai h Dprnmions afford i iMyl k i% t^ out ^f tbeir ppwer to o|)en foe them any new conu» . do d otherwise enumerated, J - \ °* 8 £ I. 7 .7 7 9 7 9 7 7 Q il^ m !fll vA i' II f i tst Jl'Di! in addition tb the specified I!hitfes hereby {m- poftCl^'upon such' Wines reitpectively, a further buij for every £aOO of mt tiiie and real va- Im thereof, ; - -» - - - 7 lo- O* And for every Oo^n of Foreign Quaff BottStt^ in which such Wine may be imported, - «• 0' t Corny FlouD^i Grain, > f^r cvtry £lOO' of the true Meal« Peas, Beans, 5 and real value tbereof^ 13^ Headings, for every 1,000, f 1 0* Lumber, vii. Yeltow or White Pine per V,00a feet, H 1 0> )Wf other descriptions, - • «^ 1 8 0« Will Timber, the like, -' ^ — - - 10* O* Shinffles, lor every t,000, not eaceeding*. 13 inches in Ie«gttli - - ^ - - . ' 0» 7 Shingleff, for every 1,000, exceeding YS inches -* 14 Stawfi, Oak, Red or White, forevcry H,000, - i 1 O Wood Hocpey for every T,Clbo; - . - - 6? Si Alabaster, Anchovies, Argol, Anniseed,^ Amber, Almonds, Brandy^ Brimstone,^ Botargo,. Box'wood, Curtrants, Chpers, Ciiscasoo, Cantharidesi Cummin-secd, Coral, Cork, CiimftbKf^ Dates, j|esence of Bergamot; .,\-» of Lemon, •— of Roses, , — of Citron, . -- of Orange, Essence of davender, "^ '' ^- of Rosemary, Emery Stone,. Fruit, viz. ^ «i- dry and preserv- ed in Sugar, » .— wet, preserved in- Brandy, Figs, Qum Arabic, — Mastic, — Myrrhy --*• Sicily, — Aflooimoniac^: Honey, Jalap, Juniper Berries, Incense of frankincense tava and Malta Stone for building, Lentils, Manna, Marble, rough and . worked, 4 I 1 H 18 7 la p 'gf Pax '^,-'W \iy 0» % 1 0' I 0» 8 o o 7 14 I o Hoiaic Work, MuaIm, Macfinoivi, VuU of all kiods, (!>il0rO(iveft, — of A ImoncJt, Opiurp, t)rrw Root, OfitricK FeatHerd, Orange Uuclt>i$c peel, Olivec, Pickles m jar«lciM?ttM8jM>ngei»|| Paintings, ' ' ' VernSlIion, Ppseolaiia, Piimice Stone, Punk, f ftrmetan C%eete^ Pickles, Prints, 131 Pearls, Precious ^ones (ex- cept DiamondB)^ ' Quiclciilvor, llaisins, Ilkufe^rb, Rice, Saufls^of, Seona^' Scaioinony, Sarst]tariUa, Salffran, Safflowcr, '^ 4 Verinicelli, Wine, not in bottles^ except Wine import- ed intQ N«)(irlbund* land) , Vir^et««nes, I 1 H 8 15* i 7 10 f ^1 .TABLE Oi^DUTIES PawAiUoiOu Exeiit on tht ftUotDingJrlicUt, with ihe Drawi , ^ 4!itictis. Win}{^ — Champaigne, Madeira, Port, Claret Disbon, and S^errjr, - ' • ^ - All other Wines, ' - - - *Ruin and all other distill^ Spirituotis LiqMorK } Molasses, .-••.. ^Brand^ and Gin, ' z Z ' Excitt, pergnl Is. Od. Is. 8d. li. td. Is. 3d. per etot tSug?^r, • • • - • »38. 6d. llCoffee, - . . . . ptrM, id. *For a quantity not less than 400 gallons. |For do. not lets than 1,000 gallons* §1 Id. to Quebec, and lOd. toother Colonies. ^ tFor a quantity not less than 10 cwu P^or do. not less Uian 500 ft« Dram* If. ^l^ It. lid 104 is. u4 38.nd«' I. ^'ia.r ,\: 131 All Ooods, Wares and Merchandise irnporfed from any port or place subject to a duty of 2ri per cent. ad. vfllprum^ except owned in any shape by a non-resident ; in whiqh case they pay 5 ptr ctnl. ad. veU. Unless imported directly from Great Britain or Ireland. All articles from the United States pay a duty of 10 ptr cent, ad, vaL ,•> ,- The follosring articles are exempt from S| and 5 per p^nt* .—Wines of iail kinds, Brandy and Gin, Rum and other distil* led Spirituous Liquor% Molasses, Brown Sugar,, CoiTee) Floor, Meal, Grain and Lum^r of all kinds ; Furs and Skin$ of all kinds, Staves, Hemp, Sail Cloth, Cordage, Pitch, Tar« and Turpentine, Fish and Fish Qil, Salt, Coals. AnchorSf Grapnels, unl^t'ought Iron, Twine l^in^s and Fish Hooiss* All articles exported subject to drawback, must if landed ia a British port, have a certificate of thtt same from the Collec* tor and Comptroller df the Customs, if in a Foreign Pop|, from the British Consul, ^t vice Consul there resident, to be produced here to ih^,CQlli^(Qr qi ^)(ci$e ; Qtherwi»9 no 4raw^ back will be allowed, j., . ICING'S DUTIES, .■'•'■ ' ' , ^ Payable at tht Cu9iamrH(m^in Q^fh 0< iht time ofEninf^ Wines, from the Azores, Madeira, and ^hP Island of Maha, £7 per ton. * Whies, difect from Great Britain, from Sicily, and other Porta in the Mediterranean,if not the produce pf France,! Os.pr^toii, French Wines can only be import<^d frqm (^rpa( ^Titai% ai^4 then pay the! same duty- ®riti»h Plantation Coffee, 7s. per cwt. Foreign do. do. 59s. 9d, percwtf Jndigo, 6d. per cwt. i'^ento, :§d. per lb. * Foreign Muscovado Sugar, 5i* percwt. Clayed, 278# ^Foreign Rum, not admissable, unless Prize. Mola8se% Id. Foreign Productions as above may be bonded for exporta* tion, but no drawback isi allowed on any articles on W'hicli the duty has actually. been paid. _ ., . .^ . 133 ThcM duties, with some triAing ones, imposed bj the Tro- vincial I^egi&laiure, upon the iraportatiou of Cattle from the United States, are the priticlpal charges upon trqtde, and constitute the sources of the Province. The diiferent Har- bours of the Province since 1822, are considered as consti* tuting the port of HalifaK, and the districts in which Deputies are stationed as Member Ports. The fees of the Custom- ■House, when compared with those of other Colonies arc small ; and although great strictness is observed In enforein^^ obedience to the laws, yet no obstructions or unnecessary de- lays are thrown in the way of trade. The present Collector The Hon, T, N. Jeffery, is very much esteemed by the mer* cantile part of the Community, who can best appreciate his conduct as a public officer^ PORT OF HALIFAX, NOVA SCOTIA. Jihstract of the Trade at this port, Inwards and Outwardt fr&m Great Britain and Ireland for 10 years^ ending thefirtt qf March 1819. Inwards. Outwards. * . 1 / ■■ » > ' > ' O • a A CO • c f 0) o o o o o o 4> tH ^ H « iM 2; ^ S id09 47 10338 508 1809 1131 91639 11*0 1810 ' 116 27776 1216 1810 115 21793 1124 1811 93 17431 882 1811 88 16986 882 18)^ 122 26592 1505 1812 127 27322 1308 1813 6^ U976 881 1813 72 15074 762 1814 106 25303 1341 1814 68 14476 7^6 1815 114 26646 1^32 1815 180 21082 863 1816 90 21069 1082 1816 62 15696 758 1»17 107 24565 1212 1817 65 14019 666 iei8 178 39047 1933 1818 130 27375 1347 1619— 4 Na. of vessels* i\ 1809 Nil. 1 1809 Nil. 1 1810 5 618 32 1810 4 419 22 1811 12 |856 102 1811 4 654 36 1812 11 1702 88 1812 3 335 1«A 1813 4 630 41 1813 \ \ 125 $ 1814 11 1924 120 1 1814 3 346 21. 1815 9 1439 70 1815 3 476 ^ 29 1816 14 2348 127 ie]« Kil^ 1817 4 659 47 1817 3 341 14 181$ 5 585 56 1 1818 3 318 17 1819- -Nil. - 1819- -Nil. 1 Articles importc 17746 943 isn 35l ^ 17337 940 1813 119 15614 ! 684 T8I3 114 101139 487 1814 3>8 31993 1038 1815 156 13011 67a 1816 308 16943 1 830 1817 183 13304 700 1818 134 * 9135 464 ears. H -6 g 1 >* 1 ^ ^ H ss ? 18091 30i 1 16651 835 1810 1811 1503» 787* 1811 15& 11864 8^ , 18 ff 119 15514 684 I8I3 167 34568 Hia ,1814 368 37077 1755, 1815 176 359II 1417 1816 i I»7 33453 iial 1817 160 19066 985 \ mz 136 13565 669 Imports from Canadfa,— FTour, Gram, Beef, Porky Fatter, Lard, Soap, Candles, Stares, Fish ; from New Brunswick the same articles ; from Newfoundland, Salt, Wines, he, Exporth to Canada and New Brunswick, — British ^oods, prize eoods. West India produce ; to Newfoundland — ^Flour, Bread, PitcB, Tar, West-India Produce, and sundry articles of the Province* . .^ PORT OF HALIFAxTnOVA SCOTIA. Abstract of tk6 Trad^^ Inwards and Outwards^ wiihlhe Vnih td States (/Amtrka^for 10 years up to the Ist of March, l^X^ ni British Vtsstlsm l!i:' "f i. € ' ^ tn^ards* 134} Otitwnnlii. i o 593 316 1809 10 11 IS 13 U 16 }« It 18 19 o'^ • • ^ X3 O H s ^ 30 55 « Nil. Nil. hh. 121 82 114 47 NiL 2127 8661 366 9652 6853 8311 &991 160 919 26 507 369 479 S0» 13I9I 19183 14021 607fi[ From .Tan. 6. Itoports— Breads V\o\\t, Corn, Hice, Wheat, Tar^ Pitch, jLiumbcf, Apples, Indkn Meal, Cattle, ^c^ f f4^t)arts — SUg^r, Cofl'ee^ Rum, Molasses, Coal,. Dolkrs^ Britifih M^r^iiandisc, Fish, Plaister Paris, Salt, GriiidetoAes, Vttt Stone< llfon^ Coppe r, Lead, fce * £ POR^ OF HALIFAX, NOVA SCOTIA* I ^hHract o/tht Trade, Inwards and Outwards, toith iht UnW ed States for twt> yearft, up to\stMurth VBl9^ ififortignvesifelifv i Imports— Bread, Com, Flour^ 'Beef and Fork, Oats, Tur- , pontine, Indian Meal, Onions, Lumber, Nuts, Apples, and PcMti, Candks, Cattle, Tobacco, Jltc. Exports — Sugar, Molasses, British Merchandise, and priac Goods, Salt, Coals, Iron, Coffee, Fish, HideSj Wine, Oil, &c. 1ST i o CO H so .r 1 6 I o § v o o © d u 5 d a 3 .a O) k(d a 9) S 2 g I I I I ISSi o X < bj a 2 -S2 O c S 2 Eh O O -" Ch>0 ^^ Ot 04 Ct 0> ;o CO O* !>• 0» 1— CO »0 O* '1 il -rr o» <© «o »* *• >» sf ^■" o «2 (O 00 » eo w^ 9 CO co" CO ca CO 1^ ■' —4- "^■ CO o> ^co_. CO iS k H9 ■*^j 'ff U'. !i^ «r '•"b 14* i k CO '11 If •S CO 1 1 1 ■ ■« Amount. •-•ooor* ••O^ 9» — p»^«o«o.-o«^oooo 04-«COC0^O)e0009« P9>000400POOCOCO 5 O * r» «* 51 «- ^ •» p CO *3 8 t "S II O •-« 01 o »- P M 0> 0» 10 CO p r- — o CO « , «» eo ^ CO «^ M ^ ■^ ■. ' M -4m CO CO 0» o> r* p o CO r^ . »<» ^ CO a> P ^ 90 ©« »* CO CO 16694 957 I 188 17 2291 1 8 427 3 848 3 18 S3 2 496 21 «0 CO «o CO CO 55 lis r* •- o» o o CO CO p p P (N CO o ee 00 o« GO«oc»eo 00 04 ^ — CO 1 4 to c» t^ r* t^ «o ^ o« »o eo CO CO .S; CO CO ^ 0»"VCOC0O>«O^C0 f<-ootococo*o>oeo Q^iO^COPOOCOO CO •0 Bran- dy and Gin. Galls. 13,298 200 - 14 20 899 CO .J X J ^ 2 2 o 0^ . s^ 5 ^2 c:-* '«s' -^ «S i> > t- fi ;S C 1 I im^ ^^. « ■it f4t CHAPTER IX. Tfu O&vemor^ hit Power, — ThtCouncil^ itt Origin in the. old Colonitt, — Th* Court» of Law, — Chief Juttict^-^Tht Lami of Ihe Prwinc* in gentrai* ¥N t^e second chapter of thii book, I stated that the Legis- ^ lature of Nova Scotia, consisted of three branches, the Governor, Council and Assembly, in humble iromitation of King, Lords, and Commons, and as the chapter b devoted to the consideration of the Courts of Judicature, and peculiar Laws of Nova Scotia, I shall give an account of the Authority vested in the Governor and the origin and powers of the Council as they are respectively connected with those sub- jects. Every Governor is allowed the Title of Excellency and is invested with the following Powers. First — As Captain-General and Commander-in-Chief, he has the actual Command of all the Land Forces within his Government, and he commissions all Officers of the Militia* He appoints the Judges of all the different Courts of Com- mon Law. He nominates and supersedes at will the Custodes, Justices of the Peace, and other subordinate Civil Officers* lYith the advice of his Council, he has authority to summon General Assemblies, which he may from time to time pro- rogue and dissolve, as he alone shall judge needful. All such civil employments as the Crown does not dispose of, are part of his Patronage, and whenever vacancies happen in such offices, as are usually filled up by the British Uovem- ment, the Governor appoints pro tempore, and the persons so appointed are entitled to all the emoluments till tney are superseded at hoine, and till the persons nominated to super- sede them arrive in the Colony. He has likewise authoritr, when he shall judge any offeader in criminal matters a fit ob- ject of mercy, to extend the King^s pardon towvrds him, except only m cases of murder and high treason, and even in these cases he is permitted to reprieve till the signification of the Royal Pleasure. Secondly — The Governor hats the Custody of the Great Seal, presides solely in the high Court of Chancery, and in general exercises within his Jurisdiction, the same extensive powers as are possessed by thf Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain. ■;( 1 on him by law within tlid space of one year after hii catf ance into tha Uovernmem, and expressly made irrevoca* ble ddrina^ tha whole term ot his residence ili tht Administra«> tion. And this ajipaars to he a wise and most necessary rt^ •triotian. TIic Members of tfee Conacil tktt sevemllT appointed by t,ha Governor mm arc in ndnth^ twelve. Their privileges^ poweis and dSioes arc as follo^v" ; First— They are severally styled Honourable, they taka prooedeney neit to the Commauder-in>Chief ; and on tha 4aath or .ihsence of the Governor, Lie«t«nnnt»neneral. and Lit utantant'Governor, the eldest Member ot* the Council sue* caedi to the Governmetit, under the titU of Preaident. Second ly-^Thcv are a Cmmcil of State, the Governor or Coaimahder4n*ChW preiidinit in person, to whom they stand in the saAia v i^ation at the Privy Coum:il in Gn^l Drhain it M tiM }»pf^r Ilou>«y »nd iJintiiut from the iKivernor, f nter protests on their Jowiv Main afi»*r the manner of the House of Peers, and hate iKeir Chaplain, Clerk, lir. At there waa no order of hereditary Nobiliiy ia the Co^ loniea, out of wLieh to constitute an interfnediaie Hodjr, lik^ the Peers of Kngland and Ireland, a Legialativc Authority was doubtlesi at an early period entrusted to the Governors and their Council, acting conjointly, and forming a middit liranch between the Crown on the one hand,and the Represen- tatives of the people on the other. That \hh was the case at irnt the history or most of the Colonies clearly evinces. Th# Governor and CounriK in Leeihiative aflairs, conMituting, not two seperale and distinct bodies, independent ef eneh otber, l^utone constituent tiranch only; silting and deti)>€r«^!ingto» f ether. As it sometimes became necessary to reject pnpulrti? mils, the fiovernors to divert ihe displeasure of ilie A!»;?embly from themselves to the Council, grnduaHy declined nttenriln^ 9n such occasions, leaving it to the board tQ settle matters a* they could wiihoat their interference. The council readHjf concurred with the Goveri\or*s desi(»ns,because their a'bscnr e, femovin^ a restraint, gave them the appearance of a dt^'.inct independant estate; and the Crown perceiving the utility of the measure, gradually ?on5rmeyKnglish sub*' jectA, such of the- English Laws as arc applicaHle to their sl^' matkm (which are the birthright of every Britisji subjm) are immediately in force there, and that conqueHd or cedetj^^ eountrie* retain their own laws until altered by Pfirliaraent. " From which it appears that royal proclamations and rhartert •re declurntorv of ancient rl|ht«,not creative of new privileges. Hence arose i\\9 establishment in the British C^lon^es, oC Asi* — — - 1 ^ ■- — — — - Ver nmch U9*fitl in/hrmntion wi thh mhjecU fht rtuder i$ rs* /. fifrti fe lanf» Hi a I* nfJmnoim^ 144 •MnbliM or Houflct ot 1l€pre«eAtatiTef , who nccttMrily parti* «ip4te with a tciadcr interest in every tbiog that conccrm the people. The Supreme Court, or Court of King^s Bench, consists of a Chief Justice, three assistants, and one Circuit Associate. Tbe Chief Justice is paid by Government, and in addition to his annual allowance, is entitled to fees on every Action.— The Assistanti draw their Sialary £600 a year and one pound three shillkiga and four pence per diem when travelling by vir- tue of a perroaneitt Grant of tne Legislature. This court has a Jurisdiction extending over the whole Province including Cape Breton, and takes cognizance of all matters criminal ana civil, in the same manner us the Court of King's Bench in England. Its Jurisdiction is limited to five poynds in ac- tic tis of Debt. It sits once in three months at Halifax, and Iri** two circuits East and West each year in the mott l^puloua counties, at which two Judges in general preside. The venerable Chief Justice the Hon. S. S. Blowers, Es<^. has presided in this Court since 1 798. The patient investi- Stion which he givek every cause which is tried before him, i firmness, yet moderation of temper which he exhibits, the im]Kirtiality, integrity, and profound legal knowledge with which he dignifies the Bench, have rendered him an object of affection not only to the Gentlemen of the Bar, but to the public at large. It may be said of him as of Sir John E» WilmoU*^ Etiam contra quos statoit, aeqnos placatosque dimisit. The Bar aflfords a very fair share of good public speakers, and in this Colony as in most others, contains the leading men of the Province. The Court of Common Pleas is in most instances a conrt of concurrent jurisdiction with the King's Bench, but cannot send process out of the county nor take cognizance of criminal proceedings. The Judges of this court are not Lawyers, but Magistrates of the county who preside without salary and with very small fees. In this Court there are few actions of consequence tried. The prin- cipal business consists in takine Judgments on Notes of Hand, and proving small accounts. It sits at various fixed periods 10 different counties according to the local exigencies, and is also limited in its jurisdiction to five pounds. Of all actions of df bt between three and five pounds two Magistrates take cog- nisance J and one Justice may collect any smaller sum by a J a V •>t <|ciG;a4 proei!l§<> ' Frdrn 4l)e rInf«rior CohKs ^n tppipftl Jj^* to tktk 6upntate Coort (it |)o:«es«ing an authority «iiui4«i' jio the King^A jBcncb in Ii/ngland) tiience to the Govcfnor and Council, wb# fcompose a Court of £rroP8 and Ap|)eAl, andttlience to £ngr flatid. 1^ office <)f « PiX>thonotary or Qerk of tjie Cpwli if « ^patent eppoinlmcflt. There U a Deputy iD^ftclacc^nty^ ^ois a C4erk of the Sujjpeme Court -and CcHnmon B\t9$4 ^'here is also a Court of ^SeMiion« «o 6eQh,(^Ojiip|^„ . wkh (in authority and jurisdiotron similar *ta an insliUitiopiu £iiglai|f| Af the same name. Tltcre are Judges of i?robate in the >44(? ferent districts, who have a Juriadiction 0¥^r. all BMitttfi;^ i<]iuching Wills, Letters of AdioiAistration^^cc* ; fi i3'!rhe eheriffs of the different counties -are appqiated aiuiualr: ly by the Governor, from a list mode by llie Chief J^stiot^ ppQposiag ihree persons for ihis choice jijotr each couity^ This office being luonatt^eis in general, aolicilod* Atshenff -is invariably v;ontmued from year to yaar, soioog a» fa^QOftr tinuesto discharge the xlmieti tof his office wiU^ fidelity .and. diligence. v ' The Admiralty f?DUrt enccao.^bly held Imt. Sir Alexander Croke it) but little fnequented in peace, and has now dwin<» died to a shadow. The Chief Justice atprescnt peribrma Ifhe duties of a Judge of that urt without salary. It baa iMOn previouBiy observed that cbe game^ tithe, andecclesias* ticarl policy, and the remnants of feudalisai wiiich dis^iire the jurisprudence of Europcaa countries^ iind no pJfice ia tho Provincial Svstem of Law. It remains therefore jnerely (a trace some or the len^ding firatures of the laws , of Nova Sootia^. Land in j^neral is held by one of three titles, and seldom by- any dthcr, bT|:rant, by deed^ or devise, or by descent. .Tha King is Lord of the soil, and is possessed of all that tract which is 'termed unlocatod land. From him thrrcfore all tftlei here are originally derived. The mode by which tba^ King convey^ is by grant under the se nl of the Province, witli ••c^dltioD to.setUc mid improve. The next dctcnpti^ ip^j ill iijg % txpeditioas;- The other mode i» by descent* The' statute ** of distributions of Nova Scotia directs* the estate of an inte»> tatt to be divided in the following manner: one-third of the- personal estate to the widoi^ for ever, besides her dower or / liiird'm'housef and l^nds for life.> Out of the residue of the personal and realestate two shares to the eldest son, and the raidtie to be equally dividiid among the other children^ and •uch as legally represent them*^ If the real estate cannot be divided without great injury, the J^dge of Probates ia- require- ^toord^ an appraisement', at which- price so fixed, the esfc tate is offered to all the sons successively, beginning with the eldestj'Wiio^avea choice according tO'tlJeirNtniorityw If either • of the sons take it at titc'appraisement^ Ite i^bonnd topay in; a given time^, the pro))ortionable shares- to the other heirsi- ]f not taken at the appraisement it is then sok) and the pro* ceedsdivided'aoion^'tne heirs.. After the widow'* death, her;^ dower in land ia^ivided^ii^like manner.- It^is provided als<»i that where personaPestate i9 insufficient^ apart or the whole . of the real estate may behold to p^y the di^bta«. The credi* tort of the deceased except the King, and Such a»liav$ ob- taitred judgments prior to the debtor's death, receive an equal • dividend. There is one more peculiarity attending land, it ft subject tO'be sold under legal process for payment of debts, at the expiration of two years after the execution has been lixtended upon it The writs are simple, and are of three different kinds — a'Suminons^or'mere orderto appear and de^ fend 8uit^~a Capias whicU- takes- the body or requires bail •^an Attachment which is a* mixed writ, and both summons the party and attaches as much property as by appraise^ ment will amount to the sum sworn to. Property so attach» ed, if not bailed, or security given for its forthcoming after Judgment is immediately soldi After Judgment Execution Issues, which is a writ authoririhg the Sheriff to> take bodyf goods or lands, at' the option of the creditor. In order t*-; prevent confusion and fraud in the title to lands, recwding ; offices are established, one or more in eachcoimty, at whicS offices air conveyances must be recorded. The officers ii the country transmit a quarterly abstract of tU^ deed* c^Sl^ Jtrcd bj them to tht head of the Department at Haliffi^ There are no bankrupt laws in Nova Scotia, and the only re« lief atforded is by means of a law, entitled the InsolveaC Debtors' Act. Under this statute an insolvent debtor or bankrupt, is required within thirty days after his commits jDienl under. the execution, to .petition the Judges for relief, setting forth in^schedyle all 'his eftects, debts, i(Lc. to notify the creditor of the .day appointed for hie examination. At the examination the plaintiff attend^, and either consents to^ •or opposes hi^ discharge according to the circumstances of >4hecase* If 4he Judges feel disposed to grant the dischargf and administer the oath, the creditor may require the debtor to be 'remanded for three .months, but must supply the debtor in the intermediate time or house at -Halifa^c provided for thfiir reception. The latter are n^aii^tajined Jo the country. ^ every township there are two town imeettqgs held anBuallv by |;he ireeholu- ers, who vote a stjm'of money to be -raised -^y tihie township, which will in their '.estimation be sufficient ibr^h/ssuppup a rate bilL This instrument is delivered lo.oollectors whp axe bound tp realize the sum so voted and assessed, and to pay it over tp the overseers of the poor. An appeal lies fr«m this rate tp the court of $ossioos. A settlement is gained in five waya* by being -a native of the township, by serving an apprentice- snip therein, by dwe^ing there as a {^rvant for one whole year previous to lihc application for aid. by the discharge of one public annual office,or the payment qi one yearns poor rate. - The mode adopted by this country for the support of {he ^fiooi^ it perhaps the best calculate^ ifl ensure plenty, com- i^rt, cleariliriciM, and a tencler humane treat*ient, of qtny that tba\d be devised. In all the tuwnshipR, except Haiitax^ the {>eor are put out to board among the farmers^ one or more ]»erliaps in the same family. Sy this means a pauper of good moral habits, who tkas been rnJuced by sickness or misfortune, has not his last hours embittered by those scenes ^impiety and wickedness, of distress, disease, and wretck* odness, which are the living Spectres and evil spirits that too oilen haunt a poor-house. In this manner, if a pauper is well conducted, he not unfroqu,ently remains in the same family fot years, gains the affection of those around him, and en* Joys in his latter days more tranquility and comfoKt than he 'ever knew before. In addition to the rate just mentioned for the support of tlie poor, there is a small county rate voted by the grand jury for the erection and repair of the court houses^ jtti]», and other county services. This sum is also apportion* "•d by assessors, and collected by persons appointed for that purpose, who pay it into the hands of the county treasurer ^ There is alsa another public charge txacted cither in la- l>our or money at the option of the individual. — This is aa annual road tax, commonly called statute labour, in contrai- dktiheti(m to the labour expmded and procured by grants «of thte Legislature^ The grand jury appoint overseers of the 'lUghways for the several districts, one in each year, who are hy Itiw the authoriaed superintendents of this service. These overseers compel the attendance of owners of teams with iheir horses and carts- four days, under a penalty for non- ■Aitendance of 126. 6d. per day; and all other persons, six days, under a penally of five shillings per day^ except labour* ^rS) servants, minors and apprentices, who irork two.daya^ Md during eight hours each day. ' ii Marriages have been solemnized in three ways,— by pub? Ikation of banns, by licence, and by certain authorized lay- men in parishes where there were no pfiiciating clergymen* These Kcences the Governors have always directed to the €hufch Clergy, and the Dissenters wi§hi^ pose in 1819, with a clause suspending its ppeiation until His Miijesty's pleasure should be known. Whe^ this Act "was passf'd, it was accompanied by the following addrett to Kis Excellency the fiari of Dalhousie then Govemoc oi Uif Province. ut -rA. the i BIS MaiestyVCQUoail iind Ui€;H<9i««Qf Assembly 1^9 It^^^.o to 3i«^dressyour l£xcqll«^cy upon this subject, because thev} are aware thai repre^^tations p>ay be made tp His Majesty^ Ministers that the bill has a tendancy to injure the established (iilhurtth^ and confei«s a;tight upon persons to perform the^mar- i^age ceremony, who are not Clergymen of the Church. ol Engliand. And a3< Hi& Majesty ^S: Ministers ma-y not possess ^at minute inforniation of the actual state of thisiProvince^ vhich would enable them t<;> discern the fallacy of suchre^ rir»!4entations, His Maie^ty^s Council and House o>f Asseuibl^ beg leavQto state such circumstances; to, your iiprdshipf fon the itiforiiMation of Ujs Majesty^ Ministers, as may enablft them: to. form a correct opinion of the policy of the measurt*; By an^aet parsed in the thirty-secpnd yeairpf his late Majesty '% JEkign, it i9 enacted ; that any person pcc^uming to officiajtA in SQlemnizing^ any marriagf), before; notice of the party's iak tention of marriage shall be publicly glv.en on (brcesepaiialck Sundays oc hQUdavs, in time. qf- divine s^irvicf, in somecoiii* ffregation within the town or U>wns yvbece each of tho pacti^t 0l>i^i|idfiv QT: for which marriage Ucenae §^iai:l:nQl have- beetle appointed^ under the hand of the povernor, or Commander-i in»Chief oftlie Province for, the time beings shall forfeit aod pay to the use of His. Majcgty^ Government* fifty pounds, tQ be recovctred by Bill, Flaint^ ofi InformaitioB i^ amy oC th^ Courts oi' Record within thi^ Province. > }t ha$ been adjudged in thf Supreme Court of this Province^ that all dissenting minister*, ^' ha publish the banns of mar^ rtage:, inith^ir ceepficMve congregal^on^, agreeably to the tera^ ((Kfthatac-^ are autb^ri^ed to qelebvate mariyiages, and suoU ^isfieoting'EHnisters; bt^VQ fiprmanyyeai^s, celebrated the mais riage ceifeniORy within thie^ Province ; the pf'csent Bill there% fnre does Jiot confer ti>at-i;ig4it upon th.eiOi^ as, th^ posfes^jM^ ♦ftdenefcUedit before* : « ^ lii. ■( i WM »• It }ias iTVt Itowever been tibe prtctict for tht tSovernor or Commander-in-Chifef to direct Ucencet, Rutborising partitt to marry without the publication of banns to any other Ciergr* nen than those oftlie establisbed Cburch:; but m the popula- tion of this Province hM increased ?reaitly, since the thirt j- tecond year of his late Majesty^s Reign, and as the Dissenters now form a very large and respectable majority, comprising upwards of four-fifths-of His Majesty's subjects in this Pro- ymce, the Legislature have deemea it just and polite, to ex- tend to them the privilege #f marrying by licence, as to the members of the established Church, for the following reasons^ which they request your ExceMenc^ nvill be pleased to sub- mit to His Majesty's Government. First — Because the act passed in liislate Majesty''s Reign, irhich established the Churc% of England, held forth every «ncourage|^ent to Protestant Dissenter^ to settle themselves in this Province, and expressly declarecu *^ That Protestants dissentingfrom the Church of England^ ^wbctber they be Cal- vinists, Lutherans, Quaker^, lOr under ^hat .denomination so- ever, ffhall have free liberty «f coascienoe^ -and may erect and build meeting houses for pubUc w-orship, a Ad may choose and elect ministers for the carrying on divide eervice and administration of the sacraments, according to their several opinions ; and all contract made between tbeir j&inisters and their congregations for the support of tlie ministry, are here- by declared valid, and shall nave their MX force and effect according to the tenor and condition thereof, and all such Dissenters shall be excused from any rates or taxes to be made and levied for the support to the* ipria^ Intsof Your' Unof ,iht CKtnrcE of Engtandf, resident in QueenV County lin l9im south fhoriK, or in the couMtjr of Cumberland on the North^ and that with the exception of two Clergymen in ihepopulouf tounty of Lunenburg, and two in the extensive County of SheIbupne,theCiepgy of the established Church are confined •to Haltfaxy Hants, King^s County and Annapolis.* Thirdly — That many of the aissentang ministers are me» •f education' and respectable characters, and their respect- able congreeations^ even in those counties where the Clergy •f the established Church reside, are in general more numer-^ . aus than those of the Church, and are equal to them io point ' af wealth and respectability ofcharnctev* Your Excellencv roust perceive from this statement, for Hie correctness of which His Majesty's Council and the House of Assembly, will appeal with confidence to your Est-- ^ tcUency V own knowledge of the Country, that confininr W narriage lieence » to the Clergy of the Church of England^ 'Creates an invidious distinction, which is highly injurious to^ that venerable establishment, and gi'ating to the feelings of a. large and respectable majority of His Majesty's subjects i» 'this Province. Toup Excellency is- aware that among the Higher classes of Society, when they contemplate a matrim9>r. Bial Onion-, there is* a general reluctance to that notorietjr which the publication of banns occasions, and the Legrslature. themselves have so far recognized this feel rngvthat they have authorised the Governor, by an act passed faithe thirty-fiftji : year of his late Majesty's Reign, to appoint persons to celebrate marriages by licence, in places wherein no establish^ . td clergyman resides. The Dissenters therefore complainy « and we think with justice, that they are obliged to submit " to a regulation that is repagnant to- their feelings, orcomplj with a ceremony which dc^snot accord with their faiih, and this they deem a violaticm of that law which encourages them to settle themselves in the country, and which exempicd them froift all'cdntributions to the clergy of any other Religioik; than their own. His Majesty's Council and House of Assembly are alsocT^ •pinion, that the appointment of laymen to celebrate marriage ^ cs according to the rites and ceremonies of the Church oT^ . • " r — r— — TT- — • "; ■ '-4 ^Mott t^ ihA vacant mwions have hetnfiUtd «t»ce th* dot: of^ "^ ' this petitwn*, .w,i,; If - -W^^i^^'W f—A 4m^-Ti^ ». IW ifid,^fi8«'^a 'tm^6))cy to hv&m Ute rfeap^ ^hicfi 'filioiHd .beentertftined for every part of our ritiral, particuJRrly as the ^lersons appointed an? generally from )neeessity Diss^ntcra, Jarfd as neither of the parties who are to be united, or the pep- i$fm who is to perforin the ceremony, belong to the £stabliilhv ed Churchy this sacred ordinance is sometimes treated tvith devity, and sometimes altered and violated. iHis Majesty '4 Council «nd the Hous« of Assembly afe« «rware,that it hias been observed, that your Excellency «fiue» -the Marriage Licence now in use, in your capacity as Ord»> mary ; and that it would be absurd for the Ordinary to issue a Lipence or dispensation to a dissenting minister, who doet iwt recognize his authority in thai capacity, but they beg 'leave to observe, thatitis an exemption Jrom the pensity idi" •pobed by our provincial statutes, that is nought by fch« Dis- 'wnters, many of whom r ame from Scotland, where no suck -penalty is imposed. And the object of this bill is to preserve cthe Licence now in use for the Clergy of the Established CIttirch, and to authorize your Excellency, in your capacity fof iSovernor, to grant a Licence to Dissenters which will rei» dit;v« them 'from the penalty imposed by the Law cff thelPrt^ ^incB. l His Majesty's Council and fthc House of Assembly, !bej5 li^avc to assure your. Excellency, thaft they proceeded lolhe t:otosideration of this bill, with mature delioeration ; that :t originated at an early period of the Session in the House of (AsseihWy, where it passed unanimously, and was revised aiwi «mended in His Majesty's Council, who passed it by a ma*- jority of two to one ; that it was .generally known throughout the Province that this bill wais under the consideration 'of the L^slatnre, yet no petitions have been presented acainst tj, (aha his Majesty's Council and th^ House of Assembly^ think that they may venture to assure your Excellency, that the firinciple of it is approved of by the majority of the •m<»mbe« c^fithe Church, as a me&sure calculated to reinove jealoiisie^ and to introduce and preserve that harmony among persofts 'fif TlffferentTclrgbHS persuasions, 56 esscfritisfl to tnfe pefet'ce flffd hiippiness df the Province. His Majesty's, Council ami Ihe iHoirse of Assemby fed themselves warranted in makiiq^ the above ftssertion, as many of the warmest 6upporte«4>f this VlLin kithhousftA, ^e members of the issue D doet y beg uyiiiJ- ic Dis- o 8ttch reserve blished sipacitjr will re>» l«ne;ua$e«rii«excetl«ht Rt\JH[i^, Ih^i liiiici ^d VolleretinjK iftfr- tk ^ the lAiijioHty o)^ ftt piti^t^oiS, will lir^ cdmltiaM IM attachment of its members, and the respect even of those ^t\t6 dii»iieiit fh^b it; A^ it ^ah bhiy b« lAjui^ Th this mvlAce of Kova Siedtia, hf x\it mii^ided ttel 6f it^ ihtemperM ThifeAct howe^My, bnd #a« atcoidih|;ljr disallowed^ ictA \kk f^htctice ctttl*; yimttt «• hafl bteii bfctdni ktaM. CilAPtfeft*. IN feo6rdiiig ttte te^Iid t^ffttitidrfs of I^6VS 96dti^ Ibf^ M edtiCMioiii lif )r6uth, th« Univei^ity (X Klftg^il Cbll^^ 4f Windisor eMite^tly rfi^rit^ (hH fir«t place, the t^s^i^^tabitrt ty of the estaUttUfMfM, iiM Mhitt^l endbW^^v the l^^fiiih^ and piety of its professors, the number of gentlemen whom ^ has educated, aind the influence it exerts upon the mafijCieri and morals of the country, all conspire to make every Novt Scottan^ who feels and unaerstands the good of bis country^ regard this University as the parent of all that is good,, and fre^t, and learned ia it. WKen we meet in a new Cdon^ ke Nova Scotia, or i^ew Briinswick, men whose education and promise in liYe art j^rhaps beyond tlie state of tbe coun* fry, we admire, but n^e seldoth stop to ask for the causes ; But in tracing every ydung man 6f figure m the professions in both Provinces, to tlie Seminary where he acquired his.edu* cation, our enquiries generally terminate at King^s College* The University haJ a Koyal Charter, bearing d^te at West* minster, the i3th da^ of Ik^ay 180^. B/ this Charter it is ordained that Che. said Coljcge' shall be deemed to be an Uni^ versity, and' shall' have and enjoy all such and the l^ke privi- l^al d1^^n(byii*d 'vernors; His ExccUehcy the Lieutenant-Governor, The ((i^ht Rev. the Lovd Bishop of Nova Scotia, The Hon, the Cluef Ju^ice, the Jud^e of the Court of 'Vice-Admiralty^ the Speaker of the House of Assembly, the Attorney-Genvral^ the Solicitor-General, the Secretary of the Province, and the Rev. the President. The board has the power of making sta- tutes and by-laws for the internal government and reguiation* of the Institution. ,The following -extract from this statutes 'of the Universitjii l^in shew the course of studies established for the students. „*^ t7th-;-Regular courses of lectures, as soon as the esta* t)lishment shall admit of them, shall be read every year by the Professors in the following branches of literature, ■ sci* fuice, and knowledge.. Each course shall begin in Micfaaek mas.term, ai\d shall be completed within the year — Upon the" evidences, practice, and doctrines of the Christian ReligioHf . Grammar^ universal and of particular languages. The Gredcand Laim. Cla»' ' sics, Hebrew, . Rhetoric^. -. Mathematics, includfhg AHth- ' metic, Geometry, Algebra, • Trigonometry, and the Co- • nic Sections^ with thei^ ap- ' plication in mechanics^ and ' other useful' and practical • Sciences. Natural Philbsopby,^ Astronomy^ Ethics, Gieneral Jurisprudence, The Law of Nature and Na- tions, The Civil Law, and the The ' ory of Municipal Laws, Politicaf Science, (Economy^ Metaphysics,,. Geography and CHrono&gy,^ History, ancient and modern, Anattmiy, Botany, Chemistry, The Materia Medica, bnd't The Pi-actice of Medicine inr* clinical l^ecturcs." ' . m— :The four following Professorship* shall be now eitab4> jfched, to which others shall be added, a9 .soon a| the rtv^** IMieso£the,CaUes$BhaUreadiritpraQMNIi^ ' ^::. All ^(^1t.ffit; k PMfetsor of Divtnit}r mud HeMw. ThitlVoftial iJonhipfoKthe present «haU be joihed to (ht PreiideDUbipi «nd the President shall perforin all the duties which ai« %^ tached to' it, without any additional salary* 1» He shall read Gatecbecical Lectures upon the- first prinriples of the Christian Religion, according to the Church •of England, upon every Sunday evening in terra time, be* tween the hours of seven and eighty which-«haU be attelided by all students during their three first years* S. Upon the evidences of Christianity, upon everv Satur* day evening at^cven p^clock, which shall be attended by the tame students. M. Upon Theology every Monday, Wednesday, end Fri« •day, from twelve to one to all students in their fourth yeari 4. Upon^he Hebrew lianguaj^e on Tuesday and Thursday at 13 O^clock, to all students designed for holy orders during their fourth year, and all other students who^ball choose to ^attend during their fourth year. '. •* 'ft* 30. Sd, 4 Professor 'oftbe Moral Sciences and MeUphy- riics. • * ■ • , ■ . ' I. He jihall Lectnr? in Dthics anfl 'the Law of T^dture eve* ifv day in term time, except Saturdays, Sundays, and holy- days, the first and two last- days from the hour of 13 to one^ His pupils shall be all students during their second year. %* Vpo^ genejral Jurisp^dence, SieLaw of Nations, the Civil La^r,' and *(he Theory of IVIunicipal Law, of Govcm- ment-and politicalieconomy every day in term, except as be*, fore excepted, from half-past ten to half-past eleven. Hif pupils shall be ^11 students during'tlieir' third year. 3. Upon Metaphysics, History with its auxiliaries, Geogra* jfhy and Chronology, upon the polite arts, and upon the use and application of science, every day in term, except as be-' fore excepted, irom half-past one to half-past two. His pu- pils shall be aU'students during their fourth year. Sir 3d, A Professor of Mathematics, Natural Philosophy and Astronomy. 1. He shall lecture in the higber Arithmetic and Grome- try every day in term, except Saturdays, Sundays, holy- •clays, and the first and two last days, from half-past one to' i»lialf-i1ast twd. His pupils shall be all students during their ^•econdyear, i. 4b Alg«bnii ai^ >Trigoaom<^try, and upon the Conif' it ! :irl|| i.;.:;i>i '^0 iliiiw% fro» mn^ tfl.oiii ««trf 4a^ in Mhqi. (implai iHUcMit. Ml pufMlt. iMi 1)0 til »iM(i«iiU 4m^$ tMr iWmI yi4«ik ■ S. And \u Mcclumici« MAtttm) PkiloM>pliiy. iimI AHtfrnomft m»yi dnjr in t«rnt ««ciepi. m belqr^, from half-patt tco^ to lialfrMuit tUMi^ Uia puplU ^11 ba all (Kudciou during ibti« tt« j}i Sundays and hfilv. dajwi tba fiml.and iha uvo lai( df\y»4 rrom nine to lorn ancf hit pupilt ihaU be all itudenti during their third ana iburth jteara, he tbull read different booka the ttcuand jKear ftoovthM. which hothtll read the firat* %. kuBhcioric ev^^y day In ternn car.epi Stturdayt, 9un« 4a|(t« holy^laut, the fint and thtr two ltit> dayj, (Vom Imlft patt^tan to haif-patl elajvuA* Hit pupib. thall be all itudaata during their Hmt year. SL And in ho^it^ eveni and other polite accoam pUshmants* ,, It is roquisito that< the President thall hava taken at regutaiv degree of Master of Arts, or Batchelor in Civil Law at one of the Universities of Oxford, Cambridge or Dublin, in tht/ United kingdom. There are four by scholarshipt of twenty pouudt ttnfUngi per year, which may bo held tor four years* Alio twelve, divinity scholarships, of X30, sterling which majrbe held for seven years. When any one of these scholarshipa hecomaai vacant, tbaCandidatatara publicly eaamintd by ihaQover* nort, and it is. assigned to hin^ whn% sjmUi acquis hio^eif thoi bflst upon such eitatnination* The Suidcnifs otre eligible to, ma4rin)i|ation at» thoi^adaofl fourteen. TJiis period is perhaps too youthful, buli3daple4i atahC'tiaa far adrntiiioii^Qn acco^Dlofoht tii^.^ jhtMNi^ IIMftMiii CAf '.«blv 9( matotMiiiiig chiUlrt t» %i « •i>k««l, muI Mib« MKiucntly at ^ College Uyoiifi Uio age of mvcimjf* Th« b<* Mta of •ductnlofi at tbi» Univ^fMi v nr« acee«Mb}f to all* but thf bonouri to ihnto oiitv who ftuCscj'ibt to %k^ akiclM'Of ika Church of England, liie Collr ge coniiAt» of flvo bayi or large wooden SiiildingA (indcr one roof* Thf ae bay* aro three atorlci hi height, and coni^iMt^ of two auili of rooma on » tioQf\ each luit containing one purhfur nnd two Kcd-roomftfor the accommodatipn of two tiud4?n(»« The nieward provide* in the hall a dinner for the fttudents, nnd Mipptieathem witb liutter, bread s»nd niik, foriheii brenkfnit mid tupporat their tppartmentt, where the^r provide ftiKh other art iciea them- aelvet a» they think proper, in aildiiion to thia he ia* bounds lo fMrniih them W4(h lujch Keneral attendance »• if requi»ite« For thif service he i« entitled to ret-^ive from every Ktudeot thirty nounda per year. The whole exprme of* edaeation at College, including tuition, hoard, clothefl, fce. may be rat* o4 at £100 per y«ar, althotigh mnny Umit their expent^eato %leu ium« There are about twenty^eight or thirty reaidem aludentaal the preeent period. The a Uuaiion of this College in entremely pteanatit^ and tlio iDOit eligible that could be aelectedt It ia aboiilone milo^ firom the town of Windtor, in the eentre of the Province. There ia a: direct water communtcntion between- thlt-phice mkJ New Brunswick, of which aboiu one-half of the ntudenta ire natives. From the uncommon ebb of the tide which oe« oaiumally leaves the bed of the riv««r (ierfectly= naked ; thero in a constant agitatkm of the air and a change of Ken breeaoi Uviceaday* The climate therefore it' peculiarly heulthy, iMid it ia remarkable that the^e* haa never oorurred an iiti* aiiinoe of mortality among the studeiUSi since the^ first esta* bliahmcnt of the institution* The building is erected upon an» elevatrc^ spot of ground^ cpmmanding in front a detightfid view of the. mont impfovecr andi beat cultivated part • of the Province. In> the rear thr aeeoery istequallV'flne,ihe landscape being much embellhih* «d by theseverali windings of the river Avon. The groondv Ualonging to the* eetabllsbnieni conitains about one hundreds aisree of land. The peeaent buildlngf are mucbotit of repalrii smd^it i%in con^empUtion, hemafterr to eree^nele^ ones on tb^ Kill' fit ^^iSfrttH pn^ fi dde !• iht inhabHstitt <^ tW Prttrtnet HflT CODfmeneihg at lo early a period to estabtnk this iDttitiicioii; fifothifig confers mone •boaour, or more utility on the coutitrj^ Chan in thus providing means for educating Hs youth, for the professions and the public. Obedience is one of the capital benefits arising from a public education. Although much happiness is undoubtedly to be derived, from those resources which are thus lalid up in youth, yet that is a secondary con* «ideration. ^ 1''o break the natural ferocity of htraian nature, (o subdue tiic passions, to impress the principlrs of religion and morality upon the heart, and io give liabits (of obedience and subordination to paternal as well as •political atuthority are the primary advantages.^ Such is this Institution, which' it is 'impossible (o contemplate without tlhc most pleasing aiiti-' cipartions, that it will furnish the Colony with scholars and' rentlemen, who will be the ornaments of ils Church, Legis- rature and bar, and that it will diffuse a«pirft of loyalty to' our Sovereign, a veneration for our holy religion, and an at- tacfiment for our jno»t excellent constitution* Esto Perpetua« Subordinate to titeiinivePBity under its controul, and within the limits of its grounds is the Collegiate School. The Build-^ mg is of freestone erected at an expense exceeding live thousand pounds. There are apartments in it for the head naster and his family, his ushers and about 40 boarders.— The principal is a Master of Arts of Otford, a Gentleman whose 4iabits, experience tmd education well qualify him for' the situation. This Establisliment is tn a flourishing conditi- on and the school very nnmeroutily aittended. The system of education adopted at this Acadamy istn accordance ^ith tbat of the College for which it is intended as tfie preparatory Seminary. At the school there are also' tweWe divinity aeholarsmps of thwty pounds sterling each which may be" severally held for seven years or until matriculation at the College. A good female boarding School is established at Windsor.- There is a very respectable School at Pictou,' The intention of th|s Institution is thus expresed in the pre- amble of the Act wliich established it. ^ A great itaajorit^' of the inhabitants of the district of Pictou, befng either emi- grahts from Scotland or are the descendants of emigrants from Scotland, wh^rc the Presbyterian Religion prevails. The ' mM hfhabitantsof the district of Pictou, or a j^rent majority of #1m9 4iC dhesfiffg tHeir children- Hterein^ |tc; ; Tl^ frnMfiBei f r this ^cdidtmy were incorporated in the jrear 1 816. TheMr iKusteet who must he either of ther Church of England or Scotland, are empowered to purchase lands and receive Le» gacics, ice, make by-Iaws» for the Institutiont subject to the approbation' of the Lieutenant Governor. Thit School i» ••nducied by a Presbyterian Clergyman of very respectable Requirements, and meet» with great encouragement and sup* pon from a numerous body of dissenters. As the scholars are not boarded inthe house of the Master, but make private fontracts with the families in the Neighbourhood, or reside with their relations, their education costs less than where they are placed under the person"! superintendance and immedi- ate controul of the tutor, as^at most other* public schools. In ^e year 181 f- an Act was passed' to establish Grammar Schools in each county, in which the English Grammar^ ILatin and Greek Language^,. Orhography, the use of the Globes, and practical branches of the Mathematica are re- quired ta be taught. By this Act the Governor is enipower- td to appoint three trusters for each school, who« form ai 1k>ard formaldng by-laws, choosiog^tuttsrs, &o; The tutorsi receive £^5()'pcT annum out of the provincial treasury, and ftre compelled to educate in their rpspective Schools eight poor children or orphans as free scholirs. • There was another laiv of the Legislature pissed in 181 1 for the purpose of aifTording education to the children of nevw •ettlements commonly called the School Act. This Instituti- •n reflects great credit upon the good sense and liberality of )he House of Assembly, and has been of incalculable benefit to the rising gCLsration. By this law in any settlement con- sisting of thirty families, if the majority vot^ a sum- not les» Ihan £50 for a school, they are authorised toreceive £^5 aB ihe Treasury. This amount so voled^ by the majority of the inhabitants is assessed and collected from all the inhabitantsy fis well the minority as the otheraih the same manner as the poor rates.*' In= tB$0* Dklhousie College wat establishect At Halifax and the trustees incorporated by law : Thib is » very spacious stone building,' is situated at the end of the olcl military Parade and makes a very handtome appearance.—*- k has toe sum of £9,750 invested in the 5 perctitfs, at a fund' ' '^ m ^JiMi«icf the Legishrture. TM ob|eei in dFecting this College as expressed in l?ke a. of his seholars, afndi the Immonse nttmber of ChiU dren h» hs» l^iiacht the: rwdtments of aducatsonv endile biiB Hi flMhighiMiace!dkand!eespeeb* ^ loed to A Sunday icbool was added to this establishment ai afli •trij period by Mr. Brouitey and hat always receiTcd hit ac-^ Uve and zealous super! nlendence,akhough the arduous dutiea pjf.the weekly ^booi furnish employment more tl^ai^ Sufficient for the sirongest constitution.-^Thr^ood effects of this inititu- tion soon became visible in the town of Halifax and led to th^ iotroducti6n of similar schools in other places. In Pictou one was founded in 1817, and received such encouragement aa t^ induce a number of the inhabitants of that place on ibe 85th of March l^^l .to form a society for the promulgatipn of thiis system through the Eastern part of the rrovince. Although one year only has elap&cd since the formation of this society^ twenty-nine Sunday schools are now in operation in which from 9oO to 10.00 youn^ persons are receiving moral and re- ligious instruction. Fifty teachers are already employed, many of whom arc possessed of great zeal and extensive infor; mation. — ^Th(| following table will exhibit in one view, tbe number^ situation, extent, and date, of the different schoolf under the direction of this Society. Where situated. I CO i D Scholars tendance. III the School enced. ' , *'■"■* ' . o 6 *3 No. of in at No.ofst the Sc its fori f Town of Pictou, 6 95 45 1817 > Fr.her's Grant, 3 25 7 1821 • Carriboo, a 3 36 1822 Scptch Hill, 3 50 10 1821 Lochbroom, 1 30 1822 f Lower end West River, 3 45 . 1822 Middle West River, 2 30 ■ 1823 r Upper West River, 3 24 1822 • Roger's Hill, \ - 3 28 1822 Mount Tom, "1 18 5 1821 ■. Lower end Middle River 2 72 9 r$2i Uppetiend Middle River 1 20 1822 Cape John, 1 22 182* •i Tatamagouche, ' 3 75 1822 New Annan, 2 16 1822 . 1 ^ast River, u 11 350 1832 ,,*|fc-f«« V u ...► . Tot«l-*- — 29 ■'47 |966 1 76 u • /■ feft ' |t ijiiaj be asked whether-nmoDg all his Maiestjr's CeIoi)i«^,« ^erejs one of the extent and population of Nova Scotia, s^ j|!rpvided with Col)ege9V.At:adefties, County Granmar Semi- i)firti ^r JGurepe are so fav6uifeci in this respect. A^t io lSr)ig|aod not piore than ^e ehild in fifteen is taught preiidanu vrite, in ^ales only one in tweAty, and iis Franc4^ tf ntil very lately, not more thaa 6ike in tnirt^-five» ^yi Ih Nava Scotia every man possesses the means, if he ^hopite t6 employ them, of giving his children the rudiment* 6f educft^on— reading, writing, and accoantia^* There i» i|i0f ^ nect^jty for affording means of ediicatien to the poor, ths^n to thie rich. The poor iti all countries form th^ mass- if the people, &nd it is upQn their nidra is and manriers, that < bubUc tranOj^ility and happiness is built. Whatever make» Ihem good cnristtaiis makes them good citizens. The more in#tructed aiid the better iiiformed they ar#» the less liable ar# the^ to b$ affiected by the delusions of superstitaon and enthysiasn^, which auiopg ignorant people Occasion' the n>08t dreadlul calaiiitjes* The annals of Salem, 5. E. exhibit not only a pnelapcholy illuftration of this fast,; but a most singu* laf anomaly, ihat of persons flying (torn persecution, becom- iiig fihe most fitter persecutors themselves, who, while they i«|arobaied.the doctriiie of unifdril^ity in England, became th^ most bigotted and cniel sticklers fOritin their new settle- ■ifnt. Ap instructed and intelligent people are more de- cent and oirderly than an igriOrant one. They feel and know the respect due to themaelvesj and are more, willing to pay a prpper riegard to their superiors, in the different stations of lift . It is this giites a security above the law, and confirms- to 'Nova Scotia thie blessing of undisturbed repose with un- barred doors in itf utillages, and retireii settlements. 181 is, tinet nkich numatdt of 17^ Scholars ^hfith 99iM§ huvt httfi instr^et€d m Ktading^ Writings Jlriihmtii^ Grammar mn4 Otogr^phy. J$nd i^t gifh m every kind of Meddle W9rk — to tDhieh a plan hai laiely been iifktroduced (o add ^% Hfe|(«i/- neptfthe InBtiiutifm — *' Ji room has heenjitt^d upfirthepur" 509it of training girU in ths arti of Carding an^ S^infuifig Wfot,/ ImUin^^ 4rc. and of Dressing and Sj^iimiiigf*ax^\ 1#^ CHAPTER 7^U Jf hriif Sketch tfthe $tatt of the Ptgttnu dufing the Aimin\i^ (ration of Sir George Preooal^ Si0ohn SherbtffCki^ ihe tdt} i^ t>alhaatiey arid Sir Jainet kempt* rpHE origiA aod[ gn>wcl) of « mpAemCqlonyf tflVrdi iilueb -f- mauier ^f curious speculation* To ti ace the differeiice ^tweeii the mate of ioiian risinz in the proaresii of year» to pivilieation, and that of an enlightened peopio operating upoii fiiicuitivated nature, is at once an intereafmi; and useful pfttf* juitb What the sensatipna of those people Dfer^, whet)< sej^ rated from their frieaus and hooiuBs^ by a thous 8||id leAnierf ^f ocean^aod first settled in the trarckless forest of Nova Sco* iifr, )^aiy be more easily conceived than describe^ <>Qod Heayens, what sorrow^ gloomed thtit pd'rthig dii^. That called tl^em frqtii th^ir fiatiy^ walks away, '*^' ' ; poor exiie^, er • ^ ^ - * nd thieir bqwert ^ long j^ris well, f*or seats Tik^ these, bdydnd the western mairt n And shi|dderjng stifl to fac,e thci distant dee^i^ fteti^nM antf Vep^ aqd^iU neturo^cl t^ we«p. For year;^ t^eir longing lingering looks .were cast behind ^ Che temples where they had worishipped, and the land of theff. hpffA}, and their forefathers w^ft still sapken of by the^ fndete^ng appellation of H^m^. I^y this illusion they seeirt- ed- us l«|ye endeayoiiried tp> mitigate the pain of' pcirpetu^l tx^ patH^tioh, hf ^seNQck^tin^ with i^ the idei| of a iemporaf y re* aidence. • ^^ An American fl(Uthe* of much merit, has illii^strated thi# feeling very> happily hy a reference to-dbmestic life : ^^ A^n^ says herlcavii^the house, of hi» father for his p^n, finds by the order of naturiSf and the very law Q^ his being, nearcfr itnd dearer o^)jeccs^ srrc^nd which hiff aflections^ «ntwirie,> white his attachment to hi" parental roof becomes mpdcfrated by degrees, to a comppsed regard and aflectionate rereem* Braince; so our ancestors leading their native land, not with- out some violenee to the filings of nature and action,, yet in time, found here a new circle of engagenOents and interests, a^feciing which more (ind more encroached upon the old^ If ■)^ ^ i- if I il 16^ . till an undivided sentiment that thi^' wa« their country occu- pied their hearts.^' Sqcl^ feelj^tgsas these, doubtless cperar led in their full fo^e, umI there arose a second generation, to whom the blue hills ana (jilent forests of ^ova Scotia were familiar objects, who knew no other land or clirae than that of their nativity, which soon became nallowed to them, by containing the ashes of their parents and friend^. It is diffi- cult to say what is the precise cause (if it be n0t a combina- tion) that chains our sympathies to the place of our births But it i^ probable that thi^ attachment arises from the know- ledge that it contains the earthly remains of all that the heart loved most, and fron\ the secret hope that most men cherish, ef reposing in death near the objects of their aflfection* The erratic Indians acknowledge the force of this qniverw sal feteliogf for when requested to paigrate they answered w|th great strength apd st^blimity, *,' We were born on thi4 ground, our fathers lie buried under it, shall yre say to the bone? of our fiithers, arise and com^ with v^s intq a foiieign tand?^' Loiiely and Repulsive however as this country ii\^st have appeared to the earlV settlers, it is now inhabited by s^ lai^e population, whq^e fortunes are bound to it by the strpngest ties, and who participate w|th ai^ lively a sensation, in evory thing connected with its prosperity, as' the inhabitants of those countries^ which have been the abodes of civilized men for centuries. ' ■ \ ' ' '* A person unaccustomed to a nciir country, can form but little idea of the dif&culiies encountered in settling Nova Scotia. When Halifax was founded, the communication be^^ tween tiie different settlements, was- chiefly by 'water, or by a course thrpugh the woods, marked by (what is called in New England) blazing, or by stripping pieces of bark off- of the tree's that were immediately in the line of route. A tre^ cut ' to as to fall across a brook, constituted the traveller^fi bi^idge,^ and a hastily constructed ' camp or wig\fam his only inn. The obstructions' presented by Uneyen ground, thick woods, andtapid streams, added much to the toil a(id fatigue, and not" a little to the danger of a jour;iey.1; ^ " " ' . ■ ' ' -t ■ ' ■ . * - *.Am(mg tht aecidenU whkh happwed f^ I find, the foltrming^ the particulars of zikick are taktnfrcm the Halifax Journal of Ma,rrk Xd^ t79&. iCxtraci of a klterfrwn Chester, dated Mareh 2d,-^S I am very 165 The awe which th« tqlitudc of the wilderneit created waf increased hj the apprehension of meeting any detached pari ties of the ferqcious and hostile Ij^ians, who, instigated bj their mi^re barbarous allies, the French Nev^trals, seemed re^ •olved to destroy the £ngUsh settler?. These were difficul- ties of no ordinary nature, and we cannot sufficiently admire 4he patient industry and persevering fortitude, which enabled the emigrants to overcome them. At this time an arrival of a merchant ship ^rom England, in the spring and autumn, was an event of great importance to the infant settlements, which sorry in being under the painful necessity of acquainting you of a most melancholy accident^ which ha^ happened to our worttiy Missionary, the Rev. Mr. Lloyd.— /^ ' ^ He, having formed a resolution of going to Windsor through the woods, u))on business totally unknown tpanyper« son here, engaged a young man as. a guide for that journey, and, on Tuesda°y naorning last, went off with t^o others who were determined io accompany him as far as a horse which he rode was able to travel. When they had proceeded about nine miles they were obliged to part; but not before the re-rise on Thursday morJiipg, found him. dead, about fifteen miles from thi? place. ' • " I shall not trouble you with any other particujars, but that he was brought back to town, and yesterday interred with every mark oi respect/ after an inquest had been taken. ** Every individual of. his parishioners, who had any op- portunity of speaking with him tried every thing but force to detain him — -describing the length as well as the . extreme badness of the rpad — -the very' great appearances of a storm, and likewise his inability to perform such a journey, being of a weakly constitution, ard totally unacquainted with the changeableness and extremity of the weather i^ this country* H IM Me Umw 9c:iMf txp^M wttb »rticlet 6t Brititb Merch4% ^iite ^ncl maiuifaeture. Good rotds arc a worlLpf time epd expense. Maiy werf poon nerked out and cleared of the wood, but none werly completed, l^be erection of a few bridges, where laboiiv WM scarce and expensive, was an nndertakiiig of such magr liilude as (o absorb most of the funds appropriated for tb« foad service, and it was not uatil.|79^ t^at an inland cpmmutr cation was formed bjH.ween Halifax and Pietou. The reve- ftue which arose bii duties imposed upon articles of import^ was necessarily small where there was byt little trade. The cooniry however under the fostering and protecting band of j|overhaeiit gradually increased and prospered, the pppul^ tion was daily augmenting, and (he ^even^e improving* Orefl^ hMJucements were hela out to emigfaatii, ana cxtensfv^ and valuable ^^ants of land, were given to all wqei resorted^ |D the ProviBcei Siick W^^ ^h^ posture of affairs in 1 783 1& 4y when a vevy great addition was made to the population anc| wealth of tbe country by the (arrival of tlie loyauf^ from theji Uftited States* yiUixe the ordinary ipki^ of emigraf ta thes^ industriocis and respectable people Vought ' witb thooti (arijv flums of money, cattle, furniture, merchandise, vessels, Apev and what was of still greater importance good principles and ffood babitSb Iiwtead of being exclusively peopled by dis^ Sanded soldiers and peiedy adveitturcrs, the i^oviQce waar posseissed of aa ictelligent and wealtHy body of men, who at once filled the Legislature, the Bench of Justices^ and the van rbus Coontiy Courls. From this period thsi improyement of the country advanced w|th ^apid strides, and dtiring the sixw cceding twenty-QtrJB years, inost of the townships and settle^ laents, were ^ced out and assumed their present shape* Halifax became a large commercial town, ana formed a vaw laaibLe' market for the 4ale of country produce. In 1801 Sir Crffonre Prerost was appointed Govefrnor of NoYa Scotia. At tfaisttme^freommunication had been farmed between Halilkv asd most of the distant villages and districts', t|v 1nifisn:M had Isng been rendered obedient to. the laws, and the generail im^ pivnmrent and incrieqse of the country wasdisemed sO'greatf «stD be » natter of coqgrQtula^tton, but SQch has been thc^ m^cl advance oflate yeiirs that k has gifven ii the arppcararrctf •fa sl«w» and slender growth* Few men were hrttcr cpiall* ieii^fora^niiii^oriirg the government of » Colony than Sir nl1 btotft I'rcvost. ConciUating and caiicl<*ieeii(Jlng ill bit niiii* HerK be soon gained the good opinion of public men, and tkm irritation which conflicting intereftti had created previvnit to kit arrival, was soon lost in the general harinony to -which ihepolicT of his measures so happily contributed. Tne United States at this period began to inlamfest t hostile disposition towards Great Britain andanticipeting a favt^iirm* blc termination to the ambitious views of France, seemed re* solved to seice upon that critical period, to possess themselves of the British Corttinenta I Coldnies. The hrst measure of ths Governor therefore On his arrival, was, by a personal ihspec* tion, to inform himself of the actual state of the Province and its capacity for defence. Having made a toar through the country for this purpose, he communicated his observations to the House of Assembly as follows j ^^ iirhen I turn,^ said he, ** my thoughts to th6 affairs of this Province, I find rtdch to congratulate you upon ; we can now fully and fairly estimats the effects of the embargo, so long and so rigorously impos* ed on the Cominerce of toe United States,by the Government •f that Country. The manner ii^ which their general festric* tion of trade has been carried into execution, leaves no doubt as to the real obiect intended to be accomplished by it. The project has totally failed, and the British Nation has derived sufficient esfperience from the measure to be convinced that her Colonies and Commerce can be as little affected by the embargo of America^ as by the blockading decrees of France* New sources have been resorted to with success, to supply the deficiencies produced by so sudden an interruption m Commerce ; and the vast incrense of Imports and Exports of this Province proves that the embargo is a measure well a- ^apted to promote the tra^ interest of His Majesty's North A« ^erican Colonies. . The abundant Crops of every kind, with which It hot pfeascd the Almighty to bless this Provifice,the great increase Agriculture and Fisheries, and the considerable snpply of timber which we have sent to the Mother Countries, the augmentation of our revenue ; and above aH, ihe just sense w^ich the people of this country entertain of the baftpinese they enjoy under His Majesty's truly paternal Governmeiit;, a0brd ample cause for eongratu^ioa, and give unquestkims* bte proo^ of the prosperity and rapid tncrease of skis vsdun* ,;<' Aft^r the cidte of the last lestion, I took the eatliett op^ portuniiy to give effect to the Act then paeted for the belteif regulation ofthc Militia forces; and I feci great satiafactioo in ioforming jrou, th:U twenty di% Battalions are completely organized, and placed in a state of training and instruction } and 1 hare every hope, from the general^ real and good dis- position «f the people that the Province will acquire a great degree of permanent security from the measure. I have al- ready caused a large proportion of the Militia to be arme(| and accoutred ; and 1 have ordered the Quarter-master-C^en- eral to lay before you the proper accounts of this expense, that measures m^ V be adopted to liquidate and pay the same, in conformity with your resolution relative thereto. The tour I made through the midland and western districts of the Province, afforded me a just conception of many local foints, and particularly the in)portance of good public roads* have paici every attention in my power to the expenditure of the monies voted tor that service and the proper account^ in that department are directed to be laid before you. Be^ sides calling your attention to that important object, I must also recommend to you such measures as may be iuidzedi bene- ficial for the improvement of Agriculture and Fisneries of this Province, and to encourage settlers to occupy and cultivate the waste lands.'* At a subsequent sessions of the Legislature, he says, *^ 1 turn with satisfaction from the consideration of the affairs ot Europe to the pleasing contemplation of the in- creasing trad^ and fisneries of this Province^ The extension and improvement of its Agriculture ; the enlareeraent of its principal town, and the cultivation of useful and ornamental sciences by our youth, all of which are uneqai^ocal indfcati- ons of a prosperous and rising Country. As nothing tenda more effectually to promote industry, and its ever beneficial consequences, than tne coristruction of good roads for internat commerce ; and as no stronger proof can be given of a floU'» rishing state, than the multiplication of those means of com- munication, I look to your wisdom, and public spirit, for such supplies, as may be commensurate to that very import- ant service ; and I desire you will give your particular atten? tion to the road estimate for the ensuing year, which I have {directed to belaid before you ; it bein«r my wish that every inhabitaiitof this Province should know ana feel that his cqn^ ycnience an^ interest are attended to by the Goyernment un* io tirr which he Hve«. The prosperous stntc of this Province, H» quires that the ciiffercnl branches uf the I ie^iHlature,the Courts of Justice^ and the public oitiecrs, should be better accom* modated than they are at present ; I therefore recommend that object to your consiaeration. The same increasing prosperity^ renders a Provincial Prison an indispensible e8« tablishment, for the receiving at labour such refractory and disorderly persons as may be committed to it from all parts of the Province, for their reformation and for an example to deter others from immoral practices. 1 feel it also my duty, to call your attention to the many af« flicting cases which present themselves in different parts of the Province^ where persons with deranged minds (the most grievous of all maladies) greatly sbffer from the want Of thai accommodation and niedical aid, their wretched situation so particularly requires^ arid which ate only to be obtained in a pu})lic establishment ; I therefore recommend to yoU to follovir the eood example given by all civilized Governments, in making some provision for the care of persons labouring un- der such dcploriablc visitations*^' £ s. d. '^In 1808 the Revenue amounted to 17,147 Id In 1809 to 25,641 15 10 In 1811 , to 26,598 7 5 : To the militia Sir Ceoi'ge directed his particular attention« introducing a new system for their governance, and placing them upon a very etfective footing. Military inspecting-oN ficers and drill-sergeants were appointed to assist the local oMcers, and arms, and accoutrements were issued to the men« to a very large amount. During his administration otnlef and regularity werie introduced in the public departments, schools established m the several townships of the Province, an a- gent appointed in London, to superintend the interests of the Colony, the Province Building founded, the road service re- vised and amended, bounties given for raising grain upon iMi III II am" ' I III -I II ki ^1 n i>i im r - i i - - i ■ mi ■ i ■ nr . i im i i i */n thus fixing tht amount of Revenue, it ia proper to rimcrk that I have taken the sum as slated in the Journals of the Asseiri' bly to be the disposable amount for the current year^ and aU though the balances in the hands of the Treasurer , and the draw' hacks of duties oceasionally varied the amcunt, yet this mode of ascertaining the Revenue is the one gtnerally adopted* ' U !.!• N '. !h -. ^i m tiftt IHftrl, aitd for the en^oufjigenient of the F^i^hericsf tunS ather irtipruvefnents of a permkancnt ftnd important nature eP frtt^d. In 1811 Sir Geof>ge i^vo»t was appointed Govcmop' Cr^merdl of the British ProVihceniti' North Amerlea, and was- micce^fid iff the GOfernment of Nova Scotia bySir John' Coape 9h(>rt>rook^. Burin|( the course of the ensaihg yea# Sir John m^t the Legislative bodjf at Halifax, aitd in«his ad- drc^^ mentioned the improving state of the coutitif^ in a rtiaa*' Her that bbtt ample testimony to the ezettionsof hisprede*' ccssor* ♦^ The flatterins; accounts which 1 havk received,'*' «aid he, ^^ of the itnprovihg state of the Trade,. Fi»heHcs^ and Agriculture of the Province, have beenpartictriaHy grVitifying': to rtie 'y and I trust by our joint exertions and endeavours to' ftdvaride the public good, that these ifldicatiotts 0f lining pros-* flcHty will tontinue mpidly to increase. The very tomnliendable attention yoii have paid to the Bbads, and to the establishing a very res|^table constitution*' ftl fot^ce for the defence of the Ph>vino^, ftt« dieaaiures o$' i)»ery pubMc utility. 1 reerct that the advanced seasoti of the' year lir which f ftmvea here has prevented my inspecting the Militia ; but F am happy to inform you, that I have reeeiired such favourable reports of the progress made by several of the battalions in* their discipline, as ^iv^ me reason to believe (khoUld tircum<^ stances requittt their being called into more active sct^ticeV that a considerable part of this force is already in a state to* rfender very essential benefit to the country, attd tovperform theif* duty in such a manner as will reflect lionOur upon them- selves and the Ptx)vince. the aknjunt of the Revenue in 1 91 ^ was £ 3r,000 in 1913 3S,SS6 3 lO" in 1814 114,5«3 3 10 in 1815 106,095 5 If Soon after the arrival of Sir John, the Atnerican Govern- ment declared waf against Great Britain^ and th^ House of Assetnbly in a very l6yal manfier Immediately placed a suf- ficient sum of itiouey at his disposal, to put the Ph>vince in a posture of defence. It was no doubt highly gratifyHig to him* ubon this occasion to observe the patriotic spirit with whlcli' all classes of his Majesty's subjects were animated. The^ Ftovince however was never visited by the enemy, but the- lAj:iei;casi0!lcd tht Coluny to be filled with weahh^ which ii^ iDientfl vailecj U msii t^nieri QMiBCC The ^ freata %k^ »§ »ad ot, 4in«ry Mostp jGee wh #UBp08< yalue, ! £urope jccivcd, Univers ^uiy t9 Ihejiirk jlheuisei bundant Ifence proporti oered w ever the ^rrpr w^ e geodBTi unauitafai jy dny ■acture o tiials. > •s unbejGi pation as terminate i^al caus( nished an brtants, in and the s their ordii fKJrcepiibl 1 ft! iK^ed the mcaiM of mtking gi^eat ftnd important MppM^ meats* Ha];>py WQuk) it have buecD for the covntry, hjkd it a* vailed itself in a suitable o^ai^ner^of tJiat most ferlanaie period* U ma^ however with safety be advanced at a fact, that th« ^^jiierican wajr was highly loj.urioijis t^ Nova Scotia. \i conii* JMQBcedi^der aqspces !Mrhjk:.h were h^iiled as most happy .-r* The Revenue was overflowiBg, Ibe aii^lalic noins were in jl^at abundance, and not oiily w yalae qjf realeetato, but all pntion as laborioMs and degrading* The. war m^s i>o sooner (ermtnatedf and the, numerous navy and army wtthrirawii (ihc real cause of that increase of money) 4han this illusion va- nished and disclosecl the plain roalily. Halifax to its inha- bitants, bore the appearance of a town at the close of a fair, and the sudden change (rom unusual bustle and Inisincss. to their ordinary pur8uitv% m?»^ic this alteration of times more f»ercepliblc, Money gradually disappeared, and a hui:l .of kA £■ m Mi upeculatori inundated the country with t^eir printed proml»' noTV notes, which were substituted in the place of silver. This issue drove out oi' circulation what little coin wrs in the Province, and was accompanied by a quantity of base copper money, the inirinsic value of which boi'e no proportion to its nominal worth. The failure of several mercantile establish- ments added to the general distress. These changes, the natural result of a sudden transition from a great and universal war, to a stale of profound peace^ were experienced by Nqva Scotia in common with all Eu- rope and Aoierica, but great efforts have since been made to meet ihat'change in a suitable manner, and the remedies ap- plied have been efficacious. Necessity enforces ths lessons laueUt by ej^perienccj and greater exertions, more industry and strict economy are every where visible. The conse- quences of these habits so dearly purchased, will be most happy, f ^e war however, though on the whoje injurious to the Province, has been productive of one great and perma-? ncnt advantage. Large sums of money were expended upon the roads and bridgcsythe wilderness was opened in different directions, cross roads made, an,d the two main post roads put in a state oJ' thorough repair. The whole- sum thus ex- pended by the Province in twenty-one years, ti^tat is, froiii 1800 to 1891, amount^ to £240,500. A great road is like a great river, it fertilizes the country through which it pavVses. This attention to the inland com^ munication of the PwDvince cannot be too highly applauded. During the war Sir John Sherbrooke was particularly care* ful in the expenditure of the public money, and the economy with which the appropriations of the Legislature were dis- bursed, was suoh as to excite their ■ surprise and gratitude^ Many of the lai^e grants of land which had becm made du-i ring prcvioMS administrations to persons who never settled upon them, were escheated and regranted to emigrants, which was a measure of great public utiHty. A new Ihie of road was opened from Halifax to Annapolis, and a township form- ed thereon, by the settlement of disbanded soldiers, and caln led after its patron Sherbrooke. Every appointment to Provincial Offices was made upon the sole grounds of personal merit and the general good. Great order was introduced into the public departments, and KltQ objects which engaged the attention of his ]^redegc»sQC 173 were matured and executed. Possessed of a iomd judgw. ment and inflexible integrity, and animated with an ardent desire to promote the welfare of the country committed to his care, he was indefatigable in the discharge of all his pub^ He duties. He was liberal without profusion, and humane without ostentation. He was at all times accessible, and though he could never tolerate an insinuation, he was ever ready to hear a complaint, and promote an investigation intq its merits. Lo.ng and grateful will be the remembrance of this great and good man in Nova Scotia, where he will ever be exhibited as a standard by which to estimate the merits of his successors. On his departure the Legislature voted him a thousand pounds for the purchase of plate as an Exiguum immcnsi pignus amoris. Upon the promotion of Sir John Sherbrooke, the Earl of Dalhousie was appointed Lieutenant-Governor, and arrived in Halifax in 1817. In his address to the Legislature when convened in the Province-House for the first time after its completion he observed, that '•■'' The General Assembly of this Province, perhaps never met under circumstances that afforded more solid grounds of congratulation on the state of the country, than it does now. The distress that prevailed two years ago, is no longer felt any where ; succeeaing years of abundant crops, have, under the blessing of Providence, dispelled the clouds that hung over us, and I have had the satisfaction to observe increasing prosperity in all parts of the Province. In these two years our agriculture has been cheered up, our tishenes have been successful, and our com- merce is reviving under the influence of an order of the Prince Regent till Council, by which the port of Halifax has been declared to a certain extent a free port. In committing to you the general discussion of public af-* fairs, there are some points which call for my special re- commendation to your attention : these 1 shall merely name at present, and explain myself more fully upon them in the progress of the Session. ' The system now adopted for the improvement of the roads throughout the Province, appt'-ars to me to require material alteration. The militia laws also, 1 have found in soma points ill suited to our circumstances ; what 1 would sugj^est «n that head, has in view to reduce the numbers, and to make \\k3L\ smaller number more cilicient. . Itliatt caU yoor attention to a measure tei^ding to aniioat* Ibe general spirit of improvement in agriculture ; and I will jtubant U) yoii the plan of an institution in Halifax, in whicli $kt advaAtagps 9f a Cqllegiate ^ucation will be found withr in the reach of all classes of soctetjr, and whicb will be <^i| Id all secta of religious persuasbn. TbecircunisUBce of meeting you for the first tiii|e in this place, lisacls me to congratulate you on now occupying this tplevdid bwkjKng, erected for the reception of the Legisla? lure, the Coorls id Justke, aiid ail the puUic offices. It stasida and will stand I hope to the latest posterity, a proud peoard of the public spirit, at this period of our history^ And as 1 4o consider this magnificent woi^ equally honour- able ai^d vsefi4 1^ ti^ Prqyiace, 1 fecommend it to yqur con? tinuied pH|lec(i(Nv^ Hie Lordship ^ly a^ave of the i^eceseity there was fof tlie couBlry to f)Ut forth its eiieirgies and to endeavour to ber come independent of the United States lor its fiqur, establisht (ed a Frandry in aH its branches has been fairly tran«pianted into Nova ScxA.m ; and though many stfll adhere to old prejudices, and toxoid modes, there are in every country zealous and tnteliigefit €uktvaftor«, who are setting the ^ttf i 17« best examples. A spirit of reform actuates the >vhd1e agridut* iural mass, and provided the energy be sustained for a few years longer, we shall master the Jitlicuities which have be-* Bet us, and place the independence of the country on fixed and immoveable ground* No public institution in the past annals of the Colony, has been suppoi*ied by the Legislature piore liberally than the Central Board* Fifteen hundred pounds were voted to it the first year — then a thousand — next twelve hundred and fifiy, but the present grant, Hhich is the fourth in order, has been reduced to eight hundred* ., The sum granted the present year 1823 to this institution is one thousand pounds. The Revenue in 18 id was i|4 2,481 l4 d in 1819 58,601 12 SJ The principal objects of a public nature cfifected dulling the Administration of his Lordship^ were the settlement of a new township, on the military road from Halifax to Annapolis^ called Dalhousie, the establishment of the Agricultural Board, a measure replete with utility to the public^ and the erection of Dalhousie College at Halifax* An attempt was made to reorganize the militia upon a new system, but it has not been found well suited to the local circumstances of the country. In 1820 Sir James Kempt succeeded to the Government of the Province. The great expectations which the public; formed from the high character and well known abilities of- this Gentleman, have after a trial of* three years been fully justified. Nova Scotia never had a Governor who entered more into the detail of business than Sir James Kempt. He has been at great pains to inform himself of the local silUati- instiiutions and wants of the country, and to a thorough on knowledge of the interests of the Colony, he adds a great de- sire for their promotion. Soon after his arrival he con- vened the Legislature, and the following is ar- extract from his speech. " I haVe been induced to call you together at. this early period of the season, to inform yoWi that His. Majesty has been graciously pleased to reanncx the Island of Cape Breton to the Province of Nova Scotia, and I feel per- suaded that you will view this measure as a fresh proof of His Majesty's paternal solicitude to augment the internal strength and resources of this portion of His Majesty's North American Dominions, and to promote the mutual interestfl. and welfare of his loyal and affectionate subjects* I7t .' Thfc tommercial dtBtrcM which his preyftUed threugkout UiQ .world, fur some years past, haring been more or less fell io-ere^jr quarter, .we could not expect to he altogether exempted (ram feeling Us effectSk But our Commerce, (ho«gh dimiaiahed, has not suffered in anj very material dogr«e;. and.ihe Agrtcolture of the Province never was in spflourish- Vig ajiate as^it is now* It hat pleased th6 Almigluy ; to givo usian ajbundant harvesCt and there happily prevails^ in al- ihost feVery disCriolof the Country, a spirit of improvement in husbaildry, and cve^y branch of Farming Industry, th»t cannot fail onder the busssing of Providence to secure to th^ inhabitants plenty and independence* • The Provincial AgricuUulral Institution formed uacler the Administration of the Eat 1 of Dalhousie, has chieAy contri- buied-to create this spifitt and 1 turongly recommend it to your continued Support and protection. • I am grieved to inform you, that in, the month of Septem- ber last, a most destructive fire bfoke uint in the wootls in the. western part of the Province^, and spread desolation oyer a considerable extent of the country, rcdicine nearly sixty families in the townships of Yarmouth and Clare, to a state of the grea,test distress. This calamity was immediatelT made known to me by the Magistrates of the County of Shel- burne, and, as a temporary relief to the unfortunate sufferers, I instantly dispatched the Government vessel with provisions and some necessarv i^fticles to Aupply their immediate and presiding wants, not doubting of your sanctioning and provide ing fci i le ekpcnse thus incurred On the melancholy occasion.^' . The fire here alluded to was productive oif much distress, traversing a great extent of country and consuming houses, mills, cattle, and other property to a very considerable a- mount, but a general contribution, which took place through the Province served in some measure to mitigate its sevcriiy to the unfortunate sufferers. . Two changes have already taken place since the admiaiv t^alion of the present Governor which will be productive v>f great advantage to the Province. One is the establishment of Boards of Location or Institution, in each county, compos- ed of Gentleman who, without fee or reward, receive petitions for land, upon which when approved, the settler receives his grant withoui being under the nccesj^ity as heretofore of talk- ing along and expensive journey lo Plalifaj^. The othec.if. i- ■ • §^ Hfftim^iiMi of Cap« Breton to the GdvernnMnt of tfic IH^ ^oe>Of No^ Scotia. This Mand which had long been in c^ languishing, iMate promite<:ikbw to be a verj thrivini;, flonvish^ ingpla^e. Tbiere it a great pro]K>rtion. of landTfit for thar ploagh upon the laland^ and k is corered with timber, rachi as fine iSeaehy^^maple, Sfpruoeand fir.; and abounds ih ooal of i very s«y»erior quaUtjjr. White in the hands of the Ppeachyk It -WM BMUming the aspect of one of their inost^ valuable Colo-' iies : In 1748 they caught ^I49»,.0(ttquintatoof di^ fish ipindi 9,5004000 of mud 'fish, tin value of both which), incladinf: 9,1 1 8f toni of «mln oilydrawn from the bliibber,.ainbiinted to» jC926,577 10 O^sterlingmoneya^eODding'to^ the nmtiie cost ol' the fld^at Iffewfbundland, the whole value of thia^ivade an- nually at that time amounted- to a million sterling*. I9b les» than 5 £91 ,065 5 4| ' '-''' 'kaStl 42,982 10 Sr ' jn m»ir.^ ^qi 8«,e34 « 5 At tfic meetmg-of the Legislatmre wHmh is bo# in session^ Sir J^aipes aj^ain directed them as follows r^~ ** It is very gratii^g to me, in maeting you in General ito- aerabiy, to nave it in my powee to congmtulaie you on the iliiproTin^ slate of tfae l^ovinoe^. in ahi^si: every branch el its industry^ The dbtrestwhich^ prevail^ last year is now happily di- minishing ;:oar Agriculiural exertions continue unabated ; and another abundant harvest has, under the biessing of Divine- Providence, spread plenty throughout the country: Our Commerce also^ has begun to< revive ; while new 'and iro*^ portant markets appear to be opening to those engaeedi in the fisheries. I entertain^ indeed a saneuine hope, mat? the two Acts passed in the I^st Session of the Imperial Par-^ liament, by enlarging the field of Commercial enterprize, will eventually prove highly beneficial to ortr Colonial Trade I have also great satisfaction in acquainting you, that the Provincial .Revenue of the last vear has been amply sufflcien& to meet all the charges against it ; and to pay off all arrears r. Every just claim u|>on the Government has beea sati&fifid,:, K J|eU(ve, with the utmost punctu^Iitj.. rize, the- tient? irs r. ^ 1 tVink It also i)ropcr to inform youi thai 1 hsf^ iimfv4.f ^ykitm of more re^vlarity to be observed, both 98 to the cofr lection of the revenue and M payment mto jthe tjreasury ^ {Mriiich will b.e attended, f ^(9ipe, with j$09d effects. [ The ha^icAt efiebts Have afready attended our agricultu* j^l «|Beijrii9i)s ; and a steady perscvettince in the same syt* lem wiH soon render us independent, as far as i^egards the piece^saries 9f life. Our Fid^earjes too, Merit prot€f ttpii cmd encouragement $ 4ipd f ^ji^erefy hope that you wiH be able to devise some un- ^DJQctional^le plan (qf giving a stimufus to that valuablie and ^ost importaor ^raach of t»ur industry.'' The answer in|ich ^19 ExceHeQcy received to this address, ^onycy$ ^ acki^qw)^4(»ent o^ his services equally honour^ i^ble to hioEiself a)|d crecu^^le to the legislature. — ** We sKould feel," safd cijey, *♦ deficient in the dRrty wi ^we to tfie King, and t^ peopl^of this Colony, if we I&^c^ fon the present <^ccasi9i>, ^ express* in the most unqu^tinea (erqas, onr j^ri^ appfobati(|n of t|e whole of your Excel- ier|^c'y> Ada|misitcation, die care yoo haye taken oersonally ^9 inspect ey ery part of tiie Provij^ce, thJajin wearied diligence witH which y(Mi apply yofirself to investigate and promote ^ysiej object, and u^e honourable and in^partial fi^anner in ^hich you determine every subject whicu is brought before you, ijriljl long be remembered in this Province, with affection and res^ec^ We can with truth assure youc t^j^cellehcy, that you possesjS the unbounded confidence of tl^e whplc coun- try, 'f he peopii^ of thi§ Colony know they serve ihipir bes^ inxere^t^ waeQ they strive to merit the favour of our bfloved l^overe^ by paying respect to his Representative, aTi4<^0F- ^Hallv uniting with him? in accomplishing every object which his Majesty's Government may recommend, as necessary to maintam our civil, and religions liberties, and to preserve the peace and happiness of all the British Colonies* These public documents exhibit ^ true picture of the pos- ture of affairs at their respeclive dates, and as slate papers, the information they convey may be considered as authentic, from these it appears that j^Uhough there has been a preat fluctuation in the amount of the Revenue »ince the year 1 808; yet, on an average, there has been a considerable 'mcrensff, a.ul slltbpugh tiicKe has been much etn^^arrassmrnt crcalcJ by dije sudden terminatioji q^ a long war j yet ih^t both jpecuuia h' Iry a6cl comtQercial dlfAcyltiei have been felt as little pcr^ haps fn Nova Scotia as in any other Colony, and that this distfe^ k nowr yielding to itie increii&ed ek^crgy of the comf^ try, to the activity inspired by the opening of new mark^tt^ and to the impulse given to the rrovincial Agriculture. There remains however much d^bt in ^oya Scotia, liMl' in this respect it has the advantage over most Colonies* This debt is due writhia the Province, and not elsewhere. In spme Of the Colonies a planter is often in no TOtter situation than an agent* He is s^ nominal owner, who makes the most of the estate or plantation in his possession, and remits the pro« duce Qonua|ly to his creditor in Great Brits^in, not for the pur* pose of holding the net proceeds until be can idraw his bilU upon him, but to be placed to the credit of the interest or 'principal of an out-standing debt. U is not a circulf^tion of means, which no sooner flows to the capital, than it returns to the extremities, but it is a constant discharge, which t4 time exhausts the sources by which it is supplied^ If there are debtors in Nova Scotia, they are the neighn bours of their creditors, and if exports arc increased to lic|ui« date debts, the amount of every debt discharged is addca to the wealth of the country. In describing the state of the Province, it ro»y not be amiss to advert to one or two circumstances, iii which it very ma-* terially dilDprs from tht new Provinces of the United States, the Ohio and Kentucky, l^c. 1st. No part of Nova Scotia is out of the protection of the laws. In the most retired 9ettle-> ment the King''8 writs are executed with ease, and without resistance ; every where the arm of the law reaches, an<^ punishes an offender. So complete and thorough is the eon<« ' trol, that the very Indians of the woods bow in obedience tot the law, and submit to its decisions. Highway robbery is unknown but by name, and it Is observed, that in nine in- stances out of ten, where a crime is committed, the perpetra-* tor is a transient person, and not an inhabitant of the country. This obedience proceeds not from the severity pf the laws, for they arc mila, but it is because they are always enibrced. ^d. No settlement is destitute of public worship, almost every inhabitant. If he incline, may, On the periodical retiirn of tSe Sunda}', go to sbme place of worship, to offer up his prayers and thanksgivings, to the' Author of all his blessings,^ ^vil and i^iigiuus ; and ' in the hour of sickness and deaths 181 1! . tberc**tii*e not wanting clergy men' of iomft cjiristiaii cfendmH nation, to administer the comforts and consolations of religion. Add (o this a most pleasing fact. The rising generation of Nova Scotia can all read and write with scarcely an excep* "ffliPFrhe two ere^t roads, the Ea»tf m from Halifax to Pic- tbu^ind to Cumperland, and the Western from Halifax to Annapolis and Yarmouth, arc in as good condition as the best in the United States of the same length, and in a stale of progressive improvement. The cross roads, and those in the interior, arc also in a situation far beyond the age and wealth of the country. Mature |ias abo provided highways of her own, ^ Nova Scotia is greatly intersected by rivers emptying into the Bay of Fundv or Atlantic, whereby the interior is every where accessible by water communication, there being no point thirty miles distant frorn Tiavigable water, and in the spring of the year when the snows dissolve, or in the last part of the autumn wbei) the rains fall, the rivers increane their magnitude, and form >" c^sy conveyance for lumber and timber, &&c. Roads and rivers naturally lead to mar* kets, where the fiirmer may dispose of his produce - 4th, There are no land-jobbers in Nova Scotia. Tbeva- cant land in the United States belongs to the commonwealth, and is sold to the highest bidders to form a branch of the re- venue, Consequently there is great speculation in land, and many an unfortunate emigrant becomes the dupe and victim of some unprincipled dealer,'* who defrauds him out of his ready money, and leaves him to repent at leisure of his cre- dulity, in some distant part of the interior, fVom whence there is no return. In Nova Scotia, it seldom or ever occurs, that Land is purchased for the express purpose of re-^elling, and the vacant land is granted with care and circumiipcction, and to those only who intend to. make an actu^&l settlement. In travelhn^ through the Province an invariable criterion of the improvement of the country frequently occurs, which . •.'.,. - -r\p "^ ■':' , , *Mri Birbicl^'g spteuhli^ in the JUinfis Qimntry i> before ihe^)lft^eit arid is-n^ ndtpni^^ ^jAmetka'as ii t^ m Europe. H$ might afflx to his terriiujfJdi£.u^fdtjo DmU^^m^^ vpon th^ ^aies of the infernal regions^ ':* f^oi eh^intraUj lasciate wmi figai ^peranza^^^ ^' " '• ' v. • < ^wo \>!vvjr '\ A . ' ; • ^ I I If IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) f/. 1.0 I.I ■50 ■^" m I ll£ 02.0 |Z2 m |I.25||U|||,.6 ^ 6" ► Photographic Sciences Corporation •\s \ ^ "'^sTi^ 23 WIST MAIN STRfET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14SS0 (716) 872-4503 o % <^ 1B3 ■y^Jf atk dcrelopet not onl j |he gradual increapt of the fannei'f Droperty, but its e/eyef al stages seldom fail to attract notice. The first log:}>9Mse which the settler builds generally consists of one or jtwp rooms f^ tke ground ^r, will) a kind pf loft above. As )kid family iiicrea^es, and his crops enabj^^ him, he biuids^an addition of Ihe same size^ And in prQ^tfyof time, when he begins to feel somewl^at {independent, he i^^tf i)im»elf a frame h^use, of one ^ more st9^fes, which is neatr ly ^inted. Wl^n he removpf into this i^ew edifice the old ipne is not often 4^stroy|sd, biit is converged i^to soio^ conr venient ovit-houseii flt> The pame graidual progress is to be $e^n with the Qther Doildii^gs: first the humble log hovel for his s<|litary cow, then Jus feaii^er or addition, and RnaUjr his |arg<^ wopden bari^ These ()^ildings are ip very ff)^hy pla^s all in .exist- enc«, and the q\4 proprijptor not unfreq^ei!{tly looks back witl^ pride to the exertions ivhich have enapled him to make hif progressive ifn|)rovemei}is, and preserves with gresU regard th^se momimeif^s of successful enterprise* ^^> ThrQaghoiit the old towpships the farm hoqsef make A good external appeaitance^ ei:ect^4 generally of wood, and painted either whilw or yellow. Tn^ farmers do not as in Biany parte of Eiirope^ dwell in ^stn^l^ts or small villages, but each resides op hjs own farm. Thic; price of labour varies in diflferent parts of the country, and is Regulated by th^ sea- $(moi the year) the nature of the workj aod the mode of payment. It is therefore difficult to fix a ^X\pc^ but perhaps ^Bk 6d. f%^ day for a carp^ter and 3s. 9dJ for a commoii labour^, where they furnii^i^ themselves with their own pro- visions, may be a fair mcdiuiii, aoci something less where the ecnployer is at the expense of feediQg then. AVomnion labourer receive fli^cn less than a peie^ used to the differ- ^tai branches of rural labour. It is not unusual to hire men by the dayv unless ihe '^ork is of a qature not to require more fbaii one day^emplovment; if otherwise, it is customary to liireiby the quai^vMx moi^ih^pr the ysaifr .A man well ac* <|uainted with the labour requifecl in paai QCCupatlo.p% vitt obtain aboit £3'5\per year/ l^Bf^^^^i \^ boaiKl.n tThe ifemand for this desqi^piion iqf, worji); p^oiplc jiiciyer. vari^Si.fK^ .'a niiitoiiiftl a\ V A\ ^^\\^:^ ftAl,yAi>'. . . ,i yt,if.>, .•^Uivm'^yW'A ■^i>\fH^"| ij^v^yt \i «^* *Each Pound currency is four Spanish fl^iHars F" cao it after until the situation of this country is matenafTf changed. So soon as the soiy of a farmer in Nova Scotia becomes of age, he begino to think of providing a residence lor himself^ either bj obtaining a grant of land from iM crow%or throogh hi9 parents^ assistance by purchase. He sel* d#|6 (i^» out as a worko^n^but generally makes room' foronei He^lBer requires the assistance of one himself, or: has, lei| a place whaeh will require ti> be filled by a ne^ant. The de4 mand theref€M*e Biay $^ ccttsidered as permanent and resuh;-^ ipg from, the IbCal wants of the country. The payment i» either in money or in the produce of the farm r if the first i» required in the bargainy a less anK)unt of wi^^es is given ; if the latter (which 'v^ frequently the case, where t|ie servant contemplated taking up a grant of land) the amouiit is ]»fv portionably larger as it is easier tapay.^ It would perhaps 5uKzle a lawyer to say what i^ a legal tender in the ?rovince.«f 'he current coin is any cotn^ whith reaches the GOuntry.r— i serioUs inconvenience whatever. There is* at freat deal of barter in- the dealing' between man an(f man in fova Scotia.^ Ff a man purchase a horse he firequendy o^r^ in payment a certain quantity of smoaked ffsh, lutnber^ rum, flour, or possibly Plaister of Phris; Thi»custonr so» injur i-^ «Kis tathe fairtraderv and so immoveable in its tewtency, iS' produced by two*cau»esy both) of which are in the power ot the Province torepiedy* One is a system of smuggling ex**- ciseable articles in despite of the activity of the preventative fifBcers. The situation of the* country,, its nefghbotw'hood to» the United States, its innumerable coves and harbours, rivers and creeks, itsp woodj)" and thickets alt pres;ent such faciTitiq» fer evading the laws, that it is* extremely difficult to check the evil. If the Legisllature were to employ Revenue Cutters, this illicit trade would soon become too hazardous »n employment, and the exports of the country would be sofd either for articles which would pay a duty into the trfeasury^ «r for cash* The other cause is a scarcity of money, amonj^ 'I i 164 (■-- '■ .» ^ther thihgi occasioned by the I6s8 pt large iums which bare ficrctofore been annually exjidnded for the purchase of flour. There clre no manufactured in Nova ScQtia» They have but lately made their appearance in the United States^ and r&» ^\lt^ capital, a dense populdiion and a surplus of labour, neii)icr of which the Province alTords^ The ^^gisiatyj||^s manifested a design to encdurdgc any undertaking 'o^^lSts kind and in 1811 the fbllowing j^csolUtion was entered on the Journal of Assembly. I {■fiesotttd — That It is the opinidn of this COrtiriiittcie, that a premium of two hundred and ^fty pounds siiould be granted to the first adrcnturei', being an inhabitant of this Province, who shall Within foui' years erect and build iii this Province, a good and sufficient Dloomery^ or F^orge^ at which shall be made, from ore of the Provincef twenty tdns^ at the least, of food merchantable JEfar tt'ort, within six months after such 'orge shall be erected. Also, a plremiiim of t^i'ec hundred and fifty pounds to the first adyentiirei', being an inhabitant of this rrovince, who, within the time aforesaid, shall build a good and sufficient Fjnery irf the Province, at which there shall be manufactut'ed and made twenty tons, at the least, of good merchantable refined Bar Iron, within six months after the same shall be ei*ccted. And also a premium of six iiun()red pounds to the first adventurer, being an inhabitant of t^is Province, who shad, within the time aforesaid, erect an^ build a good artd sufficient furnace in this Province, at which shall be made, within &\t months after the same shall 1)6 built, sixty tons of eood merchat^tabtc Pig Iron, a^d. ten tpns of good merchantable lloUow Ware4 - ' .' The manufacture ol*Iroh is a subiect 0( a;rca( importance to- die interests of the Colotiy, and the giiality of the ore wa» prpnounced on the trial of ^its, properties made in Londonr to pc verv superior. There is a species of domestic manufac^ ture of blue homespun or woolen cloth, which is carried on more or less in every old *township in the Province. This has been greatly increased of late years, by the introduction of carding and fulling mills, and the cloth thus made is strong and durable, and principally used by both sexes among the farmers . and their servants. Carpets, linen and cotton sheets and towels for domestic use are also manufactured up- on a small scale in some of the older townships. There are JDO direct taxes in Nova Scotia. The civil list and other pub*. 1U s IS kthe \\t ftitpen^itures arc provKled for by «mall duties imposed tifC on the introduction of certain foreign articles into the coun- try^ which are pai'ticuldriy specified in chapter eight. Tiie other impositions consist of an inconsiderable charge for the maiipMance of the poor, and other county services else- ivi(er# noticed. ft li^s been observed it\ Europe that the mi :^ t f 4. %' ./Jii*i'Ji k'^* -fct't^it^ .> '.M i 4*^*^^V« isr "*' - rnAPTER xn. APPENDIX. — o— Copy of the. Grant of a Xcna iScetia Barony — Par lieu the loss of the Frigate La Tribune- -Daly^s Piracy at gash-^Mttract ofm Report of Che C&mmittet of both in 1*1 * — £atter of G (pernor Masearenc in 1 748» Copy of a Grant to Edward Widdringtons Esquire, of Car^ Itngton County of NonhwmbcHtmd of Lands, &c. &c. ad- joining to the hands of Sir James Hay, Knight and Baroncf,, of Smithfield in Nbva Scotia, bearing date the 96th' oi September 1 635 in i 1 ih of Charles the first- ►RECEPT of a Charter made and grawted hji diir Sove- reign Lord the King to EdvfrardiWiddrirtgtoh ofCarling-^ ton JR lh« county ®f Northumberland, Esquire, his hcirsj^ male, and assigns whomsoever hereditarily, of ali and the >vhoUi of that part and portion of lands of the region and lordship of Nova Scotiti, as follows^ particularly bounded and limited, that is to say, beginning frora^the west side of th& lands and Baronfys *of Smithfield, hereditarily belonging to. Sir James If ay of Smithfield, Knight and Baronet and lying on the north sidie of t-He river neraed. The Great Shiboin Ca^ pricoHi bearing towawis the west from the said Barony foir the spaceof three miles ascending the river; keening always the river for thr bounds thereof towards- the south,, and from thence bearing towards the north for the space of six miles keeping always two miles in breadth and six in length, to the saicl Barony, for the limits tbereof, towards the east, with the castles, towersj forlresscs-, &c. which' same lands were re- ^igocd by himintO'the hantjsofwir Sovereign Lord the King, for this new Charter and rnfeod'ation tt) be made thereof to the aforesaid Edward Widdrington hereditarily. Moreover, with a clause of Union; and as. one entire andl free Barony and Royalty at all times hereafter to be named',. The Barony of Carlington, at»d to be held of our said Sove- reign Lord the King and his successors of his Crown of the* Kingdom of Scotland in free arid true Blanche Farm for the' yearly payment of one penny of the usual money of the said? Kingdom of Scotland upon the sale and ground of the said' IkndSj in the name of Blanche Farm, if it should, be demanded ni ■'# re- to an(li ove- ihe* the ;ai(¥ dcifi m^ i; or any part thereof only on ihc feast day of the nativity of pur Saviour, and the seizen taken at the Cai^tlc of Edinbur;; pnly shall be suflicient for all and singular the lands, ami oiher things particularly and generally abQve written. Anil that the said Edward Widdrington and his heirs male shall have urms proceeding from a haad armed and naked, joined with this motto (JMimit haec et altera vincit) and other things granted in l^e common forms of Charts of Baronets, ^ated at Edinburg the twenty-sixth day of the month of September in the year of oi^r Lord 1635, and in the ^leveqtk year of our reign* - . ^ f* ■'' >! ' (By Signet,) ^ N. B. The said Charier was ordered to be registered by King Charles the First, in the Ijooks of the Lyon's Kiiig of ^mis, Herald'* Office, Edmburg. ; Xi The folbwtng particulars of the lo»% of His Majesty's fri- gate tl^e Tribune, at the entrance of Halifax harbour, are ^xtrt\Gted frgm the Halifax Journal of 1797. * Halijax, M'ov. 80, i;97.~The melancholy fate of HiS' Majesty's ship Ln, Tribune, having for the past week occu- pied the attenticMi of every feeling mind, we conceived it our cluty to pollect, as far a« possible, all the circumstances which attend the fatal disaster; not onlv for the satisfaction of the public in general, but particularly for the information of the friends of the unfortunate suflferers, and of the fortunate survivor?* It is. a tale replete with wo, and the description given by those lyho have $urviv*inbn. Signalb of distress were immediately made and answered by the military posts, and the ships in the harbour. Boats from all the military posts, fi'om His Majesty's ships and the dock-yardf proceeded to the relief of La Tribune. The military boats . and one of the boats from the dock yavd, with Mr. Kackum boatswain of the Ordinary, reached the ship, Init the other boats though making the greatest exertions, were not able, the wind being so much against them, to g^ on board. The ship was immediately lightened by throwing all her. guns, except one retained for sisals, over board, and every other heavy article, so that at aJi>out ha]tV}iast eight e^Iock in- the evening; the sliip began to heave, aiod about 9 she got o^l^ from the shoals. She had bciore at about live or six o'clock' Wsl her rudder, and on exumiuiiLtioa k waa tiow found thiiA i: • slie had seven feel water in ihc hold. The chatn pumps were- ii^nediatcly oiauiied, and buch exertions made^ that ibej seinied U) g£)in on the leaks, and by advice of Mr* RackufB^ th(' Captain ordered to \ci go the bcU bc^wcr aadior. Tbifl was dune, but u did not bi'ing her up. Tiie Caplain then ordered them tp cut the cable^ and the jih and fore lop mast aiay sail were hoisted to stear by. All this lime the violent gale which had come on from the S. \Lm kept increasing and carrying theia to the western, shore.. In a short iiaoev the small bower anchor was let go, «l which time they found themselves in about thirteen fathom water* The mixen mast was then cut away, it was now about 10 o^clock, the water gaining fast on the ship, little hope remained of saving the ship or ihehr lives. At this critical period Lieut, Campbell quitted' the ship^ Lieut. Nooth was taken into the boat out cif oneof the portSt Liout* James, of the Royal Nova Scotiii regiment not being to be found, was so unfortunate as to re^ main, aad to tiie great distress of his worthy parents and friends shared the general fate. From the period when LieuA*; Campbell quitted the ship, all the hopes of safely had v{ini«h«> ed the ship was sinkiag i^U the storm was increasing witK redoubled violence, the rocky shore to which ihey were ap- proaching, 'resounding with the tremendous noist of the bil* lows whk:h rolled towards it» presented nothing to those who might survive the sinking of the ship, but the exoectation of a more painAii death, from being dashed against tnose tiomendi* OU& precipices, wh^ch fK^aii) the calimeil day, it k ahnoftt impossible to ascend* i^ Dunkipi one of the suf vivors , ii»form#^ ua, that at about hal€ past If n:, a^ nearly as he cotild conjecture, one of the men who had been befoWi canve to him otx the forerastle, and toldi him the ship was sinking — in a few minutes after, the jihip took a lui'ch as a bcust wiU wheo peajplv filled with water qnd going dpwo: ; immediately on which, Dunlap began toi ascend the fore shroud, and a( the same moment, casting his eyes towards the quarter deck, «»aw Capt, Barker stanf&iff by the gangw^iy, aid looking into the water, and directly aN ter heard him cal^ for the joUy-boM^^^At ^he same time saw the Lieut, of MariHe^ runuAUg towards the la^ffr^il^ he supposi- ed to kiok for the joily-feoat, as she liad been previously let down with four men iu her— but insta»i alkr which, ueiihov 5- «i il 190 lh« Criptain nor any other of the officers tvcre s^en.—Thc sccnCf sufHcietuly distressing before, bccjune now peculiarly awful ! — more than ^40 men, besides several women and chil- dren, were doatine on the vvaves, raaking their last efl[brts to preserve tl^eir existence Dunlap, whon^ we have before mentioned, gained the fore top. Mr. Galvin, the master's mate, after incredible diiliculty, got into the main top— he- vfVii below when the ship ^unk, dii^^pcting the men, at the chain pump, ho was washed up the hatchwavi thrown into the w^ifit, and from thence into the w^tcriand his feet as he plungod struck a rock — on a^cending^ he swam to gain the main shrouds, when he was suddenly seized hold of by three men — he was now afraid he was Ipst-r-tq disengage ntmself- frbm them he made a dive into the Water^ which induced them to quit their hold. On rising again, he swam to the* shixiuds and arrived at the main top, and seated himsdf pn an armrchest whicl) was lashed to the mast. ?' From: the observations of Mr. Galvin from the main top,^ and of Dunbp in ihe (ore top, its appears tkat near a hunn dred persons were for a considerable time hang,ing to tho' shrouds, the tops, and other parts of the wreck ; $ut from' the extreme length of the nigl^t and the severity of the gtprm, nature became exhausted, and they kept at all periojds of the night dropping piff and disappearing. — The cries and groans of the unhappy sufferers, from the bruises many of theni- had received, and as their hopes of deliverance began to fail them, were continued through the night, though as morning appeared, from the few that then survived, it became* feeble > indeed ! the whole pumber saved from the wreck amounting to eight persons, and several of them so exhausted, as to be indifferent whether they were taken off or not. Mr. Galvin mentions that about 12 o'clock, the main mast gave way; at that time, he supposes, there were on the main top and on the shrouds upwards of 40 persons. By the fall ol- the mast the whole were again plunged into the water, and of that number only nine, besides himself regained the top.— ' ^ The4op rested upon the main yard, anc| the whole remained ^ fast to the ship by some of the rigging, Of the ten persons ^ which regained the main lop four only were alive when the morning appearr^l ; ten were at that time aliye on the fore ;top, but three of them had got so exhausted, and had become '^ (50 unable to help themselves, that before any relief came- lined they wore (innlly washed away ; llirre others prrishcil, avA four only were ulso iinally leli alive in the fore top. -...-- The plaoc w! :rc the sliip went down, wus only about three iiihcfi her kngth to the southward of the entrance into Her- ring Cove. The people came down in the ni^ht to the (M>int opposite to where the ship sunk, and kept large fircr<, and were so near as to converse with thp people on the wreciu The fu'St exertion which was made for their relief, was by a boy of thirteen years old from Herring Cove, who ventured otf in a small skiflf by himself, about eleven o^cIock the nexl day^ and this truly deserving young lady with great cxcrtionn, and at extreme risk to himself^ yentured to approach th^ wreck, and backed in his little boat so near to the fore top as to take off two of the men, for the boat could not with safe- ty hold any more ; and here a trait of generous magnanimir ty otcurrcd, which deserves to be noticed* Dunlnp and Munroc, had throughout this disastrons night, providentially preserved their strength and spirits, beyond their unifortunr ate companions, and they had endeavoured to cheer and en- courage them as they i»utid their spirits sinking} they were now both of them able to have stepped into the boat, and put an end to their own sjiTerings ; but their other two compani- ons, though alive, were unable to help themselves; they lay exhausted on the top; wished not to be disturbed, and seem- ed desirous to perish as they lay. Those ge»erou8 fellows hesitated not a moment to remain themselves on the wreck, and to save, though against their will,, their unfortnnate com- panions; they lifted thcn> up, and by the greatest exertions got them into the little ski^ and the manly boy rowed then^ triumphantly to the Cove, and instantly had them conveyed to a comfortable habitation. After shaming by his example older persons, who had larger boats, he put off again in his skifTvbut with all his efforts, he conM not again approach the wreck. His example howevery was soon followed by the men in the Tribune's jolly-boat, and by some of the boats of the Cove, and by thcrr Joint exertions the eight men wcr^ preserved, who, with the foar that escaped in the jolly-boat, make the whole number of (he solitary survivors of this fine ship^s company. v^ Some have been disposed to blame Captain Barker, as ex^ hibiiing too much obstinacy in nor. abandoning the ship and preserving feis cyew, s^? a^ vipjleji^ ^^P*''^.w^y^X*5^-#^v^ m It i ■i m Y^af^lng; bttt ttrt f tjiihinihg fh« rt«»rt WKo tiiife itlt^iVrf; we finil, (though other officers in the samie situation mi^hi have formed a diflcrent judgment) that the conduct of Capt. BiH*ker was throughout the tryirtg scene completely cod and toll^cted— Thoitgh finitn iht maftn^r hi which the ship had been run ashore, no blame could attach to him, ytt he could Tiot reconcile it to himself to lose so fine i ship whhout mak* ing evefy exertiofi td save heri Having by the greatest ef- forts considerably lightened heir* he had reason to suppose *he might get off before high water— she made no water white «he lay aground— 4hcre were therefore great ht^es^ if «h^ toiild not that night haVe been- got up the hdrbour, thatsh<6 •■fiighl with tofety have been brought to anchor and have rod* out the gale. When sh^ finally got oir,uniTcrsiil joy was tiiflfhscd Throughout the *hlp— everv mart thought the object of thei^ joint efforts wai attahved — btit the rapid manner in which th* water poured into her, soon ihmped their jor, atid plimgca Ifietn into despair. Had the ship been finally savea by th* great exertions which were made to effect it, every tnail Would Irtve praised Gapl. Barker j and notwithstanding thuse exertion^ failed, we think we may justly say m the lan- guage of Addisoh^-^ - " 1'is not in mortals to command success :^m^>M Barker did more ; he did deserve it*" «^o hh memory therefore, and that of the braVe feMoif irtifferers, the cbtnmiseration of their countrymen is- justly du^ i^Prom every generous heart they will receive thM commis- eration; artd while the mind runs over the whole trying scene^ the tears which most involuntarily flow will embalm thei# mfctnory. H?iVirtg closed the general scene, We thrnk it will not bd unacceptable t6 our readers if we Uotice the conduct of somni individuals--^ A QuarteNMasler belonging to the ship by tM ilnhfn6 6f McGregor h*hJ his wife ort board ; they were J res* fj^etablfe couple, ^hd grcaflV attached to each other. M'Ore* gor, from hfs affedtiotiatc *ttlitita*ion for her safety, endea-i' ▼bured to p^rsuadfe her, While the ship lay on the ihoals, td go ^iihore in 6h^of circumstance apart of the. men, consisting of two scrjeants and four privates of the Royal Nova Scotia Regiment were unfortunately drowned ; the remainder tvere taken up by the: boat belonging to the Eastern Battery. - , L Too mucu praise camiot be given to, the meiuyho manned I I 1 ffl hoaitf tud particularly to scfieaht Baker, andilie Boaifil erew wiio peraefered in folioiMFiii^ ihe ship,, and finally; brought off: Lieiits*. Campbell and. Nooth of the Royai Fu«^ »ilierfe» Greatjpraiseis.alsodue.toihe doclcfyasd boat^whicb carried Miv Mackum on boapdy they foUo^etd the shi^ at ai short diBtaBtee,.till ishe fouadevedf and widi extreme difficulty at lei^h ceachedMerring Gove.. . We are sorry to aentiQn that MoitRackufnt. wJioae exertions* on board La Tribune t» preserve th/e ship,< were gratefiilLj^ acknowledged, pensfaed with. tfaftAinhappy ship^s' company^ Hawing, mentioned all the disastraoa^enxuinstance^ wkicb havtf altendad this distressing: scene,, it: i» vinth.' pleasune we now notice the attention, which .ha» been paid to*tlie' widows and children of the unfortunate suiferefs^. ISs Royal High- ness Prince Edward, with that uniform: getteroaity whioh Ba»< distinguished his Royal Highnesadonng his residence in this> Province, directed immediate provision! tO' be made fort he^ bereaved families) and. there is reason to. Hope through hi»^ Royal Highness' represeacationsy-tbat provision will be made- as permanent aa their- smfierihgs.. .mictions- like , tHe^ dignif jp" even Kings, and^add splendour to the highest rank.. ^ ' M Besides the attention shewn by his Royal Highnes%. a li- beral subscription ha» been macle by the garrison for the wi-^ dows of the soldiers who.' were dBOWBedj.and-for-themeA.wha' manned the boats* I' There is> anothsr instance of' generosity which" the ocea*- aion seema^ to require^ and it seems to ■> be the earnest wish oS' the men wk* were saved from the wreck ; it is that some re- ward may be bestowed on the boy who first -eame off to them.- They attribute iii a peat measure their deliverance to him,, and they mention with the warmest gratitude, not only his*" exertions tosaTe them fihon^the wreck, but'his kind and bo»^ pitable attention. to relieve them after they had reached tho* Gove. Surely if aisubscriptibn waaset on foot, tH'ere is not a^ man in the counto^y wito-would not give something to reward^ and encourage so^ young an instance of humane and heroic^ magnanimity. Mr. Club, the master of La Tribune, was master of the- Active frigate when she was run ashore on the island off An^- ticosti. Mn Fennel, the first Lieut; and Mr. Galvin, the mas- ter's mate were both formerly prisoners at Guadaloupe withpi CSok Walherall, and were all for a considerable time chaixiad^ >. -' ' HflMMttriJUaiittilM Ivtkeifflegs to^theh Lieuu Feniiel' declared to Li«M2 Ckrapbeli, that &» on\j QiotMre in cpmtti^ otK iQ La Tribtne^ was to hkve the pleanire pf eeeipg (Dpi. Wethersll^ atid socli mppetn to have -oeeiD the attachment' •fOaWin im Lieut. Fem iiel, thajt -though he apeaks with hecomtn^feeling of the fattt «f the ship's CQDipan/, tl^e Iqss of Licot. /Fennel seemv jpeci» kiBfiy to ajiact hinu Oa ea^irii)^ of hiio if he saw Lieut* F^el after t|ic iskip^stink, he replied, ^Im did not, for if &« IM^4} ti^^Hgii h^ o^a* himself ia a place of apparent aecuritjr:^ k^ wottl^ ha^e agaia cisked bi$ life to jpreserve hiih, and lirottid i^vt eJQfect^d it ^ perished #ith hiav A similar iit« (achii(e^t to each o^TSi; anpssars amning the men who hayo ourvived the wreck, and die circumstailces unite toprove^ chat the virtues whicAi render htinan betngl the most pleas^ ing, aire |hQse ^^ gne ^ao|h^ In the trjing ich90l «f advei^ I Li9t of the o||c€rs lo^t hi La Tn^Mme.-^Capt. ^ory 8ar» Iceir^ fit^ Lieutenant l^omas i^imel^ second do. Thomas -Clai^f ^d d«k Thomas fifaarpe^ lfa«ter< James 0}ub{ Suf^B '■*'— ^ J9r»e»5 IVirBer -'jStatiford ; Lieut. Marinei Jaines Gralg^ Mr. Stagv Master's Mate ; John DarHngton^ MMVl^ ■■-.'■i^.-td n- •'-■■ ■■■.■.■- ,.,. j.^^ ^^lYour Committee, in taking these important subjects inta tonsideration, find that, although the late convention will, in. its operation, be more ruinous tu the best interests of this Province than to any other of the British North Americant Colonies { yet the general interests of British America are so; similar, that your Committee are of opinion* the Report they* have agreed now to make, is applicable to all the Colonies in: North America* the same as it is to this Province, ti Your Committee find that the most it'spectable merchanta in Great Britain, and in all the British Provinces in North A* merica, have, for a seties of years past, in bodies made con^ stant, united and most forcible representations to His Majes^ ty*s Government, respecting the neglected state of the Com* merce and Fisheries of British Am^fic^ ) and your Com-t nittee on taking a view of the present state of affairs, feel war- ranted in congratulating both Houses upon the arrival of Ihat happy period which will now Enable his Majesty *s Go« temment, withpat fear of interruption, to turn their most se« rk>us attentkm to this very ipterestj^^g af^^ Important pojrtKHi of the British dominions* Your Committee coul4 not enter into the consideration oC theimportant objects refi&rred to it, without painfully feeline ^ the constant sacrifices which this Province fias been ca Ilea ' on tti make^ not only in the extent of its Provincial Territory on the land, bvit aUo in the valuable fisheries, nrhich cvec Mti' ! ■ • i i 4 1^ Miht Ti«a^ of Utr^; w^«6Tiif^ tiy of Quebec.^ ■ - ■r;- 1 ■ U-.- - Yobr Coitiiiifttee lifld, that the whd^^^of thcf teih^ory «om- jprehended within this l^ndary, was represented in the Ge^ nerai A^^fsMf of ihis Provintse, and legiskted In that Asl^ aemblyyfyelaggovernediasf one Body Pontic, 'the untonand constitation of whi^h ^iras eonslderea Settled, Until hla Mate«J ty was advised to separate from it the Islattdof St. JoWhi no# stalled Prihee Edward^ Isfand."* ' ThW «eparatte« yiu4> cifm- nittee cantibt admit to have bden' stilly 1^1; fbrhirlifa^ lesty, havitig €xcrcUed tfib PoWfert of §ovtt«el^ by aoknfi^ 1y incorfJbmhig the whbte ierf" this counti^ hit» o!i« go^erni- inefit, and havbg esta^ltshed its cottstltutioft, atld thi;' legfela^ >.• l^cfeoweraoftheCSeneral Assembljr afta Uie irhole; ^ovM |M>t, by any subsequent act, revoke, alter, or annul the ■ame* This sepaifation, however, was improviderilly nade, to gra^r tify several s|>ectilative theeristsi who project^ a Proprie* tary Qovcrnment on a new systemy that Watf to exhibit an unproved forn oi Colonial AcUmniatration $ fhi> project failf f d, and laid the. foundation of the depressed and ruinous state m which that fin^ island still reiaai««, aad obliged hi» Majesty, ofvthe F^peprietors' relinquiihin^ the power of gov- ^rnmenty to re-asfuiBje tibe Sovereigncv which fikey were o^ bligm Gaf'^ Sabfe acrosa the enlfance to the centre of the Bay of Pundjr) to the Northward by a line along the centre of the said Bay tO the mouth of the Musquat Rtver, by the said River to its source ; and from thence, by a due ^st line, across the Isthmus into the Bay Verte, to the Eastward, by the said Bay and the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the Cape or Promontory called Cape Breton, in the Island of that name; including the said Island, the Island of Saint Johh\ and all other Islands within six leagues of the coast; and to the Southward, by the Atlantic Ocean, from the said Cape to Cape Sable aforesaid, including^ thelsland^of that name, andall other islands within forty leaguesof the coast, with all the rights, members and appurtenancea thereto be* lon^ing.^^ ^ ■',■■■ d Gloomy as the prospect of this war appeared to His Majes- ty's subjecta in British,, A merica^ they met it with fortitude ; and their sufferings and apprehensions were cheered with the hope^ that a part of the evils with which the Tteaty of 1 7B3 abounded,^ would be remedied, so far at least aa it respected boundary* But the Treaty of Ghent was concluded^ just at the time when we beheld the resources of the United States exhausted^ and when their inability to continue the war much longer with any effect was manifest ; then weM our best hopes frustrated, and the only consolation lefvto uswas^ that the United States >had by the declaration of war forfeited the rights they held under the Treatyof 178S, to participate in our fisheries, and to enter our harbours with their vessels ; but the recent Con ventbn ha» deprived us of this our last re- source, and left us almost i^ithout hope. ^^ ^ Your Committee having its attention called to the exertions of the United States, in constructing foptifications on the fron- tier inland Navigations upon a gigantic scale, and military roads of vast extent. Your Committee would be nappy to view these great public works as peaceful projects for the in* ternal improvement of a civilized nation ; but when your Committee trace the line of direction, which these works are taking, and couple ihem with the recent inva.Mon of the Flo* ridatf) tbe murder o( British subjects, for no other cause bat ' 9CH f. Urtit they wer^ British subjects^ and the extermination of the Indians, because they were friendly to Great Britain, your Committee cannot forbear pressing on the consideration of both Houses, the necessity there is for the Mother Country to cnuoteract measures of this sort, by undertaking and com- pleting works on a similar scale, a line of fortifications on the frontier^ an inland navigation, to commence at two points — First, at the harbour of Halifax, to form a communication with the Bay of Fund V by the way of the Shubcnacadie lakes. This navigation has heen accurately surveyed, its practica- bility ful^ established, and the estimate of the expense ex- actly ascertained, not to exceed materially the sum of £35,000 ; this navigation should be continued from the head of the Bay of Fundy at Fort Cumberland to the Bay of Verte, which from low water-mark on the one side, to low water- mark on the other, would not exceed the distance of eight miles ; its practicability at a small expense cannot be doubt- ed; and inus, a direct communication would be opened be- tween Halifax, the Bay of Fundy, and the - River St*' Law- rence, by which the present circuitous, long and dangerous navigation would be avoided* k. The second inland navigation should commence at Mon- treal, and proceed by the Ottawa or Great River, and hy the Rideau to Kingston on Lake Ontario ; and also by the Great River to Lake Nigrissing, and from thenee by the River Du Francois into Georgian Bay in Lake Huron. As to the practicability of these navigations, there can be no doubt; and the expense will be very bmall, when compared with the works now carrying on of a like kind in the United States. As to the advantages in peace or war, one look at the maps of the interior will be sufficient to point them out. The present communication with Quebec through the interi- or, is more a water than a land carriage; from Halifax to the head of the Peticodiac, there is now a good road, and where this road turns to Fredericton on St. John^s river, a military road should commence, and proceed by the head of the Nashwack River, the head of the Mirimachie River, and the head, of Ristigouche River, until it joins the road on the side of the St. Lawrence, opposite to the Isle t}f Bic. This road would open a fine country for settlement, and would connect Halifax and Fredericton with Quebec; all iaten^eptions from water would.be avoided,' and this road i i i ti 1 mt %#iK|4iit«nt irom tbe frontier on the St. JolinV wouMgfftf «ttppoi:l to fikat line in case of war, wimout danger of inter* Vupuon from tike enemy. These works, tllough not expensive^ exceed the present resources of the Colonies ; but would soon be repaid to the Mother Country by the vast advan- tages^ they would Uy open to all British America. Besidef which, tiwse wocks would give employment tathe emigrants^ mho woidd derive from them on iheir arrival immediate sup- port, such as would shortly enable them to settle with advan- tage. lN[>li^ works of this kind m the United Sta(e» are one of the ^reat inducements to eraigiantst to resorl to tbaA ooun^ try foe immediafie support, as fhey generally exhaust aU iheir little mesas hi the expenses of their outwlrard passages Your Commitlee are ol opinion that it i» immedfafiery ne^ ccssaey that the Colonies, in addition to the privileges they* now* enjoy, shoi^ be aUowed the same freedom of nrade wiiii all tho woDld whieh. Ih^ people ol the United Stale(» have ac« ^luired* ^condly, by laying out lands fln alt parts on* which settlors, may be imm«^ol<|ly and adva embarking^ Mi!»ft)ffeign vessels, unless by special pfitssportsy and taking on the unnecesscu'y restrictions imposed on( British slMps carry- vk% passengers. Pbttvthly, hy- a> doty imposed on British* salt, ^hipped in foreign vessels, so as to give 0he carrying of that articte across the Western Ocean for the supply w Amc« Bica, to. British' shipping. Fifthly, by exc|liding foreign ves- sels from taJcing. salt from Turk4 Islands. Sixthly, by alN«- lowing and encouraging the merchants and fishermen em- ploy^ in the Unit^< States in the W^hale and Cod F»hery^ to remove with their effects- and settle in* this Province ; andl by naturalizing the foreign buifr vessels^ which may bring: with them, so far as to enable them X» employ them with the' privileges, of Biiitish vessels, while only employed in the fish' ery. Seventiily, by cstabUsbing two British Govevnmento on the Labradbr Shore and Straits of Bellcisle, to securer British interests from* encroachment. Eighthly, hy adopts ing such regulations as willprevent the vessels of the Umtedl States from abusing the indulgencies granted tothem l^y the* likte Convention, and by limiting their right of entering the* iiftf hours of the British Colonies for shelter^ or to procurei* fluppliei^eCJiioodorwatery except iacase of veal^ncaeaMtj^ i IJ . ■ -I . And Ustly, by re-uniting the Islands 6f PHnc# Edward tf^d Cape Drctqn to this Province. Bj adopting such measures^ vour Committee are of qqpinion, that the Colonists would soon i>e able to counteract the advantages which the United States liaye acquired by the late Convention ; and bv the rapid ac- qubition Qf wealth and population, British America would 9p$a a copf^pondiog increase in the consui^ptiQB of British niaqu^sMHufes ^ a^d united with the Mother Country^ bv thd Strongest ties oCii^tcrest and consanguinity^ we should con- vince the people af the United States, thai their e^brts to be<' £on)e sqcces8ii4l riy^ls u^ Qreat Britain were in vain \ i6 V^l^ich may be fairly ^df)ed, t^at revenue which the raci'eas^ ing prqspeptv of thec4)^nfftOI| LlSUTBlliiNt-GoVEIlirOR Pl^t MASCARIir# fO (fOVIRlfOR ShIRLBT* HE rilost difi^cuh (ask of any to me is my giving my opin- ion <^n the civil government proper for this Province* I shall, liQwever, proceed in the manner I have done in the preceding, relating to fortification, and give an account of the ^vernment thaii has subsisled, aqd the altpratiofi^ made! therein, since the year 1 71^, when this fort was reduced to the power of the wii of Great Bi(itaHi ; from whence fi^ay' appear the defects i^hat may be proper to be amended* At the reduction q^this' fprt, no capitulation was ib»de but for the garrison and the inl^alniants of the Bstfitievc (a league* round the fort) ; these had leave to withdraw with their ef- fects, and to dispose of those they ^ould not carry vrith ihcmy for the space of two years. The rest of the ionabttants, alf over the Province, made terms ihat winter with the then Governor Vetch, who received them on their submission, hut no oath wais required of them, except of the inhabitants of the Bantieve, for the lime of the capltulatioiu • - H i i * In 171 4, Mr. Nicholson came over Governor and Coini> Aanderplyiiig for more forces tp prevent the French iphabitants troni going away iu a tumultuous and disorderly manner, qr for bringing ihem into a due subject tion ; for which he desired, if 1 remembep right, two regi* paeiits, besides the four compai^ies of his own, then at Anna* poiis Hoya), with proportionable ^hipping to transport these taroops as occasion should require, aod this in a time of pro« found pea<:e, and when these inha|]|i(ant8 were not above a third of the miniber they are now increased to. Io answer^ ke was directed not to use any violent m^^^^^'^'^f ^^ ^^ ^"* deavour to keep the people easy till, a( a proper time, h night be resolved how to proceed in this case, ^ t The Governor went home in 1722, and thipgs remained ill this situation, under the administration of Mrt Dpucett, Lieut, Governor of Annapolis Hoyal, and President ior the time be* |d^, ever the Provmce, till Mr. Armstrong, hayipg been made iiieutenant-Qovernor over the whole Province, fetumed in 1725, and fiiund means to bring the inhabitants to take the oath to the government ;* but on Governor Philips returning 8Ame years after^ these inhabitants complaining thai this oath had been extorted by undue means, his Excellency brought ihem at kist to take it willingly, and the same was tehdered^ and taken, in goneral, by all the men of competent age, in al^ the settlements of this Province t the tenor of this oath is in- serted in the papers inclosed. The word trw« being inter* preted fidtie, has made it to be called the oath of ftdelity* The French inhabitants intended to have a clause, not to be obliged to take up arms against the French, whieh, though not inserted, they have always stood was promised to theoi* and I have heard it owned by those who were at Minas when the oath was administered at that place, that such a promise was given to them in writing* This oa, a-ppeal'is made to the Governor or Commander* in-chief, and Council. These differences, mostly in meum and tnum, were settlsjd before the board, at three set times of the year, when t^e people of the several seltlements up the Bay, used to resort fop judlement on their pleas ; but, since the war, have been postponeJ to be composed in more peace- able times* These inhabitants, though not one in a hundred can read and write, speak generahy with good sense, and plead theif own cases ; but as they can only speak the French tongue, it is tedious for those members or the Council who do not understand tba^ l^kf)guge,and must have the sub- stance repeated in English, before they can give their opin- ion. How far the power of this board extends, has been of- ten a qi^estioQ ; som& exten(]ipg^%.ir»i | .)Wi i» ii J * * ■H^Wfl^P^' 't^iSiSW^* ■ * i* <) I- %ii' €l^1?. V * KRRATAi i" page 9, line 40, 45, 64, 62, 68, 76, 78, 78, 81, dO&82, 96, 97, 99, 103, 119, 143, 150, 178 183 10, for txptfjlutiofi read exptSittoni 1 3, for conflictory read conjilicting* I Q, for allowed a rery Ft (^Ih'^td tqpqsseit I v^ryt 14, for M read^re, 1 9, for when read whertf ' 12, for as found read tg he found* S8, for 6eeau«# there ff because allhou^ there^ ^e« 9, for coa< <2esceni?« pe^fl coat ^hich de»ca^4tf 41 , for birch read bark^ €, for Caimes read CatVfietf 32, for colonies read coloursf 29, for eompassing read eompre$ting, 16, for Minat which read Minas and whichf 2 from bottOD), for ancf .Alo/^r read »n<2er Mqjot^ $6, fpr ^anor<« re^d jiof(«t 5, forporjton of land read portion of good land, 12,for quality of the, land ]p,qumtitti of inferior land 3 i , for neeettary read utine^e«sary, 6, for transported read eonveyed, - 22, for (Aetr absence read Ai« dbsencet 9, for ooWfe read politic, " 23, for directed read addressed* 3d, for tiTunoveai/e read immora/* *.v... lor» land McT CHAPTER I. ' ;^^ - ^ A Skfctcih of tbp changes Nova Scotia undprwcnt between the discovery of the Country and the year 1758, when the irst General Assembly met at Halifax^ - - page 7 rilAP. UJ Jlxtcni, Situation, Division, Gbvernnient & Representation 1 4 CVimate, — Lakes,— Spring*, — Cascades, — Natiifal andim- ported Fruits, — Hortulan Plants,— Forest Trees,— Mineral and Fossil Bodies,*-- Wild A niniaUj-^Birds,-— -Fishes, — In- aiects, aiid Disorders, ^^^in v':*i/?Ti^'*iv . . ,^p^ It !i;Y0)i t•t^^L;■efiAP.•lV^ S9 J'opulation,-~]Wilitlar,— Longevity — rand Religion, .CHAt, t.' ^ . • Indians, {two Tribcs)^Atia€ks ort Cjin9d,-i^T»^eaty,--Cus- lottis,— ^IMianners,-— Givilizaiion,— rSpccimens of their Lan-' guage, r - - - - T i fc 45' CHAP. Vl/ • Chief Towns and Rivers,— Halifax, Setlleih^nt of it, Kx- pedition fitted out there against the French in Cumberland^ and Destruction pf their ^rtii, — ^Capture of Louisbourg and )sle of St. John, — Present state of Hali4x, its Pdpulation, Public Buildings and Society, — Dartmouth, — Lodge -Mount Uniacke, — Windsor, — Annapolis, Summary of its History, Articles, of Capitulation, Attempts for its (Recovery by the French, — Digby, Yarmouth, — Barrington, — Shrlburne,— Liverpool, — Lunenburg, — Chester, Truro, — Villages, of Cumberland, Col. Charch's Expedition there, — Pictou, — Shubenacadie, and Annapolis Rivers, &c. &,c. - 62 CHAP. VII. Soil and Agriculture, — Mode of Settling New Lmds. — Fees on Grants, — Quantity of Vacant Land, — Avcrnjie Pnt- 4uce per Acrc,-Cattlc,~Markcls,-Piopoi'tion of Soils,«lw(. . 35 .6 .!, ^^-i r^^ .-#'-, -:[^l^^ ig the Ad- *ookej the --a&? articulatrs ;y at Ma- of both 1748. n.f I ■if^''