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1 2 3

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J. RUSSELL MANNING, M. D., V. S.

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THE

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DOCTOR

rO(JK ENOYCLOr^EDFA,

i.E 'f^r -' SWINE AND POULTRY,

-i; : 'iAKMIKidVl I -, BREAKINO,
1 . . ; • i ! , . 's :% A X 1 ) • -. IN RRAL CARE ;

1 in . \! -! ■■-. HOW TO
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THE

ILLUSTRATED

STOCK DOCTOR

AND LIVESTOCK ENCYCLOPAEDIA,

INCI.UDINO

HORSES, CATTLE, SHEEP, SWINE and POULTRY,

WITH ALL THE

FACTS CONCERNING THE VARIOUS BREEDS AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS, UREAKINC,

TRAINING, SHELTERING, BUYING, SELLING, PROFITABLE USE, AND GENERAL CAkK;

EMBRACING

ALL THE DISEASES TO WHICH THEY ARE SUBJECT — THE CAUSES, HOW TO

KNOW, AND WHAT TO DO; GIVEN IN PLAIN, SIMPLE LANGUAGE, I'REK

FROM TECHNICALITIES, BUT SCIENTIFICALLY CORRECT, AND WITH

DIRECTIONS THAT ARE EASILY UNDERSTOOD, EASILY APPLIED,

AND REMEDIES THAT ARE WITHIN REACH OF THE PEOPLE.

GIVINO

THE MOST RECENT, APPROVED, HUMANE METHODS

FOR THE PRESERVATION AND CARE OF STO( K,

THE PREVENTION OF ANY DISEASE, AND

RESTORATION OF HEALTH.

DESIGNED FOR THE PARIVIER AND STOCK-OWNER.

SARETOLLY PREPARED, AFTER A RIPE EXPERIENCE OF TWENTY-FIVK YKAES IN SI()( K-HAISIN8
AND AS EXTENSIVE PRACTICE IN VETERINARY SUiaJKKV,

J. RUSSELL MANNING, M. D., V. S.

WITH 400 ILLUSTRATIONS.

PUBLISHED BY

WORLD PUBLISHING CO.,

GUELPH ONTARO.

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PUBLISHER'S PREFACE.

It is with especial pleasure and pride that the publishers present to the
public this volume. Thoy believe that in design, extent, variety of
matter and illustration, especial adaptability to the wants of the farmer
and stock owner, and in its explicit and practical teachings, it has not been
equalled in the history of American agricultural publications. No author
has to the same extent carried into effect in this department of literature
the modern and popular idea of ** object teaching.^' And in no depart-
ment of literature is such teaching so useful and practical in character.
With our author it has not been enough to describe ; but he illustrates —
teaching through the eye as well as by word, and with a definiteness • in
both respects that will enable any one, by proper study, however unfa-
miliar with the subjects of which it treats, to become well versed in all
the essentials of a practical knowledge of the use, care, diseases and
treatment of domestic animals. Though the book is large, the system of
the arrangement is so perfect that any fact in its contents can be readily
found, and this constitutes it a most convenient work for ready reference
as well as for general study. • The illustrations, covering the subjects of
breeds, characteristics, points, character, and the various stages of dis-
eases, etc., are exhaustive, while the elaborate charts, so minutely
illustrating the ages of the horse and cow, are decided features and most
useful as well as novel.

The author's careful education in the profession of Veterinary Medicine,
his large practice, and his experience in the general care and management
of live stock, have eminently qualified him for the task he has undertaken,
and we place the result of his labor before the public, believing that he
has done his work well — that he has produced a book that will be of most
practical and pecuniary value to every stock-owner. Believing this, the
book is launched upon the sea of agricultural literature with the confident
belief that it is demanded and that it will accomplish its mission of
usefulness.

AUTHOR'S PREFACE

The author's object in writing the following book wns to impart
such practical information to tlio American farmer and stock-owner,
as will lead to a much needed and beneficial reform in the breeding,
care and general treatment of domestic animals ; to offer such informa-
tion in practical shape as will enable him to realize a greater benefit
from live, stock in health, and familiarize him with the causes that
produce diseases, that ho may avoid them ; and also to give such facts that
ho may know the nature of a disorder when it exists, as well as the proper
remedies to apply.

In the suggestions offered we have kept steadily in view the necessity of
simplicity in describing disease, and of prescribing those remedies that the
ordinary farmer can without difficulty procure and easily administer. In
a practice of twenty-five years in country districts, among the agricultu-
ral classes, we believe we have learned to kn6w their wants in this respect,
and this volume is an earnest effort to meet them. It has always been a
matter of surprise that such a work for farmers and small stock-owners —
simple in style and diction, yet scientifically exact, covering the entire
subject of domestic animals — has never been prepai'ed ; yet we believe
we speak within the facts in saying that our agricultural literature has to
the present time been without a volume fulfilling these requisites.

The effort has been to produce a systematic work, accessible to the
farmer, giving the known facts and principles of the art of handling,
improving, breeding, care and management of domestic animals in health,
the causes which produce disease, and how to avoid them ; how to know
disease, and what to do. In short, to produce such a work as will serve
as a valuable hand-book, both for study and for constant reference for
the farmer, and which will enable him to turn the industry of stock-
breeding, raising, buying and selling to greater profit.

defect
be ful
and
obtaii

AUTIIOB B FREFAOB.

In what wo havo 8nid concorning tho charnctoristics, oxcoUoncoB und
defects of tho vai'iouH brccdH of livo stock (and in this wo huvo tried to
1)0 full, explicit and exact), wo have not been biased by partiality for any,
and havo studiously avoided expressing any preforemio, when tho facts,
obtained by long fiuniliarity with tho subjects, and much reading and ob-
servation, did not clearly sustain tho position taken.

Tho book is not in any sonso in tho interest of any breed or breeds,
and oven less is it in the interest of any class of breeders or importers.
In theao things the interests of truth and tho reader havo boon tho intiu-
onces that controlled. There is no advertisement in its pages.

If in tho directions giviMi throughout tho work wo havo subjected our-
selves to tho charge of making a hobby of careful and tender treatment
of animals, wo reply that a long experience, and tho observations of a
life-time, have very strongly impressed us that not only humanity but
economy is best served by kindness, and if tho influence of this book shall
load to a more general study of tho comfort of domestic animals, wo will
fool that wo have served the Jinancial interest of tho breeder in an equal
proportion to tho welfare of tho animals.

One of tho facts that has always forcibly impressed u" is, that among
horse owners, and even those long familiar with horses, there are so few
good judges of a horso. Tho different developments of tho horse for the
different purposes for which horses are used, seem to be little under-
stood, yet it is susceptible of very accurate knowledge, and in the ap-
propriate places in these pages, wo havo, by careful analysis of thopointa
of the horse, and very copious illustrations, given facts that will enable
any one to readily determine a horse's appropriate uses and his value.
In this is included the very extensive chart for tolling the age, and also
the easy directions for ascertaining vices and unsoundness.

With the other domestic animals like information is given and with
equal plainness. With these facts before him, so explicitly stated and so
exhaustively illustrated, any one can soon learn to buy to advantage. We
have endeavored to guard tho unsuspecting against the arts of tho jockey,
and to point out so plainly the difference between an elegant and common
horse, a good and bad one, a sound and unsound one, an old and a young
one, a vicious, dangerous horse, and a kind, tractable one, that any person
may easily learn to protect himself against imposition. The same plan
has been sustained with the other subjects.

Hard names and technical terms have been avoided as much as possible,
but when terms of anatomical and medical science Jiave been necessarily
employed they are explained and applied with a degree of plainness and
precision that brings them within* the ready comprehension of every
reader.

f/i

VUl

author's IREFACE.

To aid the non-professional owner in deciding the nature of disease, en-
gravings are given which show the positions in the different stages of
various diseases, and vrhich cannot fail to be cf great value in determining
the character of the disorder.

This preface ought not to be concluded without acknowledging the able
assistance rendered in the preparation of this book by Hon. Jonathan
reriam, of Chicago, whose great experience w'th stock, and as an agri-
cultural writer, extending through a quarter of a century, has been of
such "dv,"!itage in its preparation. To his extensive information, prac-
tical suggestions, and ready pen, every department of the work is in-
debted, and ackn wledgments are hereby made.

To Prof. Ed. Porter Thompson of Bentonville, Arkansas, a graceful
and prolific writer, and a scholar of classical attainments, obligation is
also expressed.

J. R. M

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TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PART I.

THE HORSE, HIS HISTORY, BREEDS, CHARACTERISTICS AND

MANAGEMENT.

CHAPTER I.

• HIS HISTORY AS A COMPANION AND SEEVANT OF MAN.

Connected witW Man from a Very Early Age.— His Importance as a Helper In the Work of the
Worlcl.— Hl« Superiority Over the Other Animals.— The Horse and His Blder become in Some
Measure ono Creature.— His Nativity: Doubt Concerning it. —His Existence upon Earth
Probably Contemporaneous with that of Man.— The Most Ancient Authors Allude U> Him.—
He Passes into Different Farts of the Globe.— Wild Herds in the Eastern Continent.— Origin
of the Wild Herds in America.— Found as a Domestio among Nearly all People.- Greater
Liability to Disease in a Domestio than in a Wild State. —Subject to Deterioration under Ig-
norant Management.— The Wisdom of the Arabs as Breeders and Keepers.— Difference of
Opinion among Men as to Systems of Breeding; Attention Called to its Treatment in this Work.
—Knowledge and Skill necessary to His Proper Care 17

CHAPTER II.

ILLUSTEATED DESCBIPTION.
Necessity for » Comprehensive Idea of the Construction of the Horse, and the Relations of His
Farts.— Scientlflo Terms Used, but Explained.— Subsequent Portions of the Work More Readily
Understood by Reference to this Chapter.— Knowledge of Structure Indispensable to Surgery.—
Skeleton; Sectional View of Thorax, Abdomen, and Pelvis; Yertical Section of Head; Section
of Foot; Front and Back View of Foot; and External Parts S3

CHAPTER III.

HOW TO TELL A HORSE'S AGE.
A Knowledge of Changes In the Teeth the Onl> Means.— This Chapter to be Studied in Connection
With the Chart which Follows.— Buyers Likely, without this Knowledge, to ue Deceived.- In-
cisors Chiefly to be Relied on.— Condition of a Foal's :&'..outh.-'-The Changei that Follow.— How
Foal Teeth are to be DlBtinguished from Horse Teeth.— Weariag away of the Grinder or Enam-
eled Portion.— Number of Teeth in a Full Grown Animal.— Difference between Horses and
Mares as to Number.— Incisors, Hooks, and "Wolf's Teeth." How to Determine Age till Foal is
Two Teori Old.— Uow firom Two to Old Age.— The Horse of Medium Size to be Taken as a Stand*

S TABLE OP CONTENTS.

PAa».

ard.— Shooting np and Grinding off.— Irregular Teeth; IIow to Judge.— Peculiar Hardness ut

Bones and Slowness of Change m Certain Ureeds.— The Mule; Age Hard to Find Out with Ex>
actaess.— Deceptions; Uovto Detect.— Crib Biters: lloiv to Examine.- Terms deQned 31

CHAPTER IV.

DIFFEUENT BUEEDS AND TlfSIIl CII.VB.VCTEUISTICS.
I. Ulie Inferior Varieties: Many fouid in Both Hemisphires. bume UuuJ, but Little Known ot
Them.— II. Some considered us to Work rather than Breed; the Farm Horse; tho Hunter; the
Hackney; Horses for Heavy Draft —III. The Arabian.— IV. TheBarb.- V. I'm Kngilsh Thor-
oughbred. -VI. The Persian.— VII. The Turk. —VIII. The Turkoman.— IX. Tho Egyptlon.— X.
The Doiigola.— XI. Tlie Norman Perchcron.— XII. The Tborouglibred in America.— XIII. The
Morgan.— XIV. The Narragansett Pacer.— XV. The Canadian.— XVI. The Connestoga.— XVIX.
Ponies .... 87

CHAPTER V.

BREEDING AND RAISING.

I. Importance of the Subject —II. The Best Stock the Cheapest.— III. Hereditary Tendencies and
Immaturity to be Uuiinled Against.- IV. Principles of Transmission.- V. The two Methods,
"in-and-in" and "cross" Breeding Considered. —VI. Treiiiiacnt of the Mare ufter being Served,
During Pregnancy, eto.—VII. IIow to Know wiiether a Mare is in Poul.— VIII. How to Know
Time of F»aling.— IX Abortion, or Slinking the Poal.—X. How to BaiseCoUs.— XI. Mules... 79

CHAPTER VI.

HOW TO BREAK AND TRAIN A HORSE.
I. American vs. English Foals. —II. At Weaning Time. —III. The First Lesson. —IV. Training.- V.
Trainingto Work.— VI. Training to Back.— VII. Training to Saddle and Harness.- VIII. To
Handle a Horse —IX. How to Handle a Vicious Colt.— X. Saddling and Harnessing.— XI. How
to Subdue o Vicious Horse —XII. How to Train to the Saddle.— XIII. Training to Trotjin Har-
ness— XIV. How to Train to trot In Light Harness— XV. How to Train for the Plow— XVI.
Tralningtothe Wogon.— XVII. How to Train a Racer —X VIII. Tralninga Stallion 87

CHAPTER VII.

HOW TO S.IELTEB.

I. Comfortable Shelter Economical.— H. Consideration In Constructing Stables.- IH. Mangers and
Backs— IV. How to Insure a Good Temperature— V. Cleaning the Stables.— VI. The Loft.—
VH. The Harness Boom —VIII. The Out-shed— IX. Water jog

CHAPTER VIII.

HOW TO FEED, WATER AND GROOM.
I. Laying the PoundaUon.-«II. What to Feed.— III. When to Feed.— IV. Watering.— V. Kinds and
Quantities of Food to be Glven.-VI. How to Prepare the Food —VII How to Make Mashes.
Gruels and Hay-tea. -VIII Th^ . alue of Hay and Straw.-IX. Feedlmt Grain. -X. Stal)le Care
and Grooming.-XI. The Time to Clean. -XII. Care of the Feet.— XIII. Blanketing, wlien Nec-
essary.— XIV. Proper Tools for the Stable ,' jjj

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

CHAPTER IX.

Paqb.

BENEFITS OF KIND AND CABEFUL TBEATMENT.

I. Abusing a Faithful Servant.— II. Wliat are Barbarities.— III. A Picture from Life.— IV. The
Ottier Side.— v. A Good Farmer's Surroundings.- VI. Farmer Unthrift's Farm.— VII. His
Home.— VIII. The Careful Man's Theory.- IX. Using the Means We Have.— X. An Infallible
Bule 121

CHAPTER X.

HOW TO BUT.
I. How to Get Correct Information.— II. The Buyer Must Know What He Wants.— III. Propor-
tions of the Horse.— IV. The Cleveland Bay for Profit.— V. How to Buy a Trotting Horse.—
VI. Une Must know what He Buys for.— VII. The Light Harness Horse.- VIll. Saddle Horses
of all Gaits —IX. The High-Bred Hunting Horse.— X. Bacing Horses —XI. What the Racer
Should be.— XII. To Avoid Vices and Defects; IIow to Detect.— XIII. Other Faults and imper-
fections 181

CHAFIER XI.

HOW TO BUY, CONTINUED.
I. Buying Cheap Horses.— II. Color, in Relation to Value.— III. Action.- IV. Fast- walking
Horses —V. What a Horse Should Be.— VI. What Constitutes Unsoundness,— VII. Illustration
of Form and Symmetry.- VIII. The Body and Limbs.— IX. The Body as Standing Facing You.
X. Front View of Fore-quarters.— Showing Different Hid Conformations.- XI. The Hind-quar-
ters —XII. The View trom Behind.— XIII. \V..at Not to Buy —XIV. Buying for Blood.— XV.
Summing Up lOU

PART II.

DISEASES OF THE HORSE. THEIR CAUSES; HOW TO KNOW
THEM, AND HOW TO CURE THEM.

CHAPTER I.

I. Introduction.— II . External Manifestation of Disease 183

CHAPTER II.

DISEASES OF THE SKIN AND SUB^CUFANEOUS TISSUES.

y. Scratches.— 11. Grease.- in. Thrush.— IV. Swelled Aukles.— V. Swelled Legs.- VI Surfeit.
VII. Mange.— VIII. Ring-worm.— IX. Hide-bound.- X. Saddle Galls, or Sltfasts — XI. Fun-
gous Collar Tumor — XII. Warts.— XIII. Vermin.— XIV. Larva in «he Skin.— ^:V. Tetter —
XVI. Rat-tails. -XVII. Mallenders andSallenders.-XVIH. PoU-evU.- XIX. Fistula 187

CHAPTER III.

DISEASES OP THE GLANDS AND NASAL MEMBRANES.
I. Glanders.— II. Farcy — lU. Distemper.— IV. Nasal Gleet .—V. NasalPolypns 22$

3di

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Paoi.

CHAPTER IV.

DROPSICAL AFFECTIONS.
I. Dropsy of the Heart.— n. Dropsy of the Brain.— m. Dropsy of the Chest.— IV. Dropsy of the
Skin of the Chest.— T. Dropsy of the Scrotum.— VI. Dropsy of the Abdomen au

I. Blood
Cram

CHAPTER V.

DISEASES OF THE THUOAT, CHEST, AND LUNGS.
I Chest Founder.— n. Bronchitis.- III. Pneumonia, or Inflammation of the Longs.- IV. Con-
sumption.- V. Pleurisy.- VI. Colds.— VII Enlarged Glands.— VIII. Swelled Throat. —IX.
Chronic Cough.— X. Malignant Epidemic— .VI. Difficulty o( Breathing.— XII. Broken Wind,
Bellows, HeaTes.— XIII. Influenza.— XIV. Spasmodic Action of the Glottis and Epiglottis.—
XV. Croup —XVI. Bleeding from the Nose .—XVII. Strangles 248

CHAPTER VI.

DISEASES OF TKE STOMACH AND BOWELS.
I. Sour Stomach. —II. Colic— III. TheBot — IV. Inflammation and Rupture of the Colon. —V. In-
flammation and Bleeding of the Rectum.— VI. Spontaneous Salivation.— VIi. Inflammation of
the Stomach. —VIII. Soreness and Itching of the Anus. — IX, Chronic Gastritis. — X. Spasm of
the Diaphragm.— XI. Rupture of the Stomach —XII. Gorged Stomach.— XIII. Inflammation of
the Peritoneum.— XIV. Strangulation of the Intestines.- XV. Functional Diseases of the Liver.
—XVI. Parasites which AiTect the Intestines.— XVII. D. -rhoBa 378

CHAPTER Vir.

DISEASES OF THE LIVER, URINARY ORGANS, &c.
I. Jaundice. — II. Enlargement of the Spleen. — III. Inflammation of the Kidneys.— 'IV, Profuse
Staling, or Diabetes.— V. Bloody Urine, or Hosmaturia.- VI. Thick and Albuminous Urine.—
VII. White or Lime Urine.— VIII. Gravel, or Stone in the Bladder,— IX. Suppression of the
Urine.— X. Inflammation of the Bladder —XI. Foul Sheath.— XII. Rupture of the Bladder.—
XIII. Spasmof the Urethra. —XIV. Inflammation of the Organs of Generation 293

CHAPTER VIII.

DISEASES OF THE TEETH AND MOUTH.
I. Teething, or Dentition.— II. Shedding Teeth —III Blind Teeth,— IV. Decay ol the Teeth,— V.
Scurvy.— VI. Stump-sucking, or Crib-biting. —VII. Lampas.- VIII. Inflammation in and
Around the Teeth —IX, Slavering.— X. Inflammation of the Tongue.— XI. Sharp and Project-
ing Teeth.— XII. Scald Mouth.— XIII. Aptha.— XIV. Inflammation of the Parotid Gland,— XV.
Fistula of the Parotid Duct 808

CHAPTER IX.

DISEASES OF THE HEART, BLOOD, Ac.
I. Thumps,— II. Scrofula.- Ill, Fever, or General Inflammation.- IV. EnlargemeI^ of the Heart.
—V. Fatty Degeneration of the Heart,- VI, Enlargement of the Arteries.-VIl. Inflammation
of the Jugular Vein.— VIII. Inflammationof the Absorbents.— IX. Scarlatina g'g

CHAPTER X.

DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM.

I. Apoplexy, or G'.eepy Staggers —II. Hydrophobia, or Rabies,— III. Mad Staggers, or Phrenitls.
IV. Blind Staggers, Megrims, or Vertigo.— V . Abscess within the Brain SH

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

XUl

Paoi,

248

CHAPTER XI.

DISEASES OF THE MUSCLES AND TENDONS.

Faob.

I. Blood SpaTln.—n. Bog Spavin.— III. Curb.— IV. Thorongh-pln.- V. Tetaniu, or LookJaw.—VI.
Cramps.— VII. Bheamatlsra.— VUI. String-halt Sit

CHAPTER XII.

DISEASES OF THE EYE.

I. Natural Weak Eyes.- II, Sore Eyellda.— III. Moon-eyes.— IV. Cataract.— V. Hooks, orlnflam-
mation of the Haw.— VI. Dimness of Vision.— Vii. Worms in the Eye.— VIII. Purulent Oph-
thalmia.— IX. Fungoid Tumors in the Substance of the Eye.— X. Impediment in the I.iachrymal
Duct.— XI. Gutta Serena 8M

CHAPTER XIII.

DISEASES OF THE BONES.

I. Big Head and Big Jaw.— n. Sweeny of the Shoulder.— III. Sweeny of the Hip.— IV. BocaSpaT*
in.— V. EnlargedHock.— VI.— Ring-bone.— VII. Stifle.— VIU. Splint.- IX. Sore shins, Inflam-
mation of the Metacarpal Bones. —X. Botten Bones.— XI. Inflammation of the Knee Bone.
XU, Caries of the lower jaw 863

. 272

293

CHAPTER XIV.

DISEASES OF THE FEET.

I. Ulceration of the Foot (navicular disease) .—n. Cracked Hoof .—m. Hoof Bot.— IV. Corns.— V.
Contraction of the Hoof (narrow heel).— VI. Injuries of the rrog.-^VU. Founder.— VIII. Nail
Pricking.— IX. Canker.— X. Sand Crack.— XI. False Quarter —XII. Qnittor. — XIU. Toe
Crack.— XIV. Pumice Foot.— XV. Seedy Toe.— XVI. Ossified Cartilages.— XVII. Side Bones.
XVIU. Incised Wounds of the Sole 371

CHAPTER XV.

WOUNDS AND INJURIES AND THEIB BESULT&
I. Strains and Sprains.— U. Overreach — ^in. Brushing, or Speedy Cut — IV. Broken Knees— V.
Capped Elbow. —VI. Frost-bite.— VII. Bums and Scalds.— VIII. Rupture.— IX. Choking.— X.
Wounds Penetrating Cuvity.— XI. Contused Wounds.- XII. Lacerated Wounds.- XIII. Punc-
tured Wounds.- XIV. Broken Hock.— XV. Dislocations.- XVI. Various Fractures.— XVU.
Various Distortions.— XVIIL Diseases of the Ear 886

CHAPTER XVI.

POISONS.

I. Internal Poison .—n. Poisoned Skin.

'410

CHAPTER XVII.

VETERINARY SURGERY.
1. Castrating.- n. Bleeding.— III. Tracheotomy.— IV. Periosteotomy.— V. Neurotomy.— VI. Di-
vision of the Tendons, fto , Ac., &o ill

xiv

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XVIII.

MISCELLANEOUS MINOB DISEASES.

I. Melanosis, or Black Figment TumorB.— II. Epithelial Cancer.— III. Dropsy of the Lung8.— IV.
Stings and Bites .—V. Falling off of the Hair .—VI. Acute Irritation of the Skin .—VII. Harden-
Ing of the Skin .—VIII. Exot lisof the Lower Jaw.— IX. Swelling, bv ""ressure of the Bridle.—
X. Sore Nose .—XI. Roaring, or High Blowing.— XII. WindGails.- XUI. Bupture of the Ham-
string 418

CHAPTER XIX.

Medicines : What to Keep ; How to Obtain ; How to Prepare ; and How to Give Them tU

CHAPTER XX.

Implements : What to Keep ; How to Use 443

PART III.

Cattle.

THEIR HISTORY, ORIGIN, BREEDS AND CHARACTERISTICS,
MANAGEMENT AND CARE.

CHAPTER I. -

NATUBAL HISTOBY OF CATTLE.

Their Origin.— Early Domestication.— The DifTerent Kinds and Their Feculiarities.— Improved
Breeds.— I. Devons.— H. Sussex.- III. Short-Horns.— IV. Alderneys.- V. Holsteins.- VI. Poll-
ed Cattle.— VII . Kerry Cows — VIII. The Cherokee or Texas CatUe, Etc. , Etc 447

CHAPTER II.

: lEEDINQ AND FEEDING.

CHAPIER III.

TBAININQ AND WOBKINQ.

Tralniag vs. Breaking.— Training the Calf.— Haltering .— Training to Milk.-Feeding at Milking
Time .— Vlciousness in Cows .—Hooking Cows .-Training Oxen .—Train Stock Young .—Summing
up.— Managing a Kicking Cow 571

CHAPTER IV.

HOW TO SHELTEE.

NeacMity of Shelter.— Artifloial Protection.— A Framed Stable.— A Cheap Stable.— About Barns.—
A Common Sense Bam.— A Square Cross Barn.— Basements for Cattle.— Arranging the Base-
ment.— Adapting Means to the End.— What to Plant 583

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

CHAPTER V.

Baoi.

HOW TO FASTUBE, FEED AND WATEB.

About Pasturage.— Clovers that do Well — Undesirable CloTera— AlfalfA.— The True Grasses.—
Timothy, or Cat's Tall Grass.— Blue Grass.— Red Top.— Orchard Grass.— Fowl Meadow Grass.
—Time for Pasturing.— Watering.— Feeding Stock Cattle.— How to Feed.— Feeding Milch Cows. . OOI

CHAPTER VI.

BENEFITS OP KIND AND CAREFUL TEEA .MENT.

Feeding for Proflt.— As between well and ill Kept Stock.— Heavy Weights.- Profit In Early Matu-
rity.— Make Beef Young —Baby Beef.— Feeding { Cost in England.— Summer Feeding.— Animal
Waste.- Animal Heat.— Advantages of Summer and Winter Feeding gos

CHAPTER VII.

HOW TO BUY AND HOW TO SELL.

The Value of Good Care.— Estimating Weight.- Estimating by Measurement.- Buying to Feed.—
How to Buy Breeders.- Where Good Beef Lies .—Buying Feeding Stock .—Analyzing the Carcass.
—Proper Shape of Well-Bred Fattening Stock.— How to Buy.— Buying Milch Cows.— Buying
Dairy Milkers.— Milk Mirrors.— The True Value of Milk Mirrors. —Value of Escutcheon Marks.—
Milkers in all Breeds.- Heredity.— Digestion.- Respiration —Symmetry 621

CHAPTER VIII.

THE DAIRY. •

Rushing into New Industries.- The Importance of Dairying.— Estimated Production of Butter and
Cheese.— Conditions Necessary to Dairying.— How to Build.— Sub-earth Ventilation. — Care of
Milk.— Temperature.— Various Methods of Raising Cream.— Making Dairy Butter.— Salting
Hulter.-WashingoiWorkingButfer.— Packing Butter. —Preparinj Packages. —Kind of Salt to
Tfse.— Cheese Making.— Cheddar Cheese.— Cheshire Cheese.— How to Sell Butter.— Utilizing
Waste Products 603

PART IV.

Diseases of Cattle.

THEIR CAUSES ; HOW TO KNOW THEM ; WHAT TO DO.

CHAPTER I.

DISEASES IN GENERAL— RECOGNIZING AND DISTINGUISHING THEM.

FarmersShouIdUnderstandSymptoms.— Of Diseases in General.— Use Common Sense.— Gradua-
tion of Doses.- Frequency of Administering.— Forms of Doses.- How to Give Medicine.-
Injections.— Vapors, Spraying and Fumigation,— .\naB8thetic8,— To Deprive of Sensation —
BlisteringMo-Plring.—Setons.— Rowels. — Sewing np Wounds.— Fomentations —Operation of
Bleeding.— Recognizing and Distinguishing ] >iBea8es.— The Fulse.—Tbe Breathing.— The Animal
Heat.— Tbe Skin and Hair.— The Posture.— Indications of Pain.— Special Signs in Cattle 661

xvi

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

CHAPTER n.

Pass.

GESTATION, DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS THEREOF.

Plural and Multiple Gestatlou.— Treatment During Gestation .—Birth .—Prolonged Labor.— Large
Presentation.— Unnatural Positions of the Calf.— Flooding. -^Presentation of After-birth .—In-
version of the Womb.— Languid Labor.— Irritability and Straining.— Temporary Paralysis.—
Abortion.— Isolation 676

CHAPTER III.

INFECTIOUS, CONTAGIOUS AND EPIDEMIC DISEASES.

Pnemaonia.— History.- Its MallgnantContagiousness.— Definition.— How the Infection enters the
System.-HowLonglsaDlseased Animal Infectious.- How to Knowit.- What to do.— Texaa
Fever.- How to K»ow It.— Bloody Murrain.— Its Malignant Character.- Preventives.— What to
do.— Foot and Mouth Diseases. —Malignant CataRh. 6S5

CHAPTER IV.

MEDICINES AND INSTBUMENTS: WHAT TO KEEP.

I. Dissection.- II. Action of Medicines.- III. Medicines to beKept, ana Doses .-IV. Simple and
Valuable Hecipes.—V. Formsof Clysters.— VI. Inftaslons.— VII. Antl-Spasmodics.- VIU. Mn-
oilagea.— IX. Washes.- X. Poultices.- XI. Fumigations,— XU. Tincture for Wounds 697

PART V.

Slieep .

THEIR HISTORY, BREEDS, CHARACTERISTICS, BREEDING AND

MANAGEMENT.

CHAPTER I.

ORIGIN, PRINCIPAL BREEDS AND CHARACTERISTICS.
Cosmopolitan Nature of Sheep.— Long- Wooled Sheep.- I. Leicester.- n. Border Leicester.- III.
CotBwold.— GoodQaalltiesof Cotswolds.— CotswoldsintheWest.— IV. Lincoln Sheep —V. New
Oxfordshire Sheep.— VI. Middle-Wooled Sheep.— VH. Cheviot Sheep.— VIII. White-Faced
Highland Sheep. —IX. Dorset Sheep.— X. Southdowns.— XI. Hampshire Downs.— XII. Shrop-
shire Downs.— XIH. Oxford Downs .-Fine- Wooled Sheep.— XIV. American Merinos.— The
Fleece.- The Head.— The Body.— The Most Profitable Sheep— Divisions of Wool 718

CHAPTER II.

BREEDING AND MANAGEMENT OF SHEEP.

WatchlulnesB Necessary .—How to Breed.— Time for BreedliiL'.— Coupling.— Keeping the Record.-
The Management of Bams .—Training Bams.— Pasturing ,-ieep.— Shade In Pastures.— Water.—
Dosing Sheep.— Fall Pasturage and Feeding.— Sheep Bams.— Special Winter Foo.d.— Manage*
ment of Lambs .—Docking Lambs.— Castration .—Weaning.— The Nursery. , 735

TABLE or CONTENTS.

PART VI.

xvii

Faob.

Diseases of Sheep.

HOW TO KNOW AND HOW TO CURE.
CHAPTER I.

ANATOUT AND DISEASES OF SHEEP.
The HeaA.— The Tnink.— The Fore-Leg.— The HlndC^g.— Importance ot the Head to Breedeni.—
Diseases ofthe Head and Brain.— The Teeth.— Swelled Head.— Vegetable Polaonlng Inflamma-
tion of the Eye.— Sheep Distemper.- How to Know it.— What to do.— Grubs In the Head.— How
to Save the Sheep.— A.poplex]r .-Prevention .-Inflammation of the Brain.— Tetanus, or Lock-
jaw.— PaUr.—Bables.— Hydatid* on the Brain.— Parasites of the Body and Skin.— The Scab.—
How to Know it.— Diseases of the Generative and Urinary.Organs .—Diseases of the Limbs and
Hoofs.— Foot Uot.— How to Core it.— Fouls, and Travel-Sore Feet.— Gravel.— The BIflex Canal.
MoggotySbeep.-Lung Worms.— Intestinal Worms.— Botteu LIrer.— Colio 747

PART VII.

S TV^ i n e .

HISTORY, BREEDS, CHARACTERISTICS AND MANAGEMENT.

CHAPTER I.

HISTOBT AND BBEEDS.
Origin of the Hog.— Teeth of the Hog.— Importance of Swine to Man.— I. Improved Breeds
Swine.— English Breeds.— II. The Berkshires.— Establishing the Improved Berkshire.— Stand-
ard Characteristics of Berkshires.- III. Neapolitan Hogs.— IV. Essex Breed.— '7. Yorkshire
Hog.— VI. Bufl'olks. — VII. Lancashire Hogs.— VIII. Lancashire Middle-Breed.— IX. Large
Lancashire. — American Breeds.-X. Poland China.— XI. Chester Whites.— XII. Jersey Reds.
— Chesnlres.— XIII. Characteristics.— Becapitulation of Breeds 1^05

CHAPTER II.

BEEEDINQ AND MANAGEMENT.

Importance of Swine.- A Back-Woods Hog.— Fixing and Holding the Characteristics.— Selection
Always Important.— Breeding Age of Swine.— Care of Breeding Sows.— Weaning.- Mnnagement
of Swine . — Absolute Cleanliness Necessary . — Summary , 704

CHAPTER III.

FEEDING AND SHELTER.

Good vs. Bad Food.— Summer Feeding.— Other Summer Poods.- BooU.— The Grains.— Feeding
South,— Mast.-Feeding in Conflnemeut.— Hog Bams —A Cross Bam.— A blmple Pen.— Sum-
mary.— Light vs. Heavy Hogs ij93

XViii TABLE or CONTENTS.

Faoi

PART VIII.

Diseases of Svtrine.

HOW TO KNOW AND HOW TO CURE THEM.
CHAPTER I.

DISEASES OF SWINE.

BxpUinutlon of Cut.— Difficulty of A(Jmliil«terlngWledlolne.— Good Nursing the EBsentlal.— llallg
iuiiitandContaglou»DUe»»eB.—Miillgn«iitEpliootlo Catarrh. —How to Know It. —What todo.~
Intestinal " Hog Cholera," — Uow to Know It. — Causes. — Treatment. — Prevention. —
Contagions Pnenmo-enterltls. — Us Origin. — The Erysipelatous Form. — The Form with
Malignant Throat. —What to Do. — Malignant Anthrax, Splealo Fever. —True Charbon.
..-Inflammatory Diseases.— Quinsy, or Strangles.- RIslngof the LlghU.— PneumonU.— Catwrrh
in the Head. -Diseases of the Skin.— Measles —How to Know It.— The Lard Worm.— What to do.
—Trichina SplralU.— How to Cure —Lice.— Diarrhea.— Summary 808

PART IX.

Poultry.

HISTORY ; BREEDS, THEIR CHARACTERISTICS ; BREEDING AND

GENERAL MANAGEMENT.

CHAPTER I.

History and Wild Types 819

CHAPTER II.

VAHIETIE3 OF BAEN-TABD FOWLS.
I. Dorking Fowl*.— H. Stiver Grey Dorkings.— III. Black Dorkings.— IV. Fawn>Colored Dork-
Inge.— V. Bolton Greys.— VI. Dominique Fowls.— VII. Plymouth Books.— VUI. The Ostrich
Fowls.- IX. Hamburg Fowls.- X. Black Hamburgs.— XI. I«ghonis.— XII. White Leghorns.
—XIII. Spanish Fowls.— XIV, French Fowls.— XV. The Houdana.— XVI. LaFleche Fowls.—
XXII. The Creve Ccours.— XVUI. Large Asiatic Breeds.— XIX. The Chittagongs.— XX. BulT
Cochins.- XXI. Partridge Cochins.— XXII. White Cochins.— XXIII. Brahma Fowls.— XXIV.
Light Brahmas.-XXV. Prlztled Fowls.— XXVI. SUkles.- XXVII. Breda or Guelder Fowls.—

XXVIII. Game Fowls —1. Brown-breasted Beds.— 2. Earl Derby Game S. Duck-winged

Game— 4. White Georgian Game.— S. Game Bantams.— «. Other Bantams —7. Seabright Ban-
tams,— 8. Japanese Bantams ^

CHAXTER III

BREEDING.
ThePlumage.— Ideal Shape.— Breeding toType.— Disparity of Sezea.-Mating.-Breeding Grades. 838

CHAPER IV.

MANAGEMENT OF FOWLS.
QoinglntoBusiness.-VlllageTards.-The Poultry House-Proper Food for Fowls -Best Breeds
For Market —Egg Producers.— How to Fatten.-How to kill and dress Fowls.- Packing for

Market.

866

TABLE OF CONTENTS. liz

PAoa.
CHAPTER V.

TUB nOMB OF THE TURKS Y.

Varietlu of the DomMtlo Turkey.— I. The Common Turkey.— II. EngUth Turkey.— III.— The Boa-
dufM Turkey.- IV. Broneed-Blaok Turkey.— V. UuIdmFowI — VI. The Peacock btj

CHAPTER VI.

DUCKS. '

1. Rouen Ducks.— II. Ayleabary Duoke.— III. Call Duck*.- IV. Cayuga Blaek Dnokt — V. Grey
Duokj — VI, Black East India Ducks.— Summary ffj^

CHAPTER VII.

QEESE.
I. Embden or Bremen Geese.— II. Toulouse Geese.— III. l^ong Kong Geese.— IV. White Chinese
Geese.— V. African Geese.— VI. Canada Wild Geese.-Management of Geese.... a 8S6

Glossary of Terms Used by Fanciers and Breeders 8t>3

lEEDING AND

PART X.
DISEASES OF POULTRY AND THEIR REMEDIES.
CHAPTER I.

DISEASES AND REMEDIES.
Anatomy of the Ben.— Apoplexy.— Its Cause.— Roup —To Cure.— Egg Bound —Inflammation Oi
the Egg passage.— Cholera.— Gapes.— Cause.— Bow to Cure.— Crop Bound.- Diphtheria, or
Croup.— Lice .., 897

-Breeding Grades. 858

PART I.

THE HORSE ;

—'HIS'

HISTORY. BREEDS, CHARACTERISTICS
AND MANAGEMENT.

THE HOESE.

CHAPTER I.
mS mSTOBY AS A COMPANION AND SEBVANT OF MAN.

CONNECTED WITH MAN PROM A VERY EARLT AQB. HI3 IHPORTANCB AS A HELPER IN THE

WORK OP THE WORLD. HIS bCFBRIORITY OVER THE OTHER ANIMALS. THE HORSE

AND HIS RIDER BECOME IN SOME MEASURE ONE CRSATURE. HIS NATIVITY : DOUBT

CONCERNINQ IT. HIS EXISTENCE UPON EARTH PROBABLY CONTEMPORANEOUS WITH

THAT OP MAN. THE MOST ANCIENT AUTHORS ALLin>B TO HIM. HB PASSES INTO DIF-
FERENT PARTS OP THE GLOBE. WILD HERDS IN TUB EASTERN CONTINENT. ORIGIN

OF THE WILD HERDS IN AMERICA. FOUND AS A DOMESTIO AMONQ NEARLY ALL PEO-
PLE. GREATER LIABILITY TO DISEASE IN A DOMEfSTIC THAN IN A WILD STATE.

SUBJECT TO DETERIORATION UNDER IGNORANT MANAGEMENT. THE WISDOM OF THE

ARABS AS BREEDERS AND KEEPERS. DIFFERENCE OF OPINtOIf AMONG MEN AS TO SYS-
TEMS OF BREEDING : ATTENTION CALLED TO ITS TREATMENT IN THIS WORK. KNOWL-
EDGE AND SKILL NECESSARY TO HIS PROPER CARE.

" >nd God made the beast of the earth after his kind, and cattle after
tleir kind, and everything that creepeth upon the earth after his kind :
aid God saw that it was good. And God said. Let us make man in
oir image, after our likeness ; and let them have dominion over the fish of
the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all
thcearth. "

4though the precise period at which the horse* was subjected to the
use>f man is unknoAvn, it is not unreasonable to conjecture that it was
at a ;ime long anterior to his mention in history ; and it is probable that
sincfithe day when man was made master of all other created things,
no ai\mal has been more constantly his companion and friend ; and that
no oter has contributed so much assistance in subduing wild nature and
makii^ everything subservient to his will and promotive of his happiness.
Otherinimals, particularly sheep and cattle, have shared with the horse
this uafulness to mankind, it is true ; and in our present civilized state,
when lechanical ingenuity is making such rapid strides in dispensing with

wi»»*moiirtiiW'*

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

animal labor, it may be, as is sometimes claimed, that the wool-bearing
and milk-giving animals — especially considering that these same animals
furnish also a large proportion of our flesh food — are to be held as taking
the precedence ; but as to adaptability, becoming, as it were, a creature of
all work ; as to comeliness and quickness of motion ; as to a certain sym-
pathy with his master that makes him at times so to partake of his spirit
and motions as to seem one with him ; as to a readiness of submission to
drudgery as well as to proud employments, he is without a rival in the
world.

It is affirmed by many that the horse is a native of Asia, but of this we
really know nothing. Others affirm with equal, or almost equal, plausi-
bility, that he is a native of central Africa. Where all is conjecture, it
is needless in a practical Avork of this character to speculate. Wherever
his primal home may have been, it is at least within the bounds of proba-
bility that his existence in Asia, in his jiresent state of development, is
contemporary with that of man upon earth. Some among the very earli-
est records of the human race contain allusions to him as a well known
animal, in the service of man. The description in the Book of Job, a
production admitted to be of the very highest antiquity, is a case in point.
He is mentioned here, in glowing terms, as a martial adjunct to his mas-
ter — and not as a newly-discovered or recently-subdued creature, but as
one with which the world was familiar. Sculptured images of horses as
beautiful of form almost as the noble Arabian of to-day have been found
among the ruins of the cities of the desert. He is mentioned by Moses
in connection with the Egyptians ; and records older than the writings a'
Moses point to his having been known and used by that singular peopb
from the dawn of their Avonderful civilization.

We find him thus in both Asia and Africa ; and during all the histoic
period he has been present with man as though native to the soil of maiy
districts of both Continents. Whether borne thither by natural resultof
migratory wandering, in a wild state, or whether by the ever-spreadng
human family, there is little to guide us in determining. In the nore
thinly populated districts of Asia, notably in Southern Siberia, great n\d
herds have been long known to exist.

Though, as we have previously intimated, there must have ben a
noble breed of horses in Arabia in the days of their most ancient tties,
the introduction of the present breed into that country is thought t( have
been of a comparatively modern date. It seems clear that long ubse-
quent to the beginning of the Christian era there were few hoses in
Arabia, and those few of no striking excellence, and that the no^ cele-
brated Arabians have either sprung from good horses introduced Jto the

THE HORSE, HIS ORIGIN, ETC.

country within the last thousand years, or are the result of judicious
breeding and kindly care bestowed upon a native stock.

He was brought as a domestic animal to the New World, by the early
adventurers ; — and no trace of him, (if we except a kind of cloven-footed
species), having been found upon the Continent, we can account for the
herds of wild horses, known to have long existed in different parts of
North and South America, upon no other supposition than that they are
the descendants of certain Andalusian mares and steeds brought over by
the Spaniards, and abandoned by them when they could no longer render
them service, or left free to escape to the forests on the death of their
masters in battle. There is a story 'urrent — of doubtful authenticity,
however — that all these immense herds, in both North and South America,
are sprung from one stallion and two mares that escaped from the expe-
dition of De Soto through Florida, Georgia, and elsewhere. Be this as
it may, there arc now many great herds — a single one, especially in South
America, sometimes numbering many thousands.

As a domestic animal, the horse is found among almost every people
on the globe ; and his uses vaiy with the degree of civilization enjoyed
by his oAvners. It may be remarked also that this degTce of usefulness
is intimately associated with the degree of his deterioration and with the
diseases to which he is subject. In a wild state, he is almost free from
disorders of every kind, — so much so that unless killed by accident- or by
deprivation of necessary food and drink, as is sometimes the case, he
lives to a great age — dying in the course of nature, it is believed, at from
tliirty to sixty years. AniDUg the Arabs, where his condition approaches
more nearly to a natural state than among any other people, except the
Indians, and where his lal)orious service to his master is limited almost
exclusively to carrying a single rider, he displays his greatest perfections
as a domestic animal, and enjoys the gi-eatest immunity from disease.
Among the leading nations of Europe and their colonies, where he is for
the most part made literally "a beast of burden" in the different capaci-
ties of animal for the saddle and for every species of di'aught, and where
man practices almost unrestrained not only his active cruelties but many
unwitting enormities, he is said by good authority to be constantly deter-
iorating and becoming more and more subject to diseases and to prema-
ture death.

Among the Arabs, too, the best breeds are preserved in their pux'ity »
whereas, among more civilized nations all efforts of man to improve the
stock, or even to preserve any desired qualit}', result at last in rendering
the subjects of his experiments more lial)le to fall into various disorders,
and, except in rare instances, in ultimate failure as to change for the
better.

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

It may not be Irrelevant to state in this connection that the great excel-
lence of the Ai-abian of the jjresent day, whatever may have been his
orio-in, is due in part to the extraordinary affection felt for him by his
master, which manifests itself in the extreme care that is lavished upon
him, and to which he is almost as sensitive as a human creature ; in part
to his freedom from that severe labor by which the horses of other na-
tions are prematurely broken, stiffened, and deprived of spirit; and
partly, no doubt, by the steps which are taken, not so much to improve,
but to preserve, a choice breed. While other nations, notably the Eng-
lish, French and American, are engaged in ceaseless endeavors to im-
prove, and, according to some authorities, constantly making lamentable
failures — defeating their own ends by the systems of breeding, training,
and use, A.liich they adopt — the wild sons of the desert maintain for their
horses from age to age the superiority which they were first found to
possess.

Men differ in opinion as to the cause of all this, and the mooted ques-
tions of crossing and in-and-in breeding find their respective champions,
and the discussion is from time to time rencAved ; but the fact remains
that the horses of Arabia excel all others ; wliile another important fact
seems to be most generally overlooked, that the Ai-abs neither cross nor
actually breed in-and-in, but, having by some means obtained a noble race
they guard equally against admitting admixture of blood and against too
close consanguinity.

The subject of breeding, however, will be found to have been more
fully discussed under its proper head ; and in conclusion it w'U perhaps
be sufficient to urge upon the attention of the intelligent owner and
breeder some few facts which have been touched upon in the course of
this brief sketch, namely: That among horses in a wild state disease
is rarely known, though admixture of blood most probably does take
place, and, fo)- aught wo know to the contrary, as close in-and-in
breeding as the most pronounced advocate of that system could wish.
Thus, v;e find exemption from destructive disorders, but ordinarily no
strongly marked characteristics of race constantly prevailing, and but
rarely among them what may be termed really fine animals.

Again, that among the horses of the Aral)s and the American Indians,
disease is almost as rare as among the wild herds. And again, among
those nations where the horse is in the highest degree useful, becoming
more the slave than the companion of man, he is the subject of a multi-
tude of infirmities scarcely equalled in number hj those to which man is
himself heir. It has been said that in becoming the companion and the ser-
vant of man, he has partaken, in some measure, of both man's spirit and
his physical frailties. In battle, he adds to the terrors of the conflict

THE HORSE, HIS ORIGIN, ETC.

l)y his fierceness as well as by his strength and swiftness ; in the stables
of careless opulence, he b'^comes the pampered victim of abundance, and
falls a prey to diseases that come by irregular exercise and surfeiting ;
with hard and driving task-masters, in the marts of trade, and subject to
the exactions of business, he is soon stiffened, spavined, and generally
broken as to both conformation and locomotion ; while among the poorer
class of tillers of the soil and other toilers, he seems to become spiritless
and dull, and subject to diseases that come rather from want of care
than from either over-work or actual deprivation of food and drink.

In his best estate, he is the noblest of the lower animals ; in his worst,
he is still a property of man, and a helper in his work. A knowledge
of his ailments, and the possession of that skill necessary to his relief, is
therefore essential to every one who owns even the commonest of the
species.

CHAPTER n.

ILLUSTBATED DESCBIFTION.

KKCKSSITY FOB A C0MPREHEN8IVK IDEA OP THE C0N8TRUCTI0K OF THE HOBS^, AND THE RE-
LATIONS OP HI8 PARTS. SCIENTIFIC TERMS USED, BUT EXPLAINED. SUBSEQUENT

PORTIONS OF THE WORK MORE BEADILY UNDERSTOOD BY BEFERENCE TO THIS CHAITEB.
KNOWLEDGE OF STRUCTURL INDISPENSABLE TO SURGERY. SKELETON; SECTION-
AL VIEW OK THORAX, ABDOMEN, AND PELVIS; VERTICAL SECTION OP HEAD; SECTION
OF foot; FRONT AND BACK VIEW OF FOOT; AND EXTERNAL PABT8.

In order that the reader may obtain a clear and comprehensive knowl-
edge of the construction of the horse in all his parts and of the proper
relations of those parts, it is thought best to introduce here, in one con-
nected view, a description of the frarae-work or skeleton, as seen in Fig.
1 ; of the internal organs and their positions, as seen in Fig. 2 ; of the
head and its contents, Fig. 3 ; of the peculiar formation of the foot. Figs.
4, 5, and 6, and of the external parts of the animal. Fig. 7.

It will be observed that while we have used the ordinary scientific terms
in naming these various parts, we have annexed, wherever necessary,
such explanations as will enable the plam reader to get the full meaning
intended to be conveyed.

Some attention devoted to the subject here "vvill of course supersede the
necessity of constantly recurring and tedious explanations throughout
the subsequent part of the work. The clearness and fulness of the illus-
trations provided leave nothing more, we think, to be desired on that
head ; and if the reader chance to find, in our directions as to the treat-
ment of any disease, allusions to the structure of certain parts Avhich he
has not well in mind, or terms used vnth which he is not entirely familiar,
his difficulties can be speedily removed by reference to this chapter.

Any attempt to perform those surgical operations, however simple,
which sometimes become necessary in the treatment of domestic animals,
must of course be directed by that knowledge of form, structure, and
related functions which we endear or here to impart.

ILLUSTICATEU UE8CK1PT10N.

Fig. 1. Skkletoit.

Explanations. — A — Cervical vertebrae, or seven bones or joints of the
neck.

B, B — Dorsal vertebrte, or the eighteen larger joints of the back-bone.

C — Lumbar vertebroe : — the six joints of the back-bone lying between
the upi)er ends of the false ribs, and the upper edge of the haunch bones.

D — Sacrum, or bone which forms the back part of the pelvis.

E — Coccygeal bones, or tail bones.

F, F— Ribs.

G — Costal cartilages, or the cartilages by which the ends of the ribs
are joined.

H — The scapula, or shoulder blade.

I — The humerus, or large round bone between the point of the shoul-
der and the elbow, or upper part of the fore-leg.

K, K — The radiuses, the outer bones of the fore-legs, extending from
humerus to knee.

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

L — Tho ulna, tho larger of the two bones of the upper part of fore-
leg, lying behind tho radius and extending from tho knee to tho lower
part of chest.

M — Tho caiT^us, or Imce, composed of: 1, tho scaphoid, or bono hav-
ing a boat-like form ; 2, the semi-lunar, or bone resembling a half-moon ;
3, tho cuneiform, or wedgc-sha2)cd bone ; 4, tho trapezium, or bono re-
sembling the mathematical figure of that name ; 5, tho trapezoid, or bone
resembling a trapezoid; 6, tho os magjium, or great bono of tho knee;
7, tho unciform, or hook-shaped bone ; 8, the pisiform, or pea-shaped
bono.

N, N — The largo metacarpal or cannon, tho big bono of tho fore-leg
reaching from the knee to the ankle.

— Small metacari^al or ^'splint bones," the two smaller bones of tho
lower part of tho fore-legs.

P, P — The sessamoid bones — ^two small bones found in tho substance
of the tendons at tho joining of the fore-leg to the ankle.

Q, Q — Phalanges, embracing : 1, tho upper pastern bone ; 2, tho os co-
rona, or lower pastera bone ; 3, the os pedis, or first bone in the leg,
inside tho hoof — tho coflBn-bono ; and naviculare, a small ship-shaped
bone, at tho back of the loAvcr pastern, not marked in tho figure.

R — Tho pelvis, or basin, composed of : 1, tho ilium, or flank bone ; 2,
tho pubis, or fore-part of one of tho bones of tho pelvis j 3. the ischium,
or hinder and lower part of the hip-bone.
S — The femur, or thigh bone.

T — The patella, or small bone covering the stifle joint — the joint of
the hind leg near the flank.

U — ^The tibia, or largo, long bono between the hock and tho stifle joint.
V — Tho fibula, tho small, long bono behind and attached to the tibia.
W — The hock, or that joint of tho hind leg between the stifle-joint and
the fetlock, embracing the following small bones: 1, the os calcis, or
back point of the hock ; 2, tho astragalus, or upper bone of the hock
that supports the tibia; 3, the cuneiform magnum, or largest wedo-e-
shaped bono ; 4, the cuneiform medium, or middle-sized wedge-shaped
bone ; 5, tho cuneiform parvum, or smallest wedge-shaped bone ; 6, that
small bone of tho hock having a somewhat eubical form.

X — Largo metatarsal, the front bone of the hind leg, between the hock
and the pastern joint, below which are 1, 2, 3, the phalanges of the hind
leg.

Y. The small metatarsal, or small bone of the hind leg in rear of large
metatarsal.

Z— The head, embracing: 1, the inferior maxilla, or lower jaw; 2,
the superior maxilla, or upper jaw ; 3, anterior maxilla, or outer part of

ILLUSTUATED DESCRIPTION.

of the forc-lcK

er bones of the

n the substance

it — the joint of

the jmv ; 4, the nasal bone, or 1)ono in front of the nostrils ; 5, the ma-
lar, or iironiincnt rheok-bonc ; 6, the frontal or forehead bone ; 7, parie-
tal,' the sides and upijor part of the skull l)ones— (wall bones) ; 8, occi-
pital, tlio bone of the hinder part of the head ; U, the lachrymal, or bone
iiu-losin!,' the lachrymal «;land and duct ; 10, the sciuamous, or sc-aly por-
tion of the temporal bones; 11, the petrous, or hard part of the tem-
poral bones inclosing the organs of hearing.

To sunmiarizc, the spine is divided into cervical, dorsal, and lumbar
vertebrie, or joints, in all, thirty-one ; the tail contains about seventeen
joints ; the dorsal vcrtcbric, with eighteen ribs attached on each side, and
the breast-bone (Avhieh is not shown in the figure), form the thorax, or
cavity inclosing the heart, lungs, &c., — thirty-seven bones ; the fore part
is made up of forty bones, taking both sides together ; the pelvis, or
basin, of three bones ; the remainder of the hinder part, of thirty-eight
l)oncs ; the cranium of ten ; the face and lower jaw of eighteen ; of
teeth th(!re are forty (in the male) ; the small bones of the internal
ear, taking both, are eight ; and the hyoid, or tongue bone, consists of
five parts.

It is not the province of this work to enter into minute anatomical de-
scriptions ; and for all really practical purposes the foregoing will be
found ample.

It must however bo borne in mind that a thorough study of the anatomy
and frame work of the animal is absolutely necessary to a perfect under-
standing of how to breed, rear, care for, break and train an animal. At
the same time, neither the horse breeder, trainer, or driver, needs to un-
derstand them so critically as must the veterinarian. The one repuires
simply a general knowledge of the several parts, the other must under-
stand intimately and critically each and every part, not only in itself but
with reference to its bearing and influence on, and relation to other parts
of the body. Thus what we give in illustration, while not going into mi-
nutia such as would be necessary to make the' veterinary expert, will be
fully sufficient for the instruction and every day use of the practical man,
whether he be breeder, trainer, or simply the gentleman who drives for
pleasure.

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

1LLII8THATRD DESCHlFnON.

Explanations. — • — The occiput, or tlmt part of tho skull which formn
th(! iiiiid part of the head. 2 — The ccn-hclluin, or hinder and Muudlor di-
vision of the i)rain. ;^ — The ccrcltruni, or front and larger divirtion of
the brain. 4 — TIh; nasal incinl)rane, or <'artilago between tho no.strils.

,-, Jli(. tongue. (!, <» — .loints of the neck bone, 7, 7, 7, 7 — The spinal

cord, or marrow. X — Tiie pharynx, or cavity bounded l>y the membrane-
ous and muscular walln beneath the liasc of the skull, into which tho
nose and mouth both open, and which is continuous btlow tlu; tesophagus.
jl^ <), !) — Tlie ivsophagus, or passages through wliiih food and drink go
into the stomach. 10 — Th(* oriricc; of tiic stomach passing through tho
diaphragm, 1 1 — The pylorus, or the oritice of the stomach through which
the food passes into the intestines. 12, 12 — The hinder surface of tho
diaphragm, or membrane which separates the Htomach and bowels from
the heart and lungs. l'.\, !.'{ — The trachea, or Avindpijje. 14 — The lungs.
1;-) — The heart, a — The stomach, b — The spleen, or milt, c — The left
kidney, d — The broad ligament of the uterus or womb, w ith tho left por-
tion, and tho ovary or that part which contains tho seed displayed, e — ^Tho
rectum, or terminal portion of the large intestines, f — The anus, g, h,
i, j, k, 1 — Internal muscles of tho thigh.

Fig. 3. Vertical Section of Horse's Head.

This (^it illustrates still more fully the structure of tho head and its
contents, a — The frontal bone, showing sinus or channel beneath, b —
The parietal or wall bone, covering the brain, c — Tho nose bone, d —
The occipital or back head bone, e, e — Tho Atlas, or first bone of tho
neck, showing the spinal marrow in its center, f— The ethmoid or sieve-
like bone, through which the olfactory or nerve of smelling passes, g —
The .sphenoid or wedge-like bone, which, with the .ethmoid, suppoi-ts the
base of the brain, h — Part of the lower maxillary or jaw bones, with
the lower incisor teeth. 1 — The cerebrum, or large brain. 2. — The cere-
)>ollum, or small brain. 3 — The medulla oblongata, or upper portion of
3

ILLUMTUATED Hforiv DOCTOH.

the Mpiiml marrow, 4 — Tlic spiiml marrow. A — Tlio turbinated I)oir'n,
or thill, hoiiy platcM, in the form of a si-roIl or horn, found in tho nos-
trils, and scrvin^r to irivc wider distriltution t(» tiic linin<j: nu>ml>ranv> of tlic
nose. 1} — The septum nasi, or fartilaj.'in(»us division liet\v«'en tlie two nos-
trils. C, C — Tiie lips. 1). Thetoiifrue. E — The epijjlottis, or valve (»f
the larvnx. V — The trachea, o'' windpipe, (i — The ii.'soplui^UM or j;ullct.

It will be observed that the <rreat object in the forniation of tlie cran-
ium, that of furnishinj; a firm cover and a sure protector of the brain
a<?ainst all ordinary accidents, is secured liy the employment of nine
bones, urranjied in this manner: The two frontal bones (a), makv' up the
anterior or forward part ; the parietals (b), c(unprise the upper ,iitd cen-
tral parts, and cover the outer lobes of the cerebrum ; the oceip'tal l)on((
(d), a single bone of great solidity, is at the back of tht^ head; a little
lower, and back of the occipital bone, is the aperture through which
the spinal cord, together with sonm nerves and an artery, make* their exit
from the brain. Here the 1)one is smooth and rounded for the purpose
of jointing with the atlas, the first bone of the neck. The sphenoid bone
(g), forms the inferior and central i)ail of the cranium. The ethmoid
(f ), through which the olfactory nerve passes, together with the sphenoid,
as noted above, assists in upholding the !)ase of the brain. In proximity
to the facial bones are found .sinuses bearing names derived from their
nearness to pai-ticular bones.

The temporal bones forming the sid(>s of the eraniuin are composed of
two parts, the scpjamous, or scaly, and the jietrous, or stone-like. The
petrous portion of the temporal bone contains the organs of hearing,
having upon its inside surface the openings for the passage of the auditory
nerve ; and upon its outside, large passages for the conveyance of sound.

Fio. 4. Front and hack view of

THE BONGS OF Till FOOT.

Fia. 5. Sectional view of tub

BONES of the foot.

ILLUHTKATKI) DKHCHIITION.

Fij;s. 4 nnd T), takon in roniioc-
tion, will serve to jjivc the reader Htill
iiioie doHiiite knowledge than that
•.((iivevi'd Ity the skeleton of the rela-
tive sitiiiition of the different parts of
the horse's foot, and the terms applied
to each. The bones exhibited in the
front and l)aek view, Fig. 4, are : c, c

The eoftiiv lutne, or first bone of the

l,.rr. cl — TJie sessanioid bone, b, b
—The small pastern, a, a— The large
pastern.

The parts exhibited by Fig. 6 are :
a — The large metaearpal or eannon
Ijone. b — The os suffraginis, or large
pastern bone. c — One of the ses-
samoid bones, d — The 08 coronoB, or
small pastern bone, e — The navic-
ular lionc. f — The os pedis, or cof-
fin bone, g, g, g — The flexor perfor-

ans, or penetrating tendon, h, h — The flexor porforatus, or penetrated
tendon. i-^Tho extensor tendon, j — The suspensory ligament, k, k —
The capsular ligament, or membraneous elastic bag surrounding the joint.
1 — The fetlock joint, m — The jiastorn joint, n — The cottin joint, o. —
The horny crust, p, p — The horny sole, q — The frog. r. — The s?nsible
laminte. t — The sensible frog, u — The cushion. v — The navicular
joint.

It will be observed that the parts exhibited l)y Fig. 5 are plainly named
on the engraving.

The next cut furnishes a beautiful and comprehensive view of the terms
applied to the various parts of the animal, and it can but prove of great
''se to those who would not only "talk horse" themselves, but understand
the talk of others — especially of veterinary writers when treating of dis-
orders, their location, and the proper means for their relief.

Fia. 0.

Vertical Section op the Foot
AND LowEK Leo.

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

I r

Fig. 7. Kxtkrnal Pah is ok thk Horsk.

Explanation. — 1- The muzzle. 2 — The face. 3 — The forehead.
The poll. 5— The crest. 6— The jowl. 7— The gullet. 8— The wind-
pipe. 9 — Point of the shoulder. 10 — The breast. 11. — The arm. 12
—The elbow. 13— The girth. 14— The flank. 15— The sheath. 16—
The stifle. 17— The withers. 18— The back. 19— The loins. 20—
The hip. 21~The croup. 22— The dock. 23— The quarter. 24— The
thigh or gaskin. 25 — The hamstring. 26 — The point of hock. 27 — Tho
hock, (hough) 28— The cannon bone of hind leg. 29- -The fetlock. 30
— The large pastern, 31 — The small pastern. 32 — Ihe coronet. 33 —
The hoof. 34— The knee. 35— The cannon of fore leg. 36— The fet-
lock. 37 — The heel. 38 — The large pastern. 39 — The small pasteru.
40— The hoof.

The forehead.

llet. 8— The wind-
11.— The arm. 12

-The sheath. 16—
-The loins. 20—
quarter. 24 — The
of hock. 27— The
—The fetlock. 30

-Ihe coronet. 33 —
leg. 36— The fet-

-The small pastern.

<y:

irsm

COLT'S TEETH,
cr

HORSE-TEETH,

Fig. 1.

The right .side of the milk ineisors of the lower jaw is
lu'i-o shown, of natural size and fully developed. A, IJ,
C show the eoncave side of these teeth towards the hol-
low of the mouth. The mark of ehanire. or ajre, is in-
closed tithin the outer edjre d ^l f ; d li f ; d (' f ; and
the inner and rather lower one, d e f. The diffen'ut
kinds are a, the nippers ; h, the middle teeth ; r, the cor-
ner teeth ; and the different parts shown are 7, the hol-
low inside surface of the l)ody of the teeth ; //, the con-
tracted body of the teeth ; /, the narrow ui'ck : m, the
root. The sui'face is represented as arched on the outer
side.

i-IG. y. TWO-AND-A-IIA

Appearance of Ihc lower jaw at tw
which two ni|)pers arc l.icakiniC throui
while the foal teetli api)car as ft smkx.I

Appearan(

Via. 7. A.

e of the horse incisors in place

as follows
teeth ; r, c,
itv in the 01

with their

outer surface arched toward the bony blade of the socket,

/, a, the two nippors : b, h, the two middle
he corner teeth ; A-, k, the hooks. The cav-
er partition of the mark is indicated by e.

itv m the on cr partition or iiie muin. i.-^ -v ■

(I; the furr< « s which distinguish the horse teeth by o, 0/
and the root ,,f liie hooks by /«. '«

Fig. 2. Half Year.

Lower jaw of a colt a half year old. Both the outer
and inner edge of the nippers are worn ; of the middle
(celli, only the outer edge ; the corner teeth are not worn

at all.

FlO. 10. TUREK-AND-A-H.

■ /■

Appearance of the lower jav at tli
wlieu the iniiUlle teeth are jusl breal
edge of the nippers already worn dow
Ijluuted,

Fig. 11. Fouu-ASD-A-i

Tl,

^ viifc-cnf

Fig. 3. IIaM' Ykak.

II1C oilier side of the jaw of a

lalf

Fig. 7. H.

Appearance of the incisors in the lower jaw, from the
inside of the mouth, in their position nlative to the jaw
bone. The wearing of the outer and upp^'r edge of the
nippers, a, a, is visible on the right side, wlu-re they conie
i./contact with the edge of the h.ft side. The right side Appearance of the lower jaw at

of the outer ed<r,. of the two middle teeth, h, h, is begin- j^^^ ^„,ner teeth and hooks arc l.u
ningto bewor.:; the inside remaining uniniured. The .-cd. are wonx o.dy on the c.ut.r cd;
crown of each tooth, projecting above the gum, is shown w..rn <loNvn at, both edges.

ott.Ml lines. The iKK.ks, /.-, k, are about to break .^^^..^ tf

bv the d<

OXa:.A.IST for -A-ccTjLratel3r XDetermining' tlie .^gre of a. Z3"o.Tse x-j

I'lo. y. Two-and-a-half Vkars.

\pi){'!iran('t' of tlio lower jn" ;it two-aiul-a-liiilf years oM. in
ich two nipiHTs aiv f»mikiii^'tlimu<rl, jincw, as liorsf t.-.'tli.

ill' thf foal tooth appear a;* n smooth friotiou surface.

Fig. 15. 6 Years Old.

Fig. 20. 10 Ykaks

this

Appcaraneo of tli(^ loM'cr jaw at this ;igc. I'he nippers are Appearance of the up2)er jaw ut
worn down evoii with tiie middle teeth ; the middle teeth have tjjg middle tooth is Morii down,
still a cavity; the inner edjr'' of the corner teeth has Avorn
down even with the outer one.

FlO. ll>. TUREK-AND-A-HALK YeARS.

.ppearjiuec of the lower jar' at tliree-and-a-half years old,
Ml tlie nruUUe teeth are jusi breaking through ; the outer
:e of the nipi)er.s already worn down ; and the corner teeth
nted.

Fig. 16, 7 Years Old.

Appearance of the lower jaw. Th.^ nmldle teeth have bo-
eonie even ; both edges of the corner teeth rub, but they hav<'
still a small cavitv ; the hooks have lost more of their edges
and their pointed "ends are more rouiuh<l. The hooks, however,
us has been said, can be depended on only when their indications
iijrroe w'.th t'lose of the f)ther teeth.

Fig. 21. 11 Years ()i|

Appearance of the upper jaw at this ;i>
corner teeth is worn down.

Fig. 11. FouK-ASDA-iiALF Years.

Appearance of the lower jaw at four-and-a-half years old
l,e corner teeth and hooks are breaking through ; the middle
th are worn only <>u the outer edge ; while the nippers are
,1-n down at both edges.

Fig. 22.

Appearance of the lower

become round — as thick as

are apiu
thicknes!'

oachiiig this state

12 Years
jaw at thi>
they are lul
: and the J

a Xlorse from, e Ivlontlis to 23 TTears.

FiG. 33. 2i

Appearance of the upper ja
have become somewhat, triangx

Fig. 26. 15 Years Old.

Fig. 20. 10 Yeaks Old.

Ai)pearance of the upper jaw at fifteen. The nippers
of the upper jaw at this age, when the mark of ,„.j> loundctl.

|c»'th is worn down.

, -^fiixiSKI'^

Fig. 34. S

Appearance of the upper j
It'oth have become triauguhir,

Fig. 27. 10 Years Old.

Fig. 21. 11 Years Old.

Ico of the upper jaw at this age. Tlie mark of the
I. is worn down.

Appearance of the upper jaw at sixteen. Tlie middle
teeth are rounded.

Fig. 35. J

Appearance of the lower ji
become twice as thick as broa

Fig. 22. 12 Yeabs Old.
Le of tiie U)wer jaw at this ajro. Tlir iiii)i)or8 liave
|,„l— as thick as t'icy are broad : tlu- middle teeth
iliing this state ; and the corner oni's imrease hi

Fig. 28. 17 Years Old.

Appearance of the upper jaw at this age. The corner
teeth are rounded.

Fig. 36.

Appearance of the lower
teeth have become twice as tl

^ te«"*»e ^j^y\\i^ ■ 1

Horse Teeth. Irregular.

Fig. 33. 22 Years Old.

Appearance of the upper jaw at this age . The middle teetji
have become somewhat triaiiguhir.

Fig. 41. 20 Years Old.

Teeth shoor; up a line every year ; but when they stand for-
ward too 'ir In the mouth they cannot wear down in the same
degree;. In order to ascertain the age of such a horse, examine
the mark narrowly, and add the numl)er of lines extra to what
the mark indicates. Thus, if the mark shows eight years, while
the teeth avg four lines too long for that age, the true age is 12
years, li Fig. 41, the mark shows eight years, but is twelve
lines too ig. Add these to the eight, and you have the horse's
age, twenty yeai's.

Fig

23 Years Old.

Appearance of the upper jaw at twenty-three. The corner
li'cth have become triangular.

Fig. 35. 24 Years Old.

Appearance of the lower jaw at this age. The nippers havi
become twice as thick as broad.

Fig. 42. 20 Years Old.
Inside view of lower jaw, (teeth irregular), at 20 years. The
friction surface shows eight years. (See Fig. 43).

Fig. 36. 25 Years Old.

*^^ Appearance of the lower jaw at tAventyiive. The middle
teeth have become twice as thick as bi'oad.

Fig. 43. 20 Years Old.

Same us Fig 42, but with superfluous length, twelve lines,
removed. The fri(!tion of twenty years is seen on upper sec-
tion of illustration.

;{. IIai.i Yi:

iiiag t(» 1)1' woiii ; tlu' iiisi<lt' r

I'liiaiiiiiig uiiiiijiiri'd. Tlio

the nippiTs ; h, h, tlu- iukIiIIo tooth : c, v,, thecornor teeth.

Fk;. 4. Half Yeau.

T1 • . . ., „ ■ . *'*'"^^" "I f'lifh tootli, projootinjr above the <min is nlwuvn

This roprosonts tho outer side of the jaw of a half k^ tl.n ,i^ff i v rp, '' , f , , '^"'■'' ''^ ^''"^^"

II u Ti iwr . . .1 ; ., b\ the dottedhnes. The hooks, A-, A', are about to hreak

vearold coh. J he <litloieiit teeth are as follows :(/, », fi.,.,.,,„i. ti. .. ^ ""uui, lo oitan

f..,.tl. V ^ ' '"' '"' *"' '"' "^•^ ^^*^'" <^" l>o not yet

tilled out with bony substanee.

Appearance of a ni{)-
per at different stages,
/shows it breaking out
afresh at the age of three
years, its breadth marked
by 1, 2, its thickness by
3, 4. //shows the fric-
tion surface as it appears
at the age of six, the
crown cut off one-fourth
inch, where the breadth,
1,2, begins to decrease,
and the thickness, 3, 4,
takes the form of an ejrir.
///shows a rounder fric-
tion surface of twelve
yours old. Th« breadth
and thickness are now be-
come proportionate. IV
shows a friction surface
of eighteen years old.
r shows a friction sur-
face of 24 years, in whicli
the breadth, 1, 2, meas-
ures only half as much
as the thickness, 3, 4. D
shows an incisor of a

This is a side view of the jaw of a half year old colt.

Fig. 5. One Year Old,

Fia. 8. A, D.

at.i\m a nil iiiiinoi ui It

This is the appearance of the lower jaw at one year ^ full grown horse, split lengthwise, of which (/, o,/i8the
old. The edges of all the incisors are partly worn by outer raised edge ; a, o, tlie funnel shaped cavity of the
friction, while the comer teeth remain uninjured. tooth ; k, tlje hollow body ; m, the still unfilled root of

: the tooth.

Fio. 6. Two YeabsOld.

Appearance of the lower jaw at two years old. The
edges of the nipjjcrs and of the middle teeth, and their
mark, are worn down, so that the inner edgt; of the cor-
ner is brought into requisition.

The teeth liegin to change at two-and-a-half years, and
the permanent or horse teeth appear.

Cnjujriyhlrtl nvcnritiny to Ad of Congrou. \

Fio. 8. B, C.

Appearance of horse incisors, '^ viewed from the side,)
in which the roots, c, c, are twice as thick as the upper
end. Also, of two foal teeth, 6, c, raised out of the
socket and vi&wed from the side.

Lccih art' v/orn only on the o
worn down at both edges.

FiQ. 12.
Outside and side view of tli

Fig. 13
Outside front viev of the h

Fig. 14.

Appearar.ce of surfaces
old. Both edges of the ui
mark is almost gone ; the
outer edf.e ; tho comer ones-
the others and have also (■(
full grown, but not wor

8®* See Chapter III for explanaiion of terms, and further facts eonceminy the Ages of Horta.

leclh iirc worn only on the outer i-'dyv ; while the luppeih aiv
worn down at botli odjros.

FiQ. 12. 5 Ykars Old.
Outside and side view of the lower jaw at five years old.

Fig. 13 5 Ybars Old.
Outside front viev of the lower jaw at five years old.

/ ..

Iktoiiu- I'oimd — lis iliicU ii>

IlH

;ire ap[)roii(hinir this state

; ill

thickness.

Fig. 17. 8 Yea^is Old.

Appearance of lower jaw at this age. The incisors have all
become equally worn ; in the corner teeth a mere trace of the
mark is visible ; and the edges of the hooks are wori down al-
most half their height. Notice always that the marks in the
upper teeth are twice as deep as those in the lower ones, and so
wear twice as long.

v^Xi

Fig. 23. 12

This is a side view of the uppJ
crcused depression in the corner tj

Fio. 18. 9 Years Old. XWMH-^g^^^ijJttMWi

. mm

Appearance of the upper jaw at this age. the marks of
the nijjpers lyive almost disappeared ; the middle teeth still
show a slight mark; the corner teeth have a dee^)(^r mark than Fig. 24. l.T

the middle ones ; the inner edge of the teeth is also worn down. Appearance of the lower jm\

middle teeth have become [)('r
are of increased thickness ; aii

^??55^5?5^

Fio. 14. o Years Old.

Appeararce of su'.faees f)f teeth in lower jaw at five years

old. Both edges of the nippiTs are worn down, so that the

) mark is almost gone ; tlie middle teeth are worn only on t!ie

r outer edj'.e ; the comer ones have attained the same height us

B the '>thers and have also eoiiic into wear ; and the hooks are

full grown, but not worn at all.

/-iS.

Fig. 19. 9 Years Old.

Fici. 'i:>.

A side vaew of the upper jaw at this age The depression Appearance of the lower
usually found in the corner teeth may be seen at d. li^s become round.

;it tliis ;ij:c. i i;r Miliju'r.s liiive
[v arc hroiid: tin' iniilillc teeth
Ld the corner oni's iiicreuse hi

li'cth liiivc lici-onic twice ns thick as l)roi

Fi«. 37. 26 Years O

Fig. 29. 18YF4R8 0LD. | Appearuncc of the k ' ,r jaw at tw«

Appearance of the lower jaw at this age. The nippers teeth arc twice as thick as broad,
are triangular.

.|5
d

^^:,:

Years Old.

|)er jaw at this age. The in-
1 teeth is seen at d. ^

Fig. 38. 27 Years 0)
i ■

Fig. 30. 19 Ykars Old. Appearance of upper jaw at twenty-se

Appearance of the lower jaw at nineteen. The middle tvdcQ as thick as broad,
teeth arc triangular.

EARS Old.

this age. The nippers and
htly rounded; the comer tod li
Ithe hooks have become blunt.

^ o, «„ V ^ Fio. 39. 28 Years Oi

Fig. 81. 20 Years Old.

• Appearance of the lower jaw at this age. The comer Appearance of upper jaw at this age.

twice as thick as broad.

teeth are triangular

^^s®^

[ears Old. Fig. 82. 21 Years Old.

fourteen. The comer tootli Appearance of the upper jaw at twenty-nne.

nippers have become triangular.

Fig. 40, 29 Years Oi

The Appearance of the upper jaw at twen
teeth are twice as thick as broad

ivc tifcoiiic twice lis thick as lm>iul.

Fio. 4a. 20 Yea us Old.

Same as Fig 42, l)ut with superfluous length, twelve lines,
' removed. The friction of twenty years is seen on upper sec-
tion of illustration.

Fiu. 37. 26 Years Olu.

larance of the Ic > .r jaw at twenty-six.
re twice as thick as broad.

The comer

Fig. 44. 20 Years Old.
Real length and outside appearance of the teeth in lower jaw
at twenty.

Fig. 88. 27 Years Old.

iarance of upper jaw at twenty-seven. The nippers are
9 thick as broad.

Fig. 45.
Appearance of a lower jaw in which the teeth are ten lines
too loug.

Fig. 89. 28 Years Old.

irance of upper jaw at this age. The middle teeth are
thick as broad.

Fio. 46.

Fig. 40. 29 Years Old.

Iiisidc! view of lower jaw. Tho mark shows six years ; but j
I the teeth are t(!n lines too long, and the age is sixteen. When !
_ hoises me large and naturally have larger teeth than smaller

ranee of the upper jaw at twenty-nine. The comer ones, the otlier signs remam the same, and the age is easily de-
twice as thick as broad i terniined.

f<;i:

'»» h

The

CHAPTER III.

HOW TO TELL A HOBSE'S AQE.

KNOWLKDGB OP CHANGES IN THE THBTH THE ONLY MEANS. THIS CHAPTER TO BE

STUDIED IN CONNECTION WITH THE CHART WHICH FOLLOWS. BUYERS LIKELY, WITH-
OUT THIS KNOWLEDGE, TO BE DECEIVED. INCISORS CHIEFLY TO BE RELIED ON.

CONDITION OP A FOAL'S MOUTH. THE CHANGES THAT FOLLOW. HOW FOAL TEETH

ARE TO BE DISTINGUISHED FROM HORSE TEETH. WEARING AWAY OP THE GRINDER OR

ENAMELLED PORTION. NUMBER OP TEETH IN A PULL- GROWN ANIMAL. DIFFERBNCB

"ETWEBN HORSES AND MARES AS TO NUMBER. INCISORS, HOOKS, AND "WOLP'S TEETH."

HOW TO DETERMINE AGE TILL FOAL IS TWO YEARS OLD. HQW PROM TWO TO OLD

AGE. THE n01.dE OF MEDIUM SIZE TO BE TAKEN AS A STANDARD. SHOOTING UP AND

GRINDING OFF. IRREGULAR TEETH; HOW TO JUDGE. PECULIAR HARDNESS OP BONES

AND SLOWNESS OF CHANGE IN CERTAIN BREEDS. THE MULE; AGE HARD TO FIND OUT

WITH EXACTNESS. DECEPTIONS; HOW TO DETECT. CRIB BITERS ; HOW TO EXAMINE.

TERMS DEFINED.

The age of a horse is to be accurately deterramed only by an examina-
tion of the teeth, Avith a knowledge of the changes which, from time to
time, take place in them. The following directions, studied in connec-
tion with the drawings cxliibited on the accompanying chart, and the ex-
planations written under them, will enable any one of ordinary acuteness
and powers of observation, to judge for himself, and thus to avoid that
most common of all the jockej'^'s impositions, a liability to be deceived
in the age of horses held for sale.

The incisors furnish the chief indications ; and to them the attention
nmst be mostly directed ; but the back and hook teeth should be observed
to some extent, as their condition may occasionally serve to correct and
more frequently to corroborate the indications of the incisors.

When first foaled, the colt has no incisors. Twelve back teeth have in
most cases forced their points by this time through the gums ; but it is
not until from two to three months aftenvard that the four nippers ap-
pear ; hi six weeks the nippers arc seen ; and in about eight months the
four corner teeth. Thei'e are now, at eight or nine months old, twenty-

II-LUSTRATEU STOCK UOCTOK.

four teeth, (upper and lower), viiWcd foal-teeth . These are all changed
by the fifth or sixth year, and those that follow are culled horse-teeth.

The back teeth api)ear as follows : the three front double pair are seen
at birth, and are afterward chiuiged ; the fourth doubl" pair appear from
the eighth to the ninth month ; (this fourth double pair arc the first that
remain stationary, and they are found in every year-old colt) ; the fifth
double pair, or fifth four, appear in the second or third year; the sixth,
usually in the fourth or early in the fifth year. These three double pairs
of back teeth (last named), remain unchanged, as do also the four hook
teeth.

The hook teeth arc uncertain as to time of appearance, coming some-
times at the end of the third year, sometimes in the middle or at the end
of the fourth, sometimes in the middle or at the end of the fifth, some-
times at the beginning of the sixth.

Observe particularly that the incisors of the foal differ fi'om those of
the horse : (1) By their regular, conical formation; (2) by a narrow
contraction called the neck, visible alnH)st in the center of the body of
each tooth, while nothing of the kind is m'cii in horse-teeth ; ( 3 ) by their
smaller size, even when full grown. The milk teeth, (or those teeth
which are cast or shed), taken from the jaws of dead foals and compared
with horse-teeth similarly obtained, are found to be only about half as
long as the latter. The l)readth is not to be depended on, since the milk
teeth of large foals appear almost as broad as those of small horses.
When the nippers becnmc hyrse-teeth, they form a great conti'ast to the
middle and corner teeth. The size of these last will at once show them
to be milk teeth. (4) By the fact that the outer surface of the foal-teeth
is smooth and striped with broAvn, while on horse-teeth the same surface
is divided by a dirty yellow indentation inclining toward the center,
which is sometimes double upon the upper teeth.

One should study the form of the incisors by carefully examnilng
those taken from dead horses of different ages. Each incisor will be
foijnd to consist of a hard, enamelled part, called the grinder, which has
protruded above the gum ; of a bony substance, which has been for the
most part hidden in the gum ; and of a root, which has occupied the
ca\'ity of the jaw-bone.

These teeth, (of the foal as well as of the horse), are slowly but con-
tinually worn aAvay by biting and chewing, so that the length is constantly
decreasing, — sometimes evenly and reguhirly, — so that in old age the
tooth that was once two and a half or three inches long is found to be not
exceeding half an inch in length. The breadth generally decreases in
about the same proportion ; but with this diiference in foal and horse-
teeth, that the thickness and breadth of foal-teeth are constantly decreas-

THE HORSE, HIS AGE, HOW TO TELL IT.

icso are iill changod
illod horne-teetli.
louble pair are seen
lo pair appear from
air are the tir,st that
-old folt) ; tlio tifth
ird year ; the sixth,
e three dou1)le pairs
» also the four hook

ance, coming some-
niddh? or at tlie end
[ oi the tifth, some-

liifer from those of
; (2) l)y a narrow
nter of the body of
leetli ; (3) })y tlieir
th, (or those teeth
I foals and compared
3 only about half as
d on, since the milk
>se of small horses.

eat contrast to the
1 at once show them
ace of the foal-teeth
th the same surface

toward the center,

carefully examniing
i^ach incisor will be
! grinder, which has
h has been for the
•h has occupied the

are slowly but con-
length is constantly
hat in old age the
ig is found to be not
lerally decreases in
e in foal and horse-
! constantly decreas-

in"' from the grinder or hard enamelled part to the end of the root, while
horse-teeth decrease from the root u[)ward. The grinder, or hard, grat-
iii<»' portion of the tooth, which has not yet been used, has somewhat the
form of an c"-"- ; it is three times as ])road as thick, and hollowed out in
the shape of a funnel, which hollow has two sharp edges inclosing it.
This socket or hollow is called the mark. In the center of this mark, a
sort of kernel may be seen — a tube connnencing at the end of the root —
that contains the nerves of the tooth ; but this inner hole nmst always be
distinguished from the mark, v{\\\d\ is the outer depression, lying next
to the sharp edircs. The inner cavity is a funnel-shaped socket, of hard,
enamel shell, around which, and inside the outward shell, is a thick fluid,
which remains dining the life of the tooth, becoming, by degrees, gi-ay
matter. This Huid averages about four lines in depth in the lower incis-
ors and al)OUt eight in the upper ones.

The outer edge of each incisor always rises a line or two above the
inner edge ; therefore, Avhen the upi)er and lower are first grated together,
only the outer edges touch for some time ; and the iimer edges do not
touch until the outer ones are worn down to an equal height with them.
Ilorse-teeth generally do this in about one year. At the age of two and
a half, the teeth begin to change, and those which then ap2Jear are called
Horse-teeth. (See chart. Fig. 7, A).

A full grown stallion or gelding has 40, and a mare .3G teeth — the male
having four hook teeth which are lacking in the female, except that some-
times she has imi)crfect teeth in the corresponding part of the mouth.
Those teeth found in some young horses, next to the first double teeth, and
called "wolf's teeth," are not included in this nund)er, as they are not
real teeth, — frequently not l)reaking through the gums at all, and usuall}^,
in any case, disappearing in eight or nine years. TAventj^-four of the
true teeth, in both horses and mares, are situated in the ujjper part of the
mouth, (that is, in both jaws, aJ)nve the Hjm). They are divided into six
double pairs, counting upwards from below, so that those situated next to
the incisors in all the four rows are first ; those next to them, second ;
and so on to the last pair, which are called back teeth.

Twelve others are in the lower part of the mouth, surrounded by the
lips, six in the upper and six in the lower jaAV, standing, each lot, in the
form of an arch, and occupying the entrance to the hollow of the mouth.

These twelve are called incisors. The four innermost, two in each jaw

those forming the key of each arch — are called nippers ; the other two in
each arch are called corner teeth ; and those betAveen the nippers and the
corner teeth are called middle teeth. Each of these teeth in the lower
jaAv rubs against the corresponding one in the upper jaAV. The teeth of
the upper jaAV tire broader and thicker than those of the loAver. The four

ILLUSTRATED HTOCK DOCTOK.

hooks arc seated alone, over each corner tooth, l)ut nearer to the corner
teeth of tlie upper than those of the lower, so that they, (the hookn),
never come in contact with each other.

The horse has always attained the age of four and a half or five years
before he has a full number of perfect teeth. Before this time, the
younger the animal the fewer the teeth, and even these are not all pernnt-
nent.

The more a permanent incisor loses in length, by friction, tiie more it
also loses in width, so that the nearer the friction surface approaches to
the root, the narrower and thicker it must appear.

Every new hook tooth is cylindrical andfomewhat hooked, \vith a cone-
shaped projecting grinder, and thi ■» is surrounded l)y a spoon-shaped edge,
turned toAvard the hollow of the mouth, so that the cone cannot be seen
from the outside ; and tlie whole grinder, or hard, enamelled part, has
the ajipearance of the 1)ack part of the bowl of a spoon — ^the edge, like a
screen, surrounding the short, cone, l)ut so that two deep furrows remain
between. Except this grinder, the rest of the body is uniformly round,
and the sui'face almost even. As previously said, however, these by
themselves aiford no reliable indication as to age.

Figures 2, 3, 4, 5, <i show how the age of a colt may be determined
till he is two years old. The, following further explanations, taken in
connection with the chart from Fig. 7 to Fig. 4(5, inclusive, will teach
how the age, from two to thirty, can be ascertained.

Large horses have, of course, larger teeth than small ones ; but taking
a horse of medium size as a standard, one can make allowances for either
larger or smaller, and easily arrive at just conclusions.

The incisors being our main reliance, our remarks nmst l)e understood
to refer chiefly to them. The length of the tootli of a horse of medium
size is three inches, or thirty-six lines. After the changed tooth has
arrived at its proper length, it nhootH up a line regularly every year, and
if the teeth stand right, the ffriudcr is irovn off a line evert/ year. It is
also, as has been said, worn off in l)()th width and breadth, so that the
grinder becomes, from year to year, shorter and smaller, as shown by the
chart.

If, however, the teeth stand too far forward, (irregular teeth, sec
chart, Fig. 41), tho}-^ do not wear down in the same proportion as they
shoot upward, and they l)ecome very long. The age in this case can be
ascertained Avith case and exactness by obsei'ving dii-ections given under
Fig. 41, and noticing with care the following points : At the age of five
years, the corner teeth of the lower jaw have gi'owni up five lines above
the gam • each middle tooth, seven lines ; and each nii)per, nine. At
eight years, and older, each corner tooth of the same horse projects only

THE HORSE, HIS AOE, IIOW TO TELL IT.

four, the middle teeth, six, und the nippers, eight lines above the gums.
This is absolutely neeessary to bo taki;u into aecount, because it is the
oiilv means l)y whii-h one can decide with certainty as to the ago of a horse
whose teeth have become longer than they would have l>een if set right
and wearing regularly.

The forc'oiiig remarks and directions are based upon the assumption
that there is no peculiarity about the individual animal or the breed to
which he belongs that would nuiterially interfere with the principles laid
down. It remains, however, to notice that to those breeds of horses
which develop very slowly, of which the Spanish horse may be cited as
an example, the rules are a little more difficult of application. The
bones of these, and perhaps of some few other kinds, seem to be harder,
and the teeth change somewhat later and appear to wear down more
slowlv ; so that it sometimes happens that such horses, after their fifth
year, appear a jjear or two younger than they really are ; but the same
animals are apt to be more than ordinarily strong, hardy, and long-lived,
and to be taken at a diminished age really detracts nothing from their
worth.

The ajrc of a mule is somewhat difficult to determine with exactness,

(7*

owing to the cause just stated.

Deceptions may l)e practiced Avith very thrifty young horses, when it is
desirable to make them appear of suitable age for work or for breeding,
by knocking out the incisors a year sooner than they would naturally
change tliemsclves. If a purchaser suspects deception, he can determine
the matter b^' closely examining the remaining teeth. If the nippers
have changed, and the inner edges of the corner teeth have not yet come
into contact, the foal is but one year old — and so on.

The opposite cheat — that of trying to make a horse appear younger
than he really is l>y l)urning artificial marks in upon the teeth — can be
detected by closely examining the enamel and the effect of the mark
upon it. When a horse has reached an advanced age, say twelve to
twenty, the enamelled surface has become so minute that burning in as
large a mark as is found in horses considerably younger would disturb
the Avhole enamel and so leave a means of detecting the fraud.

In the case of cril)-biters, that wear out their teeth prematurely, and
so appear really older tiian they are, examinaticm nmst be directed to the
corner teetli, which are seldom injured ; or, if the corner teeth prove to
l)e injured, deduct from the apparent age as many lines as are wanting to
make the teeth of the natural length. To feed constantly, from weaning
time, upon hard, unshelled corn, sometimes produces the same effect as
crib-biting, and the same directions must be followed in forming an
estimate.

ILLURTRATRD HTOOK DOCTOR.

We close the cliaptci- with ii short vocahularj, by rofcroneo to M'hich
the reader may more readily aijprclu'iid tiic meaning of the terms
employed in the eiisuiii;r chart.

Incisou. — A cutter; a fore-toot I which cuts or itites. In the horse,
those twelve teeth, six in the upper jaw, six in the lower, which are
surrounded l)y the lips, are called incisors.

Ghindku. — As used in tlu^ present chapter, it denotes the hard, grating,
upper portion cf the front teeth.

Line. — One-twelfth of an inch.

Mark. — As used with n-ference to horse teeth, it denotes that depres-
sion in the grinder lying inside the sharp edges and adjacent to them.

Nii'Pr.KH. — Those two teeth in each jaw that occujjy the middle of the
ecmi-circular row.

CoRNKR Teeth. — The two outer of the six front teeth in each jaw.

Middle Teeth. — The teeth between the nipi)ers and the corner teeth.

Hooks. — Four teeth, two in each jaw, situated over corner teeth, or
beyond the incisors, reckoning from the front of the lips, and having u
cylindrical and somewhat hooked shape.

Milk Teeth. — The front teeth of a foal which appear at about three
inoutha o.f age uud arc cast within two or tlu'ce years.

8 thi! hui'd, grating,

CHAPTER IV.

DIFFEBENT BREEDS AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS.

pour at about three

I. TOE INFERIOR VARIETIES: MANY FOUND IN nOTH nRMISPHEREa. SOME OOOD, BDT

LITTLE KNOWN OF TIIKM. II. SOME rONSIDEIlF.I) AS TO WORK RATHER THAN BREED;

THE FARM HORSE; THE HUNTER; THE HACKNEY; HORSES FOR HEAVY DRAFT. III.

THE ARAIIIAN. IV. THE HARD. V. THE ENGLISH THOROUailBRED. VI. THK

PERSIAN. VII. THE TURK. VIII. THE TURKOMAN. IX. THE EOYPTIAN. X.

THE DONOOLA. XI. THE NORMAN PERCHERON. XII. THE THOnOUOHBRED IN AMER-
ICA. XIIl. THE MOROAN. XIV. THE NAHRAOANSETT PAGER. XV. THE CANA-
DIAN. XVI. THE CONNESTOOA. XVII, PONIES.

I. The Inferior and Little Known.

Among the great variety of horses there are many that are either of
inferior importance or so little known that it is deemed unnecessary to
notice them in detail. India, China, Jajjan, Siam, several of the Euro-
pean States, and North and South America, have horses that are in some
iustiinces wid(!ly different from each other, as well us from the approved
breeds ; but they are not known to possess any remarkable excellence, or
any distinctive points that are constantly reproduced in their offspring, —
so that a mere casual reference to them, with Aery general statements as
to qualities and characteristics, is considered to be sufficient.

In India alone there are various stocks, known to have been so long in
the various regions of that gi'eat country as to seem native to the soil ;
but wth the exception of the Turko, recognized to be a cross between
the Turkoman or South Tartary ])reed and the Persian, they are regarded
as cold blooded and inferior. The Turko is said to carry himself in a
grand and stately way, and to be both beautiful and tractable.

The Tartar and Calmuck horses, with the exception of the Turkoman,
which is described elsewhere in this chapter, are for the most part small
and ill-made. They are hardy, however, being able to perform great
journeys, with burdens disproportioned to their size, and to live on the
poorest fare.

>■■

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

The horses of China are small, and have no points of excellence as to
either shape or spirit.

The horses of Turkestan have been described by some as having heavy
heads and ewe-necks, with long legs and a scanty l">dy ; while others
speak of high crests and long, bony bodies, and assert these horses
crossed with those of Persia, produce magnificent animals — elegant,
active, strong, and larger than the best Arabians. In Bokhara is a breed
of small and shaggy but stout horses, called Kussaks, which lias attracted
some attention. Their manes and tails are long as compared with their
general make up.

Belgivm, Holland, and the German states have breeds of horses noted
only, or chiefly at least, for being large, strong, and well-formed, and
admir.^bly adapted to purposes of heavy draft.

In the forests of Sweden, Finland, and Norway is found a race of
horses in a half wild state, from which the inhabitants, without taking
upon themselves the trouble of breeding and rearing, supply themselves
Avhen the creatures are wanted for use. They are small, but well-formed,
active, and spirited.

The Hungarian horse, though evidently of the same origin as those of
Germanjs is somewhat lighter than they, and possesses more spirit and
action. He shoAvs some signs of oriental blood, to which he probably
owes his superiority to his neighbors.

The horses of Iceland run at large and pick up their own scanty fare,
wherever they can find it, until they are needed. by the inhabitants, when
they are caught and subjected to use. The origin of these animals is in
doubt. Some assert that then- progenitors were carried into that island
from the forests of Sweden ; others, that they were of the stock of
ponies found in the Scottish isles. They are small, but active, and gen-
erally well disposed.

The horses of Italy were formerly much better than now. Few of
them may at present be regarded as possessing any striking excellence.
There are said to be some, among the people of Naples, that are large,
of fine appearance, and excellent as carriage horses.

The French people have many breeds, adapted to the saddle, the light
carriao-o, cavalry, and ligiit artillery, besides those that are required for
the plow and the cail. The most famous among them is the Norman,
or Norman Percheron, which is described elsewhere in this chapter.

The fact is well established that the horses of Spain, previous to the
Moorish conquest, were possessed of many noble (jualities ; but they
were much improved by a mixture of Barb blood, consequent upon the
invasion and the introduction of horses from the Barbary States. They

THE HORSE, DirFERENT BREEDS, ETC.

of excellence as to

still show both their original and derived excellences ; and a pure-blood
Spanish Barb is a fine and beautiful creature.

In the plains of South America, Mexico, Texas, and the Western
Territories of the United States are found gi'cat herds of wild horses, of
which there are different varieties, though they must have had a common
origin, as we have stated in chaiDter I. Chance mixture with horses
imported into the country subsequently to those brought from Spain,
together with the influences of different climates and food to Avhich they
have long been subject, may perhaps account for this. The most marked
tyi^es of these wild Americans are the Mustang and the Indian ponies,
which are noticed on succeeding pages. As a general thing they retain
the striking characteristics of their old Spanish or Andalusian j^rogenitors ;
in size, shape, and spirit they show whence they are derived. Their
heads are pretty and their limbs clean. They are capable of great
endurance ; and though not especially rapid in action, it is related of
them that they are sometimes ridden at the rate of ten or twelve miles
an hour for a stretch of eighty miles, without anything more than a
temporary halt and such little food as could be hastily eaten. Seldom is
any gait knoAvn among them except a walk and a lope ; but an occasional
pacer is discovered. Many of them do well for the saddle ; but care is
required in handling them. In the hands of the cruel or inconsiderate,
their ^vild nature returns to them, and they become intractable and even
dangerous.

n. Some Considered as to Work, rather than Breed.

In treating of the different stocks and specifying distinguishing points,
it is perhaps not amiss to consider some characteristics that should mark
animals chosen or set aside for special purposes.

The good farm horse cannot, of course, be confined to any particular
breed. If he combinos within himself certain desirable qualities, it is
not pertinent to inquire particularly what blood he carries. Some points
that should distinguish him may be thus enumerated: He should be
dose-built and strong, but not gi'oss and clumsy, since he is to serine as a
sort of horse of all work — doing duty, by turns, under the saddle, and
before the plow, the farm-wagon and the carriage.

ILLU8TBATR1> STOCK DOCTOB.

a
o

■A

THE HORSE, DIFFEUEXT BREEDS, ETC.

Fifteen to sixteen hands mark t}ie proper stature ; and his limbs should
be sinewy without absolute heaviness, while his feet should be of medium
size. He should be reasonably springy under the saddle, and active,
without dash, in light harness. To these he should add a certain thriftiness,
that will enable him to appear well even under good, close work, if well
treated ; and in temper he should be mild. His breaking in and training
should have been such as to render him readily adaptable i o any work
that he may be called upon to perform about the country home.

The hunter, or horse for the chase, speaking with reference to a
pastime which is still common in England, but to which little or no
importance is attached in this country, is usually the better esteemed for
having some blood, but more for the absolute feats of speed and leaping
which he may be able to perform, and for his ability to stand a hard
day's run.

The best hunters are said to be a combination of the thorjough-bred
Avith some coarser animal — producing more strength, substance, and
hardihood, with less length of body. He is at the present time what
may be called three-quarters bred ; and he is lighter and more fleet than
formerly.

The accompanying engraving, entitled "A light hunting horse,"
conveys an excellent idea of what he is now most commonly found to be.

That is to say, a horse of good style and form, capable of long con-
tinued exertion under the weight of an ordinary sized man, and also
capable of showing as high a rate of speed as possible, combined with an
aptitude to leap successfully such obstacles as may ordinarily interpose.
In all this class of horses, whether they be light or heavy weight animals,
blood — that is, the possessor of a fair amount of thorough blood as trans-
mitted by thorough-bred sires — is absolutely necessary. It gives style,
form, hard and line bones, muscular tissue, lung jjower, and all this
means endurance to perform feats under which the cold blooded horse
would soon succumb. Such a horse as the engraving shows will not only
make a capital saddle horse, but also a most valuable horse for general
utility, if properly broken, good for the light carriage and buggy and
good also at a load if propei-ly trained and handled ; but let it always be
remembered that in as much as you put a saddle horse, and especially a
huntmg horse, to labor, you detract from his value in the field.

'■■i

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

During the last oontary, however, and the first of this, it was deemed
essential that he should be a heavier liorso — an anini;>l capable of making

■«

■A

■J
•A

jfrodigious leaps while carrying a heavy weiglit. This type is well repre-
sented by the subjoined cut of "A heavier hunting horse."

THE HORSE, DIFFERENT BREEDS, ETC.

this, it wivs deemed
>1 capable of making

The Hackney, as the horse of ail saddle and light harness purposes, the
common roadster, or general knock-about, is termed in Euiiland, may bo
considered in pretty much the same light as the good farm-horse jn-e-

r=^«

kiis type is well rcpre-
I horse." y

viously noticed. Among the English people it seems to be essential that
an animal must at least be supposed to possess some blood before he can
be considered a good hackney. When known, or believed, to have a

;T. h^t.

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

streak of the thorough-bred in him, and to possess the following charac-
teristics, nothing more is desirable :

He must be about fifteen hands high ; both his fore and hind parts
must be strong and well muscled ; he should bo short in the back and
well coupled ; his chest should bo wide and deep, allowing full play for

■

td
3

the lungs ; his head should be light and his neck carried well up ; his
limbs should be clean and bony, and with somewhat oblique pasterns ; he
should be quick and springy ; and in temper he should be kind and easily
controlled.

•'^IHwS^

THE HORSE, DirFEUENT BREEDS, ETC.

the following charac-

3 fore and hind parts
short in the back and
illowing full play for

Of Heavy Draft Horses there are several breeds in both England and
the United States ; or rather, several kinds that have some of the blood and
some of the characteristics of the old heavy draft animals. When it
became the fashion in England to seek admixture with the heavy mares
and stallions of Belgium or Flanders, the English draft stock was really
much improved, though several English breeds soon lost thereby, for the
most part, their identity.

carried well up ; his
t oblique pasterns ; he
)uld be kind and easily

-A

IS
o
«

B
n

>
<

The Cleveland Bay, a powerful horse, though not of extraordinary
size, was found chiefly in the four Counties of Yorkshire, Durham, Lin-
colnshire, and Northumberland. He was capable of carrying a great
weight, and of maintaining under it a rapid rate of speed. A lighter horse,
and one better adapted to the carriage, was produced by crossing the

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Clevelani ro . 'th a good-sized thorough-bred stallion. The best
hunters an*, rckac s, having an arched crest and proud action, were pro-
duced by crossing ti 'leveland mare with a horse lighter than the true
thorough-breds, yet possessing real spirit and quick movement. The
Cleveland, as a distinct breed, is nearly extinct.

The Suffolk Punch is considered to be an excellent heavy draft horse.
He is believed to be the offspring of the Suffolk cart-mare and the Nor-
man stallion. When further crossed with the Yorkshire half-bred, (the
product of the Cleveland Bay and the thorough-bred), he is active, spir-
ited, and indomitable at a pull.

The Suffolk, now hardly known as a distinct breed, was a horse of
good size, being ordinarily from fifteen to sixteen hands high, and very
stout in proportion. His distinguisliing color was sorrel ; ho had a large
head ; his shoulders a\ ore thick on top and low ; his chest was round and
dee^D ; he had round legs and short pasterns ; his back Avas long ; his ci'oup
high ; his flanks full ; his quarters heavy and strong ; and he was every
way a spirited and determined animal, active and enduring.

The Clydesdale horse, found principally on the Clyde in Scotland, was
the product of certain Scottish mares with Flanders stallions. He is a
larger horse than the Suffolk, but less clumsy in appearance, as his head
is better and his barrel lighter. He has a long neck and deci> legs ; and
is strong, hardy, patient, and a faithful puller. Some of the horses in
the United States said to be of this stock presei-ve most of these charac-
teristics, but their bodies are rounder and their necks arc not particularly
noted for length.

Between Lincolnshire and Staffordshire, in the midland counties of
England, is found what is called the Heavy Black Horse, a large, well-
built animal, of splendid appearance, and much in demand in London and
elsewhere as a wagon-horse ; but no horses of this particular kind are
known to have been brought to America for breeding purposes.

Of American heavy draft stock, the Vermont cait-horse is deserving of
special mention. He is said by one who is considered good authority to
exist in Vermont and adjacent States as a distinct breed, and to be the
very model of what a good cart-horse should be — quick and full of power,
yet easily managed. As a general thing, he has a well-set head, a lofty
crest, thin withers, mane and tail medium, and clean fetlocks. He has
sufficient action to insure a good rate of speed, and makes, upon the
whole, a fine show.

His origin seems doubtful. There is a pony appearance about him,
though often more than sixteen hands high — ^his peculiar shortness of
back, roundness of body, and general compactness contributing to make

THE HORSE, DIFFERENT BREEDS, ETC.

I stallion. Tho best
roud action, were pro-
i lighter than the true
iiek movement. The

cnt heavy draft horse,
art-mare »nd the Nor-
■kshire half-bred, (tho
•cd), ho is active, spir-

breed, was a horse of
hands high, and very
sorrel ; ho had a large
s chest was round and
,ck Avas long ; his croup
3ng ; and he was every
mduring.

Clyde in Scotland, was
ers stallions. Ho is a
ippearance, as his head
6ck and deep legs ; and
»ome of the horses in
most of those charac-
ss arc not particularly

midland counties of
i Horse, a large, well-
lemand in London and

lis particular kind are
ing purposes,
rt-horse is deserving of
ered good authority to

breed, and to be the
uick and full of power,

well-set head, a lofty
Ban fetlocks. He has

and makes, upon the

[ippearance about him,
peculiar shortness of
contributing to make

■m

him seem much loss in bulk than ho is found to bo by actual measure-
ment.

ni. The Arabian.

We come now to notice some of the most distinct, stroup-ly larkod,
and valuable breeds, among which tho Arabian, or that pecifs of the
Arabian best known to us, is justly celebrated.

Whether the present pure blood Arab is native to Arabia or imported ;
whether of recent origin or of a lineage as ancient as the sculptured nUns
of Nineveh and Babylon, it is needless to inquire ; but f -^ people of that
country claim that they have authentic pedigrees reaching back for more
than two thousand years ; Avhile on tho other hand, it is asserted by some
who have tried to discover tho real origin of this famous stock that prior
to tho thirteenth century the horses of Arabia were a poor race and lightly,
esteemed. Bo that as it may, tho horse of the present day, so
renoAvned throughout tho world, undoubtedly began to attract notice some
five or six hundred years ago, since which time he has grown into his
great roijuto ; and now the best horses of most civilized lands are
thought to derive their highest claims to noble descent from tho Arabic
Kochlani, and those of his congeners that have shared his excellences.

In a subsequent chapter the subject of breeding will be appropriately
treated ; but wo may advert hero to a singular fact in connection with the
sons of the desert and tho horse that shares their name and their affec-
tions. So thoroughly are tho principles of breeding understood among
them, or such is their extraordinary care, (and perhaps climatic influence
may have something to do with it), that their horses long since reached
a degree of perfection unrivalled in any country, and this perfection is
steadily maintained.

Travelers differ as to the number and names of the distinct breeds of
horses which are found in Arabia ; but a comparatively recent Mohamme-
dan writer, who seems to have had more than ordinary opportunities for
knowiiig the facts in tho case, has stated that there are six distinct broods,
V hich ho names and characterizes thus :

(1) The Dgelfe, found chiefly in Arabia Felix, seldom seen at Damas-
cus, but common in tho neighborhood of Anaze. Horses of this breed
are of lofty stature, have narrow chests, but are deep in the girth, and
their ears are long. They are remarkable for spirit and fleetness, but are
exceedingly tractable, and their ability to endure hunger and thirst is a
remarkable feature. A two-year-old colt, he says, will cost in his own
country two thousand Turkish piasters.

(2) The Secaloni, a breed from the eastern part of the desert, some-
what inferior * j th^j Dgelfe, though resembling him in most points.

* il

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOH.

(3) Tho Mcfki, ho informs us, is a handsome horse ; but ho is not so
fleet as either the Dgelfo or the Secaloni. In figure, ho bears a resem-
blance to tho Spanish or Andalusian stock.

(4) A fourth breed is culled the Sabi, which is similar to the'Mefki,
but seems to possess no specially useful or striking qualities.

(5) The Fridi. This breed is very common ; but they are often vicious
and untrustworthy, and lack some of the excellent qualities possessed by
the best of iho others.

(6) Tho Nejdi, fou.id chiefly in tho region of Bussorah. These aro
said to be at least tho equals of the Dgelfe and tho Secaloni. Somo
judges assert that there is no horse to be compared with them, and they
stand very high in the market.

This writer considers the Dgelfo and the Nejdi to be tho most valuable.
They are known to bo tho favorites of the horse-fanciers of India, many
fine animals of these stocks having been carried thither by the sportsmen
of that comitry.

Other writers make mention of but three distinct breeds, to which they
attribute names different from those above given ; and it is difficult to
reconcile the statements of the two, and to determine whether they have
really agreed in any way in pointing out tho same animal, though by
diverse names, as possessing the striking excellences Avhich have made a
certain breed famous and well known to us. Writers of the latter class
speak of an inferior race, little esteemed, at homo or abroad, which thoy
call the Attechi. These are sometimes found in a wild state. Then come
the Kadischi, a sort of half-breed stock, possessing somo points of resem-
blance to the true blood, and being sometimes imposed upon dealers for
the genuine. Finally, they describe a superb race, the pure descendants
of some extraordinary ancestors, and these they call the Kochlani or
Kailhan. The best of them are found among the Shammar and Aneyza
tribes. The Arabs themselves pretend to trace the Kochlani back to tho
days and the stables of Solomon. While this cannot bo credited, it is
known that somo of them have written pedigrees for at least four hundred
years, kept with the most extreme care, and always on the side of the
mare. These animals are sometimes sold to foreigners ; but they bear
almost fabulous prices, and it is believed to be a very rare thing for a
true Kochlani to fall into the hands of a stranger.

The striking points of tho pure Arab may be thus stated : In size,
he is considerably smaller than the modem thorough-bred, scarcely ever
exceeding in height fourteen and a half hands. His head is extraordinary
for its beauty, — the forehead being broad and square, the muzzle short
and fine, so that somo of them seem as though they could really "stick
their noses into a tumbler," The face,, upon which the veins appear

ySSmi^m

THE HORSE, DIFFEllENT BHEEDS, ETC.

beautifully coursed, is bony ; tho nostrils uro wide ; tlio well-set curs
uro sniull, while tho eyes are largo, prominent und brilliiint. Tho neck,
rishi" Ijcautifully from tho shoulders, and well arched, is very tino ; tho
withers arc high and moderately thin ; tho shoulder, inclining backward,
is perfect in form and position — nmscular as well as finely 8ha[)ed. Tho
body is light and narrow before ; but behind tho arms tho chest is
expanded and affords sufficient capacity for the lungs ; tho hips, though
somewhat narrow, aro well united to the back, and the quarters are
strong, muscular, and well set. Tho legs arc small, flat, sinewy; tho
pasterns aro oblique in their position ; tho croup is high, while tho tail is
set on with considerable arch. The muscles of tho arm, like those of
the hum, uro full and strong. The bones of tho leg aro largo in propor-
tion to tho fdze, there being no superfluous fatty matter, l)ut full, freo^
strong, and clean tendons and suspensory ligaments. The hocks aro
large, but free from both curbs and spavins ; while tho feet aro small and
sound. Tho elbow joint is prominent but fine, and generally plays clear
of tho body.

Especially does tho Arab differ from other breeds in tho superior
fineness of his muzzle ; tho somewhat hollowed but graceful face ; the
fully developed jaws that yet give no impression of heaviness ; the beau-
tifully pricked and exquisite shape of tho our ; the conspicuous neatness
of tho leg below the knee ; and tho beautiful make of the hind quarters.
Tho fleetest among them are also noted for a straight-dropped hind leg,
which is always regarded as a good point- A true Arabian has been
described as ' ' looking the gentleman all over, with a bearing as stately
as that of an autocrat."

In spirit he is as noblo as in his physical formation. Though kind and
docile when with his native master, he is sensitive and full of spirit, and
when excited is so indomitable that he would run or pull to tho death
rather than yield. With a cruel master he is apt to become in a measure
ungovernable ; but his intelligence is such that proper treatment will soon
win his confidence and remove a vicious -habit.

His sagacity is as remarkable as his susceptibility to kind treatment.
Instances are not wanting in which his master, overcome by the heat of
the desert, and lost in a lethargic sleep, has been watched over by his
faithful animal, and guarded from the approach of man and beast.

The colors mostly prevalent among them are bay, gray, and chestnut.
Occasionally a black is found.

He is not so swift as the best English, Frencl. md American coursers ;
nor is it here that his great excellence must be sought. That arises from
a combination of qualities, to some of which the best of other breeds are •
wholly strangers.

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOB.

Ho is poculiarly ndiiptod to that wnsto and barren coutitry, and to tho
uses for which ho is prized by tho wuudcring tribes. The food and drinic
upon whitli ho can live and perform great journeys would bo wholly inad-
equate to tho keeping of one of ours which wo are pleased to rail thrifty.

As has been said, this reinurkablo stock has long maintained its essen-
tial purity; nor docs it show, in recent times, any tendency to degenerate.
Those good Arabians that are offered for sale to British residents and
other iiorse dealers in the markets of Bengal and Bombay command prices
ranging from seven hundred and fifty to one thousand dollars ; and it is
said by travelers that thoir best mares are seldom if over sold.

IV. The EDgUah Thorough-bred.

Wo have already referred to different varieties of English horses, some
of which have had more or less influence upon those of our own country ;
but tho most excellent and famous of all is tho thorough-bred, or race-
horse, descended chiefly from imported Arabians, Barbs, and Turks.
Tho animal known to-day as tho real English thorough-bred is perhaps of
almost purely eastern origin. His excellences are derived, it is thought,
from an admixture of various pure breeds, native to those regions to
which tho noblest of tho race uro indigenous, so far as either history or
tradition determines. Arabia, Syria, Persia, Turkestan, Nubia, Abys-
sinia, and tho Barbary States, all have breeds closely connected with each
other, and yet possessing different characteristics ; but the English race-
horse is a superior animal to any of them ; and his blood cannot now be
improved by crossing with any known stock.

There seems to be in him a larger mixture of the Barb than of any
other breed ; but the earliest and most celebrated importations into Eng-
land were Arabians. Much attention has long been paid there to the
improvement of racing stock. The minds of Englishmen were most
probably turned to this by the accession of the Norman Conquerors ; at
any rate, soon after the Normans were established in the island, tho first
Arabian of which any record has been preserved was imported. This
was in 1121, during tho reign of Henry I. Then, an authenticated case
of importation from Arabia took place in the reign of James I. This
horse was condemned, not having mot tho popular expectation ; but the
tnie value of eastern blood began now to bo appreciated, and the White
Turk was soon brought over ; then a horse known as the Helmesley Turk ;
soon afterward, Fairfax's Morocco Barb. The interest in the improve-
ment of racing stock then so actively manifested has never suffered more
than a temporary abatement, and in no other country than in England
has such success been attained. During the troublous times consequent
upon the overthrow of Charles I. and the accession of the Puritans to

'*?*»ftil(iii,r

THE IIOR8E, DIFFEHEXT nUEEDS, ETC.

1 country, and to tho

Thu food and drink

kvould bo wholly inad-

)lcaHcd to «'nll thrifty.

njaintaii:ed its essen-
ndoncy to dc';;('nerate.

Britirth residents and
tiibay command prices
iind dolhirs ; and it is
' ever sold.

English horses, some
! of onr own country ;
orough-brcd, or race-
, Barbs, and Turks,
igh-bred is perhaps of
derived, it is thought,
3 to those regions to
r as either history or
kestan. Nubia, Abys-
y connected with each
but the English race-
blood cannot now be

he Barb than of any
iiportations into Eng-
jen paid there to the
glishmen were most
•man Conquerors ; at
n the island, tho first
wiia imported. This
in authenticated case
II of James I. This
expectation ; but the
ated, and the White
he Helmesley Turk ;
rest in the improve-
never suffered more
;ry than in England
us times consequent
of the Puritans to

power, there sooms to have been a' decline ; but a love of racing, and a
corresponding desire to produce tho best horses for this purpose, wat

revived upon the restoration of Charles II. to the throne. This prince
himself sent to the east to purchase brood mares and stallions, but he

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

affected chiefly Barbs and Tuvks. Many of liis wealthier subjects engaged
in like enterprise on their own private account.

But the most marked improvement of English stock followed the
introduction into that country of the Darley Arabian, a fine and vigorous
stallion imported during the latter part of Queen Anne's reign by one
jMr. Darley. Several horses of great repute descended from him, of
which the most noted were Almanzer, Flying Childers, and Bartlett's
Childers • and from the Childers, besides numerous others, of more or
less celebrity, Childers, Blaze, Samson, Snap, and Eclipse deserve special
mention. Of the last named, it is recorded that though he was thick-
winded or what is termed a "roarer," he never lost a race and never
paid a forfeit ; and that three hundred and thirty-four of his descendants
proved to be winning horses.

During the reign of Louis XIV., of France, and when the Arabian
stock, the descendants of the Darley, were already in high repute, a horse
called the Godolphin Arabian, but which was really a beautiful Barb, of
excellent spirit and action, was rescued by one Mr. Coke from the igno-
ble employment of drawing a cart in the streets of Paris, (where his
sti'iking characteristics seem to have been wholly overlooked), and carried
to England. He is said to have been about fifteen hands high, of a brown
color, and to have been distinguished by the height of his crest and for
round and drooping quarters. From him is descended much of the finest
racing blood in England.

"We have spoken of the thorough-bred as a pure-blooded horse ;
and though this ought doubtless to be understood with some limitations,
as even in the best of the stock there is probably some tinge of old Eng-
lish and Spanish blood ; yet, such has been the great care bestowed upon
him that he is regarded as " the eastern horse brought to the very highest
state of perfection." It is certain that, as previously remarked, he is in
some respects superior to the best of the original breeds. This has been
brought cbout by long continued careful attention to breeding, to feed-
ing, to all those points, in fact, necessary to the elimination of vicious
strains and the preservation and improvement of those qualities that tend
to the one great end in view — fleetness, with a corresponding power of
endurance. The climate of England is said to be peculiarly favorable to
the horse ; and this influence has perhaps contributed something to the
making of the English racer a pre-eminently fine and much admired
animal. The following may be regarded as his distinguishing points :

His chest is his one and only mark of superior strength ; this is wide
and deep. His body is round, his flanks and belly light. His ears are
fine ; his eyes prominent ; his nostrils are wide ; his lips are small and
thin, while he is remarkably wide between the jaws. He has a long and

THE HORSE, UIFFEUENT BREEDS, ETC.

thicr subjects engaged

I stock followed the
n, a fine and vigorous
Anne's reign by one
tended from him, of
lilders, and Bartlett's
IS others, of more or
Sclipse deserve special
though he was thick-
lost a race and never
3ur of his descendants

and when the Arabian
in high repute, a horse
[y a beautiful Barb, of
. Coke from the igno-
I of Paris, (where his
rerlooked), and carried
hands high, of a brown
it of his crest and for
ided much of the finest

pure-blooded horse;
with some limitations,
ome tinge of old Eng-
lat care bestowed upon
ght to the very highest
isly remarked, he is in
)reeds. This has been
to breeding, to feed-
elimination of vicious
lose qualities that tend
)rresponding power of
peculiarly favorable to
uted something to the
and much admired
itinguishing points :
strength ; this is wide
y light. His cars are
his lips are small and
He has a long and

fine neck, to which a thin mane lies close. His withers are uncom.nonly
thin and hi^-h ; his back is low at the withers, then straight to t)":; haunches.
Ikleasured from the haunches to the turn of the rump, he is long ; from
the turn of the rump to the tip of the hock he is long and thin. He has
gioat power of springing, to force himself forward, by reason of his legs
standino- rather under the body than erect. His buttocks rarely touch
each other ; his legs below the knee and hock are small, and the cords
stand out conspicuously. His tail is slight and thiu-haired, sometimes
slio-htly Avaved ; the hair of his legs is very fine ; he has no fetlock tufts-
and lii's hoof is small and cupped. His color is generally bay, bromi, or
chestnut ; his height varies from fifteen to seventeen hands. His coat ij
thinner and the hair more silky than in common breeds.

The soundness of feet and legs, and the poAV^ers of endurance, which
i. characterize the Arab, have been transmitted to the thorough-bred ; and
\\liilcthe latter is not himself well suited to heavy harness work, or indeed
to any of the general purposes of the farmer, animals are often obtained
l)y judicious crosses with him Avhich are admirably adapted to various
uses. He is valued solely for the turf, and for light single draft,
except, as we have before remarked, for the improvement of the general
stock of horses by admixture ; and for this latter purpose we are largely
dependent upon liim in America as well as in Great Britain.

V. The Barb.

The horse of the Barbary States has long been known for his excellent

j qualities ; and he is especially remarkable for fine and graceful action.

His powers of transmission are great, so that his marked traits are found

in his descendants at remote periods and after commixture of various and

\ inferior breeds.

He has impressed himself particularly upon the Spanish horse and the
[English racing stock. It is thought that the horses of Spain owe all
their excellences to Barb blood, which was brought into that country by
[the Moors, at the time of the conquest.

The Barb is found chiefly in Morocco, Fez, and Tripoli, and with the
[exception of an excellent species found in the kingdom of Boumon, he
lis the only African horse deserving of special mention. The horse of
JBournon is represented by some as being superior to both the Arabian
land the Barb.

In addition to what has been said in those sections in which wo have
ircated of the Arabian and the thorough-bred, the following description
of the Barb will be sufiicient to convey to the mind of the reader what
a true horse of this breed really is :

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

In height, he is from fourteen to fifteen hands ; his chest is round ; hia
shoulders are broad, but light, and somewhat obliquely sloping; his
withers are thin and rather high ; his loins are straight and short ; his
flanks and ribs are round and well developed ; his haunches are strong ;
his croup is somewhat too long for nice correspondence with the rest of
the body ; his quarters are muscular and full ; his legs are clean, and
the tendons are clearly marked ; his pasterns, like his croup, are some-
what too long and slanting, but not so much so as to amount to real
defect ; and his feet are sound and of good shape. But his head is
especially beautiful. It is small and lean, while the ears are of medium
size and admirably placed. The mane is rather meager ; but the neck
rises boldly from the withers, and gives an impression of ease and grace

m carriage.

In spirit and fleetness he is not regarded as the equal of the Arab,
much less of the real thorougb-bred ; but in a certain native vigor and in
form he is superior.

YI. The Persian.

No traveler to whose writings we have access in this country has
sufficiently described the horses of Persia to enable us to point out with
exactness the difference between the inferior and the better breeds that
are known to exist in that country. The term the Persian horse is
ordinarily applied to the most excellent of all, which has been celebrated
for hundreds of years longer than the Arabian. At the pre )ent day, he
has a large proportion of Arab blood in his veins. As a general thing,
he is somewhat taller than the Arabians ; and in beauty and speed he is
their equal ; but his powers of eadui'ance are not so great.

Vn. The Turkish.

This horse is believed to be descended from the best stock of Arabs, —
crossed, however, with some breed that has given him greater proportions
than his ancestors ; at any rate, the Turkish horse of to-day is full
sixteen hands high, often more ; and he is more muscular than the Arab,
though still of elegant appearance, clean limbed and active. It is asserted
by some that he is descended from Arabs and Persians ; and it is knoAvn
that he possesses many of the best qualities of these stocks. Though
strong and of sufficient spirit, he is docile, and well adapted to domestic
uses.

An arched neck, with a high crest, is a striking characteristic of the
breed.

Vm. The Turkoman.
As we have said elsewhere, none of the Tartar breeds except the Turko-

his chest is round ; his
obliquely sloijing ; his
straight and short ; his
i haunches are strong ;
idence with the rest of
his legs are clean, and
e his croup, are somc-
I as to amount to real
lape. But his head is
tie ears are of medium
meager; but the neck
sion of ease and grace

he equal of the Arab,
tain native vigor and in

IS in this country has
to us to point out with
the better breeds that
I the Persian horse is
ich has been celebrated
A.t the pre^^ent day, he
As a general thing,
jcauty and speed he is
30 great.

Dcst stock of Arabs, —
lim greater proportions
Drse of to-day is full
uscular than the Arab,

active. It is asserted
lans ; and it is known

lese stocks. Though

1 adapted to domestic

characteristic of the

3ed8 except the Turko-

THE HORSE, DIFFERENT BREEDS, ETC.

man or South Tartary horse are worthy to be rated among the better class
of animals. He is famous for purity of blood, for good speed, and for
wonderful powers of endurance. It is related that one of them has been
known to travel nine hundred miles, bearing a rider, in eleven successive
days. He is not really a gi-aceful animal, however, as his head is rather
large, and his legs are long in proportion to his height, which is from
lifteen to sixteen hands.

Other domesticated horses among the Tartars are evidently of the
same breed as the wild horses which are found in various parts of the
country and in immense numbers, as the characteristics of the wild are
exhibited in a marked manner in the domesticated. Indeed, it is kno^vn
that these wild herds are often drawn upon for recruits when necessity
drives the inhal)itants to add to their stock of serviceable animals.

All these inferior creatures are small and narrow ; they have long necks,
ai)parently weak legs, large heads, and light barrels. The prevailing
color is a reddisli sorrel, Avith a black stripe along the back. Their
manes and tails are black, except at the roots, where the hairs preserve
this reddish cast. Their general appearance is rough and inelegant ; but
they are of the most hardy nature ; and, contrary to appearance, they
are rapid travelers. They live and even perform long and arduous
journeys upon the sparsest and poorest food.

IX. The Egyptian.

It is rei»resented by some who have devoted more than ordinary care
to the study of the origin of breeds, and to the horse in his relations to
various peoples and countries, that the horse of the ancient Eg;yTtians
was identical with an inferior lace that aftenvard existed among the
Assyrians. Some sculptures, found among the ruins of Nineveh, care-
iuWy executed and well ijreserved, portray a horse wholly different from
that nobler animal cai^ved in other bas-reliefs found in the same mins.
He is said to have been the Egyptian horse ; and as thus conveyed to us,
he was a large and heavy animal, havuig *>. coarse and ill-proportioned
head, but a high crest.

Tlie modern Egj'ptian is also of unpleasing aspect. From wheresoever
derived, he is rough and ugly. Frequently his legs, knees and neck
become positive defects; but a good head is occasionally found. He
would scarcely be deserving of mention were it not that he is spirited
and impetuous ; and this, together with his weight, renders him valuable
for heavy cavalry, in which capacity he has won some celebrity. His
powers of endurance are not great.

X,. The Dongola.
This horse is also entitled to consideration cliiefly upon the ground of

- W* '•■' rt \MJkt

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

his being greatly prized as a war horse. Unlike the Egj-ptian, however,
he has not^'only speed but powers of endurance ; and some have described
him as both beautiful and tractable. Yet, even those who have had
opportunities for personal observation do not agree in their descriptions
and their estimates. One speaks of him as being deticieut in substance
and wanting in stoutnesss 5 while anotlier thinks him to possess the
highest t>ioe of symmetry, size, and strength. From another we get
this more particular description: In hciglit, he is full sixteen hands-
his body is short ; his neck is long and slim ; he has a fine crc^t ; and his
withers are high and sharp; but his breast is narroAv, his -ii inters and
flanks are flat, and he has a rather ugly back.

He is fourd iu the kingdom of Dongola and In adjacent regions.

Wild Horse of America.

That the horse existed in America at some far distant epoch is undeni-
able since the fossil remains found prove this conclusively, aud progress-
ing naturally from age to age into more aiid more perfectly developed
tjypes. Yet at the discovery of America at the several points l)y the
early navigators, no mention ia v.ju . of native horses, a • would surely
have been done if such liad been Hsk^vh to the Indians.

America is undoubtedly indebted for her wild or feral horses which
have roamed the great valleys of the Pacific slope, the immense plains of
the West and South-west, and the grassy portions of Mexico, to the early
Spanish adventurers on the Pacific slope, as were the wild horses of the
great plains and of Texas to the horses abandoned by De Soto when he
turned his face eastward towards the Mississippi, after having abandoned
his search for the fountain of youth and the new Eldorado. So Mexico
and the Istiiirius were stocked v.'ith horses in like manner, for it is futile
to sui)pose that the increase of horses escaping from the Spanish conquer-
ors of South AmeriLii would have made their way northward through
interminable and tangled forests, and mountain fastnesses, but that rather
they would have betaken them to the pampas, which in reality they did.
Thus in a comparaf vcly short time they covered most areas of country
with immense dro\ es, in reality as wild aud as free as though they had
always oxist(>d ibere.

That the facts are as we have stated, is patent from the fact that the
produce resembles in many close characteristics the Spanish and Andalu-
sian horses of the early Spanish adventurern, as did those found wild in
I'Jew Toundland resemble the French horse of that period ; as does the
Canadian pony of the present day, although diminished in size from insuf-
flcient food and the inclemencies of the climate throujrh the long
generations which have passed since their introduction into Acadia in
1604, and into Canada four years later.

at !

r"
ai

r^^m^m

e Egj^ptian, however,
d some have described
those who have had

in their descriptions
leticicht in substance

him to possess the
I'rom another we get
s full sixteen hands •,
i a fine crest ; and his
•row, his '.niiirters and

djacent r>>gion3.

stant epoch is undeni-
islvely, iUid progress-
e i^erfecllj developed
several points by the
n'ses, a ' would surely
ms.

pr feral horses which
he immense plains of
f Mexico, to the early
le wild horses of the
by De Soto when he
ter having aliandoncd
ildorado. So Mexico
anner, for it is futile
the Spanish conquer-
northward through
esses, but that rather

in reality they did.
lost areas of country
as though they had

om the fact that the
Spanish and Andalu-
those found wild in
period ; as does the
!d in size from insuf-
through the long
tion into Acadia in

THE HORSE, PIFFEKENT BREEDS , ETC

XI. The Norman Percheron.

Amon" the striking and useful breeds, no horse has attracted more
attention durin"- the last half-century than the Korman Percheron, other-

-ISO known simply as the Percheron, — a stock peculiar to LaPerche, a

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

district in France. Volumes have been •\\Titten respecting this liorse, and
various theories as to his origin and development have been advanced.

One Avriter insists that he is descended from what some call the primi-
tive or natural horse, the i^urc blood Arabian, crossed with a stock of
lieaA-y draft horses existing in that section, but without historic mention,
prior to the Crusades. He tliinks that after the defeat of the Saracen
chief, Abderame, by Charles Martcl, in Vouille, in which battle a host of
Saracens perished, the cavalry of the enemy, Oriental horses of marked
character, true Ai-abs, fell into the hands of the French, — thenco many of
these horses were brought by their victorious masters to the districts of
Kormandy and La Perche. Here cou^mixturo of blood Avitli a heavier
horse of excellent quality followed, and the cross resulted in producing
tlac noAv celebrated Porcheron.

The native race referred to is thought by some to have been the old
war ^.orse of the Normans — heavy, bony and slow — good for cavalry use
during the dnya of chivalry, when the carrying of a knight and his armor
required an animal of gi-eat strength and powers of endurance.

Others tJiink that it was a stock of horses then peculiar to Brittany and
used for t^trift rather than for war.

One author asserts that the Percheron is descended from a remote cross
between the Andalusians (after their co-nmixture ynth the Morocco Barbs)
and the Normans ; and this somewhat fanciful reason is given for the
activ' agency of man in bringing if; al)out : that :he Norman, though pow-
erful, was too slow for a fully caparisoned k.iight — the Andalusian or
Foanish iiarb was too light — and a cross was effected for the purpose
of securing n horse that combined siieed ^nth power.

But it v:- wA wivhiu the scope of the present work to enter into minute
])!irticuhiis of ?his kind, nor to indulge in the discussion of mooted points
that have a merely curious interest.

■Whatever may have been the origin of th.o Percheron, it is evidently a
pure race, one capable of producing and reproducing itself unchanged
through a long succession of years, and without deterioration of qualities
when like sires are bred to like dams. Even when the Percheron stallion
is put to the service of inferior mares, he impresses himself in a remark-
able mannor upon his offspring, transmitting to them his own striking
characteristics. Percheron mares bred to inferior stallions affect in like
manner, and in almost equal intensity, their progeny — though the i-ule is
that *^he stallion exerts the gx'cater influence in determining the character
of the foal.

especting this horse, and
have been advunccd.
hat sonio call the primi-
jrosscd with a stock of
ithout historic mention,
defeat of the Saracen
in "which battle a host of
•iental horses of marked
reiich, — thenco many of
istcrs to the districts of
)f blood with a heavier
js resulted in producing

no to have been the old
V — good for cavalry use
: a knight and his armor
of endurance,
peculiar to Brittany and

ded from a remote cross

with the Morocco Barbs )

reason is given for the

Norman, though pow-

it — the Andalusian or

ected for the purjiose

er.

)rk to enter into minute
usoion of mooted points

sheron, it is evidently a

iicing itself unchanged

cterioration of qualities

the Percheron stallion

■< himself in a remark-

them his own striking

stallions affect in like

ny — though the rule is

erminina the character

THE HORSE, DIFFERENT BREEDS, ETC

The old Norman stock is said to have transmitted to this race their ex-
traordinary bone and muscle, while the Arab or Andalusian or whatever
may have been the cross, give the spirit and action. The Norman haa

,".-.XE

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

been described as being ctspiiblc of carrying great burdens at a reasonable
rate of speed ; to have been large, compact, muscular, and possessing the
greatest endurance.

The points of the Pcrcheron may bo stated as follows :

The head is shoit ; the brow is broad, and has that hollow of profile
between the eyes and nostrils sometimes known as the dish-face — (in
this greatly resembling the Arab) ; but the head in general is not heavier
than seems in keeping Avith the general massiveness of the frame ; the
neck is long, well-arched and heavy, but, like the head, not dispropor-
tioned to the general bulk. The back is short ; they arc well ribbed up
and round barrelled ; their legs are jjarticularly short from the knees and
hocks downward ; they are heavily haired, but have not such shaggy
fetlocks and feet as this would seem to indicate ; their sinews are iron-
like ; and their feet are hard, sound, apparently insensible to disease. In
height, they are from fourteen and a half to fifteen and a half hands, the
laf I'^r being rather more than the average. Gray is the characteristic,
aln.ost tho only, color.

For hard work on ordinary fare tho Pcrcheron is unequalled ; and his
energy and endurance are wonderful. He will keep his condition Avhere
another horse would die of hard labor and neglect. Though full of
sjiirit, unflinching under even joainful effort, ho is yet docile.

In mere speed he is by no means the equal of the thorough-bred ; but
for quickness of movement at heavy draft he has no rival. Hitched to a
light carriage or wagon he is capable of maintaining a good rate of speed
for a long time together, or of making comparatively short journeys with
a rapidity that is astonishing. One, carrying a light vehicle and the
driver, is known to have made 55 3-5 miles over a hilly and diflScult road,
in four hours and twenty-four minutes ; and another, harnessed in like
manner, is said to have traveled 58 miles and back in two consecutive
days, without being touched with the whip, occupying four hours and less
than two minutes going, and four hours, one and a half minutes retuniing.

The Pcrcheron of to-day makes au excolleut cross with either the Arab
or the English thorough-bred. For the improvement of our draft stock
in the United States, no other horse is to be compared to him. Bred to
good mares, this half-breed would partake more of tho qualities of tl>e
sire than of the dam, and the progeny would be almost the equals of the
pure French horses. Another step, bringing a pure imported stallion to
the service of these half-breeds, would give us a race of horses for all
work that would so far excel the ordinary race of scrubs as to seem
almost like a different species of animal.

11 I

THE IIOR8E, DIFFERENT BREEDS, ETC.

rdens at a rcasonal)lo
V, and possessing the

»ws :

at hollow of profile
s the dish-face — (in
general is not heavier
3 of the frame ; the
licad, not dispropor-
y are well ribbed up
; from tlie knees and
,ve not such shaggy
heir sinews arc iron-
nsible to disease. In
ind a half hands, the
is the characteristic,

unequalled ; and his
) his condition where
ct. Though full of
t docile.

thorough-bred ; but
rival. Hitched to a
a good rate of speed
short journeys with
ght vehicle and the
ly and difficult road,
ir, harnessed in like
in two consecutive

four hours and less
f minutes returning,
with either the Arab
t of our draft stock
d to him. Bred to
the qualities of the
st the equals of the
imported stallion to
ce of horses for all

scrubs as to seem

XII. The Thorough-bred in Amerina.

The Flemish and Danish horses, largo, strong, heavy draft breeds, have
had more or less influence upon the horses of the United States, particu-
larly in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and the northwestern States ; but no other
blood is so widely disseminated among our various stocks as that of the
Eiiirlirtli thorough-bred. We have been dependent chiefly upon this
animal for the inmrovement of the horses among us ; and from a time
Ion"- prior to the Revolution, it has been the custom of our most ambitious
breeders to import from England both stallions and mares, but more
especially the former, for this purpose.

Leonard Calvert, Lord Baltimore, sometime between 1740 and 1750,
presented to a Mr. Ogle an English thorough-bred stallion, by which the
colonial horse of that portion of the country was much improved ; and
this same gentleman. Ogle, imported Queen Mab, shortly after he came
in possession of "Spark," the Baltimore horse. Selima, a mare sired by
the Godolphin Arabian, was brought over by one Col. Traskcr ; Miss
Cohille, or Wilkes' Old Hautboy Mare, was imported by Col. Colville ;
Jennie Cameron, Crab, and others, by diffvrent persons, at various times.

It was not until within about fifty years ago that any reliable stud book
or turf register began to bo kept in the United States ; so that it is often
difiicult to establish a claim to good pedigree extending beyond that time ;
but many valuable importations are known to have taken place previous
to 182fl ; and the register since kept shows that there is a very large ad-
mixture of English blood in many parts of the country.

The work stock of the southern States before the war, as now, was, of
course, (i'\nvn mostly from States farther north and east, and was of in-
different character ; but much attention was paid in that jiart of the
country to raising stock ; and all horses raised there have more or less of
the thorough-bred in them. Many really fine animals were found there,
— the race-horse preserved in his purity, — ^but the true thorough-bred has
rarely been found at any time in the northern States. In New England,
the good driving horse, the horse of all work, medium sized and stoutly-
built, is mostly found ; in New York, they have animals representing
almost every variety of breed known in the United States, and among
them the descendants of many famous racers. '

In Peimsylvania, Ohio, and the Nortlnvest generally, they have a great
variety of heavy draft horses — some of them of great size — not much
attention having been paid, as yet, to saddle, light carriage, and race
horses. In the West however, considerable improvement has been made
by the introduction of fine stallions from Kentucky and Tennessee, of
both the thorough-bred and the Morgan strain. In Kentucky and Ten-
nessee, the breeds are various, but there is a very large admixture of tho

■'W^^

ILLU8TUATED STOCK UOCTOn.

thorou<rli-l)rocl. Their Biicldlo, lifjht rarringc, trotting niul raoing stock
arc justly renowned. Scarcely any country in the world is better adapted
to the i)roduction of fine horses than the blue-grass region of Kentucky ;
and it constitutes a sort of Arabia of the West, to whoso breedera and
trainers the buyers of the United States, sonietinics even foreign gentle-
men, come to purchase mares, stallions, and trained coursers.

The American thorough-bred relaius many of the striking character-
istics of the Arabian and his best old world represenfative, the English
racer ; and in speed ho compares well with the best horses of f^ngland.
Ho is more stoutly built, however, and capable of uioro endurance than

the English horse.

Xm. The Morgan Horso.

A storv is current to the effect that during the war of tho Kevolution,
one of the British otHcers, Gen. DeLancy, rode a very beautiful stallion,
of great value — said to have been a true thorough-bred. This horse was
stolen by one Smith, an American, and retained within the American
lines. lie was the sire of a colt from a "Wild Air marc ; and the colt,
being foaled or having become by purchase the property of one Justin
Morgan, of llandolph, Vermont, received the name of his master, and
his descendants have ever since been known as tho Morgan horse.

The stolen stallion, called "The True Briton" or "Beautiful B.iy,"
has been descri))ed as not only beautiful, but as having possessed great
action, aijd being capable of leaping fences, hedges, and ditches, bearing
a rider, from which it has been argued that ho was not a thorough-bred,
since that stock cannot jump; but he was in any event a rcmarkal»le
horse, and his valuable qualities have been transmitted to his desccndai.cs.
Of so jiure blood and marked character was ho that his powers of repro-
ducing himself e(|ualled those of tho most unmistakable Arabian ; and
the Morgan blood'is perceptible after various crosses, and that too, with
many inferior breeds.

So marked arc tho characteristics of these horses, and so different are
the}', in some jjarticulars, from other races, that they seem fully entitled
to bo considered a distinct breed. They are in gi-eat repute, also, in
many portions of tho country ; and some efforts have been made with
much success, to bring tho stock back to its former and better condition,
by breeding from tho best and most strongly marked stallions and mares.

They are stout and hardy, while at the same time of good form —
capable of performing tho greatest amount of labor, and that, too, Nvith
quickness of movement. They are always in demand, and command the
highest market prices.

The following may bo considered the distinguishing points of a true
Morgan :

«^i>i««Ff-''

THE HOBSE, DIFFEUENT HllEEUS, ETC.

ng niul raoing stock
orld is bettor iidupted
rogiou of Kentucky ;
I "vvlioso brei'dera and

even foreign gentlo-

coursers.

ic striking eharacter-
pnfSitive, the English

liorscs of Enghind.
norc endurauco than

If of the Revolution,
n'y beautiful .stallion,
)rcd. Tlii.s horse was
within the American
mare ; and the colt,
jperty of one Justin
e of his master, and
lorgau horse.
)r "Beautiful Bay,"
ving possessed gi'eat

and ditches, bearing
not a thorough-bred,

event a remarkable
ed to his descendauts.

his i:)owers of repro-
ikable Aral)ian ; and
3, and that too, with

and so different are
y seem fully entitled
rveat repute, also, in
lavo been made with
md better condition,
stallions and mares,
ne of good form —
, and that, too, >vith
d, and command the

ng points of a true

In hei-'lit ho is from fourteen to sixteen hands ; in weight sutficiently
heavv f<n' this height, with no appearance whatever of coarse bulkinesa.
Ho is compactly built, and of great strength; his action is fine, his
enduraiHC unsurpassed, and in spirit ho is indomitable — nev.jr failing at
II pull, if rightly handled— yet patient and trustworthy. As roadsters
and horses of all work they are excellent— having no equals, i)erhaps, in
this country. He walks fast, and many horses of this breed have been
extraordinary trotters. In harness he is quiet, but nimble, and of eager
movement. Bay, chestnut, and black are the prevailing colors. The
mane and tail are rather heavy and coarse, and in general wavy.

The head is not extremely sniall, but there is no superfluous muscle or
fatty matter about it; the face is straight, the forehead broad, the ears
ai*e small, flue, and set far apart, the nostrils arc Avide, the lips are close
and firm, the muz;do is small, the eyes are not large, but very dark,
promineiil . set wide apart, and full of animation. The back is short ; the
shoulder-l)l:ides an ! hip-bones are largo and oblique, the loins broad and
muscular ; the body is long, round, deep, and closely ribbed up ; the chost-
l)one is prf)mincnt, the chest wide and deep, the legs seem rather short
for the height, but they are close-jointed, and though thin, they arc very
wide, hard, clean, and yet with powerful muscles ; the feet are small and
round ; the hair is short and flossy at almost all seasons ; tho fetlocks are
moderately long, and there is some long hair up tho backs of the logs.

In some parts of the country the Morgans are the premium horses, and
their peculiar adaptability to all the ordinary purposes of the farmer is
such that they enjoy a high degree of fav((r.

As a breed, they are unusually long-lived, and this constitutes one of
their great points of excellence.

XIV. The Narragansett Pacer.

This breed, now almost unknown as a distinct one, was remarkable
chiefly as being natural pacers, and of such peculiar action as to render
them peculiarly easy under the saddle. Though small, they were hardy
and full of power, and their docility was such as to render them very
pleasant to handle. Tho stock are said to have been imported into New
England, from Andalusia, by one Gov. Robinson, and to have been l)red
chiefly in Rhode Island, where they were long held in gi'oat repute.
Good saddle horses were in nmch demand in Cuba, and prior to the time
when the Narragansett Pacer began to attract attention, tho Cubans had
been dependent for their horses upon the mother country. But the voyage
was long, the risk considerable, and the cost great, and when it was
onco ascertained that a superior saddle animal, (according to the taste of

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

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Photographic

Sdences

Corporation

23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580

(716) 872-4503

<i,' . W

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOB.

the times), could be had in Rhode Island, much nearer homo, a trade was
at once opened, which continued, with much profit to the Rhode Island
breeders, till the roadways of the West Indies became so much improved
as to render the introduction of light carriages a natural consequence. A
somewhat different horse was then required, and the trade in American
stock beoran to decline. As the Cuban market became less and less prof-
itable, the interest of the stock-owners experienced a corresponding de-
crease, till at last the effort to preserve the pacer as a distinct breed
ceased altogether.

At the present day, though the influence of the Narragansett Pacer
upon New England horses is in many instances perceptible, he is no
longer known in his former purity.

The Venront Draft Horse.

Vermont has given the United States one of the two celebrated families
of draft horses, than which few of the breeds have combined greater ex-
cellence. Animals with lofty crests, thin withers, short backed, round
barrelled, close ribbed, clean and sinewy limbed, that would at first be
taken for ponies. Standing next to them they would be found to be six-
teen hands high and over, and on the scales they would tilt the lever at
from 1150 to 1250 pounds. Of their origin but little ib known, but it is
more than probable that the old Suffolk cart horse, imported into Massa-
chusetts in 1821, the Cleveland bay, brought there in 1825, and the thor-
ough-bred horses introduced in 1828, bred upon the best common mares
of the country, have produced a class of horses, the lighter ones of which
were driven to the stage coaches of thirty to fifty years ago, as they have
seldom been driven in any other hill country. The heavier specimens of
which furnished the best heavy team horses in the country, not excepting
the Conestoga, a horse fully a hand higher, and admirable in every respect
for heavy draft, as we used to see them, in the great six and seven horse
teams coming from the mountains of Pensylvania through to New York.
It is to be regretted that the furor over the Morgans since that time has
caused the Vermont draft horse to become quite rare so that now it is
rather difficult to find a good specimen of the breed as it once existed.

THE HORSE, DIFFERENT BREET^S, ETC.

home, a trade was
the Khodo Island
30 much improved
[ consequence. A
Tade in American
less and less prof-
corresponding de-
ls a distinct breed

farragansett Pacer
jeptible, he is no

celebrated families
nbined greater ex-
lort backed, round
t would at first be
be found to be six-
Id tilt the lever at
ib known, but it is
ported into Massa-
1825, and the thor-
jest common mares
jhter ones of which
s ago, as they have
eavier specimens of
ntry, not excepting
ble in every respect
six and seven horse
ouffh to New York,
since that time has
ire so that now it is
9 it once existed.

XV* The Canadian.

This horse, when pure, is entitled to be considered distinct. He can
lay no claim, of course, to being regarded as the natural horse, no more
than the Norman, Percheron or the English thorough-bred ; but his char-
acteristics are so marked as to render him worthy of being classed sepa-
rately and noticed with some minuteness.

He is supposed to be descended from the Norman-French horse,
brouo-ht over by the pioneers of Canada ; but how crossed, (though he is
evidently the result of a cross), it is impossible to say. In some partic-
ulars, he so much resembles the old horse of Normandy as to seem the
unmistakable descendant of that stock ; whereas in others he is so unlike
him as to indicate that the cross must have been with a very strongly
marked animal, of great powers of transmission.

The distinguishing characteristics may be stated as follows : The
average height is about fourteen hands ; the body is solid, compactly put
togctlier, but somewhat mclined to flatness of side ; the head is rather
large for a horse of the height stated, but it is well formed and lean, so
that it does not appear out of proportion and cumbersome ; the forehead
is broad ; the ears are wide apart, and carried well up ; the eye is small
and clear, and has a bold expression ; the chest is broad and full ; the
shoulder is strong, but inclining to be straight and rather Ioav and heavy
at the withers ; the loins are fine ; the croup round and fleshy ; the thighs
muscular ; the legs comparatively heavy and joints pretty large, but the
bones are flat, and no race of horses has sounder and more powerful
limbs ; and none can equal the Canadian as to feet — these being tough,
hard, iron-like, and free from disease, even under the most unfavorable
circumstances. This seems to be one of his most valuable characteristics
of body. Bad handling, awkward shoeing, hard travel — nothing in the
bounds of reason seems to affect his feet. Diseases of this part are
almost absolutely unknown.

The mane and tail are peculiar, being very heavy, and in almost all
cases, wavy. The back sinews are shaggy-coated, nearly to the knee,
and the fetlocks are long.

The prevailing color is black ; but browns and chestnuts are frequently
found ; sometimes sorrels and duns, having manes and tails lighter than
the body. Occasionally there may be found a dark iron-gray, with
black legs.

Canadians are long-lived, easily-kept, and capable of the greatest
endurance. They are heavy enough for the purposes of the farmer ; and
as roadsters, while they are not to be regarded as rapid travelers, they
maintain a reasonable rate of speed, say six miles an hour, for long jour-

IliLUSTEATED STOCK DOCTOR.

neys and continuously, and this while carrying a heavy weight. It is
nothing uncommon for them to do fifty miles a day for many days iu
succession; and some have been knoAvn to do seventy, eighty, even
ninety miles, at a single stretch of one day.

The breed is widely spread, but chiefly in a mixed state, (inferior to
the true Canadian in almost every instance), in the Northern and Eastern
States. Few horses are entitled to more consideration at the hands of
those who would obtain the best medium-sized and easily-kept animals
for the farm, and for medium heavy and moderately rapid draft.

XVI. The Connestoga.

A somewhat peculiar horse of all-work, said to have originated as a
distinct stock in the valley of Connestoga. They are believed to be
descended from Flemish and Danish cart-horses brought over by the
early German settlers of this part of the country, with a probable admix-
ture of the ordinary draft horse in common use in the German States at
that day. There is, however, no record of the origin of the breed, and
all speculation may be at fault. They resemble for the most part the
Flemish horse, especially in color, all the prevailing Flemish colors except
black being found among them in like proportion.

The Connestoga is a tall horse, often seventeen hands high ; but his
limbs are light for his height, and he is not inclined to be full of flesh,
having a muscular rather than a fatty heaviness, so that he is very power-
ful in proportion to his weight. He is used chiefly Tor wagons, canal
boats, and heavy carriages, for which purposes he is both strong and
quick enough.

He is less distinct than formerly, and no pains are taken to preserve
the breed as such.

XVn. Ponies.

The small, or pony breeds, are numerous ; but the only ones deserving
special mention are the Shetlands, the Indian, and the Mexican Mustang.
The former is the most distinct and best type of the ponies of the Old
"World, whUe the Indian and the Mustang are the chief, if not the only
native kinds, known among us.

There are ponies somewhat similar to the Shetlands in th'i northern
parts of Sweden and of Iceland, in Wales, and on the southwestern
coast of England. All these little animals seem to have originated in
latitudes to which the horse is not native, and to be dwarfed descendants
of large and powerful progenitors.

Noticing first the Shetlands, those of most perfect form, though of

THE HORSE, DIFFERENT BREEDS, ETC.

eavy weight. It is
y for many days iu
i^enty, eighty, even

1 state, (inferior to
orthern and Eastern
ion at the hands of
easily-kept animals
rapid draft.

lave originated as a
are believed to be
irought over Dy the
h a probable admix-
le German States at
n of the breed, and
r the most part the
'lemish colors except

lands high ; but his
to be full of flesh,
lat he is very power-
Y Tor wagons, canal
is both strong and

e taken to preserve

only ones deserving
Mexican Mustang.
) ponies of the Old
ief , if not the only

ids in th'i northern
n the southwestern
i have originated in
warfed descendants

)ct form, though of

small size, are found in the extreme northern isles of Yell and Unst.
In height, they do not average more than nine or ten hands ; and many

are found that do no exceed seven and a half. It is held that no true
Shetland can be so tall as eleven hands. Iu form they are round and

Si! ■

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

closely ribbed up ; the head is well shaped — lean and bony, wide in the
brow, sometimes slightly basin-faced, like the Arab ; the ears are very
small, well placed, are carried erect ; the eyes are large and bright, with
a fine look of intelligence ; the neck is short and thick, and covered with
a great mass of coarse mane ; the shoulder is sloping, thick, and having
little elevation at the withers ; the loins are broad but finely formed ; the
quarters are well made, but not large in proportion to other parts ; the
back is gently curving, with never any tendency towards what is called
sway- back ; the legs and feet are of excellent shape, and of the most
powerful texture, so that the Shetlander is a stranger to all those diseases
of the feet and legs to which many horses are subject, and a lame
Shetland is almost unknown ; the tail, like the mane, is of great volume.
When roaming wild they live on the poorest fare, and are exposed to
all the inclemencies of the seasons. When they cannot pick up their
scanty subsistence upon the uplands, by reason of the snows of winter,
they betake themselves to the sea shore and live upon kelp and sea weed.
When taken by the peasants of those localities which they most inhabit,
and reduced to subjection, they still require but little food and little

care.

Their endurance is very great ; and though they are of course incapable
of great speed, they will curry weights largely disproportioned to their
size, and keep up a uniform pace of from four to five miles an hour
throughout the day, accomplishing forty, even fifty miles between
morning and evening ^vith apparent ease.

They are gentle, affectionate, easily trained, and as children's horses,
and for all other purposes for which a pony can be at all serviceable, they
are the best of all found in either hemisphere.

The prevailing colors are black, brown, and a dark sorrel.

The Mexican Mustang, one of the most widely known and distinct of
American ponies, is found chiefly on the prairies of Texas and Mexico.
His origin Is doubtful ; though it is affirmed that notwithstanding his
diminutive size, and some striking points of degeneracy, there is clear
indication of Spanish origin. It is difficult, however, to account for the
difference between him and other wild horses, that discover in size as
well as In general fonnation that they are the descendants of animals
left or lost upon the American continent by the early Spanish discoverers
and conquerors.

These ponies are undersized ; of very slight limbs ; often ugly and dis-
proportionately made ; with long neck, long back, and long, slender and
weak posteriors. Their hoofs are often badly formed, tending to flatness
and irregularity. Their heads, however, though long, are lean, well
shaped, and Mellset; and their nostrils are wide. Their manes and

THE HORSE, DITFEBENT BREEDS, ETC.

and bony, wide in the
ab ; the ears are very
large and bright, with
liick, and covered with
ing, thick, and liaving
but finely formed ; the
)n to other parts ; the
;owards what is called
lape, and of the most
fer to all those diseases
1 subject, and a lame
le, is of great volume.
5, and are exposed to
cannot pick up their
the snows of winter,
on kelp and sea weed,
ch they most inhabit,
little food and little

re of course incapable

aroportioned to their

3 five miles an hour

fifty miles between

as children's horses,
all serviceable, they

sorrel,
lown aud distinct of

Texas and Mexico,
notwithstanding his
jracy, there is clear

to account for the

[discover in size as

mdants of animals

[Spanish discoverers

J often ugly and dis-
|d long, slender and

tending to flatness
ig, are lean, well

Their manes and

ils are fine. They have some activity and spirit, and are sometimes
cious, but not difficult to subdue. In a wild state, they are easily out-
inded by well-trained horses of the larger breeds ; l)ut domestication
eems to have the effect of improving their powers of endurance, as they
o good service for the Comanche Indians as a cavalry horse — carrying
hose warriors, and enabling them successfully to evade the pursuit of
iwell-traiiied United States cavalry.

Almost every color is found among them.

The Indian Pony, another American, is thought to be a degenerated

Norman having sprung from horses of that stock brought to Canada by

the first French emigrants, and allowed by some means to escape into
the forests, as was the case with certain Andaluslans farther south.
Wandering, from generation to generation, in those cold regions, and
lunder circumstances altogether unfavorable to the production of generous
ro\vth, they have become dwarfed and in other particulars modified as
o form. They seem in their present state to be a perfectly distinct
nimal ; and they possess many points of excellence. They are found
the upper Mississippi country, on the borders of Canada, and west of
he great lakes, and are used chiefly by the different tribes of northern
Indians. Great herds of them are found m a wild state on the north-
western prairies.

They are a larger animal than the Mustang, and in most respects far
luperior to him. Though he is to be considered a true pony, he is often
;hirteen, sometimes even fourteen, hands high. The body is very
strongly built, being round-ribbed, short-barreled, and with powerful
limbs. The neck is thick and short; the legs are covered with thick
hair, and seem somewhat heavy and clumsy, but they are as firm, mus-
cular, iron-like and sound, as those of the Shetlands. The mane is very
heavy, often falling on both sides of the neck, while the forelocks cover
ithe eyes, and give a sort of shaggy appearance about the upper portion
of the head ; the tail is also heavy and generally inclined to be wavy.
They have a high crest, and quite a proud carriage of the head. They
are docile, intelligent, sure-footed, capable of enduring all the rigors ot
a northern Winter, and able to perform long-continued journeys, at a
moderate pace, while carrjdng or drawing disproportionate burdens.

Their courage is so high that they do not readily succumb to any hard'
ship, however trying its nature, and though coupled with poorness and
scantiness of fare.

CHAPTER V.

BBEEDmO AND RAISING

1. IMPORTANCE OP THE SUBJECT. II. THE BEST STOCK THE CHEAPEST. III. HE-
REDITARY TENDENCIES AND IMMATURITY TO BE GUARDED AGAINST. IV. PRINCI-
PLES OF TRANSMISSION. V. THE TWO METHODS, " IN-AND-IN " AND '* CROSS" BREED*

INO CONSIDERED. VI. TREATMENT OF THE MARE AFTER BEINO SERVED, DURING

PREGNANCY, ETC. VII. HOW TO KNOW WHETHER A UARE IS IN FOAL. VIU. HOW

TO KNOW TIME OF FOAuING. IX. ABORTION, OR SLINKING THE FOAL. X. HOW

TO RAISE COLTS. XI. MULES.

I. Importance of the Subject.

No subject connected with the rearing and use of stock can be of more
importance to the farmer and stock-grower, the intelligent, practical bus-
iness man, than that of breeding. That it is every way more profitable
to any one who rears and trains a single colt to have that colt of the very
best rather than of any indifferent quality is almost too palpable to need
a moment's consideration. That it is possible for every man of observa-
tion and good judgment to improve his stock is equally obvious. There
is no line of work which horses are called upon to perform that has not
its peculiar requirements, that can bp better met by some specific kind of
animal than by one chosen at haphazard. It is a matter, then, of the
plainest common sense that every one who means to rear a horse for his
own use should consider beforehand to what purposes he will most prob-
ably devote it. If it is designed for market, he needs no less to consult
his interests by determining what markets are accessable to him, and what
description of animal will be apt to find most ready sale therein, at most
remunerative prices.

For the farmer who wants to breed and rear horses of all work, it
would be manifestly foolish to seek a high priced pure-blooded race, for his

THE HORSE, BREEDING AND BAIBINQ.

[K CHEAPEST. III. HE-

AGAI.VST. IV. PRUiCI-

IN" and ''cross" BREED*
R BEINO SERVED, DURINQ

I IS IN FOAL. Vin. HOW

JO THE FOAL. X. HOW

stock can be of more
lligont, practical bus-
way more profitable
that colt of the very
Itoo palpable to need
ery man of observa-
lly obvious. There
lerform that has not
lome specific kind of
atter, then, of the
•ear a horse for his
he will most prob-
s no less to consult
lie to him, and what
|ale therein, at most

rses of all work, it
flooded race, for his

imares, unless the mares themselves were of such type as to render it
[necessary to breed to high and elegant stallions in order to obtain those
(medium-sized, but compact, and moderately quick-paced animals that are
ISO well adapted to all the wants of the farmer.

On the other hand, one wanting a light and fleet animal would set his
[inconsiderateness in a striking manner who should so disregard ail the dic-
tates of sound sense as to hope to succeed by any chance selection of
[either mares or stallions.

II. The Best Stock the Cheapest.

It may be laid down as the first rule — a foundation principle — that the
very best and purest stock that is really adapted to the end in view should
be sought after.

It costs even less to feed a horse of good blood and lineage than it does
to maintain a scrub ; it costs no more to shelter him ; it costs less to groom
I him and keep him in condition than it docs to keep the scrub from looking
(like a scare-crow; his movement is almost invariably smoother and
I steadier for the same rates of speed ; his temper is generally better ; his
[pluck and energy not less so ; and if it is found necessary to put him upon
[the market, he brings a better price. The semco of a stallion kno^vn to
)e of good, generous blood, and possessing adequate powers of transmis-
sion, must of course cost more ; there must be a dam adapted to the
|obtaining of a foal of the best type possible from such a sire ; but the
)enny-wise, pound-foolish policy of refusing to avail one's self of these

|advantages, when in the bounds of possibility, is too apparent.

Taking it for granted, then, that the best, in this case, is always the

eheapest — that the finer and purer the horse can be, other things being

equal, the more useful, more easily maintained, and more marketable he is

jound to be, it remains to consider some points that must always be re-

^garded by the intelligent breeder, who seeks wisely to adapt means to

ends rather than to trust to chance.

m. Hereditary Tendencies and Immaturity to be Ouarded Against.

A caution most needful to be insisted upon at the outset is that
relating to the transmission of tendencies to disease and of actual disease
itself. It seems that no man in his right senses, knowing the results to
the human family when this consideration is disregarded, would think for
a moment of utterly ignoring the possibilities of evil consequences ; but
ordinary observation leads to the disclosure of the fact that among
horses diseases and impaired constitutional powers are often transmitted
in this way. Mares at an advanced age, too stiff, too weak, too slow to

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOH.

bo of any further active use, aro turned to account for breeding purposes

und the result is, a weak foal, lacking thrift and lacking spirit.

Mares hacked about until they are ring-boned, spavined, and splinted, or
perhaps dropsical or with a glanderous tendency, — no longer useful on
the farm or on the road, are relieved from the work which they can no
longer do with any chance of profit, and sent to the stallion. Result : a
foal with a rickety or knotty osseous system, or with a tendency to some
form of dropsy, or ready, in the presence of any exciting cause, to
develop a case of glanders. And so of other disorders, more especially
of roaring, thick-wind, blindness, contracted feet, grease, und affections
of the brain and nervous system. Some mares have a peculiar predispo-
sition to surfeit, some to swelled legs, some to vertigo, some to a sort of
unaccountable viciousness. No wise breeder can afford to disregard these
things. If he wishes to rear a horse for service, he wants a sound foal ;
for ho knoAvs ho can get from such a one more work for less cost
than from one unsound in bone, muscle, secretions or integument.
If ho designs to breed for market ho is aware that neither a puny nor a
diseased creature can be palmed off there either to his profit or his credit.

To insure healthy, active, thrifty progeny, then, the dam must be
sound and vigorous; and this is no less true of the sire. Wo dwell less
upon the latter because it is of far less frequent occun'enco for a broken
down and diseased stallion to be kept for the service of mares than for
mares of this description to be put to breeding because they are known
to be fit for nothing else, but are erroneously deemed useful for this.
The condition of the stallion, however, must not be overlooked. Every
breeder must have a care to choose a vigorous stallion, and one free from
blemishes, mal-formation and hereditary taints.

Nor should mares bo put to breeding too young. They should be full
grown and vigorous, and when their powers begin to fail they should no
longer be subjected to this service. It is the practice of some to begin
to breed at two years of age. This is injurious to the mare, and
othenvise unprofitable to the OAvner. The gro^vth of the mare is
hindered ; her form is modified both by the weight of the stallion and by
carrying the foal. And the foal itself is apt to lack fullness and power.
Yet, it takes from the young mother that sustenance which she needs for
her own development, so that she is dwarfed, while it grows up a more
or less puny creature — of insuflScient value to compensate for the injury
done to the dam. No mare should be so used till she is at least three
years old— four would be the better and more profitable age. It is said
that mares which are allowed to mature, and are well treated afterwards,
will not lose enough of their natural vigor to disqualify them for bringing
forth good foals till after they are twenty years old ; bnt it is idle to

THE HORBE, BREEDINO AND RAISING.

for breeding purposes
ft und lucking spirit,
i^ined, and splinted, or
-no longer useful on
rk which they cun no
10 stallion. Result : a
th a tendency to some
ny exciting cause, to
rders, more especially
grease, and affections
'^0 a peculiar predispo-
igo, some to a sort of
ford to disregard these
3 wants a sound foal ;
work for less cost
tions or integument,
neither a puny nor a
[lis profit or his credit,
in, the dam must ho
sire. Wo dwell less
:;urrenco for a broken
30 of mares than for
jause they are known
med useful for this,
overlooked. Every
)n, and one free from

They should be full
» fail they should no
36 of some to begin

to the mare, and
;h of the mare is

the stallion and by
'ullness and power,
which she needs for

it grows up a more
nsate for the injury
le is at least three
ible age. It is said

treated afterwards,
y them for bringing
but it is idle to

lexiJect good, strong, well-formed, thrifty, and spirited offspring from a
Iinaro that is either too young or too old ; or that is subjected, even in
[maturity, to hard work, poor and insufficient food, and cruel handling.

TV. Frinoiples of Transmission.

Let ud next notice this principle, that when the dam and the sire both
assess a due amount of vigors the foal will combine in itself the most
^marked characteristics of both ; while any quality that is peculiar to either
of them is apt to be prominent in the offspring. This applies to both dis-
position and physical conformation.

It Vill be seen from this statement that no matter what the general line
of policy to be pursued by the breeder, that of in-and-in, or that of
crossing, he must select his stallions and mares with the view to having
one supplement the other. If the mare is deficient in any point, the
horse should bo full or predominant there, and vice versa; and if any pe-
culiar trait is desired, that should be very strongly developed in either
sire or dam, Avhile merely nominal in the other.

Another special point to be considered is this : that for tho production
f a full-formed, symmetrical, vigorous, and thrifty foal, the mare should
e proportionately larger than the horse. An overgro>vn stallion, of great
ower, serving a mare of diminutive size, or of size somewhat less in pro-
ortion than his own, will beget her a strong embryo that will require
ore room and more nourishment than the mare can afford ; and the result
ust be weakness, and, probably, deformity — almost inevitably diminutive
ize. Men's minds were particularly called to this fact in Great Britain
when, during a course of years, the farmers of Yorkshire thought that by
reeding their mares to the very largest stallions they could find, and
ithout regard to the size of the mare, they could meet the demand in
London for great overgrown horses, which it was then the fashion to drive
in coaches and other heavy carriages. The result was a race of almost
orthless creatures.

In other points than mere size, more depends upon the selection of the
are than that of the horse. The great majority are mares bred after
heir omi stock unless the stallion is so powerful as to neutralize or over-
jome this physiological peculiarity ; so that it is necessary for her to be of
ood lineage if the best results are wanted. H she has come from dis-
ased, vicious, or in any way evil ancestry, though she may be free from
erceptible taint, the bad ponits of her stock will very probably appear
in her offspring. This principle makes it necessary to have a regard for
her color and for the color that is known to have been prevalent in her
line, since any dirty, vari-thited, and otherwise disagreeable colors majA
appear in a foal of hers if her progenitors have had such a hue'.

74 1LLU8TKATED STOCK DOCTOR.

V. The two Methods, "In*and-in" and "Oroii" Breeding Considered.

As for the two loiuliiig incthod.s of breeding, circumstances gencrully
detenuine which the fanner or other breeder on a niodenito scahi is to
adopt. He is now ahnost iilwajs under the absolute necessity of cross-
\i\<r; and tlio main point witii him is, /toio to cross, in order to secure tlio
best results. The nuiin directions are already laid down, with sulBcient
minuteness to enable anyone of ordinary intelligenco to judge as to tlio
best means. One point must not be overlooked, that really to improve
the stock of horses as to blood — to ol)tain a strain that has the power of
transmitting itself, and of so continuing in a steady lino of imi)rovement,
recourse must bo had to pure blooded horses. The English racer or
thoroughbred is almost our solo reliance in this respect ; although an
Arab may occasionally bo found. The true Norman Percheron is
endowed with tliis characteristic of pure-blooded horses — ho has great
jiowcrs of imi)ros.sing himself upon his offspring, and perpetuating the
strain ; but ho is too heavy for the ordinary run of mares in this country ;
and if heavy draft stock rather than the lighter horso of all work is
wanted, the Percheron mare should also bo use J — or some other of equal
Icnirth and weijjrht. Good mares of the common mixed breeds in the
United States, bred to the light Arab, Barb, or thorough-bred stallions,
will almost invariably produce foals partaking of their own size and
strength, and of tho finer forms, activity, and wind of the stallion. It is
difficult to lay down any specific rule for crossing. Tho whole matter
must bo left to tho good sense of the breeder, after tho general state-
ment of i)rinciples previously set forth. If the breeder has in view a
mere racer, and is unable to obtain both thorough-bred maro and stallion,
let him seek tho racing stallion, at least, and one that will, as previously
directed, supplement his mare — supply the points in which she is want-
ing for that specific purpose. If he wishes a trotter, tho same caro must
bo observed. As trotting horses are of late days in great demand in the
United States, wo insert here a cut of ono of the most celobratod of the
Old World trotters, the "Marshland Shales," a horse foaled m 1802,
and which was known to old ago as tho very best in tho British Isles.
A careful study of his conformation will be of advantage to those wlio
seek to leani the peculiar points of a horse of knoAvii excellence. Ho
was a half-bred ; and tho impression long prevailed among the sporting
men of England, (if it is even yet extinct), that no pure thorough-bred
nor Arabian could excel as a trotter.

Now, let the reader compare him with "Der^'ish," and note the points
of difference. "Dei-vish" was a little bay Arab, exceedingly fine, and
remarkable for a darling or straight trot — throwing out his fore-leo- and

THE HORSE, DUEEDINO AND KAI8INO.

7ft

Breeding Oontidered.

rcumstances gnncriiUy
II inodunito scalo is to
uto nccesHity of cross-
in order to secure tlio
i down, witli Hufficii'ut
ice to judge as to tho
that really to iinprovo
that has tho power of
Y lino of iniproveiiiont,
Tlio English racer or
respect ; although an
Gorman Percherou is
horses — ho has groat
and perpetuating the
mares in this country ;
■ liorso of all work is
or some other of equal
1 mixed breeds in tho
orough-bred stallions,
)f their own size and
of tho stallion. It is
f. Tho whole matter
er tho general state-
rceder has in view a
red niaro and stallion,
at will, as previously
in which sho is want-
, tho same care must
1 great demand in the
lost celebrated of the
lorso foaled in 1802,
111 tho British Isles,
vantage to those who
lown excellence. Ho
among the sporting
pure thorough-bred

I' and note the points
pxceedingly fine, and
lout his fore-leff and

straightening tho knee before tho foot touched tho ground. lie was
sound hardy, and a powerful foal-getter ; and a cross with such a horse,
upou any weU-formcd, largo and reasonably long-bodied mare, would bo

apt to produce the beau ideal of a trotter — moderately large, long, yet

compact, and with light and clean yet powerful limbs.

Notice particularly the cut representing "Gold Dust," a Kentucky

horse, foaled near Lexington, the property of L. L. Dorsey, a few years

pnor to the civil war. He was mixed blooded, having been sired by
6

1 !

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Vermont Morj^tin, a grcut trotter, while his dam had in her both Arabian
and Ihorougli-bred blood.

It is worthy of consideration on the part of the breeder that the colts
of "Gold Dust" showed stronger marks of th(ir Arabian and English

ancestr}', which came t>y his dam's side, and remotely, than of the
Morgan, his sire, so superior is the pure blooded horse as a transmitter
of his own qualities, and .u improver of breed. "Gold Dust" is worthy

<.v:m^^m^

THE HORSE, BREEDING AND RAISING.

in her both Arabian

reeder that the colts
\i-abian and English

of study. He was not only beautiful, but a horse of the finest action —
a fast walker and famous as a trotter. When native American stallions
such as he can be found, the owner of good mares need not repine if he
finds it impossible to come at the much-to-be-desired pure blooded

IS
H

>tely, than of the
Ise as a transmitter
pld Dust" is worthy

[foreigner. He may rest assured of getting improved colts, and of such
! character as will, if judiciously handled, perpetuate, to some extent at
least, their own good qualities.
If it i .^ heavy draft stock that is to be sought, the Norman Percheron

; i:

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Stallion, as we have previously intimated, ought to be had, provided the
breeder has mares of such size as to render it judicious to put them to so
large a horse; otherwise, the Norman Percheron mare may be most
advantageously bred to some native stallion, say a Morgan, a good
Canadian, or some other compactly built and quick-paced horse.

But it is unnecessary to extend these suggestions. If the breeder will
consider with care what he really wants, and observe the points upon
which we have touched, he will bo at no loss to judge intelligently what
course to pursue when cross-breeding is his only resource. He may
often, of course, find it difficult to obtain just the stallion which his
judgment tells him he should have for his class of mares ; but this is a
pointed argument in favor of that care which our farmers should long
ago have exercised in this matter. Intelligent attention to the improve-
ment of our stock throughout the Union \vill soon make it possible for
them to select their stallions, rather than to be forced to take up with
every hack that comes along with a flourish of red surcingles and a
wonderful pedigree, manufactured to order.

As to in-and-in breeding, but little need be said. All the long-winded,
voluminous, and learned discussions of the subject have resulted in
addin"- but little more to our stock of knowledge than this : that too
close in-and-in breeding is likely to bring about weakness, malformation,
and general deterioration ; but that to fix and preserve and intensify a
ceiiain strain, the Jew, (to speak in a figure), must not intermarry with
the heathens round about him. In other words, to have true Morgans,
both sire and dam must be of that stock, though of different families :
to keep up the real Norman Percheron horse, we must have Norman
Percherons, both male and female , to breed from ; and so on.

The objection to close in-and-in breeding seems to be here : that
nearness of kin is apt to be associated with likeness of qualities, Kjoth
physical and mental, (if we may so speak of thu horse) ; and thus the great
requirement that one parent must supplement the other is not complied
with. If there is a weak point in both, the weakness is perpetuated and
made worse, whereas a weak point in one should bo counteracted by a
correspondingly strong point in the other. If it could be known with
absolute certainty that two animals, close of kin, had strongly marked
opposite traits of character, constitution and conformation, they might
be bred to each other, and with the best of results. Such is sometimes
the case ; but it is not likely to be, and the rule should be as we have
said — let the strain be the same, but the kinship as far removed as
possible. This is believed by the most candid observers to be the secret of
Arab success. The individual breeder knows not alone his own animals,
but those of his tribe, and of other tribes as well. Moreover, the Arabs

THE HORSE, BREEDING AND RAISING.

be had, provided the
ious to put them to so
a mare may be most
y a Morgan, a good
■paced horse.
. If the breeder will
erve the points upon
ige intelligently what
r resource. He may
he stallion which his
mares ; but this is a
farmers should loner
ition to the improve-
i make it possible for
reed to take up with

All the long-winded,

ect have resulted in

3 than this : that too

kness, malformation,

erve and intensify a

not intermarry with

have true Morgans,

f different families:

must have Norman
md so on.

to be here : that
3S of qualities, ^joth
) ; and thus the great
her is not complied

is perpetuated and
e counteracted by a
•uld bo known with
lad strongly marked
miation, they might

Such is sometimes
3uld be as we have

as far removed as
rs to be the secret of
10 his own animals,
loreover, the Arabs

are close observers and astute judges of horse flesh, and an intelligent
son of the Desert could by no reasonable means be induced to breed his
mare to a stallion ni which his eye had marked some weakness or evil
tendency which he knew the mare likewise to possess, however slight the
indications might be in either.

Then, to recapitulate briefly : if the breeder has it in his power to keep
up a certain stock, let him guard against the slightest admixture of heathen
blood ; and to be as sure as possible of no evil results, let him look to se-
curing sires and dams as widely removed from kinship as possible ; but he
can never afford to disregard the point previously so much insisted upon,
as a principle to be observed in crossing, that if either parent has a fault,
the other must be correspondingly strong there.

VI. Treatment of the Mare After Being Served, During Pregnancy, eto.

It is proper next to notice some little matters of detail in connection
with the management of brood mares.

Forty-four weeks is regarded as the time which a mare goes with foal ;
but this must be taken as mean time, since one occasionally brings forth
a perfect colt four or five weeks sooner, and others will go equally as long
beyond this period. When once the time of a mare is known, the breeder
can generally regulate her going to the horse so as to have the colt appear
at whatever season he consideres most desirable, but without this knowl-
edge he cannot.

After having been served by a horse, the mare should be allowed to
stand idle awhile, as conception will be far more apt to take place if she
IS left to herself. If put to brisk motion, or to any strain immediately
after copulation, she is apt to fail of conception. She should also be kept
away from string-proud or badly castrated geldings, not only at this
period, but during her entire pregnancy, as they are apt to worry her to
the casting of the conception, or, at a later period, to slinking the foal.

After she has been allowed a reasonable season of quiet, moderate work
will be rather beneficial than injurious ; and this may be kept up until
about the time of foaling. Special care should always be exercised to
guard her against being kicked, heavily thrown, or mordiuately strained
in any way.

It sometimes occurs that at the time of foaling, a false presentation is
made, producing difficulty of delivery ; but no reliable instructions can be
here given as to what course to pursue in these cases ; and it is best to
seek the aid of some skillful veterinary surgeon.

The mare which has had a colt will be found in season sometime within
the next thirty days, and she ought to go to the horse at this time if she
is to be bred at all. The ninth day after foaling will generally be found

mff'fiflf^

ILLTJSTRATKD STOCK DOCTOR.

to bo the right time. Whenever indications of heat are discovered, the
matter should not be delayed, as the season may pass off and not return.
After putting, the days of trial are the ninth, then, if she refuses, the
seventh after this, and upon a second refusal, the fifth after this, which
is sufficient to prove her.

vn. 'ELow to Know Whether a Mare is in Foal.

It is often important for both breeders and traders to know whether a
mare is really in foal ; and one writer has published the following direc-
tions for determining this point, whicl. ho says may be implicitly relied on :

"After the first service of the horse, and before the next trial, on ex-
amining the vagina, or bearing, if conception has not taken place it will
be of a fresh, bright, or florid and moist appearance, with a clear drop
appearing at the lower i)art, and which, if touched, will nicline to extend ;
but if conception is present, a different appearance of the surface of the
vagina will he presented. It will be found dry, and of a duly brown or
rust color ; and a dark, brown looking drop will replace the former clear
drop. When these latter appearances are present, pregnancy may be re-
garded as certain."

Vm. How to Enow Time of Foaling.

Two days, (in some mares only one), before foaling, a sort of sticky
substance will be found protruding from each teat, somewhat resembling
drops of milk. Care should now be taken to provide a suitable place for
her, as this is a certain indication of near delivery. She should be
removed from other animals, and a careful person should see to her often
enough to guard against accidents.

Before the signs referred to, as shown by the teats, however, there is
on each side of the spinal column, from the tail to the haunch, a furrow-
like fold ; and the bag will generally be found considerably increased in
size. These signs show that delivery is not very remote, but cannot be
relied on to denote the day.

IX. Abortion, or Slinking the Foal. ,

When about half the time of pregnancy is passed, more than ordinary
pains should be taken with the mare, as it is at this time, if at all, that
she is apt to slink. She ought now to have better feeding, and even
gentler handling than she had previously ; though at all times the owner
but consults his own interests when he carefully guards her against ill
usage. She has more need of food, and is less able, at this time, to
endure hunger, as the rapid growth of the foetus makes a constant and

;^m

A»

THE HORSE, BREEDING AND RAISING.

it aro discovered, the
is off and not return,
n, if she refuses, the
ifth after this, which

in Foal.

s to know whether a
the following direc-
! implicitly relied on :
the next trial, on ex-
)< taken place it will
20, with a clear drop
>ill nicline to extend ;
)f the surface of the
of a duty broAvn or
ace the former clear
regnancy may be rc-

ng, a sort of sticky
nmewhat resemblinjr
a suitable place for
y. fcjhe should be
uld see to her often

severe draft upon her system. Want of care may cause abortion ; and
if a mare once casts her foal, she is apt to do so at a corresponding period
of prc<niancy aftenvards,— more especially if like provocation occurs.

Varfous other causes of abortion, some of which may be briefly adverted
to for the purpose of pointing out certain preventive measures and sug-
.re'sting others. Blows, strains, and any violent excitement may have
tliis effect ; and it is said that to allow a mare to see and smell food to
which she has been accustomed, ai.d of which she is fond, without suffer-
ing her to eat of it, will cause slinking. Feeding hogs or other stock
upon corn, in sight of a mare that is not also thus fed, is, for this reason
dangerous. Sympathy is a known cause : a pregnant mare, seeing an-
other cast her foal, is apt to be affected in like manner. Nervous spasms,
or a sort of animal hysteria, resulting from sympathy of the womb with
a diseased stomach or other organ, occasionally results in causing the
foal to be cast. Some affirm that a smell of blood, or of freshly slaugh-
tered meat, will do it.

If a marc slinks because of a hurt, a strain, or some acute attack of
disease, she is not apt to fall into the habit of abortion, provided proper
care is taken to guard against exciting causes at a corresponding period
of her next pregnancy.

When once this tendency is established, however, it is difficult to coun-
teract it, as the slinking is more than likely to take place at times when
the mare is not under observation. If symptoms of casting chance to be
discovered in time, it may be prevented by promptly burning pigeon
feathers, (or those of other birds, if these cannot be obtained), on a hot
pan, or a pan of coals, and holding them so that she will be obliged to
inhale the smoke.

X. How to Baise Colts.

If the colt is healthy and thriving, he should be weaned at from five to
six months old. If allowed to run with the dam after this period, he is
an unnecessary burden to her, since he has already learned to pick up
and devote to his own use other sustenance, and he may most judiciously
be taken away. If at this time the dam is still inclined to furnish milk
so copiously as to render the udder painful to her, she should be looked
after for a few days, to see that the over fullness does not result in inflam-
mation and swelling. If necessary, draw aAvay the milk by hand once,
a day for three days. It is a good plan to keep her at this time on dryer
food than usual, and at more than ordinarily steady work. This course
will tend to prevent the secretion of the usual quantity of milk, and .the
udder will soon be dry.

: .

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

No matter how well born a colt may be he can never amount to
anything if raised a starveling. If the dam is what she should be, he
will have been furnished with abundant sustenance from the time of
conception to that of delivery, which is one of the secrets of full-formed,
finely-proportioned, vigorous foals. From foal-time to weaning he will
have been kept vigorous and growing by the quantity and character of
the milk furnished him, to^'ether with such little food as he has early
learned to partake of at the manger and in the pasture of the dam. And
now, upon being weaned, it is of the utmost importance that he have
liberal food and sufficient protection from the inckmencies of the
weather. This must be carefully attended to during the "whole period of
growth if he is expected to make any adequate return to the owner.
Bruised oats and bran have been recommended as the very best food to
be given for a considerable time after weaning. In any event let his
food be supplied with regularity ; and it must be nutritious, yet of such
kind and so disposed as to be easily partaken.

He should not be stabled too much, nor in any otner way too closely
confined — being allowed all that range and exposure to out-door weather
common to older stock in the more clement seasons ; but he should never
be left out in cool rains nor in the storms and biting cold of Winter. If
a place is provided in which he may always shelter himself when the
condition of the weather inclines him to seek cover, it will save trouble
and yet insure a natural groAvth and that hardihood which comes of
sufficient contact with cold and heat. For this purpose a straw rick is
sometimes recommended — so constructed as to furnish shelter on the
leeward side. This will give at the same time both beddino- and a li^ht
species of food.

Provision must of course be made for his obtaining readily, and at

such times as the wants of natu.-^ may dictate, plenty of pure water

the purer the better.

Thus much as to food, drink, and shelter. Another point of impor-
tance must not be omitted in his raising, that is, familiarizing him with
his master or with whomsoever has charge of him. He should be
handled sufficiently and in such a way as thoroughly to overcome all
shyness, and to load him to feel that man is his friend. This confidence
once established, his training— when the proper time comes ^'or that— will
be easily and successfully accomplished ; his subsequent relations with his
master >vUl be always pleasant, and his value thereby much enhanced.

)-rav'!*S(i*^'1^ff:?»

>';*s.

can never amount to
rhat she should be, he
100 from the time of
secrets of full-formed,
ne to weaning he will
iititv and character of
food as he has early
uroof the dam. And
tortance that he have

inclemencies of the
g the whole period of
return to the owner,
the very best food to

In any event let his
utritious, yet of such

orner way too closely
e to out-door weather
; but he should never
; cold of Winter. If
;er himself when the
, it will save troul^le
ood which comes of
•pose a straw rick is
rnish shelter on the

THE HORSE, BREEDING AND RAI8INO.

XL Mules.

bedding and

light

ning readily, and at
tity of pure water —

ler point of impor-
miliarizing him with
m. He should be
ily to overcome all
J. This confidence
omes for that — will
nt relations with his
much enhanced.

The breeding and rearing of mules, so common in many portions of
the United States, requires more than a passing consideration. To obtain
the best results in crossing with the ass demands as much intelligent care
as in the case of the horse : and the mule-breeder will find it much to his
advantage thoroughly to inform himself as to how these resul s are to

be obtained.

Many mistaken impressions prevail as to the relative usefulness of the
mule, as compared with the cost of breeding and maintenance.

It is thought by the inexperienced that he is almost equally adapted to
every kind of draft work to which the horse may be put ; that his power
as a pack-animal is much greater than that of the horse ; that his endur-
ance is greater ; that he can subsist on less food ; and that he demands
every way less care. All these things are set down to his advantage ; but
in most instances the impressions are wholly erroneous. As a general
thing, he is not well adapted to road or to city purposes at all. Especially
are hard roads and pavements destructive to him if he is large of body
and disproportionately small of leg. He is not so stout as a horse of
proportionate size ; he is utterly incapable of carrying so great burdens
as some have represented, even if loaded and attended by experienced
packers, — ^particularly if the journey is to be continuous and the roads
are at all heavy ; his powers of endurance are not greater than those of
the hardier kinds of horses ; he will ccmsume as much food as a horse of
proportionate size, if required to do like work and to maintain a like con-
dition ; and as to care, he can do without it — so can a horse — but both
fail thereby of that eminent thriftiness, sprightliness and longevity which
is to be expected of animals to which it is extended.

On the other hand, and to his discredit, it is commonly thought that
he is naturally vicious, and wholly incapable of appreciating kindly treat-
ment — that the only way to control him is by violence. Hence, those
who handle him generally feel as though they are justifiable in whipping,
beating, kicking and whatsoever other cruelties they may choose to inflict.
This is a grievous, foolish and wicked mistake. The mule has one means
of defense, and his heels are dangerous to those who wantonly provoke
or startle him and place themselves in his way. His long ears are sensi-
tive, and by roughly handling them his combativeness is easily aroused,
and distrust is awakened to that degree that renders him almost unman-
ageable. Yet, the mule may be so raised and trained as to make him
gentle, obedient, even affectionate and ready to follow his master like a
dog — so trusty that only the one always necessary precaution need be
observed in dealing with him — ^to keep out of the way of his heels, which

if i

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

he throws out as instinctively when startled, irritated or approached hy a
stranger, as a cat thrusts out her claws. It has been remarked that
•'when a mule gets perfectly gentle, he is unfit for service ;" and that,
taken in connection with the prevailing method of training him, is doubt-
less true ; but there is a better way, and, if followed, it would result as
we have stated above.

Now, while the mule is not adapted to everything, and endowed with
powers that are adequate to endure starvation and brutal treatment while
in the performance of hard and faithful service, he is admirably calcu-
lated to meet many of the wants of individuals and corporations ; and his
breeding, rearing and training are matters for intelligent consideration.
For sui)plying the army he cannot be replaced ; for towing canal boats
he answers admirably ; for hauling cars inside of coal mines, he is indis-
pensable ; for the general knock-about work of a farm he is good in all
temperate climates ; and in a cotton and sugar country, where it is warm
and sandy, he is most especially valual)le. Though he cannot endure
everything and still meet every requircincnt of a heartless task-master, he
is yet gifted with a hardihood that is admirable, and recuperative powers
that are astonishing. Seemingly half dead, utterly broken down and
w^orthless, he will, with a little rest and care, soon be again ready for
service.

In breeding for mules no less attention should be paid to the selection
of suitable mares and a suitable jack than in the case of horses. It is
folly to use old, worn-out, diseased, ill-formed, ill-conditioned mares, and
yet hope to obtain a good foal. As a general thing a great, overgrown,
long-legged mule is next to worthless. He is expensive to keep and
unreliable as a worker — lacking wind, strength and nimbleness. The
medium-sized, clean, compact mule is by all odds the best, unless a team
can be found to combine more than the ordinary height with round bodies,
not disposed to fleshiness, and larger, stronger legs than usual, with feet
above the common size — which is seldom the case. The Spanish or
Mexican mule — the offspring of stout, close-built, active Mustang or
Mexican max-es is superior in endurance to any known in the United
States. He requires less food, takes it quicker, and is always in better
fix for travel. If it is more profitable to raise good animals than poor
ones, (and no man of ordinary intelligence can doubt this proposition),
select mares for mule bearing that are sound, compactly built, and yet
without any contractedness of body — active, strong, every way service-
able. Then, the choice of a suitable jack is important — doubly so from
the fact that the great majority of mares breed after the jack in the
matter of legs and feet, and, if it is a good and powerful jack, the foal
will generally bear his marks, which is a matter of some imnortance,

tUi: HORSE, BUEEDINO AND RAISING.

)r approached by a
sen remarked tliat
lervico ;" and that,
ling him, is doubt-
it would result as

and endowed with
;al treatment while
3 admirably calcu-
porations ; and his
jent consideration,
towing canal boats
mines, he is indis-
1 he is good in all
, where it is warm
ho cannot endure
ess task-master, he
icuperative powers
broken down and
10 again ready for

d to the selection

of horses. It is

itioned mares, and

great, overgrown,

isive to keep and

nimbleness. The

est, unless a team

ith round bodies,

usual, with feet

The Spanish or

tive Mustang or

n in the United

always in better

limals than poor

lis proposition),

tly built, and yet

very way scrvice-

-doublj' so from

the jack in the

ul jack, the foal

umo imnortance.

»ince mules so marked are always regarded by experienced stock men as
,eing most hardy and valuable. The jack should be large— the larger
le better, other things being equal, since it is impossible to find one so

inch surpassing in size the mares we have described as to render him
)bjectionable on account of disproportion, as may easily be the case with

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

a horse. Most especially must the breeder have an eye to his legs and
feet ; for here, if at all, the mule is apt to be a failure — having a horse's
body, ready to take on flesh beyond his requirements, mounted on legs
that are too slight of bone and too small of muscle, with feet below the
standard size for highest usefulness.

The cut on preceding page is a portrait of a large and powerful Poitou
ass, an animal much valued in that district of France for breeding heavy
draft mules from cart mares. The one here represented has been de-
scribed as being fourteen and one-fourth hands high; greatest girth,
seventy-seven inches ; girth behind tho shoulders, sixty-six inches ; length
of ear, fifteen inches ; ears, tip to tip across, thirty-two inches ; with
hoofs much larger than those of the common ass. Compare him with
tho small, light ass, now in too common use among us. The differ,
ence seems to be almost one of kind ; and with these representations :u
his mind, no observant stock-grower can be persuaded to put up with a
poor pretense of a jack for the service of his mares.

As for the treatment of mares that are to be thus bred, no farther
directions need be laid down, since it must be substantially the same as
that prescribed for the breeding of horse foals. The like instructions
relative to weaning, feeding, and sheltering the colt must also be earned
out ; and too much importance cannot be attached to beginning early the
work of familiarizing him with man. He should be taught to regard his
keepers without fear, to allow himself to be haltered, and readily to
submit to direction and guidance. If this is done, he will be easily
trained, when the proper time shall have arrived ; and if properly handled
and judiciously taught then, he will be not only a useful, but a trusty
and agreeable animal.

Kifnasfimffyflf'mff^f^Jig^

CHAPTER VI.

HOW TO BBEAK AND TRAIN A HOBSE.

AMERICAN VS. ENGLISH FOALS. 11. AT WBANINQ TIMB. III. THH FIRST LESSON.

IV. TRAINING. V. TRAINING TO WORK. VI. TRAINING TO BACK. VII. TRAINING

TO SADDLE AND HARNESS. VIII. TO HANDL'di A HORSE. IX. HOW TO HANDLE A

VICIOUS COLT. X. SADDLING AND HARNESSING. XI. HOW TO SUBDUE A VICIOUS

H0R3E. XII. HOW TO TRAIN TO THE SADDLE. XIIT. TRAINING TO TROT IN HAR-

NKaS. XIV. HOW TO TRAIN TO TROT IN LIGHT HARNESS. XV. HOW TO TRAIN FOR

THE PLOW. XVI. TRAINING TO THE WAGON. XVU. HOW TO TRAIN A RACER.

XVIII. TRAINING A STALLION

I. American vs. English Foals.

It is a common remark among Englishmen visiting America that our
horses are more easily controlled and managed in the breaking in and
training than English horses, and hence they have been led into the error
of supposing that they were deficient in courage and spirit. Nothing
could be farther from the fact. The true reason is, the growing foals in
the United States are more the companions of the children of the farmer
than in England. They are not as a rule, beaten and abused, and thus
do not find their real powers of resistance as they do in England under
the handling of hirelings of little intelligence, and almost no education.
In the United States the fondling of the colts and fillies commences
almost with birth. They are special pets of the boys of the family. On
the farm, and even on the road, the mares are often regularly worked
with the colts ranuing at the feet, a very bad plan for the colts, and

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

I> li

especially so for the mares, but which, novcrtholcss, early accustoms the
young auiiruls to struugo sights, while it renders them tunie and contidiir-

n. At Weaning Time.

The true education of the colt or filly should begin early ; at weaning
time. They should then bo haltered and taught to load, to stand (luictly
in the stall when tied. After this is thoroughly understood the colts may
then have their liberty, for there is nothing more healthful, or better
calculated to develop those powers necessary to the exhibition of speed,
endurance, or great muscular exertion, than constant, overy-day exercise,
which all young animals naturally take in their play, and this often of
the most violent character.

m. The First Lesson.

The first lesson the young foal should be taught is to como readily at
call. This is easily accomplished by providing one's self with delicacies,
such as sugar and salt, of which horses arc especially fond. If there are
a number of them they will all take the lessons together, and casio!-, for
the most intelligent will assist the others. At the same time they must
be taught to bo (juiet by a light tap of the whip to unruly ones.

In haltering, the colt or filly should be approached from the near side,
the halter in both hands. Let the colt smell it until it no longer fears it,
when, holding it properly in the left hand the right hand may be passed
over the colt's neck and taking the strap of the halter it may be drawn
on and buckled almost before the colt knows it. In case the colt should
be wild, shy, or vicious, it must be confined in some place where the
halter may be put on, but no haste must bo manifested, until at the
moment when it is to be buckled. Then do it quietly and quickly. If
very strong, two ends of rope, each ten feet long, should be attached to
the ring of the halter, and a free passage out of the stable allowed, one
man holding each rope. In the case of a colt three or more years old,
and strong, these ends should be twenty feet long, and the halter should
have a cavesson so the muzzle will be pinched during violent struggles.
The men holding the ropes — there may be one or more, according to the
struggles of the animal — are not to seek to throw the colt or horse, but
simply to restrain him in his struggles to escape. The yard should be
soft so that if the colt falls it will not be injured. But if the animal
does fall, when down it should be firmly held so for five minutes, or until
resistance entirely ceases. As a rule, before the expiration of fifteen
minutes, the colt will take a lick of salt from the hand and thereafter
follow quietly. As soon as the colt gives up he should be led to the stable,

ss, early accustoms the
liem tuinc auU coiitidiii(r.

igin early; at weaning
) load, to stand quietly
iderstood the colts may
ro healthful, or better
oxhibition of speed,
int, cvery-day exercise,
lay, and this often of

is to como readily at
's self with delicacies,
llyfond. If there are
;ether, and casio!-, for
same time they must
unruly ones,
id from the near side,
1 it no longer fears it,
hand may bo jjassed
ter it may be drawn
I case the colt should
)me place where the
nlfosted, until at the
!tly and quickly. If
lould be attached to
stable alloAved, one
or more years old,
nd the halter should
g violent struggles.
)re, according to the
colt or horse, but
'ho yard should bo
But if the animal
ve minutes, or until
cpi ration of fifteen
and and thereafter
be led to the stable,

■f'a

TUB HORSE, now TO BREAK AND TRAIN. 89

tied, given a little water and fed, and then be left to himself, being
certain he can neither break the halter or injure himself. As before
stated, the foal once haltered, taught to stand quietly, and to lead kindly
it mav then be given its liberty until of the proper age for training. The
animal three years old and over once iu hand should be thoroughly
broken and made wuywiso without delay.

rv. Training.

The regular training of a colt or filly should begin at the ago of two
years past. There are many urgent reasons for this ; first, the animal has
neither the full strength, nor the disposition to resist, that it will have at
a more mature age ; second, it is more tractable, and will accjuire its les-
sons more easily ; third, it will not have contracted habits of self-will
difficult to be broken off ; and fourth, lessons in flexions of the body may
be taught that will naturally increase its usefulness in whatever direction
it may be wanted.

In the wli(;ie manner of breaking and training the trainer must not only
understand himself, but tho young horse as well and also as of special
importance, the particular use for which tho animal is intended. If the
colt is of cold blood, that is of no particular breeding, it will not pay to
spend much time on its education. It is simply to bo taught to lead qui-
etly, to stand still to be harnessed and unharnessed, to be accustomed to
the ordinary sights and objects he will encounter, to work quietly at the
plow, or other farm implements, and to the wagon on the road, and to
stiuid quietly when tied on the public streets. If to bo trained as a road
horse, or as a saddle horse, or both, or as a hunting horse, a trotting
horse, or a racer, all these will require special, and sometimes, long con-
tinued lessons according as the animal is intelligent and tractable ot
otherwise. It should always be remembered, however, that there is
nothing gained by cruelty and abuse. A contrary animal may be punished,
but it should always be done calmly and with judgment.

V. Training to Work.

The first lesson for any use is implicit and perfect obedience to the Wiil
of the master. This thoroughly accomplished the rest of the task is com-
paratively easy, it is only a question of time. It is supposed the animal
is entirely free from acquired vice, that it has been halter broken, and
taught to stand quietly at the end of the halter, to follow quietly, to lead
by the side of the master, and to stand quietly in the stable.

The next step is to procure a bitting bridle, a strong bridle with a heavy
smooth snaffle bit with a tongue piece and keys depending from the center

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

i. I

II ii

of the bit, it must also have a check rein that may be lengthened or
shortened, and two side straps one on each side. The harness is simply
a very wide strong surcingle, with padded back piece, having at the top a
strap and buckle to form a loop for the check reir and also a buckle on
each side of the surcingle in which to buckle to side sti'aps. To the rear
of the pad of the circingle is attached a back strap and round crupper
strap, the latter to buckle and unbuckle.

Take the harness, and approaching the colt in the stall, let him smell
it until satisfied, then put it on without undue haste or fuss. If the colt
is nervous or skittish, talk to him and take time. The harness on, put
on the bridle, giving plenty of length to the check rein and side straps,
so the colt will not be unduly hampered, and let it out in a smooth, tight
yard, following it about wit^h the whip under thearm. Sometimes a strong
colt will struggle and sweat violently, but if he has been properly handled
heretofore, lie will take the subjection pretty much as a matter of course.
Let him exercise an hour a day for a few days, tightening the check rein
and side straps gradually, until his head is brought into proper position,
but not a constrained position. When he cease.' to fret at the harness,
pass the snap of a leading rope through the near ring of the bit and snap
it into the off one. This rope should be about fifteen feet long. Taking
the end in the hand, exercise the colt in a circle, allowing him to walk if
he will. When somewhat tired let him stop and standing in front of
him, say come, tapping him lightly on the fore-legs with the whip. If he
pulls, hold him firmly, but without undue violence while ho resists, tap-
ping him on the fore-legs at intervals, using the word come. He will
soon find the way to escape the wiiip to be to get near to you. Then
fondle him and give him a trifle of sugar or salt and let him follow to the
stable. So proceed from day to day, exercising him in a circle both to
the right and left, (lunging it is called), gradually increasing his pace to
a fair trot, until he will work as you vMut him, turning at the word to the
right or left circle, or to stand and come to his master at the word of
command.

VI. Learning to Back.

This is one of the most difficult things to teach a colt properly, and
one most commonly slurred over. No horse is properly trained for the
most simple use, until he will back as readily and as perfectly as he will
go forward. It should be taught him while in the bitting harness, so
that at the command to back he will do so to the extent of one or more
stepd. This is done first by standing in fuont of the colt and taking a
rein in each hand ; or take hold of the rings of the bits themselves. At

THE HORSE, HOW TO BREAK AND TRAIN.

lay be lengthened or
The harness is simply
!e, having at the top a
• and also a buckle on
3 straps. To the rear
p and round crupper

te stall, let him smell
) or fuss. If the colt

The harness on, put
: rein and side straps,
out in a smooth, tight
I. Sometimes a strong
been properly handled
as a matter of course,
litening the check rein

into proper position,

fret at the harness,
\g of the bit and snap
en feet long. Taking
lowing him to walk if

1 standing in front of
with the whip. If he
while ho resists, tap-
ivord come. He will

near to you. Then

et him follow to the

m in a circle both to

icreasing his pace to

g at the word to the

ister at the word of

a colt properly, and

erly trained for the

jerfectly as he will

bitting harness, so

ent of one or more

e colt and taking a

its themselves. At

the word back, use pressure enough to curb the neck somewhat, but not
enoufh to force the body in such a position as to cause the center of
f'ravity of the animal to be strongly displaced. In backing, a hind leg
should be lifted first, then a fore leg, and so on in rotation, the reverse as
in walking. When the animal will back promptly and in line for ten or
fifteen steps consecutively, the further lessons may be safely left until
the time when the rider is in the saddle or in the vehicle behind the
horses. Sometimes the motion may be made by standing at the side of
the animal. However it is accomplished, if strong resistance is made
the lesson must begin again and again until it is entirely comprehended
and well executed. When so, a slice of sweet apple, carrot, a little
suorar, or something the animal likes may be given it.

VII. Tralaing to Saddle and Harness.

We have stated that the colt should be broken at two years old. At
this age, however, it should never be put to hard labor. The work at
two years old should be more in the nature of exercise than anything
else, and this exercise should be to insure proper flexions of the body and
limbs than for the amount of work the animal will accomplish, bearing
in mind always, as before stated, what the animal is designed for. If as
ii saddle horse solely, or in connection with light driving, it is absolutely
essential that the flexions should be thorough. The word flexion is but
another name for rendering the head, neck, body and limbs perfectly
supple. The animal must fii"st have been rendered so quiet and obedient
that he will not strongly resist the will and action of the trainer.

Put a bridle with a curb-bit on the colt, being careful to know that it
fits and that there is space between the chain and jaw, so the finger can
be easily slipped between. Standing in front of the horse, seize the right
curb-rein with the right hand, about six inches from the branch of the
bit, and the left rein with the left hand at about half the distance from
the branch. Draw the right hand towards the body, pushing at the
same time with the left, so as to turn the bit in the horse's mouth. If
the horse backs, continue the operation until he yields. When the horse
flexes his jaw and lowers his head, let the left hand slip along the rein to
the same distance as the right, then drawing the two reins equally bring
the head near the breast, and hold it there oblique and perpendicular,
until it is sustained of itself. The horse will give notice by champing
the bits.

The jaw is flexed to the left by a contrary move as given above. So
the horse may be made to hold his head up, and perpendicular, to lower
it, so the trainer can make the horse flex his n

to the right and left.

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Standing at his shoulder, the trainer may make him move the hind-legs
to one side or the other, the fore-legs remaining stationary, or to move
the fore parts in a circle the hind-legs remaining intact, and this by means
that will naturally suggest themselves.

But in all this there must be no ill temper displayed by the trainer no
matter how bad the horse may act. Even if it be necessary to punish
him the operator must be perfectly' cool, never speaking in a loud voice
or doing anything to cause undue resistance in the animal. The object
is to teach the animal subjection to the will of man, and this can never
be done by intemperate violence. Our practice has always been to break
at two years old so the animal may become way-wise, flexible to the bit,
to draw light loads, and under the saddle to walk, trot, or gallop, at com-
mand. Then at the age of three to four years, we let it again have its
liberty. The reason of this is, at this age the colt is shedding some prin-
cipal teeth, and therefore not fit for work. If the lessons have been
carefully given they will never be forgotten. If however he be properly
fed, in the stable, he may continue to do light work through his third and
fourth year. In no case, however, should he be put to heavy draft until
he is five years past. As a carriage horse, the animal should not have
hard work until he is the same age. Then he will get better and better
until eight years old, and often do good service at the age of fifteen to
eighteen and sometimes when past twenty years of age. There are more
horses ruined between the ages of four and five years than at any other
age.

vm. To Handle a Horse.

As we have stated, the foal should be handled as early as possible, and
by different persons, to early accustom it to different sights and sounds,
but always gently. It should be carefully brushed so as not to irritate
it ; its feet should be lifted and lightly tapped with a hammer ; a head
stall should be put on the foal having a ring but no strap, but so the
strap may be attached at any time to lead and exercise it. Thus, th
trainer beside it, the colt may be taught to walk, to trot, or stand still,
allowing it to do pretty much as it likes, Avithin bounds. Never beat it
under any circumstances at this age. Reward it with a trifle of sugar,
or a little bread, or a slice of carrot, and fondle it when it has done well.
Remember the future horse is to be the servant of man for ten of fifteen
years of his life, and that it will pay to ♦^ake pains wfth the education of
so noble an animal, if well bred. In this day and generation it is nionev
thrown away to breed or handle any other, whatever the breed may be.

"When the foal is six months old strap a pad to its back and attach stirrup

^•IU^'i..-^--i^~-Ci

THE HORSE, HOW TO BREAK AND TRAIN.

leathers so they may flap about. In the Spring following its birth put a
colt's bit in his mouth, with keys attached. Rein him comfortably to the
surcin"-le, to which a crupper must be attached. In this, however,
everything must be easy to the animal. Don't try to get his head up. He
may be flexed from time to time, that is taught to open his jaw to the
left and right ; to turn his head to the right and left shoulder ; to raise
and lower his head ; to turn with his hind or his fore-feet in a circle,
those not used being the pivot ; to come to his trainer at the word ; to
B^ack, to guide right or left by the rein ; in fact at the age of two years
he may be made pretty well waywise, so that when actually ridden, or
hitched beside a steady horse, there will be little fear or resistance to
combat. To get him used to the rattling of a wa^on, tie him by a lead-
ing strap to the trace buckle of the back band to the off and also to the
near horse in the team. This will instruct him and get him used to the
word, and to walking and trotting quietly. All this may seem like
taking a great deal of trouble, but remember that much of it may be
done while doing the ordinary labor of the farm.

IX. How to Handle a Vioious Colt.

}arly as possible, and

Suppose you come into possession of a wild colt at three or four years
old, or one that has never been handled. Put him in a close place like a
narrow stall, where he cannot turn round or by any means escape. Put
on a cavesson halter ( a cavesson is a nose-band ) and it may end under
the jaw in a running noose, so as to press with force when drawn tight.
Have lunging straps attached to the halter ring and securely fastened.
Allow the young horse free access out of the stable, being careful not to
throw him down before he gets out. Let the yard be rather small, but
quite tight, and with none near except his trainer and assistant, who holds
the ropes. Thus with a strong man to each rope acting in concert the
wildest colt may be handled without danger. Let him struggle and rear
and plunge, the ropes being well spread to each side. If he rear, ease
on the ropes so as not to throw him, checking him as he comes down
again.

Only one person should speak, the trainer, using only the necessary
words and those spoken in a firm but I'ather low tone of voice.

Have a good and reliable whip, a long, straight, flexible one, but not
for use except in cases of an emergency ; as in case the horse should
get his liberty by slipping the halter and turn to fight. Then it must
be used determinedly, but without exhibition of temper. If he rushes
on you, a sharp, strong cut across the muzzle, avoiding the eyes, to be
followed by others, as necessary. This will subdue him. If he kicks, a
determined sharp cut over the hind legs next the body, will tame him.

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

A self-possessed ipan, understanding the use of the whip, is in but little
danger from a young horse. But there is no need that the animal es-
cape. The straps and leading ropes must bo secure.

\Vlien the colt gives up, let the assistant hold the rope, while the
trainer, with the whip under his arm, the l)utt forward, gently and grad-
ually shortens his rope, advancing to the horse. Take plenty of time,
speaking firmly but soothingly to the horse, watching for any indications
of vice. If the ears are held naturally or thrown forward, all is right.
When mischief is intended they Avill be thrown back. "When the horse
allows you to approach him and will smell the Avhip or your hand, give
him a trifle of salt or sugar, rub his nose gently, and induce him to fol-
low you. Then lead him into the stable and tie him in the stall securely.
From this time on he should have a daily lesson until broken.

One thing must be remembered ; in first tying up in the stable, the
halter must be so strong that the animal caimot by any possible means
break it, and so perfectly fitting and secure that he cannot slip or rub it
off. Thus you will never again have to break him of pulling at the halter.

X. Saddling and Harnessing.

The trammg of the horse fairly commenced, it should proceed day by
day. Get him used to the harness and saddle by putting them on every
doy. Do not throw them on. Buckle every straj) as carefully as thougl.
the animal was to be taken to work. The saddle being allowed to be put
on without restiveness, and kindly taken, gradually draw the girth tighter
from day to day until sufficiently tight so it will not turn. Begin by
bearing some weight upon it, first with the hand and then by pulling on
the stirrup. If the colt cringes at first and leans over to the side pulled
upon, it will soon get over it, and will at length allow the full weight of
the man sitting upright ujjon the saddle in the stall.

Then accustom the colt to being touched in different parts of the body
with the legs, to be squeezed somewhat with the thighs and knees, mount-
ing and dismounting repeatedly. This being permitted, lead him out of
the stable, and while an assistant holds him by the bridle above the bits
— not by the reins — the trainer mounts, the assistant lets go, and in nine
cases out of ten the horse will move off at the word of command. If he
does not, use no haste ; give him time. If he rears and plunges, the
rider must have full command and confidence in himself, or else quietly
dismount and use the previous course until the animal understands what
is wanted. If the rider is master of the saddle, and the horso plunges or
throws himself about, get him into motion in a field of not less than ten
acres, and if rather soft, so much the better ; circle him about the field

THE HORSE, HOW TO BREAK AND TRAIN.

) whip, is in but little
d that the animal es-

l the rope, while the
iird, gently and grad-
Take plenty of time,
\g for any indications
forwai'd, all is right,
ck. When the horse
ip or your hand, give
nd induce him to fol-
1 in the stall securely.
;il broken.

up in the stable, the

"■ any possible means

cannot slip or rub it

■ pulling at the halter.

lould proceed day by
utting them on every
us carefully as though
ing allowed to be put
Iraw the girth tighter
not turn. Begin by
then by pulling on
or to the side pulled
w the full weight of

nt parts of the body
IS and knees, mount-
ed, lead him out of
jridle above the bits
lets go, and in nine
f command. If he
rs and plunges, the
self, or else quietly
i\ understands what
the horso plunges or
)f not less than ten
him about the field

until he wishes to stop, and then force him forward until he is thoroughly
tired and subdued. Itide him to the sta'^le, gentle him, Avash his mouth,
let him take two or three swallows of water, add a taste of some food
that he likes, and the real work of breaking is done. Thereafter it is
simply a question of training.

When the horse is to be put to the wagon, know that the harness is
strong, and that it fits perfectly and easily. If the colt has been tied be-
side another horse on the road, until he is not afraid of the wagon, so
much the better. Hitch him beside an old, thoroughly broken horse,
tying the doubletree back so the steady horse may pull all the load if
necessary. Get quickly into the wagon while an assistant is attracting
the attention of the colt by talking to him and stroking his nose ; pick up
the reins and bid them go. Keep the broken horse in a walk or slow
trot, as the case may be, and the colt will generally take kindly to the
work in less than five minutes. Drive for about half an hour, at a walk-
ing pace if possible, letting the colt have his own way if not too awkward
and ugly, turning from right to left in rather long curves. When the
colt shows signs of fatigue, and certainly before he is tired, but not until
he has ceased resistance, drive to the stable and unharness carefully and
quietly as before described.

XI. How to Subdue a Vicious Horse.

If he be a colt that has never been handled, the directions we have
given for bitting and training will succeed. If he has been made tricky
by a previous owner, who was timid, go into the stable when he is tied,
watch liim closely, but keep cool and show no signs of fear. Take him
by the head, and speak to him in a firm voice, put on a strong btidle and
curb, and order him to back. If he docs not comply, give him a sharp
cut on the fore-legs with the whip, and hold him firmly with the left hand,
standing facing partly towards his rear, but with the head turned so you
can see every movement of his eyes and ears. If the stall is not roomy
and high do not attempt it. The struggle is better in a small close yard.
If he rear cut him sharply agam over the fore-legs while up, and if he
kick cut him on the hind-legs near the body, but never moi'e than one
stroke at a time. When he ceases to resist, gentle him, and so proceed
until the animal is entirely submissive to your will. If a horse has ac-
quired vicious habits from having br >n a timid, or worse, brutal master,
the case is more serious. Have Uv liiing to do with him unless fully
assured of your powers to subdue him.

To succeed he must be made to lie down ; to do this confine him in a
stall so close that he cannot turn round in it, and with the near side so

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

arranged that you can approach him sufficiently near to operate in any
direction. If the hor^e will submit to fondling so much the better.
Under no circumstances use a whip. The work must be done by showing
the horse that his struggles are always against himself.

Have the side of the stall so arranged that it may be taken down and
allow free egress to a yard thirty feet scjuare, with a high board fence,
or, better still, a large square barn floor covered a foot deep with straw
tramped solid. Procure the following articles : a simple single-rein bri-
dle, strong, and having a gag bit with large rings and long guards, the
reins to be only sufficiency long so they will lie on the withers ; have also
a strong, padded surcingle, made Avith a two inch ring at the belly ; also,
one strap an inch and a quarter wide, and three feet or more in length;
with a strong loop to form a slip noose, and a strong buckle on the end ;
and another strap five feet long with the end turned into a loop and firmly
sewed ; also two strong knee pads, to protect the knees in falling.

Put on the bridle, buckle on the knee pads, loop the short strap around
the near fetlock of the fore-foot, raise the foot and buckle the end tightly
around the arm of the fore-leg next the body, thus you have one foot
firmly held up. Put the loop of the second or long strap about the fet-
lock of the off fore-leg, and pass the end of the strap through the ring of
the surcingle under the horse. Do not be in a hurry, and in no case lose
your temper. If it takes two hours, well and good, you have the horse
then perfectly under command however vicious he may be.

See that there is entirely free egress out of the stable and let him go.
Approach him slowly, but without hesitation, steadying him by the voice.
If he show fight do not hesitate, he is on three legs and nearly powerless,
except to bite, or to strike you in the act of rearing. Seize him by the
near bridle rein about twelve inches from the bit, and placing yourself
immediately at his near quarter, or just behind his shoulder, gather the
long strap in the right hand and when the horse rears draw up the other
leg.

If the horse struggles let him do so. It will not be necessary to exert
much strength, simply tact and coolness in steering him. When he
comes down it must necessarily be on his knees. If he continue to
struggle let him exhaust himself. It will rarely take over five minutes,
and never ten by the watch. Having him on his knees always seek to
draw the head from you by pulling on the rein that comes over the neck.
Once you have the head turned keep pulling on him until he gives up
completely and lies down. Use no violence on the rein. It is only to be
used to steer or guide the horse. It is the strap that does the work.
However many attempts he may make to re ^ain his liberty it will only
end in the more complete discomfiture of the horse. Once down unless

THE HORSE, HOW TO BREAK AND TRAIN.

near to operate in any
so much the better.
st be done by showing
elf.

ay be taken down and
1 a high board fence,
foot deep with straw
simple single-rein bri-
and long guards, the
i;he withers ; have also
ng at the belly ; also,
et or more in length;
ig buckle on the end ;
into a loop and firmly
lees in falling.
;he short strap around
buckle the end tightly
lis you have one foot
g strap about the fet-
p through the ring of
r, and in no case lose
, you have the horse
lay be.

able and let him so.
ing him by the voice,
ind nearly powerless.
Seize him by the
md placing yourself
shoulder, gather the
s draw up the other

)e necessary to exert
ing him. When he
If he continue to
! over five minutes,
nees always seek to
;omes over the neck,
n until he gives up
in. It is only to be
that does the work,
liberty it will only
Once down unless

he lies still hold his head still by sitting on it. When completely sub-
dued, stroke his head, rub him on various parts of the body, soothe and
caress him, and especially handle him wherever he is disposed to be
touchy, being careful always to be on your guard, that if he resist he
may be immediately checked.

Show him a buffalo robe, an umbrella, or anything he would be likely
to frighten at, and always let him smell it until satisfied. Sit on his side,
handle his feet, tap them, and at last remove the straps from his feet,
and continue to fondle him. If he attempt to rise hold down his head
firmly, and bend up one fore-leg. If he get the advantage do not struggle
with him but let him rise to his feet again. Lay him down until he
gives completely up. He will soon come to lie down quietly at the
word, simply by tying up one foot, and at last will do so at your
bidding without tying. When down and quiet pass your hand repeatedly
over his body, breathe in his nostrils, gently open his mouth, give
him soothing words, and when on his feet give him a taste of some-
thing he likes.

This is substantially Rarey's plan, and it may be practic ^d successfully
on very vicious horses, as we have done. As a rule, however, the direc-
tions previously given will be found to be fully effectual in breaking
colt

XII. How to Train to the Saddle.

No person should attempt to break a horse to the saddle unless he be a
thorough horseman himself. It is not sufficient that he be able to stick
on a horse's back with or without a saddle. He must be able to do so,
and without aid from the bridle, when the horse is undergoing any of the
movements likely to occur when on his feet. The bridle is used simply
to steady a horse under certain circumstances, and as a signal to guide
him. If the trainer be not able to ride thus, and with ease to himself and
the horse, he has no business as a trainer.

Walking.— A fast walk is the most valuable of all the gaits of the
horse. To walk rapidly is the first and most persistent of the lessons to
be given. To teach a horse to walk fast the head must be kept moder-
ately well up, and yet but little real weight should be borne on the bridle
—only just enough to assist the swaying motion and nodding head always
exhibited in fast walking. During the acquirement of this gait, no other
should be aliowed, and when the horse shows signs of fatigue, the lesson
should end. In this, the seat of the rider is important, it should be easy
and with sufficient grip of the limbs to steady the rider, and with play of
the lower part of the legs to keep the horse well up to his work, and assist

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOK.

ill increasing the gait. Thus by care and practice almost any horse can
be gotten up to four miles an hour and a really active cue to live.

In breaking to walk fast to the Avagon, there should bo just sufficient
bearing on the reins to steady the horse. The check-rein should be quite
loose, for no horse can walk fast and easily with his head gagged back in
an unnatural position. The horse, however, should be first trained to
walk fast under the saddle, and by the means we have indicated. Then,
when harnessed, he will not forget the lessons given, and may even be
improved in his walk, if not already brought up to his maximum speed.

A naturally slow walking horse may be made to walk much faster ; a
fast walking horse may be greatly improved in his gait, but a lazy, slov;
dolt will never pay for any education beyond that of honestly iiuliinji
such a load as he may be able to comfortably move. For the saddle he
is a nuisance, and no attempts whatever, should be made to bring him
out as a riding horse. If a good one, however, bring out his walking
powers. Like the trotter, he will improve until he is eight or ten
years old.

How TO Train to Tkot. — Every farmer's boy thinks he knows how to
drive a trotting horse to a wagon. Very few really do. Still fewer un-
derstand how to trot a horse under the saddle. If properly performed it
is the least exhausting to the horse within the limit of his natural speed,
and need not be unpleasant to the rider. That it is among the best and
most pleasant exercise the horseman can take is without doubt.

Certain drivers have denied that the trot and the pace were natural to
the horse. Every person who has been among the wild horses of the
plains knows the contrary. It is a fact, however, that the trot is but a
modification of the walk. There are two styles of motion for the rider ;
one the rising motion, by which the rider eases himself in the stirrups —
not ungi-aceful Avheu properly performed — the other where the rider
keeps a close seat, supporting hir.iself by the knees and stirrups. The
elbows should be kept rather close to the side, and with only just enough
bearing on the curb and snaflle to keep the horse's head correct and the
animal under perfect command. In fact, under no circumstances is the
rein and bit for any other use but to guide and steady the horse. The
rider maintains his equilibrium, keeps his seat, and renders himself en-
tirely at home in the saddle, through the science of equitation and the
proper pressure of the limbs against the saddle. Until this is thoroughly
accomplished, no person has any business trying to train a horse to sad-
dle gaits. The rider must train himself first.

In the trot, when the rider rises in the stirrups, the snaffle-rein only
should be used, a rein in each hand, and once grasped and properly ar-
ranged, the arms must be held rather close to the body, but without

THE HORSE, HOW TO BREAK AND TRAIN.

almost any horse can
ive Clio to five,
lould bo just sufficient
!k-rein should be quite
9 head gagged back in
lid be first trained to
ave indicated. Then,
^en, and may even be
t his maximum speed,
walk much faster ; a
gait, but a lazy, slov;
t of honestly iiuliing
I. For the saddle he
)o made to bring him
»ring out his walkiii";
1 he is eight or ten

links he knows how to
' do. 8till fewer un-
properly performed it
of his natural speed,
i among the best and
hout doubt,
jjace were natural to
le wild horses of the
that the trot is but a
motion for the rider ;
self in the stirrups —
ler where the rider
and stirrups. The
ith only just enough
lead correct and the
circumstances is the
idy the horse. The
renders himself en-
equitation and the
til this is thoroughly
train a horse to sad-

the snaffle-rein only
)ed and properly ar-
body, but without

clinf'ing thereto. The feet should rest in the stirrup so the heel is well
dovni, the leg from the knee down fully straight, and moving but little.

The rise and fall of the body must be as slight as possible, only suf-
ficient to escape thumping, and to ease the horso. The head of the
horse should be kept pretty well up, the limbs of the horso well under
control. Tho rider will appear to support the horse with the bit. In
fact, he does not. He simply holds the horso to his pace.

There is this difference between road riding and race riding : in riding
for pleasure, the animal is never severely pushed, whatever tho gait may
be. In riding a trotting or running race, tho animal must put forth all
his powers, the only object being that he extend himself as much as pos-
sible, and without reference especially to the style of going. As a rule,
race riders are disqualified for riding or trotting a horse gracefully on

tho road.

In trotting, always train the horso to slacken his pace and stop if de-
sired, by slacking the rein, and at the word. In square trotting, the
hoofs move in exact time, 1, 2, 3, 4. Some horses acquire a pace denoted
by the time 1, 2. With this motion it is difficult to rise easily in the sad-
dle, and it should not be allowed. To ease the horse's wind let him walk
or canter slowly ; or better, give him a jog trot. The jog trot, however,
is under no circumstances to be allowed when traveling on the road in
company. After a hard ride at any gait, it eases the tired horse immensely.

Xm. Training to Trot in Harness-
In trotting in harness the horse is more firmly held than when under
the saddle, and for obvious reasons. Yet here a dead strong pull is to
be avoided. Tho horse is simply to be supported and steadied by the
bit. The driver must learn by his own study, and by observing others,
how to do this. The bit must be adapted to the horse. A boring, hard
mouthed brute could not be driven with comfort in a bit that would suit
a sensitive mouth. Very many trotting drivers spoil their horses' mouths
and make them pullers. The pull of a trotting horso should never be
such as to tire the well trained muscles of the driver, even thoujrh it be a
lady. Indeed, one of the best drivers we ever knew was a lady, and she
was superior by the delicacy and yet firmness with which she handled
the reins.

In training to trot in harness, the object should be to keep the horse
squarely to his work, and at the top of his speed, without forcing him
beyond it. In fact, no horse comes to his best trotting speed until he is
at least eight years old.

Do not force him beyond his power, and above all do not rein him so

I '

100

ILLUSTUATKI) STOCK DOCTOU.

hard - to make liiiii a Ixnor, One of tho best pair of road trotters wo
ever broke, were trained with curb bits, and when under Hinooth motion
were apijarently driven with a k)08e rein ; such, however, was only ap-
l)arcnt ; they had been given such delicate mouths by careful drivin-:
that tho least indication kc])t them in i)roper form. Below we jrive two
illustrations : one showing a horse unduly checked and gagged l)ack, the
other with the head in an easy-going position. The use of the bearing
rein is simply to keep the horse from getting his head too low, not to
draw it back in an unnatural position. Under the saddle this is precisely
the use of tho curb.

horse's bead with BEARINO-RBIM.

nORSE'S HEAD WITHOUT BEARING-REIN.

The Pacing Gait. — This is a gait natural to many horses, and exceed-
ingly difficult to teach a horse that it is not natural to. On the other
hand it is not difficult to make a trotter of a pacer. In pacing, a horse
lifts both feet on a side simultaneously, and on perfectly smooth ground
it may be made an exceedingly fast gait. It is easy to the rider but
ungraceful in the extreme, from the fact that, as in sculling a boat, the
body is swayed from side to side. If the horse has the pace naturally
he should be trained to increase the pace by precisely the same general
rules for increasing the trotting pace ; by keeping him well in hand and
inducing him by every possible means to increase his stride.

The rack, amble, and single foot, as it is sometimes called, are all but
modifications of the pacing stride and the gallop, just as the jog-trot and
the walk are modifications of the trot.

The amble is a slow, smooth gallop, or rather canter, and must be
taught to the horse under the curb.

The rack is a modificsition of the pace, the feet instead of being lifted
up simultaneously side by side, represented by the figures 1-2, may be
represented by the figures 1-2, 3-4, that is, the feet are not lifted regularly
as in the walk.

Single foot is a trained rack. It requires patience and time to teach,
except in a horse having a natural adaptation thereto. Once the animal

THE HORSE, HOW TO BPRAK AN TRAIN.

101

lir of road trotters wo
under Hiuooth iiiotiou

lowovcr, was only up-

lis by curoful drivinj;

Below Ave give two

and jrufrgod buck, the

lie use of the l)eiirinjr
head too low, not to

saddle thi.s is precisely

n WITHOUT BKARINQ-RBIN.

\y horses, and exceed-

al to. On the other

In i^acing, a horse

fectly smooth ground

asy to the rider but

sculling a boat, the

the pace naturally

y the same general

im well in hand and

stride,
es called, are all but
st as the jog-trot and

mnter, and must be

stead of being lifted
figures 1-2, may be
e not lifted regularly

and time to teach.
Once the animal

catches the idea be sure to let him know that you appreciate it, and wish
him to preserve it.

It is difficult to give written instrucitons, fcr rules which would accom-
plish the matter with one horse and rider, with anotlicr would totally
fail. There is only this fixed rule: The horse must bo in complete
subjection to the will of the rider before anything but the natural gait
is attempted. All these gaits, and the canter as well, are taught by using
patience, keeping the feet of the animal well under him, and keeping him
sufficiently well curbed so ho cannot extend his stride until he fully
understands what you Avant of him.

CiiAN(JiN(J THE Leading Foot. — In developing any gait the horse
should bo made to start with either foot as desired. It should bo one of
the first lessons taught. To do this turn the horse's head somewhat by
pulling the rein and pressing tho heel slightly on the side opposite to the
leg which it is desired to move. This will turn his head and croup
slightly out of the proper line of progression, something that the horse
naturally docs when he starts. To change the leading leg, if, for instance,
he is leading Avith the off fore-leg, rouse the horse, turn his head to the
right, Avhilo the left heel reminds him to throAv his croup out of line,
upon Avhich, by a peculiar motion the change is effected.

Galloping. — The gallop is often stated to bo the fastest gait of the
horse. This is however not strictly true. , When a horse is going at the
top of his speed under whip and spur, tho Avhole animal is extended to
the utmost, the head and tail straight out, and the animal going close to
the ground. Tho sloAver he goes the more upright ho holds himself, un-
til when in the fashionable canter — the most distressing gait for the
horse — he is almost on his haunches. All that is necessary to get the
horse into tho gait is to rouse him, give him a check for the leading foot,
and restrain the gallop to tho requiroraonts of tho case.

The hand gallop is an easy going pace, both for the horse and the
rider, and may be said to be half speed. The gallop proper is such a
gait as will exhaust the horse in going ten or tAvelve miles. Running is
that gait Avhich cannot be continued longer than from one to three miles
without seriously distressing the horse. Being one of the natural gaits
of the horse it is only necessary to rouse the lazy horse to the proper
speed, or to check the ambitious one to the pace desired.

xrv. HoAV to Train to Trot in Light Harness.

Trotting in light harness is generally considered to mean, being hitched
to a light vehicle, either single or double and being driven for pleasure.
Used in this manner horses may be driven either with the curb, the

i! N

lOS

ILLUSTUATED HTOCK DOCTOR.

simlHc, or other trottiiif,' bit iifcordin;? to the delicacy of the hand of the
driver, or mouth of the horwe. We prefer, after thoy are way wise and
U!S('d to the curl), to drive them thus, until they have actjuired the proper
carriajre, and thi.s entirely without the l)earin{r rein. The object accom-
l)lisht'd in this is, the horse bc-omes entirely subservient to the driver but
at the same time learns to rely on himself so far as suro-footedness is
concerned. Vriien ho will <ro in proper form he may be driven with a
trotting bit, until he has learned to extend himself fully, when ho may
again bo placed in the curb, and if delicately handled will give satisfaction
anv where on the road. Thus trained under the curb, when used with a
trotting bit, they may be made to exhibit all the style they are capable of
at an ordinary gait, and n.-ay be shaken up instantly for a brush and ex-
tend themselves to the utmost.

In trotting at any speed the horse must b(- trained to take hold of the
bit, so he may be steadied by the rein. lie must never be allowed to
suppose that this hold of the bit is for the purpose of pulling on. It is
to be used simply to steady himself, and as a means of quick comprehen-
sion of the driver's wishes.

XV. How to Train for the Plow.

In training a team for plowing, they must be made to walk at such a
l^ace as will lay the best furrow, to walk evenly and straight J'.head, with-
out pulling apart or crowding each other, to obey the slightest check of
the driver in laying out lands, and at the end of the furrow to come im-
mediately and quickly about. To this end the reins should be carefully
adjusted, the whitHe trees should be as light as Avill sutfice to do the
work, and the team naust never be over driven. In stony or grubby land
they must be kept so completely under control, as never to spring for-
ward when the plow strikes an obstruction.

In turning quartering about at the end, on square lands, in plowing
right handed furrows, the near horse should back slightly, that the off
horse may not step on his feet, and the traces should bo kept slack
enough so the plowman may easily enter the point of the plow in the
next furrow.

In back furrowing, the section of the circle described nmst be that
which will bring the plow, with the aid of the plowman, most easily to
the next furrow, the off horse in this case, keeping slightly behind.

In plowing there is nothing gained by hurrying a team, and then
stopping to rest. Plowing is hard work because it is a constant strain on
particular sets of muscles. The team, however, may be very much eased

.-Mm

THE HOR8B, HOW TO HKEAK AND TIUIN.

103

e sliifhtest check of

1»V the tact of tlio plowmim in lioldiiif? his team up in plowlnj; throuj^h
hiiril or toufili places, by kiiowiiii,' tiial the harness fits perfectly, and hy
always having his plow clean ami in a condition to scour.

In laviiij? out land the team should be rather wider apart than when
plowinix furrow after furrow, or so the plowman may see the line stakes
between the horses. In layinj; out lands always have the reins of su«-h
length that thev may bo carried over the left hand plow handle. Thus
by takinj,' the ri<,'ht hand rein a little beyond the center the hand may
easily «;rasp the handle. A pull directly back will carry the horses rjee
and carryinfi the hand forward will tifjhten the near rein and carry the
horses /law, while a steady bearing will keep the team in a direct line
ahead.

The only position for the reins if carried otherwise than on the handle
is to carry them just above the hips, and of such a length that when the
team is going at ease they will l)e loose, and yet may be easily tightened
by the plowman walking a little farther in the rear than usual. With a
hard-mouthed team "feeling their oats" this will do. By the means we
have indicated, if the lines are nicely adjusted, the team nuiy be made to
l)ull on the plow, and once used to this way of driving we have never
known of its being abandoned, except for a time as a change. The
practice of carrying a rein in each hand adopted by some good plowmen
is not to be commended, except with a kind team. In this case to carry
them over the left handle is easier, whether the team be wild or gentle.
In any case the reins should never be carried over the neck. It is
awkward, and the team is never under control. Carried over one shoul-
der and under one arm is an improvement upon this awkward plan.

XVI, Training to the Wagon.

But little need be said on this score if attention has been paid to what
has been said previously. Upon good roads and with an ordinary load
the team should ?ie kept up to their maximum gait in walking. When
the road is good in some. places and bad in others, as country roads
usually are, the load must be such as the team can move by hard pulling
in the worst places. After a heavy pull always give the team a breathing
spell, and in the middle of a pull if the team can start the load once
stopped. This any honest team will do unless the bottom is miry, that
is, unless from standing the team and Avheels sink deeper and deeper.
In this case, the only way is to keep going until firm ground is reached.
The average driver is sure to hurry his team in the mud. They should
be taught to pull steadily and slowly, and when started again, after rest-

104

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

* .i

ing, to take hold of the load steadily and with a growing impulse until

it moves.

XVII. How to Train a Baoer.

The training of racing stock, whether for running or trotting, is a fine
art, and one which it would take a volume to properly describe in print.
There are certain essentials, however, which are easily understood, and
which every one who breeds stock for speed should know. The colt
having been taught to gallop easily and naturally, should be put upon
good sound oats and the cleanest hay. He should be carefully blanketed
and groomed and his legs hand rubbed until fine. The exercise should
be daily, upon a good course, and ridden under the direction of a horse-
man who is thoroughly up in his business. When this cannot be, the
work nmst be done under the instruction of the master.

In race riding, the jockey throws about all his weight in the stirrups,
steadying himself with the knees and thighs. The seat of tlie body is
carried well back, the loin slightly arched, so the weight will not be
brrught too far forward, as the breech Avould be if thti rider should stand
straight in tLj stirrups, A jockey of ordinary weight will be found to
carry his leg, from the knee, slightly thrown back ; thus by stiffening his
knee he can change his center of gravity without ceasing to stand in the
stirrups.

Very light jockeys ride with longer stirrups, throwing their weight
principally on their thighs, and with their breech raised entirely from the
stiddle, thus giving them a strong hold on the horse. Standing in the
stirrup, ho-.vever, cannot be long endured, and is only used for fast racing
or galloping over bad ground, rough or deep, or in the case of a hill that
must be passed quickly over.

Training to racing speed on the farm may be summed up as follows ;
a smooth track, regular feeding four times a day with the soundi st of
oats and hay, with a bran mash often enough to keep the bowels in .'egu-
lar condition ; the most careful grooming, with plenty of hand rubbing of
the legs ; sweating exercise every day, and thorough cleaning afterwards;
a trial gallop to extend the limbs, with an occasional spurt to note the in-
crease of fspeed, and occasionally a fair trial at the distance wliich the
horse is trained, to test his speed, powers of endurance, improvement,
and capabliitiss.

XVIII. Training a Stallion. ,

The training of a stallion should commence from the time that it is in-
tended to keep him as such, and certainly from the age of one year,

1 1

THE HORSE, HOW TO BREAK AND TRAIN.

105

growing impulse until

ig or trotting, is a fine
lerly describe in print,
easily understood, and
)uld know. The colt
', should be put upon
be carefully blanketed
. The exercise should
e direction of a horse-
en this cannot be, the
ister.

veight in the stirrups,
he seat of the body is
le weight will not be
the rider should stand
jiirht will be found to
; thus by stiffening his
ceasing to stand in the

throwing their weight

lised entirely from the

irse. Standing in the

y used for fast racing

the case of a hill that

immed up as follow* ;
with the sound( st of
p the bowels in ."egu-
ty of hand rubbing of
cleaning afterwards;
1 spurt to note the in-
le distance which the
urance, imi)rovement,

when colts are usually gelded. He should be exercised in a close yard,
first at the end of the halter, and at length without bridle or halter rein,
and made to advance, to back, to circle, to describe a figure eight, to rear
and come down at the word of command, to kneel, to sit on his haunches,
to lie down, and especially to come instantly to his keeper at the word
of command.

All this takes time, but is labor well spent, for henceforth his usefulness
as a sire, and escapes from accidents by being kicked, may depend upon
his thorough training. Any observing person will have noted that in
fully half the cases a stallion will be found dragging his keeper about
like a puppet. All this may be avoided by proper care and training, so
the horse will retain his full exhuberauce of spirit, and yet be entirely
under control.

His care and keeping should be of the best possible, and his daily exer-
cise enough to keep his muscles firm, certainly not less than eight miles
a day during the season of service. However well trained the stallion,
when it comes to actual service, there is always a time when he may
refuse to obey. Then he must be made to do so at whatever cost, and to
accomplish the object, the whip must be used to any extent suflicient to
conquer him. Cut sharp and strong, but with temperate judgment. Do
not rain a succession of blows. This will only make him fight. A few
well-directed blows will generally suffice, if they are sharp and cutting.
Do not be afraid of drawing blood. If it can be done at the first stroke,
so much the better. Give him time to think before you strike the second
time. Give him the order you wish him to execute. If there is the
least hesitation, strike again, and so on until he is conquered. If he has
been properly trained previously, he will handle nearly as easy as a geld-
ing. If not, he may become a brute, dangerous for any man to handle.
Above all, a stallion once trained, never intrust him to an incompetent
keeper, .and never allow a valuable one to be ridden during the season of
hard service. If he travels from one station to another, or is otherwise
exercised, it should be with a leading rein, the rider
horse.

being on another

the time that itisin-
he age oi" one year,

ill

I'll

5 II

CHAPTER VII.

HOW TO SHELTER.

I. COMFORTABLE SHELTER ECONOMICAL. n. CONSIDERATION IN CONSTRUCTING STABLES.

III. MANGERS AND BACKS. IV. HOW TO INSURE A GOOD TEMPERATURE. V. CLEAN-
ING THE STABLES. VI. THE LOFT. VII. THE HARNESS ROOM. VUI. THE OUT

SHED. IX, WATER.

I. Comfortable Shelter Economical.

Although the horse is found wherever civilized man has made his home,
and has been subjected by barbarian tribes wherever subsistence may lie
found Summer and Winter, yet in a wild state he is only found where the
Winter and the Summer climate is mild enough to furnish herbage the
year round. While it is true that the horse will stand weather as inclem-
ent as cattle, yet the owner w^ho subjects either horses or cattle to the
storms of Winter, not only makes no money from them, but deserves to
lose them entirely. Thus the humane man always consults his best
interests when he keeps his horse stock not only well fed but comfortably
housed.

n. Considerations in Constructing Stables.

The first consideration in the construction of a stable is the number of
horses to be kept. After this comes in economy of space in connection
with convenience, ventilation in connection Avith the health of the horses,

^/itij^iiit- ^Ik

f >r!i ^>fciu J:ScdJSlu«ix¥ <1>

. ^ f .:. ^^ ' . fc!« t

rN C0N8TRCCTINa STABLER.

IMPKRATURK. V. CLEAN-

1 ROOM. VUI. THE OUT

al.

has made his home,
subsistence may ue
nly found where the
urnish herbage the
d weather as inclem-
ses or cattle to the
leni, but deserves to
consults his best
fed but comfortably

V'.S

ibles.

)le is the number of
space in connection
ealth of the horses,

THE HORSE, HOW TO SHELTER.

107

and lastly the cost. In the construction of stables the question of
warmth, convenience and ventilation are the prime integers, and whatever
the character of the structure it must combine these three essentials, else
it is a failure.

In the construction of stables the horse and carriage floor, including
harness and tool room, and the loft, in which should be situated the bins
for oats, shelled corn, corn in the ear, meal and bran, with suitable
8pouts and slides for delivering the feed on the lower floor, are all that is
necessary. Every stable, however, should be supplied with a ventilatirig
j)ipo i^laced about midway over one of the centre stalls. If there are
more than four horses kept there should be two, and one in addition for
each other four, but all connecting with the principal air shaft at the peak
of the roof.

Where the horses are near the ground, and especially if the first story,
or the walls of the whole building be of brick, there should be at least
tAvo courses above the ground laid in water-lime, to prevent the dampness
from the ground ascending up the walls by capillary atti-action. How-
ever the foundation be laid there must be perfect drainage, cither natural
or artifical. under t' ") stable. Many valuable horses have been lost
through ninttention to this simple matter.

The size of the stable must of course correspond to the number of
horses to be kept, and the number of vehicles to be sheltered. The
width of the stalls should not be less than five feet each — six is better —
and there should be at least one loose box in every stable, however small.
If there are a number of breeding mares there should be one loose box
to each four horses. These boxes should not be less than ten by twelve
feet. Fourteen feet in depth for the stall is little enough. The travis
or partition between stalls should not be less than six feet six inches long.
If the stable is fourteen feet deep seven feet is better. It should be
seven feet high at the head and five feet at the rear part.

m. Mangers and Backs.

The mangers and racks should be of the most sulistantial character,
and, if expense is no object, of enameled iron, as to the mangers, and of
iron as to the racks. If made of wood, oak or elm is a good material.
However made there should be no rough edges to annoy the horses, nor
splinters to wound. The top of the cap should not be less than three
feet three inches from the floor, nor more than three feet six inches.
The manger to be about thirteen inches wide at the top, nine inches at
the bottom and eleven inches deep. The caps may be four inches deep
and three inches wide, securely placed. The sides and bottom of the
8

! .'i 1

108

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

manger may be of inch oak, or other hard wood. If made of pine they
should be of inch and a half thickness.

IV. How to Insure a Good Temperature.

If the stable be of brick or stone, it may or may not be lined with wood
with an air space between. If of wood, there should always be a lining,
and the sheathing upon which the weather boarding is nailed should be
covered with tarred paper. Ventilation must be attended to ; this is best
secured by orifices at proper distances next the ceiling, that may be
opened or closed at pleasure, and provided with lattice work to throw the
air up when opened. This with the doors and windows in Summer will
give plenty of ventilation and in Winter the ventilators alone will sufBce.
It is one of the most essential points in building a stable in our American
climate, with torrid Summers and Arctic Winters, that no expense be
spared to make the buildings comfortable. "We are decidedly in favor of
a vestibule, large enough to hold a harnessed team, or if preferred, if the
caiTiage room be large enough and separated by a close partition from the
stable, as it should be, this may be made to do. From this the entrance
to the stable may be a sliding door, through which to lead the horses ; the
object being to prevent the rush of cold air into the stable chilling every
horse in it.

Whore more than five horses are kept in a stable we advise a close par-
tition between each four stalls and their accomi^anj'ing loose box. The
reason is, that in each compartment an equal temperature is retained. It
is not so much the degree of cold that affects horses, as sudden changes
of temperature. Thus each may have its separate ventilation and air
shaft, and conduce very much to the comfort of the animals kept therein.

V. Cleaning the Stable.

Cleanliness in the stable is of the utmost importance. There should be
sufficient bedding under the horses at all times to insure cleanliness ; all
damp portions together with the droppings should be removed twice a
day. We have never found a better nor more economical way than to
use a wheel barrow, with sides sufficiently wide and flaring to hold the
load a man may handle, in which the manure and damp bedding could be
thrown and wheeled on planks immediately to the pile. Where it is
thrown out of windows it often heats so as to be offensive in Summer,
and in Winter these Avindows, besides often allowing the wind and storm
to boat in, are objectionable in many ways.

If made of pine they

irature.

not be lined with wood .
lid always be a lining,
njr is nailed should bo
tended to ; this is best
I ceiling, that may be
tice work to throw the
ndows in Summer will
tors alone will suffice,
stable in our American
s, that no expense be
D decidedly in favor of
, or if preferred, if the
lose partition from the
From this the entrance
to lead the horses ; the
le stable chilling every

we advise a close par-

THE HORSE, HOW TO SHELTER.

VI. The Loft.

109

ing loose box. The
;raturc is retained. It
;es, as sudden changes
te ventilation and air
5 animals kept therein.

lice. There should he
insure cleanliness ; all
be removed twice a
)nomical Avay than to
flaring to hold the
imp bedding could be
pile. Where it is
:)ffensive in Summer,
the wind and storm

We have already advised that the granary be in the loft, the t'.oots,
however, should not enter the stable ; first, because they cveate more or
less dust, and second, they are liable to contract more or less effluvia
from the stable. They should communicate with a room by itself, suf-
ficiently large for sifting oats and mixing feed. The granary must also
be made rat proof, which is best done by covcrihg the bottom and two
feet of the sides, and the top with sheet iron. The floor of the whole
loft should also be covered with a tight floor of planks, plowed and
grooved, so that by no possibility dust or trash can drop through ; the
loft should also be high enough to hold straw for bedding, and hay
enoucrh for at least two months' feed. In fi , if it be a farm barn, it
were better to hold enough, if possible, for the Winter. This might de-
tract somewhat from the architectural appearance of the building, unless
the Storage and stable room be large below. In any event we should not
build any stable, however small, less than eight feet high, with a loft
above of the same height, and in the case of a large building we should
extend the loft to ten, twelve or fourteen feet as the size of the ground

floor might allow.

Vn. The Harness Boom.

The harness room should be as complete as possible with suitable pegs
for harness and seats or frames for saddles. It should also be provided
with a saddler's horse for sewing straps, awls, needles, wax, thxead, etc. ;
also a tal)le for oiling havness, and if it have a boiler set in a stove for
heating water, it will often be called in requisition in Winter, not only
for its hot water facilities, but for drying harness and saddles as well

Vm. The Out Shed.

If the stable is provided with an out-shed for cleaning horses when the
weather is not inclement, it will be found to save much dust and dirt in-
side. If this shed be a vestibule to the stable, with sliding windows, so
much the better. It may even be used, in case of need, for temporary
stables or for baiting a double team when it is not considered necessary
to unharness. In fact there are many uses to which it may be put aside
from the protection it would give the stable, in opening the doors in cold
and inclement weather.

The Surroundings.

Every stable should have a smooth, close yard, with a tight high fence

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

I ''\ ■(

surrounding it, and if one side can be covered with a shed roof, fourteen
feet wide, so much the better. This yard should be about 30 or 40 feet
wide, and if it contains a place in the center of strong posts for a man to
take shelter in from a vicious brute, it is not amiss. We once saw a life
saved in this way, from an ugly bull, which broke from his fastenings
and would have killed his keeper but for this safeguard. There should
also be a grass lot near for cutting forage in Summer for soiling, and for
turning in a sick horse occasionally.

IX. Water.

The water supply is important. If taken from a well and pump it is
absolutely essential that there be no contamination from the drainage of
the stables and yards. If a tank can be so arranged that it will not
freeze, build one by all means, and connect by pipes, pumping the water
by means of a windmill. Or the tank may be situated where it will sup-
ply the house, and a pipe laid to the stable underground, ending in a
penstock. In this case, the windmill and tank may be entirely isolated
from the barn or house, and the water carried for any distance, provided
the bead is higher than the outflow.

We once saw a life

CHAPTER Vm.

HOW TO FEED, WATER AND OBOOM.

I. LAYINQ THK FOUNDATION. II. WHAT TO FEED. III. WHEN TO FEED. IV. WA-
TERING. V. KINDS AND QUANTITIES OP FOOD TO BE GIVEN. VI. HOW TO PRE-
PARE THE FOOD. VII. HOW TO MAKE MASHES, GRUELS AND HAY-TEA. VUI. THE

VALUE OP i- iV AND STRAW. IX. FEEDING GRAIN. X. STABLE CARB AND GROOM-
ING. XI. THE TIME TO CLEAN. XII. CARB OP THE FBBT. — XIII. BLANKBTU^G

WHEN NECESSARY. FROFBU TOOLS FOR THB STABLE.

I. Laying the Foundation.

The feeding of horses must be either simple or complex according to
the circumstances under which they are placed and the nature of the
work required of them. It would, for instance, be as foolish with the
farm or ordinary work horse to pamper with fire- warmed stables, highly
stimulating food, and exquisite grooming, together with all the parapher-
nalia of blankets, hoods, bandages for the legs, and necessities of the
trotting or racing stable, as it would be to allow this latter class to re-
ceive only the same care and attention usually bestowed upon the team kept
solely for the plow and other drudgery of the farm. At the same time
the extremes to which horses are subject, either on the farm or in racing
stables, might well be modified in very many cases to the health and well

f'»i?' iSi^t'-Vi. •!!■■;■«.;

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

being cither of the farm horse or the pampered and high-bred racer.
That is to say, racers are often "drawn down" too fine, and the ordinary
work horse too often suffers from neglect. Thus in the first class we see
a number of diseases seldom shown in the stables of horses with suf-
ficient care, while the stables of horses carefully kept seldom suffer with
the class of diseases found when horses arc allowed to go dirty from day
to day, and often from week to week.

To commence at the beginning, the breeder who would succeed with
any class of horses, should see that the mare, while carrying the foal,
has sufficient food and shelter, and that the foal itself is suflSciently nour-
ished during the period of growth. Nothing is gained by insufficient
shelter and food, whatever the use for which the animal is intended, and
this brings us to the question of the food itself.

II. What to Peed.

In the "West the feed of all horses of whatever class is oats, Indian
corn, bran and hay. Whatever the work to be done, bran should always
be kept, since a horse being off his feed, or slightly ailing from any
cause not indicative of violent disease, bran mashes with good nursing
will bring him out all right in nine cases out of ten. So, in the Winter
when horses are confined to hard food, a bran-mash once a week should
be given, and this generally on Sunday morning. On the farm there is
nothing better than an occasional feed of roots — carrots, Swedish turnips,
or mangel Avurtzel — ^being valuable in the order named. If a peck of
these could be given daily as an evening or noonday meal, the good
effects of this feeding would be quickly shown. For the mares before
foaling time, for the farm or draft horse, for the carriage horses of the
citizen, and even for the fast driven roadster, or racer, when not being
driven to exhaustive work, these will be found valuable.

The foal itself should bo learned to eat roots as quickly as possible,
and if the mare takes kindly to them it will not be a difficult matter for
the foal to learn to eat Ihcm. As to the other food of the young colt or
filly, oats alone with grass or hay, according to the season, should be
allowed. In the Winter, half oats and half corn may be given with ben-
efit, unless the young things are intended for racing or trotting, and are
kept in warm stables ; then Indian corn would not be desirable, as being
too heating under the circumstances.

For the ordinary farm team, or other horses of slow work, Indian corn
may be the main dependence in Winter, in connection with good hay ;
especially so if a few roots can be allowed as a portion of the daily
provender. For fast working horses, sound oats and hay will be the

jljiilirBWS.i^tS^;:

THE HORSE, now TO FEED, WATER AND GROOM.

118

and high-bred racer.
• fine, and the ordinary
in the first class we see
ss of horses with suf-
cpt seldom suffer with
i to go dirty from day

' class is oats, Indian
le, bran should always
:htly ailing from any
cs with good nursing
I. So, in the Winter
I once a week should
On the farm there is
rots, Swedish turnips,
imed. If a peck of
nday meal, the good
?^or the mares before
larriage horses of the
icer, when not being
ible.
quickly as possible,
a difficult matter for
of the young colt or
le season, should be
y be given with ben-
or trotting, and are
3 desirable, as being

principal dependence, but in the Winter wo have always given one-third
of the weight of the daily grain ration in Indian corn, and we have always
thought, with decided benefit.

m. When to Peed.

The importance of strict regularity mi feeding is underestimated by
nine-tenths of the ordinary feeders, and by fully one-half of the stable-
men having the care of well bred horses. The horse, for whatever pur-
pose he is used, if actively employed, should not get less than three feeds
a day, besides the hay he eats during the night. All fast working horses
should have four feeds a day. The hours of feeding are of prime im-
portance. These should be, as closely as possible, at six in the morning,
at noon, and at six at night, except at those pressing seasons of extra
labor, when the morning feed may be an hour earlier and the evening
feed an hour later. In this case, however, nose-bags should be carried
to the field, or they should be turned to the wagon at 10 A. M. and at 4
P. M. to take one-third their usual allowance, as given morning and
evening, which meals, as a rule, should be rather more than the noonday
feed. When corn is the main dependence as feed these lunches should
be of oats, and if bruised so much the better.

Fast working horses should receive their food four times a day, at six
in the morning, at ten, at two, and at nine at night. Carriage horses
should be fed the same number of times, the first feed being at six, and
the last after their real work for the day is done, say at nine at night,
since simply going to some place of amusement at eleven o'clock or
later can hardly be called work. The mid-morning and aftv. noon meals
will depend upon the ho irs at which they are generally used, nine A. M.
and 1 P. M. being the usual times for feeding.

IV. Watering.

Watering and che water used is of fully as much importance as the
feeding. A horse is particular as to the water he drinks, but yet may be
accustomed to any water without detriment if it be fit for human use.
The water of large lakes, rivers and running brooks is best' and in the
order named. That of ponds without outlet or inlet the worst ; in fact
pond water should never be used ; well water is altogether better and may
be given without fear, when used constantly, but as with man, the horse
accustomed to lake or river water, which is always partially soft, should
be given well water, when necessity requires, with care and only in small
quantities, the change being gradually made. Water should always be

ILLU8TUATr,l> STOCK DOCTOR.

offered before feeding, and never given in large drafts immediately after
feeding ; two to four (juarts may be given with benefit inunediately after
dry feed, to properly moisten the stomach, and it may be freely given in
two or three hours after feedin^'. When driving, water should be offered,
esi)ecially in hot weather, at every stop, but only a few quarts should bo
taken at a time, for a heated horse, like a heated man, will take more
than is good for him. Upon stopping, wash the horse's mouth with a
sponge soaked in water, and let him swallow each time two or three light
sips, just enough to moisten the throat, and upon starting give him four
to six quarts each as the occasion seems to demand. Under no circum-
stances allow a heated horse to drink heartily. Farm teams and slow
draft horses, at ordinary labor, may bo allowed what they will naturally
drink, but when heated the same rule must bo observed as with hard
driven horses. With these simple rules kept in view any intelligent owner
or driver may keep his team fresh and without danger.

V. Kinds and Quantities of Food to be Given.

We have already spoken of the proper food to be given under ordinary
circumstances ; they are sound, whole grain, and bright, clean hay. Cer-
tain classes of horses, as omnibus horses, stage horses, car horses, and
the draft horses of large mercantile firms in cities, are generally fed
ground feed and cut hay. When the hours of feeding and rest may be
estimated with accuracy, this is on the whole as conducive to the health
of the animal as may be, when the economy of such feeding is considered,
especially when we remember that in large cities a regular veterinary sur-
geon is employed, who visits the stables regularly to look after the well-
being of the horses, and also where the superintendents and foremen are
supposed to be experts.

On the farm, and in the stables of road-driving horsemen, and where
carriage horses are kept, cut feed may very properly and economically
form from one-third to one-half of the daily food given. When only one
feed is given it should be in the morning ; when two arc given, they
should be the morning and evening feeds.

As to the quantity to be given, no definite rule can be laid down. The
horse must have a quantity fully sufficient to keep him well up to his
work. Hard working horses may, if regularly fed, have what grain and
hay they will eat clean, and in this case there is no better judge than the
animal itself, except in the case of ravenous gluttons, sometimes found
among horses as in the human family. Elaborate rules have been laid
down by theorists, including a per cent, of grain according to the weight
of the animal. In practice they will not work, since the labor, condition

THE HOUSE, HOW TO FEED, WATER AND GUOOM.

115

ifts immeditttely after
letit iiHincUiiitely ufter
nay be freely given in
iter should be offered,
few quarts should bo
man, will take more
lorse's mouth with a
imo two or three light
:arting give him four
. Under no cireum-
'arm teams and slow
at they will naturally
bserved as with hard
^ any intelligent owner

jer.

le Given.

given under ordinary
ght, clean hay. Cer-
)rses, car horses, and
ps, are generally fed

'ing and rest may be
iiducive to the health

ceding is considered,

gular veterinary sur-
look after the Avell-

snts and foremen are

lorsomen, and where

y and economically

en. When only one

two arc given, they

be laid down. The
him well up to his
lave what grain and
Btter judge than the
sometimes found
ules have been laid
)rding to the weight
the labor, condition

of the anunal, tcmi)craturo of the season, and of stables must bo consid-
ered. In the largo omnibus stables where all tho work is to be got out
of horses that they can endure, from ten to fourteen pounds of cut hay
per day are given, with from eighteen to twenty pounds of corn meal.
Mix into provender, and on it they will go from eighteen to twenty miles
each day. With this about three pounds of salt may bo allowed each
month. Some stable men do not feed more than one pound, arguing that
a large (luantity produces profuse staling ; others food up to four. In
times of extra severe labor the cornmeal is increased by about three
pounds. It would be better if the three pounds of meal whore omitted
and one extra feed of six quarts of whole oats be substituted, and given
daily. The average livery horse may be kept in good condition on twelve
pounds of hay and eight pounds of cornmeal daily, to be given at two
feeds with the addition of six quarts of oats at noon, eight pounds of hay
to be fed cut, with the meal, and four pounds from tho manger. This
same feed would do for ordinary farm horses at usual work, or if tho
grain is fed whole, tive quarts of shelled corn, or its equivalent in ears,
ai.d six quarts of oats, with what hay will be eaten should keep tho aui-
ii;al in working condition.

VI. How to Prepare the Food.

In preparing chopped feed, half the hay to bo used, or clean, bright,
long straw cut into about three-quarters to one inch lengths, should be
put into the mixing trough half an hour before it is to bo mixed, and
thoroughly moistened. On this throw tho meal, mill-feed, or Avhatever
article is to be used, and moisten it. Then cover with sufficient hay to
make the mess for the desired number of horses, weighing both hay and
meal. Let it stand until feeding time, when the whole should bo worked
over and over until thoroughly mixed. If salt is given with the mess,
put in the required quantity for each horse, from one-quarter to half an
ounce per horse each feed. Many stablemen mix the mess half a day in
advance, but this wo do not like. Horses, like men, like their food
fresh. An iron box is best for mixing, and it should be thoroughly
cleaned after each meal.

VII. How to Make Mashes, Oruel and Hay-tea.

The ordinary sweet mash, as usually made, is to take four quarts ol
good bran, moisten it gradually with hot water, and then mix with what
boiling water will bring it up to the proper consistency for eating, cover-
ing it with a cloth and feeding either warm if the animal will eat it so,

116

1LLU8THATKD STOCK DOCTOR.

1 !i

mi r

or else cold. What anlt will lie on a (luiirter dollar may or may not be
mixed with it.

A bettor maHh, especially for dry fed horses, is to boil two quarts of
oats and a ))int of linseed, for each horse, for about three hours, and then
mix with it sufticient bran to bring it to a proper consistency. Cover with
a cloth and feed cold. Such a mash given once a week, if the horses are
on average feed, will keep their bowels in condition. II off their feed,
add a little salt and a half pint of molasses.

(jIkukl is one of tho best possible things for a beaten out horse. Stir
gradually in a gallon of water, a pint or a quart of oat-meal, or half Hour
and half corii-nical, according as the horse likes it thick or thin, and till
up the pail with cold water. If the horse hesitates about drinking it,
give him tirst a mouthful of water. If he be very tired a (juart of sound
ale will do him good, but under 710 circumKtancrM, when exhausted, should
he be given a feed either of grain or hay. If the horse will take nothing
else, turn down a bottle of sound ale, rub him until dry and refreshed,
and then feed.

Hay tka is also a good stimulant. To make it — fill a bucket three-
quarters full of bright, clean hay, pour over it enough l)oiling Avater to
fill the pail, and cover tight, to keep in the steam. Press the hay down
occasionally, let it stand fifteen minutes, turn off, and add water enough
to make a bucket tlirce-quarters full. Give to the horse when the liquid
is cool enough to drink.

vm. The Value of Hay and Straw.

In the feeding of horses the principal use of hay is to distend the
stomach. For this reason lean horses, and those just off the pasture on
coarse feed, require more than those which are regularly stabled and
groomed. The change to grain must not be too sudden, else indigestion
is apt to set in. Once a horse is used to full rations of grain, if oats are
;ised, or corn meal and bran, he may get along daily with from six to
eight pounds of hay a day. The hay, however, must be of the very
best, bright, clean and free from dust. There is no ecf)nomy in feeding
bad hay. It is the cause of heaves, broken wind and other diseases
produced by indigestion. Good clean straw is altogether better than
poor h:iy. Straw is altogether the best material for bedding, and should
always ba used when it can be had. In the West it is plenty, and yet
not one farmer in ten uses it for bedding in sufficient quantity or renews
it often enough.

lay or may not be

boil two (juarts of
•CO hours, and thin
enoy. Cover wit li
;, if the horses are
II off their feed,

n out horse. Stir
■meal, or half Hour
ttk or thin, and tilt
about drinkin*; it,
d a (juart of sound
exhausted, should
will take nothing
Iry and refreshed,

ill a bucket three-
h boiling water to
ress the hay down
add water enough
•so when the liquid

TIIK nonSK, HOW to SUKLTEn.

IX. Feeding Grain.

117

is to distend the

iff the pasture on

lilarly stabled and

\\, else indigestion

grain, if oats are

with from six to

it be of the very

lononiy in feeding

id other diseases

pthcr better than

Iding, and should

plenty, and yet

luautity or renews

The most coonomical way of feeding grain on the farm is in its wholo
state Oats and corn should bo shaken in a sieve with a mesh so snuill
that it will not go through, all dust and light matter blown away, and all
stones, bits of iron or wire, carefully picked out. It will pay the farm-
er to do this as well as any other stable man. In feeding corn allow
one-half the measure of shelled corn that would be deemed sufHclent of
oats, since corn weighs about double that ( f oats. If corn in the car
is fed, one-third more by measure heaped iiould bo allowed than when
shellod grain is used. In other words the stable must use seventy pounds
of car (forn when fifty-six of shelled corn would bo given, or 112 pounds

of oats.

Some horses eat their grain better for being moistened. If so, moisten
it. but as a rule we like to feed whole grain dry, since the horse is obliged
to grind it better to get it in condition for swallowing. Horses with bad
teeth always bolt their food Avholc. All such horsea, and also aged ones,
should be fed cut hay and ground feed.

X. Stable Care and Training.

The importance of steadiness and care in the management of the stable
and in the cleaning of horses cannot be over-estimated. A brutal stable-
man, or one which a horse fears, should be immediately discharged.
There is indeed now and then a horse that requires to be kept in terror.
These of course are exceptions. The competent stable-man should use
neither fear nor brutality. Not half the so-called strappers (cleaners)
are tit to be about a horse.

Many stable-men imagine the curry comb is an instiniment for cleaning
the legs and body of the horse. It is an instrument for cleaning the
I brush and for loosening the scurf on the fleshy — not bony — parts of
I the body. In using the curry comb, do so lightly, carrying it in circles
rather than in straight lines. Use a wisp of hay for rubbing the dust
from the legs, and a corn cob for the fetlocks, finishing with the brush.
In brushing, do so thoroughly, with firm, long strokes, where possible,
being careful in working about the head and bony parts. Clean the
brush often by passing it over the teeth of the curry comb. When the
scurf and dust are thoroughly cleaned out, go over the horse with a damp
wisp of hay, and finish with dry cloths, being particular to get any
particles of dirt out of the fetlocks, the ears, about the head, next the
tail, below the thighs, under the jaws, and between the fore-legs. A horse

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

thus cleaned, whcthjsr he belongs to the farm or the city stable will not
occasion shame on the iJart of the ownv,r.

It is a question among horsemen, whether when a team comes in wot
and muddy at night, it is proper to wash them. We br.ve never found
advantage in so doing. Clothe them warmly, bandage the logs loosely,
and when dry, clean them, at least so far as removing the dirt, and getting
up a glow at the surface ' ■ concerned. Thus handled, horses will seldom
be found liable to surfei!, scratches, grease, and othor diseases induced
by checkLig the natural perspiration.

XI. The Time to Clean.

r i

Clean when the horse is dirty. Always once a day when the horse is
kept in the stable. Horses that run in the fields in Summer, or in the
shed yard in Winter require no cleaning. Nature provides a natural
scurf that defends them from the changes of the weather. Before work
horses are littered down for the night they should be again thoroughly
cleaned if necessary. As, for instance, if the animal has been on the
road or in the field ; it is important and will lighten the morning cleaning,
apart from real necessity of the case.

Whenever the horse comes into the stable from the plow or wagon, for
the day, he should be thoroughly cleaned when dry enough, and if sweat-
ing or otherwise wet .should be thoroughly scraped at once. The scraper
is a thin, flexible piece of wood ; a section of barrel hoop makes a good
or.e. In any event a horse once in the stable, clean him thoroughly, un-
less he be taken out again after being "baited." If he remain in the stable
long enough for the operation, clean him especially as to the limbs, and
if there is time, as to the body. It may seem . ^e a good deal of work,
but it will pay.

Xn. Care of the Feet.

The feet are half the horse, in fact a horse with bad feet, is as near a
worthless animal as possible. Attention to the feet is therefore of the
first importance. In this connection shoeing is to be attended to. Know
that the blacksmith understands his business. There are as many isno-
rant botch-workmen in cities as in the country. The horse's foot should
be a study, and every horseman should understand the anatomy of the
foot ; this will be given in its proper place. How to care for the feet is
in place here. When the horse is brought in from work, each foot should
be lifted, cleaned, and examined with the picker to see that no gravel or
other hard substance has found lodgment between the shoe and hoof, or

THE HORSE, HOW TO SHELTER.

119

le city stable will not

I a team comes in wet
*Ve br:ve never found
lage the legs loosely,
g the dirt, and getting
ed, horses will seldom
thor diseases induced

lay when the horse is
I in Summer, or in the
:e provides a natural
v^eather. Before work

be again

thoroughly

imal has been on the
the morning cleaning,

he plow or wagon, for
enough, and if SAveat-
at once. The scraper
el hoop makes a good
11 him thoroughly, uii-
le remain in the stable
i as to the limbs, and
good deal of work,

jad feet, is as near a
et is therefore of the

attended to. Know
ire are as many igno-
e horse's foot should

the anatomy of the
o care for the feet is
ork, each foot should
see that no gravel or
he shoe and hoof, or

about the frog. Examine the frog to -see that no substance is wedged
therein, and that no nail or other sharp object has pierced the sole. If
the hoofs are inclined to be hard and dry, fill them with a mixture of
cow-dun"' and clay, or with oakum saturated with tar and petroleum.
Watch them for contraction of the hoof, caused by allowing the shoe to
remain on too long, or from bad shoeing. If the frog gets torn and rag-
ged, cut the ragged edges but leave the frog intact. If the hoof be found
pierced with a nail, and you are not perfectly sure you have pulled out
every bit, cut it out at whatever labor it may be to you, or pain to the
animal. Then dress the wound with a pledget of tow saturated with tar.
If the hoofs are inclined to be hard and brittle, oil them occasionally, or
bt the horse stand, say for an hour or two, or for a half day on Sunday,
in a box of soft clay and cow-manure, coming pretty well up the hoofs.
Th is by the exercise of care and judgment you may keep the feet, what
thej ought to be, the better part of the horse.

XIII. Blanketing— When Necessary.

A blanket is always necessary when the horse is standing in the stable
in Winter. A light sheet is about as necessary in Summer, during fly
time. A blanket should always be thrown over the horse in cold weather,
or even in the cool weather of Spring and Autumn, when standing after
being driven. A horse should always be blanketed when standing in a
draft, or in the ruin, using a cloth or rubber blanket as the case may be.

In blanketing a horse, see that the blanket is sufficiently large to cover
the animal from the neck to the tail, see also that the breast flaps are
sufficient to protect this sensitive part, and that the blanket is large
enough to cover the sides an*! flank fully. If not, do not buy it at any
price. Buy u blanket for each horse, and having them use them when
necessary, buckling them on so they will stay. Very many stable-men
have a number of blankets for each horse ; this is well enough if they can
afford it, but one blanket to each horse, with enough in reserve so a dry
blanket may be had as occasion requires, and with a good surcingle to
each blanket, is all that is really necessary.

XIV. Proper Tools for the Stable,

The tools necessary for cleaning a horse properly may be very few or
many. As a rule any horse may be properly cleaned with a scraper, a
curry comb, a brush, a sponge, a comb, a wisp of straw, and a rubbing
cloth. Horse pails both for washing the horse and for watering are in-
dispensable to any stable but never use one for the other. These should

120

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

be of oak, half an inch thick, and with strong iron bails, and to hold
fourteen quarts. The set of cleaning tools should be provided for every
two horses. Every stable should have two manure forks, one cf steel and
one of wood, splint broom, a scoop shovel, and a wheel-barrow. With
these any stable may be kept clean, and if the eye of the master is kept
on the help, the horses will not suffer for want of care. And these essen-
tials to a stable, and the treatment suggested, are urged on the score of
economy. They pay. We also urge them from humane considerations,
and those of neatness and system. In all respects kindness and attention
to a horse are both satisf actor v and remunerative.

»iSK5SjL

«i®

CHAPTER IX.

BENEITPS OP KIND AMD CABEPUL TREATMENT.

I. ABUSING A FAITHFUL SERVANT. 11. WHAT ARE BARBARITIBa. HI. A PICTURS FROM

I,IFE. IV. THK OTHER SIDE. V. A GOOD FARMER'S SURROUNDINGS. VI. FABMER

UNTHRIFT'S barn. VII. HIS HOME. ATIII. THE CAREFUL MAN'S THEORT. — — IX.

USING TUK MEANS WE HAVE. X, AN INFALLIBLE BULK.

I. Abusing a FaithfUl Servant.

The horse is the most useful servant of man, as he is one of the most
noble of animals. He is fortunate if he falls into the hands of a kind
and considerate master. Fully one-half of the horses used in civilized
countries are driven by persons brutal in their temper and instincts, who,
coming into possession cf a horse sufTering from disability, infiicted hy
some former owner, or perhaps reduced in value by age, are sold for n
' song, and thereafter the poor tortured brutes wear out a most miserable
existence, until at length they diop in their tracks, literally driven to
death. This picture is not overdrawn. Go into any cf our cities, and
on to many of the farms of the land, and see animals in every stage of
incurable disorders. On farms horses disabled for city use in the posses-
sion of some renter, whose only aim seems to bo to see how soon and on
how little food he can wear out the miserable animal. Contrast these
with tlie horses that are carefully fed and cared for, and by acttial count
the result will be suqirising even to a veterinarian.

As a rule, the horses of the better class of farmers fare the best. They
are not pampered, it is true, neither are they overdriven or overworked.
If they remain on the farm, they are capable of full work until they are

.(l

i\ill

i i

122

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

twenty years old. How many arrive at this age ? Not one in fifty. The
most of them die under seven years of age.

n. What Are Barbarities.

Their name is legion.

is barbarous to overload or overdrive an-

imals; to give them insufficK'i food and water; to allow them to stand

THE TEAM OF THK CRUEL AND IMPROVIDENT MASTER, AND THE USUAL SURROUNUlNOS.

day after day uncleaned and in filth, denying them even the poor boon of
cleaning themselves ; to work them during the progress of spuvin or ring-
bone, navicular disease, with corns, gravel, or other painful ailments of

THE HORSE, KIND TREATMENT.

123

Not one in fifty. The

3rload or overdrive an-
:o allow them to stand

the foot ; to let them stand shivering in the cold, or in apologies for sta-
bles, in inclement weather without blankets ; to drive them in the mud
and mire and neglect to clean them ; to ride then under torturing sad-
dles, or to drive them in galling collars and harness ; to use badly fitting

USUAL 8UBROUNUING6.

'^en the poor boon of
ss of spavin or ring-
painful ailments of

THE TEAM OF THE KIND AND CAREFUL MA8T.-R, AND THB NATURAL SURROUNDINGS.

or torturing bits, and then jerk their tender mouths because their agony
will not allow them to carry their heads directly in line or go straight
ahead; to ride or drive through deep mud at a pace which quickly ex-
hausts the animal, and then beat with a loaded whip, because they fla-,
or spur them until their sides are a gore of blood ; to keep the poor

„i'

124

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

creatures in terror, from fear of the whip, and then beat with renewed
vigor because the innocent brute does not comprehend what the master
really does not know himself ; to give the faithful servant over to the
tender mercies of some man who calls himself a blacksmith, who either
pricks him with a nail, pares down the hoof and the frog to the quick,
and then because the poor animal cringes, holds back or perhaps stum-
bles, beats him for it. Such are a few of the more common of the
cruelties inflicted, and which may be seen day by day by any who will
notice. A man cannot pass along the streets iu any large city, on any
day, without seeing some of these things.

The observing man need not travel ^ar in the country to see some such
picture as we present of the farmer who believes in letting his stock shift
for themselves when not at work, and is careful not to over-feed when
they struggle with the plow or wagon.

in. A Fiotmre Arom Life.

But, say some readers, the picture on page 122 is a fancy sketch. Not at
all. It is drawn from life. The superannuated, rat-tailed horse, with
one ear gone, blind, spavined, ill kept and ill fed ; the mule, still more
rat-tailed than the horse, intact only as to his ears, the broken-down
fence, the edge of the marshy pond, serving as a wallowing place for
hogs, and as a watering place for the family and stock ; the dilapidated
stable ; the log cabin — all are true to life. There is but one redeeming
feature in the whole scene : the wife begging that a little land may be
left in front of the house unplowed. Will it be granted? Not so.
The ragged edged plow will cut as close to the corner of the cabin as
possible, and then bear off in a circle in the near distance beyond. Land
is too valuable to spare any next the house, but the weeds and dilapidated
fence tell a tale of plenty of land beyond. If the traveler chose he
might learn the cause of all this. A history made in the corner gi'ocery
of the village, over the broken bridge.

Contrast this with the companion picture we give on page 123, and
which tells a very different tale.

IV. The Other Side.

It is of the farmer who is well-to-do by his own tact and energy. His
team is trained to almost human intelligence. Strong, alilc horses, whose
dams were kindly worked and carefully fed. "When foals they wore early
taught to take their oats. In "Winter they were carefully housed, their
training commencing within a few days of their birth ; broken in at t^vo

^^-^i^a-'SfeifteJ^g^

THE HORSE, KIND TliEATiMENT.

125

years old, worked gently, and at three past given full liberty again until
four. They are now six years old, trained to go without lines, a gray
and a bay ; well bred ; weighing 1250 eacii ; capiiblo of going a mile in
four minutes to the farm wagon. How much think you they are worth?
Let us whisper it; $800 has been refused. A foolish farmer is he not,
to keep so much money in a. farm team? Perhaps not. He asks $1200,
and he will get it. He has fulfilled the conditions we have given as to
breeding, feeding, watering, care, shelter, breaking and training. They
have lacked for nothing he could give them, and in turn refuse nothing
they may be able to do for him.

ars, the broken-down

ve on page 123, and

V. A Oood Farmer's Surroundings.

The surroundings of a man in any condition in life, whether he be rich
or poor, are an index to his character. The animus of all men is to make
money, but some possess in connection, a love of the beautiful. Without
method in labor no man can be successful. The farmer who has method,
and an eye for the beautiful, and only comfortably well off, perhaps, Avill
show his barn yards and surroundings something like the following illus-
tration :

THB BARN OF TUB PROVIDENT MASTER.

His barns are tight and ample, and filled to the ridge-pole with fodder.
His yards are protected with shelter-belts and wind-breaks, his pastures
and meadows ample and luxuriant, and his crops well tilled and heavy.
Inside his barns will be found a place for everything and everything- in
its place.

VI. Farmer Unthrift's Baini.

On the other hand we give a view of the barn of the improvident master.
His well, simply a hole in the ground where the drainage of the yard may
enter, the roof of the hovel rent and torn, the delapidated doors propped

126

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

up with rails, the weather-boards fallen or falling off, and the whole thing

shaky, like the master's mind. Fine stock, fat, and well groomed, have

come out of hovels of barns ; they
were made warm and comfortable. It
is not the most expensive structures
that always contain the best stock,
but in the end the hotter barn Avill be
built. We have never seen good
stock issue from such a barn as we
have shown, and it only needs to show
the house the farmer lives in, with
its brush heap, its line of ragged
clothes, the ragged, dirty children,

and generally dilapidated appearance, to complete the pictorial story of

general unthrift.

FARMER UNIHRIPT'S BARN.

Vn. Farmer Unthrift's Home.

^m//K

dP-

FARMER UNTHRIFT'S HOMB.

Such a man will raise his colts from spavined and broken down mares ;
they will shift for themselves upon scanty pasture in Summer, and in the
brush in Winter. He believes in hardening his stock, and he does it ;
hardens them into "runts," not worth a month's keeping. They are
literally broken to work, broken in body and temper with cruel blows ;
they are halter-broken too, the halter is a rope knotted about the neck'
like the poor old horse shown on next page, tied outside the barn for the
benefit of the fresh air it may get ; a starved out skeleton horse, contem-
plating the skeleton of a barn. Even in such a barn there are capabilities
that may be utilized for comfort. It may be reshingled, and new clap-
boarded, and the doors hung on their hinges. It may even be patched
up so as not to leak, and be banked up to keep out the cold. But will it

J the whole thing
11 groomed, have

of barns ; they
comfortable. It
jnsive structures

tlie best stock,
ttor barn Avill be
pver seen good
ch a barn as we
\y needs to show
)r lives in, with
line of ragged
dirty children,
jictorial story of

en down mares ;
imer, and in the
and he does it;
ling. They are
th cruel blows ;
about the neck,
the barn for the
I horse, contem-
3 are capabilities
, and new clap-
ven be patched
M. But will it

THE HORSE, HOW TO SHELTER.

127

be? Hardly I The picture of the old house, the wreck of a horse, the
old rope around the neck, the rotten barn, all tell of more money spent
at the dram-shop than for the maintenance and comfort of the family or
the well-being of the 4ock.

THE BARN OF THE CRUEL MASTER. ' A MODEL HALTER ON A MODEL COLT.

vm. The Careflil Man's Theory.

As an accompaniment to this we give an illustration of a well-kept
colt in a model halter for unbroken horses. By slipping both ends of
the chin strap through the ring of the tying rope, it is a halter for a well
broken horse. The man who possesses such stock and fixtures may not
be rich ; probably is not, but he is a careful, thinking, reading, method-
ical man, who believes in doing everything well. He uses no cruel
bridles, gives his colts no excuse for getting cast in their halters. His
harness seldom galls the team, and when it does, it is remedied at the
first indication. However dirty his team goes into the stable, it always
comes out clean and blooming ; not only this, such a master never finally
leaves his team for the night, after a hard day's labor, until it is dry, well
groomed, well littered down, and in every way comfortable for the night.
In the morning his team are always ready for the field or road ; and
however eager or spirited they may be, will travel along together, either
ahead of or behind the master, and looking like the picture that we here
give on following page — a lordly team, that only could belong to a kind
and considerate master.

They are not too many. The cruel, or shiftless, or drunken master*
are plenty enough. The farm stock of many get barely enough to eat,
and that in an irregular and improvident kind of way. They never pull
very heavy loads, the master has not many to haul, and he believes in

128

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

skim plo.ving. When he comes home, he "runs them into the barn,"
such as it is ; or they take the yard for it, and in the morning very closely
resemble tl.e picture on the left • ^

TEAM OF THE KIND MASTER.

TEAM OF THE CRUEL MASTER.

A "humped up," hungry, thirsty pair of servants to a cruel, because
improvident master.

Such a man may not be cruel in the sense of beating. He may be
really a kind-hearted man, a good neighbor, "thoroughly honest, as the
world goes," he may even be a good Christian man, or think so at
least. He is cruel nevertheless. More cruel perhaps than the brute who
belabors his beasts and then repents. Cruel in his improvidence, in his
neglect of his farm and his stock.

HIS DOOR-YARD GATE.

HIS FIELD-GATE

Is it any wonder that in the morning the team should be found in the
yard, waiting for their breakfast. The wonder is that there should be
anything, either in the house or out for either man or beast to breakfast on.

If to neglect we add a cruel or brutal disposition, the animals of the
farm are to be pitied, and the household likewise pitied, and praved for.

This chapter is pictorial, and not particularly given to practical infor-
mation on the care of horses. It is a chapter of contrasts, i-nd o-iven
deliberately, as indicating far more eloquently than mere words can*^, the
difference between careful and kind treatment of stock, and cruel or

THE HORSE, KIND TREATMENT.

129

XVEh MA8TBR.

1 cruel, because

neglectful tre:itment. It is, in fact, the story of thrift and unthrift.
We expect few Avhom it might benefit will see it. The unthrifty iniin
whom we have depicted, seldom sees books, and we might almost suy,
never buys one. Those however who do, may perform good missionary
work among the class we have represented, by showing them how quickly
tlirift will follow good intentions, religiously kept, backed up by honest
industry, guided by careful judgment, and accompanied by a will to
jjcrform. It will repair houses and barns, build gates and fences, culti-
vate smiling fields, rear and train good stock, lift the mortgage off the
farm, educntc the growing family, and bring comfort and happiness to a
once cheerless and suffering family.

IX. Using the Means We Have.

In the foregoing, it is not to be understood that expensive appearances
are necessary for training a horse, neither is it to be understood that
costly buildings are necessary. We have stated more than ouce that any
farm animal may be kept in the most comfortable manner, in a structure
made of poles and hay, and we will add, kej t in as good health as in ex-
perisive stables. The reason is that the master who uses care in making
a simple structure warm and comfortable has humanity to start with, and
generally gives his own personal care and supervision, while in costly
stables the animals are usually left to the care of men hired for the pur-
pose. The owner, often, from the pressure of other business pursuits,
beinjr unable to do more than to drive a favorite animal or team. In
perhaps a majority of cases he knows little or nothing of how a horse
should be cared for, and of course nothing as to the fitness of those
whom he pays for doing the work.

The object of this work is to present in a condensed form the best prac-
tices, founded upon common sense, and the experience of superior
stockmen in the care of animals. A study of these pages will enable any
jierson to acquire a good idea of the simplest and best means for arriving
at a correct knowledge of how animals should be bred, raised, fed, trained,
and cared for. He may thus understand how to do the work himself, or,
in case he be a man of business, or wealth and leisure, he may quickly
know whether the help he relies on are doing their duty, not only in feed-
ing and cleaning, in exercising and the general care of the animals under
them, but also know at a glance, whether the animals are treated with
the kindness and consideration that dumb brutes, but faithful servants,
deserve from man.

' ,1

180

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Z. An Inftillible Bule.

We have known ii bnital stable-man to fluj^ a horao in the most terrible
manner, simply to get rid of his own ugliness, as ho expressed it, while
at ordinary times he petted and made much of the ani lal. Such un aui.
nial will be frantic at the sight of a whip held in a tl loatening manner.
Animals that are in the habit of being struck with the pitchfork, or being
kicked and cuifed, will watch carefully the stable-man, and show by their
nervousness in the stable what they are expecting, while of the master
they will show no sign of fear. Stable-men are often cunning creat-ures ;
they will have soothing words to quiet the animal in the presence of the
master. Wo have always held that the horse should be spoken to firmly
but quietly, and always have an inherent suspicion that u team exhibiting
signs of fear at times, where we always hear the keeper speaking to them
in soothing tones, are abused in secret.

No sane man would practice such treatment to his own stock, and no
man who is obliged to leave valuable animals in the care of servants
should fail to know that they are doing their duty. It is not enough that
the stable-men feed the regular rations, that they clean and exercise prop-
erly. It should be made important that in all their intercourse with the
animals under their care, they be not unduly punished, nor in any other
respect abused.

CHAPTER X.

HOW TO BUY.

HOW TO OKT CORRECT INFORMATION. II. THB UUYKR MUST KNOW WHAT HK WANTS.

III. l>KOI-ORTION8 OK THK HORSE. IV. TUK CLEVELAND IIAY FOR PUOKIT. V,

HOW TO HUV A TROTTING HORSE. VI. ONE MUiiT KNOW WHAT UK UUY8 KOK. VII,

THK LIGHT HARNESS HORSE. VIII. SADDLE HORSES OF ALL GAITS. IX. THE HIGII-

BKKD HUNTING HORSE. X. RACING HORSES. XI. WHAT THB RACER SHOULD UK.

XII. TO AVOID VICES AND DKFK0T8— HOW TO DETECT. XIII. OTHER FAULTS AND

IMl'ERFBCTIONS.

I. How to Oet Correct Information.

Every horse owner sooner or later becomes a judge of what he is buy-
ing. If he depends entirely upon the lessons learned through cheats that
are practiced upon him by sharj) jockeys, life is too short for him ever to
become an adept in distinguishing vice, unsoundness, "dosed up" and
used up horses as among the various tricks and swindles practiced upon
the ignorant and unwary. Generally after being cheated, or absolutely
swindled a few times, the breeder goes to the only correct source of
information, concisely written and carefully illustrated books. He is
thus enabled not only to study, but subsequently to carry in his mind
what he has read and seen ; he comes to compare critically the living
animal with the illustrations and descriptions, and thus becomes an expert
himself, and in a hundredth part of the time by which he could acquire
correct information in any other way. This is precisely the means used
by any professional man in the acquisition of true knowledge in the
pursuit of his profession, whether it be in a learned pi'ofession or in the

education to practical art. Thereafter practice makes perfect.

n. The Buyer Must Know What he Wants.

Suppose he is looking for stock from which to breed trotting horses.
He must then consider the type of horse he wishes to breed ; whether for

132

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DCCTOR.

speed alone, or for style and speed. That is, first class road horses, or
large, strong, able horses, combining in as great a degree as may be hu-.f^e
size, strength, endurance and such style as may be confornuible with this
class of horses.

As sho^ving whit may be done in colts got by breeding up out of
roomy mare^ of fair style, bred to high clas„ trotting stallions, we give
three cuts or stallions, certainly good enough for sires, and as models of
what such horses should be. The first showing eminent breedin<s with

THE HORSE, HOAV TO BUY.

133

iss road horses, or
■ee as may be Uir.fre
forniuble with this

stvlo enough : rather straight on his fetlocks, according to the idea of
many good liorsemen, but with length enough, from our standpoint, to
five flexibility. A horse compact and smooth, with excellent flat and

eding up out of
allions, we give
nd as models of
t breeding, with

sinewy hmbs. good feet, ample chest, good lungs, fine eye, broad fore-
head, and strong jaws. The head not the ideal of modern "blood
horsemen," but nevertheless showing docility and intelligence in a hi-h
degree. Showiug also high breeding in every part. ^

i f!

184

ItiLUSTRATJiD STOCK DOCTOK.

ill

The cut on page 133 is of a horse of great style and endurance, fine all
over. A horse that will go with his head well up ; limbs exceedingly
fine, mane rather light, but with plenty of tail, as a horse should have ;
evidently showing Morgan blood, dashed with Jiell Founder and other

thorough blood.

Between the two, for real and intrinsic merit, the first should be take.
There is plenty of stylo about him, and strength. There is also a body
of fine character on limbs of great power. Such will be found accept-
able and sought after always by gentlemen Avanting a single horse, or a
pair for driving on the road, or for driving in the city park^-ways in the

THE HORSE, HOW TO BUY.

135

id endurance, fine all

, limbs exceedingly

horse should have ;

Founder and other

Ifll !fiU

■itj. i \

st should be takc^.
lere is also a body
I be found a(;cei)t-
sinpfle horse, or a
y parki-ways in the

afternoon. Either of the two will make capital and stylish saddle horses,
if well trained, such as no gentleman of ordinary weight or any lady
need be ashamed of when taking the afternoon trot or canter on the
fashionable boulevards or park-drives of our large cities, or on the streets
or roadino-s of cities havinsr no parks. The tirst the best horse, the sec-
ond the most stylish.

The third cut we give is that of a horse of large size and strong build,
adapted for drawing as a single horse for the coupe, or one of a team to
the family carriage ; as one of a pair for a coach or barouche ; one that
will give satisfaction almost anywhere, if not driven over eight miles an
hour, and capable as well of hauling loads on good roads, at a fast
walking pace.

A horse of this stamp, sixteen to sixteen and a half hands high, not
particularly heavy set, rather long-limbed, with rangy neck and good
head, with plenty of spirit, and weighing about 1200 pounds, may be
called a general utility horse. Such will command ready sale at any
time, if well broken and trained, say at from |200 to $300 each, and if
particularly nice and well matched, often at $800 or $900 tho pair, as
cannage horses when five or six years old.

in. Proportions of the Horse.

FKOFOBTIONS OF THB VARIOUS PARTS.

To arrive at a clear understanding of the proportions of the horse, we
give an outline that will be a good study, not only for the beginner, but

f 1

•

136

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

will be valuable for reference for any horseman, however expert he may
be. This illustration combines the average measurements of six'horses,
accepted for perfect symmetry, and taken, says Mr. J. H. Walsh (Stone-
henge) — one of the most graphic jiid lucid of English writers on the
horse — two of them from celebrate^ stallions, two from thorough-bred
hunters, and two from chargers of great value. This, therefore, will not
apply to draft horses, but it will be found that the nearer the g j.ieral
utility horse comes to these measurements, the better he will be.

Inches.
.... 63
.... 66

Height

Length from shoulder-point to quarter „

From the lowest part of the chest to the ground 36

From the elbow-point to the ground 39

From the withers to the pole, just behind the ears, in a straight line 30

The same measured along the crest 32

Length of head 22

Width across the forehead 9 1-2

From the withers to the hip 22

From the stifle to the point of the hock, in the attitude shown in the plan 29

From the root of the tail to the stifle-joint 26

From the point of the hock to the ground 22 1-2

Length of arm from the elbow to the pisiform bone (the rear bone of those

forming the upper articulation of the knee) 191-2

From the pisi brm bone to the ground „ 19 1-2

Girth varies from 78 to 79

Circumference of fore-cannon ^one (large metacarpel or shank bone, extend-
ing ftom the knee to the fetlock) 7 1-2, 8, 8, 8, 8 1-2 and 9

Circumference of arm just below the elbow 16 1-2 to 18

The foregoing is not to be taken as a fixed rule in comparing ordinary
horses, nor even those well-bred. Eclipse, for instance, may be given as
a most wonderful horse, differing in many material respects from these
measure nents. He was three inches taller at the withers, and yet higher
in the croup than at the withers. His head was of the same length as
the average given, but it is said to have been twelve inches across at the
forehead. He was a big hor.se in every respect ; tall, lengthy, capacious
in body, higher behinu than before, his neck and back long, the loin
roached, his limbs would by some be called long, but they were strong
with large joints, but fine ; his quarters straight, square and extended ;
thighs long and muscular; shoulders only moderately oblique, and of
fair deptli • his knees and hooks broad and Avell formed ; head small, and
as Avill be obseived from its great breadth of forehead, Arab-like. On
ilie whole it would proliably be difficult to improve the proportions of
Eclipse, simply as a weight-carrying race.-. For the hunting field, the
fine saddle horse, or any of the uses to which practical men put their
horses, aside from fiat racing, select as many of the superior points of

THE HORSE, HOW TO BUY.

137

owever exi^ert he may
I'cments of six' horses,
i-.J. H. Wulsh(Stone.
English writers on tlie
:) from thorough-bred
his, therefore, will not
he nearer the g j.ieral
;er he will be.

Inches.

ight line 30

91-2

vn In the plan 29

221-2

■ear bone of those

191-2

~ 191-2

78 to 79

,nk bone, extend-
71-2,8, 8, 8,8 1-2 and 9
161-210 18

I comparing ordinary
ince, may be given a".

respects from these
ithers, and yet higher

the same length as

inches across at the
1, lengthy, capacious

back long, the loin
lut they were strong
|uare and extended;
tely oblique, and of
led ; head small, and
ead, Arab-like. On
? the proportions of
10 liuiiting field, tlio

(leal men put their
e superior points of

Eclipse as you can find, but leave out the low withers and high croup.
The horse that will come to the standard that we have given in the dia-
gram, is as a rule the horse to buy.

IV. The Cleveland Bay for Profit.

Of late years this admirable and stylish horse as improved from the

138

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

old farm horse of fifty years ajro, has attractea attention in the United
States, and especially in the West, where many fair specimens have been
imported. As showing the characteristics when standing extended and at
rest, we give a portrait of a pure bay, in color, witli a star in the fore-
head, and one white hind fetlock. These dashes of white not detracting
from the style of any horse, and showing breeding. It is a horse show-
ing blood and breeding, with lofty crest, magnificent withers, round bar-
relled, and clean limbed, a coat like satin, and a head of excellent pro-
portions. Colts from such a horse out of large, roomy mares of good
style, will always sell for high prices. AVhen you find such a stallion do
not be afraid to buy, he will pay, and his foals Avill pay for their feed and
training.

The old fashioned horse of this race, the Cleveland bay, is extinct and
gone. The present form is the result of crosses with staunch thorough-
breds, giving better form throughout, greater speed and eminent style.
We consider them as among the very best from which to breed stylish
animals from proper mares. Horses that may do the ordinary farm work
until six years past, and then be sold at good jirices for stylish omnibus,
express, light draft, and carriage horses in our cities. Farmers who have
large, well built mares, wishing to breed colts that shall have size enouo-h
for any farm or road work ; that will breed to uniform color, so that they
may be easily matched ; that will have style — not that of the blood horse,
or light driving, or trotting horse — will do well to investigate the char-
acteristics of the Cleveland bays. Canada has acquired a high reputation
for stylish, well matched coach horses. It is founded in a great measure
upon crosses produced by breeding the modern (Cleveland bays upon large,
handsome mares of more or less breeding.

Such horses if properly cared for will do eight or nine miles an hour,
in harness, and under the saddle may be pushed up to twelve miles an
hour ; are active in all their gaits, tractable, easily managed, intelligent,
fast walkers, always ready for their feed, and as eager at labor, as they
are kind and intelligent every where. The late Henry WiUiam Herbert,
(Frank Forester), a thorough horseman, an accurate judge of horse flesh,
and a finished writer, in his voluminous work, "The Horse of America,"
thus describes the original Cleveland bay, and also the improved horse of
his time : "The Cleveland bay, in its natural and unmixed form, is a tall,
powerfully built, bony animal, averaging, I should say, fifteen hands
three inches in height, rarely falling short of fifteen and a half or ex-
ceeding sixteen and a half hands.

The crest and withers are almost invariably good, the head bony, lean,
and well set on.« Ewe-necks are, probably, rarer in this family than in
any other, unless it be the dray-horse, in which it is never seen.

THE HORSE, HOW TO BUY.

139

3ntion in the United
ipecimens have been
ling extended and at

I a star in the fore-
white not detracting

It is a lior.se show-
withers, round bar-
fid of excellent pro-
)uiy mares of good
d such a stallion do
ly for their feed and

i bay, is extinct and
h staunch thorough-
and eminent style,
ich to breed stylish
ordinary farm work
for stylish omnibus,
Farmers who have
lall have size enough

II color, so that they
of the blood horse,

nvestigate the char-

d a high reputation

in a great measure

nd bays upon large,

nine miles an hour,
to twelve miles an
maged, intelligent,
cr at labor, as they
y William Herbert,
udge of horse flesh,
lorse of America,"

improved horse of
xed form, is a tall,
say, fifteen hands

and a half or ex-

le head bony, lean,
lis family than in
fver seen.

The faults of shape to which the Cleveland Bay is most liable are
narrowness of body, and flatness of the cannon and shank bones. Their
color is universally bay, rather on the yellow hsty than on the blood bay
color, with black mane, tail, and legs.

They are sound, hardy, active, powerful horses, with excellent capabili-
ties for draft, and good endurance, so long as they are not pushed beyond
their speed, which may be estimated at from six to eight miles an hour,
on a trot, or from ten to twelve — the latter quite the maximum — on a
gallop, under almost any weight."

The large and more showy of these animals, of the tallest and heaviest
type, were the favorite coach horses of their day ; the more springy and
li<'htly built, of equal height, were the hunters, in the days when the fox
was hunted by his drag, unkennelled, and run half a dozen hours or
more, before he was either earthed or worn out and worried to death.
Then the shorter, lower, and more closely ribbed up were the road
hackneys, a style of horse unhappily now almost extinct, and having
unequally substituted in its place a wretched, weedy, half-bred or three-
quarters-bred beast, fit neither to go the pace with a weight on its back,
nor to last the time.

From these Cleveland Bays, however, though in their pure state nearly
extinct, a very superior animal has descended, which, after several steps
and gradations, has settled down into a family common throughout all
Yorkshire and more or less all the mid-land counties, as the farm horse,
and riding or driving horse of the farmers, having about two crosses,
more or less, of blood on the original Cleveland stock.

The first gradation, when pace became a desideratum with hound^ was
the stinting of the best Cleveland Bay mares t' , thorough-bred
horses, with a view to the progeny turning out h .. troop horses, or,

in the last resort, stage-coach horses, or, as they were termed, machines.
The most promising of these well bred colts were kept as stallions ; and
mares of the same type, with their dams, stinted to them prbduccd the
improved carriage horse of fifty years ago.

The next step was putting the half-bred fillies, by thorough-breds out
of Cleveland Bay mares, a second time to thorough-bred stallions ; their
progeny to become the hunters, Avhile themselves and their brothers were
lowered into the cai'riage horses ; and the half-bred stallions which had
been the getters of carriage hordes were degraded into the sires of the
new, improved cart horse.

V. How to Buy a Trotting Horse.

In no class of horses should the purchaser be more particular than in
trotting horses, whether they be for the road or the turf. In this case
10

I 1 1

S i D i

i i !

i 1

i , ^ '

1 1 '

i' 1

if: I

140

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

the judgment must be mo8t critici^ , Tlio mere looks of the horse is not
tae most important point. ' ' *\\e !iist place the animal must be entirely
free from any blemish thu did any possibility be construed into

...llMll'ji 1

' 1 '"'
1

unsoundness, in its incipient stage. The animal may not be handsome,
to the uneducated eye, none ever are, when fined down for work. To
illustrate this we give a portrait of Goldsmith Maid, a phenomenon such

THE HOK8E, HOW TO BUY.

141

i of the horse is not
nal must be entirely
y be construed into

not be handsome,
>\vn for work. To
phenomenon such

as seldom appears on the turf. In her trained form she is goose rumped
and inclined to be ewe-necked. An ordinary observer seeing her hitched
to a wagon in the field, might pass her unobserved. Not so the critical
horseman. The mighty framework, great 'ihesc, magnificent limbs, the
wonderful length from the stifle to the hock, the muscular form, all tell
of wonderful force, put together for business, and without waste.

Let us see what her record is, for this tells the whole story. Fast and
continued exertion at trotting means display of great muscular power.
It is as valuable in a horse in any other direction as in the exhibition

of speed.
Her Great Trials. — The fastest time, meaning up to the date giv v ,

all in harness, is as follows :

In HARNK88. -Fastest one mile, Ooldsmith Maid, Mystic Park, Boston, Sept. 2,1874,
time 2:14.

Fastest 2d heat, Goldsmith Maid, Mystic Park, Boston, Sept. 2, 1874, time 2.14.

Fastest 3d heat, Lula, Buffalo, N. Y., Aug. 10, 1876, and Ooldsmith Maid, Buftalo, Aug. 3,
1876, time 2:16.

Fastest 6th heat. Goldsmith Maid, Hartford, Sept. 1, 1876, time 2:19 3-4.

Fastest two consecutive heats. Goldsmith Maid (2d and 3d), Buffalo, Aug. 3, 1876, time
2:16—2:161-4—2:16.

Fastest four-heat race, Rochester, Aug. 14, 1875, Goldsmith Maid winning the first heat,
and Lula the next three, time 2:15 1-2—2:16 1-2—2:16 1-2—2:17.

Fastest flve-heat race, Cleveland, July 27, 1876, Goldsmith Maid winning the first two,
and Smuggler the succeeding three heats, time 2:15 1-2—2:17 1-4—2:16 1-4—2:19 3-4—2:17 1-2.

Fastest six-heat race, Hartford, Sept. 1, 1876. Smuggler winning the first two, making a
dead heat with Goldsmith Maid for the third, and the Maid winning the next three, time
2:15 1-4 3:17—2:16 3-4—2:17 1-4—2:18-2:19 8-4.

If we compare this with other records of fastest time in various ways
of going, and at all ages, it will be seen that the American trotting horse,
owing as the best of them do, their superior qualities to the thorough
blood in them, are not at all inferior to their racing congeners of the turf.

That many turf -men are ill-bred and tricky is unfortunate. It does not
detract from the real merits of a useful servant to man, and one of the
noblest animals on tho face of the earth.

The fastest tirie of other celebrated horses will be interesting in this
connection, nnu hence we give the record as follows :

Fastest two miles, Flora Temple, Eclipse Course, L. I., Aug. 16, 1859, time 4:50 1-2.
Fastest three miles. Huntress, Prospect Park, L. I., Sept. 23, 1872, time 7:21 1-2.
Fastest four miles. Trustee, Union Course, L. I., June 13, 1849, time 11:06.
Fastest five miles, Lady Mack, San Francisco, Cal., April 2, 1874, time 13:00.
Fastest ten miles. Steel Grey, Birmingham, Eng., April 13, 1876, time 27:56 1-2.
Fastest twelve miles. Topgallant, Philadelphia, 1830, time, 38:00.
Fastest fifteen miles, Girda, San Francisco, Cal., Aug. 6, 1874, time 47:20.
Fastest twenty miles, Capt. McGowan, Boston, 1856, time 58:25.
Fastest fifty miles, Ariel, Albany, K Y., 1846, time 3:55-40 1-2.

^ ^

142

ILLUSTRATKI) STOCK DOCTOtl.

Fustest ono hundrccl
Fiutest 1st huut
Fastest 4ih heat.
Fat> jth heat

o
a

Fastest foiirconsci'iilive heats. Sniu-fgler (IW, 4th, 5th, Cth), Hartford, Sep. 1, 187G, time
2:16 3-4—2:17 1-4—2:18—2:19 3-4. (At Rochester, Au^f. 14, 1874, Gtoster trotted a four-heat
race in 2:18—2:17 3-4—2: 17— 2;19, the first being a dead heat with Red Cloud ; the aggregate
time of the four heals being the same in both races; but the former is unquestionably the
better performance,)

TIIE HORSE, now TO BUY.

14«

5;t. tlnio 8:55:63.
2:15 1-4.

-2.

,1 • .•

o
a:

irtford, Sep. 1, 1876, time
lostcr trotted a four-heat
(1 Cloud ; the aggregate
ler is unquestionably the

Colt Racbs in Harnkss.— Fastest mllo by a yearling— Memento— Loxii'rfton, Ky., Oct.
10, 1877 (not a record), time 2:50 3-4.

Fastest mile by a two-year-old— So-»o— Lexington. Oct. 12, 1877, time 2:31.

Fastest mllo by a three-year-old— Elaine— Hartford, Sept. 19, 1877, time 2:28.

Fastest mile by a lour-year-old-Keen Jim— Lexington, Oct. 12, 1877, time 3:24 1-2. (Gov-
ernor Hprague trotted a mile, as a four-year-oid, at Bullaio, Aug. 10, 1875, between the heats
of a race. In 2:21 1-4, as timed by the official Judges of the course; but, as It was not in a
race, the time does not constitute a technical record.)

Fastest mile by a live-year-old— Qov.Sprague-Poughlceepsle, Aug. 22, 1876, time 2:20 1-2.

Trottinq to Waqon.- Fastest one mile, Judge Fulierton, San Francisco, Nov. 1874, time
320 1-2,
Fastest two miles, Gen. Butler and Dexter, each a heat, Long Island, 1803, time 4:66 1-4.
Fastest three miles, Kemble Jackson, June, 1853, time 8:03
Fastest four miles, Longfellow, Dec. 31,1809. time 10:34 1-2.
Faxtest Ave miles, Little Mack, Long Island, Oct. 29. 18B3, time 13:43 1-2.
Fastest twenty miles, John Stewart, Long Island, Sept. 22, 1868, time 59:23.

Miscellaneous.— Fast«st one mile, under saddle, Great Eastern, Fleetwood, N. Y., Sept.
24, 1877, time 2:15 3-4.

Fastest one mile, double team, Small Hopes and Lady Mack, Fleetwood, N, Y., Sept. 11,
1877, time 2:23.

Fastest one mile, with running mate, Ethaiv.AIlen, Long Island, June 21. 1867, time 2:15.

VI. One MuBt Know What he Buys For

In buying a trotting horse, one must first make up his mind just what
the horse or team is wanted for. If simply for speed, all that is neces-
sary is simply to examine the record made. No fast trotter is ever
l)()ught, except by its record. In the case of an untried colt, there are
other considerations. The colt may grow up very fast, or only of mod-
erate speed. The inquiry then to be aade, if the young thing has
brothers or sisters of a trotting age, is to examine their record. If not,
examine the record of the sire and dam of the mother of the colt, and the
record of the produce of the colt's sire. If they are good, the chances
are in the colt's favor. If bad, the chances are against him.

Again, if the colts are to be used for driving on the road, style and
handsome action, may or may not be the prime integers. If mere speed
here is the requisite, buy a trotter of the fastest gait your purse will
allow. For road driving the style is regarded— and very properly so—
as of as much or more consequence than mere speed. In this the buver
should study the different illustrations we give of form, style and
make-up.

Vn. The Light Harness Horse.

In niany cases, where the roads arc superior, and the animal is used in
a vehicle of the lightest construction, to carry only one person, size is

144

ILLl'STIfATKI) STOCK DOCTOR.

not always necessary. Very many liorses of fourteen and a half hands,
are ex(iuisitely luiiidsonie and capaldc of very fast work. One of the
best wc ever knew was a 8t. Lawrence inaro fourteen hands high, that

Tery few large horses could get by on a smooth road— the "Baby," as
she was called— when driven on a track, always going as a pacer.

j::l.*i

cen and a half hands,
St work. Ono of the
rtcen hands high, that

TUB 1IUIU4B, now TO BUY.

145

Tho inuMtration on opposite page is of an Knglish light hurness, two-
wheeled turn-out, a vehiele now oeeasionally patronized by fast living
voung gentlemen. For stylo of going, the horso is as perfect as ho is
iiandsonie in his niake-ui), but not showing tlio high knee action consid-
ered stylish with all two-wheeled turn-outs.

>■
O

n
o

d— the "Baby," as
as a pacer.

Vm. Saddle Horses of all Gaits.

It has always seemed a pity that farmers sons have not taken more
kindly to the saddle than American youths do. It is well enough for

146

ILLLSTUATED STOCK DOCTOU.

men of mature age to favor the buggy or light wagon, but every younw
man and woman rai.sed in the country should be taught to sit a horse per-
fectly, and to manage him at all gaits. In the South this is the case, but

I >f

ir 11

V ji

m tlie North the perfect saddle-seated rider is rarely found. Lately,
thoroughly trained saddle horses are much sought after i ,i our cities, and
certamly there is no place where (hey may be so perfectly trained as i.i

THE HORHE, HOW TO BUY.

147

on, but every young
lit to sit 'I liorse per-
i this is tlie case, but

ViJ^'- |llllllll.,";;/|Vil

"(i

H
«
K

the West. Every respectable farmer should have at least one well
trained saddle horse to sell when called for. Twelve months training
will put them in form. For good Avear-and-tear, compact, able as a
good leaper, of fine form, and undoubted bottom for any distance, the
illustration, page 145, will give an idea of what such a saddle horse
should be.

IX. The High-bred Hunting Horse.

When a long stride, great leaping powers, and ability to go long
distances at high speed is required, the horse should be not less than
one-half to three-quarters bred. A greater proportion even is favored in
the South, where the passion for hunting is only secon4 to that in
England. The illustration of a horse of extra good action as given on
page 146, will be seen to combine size, indicating capacity for carrying
o'reiit weight ; high breeding, as shown in the crest and head ; wonderful
hings ; great length of hip and limbs, and being near perfection as possi-
ble ; a high caste horse that \vill not fail his rider in time of need.

X. Baoing Horses.

There is one more class of saddle horses worthy of special notice : the
thorough-bred racing horse, the foundation upon which has been built all
that is valuable in every horse where speed, bottom, elegance, and great
bone, sinew and muscle in every respect are required. It is the fact that
on the race course there have been schemes and tricks practiced, probably
there always will be those scandalous in the extreme, but frowned upon
by all breeders of respectability. Among the more respectable associa-
tions rules of the most stringent character have been drawn, and fairly
lived up to. If dishonest jockeying can be still further eliminated the true
animus of the turf may have a bright future before it in still farther
improving the breed of staunch thorough-breds, capable of carrying
weight, and with bottom to get the rider two, three and four miles at
high speed. These are what are really wanted, and not those that at the
end of a quarter or a half mile are entirely blown and jaded, or as an
Englishman would express it, quite "pumped out."

found. Lately,

i.i our cities, and

\q:\\ trained as in

XI. What the Baoer Should Be;

The model racing horse should be from fifteen and a half to sixteen
hands high, full and muscular in his l)und, with clean, sound limbs, short
backed, round in the barrel, with long hips, deep and oblique shoulders,

1'-:

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

a rangy and not too muscular neck ; u head fine, bony and with rather
large muzzle and prominent nostrils, broad in the forehead, with a full,
bright, but mild eye, denoting a high nervous temperament, uniting

<i i:

l< 11

yii '

great courage with docility. The accompanying illustration will give a
correct idea of a horse of great speed, high courage and lasting powers
of endtirance.

THE HORSE, HOW TO BUY.

149

Xn. To Avoid Vices and Defects— How to Detect.

They are legion, and he who at present buys any horse, whether for
speed or work, must be on his guard against them. Among the prin-
lipal disabihties to be guarded against are :

1. Bone spavin, cuius, ring-ijone and splints. — To detect these

look at the horse from before and behind, for spavin and curb at the
hocks ; for ring-bone, at the fetlocks ; and for splints, below the knee.
Feel the bones at all these parts for tenderness or enlargement. If they
appear, reject the horse instantly. He will be worthless as a sire, or for
riding or driving.

2. — Stumbling. — Examine the knees to find if they are scarred, or
show the marks of previous injuries, or that have been operated upon for
callosities. Then walk him over somewhat rough ground, and at a slow
pace, with an entirel}' loose rein, to see if ho trips or goes weaker on one
leg than on the other. If he is a stumbler, he is the most dangerous
animal a man can own, unless it be a kicker ; in fact, more so than
the latter, since kicking may be guarded against, when knowing tlie vice.

3. — KiCK'.NG. — If this is suspected, the animal will lay back his ears
if approached in an apparently careless manner, though horses do this
sometimes from mere playfulness. If they are vicious, they -will lay
their ears more completely back, and the eyes will also denote their in-
tention. Examine the stall where it is known they have stood for
marks of their hoofs, and above ail, give the animal a chance to show his
propensity when the groom is not near.

4. — Pulling at the halter or bridle when tied. — Tie him up in a
close yard, with a halter he can easily break, leaving him quite alone for
about half an hour, to exhibit his propensity if he will.

5. — Crib-biting. — If the horse is a confirmed crib-biter, his teeth —
the central incisors — will show wear v.^here he has grasped objects to en-
able him to get leverage to perform the operation. Tie him out to a
stump, or at a post about three feet high, and watch hmi, no person
beinj; in his siffht.

<). — Balking and backing. — Horses seldom balk under the saddle ;
when they d?, thdy are dangerous in the extreme, often stopping sud-
denly when under motion, or backing into dangerous places. It is dif-
ficult to detect, for they will sometimes go days, weeks and even
months all right, and then suddenly show the vice. As a rule, it is
exhibited by bad tempered, badly trained horses. A warrant from a
respj'^table owner is the best guarantee. It may sometimes be detected,
if a ptrson strange to the horse mounts and attempts to start him sud-

''m^

150

ILLUSTRATED PTOCK DOCTOR.

denly. In harness it may often be detected by the rcanner hi which the
animal starts and travels.

7. The Eogue. — The rogue is the horse of vices ; he may take the bit

ii: his mouth and run away, he will rear, back, kick, strike, bite, and do
twenty other unpleasant tricks, not always from pure vice, but often from
exhuberance of spirits, or from being crcissed in some way. They gen-
erally perform well enough after they have found out that their rider is
their master. They are difficult to detect in their vices, except by the
thorough horseman, well versed in every expression and act of the horse.

8. — BisHOPED Teeth. — So named from the scoundrel who invented
filing an old horse's teeth to make him look young, even to burning and
blackening the cups formed. A careful study of the chart of the horse's
teeth, given in this book, will enable any person to detect this, ?ince it is
impossible to cover the shrinking of the gums, by which the teeth show
narrow, and are peculiar in shape.

9. — Weak Eyes. — ^Whatever the occasion, have nothing to do with a
horse with bad eyes. Bring the animal from a rather dark stable just in-
side the door where the full light may strike the eyes. Examine the lids
and pupils carefully, to see if there is any considerable shrinking ; the
eye should be able to bear the full light. Hors. n-t sometimes near-
sighted, and also far sighted. N'early all shying .V tt.-! become so either
from defect in vision or from cowardice.

10. — Moon Eyes. — This is a specific ophthalmy, from which one or
both eyes periodically change color, and during the paroxysm it may be-
come ei .irely blind. During the interval the eyes look natural. It is
better, if the buyer suspects this, to take a warranty against it.

11. — Blindness. — This is sometimes difficult to detect by the ordinary
observer by looking at the eyo«». In rare cases the eyes may seem natural.
A blind horse, however, may be detected by hip mode of progression.
As an example we give an illustration showing the mode of progression
of r. Locally blind horse.

Xm. other Paulta and Imperfections.

The disabilities noticed in the pvrvious sections are those of positive
unsoundness, or else of determined vice. Some others that should not
be ovorlool-ed, are easily discovered by careful examination and test.
These are :

1. — Glass? E'i'E.— This, if not complicated Avith specific dir-:ease, does
not interfere with iight \\\ any respect. It is a serious defect, simply ro
far as looks are concerned. Usually only one eye has this peculiar Avhite

¥\i

THE HORSE, HOW TO BUY.

151

manner in which the

; he may take the bit
i, strike, bite, and do
3 vice, but often from
)me way. They gen-
out that their rider is

vices, except by the
and act of the horse,
undrel who invented

even to burning and
e chart of the horse's
detect this, i-ince it is
which the teeth show

nothing to do with a
3r dark stable just in-
!s. Examine the Hds
arable shrinking ; the
arc sometimes near-
'--'tu-t become so either

from which one or
laroxysra it may be-
look natural. It is
against it.
tecl by the ordinary
es may seem natural,
ode of progression,
mode of progression

IS.

re thope of positive
K^rs that should not
aniination and test.

locific dLsease, does
IS defect, simply "o
IS this peculiar white

glassy appearance, the pupil perfect, and the iris quite natural. It should
affect the price of the animal, only as detracting from eleirance.

THK MODm IN WHICH A HOUSE PR0GKKS8KS WHEN BLIND.

2. White Spot. — Sometimes a small white spot will appear on the
eye of a young horse, generally after three years of age, and usually
near the outer corner. It has a peculiar cloudy appearance, sometim^is
increasing to the size of a hemp seed, and occasionally larger. The du-
ration is variable, sometimes lasting for years, and again disappearing in
a short time. It really impairs the vision but little, if any. Unless its
history is know.i a veterinary surgeon should decide whether it is incipient
cataract or not. Some vetei-inarians have termed it spurious cataract, but
this is entirely a misnomer. The name white spot describes it perfectly.

3. Roaring. — This is the result of obstruction in some part of the
larynx or trachea, impeding the breath, and causing a peculiar roaring
sound when the animal is in motion. It is rarely found in the United
States, being chiefly conuur'd '.o draft horses. It is often the result of
chronic cough. In England :* is quite common, and when present in a
horse of fast work, will rend.e. him worthless for the road. It mav be
discovered by urging the liorse to a fast gait.

4. Oblique Tail, or Wn\ Taii,. — This is caused by contraction of
the muscles of the tail on one Side. It may sometimes be improved by
a surgical cperation, and should be considered a serious defect in any
horse, and tst^jocialiy so in a driving horse.

, 1.4

152

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

5. Turning the Toe op the Hoof out or in Unduly, Sand Cracks,
Quarter Cracks, Dish Hoofs, Over-reaching, Interfering, etc., are
all to be looked for before finally buying a horse. They are aU disabili-
ties that should not be present where the purchaser pays full price for
the animal. They are, however, all so apparent that the purchaser is to
blame if he fails to see them.

6. Wolf Teeth. — These rudimentary teeth, which are found in some
horses but not in mares, and which have been supposed by ignorant
persons to produce blindness, and other diseases, are entirely harmless,
except for the abrasion they sometimes occasion to the tongue and cheeks.
If they do so they are easily taken out by any sensible blacksmith. In
fact it is quite well to extract them, not that they will produce serious
disease, but simply because they are not of any value, are usc-iess to the
animal, and may occasion slight inconvenience.

7. Shying. — ^This is one of the most dangerous habits a horse can
have, whether it be occasioned by cowardice — seldom the case ; injudi-
cious punishment — more common ; or from defective eyesight, or from
all these combined. If you are so unfortunate as to have a shying horse
endeavor to break him of the vice by alk;wing him to examine objects of
which he is afraid, by speakinc soothingly to him, but never by whipping
or spurring him. When he shows a disposition to shy turn his head to
rather than from the object. Stop him ; let him approach the object and
touch it with his nose, for soon he will approach it himself. If simply
caused by nervousness, ho may thus be cured. If caused by being short
sighted there is no means of relief. Before you buy a horse be certain
that he has not this iy firmit''', as d'.ngerous a one as it is disagrjeabie.
Such an animal is only fit to be ({riven by the side of another horse who
will keep him to his work, an'^ u|ion which he at length will come to
depend, or of being driveu aa a wh^.der in a team of four horses.

VDULY, Sand Cracks,
TERFEBiNO, etc, are
They are all disabili-
pays full price for
it the purchaser is to

ich are found in some
upposed by ignorant
re entirely harmless,
lie tongue and cheeks,
lible blacksmith. In
will produce serious
le, are us^Jess to the

3 habits a horse can
m the case ; injudi-
;ive eyesight, or from
I have a shying horse
o examine objects of
lit never by whipping
hy turn his head to
iroach tbe object and

himself. If simply
lused by being short
y a horse be ^ei-tain
IS it is disagr3eal)le.
F another horse who
ength will come to

four horses.

CHAPTER XI.

HOW TO BUY, CONTINUED.

I. BCYINO CHBAP HOBSES. tl. COLOR, IN RELATION TO VALUE. HI. ACTION. IV.

FAST-WAIKINO HOR8K8. V. WHAT A HORaB SHOULD BE. VI. WHAT CON8TITCTK8

UK80UNDNKS8. VII. ILLUSTRATION OF FORM AND SYMMETRY. VIII. THE BODY AND

LIMBS. IX. THS BODY AS STANDING FACING YOU. X. FRONT VIEW OF FORE-QUAR-
TERS, SHOWING DIFFERENT BAD CONFORMATIONS. XI. THE HIND-QUARTERS XII.

THE VIEW FROM BEHIND. XIII. WHAT NOT TO BUY. XIV. BUYING FOB BI,OOJ>.

SV, SUMMING UP.

I. Buying Cheap Horses.

In the preceding chapter on this important subject we have endeavored
to show some of the principal points to be considered in buying a horse,
especially those relating to the use for which they are intended. There
is one rule that will always apply in buying any horse. Never buy him
because he is offered at a price evidently far below his worth, that is,
except it be from a friend that you can trust, who does not want the
horse himself, and wishes to do you a favor. These cases will be found
very rare. In every other case rest assured tho horse has some danger-
ous \'ice, or is permanently unsound. In this country never buy a horse
at any price which has any appearance of broken knees by falling.
Hunting horses are too rare here for one to have gotten tho hurt in the
field, and, accidentally, by being put at a barrier beyond his power.

Reject a horse with any weakness in his eyesight, unless you have use
for a blind horse, then buy him at a blind horse's price. A one-eyed
horse may do useful, but not elegant work. Never buy a lame horse at
any price, until you are assured that the disability is not permanent.

Foot lameness, except it may be from a slight corn, and consequently

154

TT,1-U8TUATKD STOCK DOCTOR.

curable, should l)c an insuperal)lc bar to purchase. You can never patch
up a bad foot. Therefore be sure you always try the intended purchase
on a hard road. Many game horses, dead lame on hard roads, will got
along without nmch tlinching on soft roads, or the turf. If you are
certain as to the cause of the lameness nnd know you can cure it, the
purchase, as a speculation, may do ; l)ut never rely on the assurance of
the horse dealer. It is his business to sell.

Never buy a narrow chested horse for hard service. It shows weak
lungs and those liable to inflammation. If for saddle, avoid a very broad
chested horse, though as trotters they are sometimes fast. The best and
most perfect chest is a medium between the narrow and broad chest.

A tucked up washy looking horse should be avoided. They may indeed
do for light work or short drives, but are totally unfit for real work.

In buying avoid all defects in the wind ; be sure the disability has not
been temporarily covered up, by special means known to horse dealers.
A whistler or roarer may show no indication of his infirmity at a slow-
pace, or up to a ooHain speed. Beyond that it is apparent. Broken
wind is an incurable iafirnv'ty and probably as distressing to the horse as
the asthma is to man. A horse may make nice or less noise and yet not
have broken wind. Any indication of this, however, is to be looked on
with suspicion.

In buying a horse his points of excellence and infirmity are better
shown if only in fair working condition than when very fat. A horse
very fat is pretty nearly a useless creature until his condition has been
brought down to that of bone, sinew and muscle, with just suflScient fat
to lubricate, so to speak, the working parts. Yet a horse for slow draft
may be serviceable and carry far more flesh and fat than one used for
fast work. Many superior horses have been ruined by hard driving when
fat, or soft.

h ' ■>:

i'eti

n. Color in Belation to Value.

It is a saying as trite as it is old that any color is good in a good horse.
Yet a horse, however good otherwise, should be invariably rejected if his
color is bad. For instance, it would essentially mark both an ignorant
and vulgar person who would select a piebald, spotted, or otherwise
extraordinary color for a carriage horse. It would savor of the circus
or show ring.

As saddle horses for gentlemen, self-colors are the best, and those dis-
tinct. A star in the forehead and two white feet behind <nve character.
A snip in the face, if large, is objectionable. Four white stockings more
so. B;iy, brown and dark chestnut are the preferable colors. If the

TME HOK8E, HOW TO BUY.

155

blc colors. If the

horse is exceptionably stylish, bhvck and dapple gi-ay arc good colors.
Gray horses are often bad tempered, and black horses are not as a rule,
docile. For ladies' use a dark croam color with white mane and tail, or
that rare combination, a dark chestnut with darker tail and mane are ele-
gant if of good form. So a strawberry roan, if unexceptionable in stylo
and f()rin, is elegant.

For single or double light driving, all distinct colors are good. Uneven
or curiously marked horses arc allowable in a fancy team — as a mismatch
in distinct colors — as it is called. The colors should be distinct and in
stronnf contrast, or else harmonious. A chestnut and a dark bay would
be harmonious, and 3'ct distinct colors. So would be a chestnut and a
brown : a cream with white mane and tail, and a chestnut with dark mane
and tail would show a marked contrast, and yet be elegant ; so would be
cream-colored horses so marked. A pure white and a jet black would bo
the most marked contrast possible, and not for a moment admissible,
except both were faultless in form and style of going. Here in fact is
where the fine art lies in teams of two distinct colors : WTiatever the
mismatch in color, the team should he as near alike in form and car'
riage as possible.

m. Action.

There are really but two styles of action : low, smooth, safe action, and
high-stepping, showy action. The latter of little account except for
parade and showing off on the road in connection with fine stylo. A
high-stepping dolt is as unsafe as he is ungainly. The action that is
slow and safe, and fast and safe, if combined in an animal is invaluable.

A horse with really goo(^ action moves all his limbs evenly, and brings
his hind logs well under him at every movement. Some horses with
round action in front— paddlers they are called — ave often staunch and
sure-footed, but this is in spite of this action, not in consequence of it.
Horses that straddle behind are often exceedingly fast trotters. Yet
neither of these movements are what would be sought, either in a fine
saddle horse or in a good harness horse.

IV. Fast-walking Horses.

We have before stated that a perfect and fast walking gait was not
only indispensable to every horse, but the most valuable gait a horse
could have for every day use. Yet we seldom see a horse that will walk
four and a half or five miles an hour, even when urged and in regular 1-
2-3-4 time, nodding his head harmoniously in cadence. If a purchaser
gets such a horse, or one that will do four miles under the saddle with-
11

156

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOIi.

out stumblinrr, Bhufflinfr, aropping the step or breaking, bo sure you have
a cood one at speed, if lie 1ms speed, for many great walkers are so
broad chested that they cannot trot fast, and in galloping they will roll.

Yet occasionally a horse will be found good at all gaits. "VYlien so, it is
the result of exceptionably good form and careful training. He who can
so train a horse may, if he finds the proper purchaser, get a long price
for his trouble and skill.

THE HORSE, now TO BUY.

157

V. What a Horse Should Be.

Wo have boon very minute in stating the points of perfection in a
horse, and have been particuhvr in urging that the hings, limbs mid feet
should bo supcr-excellont. In addition, and as from one of tho best
authorities, wo quote from the hite H. W. Herbert, upon tho physical
structure of tho horse, before illustrating physical i)erfoction and perfect
conformation. Mr. Herbert says :

•'The points of the physical structure of a horse on which the most,
indeed the whole of his utility depends, aro his legs. Without his loco-
motors all tho rest, however beautiful it may be, is nothing worth.
Therefore, to these wo look first. Tho fore-shoulder should ))c long,
obliquely set, with a considerable slope, high in tho withers and thin
above. Tho upper arm should bo very long and muscular, the knee
broad, flat and bony, I he shank, or cannon bone, as short as may be, flat,
lu.t round, with clean, firm sinews ; the pastern joints moderately long
and ol)liquo, but not too much so, ;is tho excess produces springiness and
weakness ; tho hoofs firm, erect or deep, as opposed to flat, and the feet
generally large and round. In the hind-legs tho quarters should bo
large, powerful, broad when looked at in profile, and square and solid
from behind. The hams should bo sickle-shaped, not straight, and well
let down, so as to bring the hocks well toward the ground. Tho hocks
should be large and bony, straight, not angular and convexly curved in
their posterior outlines ; the shanks, corresponding to tho cannon bones,
short and flat, and the hintl feet similar in form to tho fro;"t. The back
should be short above, from the point of the withers and shoulder-blade,
wiii(;h ought to run well back to tho croup. Tho barrel should be round,
and for a horse in which strength and quickness ai'o looked to more thiin
great speed and stride, closely ribbed up. A horse can scarcely be too
deep from the tip of his shoulder to the intersection of his fore-leg —
which is called the heart-place — or too wide in the chest, as room 'n
these parts gives 1 oe play to the most important vitals. The form of tho
neck and setting on of tho head are essential not only to tho beauty of
the animal, but to tho facility and pleasure of riding or driving him ;
hence, with an ill-shaped, short, stubborn neck, or ill set on head, the
animal cannot by any possibility be a pleasant-mouthed horse, or an easy
one to manage. Tho neck should be moderately long, convexly arched
above from the shoulders to the crest, thin where it joins the head, and
so set on that when yielding to the bit it forms a semi-circle, like a bended
bow, and brings the chin downward and inward until it nearly touches
the chest. Horses so made are always manageable to the hand. The
converse of vhis neck, which is concave above and stuck out at the

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158

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

windpipe like a cock's wattle, is the worst possible form ; and horses so
made almost invariably throw up their heads at a pull, and the most excep-
tionable of brutes, regular star-gazers. The head should be rather small,
bony, not beefy, in the jowl ; broad between the eyes, and rather concave,
or what is called basin-faced, than Koman-nosed, between the eyes and
nostrils. The ears should be iine, small and pointed ; the eyes large,
clear and prominent, and the nostrils wide and well opened. A horse so
framed cannot fail, if free from physical defects, constitutional disease
and vice, to be a good one for any purpose — degree of strength, light-
ness and speed being weighed in accordance with the purpose for which
he is desired."

VI. What Constitutea Unsoundness.

1. — Spavin, whether it be bog spavin, blood spavin or bone spavin,
when sufficiently developed to be known.

2. — Ossification of any of the structures adjacent to any of the joints
and also without doubt ossification of the lateral cartilages.

3. — Corns are considered as constituting unsoundness, but they must
be discovered Avithin a short time, say a few days of the purchase.

4. — Curbs constitute unsoundness, but they must be shown to exist
at the time of the sale.

5. — Founder or Laminitis, is unsoundness whether it produces lame-
ness or not, for if it has existed thelaminte will have been injured and
the horse will be lame when worked.

6. — Pumiced Foot is unsoundneso as evidence of laminitis.

7. — Quittor may render the horse permanently unsound.

8. — Ring-bones and side-bones constitute unsoundness.

9. — A JVerved Horse is unsound as showing the existence of disease
for which the operation was performed, and also from the division of
the nerves.

10. — String-Halt is unsoundness.

11. — Thrush is so when severe.

12. — Breaking down, even though the horse has recovered so as not
to go lame.

13. — TliicTcening of the Bach Sinews, or suspensory ligament, if known
to exist, is unsoundness.

li.— Broken Wind, Tliick Wind, Whistling and Roaring are all con-
sidered as constituting unsoundness, as forming impediments in breath-
ing, injuring the animal for drawing or other active service.

15. — Farcy and Glanders.

16. — Grease and Mange.

THE HORSE, HOW TO BUY.

159

; and horses so
I the most excep-

be rather small,
1 rather concave,
iu the eyes and

the eyes large,
ed. A horse so
itutional disease

strength, light-
irpose for which

ov bone spavin,
ny of the joints

}S.

, but they must
purchase,
shown to exist

produces lamc-
jen injured and

litis,
d.

;ence of disease
the division of

'ered so as not

iment, if known

'ing are all con-
nents in breath-
ce.

17. — Cough, if it lasts. A horse with a chroni cough is clearly
unsound.

18. — Megriems, if it can be shown that the horse has had an attack
before the sale.

19. — Ophthalmia, if it occurs soon after the purchase. The evidence
of a veterinary surgeon may be necessary to show the previous presence
of the disease.

20. — Cataract, however slight, constitutes a horse unsound.

21. — Broken knees, when the joint is injured.

There arc also vices for which a horse may be returned. These are :

1. — Biting, when clearly vicious.

2. — Bolting, or running away.

3. — Crib-biting.

4. — Kicking, when shown to be vicious.

5. — Balking.

6. — Bearing.

7. — Shying, when habitual.

8. — Weaving in the stable ; that is, the horse throwing his head and
body from side to side with a peculiar motion.

Definition of Unsoundness and Vice.

Unsoundness may be considered to be the existence of disease or altei>
ation of structure sufficient to impair the natural usefulness of the horse.
Vice may be defined as the prevalence of a habit which interferes with
the natural usefulness of the horse. In unsoundness or vice, however,
either must be marked, as for instance the following diseases or accidents
would not constitute unsoundness :

1 — Slight bog spavin; 2 — broken knee, when the joint is not injured j
3 — capped hocks, or elbows ; 4 — contractions of the foot, unless the re-
sult of disease, laming the horse ; 5 — curby hocks; 6 — splints; 7 — thor-
ough pin, and 8 — thrush, are not unsoundness in their incipient stage, or
in a mild way. But the buyer should refuse all such except, perhaps, in
the case of thrush. 9 — Cvtting is not unsoundness, except the horse
be lame at the time of sale, neither 10 — soreness of the joints from labor,
or 11, windgalls.

They are found often upon colts, but if the anipial be lame reject him.
When a horse is bought on warrantee, it must be written and concisely
so. Do not allow verbiage to cause litigation. The following form will
cover the whole ground :

Rtetived (Insert place and date) of Mr (insert name) Dollars,.

160

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

/or (describe horse or mare, and pedigree of same, If any) v,arraMe<l yeara

old (state age) aomd, free from vice, and quiet to ride or dnve.

When filled out this might read as follows :

Reenved, St. Louis, Mo., March let, 1880, of Mr. John Doe, five hundred dollars for a
hay mare by Lancer, dam Lady, warranted five years old and under six years, sound, free
from vice, and quiet to ride or drive. BiCHARD Roe.

This with such careful examination as we have advised ought to insure
any buyer against danger in case the seller is solvent.

vn. niuBtrations of Form and Symmetry.

The head of the horse is the seat of intelligence, and to the conforma-
tion of the head we must look not only for intelligence but docility and
courage, or the opposite character, as we must look to the teeth for indi-
cations of his age, to the nostrils as indicating his capacity for breathing,
to the muzzle and jaw for indications of capacity and feeding, and to the
eye and ear as showing fire, courage, and good temper.

Speed and bottom, which means the bone and muscle of good breeding
whatever the family of the horse may be, is the sine qua non desired in a
horse His mission is labor, work of some kind, whether it be carrying
a man on his back, or trotting to a wagon, or hauling a load through the
mud. The head of the horse is, therefore, one of the first things to be
looked at. The extract we have given a few pages back, from one of
the most eminent "writers of this country on the horse, will convey an idea
of what a riding or driving horse should be. The nearer the horse for
general utility, comes to the illustrations we give, the better he will be.
The horse for heavy draft while being coarser, more stocky and heavier
in his frame should conform to the general characteristics except that he
should be more upright as to his shoulders, and not so flexible as to his
limbs ; then the better will he be. In fact one of the best draft horses
we ever owned was a three parts bred Monmouth Eclipse, seventeen hands
high, weighing 1250 lbs., pretty well up on legs, and those of exceeding
flexibility. But when he got down to work he appeared to go close to
the ground. This getting down to work — this getting close to the ground
with the body, so every bone and sinew may exert the greatest possible
leverage, is one of the fine arts of training. It really brings the oblique
shoulder of the blood horse straight in the collar a possibility few horses
hart the knack of attaining naturally.

THE HOBSE, HOW TO BUY.

161

Explanation.— The illustrations wo give on page 162 show a side
and front view of heads of blooded horses, that may be taken as a type of
what should constitute as near perfection as may be. Those on page 163,
side and front views of heads are bad. By comparing them with the text
the reader may form a good idea of characteristics. Observe in the side
view, page 162, a fine head, tapering to muzzle, the chin, the prominent
and yet bright, clear and soft eye, with a rather prominent brow ; the
shape and setting on of the ears ; the strength of jaw, and at the same
time its fineness ; how the head is set on to the neck, and the fine, clean,
muscular neck as well. In the front view observe especially the width
between the eyes, the eyes being in fact apparently at the side of the
head, and yet looking straight forward. Observe the cheek bones,
widening and strengthening the lower part of the head ; the temporal
bones at the side of the eye ; and the occipital bone at the top of the
head between the aars. Especially observe the nostrils and li[)s as to
flexibility and size. Turn back the folds at the end of the nostril, and it
will be found you can look clear into the passage, showing a moist and
healthy surface, or the reverse.

Let us now examine the side and front views of head on page 163.
The side view at the top she ,vs a head somewhat heavy in character, the
nose and lower jaw thick to excecs. Observe the peculiar formation of
the nose. It is not the dish face jf the first illustration, giving temper,
iiccompanied with intelligent obec'ence. The eyebrows are prominent,
the head broad, but the expression indicates not only tire but malice.
The muzzle is that of a cruel horse, the intelligence thnt of self-will.
The ears, although of good shape and breeding, are thrown back, and
the head is set on at too great an angle ^vith the neck.

The figure to the left shows the front view of a badly formed head. It
will be noticed that it is of neai'ly the same width throughout. The eyes
are placed very different from those of the front view of good head on
page 162 ; too close together, and too much in front. The expression
of the eye shows a stubborn disposition ; the ears are good enough, but
not held in that position of intelligent action as shown in the lower figure
on page 162. They are pointed too close together.

The figure of the front part of a head to the right, on page 163,
shows a head not badly formed, but the general expression of the face
shows doltishncss, and the drooping ears, and the expression of the eyes
show not only a cruel but a stupid disposition.

The lower side view of head and neck on same page shows a head indi-
cating a horse that will not only be wild sometimes, but sulky ; a self
willed, obstinate brute, deficient in intelligence. The profile is curved,
giving a Boman nose ; the eyebrows are raised, giving the eye a wild.

162

'LLUSTRATF.D STOCK DOCTOR.

eiDB AND FRONT VIB«r OF HEADS-GOOD. {See Explamiion).

THK HOR8B, HOW TO BUY.

163

8IDH AND FRONT VIEW OP HEADa— BAD. (See Explanation),

1G4

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

expression, and with the firm jaw, a stubborn cliaractor. Following the
subject still farther, we may tind all the gradat'ons of character, including
the exhibition of nervous timidity, fear, idiocy, and even insanity ; for
that there are horses subject to aberration, from mere hallucination to
actual insanity, there is no doubt. The latter the most dangerous trait
in a horse, since neither caresses nor punishment can cure.

■i

SIDB VIBW OP FORB-QUAUTBRS, SHOWINO A GOOD SHOULDER. {See Explanation.)

Vm. The Body and Limbs.

Explanation.— Following up the subject on pages 161, 162, and
163, we present side views, showing good and bad fore-quarters. The

THE HORSE, HOW TO BUY.

165

first illustration shows as near perfection as may be in the shoulder for
staunch qualities, good action and a fast walk. The neck muscular, but
without superfluous flesh, but with plenty of substance whore it joins the
shoulder ; the shoulder oblique and deep ; the shoulder-blade high, help-
in" to give stability to the withers ; the breast prominent, but tapering
down to where the legs come out of the body ; the arm long, muscular,
and yet tapering ; the joints large, but yet firm and compact ; the fet-
locks of fair length and yet flexible ; and the hoofs of good size, round,
of good depth, tough and sound. An animal possessing the conformation
as shown, will indicate a horse good for any purpose where speed and
long continued powers of endurance are required. While the illus-
trations wo give are perfect of their kind, and more valuable than any
written description alono can be, yet the living animal must bo studied,
not only at rest, but in motion. The harness horse, however, need not
have so oblique a shoulder as we have shown. In fact, few horses, even
of tho best class, do.

So the trotting gait, combining speed with high action and grand style
miffht bo considered vile in a saddle horse. In fact, the saddle horse
should have a springy yet smooth motion, and except for show on the
road, this will be found to be best for fast and easy work in harness. In
practice much of this is often sacrificed, in pleasure horses, for tho sake
of mere style. The breeding of such horses is a fine art, often a costly
one ; yet those which fail in tho style and action necessary to command
the highest price as road and saddle horses, will be found to amply repay
the breeding for the general purposes of the farm and for the road.

Explanation. — On page 166 are illustrations showing, the "pper one,
to the left, a straight shoulder, a heavy chest, and legs placed too far
undf^-r. The arm seems longer than it is because it lacks muscularity ;
the shonks, while not positively weak, do not show due strength near the
knee and pasterns, and are not as strong as they should be.

The upper figure, to the right, shows a shoulder as bad as the prece-
ding one, and also weak legs and pasterns, the length from hoof to joint
above being too great.

The left hand figure at bottom of same page, shows a shoulder fairly
well placed, but with the legs set too much under, and the pasterns too
straight. Such a conformation will give the horse the appearance of
standing on the toes.

The lower figure to the right, shows what old ag«, hard work, abuse,
or all combined, may bring any animal to, that originally may have been
not only well bred, but of fair quality throughout. Watch for such
limbs in buying, and avoid them.

166

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

i ;

8IDK VIEW OP FORB-qnABTBRS, SHOWmo BAD CONFORMATION. {See Explanation).

THE H0K6B, HOW TO BUY.

167

"'A

raoNT viBw, SHOWiNa bbbast xsd limbs— good. {See Es^lanation),

168

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

C. The Body as Standing Facing Ton.

•;.

The body of the horso viewed in front should present an ovnl shape,
squared oif from the arm or elbow joint in front to the point of the
shoulder as on page 1(57. The perfect contour of breast, and especially the
magnificent muscularity of the arm is near perfection. The neck rising
grandly from the chest shows the perfect proportion of the parts each to
the other ; the knee and fetlock joints are strong and compact, gradually
rounded to meet the shank or leg and bones of the pastern joint. The
hoofs are staunch, tough, strong, with nothing about them to denote a
flat foot, yet they will bo found rather open behind, showing a perfect
hoof.

Let us now examine the blood horso of the present day as quoted
from Herbert, and also that of the ancient Greeks as written upon by
Xenophon. It will show that in those days the breeding of horses was a
fine art, as was also equestrianism as exhibited in the ex(iuisite sculptures
that have come down to us. Yet the quotation we make will show that the
horse of the Greeks, useful and admirable as he was, was what the English
would call a cab or Galloway, with a dash of thorough blood, and what
we would call pony built with a dash of thorough blood — something in
fact like a chunky Morgan horse. The quotation nevertheless will make
a good study for the young horseman, and is as follows :

"We will write how one maybe the least deceived in the purchase
of horses. It is evident then that of the unbroken colt one must judge
by the construction, since, if he have never been backed he will afford no
very clear evidences of his spirit. Of his body then, we say it is
necessary first to examine the feet, for as in a house it matters not how
fine may be the superstructure if there bo not sufficient foundations, so
in u war horse there is no utility, no, not if he have all other points perfect
but be badly footed. But in examining the feet, it is befitting first to
look to the horny portion of the hoofs, for those horses which have the
horn thick are far superior in their feet to those which have it thin. Nor
will it be well if one fail next to observe whether the hoofs bo upright,
both before and behind, or low and flat to the ground ; for high hoofs
keep the frog at a distance from the earth, while the flat tread with equal
pressure on the soft and hard parts of the foot, as is the case with bandy-
legged men. And Simon justly observes that well footed horses can bo
known by their tramp, for the hollow hoof rings like a cymbal when it
strikes the solid earth. But having begun from below, let us ascend to
the other parts of the body. It is needful, then, that the parts above
the hoofs and below the fetlocks (pasterns) be not too erect, like those of
the goat ; for legs of this kind being stiff and inflexible, are apt to jar
the rider, and are more liable to inflammation. The bones must not,

THE IIORHE, now TO BUY.

169

howovor, bo too lo\v and spriiipry, for in that case tho fetlocks are liable
to ho iibnidod tiud wounded if the horse bo galloped over clods or stones.
Tho bonos of tlto shank (cannon bones) should bo tl.ick, for these are
tlio coUunns which support tho body ; but they should not have the veins
and rtcsh thick likewise. For if they have when the horse shall bo
g!illoi)od over difHcult ground they will nccctisarily bo filled with blood,
and will become varicose, so that tho shanks will bo thickened, and the
skill bo distended and relaxed from tlie bone ; and, when this is tho case
it often follows that tho back sinew gives way and renders the horso
lame. But if tho horse when in action bends his knees flexibly ataAvallc
you may judge that ho will have his legs flexible when in full career ; for
all horses as they increase in years increase in the flexibility of the knee.
And rtoxil)lo goers are esteemed highly, and Avith justice, for such horses
are much loss liable to blunder or stumble than those which have rigid,
unbending joints. liut if the arms, below the shoulder-blades, be thick
and muscular they appear stronger and handsomer, as is the case also
with a man. The breast also should be broad, as avoH for beauty as
strength, and because it causes a handsomer action of the fore-legs,
which do not then interfere but are carried well apart.

•'Again, the nock ought not to be set on like that of a boar, horizontally
from tho chest ; but, like that of a game cock, should be ui)right toward
the chest, and slack toward the flexure ; and the head being long should
have a small and narrow jaw bone, so that the neck shall be in front of
the rider, and that the eye shall look down at what is before the feet. A
horse thus made will be the least likely to run violently away, even if he
be very high spirited, for horses do not attempt to run away by bringing
in but by throwing out their heads and necks. It is also very necessary
to observe whether the mouth be fine and hard on both sides, or on one
or tho other. For horses which have not both jaws equally sensitive, are
likely to be too hard mouthed on one side or the other. And it is better
that a horse should have prominent than hollow eyes, for such an one
will see to a greater distance. And widely opened nostrils are far better
for respiration than narrow, and they give the horse a fiercer aspect ; for
when one stallion is enraged against another, or if he become angry while
being ridden, he expands his nostrils to their full width. And the loftier
the crest, and the smaller the ears the more horse-like and handsome is
the head rendered ; while lofty withers give the rider a surer seat, and
produce a firmer adhesion between the body and shoulders.

'A double loin is also softer to sit upon and p^easanter to look upon
than if it be single ; and a deep side, rounded toward the belly, renders
the horse easier to sit, and stronger and more easy to keep in condition ;
and the shorter and broader the loin, the more easily will the horse raise

.->~7

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1^'

170

HAUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

his fore-quarters and collect his hind-quarters under him in going. Those
points, mo>eover, cause the belly to appear the smaller ; which if it be
large at once injures the appearance of the animal and renders him
weaker and less manageable. The quarters should be broad and fleshy in
order to correspond with the sides and chtst, and, shoulu they be entirely
firm and solid they would be the lighter in the gallop, and the horse would
be the speedier. But if he should have his buttocks separated under the
tail by a broad line, with a wider space between them, and so doing he
will have a prouder and stronger "-ait and action, and will in all respects
be the better on them. A proof of which is to be had in men, who,
when they desir'i to raise any thing from the ground attempt it by
straddling their legs not by bringing them close together."

X. Front View of Fore-quarters, Showing Different Bad Conformations.

Explanation. — On page 171 the upper left hand figure shows the legs
fair to the kno, but from thence down, bad, and with toes turned very
much out.

The next figure on the left, is very bad, the knees turned out and the
toes turned in ; a dangeroris horse, and unfit for driving or riding.

The lower figure to the left is as unsightly as possible ; the legs spready,
weak, straddling, and with the toes turned out. Such a horse may be
tolerably sure-footed, if carefully managed, and not hard-driven, but o'-'^
never lo be depended upon.

The next figure at right of bottom, is bad all over, weak-limbed, knock-
kneed and splay-footed. A horse never to be depended upon and un-
serviceable in the extreme.

Between these there are many gradations, which those who study these
pages may profit by examining and comparing with the front view of a
perfect shape given on page 167, and which carried fully in mind will
go a great way in enabling one to form a pretty accurate opinion in buy-
ing a horse.

XL The Hind-quarters.

It has been said that the fore-quarters of a horse are simply to hold him
-ap, while the hind-quarters propel the machine. This in a sense is true,
but a horse, however good his hind-qua,.ter8 bo, must not only have the
fore limbs good enough to hold him up, but to keep him out of the way
of the hind feet, and at the same time assist in propelling the body. In
fact, the whole animal shoul" be composed of parts working harmoni-
ously together, each assisting the other while doing its own work;

THE HORSE, HOW TO BUT.

171

n in going. These
Br; which if it be
and renders him
broad and fleshy in
lid they be entirely
md the horse would
eparated under the
, and so doing ho
ivill iu all respects
had in men, who,
ind attempt it by
ler."

lad ConformationB.

:ure shows the legs
ti toes turned very

turned out and the
ig or riding.
; the legs spready,
;h a horse may be
ird-driven, but o'"

sak-limbed, knock-
ded upon and un-

30 who study these
le front view of a
fully in mind will
ite opinion in buy-

simply to hold him
in a sense is true,
not only have the
im out of the way
ing the body. In
working harnioni-
g its own work;

FRONT VIEW OF P0RE-QtJARTER8, SHOWISO DIPPKRBNT BAD CONFORMATIONS.
12

LT*<"t...»nt..l.3^-?V ,«:

172

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

nevertheless the hind-quarters are the propelling power, especially when
under the gallop. For then the motion is communicated by a succession
of leaps, acting more in the nature of a balance than in walking or in

GOOD HIND-QUARTER8. {See Explanation.)

trotting. In order that the hind-quartors may do their work effectiveFj,
there must be a strong loin, ample and muscular quarters, great length

■4*?5SK!^'--

THE HORSE, HOW TO BUYk

173

of hip, strong, dense bones, sinews like whip-cord, strong joints and flat
and wide legs.

In order to determine this the purchaser should observe first, looking
at him from the side, whether he stands resting perpendicularly on every
lee alike. The legs should not be straddled outside of their true position,
neither should they bo gathered together, or in horse-men's phrase, as
though he were trying to stand in a half bushel. He should stand straight,
square, and distinctly on every leg. If he stands with the hind legs be-
hind their true position, induce him to move his fore legs forward, to
find if such a position gives him ease. Examine him as before stated for
splints, damaged back sinews, ring-bones or side-bones in the fore limbs ;
and in the hinder ones for bone blood or bog spavins, curbs or thorough
pin, as previously described. If he stands as in the figure given on page
172, and if he is free from blemish, one 'may go a long way to find
a better.

Examine especially whether the pasterns, outline of the hock joints,
are nearly perpendicular or angular, or whether they present a convex
curvilinear protuberance just above the union of the shank bone. If not
there will be little danger of curb, or a tendency to throw them out. If
the hocks are drawn in the horse will appear cow -hocked, i malformation
as serious as it is ungainly, for thus the animal will be weak. If the
hind-legs are wide apart and the horse straddles in going forward, while
it may not weaken his stride it is not elegant. However true it be that
some fast and strong trotters straddle — as going wide is termed — this
should be avoided. The illustration on page 172 will show accurately
good hind-quarters, as those on page 174 will show bad ones.

On page 174 the figure at the upper left side would be called fine and
in eveiy way good to the inexperienced buyer. The buttocks are round
but lack character, and the legs are too straight and far behind.

The figure to, the right is bad in every respect — goose-rumped, cat-
hammed, with the legs thrown far back to equalize the strain ; the ankles
also weak.

The figure to the lower left on same page shows a fair quarter, but the
logs are thrown too far forward, and the animal stands too straight on the
pasterns.

The figure to the right is really not badly formed as to the quarter, b"t
the position is cramped and bent, and the limbs badly placed.

Xn. The View from Behind.

The view of the horse as seen from behind should show good square
quarters, full and perfectly shaped gracilis, as those muscles are called

174

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

eiDB VMW or HIND QUABMBs-BAD. (Set Stplanotion) .

THE HORSE, HOW TO BUY.

175

which give the peculiar swelling shape to the inside of thigh . These should
be egg-shaped, or rather should swell from nearly a point below and tb<»n
gradually decrease in size till lost to view near the rump bone.

BACK VIEW OF HIMD QUARTBRS— QOOD. (See Explanation).

The outside muscle of the tibia, or great bone of the leg above the
knee, cannot well be too large. The tendons connecting with the hocks

176

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

BACK VIEW OF HiND-QOARTBRs-BAD. (See Explanation).

THE HORSE, HOW TO BUY.

177

I'.. ^

yhould be strong and well presented to view. The hocks large, firm,
strong and well knit, but smooth and free from blemish, as should be the
fetlock joints. If the horse is flat-footed he has a weak hoof, which
should never go with a strong muscular horse.

When the animal moves forward, observe that the feet are lifted
squarely, carried straight forward, >vithout turning or straddling. If so,
and the conformation is as presented in the rear view of the horse on page
175, then if you have attended minutely to the other directions, an! the
movement is satisfactory, you need not fear to buy the horse. Hf will
not fail you in time of need.

As showing defects, in various gradations and malformation in the
hind-quarters, we refer the reader to the figures on page 176, a study of
which will enable the observer to steer clear of splay-footed, pigeon-toed,
bow-legged or cow-hocked brutes.

Xni. What Not to Buy.

Never buy a horse unbroken or half broken, unless you are thoroughly
competent to train him, or else have some one to do so on whom you
can depend. Never buy a horse overloaded with fat, expecting him to
remain so under work. The first thing to be done with such a horse is-
to get him rid of the superfluous fat and water. This takes time and
takes money. Beside:^ you never can know the real defects of a horse
"very fat." An ox or a hog perfectly fattened, is pleasing to the eye.
They are intended for succulent joints and steaks, or for hams, bacon,
or pickled pork. A fat horse, except before the close coach of some
wealthy and aged spinster or widow, is woefully out of place.

Never buy a horse because he is big, unless you want him for slow and
heavy draft. Light horses are for light driving. A horse weighino-
eleven hundred is heavy enough for ordinary driving, and generally bet-
ter than a heavier one. A pair of horses weighing twenty-four hundred
pounds is good enough for any ordinary work that comes, and heavy
enough for any city teaming, except when wanted as show horses before
some brewer's wagon, or as horses of slow draft on heavy trucks.

Don't buy a cheap horse, expecting perfection. The two never yet
went together. Perfect horses are not so plenty. Indeed they are so
scarce as to be entirely beyond the means of any except the very wealthy.
They are seldom seen even among this class. In fact perfection lies only
in degree. A horse may be measurably perfect for our purpose, and yet
quite defective for others. Therefore buy a horse for what you want,
and expect to pay the honest price for what you get. Again, unless you

...^.. .Mmrrr:.

178

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

are a judge, buy of some dealer who has a reputation to lose, and the
means to back up any guarantee he may make.

XIV. Buying for Blood.

In buying for fast work, buy blood every time, whether the work de-
sired is to bo trotting to the wagon or carrying the owner under the
saddle.

In buying blood, as a breeder, whether stallion or mare, never fool
away any money on a half or three-quarters bred sire, expecting to get
high caste horses. With a staunch thorough-bred of trotting action, you
may successfully breed good trotters and workers on mares of cold blood,
if they be of good size and form and are roomy. But for racing do not
expect a cold-blooded mare to bring a very fast one, however good the
size, except it may be by chance, and a rare chance at that.

In brc (ling for any purpose select the best of the class. Stpunch
thorough-brcds for fast work ; handsome thorough-breds for show horses.

For draft select from families that have been bred for generations for
this work. Above all do not buy horses and mares that happen to strike
your fancy, expecting to start a neio breed. Life would be all too short.
It would be far more sensible to begin where the last man left off.

XV. Bumming Up.

From the foregoing the reader may arrive at pretty correct ideas as to
what a horse really should be if he carefully study and make himself
familiar with horses by examining the living subjects, and comparing
with what we have written and illustrated. As a rule neither the farmer
nor the breeder is thoroughly grounded in what constitutes excellence
in the horse, and especially are they deficient as to what constitutes
soundness and unsoundness. In the same manner are they ignorant as
to what will naturally give speed and endurance in an animal. It is true
there are exceptions, but they are comparatively rare. Yet, supposing
they know all about it they will often pronounce a horse sound, or
well broken to saddle and harness when he is manifestly neither one
nor the other. Therefore the intending buyer, if he be not himself fully
informed from actual experience, must not suppose that either of these
classes necessarily know the real merits or defects of an animal. It has
caused endless litigations in our courts, and will cause many more until
those who breed take the pains to fully ground themselves in this, among
the most important branches of the professional breeder.

To become a perfect judge of a horse, from what one naturally learns
from his own observation, unless he study carefully, may truly be called

> lose, aud the

ever good the

THE HORSE, HOW TO BUY.

an impossibility. As a means of educating, bcoks are written. If tlie
experience of experts and quotations from the best and latest authorities,
given in this work, shall induce a more careful study by those into whose
hands the book may pass, it will, on the one huad go far to rid the trade
of mere jockeys and horse "dopers," who daily palm off the most
worthless brutes by a glib use of a centrally-hinged tongue. It will do
more. It will disseminate a more perfect knowledge of what a horse
should be among farmers who seek to breed one, two or three colts a
year, by showing not only the necessity of good blood, whatever the
style of the horse they intend to breed, but it is hoped also that it may
lead to a higher appreciation of that noblest and best of the four-footed
servants of man, a well bred horse.

se sound, or

PART II.

Diseases of the Horse ;

THEIR CAUSES, HOW TO PREVENT, HOW TO KN^OW

AND HOW TO CURE.

■J

Diseases of the Horse.

THEIB CAUSES; HOW TO KNOW, AND HOW TO CUBE THEM.

CHAPTER I.

I. IKTBODUOTIOM.-

•n. BXTBBMAI. MAinnSTATIOir OF DIBBAfll.

L lucroduotion.

The various diseases to which the horse is subject, embrace nearly all
those afflicting the human family, and including among them, as most
common, diseases of the skin and its integuments, those of the muscles,
of the ligaments, and of the bones, quite rare in the human family, and
to which the horse might be completely exempt, were it not for the igno-
rance, and in very many cases the brutality of the master in over-driving,
over-weigliting, leaping, beating, neglect in clothing when heated, care-
lessness in grooming, want of proper ventilation in stables, and the
T 'thholding of proper and sufficient food. Take away these causes of
disease and the labors of the veterinary surgeon would be light. We
should see but little of caries of the bones, causing degeneration of the
substance ; of spavin, curb, ringbone, splint ; of injuries to the sinews
and tendons, causing breaking down ; swellings and other of the most
serious afflictions ; poll evil and other fistulous diseases ; of fractures ; of
rheumatism ; founder, including grease, inflamed glands and veins, cracks
of the hoofs, quitter, hernia, and all that class of diseases attacking the
faithful servant of man, and henceforth rendering him useless for the
purposes of pleasure or profitable labor. Instead of ending the sufferings
of the tortured animal by mercifully taking its life, many owners for the
sake of the few paltry dollars received, transfer the once favorite steed

184

ILLUSTRATKD STOCK DOCTOR.

to some one else equally inhuman, who thenceforth drives and goads the
sufferer to labor under the most torturing circumstances, until the animal
economy, entirely disorganized, perhaps by years of such unmitigated
torture, drops and dies.

The object of this treatise is to so enlighten the horse c wnev in the
nature of disease as to enable him to determine whether treatment can
be made effective — if so, what to do; and especially is it the purpose to
so acquaint him with the causes, that occasion for treatment may bo
averted. By a study of the facts we give it maybe easily known whether
cure is possible, and if not it is more merciful to kill and end the misery
of the poor animal.

EXTERNAL MANIFESTATIONS OP 80MB DISEASES OF THE IIOH.SE.

n. External Manifestation of Disease.

For all the diseases we have mentioned but little medicine is needed.
Rest and nursing are most needed— often months of rest and care, as in
the case of spavin, commencing in inflammation and ending in the depo-
sition of i^ony matter, stiffening of the joint, or, as in the case of
exostosis oi the heads of the bones, they in time become quite anchylosed,

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

185

U UOKSE.

when lameness ceases from the suspension of action of the joints caused
by their complete solidification or growing together.

That the reader may form a more correct idea of what we here write,
and have it brought plainly to view, we present an illustration of some of
the principal diseases of the bones and tissues, caused generally by abuse,
with a short description of their origin. The treatment will be given in
the proper place.

A — Caries of the Jaw. Ulceration of the lower jaw, sometimes ends
in mortitioation. Caused by bruises from barbarous bits and curb chains.

B — Fistula of the Parotid Duct. Fistulas are caused by bruises or
undue compression of the parts producing inflammation and abscess.

C — Bon^/ Excrescence. (Jixostosis of the jaw). A blow upon a bone
will produce inflammation followed by exostosis (bony growth through
increased nutrition) — that of the joints being fearfully painful.

J) — Swelling by pressure of the bridle, causing inflammation, and
sometimes tumors.

JjJ — Poll Evil. A painful fistulous disease, often difficult to cure.

F — Injlamed Parotid Gland. Caused by a bruise or compression.

Q — Inflamed Jugular Vein, caused in various ways, often by careless-
ness after bleeding.

// — Fungus Tumor, from compression of the collar. The result of
galls and subsequent want of care, and inattention.

/ — Fistida of the Withers, caused generally by pressure of the saddle.

J — /Saddle Gall, caused by a bad fitting saddle ; sometimes ending in
sitfasts.

K — Tumor of the Elhoii\ caused generally by interference of the shoe
in lying down ; sometimes by a blow.

L — Induration of the Knee, caused by blows in falling.

M — Clap of the Back 8inews, caused by severe exertion in running
and leaping, destroying the integrity of the sinews of the leg.

iV — Mallenders, scurfy manifestations at flexions of the knee, sometimes
becoming cracked and itchy.

O — Splint, caused by blows, kicks, etc., on the shins. They are to
l)e dreaded as interfering with the action of the sinews.

P — Ringbone, caused by starting heavy loads, or excessive pulling in
going up hill.

Q — Tread upon the Coronet, the contusion of the shoe of one foot by
treading on the other, causing laceration of the coronet and of the horn
of the hoof.

R — Quittor, confined pus, from prick of the sole, corns, or injury to
coronet.

186

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Vi I

S — Quarter Sand Crack. Imperfect secretion caused by dryness of
the hoof ; rupture of the laminae.

T — Contracted Hoof, or ringed hoof of a foundered horse. The
result of Laminatis.

U^Capped Hock. Injuring the point of the hock.

V — Sallenders. Scurfy eruptions on the seat of flexion of the hock.
Similar to raallenders.

W — Spavin. Inflammation causing painful bony enlargement, some-
times stiff joint. Caused by blows, slipping and hard work, often from
weak limbs.

X — Curb. Inflammation and lameness of the posterior part of the
hock, ending in bony formation. Caused by wrenching or straining the
limb.

Y — Swelled Sinews, caused by strains or bruises, producing inflamma-
tion, and ending in enlargement.

Z — Thick Leg, caused by various injuries to the joint. Any inflamma-
tion may result in a thickening of the integuments. In all inflammatory
difficulties of this nature, including, spavin, curb, etc., cold water
faithfully applied at the outset will be indicated, but often the trouble is
not known until too late for cold water. The warm water fomentations
will then be indicated. [See treatment].

1 — Grease, caused by debility, excessive labor and neglect, filthy sur-
roundings, from stoppage of the secretions. Scratches are from the
same cause, as working in the mud without proper cleaning, etc.

2 — Toe Sand Crack, caused by the same difficulty as quarter sand
crack.

3 — Quarter Crack. [See sand crack].

These are occasioned generally by severe labor of animals not strong
in the feet, by which the walls are ruptured, by breaking the hoof with
the calk of another foot. False quarter is occasioned by the absence of
the outside and harder portion of the hoof.

4— Ventral Hernia. Rupture by which the bowel lies next the skin.
When hernia is accompanied with strangulation it becomes dangerous.
5 — Rat Tail, loss of the hair of the tail.

Fuller facts as to causes and treatment of these disorders will be found
in the appropriate place in this work,

i^.'ni^fmnmwiftm iU i Wi! ' " vmir^fx

on of the hock.

CHAPTER n.

rior part of the

DISEASES OF THE SKIN AND SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUES.

ers will be found

I. SCRATCHES. II. GREaSS. III. THRUSH. IV. SWELLED ANKLES. V.

SWELLED LEGS. VI. SURFEIT. VII. MANGE. VIII. RING-WORM. IX.

HIDE-BOUND. X. SADDLE GALLS, OR 8ITFASTS. XI. FUNGOUS COLLAB

TUMOR. XII. WARTS. XIII. VERMIN. XIV. LARVA IN THE SKIN.

XV. TETTER. XVI. BAT-TAILS. XVII. HALLENDERS AND 8ALLENDEBS.— —

XVIII. POLL EVIL. X:X. FISTULA.

Of skin diseases there are two classes : those resulting from neglect
and general bad treatment, and those due to disorders of the internal
organs Avith which the skin is in sympathy, or which inflame it by unnat-
ural excretions or irritants in the blood. It is almost impossible perfectly
to classify them, since even some that are generally considered to arise
from constitutional causes may be produced by external circumstances,
and the reverse.

In the foUoAving sections we treat the most important of both classes.
Others of less moment will be found in our chapter entitled " Miscella-
neous Matters and Suggestions, Minor Disorders, etc."

I. Soratohes.

Causes. — These are various ; as, clipping the heels, which is sometimes
done, and thus destroying nature's covering, so as to allow the parts to
become chilled ; Avashing off the legs with soap and water without subse-
quently thoroughly d 'ving them, and then suffering them to be exposed
to cold air ; standing in snow or snow-slush ; standing in or upon hot and
steaming manure of any kind, while in stable ; or being long in mud and
filth while in service and not subsequently carefully cleaned. Anything
that will produce inflammation of the skin of the heel, or in any way
weaken it, may produce scratches.

As is the case with other local disorders, this is most easily and rapidly
13

!-.fes»*WKf»f'-

•m

188

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

developed when the horse is not in a condition of good general health ;
but foul stables, while furnishing the irritating filth immediately to the
seat of this disease vitiate the air also, and thus tend to bring about a
two-fold trouble.

It is believed to be sometimes due to the existence on the skin of par-
asitic plants and insects.

The sure preventive is to keep the horse, if possible, in good general
condition ; and to confine him, when he nmst be confined at all, only in a
dry, clean, and well-ventilated stall. When he is forced to be worked
durinnf the day in mud or slush he should be neither stabled nor turned
to pasture until feet and legs are well washed and thoroughly dried.

How to know it.~Scratches are said to be unknown to European horse-
men ; but it is so well known in the United States as to render a descrip-
tion well nigh unnecessary. It appears on the back part of the foot,
generally of the hind foot ; and extends from the heel to the fetlock. It
has been known entirely to encircle the foot, and to extend upward to the
hock and to the knee. The parts are sometimes hot, swollen and sensi-
tive before any cracking or ulceration tikes place ; then they become
dry and scaly, and crack open by ordinary motion. A horse thus affected
is apt to manifest a disposition to walk stiffly, with his hind legs^ (when
the disease is seated in the hind heels), wider apart than ordinary, and to
throw his foot rather violently forward when an effort is made to exam-
ine it.

It is often the case that at first there are little patches of a thick, dry,
scabby covering of the skin ; and these spread and inflame until they fonn
a solid mass of scab and matted hair. These scabs may be distinguished
from those which sometimes appear in other skin diseases by this, that
they have an unusual itchiness, which leads the horse to rub them as
much as possible ; and he often does this until they bleed and become
raw. This disposition of the suffering creature to scratch himself is said
to have originated the name by whijh the disease is known.

What to do. — In cases where the patient is in good condition, and the
disease is in its incipient stage, a thorough cleansing of the parts with
castile soap and warm water, and applying an emollient or softening
poultice for a day or two, with rest, will be sufficient. If there seems
to be fpverishness of the system, a dose or two of Epsom salts to move
the bowels, given in doses of from one to three ounces at a time, well be
beneficial.

The following is for ordinary cases a most efficacious and easily used
remedy :

THE HORSE, SKIN DISEASES, ETC.

189

the skin of par-

i of a thick, dry,

and easily used

No. 1. H Oz. powdered gum camphor,

1 Oz. gum myrrh,
1 Fluid oz. sulphuric acid,
1 Fluid oz. spirits of turpen „ ae,
1 Pint of lard.

Mix thoroughly, and rub the ointment well upon the heels once a day.
The legs and feet should be washed with soap suds before every applica-
tion.

When the disease is chronic, and proud flesh has appeared, make a
l)oultice of gi'ound flax seed and lime-water ; sprinkle bunit alum over
the poultice, and ajiply. Use two or three poultices a day until the
proud flesh has evidently disappeared, then use the ointment No. 1 as
above directed.

Another course of treatment, to be adopted when there is a disordered
condition of general health, and evidences of vitiated blood are man-
ifested, is this :

First bleed ; but observe to regulate the quantity of blood dra^vn by
the condition of the animal as to flesh and strength. If he is poor and
weak, take from the neclt vein about three pints, and after nine days a
like quantity. If he is plainly in poor general health, but not reduced
in flesh and still strong, bleed once, taking from the neck vein three
quarts. Then make careful and thorough application of ointment No. 1.

It may well bo stated here that in our practice we do not often resort
to bleeding, nor do we recommend it except in rare cases. To the man,
however, who finds it both profitable and agreeable to be his own stock
doctor it is often the quickest, easiest, and safest means of removing
vitrious humors, and bringing about a more natural and healthful circula-
tion. In some acute diseases of violent character, as pleurisy, mad
staggers, and the like, it is frequently of the first importance, sometimes
almost the only hope ; but we would caution the reader against the
indiscriminate blood-letting of the old practitioners. Observe well the
symptoms; consult this department of "The Stock Doctor" carefully;
and you will not fall into the mistake of taking away gallons of blood
when a little rest, some good gi'ooming, and plenty of nutritious, life-
giving food, arc the things mostly required. The manner of blood-letting
will be found to have been treated of in our chapter entitled "Imple-
ments : what to keep and how to use."

The foregoing methods Avill answer in all ordinary cases ; but if the
patient has not been taken in hand till the disease has become chronic
and obstinate, the following is a most e> '^llent preparation and may b«
used instead of No. 1. It requires car* a the using, as it will discolor
the hands and corrode the nails if it comes in contact with them, and it
should never be entrusted to bungling and inconsiderate grooms ; but in.

190

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

the hands of careful horsemen it is a most valuable remedy for all obsti-
nate wounds, bruises, galls, tumors, and sores. We shall refer to it in
subsequent portions of the work as camphorated corrosive sublimate or

No. 2.

1 Pint spirits of turpentine,

1 Oz. linoly pulverized corrosive sublimuto,

1 Oz. gum cuuiplior.

I«|.J

Have the corrosive sublimate very finely ground in a druggist's mortar,
(the efficacy of the compound depends much upon this) ; pulverize the
crum camphor ; put all together into a good strong bottle, and shake
thoroughly. Then let it stand for at lea^t twenty-four hours — longer
would be better, as it becomes more and more valuable with ago and
repeated shakings — and it Avill do to use. In applying it, saturate a small
mop, made of soft rags, neatly and firmly tied upon a stick. Wash
before making first application of No. 2, but afterwards, unless the foot
becomes very foul, this need not be done. The liniment should be
applied once a day till cure is effected.

Keep the horse out of the wet during treatment, especially if the cam-
phorated corrosive sublimate is used. See to it, also, that his stable is
not only dry, but airy. If it is pasture time, he will need no other food
than grass, unless it is found necessary to stable him, to keep him from
rains and dews. In any event, he ought to be fed rather lightly at first,
and with food not calculated to inflame. If the time is Winter give as
much green, soft food as can be conveniently had, such as roots,
chops, etc.

n. Orease, or Cracked Heels.

Causes. — This disease is but a modification of scratches and of thrush
— partaking more of the nature of thrush, however, than of scratches, as
it is confined almost exclusively to the heel, the seat of the thrush, which
is seldom attacked by the scratches.

It is occasionally the result of constitutional weakness or derangement.
When the system abounds in morbid matter, its tendency is towards the
heels, and debility is felt in the distended vessels remote from, the \ital
organs, ending in inflammation of the skin of the heels, distension of the
sebaceous glands, a stinking deposit on the surface, and a purulent dis-
charge thi :>;'^';h cracks.

Cutting away the hair of the fetlock, and thus exjjosing to sudden and
protracted cold the parts Avhich it is designed to protect, often causes this
affection, even in animals of otherwise good condition.

Frequently, however, it may be regarded as most probably a secondary
disease, originating in some other, Avhich has resulted from careless or
inhuman treatment, or from constitutional weakness.

■>

■:^

TIIE UOR8E, SKIN DISEASES, ETC.

191

It IS not contagious ; but filth and want of attention will produce it in
nearly all horses similarly subjected to their influences.

How to know It. — It manifests nearly the very same symptoms as
thrush, as given in the following section ; but there is one striking pecu-
liarity which distinguishes it from thrush, foot-evil, and other diso lers
of that kind — the heel cracks open. In a healthy state, the heel of the
horse is moistened, and so kept from becoming dry and hard, by a con-
stant secretion and discharge of an oily fluid from the cellular tissues
under the skin. When this is obstructed, the skin becomes dry and
feverish, and looks scurfy and hot. It soon thereafter cracks, and the
pent-up oily secretion, now turned to a foul, yellowish water, flows out.
As the flow of matter increases, it becomes more and more thick, stickey,
and stinking ; and if not attended to, the heel and sides of the foot
become a mass of ulcerated excresccnses.

It sometimes manifests itself by the oozing
out of a thin matter through the pores of the
skin from some deep-seated disease of either the
coffin-bone or the navicular joint — most fre-
quently the latter. The more effective treatment
in this case would of cc'urse be that directed to
the healing of the primary disorder.

What to do. — The treatment necessary is sim-
ilar to that for scratches. In the first place, see
to it that the causes which have induced it shall
no longer operate. If the disease is secondary, it
must be somewhat difficult to manage ; and the ani-
mal should bo allowed to rest, taking only such ex-
ercise as nature prompts, in an open pasture, ex-
cept in bad weather. Wlien it is necessary to con-
fine him, give him a good stable, dry litter, and
pure air. Remember that rest is one of the first
conditions of success ; while constant driving or any
other labor will most probably defeat the ends of the
physician.

If the disease is discovered in its early stage, and
the general health of the animal has not suffered,
cleanse the parts well with tepid water and
castile soap, and make occasional applications of No. 2, or the camphor-
ated corrosive sublimate, say once a day, till a cure is effected. A few
applications will generally be found sufficient.

If the horse is thin in flesh, and in a low state of health from the
effects of this disease, mix sulphur and rosin, in the proportion of two

FlEST StAGB of CONFItlJ(W>

Gbeasb Excdatiox.

Second Staok of Con-

FIBHXD GBBASB CBAeKS.

192

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

parts of the former to one of the latter, and give him a quarter of a
pound of this every third day until he lias taken three or four doses.
Meanwhile, thoroughly saturate the parts at least every other day with
No. 2 till the disease is thoroughly conquered.

If the liniment forms a scab upon the heel, so hard and dry that the
remedial effects seem to cease, omit the liniment for several days and
keep the heel well greased. The scab will come off, and then the ajipli-
cation of the liniment, (No. 2), may be resumed. This course must bo
persevered in till a cure is effected.

The liniment should be applied at night ; and the horse should not be
turned into pasture when the grass is wet with dew or rain — at any rate,
not till six hours after the ajiplication lias been made.

In Summer, pasturage will in general afford sufficient food ; but in
Winter it should be more nourishing, yet green and succulent as far as
possible. Roots and good bran mashes ought to bo given ia reasonable
quantity. Grain, as a regular diet in this case, is objectionable, on
account of its tendency to produce inflammation.

After tl ee doses of the sulphur and rosin have been given, as directed,
the foUoAV ng mixture, given every night until all traces of the active
disease hav e disappeared, will be found an excellent tonic or strengthen-
ing medicine, and having the effect, too, of giving healthy tone to the

skin;

Ko. 3,

H Oz. liquor of arsenicalis,

1 Oz. tincture of muriate of iron,

a Pint of water.

This constitutes a dose. Mix and give as a drench.

When it is difficult to procure No. 2, the following may be prepared
and substituted therefor :

No. i. 8 Oz. tar,

1 Oz. beeswax,

1 Oz. rosin,

1 Oz. alum,

1 Oz. tallow, *-

1 Oz. sulphate of iron,

1 Drachm carbolic acid.

Mix, and boil over a slow fire, stirring as long as dirty scum appears,
and then add 2 oz. of the scrapings of sweet elder.

m. Thrush.

CauSRS. — This, like scratches, results for the most part, from foul

stables, — the horses being forced to stand in mortar of dung and urine,

or from working in muddy and filthy places, without having his feet and
legs well cleansed when he is unharnessed for the night.

Bsaaa

i.^ft AWiff - .- ' ^ if i ^"^ - "fi^

THE HOnfiE, SKIN DISEASES, ETC.

193

nay bo prepared

y scum appears,

It is sometimes caused by injuries to the frog of the foot, as bruising,
snagging, and improper shoeing.

It may arise also from a gross habit of body, producing inttammation
of the sensitive frog, wlien a spongy sul)Htanco is deposited instead of
sound horn ; and this breal<s away and leaves the frog ragged and tender.

Again, it may come from too frequently stopping soft frogs with cow
dung, as is the practice of some grooms, thus encouraging rather than
curing decomposition.

Lastly, it may be secondary, having resulted from other diseases,
superinduced by want of cleanliness and care.

How to Know It. — 1» some cases, the only means of detecting the
existence of thrush is a peculiar smell, or by very careful examination,
as the hoof may show no change, and the frog may not be tender. In
this case the cleft of the frog will generally be found lengthened and
deepened, the opening extending to the sensitive horn within, and this,
when thus closely observed, shows discharge of matter.

The progress of the disease is often slow, though showing meanwhile
no disposition to heal ; till after awhile the frog begins to contract,
becomes tender, grows rough and brittle, and emits a more offensive
discharge. The horny part disappears, and a hardened substance takes
its place ; this easily scales off and leaves the sensitive frog uncovered.

In its advanced state, it is very easily detected, as it is characterized
by a continuous discharge of offensive matter from the cleft of the frog.
If not reasonably attended to, proud flesh sprouts up ; and as this spreads
the whole foot becomes involved in canker.

What to do. — In the first place, if the causes which have produced the
disease are still in operation, remove these. In any case, Avhen the horse
is to be stabled, use dry litter, and see that the stall is kept clear of
moist excrement, and that it is well ventilated.

If the disease is secondary, the treatment must of course be directed
to removing the affection from which it has sprung.

In its simple stages, it may be easily cured in the following manner :

Clean well with soap suds, aiid allow to dry. Then, w^et a piece of
cloth or string of tow with the liniment No. 2, and press it into the cleft
of the frog and the corresponding part of the heel. Remove the tow
next morning. Continue this treatment, (putting in the saturated tow at
evening), for four days; then omit a day; and so on until a cui-e is
effected.

Or, sprinkle a small quantity of blue vitriol in the cleft of the frog,
and then fill up the canities with cotton, which so press in as to keep out
all dirt. Repeat until the foot is cured.

1 w
lll

1 B '

1 1 ''
1 1 '

r
1

1 .
i

ri;
1

i '<

ril

II ' J.

194

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

When it has arison from grossncss and iuflaniination, rather than from
filth or other local cause, give a dose of P^psoni salts, from six to eight
ounces, according to degree of inflannnation ; use less stinmlating food,
and give him regular, but not too seven; ("xcrciso every day. The local
application must not be of a stinmlating character. Put the foot in a
bran poultice, and let it remain for some days, till the inflammation is
reduced. Bo careful, however, not to use the poultice too much, us
undue softening is injurious. Then dress the frog Avith tar ointment, (a
mixture of equal parts of tar and grease). If the frog is found not to
harden by the application of the tar ointment, moisten it occasionally
with a solution of 10 grs. of blue-stone to 1 oz. of water; or, (which is
a somewhat more powerful medicine), 5 grs. of chloride of zinc to 1 oz.
of water.

When the disease has become chronic, it is hard to effect a cure, and
the following course ought to be adopted : Clean away all the ragged
portions of horn, so as to reach the sensitive parts. Then smear some
tow with this ointment.

No. 6.

1 Drachm ointment of nitrate of mercury,
1 Oz. zinc ointment,
4 Drops creosote.

Mix well ; and having smeared the tow with the preparation, as directed,
press it into the cleft of the foot and retain it there hy a bar shoe, slightly
tacked on. Apply this every day, observing its effects. If found not
to do well, try a wash made of six grains of sulphate of zinc, dissolved
in one ounce of water. As the frog grows, it should be kept supple
with tar ointment. The bar shoe should be kept on until the froo- is
fully developed. Some degree of i)ressure must be employed by means
of tow, and this pressure should be increased as the horn increases in
substance. When proud flesh is obstinate it may bo burnt away at once
by forcing a stick of nitrate of silver (lunar caustic,) uito it.

In chronic cases, the horse should have, once a day, in his food, an
alterative dose, (a mild improver of health), say a table-spoonful of
sulphur and powdered sassafras, of each an equal quantity.

The following mixture is sometimes found valuable when there is a
tendency to proud flesh. The ingredients are to be well stirred together
and sprinkled into the cleft of the frog, where it must be confined in the
same manner as directed for powdered blue vitriol alone :

No. 6,

1 Oz powdered blue vitriol,

1 Oz. coppera*,

2 Oz. burnt alum,
1-2 Oz. white vitriol.

^i-illtf ^ ^, I .itilffC^f^^ m.^i^.!^ ^ , . ,t )*.«.'» .»<iliJH»'° y * ■ .H^r i-*—

THE 1IOR8E, SKIN IM8EA8E8, ETC.

195

IV. Swelled Ankles.

Qfiyggg This affection inviiritil)ly arises from a diseased condition of

the feet. Its origin may sometinics bo traced to diseases of the navicular
and lower pastern joints ; but it is known to proceed for the most part
from hoof rot. It seems occasionally, however, to result from a
plethoric condition of the general system, a superabundance of blood,
hard work, sevcro strains, etc., etc.

How to Know It. — Contined almost wholly to the ankle joints, it is not
difficult of detection — the only point of importance being to determino
■whether the swelling is merely spasmodic and temporary, or Avhether it
is the result of a primary disorder which requires attention. It is
generally perceptible of a morning, and disappears during the day,
because exercise restores healthful action ; but when there is really a
diseased condition of the bottom of the foot, the fever caused thereby
inflames the membrane of the joint, under the skin, while the horso is
inactive, and the swelling again takes place. If the ankles present a
swollen appearance from morning to morning, attention should be
directed to discover the real condition of the foot ; and appropriate
treatment must bo resoited to before the disease takes the chronic and
more advanced form of swelled legs, cracked heels, or scratches.

What to do. — If the swelling proceeds from plethora, or too great
fuliicss of the general system, give an occasional dose of Epsom salts, to
reduce the tendency to inflammation ; and feed upon green and succu-
lent food.

If it proceeds from soreness of tho bottom of tho foot, apply No. 2
freely every day for four days ; then omit for two days, and apply again.
If there is any appearance of thrush or cracked heels, treat as directed
for the removal of these.

V. Swelled Legs.

Causes. — Swfelled legs may be the result either of an undue deposit of
serum or Avatery particles of the blood, or of inflammation of the cellular
tissue lying between the skin and bones in those parts of the leg most
•destitute of muscles.

A poor condition of the blood, or feebleness from great loss of it, may
cause the legs to swell, since the fluids conveyed to the extremities by
the capillaries accumulate there, because, in the absence of muscular
activity, the veins have no power to i-etum them. Diseased kidneys
have a tendency to produce this disorder of the legs.

The inflammatory type may result from blows upon the lower leg ;
from concussion; or, in general, from anything that may arrest the

196

ILLUSTIUTED STOCK DOCTOR.

V 1

action of tho cellular tissue referred to, cauning it to become dry and at
length acutely iuHanied. It may also arise from the nhifting of inllam-
nmtion from other parts, as from the lungs, kidneys, etc.

Horses of coarse til)er and full hul)it, accustomed to exercise, if allowed
to stand idle several days, will have swelled legs from the accumulation
of watery fluid; and, if unattended to, the parts may soon he attacked
by inflammation, when tho tissues become involved, and the disease
assumes its more serious tyi)o.

It is occasionally a mere extension of tho effects of cracked heels, with
its primary cause resting in whatever may have produced tho primary
disorder.

How to know It. — The leg becomes greatly swollen, and looks as
though it was stretched to its utmost tension. Occasionally, the swell-
ing appears almost suddenly, and then as suddenly subsides, in which
case the cause may be considered as having but ju.st begun to operate ;
and if now treated, it is easil}' nianagod. Again, it is sometimes sudden
in its attack, and violent ; tho skin is hot, dry, and extremely tender,
and tho pulse is quick and hard, while a peculiar lameness speedily sets
in The swelling may extend to the sheath and along the belly, as far as
the muscles of the breast.

In the more advanced stage of the disease small cracks appear in the
skin , and from these exudes a watery matter, of whitish-j'cllow color,
similar to that which is seen in cracked heels. In this case it nmst be
taken for granted that no treatment, however skilfull, can speedily
remove it ; that the improvement must bo slow, and consequently much
time required.

What to do. — If tho disease seems to bo merely undue deposit of
serum, owing to confinement, nothing more may be neces^ iry than to
give the animal a dose or two of niter, daily, to act upon the kidneys ;
and to exercise him regularly, to induce absorption. In the adminis-
tering of a diuretic, however, even so simple as niter, care should be
taken that it is not loft to ignorant and irresponsible grooms, since it
may bo given in excess, and result in disordering tho kidneys, and thus
ultimately inducing the very disease which it is intended to remedy.

When there is a tendency to swelled legs which manifests itself in the
morning, but disappears during tho exercise of tho day, an excellent pre-
ventive is to stand tho horse in cold water to his knees, half an hour,
just before night, and then rub dry before stabling ; but care must be
tJiken to dry the legs thoroughly, or tho plan is plainly objectionable. If
it should be found not to yield to this, administer the niter in modera-
tion, as previously directed, and exercise the horse regularly, causing him

^m^m^m

mt«*W6sw*»a8Wia«

te- ^.4 ^. T l.i. ).>^ . H; .!i« . ^ » -* ,

THE IIOItHR, HKIN DIBEAHE8, ETC.

197

>mo dry and at

to sweat, l)olh of whicli liavo a tcMidoncy to diniini,sh the accumulated fluid,
and to aHsist tho veins and abHorbents in their fuuetionH,

In caHo tho horHO is in a debilitated condition, and tho swellinj^f is niani-
festiy owinjj; to tho Hlufi^ishness of tho circulation, ho should be well fed,
on nutritious di(!t, and tho lejj; or le<ijs should be firmly, l)Ut not tightly,
bandiifred. Then prepare tho following — a tonic and somewhat stimulat-
ing medicine :

Mo. 7. H Oz. pulverized amafaDtlda,

1 Oz. cream of turtar,

'1 Oz. powdered genUan,

2 Oz. Afk-lcan ginger,

4 Oz. tliiely pulverized poplar bark.

Rub those ingi'cdients together in a mortar until thoroughly mixed.
Divide this into six doses, and give one, in tho food, every night till
exhausted. The bandage should bo removed from time to time, and tho
limb subjected to a brisk hand-rubbing, or rubbing with a medium
coarse cloth.

If the disease has become chronic, and tho animal is much debilitated,
tho following moro stimulating mcdlciuo should bo usod.

No. 8. 1 Oz. powdered golden Real,

1 Oz. genttun,

1 Oz. balmony, (or snakehead),
}i Lb. flax seed.

Mix well ; and divide into six doses, of which give one night and
morning in tho food. Bandage and rub alternately, as previously
directed. If the disease does not speedily show signs of yielding to this
treatment; apply, every night, omitting tho bandage, the following
liniment :

JJo.O.

2 Oz. essence of cedar,
1 Oz. tincture of capsicum,
1 pint new rum.

When cracking of the skin has taken place, so that matter exudes, and
there is much fever, the following course has been found eminently suc-
cessful, and must be at once adojjted : First, take from the neck vein
three quarts of blood. Mix finely pulverized sulphur and rosin, in the
proportion of two parts of tho former to one of the latter ; and give
daily, for three or four days, six ounces of this mixture. It should be
put into meal or bran, and the horse should be allowed no other food
until he readily takes this. Meanwhile, apply No. 2 every morning to
the parts most evidently affected, until the swelling has entirely subsided.

In these chronic cases, it is best not to feed on very nutritious, or at

ifm

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

least, stimulating food, unless the horse is in low general condition.
Ordinurih', pasturing will he best, when the season admits of it. If it
does not, he should have light, moist diet ; and his stable should bo
clean, dry, roomy, and so supplied with litter as to induce him to lie
down as much as possible.

VI. Surfeit.

Causes. — This disease, sometimes known as prurigo, has for its pre-
disposing cause a thicl< and impure state of the blood, Avith deranged
condition of the digestive organs. When the animal is in such case, any
sudden expo^sure to chill, especially when he has been heated, will pro-
duce surfeit-pimples ; and unless the general condition be attended to,
a confirmed case of skin disease may be the result.

It generally appears in the Spring, at the time of shedding, when the
skin is more exposed than at any other time of year, and the horse is
still exposed to sudden spells of cold and wet weather. The skin, thus
bare, is easily affected ; and if the chill is severe or too frequently
repeated, intlammation sets in, and the cuticle or outer skin becomes
hard and dry bccav .3 the pores are so closed as to retain the oily secre-
tions necessary to moisten the surface.

Some poisonous herbs produce this, or a similar, eruption of the skin,
and musty hay has been known to have a like effect.

Quick surfeit, or that which arises suddenly, even in animals in good
general condition, upon behig , overiieated and suddenly cooled by chill
air or an over-draught of water, may disappear upon his being brought
to a sweat by exercise ; but that which is contracted wliile the horse is in
general ill condition is apt to become confirmed, and, unless timely atten-
tion is bestowed, may tettle on the lungs and cause serious trouble.

How to know It. — No symptoms precede an attack of surfeit by which
its "pproach may be known. The pimples or lumps, in quick surfeit,
suddenly appear, and almost as quickly subside. When a case of con-
firmed surfeit has set in, the skin is hard, dry, and feverish ; and pimples
appear, sometimes confined to the neck, but more frequently spread over
the sides, back, loins, and quarters. Occasionally, these are attended
vnth great itching, while again they seem to cause no annoyance. When
they have remained a few days, they discharge, in small quantities, a thin,
whitish, oily mutter. Small, scabby excrescences, formed by the dis-
charging sorer, cover the parts. These come off, taking the hair with
them, and lea\ing a small scaly spot — sometimes, though rarely, a sore.

Surfeit is sometimes mistaken for button-farcy ; but it may be distin-
guished from this by the shape of the pimples : in surfeit these are

THE HORSE, SKIN DISEASES, ETC.

199

)\v jreneral condition.
II admits of it. If it
his stable sliould bo
to induce luin to lie

irigo, has for its pre-
l)lood, with deranged
111 is in such case, any
een heated, will pro-
lition bo attended to,

f shedding, when the
,'ear, and the liorso is
thcr. The skin, thuH
re or too frequently
r outer skin becomes
) retain the oily secre-

eruption of the skin,
t.

;n in animals in good
Idenly cooled by chill
)ou his being brought

wliile the horse is in
1, unless timely atten-

serious trouble.

k of surfeit by which
ips, in quick surfeit,
When a case of con-
feverish ; and pimples
requently spread over
, these are attended
lo annoyance. Whc-n
mall quantities, a thin,
formed by the dis-
taking the hair with
hough rarely, a sore,
but it may be distin-
in surfeit these are

elevated in the center ; whereas, in farcy the lumps are rather flat on
top and have thick edges, like a button in the skin. Farcy buds generally

A HOR8K AFFKCTBD WITU SUItFKlT.

appear on the inside of the thighs and fore legs, while surfeit pimples
are seldom found in these places.

If not promptly and properly attended to, surfeit is likely to degen-
erate into mange, which it is sometimes taken to be, oven in its early
stages ; but it may be kno^vn from mange by trying the short hairs at
the roots of the mane : if it is mange, they will be loose and come out ;
but if surfeit, they will show their natural condition.

What to do. — If the general condition of the horse is good, and the
affection has evidently arisen from sudden exposure or some other
imprudence on the part of the person having him in charge, little
treatment T>nll be necessary. Prevent costiveness and keep down fever
by cooling food, such as bran mashes, roots, and other moist provender.
Give arsenical drink once a day, a pint at a time, to act on the skin, until.^
cure is effected, being careful, meanwhile, if the weather is cool, to keep
the horse comfortably warm — blanketing him if necessary; and a half
hour's walking exci-cise should be given him daily. The arsenical drink
consists of these ingredients in the proportions named : i',

No. 10.

1 Fluid oz. arsenicalis, or Fowler's solution,
1 ^ Fluid oz. tincture of muriate of iron,
1 Quart water.

■jfl

If the disease has sprung from a thick and impure state of the blood,
disordered digestive organs, and general ill condition, take from the

mmmmmmiimmmm

1 1

III

;'! :.: \

'•!■! 9

200

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

neck vein from tlireo to five quarts of blood, according to strength,
extent of eruption and degree of fever. Keep him from becoming
costive by cooling and laxative food, as previously directed ; see that he
is comfortably stabled, if the weather is at all inclement, and give, on
several successive nights, the following alterative :

No. 11.

2 Drachms levigated (finely ground) antimony,

3 Drachms niter,

4 Drachms sulphur.

The food should be good — if possible, green and succulent; and it
will be found advantageous to take the chill from water given him, if the
weather is at all cold. If the appetite is bad, place gi'uel in the manger,
so that he may use it instead of water till stronger food is relished.

If it is Summer, or Spring is sufficiently advanced to be mild, he may
be turned to pasture ; but in any event, he should be allowed to rest
during treatment.

In the more confirmed cases a speedy cure is not to be expected ; but
good food, not of a nature to induce costiveness and inflammation, and
proper care as to warmth and cleanliness, together with a proper use of
No. 11, will bring the iDatient round in time.

In very obstinate cases, occasionally anoint those parts where the
lumps appear with a mixture of sulphur and lard, in equal proportions.

vn. Mange.

Causes. — This is sometimes brought about by the same causes as
surfeit ; or rather, it is indeed but an advanced or chronic stage of that
disease ; though in some cases of the same kind, it is of a much more
serious character in itself, and highly contagious.

When not a mere secondary stage of neglected surfeit, its immediate
cause is a parasite — ^the acarus — bred in the skin of the animal when
subjected to dirt and filth, and debilitated by hard living and ill usage,
or by total neglect and lack of food. The acarus produces mange in the
horse in the same manner as the human parasite produces itch in man ;
but it is of a different species, and frequently so large as to be visible
to the naked eye.

Neglect, starvation, and accumulated filth having induced a depraved
state of the digestive apparatus, with Avhich the skin sympathises, and
the insect once having obtained a lodgment, the horse, unless promptly
taken in hand, soon becomes a loathsome object, and dies.

The disease once contracted in this way, may be communicated to even
sound animals, in good condition ; in fact, the great majority of cases
are thus contracted, as comparatively few animals are so utterly neglected

THE HORSE, SKIN DISEASES, ETC.

201

or exposed to filthy influences as to become in themselves the generators
of these mange-breeding insects. It is regarded as one of the most
contagious diseases to which the horse is subject, and may be imparted
not only to other horses, but to cattle, hogs, and dogs, though it is
asserted by good authority that none of these can in turn communicate it
to the horse.

The curry-comb, brush, collar, or blanket which has been used on a
mangy horse will produce the infection in another ; and to lie in the same
stall or to rub where a mangy horse has rubbed himself is almost certain
to communicate it unless the animal so exposed is exceedingly healthfu)
and in active condition of body.

How to Know It. — The skin is at first scabby, the hair comes off, and
the outer skin becomes broken into little scale-like pieces. These fall
off, or are rubbed off, and leave the parts raw and sore. The general
appearance of the skin where the raw spots are not too numerous is a
dirty brown, and it is loose, flabby and puckered. The horse is impelled
by itching to rub himself frequently and violently, and he thus leaves his
scurf, dandruff, and in the more advanced stage, his parasites, at every
place.

Usually, where the disease is engendered in the animal itself, it appears
first on the side of the neck, just at the edges of the mane, and on the
inside of the quarters near the root of the tail. From these parts the
eruption extends along the back and down the sides, seldom involving the
extremities, except in the very worst cases. Sometimes, though rarely,
the cars and eye-brows are attacked and left bare.

When it is the result of contagion, the horse may at first be in health ;
but the constant irritation makes him feverish, the hair falls off as in the
first case described, leaving the skin in those places almost bare ; and
little rod i)imples appear here and" there. Each of these contains a
parasite, and the pimples are connected by furrows along which the
parasites have worked their way. In time they increase in number and
size, and from them exudes a matter which hardens into a scab. Under
these scabs the parasites may bo found, upon removing them and care-
fully examining in the sunlight.

In the early stage of the disease, where it may be suspected, but is not
yet fully manifest, it may be detected by placing the fingers among the
roots of the mane and tickling the skin with the nails. The horse is so
sensitive to titillation when in this condition that he will thereupon stretch
out his neck and evince the most unmistakable pleasure as long as the
tickling continues.

What to do. — The most effectual preventive, it will be readily inferred

202

ILLUSTRATED 8TOCX DOCTOR.

from the preceding statement of causes, is cleanliness. In no case
should a healthy animal be allowed to occupy a stable where a mangy
one has been kept until it shall have previously been washed with water
strongly impregnated with sulphur and chloride of lime — pay half a
pound of powdered sulphur and one pint of chloride of lime to each
gallon of water. If the stable is thoroughly cleansed of loose litter and
dirt, and all parts that may have been rubbed against by a mangy horse
perfectly saturated with this solution two. or three times, on as many
consecutive days, there can be no danger in using it. Clothing, cun-y-
comb, brush, etc., that may have come in contact with such animal,
should be burned up.

If starvation, weakness, and general ill condition have caused the
mange, a patent means for its removal will be found in giving him clean
quarters and good nourishing food ; which, however, should not l>e at
first of a heating nature. Generous pasturage, unless the weather is
damp, Avill be sufficient ; otherwise, a full supply of oats and choiJ food
should be given. It cannot be too much insisted upon that especially
while treating a horse for disease his stable should be dry, well ventilated
and properly supplied with litter.

In cases of full habit of body, where the disease is the result of
contact, and the liresence of high fever is noted, bleed once, taking from
the neck vein from three to five quarts, according to the condition of the
animal and the degree of fever ; but if it is the result of poverty and
debility, do not bleed at all.

Next, have him as thoroughly cleansed of scab and dirt as possible, with
a wisp of hay, and by softly and lightly using a curry-comb. Then
prepare a liniment of the following ingredients and in the proportions
here given for greater or less quantities :

No. 12.

1 Quart animal glycerine,
1 Gill creosote.
>a Pint turpentine,
1 Gill oil of juniper.

Mix all together and shake well ; and with this saturate the whole skin,
as nearly as possible, rubbing in well with a soft cloth. Care must be
taken to rub it in thoroughly. A little well rubbed in is better than
much merely smeared on.

Leave him in this condition two days ; then wash him well with warm
water and soft soap ; stand him in the sunshine if the weather admits,
and rub ^vith a wisp of hay or with suitable cloths until he is dry ; after
which, anoint him pretty well all over with the mixture described. No.
12, and rub it in. This course should be pursued until a cure is effected.

THE HORSE, SKIN DISEASES, ETC.

203

Two to four applications will generally be found sufficient, even in
obstinate cases, if care is taken as to food and drink. The following
alterative will be found beneficial :

No. 13. 1 Oz. tartarized antimony,

2 Drs. muriate of quicksilver,

3 Oz. powdered ginger.

3 Oz. powdered anise seeds.

Mix with mucilage so as to form a consistent mrss ; divide into six
balls, and give one every morning till the eruptiou disappears.

Care must be taken that the patient is not exposed to rain or heavy
dews while under this course of treatment.

vm. Bingworm.

Causes. — There are two kinds of ring^vorm ; i)nc simple, of sponta-
neous origin, and non-contagious. The other contagious. The first
is usually' the result of indigestion or confinement in close and foul
apartments, as in filthy and ill-aired stables, railroad cars or ship holds.
Tlic latter, or contagous kind, is found on horses of good condition, as
well as on diseased and neglected ones, and is produced by vegetable
parasites in the hairs and hair-glands.

How to know it. — It is especially common in Winter and Spring, and
appears on the face, neck, shoulders, sides, and sometimes elsewhere.

When non-contagious, it may usually be kno^vn by its appearing as an
eruption of small blisters, about the size of a Avheat grain, on inflamed
patches of skin. These assume a circular form ; and if not seasonably
attended to, the cirfile enlarges and covers fresh portions of skin.

The contagious type appears in round, bald spots, covered with white
scales, and surrounded by a ring of Ijristly, broken, or split hairs, with
scabs around the roots, and some eruption on the skin. These broken
hairs soon drop out, and a wider ring is formed. The most marked
characteristic of the contagious or parasitical ringAVorm is the splitting of
the hairs in the ring, and the perfect baldness of the central part.

Occasionally the jiatches, in either form of the disease, assume an
irregular rather than a really circular form.

Any attack of this sort is usually marked also by the horse's nibbing
and scratching himself against the sides of his stable, or convenient
objects outside ; but this is not to be depended upon as a marked symp-
tom, since it likewise indicates surfeit and mange.

What to do. — If a simple, non-contagious case, shave the hairs as
closely as possible from the affected part, and paint with tincture of
iodine ; or, if scratches or little ulcers hiive appeared on the patch, rub it
with the following stimulating and healing ointment :
14

I !

No. 14.

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

10 Grains niirato of silver,
1 Oz. lard.

If it is a case of the contagious or scaly variety, wash the patches
thoroughly with soft water and soft soap, and then rub every day with

the following ointment ;

No. 15.

K Drachm Iodine,

1 Drachm iodide of potash,

1 Oz. cosmoline.

If through nearlect and long standing it has ulcerated, use this ointment

twice daily :

No. 16.

6 Oz. pyroligneous acid,

5 Oz. linseed oil,

2 Oz. spirits of camphor.

If it has become obstinate — not yielding to the foregoing treatment —
apply a blister directly over the patch, and then treat as for a common
sore, using some simple ointment.

If there are signs of constipation and fever, care must be taken to keep
the bowels open and regular, and to avoid stimulating grain food. A
seasonable supply of cut grass and sliced potatoes, or of carrots, if they
can be obtained, should be allowed. If in Spring and Summer, and the
horse is not in active use, put him to pasture for a few days.

When the horse shows a tendency to Aveakness, as is sometimes the
case with young animals, and with those suffering from neglect, give
good nutritious food, and tonic medicine in moderation.

To prevent spreading the contagious form, clean the stable where a
horse so afflicted has stood, and white-wash its interior thoroughly.
Wash the harness, collars, and Avhatever else may have covered the ring-
worm, with strong soap and water, and rub them over Avith a solution of
corrosive sublimate, (one drachm to a pint of Avater.) If the horse has
been blanketed wliile suffering vrith the disease, the blanket should bo
well boiled.

IX. Hide-bound.

Causes — Strictly speaking, this is not of itself a disease, though the
skin is in a peculiarly abnormal condition, but the result of a diseased
condition of the general system or of derangement of some specific vital
function. With respect to the causes from Avhich it arises, it is some-
AA'hat similar to mange ; but, unlike mange, it is neither eruptive nor
contagious.

Poverty and cruel usage — ^the food being deficient in quantity or

THE HORSE, SKIN DISEASES, ETC.

205

rash tho patches
> every day with

use this ointment

Toing treatment —
as for a common

t be taken to keep

i<r grain food. A

)f carrots, if tlicy

Summer, and the

days.

, is sometimes tlie

From neglect, give

he stable where a
erior thoroughly.
1 covered the ring-
with a solution of
If the horse has
blanket should be

iscaso, though the
!sult of a diseased
some specific vital
arises, it is some-
ither eruptive nor

3nt in quantity or

«5?^iS<s:t--- - -^

O.VE OF TUB CACSKB OF HiDK-BOCNO IN HoRSKS.

quality, and the labor onerous — bring on impaired digestion ; the blood
becomes thick, dark, and feverish, because the secretive jDrocesses are
sluggishly performed ; the skin sympathizes with these internal disorders,
and the lubricating fluid through the pores is suspended ; and then,
instead of remaining soft and pliant, it becomes dry and adheres to the
body. A disordered state of tho stomach, bowels, and urinary and
respiratory organs may be considered as having produced it when no
specific form c* disease can be discovered as existing ; but it is an almost
invariable accompaniment, in a greater or less degree of intensity, of big
head, glanders, grease, farcj', founder, distemper, bad cases of swinney,
big shoulder, lock-jaw, consumption, and chronic dj'sentery. The fever
in these dries up th3 watery secretions and shrinks the hide.

Formerly it was supposed to be caused by worms in tho stomach and
alimentary canal ; but this is erroneous. Worms may of course exist
while the horse is in this state, but they are rather a consequence than a
cause — the result of imperfect digestion and excretion. The skin, as
has been elsewhere stated, sympathizes readily with the vital internal
organs, and in all obscure cases hide-bound should be considered a
symptom of disorder in these, and treated accordingly.

How to know it. — The skin is dry and hard, and the hair is rough and
rusty. Both are evidently destitute of that oil by which in health they
are kept in soft, pliant, and glossy condition. Adhering almost immov-
ably to the ribs, legs, neck — almost every part of the body — the skm
camiot be caught up in folds with the hand. At times it appears scurfy,
and the cxhalants, (having the quality of giving out or evaporating), pour

^7^

206

ILLUSTKATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Si ., i!

1.M

J I

It! fl

■ \ -I'

forth unusual quantities of i?iattcr, tlio more solid* portions of which
foriu scales and give the horse a filthy appearance.
The excrement or dung is dry, hard, and black.

What to do. — Especial jjains must be taken to discover, if possible,
what specific disease has given riso to this state of the skin. If the
cause is obscure, direct the treatment to restoring a healthy condition of
the digestive organs. Begin by bettering his treatment in every way.
Instead of hard labor, he should have only gentle exercise, and instead of
being left exposed to the rain, snow, and merciless winds, in barren i)as-
ture land or filthy barnyard, he should bo well sheltered, and, in Winter,
blanketed — using for this purpose two blankets joined along his back by
tapes so that a space of an inch or two may l)o left for the oscai)c of
insensible perspiration. Instead of allowing the skin to grow clogged,
torpid, and dead for want of cleanliness and friction, he should have
regular daily currying and brisk rubl)ing with good brush or coarse cloth,
which will matci'ially aid in restoring healthy action of the skin.

If it is pasture season, give him a run at good grass during the day ;
but stable at night in a clean stable, furnished with dry litter, and give
him a generous feed of bran and oats, or moistened bran and chopped
hay. Mix with the food night and morning, the following alterative ;

No. 17 3 Oz. powdered sasafras bark,

3 Oz. sulphur,
3 Oz. 6alt,
2 Oz. bloodroot,
2 Oz. balmony,
1 Lb. oatmeal.

Mix, and divide into twelve doses.

If he appears in the beginning of the treatment to be filthy, feverish,
and stiff, bleed him — taking from the neck vein three quarts. If the
stiffness continues, bleed again after seven days, taking a like quantity.

If the appetite is bad, mix with No. 17, (the alterative above described),
a spoonful of ground ginger ; but in general you should avoid cordials,
tonics, and aromatics, (that is, warm and pungent medicines). They
may arouse fever that would otherwise fail to develop itself, and thus
defeat the object for which the mild laxatives and temperate alteratives
prescribed have been given. Cordials may indeed arouse the vital
functions to sudden action ; but even if no lasting fever is created, the
action soon subsides, rendering it necessary to continue the cordial or
forego whatever seeming advantage may have been derived from it. If
excitment is continued by this means, the powers of nature are impaired
and lasting injury done.

A good and suflScient tonic may be furnished, of which the horse will

THE HOUSE, SKIN DISEASES, ETC.

207

ions of which

the horse will

partake as much as the system requires, hy jjlacing a poplar polo in the
stal)le, upon which ho can conveniently gnaw.

If the time is Winter, it will generally be found necessary to begin tlie
course of treatment by giving a purgative, say two ounces of Epsom salts,
which may be repeated within seven hours if it fails to produce the
desired action ; and to feed liim on laxative food until constipation is
overcome and a healthful action of the bowels restored.

Remember that one of the very first objects is to establish regular
action of the 1)owels ; and tlien generous diet, (let it be green and succu-
lent if possible, but at any rate nutritious without being inflammatory),
vnth cleanliness and regular friction of the hide, will do more than
medicine. Do not expect to effect a speedy cure ; in any event, the very
existence of hide-bound indicates chronic disorder, and all chronic dis-
eases require time.

If it is known to be the result of a well-defined disease, as big-head,
farcy, etc., the treatment must of course bo directed to the removal of
that, according to directions elsewhere given in this work ; and the hide-
bound will disappear as its immediate cause is removed.

Z. Saddle Galls, or Sit-fasts.

Causes. — These are swellings, sores, and tumors, caused by ill-fitting
saddle or harness. Different names are ajiplied to them according to
their appeai'ance and character. When a mere heated swelling on the
horse's back or shoulders is unattended to, while he is kept in constant
use, it sometimes assumes the appearance of a dead patch of skin, and
is then called ii warlile; when these ulcerate and discharge pus, and a
leather-like piece of skin is firmly fixed ujion the top of it, the name
sit-fast is applied ; and when, by the use of saddle or harnesib before a
Avarble or sitfast is thoroughly healed, a hard, callous lump is formed, it
is called a navel gall — said to be so called because it is generally on that
part of the back opposite che navel.

Mow to know It — These swellings, sores, and tumors require no
further descrii^tioii than has already been given.

What to do — The first and most essential thing is, that the animal
shall be allowed to rest ; or at any rate be subjected to such labor only
as will not require the same chafing, abrading saddle or harness which
has produced the trouble.

Then, if it is merely a gall or scald — a heated, tender swelling, without
either suppuration or hardness — bathe -with cold salt and water two or
three times daily. When the heat and tenderness are sensibly reduced,
anoint occasionally ,until the lump has entirely disappeared, Avith a mixture
of tar and olive oil, equal parts.

MhMW

208

ILLU8TKATEU STOCK DOCTOR.

If it has assumed the eharaeter of a sitfast, do not use the knife, not
try to tear tlie dry skin away, but bathe with warm soft waiter, and then
apijly a poultice. This must be repeated, if necessary, until the callous
skin is easily removed, and then anoint fretjuently, until the sore is healed,
with the f oUowinii :

No. 18.

fi ■^.

1 Dr. iodide of potash,
6 Drs. Hiniplc ointment,

2 Drs. glycerine.

When it has reached the stage of navel gall — hard, grisly, almost
horny — apply daily the camphorated, corrosive sublimate. No. 2. Shako
the bottle well before pouring it out ; use a mop with which to put it on ;
then, when it is thoroughly saturated with this liniment, use a hot iron
with which to dry it in.

AVheu one Hnds his horse suffering in this way under saddle or harness,
his own interests, as Avell as the promptings of humanity, demand that
he shall at once remove the cause, if possible ; but it is sometimes the
case that this cannot be done — absence on a journey, military necessity,
press of farm or road work, requiring regular service. Under these
circumstances the saddle or harness should receive innnediate attention
and subsequent watchfulness on the i)art of the rider or driver. The
padding must be taken out of the saddle or collar so as to obviate
pressure on the part affected ; or, as for the saddle, the blanket may bo
so arranged as to lift it from the spot. The sore place must be bathed
well with salt and water as soon as possible after it is discovered ;
and then covered with a piece of adhesive plaster, heated, of course,
until it sticks readily. If matter has formed, a hole should be cut in
the middle of the plaster to allow it to escape.

Treated in this way, the horse may be ridden from day to day, and
recover while in use.

Greasing collars and other parts of harness will frequently prevent
that chafing which results in sores and callous tumors.

If the horse, through constitutional tenderness, is subject to these
swellings and sores, it is well to put the saddle on half an hour before
using him ; and leave it on, having slightly loosened the girths, for a half
hour or an hour afterward, thus preventing sudden change in the temper-
ature of the skin.

XI. Fungous Collar Tumor.

Causes. — This in its nature is essentially the same as that described in
the preceding section as saddle gall, or sitfast — differing, however, in
location and specific cause. It is an inflammation and swelling beneath

'?r:i^U^'LJ>tiii,J&^»:^-'-U-.li^>,''i,

THE HORSE, SKIN DISEASES, ETC.

209

the largo flat muscle that covers the front of the shoulder, and is caused
by the chafing of the collar.

How to know it. — it is scarcely necessary to undci-take farther descrip-
tion of a well-known, visible affection. It is usually found near the
point of the shoulder ; and the character of the tumor as to simplicity
())• severity can bo readily determined by examination. If of considerable
standing, it will bo found so hard as to render it almost impossible to
detect any fluctuation that would indicate the presence of matter.
Where there is nmch swelling, however, there is almost invariably matter,
and no cure can be effected until this is removed. In cases less marked
there will be a small, hard or indurated lump without matter.

Under similar conditions as those mentioned in the preceding section,
it may form a leathery patch in the center and become a real sitfast.

What to do. — The tumor must, if possible, be so treated as to leave no
scar or lump, as this would be easily irritated by the collar upon subse-
quent use, and prove a source of constant trouble. The first thing in
order will be to take the horse from work, if at all practicable. If not,
use a breast-strap, so as to prevent all further chafing. If the swelling
is recent, apply cold water often, or cover the part with a wet rag hung
over the shoulders in such a way as to remain in contact with the swelling.
This must be kept constantly wet.

But if the tumor is large, and of long standing — already hardened
and containing matter deeply hidden, open with a knife — making a
smooth, vertical cut, and of sufficient depth to thoroughly evacuate
the pus. Syringe the opening well every day with the following solution :

No. 19.

30 Grains cliloridc of zinc,
1 Quart water.

If the wound seems inclined to heal and leave a hard lump in doing so,
discontinue the injection, and rub frequently with the following liniment
to promote the absorption of tho callous or gristly formation :

No. 20.

1 Oz. iodine,
12 Oz, soap liniment.

xn. WartB.

Causes. — it is difficult to point out anything that may be implicitly
received as the cause of these excrescences. Generally accompanying a
plethoric condition, they may be considered as o^ving their origin prima-
rily to high feeding and insufficient exercise. This, however, must not
be taken as conclusive, since they not unfrequently appear upon active
animals, of meagre habit.

s^m

ILLU81 HATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Tho manner of thoir fornmtion socms to be this : Knots in tlio true Hkin
are gradually devcloiu'd, being surrounded with a covering of the searf-
skin, something thickened and matted together ; and this outer eovering
generally dries and splits into lii)er8 towards the top, while blood, hi
greater (juantities than usual, is sent to tho inner or vascular parts ; und
more nutriment is thus diverted to it than to tho surrounding tlosh, so
that an upward or outward growth is promoted.

Seed warts usually nuike their appearance on tho eyelids, tho nost, tho
sheath and adjoining parts of the belly ; the encysted or sac warts, on
tho pasterns, hock-joints, and knee-joints, and sometimes upon the sheath
and neighl)oring parts.

Unless warts appear upon tho penis they are not injurious to health,
and at first occasion little inconvenience unless upon the shoulder or
some part where harness or saddle touches constantly ; but they should
be removed, nevertheless — particularly the sac Avart and those seed Avarts
w^hich manifest a tendency to enlargement. If tho encysted or blood
wart; is allowed to remain it will almost invariably enlarge and spread.

How to know it. — There aro two kinds of those formations, ono of
which is fibrous, white, and gristly or cartilaginous, but somewhat
spongy lump, contained in a sac or cell Avliich has taken its rise from tho
outer or scarf-skin ; and the other is a somewhat cartilan^inous substance,
not inclosed, but adhering firmly to the skin — a hard excrescence, — tho
' seed Avart," — Avhich is too Avell known to require i)articular description.
It is sometimes difficult to distinguish tho blood Avart, as tho former is
sometimes called, from tho seed Avart ; but it generally presents a more
rounded, smooth appea.'ance, and sometimos hangs as by a littlo stem, in
whi'jh last case it is readily known.

What to do. — If there is doubt as to tho character of tho Avart, tho
matter may be speedily determined by running a shaq)-knifc through it ;
when, if a blood or sac Avart, tho contents Avill come out, accompanied
by more or less copious bleeding ; Avhereas, tho seed Avai't Avill in tliis
case be meiely divided by the incision, each part retaining its firmness or
consistency.

When the blood wart is thus opened, nothing more Avill bo necessary
than to touch the part AAnth a solution of chloride of zinc, one gi-ain to
tho ounce of Avater, - r lunar caustic. Wlicn these Avarts aro attached to
tho skin by narrov? bases, or small stems, they may be clipped off with
knife or scissors, aud the part slightly burned over Avith caustic as pre-
viously directed.

If the growth is of tho fixed kind, or seed Avart, remove by means of
scissors or knife Avhen standing singly ; but if the stem or base is large.

THE IIOKSE, SKIN DISEASES, ETC.

211

or if the wnrts ji^row in bunchoH, too miinorous and too closo tofjotlicr to
he out uwiiy, pick off or otln'rwist* cliafc this r(tu;;li outer surfuco .so us to
nuike it bleed ; tlieu with ii Htiff hrusli rul) iu yellow orpinient W(!tted
with 11 little water, und iu u few day.s they will eouio away, or may bo
rubbed off, and leave a healthy sore, whieh soon heals. If the entire
wart does not ooinu off by reason of one af)plieation, repeat.

When the penis is wholly covered with Avarts, the best plan is to have
it amputated, as the warts cannot easily bo removed without destroying
as nuich of it as it Avould bo necessary to removo entirely iu order to bo
rid of them.

XIII. Vermin.

Causes — Vermin nro both a cause and a consequent of skin disease ;
and being also bred in the hairy covering, perhajjs in the very skin
itself, they are projjorly treated in this connection.

Every species of animal is more or less trouliled with his own peculiar
insect tormentor ; and while no Avell-deHned cause can bo assigned as to
their origin, they aro almost always found associated with tilth and
squalor.

They sometimes, however, trouble animals of fair condition, and accus-
tomed to reasonable care ; but in this case they are caught by contact.

Poor, ill-cared-for, mangy horses, colts in the Spring of the year, with
long, uncurried coats, and old and feeble horses with like rough and
shaggy covering, most probably breed them ; and on these they are most
frequently and plentifully found.

The itching torment to Avhich they subject diseased animals doubtless
intensifies whatever disorder may exist ; and the very earliest opportunity
should be taken to eradicate them from the sufferer.

When horses stand in proximity to a hen-house, they are often
seriously annoyed Avith hen-lice, Avhich are even more tormenting than
those peculiar to the horse himself.

How to know It. — The horse infested with vermin will usually mani-
fest his uneasiness by biting and rubbing himself ; but their presence
may be unmistakably detected by a more or less careful examination of
his coat.

What to do. — If the horse is suffering from some skin disease requir-
ing treatment, the means adopted for this will almost invariably suffice of
themselves to remove the vermin ; but Avhere no such disease exists, and
it is a simple case of lousiness, anoint him with the following salve :

212

ILLU8THATED STOCK DOCTOR.

No.:

1 Dr. carbolic add c
1 Quart frciili lard.

°tals.

I i J

Rub it upon every part of the body thoroughly ; wash with warm soap
suds next day ; repeat if necessary — at last washing and drying.

Attention to his general health will nlso bo demanded ; and to this end
he should be upon good pasture, or a liberal supply of nourishing but
not heating food should be given.

If it is a case of hen-lice, the firff thing to be done is to remove the
horse from the place infested v/ith ihese, and then to anoint and wash
as before directed.

XIV. Larva in the Skin.

Causes.— The lan'a, which infests chiefly the back — ^that part of the
horse upon which saddle or harness must press — is not only a source of
trouble to the animal, but of great inconvenience to the master, as the
acute painfulness of a tumor raised by one of these grubs often pre-
vents use.

The larva is the offspring of a fly which deposits its eggs upon the
back and sides of the horse while he is out at pasture or roaming at large
upon the common. This fly does not ^requent the barn-yard and stable,
so that horses which are confined to these when not in use are never
annoyed with the larva.

The eggs are hatched by the warmth of the animal ; and the creature
burrows into the skin, where it remains and grows till Spring, raising
meanwhile, by its irritating presence, a small lump, which is eventually
developed into a painful tumor, upon the pus of which the insect pro-
longs a life that it began upon the natural juices of the skin and cellu-
lar tissue.

How to know it. — The most unmistakable sign of the v.oublc, when it
is not plainly discernible with the eye, is the restlessness manifested by
the horse when subjected to the saddle. When he does this, and no
well-defined occasion for his displeasure and his pranks is readily per-
ceptible, examination will reveal a tumor or abscess if the larva is present ;
for the horse will hardly grow restive at first, when there is a more lump
in the skin. Upon the top of this abscess a black spot will be found,
which is the point of entrance, and the opening through which the
insect obtains the little air that it needs.

What to do.— The best thing to do, because both quickest and safest,
is to open the top of the tumor slightly with a lancet, and tlien to
tjqueeze out the larva. The wound should then be dressed a time or two

THE HORSE, SKIN DISEASES, ETC.

213

ih warm soap

with a solution of one grain of chloride of zinc to one gill of water ; and
the trouble will soon be over.

ZV. Tetter.

Causes — This seems to arise from some constitutional cause, which it
is difficult to point out. It appears on horses of different conditions or
habit of body. On some it breaks out periodically. Summer after
Summer.

It is not contagious, unless neglected until it assumes the epizootic form,
which it sometimes does, after which it is communicable to both man
and horse.

There are said by some to be two or three forms of tetter, but in
reality whatever different forms it may assume, when not complicated
with other affections, they are indications of different degrees of severity.

How to know it._The attack is usually sudden, and the animal is
obsci'vcd to rub himself severely, as suffering from intense itchiness.
The neck, shoulders, back, and thighs are the points ordinarily affected.
Upon examination, the skin will be found red with inflammation, some-
times torn or scratclied by rubbing ; and the blisters or pimples Avill
be seen on those parts of the inflamed spot not so torn or scratched.
These blisters break, and a watery fluid is discharged, which keeps the
surface moist.

In its more advanced stage it may be taken for mange ; but it may be
distinguished from mange by its manifesting less tendency to spread and
invade all paits of the skin ; and by the absence of parasites under the
scabby portions.

What to do. — First, see that the horse's bowels are put in good condi-
tion. If there is any tendency to plethora, (too great fulness), to
constipation, or general feverishness, give him a purgative dose ; and in
any event let his food be of such character as to prevent costiveness.

Give, once a day, an ounce of Fowler's solution of arsenic. Rub the
affected parts well with sweet oil, and let it remain thereon for a few
hours ; then wash with Avarm soapsuds so as to remove the scabs or
scales. Then cover the diseased surface and some portion of the healthy
skin all round with the following ointment ;

No. 22.

>i Lb. flour of sulphur,
^ Lb. carbonate of potash,

1 Oz. carbolic acid,

2 Lbs. lard,

2 Lbs. olive oil.

214

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Mix well with a gentle heat. Allow it to remain on the skin for two
or three days, and then Avash off with strong soap and water.

Tar ointment, (equal quantities of tar and lard well mixed with gentle
heat), is an excellent external application, and may be used when No. 22
is difficult to i)rocure.

XVI. Bat Tails.

Causes. — Simple tetter, as also mallenders and sallenders, is sometimes
all(>wed through neglect to become obstinate ; the skin thickens ; ugly
cracks are formed, from which flows in abundance a sort of puinilent
half-watery fluid ; upon the thickened portion of the skin the scabs
increase, growing up into somewhat perpendicular layers, and the hairs
growing from these are glued together by the exuding matter. Such
bunches of matted hair are called, hy reason of their appearance, "rat
tails."

The disease seems occasionally to be produced outright, without the
supervention of any other known disorder, by much exposure to wet
ground of a chalky or loamy nature, or to sticky mud.

How to know it. — It appears chiefly upon the legs, one or all of
which may be affected at the same time ; but the hairs of the tail,
especially near the root of the tail, are often found in the condition
described, and for a like reason. Tetter, ringAvorm, or some other dis-
order produces itching ; the horse rubs the part till it becomes raw ;
matter exudes at length, and the hair is matted in bunches alonff the
upper portion of the tail bone, as shown in the figure exhibiting external
manifestations of disease.

If resulting from either neglected tetter, no matter what its position,
or from mallenders and sallenders, it is accompanied by itchiness ; l)ut
this is generally less severe than is the case with these disovuers in their
simple form. When the disease is fully developed, the appearance of
the bunches of hair upon the parts is a sufficient indication.

Viiftat to do. — As in simple tetter, attention must be directed to estab-
lishing a good condition of the bowels ; and to this end a jjurgative may
be given— especially if there is any indicaticfn of constipation and
general feverishness. The food must be regulated by the necessity of
keeping down all inflammatory symptoms. Make a tonic powder as
follows :

No. 23.

12 Oz. Bulphur,
1 Dr. arBenic,
1 Oz. bruised coriander seed.

Divide into twelve parts and give one in the food nijrht and morning.

THE HORSE, SKIN DISEASES, ETC.

215

skin for two

I with gentlo
when No. 22

Dress the sores three times a day with the following lotion, applying

with a soft rag :

Ko. 24.

1 Fluid oz. laudanum,
1 Fluid oz. glycerine,
H Oz. carbonate of soda,
1 Quart water.

Xvn. Mallenders and Sallenders.

Causes. — By these terms are denoted oozy, scurfy patches upon the
knee and hock — those Avhich appear back of the knee being called (for
wluit reason nobody seems to know) mallenders ; and those which appear
in front of the hock, sallenders. They spring from idleness and neglect
— an impure state of the blood having been brought on by heating and
unsuitable diet, and disorders of the bowels, liver, or kidneys.

Though of no serious importance as diseases, they are unsightly, and,
if neglected, they vesult in troublesome sores.

How to know it. — They first begin as a moist tetter, apt to escape
observation until they appear in a roughened state of hair about the
parts mentioned, under which the skin is scurfy, feverish and someAvhat
tender. Itching of such severity sometimes attends them as to render
the horse restive and hard to keep under restraint.

What to do. — In the first place attend to the cleanliness of the horse
and put him upon a regular course of moderate exercise. Give hira
twice daily, night and morning, a pint of the excellent alterative and
tonic drink :

No. 25.

1 Fluid oz. liquor arsenicalis,
1>i Oz. tincture muriate of iron,
1 Qt. water.

Rub the parts affected two or three times a day with an ointment made
as follows :

md morning.

No. 26.

1 Oz. animal glycerine,

2 Drs. mercurial ointment,
2 Drs. powdered ointment,
I'Oz. spermacettl.

If the scurfy places have developed into suppurating sores, use, instead
of the ointment, the folloAving lotion, saturating them well twice a day :

No. 27.

>i Pint animal glycerine,
}i Oz. chloride of zinc,
6 Quarts water.

Be careful th.tt his food is such as to keep him from constipation and
fever.

216

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

XVm. Poll-evil.

Causes Poll-evil is the name given to a deep abscess having its sea

of primary inllammatiyn between the ligament of the neck nnd the firb.
bone which lies beneath without being attached to it ; and it is serious
in its nature by reason of this depth )"id of the difficulty with wliich the
matter formed finds its way to the -». -face through the strong fibrous
membrane that envelopes it. If not attended to in its early stages, the
surface of the first bone from the head, or that of the joint between the
first two bones, becomes inflamed, and the joint or joints involved.

The disease may be said to owe its origin almost Avholly to violence of
some kind. A blow upon the poll by a brutal driver may very readily
produce it; and much slighter causes, often repeated, result in this
affection ; as, the forcing on of a tight collar day after day ; hanging
back and so bruising the poll with bridle or halter ; and excessive rubbing
of that part because of itch produced by dirt accumulated about the ears
and upper point of the neck and not carried away by brush or currycomb.
Striking the head against low ceilings and the beams of low doorways is
doubtless responsible for very many cases of this dangerous and disa-
greeable disorder.

How to know It* — ^A certain restlessness, a throwing ba^k of the head
and then returning ; again, a drooping tendency, turning the head from
one side to the other ; a dull appearance about the eyes ; a sluggishness
of movement — all these are sometimes observed before any symptoms
of the disease may be discovered about the head. .

Sometimes no notice is taken of its existence until considerable swelling
and even an unwholesome discharge have set in ; but more frequently an
oval tumor is discovered, — hot, tender, situated directly in the region of
the nape of the neck, but generatly inclining to one side. In the milder
form this tumor is evidently superficial ; and the horse moves his head
•with comparative ease and freedom ; whereas, in the more advanced stage
he carries it stiffly, and every movement of it or the neck causes great pain.

Sometimes the disorder is so deeply-
seated that the tumor is not developed
sufficiently to make much outward show_
It is much likelier to discover itself plainly
as a Avell-developed swelling when the
hurt is superficial. In any case, it must
be exammed with the fingers to deter-
mine this point. Place the fingers gently
upon it, and give the animal time to re-
cover from the little scare into which this
touching of a sore at first gives him r

FOLL-XTIL DUBUrO TBB FiBST STAOI.

THE HORSE, SKIN DISEASES, ETC.

217

having its sua
k !\nd the iirbc
id it is serious
witli wliich the

strong tibrous
arly stages, the
iiit l)etweeu the
hivolved.
J to violence of
lay very readily
, result in this

day; hanging
ccessivo rubbing
1 about the cars
li or currycomb,
ow doorways is
!rous and disa-

ack of the head

the head from

a sluggishness

any symptoms

ierablc swelling

e frequently an

n the region of

In the milder

aoves his head

advanced stage

uses great pain.

is so deeply-

not developed

outward show,

cr itself plainly

I when tlie

f case, it must

igcrs to deter-

) fingers gently

al time to re-

into Avhich this

rst gives him r

then gradually press upon the part.
If the hurt is near the surface, he will
flinch quickly; if deeply seated, ho
Avill be correspondingly sIoav in show-
ing evidences of pain. If suppura-
tion has already set in, it can readily
be known Tvhen near the surtacj by a
sort of fluctuating feeling ; but this
fl-ictuation can scarcely bo felt at all
if the matter is v'eep seated.

FOLL-XVIL IN ITS SkCONO STAOK.

What to do. — If discovered Avhen there is nothing more than a swelling,
no matter having yet been found, remove all tendency to general fevor-
ishness by giving purgative medicine according to evident fullness of
condition ; allow the horso to rest ; and put him on moderately light
diet. Then make the following cooling lotion, and keep the swelling
constantly moistened with it by having a small rag pad laid over it and
saturated Avith the mixture frooi time to time :

No. 28. 2 Oz. tincture of arnica,

1 Dr. iodide of potassium,
1 Qt. vinegar,
1 Qt. camomile infusion.

If this does not reduce tho inflammation and remove the swelling
within a few days, it may bo inferred that matter is already forming,
though it may have been impossible at first to detect it ; and you must
bring it to a head as soon as practicable by poulticing. Use for this pur-
pose a mixture of ground flax seed, corn meal, oil of tui-pentine, and
hog's lard. As soon as matter can bo felt, have ready a large and very
sharp knife ; cast the animal, and have some one to sit upon his neck to
prevent struggling ; then open with a quick, steady, and strong sweep of
the blade through the tumor — being careful to have the wound open at
the lower point of tho tumor, so as to provide for more easily draining it
of matter that may hereafter form. Bo careful, too, not to cut the
tendinous ligament that runs along tho neck under the mane. If the
matter appears to be on both sides, open the places separately, so as to
leave this ligament undivided. It may, if absolutely necessary, bo
severed betAveen the second bone and the head, and tho support of the
head be not materially weakened, since tho main stress is on tho second
bone, and the divided ligament, if healthy, will soon heal again ; but it
is best to avoid all risks ; and if at ull convenient, the aid of an exper-
ienced veterinary surgeon should be had when it becomes necessary to
use the knife.

218

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

The wound must now be cleansed by being syringed daily with a stim-
ulating wash, (1-2 dr. chloride of zinc in 1 quart of water), until a
healthy discharge sets in, and evidences of healing begin to manifest
themselves. Nothing further will then be necessary than to keep tho
parts clean by daily sponging with Avarm soapsuds.

It sometimes occurs that before remedial measures are resorted to, not
alone the fleshy, but the tendinous, ligamentary, and bony structures
have become involved, and the disease has assumed a desperate char-
acter. If further neglected, the spinal cord is likely to become diseased,
and the case hopeless. If, upon opening a tumor, the matter is found to
flow in great quantities, resembling melted glue, with something of an
oily consistence, it may be knoAvii that the disease is deep-seated and
dano-erous ; and tho probe should be employed to find whatever cavities
may exist. If any are found, the knife should again be employed, and
another cut made, smooth down, and in the same direction as the first, to
prevent all I'ough and hacked walls, till tho lowest depths are reached.
Then cleanse the wounds with warm soapsuds, using a good gum com-
press syringe ; and dress with a mixture of spirits of turpentine, honey,
and tincture of myrrh. When a thick, light-colored matter begins to
appear, the dressing must be discontinued, and the parts must be kept
clean, as previously directed, by sponging Avith warm soapsuds.

It is sometimes necessary to cut away loose pieces of ligament till a
healthy aspect is presented on the walls and in the depths of tho incision.

In the more desperate cases, numerous openings arc formed, and these
discharge a matter resembling the white of an ogg, Avhich adheres to the
surrounding parts, and gives to the animal a most repulsive a})pearance.
In this case the knife should be used so as to take in at one sweep the
greatest number of openings, and then the other openings should be con-
nected by cuts with this main channel ; after which the wound should bo
cleansed as previously directed, and dressed with the mixture prescribed
— spirits of turpentine, honey, and tincture of myrrh.

After matter has formed, the knife is the only sure means of saving
the horse ; and, in the hands of the skillful man, it is a merciful
means. The operation is brief ; and the relief is more speedy than can
otherwise be obtained. Let no one attempt it, however, who cannot
operate as though for the moment divested of feeling, as there must be
no hesitation, no awkwardness as to direction, no notching and hacking.

A horse that has once had the poll-evil should never afterward liave a
collar thrust over his head, or be hauled around with a halter or any
other head-gear pressing upon the part. Tho poll mil long remain ten-
der, and a return of the disorder is likely.

If it is necessary to treat during Summer, when the horse is apt to be

THE HORSE, SKIX DISEASES, ETC.

219

ftnnoyod Avith flies, keep the Avound covered with a rag moistened in' ii
solution of tar.

XIX. Fistula.

Causes. — This is sometimes known as Jisfulous withers, to distinguish
it from fistula of tlie jjarotid duet. It is similar to poll-evil and is gen-
erally caused in like maimer, by bruises. In the case of fistula, these
bruises may be caused by an ill-fitting collar ; by a lady's saddle, partic-
ularly if awkwardly ridden ; by the jiressing forward of a man's saddle,
especially in case of higli withers ; by striking the Avithers against the
top of a loAV door-Avay ; by rolling and striking the Avithers against some
hard substance ; l)y the biting of other horses ; and by a bloAV of the
blacksmith's hanuner. The points of the si)inal processes, (little pro-
jections of the spine or l)ack bono,) are hurt, inflammation sets in, and
the fistulous tumor is produced. Its site is the spine aboA'c the shoulders ;
and it is more troublesome than poll-evil, because it is more exposed to
repeated injuries.

How to know It. — The first indication Avill be a SAvelling on one or
both sides of the withers, generally rather broad and flat. Upon exam>-
ination with the fingers this Avill be found liot, tender, and apparently
deep seated. If observed when first formed, it will be of uniform
hardness throughout. If unattended to Avhile in this state, the tumor
soon becomes an abscess ; and owing to the difficulty in the way of the
matter's escaping, (its natural outlet being at the top of the shoulders),
the pus sinks doAvnward ; and the abscess sometimes becomes enormous
before there is any well defined head, and before there is any opening.
When it breaks, or is opened, a large quantity of extremely offensive
matter floAvs out. Ordinarily, the tumor will come to a head in from one
to tAvo Aveeks. When the discharge has begun, the tumor does not begin
to groAV healthy and heal, but the Avails of the opening thicken, and
continue to discharge matter Avhich becomes more and more offensive.
The matter burro avs betAveen the shoulder blade and spinal points, and
everything around seems to be rotting away ; and it is both difficult and
dangerous to trace the opening. In process of time several holes will
appear along the course of the muscles in contact with the original abscess,
and from each issues a foul discharge, till the ulcerating process seems
to extend itself to nearly all the muscles of the shoulder.

The health of the animal may at first be excellent, and there may be

no lameness ; but as the inflammation extends, there is lameness of the

shoulder, and he suffers generally — often greatly. He is averse to

motion, and will suffer for food and drink rather than undergo the pain

220

ILLU8TKATEU STOCK DOCTOR.

of ti'jiiig to reach luid ptirtake of it. In its worst stages the bones
extending into the sinucs decay.

What to do — Be careful to ascertain, in the
first place, whether the tumor has newly
risen. The matter may form in one, even
while it is <]uite small ; and it is important
to know when the knife may be used to
advantage.

If matter has already formed, it can be
detected l)y the somewhat soft and fluctuat-
ing feeling of the abscess.

If discovered while still a new formation,
take the horse from work, if possible ; if
not, take especial pains to protect the in-
jured point or points from pressure.

bLIQHT EnlAROEMBNT Wllirll MAY END

IN Fistulous Witiieus.

FiSTVLOUs Withers— Worst Stags.

A bruise at that point of the witli-
ers where the collar rests will not
-r.fit a horse for the saddle, unless
considerable inflammation and ex-
tending soreness has already set in ;
nor will a saddle bruise, farther
back on the withers, necessarily un-
fit him for harness. ^

A recent swelling should be im-
mediately treated with fomentations of bitter herbs.

Boil wormwood, or muUen stalks, or life-everlasting in soft water, to
make a strong decoction ; and apply it with large woolen cloths, as hot
as can be borne, to hasten the formation of matter. When the tumor
begins to soften and show signs of heading, have a suitable, fine-pointed,
sharp knife. Ascertain the lowest point of the abscess. Then stand
close to his side, near the middle, to avoid both hind an'd fore feet in
case of kicking or striking, with the back of the knife to the shoulder ;
point upward and outward, stick at the lower edge, and cut open with a
free incision. Next, syringe the abscess till it is as thoroughly cleansed
as possible Avith a solution of carl)olic acid and water, one i^art acid to
two of water. Then dress with coal oil, or some convenient salve.
After two or three days, the wound should be thoroughly cleansed by
syringing with warm soap suds ; then use the carbolic acid water, and
repeat the oil or salve dressing ; and so on till a cure is effected.

The patient must in no case be turned to pasture, since the constant
motion of the neck and jaws necessary to procui'ing and masticating his
food aggravates every symptoin. Stable him comfortably, and feed

fef

THE HORSE, SKIN DISEASES, ETC.

221

tascs the bones

ascertain, in tlio
unjor liiis newly
)rm in one, even
(1 it is important
may be used to

■ormed, it can bo
soft and fluctuat-

a new formation,
<, if possible ; if
to protect the in-
its from pressure,
loint of the witli-
llar rests will not
the saddle, unless
mmation :ind ex-
las already set in ;
le bruise, farther
Irs, necessarily un-

ing should be im-

in soft water, to
len cloths, as hot
When the tumor
able, tine-pointed,
;ess. Then stand
d an'd fore feet in
to the shoulder;
cut open with a
oroughly cleansed
one part acid to
convenient salve,
ijxhly cleansed by
ic acid water, and

effected,
ince the constant
id masticating his
n-tably, and feed

according to his general condition. Let him have water freely ; and give
opportunity each day for some exercise by allowing him the run of a
small inclosure.

When the case has become chronic, and holes in considerable number
have appeared, make a cut so as to reach the bones, and to include in its
course as many holes as practicable. If there are other openings, (par-
ticularly below), cut from them into the main incision. Have an assistant
to press back the sides of the greater opening till the matter is cleared
out ; and if the spinous processes or points are found to be carious or
rotten, nip off with a pair of bone forceps till the healthy bone is
reacluid. If any of this decaying bone is left, the wound will inevitably
matter and break again, though it may for a time appear to have healed.

After thus cleaning out the bulk of the matter and picking away the
dead bone, use the syringe and warm soap-suds still further to clean the
parts ; then inject the carbolic solution as previously directed. But
instead of coal oil, use this ointment once a day ;

No. 29. hi Oz. verdigris,

>i C)z. copperas,
1 Oz. oil of turpentine,
4 Oz, yellow rosin.

The copperas and rosin must be finely powdered — ^then mix all together
thoroughly. When a kind of thick whitish discharge is observed to have
set in, discontiime the ointment ; but still wash or syringe thoroughly, at
intervals, with warm soap-suds. To keep away flies, cover the wound,
after each dressing, with a large cloth saturated with diluted tar.

Should the horse grow feverish from the effects of blood poisoning,
which takes place in a greater or less degree in this chronic stage by
reason of absorption, bleed him once, at least, taking from the neck vein
from three to six quarts, according to general condition and severity of
the inflammation.

When the disease has pi'oceeded to the length of requiring this severe
treatment, the recovery is necessarily slow, and the horse is inevitably
disfigured.

In very desperate cases it is sometimes best, or, indeed, almost indis-
pensal)le, to use the I'owel. The pipes, (or sinuses as they are sometimes
called), the openings whence the matter exudes, take a dangerous direc-
tion, and tend from the withers to the chest. Use an elastic probe, to
ascertain the direction and the depth ; and if it is found that cutting will
not answer, use the guarded seton or rowel needle described in the chap-
ter on medicines, ointments, etc. Insert it as far as it will go, then give
it a firm rap on the handle, so as to force out the cutting edge and drive
the point through the flesh. Knot one end of a long, slender tape,

WV *^'

222

ILLU8THATKD STOCK DOCTOR.

place tho other through the opening near the point of the needle and
draw it through. Then tie a knot at the other end, and leave it. In
this way, the sinus will have an opening below, and the; tape will act as a
drain, while tending also by friction to remove the hard lining of the
pipe. As soon as a healthy looking matter is seen to be issuing from
the lower orifice, remove the seton, but cleanse occasionally witli warm
soap and water,

CHAPTER m.

DISEASES OF THE GLANDS AND NASAL MEMBBANES.

I OLANDBR8.

-11.

FABCY.'

-III.

DISTEMPER.
POLYPUS.

' IV. NASAL OLBET.

' V. NA8A(

I. Olanders.

Causes. — This seems to bo primarily a c 'sease of the lymphatic and
nasal glands, and confiiu^d to them ; but upon this point authorities dis-
agree, and it is contended by some that all the air passages are always
affected — that it is a kind of phthisic, or incipient pulmonary disorder —
and that whether the ulcers appear on the membrane of the nose prior or
Hubsecjuent to the formation of tubercles in the lungs does not invalidate
the proi)osition that the earliest external manifestations arc but the
effects of pulmonary derangement. The most tenable conclusion, how-
ever, i.s plainly this : that inflammation of the membrane of the nose,
and confined to that membrane, at last results in ulceration ; that the
matter discharged from these is poisonous, and acts upon the glands by
means of the absorbents with which it comes in contact, and is also
inhaled into the lungs with the air as it passes through the nasal cavities,
till at length both the circulatory and the respiratory systems are gen-
erally diseased.

Whence this poison is derived is not at all clearly defined. The disease
is both spontaneous, (bred in the horse), and contagious ; but it is doubt-
less due far more frequently to predisposing cause than to contagion. It
is found as a prevalent disease where neglect, filth, and foul atmosphere
exist ; and we may reasonably conclude that poisonouf? inhalations, acting
upon the delicate and easily irritated membrane of the nose, produce
that incipient ulcci-ation from which the subsequent general poisoning
proceeds. In close stalls, the carbonic acid given off from the lungs,
(which gas is of a deadly poisonous character), passes again and again

wmm

SS4

IIXU8TUATKI) HTOCK DOCTOU.

into tlio lungH, mlxod with other impurities of tho stall itself ; this, acting
perhaps more readily upon tijo nasal membrane than upon tho other
linings of tho air i)assages, produees inflammation. This inflammation
may long exist, and unsuspected by tho ordinary obsorvfr, till somo
intense action is set up, when ulceration takes place.

Or it may be produced by anything (hat injures and weak ns tho vital
onorgy of this membrane ; as violent catarrh, accompanied by long eon-
timied disiihargo from tho nostrils ; a fracture of tho bones of tho nose ;
and tho too fre([uent injection of stinuilating and acid substances up the
nostrils. Everything that weakens the constitution, may, under peculiar
circumstances, produce glanders. Among the hurtful influences that
may operate to this end we may enumerate : hardships and an exhausted
constitution ; any interference Avith the due elimination or throwing off
of morbid and waste nuitter from the system ; want of regular exercise ;
sudden and violent exercise when the horse has not been previously pre-
pared for it ; placing a weak and Avorn-out Jiorsc! upon a course of diet
that is too nutritious and stinmlating ; and hereditary predisposition to
certain fonns of disease.

One point is deserving of special mention : it is sometimes present and
contagious in animals apparently in fine bodily condition ; other horses
may contract the disease from such a :)no and die of it Avhile it is still
difficult to discover unmistakable traces of it in the first. There may be
inflammation, and minute ulcers so far up the nasal passages as not to be
seen ; these little hidden ulcers may discharge so small a quantity of mat-
ter as to escape notice, and yet tho matter is so poisonous that Avhen it
comes in contact Avith any thin and deliciate membrane, by which it may
be absorbed, it Avill produce glanders. Weeks, and even months, nuiy
intervene betAveen the first existence of inflamed membrane and the
development of the disease. In this case there may be counteracting
tendencies, requiring some violent action or sudden change to determine
the issue.

It must be observed that its infectious nature is not general, but par-
ticular — depending upon inoculation Avith tho matter exuded from
glanderous ulcers, or at least from poison received in some Avay from the
glandered animal and communicated directly to a wound or to somo del-
icate membrane of another horse, an ass, or a human being.

How to know it. — ^As may be inferred from the preceding, it is not
ahvays easy to detect the actual presence of this disease, thouo-h it is
often a matter of paramount importance that it should be known. Its
dangerous character as an infectious disorder makes it essential that it
should be knoAvn in its very earliest stages, that the proper precautions
may be taken to prevent the infection from spreading.

TllK HOItSK, DIHKASKS OF THE NAHAL (ILANUW, ETC.

'2ib

There arc Honio syiuptoiuH that nmy bo obHorvod, even bofon^ the
jippciinuuH- of any dischiirgo whiitevor ; and these may be deseribed,
(lu)iiixh they may soinetnnes prove faUaeious, and aro found to be but
extraordinary indieatiouM of some other disease.

Tile first signs arc those of heaviness, duUness, followed l)y ft^ver ; the
eyes are red and unhealthy looking, while the light is seemingly painful lo
them. The hair is one day dry, the next, perhaps, it resumes its natural
appearance, and so alternating until after awhile it Ix'comes staring and
unnatural. The flesh waste's away rapidly for a tiin(^ ; then, and particu-
larly if a changci of food is introduced, showing simie improvement, and
so alternating till at length he begins to show signs of permanently
failing health and of a general del)ility.

Thesi! nuiy be regarded as for the most part premonitory signs, and up
to this time there may be no appearance of tumors and no disehargo
from the nostrils ; but the animal should l)e sul)jeetcd to the most rigid
scrutiny, to discover wh(rther there is anything to eonfirm the impression
made by the symptoms eimmcrated as to the probable existence of glan-
dered condition.

After these nuinifcstations there may be said to be three stages of the
disease, the peculiarities of each of whi<'h, in so far as they are distinctly
defined, aro generally as follows : In the first stage the discharge so
much resembles that Avhich attiMids some other nasal affection as some-
times to pass unnoticed, but examination will disclose a curious fact
which has not been accounted for, — it will be found confined to one
nostril, and that, in the vast nuijority of cases, the left. Occasionally it
is the right, very seldom both. This, however, nmst not be regarded as
a peculiarity of the first only, as it is common to every stage of the
disease.

The second stage is characterized by an increased flow, and it also
becomes more mucous and sticky, while its (lolor changes from an almost
transparent clearness to a whitish or yellowish tinge. It often begins
now to drip from the nose in stringy clots. Some of the matter in this
stage, now more a(!tively poisonous, being taken uj) by the absorbents,
affects the neighboring glands. If both nostrils are discharging, the
glands within the under jaAV will be enlarged on both sides ; if from one
nostril, only the gland on that side. As other discuses will produce
these swelled glands, as catarrh, for instance, it becomes necessary to
look for some peculiarity in order to determine certainly as to the exist-
ence of glanders. At first the enlargement may be spread over so much
surface as not to make any distinctly marked lumps ; but this soon
changes, and one or two small swellings remain, and these are not in the
L-enter of the channel, but adhere close to the jaw on the affectejl side.

226

ILLaSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

This may be regarded as an almost conclusive test. The membrane of
the nose will now be found of either a dark purplish hue or a leaden
oolor — the latter, unless there is some of the redness of inflammation;
and ulcers will probably appear upon the membrane, usually approaching
to a circular form, and deep, with abrupt and prominent edges. When
these appear there can be no furttar doubt, but care nmst be taken to
know that they are not spots of mucous. To this end, try whether they
may be brushed away. Notice particularly, too, that the orifice of the
duct which connects with the tear glands is j.ust within the nostril, and
on the inner side of it ; otherwise, this, if foul, may bo mistaken for an
ulcer. This orifice may bo readily distinguished from an ulcer by
observino- that it is on the continuation of the common skin, while the
glanderous ulcers are on the membrane of the nose.

When these ulcers begin to be visible, the general condition of the
animal soon shows signs of change ; his coat seems dead and staring, the
hair coiuing off easily ; his appetite is impaired ; he loses flesh ; his belly
contracts ; he grows more and iiore debilitated ; there is more or less
cough ; the discharge increases in (|uantity, and its increased poisonous
character causes it to remove the hair where it flows, while it seems
tinged Avith blood, and is offensive to the smell.

In the third stage the ulcers have become larger and more numerous ;
and upon placing the ear to the horse's chest, a grating, choking noise
will be heai'd at every act of breathing. The air passages Ix-ing obstructed,
every breath is drawn Mnth difiiculty. The skin of the forehead will be
found somewhat thickened, swelled, and peculiarly tender ; the membrane
lining the frontal openings of the nose will b(! not only ulcerated but
evidently inflamed ; the discharges are increased and bcicome more sticky
and of darker color, though stili somewhat flecked with blood. The
al sorbents become more and more involved ; it seems now that general
I iceration has set in : and the additional symptoms are henceforth those
jf farcy.

To prevent its being mistaken in its earlier stages for strangles, which
is sometimes done, the following directions will suflSce :

Strangles is peculiar to young horses, and at the outset I'csembles cold
with some fever and sore throat, accompanied generally by distressing
cough and sonus wheezing. Tiie enlargement which sometimes appears
beneath the jaw in strangles is not a single small gland, but a swelhng
of the whole sul)stance between the jaws, growing harder toward the
center, and at length, if the disease runs on, breaking. In strangles the
membranes of the nose will be very red, and tlK> discharge from the
nostrils profuse and mattery almost from the first. When the tumor has
burst, the fever will abate and the horse will sjjeedily get well.

THE HORSE, DISEASES OP THE NASAL GLANDS, ETC.

227

membrane of
le or a leaden
nflammation ;
y approaching
dges. When
st be taken to

whether they
orifice of the
e nostril, and
staken for an

an ulcer by
kin, while the

idition of the
id staring, the
lesh ; his belly
more or less
ised poisonous
*vhile it seems

ire numerous ;

choking noise

g obstructed,

ehead will be

14! membrane

ulcerated but

more sticky

l)lood. The

that general

liceforth those

■angles, which

sembles cold
)y distressing
times appears
ut a swelling
toward the
strangles the
rjjre from the
the tumor has
ell.

To distinguish it from catarrh, for which also it is sometimes mistaken,
observe that fever, loss of appetite, coughing, and sore throat all
accompany catarrh, whereas these symptoms are rarely if ever found
together in glanders. In catarrh, the horse quids his food, (drops it
from his mouth partially chewed), and gulps his water. The discharge
from the nose is profuse and sometimes mattery ; the glands under the
jaw, if swollen, are movable, while there is a thickening around them
and they are liot and tender.

What to do. — The first thing to do, and in the first stage, will naturally
suggest itself to any one wlio has taken the pains to inform himself of
the dreadful nature of the disease. Its contagious character renders it
dangerous, as has been said, not only to all of the horse kind but to
man ; and no time should be lost in removing a glandered animal from
the possibility of connnunicating the disorder to another. If stabled,
there shoukl be no coimection whatever between his stall and those of
other animals, as the discharge from the nostril, (in which lies the
danger), may be communicated through any opening sufficient to allow
horses to l)ite or nibble at each other. If placed to pasture, it should be
known that no other horse is at all likely either to be turned in Avith him
or to approach the inclosure. And this removal or separation should
take place whenever it is observed thiit there is that constant discharge
from one nostril which has been described, even though it may seem but
Avatery and natural, and the horse be in the very best apparent condition.
Kemcmber that a glandered condition may long exist, and minute ulcers,
in the hidden recesses of the nose, discharge a sort of limpid or clear
fluid, Avithout any of the active and violent symptoms being manifest;
but that all this time the horse may be able to communicate the disease
tf) others ; and that these may die of it while he is yet in reasonably fair
condition.

It can hardly escape the intelligent horse OAvner that every knoAvn
cause of the disease should, if possible, be promptly removed. Close,
damp, dark stables, reeking vith exhalations distilled from mingled dung,
urine, and rain Avatcr, ouglit at any rate to begin to receive a little
attention after the poor occupant has caught Avhat is more than likely to
prove his death ; if he is jaded and exhausted by labor, no hope of cure
can be entertained unless he is promptly released from his toils and put
upon moderate and health-giving exercise only, Avith such generous diet
as Avill restore the AA-asted tissues ; if, on the contrary, he is pampered
and stimulated and groAvn unAvholesomely plethoric for want of labor
proportioned to his good keeping, his food should be gradually changed,
and a regular course of moderately increasing exercise be instituted and

il:

228

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

persevered in till that point is discovered at which such exercise is
recuperative rather than exhaustive, and then maintained.

It may be well, before proceeding farther, to caution the reader against
the advice of quacks, and point out what not to do. This may be
summed up in the one single injunction, do nothing cruel. All such prac-
tices as slitting the nose, scraping the cartilage, searing the glands, tiring
the frontal and nasal bones, and injecting mustard, capsicum, vitriol, aud
corrosive sublimate up the nostrils, are but the hurtful deviv^es of ignor-
ance combined with brutality.

If the disease is in its tirst stage when the horse is taken in hand for
the purpose of employing remedial agencies, place him in a good, dry
and airy stable, if in Summer, or in an open pasture where most of his
food may be obtained by himself, observing the jirecautions already laid
down. If in Winter, he should still have the dry stable, not too close,
and supplied with clean litter, and care should be taken to guard him
against severe cold and exposure to any sudden change. The matter of
food may be regulated by this : it must be nutritious without being
inflammatory ; and the condition of the animal as to previous treatment
and present condition of flesh must regulate the quantity, as also to some
extent the quality. Then prepare and administer the following medicine :

No. 30.

1 Drachm powdered sulphate of camphor,
4 Fluid drucbmH Fowler's solution of arsenic.

Mix with linseed meal and syrup to form a ball, and give one of like
quantity each day for three days ; then omit a day ; then give the balls
for three days again, and so on till a change for the better is perceptible
or its failure is manifest. Meanwhile, swab out the nose eveiy day with
a solution of pyroligenous acid — using warm Avater, (as Avarm as the
horse can Avell bear), and putting in sufficient of the acid at tirst to make
the solution of medium strength. It should be a littl increased from
day to day ; but care must be taken not to make it too strong, as violent
acid injections or swabbing solutions are calculated to do harm rather
than good. A good mop for this purpose may be made by attaching soft
rags, (old cotton cloth is best), to a light stick, two feet in length — so
arranging the cloth as to have it project beyond the end of the stick to
be inserted, to prevent any roughness that might abrade or scratch the
membrane, and fastening very securely, to prevent its slipping off.

If this treatment is found not to be efficacious, or if the disease has
already developed into the second stage — the discharge more mucous,
sticky, and stringy, Avith glands sAvoUen and the membrane of the nose
of a dark purple or leaden color — adopt the folloAving treatment, and
caiTy it out energetically and persistently :

THE HORSE, DI8KA8E8 OP iHE K .^ ^L G^,;> 'fLM ;,TC.

229

ich exercise is

reader against
This may be
All such prac-
3 glands, tiring
im, vitriol, and
noes of ignor-

Bu in hand for

in a good, dry

re most of his

lis already laid

not too close,

to guard him

The matter of

\\'ithout being

ious treatment

as also to some

kving medicine :

ve one of like

give the balls

is perceptible

every day with

Avarm as the

Hrst to make

ncreased from

)ng, as violent

harm rather

attaching soft

i:i lenffth — so

>f the stick to

or scratch the

)ing off.

le disease has

more nnicous,

e of the noso

reatment, and

Take from the neck vein from three to six quarts of blood, accord-
ing as the horse may ajDpear feeble or plethoric. Make a gallon of
very strong decoction or tea of tobacco leaves, which keep ready for use.
Put enough of this into warm water, (as warm as the horse can well
bear), and swab out his nostrils with it, as high up as possible, using
mop as just directed. Then i^ut a gill of this same strong tobacco tea
into a pint of warm water, and drench him with the solution. There
must be no uneasiness on account of the dreadful sickness which this
Avill produce. The tobacco is necessary thoroughly to relax the system
and overcome fixed or chronic tendencies, and to counteract the influence
of the glanderous poison. Swab out the nose every day for eight or ten
days, and drench every third day for from two to four weeks, or until
the discharge ^as ceased and thv. ulcers are perceptibly healing.

So for the first two stages. If all these directions, (those as to food
and care as well as for the administering of medicines), are faithfully
carried out, a reasonable hope of success may ])e entertained. If the
disease has passed into the third stage, however, no treatment can be
confidently recommended. So doul)tful is it as to whether any remedial
ajrencies will avail, that most veterinarians in the United States confi-
dcntly declare that the best thing to do is to kill the sufferer in the
quickest and most humane way, and bury him deep in the ground, beyond
the possibility of his contaminating the atmosphere Avith his decaying and
poisonous carcass. This is made a matter of legislative enactment in
England — severe penalties attaching to the keeping of glandered horses
— and it is contended by some that the general safety of both animuls
and man require like legal enactments in this country ; but, as we have
said, until he has passed into the third state, or Avhero he seems to be
suffering Avith both glanders and farcy, a good horse ought not to be sac-
rificed. It cannot be too strongly urged, however, that no effort ought
to be spared to prevent the spread of the contagion ; and the man
Avho w(mld expose a horse for sale, k.DAvni to him to be glandered, but
not apparent to a casual observer, ought to be confined in the State
prison.

A horse affected with this disease, in any stage, is dangerous to the
man who handles him ; but he is doubly so, perhaps, when he has become
a loathsome object in limbs and body as well as in head ; and under
ordinary circumstances it is doubtless best to destroy him as quickl}'^ as
possible. In case treatment is determined upon, nothing better than that
prescribed for the second stage can be recommended.

The reader's attention ought to be called to this fact: that there have
been instances of a spontaneous cure of glanders — that is, of cures
having taken place Avithout the agency of remedial means used by man ;

230

1LLU8TKATKD STOCK DOCTOK.

but all such cases may have been apparent rather than real — a more sus-
pension of the active powers of the poison — and they ought to be looked
upon with suspicion. These may be resumed at some future time and
with fatal result.

It remains noAV but to suggest some pre autionary measures to prevent
contagion, in addition to those which have already been given. If a
stable is known to have been used by a glandcred horse, no other animal
should be allowed to occup}' it until the trough, the rack, and the walls
have been thoroughly scraped and scoured whh strong soap and warm
water. Then take one pint of chloride of lime and dissolve it in two gal-
lons of Avater, Avith which thoroughly saturate every part that the horse's
nose may have touched. Next, white-wash the walls inside. Then bum
bridles, halters, buckets out of which he lias drunk — whatever may have
been about his head — and if any blanketing has been used have it care-
fully cleansed by washing, or burn it up.

H. Farcy.

Causes — In treating of glanders and farcy there is a great diversity
of opinion as to the relations in which they stand to each other — which
IS the antecedent, which the consequent ; but the most sensible view of
the matter, and the one taken by the ablest veteiinarians, is this : that
the two are but different manifestions of the same disease, and that they
might with propriety be so treated. Regarding them separately it is
difficult to say which is the more acute form, which the more chronic, iw
it is now generally conceded that a horse afflicted with what may seem at
tirst a well-developed case of glanders may be presently laboring under
confirmed farcy — the last state apparently worse than the first ; again, a
case of farcy may assume the type to which the name glanders is applied,
and in this case also there seems to be a development of the tirst into a
more hopeless disorder.

This would be a matter, however, of no special consequence to the
intelligent horse owner Avere it not that the confused notions of men
concerning the tAvo affection , might chance to bring him face to face Avith
this difficulty: that, unable to eliminate the truth from the tantrled
statements of some Avho, entertaining diverse vicAvs, may take it upon
themselves to advise, he may find himself halting betAvecn two opinions
Avhen it is of A'ital consequence that he should be doing something. Let
him be •issured that it is Avholly unnecessary to trouble himself Avith nice
questions as to the priority of either disease or the real difference
betAveen them ; the one important point for him is to be able to detect in
the incipiency of an attack of either that one of tuem is present.

oal — a intTo sus-
ght to be looked
future time and

isures to prevent
3en given. If a

no other animal
jk, and the walls

soap and warm
Ive it in two gal-

that the horse's
ide. Then burn
at^ver may have
led have it cure-

. great diversity

h other — which

sensible view of

IS, is this : that

e, and that they

separately it is

lore chronic, ius

lat may seem at

aboring under

first ; again, a

iders is applied,

le first into a

equence to the
otions of men
u'c to face with
)m the tangled
y take it ui)oii
1 two opinions
)mething. Let
isclf with nice
cal difference
)lc to detect in
present .

THE HOUSE, DISEASES OF THE NASAL GLANDS, ETC.

231

Speaking now of the farcy as a distinct disease, it is to be regarded as
a general poisoned condition of the horse — the poison having its imme-
diate origin in an ulcerated condition of ti»e lymphatic glands ; and its
remote origin in whatever tends to disorder these lymphatics. The
remote causes are often found in constitutional or inherited tendencies,
l)ut more fre(juently, no doubt, in neglect and abuse — so- > of the forms
which these take on being overwoi'k and under-feeding ; lack of the
curry-comb and brush ; exposure to the foul atmosphere of dark, damp
stables, and their accumulations of tilth.

The glands so affected are more numerous along the jaws, neck, and
flanks than elsewhere neiir the skin. Some species of poison is taken
into the system of the animal, which manifests itself by an enlargement
of so.,ie of these glands into the hard, rounded lumps, caWed far ci/-buds,
or huttoiis, which presently secrete and c :charge dangerous infectious
matter. The absorbents whose office it is to remove useless particles
from the body, take up from beneath the skin some of this virus ; they
inflame with it and swell ; and by their connection with the veins give the
latter a corded, swollen appearance. The poison, of course, finally
reaches the veins and is mingled with the blood ; by the blood it is
conveyed to every part of the system. Acting upon the valves of the
veins — those little membranous sacs which assist in giving the blood a
uniform tendency towards the heart — the poison creates new knots or
buttons, and thus they increase until many portions of the skin are
covered with putrid ulcers

The first existence of a<i ulcerous condition may not be upon any visible
portion of the body. Minute poisonous ulcerations may arise in the
recesses of the nose, and discharge so slightly as to escape observation
until the genera! system is thoroughly inoculated with the virus.

It is, however, extremely capricious in its manifestations ; probably
owing more to the peculiarities of different animals than to any difference
as to either inmiediate oi remote causes of the disease "tself. It occa-
sionally takes on a lingering form, and will continue for months and
years •, agjMn it will run its course and kill the horse in an incredibly
short time.

It is extremely conttigious in all its stages, and is communicable not
only to other brutes, but to man.

How to know it — it is difficult to give in few words such directions
as enable the unprofessional and inexperienced reader readily to detect
this disease in its incipiency, and to distinguish, in its somewhat advanced
stato, between it and some other diseases which have, occasionally similar
manifestations. It often perplexes by the different forms it assumes ;
but close attention to the following particulars and a wide-awake interest,

232

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOK.

11 M

that leads one to observe changes and i)cculiar conditions will probably
suffice :

In some cases the horse will drooi^ for many days before the appear-
ance of either buds or corded veins ; tht; appetite is impaired ; the coat
is staring, or rough and unpleasant to the sight ; his mouth is hot ; his
thirst great and difficult to (quench ; the urine is highly colored ; the hair
comes off easily ; and he evinces then the symptoms of a generally
deranged condition.

Sometimes the horse will appear to be perfectly well at night, and next
morning one leg, usually the hind leg, will bo fearfully swollen, hot
with fever, and almost without the power of moving.

At other times the head will swell, the nmzzle, particularly, will be
enlarged, and an offensive discharge proceed from the nose.

Again, this tendency to the swelling of the leg is accompanied by
cracks at the heels, leading the inexperienced to mistake it for ordinary

"swelled legs" or for "grease.

,. K,

When taken by inoculation, (the poison having been received from
another animal or from trough, stable, or curry-comb), it is apt to
manifest itself in its earliest stages by shivering, followed by heat of
body, a frequent and hard pulse, dullness, accelerated breathing, and
ra;-id elevation of temperature. These attacks may speedily prove fatal.

In all these cases, the poison has been working, but is not yet
outwardly manifest. Generally the first stage of unmistakable local
manifestation is a swelling of the l^'mjohatics, a develoiiment of the
"farcy-bud." A single bud will sometimes appear near the pastern
joint and run up in an uneven knotty form. They usually appear,
however, along the sides of the neck or inside the legs, and are rounded,
with an elevated edge, and a pale surface. These presently burst and
discharge a watery fluid for some time, when a change takes place and
the discharges become more matterv and offensi^'e, and are mixed with
blood. They frequently increase in number until the neck, shoulders,
and legs are almost entirely covered Avith them — sometimes almost the
whole body becomes a putrid loathsome mass. In this last case there are
no longer any buds or knots, as the veins have become so generally
injured as not to show special prominences at the valvular points.

Occasionally* it will be found that the buds will not ulcerate, but
become hard and difficult to remove. This indicates that the progress of
the disease is suspended ; but the poison is in the system, and if steps
are not taken at once to eradicate the seeds of the malady, it will in
time break out and destroy the horse.

When it rises along the spine, as it occasionally does, it is to l)e
considered maliguant and very dangerous, i^articularly to those horses

THE HOUSE, DISEASES Ol' THE NASAL OEAXDS ETC.

233

ns will probably

Fore the appcar-
)aircd ; the (,'oat
outh is hot ; liis
;olorcd ; the liair
of a general 1}'^

t night, and next
lly swollen, hot

icularly, will be
:)se.

accompanied by

it for ordinary

n. received from

j), it is apt to

)wed by heat of

breathing, and

dily prove fatal .

but is not yet

nistakable local

lopment of the

ir the pastern

usually ajipear,

id are rounded,

antly burst and

ies place and

ire mixed with

cck, shoulders,

les almost the

case there are

so generally

K)ints.

ulcerate, but

le })rogress of

, and if steps

idy, it will in

>s, it is to be
those horses

that are fat and full-blooded — the disease in this case behig most
jtrohably the result of infection.

To enable one to distinguish it from those diseases for which it is
sometimes mistaken, the following directions, if closely observed, Avill be "
sufficient :

It differs from surfeit in this : that the buds are generally higher than
the surfeit tumors, more knotty, not so broad, and are found principally
on the inside of the limb and not on the outside.

The sudden swellings of the legs, head, or chest are chara<!terized by
heat and tenderness that do not accompany other enlargements ; and the
farcy may be distinguished from grease or swelled legs by this : that in
irrease there is usually a peculiar tightness, glossiness, and redness of the
skin, with scui'line"- discharging cracks, and a singular spasmodic catch-
iii"- up of the leg. In farcy the swelling is more sudden — the leg that is
api)arently sound at night is found in the morning swollen to an
enormous size. It is owing to a sinmltaneous indamniation of all the
absorbents of the limb ; but instead of the redness and glossiness of sur-
feit there will be burning heat without outward manifestation, and the
Ic' will be peculiarly tender, while the body will be generally feverish.

It may be known from that local dropsy of the cellular membrane pro-
ducing an enlargement beneath the thorax called water-farcy, by simply
observing that in water-farcy there is general weakness unaccompanied
by inflammation.

What to do. — The treatment must of course be directed primarily to
the removal of the blood poison and to the restoring of the assimilative
powers of the digestive and circulating organs. It nmst be both ger-^ral
and local ; as the vital functions are to be restored to ' no»-.nal coiidi-
tion at the same time as the outward manifesta. :r the poison are

removed. The l)uds must be dispersed and the ulce" s healed by active
external applications, since the powerful internal remedies must be more
or less inoperative while these recejjtacles of poisonous matter furnish a
constant suppl}' to the absorbents, to be carried by the various organs of
circulation to all parts of the body.

The first and most necessary thing to do is to exercise a Avise discrim-
ination as to the ntagc of the disease. If found to be in its incipieiicy —
few 1)uds having appc>itrcd, and being slow to spread ; no foul discharge
from the nose ; no sudden s\vel1ings and violent heat — ^the following
treatment may be adopted Avith every hope of success :

Pay particular attention to feeding, and to keeping the stable, (if nec-
essary to have the animal confined), clean, dry, and comfortable. The
food sliould be easy of digestion, but nourishing, and especially of such

234

ILLfWTKATKD STOCK DOCTOR.

ii I

a character as to keep the bowels r(>«j;ular. Bran, oats, lon<; foraj^fo,
(green if possible), arc good ; and an otv !»si ,nal mash of boiled earrots or
turnipf mixed with bran or short \> hi-h a table-spoonfui of salt is

added, will be found beneficial. Fi. »uk . ive moderate daily exercise ;
and as much good pure water as Ik^ , \A takt .-' ould be given him. If
the food given does not have the effect of kec^pmg the bowels open, give
an occasional mild purgative compounded as follows ;

No, 31.

3 Dnirlims finely powilered uloes,
1 Druchm gruuuil ginger.

Stir these ingredients thoroughly together ; then use sutficient soft
soap to make a paste that can be rolled into a ball. Wrap this in thin
paper, and give by elevating his head and thrusting it into his throat.

Give the following tonic, to stinuilate the digestive and secretive
functions :

Ko. 32. 6 Oz. powdered sulphate of iron,

6 Oz. rosin,
3 Oz. gentian,
3 Oz. ground ginger.

Mix thoroughly, divide into twelve powders, and give one night and
moiTiing. When these powders are exhausted, make up the same
mixture, with the exception of the rosin, Avhich, by too long continuance
is apt to affect the kidneys unduly, and give as before, night and
morning.

To remove the buttons and ulcers, take a large stick or pencil of lunar
caustic or of caustic potash, and with it burn out the central portion of
each bud, and cauterize each ulcer. When convenient to obtjiin what is
called a farrier's "budding iron," the work may be more expeditiously
done by heating the iron to redness,, and, after rubbing it on something
to clear off the scales, inserting the point into every bud and ulcer —
remembering that it must be done moderately, and not so as to de-itroy
the tissues. When these burnt places begin to slough cut, and Jook
pale, foul, and spongy, with thin matter, wash them frequently with a
solution of 1 drachm of corrosive sublimate in 1 oz. rectified spirits.
When'the wounds begin to look red, and the bottom of them is even and
firm, while they discharge a thick white or yellow matter, use some
simple ointment.

If the disease is plainly in an advanced stage — the buttons and ulcers
numerous and widely spread over the body ; the thirst great and hard to
satisfy ; signs of glanderous ulcers on the mucous membrane of the nose ;
the hair, where the sores have not invaded the skin, staring and easy to

THE IIOBSE, DISEASES OF THE NASAL GLANDS, ETC.

235

lon<; fonijfo,
•iled I'liri'ot.s or
iful of salt is
laily oxeivuse ;
ivcu hiiu. If
rels open, give

sufficiont soft
ip this ill thin
iiis throat,
and secretive

one night and

up the same

ng continuance

night and

)re,

pencil of lunar

ral portion of

ibtain what is

expeditiously

on something

Id and ulcer —

as to de-itroy

[out, and Jook

[uently with a

itified spirits.

is even and

iv, use some

Ins and ulcers
It and hard to

of the nose ;

and easy to

come off ; the general appearance filthy and loathsome — the following
Hcvere treatment should be adopted and perseveringly carried out :

In the first jilaco, observe all the precautions as to diet and the state of
the bowels previously recommended, being careful to guard against
extensive purging, for this will tend rather to reduce the disease to a
lower stage, and to retard recovery.

Bleed at once, taking from two to four quarts of blood from the neck
vein, according as the body is more o:i* less inflamed.

Taiie a gill of very strong solution of tobacco and pour it into a pint
of warm water, and drench with it. Repeat this dose every third day
until a change for the better has evidently taken place. If the feverish
state continues ho should be bled again, taking a like quantity as at first,
within a week or ten days. The practice of bleeding, as insisted upon
by some veterinarians, cannot be recommended ; but there are cases in
which it may be employed with the greatest advantage. In farcy, it
cannot be said to remove the poison to any great extent, though it does
in some measure have this .effect ; but the vitiated condition of the fluid
seems to render it turgid and slow, and to produce an unnatural disten-
sion of the veins and capillaries, which bleeding partially relieves —
possibly by both diminishing the quantity a little and by a reaction M'hich
follows the shock given to the organs of circulation by the act of blood-
letting.

The tobacco drench is a powerful medicine in counteracting the poison
in the system ; ar.d while the dose i*ecommended will make the horse very
sick, fron. its well-known nauseating properties, its effects are not to be
feai'ed.

On those days which intervene between the doses of tobacco tea, the
tonic powder. No. 32, may be given as directed for the milder stage of
farcy, omitting the rosin.

AVhen the poison has been long at work without betraying its presence,
till all at once the horse becomes lame, his legs swell, violent general
heat sets in, large and vicious looHiig buds appear suddenl}'^ and presently
break, while a stinkuig discharge takes place from the nose — corded veins
and buttons appearing in some instances along the spine — the case may
well be looked "pon as hopeless ; and if there are other animals that are
in danger of taking the affection from him, it is doubtless best, as is
generally recommended by English veterinarians, for even much milder
forms, to kill the horse and bury him beyond the reach of all danger to
others. In this stage of the disease he is dangerous to man, and no
one ought to be required to take the risk of handling him.

Lastly, every precaution should be taken to guard against the spread
of the contagion. "When a horse is knovni to be affected -with farcy, no
16

886

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

timo should bo lost in cleansing tho stublo whoro he has boon confined —
washing tho trough, rack and walls thoroughly,— saturating thoni after
that with a strong solution of chloride of lime, (one pint of chloride to
two gullor.- ■' water), and then white-washing tho walls inside. Curry-
comb, blanket — whatever may have tho poison adhering to it— had
better bo burned.

m. Distemper

Causes. — This is an epidemic disease, occurring in young horses, gen-
erally, and when it once breaks out all the animals in the stable aro likely
to be infected with it, unless they have already had it. Colts and young
horses will take it from older ones more easily than older ones from tho
young.

If it is not actually generated by filth and uncleanness in the stables,
the disease is certainly aggravated by causes producing miasma and bad
air in the stables. Therefore cleanliness is essential not only as a means
of preventing tho disease, but in rendering it of a mild type when it
breaks out

Horses will contract tho disease from others when at a considerable
distance. It is supposed to bo communicated both by actual contact and
also from germs proceeding from the breath. Hence when onco it breaks
out, at the first symptoms, isolate the sick animal or animals, fumigate
the stable thoroughly and daily.

To do this fill tho stable with tobacco smoke, both tho stable from
whence the sick horses have been taken, and tho place whoro they aro
confined during treatment. Let tho smoke bo so thick as to become
quite inconvenient. Make all tho animals inhalo as much as possible.
"Wash every part of tho stable, and especially tho feeding places and hay
racks, with a strong decoction of tobacco stems, using for the purpose
cheap, rank tobacco. Keep powdered tobacco leaves in the mangers of
all the horses. This being early attended to its spread may bo generally
arrested.

How to know it. — The disease has three stages. In the early stage of
tb^ disease there is a dry, hacking cough, and there will bo noticed a
discharge from the nose, first of a thin, watery fluid succeeded by a
thicker, purulent discharge of a whitish color.

Tho next stage of the disease shows itself in a swelling of tho throat.
The salivary glands, which at first were inflamed, aro now closed, and pus
if. being formed. At length an abscess is formed.

The third stage is the suppurative stage, in which the abscess breaks ;

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

987

con confined —

to it— hud

sometimes there are two. From this time on, the animal is :n n fair way
to mend, and every means should be tulcen to promote the discharge. In
bad eases tlie suppuration may continue for weelis, and in extreme cases
it may continue for months.

From first to last there is a fever. The pulse is quickened and hard.
The appetite fails, both from the fever and inability to swallow. As the
fever increases the eyes become dull and glassy : the hair is dry, will not
lie close, looks dead ; and the animal stands with itc head drooped, and
the whole appearance is stupid.

What to do. — In some cases, bleeding will be indicated. This, how-
ever, should not be allowed except under the advice of a competent
veterinary surgeon or physician. If the animal is fat, or if there are in-
dications of blood poisoning, from a quart to three pints of blood may be
taken from the neck vein. The animal must be warmly clothed and kept
in a thoroughly well ventilated but comfortable stable. Let the food be
light, but nourishing. Mashes made of oat-meal and bran ; also boiled

oats ; oat-meal gruel, and hay-tea should be given for drink,
following :

So. 88.

Give the

1 table-gpoonful pulverized gum myrrh,
1 table-spoonful gun powder,
1 table-spoonful lard,

1 table-spoonful soft-soap,

2 table-spoonfuls tor.

Mix, and put a spoonful of this mixture on a long, narrow paddle
down the throat twice a day, so it will lodge about the glands of the
throat.

[scess breaks ;

Let all drink and food have the chill taken off before giving it. If
there is considerable fever and the tongue is coated, give a little cream of
tartar in the drink. If the limbs are cold, bandage them and hand rub
to promote circulation. Give once a day in the food the follo^ving :

No. 84.

2 or three ounces flower of sulphur,
1 ounce resin.

To bo mixed in the food if it will eat, or in the drink. Give also three
ounces of sulphur per day, if the animal will take it. Wash the neck
two or three times a day with a decoction of tobacco as hot as the aniinal
will bear it. If these remedies are taken in time and faithfully applied,
they will often prevent any tumor from forming. If the tumor forms,
then every means must be employed to cause it to suppurate. It will
then be dangerous to scatter it. If the bowels are obstructed, remove
the contents of the rectum by the following injection :

238 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Vo. 8S. 4 Drachnia powdnred aloei,

1 Druuhm common salt,
3 Drachma hot water.
Mix, and iqject when blood-warm.

Uso every possible moans to promote the formation of pus and its dis-
charge. Common distemper and strangles are similar in some of their
symptoms, and one may run in the other. Stimulate the swelling with
the following:

Ko. 30.

Two parts spirits of turpentine,

One part laudanum,

One part splritu of camphor.

Apply this three times a day with a
brush until soreness is produced. Af-
ter each application keep the jiarts
warm with folds of flainiol, kept in
place with an eight-tailed bandage, a
l)iece of flannel having three slits
cut in the ends for tying, and long enough to go round the throat and tie
over the top of the head.

If this docs not cause the tumor to form, prepare a poultice as follows :

KIGHT-TAILED BANDAGE.

Mo. 87.

1 Part powdered slippery elm,

1 Part poplar bark,

1 Part ground llax seed.

Moisten with vinegar and water equal parts, quilt between two folds of
cloth and apply to as large a surface as possible. When the tumor has
formed pus and is nearly ripe, which may be known by a soft place where
it is working its way to the surface, open it with a knife with a round-
pointed blade, and if necessary increase the opening with a button-pointed
bistoury, to allow free exit of matter. It will give almost immediate re-
lief. Then apply to the swollen glands night and morning, the following :

No. 38.

4 Ounces spirits of camphor,
3 Ounces pyrollgneous acid,
1 Pint neat's foot oil.

Mix. If the acid is not to be easily obtained use strong cider vinegar.
Prepare the following powders :

No. 89. 2 Ounces powdered gentian,

1 Ounce powdered golden seal,
1 Ounce powdered pleurisy root,
1 Pound powdered liquorice root.

Mix, and divide into six powders, to be given in the food night and
morning.

ce as follows :

THB HORSE, ITS DISRASES.

rv. Nasal Oleet.

S89

Causes. — This aflliction sometimes follows distemper and strangles and
is one of the attendants on glanders, sometimes running into it. It is
sometimes caused by a chronic affection of the schnoidorian surfaces. It
is caused sometimes by the relaxing and enlarging of the ducts commu-
nicating between the cavities of the mouth and nose by disease, allowing
the semi-liquid food and its juices to pass into the nostrils. This is true
chronic gleet, and the discharge is tinged with what the animal cats. It
is in one of its forms a suppuration of the mucus membrane lining in the
facial sinuses, producing distortion and a terribly offensive discharge,
which may have been produced by a blow on the face. In bad cases the
cheapest way is to end the animal's misery by killing.

How to know It. — Discharge is not always present, neither is it uniform.
Sometimes during fair weather it will be discontinued. The discharge is
a thick yellow mucus tinged with green, if the food be grass, or with the
color of the food. If it becomes purulent, that is pus, matter, and
tinged with blood, it may end in ulceration of the cartilages of the nose,
and in glanders. If the discharge is confined to the left nostril, is tena-
cious, elastic, accumulates around the edges of the nose, if there is
enlargement of the lymphatic submaxillary gland, under and on the side
of the jaw, it is cheaper to kill the horse, or else call in a surgeon, since
for the proper treatment of the disease the trephine should be used,
by which a circular piece of the bone may be taken out to facilitate
treatment.

How to Cure. — In mild cases look for decayed molar (grinding) teeth ;
if found, remove them. Look for swelling of the frontal bone, produced
by bruises. Put the horse where he may be comfortable, let his diet
be light, but soft ; fresh grass in Summer, with good food. Inject the
nasal passages thoroughly with the following :

No. 40.

1 Ounco bayberry bark,
1 Pint boiling water.

When cool strain through a close linen or white flannel cloth, and inject
daily.

Prepare the following :

No. 41.

1 Part Grains of Paradise,

1 Part white mustard seed,

1 Part powdered sulphur,

1 Part powdered charcoal.

Mix, and give one ounce daily in the food.

240 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Give occasionally in gruel the following :

No. 42.

}i Ounce balsam copaiba,

2 Drachms sweet spirits of niter.

This with warm clothing and nutritious food will suffice for mild cases.
Where the trephine is not to be used, treatment must be persisted in until
the animal is cured.

V. Nasal Polypus.

Poljrpus may form upon any of the cavities of the body which com-
municate with the air, being peculiar to the mucous membrane. These
grown to such size as seriously to impair breathing, are accompanied some-
times by discharge of mucus which is pure. That is, it is thrown out as
soon as formed, and therefore it is not fetid.

V/hat to do. — If the polypus which is generally pear-shaped and at
tached to the membrane of the nose, by a small neck, can be made visible
by causing the horse to cough, it may be removed by a ligature or a
pair of polypus scissors by any physician, if no veterinary surgeon is
at hand.

When the polypus is entirely concealed from view, tracheotomy may
have to be employed before an examination can be made, since the poly-
pus may have gone so far as to oppress the breathing. Thus in all cases
of polypus, unless it be ao low that a ligature can be employed to strang-
ulate it at the neck, it is altogether better to call in the aid of a veter-
inary surgeon.

CHAPTER rV.

DROPSICAL AFFECTIONS.

DROPSY OP THE HEART. II. DROPSY OP THE BRAIN. HI. DROPSY OP THE CHEST.

IV. DROPSY OF THE BKIM OP THE CHEST. V. DROPSY OF THE SCROTUM. VI.

DROPSY OF THE ABDOMEN.

I. Dropsy o\' the Heart;

Causes. — The pericardium or membranous covering of the heart is
subject to inflammation ; by this inflammation and consequent obstructed
circulation in the minute vessels that supply it an effusion takes place,
and either thickens the walls of the pericardium itself, and thus contracts
or compresses the heart, or it is deposited in the cavity of the pericardium
in quantities varying from a pint to a gallon. 1'his diseased condition is
generally found in connection with dropsy of the chest or abdomen.

How to know It. — In the early stages of the disease there is a quickened
and irregular respiration, with a bounding action of the heart. As the
fluid i'lcreases the action of this organ becomes feeble and fluttering.
There is a peculiar expression of anxiety and alarm on the countenance
of the animal. If he does not die of the disease before the pericardium
is filled, violent palpitations and throbbiiigs characterize the advanced
stage. The breathing becomes difficult, and when the bead is raised
there is a tendency to faint.

What to do. — If it is observed while there is yet a painful state of the
pericardium by reason of inflammation — profuse effusion not having
taken place — the first thing is to reduce the inflammation and allay the
pain, and thus forestall the further accumulation of the fluid. For this
jHirpose rolievo constipation, which is usually found as an accompaniment,
by moderate doses of salts, or of oil. Then give the following draught:

ISi^

242

No. 43.

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

1 ()z. nitrate of potasb,
15 Drops tincture of aconite,
1 Pint of water.

The unimal must be kept comfortable, according to the season, and
have a plentiful supply of fresh air and cold water.

If there are no indications of relief within four hours, give the following

draught :

No. 44.

4 Oz. solution of acetate of ammonia,
10 Drops tincture of aconite,
12 Oz of water.

Rereat this after eight hours, and then leave off the aconite, but con-
tinue to give, at intervals, the acetate of ammonia in water.

If the disease has reached an advanced stage, and the cavity of the
pericardium is largely filled with water, it is scarcely to be hoped that the
anim!,'i may be saved ; but even in that case the course hero prescribed
should be adopted, unless there is some more general disorder under such
treatment as will render it unnecessary or objectionable.

II. Dropsy of the Brain.

Causes. — The remote cause of this disease (known also as hydrocepha-
lus), is some constitutional disorder of the brain, or of its membranous
covering — chiefly, as is believed, a scrofulous tendency. The immediate
causes, or the excitants to its development, are various, as castration, foot
puncture, staggers, acute diseases of the stomach, defective nutrition, etc.

How to know it. — At first an unnatural sleepiness will appear, with ap-
parent unconsciousness and a tendency to reel when movhig on foot.
The pupil of the eye is perceptibly dilated ; the animal breathes in a
hard and grunting way ; he tosses his head about and throws it upward
or backward, as though hi much pain. When down, Avith neck lying
prone, as is often the case, he will sometimes raise his head, then drop it
spasmodically, beating it upon the ground. If unrelieved, convulsions
finally set in, and death ensues.

V/hat to do. — If the head is hot with fever, denoting an acute attack,
sponge frequently with cold water, and see that the bowels are kept mod-
erately open. If there is decided constipation, as is sometimes the case,
use an injection of soap-suds at intervals, until the bowels are moved.
Then give the following in doses of 2 ounces, morning and evening :

No. 45.

4 Oz. fluid extract of buchu,
2 Oz. iodide of potassium,
6 Oz. water.

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

243

the season, and

ive the following

conite, but con-
ter.

he cavity of the

hoped that the

hero prescribed

order under such

) as hydrocepha-

its membranous

The immediate

castration, foot

e imtrition, etc.

ppoar, with ap-
mng on foot.
1 breathes in a
rows it upward

ith neck lying
id, then drop it

d, convulsions

|in acute attack,

are kept mod-

|times the case,

jIs are moved.

evening :

Continue this, keeping the horse from labor and as quiet as possible,
until all symptoms of feverishncss disappear from about the head, and
the unnatural torpor no longer manifests itself.

m. Bropsy of the Chest.

Causes. — This disease, (called also hydrothorax), is frequently the
sequel of pleurisy, and is the result of the inflamed condition of the large
surfaces of the coveri ig of the heart and lungs. The absorbents are in-
adequate to the taking up of the abundant effusion, so that the chest is
filled, the lungs arc pressed uiwn and death by suffocation follows.

How to know it. — The impaired appetite and chilliness of the ears and
legs which characterize the hist stage of pleurisy, change when it is about
to assume a dropsical form, and the horse becomes more lively, his appe-
tite returns, his legs and ears become warm, the eyes look more cheerful,
and his manner is every way more encouraging. A few hours after this
first apparent improvement, however, the breathing becomes labored, the
muscles qu"ver and twitch, and the nostrils flap. The animal stands
with the le^s wide apart, head low, or resting upon something, neck
stretched out, eyes staring, and the motion of the flanks increased, even
brought into forcible heaving action. The pulse is more frequent, but
small, irregular and fluttering ; and the nose, ears and legs become cold
again. His weakness rapidly increases, and if not relieved the animal
dies, sometimes within a week, though he may linger much longer.

The disease may bo detet-cd in its early stage, or immediately after the
horse has shown signs of relief from pleurisy, by placing the ear to the
chest, near the breast bone. If the dropsical effusion has set in, the ear
will detect no sound, nor will any l)e detected until the ear is placed high
up the shoulder or flank, past the middle of the ribs. Holding it here,
at the point whei'e the breathing is first audible, and directing a slap to be
made on the other side with the open hand, the examiner Avill hear a dull,
splashing noise as though of disturbed water; and thej-e need be no
longer any doubt as to the nature of the case.

What to do. — In the first place adopt the use of diuretics and laxatives,
that the various organs may be assisted in carrying off the accumulated
fluid. For the lirst day give every six or eight hours, the following :

No. 46.

4 Drachms powdered nitrate of potash,
1 Fluid ounce tincture of cardamoms,
10 Oz. water.

Mix the potash and water, and when a clear solution is formed add the
tincture, and give from the bottle twice or thrice in the twenty-four hours.

I «

244

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

On the second day, two or three times a day give :

Ko. 47. 2 Fluid ounces solution of acetate of ammonia,

1 Oz. nitrous ether.

Mix witn water and administer from the bottle.

If this treatment does not seem to be giving relief at the end of three
to five days, draw off the liquid by tapping the chest. It is a simple and
safe operation and will give relief unless treatment has been too long de-
layed, so that there is an accumulation of substances that will obstruct
the mouth of the canula and prevent the flow of the liquid. The instru-
ment to be used, the trocar, armed with a stylet, must not be large, as
drawing off the water too suddenly would prove fatal. The smallest of
those made for human practice is large enough, but it must be of greater
length. Having the instrument, and th fc in good condition, select a place
behind and about on a level with the elbow, and take a small portion of
skin, between the eighth and ninth ribs, which must be pulled forward.
Then make a narrow slit with a sharp knife upon the place which the
skin originally covered. Still holding the skin gathered forward, insert
the armed trocar into this opening and press it with such for^e as suffices
to push it gradually onward until resistance ceases. It is ^.h ^ within the
cavity of the thorax, and the stilet must be Anthdrawn, ^vhercupon the
water usually begins to flow out. Take all the water you can get if the
horse will suffer so much to be withdrawn ; but if at any time during the
operation he shows signs of faintness, withdraw the trocar and let the
skin fly back. Tt is necessary always to have the skin drawn forward so
that on returning it mo.y cover the wound lest the air may enter the chest
from the outside, which would prove quickly fatal. In an hour or two
after the first attempt a second may be made but the trocar must be in-
serted in a new place, as the first wound might be irritated by an effort
to re-insert the instrument.

There is soriotimes apprehension lest this operation may injure an
artery by approaching too near the posterior border of a rib, but this is
groundless, as the artery is protected by the groove through which it
travels.

If the trocar is properly inserted, and no water flows, the case may be
regarded as well nigh hopeless. A wbalebone may be inserted to break
away the pus or whntever substance may line the thorax, but this is not
known to have ever rf "ulted ni tmy good.

If there is fluid on both sides, it should be drawn off on both sides at
the same time, to prevent presf-uro upon the delicate divisions of the
chest. The fluid is generally confined, however, to one side.

The operator should stay by the animal during the slow abstraction iif

#t«;7#«?<f'f)''*?'!5ES^S'!JWSWef,

."^-Sii B-*V". ^1

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

245

abstraction (if

the water, so that upon any sign of faintness he may withdraw the trocar
and prevent death through sudden collapse.

After the water is pretty thoroughly drawn off, be careful to givp the
patient as much nourishing and carefully prepared food as he will con-
sume ; and the following tonic ball should be administered night and
morning for several times on alternate days :

No. 48. 1 Drachm iodide of irou,

yi Grain strychnia,
X Drachm Hulphate of ztnc.
4 Drachms extract of gentian.

rv. Dropsy of the Skin of the Chest.

Causes. — This is an effusion of fluid underneath the skin of the chest ;
and it is a sequel to various diseases — beginning generally to manifest
itself only after the animal is reduced to a debilitated state. It is most
likely to occur in the Spring and in the Fall of the year, at the time of
changing the coat.

How to Know It. — A swelling appears on the chest and somewhat
between the forelegs ; and its dropsical character may be known by its
yielding to pressure of the fingers with a fluctuating feeling.

What to do. — If it is the accompaniment of any more general disorder
the first thing, of course, is to remove that primary disease. Meanwhile
if the fluid accumulates in any considcraI)le quantity, draw it off with the
trocar ; and if there is not too much soreness, subject the part to regular
and modei'ately vigorous friction occasionally for some days.

Diuretics are always good in these dropsical complaints. No. 45 is
good. It is important that the bowels be kept regular, and that good
nutritious food, as boiled oats or boiled barley, with wheat bran, be given
regularly, and in suflicient quantity to nourish well. Give 4 drs. of
gentian every other day for a week or two.

It nmst be remembered that these medicines are to be given only in
case there is no treatment in progress for a more general disorder.

V, Di ip<?y of the Sorotam'-

Causes. — This is usuaV'y fourifl in connection with dropsy of the abdo-
men, and arises from either local injury and consequent inflammation,
followed by effusion, or by syrap-.rhy from that cause which has produced
the general abdominal trouble.

How to Know It. --It is readily known by a chronic distension of the
part, except is\vm mi taken foi scrotal hernia or rupture, from which it

pi^wnr

r I

m i

246

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

may be distinguished by its not passing back with a sudden movement,
when pressed with the fingers, but with a steady current and gradual
diminution.

What to do. — If it is associated with dropsy of the abdomen treat that
first, and until it is relieved, without which being done it is unnecessary
to attempt the cure of the more local and dependent disorder. In any
event, find out, if possible, and remove the primary cause. Next see to
it that the bowels of the patient arc kept moderately active ; and as in
the case of dropsy of the abdomci., give sufiicient cT diuretic No. 45, to
act freely upon the kidneys.

If the fluid has accumulated in any considerable quantity, so as to
render the scrotum painful by distension, draw it off with a fine armed
trocar, or a hypodermic syvinge, and support the parts ynth. an. elastic

bandage.

VI. Drc] sy of the Abdomen.

Causes. — This is a collection of water in the abdomen which is gener-
ally the result of chronic inflammation of the peritoneum, a tough, white
membrane which lines the abdomen and embraces the bowels in its folds.
When this inflammation has assuiuerl a chronic condition, the peritoneum
secretes a watery fluid, because of long obstructed circulation, which fills
th3 cavity, and unless attended to will finally cause death.

Frequently it follows injuries rf the abdominal walls, when the perito-
neum has been subjected to violence, and is associated with local inflara-
mi'tian of the muscular tissues, f''om which effusion is directed inwai'd.

Sometimes it arises ficiu obstrnjtjd circulation caused liy diseases of
the liver, lungs or heart,. -in<i t^aln from a poor, watery state of the
blood, superinduced by exhaustior or iy scanty and innutritions food.

It is more frequently found in old tluta in young and vigorous animals.

How to know It.— Generally, a low state of health precedes tlio more
unmistakable manifestations ; there is thirst and loss of appetite ; the
pulse is hard and smail ; the membrane of the nose is pale ; the mouth
is dry ; the head drc ps ; there is a condition of weakness and languor ;
and there are some signs of heart and liver diseases ; pressure upon the
abdomen is so painful as to cause a groan. Sometimes there is local
dropsy of the sheath, legs and breast, as well as of the belly. The
bowels are apt to be constipated, but are sometimes irregnilar ; and the
coat is loose and staring.

When the water has begun to fill the cavity, the horse manifests a de-
sire to lie down and rematfi long in one position ; there is a gradual
enlargement of the abdomen, and as the fluid increases there is increased

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

247

I sudden movement,
current and gradual

e abdomen treat that
ae it is unnecessary
it disorder. In any
cause. Next see to
y active ; and as in
C diuretic No. 45, to

B quantity, so as to
T witli a fine armed
)arts >vith an elastic

men which is gener-
neum, a tough, white
le bowels in its folds,
ition, the peritoneum
irculution, which fills
ieatii.

ills, when the perito-
ed with local iuflari-
s directed inward,
jaused ly diseases of
watery state of the
innutritious food.
|nd vigorous animals.

precedes the more

pss of appetite ; the

is pale ; the mouth

ttkness and languor ;

pressure upon the

Itimes there is local

|of the belly. The

irregmlar ; and the

difficulty in breathing. In the chronic stages of the disease, the progress
is slow ; but the belly becomes more and more baggy ; i.iid in some in-
stances the hair of the tail comes away easily or drops out, showing that
the skin and capillary glands of that part of the body are affected.

The presence of water, when it has collected in any considerable quan-
tity, may be detected by placing the ear to tne abdomen and having some
one slap the horse on the ojiposite side with the open palm.

In mares, this enlargement of the belly is sometimes mistaken for a
pregnant condition ; but it may be readily distinguished by a fluctuating
feeling which follows a pressure upon the parts with the fingers, a sort of
fluid motion, as of water forcibly displaced.

What to do. — If it is known to proceed from local injuries, or from
diseases of the vital organs, it is scarcely necessary to adopt any course
of treatment, unless, indeed, the primary disease can itself be removed;
but when it depends upon inflanimatiou of the peritoneum, or when it
results from bad or deficient food and unwholesome surroundings, place
the horse in a good, dry and well- ventilated stall, feed him generously,
and give him the following tonic ball, night and morning :

No. 49.

1 Oz. powdered digltaHs,
>a Oz. Bulpbuto of iron.

Mix with mucilage and a spoonful of linseed meal to form a ball of
sufficient firmness for handling.

It is important that the kidneys should be kept active, and the follow-
^g diuretic must be used for that purpose :

No. 50. 2 Pounds soap,

2 Pounds nitruto of potasb,

3 Pounds rosin,

2 Pounds Venice turpentine,
H Pint oil of turpentine,

Melt the soap and rosin slowly together, and stir in the other ingredi-
ents while the former mixture is cooling. Mskc it into 2-ounce balls
with linseed meal, and give one .it a time as often as necessary to keep
up a somewhat copious action of the kidneys.

If at any time the water accumulates in a great quantity, draw it off
by means of a fine trocar, plunged into the most dependent vor lowest
part of the distended abdomen.

|»rse manifests a de-
there is a gradual
38 there is increased

|ri^

' 'i

1''

CHAPTER V.

DISEASES OF THE THBOAT, CHEST AND LUNGS.

I. CHB8T-POUNDKR. II. BRONCHITIS. III. PNEUMONIA, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE

LONGS. IV. CONSUMPTION. V. PLEURISY. VI. COLDS. VII. ENLAROED GLANDS.

VIII. SWELLED THROAT, O'. LARYNGITIS. IX. CHRONIC COUGH. X. MALIGNANT

EPIDEMIC. XI. UIPPICLtAY OF BRBATHINO. XII. B'TJKEN WIND, — BELLOWS,—

HEAVES. XIII. INFLUENZA. XIV. SPASMODIC ACTION OF THE OLOTTI8 AND EPI-
GLOTTIS. XV. CROUP. XVI. BLEEDINQ FROM THE NOSE. XVII. STBANQLES.

I. Chest-Founder.

This when it is not soreness of the muscles from hard work, is rheu-
matism in its acute form. Sometimes it is caused by lesion, or straining
of the muscles or the tendons connected with them.

Causes- — It may be brought on by suddenly allowing the horse to
become chilled after heating, giving large drafts of cold water when
warm, or driving him into cold water up to his belly when heated.

How to know it. — The horse is dull ; his coat may be staring ; he
is stiff, and moves unwillingly. Sometimes the soreness extends to the
limbs ; usually does from sympathy. There is fever in the parts affected
and accelerated pulse, the latter from 70 to 80 beats in a minute. Also,
sometimes profuse sweating and heaving at the flanks, but the legs will
remain warm. The parts affected moy be more or less swollen, but
always tender to the touch.

What to do. — Clothe the horse warmly, and put him where he may
be kept so. If the animal is fat, and full of blood ; if there is evident
determination of blood, bleed moderately, say a pint from the neck vein.

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

249

We never, however, advise bleeding, except by a veterinary surgeon or
physician who knows his business. Wash the throat in warm salt and
water. Relieve the bowels as soon as possible by an injection of soap
suds, if the rectum be impacted. Give as a laxative 4 drachms Barba-
does aloes. Pulverize and mix into a ball with molasses and linseed meal
to form a mass or give the following :

No. 01.

K Oz. ground ginger,
1 Drachm tartar emetic,
1 Pint salt and water.

Mix and give as warm as the horse can swallow it. As a rule the
horse being thoroughly physicked will get better ; if not, apply a mild
blister.

No. 62.

1 Oz. powdered cantharides,
8 Oz. lard oil.

Heat to blood heat and mix thoroughly. Shave the hair from the
breast, wash with warm vinegar and apply the mixture rubbing it well in."
When the blisters rise dress with a plaster of mutton tallow.

be staring ; he

A Frr SUBJKCT FOR FOUNDER OR BRONCHITIS.

n. Bronohitis.

Causes. — Exposure of a heated and steaming horse to chill, or over
exertion, and leaving the horse in the stable, when the system is quite
relaxed. Riding to town and leaving a horse in the cold and wind while
the owner is making himself comfortable. There is first a cold, enlarged
glands and swelled throat. The inflammation extends down from the

250

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

larynx through tho trachea into the bronchial tubes and air passages of
the lungs, and onda sometimes in confirmed and incurable bronchitis.

How to know It.— In the acute stage there is difficulty and rapidity
of breathing, from tho filling of the membranes with blood and the con-
sequent diminishing of tho size of tho tube. After a time mucus is
formed and increases the difficulty of breathing and causes a cough. Tho
pulse will bo 60 or 70 beats per minuto ; the cough will become hard and
dry, and the sound in the throat will bo rattling, and after the secretion
of mucus a gurgling sound will be given similar to that made in Idowing
soap bubbles. In extreme cases the breathing becomes extremely labori-
ous, the cough is constant and distressing, the legs are extended, and at
length tho animal dies of suffocation.

A BORSB DRESSED FOR BRONCHITIS.

What to do. — ^The first step is to find tho extent of the inflammation.
Never bleed. Clothe the animal warmly and give an injection of warm
water to relieve the bowels. Avoid all strong purgatives. In fact, givo
none unless the bowels are decidedly bound up. Let tho food bo soft and
laxative, green grass in Summer, or mashes and gruels in Winter. For tho
throat, scalded soft hay, fastened by means of tho eight tailed bandages,
will be good. "Wash the neck and chest with a weak decoction of tobacco
as hot as it can bo borne. "When dry, shave tho hair from tho chest and
apply a blister of better strength than that advised for chest founder.
Tho following will be good :

No. 63.

1 Ounce powdered cantharides,
1 Ounce powdered resin,
4 Ounces lard oil.

Melt the resin and lard together, with just sufficient heat to melt the

'■i^^m,mmir^^^^^mm!^

THE lIORfiE, ITS DISEASES.

t51

1 nir passages of
Ic broiK'hitis.

Ity and rapidity

ood and the con-

a time mucus is

!cs a coujili. Tho

become bard and

ifter the secretion

made in blowing

extremely labori-

extcnded, and at

the inflammation.

njection of warm

es. In fact, givo
food bo soft and

Winter. For tho
tailed bandages,
oction of tobacco
•om the chest and
r chest founder.

I heat to melt the

resin. Add the oantharidcs and stir until it sots together. Apply to the
chest and throat if tlio case is desperate. If only irritation is desired the
following will bo good :

No. Dl. 4 Ounces Iar<1 oil,

1 Ounce turpentine,

Drachma powdered cnntharldes.

Shave tho hair and apply by rubbing in.

For tho body prepare a strong doth as shown on preceding page. Get
two pieces of flannel three yards long and tho full Avidth of the fabric,
nlso four pieces half a yard long and a foot wide. Saturate one of the
pieces with cold water, fold, and apply near the top of tho back, equally
on each side. Two of tho smaller pieces arc to be saturated Avith water
and laid alonir tho sides of tho (^hest, fasten the jacket at the back so as
to hold all simg. When the flannels are warm remove them and replace
immediately with others. So continue for two or three hours as the case
may be, and then allow them to remain until the animal is pretty well
recovered.

In very aggravated cases of congestion givo every half hour until the
pulse regains its tone, and then al longer intervals, reduced at last to
ouco a day, tho following :

No. 55.

1 Ounce sulphuric ether,
1 Ounce laudanum,
1 Pint water.

At the third dose discontinue if tho effect required is upt ^ roduced and

giv

t' the following ;

No. 56.

X Ounce of aconite,

K Drachm uf extract of belladonna.

Rub down the belladonna Avith an ounce of water. Mix. Give this
every hour until tho pulse is better, then withdraw the aconite and half
the laudanum, and add half a drachm of belladonna to the drink first rec-
ommended. (No. 55.) Let the food be thick gruel of oatmeal, boiled
potatoes, and oatmeal and bran mashes. Give no dry, and especially no
dirty food. When the animal begins to recover so as to eat whole grain,
gi'ass and hay, let them bo especially freed from dust, and let them be
given moistened, until the horso be perfectly recovered.

If the disease is to terminate fatally, the pulse will grow quick and
tremulous. In drawing the breath the body will quiver, showing increas-
ing difficulty and pain. The membrane of the nose becomes of a bluish
tint with froth}- blood and purulent matter about the nostrils. The
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WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580

(716)872.4503

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252

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

respiration, will become more and more difficult, and the cough most
distressing, and continuing until a quantity of fluid matter is ejected from
the nostrils, only again and again to be resumed. Thus the animal suffers
and dies, or else slowly recovers, remaining through life with the cough
of incurable bronchitis.

A COUGH OF INCITRABLB BRONCBITIS.

III. Pneumonia, or Inflammation of the Lungs.

This may follow acute congestion of the lungs, this being really its
first stage, though often noi noticed, by the ordinary observer, as such.
But congestion may occur in its sudden and fatal form from overtaxing
a fat horse, or one otherwise out of condition. Suppose from hard
driving or hard riding he hangs heavily on the bit ; droops and staggers ;

A CASE OF CONGESTION.

if not pulled up he may fall ; or getting to the stable he stands with
dilated nostrils, extended bead, quick, convulsive or labored breathing,
eyes staring and bloodshot, his nasal membrane deep red or blue, and

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

253

the cough most
jr is ejected from
;ho aiiiinal suffers
5 with the cough

lUngs.

is being really its
observer, as such.
I from overtaxing
appose from hard
)ops and staggers ;

iblc he stands with
aborcd breathing,
p red or blue, and

pulse rapid antl weak ; if in putting the ear to the chest there is a loud
respiratory murmur with crepitation (a peculiar slight cracking sound) ;
if the heart, as felt behind the left elbow, is beating tumultuously ; if
the limbs are cold, with perspii'ation breaking out on different parts of
the body, there is no time to lose. In extreme cases bleed at once from
the neck vein. The blood will be turbid, dark, almost jelly-like in very
bad cases.

Remove everything from the animal that may impede breathing, and
allow him plenty of fresh air. Give an active stimulant, the easiest to
be had ; whisky, four or five ounces, or a tumbler full in a half pint of
water. If this cannot l)e had give an ounce of ground ginger in a pint
of water, or a half ounce of oil of turpentine in half a tumbler of
water. Give also warm water injections to. relieve the bowels, and also
active hand rubbing of the legs to promote circulation to the surface,
while the body is enveloped in blankets wrung out of hot water, and
covered with dry ones. If the patient does not soon recover under this
treatment the case Avill be one of pneumonia.

How to know it. — If the disease does not succeed to the symptoms we
have just described, those of acute congestion, there will be a chill with
shivering, and generally a dry cough, but deep as though from the chest.
There will be a hot skin, indicating fever, quick-labored breathing, a full
but oppressed pulse. The membranes of the eyes, nose and mouth will
be red, and as the disease advances a yelloAvish or whitish matter will
come from the nostrils. The horse will always stand witli the legs wide
apart ; so will the ox in bad cases,
and the latter will moan with each ex-
piration of the breath. Generally
the ox Avill lie down. There will be
crepitation of the lungs about the
seat of the disease, and a more than
normal niurnmr upon applying the
ear. B}^ percussion, striking the af-
fected parts, there will be flinching
and even groaning, but except at the
seat of the disease the chest will re-
tain its healthy sound, while the dis-
eased parts will sound dull and solid.
Thus, by the ear, and sounding by
the hand, the progress of the solidi-
fication of the lungs may be followed from day to day.

What to do. — Under llie advice of a veterinary surgeon or physician,
blood may be drawn. If none such arc near, if the animal be young and

iKvS^

THB POSTTIOK ASSUMKU BY Tnit nOTIgB
DUUIMO AN ATTACK OP rNKCMONIA.

ll!

lb.}

254

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

plethoric, blood may be drawn in the earlier stages. Place the animal in
a loose box stall, with plenty of ventilation to the stable. If the bowels
are costive, loosen them by injections of warm water. Bandage the
limbs to keep them warm, and give the body such clothing as the neces-
sities of the case seem to require. Let the food be simple, laxative and
cooling. Bran mashes, boiled carrots, linseed meal, soft sweet hay. Do
not check diarrhoea or profuse staling ; it is an effort of nature to relieve
the system. If there is fever, give plenty of water. If there is swift
pulse and oppression of the lungs, give 20 to 30 drops of tincture of
aconite in half a pint of water, or 1 to 2 drachms of tincture of veratrum
in water every two hours. If under this treatment the system becomes
depressed, and it must be watched, discontinue. If the pulse falls — if
there is trembling sweats, and a peculiar anxious expression in the eyes,
discontinue. If there is great exhaustion, give moderate doses of whisky,
but discontinue it unless good effects are seen. If there is much weak-
ness, give two drachms each of camphor and of carbonate of ammonia,
made into a ball with molasses and linseed meal, twice a day. In the
case of considerable congestion, strong mustard poultices will bo indi-
cated, to be applied to the chest ; or in extreme cases, blister.

In the case of cattle, the same general treatment should bo followed.
Double the quantity of aconite and ammonia should be given. As a rule,
cattle require more than the horse ; and in giving medicine to cattle it
must trickle down the throat, in order that it may not pass into the first
.stomach.

In this disease symptoms must be watched. Good nursing is of espe-
cial value, and as the an'mal begins to recover, give soft and easily
digestible food, and assist the system if necessary with wine, ale or
whisky in very light doses.

IV. Consumption.

This hereditary affection is much more common in the West than is
generally supposed. More common in cattle and even in sheep and
swine than in horses. In horses it is comparatively rare. The disease
may be communicated to healthy animals by inoculation, and by eating
the raw flesh of diseased animals, and it may also be superinduced in an-
imals predisposed to the disease by local inflannnation ; so also the germs
may be received in milk, when the disease has invaded the mammary
glands of the cow. Deep milking cattle with narrow horns, thin necks
and narrow chests are especially predisposed to the disease. Tubercles
may be developed in any part of the body, even, in rare cases, the bones
and muscles ; the lungs, the spleen, the liver, the pancreas, the ovaries
jmd the kidneys are the usual seats of the disease.

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

255

Causes. — Badly constructed and illy ventilated stables ; moving from a
warm to a cold climate ; exposure to cold and wet ; or any thing which
tends to lower the health in a predisposed animal will bring on the disease.

How to Know It. — The disease may be acute, carrying off the animal,
sometimes, in a few weeks. It is generally chronic. The attack is insid-
ious, tubercles often being formed before danger is suspected. There is
a general dullness and loss of spirit, tenderness of the withers, back, loins,
and of the walls of the chest. In cattle the nose will ofton be dry, show-
ing fever ; the ears and horns will be hot ; the skin loses its elasticity and
pliant quality. The heat of the body may go up to 102 degrees ; the
pulse is weak but accelerated, and there is a slight, dry, but not frequent
cough ; the lymphatic glands al)out the throat may be enlarged and there
may be swelling of the joints. If the chest is sounded there may be
heard a murmuring sound hoarser than natural, if it be listened for just
over the lower end of the wind pipe or in the chest. As the disease ad-
vances, the eyes become more and more sunken, the skin becomes more
and more hide bound, the hair is dry and erect. If the bowels are
involved there will be more or less scouring, and if the lungs are prin-
cipally affected there will be swelling and lameness, labored breathing,
exhaustion and profuse perspiration occui'ring upon the slightest exercise.
There will be temporary windy distention of the stomach after feeding,
and the appetite fails. The cough increases with rattling, the dischaige
at first light, increases. There is crepitation (a rattling or snapping
sound) of the lungs, with a whirring or gurgling of the chest, and percus-
sion gives a dull sound, with wincing when the parts covering them are
handled. So if tubercles are formed in the liver, pancreas, or kidneys it
will show the involvement of these parts. Recoveries are rare. Occasion-
ally calcification of the tubercles occurs in animals naturally of a strong
constitution, but the disease usually ends in death.

What to do. — A cure is scarcely ever accomplished. The symptoms
may be mitigated. The animal must have dry, pure air, plenty of sun-
shine. Summer and Winter, and be protected from sudden changes, and
must be kept warm. The food should be light and digestible, good grass
in Summer and ground food with linseed meal and roots in Winter. In
the early stages of the disease four to five drachms of gentian may be
given daily in the food, at two or three doses, alternated with two drachms
of sulphate of iron as a tonic. As an expectorant, and diaphoretic, give
occasionally three to four ounces flowers of sulphur every other day, or
once in three days, or to act on the skin and as a diuretic, the following :

Ko. 67.

2 Ounces of flowers of sulphur.

a To 8 three drachms powdered resin.

iis3 ;

256

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Mix and give a doso daily until the effect is produced ; and afterwards
as needed. As an antiseptic (to counteract putresence) the fumes of
burning sulphur would be indicated.

How to Prevent. — From what we have written the owner will under-
stand the difficulty attending the treatment of this disease, and also its
dansrerous character in the case of cattle. The flesh and milk it is better
not to use at all, although danger can be destroyed by the most thorough
cooking. Using consumptive animals as breeders, or selling the milk of
consumptive animals should not be thought of. Drainage, good pastur-
age, a Avarm, sunny lo'^ation for the stables and yards, care against all
chronic and debilitating diseases, good, liberal feeding, especially when
animals are giving milk, the prompt removal of all consumptive animals
from pastures and buildings, and the thorough fumigation of the latter is
recommended.

V. Pleurisy.

This is an inflammation of the membrane lining of the chest and
covering of the lungs. It is common to all domestic animals, in exposed
situations and those liable to rheumatism. The pleura is one of the serous
membranes, those lining close cavities, as the chest, abdomen and joints.
In health they are insensible to us, but under the effects of inflammation
the most sensitive and painful possible. Since every inspiration and
expiration of the breath moves these membranous linings upon each other,
we can at once see the extreme anguish it must occasion. If relief is
not soon obtained the disease quickly ends in death.

How to know Pleurisy. — There will be some alternations of shivering
followed by heat of the skin, sometimes extending to the limbs. There
will be localized sweating and congestion of the muscles. If confined to
one side the foot of that side will be extended. The animal will look at
the flank, lie down, rise again, and there will be general uneasiness indi-
cative of pain. The pulse will be quick and hard, seeming to strike the
finger under the compression. There will be inclination to cough, but
which the animal will fear to exercise. The cough is not always present,
but when so, is always suppressed, short and hacking. The breathing
will be hurried, but apparently confined to the abd(^minal muscles, the
inspiration short and checked, but the expiration slow and prolonged.
In pneumonia and bronchitis there is often intense redness of the
nose, in pleurisy less. There is no nasal discharge and the heat of the
breath is not so great as in pneumonia. After effusion of gerum (fluid
matter or water) into the cavity of the chest ensues, which may be in 24
or 36 hours, the pulse becomes soft, and the animal seems better. If

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

257

; and afterwards
3) the fumes of

vner will under-
tise, and also its
I milk it is better
le most thorough
ling the milk of
ge, good pastur-
care against all
, especially when
umptive animals
n of the latter is

of the chest and
imals, in exposed
one of the serous
omen and joints,
of inflammation
inspiration and
upon each other,
\>n. If relief is

>ns of shivering
e limbs. There

If confined to

mal will look at

uneasiness indi-

ng to strike the

n to cough, but

always present,

The breathing
lal muscles, the
and prolonged,
redness of the
the heat of the
:)f eerum (fluid
ch may be in 24
ems better. If

the effusion is re-absorbed the animal will recover. If not, the pulse
loses its full tone, and again becomes hard and quick. The breathing is
a'^ain diflicult and attended with lifting of the flank and loin. The nose
and head is extended, the nostrils are dilated, with signs of suffocation.
The pulse at length becomes weak, thrilling at each beat until at length
the animal wavers, staggers, falls and dies.

An attack of pleurisy is often taken by those unacquainted with the
disease for spasmodic colic. This error, if made, will probably be fatal
to the animal affected. In colic the pulse is natural at the commence-
ment, and the paroxysms of pain are of short duration. In pleurisy the
artery is thin, the pulsations seem to strike the fingers, but the stroke is
short. Tlie pain is continuous, the body hot, but the feet generally cold.

What to do. — The same general care as in bronchitis and inflammation
of the lungs is to be observed. If there is a chill, wrap the horse com-
pletely in blankets wrung out of hot water, and (fover with dry ones.
When removed, do so a little at a time, rubbing dry, and re-clothe warmly.
If taken in its earliest stage, give :

No. 68.

H Ounce laudanum,
H Pint linseed oil.

This will often prove effective ; if not, repeat the dose in a few hours.
For an ox, give double this dose. If the symptoms increase, apply a
strong mustard poultice to the side of the chest, or a blister. No. 53
may be applied to the chest. The bowels should be kept moderately
open. If effusion of water takes place, give 6 drachms of acetate of
potassa once or twice a day in a pail of water. The following will be
found excellent in place of the last named remedy, if there is weakness
and a rapid pulse (70 to 80), and scanty urine :

No. 60.

K Ounce tincture of chloride of iron,

Ji pall water.

Give as a drink twice dally.

The effusion of water not yielding, the chest may be tapped with a
trochar. Divide the skin with a lancet, between the eighth and ninth
rib and near the lower end. Be careful the air does not enter. Draw
off only a part of the water if it produces a shock. In this, one should
have the advice of a veterinarian. Repeat in 24 to 48 hours. The ani-
mal should be kept up with sulphate of iron, two drachms, twice a da}',
in water, with stimulants and easily digestible and nutritious food.

It is absolutely necessary, after effusion of water has taken place, that
the urine should be passed freely to assist absorption. To this end the
following will be indicated :

• I

;. ■ i

258 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Ko. 60. 1 Drachm iodtde of potassium,

1 Drachm carbonate of ammonia,
H Ounce powdered gentian.

Give twice a day as a drench in a quai-t of water, or as a ball mixed
with linseed meal and molasses.

VI. Colds.

Colds in horses, as in the human family, are usually the result of im-
proper care or undue exposure. Taking a horse from a hot, illy ventil-
ated stable, and allowing him after driving to become cold, is one prolific
cause of colds. There are so many means of causing this disability that
it would be impossible to enumerate them. If the attack is light, all that
will be necessary will be to clothe the animal warmly and relax the bowels
with a warm mash, and give rest for a few days.

Sometimes, however, the attack is prolonged
and severe. The appetite ceases, the coat rough-
ens, parts of the body are hot and others cold, the
membrane of the nose at first dry and pale,
with the facial sinuses clogged, at length termi-
nates in a discharge more or less great, but with-
out improving the health of the horse.

What to do. — Keep the animal warmly clothed,
in ample box stall, with plenty of bedding. If
A BOBSE'SHBAD WITH COLD, ^ho cold docs uot give Way in a few days after

the first attack, and the symptoms are as we have
indicated, or if the membranes of the nose are dry, make a sack of
coarse gunny cloth, large enough so it may fit the nose properly, but en-
larging to the bottom, and two feet or more long, with a slit covered with
a flap in the side, half way down. Put into the bag half a peck or more
of coarse pine sawdust with which half an ounce of spirits of turpentine
has been thoroughly mixed. Place the bag on the nose as shown in
the cut on next page.

Turn two gallons of hot water in the slit, and every twenty minutes
repeat, allowing the bag to remain on an hour each time, use this six
times a day until the discharge begins. When water runs freely from
the nose, three times daily will be enough. Let the food be good scalded
oats or other like food, with mashes if the bowels are constipated.

An animal with this kind of a cold should not be put to steady work
until entirely recovered. The result of protracted cold is great weakness,
and work before recovery often leads to disease of the air passages and

lungs.

If there is much fever give the following :

THE HOnSE, ITS DISEASES.

259

No. 01.

as a ball mixed

3 DracbmH HpiriU o( ammonlB,
2 DrachniH etber.

Mix and give in a little gruel, (say 1-2 pint, ) twice a day. If the throat
i* involved poultice it with linseed meal in which a little mustard has been
mixed. When the symptoms give way and improvement begins, or if
the appetite is not good prepare the following :

No. 62.

2 Ounces powdered gentian,

a Ouncea curbonuto of ammonia.

Form this into a mass, with linseed oil and molasses, divided into eight
parts and give one twice each day. If the cold becomes chronic it ends
in catarrh. When there are catarrhal symptoms and sore throat give the

following :

No. 63. 1 Drachm extract of belladonna,

2 Drachms ipecac,
2 Drachms powdered camphor,
i Drachms nitre.

Mix into a ball with linseed oil, and give one
every three or four hours. In inveterate or chron-
ic cold there is discharge, and swelling of the lym-
phatic gland. We have already shown how glan-
ders may be known.

We give a cut show-
ing the enlargement
of the lymphatic
gland in chronic
cold. In case the
horse gets cold it is
better that he be ex-
amined by a competent
veterinary surgeon,

HXAD WITH IiYMPUATIO QLAMD
or TUK TBBOAT SWOLLEK .

1— The enlarged lympbatlo within
the Jaw.

NOSB BAO rOB 8TBAMIKO
UOnSB WITH COLO.

(not by a quack,) in order to be sure the disease is not glanders.

Vn. Enlarged OlandB— Qoitre.

There are various glands in the throat that are subject to enlargement
from disease, and which remain permanent after the disease is passed.
This result is generally more unsightly as a blemish than as a real disa-
bility. Goitre, however, is a disease peculiar to some limestone regions,
producing in animals as in man a swelling of the thyroid gland. In some
portions of the East it is quite prevalent, producing extensive enlarge-

i I

260

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

nicntH in lambs. It also attacks cattle and swine. In solid-hoofed ani-
mals, as in the horse, there may be a swelling on either side ; in others it
is in the center just below tlie roots of the jaws. For all enlargements
of the glands, tincture of iodine will disperse the swelling if it may bo
possible. In bronchocolo or goitre, rainwater only sliould be given to
drink ; iodine in doses of ten grains daily may bo given on an empty
stomach, and the swelling may be painted with the tincture. This to bo
persisted in for months. Another remedy that has been successful, is

the following:

No. 04.

a Draclim lodido of potaHsium,
1 Drnchm liquor potaKsoe,
H Pint rainwater.

Mix, and give as a dose night and morning, using the tincture of iodine

on the goitre.

Vin. Swelled Throat, or LaryngitiB.

Causes. — Foul stables or any cause producing colds, catarrhs, etc. It
is sometimes divided professionally into laryngitis and pharyngitis, but
practically they are one — inflammation of the air and food passages of
the neck, generally accompanied with cough, difficulty in 8wallo^ving
and fever.

How to Know It. — The animal is dull. The head is carried in a peculiar
manner, as though the neck were stiff. There is a short, frequent
cough, the breath is hurried, the pulse full and throbbing, and the mem-
branes of the nasal passages are high colored, almost scarlet. There
will be a hoarse sound, approaching to a grunt, at each breath taken, if
the ears are held against the animal's wind-pipe. Externally there is
more or less enlargement over the region of the larynx, the enlargement
of the ■windpipe next the throat. Handling the throat seems to produce
extreme pain.

What to do. — Reduce the pulse at onco by doses of tincture of
aconite in a wine glass full of water, repeated every half hour. Place
the steam ing-bag on the nose, as recommended for colds. Keep it em-
ployed almost constantly, for there may bo danger of strangulation. If
the steaming seems to distress the animal, omit it, or use it only occa-
sionally, and soak soft hay in boiling water and apply to the throat as
hot as can be borne. Bandage and fasten with the eight-tailed bandage
previously described. Or, ferment the throat with cloths wrung out of
hot mustard water. If there is difficulty in swallowing, put a tea-
spoouf ul of the following well back on the tongue several times a day :

THE HORSE, ITB DIHEABE8.

2(;i

Ko.eo.

1 Ounce powdoroci gualacuin,

4 OiiiiuoH powdered cblonito of potash,

>• I'lut of molatiitoa.

Do not in administering unythlng, force the jaws wide apart. Act as
gently as possible. If the animal is feverish and the throat hot and dry,
give three times a day, in a pint of cold linseed tea, the following :

No. 00.

1 Dmchm powdered Ipcoac,

1 Ounce solution ol acetate of ammonUi

In case the disease becomes chronic, the following excitant to the
throat Avill bo indicated :

No. 07.

tincture of iodine

1 Part oil of turpentine,
1 I'art Nolutlon of ammonia,
1 Part olive oil.

Mix, shako the bottle before using, and rub well in on the throat every
day. If this does not relieve, apply the following blister :

No. 08. 1 Drachm croton oil,

1 Drachm sulphuric ether,
10 Drachms alcohol.

Mix, and apply by rubbing with considerable friction.

A U0R8B WITH TlIK THROAT BLI8TXBXD.

A 8KT0N IN TRB THROAT OF A B0R8I.

When the symptoms become more favorable, by the membranes of the
nose becoming pale or mofe natural in color; by the cough becoming
more free, or louder, easier and with less violent breathing, and by the
appearance of a white and thick discharge from the nostrils, put a seton
in the throat, (see cut,) and allow nothing but moist and succulent food.
Move the soton daily until healthy pus (matter) is formed. Then cut
one of the knots and withdraw it, and as the horse recovers allow drier
food — hay and grain — but that entirely free from dust. See that no
stones or grit are iii the oats, and soak for five or six hours before feed-
ing. In this, as in diseases where the throat is more or less sore, the
horse may quid his food. This is not a symptom of larjoigitis as is some-

set

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOi rOR.

■Ih^lf

A nolUI QDIDDINO.

times supposed, but known to a\\ disciiacs where there la obstruetion in
swallowing.

IX. Chronio Oough.

There ure many cases of long standing or
chronic cough. Cough is an attendant upon
so many disorders of the air passages, from
the most trivial difficulty in teething to glan-
ders, that a cough should not be overlooked
in the diagnose of diseases. And so many
diseases leave the patient with chronic cough,
that its symptomatic stages should bo care-
fully observed.

Coughing tends generally to a thickening of the membranes. When
the membrane covering the larynx becomes thickened, and consequently
morbidly sensitive, the cough becomes fixed or what is termed chronic.
The sense of smell in the nose is peculiarly acute, and the membranes
of the nose and throat, as a matter of course, are fully as sensitive. Wo
have said, "the limbs and feet are half the horse : the lungs the test of
his endurance." Yet nine in ten of the stables in which horses are kept
are offensive to man and irritate the air passages when first entered. Yet
the sense of smell in man is not very acute, except in a few directions.
A stable therefore, offensive to man is not a fit place for horses to be
kept, where the lungs constitute one of the principal excellencies of the
animal.

THi ACT or conauiNO.

The cough which accompanies the several diseases of which this vol-
ume treats, will be described in the treatment of the diseases themselves.
In this article chronio cough will be treated, the cough that is always
present in eating, drinking and inhaling a cold draught of air, or from

in obiitruotion in

I uttendunt upon
' passages, from

TUB IIOR8E, m DIflKARKS.

2(53

any causo of pxcitcnicnt, 'Mjuiring long and careful nursing for their
furb. The chronic cough, resulting from colds, in hard and metallic.
For this, the following will ho good, to be rubbed on the throat and
around the windpipe, once in ton days :

No. 00.

in Drops croton oil,
1 Uunco glycerine,

Give twice a day, for a week, the following :

No. 70. 40 Drops diluted prussic acid,

1 Ounce niter,

1 Ounce bicarbonate of itoda,
1 Quart water.

If this does not give relief, the following, valuable for irritable chronic
cough, the result of influenza or sore tliroat, may be used :

No. 71.

1 Ounco Fowler's solution of arsenic,
1 Ounce chlorate of potash,
1 Druchm bellaUouu.

Give once a day in water or gruel and note results, ceasing after a
week or ten days, if no improvement ensues. For cough and sore throat,
when first discovered, take :

No, 72.

1 Drachm powdered camphor,

1 Drachm extract belladona,

2 Ounces sweet Bpirita niter.

Give in a pint of cold gruel three times a day. Tar-water is well known
to be valuable in obstinate coughs. Give every morning as a drink, the
following :

No. 73.

1 Drachm powdered squills,
K Pint tar-water,
^ Pint lime-water.

If the cough is violent, use as a sedative, the following :

No. 74.

1 Drachm dilute prussic acid,

2 Drachms powdered opium,
i Drachms uiter.

Mix in a pint of linseed tea ahd give from five to six table-spoonfuk
three times a day.

Expectorantc, calculated to loosen the cough and restore the secretions
to their natural conditions, do not act so kindly as could be wished on
farm animals. For a long standing cough, try the following ;

264

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

No. 76.

1 Drachm aloes,

1 Drachm squills,

2 Drachms gum ammoniacum

Mix into a ball with meal and give once a day in the morning. If the
cough is irritable and easily excited, and the bowels natural, omit the
aloes and substitute for it one drachm of opium.

For a cold settled in the chest, with cough, give every morning the

following :

No. 76.

1 Drachm ipecac,

1 Drachm liquorice powder,

ii Ounce nitrate of ammonia.

Add tar, the size of a hazel-nut and mix with molasses to form a ball.
All couirhs resulting from indigestion or worms, and some of those
resulting from irritation of the passages of the throat, are often cured
by turning the horse out in Summer where he may have free range on the
prairie, where resin weed grows plentifully. A long standing cough,
however, requires time, and the operator must use judgment in adminis-
tering medicine. If he be a veterinary surgeon he will make up his mind
from various symptoms. The farmer should endeavor carefully to do
the same.

X. Malignant Epidemic.

Under this head the older veterinarians were accustomed to term
several diseases that sweeping over a country became unusually prevalent
or fatal. Thus Dr. Layard and Ohmer long ago wrote of malignant
epidemic, piobably a severe form of catarrhal fever, or epidemic catarrh,
and also known as influenza distemper, malignant epidemic, murrain,
pest, etc.

Youatt describes a malignant disease occurring in 1714 in England,
imported from the continent and destroying in the course of a few months
70,000 horses and cattle. Profes. or Bruquon, of Tuiin, says of this
disease, that it commenced with loss of appetite, staring coat, a Avild and
wandering look, smd a staggering from the very commencement. The
horse would continually lie down and get up again, as if tormented by
colic ; and he gazed alternately at both flanks. In moments of compare
ative 'iase there were universal twitchings of the skin and spasms of the
limbs. The temperatuvv? of (he ears and feet was variable. If there
happened to be about the animal any old wound or scar from setoning or
firing, it opened afresh and discharged a quantity of thick and black
blood. Very shortly afterward the flanks, which were quiet before, began
to heave, the nostrils were dilated, the head extended for breath. The

THE HOR8K, ITS DISRASE8.

265

orning. If the
titural, omit the

ly morning the

horse had, by this time become so weak that, if he lay, or fell down, ho
could rise no more; or, if he was up, he would stand trembling, stagger-
ino", and threatening to fall every moment. The mouth was dry, the
tongue white and the breath fetid ; a discharge of yellow or fetid matter
proceeded from the nose and fetid matter from the anus. The duration
of the disease did not exceed twelve or twenty-four hours ; or if the
animal lingered on swellings of the head and throat and sheath and
sciotum followed, and he died exhausted, or in convulsions.

Black spots — extravasation — were found in cellular membrane, in the
tissue of all the membranes, and on the coats of the stomach. The
mesenteric and lymphatic glands were engorged, black and gangrenous.
The membrane of the nose and pharynx were highly injected, the lungs
were filled with black and frothy blood, or with black and livid spots.
The brain and its meninges were unaltered.

XI. Difficulty of Breathing.

From whatever source this may arise, whether from some disorgan-
ization, or change in the lungs, or obstruction in the air passages ; what-
ever the obstruction be, it must first be traced to its cause befoi'e good
can be done. This is sometimes not easy to do ; the owner must act
with judgment. Thick wind often follows pneumonia, and is caused by
closing or obliteration (hepatization) of a poi-tion of the lungs. If it does
not pass away after the disease which preceded it is entirely cured, it ma}
be mitigated by feeding the animal on sound outs, entirely fn d from
dust, giving but little hay, that moistened, and avoiding any food that is
dusty. Mashes and carrots in Winter sufficient to keep the bowels prop-
erly open, and turning on prairie pasture in Summer will be indicated.

Eoaring has rendered neai'ly useless many valuable horses in England ;
in tlio United States horses are not subject to it. It is said to be pro<
duced by obstruction in some part of the respiratory canal, most often in
the larynx and next in the trachea. Thus chronic cough sometimes ter*
minatca in roaring. In this country heaves is the most usual termination .

XH. Broken Wind ; Bellows ; Heaves.

Causes. — Broken wind is the result both of disease of the lun^s and
violent exertions. Feeding on dusty hay and grain are prolific sources of
the disease. Where no clover hay is used, the disease is rare. It ia
mainly confined to horses that have arrived at maturity. A horse fed for
days and weeks on dusty hay, and then driven hard, will exhibit heaves,
unless his lungs and digestion are extraordinary. This disease is usually
known in the South under the name of bellows, and in the North as
heaves, either of them expressive of the disease.

f .

Sjl :ii

Ill'

liiilili

266

ILLUSTRATEU STOCK DOCTOR.

How to know It. — Broken wind is nearly allied to asthma in man, but
is more continuous in its action and less liable Lo occur in paroxysms.
At each breath there will be a two-fold motion of the flank, caused by a
falling in of the abdominal walls, causing the flank to lift, then after a
perceptible interval a rising of the back part of the belly assists in freeing
the lungs of air. There is a short, dry cough, sometimes almost inaudi-
ble, followed by whirring. When the horse is moved suddenly, or driven
hard, when a draught of cold water is given, or the animal is suddenly
brought into the cold air, the spells will occur. Indigestion is almost
always present, and as a consequence of flatulency of the bowels. The
appetite is ravenous and unnatural ; eating the litter given for bedding, is
one of the many exhibitions of it.

What to do. — There is no permanent cure for this disability. The
symptoms and distress may be alleviated by giving only sound grain and
bright, hard stalked hay, free from dust. Prairie hay with plenty of
resin leaf in it is the best ; next, clean cured corn-stalks. But little water
should be allowed at a time, and not more than 6 to 8 pounds of hay,
daily, and this given at night, the provender being confined as much as
possible to grain and grass in Summer, and grain, bran-mashes and car-
rots or potatoes in Winter.

This will enable many broken-winded horses to do a fair amount of
work with comparative comfort. In any event, a horse inclined to be
thick-winded in any degree, should never be tightly checked up, nor
above all, be driven by pulling in the head, causing undue bearing either
of the curb or snaffle on the jaw.

The animal should be allowed to hold its head
in the easiest position, since its work must be nec-
essarily slow. One of the most usual palliative
means of the animal appearing for a time sound,
is to give 10 to 15 grains of arsenic a day for a
week or ten days. A better preparation to give
relief — afterwards, the animal to be turned out
on clean, short grass, is the following :

BIT BKABINQ UPON JAW.

No. 77. 1 Ounce Fowler's solution of Lfsenlc,

1 Drachm extract of belladonna,
K Drachm tincture of ginger.

Give once a day, in the morning, in one pint of water, and continue for
four to eight weeks, as circumstances may dictate.

thma in man, but
ur in paroxysms,
lank, caused by a
lift, then after a
assists in freeincr
es almost inaudi-
Jdenly, or driven
liraal is suddenly
jestion is almost
ie bowels. The
n for bedding, is

disability.

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

Xin. Influenza.

267

sound griiiii

The
and

r with plenty of
But little Avater
pounds of hay,
ined as much as
mashes and car-
fair amount of
Q inclined to be
jheckcd up, nor
e bearing either

to hold its head
rk must be nec-
usual palliative
r a time sound,
lie a day for a
aration to give
be turned out

ring;

nd continue for

This epizootic, which first and last has "been prevalent in nearly all
countries Avhere the horse is used, is, as to its origin, but little under*
stood. Its symptoms, however, are well known, but these may be
complicated by inflammatory symptoms of all the air passages ; also by
rheumatic swellings, paralysis, delirium and inflammation of the eyes.

How to know It. — The attack may be sudden. There will be stupor
and weakness, the head will be held low, the eyes dull and half closed,
the gait will be weak, with cracking of the joints sometimes. There will
bo no appetite, and fever ; the mouth hot and clammy, the bowels costive,
with scanty urine ; the pulse quick and weak, but sometimes hard ; the
membrane of the nose may be pink, or a deep leaden hue ; the cough will
be deep and harsh ; the coat rough and staring ; the skin tender and
sometimes trembling, and the cars and limbs alternately hot and cold.
Upon applying the car to the lungs crepitation will be heard, or some-
times a harsh blowing sound. As the disease progresses, and the nose
discharges a white, yellowish or greenish water, the animal may get bet-
ter ; but when the lungs are seriously involved, the symptoms will in-
crease. As a rule there is constipation, although purging is sometimes
present.

CONFIRMED INFLUENZA.

What to do. — ^Place the animal in a well littered stall, free from drafts
of air. Do not depend upon strong physic. The cure must be effected
by watching the symptoms and combating them. If there is costivoness
keep the bowels open by injections of t-^'o wine glasses full of linseed
oil. Relief must be had by means of stimulants and tonics. Good
nursing must be constant, %vith clotliing enough to keep the animal warm.
A good tonic and stimulant is :
18

J !

li i
f' i i''

llili

268

No. 78

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

2 Oz of gentian,

2 Oz. carbonate ammonia.

Form in eight doses and give one night and morning. If the cough is
distressing prepcre the following :

No. 79.

}i Oz. extract belladonna,

2 Drachms powdered opium,

3 Drachma camphor,
2 Oz. liquorice,

H Pint molaBses.

Mix thoroughly and spread a table-spoonful on the tongue twice a day.
If, with the cough, there is sore throat and catarrh, prepare the following :

No. 80.

20 OralDs iodine,

1 Drnchm iodide of potassium,

2 Ounces sweet spirits of niter,
1 Pint water gruel.

Give this as a dose twice a day. If the animal should begin to improve
it will be about the fifth day.

Sometimes recovery is complicated by various disabilities. If there is
dropsy or swelling of the legs or sheath, prepare the following :

No. 81. 1 Oz. iodide of potassium,

1 Oz. carbonate of ammonia,
1 Oz. powdered gentian.

Form into eight balls and give one morning and evening.

If a spasmodic cough follows the attack the following will be indicated :

No. 82. 1 Drachm extract of belladonna,

1 Drachm chloroform,
10 Drachms alcohol.

Mix in a pint of gruel and let it trickle slowly down the throat, in
order to produce a full local effect.

As recovery ensues, the food should be nourishing and easily digested.
The animal should be induced to take food during the disease, especially
in the form of nourishing gruel. When the pulse changes, and especially
when it loses its wiry character ; when the discharge from the nose
becomes steady and copious, a pint of ale occasionally is a good stimu-
lant. In any event, good, easily digested food should be given, and the
animal must be nursed until enti'ely recovered.

XIV. Spasmodio Action of tbe Glottis and Epiglottis.

This may be occasioned rarely by food sticking in the sesophagus. It
is sometimes attendant upon cutting the teeth. In the latter case the

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

269

gue twice a day.

ill be indicated :

gums should be cut. Spasm of the glottis passes away by a peculiar
crowing inspiration. It is so rare in horses that it will only be necessary
to say that its cause must be looked to in the general health of the
animal.

This disease is generally confined to young animals, and is more rare
in colts than in calves or lambs.

Causes. — Being confined to damp, low lying ground, or in cold, damp,
or much exposed localities.

How to know It. — The first sjrmptoms are like those of sore throat.
There will be a dry whirring breathing and a hard metallic cough.
Sometimes it will be heard only when spasm of the larynx comes on.
As the disease progi'esses the fever increases, the temperature of the
body running to 107 degrees, and the pulse from ninety to over one
hundred. White films or pellicles (albuminous false membranes) form
in the throat, which come away from time to time, or if not, the animal
dies of suffocation.

What to do. — Place the animal where it may have free air but no drafts,
and where the temperature may be kept comfortable. Allow sufiicient
clothing. Give as a laxative twelve ounces Glauber salts dissolved in a
quart of warm water.

As an antispasmodic give two or three drachm doses of laudanum
every hour in a decoction of marsh mallow. In the early stage of the
disease warm fomentations persistently applied may scatter the disease.
If later, use the following :

No. 82.

1 Part oil of turpentine,

1 Part lard oil,

1 Part solution of ammonia.

i the throat, in

Rub well on the affected parts of the throat. ^* the membra. le in the
throat do not give way, and there is increased ditficulty in breathing use
the following :

No. 83.

10 Grains nitrate of silver,
1 Ounce rainwater.

Mix and swab the throat well over the forming membranes, by means
of a small piece of soft sponge tied over the end of a smooth, flexible
piece of whalebone and saturated with the nitrate of silver. In the case
of foals and calves, only half the doses named must be used, and for
lambs not more than one quarter.

[il

|: "Ji [

i: ■■

270

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

XV. Bleeding from the Nose.

This often occurs from various injuries to the mucus membrane of the
nostrils, from hard pulling up hill, too tight a collar, and from other
causes, especially if the animal be full of blood. In these cases, the
bleeding is from one nostril and in drops, accompanied by sneezing. If
the bleeding comes from the lungs, it will be bright red and frothy, and
there will be a cough. If from the stomach, it will be black, clotted,
sou/ and accompanied by retching.

What to do. — In simple cases tie the head up as high as possible, blow
strong alum water from a tube into the nostril at each inspiration, and if
obstinate, plug the nostril with pledgets of tow. Give internally one
scruple of acetate of lead, to be followed in half an hour with another
if necessary. In the case of an ox, two scruples may bo given at a dose.

If both nostrils are involved, and the flow is continuous, only one nos-
tril must be stopped at a time, unless tracheotomy is performed, since
the horse cannot breathe through the mouth. The ox, however, can do
so. Therefore both nostrils may be plugged if necessary.

In performing this operation (tracheotomy), on the horse, sometimes
necessary in various obstructions of the throat and windpipe, a ring of
the windpipe should not be severed, but only parts of two. That is, a
circular flap should be excised. It should always be performed by a
veterinary surgeon, except in a case where death from strangulation is
imminent. In this case do not hesitate, take the lancet or sharp knife
and, holding the horse's head high, cut in a foot above the breast-bone
and in the center of the neck, down to and into the windpipe. The open-
ing through the skin should be about two and a half inches long or even
three inches, and through the windpipe from one-half to three-quarters
of an inch. If a surgeon performs the operation he will be provided
with a tracheotomy tube ; if not, any smooth metal tube which may be
inserted .ill do, as the spout of a tea-kettle; this must be held to its
place by proper fastenings, and until the wound is healed the horse must
not be allowed to put his head to the ground.

XVI. Strangles.

This is a disease but little known in America. Our distemper takes
its place. It is thus described in English works : It usually occurs in
young horses, highly-bred horses, being more subject to it than cold
blooded ones. When the animal is "breeding strangles," there is a gen-
eral though slight indisposition. After a few days the neck becomes
stiff, the throat swells, the tumor being hard, hot and tender. A dis-

wever, can do

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

271

charf'e from the nose takes place, the throat becomes sore, the breathing
oppressed, the hair is staring, the appetite is gone, and the animal stands
with half-closed eyes. At length the tumor becomes ripe enough and is
opened, as is usual in distemper. It is more than probable that the dis-
ease is really the same, and that strangles and distemper are one and the
same thing, only modified by conditions and climate.

OPXNIXO THB AB8CC8S OF STnANQLXS.

The general treatment is the same as we give for distemper. As an
application to the swelling to produce suppuration, the following is
recommended :

No. 84.

1 Part laudanum,

1 Part spirits of camphor,

2 Parts spirits of turpeutine.

Mix, and apply with a paint brush to the swelling. In treating either
strangles or distemper, no physic should be given. Good nursing, sooth-
ing drinks, as much nourishment in the food or gruel as the animal can
take should be allowed, and the strength must be kept up by every
possible means, and to induce the ripening into pus of the tumor is im-
portant. Until the animal be again entirely recovered and in good health,
it should have no work.

|!'f

CHAPTER VI.

DISEASES OF THE STOMACH AJSTD BOWELS.

I. SOCR STOMACH.

— II. COLIC. III. THE BOT. IV. INFLAMMATION AND

BCPTUBE OF THE COLON. V. INFLAMMATION AND BLEEDING OF THE REC-
TUM. VI. SPONTANEOUS SALIVATION. VII. INFLAMMATION OF THE STOM-
ACH. VIII. SORENESS AND ITCHING OF THE ANUS. IX. CHRONIC GASTRITIS.

^— X. SPASMS OF THE DIAPHRAGM. XI. RCPl'URB OF THE STOMACH.

XII. INFLAMMATION OF THE PERITONEUM. XIII. STRANGULATION OF THE

INTESTINES. XIV. FUNCTIONAL DISEASES OF THE LIVER. XV. PARASITES

WHICH AFFECT THE LIVER.

-XVI. DIARRHEA.

I. Sour Btomaota.

Animals living upon vegetable food, where the mastication or the
grinding down of the substances taken into the mouth is imperfectly
accomplished, or where a greedy animal is allowed to overload the
stomach with food, since it thus is imperfectly moistened with saliva,
are subject to acidity of the stomach, fermentation of the food, and
the diseases attendant thereupon. Carbonic acid gas is evolved, and if
not checked in time will sometimes cause violent and extreme distension
and inilammation of the stomach, the result of decomposition, or spas-
modic colic, with paroxysms of extreme agony, and sometimes the most
violent rupture of the stomach ending in death.

We often see violent distension of the stomach in cattle when turned
into a field of flush clover when hungry ; the remedy in this case is
thrusting a trochar or knife into the stomach to allow the escape of the
gases. When in the horse inflammatory action has been set up it may
lead to many diseases, e.'^.h of which must be treated according to the
symptoms exhibited.

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

273

A.HHATION AND
a OF THE REO-
r OF THE STOH-
ONIO GASTRITIS.

STOMACH.

ATION OF THE
-XY. PARASITES

ation or the
I imperfectly
overload the
with saliva,
he food, and
olved, and if
(le distension
ion, or spas-
les the most

when turned
this case is
sscape of the
t up it may
rding to the

In the first stage or that of simple acidity of the stomach, if taken in
time, treatment is comparatively easy. It is called sour stomach, acute
gastritis, indigestion, tympany, etc.

Caust • — Suspended digestion and consequent fermentation from over-
loading the stomach with improperly chewed food. This Avill never occur
in slow feeders that fully grind and saturate the food with saliva, since in
this case the appetite is fully satisfied before overloading ensues. Colic
may occur by giving large draughts of water immediately after feeding,
thus washing forward the food beyond the stomach. Sour stomach may
also ensue from indigestible and easily fermented food, and inflammation
from eating plants that irritate the stomach.

How to know It. — The first symptoms are sour stomach, simple colic,
or fermentation. There is fullness, causing undue distension ; then
quickened, deep, but oppressed breathing ; the animal is dull and stupid ;
there is increasing pain, and at length, if relief is not obtained, more
violent symptoms set in. •

What to do. — Give immediately one or two ounces of magnesia.
Evacuate the bowels by means of injections of warm water. Rub the
belly with considerable friction one way, from the forelegs back. If
there is griping give the following :

No. 85.

16 to 20 Drops oil of peppermint,
1 Ounce of laudanum.

If the weather is cold, blanket and walk the horse to assist in giving
relief.

In the case of the ox, give double the dose m'i-^UvTs J; sheep one-
quarter to one-third the dose for the horse, eic ;; s. laudanum, of
which give the sheep, 2 to 3 drachms.

n. Colio.

This may be of two kinds, spasmodic, or flatulent colic. The first is
the result of craujps or spasmodic contractions, causing severe pain with
tendency to inflammation. The other of distension of the bowels with
tendency to inflammation and rupture of the coats.

How to know Spasmodic Colic. — There will be spasms of pain, with paw-
ing, striking of the belly with the hind foot, looking round at the flanks,
lying down and suddenly getting up, rolling, or lying stretched out for
an instant; then suddenly rising, the horse will shake himself as the
pain intermits. Again the pain returns and the same performances are
gone through. There may be frequent small discharges from the bowels

^';^l■

274

ILLU8TKATED 8T0CK DOCTOR.

and bladder, and during the attacks the pulse and breathing are
accolorated.

^i^L- "s^-ii^iar^

TUB FIRST STAUa OF Sl'AgMODlO COLIC.

What to do. — Relievo the pain by nicans of an opiate, and cause move-
ment of the bowels. To do this in mild cases the following Avill bo good
in connection with injections of warm Avater :

No. 80.

>£ to 1 Ounco of laiKJanum,
4 toODniirliius uloes,
1 riiit hot Wttter.

SECOND 8TA0E OF BPAbMUUlC COLIC.

Pulverize the aloes and dissolve in the hot water. Cool as quickly as
possible and add the laudanum, and give as a dose. If there is abund-
ant formation of gas, give the following promptly :

No 87.

X Ounce powdered aloes,
1 Ounce nromtitic ammonia,
1 Ounce nulphuric ether,
1 H Ounce warm water.

THE HORSE, ITS DI8EABE8.

275

Mix and give at onco. Another colic drench in good repute is the
following :

Ko. 88.

4 Dracbms aloei,

1 Ounce Hulphuric ether,

1 Ounce laudanum.

TBIBD STAOa Of 8i>A8MODIO COLIO.

Mix, pulverize the aloes in a pint and a half of hot water ; cool, add
the other ingredients and give immediately. If relief is not obtained,
give as a second dose the following :

No. 80. H Ounce sulphuric ether,

KOunce Iiuidanum,
H Ounce spirits camphor,
X Ounce essence of peppermint.

Mix in a pint of gruel and turn down. The symptoms in cattle are
uneasiness, shuffling of the hind legs when standing. When lying down
they will kick with the outer limbs. There will be moaning and twisting
of the tail. The same treatment is advised as for the horse, except that
one pint of linseed oil should replace the aloes. Give the doses by
allowing the liquid to trickle down the throat very slowly. The doses
should be double that of the horse. Svdne should have castor oil one
ounce in place of the linseed oil ; and sheep three-quarters of an ounce.
Otherwise the doses should be about one-quarter to one-fifth those
ordered for the horse.

Flatulent Colic. — ^This disease is dangerous, and is generally the result
of a chronic distension of the bowels, with tendency to inflammation and
rupture of the coats.

It may be the result of some other disease, Dr appear as a consequence
of the spasmodic form ; or, may be produced by the same causes as
those assigned to the acute form.

278

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

How to know It. — Tho expression of pain is constant but not so acut \
The pulse is rapid and feeble, with difHcult brcathiii}? ; the feet and ears
are cold : tho abdon)cn is tense and swollen, and it sounds drum-like
when struck. The animal is weak and sometirties delirious. The intes-
tines are painful (sore) as is shown by tho cautious manner of lying
down ; if, indeed, the horse lies down at all.

PIIIRT HTAiiB OP Fl .-.TULKNT COLIO.

What to do. — ^Be careful about giving purgatives. Act by injections
of soapsuds and oil of turpentine ; removing the contents of tho impacted
rectum with the well oiled hand. Give the following injection:

No. 00.

a Pint oil of turpentine.
1 Quart of soapsudi.

HORSE DYING OF FLATULENT COLIC.

Repeat in half an hour if necessary. If there is great distension
puncture the large intestine, or, where the sound when tapping with the

il I" "1!

THE IIOnSE, ITS DISEASES.

277

knuckles 18 most drum-liko, plungo in a trochar and allow the gaH to
osoapc through the cauula. Give the following according to circumstances :

No. 01.

Mix in a pint of gruel.

X to 1 Ounce iBudanuni,

2 to 4 UuucoM tincture awAfoitldu.

If the colic is the rcHult of disease and exhaustion, with much swcUin^
of the belly, try the following :

No. 02. H Ounce chlorate of potaih,

K Ounce Hulpburlc otber,
H Tint wiitor.

To be given in a half pint of gruel.

Later in this disease when it is required to act moderately on the
bowels the following will be found useful :

No. 03.

K Ounce chlorinated soda,
2 to ii Ounces aloes.

Powder the aloes and dissolve the whole in a pint of warm water, and
give when cool. During recovery, the health of the animal must be
attended to. Give easily digested food ; avoid large draughts of water,
and over feeding. Give good grooming ; blanket if necessary, and keep
the circulation active by hand rubbing of the body and limbs.

m. The BOb.

The female hot fly, ^strus-eqw\ is too well known to need description.
They lay their eggs on the legs, flanks, and other portions of the horse' "5
body easily reached. The animal in licking its body takes the egg into
its mouth and being swallowed they hatch, and the young fasten them-
selves by means of their hooks to the raucous membrane of the stomach.
Here they live and grow and the next season become mature and are
passed from the animal, and undergo their transformation to the perfect
fly in the earth. So long as the animal is in perfect health they do little
if any harm. But in case of disease or insufficient food they become
troublesome. Or if they exist in great numbers when nearly or full
grown and they are passing from the animal, they sometimes cause severe
injury by attaching themselves to the sensitive lining of the bowels.
This irritation is not easily distinguished from other forms of indigestion
or colic.

In the Spring when the animal is hungry, and there is indication of in-
testinal difficulty, they may be suspected. If the horse turns up his
upper lip, and if the edges of the tongue are red and fiery looking, it

278

ILLU8TKATED STOCK DOCTOR.

will bo evidence of their existence. At this time physic will hasten them
away. A usual remedy is to give once a day for three days, 1 drachm
sulphate of copper, to be followed at the end of the time with 4 drachms
of Barbadoes aloes, and repeat at the end of a week if necessary. Or
the following will be found safe and effective :

No. 94. 1 }i Drachms calomel,

1 H Dracliins powdered savin,
2 Drachms powdered asnafr.'tida,
30 Drops oil of male shield fern.

Make into a ball with molasses and linseed meal, to be given at night
and followed next morning with 4 drachms of aloes.

In the South, Azedarach (pride of China) is grown around stables for
its supposed eflScacy in destroying bots by being eaten by horses. If so,
it can only be while the bots are quite young. Since, after acquiring
some age and becoming fastened to the stomach, they resist alike, strong
acids, alkalies, irrespirable gases, narcotics and mineral poisons.

Colics, etc., arising from bots, may be treated by anti-spasmodics as
given under that heav^ As a preventive against bots, keep the long hairs
of the jaws, breast and fore-limbs trimmed close, and apply a little oil
daily ; and brush off any eggs that may be found. Animals kept in sta-
bles and well groomed are seldom troubled with bots.

m M-

■i^m

<E8TBUS UBMORBHOIDALia.

2.— Eggs magnified. 8.— The not. 4.— The
CrysallB. S.— The male fly.

Another bot fly (CEstrus Hemorrhoidalis) resembles the oestris equi
quite closely, and deposits its eggs upon the lips and upon the hairs
under the jaw. Dropping into the food, they are swallowed and fasten
to the stomach in dense clusters. The larvro are somewhat longer in pro-
portion to their bulk than the species equi.

When ready to pass away they sometimes cause irritation of the
bowels and anus by sticking there. The same means must bo used for
this species as for the other.

Intestinal worms. — ^Theve are various intestinal worms that inhabit the

:vsrf^'«g«it#B°r.^»e8--H ^.ww

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

279

to be given at night

horse, at least three species of tape worms and seven of round worms. The
ox has two tape worms and seven round worms. The sheep one tape
worm and seven round worms. A good vermifuge for tape worm is the
following :

No. 05. H Ounce powdered aloes,

)i Ounce powdered assafcctida,
1 Ounce oil of turpentine,
1 Ounce Buiphuric ether.

Mix the two first in hot water and when cold add the turpentine and
ether, and give in gruel as a drench. If the animal is weak a.id out of
condition, give an ounce of arcca nut, and follow with nourishing food.
For round worms, if suspected, give 4 drachms of aloes, and if worms
are found in the dung, give immediately on an empty stomach the
following :

No. 00.

es the cestris equi
nd upon the hairs
allowed and fasten
what longer in pro-

1 Drachm oil of male fern,

2 Ounces oil of turpentine,
>i Pint linseed oil.

Follow this for three days with a dose of 1-2 drachm sulphate of copper.
For thread-worms in the rectum give an injection every two days for a
week, of the following :

No. 97.

2 Drachms oil of turpentine,
1 Pint linseed oil.

ns that inhabit the

Inject every day for a week, a purgative dose to precede the first injec-
tion. A strong decoction of wormwood is also a good vermifuge used aa
an injection.

IV. Inflammation and Rupture of the Colon.

This disability is usually the result of colic. If through constriction of
one part and expansion of another rupture actually occurs, the animal
will die. The colon is the largest division of the intestinal canal. Be-
ginning at the ccecum, (the commencment of the largo intestine) it ascends
by the right kidney, passes under the hollov>^ part of the liver to the
spleen, thence des(!ends by the left kidney and passes in the form of an
S to the upper part of the os sacruin. It thence runs straight to the anus
and this part of it is called the rectum.

How to know Rupture. — The sides of the flanks will be distended, there
will be fever and heat, and the animal will give evidence of its severe suf-
fering. The pulse will bo hard, mry and quick, the belly tender, the

280

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

i!';!' f

ears cold ; the pain will be constant, and medicine will increase it. There
will be great and rapidly increased weakness. The symptoms are directly
opposed to those in colic.

What to do. — In the first stages of the disease give the following, in
lime water, every hour or two until three or four doses are given :

Ko. 98.

20 Drops tincture of aconite,
a Ounce laudanum.

m very severe cases a hypodermic injection of 40 grains of chloral
hydrate, to be at once followed by one of 3 grains of morphia, to be
repeated in an hour ; this, however, must be performed by a competent
surgeon. The following may be given by the mouth :

No. 99.

10 Grains morphia,
1 Ounce cliloral hydrate.

Give in sweetened water, and repeat every two hours until three or
four doses are given, or until the symptoms abate.

Extensive fomentations to the bowels will be beneficial. This may be
done by folding a blanket inside a rubber cloth which is fastened over the
back. Keep the blanket soaked with water as warm as can be borne.

If the disease be inflammation of the bowels, or enteritis, whether it
does or does not follow an attack of colic, among the symptoms will be
stretching of the lips upward. This may however bo done when there

is abdominal irritation of any kind. If the
inflammation be severe, so shown by increas-
ed heat and fever, an ammoniacal blister may
be applied. Dilute strong liquor of ammonia
with six times its bulk of cold water, saturate
a cloth with it and lay it on several folds of
blanket, to be held to the belly by four men
who will not mind the fumes. The manner
of holding it is shown in the cut on next page.

Watch the action of the ammonia. It may blister within ten minutes,
or it may take twice that time. Do not allow it to eat the skin, else a
bad sore will be the result. When the proper effect is produced remove
it at once. It should really be applied only under the direction of a
veterinary surgeon. They are, unfortunately, not always near. In this
case, to save life, something must be risked. The worst inflammatory
symptoms being stayed, give every two hours until three or four doses
are given, or a favorable result is obtained, the following:

NOSK BTKAINED UFWABD.

No. 100.

80 Grains calomel,
1 Ounce laudanum.

it*'*--

«s,«*-i''-!«r*WJ'?»?'SBi?rs''«n'-i

H»»i.a™* i-^T^m*t^i,.iii-,n^i:^!im^^^flS^ifi:^i'4:':'

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

281

ncrease it. There
iptoms are directly

s the following, in
J are given :

' grains of chloral
of morphia, to be
}d by a competent

lurs until three or

;ial. This may be

s fastened over the

3 can be borne.

nteritis, whether it

symptoms will be

5 done when there

any kind. If the

shown by increas-

niacal blister may

iquor of ammonia

Id water, saturate

111 .several folds of

:)elly by four men

les. The manner

ithin ten minutes,
the skin, else a
produced remove
le direction of a
ys near. In this
)rst inflammatory
ee or four doses

Mix in half a pint of gruel. As the animal begins to take food it
should have bran and oatmeal mashes, mixed with tea of slippery elm bark.
Cooked food should be given, and if carrots are at hand, give a mess of
them boiled every day. Skimmed milk is excellent if the animal will
drink it.

AFFLIOATIOM OF AN AMMOMIACAL BLISTEB.

V. Inflammatiou and Bleeding of the Bectum.

This is a difficulty that often accompanies or follows inflammation of
the bowels.

How to know It. — ^There will be heat and swelling, with or without
protrusion and bleeding of the rectum.

What to do. — Wash the parts with a weak solution of salt and water,
and also use injections of the same as often as may seem necessary. If
this do not give relief add a slight infusion of chlorate ' f potash and
golden seal.

VI. Spontaneous Salivation.

Causes. — This infirmity is generally the result of or symptom of some
other afiliction. It is often produced by something the animal has eaten.
White clover will produce it. Caries and other diseases of the teeth:
dentition, paralysis of the lips, ulcers of the mouth, irritating food,
irritation by the bit, and especially from medicaments attached to the bits
of horses by ignorant stable men. It occurs as a free discharge of saliva
in frothy masses or in stringy filaments, with frequent swallov/ing, thirst,
and generally indigestion.

What to do — Remove the cause. If the cause is from alkalies, wash
the mouth with weak vinegar. If from acids, use lime water. If from

282

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

caustic salts, use white of egg, or tea of slippery elm bark. If there is
inflammation with costiveness, open the bowels with injections of warm
water, or soapsuds, and wash the mouth frequently with vinegar and
honey. If this do not effect a cure wash the mouth with alum water.
If there are ulcers touch them with a feather wet with the following :

No, 101.

10 Grains lunar caustic,
1 Ounce distilled water.

If there are tumors with pus, lance them. If there is sloughing wash

with the following :

No. 102.

1 Dracbm solution of permanganate of potassa,
1 Tint ruiuwater.

Give plenty of cool water, so the animal may take it at Avill, and feed
with soft or boiled food, and if there is much swelling, keep the head
tied up.

vn. Inflammation of the Stomach.

Causes. — This disease is not common in horses, and occurs rarely from
eating vegetable poisons, and more generally from j)oisoniug by arsenic
given in the food by ignorant stable-men, to make the horse carry a
shining coat and foam at the bit. It is also produced by the licking of
external corrosive applications, thus producing acute gastritis.

nonSE 8CFFSRIKO FUOM ACUTE QABTnlTIS.

The symptoms are various in unison with the causes producing them.
These are, refusing food, extreme thirst, redness of the nasal and con-
junctival membranes, discharge of ropy saliva, frequent eructations with
fetid smell, colic, rolling on the ^.a-ound, pawing, striking at the abdomen,
etc. ) tucked up flanks, heaving, panting, small, quick pulse, violent

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

283

with vinegar and
with alum water.

straining, passing of mucus in large quantities, protrusion and,inflamma-
tion of the opening, glances at the abdomen, prostration of strength, con-
vulsions, madness and death.

What to do. — The first thing, if possible, is to find out what caused the
trouble. If this cannot be found, give at once :

No. 103. 3 Ounces sulphuric etber,

3 Ounces laudanum,

4 Ounces carbonate of magnesia,
1 Quart cold gruel.

Mix and give as a dose. If the pulse be low, add to the above one
drachm carbonate of ammonia. If the animal is weak, but able to swal-
low, take plenty of time, do not use violent means. If there is paralysis
of the throat, or the horse is in delirium, the dose must be injected
through the nostril, by means of a pump and pipe, or horse catheter.
See article tetanus. As soon as there is evidence of recovery, and in
fact whenever the animal will take it, thin starch or gruel of flour should
be freely given to sheath the mucus surfaces.

VIII. SoreneBs and Itching of the Anus.

This is a disease following inflammation and disease of the rectum,
and also produced by other causes. The anus or orifice of the rectum
becomes sore. There is a peculiar dryness with scurf, and to relieve the
itching the horse sometimes rubs the roots of his tail until the hair is en-
tirely worn away.

What to do. — Attend to the general health of the horse, to keep the
bowels in a natural condition. Mix a little fine salt with lard oil, and
keep the parts well oiled, with friction. If the trouble 1)e inside, a little
goldenseal well rubbed down with salt butter and passed carefully within
the aims, will give relief. If the difficulty is occasioned by worms, see
that article.

IX. Chronic Oastritis.

Causes. — Anything which impairs the digestive functions may produce
this disease. It is, however, in its chronic form, extremely rare. The
ordinary food will be refused, and the animal will persist in eating for-
eign iibstances— old lime mortar, the wood work of the stable, earth,
litti .md bedding.

How to kliOW it. — There is a dry cough ; the membrane of the mouth
and nostrils are dry and pale ; the breath is tainted ; the evacuations
19

,f '

{I: !,

m '

M mm

884

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

jniell badly ; the eyes are sunk, the coat dry and ragged ; the horse loses
condition and becomes pot bellied ; the anus is lax and i)rominent.

What to do. — The cure will take time. Prevent the animal from in-
dulging its unnatural appetite. The following made into a ball will be
hidicated.

No. 101.

>i Grain strychnia,
1 Druclim bichromate of ammonia,
>i Druclim extract of bcUudonnu,
1 Dracnni powdered gentian,
^i Drachm sulphate of zinc.

Give this as a ball once a day. If after continuing several days there
is no improvement, give the following :

No. 106.

H Ounce liquor arsenicalis,

X Ounce tincture ipecac,

1 Ounce muriated tincture of irpn,

^ Ounce laudanum,

1 Pint of water.

As the animal gets stronger give an ounce of sulphuric ether daily in a
pint of water.

If the animal has simply chronic indigestion, that is, the disease does
not show in the severe form we have dejiicted, to improve the general

health the following will be indicated :

No. 106.

1 Ounce powdered assafoetlda,

1 Ounce powdered golden seal,

2 Ounces powdered ginger,

2 Ounces powdered poplar bark,
6 Drachms powdered sulphate of iron,
1 Drachm powdered red pepper,
1 Pound of oatmeal,

Mix, divide into sixteen messes, and give one every night in the food.
In addition to this the following will make a good appetizer :

No. 107.

1 Quart brandy,
1 Ounce salt.

Mix and give a wine glass full night and morning in gruel, just before
the food. The food given must be of the very best, and that which is
easily digested. Boiled oats, shorts and carrots, with sufficient good hay
to distend the stomach. Keep the animal muzzled during the intervals
of feeding, to prevent foul feeding. That is, eating litter or other inju-
rious substances. If acidity of the stomach be shown, moisten the hay
given, and sprinkle it freely with magnesia.

«
m

everal days there

THE HOUSE, ITH DISEASES.

Z. Spasm of the Diaphragm.

285

Causes. — Hard riding or driving of a horse constitutionally weak.

How to know it. — If the lior o is being ridden, there will be a sensa-
tion to the rider as though a sudden blow was given inside the horse.
This is from spasmodic action of the diaphragm (the midriif or nuisde
separating the (ihest from the abdomen) in drawing the breath. If the
animal is still driven forward it sometimes suddenly falls and dies of
sullbcation.

What to do. — There is no cure. Relief may be given by clothing the
nuimal. Lead him to the nearest stable or shed and give the following :

i*ic ether daily in a

No. 108. 3 Drachms aromatic spirits of ammonia.

3 Draclima tincture of ginger
8 Ounces laudanum,
IX Ounces etlier.

Mix in a pint of oil or gruel and give as a drench, or give the following ;

No. 109. K Drachm camphor,

1 Drachm powdered ginger,

1 Drachm carbonate of ammonia.

Mix with sufficient linseed meal and hot water to form a ball. Repeat
at an interval of three hours if relief is not afforded by the first dose.

A horse subject to this affection should have only slow work. The
diaphragm may be strengthened by giving for some time a daily dose of
one drachm of powdered sulphate of iron in the food.

XI. Rupture of the Stomach.

Rupture, when it ensues, ends pretty surely in death. Rupture of the
stomach is produced by working or driving a horse until he is very hungry
and then feeding and watering unduly. The only symptoms which show,
are violent colic, and the tenseness of the tissues. There are many rup-
tures where animals die, and the owner does not know what is the diffi-
culty. If the mischief has proceeded to rupture, the animal may as wek
be killed.

One of the positions assumed by a horse suffering from abdominal
injuries, is this: He will persistently sit on his haunches. Animals
will assume this j^osition and yet occasionally recover. Another position
assumed is, for the animal to kneel and support himself upon his hind

286

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

legs. Such unnatural positions show the intense pain which leads to such
attitudes to get relief.

UNMATUaAL ATTIT'JDB INDICATIVE OF ABDOMINAL INJURY.

Xn. Gorged Stomach.

When this occurs from over feeding, the bowels should he immediately
relieved by removing the contents by repeated injections of warm water.
Let the animal be gently walked about, and warmly clothed in cold
weath.er. The operator must act according to circumstances. If discov-

^r^"" -"^--^iu -<ii-i,4-\5S

POSITION ASSUMBU UY IIOKSE SUFKKlilNQ FIIOM ABDOMINAL IN.IUIIY.

ered early, or before colic sots in, give the following to evacuate the
bowels after having relieved them by injections :

No. 110.

G Drachms powdered aloes,
1 Ounce sirup of buckthorn,
1 Ounce tincture of ginger.

!jj«,wTfflj!Rfsa!«»<mww-

Bn^fgiyrt'i'iT Trill rf afjunwifliirif -"iiiiii-iiii

■ -^^^ ^'1-^'^'*^"''V-M-iT

THE H0U8E, ITS UI8EA8ES.

287

hich leads to such

Dissolve the aloes in a pint of warm water, add the buckthorn and gin-
ger, and give as a drench.

XIII. Inflammation of the Peritoneum.

Inflammation of the lining membrane of tlic abdomen is likely to occur
in all domestic animals. In ruminants the riglit side is most affected, and
the animal will stand with its feet well together.

Causes. — Injuries eitlicr from rupture of the stomach or intestines, or
from injuries to the abdominal walls, exposure to chill or cold, or giving
an exhausted horse a wet bed to lie on.

How to know It. — There may bo colic, or steady pain. This will be
acute when the affected parts arc pressed. There may be chill and fever
alternately, and loss of appetite. The pulse will be rapid and hard, and
the breath quick and catching, but when effusion takes place the breath-
ing will be deep and easier ; the pulse will soften, the belly will bo pend-
ent, and there will be fluctuations when handled, from the water contained.

What to do. — In the early stages, give full doses of laudanum ; 1 to 2
ounces, as may bo needed, to allay pain and keep the bowels inactive.
Apply mustard poultices to the abdomen, or in extreme cases the ammo-
niacal blister as previously described. Frequent injections of thoroughly
oo*>ked gruel may be thrown into the rectum, but until the worst symp-
toms are past the animal should take nothing into the stomach. As the
disease progresses favorably, great care should be exercised in feeding.
Oat or rye meal gruel may first be given. If these agree well, give warm
soft bran-mashes, with a little oat meal added, and at length hay and
sound oats.

In case absorption of the effusion of water in the cavity does not take
place, which may be known by regular and ample staling, give 6 drachms
potassa nitrate, daily, until the kidneys act. If tonics seem to be de-
manded, give daily doses of 1-2 drachm oxide of iron.

XIV. Strangiilation of the Intestines.

This is produced by various causes, the result of colic and rupture
being the most frequent. Strangulation may be produced by the forma-
tion of false membranes, by the involvent of the intestines, by the
rupture of the mesentary, or by the rolling on itself of the intestine until
it is entirely strangulated. In this as in other abdominal difficulties, the
animal will often assume unnatural positions, as shown in the article
Rupture of the Stomach. If it be a ruminant, and in good flesh, it is
better to kill the animal at once. Some forms of strangulation in cattle

288

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

of sufficient value, may l)c rcinodied hy a veterinary Hur<?eon. In this
oase, f^ive lauclanuin in ^-ounce doses to keep tlie aninuil quiet until the
doctor arrives. Relief is ol)tained by euttin<jc into the side and releasin<>;
the intestine. For the horse jjfive opium in one or two drachm doses as
the nature of the case may seem to require to relieve the pain, and trust
to nature to effect a cure bv releasing the parts naturally.

XV. Functional Diseases of the Liver.

The liver of the horse is not particularly subject to disease. It was
formerly supposed to be almost entirely exempt, but later researches
show it to be an agent, through obstruction, and the principal local seat
of various disorders, as diabetes, blood poisoning from imperfect oxygtMi-
ation of the albuminoids, etc.

How to know it. — In active congestions of the liver, which is the dis-
ease most usually prevalent and this' principally in the South, there
may be sluggishness, irregular bowels, abundant licjuid discharges of

deep yellow or orange colored dung.
There will be extreme and painful
prostration, the eyes will be sunken,
the pulse excited, and the limbs will
tremble. There may be colicky pains.
If the last ribs are struck with some
force, extreme pain will be shown.
If the horse faints and there are pal-
lid nmcus membrane, with (]uick and
weak pulse, it may bo conjectured
tliat rupture of the liver has taken
place. In this case, the end is death.
The illustration we give will show
the test alike for ruptured liver and spleen.

What to do. — In the beginning, that is when the pulse is strong, free
bleeding will often check the disease. When the pulse is weak, blood
must not be drawn ; or, if the blood does not flow freely, dose the orifice
at once.

Apply mustard poultices to the limbs. Give one pound of sulphate of
soda dissolved in a quart of water, to deplete the portal system and liver.
Apply ice to the last ribs to check effusion. Apply a blister over the
region of the liver. Continue the sulphate of soda in doses of one to
four ounces dail3\

During the .ttack and recovery the animal must have pure air, and

TEST OF IIEMOKIUIACIB FItOM Tllb: l.lVEIt.

S»J?g»«pCU!»,«.>'SP3S!l(rsp»i^lJi«TP«!rai

THE HOK8E, IT8 DISEASES.

2H!)

soft, easily digested food, and as rcfovory ensues, daily niodorate oxer-
fisc must be <;;iven.

Injlammaiion of the liver is rare. If congestion has proceeded to
iiillainniation the region of the last rib Avill be very tender. There will
be quickening of the pulse. The mouth will be hot and clammy ; the
l)owcls may l»c at tirst loose, yellow and bilious, but soon become costive.
The lieat of the body is raised : patches may appear on the mucous
membranes ; and the limbs, especially the hind ones, will swell.

What to do. — In this case all bleeding should be avoided. Give as a
purge a pound of sulphate of soda (glauber salts) aided by injections of
warm water. After the bowels are opened, keep them so with snuill
doses of glauber salts, six ounces, or, cream of tartar four ounces daily.
If the horse eat anything it must be very light mashes, pulped roots or
fresh grass. As the horse improves, give twice a day two ounces of
Peruvian bark or two drachms twice a day of gentian.

ave pure air, and

ZVI. Parasites which Iiifest the Intestines.

The general symptoms for intestinal worms, in large quantity, are
general ill health. The animal will lose condition : the skin will be scurfy,
dry and often itching ; the animal
will l)ecome hide bound and pot
bellied ; the appetite will be irregular
but voracious ; there will be fetid
breath, diarrhea, passing of mucus
with the dung, colicky pains, swelling,
itching and puffy anus, and especially
Ihe passage of the worms or their
eggs will be certain proof. The horse
will raise the upper lip and rub it
against anything near. Colts will i)ick
and bite the hair from the body and
limbs. The annexed cut will give a
good general idea of an animal suffer-
ing from' worms.

Besides the bot, already treated of, whieh inhabits the stomach, there
are those of the intestines proper. These are the tape worm, round
headed and flat headed, and five species of round worms.

What to do. — Vermifuges are Avithout number, some .^ncral in their
nature, and others specific for particular classes. When worms arc sus-
pected, and the owner of the animal is not sure of the reality, it is safe

COLT PICKINO IIAin FKO.M ITS LBQ,
OIVINd PIt'lOi''' OF WOllMS.

990

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

y'i

to give a purge and watch the droppings. The foUowuig is a good
vermifuge drench :

Ho. 111. 4 Drachms aloen,

1 Ounce powdered male fern,
20 Drops oil of worm seed.
Give this in a pint of warm gruel an hour before feeding in the morning.

If it bo found that there arc tape worms, if the horse is weak, give an
ounce of areca nut fasting and follow with 4 drachms of aloes. If the
animal is strong, give an ounce of oil of turpentine in an ounce of water.
In four hours give another dose and follow in an lour with 4 drachms
aloes. In the case of common pin worms, (Sderoo<oinum Equinum) and
all worms inhabiting the bowels except the tape worm, the following
vermifuge will act kindly :

No. 112.

1 Drachm tartar emetic,
H Drachm powdered ginger.

Mix with enough linseed meal to form a ball, then moisten with hot
water and give a dose daily for a week, before feeding. Follow with a
dose of one pint of linseed oil, wait another week, and repeat as before.
Then give good generous diet, with tonics daily, say 2 drachms sulphate
of iron, or 4 drachms gentian in the food.

For worms lodging in the gut near the rectum, give an injection of a
strong decoction of wormwood or tansey. The prevention of worms is to
pay attention to the water the animal drinks, to bo careful of dog's drop-
pings in the pasture, and to give sound grain and hay as food, since lib-
eral feeding and good general care will often extirpate the parasites.
For other vermifuges see irticle 3 of this chapter.

XVII. Diarrhea.

Diarrhea is a condition of frequent watery discharges from the bowels,
and may be produced by so many causes, as irritating and indigestible
food, worms, severe purgation by medicines, disorders of the liver, cr
constitutional tendency, that no general rule can be given. The owner of
the animal must find the cause before proceeding intelligently to give
relief. The most we can do is to give some general indications.

Sometimes diarrhoea is an effort of nature to rid the body of injurious
matter ; then the effort should be aided. Early in the effort give the
horse a pint of linseed oil, or if an active purge bo required, a pint of
castor oil. If the diarrhoea does not cease check it with ounce doses of
laudanum and follow with tea of slippery elm bark, or linseed. If the

s*,v-.!Hw«wei>snB!»5J

TIIB llUIwn, ...o DI8KA8E8.

S91

owing is a good

ig in the morning.

3 is weak, give an
of aloes. If tlio
a ounce of water,
r with 4 drachma
iu Equinnm) and
in, the following

moisten with hot
J. Follow with a
repeat as before,
drachms sulphate

) an injection of a
on of Avorms is to
ul of dog's drop-
is food, since lib-
te the parasites.

from the bowels,

and indigestible

of the liver, cr

1 . The owner of

ligently to give

cations.

)ody of injurious

ic effort give the

quired, a pint of

ounce doses of

linseed. If the

difficulty refuse to give way, doses of 2 scruples of tannin may he given,
or, dosoH of 3 drachms of catechu every hour until checked. The ox
rofjuircs double the dose. Follow with tonics, say 4 drachms of gentian
daily, or one ounce of peruviiyi bark, with sound, easily digested food. If
caused by bad water, throw a handful of charcoal in the water before
giving it to drink. The following will be found beneficial in the several
cases mentioned.

For sour and fetid discharges mix the following ingredients in the food
twice or thrice daily.

No. 113.

1 Ounce powdered chalk,
1 Ouiico blsulpbatu of soda.

For sour discharges with griping, take :

No. 114. 1 Drachm powdered opium,

1 Drachm powdered chalk,
20 Drops carbolic acid.

Form into a ball with linseed meal and molasses.

If the bowels are simply in an irritable, relaxed condition, use the
following :

No. 115. 1 Ounce powdered chalk,

1 Ounce catechu,
1 Ounce ginger,
1 Drachm opium.

Make into a ball with linseed meal and molasses.

Wlien the diarrhoea is the result of violent medical purging, try the
following :

No. 116.

2 Ounces laudanum,

2 Ounces powdered chalk.

Mix, and give in a quart of thin starch, or flour gruel. For excessive
and continued purging, give at one dose the following :

No. 117. 1 Ounce laudanum,

1 Ounce sulphuric ether,
20 Grains tannic acid.

Mix in a pint of flax-seed tea.

Astringent injections may be given as follows :

No. 118.

2 Ounces laudanum,

2 Drachms acetate of lead,

1 Quart starch water.

' i ' ,

It i

iii

Mir

292

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Inject half of this and follow with the remainder in three hours, if nec-
essary, or give at one injection the following :

No. 119.

4 Drachms tannic acid,
1 Pint starcli water. •

In case of cattle the same quantities may be used, but when given by
the mouth it must be made to trickle slowly down the throat.

ree hours, if nee--

CHAPTER VII.

DISEASES OF THE LIVEB, UBINABY OBOANS, ETC.

JAUNDICE. II. ENtARGKMKNT OP THE SPLEEN. III. INFLAMMATION OP THE kID-

NBY8. IV. PROFUSE STALING, OR DIABETES. V, BLOODY URINE, OR H.£MATURIA.

VI. THICK AND ALBUMINOUS URINE. VII. WHITE, OR LIMB URINE. VIII.

GHAVBL, OR STONE IN THE BLADDER. IX. SUPPRESSION OF URINE. X. INFLAMMA-
TION OF THE BLADDER. XI. FOUL SHEATH. XII. RUPTURE OF THE BLADDER.

XIII. SPASM OF THE URETHRA. XIV. INFLAMMATION OF THE ORGANS OF GBNBBATION.

I. Jaundice.

The horse is subject to but few diseases of the liver. Jaundice or the
yellows, is a condition in which the visible mucous membranes, the skin
(if it be naturally white) the urine and the tissues ai'e stained yellow,
not by non-secretion of the l>ile from the blood, but by the re-absorption
of bile already secreted.

Causes. — Obstruction of the bile duct from any cause. Obstruction of
the bowels hindering the proper discharge of the bile. Diminished
fullness of the capillary vessels of the liver from obstruction of the
hepatic artery or aorta. And from undue secretion of the bile in cases
of congestion of the liver.

In solid hoofed animals the blood is easily dissolved. In flesh-eatine:
animals it is not so. Hence, although there is often a jaundiced appear-
ance of the membi'anes in horses, it is comparatively harmless.

How to know It. — ^Thcre will be a general coloration of the tissues.
The mucous membrane will be yellow. I'hc urine will be yellow. In
obstruction of the bile duct the dung will be fetid, and of a clay color
from being devoid of bile.

■ M<.iimmrr-^>l f iu nmi i:tt li|i>w 1» M ^I» i r **

294

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

The following is a

What to do. — No general rule can be laid down
good remedy for torpidity of the liver, when there is general dullness
and biliousness.

120.

1 Found Epsom salts,
1 Pound Glauber salts,
1 Pound common salt,
1 Ounce essence of ginger,
1 Gallon warm water.

Mix and give a pint from one to three times a day mtil a gentle but
full purgation is produced. Follow this up with daily doses of one
scruple of podophyllin.

This remedy will also be indicated for cattle, except that they should
have the following formula as a purge instead of No. 120 :

No. 121.

}i Pound sulphate of magnesia,
}i Pound common salt,
2 Ounces powdered ginger.

Give this dose in two quarts of water once a day until a free evac-
uation of the bowels is produced, giving also daily one scruple of
podophyllin.

Saline purges do not always act kindly on horses. If so the following
will be indicated if there is considerable congestion :

No. 122. 80 Grains calomel,

1 Drachm aloes,

2 Drachms soap,

4 Drachms powdered rhubarb.

Mix with molasses into a ball and give twice a day until a moderate
operation of the bowels is had.

If the disease occurs in the Spring, turning upon succulent grass,
especially where dandelion is plenty, will generally effect a cure.

n. Enlargement of the Spleen.

The pancreas and the spleen are subject to a variety of diseases, very
difficult to determine. The panci'eas is a gland which secretes the pan-
creatic juice, by which emulsion takes place with the fatty aliments by
means of a duct leading into the intestines. The presence of fatty
matter in the dung will imply a suppression of these juices. If there
are sharp, colicky pains without fever, obstruction of the duct by calculi
may be suspected. If there is general fever, with pain and tenderness
behind the last rib on the right side, inflammation may be suspected.

For calculi use fomentations of hot water over the parts affected, and

■■-i;^>^\<j"-i- ry-^-f,y,fm^^^Sliiir?fRiT^''^:r"'^'^\ '

THE HOUSE, ITS DISEASES.

295

B following is a
general dullness

til a gentle but
y doses of one

that they should
0:

give anti-spasmodics, chloral hydrate in half ounce doses daily, or hyos-
cyamus extract two drachm doses, or belladonna two drachm doses, as
the case may be.

If there is inflammation give laxative medicines, one and a half ounces
dandelion ; blister tlfe right side, and confine the animal to light diet.

For sui)pressed secretion give one ounce doses of suljihuric ether.

So far as affections of the spleen are concerned, it is an involvent in
diseases of the liver and other glands. In highly fed animals enlarge-
ment ensues ; in badly fed ones degeneration or wasting. Obstructed
oirculation through the liver will engorge the spleen almost to rupture
sometimes. In tuberculosis, cancer, glanders and blood poisoning it is
affected. Anthrax and other fevers tend to enlargement of the spleen,
sometimes to rupture. So little is really known of the spleen and its
true functions, that but little can be done except by giving general atten-
tion to the health and by means of tonics and good nursing to build up
the health.

itil a free evac-
one scruple of

so the following

m. Inflammation of the EidneyB.

atil a moderate

succulent grass,
a cure.

f diseases, very
ecretes the pan-
tty aliments by

scnce of fatty
iices. If there

duct by calculi

and tenderness
suspected.

;s affected, and

STHPTOUS ATTENDING DI£>::A£)E3 OF THE URINAKY ORQANa.

Causes. — Inflammation of the kidneys. Nephritis, is produced by a
variety of causes. Blows on, or sprains in the region of the loins, cal-
culi, the excessive use of diuretics to which some stablemen are prone,
nmsty fodder, or that which contains irritant plants, etc.

How to know it. — There will be more or less fever, sometimes a high
fever : colicky pains ; looking at the abdomen ; the horse will lie down
with extreme caution ; frequent passages of urine in small quantity, but

.;:. I

296

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOK.

very high colored, sometimes containing blood and even pus ; the legs
swell uniformly from the hoofs up ; the pulse is rapid, the bowels costive
and the breathing excited ; the horse straddles in his gait ; this, however,
is a general characteristic of all diseases of the urinary organs, but in
severe inflammation it amounts almost to helplessness.

There is, however, one test that is constant : there is extreme tender-
ness of the bony processes about six inches from the spine in the loins,
pressure over the kidneys will show the terrible pain from the crouching
attitude the horse assumes.

TEST FOR INFLAMMATION OF THK KIDNEYS.

if;

'.t|i

If the urine is examined under a microscope, the fibrinous casts of the
kidney tubes will be found. In chronic cases, stocking of the legs, casts
in the urine, more or less tenderness upon pressure of the loins, and
general ill health, may be all that will be observed.

What to do. — 111 acute cases, if there is a strong pulse and the animal
is full of blood, bleeding may assist a cure. It is not always safe, except
under the advice of a veterinarian of modern practice. Bleeding should
never be practiced except in the earliest symptoms. Give an active
cathartic.

No. 123.

1 Drachm calomel,

4 Drachms powdered aloes,

Make into a ball with linseed meal and molasBes.

Wrap the loins in woolen blankets and foment thoroughly with an in-
fusion of a handful of digitalis leaves in a pail of boiling water, putting
it on as warm as the hand will bear it ; or wring a sheep skin out of hot
water and apply the flesh side, changing us often as may be necessary.

THE HOUSE, ITS DISEASES.

297

To assist the evacuation and ease tlic pain give injections of linseed tea,
one (luart, to wliicli an ounce of laudanum is added. Get up a good sweat
if possible. This will rcli'ive the kidneys. Keep the bowels gently open
with laxatives and relieve tiie pauis with anodynes, and as the animal im-
proves, give bitter tonics, iJ ounces of Peruvian bark daily in three doses ;
or an ounce of gentian iu two drachm doses three times a day.

IV. FrofUse Staling, or Diabetes.

This disease, called by various names, as diuresis, diabetes insipidus,
poluria, etc., is simply an excessive secretion of urine, causing loss of
ilcsh, weakness, and at length terminating in exhaustion and a general
l)rcaking down of the system.

Causes. — 'C most common cause is dosing with quack medicines, a
favorite pastime of ignorant stablsmen, especially for "the water." It is
also produced by musty hay and grain, new oats, distillery slops, acid
diuretic plants, or any cause irritating the stomach and at Cue same time
stinmlating the kidneys.

How to know It. — There is excessive thirst, profuse and frequent
staling, of pale colored urine, thin, and with little odor ; loss of condition
and spirits ; the appetite fails ; the skin is hard and dry ; the hair harsh ;
the pulse will be weak, whether fast or slow ; depraved appetite for lick-
ins: noxious substances.

What to do. — Change the food at once, well seasoned hay and grain,
with linseed tea given freely mi the drink. The horse must not suffer
from thirst, but inordinate drinking should not be allowed. Iodine is
one of the chief specifics in this disease. The following will be a good
formula, to be given three times a day in water :

No. 124.

be necessary.

20 Grains iodine,
1 Drachm iodide of potassium,
4 Draclims carbonate of soda.
Mix, and give in water.

Or, give daily the following :

No 126. 2 Drachms phosphate of iron,

2 Drachms iodide of potussium,
4 Drachma Peruvian baric.
Mix, and give once a day in water.

If this does not soon show a disposition to check the disease, add 15 tc>
20 grains of creosote daily.

Another good formula, to be given once a day, or in bad cases twice
daily, is the followirig :

298 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

No. 126. 80 Grains iodine,

2 Drachms Bulpiiato of iron,
hi Ounce powdered gentian.

Give as a ball, made with molasses and linseed meal. If four or five
doses do not show decided effect discontinue. Six or seven days should
effect a cure.

V. Bloody Urine, or Heematuria.

Causes. — Sprains or bruising of the loins, stone in the kidneys, urinary
passages or bladder ; blood poisoning.

'^^^^a-c-^s^^'^'"^

HORSE SUFFERING FROM BLOODY URINE.

How to Determine the Condition.— If from local irritation, the bl -od
being in a healthy state, there will be clots of blood passed, and fibricious
casts of the urinary tubes entangling blood globules. These may be
seen with a good lens. If there is gravel more or less gritty matter will
be passed. If from blood poisoning, the tests must be made by a vete-
rinary surgeon, from the urine, who can then prescribe the proper
treatment.

Wiiat to do. — The general practice is to give sound food, good shelter,
mucilaginous drinks, as linseed or slippery elm tea, or marsh mallow tea.
Also acid astringents, vinegar, buttermilk, a weak decoction of white oak
bark. If the passages are profuse apply cold water to the loins. If
there is inflammation foment with warm water (cloths saturated Avith hot
water) and follow with a mustard plaster. If the bowels are inactive,

give the following :

No. 127.

4 Drachms aloes,

1 Ounce cream tartar.

Mix in one and a half pints of warm water and give when cool, aiding
the operation by an injection of one quart of soap suds and four ounces
oil of turpentine.

kidneys, urinary

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

VI. Thick and Albuminous Urine.

299

This disability in horses, characterized by a thiclc, ropy, albuminous
discharge of urine, is quite common in its milder forms, being an attend-
ant on extensive inflammation of important organs, on rheumatism,
fevers, and some conditions of blood poisoning. It is especially attend-
ant on inflammation of the kidneys, both acute and chronic, attended
with degeneration and shedding of the epithelium (the layers of cells)
lining the kidney tubes.

POSITION A88U>IEI> BY HOBSE HAVING ALBUMINOUS URINE.

How to know it. — ^There are two special positions assumed by horses
suffering from severe secretion of albuminous urine. One is the stretched
out position. In the other the back will be roached, as seen in the cut.
In its mild stages the urine is thick, ropy, mucilaginous ; when it first
begins to flow, of a reddish-brown color, but changing to a more natural
condition, ending with a whitish, milky fluid ; sometimes the reverse ;
connnencing white. When the disease is farther advanced the urine is
thicker, more deeply tinged, and sometimes offensive to the sense of
smell. It may degenerate into a number of forms, and finally terminate
in Bright* s disease of the kidneys.

What to do. — Place the animal wher*? it may be comfortable ; clothe
warmly. If there is inflammation of the kidneys, foment with a sheep
skin wrung out of hot water ; or better, with an infusion of a handful of
digitalis (Foxglove) in a pail of scalding water, and use other measures
recommended in this article. If it be thought necessary to liquify the
urine, not always beneficial, prepare the following :
20

300 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

No. 128. 1 Ounce powdered asBnfcrtlda,

2 Ounces powdered juniper berries,
8 Ouuues powdered poplur bark.

Mix, divide into eight parts, and give one night and morning in the
food.

The real animus should be to remove the cause, which, as we have
stated, is various. Attend to the general health of the animal, keep the
bowels open by a free use of bran mashes and other food of an opening
nature. Give a laxative if necessary — say, 5 ounces salts, and Peru-
vian bark 1 to 2 ounces daily at two or three doses.

vn. White, or Lime Urine. -

The urine is one of the agents used by nature to pass away the excess
of calcareous or other stony matter from the body. So long as the con-
ditions are normal, even when limy secretions are excessive, it may be
nature's means of removing this excess. "When the urine becomes albu-
minous, the calciferous matter unites with the albumen, and the result
is calculi.

How to know It. — ^A white matter will be passed at the end of each
urination, or the urine may become decidedly limey.

What to do. — Attend to the general health of the horse, give none but
sound oats and Indian corn, and sweet clean hay from upland meadows.

Sand-like Deposit in the Bladder. — Sometimes a sand-like deposit,
or soft magma is made in the bladder, and to such an extent that the
urine flows involuntarily and constantly by drops. The remedy is by
means of a stomach pump and catheter, to fill the bladder with water.
Shake up the contents with the hand introduced through the rectum, and
allow the water to flow through the catheter. So proceed to again pump
full and empty until all the deposit is cleaned.

When an animal is inclined to this disability, 1 drachm of caustic soda
given daily in the water will correct the secretion.

Vni. Oravel, or Stone in the Bladder.

The existence of urinary calculi, whenever found, is due to the de-
posit of mineral matter around some body as a nucleus. This may consist
of mucus, fibrine, blood-clot, or even of a crystal deposited from over-
saturated urine.

Causes. — They are so various that it would be useless to enumerate
them. Impaired breathing, whether from weak or diseased lungs, imper-
fect action of the liver, or impaired functions generally, are among the

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

801

the end of each

I of caustic soda

proniineut causes. Any cause favoring concentration of urine niiglit
briutf about the formation of calculi.

How to know it. — Cistus calculus, or stone in the bladder, occurs in al'
domestic animals, producing straining in the effort to pass the urine. It
will escape in driblets, often drop by drop, or not at all. Blood will often
be passed in clots, and crystals of microscopic calculi will be passed.
By introducing the oiled hand into the rectum up to the bladder the stone
may be felt. Sometimes there are a number of them.

What to do. — I'l the case of a female the stone may bo broken with a
lithatrite. In the case of a male the operation is called lithotomy. The
male is operated on standing, or else thrown on the right side. The
operation must in any event be performed by a competent surgeon, since
it involves cutting and the use of instruments that may not be attemi>ted
by the novice.

Preventive Measures- — The seed of Jamestown weed, or thorn apple
{Datura stramonium) has been given with good effect in preventing the
formation of large calculi. Give an ounce of the powdered seed in the
feed every other day until six doses are given. In connection with this
give the following :

No. 129.

1 Ounce oil of juniper,

1 Ounce oil of sassafras,

4 Ounces sweet spirits of niter.

Form into four doses and give one morning and night for two days.
Animals predisposed to gravel should be fed on sound hay from old
meadows, sound grain, and watered only with soft water.

IX. Suppression of Urine.

Causes. — Retention or suppression of urine is due to so many causes,
especially in old horses, as paralysis of the bladder, meningitis, lockjaw,
severe colic or other acute disease, or from irritating drugs given by
ignorant stablemen, that the operator must be informed as to the nature
of the case.

What to do — If it be caused by paralysis the urine must be drawn off
several times a day with a catheter. The following will be indicated to
be given internally :

Ko. 130.

K Drachm extract nux Tomica,
1 Pint water.

Give as a drench twice a day.

' ft ■

ill

^\l}

l^W

■ 4'^Wsi.l

iSBi

■ ;3 •' vrfw

i ii&Slnal

802

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOH.

Another remedy, if one has a hypodermic syringe, would be :

No. 131.

4 Dropi Hulphuric acid,
2 UraiiiMNtrychiiino,
>i Ounco alcohol.

Throw one-half of one grain twice daily under the skin.

If the difficulty is due to general weakness of the bladder, give the

following stimulant :

No. 132.

20 OrolnH powdered cnntharldes,
1 Drachm powdered digitalis.

Make into a ball with soap.

If there is an accumulation of hard fteccs in the rectum it must be
removed by full injections of strong soap suds, and if necessary removal
of the partially softened dung with the oiled hand.

If there is inflammation of the neck of the bladder, as shown by heat,
swelling, tenderness, give injections of one drachm extract of belladonna
in a quart of warrA Avatcr, thrown repeatedly into the rectum of horses
and into the vagina of marcs. To relieve pain give from ane-half to two
drachms of opium as may be needed.

Z. Inflammation of the Bladder.

Causes. — A disease very rare in animals, and when occurring the effect
of violent external injury, or the result of irritating medicines, as croton
oil, cantharides, administered by the ignorant. It is quite rare, and may
be known by the frequent passing of urine, with great pain and difficulty.
As a sure test grasp the horse by the mane half way between the head
and shoulder with the left hand ; place the right hand under the flank
when all nervousness is passed, press more or less strongly on the abdo-
men. If inflammation be present the animal evinces intense pain. If
the muscles be tense and hard there is no inflammation.

What to do. — Give full doses of opium, two drachms, to relieve pain.
Give linseed tea, milk, and white of eggs beaten up with water as drinks.
As a laxative to relieve the bowels give one to two pints of olive oil as
may be needed. Inject into the bladder the following if you have an
instrument :

No. 133.

1 Drachm opium,

1 Drachm gum arable,

1 Pint blood warm water.

In severe cases the ammoniacal blister may be applied, as given on
the next page, if there is paralysis of the parts, with or without

ii''] 'A

5?f?#*w«^WW0!Bfl»*?50^^

uld be:

in.

bladder, give the

ctum it must be
leccssary removal

us shown by heat,
•act of l)elUidonna
rectum of horses
n one-hulf to two

curring the effect
sdicines, as crotou
ito rare, and may
lain and difficulty,
jetwocn the head
under the flank
ly on the abdo-
intense pain. If

to relieve pain,
water as drinks.
;s of olive oil as
if you have an

lied, as given on
with or without

TlIE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

808

fomentations. The acute symptoms having subsided, give small doses of
copaiva, one to two drachms, or buchu, two to three drachms, as may
seem to be needed. Give soft or sloppy diet, with linseed tea, slippery
elm, gum arable, or other muciluginous drinks.

ArrucATioN or a'.: aumomiacal ulutbb.

XI. Foul Sheath.

A horse with a foul sheath is unfortunate in his master, unless the
difficulty occurred befoi'e purchase.

What to do. — Clean the sheath of all foul matter with warm soap suds,
removing all lumps. To wash the sheath, take hold of the yard when
protruded, and without undue violence hold it with gentle pulling until
there be no resistance when it may be pulled out its entire length. When
washed, oil thoroughly with lard and salt, three parts of lard to one of
salt. Every other day or every thi*ee days wash again and oil until a
cure is effected.

Xn. Bupture of the Bladder.

This difficulty occurs only in the female, the result of difficult parturi-
tion. The animal strains violently, and on examination a red, tumid,
rounded mass is shown between the lips of the vulva.

What to do. — ^^Vash the parts carefully with tepid water, in which an
ounce of laudanum has been mixed with each quart. Then return care-
fully, by pressing the center of the mass inwards to correct the eversion.
The difficulty will be in returning it through the neck of the bladder.
There will be more or less inflammation and softening, therefore care,
judgment and time must be used, not to tear the tissues. If there is
renewed straining, place a truss or compress over the vagina.

804

ILLU8TRATEU STOCK DOCTOU.

XIII. Stricture of the Urethra.

Stricture of the urethra is the result of local irritation, the results of
gravel, or of strong astringent injections. The symptonis are difficult
urination, with great pain and fre(|uent erections. The cure must bo
effected hy the use of catheters, gradually increasing them in size until
the normal condition is regained.

ZIV. Inflammation of the Organs of Generation.

a. — In stallions, there is occasionally inflammation of the testicles,
caused by external injury and other causes. It may be known by the
swelling of the parts, a straddling gait, with drawing up and again let-
ting down of the testicles.

What to do. — Give a purgative, 4 drachms aloes in 1 1-2 pints water.
Foment the parts twice a day with warm Avater. Then dry and apply ex-
tract of belladonna or laudanum. If pus (matter) should form, known by
fluctuation of the parts, open at the soft part. If the gland is involved,
and there is threatened destruction of the part, castration had better bo
j)erformed.

b. — Inflammation of the Womh.

Causes. — Bruises or other injuries at the time of giving birth, or in
getting rid of tic afterbirth; retained afterbirth, or exposure to wet or
cold after parturition.

How to know It. — Two, three or four days after parturition, there will
be an attack of shivering : pains, with looking at the flanks, similar to
those in colic ; shifting of the hind feet; the loins and abdomen tender,
with aching of the loins ; the vulva red and swollen ; there is frequent
straining with fetid discharge. The oiled hand being introduced into the
womb, the neck and body will be found filled Avith fluid ; the belly will
be tense and swollen ; the respiration and pulse M-ill be increased, and the
temperature of the body hot. There will be grinding of the teeth, great
thirst and loss of power in the limbs.

What to do. — After having drawn out the contents of the womb with a
catheter, fill it again with tepid water, introduced through the tube, and
wash out thoroughly. Then inject one drachm permanganate of potassa
in a pint of lukewarm water, adding four ounces of glycerine and half an
ounce of laudanum. Give a purgative dose to move the bowels freely,
4 drachms Barbadoes aloes for a mare ; (for a cow, 1 pound of glauber
salts). Follow this with 20 drops tincture of aconite four times a day for
the mare; (for a cow, 30 drops). Give also once a day 5 drachms

A^i^ijff^ffkirifmmmi^0s)m^tBS9f'

THE HORSE, ITS DISRAHEH.

305

nitrate of potassn, and also onco a day I to 2 drachms chlorate of potassa.
Apply a bliHter of mustard to the right flank of the marc, or for a cow,
mustard and oil of turpentine. If there is a weak pulse, prostration and
stupor, use stimulants; (|uinine in 15 to 20 grain doses, camphor and
whisky : also antiseptics, chlorate of potassa, 1-drachm doses, or carbolic
acid 1-2 dniehm doses in a pint of water.

c, — LcHcorrhaia, Catarrh of (he Womb or Vagina.

The same general treatment is to ho observed as in the foregoing. It
may be known by a whitish discharge from the vulva if caused by re-
tained I'tcrbirth. Kepeat the injection recommended for inflammation
of the womb, daily, and keep uj) the system with tonics and good food.
The following will form a good tonic :

No. 134

2 Draehms sulphate of Iron,

1 Drachm black pepper,

H Ounce ginger,

)i Ounce gentian.

Divide into three doses for each day.

CHAPTER Vm.

DISEASES OF THE TEETH AND MOUTH.

TEETHING, OR DENTITION. II. SHKODINQ TEETH. in. BLIND TEETH.— IV. DECAY

OP THE TEETH. V. SCURVY. ——VI. 8TCMP SUCKINO, OR CRIB BITING. VII. LAM-
PAS. vm. INFLAMMATION IN AND AROUND THE MOUTH. IX. SLAVERING. X.

INFLAMMATION OP THE TONGUE. XI. SHARP AND PROJECTING TEETH. XII. SCALD

MOUTH. XIII. APTHA. XIV. INFLAMMATION OP THE PAROTID GLAND. XV. FIS-
TULA OP THE PAROTID DUCT,

I. Teething, or Dentition.

Dentition in the horse has already been wi'itten of and illustrated in
the map given in this work. In teething, all animals suffer more or less
from irritation and fever of the parts, probably as much so as the human
family. In puppies and in kittens it often causes convulsions between
the third and sixth . onth. Cattle are principally troubled between the
second and third yet..', and horses from the third to the fourth year, since
in the third year they cut four front teeth and eight back ones, and in the
fourth year four front back teeth, eight back teeth and the four tushes.
Hence the reason why it is advised that at this period of their lives they
be not hard worked.

In both cattle and horses the rising teeth are sometimes entangled with
the teeth that are being shed. There will be redness, swelling, tenderness
of the gums, and the inflammation sometimes extends to the throat,
causing coughing and general fever.

What to do. — If there is slavering ; if the animal seems to chew hard
food with pain, or bolts soft food with haste, examine the mouth. Ex-
tract the loose teeth ; lance the gums to allow easy dentition ; wash the
gums with tincture of myrrh : relieve the bowels if necessary with gentle

!*«';:

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

307

laxatives, and give as much rest and soft food as possible. Swine from
the sixth to the twelfth month usually cut thirty-six teeth, and sometimes
require attention.

n. Shedding Teeth.

In the shedding of the teeth the mouth should be examined frequently
for loosened teeth, to find if the new teeth are growing properly. If
they are likely to become crowded, causing twisting, they should be
straightened, and if necessary one of them extracted to allow them to
grow properly. Sometimes there will be disease of the membranes sur-
rounding the roots of the teeth, causing loosening, deviation from the
proper course, suppuration, and even shedding of the teeth with much
pain, even to inflammation and other diseases of the gum. Relief is to
be given by careful examination, keeping the bowels open with soft food,
such manipulation as may be necessary, sponging the gums with tincture
of myrrh, lancing the gums, and extraction of the loose teeth when
necessary.

m. Blind Teeth.

Supernumerary teeth may occur among the nippers and grinders.
When so they should be extracted. Blind, or wolf teeth, are not super-
numerary, but natural as they are insignificant, and would not be necessary
to notice here were it not from the fact that ignorant pretenders have
given the impression that they are the cause of blindness, big head, and
even apoplexy or staggers. These teeth are certainly useless, and occur
in horses (not in mares) immediately in front of the grinders and may
be extracted without diflSculty or injury, care being taken that they be
not broken and thus irritate the gums.

IV. Decay of the Teeth.

The teeth of horses under an artificial system of management, are quite
subject to decay. Usually this is found in the grinders, although it
sometimes, but rarely, occurs in the nippers.

Causes. — Anything that will destroy the enamel or corrode the teeth,
strong mineral medicines, fermentation in the stomach, breaking of the
teeth by biting hard substances, or natural causes from increasing age.

How to know It. — The horse will suddenly drop the food from the
mouth ; slavering and exhibition of pain. This means toothache in its
acute form. The general symptoms are imperfect chewing of the food.

tei

308

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

A HOnSK WITH TOOTH ACUE.

and consequent finding of whole grain in the dung; indigestion, un-
thrifty state of the hair and skin, irritability, loss of condition, generally

with swelling of the legs; swelling of the
jaw-bone aoout the carious tooth, quidding of
the partially chewed hay, accumulation of food
around the tooth, and between it and the cheek.

What to do. — Put a balling ii'on in the
horse's mouth, and examine the jaws for bro-
ken or decayed teeth. If suspected, tap it
gently. If there is inflammation, lance the
affected parts, and sponge with tincture of
myrrh. If the tooth is ulcerated, it is better
to extract it at once ; if not, it may be cleaned and the cavity tilled with
gutta-percha. If tender from exposure of the nerve, it must be relieved
or deadened with crystalized carbolic acid and powdered opium, before
filling. As a rule, in extensive caries, the tooth may be extracted. If
so, the opposing tooth must be occasionally rasped down. The extract-
ing of teeth, however, should only be undertaken by a veterinary surgeon,
except in the case of loose teeth, which may be extracted with a largo
pair of forceps.

V. Scurvy of the Teeth.

Old horses are subject to deposit of calcareous matter, by which the
teeth become ridged with a white scurf, extending down upon the gums,
inflaming them and keeping them sore. This is generally confined to the
front teeth. Young horses also sometimes suffer from this disability.

Causes. — ^Imperfect digest'oa and sour stomach, evolving gases, or any
cause injuring the enamel of the teeth.

What to do. — Fi'-ot, find if his system is in good condition, or put
it so. Put a twitch on the animal's nose and with proper instruments
remove the incrustations. Files, scrapers and fine emery paper are the
means to be used, the teeth afterwards to be oiled. In ordinary cases, a
stiff brush and a mixture of tartaric acid and salt will do it ; rubbing
afterwards with clean, hard wood ashes. Keep hard wood ashes and salt
where the horse may take it at will.

VI. Stump Sucking, or Crib Biting.

Stump sucking is when a horse rests its teeth against any projection,
arches its neck with spasmodic action of the throat, chest and flan):s.
Crib-biting is when the horse seizes the crib or other hard substance be-

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

309

tweeu the teeth and pulls, with or without spasmodic action. Wind
sucking is when the horse suddenly seizes any hard, firm substance witb
its teeth, pulls back, si eking in the air, sometimes with so loud a spas-
modic action, noise and groans that it may bo heard for a long distance,
with swallowing and eructation.

What to do. — It is probably more generally connected with disease
of the teeth than is generally suspected, and these should be immediately
examined for cause. At length it becomes a confirmed vice. Relieve
any disabilities from the teeth. The remedy is to allow no surface uncov-
ered with sheet-iron where the horse may reach it. Smearing the front
of the manffcr with aloes has been recommended. A muzzle with two
iron bars projecting from the lower jaw over the mouth and extending
over and between the nostrils, will prevent the vice. If the disease be
pure wind-sucking, a strap fastened tightly about the upper part of the
neck will prevent the effort, but there is danger of the horse becoming
a roarer.

erniary surgeon,

Vn. Lampas.

Lanipas is congestion of the palate ; a redness and swollen condition
of the bars of the mouth behind the upper front teeth, caused by denti-
tion in young animals, and in old ones from indigestion, causing pain in
chewing from the protrusion of the tender parts.

What to do. — If in young horses, the means advised in dentition, with
slight cutting (scarifying) of the roof of the mouth, with a sharp knife
or lancet will suffice. In old horses, scarification, with a general atten-
tion to the health of the animal will be indicated. In scarifvinsr, cut
only about an inch back of the teeth, and never deep. Just behind the
third bar an artery lies near the surface, difficult to manage if cut through.
Hence the care required in bleeding in
the roof of the mouth. Should, by ac-
cident the artery be severed, put a strong
cord around the upper front teeth close
to the gums, and strain it as tightly as
possible. This will generally close the
orifice and stop the bleeding. As a wash
for the gums, the following will be good ; b„b^„« ^ou l^pab.

No. 135.

1 Oz. chlorate of potash,

2 Ozs. soft water.

Never burn the bars of the mouth for lampas. It is as senseless as it

810

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

is brutal and cruel. Never use caustics. The bars of the mouth are
useful to the horse, as the palate is . t man, and may not be tampered
with with impunity.

Vin. Inflammation in and Around the Mouth.

Cjj," ses. — Irritation from wounds, bruises, acrid or poisonous plants,
savage bits, injuries from the bit, twitch or rope around the under jaw
and tongue, medical irritants, bites or stings of reptiles or insects, the
use of calomel and other salivating drugs, fungus ^^iowths, specific
fevers, etc.

How to know it. — There will be difficulty in feeding and drinking, sla-
vering witli or without fetid saliva, swelling and rigidity of the lips,
cheeks or between the bones of the lower jaw, blisters or sores within
the mouth, swelling of the glands, etc.

What to do — Find the cause, whether from mechanical injury, irritating
food or irritant drugs. If injured by alkalies wash with vinegar and
water, equal parts ; if by acids use lime water or a weak solution of
bicarbonate of soda ; if caused by caustic salts use mucilage of slippery
elm; or white of egg ; y from venomous bites apply ammonia and give
one-half ounce of liquid ammonia internally to the horse, and one-half
to one ounce to the ox. For bite of venomous snakes, tarantula, etc.,
cauterize the wound in addition and give whisky in full doses. If there
is simple inflammation, open the bowels with a gentle laxative, two ounce
doses of magnesia, and wash with vinegar and honey. Give plenty of
cool water and soft food. If there are ulcers, touch them with a feather
dipped

No. 136.

10 Grains lunar caustic,
1 Ounce rain water.

If there is much swelling keep the head tied up. If tumors resolving
into matter (pus) appear, open with a lancet or knife
ing of the parts (separation of dead flesh) wash with the following:

If there is slough-

No. 137.

1 Drachm permanganate of potassa,
1 Pint of water.

IX. Slavering.

Causes. — The result of mercurial salivation, symptoms of various
affections, as apthouo fevers, epilepsy, cutting terth, ulcers of the mouth,
irritating food, alkalies, acids, bad fodder, etc. "White clover will often
cause undue secretion of saliva by the glands.

ra Hi
m m

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

311

It may be known by the free discharge of saliva, great thirst and often
indigestion.

What to do. — Find the cause and remove it. Give cold water to drink,
and sound grain, grass and hay. Use as washes
for the mouth, vinegar and water or vinegar
and honey. If the saliva is offensive, use water
slightly tinctured with carbolic acid as a wash,
and attend to the general health of the animal.

KFracT or CBUJU. csx of tuk bit.

X. Inflammation of the Tongue.

How to know it. — There will be difficulty in eating and drinking. The
tongue will be swollen and inflamed, sometimes hanging frcfm the mouth.

What to do. — Use the same means recommended for inflammation of
the mouth, first having thoroughly searched for wounds from any sharp
substance having punctured and remained in the tongue. If the tongue
hangs from the mouth put the end in a bag, and support it with tapes
extending from the corners of the mouth and tied behind the ears.

mors resolving

XI. Sharp and Projecting Teeth.

The remedy for this disability will be obvious. Secure the animal, put
a twitch on its nose, if a horse, and a balling iron in the mouth and file
the teeth until smooth and even, using a rasp made for this purpose, flat
and with a slightly crooked handle.

Xn. Scald Mouth.

Causes. — The ignorant use of acid drenches or corrosive drugs by
careless or ignorant stable men. Medicines of unusual strength are
sometimes sent with directions for diluting. If labels were carefully
read, and directions implicitly followed, there would be less of this
distressing malady, often ending in chronic disease of the stomach.

How to know It. — The mouth is red, often raw ; the lips are in constant
moiion, moving up and down ; the saliva flows continually, showing the
pain the animal endures.

What to do. — Give well-made cold gruel, either of corn or oatmeal,
ind soft food if the horse can take it. Boiled carrots are excellent if
the animal will eat them. Prepare the following lotion :

ilSil "Ml

312 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

No. 138. 5 Ounces of powdered borax,

2 Pounds of honey,
1 Gallon of boiling water.

Mix, let it become quite cold ; hold up the horse's head moderately and
pour half a pint into the mouth. At the expiration of half a minute
allow the head to gradually drop so the fluid may flow over the inflamed
surfaces. This should be repeated several times a day. Beyond this
nothing can be done except to attend to the general health of the animal,
which should do no work until entirely recovered.

Xin. Aptha, or Thrush.

A disease incident to sucking animals and young horses, generally
occurring in the Spring and Fall.

How to know it. — Red patches will appear on ton j, cheeks and lips,
which assume a whitish color, caused by a fungus growth
(cedium albicans). The lips swell; the tongue hangs
out of tlie mouth ; vesicles form containing a clear,
gelatinous fluid. At length these burst ; crusts form
and recovery ensues.

What to do. — Give the animal soft food as recom-
mended for other mouth diseases. Wash the mouth
with the lotion prescribed for scald mouth, or prepare
equal parts of honey and powdered bayberry bark into
a paste,with which anoint the affected parts every night.
To purify the blood and promote the general health give the following :

APTnA.

No. 139.

1 Ounce flowers of sulpbur,

1 Ounce powdered sassafras bark,

2 Ounces powdered golden seal.

Mix, divide into four jiortions and give one every night in scalded
shorts .allowing it to get '^•rid. Or give it in cold gruel as a drink. This
prescription will be found valuable in any case and for all farm stock
when the blood is thick and inclined to humors. Give fully grown swine
half the dose prescribed, and full grown sheep one-third the dose ; that
is, divide into eight doses for swine and twelve for sheep,

XrV. Inflammation of the Parotid Oland.

Causes. — ^This gland, which lies in the hollow that extends from
the root of the ear to the angle of the lower jaw, sympathizes with in-
flammation of the upper part of the throat, and becomes hot, tender and
swollen in almost ever case of cold. It is liable to inflammation also

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

S13

moderately and

half a niiuute

r the inflamed

Beyond this

of the animal,

rses, generally

heeks and lips,
fungus growth
e tongue hangs
aining a clear,
t ; crusts form

Food as recom-
ash the mouth
uth, or prepare
erry bark into
;s every night,
the following :

rht in scalded
drink. This
11 farm stock
y grown swine
he dose ; that

extends from
izes with in-
t, tender and

mmation also

from mechanical injury, and from obstruction of its duct. In bad cases
of strangles or distemper, it will sometimes swell to great size and will
break, a fistulous sore being the termination.

How to know it. — When the gland has become swollen, it is easily
discernible by sight or feeling. There is a hard and painful lump be-
neath the ear, with a softer feeling about its edges. The horse carries
his head stifliy, chews slowly and with difficulty, and has some general
fever.

What to do. — As this state of the gland is almost always preceded by
cold, and is accompanied by it, the treatment must be first directed to
the removal of the exciting cause. Place the animal in comfortable sur-
roundings, attend to the state of his bowels, giving 3 ounces glaubers or
epsom salts, in case of constipation, and a few warm mashes. Mean-
while, cover the affected gland with a good poultice until the inflammation
is subdued.

If inflammation results from mechanical obstruction, that obstruction
must of course be removed before any permanent relief can be obtained ;
and this may require the removal of a calculus or stone from the parotid
duct, which can be safely done only by an experienced surgeon.

If attention is not directed to the swelling until matter is forming,
allow it to approach the surface and come to a head before attempting to
open, to avoid cutting any of the ducts, which might result in a fistula.
If the tumor becomes hard, use iodine, almost to the extent of blistering.

Any wound inflicted mechanically, as a cut into the gland, or a prick
with a stable-fork, must be treated externally according to its nature —
the main point being to close it so effectually that the salivary fluid which
it is the office of this gland to secrete cannot escape through the wound.

XV. Fistula of the Parotid Duot.

Causes. — The parotid duct, which is formed by a union of the smaller
ducts of the parotid gland, enters the mouth after it leaves the gland, in
front of the large masseter muscle of the cheeks — having passed for
some distance upon the inner side of the jaw, and then turned under the
lower border of the bone. The saliva secreted by the parotid gland,
which lies at the spot where the neck joins the jaw, is poured into the
mouth by this parotid duct, to be mingled with the food during the pro-
cess of mastication. If the mouth of this little tube is closed in any
way, so as to prevent the free egress of the saliva, distension of the duct
takes place, and the confined secretion causes suffering, inflammation,
and finally rupture. This stoppage is sometimes caused by hayseeds or
other particles of food that enter the mouth of the channel while the

314

ILLURTBATED STOCK DOCTOR.

animal is feeding. The presence of food in the mouth and the motion
of the jaw stimulate the action of the gland, and since the saliva thus
secreted cannot escape by its natural opening, there is constantly more
and more pressure until some outlet is found. This, as we have said,
may be by bursting, or it may be by external accident. A wound inflicted
on the jaw with any pointed instrument, as a hay-fork, has been known
to penetrate this channel. The saliva thereupon pours through the open-
ing, and by its constant flow it prevents the healing of the wound, so
that its edges speedily become hard and Avithout that liveliness essential
to the closing of punctured or gashed flesh.

The stopping of this passage into the mouth is said to have been some-
times caused by calculus or stone in the cheeks of the animal. These, of
a size exceedingly large in proportion to the size of the duct in Avhich
they lodge, have been taken from the jaw.

Every wound which penetrates this or any other duct of the salivary
glands soon becomes a fistulous and offensive sore ; the fluid secreted by
the gland finds its way out through the false opening, while none of it
enters the mouth to perform its natural function in preparing the food
for the stomach, so that he horse soon begins to lose flesh, and finally
assumes a wretched and loathsome appearance.

The opening of the parotid duct occasionally occurs, perhaps, from the
opening of abscesses attending strangles or distemper.

How to know it. — The digestion ncissarily becomes deranged when
the process of mastication is carried on for any considerable length of
time without the foods being moistened by that secretion Avhich the paro-
tid duct in a healthy condition furnishes ; but the orifice in the skin under
the jaw or on the cheek at the large muscle, discharging a liquid some-
what resembling the white of an egg, is the unmistakable indication of
the disorder under consideration. During the act of feeding this fluid is
freely discharged, even sometimes squirting from the wound, and especi-
ally so if the food is dry and hard to chew. It will l)o nf)ticcd that in
chewing the horse uses the opposite side of the mouth from that on
which the opening occurs, and that the process is slow and difficult. The
edges of the wound soon become callous, the running of the stream down
the cheek destroys the hair, and the whole part has a fistulous and filthy
appearance.

What to do. — In the first place, especial care must be taken to keep
the animal, during the period required for effecting a cure, upon food
that requires no chewing. It should be sufficiently plentiful and nutri-
tious to prevent the uneasiness of hunger. Soft mashes and gruels alone
should constitute the diet. Another precaution is necessary when he is

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

315

}uth and tho motion
iince tho saliva thus
e is constantly more
lis, as we have said,
t. A wound inflicted
ork, has been known
irs through tho opon-
ig of tho Avound, so
at liveliness essential

d to have been some-
le animal. These, of
>f the duct in which

duct of the salivary
the fluid secreted by
ing, while none of it
II preparing the food
oso flesh, and tinally

rs, perhaps, from the
r.

mes deranged when
nsiderable length of
;tion which the paro-
ficc in the skin under
rglng a liquid some-
akable indication of

feeding this fluid is
t wound, and especi-

be nf)ticcd that in
nouth from that on
and difficult. The

of the stream down
fistulous and filthy

st be taken to keep
a cure, upon food

plentiful and nutri-
les and gruels alone
cessary when he is

left to himself — that is, to tie him up in such a way as to prevent him
from rubbing the wound. This can bo done by having a rein at each side
of the halter, and tying it up, one to each side of the stall, and suffi-
ciently back and high up to keep him from putting his jaw against either
the trough or tho wall against which it stands.

If the wound has recently broken, shave the edges so as to remove all
roughness and bring them closely and evenly together. Then cover with
collodion, putting on coat after coat until it is strong enough to keep the
wound from bursting.

If the sore is of long standing, and tho case evidently obstinate, the
first care must be to determine whether the channel has become closed
between the wound and the mouth, as sometimes happens. If so, make
a new one ahd keep it open by passing a thread through it. This thread
must have a flat button affixed to each end, one inside the mouth tho
other outside the wound, to retain it in place. It should not bo so closely
shortened by the buttons as to piovent its being slipped a little, first one
way then the other, until the walls of its passage have become callous or
firm, and not likely to adhere. It must then be withdrawn, and tho way
being open for the secretion to escape into the mouth the outside wound
must be closed. To do this, ni;ike an adhesive fluid by saturating gum
mastic with tho strongest spirit of wine, or by dissolving India rul)ber in
sulphuric ether. Pare off the edges of the wound till the healthy skin
and flesh are laid bare, which may be known by bleeding. Now wash the
surrounding parts thoroughly with warm soap suds, so as to remove tho
oily secretion from the skin and hair, and render the latter dry, so that
an adhesive preparation may the more readily stick. When the bleeding
has stopped and the hair is dry, lay over the orifice a piece of India
ru))bcr, and over that a cotton cloth. Fix the cotton firmly by means of
the adhesive fluid above mentioned, fii'st attaching one side, then, when
that is dry and firmly fixed, stretching and fastening down the other
edge. Continue to fasten on these strips one after another in this way —
some of them cross-ways — until there is a good body of them; then
thoroughly satm'ate the whole with the adhesive fluid and tie up the
animal as already directed. When his reins are ^oosened in order that he
may eat, ho must be watched to see that he does not rub and re^opeu the
wound.

This one covering, as described, is generally sufficient to effect a cure ;
but if it falls off before tho orifice is entirely closed, wait a day or two,
still feeding on soft food, and then put on another coat of the India
rubber, cotton, and mastic solution ; and so continue until a cure is
effected.

21'

fU/i!

CHAPTER IX.

DISEASES OF THE HEART, BLOOD, ETC.

I. THUMPS. II. SCROFULA. III. KKVER, OR QKHBRAL INFLAMMATION. IV. KNLAKOE-

M3NT OP THE HEART. V. FATTY DEOENERATION OF THE HEART. VI. ENLAROB-

MKNT OF THE ARTERIES.- VII. INFLAMMATION OF THE JUGULAR VBm.— VIU. INFLAM-
MATION OF THE ABSORBENTS. IX. SCARLATINA.

I. Thumps.

Palpitation of the heart, or thumps, as it is usually called, may occur
from fright, in highly fed, irregularly worked animals, but is not as a
rule connected with structural disease of the heart.

Causes. — Indigestion, some blood diseases, sudden excitement or fright
in animals predisposed to nervousness.

How to know it. — The action of the heart will be violent and convul-
sive ; the beatings can be seen, felt and heard. The disorder comes on
abruptly, generally from excitement, has perfect intermissions with ab-
rupt jarring thumps, and a jerking motion of the abdomen, and unaccom-
panied by redness of the mucus membranes ; excited eyes, rapid breathing
and a more or less sudden diminution of the palpitation. If signs of
temporary excitement are not present ; if the attack comes on slowly, is
constant with aggravated intervals ; if there is a heavy, prolonged, une-
qual beating, Avith red mucus membranes and swelling of the limbs, it
may be inferred that the difficulty is connected with structural heart
disease.

What to do. — Avoid sudden excitement and over-exertion, but givo
regular but gentle exercise, stimulants and tonics. The following would
be indicated as a stimulant, either whisky, or 1-2 ounce liquid ammonia.
Give 16 to 20 grains digitalis twice a day in the feed, for some weeks.

THE HORSE, 1T8 DISEASES.

817

STO.

TION.

IV.

SNLAKOE

iRT. -

VI.

ENLARGE

vsm.

VIII. INFLAM

called, may occur
s, but is not as a

citoment or fright

olent and convul-
iisordcr comes on
missions with ab-
len, and unaccom-
s, rapid breathing
don. If signs of
|mes on slowly, is
', prolonged, une-
of the limbs, it
structural heart

certion, but give
following would
liquid ammonia.

\r some weeks.

*?=

If there is a full, strong pulse, and increased size of the heart, add to
the digitalis 20 drops tincture of aconite, twice a day, or drop it into the
water given twice a day. If there is general debility, the following will
be indicated, to be given twice a day for several weeks :

No. 140

^ Drachm powdered nux vomica,
1 Drachm extract of belladonna.

Form into a ball with li(iuorice powder and molasses, and give.

II. Scrofula.

The horse is not subject to scrofula, as is man, and the lower farm
animals. Swine arc essentially scrofulous ; sheep arc often so ; cattle
more rarely, and horses least of all. Yet that this noble animal has the
crernis of this dread disease in his system, would seem to be indicated by
ulcers on the liver, tumors in the glands, and tubercles of the lungs.
Thus it may be found in connection with other diseases, or show itself in
eruptive skin, or of the organs.

What to do. — Stramonium, known to farmers as Jamestown o^ Jimson
weed, is a specific. Give every other day half an ounce of the dried
seed, bruised, or 20 to 30 grains of the stramonium of the druggists,
daily. The ox may have from 1-2 to 1 drachm ; sheep 5 to 10 grains,
and swine 4 to G grains daily, the state of the bowels being carefully
attended to by giving laxative food if costive, or if necessity occur, med-
icine, Glauber salts in light doses.

m. Fever, or General Inflammation.

"When from any cause injury is done to anj' part of the frame, or in-
flammatory action is set up either in the tissues, membranes, or any of
the organs of the body, heat is produced, and this is fever. This often
becomes general from sympathy, thus in a measure relieving the pressure
on the more closely affected parts. Fever is not the disease itself, but
the result of disorganization, a symptom of disease, or internal disorder.
In fact, a symptom of disease arising from sympathy of the system with
disease of the animal economy. Remove the cause and the fever will
cease. "VVe may do som.ething to alleviate it in connection with the treat-
ment of the disease itself, but we must not lose sight of the latter.

In intermittent fevers there is a cold stage, a hot stage and a sweating
stage. These may vary in succession and degree, but the real difficulty
is in a morbid state of the viscera, but particularly of the liver and
organs employed in the formation of bile, and of the mesentery. In
fevers the tongue is coated. Yet no quack is so ignorant as to suppose

318

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

the fever onn bo cured by scrnpiiijr the ton<i;uo, and yet this is fully m
sensible uk to suppose fever to l)e the disease itself when it is an effect of
disease.

In the horse fevers often manifest themselves through inflammation of
the mucous or scro ;3 membranes, producing catarrh or influenza. When
it affects the mucous surface of the stonuich and bowels it produces
extreme languor and debility. In pleurisy there is inflamnuition of the
serous membranes within the thorax. The fever is the manifestation of
the disease. In typhoid fever there is inflammation of the brain and
viscera and especially of the stomach, intesfines and peyers gland. The
fever is the attendant simply upon the cause of the inflammation.

Fever In horses has been described l)y tin author of IIii)popathology
to bo 1st. Common fever — a general diffuse inflammation. 2d. Idiopathic —
arising without any apparent local injury. Hd. Syniptonuitic — arising
from some local cause or irritation. The late Dr. Dadd, V.S., very truly
says :

"A rational system of veterinary medicine contemplates, in the treat-
ment of febrile sym^itoms, nothing more than a kind of expectancy. If
the patient be in the cold stage, administer warm diffusible stinmlants
and diaphoretics, aided by warmth and moisture externally ; friction on
the extremities, and, if necessary, stimulating applications to the chest and
the extremities. In the hot stage, and when the superficial heat of the
body is great, cooling drinks are indicated : water acidulated with cream
of tartar, makes a good febrifuge. The patient may bo occasionally
sponged with weak saleratus water. The alkali has a beneficial effect on
the cutaneous vessels, while the water lessens the temperature of the
body. No treatment, however, can be of any rational use, unless it
contemplates a restoration of the healthy equilibrium of the whole system.
Let the doctor treat the disease, and a good, attentive groom can manage
the fever."

In treating general fever or inflammation, therefore, we must first find
the cause, and treat, giving such agents as have been indicated throughout
this work, for the febrile symptoms as they occur. As a rule wo do not
advocate bleeding, but in the horse in the early stages of acute inflamma-
tion, especially of the brain, and all that class of diseases which involve
the general system, and when the blood is thick and dark, sometimes
almost brown, bleeding may be practiced with success. It is never well
however to bleed blindly. In apoplexy and that class of diseases, bleed.
It is a case of life or death. For fevers in general there can be no
specific. In diseases of the blood, accompanied by fever, alteratives will
be indicated both as a preventive and corrective of the diseased functions.
Sometimes the condition of the absorbents ure so inactive that alteratives

yet this is fully m
hen it is nn effot-t of

iigh infliimmiition of
:)r iiitliu'ii/:i. Wlu'n
bowels it i)i'()du('C8
iiitlainiuiition of tlio
:ho niaiiifestation of
n of the l)rain and
peyers fijland. The
nflatnniation.
of Ilippopatholojjry
ion. 2d. Idiopathic —
•tiiptoinatic — arising
dd, V.S., very truly

1 plates, in the treat-

of expectancy. If

liffusihlc stimulants

ernally ; friction on

ions to the chest and

lerticial heat of the

idulated with cream

nay bo occasionally

beneficial effect on

eniperaturc of the

onal use. unless it

the whole system.

groom can manage

, we must first find
idicated throughout
ls a rule wo do not
of acute inflamma-
jases which involve
nd dark, sometimes
It is never well
s of diseases, bleed.
I there can be no
ivcr, alteratives will
diseased functions,
tive that alteratives

TIIR IIOnflE, ITS DI8KASE8.

:uy

cannot act. Hero bleeding would seem to bo indicated. Yet it is better
unless in the case of life nr death, that it bo not resorted to, except
under the advico of u competent veterinarian or physician.

IV. Enlargement of the Heart.

Hypertrophy or enlargement of the heart is an increaso of its muscular
substance and njay be confined to one side or ono ventricle. Sonnjtimes
disease of the valves leads to enlargement much beyond its usual size.
Enlargement of the heart also accompanies broken wind and other im-
pediments to the free action of the lungs and breathing tubes.

Causes. — Long contiimed hard work ; chronic inuigestion, or some
obstruction to the circulation.

How to know it. — There is palpitation, the beats forcible and prolonged,
the intervals of silcMce shortened. Tho first sound is low, mufiied and
prolonged, the second loud, and if only one ventricle is affected some-
times repeated. The pulse is as a rule regular, except under exciiemcnt
of the animal, and, tho excitement removed, soon returns to its usual
state. The breathing is often hurried, and exertion increases the general
symptoms in a marked manner.

What to do. — Simple liypertrophy is seldom tho cause of imminent
danger. It is not unusual for horses with an enlargement of tho heart
to do steady, slow, moderate work, and live to be old. If there is
dilatation, weakness, l)lowing murmurs with the first heart sound, spells
of oppressed and difficult breathing, if tho nasal and other visible mucous
membranes are livid, there is danger of sudden death at any time.

Keep the animal quiet, and at only slow, moderate labor ; never over-
load or i)ut him to speed. Let the diet be of good, easily digested food ;
never allow tho stomach to become overloaded. Give twice a day from
20 to 30 drops tincture of aconite root as the case may need. If there is
broken wind or other serious impediment to breathing, 3 to 4 grains of
arsenic in the foou has been found useful. If the case, however, be of
long standing, or due to permanent obstruction, treatment must be simply
alleviation. The case will eventually end in death.

V. Fatty Degeneration of the Heart.

This disease is occasioned by a change of tho muscular substance of
the heart to a fatty state, by which tho organ is weakened, at length lead-
ing to rupture of its tissues. It is not uncommon in high-bred stock,
including cattle and swine.

:i'y

320

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Causes. — High feeding, inactivity, want of exercise, and the result of
such diseases as purpura scarlet fever, and diseases the result of pro-
found alteration of the blood.

How to know it. — Debility in the circulation, irregularity and weak-
ness in the pulse, lessening of the hef 't sounds, swelling of the legs and
sometimes a general dropsical condition, dilatation, a want of correspond-
ence between the heart beats xnd the stroke of the pulse, appetite irreg-
ular and capricious, and the membranes of the mouth and nose a rusty
red color.

What to do. — Humor the appetite with sound, easily digestible food.
There is no remedy. Attention to the general health, and an ounce of
chlorate of potash twice a day in the food may mitigate symptoms when
more violent than usual. In all heart or arterial diseases give rest, and
in fattening stock, do so as quickly as possible.

VI. Enlargement of the Arteries.

Dilatation of the arteries (Aneurism), is rarely found. It is a thinning
and weakening of the coats of the vessels, sometimes to bursting, causing
a pulsating tumor containing blood. ,

Causes. — Severe strains in the vicinity of an artery, blows, kicks,
stabs, or weakening from overstretching, as in fatty degeneration. In
the mesenteric arteries of horses, they are common from immature
worms (Sclerostomum equiimm) in the circulation.

How to know it. — There is a soft, fluctuating, visible tumor if near
the surface, which may be reduced by pressure, but which instantly
reappears.

What to do. — Treatment is not successful except when near the sur-
face. Then steady pressure by a pad if taken early will sometimes cause
its disapiiearance. An animal with enlargement of the arteries is un-
sound and should never be bought. The same rule applies to all diseases
of the heart.

vn. Inflamed Jugular Vein.

Causes. — This is due, for the most part, to bleeding, and the treatment
to which the horse is subjected, or rather lack of treatment immediately
after blood-letting. It is not to be attributed to any particular manner
of bleeding, or to any awkwardness in its execution and in the closing of
the wound. Some horses have a constitutional predisposition to inflam-
mation upon any occasion of punctured veins, and the most skillful
phlcbotomist cainiot avoid throwing tuenj into this state unless care is taken

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

321

I, and the result of
the result of pro-

lularity and wcak-
ing of the legs and
v^ant of corrcspond-
ilse, appetite irreg-
li and nose a rusty

ily digestible food.
I, and an ounce of
te symptoms when
sases give rest, and

d. It is a thinninff
o bursting, causing

ery, blows, kicks,

degeneration. In

from immature

ble tumor if near
it which instantly

hen near the sur-
11 sometimes cause
he arteries is un-
)lie3 to all diseases

and the treatment
nont immediately
jarticular manner
1 in the closing of
osition to inflam-
the most skillful
mless care is taken

after the operation to see that there is as little exciting cause as possible.
Inflammation may, indeed, result from bruising the vein in the act of
bleeding, but this must be of so rare occurrence as to be scarcely worthy
of notice. The same may be said of a large and ragged wound made by
a bungling operator.

The motion of the animal after bleeding, and rubbing so as to displace
the pin and tow by which the wound is usually closed, may be set down
as the great sources of danger. If the horse is turned loose and allowed
to graze about, hanging down his head and keeping it down at Avill, with
his jaws in almost constant motion, inflammation of the vein is apt to
result. So, if he is allowed access to food in a trough or stable. When
allowed his freedom he is apt to rub the wound whenever itching sensa-
tions supervene, as they are apt to, and the trouble is thus easily induced.
If put to the saddle immediately after blood-letting from the neck, the
bridle reins may rub the wound, and especially irritate it by disturbing its
fastenings ; and if put to harness the collar may press the blood too
violently and constantly against the ©rifice, and so bring on inflammation.

How to know It. — The earliest indication is a slight opening of the lips
of the wound, whence exudes in small quantity a thin, watery discharge.
A slight swelling appears ; this is followed by a hard, cord-like enlarge-
ment of the vein, which feels hot ; and there is some visible swelling at
the angle of the javv. The swelling takes place above the orifice, and
the inflammation tends almost wholly in that direction.

If neglected, the second stage of the disorder soon sets in. Abscesses
form along the vein, and these flnally burst and discharge a thin but
filthy pus. These tumors are united at their bases by sinuses in the
interior of the vessel.

It may be reckoned as a third stage of the disease when the vein feels
hard under the skin, and the abscesses discharge a dark, impure and
stinking pus, resembling rotten blood. At this stage the horse grows
dull and stupid ; then at last the inflammation extends to the brain, and
a madness similar in violence and fatal effects to the rabies may supervene.

What to do. — In the first place, "an ounce of prevention is worth a
pound of cure," and whenever it is necessary to bleed an animal, let it
be done in as neat, skillful and expeditious manner as possible ; then
close the wound with care, leaving no part of the fastening pin to project
over the suture or winding of tow or cord by which the lips are d'*awn
close ; and at once tie up the horse in a stall. If the stall is contracted
in width, it is all the better, as he will be less likely to stir unnecessarilv.

Tie the halter above and something back from the manger, so that he
cannot rub his neck against the trough nor anything pertaining to that
part of his stall. Give him no food that will necessitate chewing-^

322

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

I i

< m

nothing but a sufficiency of thin, cool gruel, having in it no inflammatory
ingredients, to prevent the absolute gnawings of hunger. Water may be
given in as great quantities as he will take.

Allow him to remain in this position twenty-four hours. Even then,
do not turn him into a field, as the traveling to and fro, with the head
often pendent and tl;e jaws in motion as he grazes may yet cause inflam-
mation. He may now, however, be allowed a more roomy stable ; but
the food should be foi another day only such as will necessitate no con-
siderable chewing. Tiiis precaution will in all probability wholly prevent
inflammation, even in those cases where the animal has a strong consti-
tutional tendency to it.

These directions, however, are not to be understood as applicable to
every case. When a horse is bled to relieve some sudden or acute local
trouble, there is really but little danger of inflammation of the jugular,
especially if the acute trouble is attended with marked local fever.

Wlien inflammation has actually set in, from whatever cause, the cure
is easy and speedy, if steps be promptly taken to this end. If begun
while in its simplest stage, place the horse at once in a stall, as previously
indicated, and tie his head up during the day — giving him food and drink
by raising a bucket within easy reach for tlie time. Then sponge the in-
flamed part very frequently with the following lotion, as cool as it can
easily be made :

i»i

No. HI. 3 Ounces tincture of arnica,

2 Ounces muriate of ammonia,

4 Ounces metliylated spirits of wine,

3 Pints water.

R will be more effectual if some poft padding is confined along the
whole extent of the inflammation, and this kept constantly satui*ated
with the cold lotion.

After the inflammation has subsided, mix biniodide of mercury and
lard in the proportion of 4 drachms biniodide to 4 ounces lard, and rub
the vein well with this, if it remains enlarged, every night until the now
deposit has been absorbed, which will be known by its having producet*
a free watery discharge.

The treatment thus laid down is intended to apply strictly to the first
stage of the disease. When the second stage has set in before treatment
is begun — that is, discharging abscesses along the vein — begin by remov-
ing the pin and suture, if not already done, and then blister along the
whole extent of the inflamed and tumorous surface by rubbing in effect-
ually the oil of cantharides, or liquid blister. One blister must succeed
another till every sign of the disorder has disappeared. If the case seems
to be violeot and to yield slowly, one blister must not wholly cease to

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

323

no inflammatory
Water may be

irs. Even then,
o, with the head
/^et cause inflam-
omy stable ; but
cessitate no con-
y wholly prevent
a strong consti-

as applicable to
in or acute local
i of the jugular,
)cal fever.
• cause, the cure
1 end. If begun
all, as previously
n food and drink
in sponge the in-
is cool as it can

[ifined along the
tantly saturated

)f mercury and
Bs lard, and rub
it until the new
kaving producec'

ictly to the first
)ef ore treatment
)cgin by romov-
ister along the
ibbing in effcct-
sr must succeed
f the case seems
vhoUy cease to

act until another coating of the oi) has been applied — though this is not
necessary except in very obstinate cases. If the liquid is to be applied
over an old one, still raw, use a tine brush with which to lay it on, and
then cover over with an application of some unctuous oil to soothe the
severe smart that presently sets in. Be careful always to have the blis-
ter cover every spot where there is indication of inflammation.

If the disease has progressed to that stage in which there is a foul and
black discharge, the abscesses must all be ioined by slitting up the inter-
vening sinuses. Cut the wholo extent of tiie hardened vessel except a
little at each end, which must be left to pre\ent copious bleeding. Em-
ploy a small, suitable probe, carefully and patiently, and cut along the
track indicated, from abscess to abscess. Then apply the liquid blister
as directed, regardless of sores or cuts, and continue to do so until the
part is but one blister sore and not a lot of discharging tumors.

The vein will of course be destroyed. Whenever the corded and
suppurating state sets in this is inevitable, as no human agency can
restore its functions ; but this will not seriously interfere with the circu-
lation, since the smaller vessels that ramify every part of the neck (as,
indeed, of the whole system) soon accommodate themselves to the new
order of things, and the life-current flows regularly on. It requires
nmch time, however, to bring him to that condition in which he will not
need more than ordinary attention. Throughout the day his head must
be tied up to the rack, while at night he may be loosened so as to permit
him to lie down. The floor should bo covered with tan, as he would
chew straw, and thus render cure more difiicult by that motion of the
jaws which is to be guarded against. He should be kept this way for
from four to seven weeks, according to progress ot recovery. Meanwhile
his food should be hay tea, sloppy mashes, and cooling gruel moderately
thick. No solid food should be allowed — no corn nor oats. Potatoes,
carrots, turnips, boiled, reduced to pulp, moistened and mixed with bran.

At the close of the time designated begin regular daily exercise — very
little at first, but gradually increasing it, which may be continued for two
or three months, during which time he should not wear a collar, or be in
any way subjected to pressure about the neck. After three months he may
be restored l)y degrees to the use of solid food ; but much care should
be observed during a whole year, after which he may be considered
measurably sound.

Inflammation may follow bleeding from leg veins, and those elsewhere,
but it is most common in the jugular and most troublesome. The treat-
ment prescribed is of course aijplicable to other veins.

Ml!

324

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOB.

II <: 11

III pi '

Vm. Inflammation of the Absorbents.

Inflammation of the absorbents (Lymphangitis), has a variety of
names, .'imong whicli arc Weed, and Shot of Grease, and may be a con-
stitutional case, or a mere local affection. In its constitutional form, it
is found in heavy lymphatic, fleshy-legged horses that, hard worked on
heavy feed, are left in the stable for riays together.

In its local form it is the result of wounds, bruises, injuries of various
kinds, putrefying matter in and around the stable. It may occur from
the specific poison of glanders, farcy, etc., and in the constitutional form
may go on to abscess, sloughing and unhealthy sores, and death ; or the
horse may be left with the limb permanently thickened. In the local
form there may be abscess, diffuse suppuration, induratic ; of the glands,
and even the vessels and surrounding parts.

How to know Constitutional Lymphangitis — There will be more or less

shivering ; in bad cases severe, quickened breathing ; rapid, hard pulse ;
a general feverish state, and fever in one or both hind limbs. Enlarge-
ments may be detected high up in the groin, by the side of the sheath in
the horse or udder in the mare, and great tenderness of the inguinal
glands. The shivering fits will be succeeded by fever with burning
sweats, swelled limbs, exudation and filling, sometimes to the body.

What to do. — In mild cases, give moderate and daily exercise, pay at-
tention to diet, ventilation, and cleanliness. If the case is more severe,
give from 4 to 6 drachms of aloes, apply warm fomentations continually
to the limb, with walking exercise. The bowels having been thoroughly
moved, give diuretics, an ounce of saltpeter in a gallon of water two or
three times daily ; or 10 grains of iodine. In very bad cases, when the
subject is plethoric, bleed from the jugular vein until the pulse aoftens,
and proceed as before directed. For "thick leg," a chronic thickening
of the limb, bandage from the foot up when the animal is in the stable,
and apply tincture of iodine for four days, giving daily exercise ; or rub
the limb with iodine ointment, and give the following once a day :

No. 1^.

% Ounce powdered resin,

>i Ounce niter,

10 Drops oil of Juniper.

Mix into a ball with liquorice powder and molasses.

If abscesses form, open them with a sharp knife, and dress with the

following :

No. 143.

1 Ounon carbolic acid,
1 Pint distilled water.

"""""KSSSSSXSt

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

32"

In the local form there will be slight swelling of the cords, and redness
in white skins. The lymphatic glands will be enlarged along their course,
and become nodular or knotty. There will be pasty swellings of the
parts, and even erysipelas.

What to do.— Givfl rest, and a purge of aloes as recommended for the
chronic state.

Wash the diseased limb with the following ;

No. 144. >i Drachm opium,

1 Drachm acetate of lead,
1 Drachm carbolic acid,
1 Quart rainwater.

In case of excessive inflammation, poultice with flax seer^ or bread and
milk to hasten suppuration. Open the suppurating parts to let out the
mat-L-r, and dress with the carbolic solution as in the other form of the
disease.

IX. Scarlatina.

Id dress with the

Causes. — This disease, called also scarlet fever, is not considered
contagious in its milder forms, but in a malignant stage it would doubt-
less be as much so as the same disease in the human family. It is
sometimes rejrarded as but a mild form of acute anasarca, and not
entitled to be treated as a distinct affection ; but wo cannot dwell upon
the niceties of classification, and where the necessities of the case (the
knowledge requisite for treating certain manifestations of disease success-
fully) are met, it is not important that we should.

It generally follows influenza and other affections of the respiratory
organs ; and may be justly said to have its origin in colds, and in some
cases, perhaps, in the breathing of vitiated air in close, dark, ill-ventilated
stables.

How to know it. — The patient exhibits great thirst, with a failing
appetite, and evident weakness. He is more or less unsteady in his gait ;
his breath is hot and stinking, and all the limbs are swollen. But the
most unmistakable signs are elevated blotches on the skin about the neck
and fore limbs, and scarlet spots, of variable size, on the membranes
within the nostrils.

What to do. — First, remove the animal from its fellows, for fear the
disease may develop into that putrid form which is found so contagious
among children, and prove infectious. Give an occasional watery bran
mash to keep the bowels open and allay fever. If this is not found
suflBciently laxative, give a dose of Epsom salts, or linseed oil. Guard
against too active and violent purgatives. Mix three ounces liquor acetate

326

ILLUSTIIATED STOCK DOCTOR.

111*!*

of lumnonia with three ounces of cold water, and drench with this onc«;
or twice a day, according to the violence of the fevor, for three days.
Meanwhile, sponge the elevated spots on the skin with a tincture of
muriate of iron mixed with warm water ; or, if found more convenient,
put two ounces of hartshorn (aqua ammonia) into a quart of soft water,
and use that.

There is a tendency in this disease to dropsical effusions, and the limbs
become very much swollen, even during the treatment prescribed ; and
by the third or fourth day a whitish mucus will begin to run slightly
from both nostrils ; the scarlet spots will have spread and become redder.
Give now, night and morning, one-half fluid ounce Sweet spirits of niter,
for four or five days. Discontinue to sponge the elevated spots, but rub the
limbs closely and often ; and blanket the animal if necessary to keep hini
comfortable. The nifcr acts as a diuretic, and the dose and length of time
it is given must be regulated by the effect upon the kidneys. If urine is
voided too often and too freely, lessen the dose, or discontinue it alto-
gether. Follow this up with a daily do.se of twenty grains of sulphate
of quinine for from three to six days, and continue to rub the limbs.
When there are signs of returnmg appetite, give him, in addition to the
bran mashes, a few oats and a daily small allowance of hay ; and place
him in a small inclosure, where he may have such moderate exercise as
he may be prompted to take. Do not fail to supply him from the first
with all the pure water that he will drink.

U i! •■.

I# •

with this once
'or three days.
i a tincture of
)ro convenient,
; of soft water,

;, and the limbs
>rcscribed ; and
to run slightly
become redder,
spirits of niter,
)ots,butrubtho
iry to keep him
i length of time
ys. If urine is
ontinuo it alto-
ins of sulphate
rub the limbs,
addition to the
lay ; and place
■ate exercise as
from the first

CHAPTER X.

DISEASES OF THE BBAIN AITD NEBVOUS SYSTEM.

I. HYDROPHOBIA, OR RABIES.

GBR8, MEGRIMS, OR VERTIGO.
WITHIN THE BRAIN.

II. MAD STAGGERS, OR PHRENITIS.

in.

IV. APOPLEXY, OR SLEEPY STAQQERa. •

BLIND STAG-
— V. ABCBSS

I. Hydrophobia, or Babies.

Causes. — This is the name given to a madness which generally arises
from the bite of a dog, though wokos. foxes and cats are also subject to
it by a spontaneous generation, and this bite is as fatal to another animal
and to man as that ol the dog. It is believed by some authorities that
in rare cases hydrophobia arises sjiontaneously in the horse ; but of this
there is no proof ; and since it may have been communicated by some-
thing of the f' ~ '^v ca* kind, oven in those cases where all the outward
signs arc ^ ^j ^t is safe to say that the horse takes it only by inocula-

tion. He uic". not be absolutely bitten. The licking of bridle-bit sores
at the corner of his mouth by a mad dog is suflScient to introduce the
poison by absorption ; and if the horse by any means chances to take into
his mouth and stomach, with his food, the saliva or spittle of a mad ani-
mal, he v/ill very probably be attacked, and especially if the animal so
dropping the spittle is suffering with the disease in its violent stage.
The poison is known to reside iu both the spittle and the blood of its
victim.

When once the virus has been generated in or communicated to any
animal, hot weather, abuse, want of water, want of gootl food, will pro-
duce that feverish state which is so favorable to its development ; and the
greater or less time in which it manifests itself decidedly in horses after
inoculation, is probably due to these conditions or the absence of such.
The poison remains in the system, without producing the positive symp-

328

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

I ■ m

f-:1i': .

COCNTENAKCK OF A UORSS WITH KABIBS.

toBQE, from three to eight weeks. Some declare that a longer jjcriod than
. :•, • 1 ei-rht weeks sometimes hitervenes between inoculation and positive
li \ hie; s but such cases, if there are such, must be extremely rare.
Thoy forii. i.'.e exception, and contradict the great mass of testimony on
this subject.

The remote cause — that which produces it in animals of the dog and
cat kinds — we need not attempt to discuss, as it can have little if any
practical bearing on the subject in hand. It mi'y be well to observe,

however, that most of the lower animals
contract the disease when bitten by dogs
that are violently mad, whereas among
men it is widely different. Statistics
seem to show that less than fifty per
cent, of the latter take the disease. It
has been offered in explanation, that the
bite is generally through clothing, that
serves in many instances to cleanse the
teeth of the virus before the skin is
reached. In the case of horses, the bite
is generally on the lip — a sensitive and
vascular part, where the absorbents are readily reached.

How to know it. — Blood on the lips, or elsewhere, with marks of
violence, are of course to be regarded as sj'^mptoms of dog bite, if any
known occasion for such a thing has existed ; and for a few days these
will be the only indications. If the horse is high fed and full of blood,
and the weather is hot, the poison may begin to produce outward effects
in from five to ten days by a swelling of the bitten pai-ts, and by a diffi-
culty manifested in swallowing. In from twelve to fifteen days there is
perceptibly increased pulsation ; inflamed throat, with thickening of the
membrane that lines it ; from the fifteenth to the twentieth day the
stomach inflames, and perhaps rejects food, — but nothing certainly can
be stated as to this point, since here the symptoms vary gi'catly with
different animals : in some cases the appetite is voracious, and so morbid
that the sufferer will devour his own excrement and urine. Sometimes
he will exhibit burning thirst and drink freelv, while again water will
cause spasmodic movements and be avoided with horror. But in general,
the appetite is destroyed, and that dread of water which characterizes
the disease in man is present in the horse.

In a very short time the indications increase, and usually (as we
have said, with full blooded, feverishly disposed horses, at a time of high
temperature) before the twentieth day, absolute madness sets in. He

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

329

nger period than
ion and positive
extremely rare,
of testimony on

of the dog and
avc little if any
ivell to observe,
10 lower animals
1 bitten by dogs

whereas among
rent. Statistics
3 than fifty per
the disease. It
ination, that the
h clothing, that
!S to cleanse the
jre the skin is
f horses, the bite
-a sensitive and

with marks of
dog bite, if any

few days these
d full of l)lood,
outward effects
, and by a diffi-
n days there is
lickening of the
'^entieth day the
ng certainly can
iry gi'eatly with

and ?o morbid
ne. Sometimes
again water will

But in general,
ch characterizes

usually (as we
t a time of high
ss sets in. He

now rubs the bitten part against anything convenient with increased
violence ; sometimes instead of rubbing he will bite and tear the wound ;
the eyes assume a wilder and more unnatural appearance ; some patients
neigh squi-akingly, shove out the tongue, or gnash the teeth. The progress
of the disease is now very rapid ; gene A\y there is profuse sweating ;
there is suppression of the urine, and in anmation of the patls of
generation ; his countenance changes i om a look of anxiety to one of
cunning and a sort of grinning ferocity, and there is an irreiiressible
desire to bite man or animal — whatever iVing thing may be within reach ;
he gazes sometimes at an imaginary object and springs and snaps madly
at vacancy ; his pi'opensity to destri grows with his pain, and at last he
wreaks his fury upon inanimate objects — the manger, or trough, the
rack, whatever is seizeable in his stall is torn to pieces with his teeth or
smashed with his feet ; if not confined ho darts ferociously at whatever
object of attack may present itself ; plunges about like a demon of
destruction, snorts, foams, sometimes uttering a kind of crying neigh,
and perhaps beats himself to death before the last and comparatively
helpless stage comes on.

DE8TRDCT1VK IMPUL8X OP BTDROPHOBIA.

If not destroyed before the disease has run its course, paralysis,
usually confined to the loins and the binder extremities, sets in, and
involves with it all those organs which depend for their nervous influence
upon the posterior portion of the spinal cord. Unable to stand upon the
hind legs, the animal will sit on his haunches, and strike and paw with
his fore feet. The suffering is sometimes rendered more terrible by
tenesmus or retching of the bowels, which seem dreadfully oppressed but
have lost the power to act, while the kidneys are fevered and torpid and
the urine cannot be voided.

880

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

It sometimes happens that the disease is developed by exertion and
heat, when no previous indications have been manifest, and shows itself
in a peculiar manner. The horse stojjs all at once in his work, heaves,
paws nervously, trembles, staggers and falls. li\ a moment he will be
up, and may, if put to it, proceed for a few moments, when ho will stop,
stare about, and lie down again. This stage is sometimes mistaken for
blind staggers, but it may be distinguished by observing that in blind
staggers the horse loses his senses, while in hydrophobia he is always
conscious, often acutely intelligent and ol)serving.

What to do — This is a disorder of so dreadful and dangerous a charac-
ter that sonio of the ablest veterinarians do not hesitate to advise the
instant killing of the sufferer ; and they refuse to give any directions for
attempting a cure. When the furious stage has come on there seems to
be a sort of demoniac maliciousness and treachery, with a watchful cun-
ning, that makes it hazardous for friend or stranger to trust himself any-
where within reach. It is extremely doubtful, too, whether recovery
ever takes place nfter the madness is developed.

Yet, it is not improbable that much may be done in the way of preven-
tion after the bite has been inflicted. The first step is to check the flow
of blood from the part, if possible, to prevent the rapid spread of the
poison over the system. If a limb has been bitten, this may be done l)y
tying a handkerchief around it, above the wound, and twisting with a
stick until a sufficient degree of compression is had. Then cauterize the
wound thoroughly, making sure that the very deepest recesses of every
tooth print or lacerated place is reached. Lunar caustic is best, because
most easily and surely handled ; but if impossible to get a stick of this,
any convenient caustic may be applied, as oil of vitriol, nitric acid, caus-
tic potash, butter of antimony, etc. : or, a small iron, not too sharp,
heated to a white heat and cleaned of scales, will answer if the animal
can be kept still enough to apply without danger of injuring him other-
wise. The handkerchief should be left on tight until the cauterization
is effected.

Cauterizing thoroughly, even two or three days after the injury, may
result in saving the animal, as the absorption does not always speedily
take place.

If the wound is upon a part that forbids the use of the handkerchief,
it may be cut open to its depth, and a freer flow encouraged, both by the
larger opening and by squeezing and wringing — soaking, meanwhile, with
warm water. Then use the lunar caustic wherever a sign of tooth mark
can be seen.

But when unobserved till the virulent stage has come on, it is not even
known to science that anything can be done to save ; and the best, the

(■■»M;tWi!®<tss»r'

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

331

by exertion and
and shows itself
his work, heaves,
oment he will bo
I'hen he will stop,
nes mistaken for
ing that in blind
)bia he is always

njrerous a charac-
ate to advise the
imy dirct'tlons for
)n there sectns to
1 a watchful cun-
trust himself any-
whether recovery

he way of preven-

to check the flow

[lid spread of the

s may be done by

\l twisting with a

riien cauterize the

recesses of every

ic is best, because

et a stick of this,

nitric acid, caus-

not too sharp,

ver if the animal

uring him other-

the cauterization

the injury, may
always speedily

the handkerchief,
aged, both by the
, meanwhile, with
;n of tooth mark

on, it is not even
and the best, the

most merciful thing to do is to shoot at once. When there are strong
symptoms of madness, but still some doubt, put him by himself in a sta-
l)le, bare of everything destructible except food and water, which must
be placed where he can g»'t it, and burricade the door. Leave a window
open for (ibservatioii, and keep him here until the ..ymptoms disappear
or hydropliobia is unmistakalde — then act accordingly.

II. Mad Staggers.

Causes. — This disease is sometimes known by the more learned term of
phrenitis (the delirium of fever; fren/y, raving) ; but it will be by prac-
tical men most readily recognized when treated of under its old and fa-
miliar name.

It is an intlamed condition of the brain and its covering, with effusion

of the small cavities and the spaces between the membrane ;md the brain

itself. Sometimes both the brain and its membranous covering are in-

jK^ volved in this inflammation, sometimes but one, and that most frequently

the membrane.

It may be caused by concussion of the brain by reason of blows upon
the head. The brutality of a driver, which finds its gratification in using
the butt of his whip upon the head of the horse, may result in a frac-
tured skull, to be followed by slight pressure upon the brain, a speedy
fever and the consequent determination of too much blood to the head,
which, combined with the burning inflammation, brings on this madness,
perhaps death.

Among the causes other than violence we may name the following :
The slugging of the vessels of the brain with clots formed elsewhere in
the system by some abnormal action ; the growth of tumors upon the
brain or upon its covering, from some remote and probably hidden cause ;
sudden arul great changes of temperature in the body brought about by
instantaneous exposure to extreme heat or cold ; over-exertion in pletho-
ric or full-blooded animals, especially in hot weather ; congestion from
close collar, short-drawn i-heck, or tight throat-latch ; congestion from
internal compression, as by over-loading stomach and bowels ; feeding on
parasitic grasses or snmt, of which rye grass may be noted as the most
hurtful ; infection of the blood by poisonous animal matter or fluids ;
imprudent over-feeding and insuflicient exercise.

How to know It. — The symptoms often differ but little from apoplexy,
comparing the Jirsf stage of eu-h, but they may generally be distinguished
by this : that in mad stagger.-^ the horse is not so comatose, or sleepy and
insensible, as in apoplexy. Light affects his eye a little, and he is sensi-
tive to the whip, whereas the horse laboring under a genuine attack of
22

■i

I
I

,<: TTi

■I '-^1

332

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

apoplexy seems blind, dinif, and witliout bodily feeling. In some
instances in mad staggers, it is true, the animal may sleep till ho drops,
but on recovering himself ho will manifest the sensitiveness ubovo

described.

Occasionally, the brain alone is involved, in which case ho is stupid,
dull, and awkward of motion, the nerves of sensation and of motion
being both affected ; and during this stage he will sometimes bore his
head against some object ; at others he will rest his haunches upon his
trough or anything else convenient.

Wlien the meml)ranes covering the brain are inflamed, which is most
generally the case, there is restlessness rather than stupor; the horse
trembles ; his general temperature is elevated, while there is great heat
about the upper part of the head ; his pulso is excited, his breathing
quick; his eyes glare; his movements are irregular; he paws, stamps,
champs his teeth; an int«>rval of stui)or may (ucur, but even when just
aroused from this he is extremely excitable and trembles violently.

UOKSE DURING THE MAP STAGE OF STAGGERS.

When the worst symptoms are rapidly develojiing themselves he begins
suddenly to heave at the thinks ; his eyes brighten and his nostrils expand ;
the pupil of the eye dilates to the utmost, and stares wildly and vacantly ;
his breathing becomes shorter and quicker ; sometimes he will neigh
uneasily ; his ears are erect and bent forward ; the membrane of the eye
reddens and contrasts strangely M'ith the clearness of the cornea or ball ;
he becomes more and more excitable, and trembles at every sound, and

THE IIOKHK, ITH DIHEAHES.

333

A'mg. In some
p till ho dropH,
sitiveucsH above

ise he is stupid,
I and of motion
iictijucs boro his
.uuchesi upon hi«

.1, which is most
upor ; the horse
ere i.s greut heat
ed, his breathing
he paws, stamps,
t oven when just
s violently.

isclves he begins
nostrils expand ;
dly and vacantly :
es he will neigh
branc of the eye
e cornea or ball ;
every sound, and

*'*>a'^

'8'

delirium sets in. He now dashes himself about with fury; his motions
are sudden and violent, but without any dirti)osition to mischief, as he is
ovidcntlv unconscious. He sometimes becomes ferocious, and dangerous
to all who may come within reach ; he then bites and strikes at those who
come near him ; he plunges, rears ui)on his hind legs, whirls round and
round and falls with dreadful fono. He -vill now lie awhile exhausted,
and his pulse and l)rcuthing are slower.

At length the mighty anguish returns, and he becomes again a terrify-
in<' and dangerous animal. The second j)aro.\ysm is worse than the first ;
he darts furiously at everything wilhin reach ; sometimes bites and tears
himself; and this continues until his former stupor returns, or until he
has worn himself out and death puts an end to his sufferings. Each
succeediiiji: attack increases in intensity, and brings on increased weakness,
so that his periods of stupor become longer and longer till at last he dies.

In those cases where at first only the brain is involved the premonitory
symi)t()ms may continue a day or two, when the membranous coverings
may become suddenly inllamed and delirium speedily set it. Whenever
the membranes are attacked the disease reaches its crisis in a few hours —
there must be speedy relief or death will quickly follow.

This disease may sometimes be mistaken for colic or for hydrophobia ;
but to distinguish from the former, notice that in the colic the horse rises
and falls with less violence, and that though he sometimes plunges, he
more frecjuently rolls about. He looks freciuently at his flanks with an
expression of i)ain, and he is all the time conscious. To distinguish it
from hydrophobia, observe that while there is violence in the latter, and
generally an inclination to do mischief, there is always consciousness.

What to do. — If the earlier symptoms — stupidity, sleepiness, awkward,
staggery motions — are observed, apply ice cold water to the head, both
by pouring and by means of a sponge or rags secured between the ears
and along the forehead; and bleed severely — not enough, !: )wever, to
render the horse faint. Then give an active purge, as th' ; wels will
almost invariably be found to be torpid and constipated. Use at first ;

No. 146.

7 DrachmH aloes,

4 DrucliiiiM c-ustile 8oap,

6 Drop^ oil ol curaways.

Mix with mucilage or syrup to form a ball, and give this quantity for
one dose. If this is found, after four hours, not to have produced the
desired effect, give one scruple of croton meal in water, if he will drink
it; if not, he must be drenched. This is a powerful medicine ; but it is
of the utmost conse(iuence that his bowels be free, and no effort must be
spared to effect that object. If the croton cannot be had, resort to the
clyster (of warm soap suds), or to back-raking.

334

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

ii I ii

l! ..!.

The bowels having been opened, give two or three times a day, the fol-
lowing compound, the effect of which is to decrease the action of the
heart and prevent the tendency of the blood to the head, as also to pro-
mote the activity of the urinary organs :

No. 146. 1 Drachm digitalis,

1 H Draclim tartar emetic,
3 Drachniii niter.

Keep him in a cool, airy stall, and feed with the greatest moderation,
giving such green and moist food as has a laxative tendency, and such
quantity only, for a few days, as will prevent gnawing hunger.

But if the paroxysm has already come on when remedial means are to
be adopted, seiza the tirst opportunity, during an interval of stupor, or
of comparative stillness, to bleed him till he falls, or, if down, till he
grows faint and weak. Open the vein on both sides of the neck, if pos-
sible, as the quickness with which the blood is drawn away from the
brain is of almost as much consequence as the quantity. The operator
must observe great caution, as the fury may return suddenly and with
much danger to himself.

If successful in bleeding, the next step to take is to purge in the least
possible time. To aifect this, use haff a drachm of croton meal. Some-
times the horse will drink readily and freely, in which case the meal can
be well stirred in water and given in that way ; but if necessary, pour it
down him according to directions for drenching. If the meal of croton
cannot be had instantly, give a7i ounce of aloes dissolved in hot water. If
this does not act within four hours, give a quarter of an ounce more, and
so continue till purging is produced. The next step is to give as a seda-
tive the digitalis or powdered foxglove, etc., as previously directed. It
may be necessary to back-rake and then give a clyster of warm soap-suds.

All this will of course leave the creature in a dreadfully depleted and
weak condition ; but the only hope of saving him lies in the use of power-
ful means, especially Avhcn delirium has already set in. It may not be
possible in every case to bring him back to fullness of life and usefulness,
even with the best of care. At all events, he must be treated gently
thereafter, and guarded from excitement, as the attack is otherwise likely
to recur.

in. Blind Staggers.

Causes. — This disorder, by some called megi-ims, by others vertigo,
and still by others dizziness, is not well understood ; ;ind there is a diffi-
cult}'^ in determining whether some of the forms it assumes ought not to
be set down as separate diseases. The causes, however, that will i)roduce

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

335

times a day, the fol-
se the action of the
ead, as also to pro-

reatest moderation,
tendency, and such

ig hunger.

medial means are to
iterval of stupor, or
or, if down, till he
of the neck, if pos-
iwn away from the
tity. The operator
suddenly and with

o purge in the least
proton meal. Soma-
li case the meal can
f necessary, pour it

the meal of croton
t'ed in hot water. If

an ounce more, and

certain manifestations in one horse will produ(!e different ones in another,
so that it may be readily inferred that the vaiying symptoms do not mark
different types of disease but mere diffrrence of degrees ; and that the
same general causes act throughout.

The immediate cause is clearly pressure on the brain, resulting from
unusual flow of blood to the head. This is doubtless in some instances
the result of a co'^stitutional tendency — a predisposition to epilepsy —
that is brought to manifest itself on occasion of excitement, over-exertion,
or general ill condition of the digestive apparatus. In others it is most
probably a watery suffusion of the ];rain — the blood being subjected to
some sort of decomposition in its passage through the head and leaving
the scrum or watery portion to collect there.

The brain requires a proportionately far greater amount of blood than
any other organ ; but while ample means are provided for supplying it,
nature guards against doing this with that velocity which would endanger
it by overloading and rupturing. The arteries make their way through
the head in a peculiarly circuitous manner, ard they enter tlirou tIi minute
bony holes that will not admit of much distension. When the horse is
overheated, however, or when the return of the blood is impeded, this
fullness takes place. In great heat the arterial passages are enlarged to
their utmost capacity, and the rapidity with which the now uncommonly
heated and the thinner fluid makes its way into the brain is not counter-
balanced by a similarly rapia return, and the effect is produced to which
the various names referred to have been given. Impeded return of the
blood from the extremities, through the veins, is caused by a tight collar,
pressing, during the act of pulling, upon the large or jugular vein, on
one or both sides of the neck ; by a tight throat latch; producing a similar
compression of the jugular ; or by a check-rein drawn so short as to
bring down the head, and bend the neck to the extent of crowding its
parts together and interfering with the circulation. By this compression,
though the blood may not be forced to any undue arterial activity, the
large veins will be too long distended by reason of the sluggishness of
return, and the small veins running through the substance of the brain
will be so increased as to press upon the nerves at their points of origin
and produce loss of power and of consciousness.

The immediate cause, or pressure upon the brain, is doubtless some-
times to be found ill tumors, arising from blows on the head, as well as
in congestion, or too great fullness.

Other remote causes besides those already named may be found in a
diseased stomach and intestines. Inflannuation of all the organs of
digestion and secretion may be brought on by the retention of great
masses of indigestible food, and this clogged state superinduces conges-

336

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

h , '

' .«■*:

iili

;iii:i,

tion by a sort of internal oompression, and this tendency is of course
increased by rapid exercise and the consequent heat. That this is one of
the primary causes is evinced by the fact that constipation attends nearly
every case. Indigestion and foul stomach are the natural results of con-
linement in hot and badly aired stables, unwholesome food, or food in
excess of the quantity required by the amount of daily exercise, of
extreme cold, of extreme heat, and of great fatigue. Hot weather,
when the horse is of full habit, will sometimes derange the digestive
functions, and undue exercise will then quickly develop a case of blirid
staggers.

Draft horses, and particularly those that are young and of a plethoric
or full blooded tendency, are most subject to it, though it is not confined
to any age. It is rarely the case that a horse under the saddle is attacked
with it.

The dread of the whip, combined with the consequent fretting and in-
terference with both the digestive and circulatory functions, is thought
to produce it in sensitive horses.

It is ordinarily regarded as an incurable disease. If there is an organic
predisposition to epilepsy, entire recovery is of course out of the (ques-
tion ; and when a horse has been once attacked, though prev'ausly free
from any such tendency, he is subject to a return of the complaint be-
cause the vessels have been Aveakened by violence, and offer less resist-
ance to the rapid flow of blood in the arteries, or the abnormal gathering
of it in the small veins of the brain.

How to know it. — In its final manifestations it is unmistakable ; but the
careful and intelligent owner ought to be able to detect some symptoms
of an appoaching attack in time to guard against its most hurtful effects.
That condition of body which suiierinduccs congestion by internal com-
pression and derangement is not difficult to detect, and attention to this
may be the means of warding off a violent attack. This is indicated by
an offensive breath; somewhat impeded respiration, or expelling of the
air from the lungs ; chewing food slowly, perluips letting some of it fall
from his mouth only partly masticated ; a foul tongue ; a dry and clammy
mouth ; disposition to plunge his head into the water above the nostrils
when drinking; f feces (or dung) hard and difficult to pass; and urine
ejected in small quantities.

As previously ol)served, the attack very seldom comes on while the
horse is ridden, but while he is being rapidly driven, or after he has been
subjected to a long, hot pull under a tight collar, a closely-drawn check
rein, or a throat-latch buckled almost chokingly.

Occasionally the attack will bo sudden and without the Slightest warn-
ing ; he will fall almost as though shot, or make an effort to run around

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

337

idency is of course
That this is one of
:itiou iittends iiciirly
unil results of con-
le food, or food in
daily exercise, of
jue. Hot weather,
range the digestive
op a case of blind

f and of a plethoric
wh it is not confined
le saddle is attacked

lent fretting and in-
inctions, is thought

f there is an organic
se out of the (jues-
jgh prev'ausly free
P the complaint he-
l\d offer less resist-
abnornial gathering

nistakahle ; but the

2ct some symptoms

lost hurtful effects.

m by internal com-

id attention to this

This is indicated !)y

or expelling of the

ing some of it fall

; a dry and clammy

above the nostrils

pass ; auJ unne

'omes on while the

r after he has been

losely-drawn check

the Slightest warn-
Iffort to run around

and then fall ; usually he will first exhibit some signs of uneasiness, as
shaking the head and twitching the ears, and the eyes, if observed, will
be found to have a wild, staring and bloodshot appearance. Sometimes
he will stop and stare about— look wild and irresolute— and then go on
as though nothing were the matter. Again, he will rear up or stagger
like a drunken man, and then fall. He often becomes stubborn, and will
go only his own way— evidently unconscious— and then come convulsions,
followed by insensibility.

When down, it occasionally happens that he
lies in this insensible state at first, but he usu-
ally struggles violently, then becomes quiet;
gradually recovers himself, and gets up, ready
to proceed on his way — being yet dull, how-
ever, and evidently affected by what has hap-
pened.

What to do. — When it is discovered in time
that he is suffering with disordered digestion
and is constipated, relieve him from v.ork, if
possible, and lessen the quantity of dry food.

Turn him out at night, at any rate, even
if found imperatively necessary to have his services during the da}'. If he
can have some contiimed rest, and the run of a good pasture, or else be
well fed with food suitable to his condition, and well watered, while occu-
pying a roomy, dry and well-ventilated stable, his chances for restoration
to health and escaping \'iol3nt attacks altogether, will be greatly in-
f'reased. Of course he should have suflicient exercise, but in moderation.
If the animal is young, and of full habit, yet fallen into this disordered
state, I'estrict his diet, increase his exercise by degrees, or turn him out
to pasture until his normal condition of stomach and bowels has returned.

In the beginning of this treatment as to diet — what may be called the
preventive treatment — give him the following purgative :

EXPUBPSION CHARACTKniSTIC
OF MEGHIMS .

No. 147.

7 Drachms aloes,

4 Drachms eastile soap,

e Drops oil of caraway.

Mix with mucilage or syrup sufficient to form a ball. This amount
constitutes a dose. It may be repeated after twelve or fifteen hours if
the first does not produce proper action.

But if these ])remonitory symptoms pass unobserved, or if it is a case
of sudden attack owing to violent exercise, great heat, or development of
epileptic tendencies, stop him, if driving, upon his showing any of the
indications described, and go to him ; examine collar, check-rein, throat-

338

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

t i

fc'il

i:-f

latch, and see that all is right; ptit.and soothe him, and allow him to
stand for a few moments in quiet. Where it is found that the collar has
been pressing the neck veins see that it is altered without more ado — •
either by cutting or by pressing in against the breast on the lower part of
the collar a cloth of sufficient size to prevent its tightening upon the sides
of the neck. If he recovers sufficientlv to be driven, allow him to move
at a very moderate pace ; if not, remove him from the vehicle and lead
him home. When there he must have rest and quiet, and care must be
taken, as previously directed, to bring iiim, by food and laxatives, into a
good state as to stomach and bowels.

When the attack is so violent that he rears, plunges, and falls, bleed
as soon as he becomes composed enough to allf^v it — taking from the
neck vein from three to six quarts, according tr the violence of the fit,
and the weight, fullness, and fleshiness of the patient. During the first
pai'oxysnis of his attack dash cold water over his head, if it can be had ;
and a wet sponge made fast between his ears wi!i be found useful.

From these violent attacks, entire reccwery is doubtful, even though
he may not die outright ; but every chance of even a partial return to
health and usefulness is i.ucreased by rest. A horse once affected in this
way should really no: f iriven again, though apparently recovered, for
the fit is likely to reci '. ^ad the driver may himself be thereby seriously
endangered.

The necessary steps as to feediiig and care, and the administration of
laxative medicine have already been pointed out.

IV. Apoplexy, or Sleepy Staggers.

Causes. — The different stages of this disease are sometimes treated as
though they were two different types ; and we find even professed veter-
inarians, who ought to be more discriminating, so regarding them.
Apoplexy is the term by which alone it should be known — the state of
sleepiness and staggering being but premonitory symptoms, or rather the
earliest stage.

The i imediate cause of this disorder, as in blind staggers, megrims,
vertigo, giddiness, dizziness, or by what other name the disease previously
trefit^ed may be known, is undue pressure upon the l>rain, and their re-
mote causes are generally identical also — the difference in the diseas(\-i
being simply a difference in the modes of their manifestation.

Post mortem examinations of horses that have died of apoplexy, have
sufficiently indicated the cause. The vessels of the In'ain are found to bo
peculirly bloated or distended with black blood. vSometimes there may
be no inflammation of tlie membranes of the brain, Imt the stomach !>
found loaded with undigested food or the intestines with foul matter. U

rJ'Sri' -.- rTf-t j i TlgTgWB P WWI' l'WI i tll M ll i W''

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

339

, and allow him to

that the collar has

ithout more ado —

n the lower part of

iiiing upon the sides

allow him to move

le vehit'le and lead

and care must be

nd laxatives, into a

es, and falls, bleed
— taking from the
k^iolence of the lit,
During the first
I, if it can be had ;
lund useful,
btful, even though
a partial return to
nee affected in this
mtly recovered, for
e thereby seriously

administration of

netimes treated as
n professed vtter-
regarding them,
own — the state of
oms, or rather the

staggers, megrims,
disease previously
iiin, and their re-
oe in the diseases
ti'stion.

of apoplexy, have
in are found to bo
etinies there mav
ut the ston..ioh ■>
h foul matter, it

is clear that congestion of the brain, perhaps of the venous system gen-
erally, is the condition that prevails when the disease manifests itself in
its active and violent stage. And this too great fullness of blood is in
most cases owing to disordered digestion, which may be brought about in
two ways : the horse may be overfed and subjected to insufficient exer-
cise, so that the stomach becomes weak, and lacks the power to digest or
expel the food ; or he may suddenly gorge himself when chancing to
come ujion almndance of food of which he can partake without restraint.
The fulness of the stomach and bowels produces that internal compres-
sion which precludes the regular flow of blood thi'ough the veins, and
weakens the venous system, and the brain soon becomes overcharged,
and that, too, with a fluid in a degree poisonous for want of ))erfect oxy-
genation, or purification by being regularly passed through the lungs and
exposed to the air. Hot weather is peculiarly favorable to the attack,
both because of the more debilitated state of the system from heat, and
because the heat predisposes a more rapid arterial flow of blood, that is
not counterbalanced by an equally rapid return of the blood through the
veins to the heart and lungs.

Luxuriant pasture, warm weather, and the dejiendent ' • iture of the
animal's head in his continual cropping, especially if he is u over-condi-
tion and full of blood, may readily produce apoplexy — the im:u diate and
the remote cause in this case seeming to act simultaneously. Bor. o in
poor condition may be attacked after having been overworked and re-
duced to a debilitated state through want of care and of nourishing food .
Put upon rich pasture, with a ravenous appetite, they are apt to gorge
and bring on indigestion and its attendant constipation.

There is sometimes a softening of the brain, rather than effusion or
too great fullness, and this may arise from tumors, caused by blows, or
by the plugging of the vessels with clots of fibrous matter.

How to know it. — This differs from blind staggers or megrims in this,
at least, that the prevailing symptoms force themselves upon the atten-
tion of the ordinary observer while the horde is at rest. He exhibits at
first a want of appetite, and is more than usually dull. When he walks
his movements are slow and unsteady. Examination will discover his
pulse to l)e slow, heavy and dull, yet full. When he is exercised a little
these symptoms go off, but they soon return Avhen he is left to himself,
and more unmistakably. In the open air he balances himself as though
about CO fall, and stands with his head depressed. In the stall he bears
upon the trough or tiie wall, and a good deal of his weight seems to be
supported in this way. Sometimes he gets his head against some rest,
stands for a length of time, and then drops as though sliot, but piTsently
gets upon his feet again, to relapse into tlie sanie sleepy listlessness.

1 1 '1', '"

OM>Mi«ril«ittt>.

840

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

When in this condition it is dangerous to be near him, or to attempt to
mcve him. When aroused from this apparent sleep he looks vacantly
around, glares unmeaningly, and soniotinies the eyes will not close when
an object is moved before them — and the indications are that he neither
sees nor hears. If food is within reach he will sometimes take a mouth-
ful, but lose consciousness while it is yet but half chewed ; and if ho
attempts to drink, the power of swallowing seems to be partially lost,
and the water will return through his nostrils. As he grows worse he will
twist his legs over each other when trying to go straight forward. In the
last stage he begins to foam at the mouth ; his l)reathing l)ecomes loud and
laborious ; the pulse is depressed ; the jugular veins are distended almost
to bursting : the muzzle is cold, and sometimes he discharges fteces almost
involuntarily; he grinds his teeth; twitchings steal over his face and
limbs ; and at last he iulls into convulsions and beats himself about hi a
terrible manner. There is no disposition to do mischief — he is evidently
■well nigh unconscious. All the ^Jowers of life are wrought upon, and
death speedily results unless some powerful means can be brought to
bear to 1 ring instant partial relief.

It is well to caution the reader against mistaking for an apoplectic sign
a certain sleepy, li.-.tless, stupid expression of countenance that is brought
on by repealed attacks of megrims. A little examination will generally
disclose that all the other syn^ptoms of apoplexy are wanting.

What to do. — That treatment A\hich will most speedily relieve the
overloaded vessels of the brain is clearly best. If anything is done
J;ofore the violent stagt of the disease comes on, bleed freely from the
v,Mck vein — so freely, indeed, that the horse falters or begins to blow.
If the case has been neglected until the violent stage is upon him, bleed,
if possible, until he falls. It may scmetimes happen that a lull in the
paroxysms ensues, and even at this late hour it is well to make the
attempt to save by drawing blood.

Ne.^c, determine, if possii)le, whether the cause is a present-existing
gorged stomach, and constipated, torpid bowels. If so, use the stomach
pump promptly. Force Avarm water into his stomach till the food is so
thinned th?t it may escape by the pylorus and by the mouth and nostrils.
When this extreme fullness of the stomach is overcome, give a purgative
bolus as follows :

No. %iS.

7 Drachms aloes,

4 Drachms oastile soap,

6 Drops oil ot caraway.

Mix with mucilage or syrup to form a ball, which give as a dose.

If the constipation is obstinate, and does not yield to this purgative,

THE HOUSE, ITS DISEASES.

341

n, or to attempt to
p he looks vacantly
will not close when
are that he neither
times take a mouth-
chewed ; and if ho
to be partially lost,
3 arrows worse he will
^ht forward. In the
insr becomes loud and
arc distended almost
charsxes fieces almost
,1 over his face and
< himself about in a
liief — he is evidently

2 wrought upon, and
i can be brought to

For an apoplectic sign
'nance that is brought
[nation will generally

3 wanting.

speedily relieve the
If iinything is done
Iced freely from the

or begins to blow.

is upon him, bleed,
3n that a lull in the
is well to make the

is a present-existing
so, use the stomach

h till the food is so
c mouth and nostrils.
>me, give a purgative

stir a handfiill of fine salt in one gallon of warm water, and inject it into
his bowels. This failing he must be back-raked.

When the system is once relieved the digestive functions may be stim-
ulated by giving, every four hours, for two days, a wine-glass-full of

No. 149. 4 Ounces fluid extract of black pepper,

6 Ounces fluid extract of ginger,
2 Ounces liyposulpliate of soda,
4 Ounces water.

Dissolve the soda in the water ; then add the ginger and pepper.

Attention must now be paid to diet, at first reducing it to a small
quantity, and to such in quality as will have a laxative tendency. He
may be turned upon a pasture, if it is not too rich, but he should have
food administered morning and evening in moderation. He should have
free access to water.

In the beginning of the paroxysm it is sometimes found advantageous
in quieting him somewhat to apply ice to his head, or to pour a stream of
ice cold water steadily between his ears.

Until he is so far recovered as to render it safe for him to go to
pasture, keep him comfortable. If the weather is hot — and it usually
comes on during hot weather — keep him in a cool, well-aired place, or
in an open place well shaded.

Complete recovciy is seldom to be hoped for. Generally, the horse
once sevei'ely affected, is useless for Summer work, though well able to
go through that of Winter, if })roperly cared for.

As in the blind staggers, the unnatural distension of the blood vessels
renders a recurrence of an attack very pi'obable ; and it may be brought
about by external compression, so that tight collars, tight throat latches,
and short-draw check-reins, should be avoided. A breast-strap should be
substituted for a collar, and overwork should be specially guarded
against.

Apoplexy is not contagious, though it has been so I'^garded. If more
thaji oiie horse on the same farm or in the same stable is affected with it,
be assured that the same causes ai*e pi-esent for both, and that when they
are removed the danger of new cases ceases.

V. Abscess Within the Brain.

orive as a dose.
Id to this purgative,

This not unusual and terrible aftcction is produced almost invarial)ly
by external injury. From l)eing struck or striking against some hard
substance, as in runnii^g away, striking the head in the stable, or other
similar cause. It is possible the owner may know nothing about it. A

342

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

wound, perhaps a trivial looking one, is found on the head, from which
perhaps only a little watery fluid issues. Soon the horse becomes dull,
and from day to day gets worse, refuses his food, and at last falls and
commences knocking his head against the floor or on the ground ; thus
he continues until at length death conies to his I'elief .

A HORSE DYINd FUOM AB8CK88 WITHIN THE BRAIN.

What to do. — ^There is nothing to be done once an abscess forms within
the brain. The only means of cure is to allow the matter to escape. The
thick muscles covering the cranium of the horse would prevent the use of

A HORSE, MAD FROM INFLAMMATION OF TUB BRAIN.

the trephine, and if, indeed, a hole was made through the skull to the
brain, and perchance the abscess cured, who would want the horse?

> ■.,1..','*,. "iii'v,*

THE HORSE, ITS niSRASES.

343

10 head, from which
horse becomes dull,
md at last falls and
m the ground ; thus

mxiN.

abscess forms within
itter to escape. The
id prevent the use of

There is but one sensible way : kill the suffering animal and end its mis-
cry at once.

Another terrible affliction of the brain, fortunately not common, is in-
flammation of the brain, or plircniti.s. It is indeed madness, Avith the
exhibition of terrible strength, whieh no human power can cope with to
successfully relieve, in its frcn/icd state.

If discerned in its earliest stage, before violent frenzy attacks it, resort
may be had to bleeding. Open both neck veins and allow the blood to
flow until the dull, heavy, listless expression brightens or the animal
sinks. Bleed again if necessar}'. Give 8 drachms of aloes, and repeat
at the end of three hours, if the bowels arc not thoroughly relieved, or
the pulse changes for the better. Afterwards give 20 to 30 drops of
tincture of aconite, or lialf a drachm of the jiowdered root infused in a
pint of hot water, or a drachm of digitalis, infused in the same way, to
be given cold every half hour until relief is obtained. In ninety-nine
cases out of a hundred, however, relief Avill come in death.

HAIN.

igh the skull to the
Id want the horse?

W':

I' 1. :

m ■

CHAPTEli XI.

DISEASES OF THE MUSCLES AND TENDONS.

I- BLOOD SPAVIN. II. BOO SPAVIN. HI. CURB. IV. THORODOH PIN. V. TBTASDS,

OR LOCKJAW. VI. CRAMPS. VII. RHKUMATI3M. VIII. STRING HALT.

i:||,

iki

I. Blood Spavin.

This may be defined as a distension, or enlargement (dilatation) of the
veins of the hock joint, and overlying the seat of bone and bog spavin ;
a local venous congestion, caused generally by swelling, impeding the
flow of the blood, and often connected with bog or bone spavin. It is
harmless ; in fact it may be considered as accompanying, or the result of
other disease of the joint.

What to do. — In the early stage cold water perseveringly applied, fol-
lowed by cooling lotions, equal parts of alcohol and rain water, or one
pint of brandy to one-half pint of water, applied as a lotion. If this
does not relieve the difficulty, use a strong infusion of bayberry bark,
using considerable friction by hand rubbing with either of the remedies
named.

n. Bog Spavin.

Common bog spavin is technically (as is windgall) an enlargement of
the Bursa Mucosa, just as a distension of the sub-cutaneous (beneath the
skin) veins in the region of the hock is called blood spavin. These cause
an undue secretion of joint oil and :i dropsical effusion into the joint,
producing swelling having all the character of inflammation of the true
hock joint. This inflammation of the upper or principal hock joint is
true bog spavin.

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

345

DONB.

p pijj. V. TKTANDS,

STRINQ HALT.

CaU8e8.— Overwork, spruina, injuries either from punctured wound*?,
fractures or bruises ; also from the effects of rlieumatism. All produce
inttammHtiou of the structures of the joint.

How to know It.— In its acute early form there is a tense, puffv, fl'^otu-
ating swelling of the front and inside portion of the hock at tuo 0/ per
or principal point just where usually there is a depression. There is ah j
a swelling behind, where thorough-pin occurs, ])ut it can l)e pressed
forward, the anterior (front) swelling tilling up ; but there is no swelling
below and behind the hock as in thorough-pin.

What to do. — Absolute rest and the use of a high-hcclcd shoe. Con-
tinued i)ressure on the swollen parts, by means of a truss or compress,
with cold water applications, or brandy and salt.

In case there is much inflaniniation reduce it by moans of foirsontations
of water, and if there is pain let the fomentations be an infusion of hoi)s.
In the later stages use tincture of arnica diluted with water. If the case
is a bad one, when the extreme heat and tenderness has subsided a blister
maybe applied, since it sometimes goes on to ulceration of the joint, and
even to bony deposit destroying all movement of the joint. See No. 160
and 161 for blisters.

(dilatation) of the
fro and bog spavin ;
ling, impeding the
)one spavin. It is
nff, or the result of

sringly applied, fol-

raiii water, or one

a lotion. If this

of baybcrry bark,

!r of the remedies

an enlargement of
meous (beneath the
)avin. These cause
ion into the joint,
nation of the true
icipal hock joint is

ni. Curb.

This is a swelling in the middle of and just behind the lowest part of
the hock joint. At first it is soft and doughey, or retaining for a time the
shai)c of the pressure, producing an enlargement about two inches below
th»> hock. Curby hock:^ are also sometimes congenital and hereditary.

Causes. — A blow, but more frequently a sprain of the tendon, or of
the sheath through which the flexor tendon passes. The ligament of the
hock when injured increases the gravity of the disease.

How to know it. — There is heat, inflannnation, tenderness, lameness,
and a tendencv to knuckle forward at the fetlock.

What to do. — Absolute rest, a high-heeled shoe, and cold water bandages
will generally remove the difficulty if applied in the early stages of the
disease. If, from neglect, the lameness becomes decided, apply the
following :

No. 160.

1 Oiinco powderoil bloodroot,
1 Ounce turpentine,
4 Ounces acetic acid.

Apply niglit and morning for a week or ten days and afterward bathe
daily with vinegar

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

f/^

1.0

I.I

■f i^ IIIIIM

■■" ^ 12.0

2.2

1^ I

1.25 ||||_u 1 1.6

►

'^J

Photographic

Sdences

Corporation

23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580

(7)6) 872-4503

'^h"

'^ ^° #/%

i/.x

346

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

If ccagulable lymph forms, threatening callosity, (a hard swelling)
daily and long-continued friction — hand rubbing downward — and the
application of a more decided stimulant will be indicated. If so, prepare

the following:

No. 161.

1 Ounce oil of cedar,
1 Ounce oil of miOorani,
1 Ounce oil of saaaaft'as,
1 Pint soft soup.

Use this daily, rubbing always downwards.

IV. Thorougii Pin.

Causes. — This is a sprain of the flexor tendon behind the hock, and
which has a large sheath which extends both above and below the joint —
a dropsical cnlargemfent of the sheath of the tendon, so the fluid con-
tained may be pressed from one side to the other. Hence its name.

How to know it. — Pressure on one side will cause bulging on the other,
and pressure on both sides will cause fluctuation along the tendon below
and behind the hock.

What to do. — Use the same treatment as for curb ; cold water band-
ages, or hot fomentations in the early stages of the disease ; also absolute
rest and a high-heeled shoe. When tenderness ceases and lameness is
gone, apply a spring truss, so the pads will clasji and cover the puff on
both sides, and exert a pretty firm and steady pressure. Success in re-
moving the puff has occasionally been had by puncturing the lower part
of the swelling, into the sack, and injecting a solution ot the following
strength :

No. 152.

10 Oralns sulphate of zinc,
1 Ounce rainwater.

Inject one or two tea-spoonfuls, as the case may require. Then bring
the walls of the sack closely together and hold them so for a week by
means of a firm flannel bandage.

Another plan is to apph' with gentle rubbing, the following ointment
every day until the skin is inflamed :

No. 153.

1 Part biniodide of mercury,
7 Parts neats foot oil.

Rub together, cither in a mortar or with a spatula on glass, until inti-
mately incorporated, and use as directed.

\t ^

a hard swelling)
nward — and the
d. If 80, prepare

nd the hock, and
below the joint —
80 the fluid con-

snce its name.

sring on the other,
the tendon below

cold water band-
?ase ; also absolute
IS and lameness is

cover the puff on
e. Success in re-
ing the lower part

ot the following

uire. Then bring
so for a week by

'ollowing ointment

m glass, until inti-

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

V. Tetanus, or Lool^aw.

347

This terrible affliction, which consists of persistent and often acutely
painful drawing together (cramps) of the voluntary muscles, causing ex-
treme rigidity, drawing together the whole muscular system, and closing
or locking the jaws.

Causes. — Often a wound in the leg or foot, seemingly of the most
trivial character, as the prick of a nail. It is also produced by castra-
tion nicking and docking ; by hard riding or driving, and leaving the
animal shivering in the night air. When it proceeds from a wound, it is
called trumatlc : when from no apparent cause, it is called idiopathic. It
rarely occurs from wounds until they are well advanced toward being
healed; though it may display its symptoms immediately upon or a
month after the hurt, but generally from the sixth to the fourteenth day.

How to know it. — ^In the earliest stages there will be stiffness and rig-
idity of the muscles near the injury, and the limb will be moved with
difficulty. There will be excitement, the ears will be pointed forward,
the head elevated, the legs stiff and stretched out ; the horse will seem
excited and yet obstinate to move ; the tail will quiver and the skin and
flesh will feel hard like a board. The lower jaw being taken in the
hand and the head raised, if the haw projects over the eye, you have a
case of lockjaw. See cut.

THB TE8T FOB TBTAHD8.

What to do. — Give the animal a loose or box stall, and in the most
quiet place possible, and where it will see no one except the attendant.
Place slings beneath him so ho can stand clear of them or rest in them at
will. Remove all straw, litter or other sources of excitement, and avoid
all noise or unusual movement. Keep the stable darkened and without
other animals present. If the disease is produced by a wound examine
it, and if contracted or containing pus (matter) widen it, and cover with
23

848

ILLC8TRATED STOCK DOCTOB.

a bread and milk poultice containing laudanum or extract of belladonna.
Give a powerful purgative, as the following :

No. 151.

6 to 8 Drops croton oil,

4 to G Druuhms powdered aloes.

Dissolve in a pint and a half of water and give as a drench. If it
cannot be given by the mouth administer it through the nostrils by means
of a stomach pump and the horse catheter, to be hereafter shown, in
feeding ; or prepare the following, if the horse can swallow a ball :

"So, 165. i Drachma powdered aloes,

i Drachms extract of gentian,
1 Scruple croton farina.
Mix with linseed meal and molasses into a ball.

Follow this up with three doses daily of anti-spasmodics, as, one to
two drachms belladonna, or one-half ounce chloral hydrate, or one-half
to one ounce dose of tincture of lobelia in a pint of water. Give by the
mouth if the animal can swallow; if not, as an injection. Keep the
bowels open Avith one drachm podophylliu and two drachms extract of
belladonna, smearc :1 on the back of the tongue.

8LIN08 VOB TITAXrUB, OB FOB FRAOTDRBD LIMB,

If the animal can bear it, a thorough sweat with a blanket wrung out
of hot water, and covered with dry blankets will do good. Feed with
nourishing gruels if the animal can swallow; if not, give nouriahment as
shown in the engraving.

it of belladonna.

THE HOBSE, ITS DISEASES.

349

Attach a horse catheter to a stomach pump, pass the end carefully up
the nostril and into the gullet as shown. If coughing is produced, with-
draw the catheter and commence anew. If two feet are inserted without

nodics, as, one to
3rate, or one-half
iter. Give by the
jction. Keep the
rachms extract of

jlanket wrung out
)od. Feed with
ive nourishmeiit aH

MODB OF FSEDINO HOBSB HAVING CHRONIC TBTAMUB.

alarming symptoms, pump in only a quart of linseed gruel, if the horse
has fasted for some time, and as the stomach can bear it, give more.
This, however, must not be attempted while tht disease is in its acute
form (its earlier stage), but after the disease assumes a chronic form it
may be resorted to.

BIIOWINO HOW FAB AN ANIMAL WITH TKTANITB IB CAFAFLE OF UOTIUX.

The disease is apt to leave the animal in a most deplorable condition,
nnd it will be a long time before it becomes serviceable, if indeed it ever

350

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

does. Six weeks or even two months may be required before the animal
regains the use of itb powers. The cut annexed will illustrate the condi-
tion of a horse with tetanus.

It will thus be seen that in a decided case it will be policy as well as
humanity to seriously consider whether it may not be better to relieve
the sufferings of the poor animal at once by shooting through the brain.

VI. Cramps.

Some horses are quite subject to cramps of the muscles and tendons.
It may be an irritability or spasm of a particular muscle or set of nms-
cles, which refuse to act, becoming stiff and inflexible. They cramp and
sometimes twitch excessively. This is again succeeded by another stage
in which the muscles relax and are restored to their normal condition.

Causes. — Strains, bruises, or over-taxation of the powers. In many
cases it is undoubtedly allied to rheumatism, a disorder attacking horses
much oftener than is supposed ; rheumatism very often being attributed
to bots, founder and various other causes by the ignorant. Both diseases
are quite painful, and leave the animal very vore, and rheumatism often
for months.

What to do. — Clothe the body warmly, find the seat of the difficulty
by feeling of the parts until the sore place is touched. Wash the parts
with salt and water, and rub dry. Then apply the following liniment :

So. IK.

1 Fart solution of ammonia,
1 Fart Bpirita of camphor,
1 Part olive oil.

Rub it in well, and hold a hot iron or brick to the parts to heat it
thoroughly.

VII. Bheuxnatism.

This is a peculiar form of inflammation attacking the fibrous structures
of the body, such as the joints, tendons, ligaments and muscles, and is
accompanied by stiffness, exceeding tenderness and pain, shifting from
place to place, often implicating the valves or other structures of the
heart, and when so usually results in death.

Causes. — ^Exposure to cold, wet or drafts, especially v;hen the system
is overworked. There is usually a constitutional predisposition in the
subjects, and in such it is easily brought on by diseases of the respiratory
or digestive organs, especially in horses of a full, gross habit.

How to know it. — In its acute form there is dullness, followed bv ex-

TH2: HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

351

parts to heat it

treme lameness in one or more of the limbs. There is tenderness and
then swelling of the joint, tendon or muscles, at first soft, then hard.
There may be fluctuations from excess of synovia (joint fluid). With the
inflammation there is fever. The pulse is full and hard ; the mouth is
dry and clammy ; there is hurried breathing, scanty urine and costiveness.
In the chronic form the symptoms are the same as in the acute, but
not so pronounced, and in this form it is unattended with fever. It may
appear only upon undue exposura, or in damp, lowery weather, and dis-
appear again upon the recurrence of fine weather. Chronic rheumatism
is also less inclined to shift from place to place.

What to do. — For rheumatism in its early acute stage relieve the bowels
by laxative medicines, say four ounces of aloes. Put the animal in
slings, as for tetanus, and clothe him from the hoofs to the ears in flan-
nel. If practicable the first thing is to fill the box in which the horse is
kept with steam, keeping it up for an hour. If the jiain is extreme
lessen it with ounce doses of laudanum.

Give the foUomng three or four times a day as a drench in a pint
of gruel:

No. 1B7.

} Ounce bicarbonate of soda,
1 Ounce Sulicyliu acid.

If this cannot be obtained, give the following, at a dose, night and
morning :

No. 158. a Ounce powdered saltpeter,

1 Drachm powdered colcbicum,
1 Ounce oil of turpentine,
Alix in balf a pint of linseed oil.

For rheumatism in its chronic form the following will be found to be
valuable, used internally :

Ko. 159.

1 Ounce powdered carbonate of potasb,

1 Ounce powdered saltpeter,

2 Drachms iodide o( potash.

Give in one and a half pints of water.

As a liniment for the joints and other affected parts, to be afterwards
wrapped in flannel, the following is excellent :

No. 160.

1 Pound compound soap liniment,

2 Ounces liquor ammonia,

2 Ounces tincture cantharides,
2 Ounces laudanum.

followed bv ex-

Bub in with as much friction as the horse can bear, and apply until

852

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

' !

signs of blistering aro apparent. If this does not produco the desired ef-
fect, use the following :

No. 101.

U Ounco laudanum,
>a Ounvu cumpboruteU oil,
1 Ounce tincture cantharldcs.

Appl}' to the joints witli a soft brush, but Avithout friction.
A soothing and stimulating embrocation, when so severe measures as
the foregoing are not considered necessary, may be made as follows :

ITo. 162,

1 Fnrt splrltH of camphor,
1 Pjrt solution of ammoniu.
1 1'urt ollvo oil.

Mix, and ,- .y by rubbing it in.

Vm. string Halt.

String-halt is the sudden jerking up of a hind limb, sometimes both in
succession. Sometimes several efforts will be made before the animal
can progress at all. In other cases the spasmodic action of the hind leg
is shown in starting off, and the animal becoming warm, it will nearly or
quite cease. An exceptionally ba^ case is shown in the illustration
given below.

A HORSK HAVING 8TRIN0 HALT.

Sometimes the action is so slight as to be almost unnoticed, and again
it may be so strong that the hind leg will strike the belly.

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

353

the desired of-

Causes. — The causes are unknown. It is supposed to bo produced by
a variety of injuries, but principally as a rcHcx nervous action. It in-
creases with ago and hard labor, and nervous excitement, and is a positive
unsoundness.

What to do. — ^Thcrc is no cure. Ecst, keeping the bowels open with 2
drachm doses of bclladona daily, will lessen the spasms for a time ; but
fatigue or nervous excitement is sure to bring on a recurrence of the
attack. A careful driver will often prevent the disability being much
<howii by being careful not to excile or overwork the horse.

)ticed, and again

CHAPTER Xn.

DISEASES OF THE EYE.

1, SATDRALLY (VEAK ETES. H. BORH BYK-LID9. III. MOON KYBS. IV. CATAKAOT.

V. INFLAMMATION OF TUB BAW, OR BOOKS, VI. DIMNESS OF VISION. VII.

WORMS IN THE BYE.— Vin. FURULKNT OFHTHALMT.— DC. FUNGOID TUMORS IN THE
SDBSTANCB OF THE EYB. ——X. IMFEDOIBNT IH TBI LAOHBTMAL DUCT.— XI. OUTTA
SERENA.

I. Naturally Weak Eyes.

Very many persons, otherwise well informed, when from any cause the
eyes of horses become weak, inflamed, watery, or drop tears, suppose the
cause to be from a natural weakness of the sight. So "blind teeth" are
supposed to cause serious trouble, and even blindness in horses. Nothing
could be further from the truth. It is exceedingly rare that horses have
naturally weak eyes ; it can almost always be traced to some local cause.
Thus, watering of the eyes is caused by a stoppage of the lachrymal
ducts leading from the eyes into the nostrils, the natural channels for
carrying off the superabundant moisture of the eye. Inflammation of
the eyes is not uncommon from a turning in of the eye-lashes. The
remedy is to snip them off with the scissors.

"Blind teeth," or "wolf teeth," as the immature supernumerary
tushes are called, do no injury whatever. If it is feared they may, it is
easy to take them out with a pair of forceps, or to knock them out with
a punch and hammer.

Occasionally a supernumerary tooth may be found growing in the
upper jaw, between the first and secocd teeth, and lapping over both of
them. This is considered by many persons as producing inflammation of
the eyes. It is true that if pain results, the eyes may be affected by
sympathy. This tooth should always be removed, and may be done with
a strong pair of forceps. It may cause distress from pain in the jaw ;
nothing more.

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

355

Colts are often subject to inflammation of the eyes in a slight degree,
durin<>' teething. Examine the teeth, hmco the gums, and the eyes will
recover. It is a case of sympathy.

n. Sore Eye-lids.

In the outset of more serious disease, soreness of the lids of the eyes
is common. It is also produced by irritation of various kinds. In in-
flammation of the eyes, soreness of the lids is always present. If from
other disease, it is sympathetic, and will pass away with the disease itself.

There is one form, however, that is characterized by a redness, swell-
iii"- and itching, the edges becoming raw and exuding matter. This must
liave specific treatment.

What to do. — The horse should have a laxative dose if the bowels are
tiot in a natural state.

1^0. 103.

The following will bo indicated :

1 Drachm flowers of Rulphur,
a Drachms powdered mandrake,
3 Drachma powdered aloea.

Form into a ball with honey, and give as a dose.

To reduce the inflammation, make a curd, by beating three eggs thor-
oughly and then stirring them with a quart of filtered rainwater until
mixed ; let it come to a boil, stirring occasionally. Add half an ounce of
sulphate of zinc, and continue the boiling for a few minutes. Bind the
curd over the eyes, by placing a portion between layers of thin muslin.
The clear water strained through several thicknesses of fine linen is excel-
lent for sore or inflamed eyes of any kind. Wet the lids three or four
times a day.

In aggravated cases that will not yield to treatment, and that remain
raw and exude matter, the edges should be carefully touched with mer-
curial ointment, the utmost care being taken that it does not come in con-
tact with the eye.

During the whole treatment the horse must, be tied up by two lines to
the rear posts of the stall, so he cannot rub the eyes, and must be fed

from a nose-bag.

m. Moon Iiyes.

This is ophthalmy, recurring at periodic times, or at intervals of three
weeks, a month or more, and not, as is often supposed, at the full moon.

Causes. — Hereditary pi*edisposition ; from malarial causes ; herding in
low, damp situations ; rheumatic affections ; irritation consequent on

ll I

li it,

800

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

teftthing, and, in fact, whnro predisposition occurs, from any cause tend-
ing to lower tlio general state of the heultii.

How to know it. — There will bo a sunken look to the eye ; the haw of
the eye will protrude ; the white of the eye may bo of a pinkish cast ;
the eye will be watery ; the pupil of the eye Avill be cloudy, ut the edges,
and dull and discolored at the center ; there will bo haziness, milkiness,
or a whitish spot may appear, which will continue to overcast the eye.
In the intervals between the attacks the transparent coat of the eye will
have a hazy, bluish cast about its border, and the iris will lack its natural
brightness ; the upper lid or eyebrow will bo wrinkled or furrowed.

What to do. — Look first of all for carious or defective teeth, and if
found extract them. There is a strong sympathy between any difficulty
with the teeth and the eyes, though unsound or "wolf teeth" do not, as
was once supposed, cause blindness.

Place the animal in a darkened stable ; give four drachms aloes, and
apply the following lotion twice a day :

No. 104.

20 Grains acetate of load,
20 Drops belladonna,
1 Quart filtered rain water.

Alternate this twice a day with the following i

No. 16S.

20 Grains sulphate of zinc,
20 Drops tincture of Malabar bean,
1 Quart filtered rain water.

The physic having acted, give two or three times a day the following ;

No. 166.

1 Drachm sulphate of irou,

H Ounce powdered Peruvian bark.

Mix in one quart of warm water, or give in the feed if the horse will
eat it. When another attack is expected double this dose.

Sometimes an ounce daily, for several weeks, of Fowler's solution of
arsenic will be serviceable, intermitting a few days occasionally. If, how-
ever, the attacks recur, and at lessened periods, the trouble may be
expected to end in cataract and blindness.

IV. Cataract.

As a rule, cataract is the result of inflammation of the deep structures
of the eyeball (internal ophthalmy or the periodic form). It also occurs
occasionally from diabetes and other constitutional disabilities.

How to know it. — Put the horse in a dark place. Take a lighted can-
dle. Three images will be reflected, one from the surface of the eye.

TIIR I10R8B, IT8 DISEASES.

357

any cause tend~

rachms aloes, and

ay the following ;

ike a lighted can-
rface of the eye.

one from the front surface of the lens, and one from tiio rear flurfacc of
the lens. If in moving the light cither of the pontc-rior images are
chuiigcd into a white haze, there is exudation into that part of the lens ;
in otiicr words, a cataract is forming.

What to do — Unless the cataract is only just forming the horse will
be eventually blind. Give ^iloes as recommended for moon-blindness,
and also the prescription for lotions in that case. Follow this up with
digitalis in doses of fifteen to twenty grains daily, alternated daily with
six to eight drachms of niter in the water taken. Keep the animal in a
(lark room ; apply blisters to the cheeks and behind the ears, using the
following, well rubbed in :

No. 167.

2 DrnchniR powdered cantbaridei,
K Ounce lard.

Mix thoroughly and rub well in, treating the blisters when formed with
linen cloths covered with mutton tallow to keep them running.
Apply also to the eye daily for several months the following :

No. 168.

2 Qraini) phoaphoruB,
1 Ounce ulmond oil.

Mix and keep in a dark, cool place, in a bottle with a ground glass
stopper.

V. Inflammation of the Haw, or Hooks.

The haw is a triangular shaped cartilage situated just within the inner
corner of the eye. In health but little of it can be seen. Its use is to
pass over the ball of the eye to remove dust or other offensive substances
from the eye. This is done so quickly that it is difficult to distinguish
the action. Its play may be seen by opening the lid of the eye, or by
attempting to touch the eyeball with the fingers.

Causes. — ^This is often produced by inflammation or swelling of other
l)!irts of the eye. It may end in producing a hard, bony state, protrud-
ing from its place as a whitish lump. When it presents this appearance
some perpons are fond of cutting out the "hooks" to keep the horse
from "going blind." Our advice is, " DonH do it.'*

What to do. — ^If there is inflammation and swelling, treat the eye as
for oi)hthalmy (inflammation). In all cases of inflammation of the eyes
use the bandage as shown in the cut on next page.

If the inflammation is slight, but active, keep a linen cloth over the
eye, or eyes, saturated with the following :

-f , •i^'*Ji<'..««Saiiite*4.iiis».ti^.-..<wA.vti,«.

!l I

358

Ko. 169.

ILLIiiTR^TED STOCK DOCTOB.

4 Ounces sassafras pith,
1 Quart rain water.

Let it stand three or four hours, and apply cold, straining it as used.
If the inflammation is more pronounced, use the following as a lotion :

l«o. 170.

4 Drachms laudanum,

% Drichms extract belladonna,

1 Quart rain water.

HODB OF DLINDINO A liORSK, AND
AFFLYINO LOTION TO TUBETB.

/J 80 raise the eyelids and swab the inflam-
ed haws occasionally with the egg and sul-
phate of zinc 1 )tion recommended for sore
eyes. If the lachrymal duct is closed, that
is, if water runs from the eyes, swab out
th'j ducts well up the inside of the nostrils
wi'h weak tobacco water, finishing with
clean water, or use the sulphate of zinc in
the form of a lotion.

If the blood ''essels are overloaded, leech-
ing the lids of the eyes will be beneficial,
and in extreme cases half a gallon to one gallon of blood may be ta-
ken from ihe neck vein, to be repeated at the expiration of ten days, if
necessary.

The inflammation having subsided, the haws will resume their natural
place and appearance, and again become almost invisible.

VI. Dimness of Vision.

V- ry ms\ny horses have defectivo vision. Some do not see well at
ru:Th ; some are near-sighted ; some are far-sighted, as in man, from too
^ eat convexity of the eye, or the reverse. Old horses gradually acquire
dimness of vision.

""here is no specific for defective eyesight. Spectacles would relieve
the difficulty, but, spectacles that might be worn by a horse have not yet
been invented, und for the reason that they are not practical.

vn. Worms in the Eye.

Th:^ is occrsioned by a worm {Filaria OcuU), and may be extracted
by a skillful puncture. It should only be undertaken by a competent
veterinary or other surgeon, the horse beinjr first securely hampered so
he cannot struggle.

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

359

raining it as used.

,nd swab the inflam-

vm. Purulent Ophthalmy.

Purulent Ophthalmy is confined to the conjunctiva (mucus membrane
of the eye), and it is in this membrane that the redness and ordinary
swelling of the eyes have their seat. The eyelids are nmch swollen, and
the membrane rises up, puffy and red above the level of the cornea (the
transparent disc), sometimes in fungoid excrescences. This species of
inflammation is epidemic, and when occurring often, goes through the
stable.

What to do. — Place the animal in a moderately dark stable, keep the
eyes wet constantly — by means of the cloth shown in the cut with inflam-
mation of the hooks — with the following :

No. 171.

2 Drachms sulphate of sine,
20 Grains morphia,
1 Fint rainwater.

Use the water tepid if possible, but if used cold at first, it must be so
continued, and vice versa.

The bowels should be kept moderately open with physic if necessary,
or with soft feed, and the same general treatment used as for the other
forms of ophthalmy.

if the disease does not yield to this treatment, and becomes chronic,
prejiare a wash as follows :

No. 172.

6 Oraing nitrate of eilver,

1 Ounce distilled water, or rainwater filtered through sharp
washed sand.

Mix, and drop a little into the eye, daily, from a quill.

IX. Fungoid Tumors in the Substance of the Eye.

This is a rare affection, and fortunately so. The causes which pro-
duce it are obscure, but probably the same as in any other cancerous
affection. The end will probably be death, for the taint of the cancerous
affection is probably in the system. Upon close examination, the eye
ball may be clear, but a brilliant yellow substance may be seen at the
biise of the interior.

If it be not deemed best to destroy the animal, the eye must be extir-
pated. Two knives are required, of a peculiar shape, one of small size
and slightl}' bent to one side ; the other larger and curved to one side
until it nearly reaches the shape of a semi-circle. A sharp scaljiel (the
knife ordinaril}' used in surgical operations) will also bo required. Two
straight, triangular pointed needles threaded with strong waxed twine, a

360

ILIiUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

curved needle, similarly threaded, water, a sponge, lint, injecting tube
and a bellows.

Cast the Loise, and fasten him so he cannot move. Pierce each eyelid
with one of the straight needles and tie a secure loop for raising and
holdin^: the lids as shown in the cut.

KXTIUPATION OF THK KTB.

Let an assistant then hold the lids wide open. The surgeon with the
straight knife (Juickly describes a circle around the globe of the eye,
severing completely the conjunctiva mucous membrane of the eye. Ho
then takes the small, curved blade, and passing it through the divided
conjunctiva it is carried around tlie eyeball close to the bone, severing the
levator and depressor n^usclcs. The cornea is then pierced with the
curved needle, in and out, the thread drawn and a loop tixed. Then the
eye being drawn out as far as possible the curved knife is passed around
the rear of the eye with a sawing motion, the integuments are sevc cd,
and the eye is drawn forth.

It is quickly done when all things are ready, but should not be at-
tempted except by a competent surgeon. Some bleeding will follow.
Inject cold water ; if this do not chock the hemorrhage, force cold air
into the cavity with the bellows. If this do not avail, plug the cavity
softly with lint, bandage the wound to secure the dressing, and leave the
^ result to the natural process of healing.

X. Impediment in the Lachrymal Oland.

The lachrymal ducts of the eyes are small canals leading from the eyes
into uie nose. Their use is to convey away the superfluous moisture
(tears of the eyes). When it is closed by inflammation or other tempo-

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

361

t, injecting tube

rary cause, the water of the eyes flow over the face as shown in the
subjoined cut.

Occasionally, however, the duct becomes per-
manently closed. The usual remedy is to swab
the nostrils where the duct enters with weak to-
bacco water and afterwards with clear water.

If this do not effect a cure after two or three
ti Ills, the duct must be opened with a probe.

The duct commences by minute openings near
the terminations of the upper and lower lids at the
inner corner of the eye. It comes out upon the
dark skin which lines the commencement of the
nostrils, lying on the inner membrane.

A delicately thin elastic probe must be used, and about twelve inches
long, the horse being cast and securely fastened. It may be necessaiy
to introduce the probe both from the comer of the eye and from the
nostril. Next charge a fine pointed syringe with tepid water and placing
the point into the nasal termination of the duct, force the water through.
The operation should only be performed by a surgeon.

OBSTEUCTIOir or LACUBTMAL
8LAMD.

XI. Gutta Serena.

This is sometimes called glass eye, incorrectly, however, as the term is
understood in the West and South. In glass eye, as understood there,
the pupil is sound and perfect, the iris distinct and natural, but has a
white ring around the cornea. It may injure the sale of a horse, but
simply from the singular expression it gives the eye of the animal.

True gutta serena, or Amaurosis, is palsy of the nerve of sight, or of
the nervous expansion called the retina, and tluc to functional and organic
disease of the optic nei-ve. In the early stages of the disease it may
sometimes be relieved, bu*^ is likely to occur again. In the later stages
it is incurable.

Causes. — Congestion, tumors, dropsy or other diseases of the brain.
Also l)y injurv to the nerve of sight, by pressure or other cause, from
inilanimation, ^xcc^s of light, and may be symptomatic, from indigestion
or during gestation.

How to know it. — In the early stages the insensiWlity of sight may be
only partial ; the pupil will be unnaturally large ; upon closing the lids
of the eyes, and opening them in a strong light, there will be little or no
variation in the pupil ; the eyes will be unnaturally clear from extreme
dilatation ; the animal will be partially or totally blind, as shown by high
stepping and failure to flinch when the fingers are suddenly pointed close

862

1LLTJ8TBATED STOCK DOCTOB.

to the eye ; the ears will be in constant motion as a compensation for the
want of sight.

What to do. — If from overloading the stomach, indigestion, gestation,
etc., turn the animal upon grass, if in the season ; or clothe warmly and

feed upon easily digested food, as mashes and
roots. If the attack is recent and from such
cause as inflammation of the brain, bleed to
the extent of a gallon, and put a s<^ton close to
the eye. In fact the cause must be found
and removed, if it be duo to one that can bo
removed. Success is sometimes had by blis-
tering as for ophthalmy. Use in connection
with this nerve stimulants. Of these strych-
nia, in one to two grain doses, according to
circumstances, or five grain doses of nitrate of

silver may be given.

Sympathetic amaurosis may admit of cure. As we have said, the
deranged function must be restored.

If medicine is required to deiilete the system the following will be
good :

BYK AFFKCIIED UY 8EUENA.

No. 173.

2 Drachms powdered gentian,
4 Drachms powdered aloes,
1 Ounce common salt,
1 Pint warm water.

Give as a drench, and keep the animal on light mashes with an occa-
sional injection of salt and water if necessary.

If there is debility alteratives and tonics will be indicated :

No. 174. 1 Ounce powdered golden seal,

1 Ounce powdered gentian,
1 Ounce powdered sulphur,
1 Ounce powdered ginger,
1 Ounce salt,
1 Pound oatmeal.

Mix, divide into twelve parts and give one in the feed — of good, gen-
erous diet — night and morning.

As a lotion for bathing the eye the following is recommended as a good
astringent : «

No. 175.

1 Ounce powdered bayberry bark,
1 Pint boiling water.

Let it stand until cool. Strain through a close linen cloth, add a
table-spoonful of tincture of bloodroot and bathe twice a day.

npensation for the

CHAPTER Xm.

DISEASEB OF THE BONES.

we have said, the

BIO HKAD AND BIO JAW. II. 8WKKNY OF THB 8HOULDBR. IIT. SWIEBMT OF THB

niP. IV, BONK SPAVIN. V. ENLARGED HOCK. VI. RING-BONE. VII. STIFLX.

VIII. SPLINT. IX. SORB SHIN8 (INFLAMMATION OP THE HBTACARPAL BONE).

X. ROTTEN BONE. XI. INFLAMMATION OF THB KNKB-^OINT. XU. CARIES OF THE

LO\VK«-JAW.

ishes with an occa-

ed — of good, gen-

I. Big Head and Big Jaw.

Causes. — This disease, called also exostosis of the hones, is manifested in
an enlargement or bony tuinor'on the face, on a line between the nostril
and the eye. It finally breaks out in small holes, which discharge a thick
pus, and at last ends, if not treated opportunely, in a complete decay of
the bone. The bone continually enlarges, and cells or channels are
formed as the minute bony plates become thinner and thinner, till the
structure can be easily cut with a knife or crushed with the fingers. The
interstices are filled with a red, bloody mass. In some cases the ligaments
and tendons are separated by decomposition of the bone, and crumbliugs,
dislocations and fractures take place for want of firm attachment for
these supporting ligaments.

Tlie primary cause of the disorder is not known ; but the tendency is
believed to be transmitted. A horse manifesting signs of the big head
is generally diseased not alone in the bones of the face, but the whole
osseous system seems to be to some extent involved, so that there is not
infrequently a soreness of the limbs and a lameness accompanying it.
The immediate exciting cause is most probably defective nutrition — a
want of that power of assimilation which is necessary to the supplying of
the bones with their phosphate constituent.

It may be deveioped by both over-feeding and by deficiency of food, as
24

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i .h

364

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

the digestive functions are deranged by either excessive burdens imposed
upon them or want of sufficient nutrition in that food which is digested.

It is difficult to assign any reason why the general predisposition should
be determined primarily to the face.

It has been observed to prevail mostly in those . ?gions where Indian
corn is constantly fed, and in those, whatever be the predominant food,
where the animal uses only, or chiefly, free stone water — a fluid lacking
in that phosphate element so essential to bony structures.

Hard labor and abuse, poor food and bad stabb management, doubtless
do much to precipitate the disease.

How to know It. — Before the visible swelling of the face there will
generally be evident weakness, loss of appetite, laziness ; a slight suffu-
sion of the eyes with tears — one or both according as one or both sides
of the facial bone is affected ; then a swelling, about half way between
the eye and the nostril, small and hard, but gradually increasing in size.
If the swelling is pressed upon with some force the horse will wince with
pain, but gentle rubbing seems to give ease. The lower jaw, under the
chin, will next appear thickened : a degree of general stiffness sets in ;
at last the joints are swollen, and seem puffed up with wind ; the horse
rapidly fails in flesh ; and the head becomes enormously swollen, and
finally breaks into little openings which discharge an offensive pus.

What to do.— It is well, perhaps, to warn the reader in the outset not
to do any of those foolish things which .characterized the old practice,
such as boring into the diseased part and injecting corrosive poison ; lay-
ing open the jaw and sawing out a portion of the bone ; blistering, bui-n-
ing, etc. The disease is not local, but constitutional, and though perhaps
having no other visible manifestation than on the face, it has extensive
connection with various portions of the frame, so that i "rely local treat-
ment is of little consequence.

The first step will be to see that the patient is well stabled or other-
wise cared for according to the season of the j^ear, and put upon a sys-
tematic course of food, drink, f^nd moderate exercise in the sun. Give
him from five to seven quarts of oats per day, and if those are boiled and
mixed with a little wheat bran, all the better. When green vegetables
can be had, they should be fed liberall}', to counteract a sort of scorbutic
or scurvy tendency which marks this disorder. Apples, beets, carrots,
turnips — whatever fruit or vegetable you can get him to take is good.
When seasonable, put him upon a bountiful pasture.

Give the following dose night and morning in such food as he will
most readily eat :

f, 'ill

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

305

burdens imposed
rhich is digested,
lisposition should

3ns where Indian
redominant food,
■ — a fluid laciiing

rement, doubtless

5 face there will
i ; a slight suff u-
)ne or both sides
half way between
nci-easing in size,
se will Avince with
sv jaw, under the
stiffness sets in;
1 wind ; the horse
:>usly swollen, and
fensive pus.

in the outset not
the old practice,
isivc poison ; lay-
blistering, burn-
id though perhaps
it has extensive
<rely local treat-

stabled or other-
d put upon a s}'?-
n the sun. Give
ose are boiled and
orrcen vegetables
I sort of scorbutic
IS, beets, carrots,
to take is good.

food as he will

No. 176. 2 Ounces chlorate of potaab,

4 Ounces powdered ginger.
3 Ounces gentian,
2 Ounces podophyllin,

Ounces poplar bark.

Give also with the food, once daily, 2 ounces phosphate of lime.
Kub upon the swelled face with moderate vigor, twice daily, the fol-
lowing preparation :

No. 177. Ounces spirits of camphor,

i Ounces cod liver oil,
2 Ounces oil of cedar,

1 Pint diluted acetic acid.

If the case has been neglected until there are already breaks in the
skin, and exudation of matter, adopt the previously described course,
with this exception, that the part must be thoroughly cleansed with Avarm
soap and water, and then, instead of No. 177, apply the camphorated
corrosive sublimate every other day for six or eight times, then omit
three days, and begin again, and so on until the skin shows signs of heal-
ing. Apply the sublimate with a little mop of soft rags, and dry it in
with a hot iron held near the part, or pressed smoothly over a layer of
intervening cloths, thick enough to prevent actual burning,

n. Sweeny of the Shoulder.

The common effect of all lameness and disease of a limb is a wasting
of the muscles connected therewith. Therefore in all sprains entailing
inflammation and continued disease of a limb, and in all injuries entailing
chronic, long-continued manifestations, there will be wasting or atrophy
of the muscles, and in extreme cases sometimes permanent contraction,
even of the cords of the limb. This is popularly called swinny or sweeny.
It is the result of disease and not the disease itself. The cause of this
wasting must therefore be looked after in order to obviate the difficulty.

There is, however, from sprain of the muscle outside the shoulder
blade, a tendency to waste of the muscles, to such a degree sometimes,
that they are so shrunken as to cause the skin to bo drawn tight to the
shoulder blade.

Causes. — Sweeny is usually acquired by young horses, when first put
to work, from over-strain ; or, it may occur in horses of any age, froii;
hard pulling on uneven ground, by stepping into holes, etc., thus causing
injury to the muscles of the shoulder, and particularly those supporting
the joints.

866

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

How to know It. — Sometimes the horse may bo able to walk or even
trot without serious difficulty. If one stand directly in front of him
there will be seen that the affected shoulder is held in an unnatural posi-
tion, seeming to be rolled outward farther than is natural. There will be
a peculiar motion in the gait, and heat, tenderness and swelling on the
outside of the joint.

What to do. — By pressure on the parts discover the seat of the inflam-
mation l)y the flinching of the animal. This found, reduce it by continued
application of cold water to the part, if in the earlier stages. This may
be done by folding a long blanket and hanging over the shoulder so as to
cover the affected part. Over this keep a cloth continually wet with cold
water, until the acute symptoms have subsided.

After these have subsided, exercise must be given every day, either by
driving on a smooth road or using at any light work on smooth ground.
Every effort should be made to increase the circulation over the fallen
muscles by active rubbing. If the case do not yield to treatment, and
there is decided wasting, the muscle being hard, use the following :

No. 178.

1 Flnt ammonia,
1 Quart oil.

This should be rubbed in with considerable friction, until nearly the
excitement of a blister is produced. This with subsequent friction and
an occasional use of the blister, will effect a cure ; but it may take
months of perseverance to bring the shoulder back to its perfect shape.
Light exercise should be given every day.

m. Sweeny of the Hip.

The wasting of the muscles of the hip are due to analagous causes with
those of the shoulder. It is, however, far more rare, since the power of
the horse being in the hind-quarters, the enormous muscles of those parts
act as cushions to protect the parts from injury. As a rule, the cause of
the wasting of the muscles of the hip must be looked for lower down,
unless the injury is known to proceed from a fall on the side.

A careful examination of all the muscles will enable the owner pretty
generally to fix the seat of the disease, from the heat and tenderness of
the parts. This discovered, use the means prescribed for shoulder sweeny.
In old and difficult cases, either of the shoulder or hip, it may be neces-
sary to resort to active blistering and subsequent stinmlation by means of
the galvanic battery. In old and confirmed sweeny that has come with a
horse bought, or from neglect at the proper time, a cure will probably
not be effected ; but a partial restoration of the parts may be made.

THE HOR8K, ITS DISRA8ES.

367

Sweeny has been placed among the diseases of the bones b :' ause it
sometimes proceeds from injury to the bones and joints. The difficulty
itself, however, is confined to the muscles.

IV. Bone Spavin.

The definition of bone spavin may be given as an inflammation, ulcer-
ation and bony deposit of the small flat bones in the lower and inner part
of the hock joint ; or of both the outer and inner ones, or from inflam-
mation of the cuniform and metatarsal bones, terminating in anchylosis
(a bony union of the parts) rendering the joint stiff.

Foot, incapable of beine raised ttom
ground by reason or spavin.

Natnral position of the liculthy foot \Tlien raised
ft'om the ground during an easy trot.

Causes. — ^Injury to the joint by concussion, sprains of the ligaments,
the use of shoes with high heels or calks. Hereditary predisposition to
spavin is common from weakness of the joints, bones and ligaments.
Consequently weak limbed horses or mares, or those with spavins, or
other diseases of the bones should never be bred from.

Bone spavin is really one of the most formidable diseases with which
the horseman has to deal, and the attack is sometimes so slow and blind
that jockeys are often enabled to put off a spavined horse on the unwary,
the horse afterwards going dead lame. Nevertheless it will show itself
if the horse is allo""cd to cool, or is ridden into the water and allowed to
stand awhile, for a horse with spavin coming on as he becomes warmed
the ligaments become freer in their action, and an animal lame at first,
will go well enough afterwards ; yet, in the end the horse becomes per-
manently lame, initil the deposit about the bone, called anchylosis,
becomes solidified, when the joint is stiff and the lameness ceases.

Causes. — The causes producing spavin may be various. Hereditary
weakness of the limbs is undoubtedly one of the principal causes. Thus
a blow, a sprain, or any injury producing inflammation will cause spavin
iu such an animal, when in a strong muscled and fine boned animal it

•
1 i

\ 1 1 !

'1 ■

i (■ 1

■

i: 1

3(58

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

ill

li<.{

would yield readily to troatmont. The reason is, a feverish and unhealthy
t'ondltion of tlio membrane HC('rctin<? the .synovial fluid is produced, and
the tinn membrane affording no outlet, it settles into the spongy bone,
and a diseased condition ensues, which the weight and motion of the
animal intensiflcs until contirmed spavin is the result. When only the
splint bone is affected (here is chance for recovery, but when the cube
bone is affected there is but little chance for relief until the disease has
run its course, and ended in a joint more or less stiff.

How to know it. — Sprains do not invariably cause lameness. There
may be little or no local swelling aa in occult spavin, as ulceration is
called, in the center of the joint between the flat bones. The swelling,
when it does exist, is in front and on the inside and on the lower part of
the joint, and may best bo seen by standing about midway of the body
so as to get a side view of the front of the hock. When the swelling is
in front of the hock it is most to bo feared. It is hard and is to be dis-
tinguished from the tense but elastic swelling caused by spnwn of the
flexor tendon, or from the flexible and fluctuating swelling of bog spavin.

The swelling of bone spuvin may bo more to the front or farther back
on the insidfl of the hock, or even shown principally on the outside, and
in case it extends to the true hock joint, it may end in bony formation to
such a degree as to close the articulation (play of the parts) and produce
a stiff joint. The animal if turned from side to side in the stall will
move stiff and on the toe. This same stiffness is also seen when the
animal first starts off, but which may nearly or quite disappear when the
animal becomes warm. The horse will sometimes jerk up the limb as
though he had string-halt. By turning him quickly in a small circle ho
will caiTy the limb more or less stiff, or rest on the toe only.

What to do. — In any case rest and a high heeled shoo should be allowed.
In the acute stage or early in the development of the disease, place the
horse in slings if possible. Foment thoroughly with hot water in which
an ounce of laudanum is mixed to each two quarts of water. Give four
drachms of aloes if the bowels are costive, and give half an ounce to an
ounce of saltpeter in the water, morning and night, until a free flow of
urine is had. When the inflammation has subsided blister. The follow-

ing will be effectual :

No. 179.

1 Part porrosive RUbUmate.
12 Part:! oil of turpentine,

Mix thoroughly and rub in. F-.rJng with a white hot iron is still more
effectual, yet the iron and the corrosive liniment are apt to leave a blemish.
A milder preparation is :

No. 180.

THE nOH8E, ITS DI8KABB8.

2DraolimH <ill of roHeiiiury,

H Oiiiico jiowUitimI cunthurldcR,

4 Ouiicuit iiiercuriul oiiitiui'Dt,

860

Grind thoroughly together and rub on heating it in with a warm iron.

If there is siuii)iy swelling, in old eases, thorough and fre(|ut'nt ruhliing
with oleatc of mercury will dissipate what swelling has not actually be-
come bone. Setons are also most valuable in spavin. The needle should
be passed for a considerable space under the skin, over tho seat of spavin.
Anoint the tape with the following :

No. 181.

1 Part powdered white hellebore,

8 I'lirtH liird,

Mix with gentle heat.

Before tho application of cither blister or seton wo would advise
thrusting a narrow-pointed bistoury under tho sprain and scarifying tho
parts. In no event, however, should resort bo had to cutting away tho
bony parts which have formed, with mallet and chisel, as wo have seen
tiiem. It is l)arbarous, inhuman, and can do no good whatever. Somo
cases will absolutely resist all and any means for cure ; others again will
yield kindly in from one to three months. In young horses if treatment
be given in time, a euro may generally be effected. With old horses the
euro ia difficult.

V. Enlargement of the Hook.

Nature has protected tho hocks in a most ample manner, to prevent
injury under ordinary circumstances, and in fact, under exceptional cir-
cumstances, except those of an accidental or violent nature. From vari-
ous bruises or strains, inilammation and lameness may ensue. Rest and
fomentations will generally set this right if taken early. Sometimes,
however, the enlargement will continue to grow in spite of all efforts to
the contrary, and until the entire joint is involved.

How to know It. — There are two forms of this disease. In one, the
tendons and cartilages only are affected. This will generally yield to
fomentations and a few applications of oleate of mercury. If not, blister,
using the prescription No. 180. Another form is more serious. From
a severe blow or other cause, there is a bruise of the bone, by which the
investing membrane, called the periosteum, is either severely strained or
torn loose, giving rise to inflammation and formation and deposit of bony
mutter on the surface of the bone, sometimes to such a degree that the
parts are of excessive size, and the leg so lamo that it is only with great
difficulty the animal can walk. Tho animal may, indeed, as in the case

870

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

I ft

't 1

of 1)11(1 Hpavin, bo cnpnblo of doing fr.rm work ovou with ii stiff log, but is
totally unfit for driving on tlio roiiu.

What to do. — Precisely the sumo treatment must bo puraucd as in tho
Cttse of bono spavin. Fomentations, while in tho stage of fover or in-
llammation, and blistering, tiring and setons to assist absorption. It
must bo remembered, however, that cither in spavin, or any other disease
of tho bones, joints, cartihigcs, or nmscular tissues, that straining of tho
parts is likely to ensuo again, and oonsetjuently earo must bo taken about
overworking or injuring by fast driving, especially on rough ground.

VL Bing-bone.

ii 't

• i:

This is a deposit of ])ony matter above and bolow tho coronet of tho
foot, just Avliere tho hair begins above the hoof, or of tho bono of tho
hoof, us tho coffin bono is called, or bony growth on the pasterns.

Causes. — It is caused by heavy work, hard pulling by draft horses,
bruises of the bono by pounding of tho feet on hard roads and pavements,
generally beginning as intlanunation of tho membranes covering tho
bones, and at these points giving attachments to tho ligaments at the side
of the lower or small pastern bone, or of tho lower end of the upper or
large pastern. Sometimes the bony formation proceeds to such an ex-
tent, involving and covering the wholo surface, as to produce a kind of
club fy A.

How to know it. — There may l)o lameness or not, except on hard
ground, or upon binding tho limb, in old-seated ring-bones. During tho
beginning of the evil, or while there is inflammation, and a tender, elas-
tic swelling, and a more or leas doughy state (engorgement) of the soft
parts. In tho course of the disease this matter becomes hard, from being
turned into a soft or spongy bony formation. The swelling may be
scarcely seen and confined to tho sides of the pastern bone, or there may
bo great ejilargement of the wholo surface. If the trouble occurs in a
fore-leg, the heel is put down first ; if tho ring-bone is in tlic hind-foot,
and in tho sides or back part of the pastern, the toe will be put down
first.

What to do. — ^For tho fore-foot, put on a thin-heeled bar shoe. If in
the hind-foot, a high-heeled shoo. That is, if tho animal walks on the
toe, use a high-heeled shoe ; if on tho heel, a thin-heeled shoe. If there
is inflammation, known by heat and tenderness, use fomentations of liot
water, pcrscveringly ajiplied until it is reduced. Then blister severely
with the following :

THE IIORBE, ITS DISEASES.

371

, a stiff log, but ia

punsucd as in tho
;o of fovor or in-
t (ihHorption. It
any other diHctiso
t Htniinin<^ of tho
ist bo tiilten ubuut
ough ground.

10 coronet of tho
f tho bono of tho
s ptisturnH.

by draft horses,
Is and pavtiuients,
nes covering tho
unents at tho side
1 of tlie upper or
ds to such an ex-
)roduco a kind of

except on hard

les. During tlio

[id a tender, ehis-

ent) of tlie soft

hard, from being

sweUing may be

ne, or there may

ublo occurs in a

[in tlic hind-foot,

ill be put down

bar shoe. If in
|ial walks on the

shoe. If there
lentations of hot

blister severely

Ko. 182. 10 Drops muriatic acid,

SO UrnlnK corroHlve lubUmate,
20 Ur«ini camphor,
1 Ounce oU of turpentine.

Mix, and apply until a sufficient blister is formed ; then wash off to
prevent blemish and keep tho blister running as long as possible, by cov-
ering witlj a rag well smeared with mutton tallow. Blister again if neces-
sarv. Of, use the means pursued in spavin, oleato of mercury, if tho
case is not difficult.

If tho ring-bone has been of long standing, tho only relief will bo the
growtii of bony matter over tho joint. There will bo more or less stiff-
ness in tlie joint, but the horso may do slow work. Old horses aro more
difficult to euro than young ones, and in any case to avoid blemish, tho
cuso must be taken at tho first indication. Then thorough fomentations,
slight blistering, a proper shoo and rest will accomplish a euro. If there
is simply a hardening of tho integuments, oleato of mercury, in developed
ring-bone or spavin, will reduce so much of it as is not already bony
growth.

Vn. stifle.

Any difficulty of tho stifle joint, by which the animal is more or less
disabled from tho use of tho limb, is by the generality of horsemen
termed stifling, it being supposed to bo a dislocation of the stifle bone,
corresponding to the knee-pan in man. Dislocation, however, is ex-
tremely rare. Tho displacement of the whirlbono of the stifle joint when
it occurs, M'ill cause tho animal to throw tho limb straight out behind.
This form often becomes chronic ; that is, occurs, and the habit is fixed
from apparently slight causes, or any cause that shall compel the animal
to throw tho leg back farther than is usual in going at a slow gait. It is
often jjroduced in the Irst place by catching the hind leg or hoof in some-
thing which forcibly holds it.

How to know it. — The horse will hold tho leg extended out behind ;
the head will be raised and the animal will go on three legs ; there is
every evidence of extreme pain, but no heat nor swelling. Upon exam-
ining the stifle bone, the patella, corresponding to the knee pan in man,
will bo found outside those against which it should fit. When the
dislocation is inward, tho limb will be drawn upward.

What to do. — Get the animal into a close place ; have him held firmly
by the head ; pass a rope about the fetlock and over any projection, so
the limb may be drawn forward. Bring the limb forward and upward,
and standing behind and against the hip, press the bone toward and into

:' i)

.ii: I

372

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

its place. Hold it there firmly until the muscles regain their original
cont'-actibility in some measure, and use an infusion of bayberry or oak
bark, cold, freely, for some days.

In addition to this it is better that the horse be made to stand on the
injured limb. To do this it is usual to tie a cord tightly about the other
hind leg. This is apt to make a blemish. Tie the other foot so it cannot
be thrown back.

In nine cases out of ten when the owner supposes his horse to be stifled
the difficulty will be found to be from injury to some other part of the
limb, as sprain of any of the ligaments of the leg, of the fetlock, a
prick of the hoof, etc., causing the animal to hold the limb in such a
way as to cause the stifle bone to seem displaced.

Horses often injure the parts around the stifle joint by running, leaping,
or from bruises or other hurts. In this case the treatment is to be the
same as in any other sprain or bruise. In mild cases the following will
be found good to bathe the sjjrain or bruise with :

No. 183.

1 Ounce tincture of arnica,
1 Pint ruin water.

Biithe the affected part freely with this from time to time. If the
dil 'culty is severe, fomentations of hot water must be perseveringly used
until the inflammation subsides, and then resort may be had to blistering
if necessary, or a seton may be placed under the affected part to get up
counter irritation. In severe cases the cure is slow and the animal must
have absolute rest.

In any difficulty in or about the stifle joint, it is well to examine care-
fully for wounds or bruises.

A wound of the parts will often cause intense pain, and to the unin-
itiated, apparently all the symptoms of dislocation. The veterinarian is
never deceived, and no one need be if he brings common sense and a
careful examination to bear upon any wound, bruise, strain or other
injury. There will be blood, matter, swelling or heat in the part af-
fected. This found, use the remedies prescribed in such cases.

Vm. Splint.

Causes. — ^The name is given to a peculiar enlargement generally found
on the outside of the small bones of the fore leg, and inside the leg.
The causes are not well defined. Splint may be caused by violent blows
or other injuries, but it seems to be more a consequence of weight and
strain. The inner spli.„ bone, or small bone of the leg, is placed nearer
the center of the body than the other, and there is at almost all times
gi'cater weight upon it, while on certain occasions it may also be subjected

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

373

regain their original
a. of bayberry or oak

ses the following will

well to examine care-

to more violent strain, whence inflammation may set in, and a bony
deposit result. Kaising the outer heel of the shoe more tlian ordinarily,
contributes in some degree to produce an unnatural strain upon this bone.
The tonn splint is applied also to those bony tumors that sometimes ap-
pear on the outer sliaiik bone. These are more readily accounted for,
as this part of the leg is peculiarly liable to blows and other injuries.

How to khOW it. — In the first stage of the disease, while the splint is
forming, there is inflammation of the periosteum or bonc-covcring mem-
brane ; there is lameness ; and though no swelling may yet be visible,
you can discover it by passing the open hand down the side of the leg,
with the thumb on the small bone, or rather in the groove formed by the
two small bones. A small, hard swelling will be found, which, being
pressed upon, will cause the animal to flinch.

When the tumor is well-developed and plain to the sight, it is not gen-
erally attended with lameness, from the fact that the periosteum has ac-
commodated itself to the new formation, and the inflammation, with
consequent soreness, has subsided. Then it happens that a very little
splint will often cause more lameness than one which is so large as to be
easily seen at a distance.

In cases of nmch inflammation and extreme soreness, the horse stands
resting the toe upon the ground, with the leg slightly bent ; and this
great heat may extend itself by sympathy to the soft parts of the leg
nearest the spli..t, but this is seldom the case.

Sometimes the animal is apparently free from all trouble when merely
put to a walk, but will discover extreme lameness in trotting — the extra
concussion producing much pain, and examination, as previously directed,
will disclose the seat of the trouble.

What to do. — If the protuberance is small, and there is no lameness,
do nothing, unless the horse is valuable and the tumor is unsightly. It
will disappear by natural absorption as the animal increases in years,
provided there is no directly exciting cause constantly at work. An
unskillful attempt to cure will sometimes lead to lameness and an increase
of the splint.

If it is a recent formation, and treatment is thought necessary, observe
whether the irritation is such as to have produced extreme tenderness of
the part, and swelling of the soft parts of the leg. If so, lessen the
inflannnation, and thus also the soreness, by cool, softening poultices, or
frequent application of cold salt and water. Then shave the hair off
from over and around the protuberance, and rub in, at evening, the fol-
lowing mercurial ointment :

Ko. 184.

1 Drachm binlodide of mercury,
1 Ounce Uird.

' '

! i

m '

II I

11!

874

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOK.

Continue this until a free watery discharge is produced from the sur-
face. As a general rule this is sufficient, for even though it may not
directly disappear, it will gradually do so from this time, unless the
tumor interferes materially with the ligaments or tendons.

If it is large, or near the joint, or extends so as to destroy the motion
that natural.'y exists between the two small bones, cast the horse, and
secure him from violent struggling — then scarify the periosteum or
membrane covering the bone, over the splint. For this purpose, have a
small, probe-like knife, shaped like a scimiter, with the cutting edge on
the convex side. Make a small opening about an inch below the splint,
turn the little probe knife flat and insert it into this opening and urge it
forward until the point has passed over the protuberance. Now turn the
cutting edge down, and scarify the periosteum well, making several cuts
across the splint, and with such force as to I'each the naked bone every
time. Withdraw the knife and insert a seton needle, v/ith tape fixed as
usual ; pass the point up past the splint, send it through the skin, and
draw the tape through. Slightly enlarge the upper end of the tape, so
that it cannot come out below, and the work is done. Suppuration will
ensue in from seven to fourteen days ; absorption will follow, and the
splint will almost invariably disappear.

During treatment the horse should be kept from work, as any consider-
able exercise, particularly any straining in harness, or concussion by rapid
motion, will increase lameness and render cure more tedious and difficult.

IX. Sore Shins— Inflammation of the Metacarpal Bones.

This ia an inflammation of the membrane covering the shank bones,
and is not confined to any particular classes of horses, though racing or
other fast worked horses are more subject to the affection than are draft
horses, the difficulty generally occurring before the animal becomes
mature.

Causes. — The cause is undoubtedly over-working and abuse before the
bones and integuments become fully developed.

How to know It. — ^The lameness resembles that of splint. There is
swelling over the shin bone, which is tense as though stretched, elastic,
and doughy to the touch. There is heat and tenderness, and sometimes
the swelling becomes excessive, and breaks, but always preserves its elas-
tic feeling. Or the swelling may not be extensive, but gradually hardens
through the formation of bony matter, until at length the pain disappears.

In these slight cases, the matter thrown out between the bone and
membrane, is generally converted into a bony formation and the skin re-
mains permanently thickened. In severe cases the throwing out of

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

375

sduced from the suv-
en though it may not
this time, uuless the
jndons.

to destroy the motion
s, cast the horse, and
fy the periosteum or

• this purpose, have a
the cutting edge on

inch below the splint,
i opening and urge it
jrance. Now turn the
making several cuts
he naked bone every
le, v/ith tape fixed as
through the skin, and

• end of the tape, so
ne. Suppuration will
1 will follow, and the

work, as any consider-
or concussion by rapid
e tedious and difficult.

carpal Bones.

ing the shank bones,

ses, though racing or

Section than are draft

the animal becomes

and abuse before the

. of splint. There is
ugh stretched, elastic,
irness, and sometimes
ays preserves its elas-
but gradually hardens
;h the pain disappears,
etween the bone and
atiou and the skin re-
the throwing out of

matter (lymph) may separate the membrane and the bone, and eventuate
in necrosis, or death of the bone.

What to do. — If the difficulty is not severe, cold water faithfully ap-
plied during the inflammatory stage, and later, blisters, will be all that
will be necessary. In fact, treat it precisely as is recommended for
splint.

In very severe cases, where there is great tenderness, and decided
doughy swelling, make a series of incisions with a bistoury or narrow-
bladcd knife, carrying the blade a short way beneath the skin, and then
cutting down to the bone. This is done to let the contents escnpe. Use
as a fomentation hot water containing half an ounce to an ounce of laud-
anum to a pint, and afterwards with cold water. If the healing is not
prompt, apply a blister. In a majority of cases it should yield by apply-
ing the following astringent lotion :

No. 186.

60 Drops carbolic acid,

H Ounce sugar of lead,

2 Quarts rainwater.

It may be necessary, in fact it will be better, to give a purgative, 4 or
5 drachms of aloes, to be followed by 20 drops tincture of aconite, three
or four times a day. The animal should have perfect rest and be kept
on sound hay and bran mashes.

X. Rotten Bone.

This is called necrosis when it attacks the shaft or body of the horse,
and caries when it is confined to the ends at its joints.

CauS68. — Death and decay of the bone, from inflammation. It is lia-
ble to occur in poll-evil, founder, from cracked or broken bones, and
inflammation of the membranes.

How to know It. — There will be severe inflammation, followed by one
or more abscesses, which break and discharge. They do not heal, but
fofm fistu.is (pipes). The discharge at first may be thin and without
smell, but after a time there is a peculiar and fetid odor, characteristic
of decayed bone.

What to do. — The proper thing to do is to cut down at once to the
decayed bone, scrape it clean, remove all loose portions, wash the wound
with chloride of zinc lotion, made as follows :

No. 186.

40 Grains chloride of zinc,
1 Ounce distilleu water.

The wound made in cutting is to be treated as is any wound. If the

376

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

cutting be extensive enough to warrant it close with stitches, cover with
lint steeped in oil to which a little carbolic acid is added. If healing do
not progress satisfactorily, that is if the granulations at the edges do not
contract fast enough, stimulate by washing with tincture of aloes and
myrrh. So far as this cutting and scarifying is concerned it should be
done by a surgeon. If this cannot be done, open the fistulas clear to the
bottom and wash out once a day with the following :

No. 187. K Ounce sulphate of zinc,

H Ounce aulpbate of copper,

1 Ounce solution of sub-acetate of lead,

6 Ounces pyroligeous aciti, (or better, white wine vinegcrj.

To one part of this use ten parts of water, and inject with force from
a syringe once a day for two weeks if necessary.

XI. Inflammation of the Knee-joint.

Inflammation of the knee or other joints may occur in all stages, from
the most simple form to those most violent, with ulceration, and the
formation of destructive abscesses.

Causes. — Jarring on hard roads ; various injuries, such as bruises,
strains, etc.

How to know it. — In light cases the horse in starting forward will do
so from the knee and with pain. There will be excessive flinching if the
knee is extended by force. The animal stands square on his feet, and
without inclination to raise the heel. In walking he takes a fair step, but
carries the knee joint as much without bending as possible, and in putting
down his foot exerts the greatest pressure on the heel.

What to do. — Take off the shf)es. Treat the inflammation as directed
in other cases ; first by hot ^v'ater embrocations perseveringly applied,
using laudanum as directed if lecessary to relieve pain. There must be
perfect rest, and if the animai will use the limb put him in slings, and
apply splints and bandages i o the knee. The inflammation having been
cured, blister the parts, to 'jromote absorption of the fluids. When the
animal is better let him have the run of a quiet pasture until entirely
sound, or keep him in the stable with gentle walking exercise every day.

Xn. Caries of the Lower-jaw.

Causes. — Caries, or ulceration of the lower jaw bone, between the
tushes and grinders, is caused almost wholly by the barbarous use of bits
and curb-chains. Injury is also sometimes inflicted upon the bony plate
of the roof of the mouth by pressure of the curb, when a tight nose

.JObu

THB HOH8E, ITS DISEASES.

377

ijecl with force from

3S, such as bruisos,

band keeps the mouth shut down. The gums of the lower jaw ar« very
often hurt, and not infrequently the bone itself is so bruised as to result
ill this ulceration. When this is the case, the gum, unless forcibly opened,
must slough, so that the injured portion of the boue can be cast off. Thus
a stinlving sore is made, and one of long continuance, as the scaling of the
1)0110 and the escape of the loosened particles is a tedious process.

How to know It. — ^Examination of the gums is necessary to disclose the
trouble when it exists simply as a bruise. The spot will appear of a
color different from the adjacent parts, and pressure upon it will cause
the animal to wince with pain. Even if neglected till there is a discharg-
ing sore, it is not always detected at once, as the discharge is, in the
beginning, of a watery character, and is lost in the saliva, though con-
stantly going on. On contact with the bit, however, there is a mixture
of blood and watery matter, and some of this escapes constantly while
the horse is in use. This ought to attract the attention of the master, if
nothing else has, and lead to thorough examination. There will be found,
in that case, a depression in the gum, and, fixed to the bottom of the
cavity, a mass of proud flesh. The discharge will be characterized by a
very offensive stench.

What to do. — If the bruised place on the gum, accompanied with sens-
itiveness to pressure, is discovered before there is any break or exudation
of matter, have a strong, keen knife, and cut to the bone. The incision
made ought to correspond with the extent of the bruised bone. The
grating of the knife upon this sore portion will cause the horse to strug-
gle with more or less violence, owing to the exceeding soreness and ten-
derness of the injured part ; and this may in some sort furnish a guide
as to the amount of incision necessary. If the opening is too small for
the scolcd bone to be easily cast out, it will be necessary to employ the
bone forceps with which to grasp and withdraw it.

Upon cutting it, a thin, watery fluid will flow out. Care must now bo
taken to see that the incision is not allowed to close over and retain the
injured bone, as this would ultimately result in a foul and troublesome
ulcer.

Wlien the discharge has somewhat thickened, and is pectiliarly of-
fensive to the smell, showing that the bone is decaying and that nature is
milking an effort to cast off the injured portion, wash it out with the
syringe, several times a day, with the following solution :

when a tiijht nose

No. 188.

1 Scruple chloride of zinc,

4 Drachms essence of anise seed,

1 Pint water.

378

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

i 1 : , ■
^ M .1 "

I li: '' i

If treatment is deferred, however, till there is an open, ulcerous gum,
with the existence of proud flesh, push a stick of lunar caustic deep into
the unhealthy granulation in the cavity, so as to destroy it. Then keep
down the fungous growth by the use of the caustic, day after day, until
the stinking discharge has ceased. This will not be until the bone has
ceased to scale away ; and the wound may now be safely left to heal.

A cure affected, the next thing to do is to select a bit that shall press
upon another part of the mouth, or there may be a repetition of the evil.
The snaffle may be used with comparative safety where the curb has in-
flicted serious hurt.

CHAPTER XrV.

DISEASES OF THE FEET.

ULCERATION OF THE FOOT (NAVICULAR DISEASE). II. CRACKED HOOPS. in. HOOF

BOT. IV. CORNS. V. CONTRACTION OF THE HOOF (NARROW HEEL). VI, INJU-
RIES TO THE FROG. VII. FOUNDER. i VIII. NAIL PRICKING. IX. CANKER X.

SAND CRACK. XI. FALSE QUARTER. XII. QUITTOR, XIII. TOE CRACK. XIV.

PUMICE FOOT. XV. SEEDY TOE. XVI. OSSIFIED CARTILAGES. XVII. SIDE BONES.

XVIU. INCISED AND PUNCTURED WOUNDS OF THE SOLE.

I. XTloeration of the Foot— (Navicular Disease).

Between the coffin bone and lower pastern there is a small bone which
forms the projection of the heel and rests upon the frog of the foot.
This bone is called the shuttle or navicular bone. The inflammation of
the surface of this bone is called the navicular disease. It may implicate
the synovial sac, the ligaments and the flexor tendon which plays over it.
One of the uses of the navicular bone is to give increased strength to the
(!onnection between the coffin bone and the joint above. Another use is
to enable the flexor tendon, which passes over it and is joined to the
coffin bone, to give increased pliability, strength and motion to the foot.
In high bred horses, and all those used for fast work, this bone is
peculiarly liable to injury and consequently to disease. This disease is
inflammation and subsequent ulceration of this highly organized bone.
The difficulty may extend to the interior of the bone, to the tendon which
passes over its surface and even involve the adjacent parts.

Causes- — It is thought that a rheumatic constitution predisposes an
animal to this disease. Certain it is that highly organized and weak
limbed animals most usually suffer from it, probably from the fact that
they are not able to withstand an injury that a stronger limbed animal
would do, especially when carrying a bad fitting shoe, or subject to
violent exertion or over strain of any kind. Other causes than bad shoes
26

380

ILLUSTUATED STOCK DOCTOR.

^^1

and concussion of tlic 1)ono may exist, injury from nails picked up on tlie
road, impaired nutrition, by which the hones are not sutiicicntly nourished
actinjr to assist injury to the bone.

How to know It. — The foot will feel hot, yet [)articular heat is not
always present. The toe will )»e pointed, in the stable, eight or ten inches
before the other, and with tiio heel slightly raised. Tiiis peculiarity may
indeed be noticed often for a long time before any particular lameness is
noticed. By-and-by the animal will be observed to step short, and on
the toe, with liability to stuml)le when first taken out of the stable. This
will disappear as the animal gets warm, i)ut will show again when cool.
The toe of the shoe will become more worn than other parts. As the
disease progresses the hoof will decrease in size, particularly in the
quarters and heels. Trying the edges of the hoofs will not make the
animal tlinch unless there be corns, but by tapping the sole on oach side
of the body of the frog with a hammer, or ui)on the walls of the hoof
about the quarters, will give pain. By bending the foot back and press-
in" with the thumb in the hollow of the heel on either side of the flexor
tendon, with considerable force, it will cause intense pain. These are all
characteristic tests. There may be sweeny of the shoulder from disease
of the muscles. This is an effect of the disease and not a disease in
itself.

What to do. — If the injury is new, the first thing to be done is to re-
duce the inflammation. Do this Avith cold water api)lications or any of
the remedies advised for ring-boiic, spavin, or other inflammation. Give in
laxative dose, 4 drachms of aloes ; have the shoes taken off and let the
horse stand during tlic day time in })ure wet clay up to the top of the
hoof, and at night poultice the foot. If there is much inflammation,
bleed in the arteries above the coronet. The coronet is the lowest part
of the pastern, where the hair grows around the hoof. Keep the horse
perfectly quiet, and if he has a fast i)ulse, give an ounce of salt petre in
the drinking water night and morning. At the end of two weeks, or
sooner if the inflammation is gone, blister the coronet all around. Or.
use the following :

No. 189.

1 Ounce camphor gum,

1 Ouiico corrosive fiublimate,

1 Pint oil turpentine.

Grind the sublimate thoroughly in a mortar, and put into a strong bot-
tle ; pour on the turpentine and shake occasionally. It should bo fit for
use in from 20 to 30 hours. This is to be ai)plied every other day to the
heel and bottom of the foot, first paring away all scaly, ragged parts.

THE HORSE, ITS DISKA8ES.

381

'ticultir heat is not
', eijrlit or ton inches

Ilcat it in with a hot iron. Tliis preparation is of great strength and
power and must be used earefully.

If i)rif( ircd, a seton may bo put in the l)ottom of the foot at the frog.
To do tiiis, Hrst pare tlio scale as tliin as possible without reaching the
<]ui(k; provide a sharp, short, well-curved needle threaded with tape;
pierce the sole aI>out an inch from the too, and bring out midway be-
tween the two parts of the frog and the hollow of the heel ; or enter at
the hollow of the heel and bring out the needle at the body of the frog,
'riic utmost care must be had not to pierce deep enough to injure the
tendon or bursa which lies close there. Tie the tape, and wet daily with
No. iHil, or the following:

No. 100.

1 Ptirt powdered canthnrldes,
1 I'urt oil of turpentine,
8 rurts Cuuudu balsam.

Shake the two first well together and add the balsam, shaking occa-
sionally for 24 hours, and ajiply to the seton tape every day, turning it
at the same time. The object in this disease is to produce suppurative
running of the parts. This done, the cure is only a question of time.

Jf , in spite of all that has been done for relief, the disease proceeds to
dcircneration of the bone, resort must be had to cutting the nerves lead-
ing to the foot, (Neurotomy) which will be described in the proper
chapter.

n. Cracked Hoofs.

Causes. — This is not an unusual occuiTonce in
horses, and arises, as a rule, from weak and
brittle hoofs, produced by a dry state of the
hoof, whatever may be the cause, whether fever
or other causes of degeneration. The prolific
causes arc drying of the wall of the hoof,
uneven bearing of the shoe, calking or other
wounds or injuries of the coronet. This crack
nia^' extend down from the coronet according to
tlio time it is allowed to run.

CLOSING CBACK IN UOOF.

What to do. — If taken early, a bar shoe,
having an even l)earing all round will generally'

relieve the difficulty. In connection with this, ajjply a plaster of pitch
over the injury.

If the crack becomes determined, as in the cut given, it must be kept

882

ILLU8TKATEU STOCK DOCTOB.

closed together by (TinchiMg ii thin nail on each side of the gap near tho
bottom and top, or else with thin wire as shown in the cut.

Also burn a groove just below the crack about an inch long nearly
down to the quick. It is also well to slightly blister the coronet at tho
top of crack. An efficient and stimulating liniment will be the oil of
canthtirides, made as follows :

No. 101.

1 Ounce powdered cantbarides,
8 Ounces olive oil.

Mix in a strong bottle and set it in water kept near the boiling heat for
three or four hours, and filter through close linen. Apply once a day
with friction until the part is tender. Let tho horse have rest, or turn
into a pasture until cured.

ni. Hoof Rot.

This difficulty, sometimes called tender feet, arises from diseases of
various kinds, spavin, ring bone, chronic founder, navicular disease.
There is a dry, feverish state of all the parts, and the hoof, and especially
the sole, becomes decayed and sometimes perishes entirely.

How to know it. — The bottom of the hoof is dry and chalk-like, so
that it may easily be dug away with the point of a knife, or even easily
scraped away. The frog of the foot diminishes in size, and the ankle
joints are apt to swell. The horse steps short and goes lame, if in one
foot, or if in both, cripples in his gait. The affected foot will be pointed
forward to enable the animal to rest on tho sound foot, or if both are
affected, first one and then the other will bo placed forward. Sweeny or
wasting of the muscles of the leg and shoulder result simply from disease
of the limb.

What to do. — Remove the shoe, pare away all unsound portions of the
hoof until all tho pumiced parts are got rid of ; also the frog and the
sides of the hoof. Stimulate the bottom of the hoof by washing with No.
189 once a day for three days, heating it in with a hot iron. Then omit
for two or three days and commence again. During the treatment the
animal must be kept in tho stable and the feet should be kept dry.
When hoof rot is due to other diseases, as ulceration of the navicular
joints, it will do no good to follow the rule laid down until the cause of
the difficulty is removed.

rv. Corns.

Corns are in very many cases the result of other diseases, tending to
weakening of the solo rather than the result of a bruise to a send hoof.

aaHMBi

TJIE lIOUtfK, ITS DIHKASEB.

iM3

Thus a horse with corns should ho thoroughly examined for injury to the
Ixjnes of the hoof, rotten hoof, etc-.

Causes. — A l)ruise on the sole below the Imrs and the wall at the heel,
produiing a horny tumor or hardening, whiih presses on the quick.
.Sometimes there is intlammation, owing to the formation of matter
which works out either at the top of the hoof or at the toe, from the
formation t>f a fistula. Then it is Quittor. They may be found on
cither side of the lieel, but usually on the inner or weaker side.

How to know It. — There will be flinc! mg when the walls of the hoof
and sole are seized and strained Avith the pincers ; thus revealing on
which side and the locality of the corn. The" toe will be pointed, when
at rest, and with the heel slightly raised. In motion the gait will be
short and stumbling. If it has proceeded to suppuration, the pain will
ho. so extreme that the horse will fear to put the foot to the ground. If
there is a horny tumor forming, it may be known upon paring the hoof
by the appearance of a white, spongy, horny formation, as in sand crack.

What to do- — If the corns proceed from other disease, causing con-
traction and other disabilities of the hoof, remove these causes and the
corns will disappear. If the corns proceed from a simple and recent
bruise, remove the shoe and rasp down the bearing surface of the heels,
so there may be no pressure. That is, the heels should be rasped lower
than the other bearing surfaces. If there is inflammation, let the hoofs
rest in cold water, or keep them moist with i' wet cloth and the sole with
a soft sponge, or the whole hoof may be enveloped in a large sponge cut
to tit. The animal should wear a bar shoe, arranged to avoid pi'essure
on the parts affected. When the foot ceases to be tender, keep the hoof
and sole smeared with the following ointment, to render it soft and pro-
mote healthy growth :

No. 102.

)i Ounce tallow,

1 Ounce oil of turpentine,

4 Ounces beeswax.

Use the horse at light work until entirely recovered.

If the difficulty be found to be a suppurating corn (one containing
matter), the hoof must be cut down to let all the matter escape: cut
away all the horn that has become separated from the quick, and pare
away all the horn around the parts to a thin edge. Poultice the part
with a linseed poultice, renewed until there is no longer tenderness, and
the surface is smooth and healthy. Then i)ut on a bar shoe with a
leather sole, and till the space from behind with tar held in place with a

' 'i

' )

''fl I

11:

\x^

ii ■ ■ i'.

884

ILLU8TUATED STOCK UOCTOIl.

Btuftiiif^ of tow. Givo entire rest and no pressure on the lieol until tho
sole of the foot has grown out naturally.

If the corn has hoionic a tumor it should be out out, und tho mwno
treatment pursued as advi.«ed for a eorn that has formed matter.

Old corns souietinies result in disorganization of the parts, or death of
a portion of the heel, disease of the bone of the foot, or ulceration of
tho cartilage. In this case they must bo treated as advised for (^uittor or
for navicular disease.

V. Contraotion of the Hoof, Narrow Heel.

In a healthy condition tho hoof of a horso should bo nearly round.
What(!ver shape the hoof may assume, it is not a disease in itself but the
result of disease or of some disability. It is generally the result of
fever in tho feet fron» injury to bones, ligaments or frog, or the effect of
founder, etc. Contraction of the hoof exists in nearly uU diseases of
tho feet, and may occur from standing idle in tho stable. So it may
result from undue paring of the heels, tho bars on tho frog, from a shoo
remaining on so long that tho foot is prevented from taking its natural
growth.

What to do. — The only thing Is to remove tho shoes and round tho
edges of the hoofs to prevent their being broken or 8i)lit, and keep tho
affected hoofs standing every day from early in the morning until late at
night in puddled clay reaching well up tho hoofs. (.\)ntinue this for two,
three, or four weeks as the case may be. Then use prescription No.
192 as a hoof ointment until the hoof is brought back to its natural
shape as near as may be. In shoeing let the shoe bo without bevel on its
upper side, and let tho bearing bo equal on all parts of the wall of tho
hoof.

VI. Injuries of the Prog.

The frog of tho horse's foot is especially liable to injury from being
bruised upon projecting stones, pierced by nails and splinters. It is also
liable to inflammation of tho secreting membrane, resulting in tho forma-
tion of matter, and to canker.

What to do. — In all l)ruises with soreness pare away the frog carefully
until tho difficulty is found. If bruised, treat it by using tho liniment
No. IH!). If pierced with some sharp substance extract it and inject
tincture of aloes and myrrh. If the difficulty be thrush, caused by ex{)o-
suro to wet and tilth, bruise of the frog, hard substance lodged in the
cleft, or other cause, there will be soreness of the skin behind the cleft

TUB IIOI(8K, ITH U<8K.\HK8.

3K5

tlio liool until tlio

of tlio fropr, and a bad smelling disclmrgo from the tlcft with inoro or

loss liiMlcni'SM.

WuHJi tli<! affpttod parts thorouglily. Cut uwuy till ragged surfaces
and press into the cleft or wound dry calomel, or tinely powdered sul-
phate of copper.

VII. Founder.

Founder, or inflammation of tlu> feet, called by veterinarians laniinitis,
consists in fever, intlamination of the sensitive parts of the foot, including
the laniinie, aiw' of the foot bono, but is most severe in the forward por-
tion, wlicre gi.Mtest strain occurs when standing. Acute intlaninuition of
the foot, or founder, differs but little in its physical manifestations from
other inllammatory symptoms, except that it seems more complete and
permanent. Acute founder is generally produced by overwork or over-
heating and exhaustion and sudden cooling, while the sub-acuto form
may be tiie result of diseases of the respiratory organs, suddenly leaving
those parts and manifesting itself in the extremities.

Causes. — The disease may bo brought about directly from hard work
on dry, solid roads, and eonseijuent strain on the lamime (scale of the
hones), from over-feeding or drinking cold water when warm, especially
when the predisposing cause already exists. So it nmy be brought about
by other diseases, as inflammation of the lungs. Heavy, fut horses are
especially predisposed to founder, and so arc those with small and de-
formed or large, flat feet.

ACUTE FIVKlt IN THE FEET.

How to know it. — There will bo general fever and stiffness, and sore-
ness ; there m.ay or may not be shivering. Soon extreme tenderness of
the feet follows, generally most severe in the forward part, ])ut soon in
the heel ; the pulse is strong, full and ra))id ; the breathing (juickened,

386

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

with dilated nostrils ; the intensity of the pain will often cause the animal
to groan and to break out into a sweat. If pushed backward the horse
will elevate t'ae toes and throw his weight on the heels by a peculiar
motion. The hoof and frog will be hot and very sensitive to pressure,
and the arteries of the pasterns will l)eat with violence.

When the inflammation is in the hind feet, the fore feet are carried as
far under the body as possible to support the weight, while the hitd feet
are thrown forward to bring the weight upon the heels. In either case,
the animal will often lie stretched out for hours to relieve the intense
p -' of the fett.

li'c under has sometimes been mistaken for a disease called myositis, an
ii 'Limmatioa of the muscles of the limbs, especially of the hind quarters
and loins. They should never be so mistaken, as an observation of the
several symptoms will show.

Founder. — First one foot and then the other is lifted from the ground.

Lying down lessens the pain and the fever of the feet.

The difficulty usually occurs in the fore feet.

Myositis. — Both feet are kept on the ground with refusal to move
either.

^he animal will not lie down, and if thrown down the pain is increased.

Generally in the hind quarters.

In many cases the symptoms are not so aggravated as we have shown,
but the symptoms, whether one or more of the feet are affected, are the
same, and often, especially when repeated attacks have been suffered,
leave the animal with seedy toe, pumiced feet, corrugated and other-
wise distorted hoofs, and always more or less liable to recurrence of stiff
spells during life.

What to do. — In light cases, when discovered early, clothe the animal
warmly, give twenty drops of tincture of aconite every two hours, pre-
ceded by a gentle la' ative, say

No. 193.

2 to 3 Drachms powdered aloea,
1 Ounce bicarbonate of Boda.

Mix in a pint of water and give as a drench. If there is severe pain
give ounce doses of laudanum every hour until an effect is produced.

As an application to the feet keep them in large warm poultices of
linseed meal and water, or let the feet be placed in water kept as hot as
the animal can bear. Put him in slings by all means, if they can be pro-
cured. Have the shoes carefully taken off as soon as the sedatives srivcn
will allow him to bear the pain. As early as possible the animal should
be bled in the veins above the coronets of the affected feot. The bleed-
ing will be assisted by the feet being placed in hot water, and for this
reason, if for no other, the slings should be used as quickly as possible.

THE HOKSE, ITS DISEASES.

387

nth refusal to move

the pain is increased.

If there is much thirst make the drink slightly sour with cream of
tartar. If at the end of two days the fever and tenderness does not got
better pare down the soles and open them at the toe to let out any watery
matter that may exist, for fear the horn may separate from the (juiok,
keeping on the poultices afterwards as before. When the inflammation
subsides blister the pasterns and apply the corrosive liniment No. 189 to
the soles of the feet, and keep the horse standing on soft clay, or if in
Summer time turn him into a moist, soft pasture.

As a rule, neither bleeding from the neck or active purging should
be allowed in founder. There are, however, cases occasionally in simple
founder, from overfeeding when tired, or giving cold water when warm,
when a gallon of blood taken from the neck and an active purge of a
quart of linseed oil has acted like a charm, the patient recovering almost
innnediately. In this the operator must be guided by circumstances. If
the horse is fat and full of blood it will tend to reduce the inflammation
by drawing the blood to another part of the system. If so the blood
should be alloAved to flow in a full stream.

Vin. Nail Pricking.

The prick of a nail in shoeing, or from having a nail enter the foot in
traveling often leads to the most serious consequences if allowed to pro-
ceed, such as ulceration, ending in quittor and other disabilities. An
animal being lame without swelling, inflammation or other indication of
strain or bruise, the feet should be carefully examined, and the nail or
other substance be cut out, at whatever pains it may take. Then dress
the parts with hot pitch, cover with tow and give the animal rest for a
few days.

JX. Canker.

Tl is is one of the diseases that may arise from the prick of a nail or
bruise. Again it may occur without apparent cause.

How to know it. — It is a disease most prevalent in heavy, coarse-boned
horses. The frog will become large, spongy, and covered with a fun-
gous growtl. of a cheesy texture, and throwing out an abundant colorless,
bad smelling fluid. If cut away it will again quickly spring into gro>vth.
The discharge is more offensive than in thrush, and the disease more ob-
stinate, often resisting treatment for a long time.

What to do. — The horse must be kept in a clean, dry, well-ventilated
stal)le. All diseased portions of the hoof must be carefully pared off so
far as ilie knife may be able. The cure consists in destroying the fun-

388

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

gold granulations. Thus in cutting do not be alarmed at the sight of
blood from the canker. Over the well portion of the hoof spread tlie
following :

No. 104.

4 Grain^i ohloride of zinc,
1 Ounce flour.
Mix, and apply dry.

Cover the diseased parts with the following :

No. 195.

K Ounce chloride of zinc,
4 Ounces flour.

Tack on the shoo lightly, pad the parts within the shoe well, and secure
good pressure by cross pieces driven firmly within the shoe. The second
day after remove the shoe and padding, cut away everything that appears
to be in a sloughing condition ; repeat the dressing every two days until
the parts are sound. As soundness begins to appear in portions of the
surface, dress these with the following ; that is, when fungoid granula-
tions have ceased to sprout :

No. 196.

2 Grains chloride of zinc,
1 Ounce flour.

i.LM

As the canker improves, the dressings may be extended to the third or
fourth day, and during the whole time of treatment the horse should be
liberally fed, and be exercised gently for four hours every day.

Z. Sand Crack.

These are of two kinds, quarter crack, occurring in the inner quarter
of the fore foot, and toe crack, occurring in the toe of the hind foot,
both being cracks and fissures in the walls of the hoofs, beffinninsr at the
coronet and extending downwards.

Causes. — Defective quality of the hoof, causing brittleness ; bad shoe-
ing, or splitting of the hoofs from hard driving on solid roads.

How to know it. — When the horse leans his weight on the hoof, the
crack will open ; when the foot is lifted the crack will close. Sand and
dirt work into the parts, causing excessive pain and lameness, often fever
and the formation of matter.

What to do. — In recent cases, before there is nmch inflammation, all
that will be necessary to do will be to remove the shoe, cleanse the crack
thoroughly, cutting into it if there is dirt or sand lodged inside, drawing
the hoof together closely again, by the means of two thin clinch hor*c
shoe nails, one at top and one at the bottom, and filling with the follow-
ing composition •

mcd at the sight of
the hoof spread the

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES. 389

No. 197. >i Ounce tallow,

1 Ounce oil of turpentine,

2 Ounces resin,

4 Ounces, beeswax.

Molt together, and fill the crack with it quite warm, and let it cool.
The foot should bo protected so no dirt can enter, and the horse turned
to pasture until a new hoof is grown, placing a bar shoe on the in-
jured hoof.

If the crack is an oMer one, and there is inflammation, the edges must
be pared and the fissure sufliciently laid bare so it may be thoroughly
cleansed of all grit and dirt. The crack must then be thoroughly
fomented to reduce the inflammation, and poulticed until it assumes a
healthy appearance. The parts must then be brought firmly together by
means of clinch nails ; covered with ointment. No. 197; a bar shoe put
on, and a new hoof allowed to grow.

XI. False Quarter.

vo thin clinch hor*e

This difiiculty differs materially from sand crack, inasmuch as it is a
deficiency in the growth of the horn of the uoof extending from the cor-
onet to the sole. It is a gap in the wall of the hoof rather than a crack.

Causes. — It is produced from a deficient secretion of the horn making
power, owing to previous quittor, frostbite or other injury to the coronet.

What to do. — The principal means to be used is careful shoeing with
a l)ar shoe. If the injury has been recent, stimuhite the coronet with a
mild blister, or if there is a wound, cut the edges with a knife and dress
with weak carbolic acid water, to induce a healthy growth of horn. In
old cases, all that can be done is to fill the fissure with gutta percha, and
protect the weak hoof with a bar shoe.

Xn. Quittor.

Causes. — This fistulous condition of the fibrous cartilage of the foot —
inflamed, suppurating, penetrated by canals in various directions, with
openings upon the quarters and heels of the coronet — is caused l)y pricks
in shoeing, by threads, by suppurating corns or bruises, by neglected
bad tread or over-reach, by neglected thrush, by irritation from sand-
crack and false-quarters, by bruised sole that sometimes takes place when
flat-footed horses are ridden over stony ground ; in short, by any injury
Avhich leads to inflammation of the cartilage of the hoof and the forma-
tion of pus inside. When the sensitive portion of the foot is pierced by
a nail, or when inflammation has followed a bruise, suppuration speedily

390

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOIl.

^' ,»

follows, and the accumulating matter presses in every direction, and,
tinding no ready outlet, the little fleshy plates of the coffin bone are
forced from the horny ones of the crust, or it may burrow between the
horny and fleshy sole, and far towards the very central portion of the
foot. Pipes and sinuses are then made in every direction ; but the outlet
is generally by abscess of the coronet, or that portion of the hairy skin
running immediately down upon the hoof.

How to know it. — A recent wound or ordinary abscess of the coronet
may be mistaken by the inexperienced for quittor, especially if any lame-
ness attends it; but a little examination will readily disclose the true
nature of the case. From a simple wound, there is not apt to be a fetid
discharge of so unwholesome a character as that which oozes from the
sinuses of the quittor, and the parts nmst be more or less swollen, and
yielding to pressure, whereas, in quittor, the surrounding tissue is hard,
though it has taken on a peculiarly unhealthy action, and probing with
the flexible probe, or bougie, will discoA'er the presence of a sinus or of
sinuses, of more or less depth. There is almost always lameness, which
is sometimes excessive, and of a halting chaiacter : the coronet is some-
Avhat swelled into a ridge around the top of the hoof, and about the
center of which one or more small orifices are found, that discharge in
small quantities an offensive matter — sometimes rather thin and watery,
again, thick and having a curdled appearance. The probe, as we have
said, will disclose sinuses, and these generally tend downward into the
foot. The quantity of matter discharged is often very small at first, so
much so as to be out of all proportion to the very serious nature of the
trouble, and the difficulty attending a cure. Even when the opening or
openings will scarcely admit the small bougie, there may be much matter,
and this may have penetrated under the cartilages and ligaments, and to
the coffin-joint itself. Wherever it has gone, it has formed fistulous
pipes, or ulcerations that are difficult to heal. There is usually increased
heat, as well as much tenderness of the foot.

What to do. — The first step is to discover, if possible, the cause ; and if
this is still operating, to make every effort in your power to remove it.
Sometimes there is such swelling around the hoof, and such excessive
tenderness, that the animal cannot bear to have the foot handled except
in the gentlest manner. In this case, apply a good softening and cooling
poultice, and keep him as still as possible — renewing the poultice as
often as it begins to grow dry and hot — until the inflammation is sonic-
thing reduced, and the extreme tenderness overcome. Then, remove the
shoe and withdraw every nail if it can be done. If the trouble has been
caused by a nail, and the nail can be removed, there is already something

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

391

of a dependent opening made by which the accumulated pus may escape,
Mud this opening may he enlarged by farther paring away the hoof, so as
to rciicli the softer part, that can be more readily cut with a keen knife.

A small probe, or bougie, should be inserted from above, and worked
to the lowest depth of the sinus. If this extends far towards the base of
the foot, the prime object should bQ to get an opening from below to
meet it, no matter what may have been the cause — whether a prick, a
liruisc, or irritation caused by other foot diseases. This dependent open-
in" ostablished and kept open, the pus will in time be evacuated, and the
foot will return to its healthy state, unless the joints have been attacked,
in wliich case a cure is scarcely to be hoped for.

If the disease is of long standing, the internal surface of the sinus or
sinuses has become more or less callous, and a stimulating lotion must b
injected with a syringe every day, composed of one drachm chloride ox
zinc to one pint of water — increasing the chloride gradually to two
drachms.

This treatment will suffice. The main trouble, however, is to make the
dependent outlet. In case this cannot be done, owing to the shallowness
of the sinuses from above, reduce the inflammation by poulticing, as jire-
viously directed, and then inject this somewhat caustic solution into each
channel or pipe :

Ko. 198.

f> Grains bichloride of mercury,
1 Ounce spirits of wine,
20 Drops muriatic acid.

Do this three times the first day, twice the second day, and once a day
subsequently. When the discharge has ceased, stop the injection, and
simply keep clean by the use of warm soap suds, used as often as
necessary.

If it is found impracticable to inject this solution into the openings,
adopt this instead : Insert, by means of a wet probe, a mixture of
corrosive sublimate and flour (three parts of flour to one of corrosive
sublimate). Persevere until you know that every part of the sinuses has
felt the caustic. In two or tirree days thereafter they will begin to dis-
charge a white, curd-like matter. It may be necessary to repeat this,
but if thoroughly done, and there is no affection of the joints, a cure may
be expected.

Sometimes the trouble rises from a gravel having insinuated itself
between the shoe and the sole, and creating a bruise or corn. This may
be ascertained by removing the shoe and seeking for a spot unnatural in
appearance, hot, and tender on the sole. If found, it ought to be pared
down so as to reach the more sensitive part of the foot, and, if possible,
to discover and liberate matter.

3t)2

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

In making cxiuninations preliminary to treatment, the greatest care
should always be exercised, as the treatment, to be successful, must be
specially adapted to the exigencies of the case. It sometimes hapix-iis
that the trouble is critical, and that only an experienced practitioner ouglit
to be intrusted with it. When the probe indicates that the diretion of
the sinuses is backward, the chances are in favor of recovery ; but if it
shows the direction to be forward, the inii)ortant and complicated parts
of the foot arc in danger, and the result of even the best treatment is
doubtful.

In any event, a complete cure requires much time, and a more than
ordinary exercise of patience and care.

If the patient, in moving about, strikes the .swollen parts above the
fore-foot with the toe of the hind-foot; or if he hurts it in lying down,
some stej)s ought to be taken to obviate these additional causes of irrita-
tion and pain.

If the general health of the animal is scrupuously attended to, it will
materially assist in the management of the local disorder.

XIII. Toe Crack.

A hoof with crack in the toe should bo treated precisely as though the
difficulty occurred in another portion of the wall of the hoof. The diffi-
culty in all cracks of the hoof, is the diflSculty in healing, for the reason
that when the animal steps, especially on uneven ground, the walls are
strained apart. In sand-ci'acks, the princiiial care must be to extirpate
the grit and dirt, whatever the amount of paring and cutting it may take.
If granulations appear, they must be cut out. Then wash with a solution
of chloride of zinc, made as follows :

No. 199.

1 Grain chloride of zinc,
1 Ounce of water.

Whatever the quantity made, let it be in this proportion. Cleanse the
whole interior of the crack fully. In cutting away the hoof, it should
present an oval shape when finished, the points at top and bottom.

Having cleansed the inner portions, if the crack does not extend com-
pletely from the coronet to the toe, with a firing iron, just hot enough to
cause the horn to smoke, the iron not at a red, but at a black heat, soften
the crust and continue the cutting until the diseased portion is all ex-
posed. If granulations (proud flesh) show, cut it out and let the parts
bleed. Then continue the apjjlication of the chloride of zinc lotion three
times a day until a healthy reaction is produced. The crack may then
be stoi)ped with pitch or tar and tow, or gutta percha ; a bar shoe put

THE lIOnSE, ITS DISEASES.

898

line, and a more than

on with two clips in front to hold the parts together, and the animal kept
111 a cloiin, soft pasture until a new hoof is grown. An examination of the
parts l)oing made from time to time to sec that no grit or foreign sub-
stance has entered to increase the difficulty.

Saad-cracks, quarter-cracks, and false-quartvrs, will require time to
ensuic full recovery, and the time so consumed should not be grudged.

XIV. Pumice Foot.

Pumice foot, the effect of chronic laminitis, is an excessive growth
of soft, spongy horn in place of the healthy hoof, forming rings running
together at the toe, causing a I)ulging at that point and a deiircssion
above This growth in front of the himinte of the toe separates the
coffin bone from the wall of the hoof, and allows the bone to press upon
the sole and even to pierce through it. Thus the sole becomes convex
instead of concave, the animal becoming groggy, and in time quite crip-
pled. This state is almost entirely confined to aninnils with flat feet and
weak limbs, weak and brittle crusts to the feet, with large and prominent
frogs.

What to do. — In bad cases there can be no cure. Much may be done
to alleviate distress, and enable the horse to do slow work, esi)ecially on
the farm. Put on a thick, broad webbed bar shoe, a dished shoe having
the web hollowed out, or beveled toward the inner side on the upper sur-
face and thinned down from the to". to the heel. It is better that the
shoe be also assisted with a bearing of leather next the sole.

The hoof should be smeared daily with equal parts of glycerine and
tar. If heated in slightly so much the better. The sole should also
have the same application. Apply a nild blister to the coronet from
time to time to stimulate action, and turn the horse into a soft, damp
])asture. Thus in time a fairly smooth hoof may be grown, but it can
never be expected to be entirely sound.

XV. Seedy Toe.

Tlie wall of the foot is composed of two layers, the outer one darker,
harder and thinner than the inside one ; the inner layer thicker, softer
and lighter in color than the outer. The outside layer is secreted by the
coronet, the inner one from the sensitive laminre. In health these are
intimately united, forming the thick, tough, elastic iioof, capable of
bearing the shocks of the body in traveling.

Causes. — If from anj' caupc, inherent weakness, undue shocks, disin-
tegrating the lamintCj or other cause, the separation begins at the toe,
just as in the human nail the separation begins at the margin — it produ-
ces seedv toe.

31U

lUA'STKATED STOCK DOCTOR.

How to know It. — If n seedy toe be struck with ii htininier it will give
a hollow sound, showing that it is disunited, lieniove the shoe and a
sei)aration will be found between the two coats of the hoof.

What to do. — t'iinl the extent of the separation with a thin probe. Cut
away such portions of the crust as may be disunited, and to where there
is firm adiiesion of the parts. If there is a powdery substance clean it
out. Keep the cavity liik'd with warm tar, properly held in place, and
shoe so as to give a uniform bearing, and support the weak part with a
clip if necessary. This dressing nmst be rei)eated from time to time as
required, until the cavity is entirely filled with a new and healthy growth.

XVI. Ossified Cartilages.

Ossification of the cartilages is sometimes called false ring-bone. It is
a disease to which many horses are sometimes subject, and often exists
in connection with ring-bone and side-bones.

Causes. — Jarring, by hard driving over rough roads, or ponnding on
hard pavements, or any of the causes producing ring-bone or inflammation
of the parts.

How to know It. — ^When the difficulty is new, there may be fever in the
parts. Later there will be more or less enlargement of the back of the
coronet and the heel, the parts feeling hard, irregular or lumpy. The
horse is not always lame, but if driven over hard roads, the horse will
show soreness and travel short after cooling off.

What to do. — In old standing cases, but little can be done ; rubbing
the parts with oleate of mercury will reduce so much as is not already
bony substance. In connection with this put in a seton under the af-
fected part. In more recent cases, if there is heat, bleeding from the
foot will give relief. Then apply cloths dipped in cold water to every
quart of which has been added a half pint of tincture of arnica. The in-
flammation being reduced, apply repeated dressings of biniodide of
mercury. This will promote absorption, but a complete cure may not
be expected.

XVn. Side Bones.

Side-bones are ossifications from the heels of the coffin-bone into the
lateral cartilages. ' In heavy horses, side-bones may occur in connection
with ring-bones. In fact, ring-bone has its seat in the os suffraginis, and
side-bone in the parts about ; the first being in the pastern ; the latter
lower, or about the coffin-bone.

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

395

How to know it. — The enlargement is just a})ove the coronet and ini-
nri'tlititely below, when ring-bone exists. Side-bone may be found at the
l)aok and lateral parts of the coronet. There will be more or less sore-
ness and lameness, but after ossification bony formation of the parts has
been completed, the joint is either stiff or nearly so.

What to do. — The treatment should be precisely identical with that
prescribed for ring-bone.

XVni. Incised and Punctured Wounds of the Sole.

alse ring-bone. It is
ject, and often exists

Incised wounds are those made with a sharp instrument ; punctured
ones are those made with a blunt one, as a nail. If the cut be a clean
one, all that will be necessary to do will be to pare away the sides to be
sure that no foreign substance is lodged there ; wash out with tincture of
aloes and myrrh, and keep the wound closed with tar and tow, and give
rest until healed.

If the difficulty be from a nail, care must be taken that it is all ex-
tracted. This must bo done at whatever cost of cutting. Then dress as
prescribed for the incised wound. In old cases, where suppuration has
taken place, the matter must be let out by enlarging the orifice. Then
the same means for euro may be adopted as in quittor or other matu-
rated sores.

i I

CHAPTER XV.

WOUNDS AND INJUBIES AND THEIB BESULTS.

1. STRAINS AND SPKAINS. 11. OVER-RKACn. III. BRD8HIN0, OR SPEEDY COT. IV.

BROKEN KNEES. V. CAPPED ELBOW. VI. FROST BITE. VII, BURNS AND SCALDS.

VIII. RUPTURE. IX. CHOKING. X. WOUNDS FENBTRATINQ THE ABDOMINAL

CAVITY. XI. CONTUSED WOUNDS. XII. LACERATED WOUNDS. XIII. PUNCTURKD

WOUNDS. XIV. BROKEN HOCK. XV. DISLOCATIONS. XVI. VARIOUS VRAOTURES-

XVII. VARIOUS DISTORTIONS.— XVIII. DISEASES OP THE KAR.

I. Strains and Sprains.

In the human subject, a strain is simply a wrench, by which a fiber, a
ligament or tendon is stretched beyond its proper capacity, and followed
by pain, lameness, and inflammation of the parts.

A sprain is an incomplete luxation (dislocation) in connection with
stretching, with more or less laceration of the ligaments of a joint, and
even rupture of the tendon. In veterinary practice the word strain is
used. It is far more difficult to handle than in man, and for the reason
that it is often difficult to prevent an animal from using the parts.

Replacement of the parts as near as may be, and rest, are the surest
means of cure. Therefore in every case the intelligent horseman will
use the best means tc^ ensure this ; consequently it will be simply neces-
sary to lay down certain rules of guidance to be followed.

Strain of a joint, ■ -In a joint that is easily flexed, (moved back and
forth) the parts should be held firmly by means of a starch bandage, if
there has been sufficient stretching to pi'oduce loss of continuity.

Hoio to make a starch bandage. — Provide a long strip of strong un-
bleached muslin, and of a width proportioned to the part injured. Soak
this in strong starch, and bind on while wet, making a half turn of the
cloth in passing about the limb, so it will form a figure eight. Allow

THE IIOnSB, ITS DISEASES.

397

BESULT8.

tliis to dry without movement and it will hold the parts firm. If the strain
oicuns in the fctiock, hock, or knee, tliis will be indicated. For a lighter
strain, a simple cold water bandage will suffice.

In all strains, rest must be given, the diet should be light but whole-
gome, and if the bowels become costive, thoy nmst be stimulated to action
by alterative medicines. Strains of the ligaments or muscles must be
met with cold water bandages. In all strains, however, dependence in
the early stage must bo upon arnica, equal parts of the tincture and rain
water. Bathe the parts thoroughly and carefully two or three times a
day, and then apply the cold water bandage, keeping it wet.

If the strain is in the shoulder or loin, lay a wet blanket over the part
affected, and cover with a dry one, changing as often as may be neces-
sary. Sponge the affected parts with the diluted tincture of arnica, as
before reconmiended.

This, with rest, a light diet, keeping the bowels regular, and an ounce
of cream of tartar to the bucket of water, ought to subduo any curable
case of strain.

n. Over-reach.

Causes- — A tired horse, especially when going at a fast pace, sometimes
fails to lift the fore feet quick enough. The result is the inner part of
the hind foot strikes the outer side of the coronet of the fore foot, or
higher, often producing a severely lacerated or contused wound.

What to do. — The only remedy is to clip the torn portions away, and
keep the parts washed with chloride of zinc, (No. 195), first cleansing the
parts with water if at all dirty. The healing must take place through
the sloughing of the torn parts, and by granulation. If slight, tincture
of arnica will be sufficient as a lotion. Treads from calking may receive
the same jreneral treatment.

m. Bruohing, or Speedy Cut

This is a bruise, abrasion of the skin, or contused wound, produced by
the shoe of one foot striking the opposite fetlock ankle, or even the knee.
It is more owing to weakness than other causes, though a horse striking
once is more liable to the same injury thereafter. It is really the foot
that is resting on the ground that causes the hurt, from its being put
down out of the proper line.

What to do. — For horses of slow or moderate driving, the difficulty is
confined to striking the ankle and below. The usual remedy is to cause
the horse to set his foot in proper line by raising that side of the shoe,
thus throwing the inside of the ankle slightly up. Any common sense

898

ILLU8TIIATKU STOCK DOCTOR.

I L

blacksmith should know how to do it. For fast hors(!S, tho limbs must
bo furtliur protected by uioiins of pads and other ap[)liauci;8 to be found
Ijit all saddlery establishments.

IV. Broken Kaeei.

This is a common disiil)ility of stumbling horses, and of saddle horses
kept for riding, leaping, or hunting. A horse with tho scars of broken
knees should never be used as a saddle horse, unless it can be clearly
shown that tho hurt was done accidentally in leaping upt)n a foul landing
place.

What to do. — The first thing to do is to find tho extent of tho injury.
It may be that it is only a slight bruise with or without abrasion of tho
skin. In this case, using the tincture of arnica two or three times a day,
and a cold water bandage, if there is heat, should ensure recovery.

Sometimes, however, there is an ugly, lacerated wound filled with dirt
and gravel. In this case the parts nmst bo well washed by repeatedly
filling !i large sponge with clean, warm water, and sciueezing it dry against
tlin linil) :il)ove the hurt. Never, under any circumstances, put it against
the iiurt. It only soils the sponge and presses tho particles of dirt
farther into tho wound. If there is a sac below the cut containing dirt
it must be carefully probed, and opened from tho bottom with a keen,
sharp pointed knife. The object is that no grit may remain in tho wound
to prevent its healing. A seton should be tied so tho sac may be emptied
of its contents in tho process of suppuration. If the granulations become
soft and flai>by, showing proud ilesh, they must be touched with nitrate of
silver. In three days after the establishment of suppuration tho seton
may bo withdrawn. The wounded parts must bo kept wet with cold
iirnica water, t\w, proper proportions being one ounce tincture of arnica
to each pint of water used.

Copious suppuration having been fairly established, discontinue the use
of the arnica, and use instead the lotion made by dissolving in each
ounce of water used a grain of chloride of zinc. Use no bandages.
Cleanliness of the parts is necessary. These means should carry the
knee to a favorable issue.

Sometimes, however, the injury is so severe that the ligaments and
even the joint is injured. It tiicn becomes a most serious case. In this
event the animal must bo put ip.to slings, the joint brought together, after
being thorougly cleansed as before stated, the parts must bo bandaged
and astringent washes used to j romote tho uniting of tho jjarts, while the
same general treatment is pursued with the laceration as advised before.
In case the injury be so severe as to involve the joint, if a veterinary

TIIK IIOKHE, ITS UIHEAHE8.

890

surceon onnnot ho hiul with proper ap[)liiiiHH's for carinf? for tho horHo he
hud liettor I"' kilk'd iit once.

1J« 'Hiilts injury to the kiico by falling, it is sonictinips injured by having
some sharp Huhwtanco driven forcibly into tho ligaments or even between
the joints. These should i)o carefully looked for and nsnioved, since old
ruiiiiiii" sores, (istulas and other disabilities may result, completely des-
troviii" the usefulness of tho animal. Joints other than the knee may be
siniilarlv injured. If so, tho general treatment should bo tho same.
First reduce tho inflammation, and then use means for euro. In ordinary
cases, as a healing agent, in wounds, either lacerated or contii d, wo
have never found anything ])etter for promoting healthy granulation or
hcjiling of tho parts than u free uso of tincture of aloes and uiyrrh.

' V. Capped Elbow.

Causes. — This tumor at tho back point of tho elbow is generally caused
by a bruise intlicted by the calkings of the shoe while the horse has slept
with his legs doubled up under him. Inflammation of tho sub-cellular
tissue is established, and that condition sets in which gives rise to enlargc-
nioiils by increased deposit near tho part. Tho tumor is circumscribed,
beinir confined to tho elbow, but it sometimes grows to an enormous size,
:>iul hangs loosely from the back point of the elbow, and interferes with
its action.

It may be produced also by long heels, as well as calkins, by striking
with the shod hind foot, by a blow, and by lying on uneven surfaces.

How to know it. — A slight swelling of the point of the elbow is first
perceived, and unless the cause is removed this will gradually develop
into a largo-sized tumor. When of any considerable size, it will contain
scrum, or a watery matter, and has a fluctuating feeling to the fingers.
Tills fluid is contained in tough, fil)rous walls, and may remain for a long
time, or it may at last bo absorbed, and leave a hard tumor. At this
stasro there will of course bo no fluctuation.

What to do. — If discovered in its early stage, and scrum is evidently
present, let it out by opening the sac at the lower edge with a keen knife,
or u thumb lancet. Press upon it so as thoroughly to remove the fluid.
Then, with a small rubber syringe, inject a mixture of equal parts of
pyroligneous acid and water. Next, moisten it externally, morning and
night, with the camphorated corrosive sublimate. No. 2, which will have
the better effect if dried in at once with a hot iron held near. Before
the horse is allowed to lie down again, make a soft pad, covered with
chamois skin, without a seam on the outer side, of such thickness as to
keep the shoo from striking the elbow when the log is doubled under him,

400

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

and tie it securely round the pastern. This should be on every night j
and even after cure is effected it will be ncccssaiy for the animal to wear
this pad, to prevent recurrence of the bruise, or else to have the shoo
shortened. The jiad must be at least two and a half inches thick.

If it is in its new state (a simple swelling without matter), it can bo
assuaged by using frequently, at moderate intervals, some cooling lotion.

If large, watery, somewhat pendant, and u ;jightly, have an exper-
ienced surgeon remove it entirely; and then diiss as an ordinary wound.

If, after it has been opened, anc! the fluid pressed out, it heals with
hard substance left behii d, rul) frequently with acetate of mercury
until the natural state is restored.

If treatment is undertaken only when there is no watery matter, no
fluctuation, remove it absolutely by making a vertical slit, of sufficient
length, and dissect the lump ; after which treat the wound with simple
cerate, or any healing ointment.

Care must always be taken to guard against having the elbow injured
again while treatment is going on, and to prevent rcbruising the part
after cure is effected.

If there is constijiation or otherwise feverish tovidency in the animal,
the cure of tumors or other local troubles will always be more diflioult
unless this tendency is removed by suitable purgatives and carefully reg-
ulated diet.

VI. Prost Bite.

Injury from the effects of frost is more common in the North and
West than is generally supposed, and in many cases rheumatism, founder
and other "stiff complaints" may undoubtedly be attributed to this as the
predisposing cause.

Causes. — Long exposure to cold, either standing in the open air or
confined in cold stables ; standing in half melted snow and slush ; keep-
ing young animals in exposed yards, where they cannot take exorcise and
with insufficient food.

How to know it. — ^The skin of the injured parts in light cases, turns
purple, inflames, cracks and exudes a bloody serum ; or if severe, the
skin and tissues beneath lose color, and become dead and eventually
shrivel. Thq skin, particularly of the heel, will crack, often from one
side to the other, refusing to heal.

What to do- — If the limbs are simply chilled, friction will be all that
is necessary. If actually frozen ^ the animal should lie warmly clothed
and the fiozen parts be rubbed with snow until circulation is partly re-
stored. Then put the parts in cold water and continue rubbing until

i\i

. A

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

401

warmth and circulation are entirely restored. Then dry thoroughly with
cloths and hard rubbing.

If the frosting has been neglected and raw sores make their appear-
ance, prepare the following :

No. 200,

2 Drachma belladonna,
1 Ounce petroleum,
1 Ounce lard.

Eub the whole thoroughly together, and apply twice a day to the raw
or ulcerated places. If this does not promote recovery, and decided ul-
cers occur, add to the above prescription 2 ounces red oxide of mercury.
Rub all well together and apply once a day to the ulcerous parts.

VH. Burns and Scalds.

ig in the open air or

Burns and scalds seldom occur in horses kept on the farm or employed
on the road. They are, however, of frequent occurrence when horses
.arc employed about mills or factories where steam is used ; or in iron
foundcries and in cities.

What to do. — One of the best and most easily obtained applications,
for a fresh burn or scald, is to dredge bicarbonate of soda, common
baking soda, thickly on the part, or moisten with water into a thick paste
and bind it or lay it over the injury. For slight burns, which sometimes
cover a large surface, there is nothing better than several coats of thick
white lead paint laid on with a brush; cover the whole with cotton and
bind on close.

Strong alum water is also an excellent remedy for fresh burns and
scalds, the proportions being 2 ounces of powdered alum to each pint of
rain-water. Keep the parts well soaked with it, and wet cloths saturated
with the same constantly over the surface.

Sometimes indolent sores follow burns and scalds. If so, the ulcers
should be well an\d carefully washed with tar water, and the following,
mixture dusted over the parts :

No. 201.

1 Ounce oxide ot zinc,

2 Ounces powdered starch.

Mix intimately and dredge on thickly to form a crust. Wherever the
moisture appears through, keep adding the mixture until the crust be-
comes permanent and fixed.

vm. Rupture.

Rupture or burst (Hernia) is the displacement of an internal organ

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402

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

through an opening, either natural or otherwise. The rupture most com-
monly seen is of the bowels and omentum. The omentum is the
membranous covering of the bowels or the caul. The bowels may pass
through the caul by rupture, or the bowels and involved caul may, it is
possible, pass through the mesentary, the membrane retaining the intes-
tines in their proper position.

If the rupture is into tlic chest, it is called diaphramatic, and may
occur from a violent shock, as in leaping,orin 'buckingj'as jumping stiff-
leffjred is called. In bad cases death is sudden from suffocation. In
the slight forms there may only bo difficulty of breathing, with lifting of
the flanks, as observed in heaves. The only remedial means to be used
are to give anodynes and rest. Thus slight cases may at length take on
the chronic form, but Avill never be cured.

Her-iia of the mesentary and omentum is difficult to know, and no
remedy can avail, except rest, with anodynes if there is pain.

Naval rupture, and that through the scrotum, is most connnon. Tlio
only means of cure in naval rupture is where pressure can l)e had by
means of a bandage or truss and taken in tlie earlier stages. The intestine
must first be carefully pressed back and pressure made over tlio parts by
means of a soft pad, securely fastened, and to bo worn until the orifice is
closed or at least permanently contracted. Of course an animal with
rupture of any part is not capable of violent exertion.

Rupture of the scrotum is also common in males. In cases of colic in
entire animals, an examination should bo made for scrotal rupture, since
there may be colickey symptoms. There may be a swelling of the bag
containing the testicle, the contents being movable, and disappearing up-
on pressure. In the smaller animals, castration may be employed, the
gut returned and the wound sewed up.

Ventral hernia is known by the contents being movable and gurgling,
and easily pressed bac^: to their place. If recent, the animal should be
thrown on its back, using ether or chloral to keep quiet, returning the
protrusion, pa' Iding the orifice, and covering with strong factory muslin
wound ro'j.ia the abdomen and laced along the back, the bandage being
kept in place by bands fastened in front and carried to a collar worn on
the neck. Except in the case of valuable animals, treatment scarcely
pays, unless a veterinarian can be employed who understands anatomy.

IX. Choking.

Choking occurs in two distinct forms. The high choke, when the sub-
stance is lodged in the throat or neck ; and the low choke, when the sub-
stance is lodged in that part of the gullet lying low down within the

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

403

10 retaininnr tbo intos-

quiet, retun/iiig the
trong factory muHliii

chest. Tn high choke, the animal may die in a few minutes ; in low
ohokc, there is not such special need of haste.

How to know it. — There is intense distress ; the head is raised ; there
is .slaverin<s violent coughing and continual efforts to swallow.

What to do. — Examine carefully the furrow on the left side of the
nock for the substance. If solid, endeavor to press it upwards with the
fingers on each side. If not, endeavor to extract it by putting a balling iron
into the mouth to hold it open ; pull out the tongue ; pass the hand into
the throat and endeavor to dislodge it with the finger, the head being held
out in a straight line with the neck. If this do not succeed, and the
obstruction is in the gullet and is clear of the windpipe, procure a probang,
oil it thoroughly, cast the horse, put the balling iron in the mouth, intro-
duce the probang and by steady pressure for a few seconds at a time,
endeavor to move it. If it moves continue the pressure until it is pushed
into the stomach.

If the substance is so firmly held that the probang will not move it, the
mass must be cut down upon and taken out. Let an assistant press the off
side of the neck to get as much bulge as possible. Then with a bold out
of a sharp knife, cut through skin, tissues and gullet, to the mass, with
an ample cut, and remove ; bring the edges of tlie gullet together, stitch
tlipin with fine catgut, or strong silk, and then the wound in the skin. The
difficulty here may cause subsequent stricture of the gullet, Avhich may
thereafter prevent the animal swallowing solid food. In any event only
sonii-liquid food should be given for ten days after choking, or until the
animal seems well.

In desperate cases, where there is instant danger of death from choking,
tracheotomy must l)o emplo d . This is cutting into the Avindpipe and
inserting a breathing tube and will be treated in its approjriate place.

The Low Choke. — This is where the obstruction is low in the gullet,
or in the thoracic jiortion of the esophagus.

In this form there is great distress but the head is not held so high ^
saliva runs from the mouth, and the discharge is copious from the nose ;
if the animal attempts to drink, the Avater is cast forth from the nose ; the
breathing is laborious, the flanks tucked up, the back roached, and the
animal sliows sj'mptoms of general distress.

What to do. — Give a gill of linseed oil or lard oil once an hour, and
l)etwcen these doses every hour the following anti-spasmodic :

Xo. 202.

2 Ounces sulphuric ether,
2 Ounces laudanum,
}i Pint water.

Use the probang carefully after each anti-spasmodic. If the whole of

404

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

i 1,'

I '■:'

fsi

the dose is apparently returned, administer chloroform from a sponge, by
inhalation, until entire insensibilitj is produced. Then extend the head,
insert the probang, well oiled, and use steady but constant pressure,
until the substance moves. It may take ten to fifteen minutes, or more.
\^^^en the substance moves do not use much viol i. pressure, but move
it carefully until it enters the stomach, care being i,..ien not to force the
instrument too far and thus wound that organ, remembering always that
sudden violence may bring on spasmodic action, in which case efforts
must cease. Violence may also rupture the esophagus.

Tim LU\r CIIOKH.

X. Wounds Penetrating the Abdominal Cavity.

A penetrating wound of the walls of the abdomen is generally followed
by protrusion of the bowels. Sometimes it is so extensive as to allow
a large portion of the intestines to escape. If so, they should be sup-
ported by a sheet fastened over the back to prevent injury by the foot
and the admission of dirt until relief is given.

What to do- — The horse should be cast, the bowels washed with tepid
water, the horse turned partly on his back, the intestines properly returned
to the'r place by pressure, and the wound sewed up with catgut, well soaked
in wu.m oil, and at intervals of an inch apart, bringing the edges nicely
together. 1 hen encircle the belly with a strong bandage properly fas-
tened, by being laced along the back. Empty the rectum, if necessary,
by means of injections of warm water or soap suds, and keep the bowels
open by fe. ling scalded shorts pretty well salted.

XI. Contused Wounds.

A contused wound is one occasioned by injury from some blunt instru-

THE HOKSE, ITS DISEASES.

;.i.}.it, as a hook, wagon shaft, or other similar medium,
leave a gaping wound with torn and bruised edges.

405
They often

What lo do. — Clip away all torn and bruised flesh that present ragged
cd^es. If the injury is not extensive all that will be necessary will be to
keep the bowels of the animal in health, and moderately loose, with bran
niaslies, using the following lotion daily. This is known as the compound
tii'oture of aloes and myrrh and should be kept in every stable as a
dressing for wounds, ^alls and other injuries of that nature. It is made
as follows :

No. 203. 4 Ounces myrrh,

4 Ouncea benzoin,
4 Ounces of catechu,
8 Ounces pulverized aloes,
1 Gallon Jamaica rum.

Mix, keep in a warm place for two weeks, frequently shaking it, and
filter through linen. If the wound assumes an unhealthy character, wash
with water in which a little carbolic acid is mixed. When granulations
appear, if pus, matter, forms, wasii daily with a syringe and warm water,
and use the carbolic acid wash for dressing, or, if the wound is in such
a place that it may be done, cover Avith tow saturated with the wash. If
the granulations are soft, flabby and i^rojecting, showing proud flesh,
touch them with a stick of lunar caustic, and expose to the air until dry.
Then dress as before directed.

XII. Lacerated 'vvounds.

A lacerated wound is a torn wound. The wound by treading, calkingjis
a lacerated wound. The tearing up of the skin and sub-cellular tissues,
leaving a flap, is a lacerated wound.

What to do. — In any wound, if feverish symptoms occur, give an ounce
of pulverized saltpeter in the drink night and morning, and administer u
moderate purge, unless the bowels are open, say 4 ounces of aloes.

In the case of any lacerated wound, if extensive, clip away all torn
shreds, bring the edges nicely together and sew them with fine catgut, or
white waxed silk, and let the subsequent treatment be as directed for
other wounds.

)m some blunt instru-

Xm. Funotured Wound.

A nail, the point of a fork, a splinter of wood, a thorn, or any similar
substance, makes a punctured wound. They are the mos^ dangerous of
wounds, from danger of internal poisoning, or ending in fistula, lock-
jaw, etc.

406

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

What to do. — First, examine carefully by means of a probe for any
foreign substance lodged inside. If so, remove it, even if a clean cut
has to be made. A clean cut is not dangerous unless an artery is sev-
ei'ed. If the instrument inflicting the wound was dirty or nisty, syringe
the wound thoroughly with weak carbolic water. If the ■wound heals
kindly, use the tincture of myrrh dressing, iMo. 203. If inflaniniiition
sets in, and matter forms in a deep, narrow wound, it may be necessary
to enlarge the opening to let out the pus. Then treat as directed for
contused or lacerated wounds.

Xrv. Broken Hock.

This is a term applied to a severe injur}^ —
breaking the cap of the hock. The only treat-
ment is absolute rest, the application of sedatives
as lotions, laudanum equal iiarts with water, to
remove pain, and astringents — white oak bark.
It is sometimes necessary to blister near the
part to get up counter irritation, or put ''w a sc-
ion below the hurt. The mode of using a fixed
seton needle, to bring a wound together, in
sewing, where a proper crooked, flat needle is
not at hand, is here shown. It will also serve
to show the manner of using a needle for a se-
ton, to be threaded with white tajie.

MANNBB OF CBINO SETON NliBDLB.

XV. Dislocations.

• Dislocations in the horse are rare, and when they occur are difficult to
manage, except with the aid of a veterinary surgeon. Dislocation of the
lower joints, and of the hip, is most common, from catching the foot,
twisting and pulling thereon to get free. In fact, dislocation of the hip
is scarcely ever seen except in connection with fracture, but is sometimes
met with in lean, under-fed, young cattle and horses. Dislocation of the
shoulder is most seldom met with.

What to do. — In any case of dislocation the first thing to do is to put
the joint in place, not always an easy matter. The means we have indi-
cated for dislocation of the stifle will serve to show the manner of
operation. A veterinary surgeon should be employed if possible in any
case of dislocation. If such cannot be had, any humane surgeon should
be willing to give advice as to how to operate. The means to be employed
are so different, varying Avith each particular case, that it would be im-
possible to state them except in a general wav.

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

407

If inflammation and considerable swelling has set in before the hurt is
discovered this must be first reduced by cold water applications, or Ijctter,
hot water fomentations, if persistently applied. Then the joint must be
Ijrouflit to place by traction and force. If there is no inflammation this
will not be difficult.

When a starch bandage may be employed, this should always be used
to hold the parts together. If not the dislocation must be splintered or
padded, or both, to keep the parts intact and in place. The slings should
always be employed to rest the horse when they may be had. This with
cooling lotions to subdue inflammation, rest, proper care and feeding,
will ensure recovery in the end. A bad dislocation, however, usually
leaves the horse out of condition for anything but farm or slow work.

XVI. Various Fractures.

To fracture a liuib completely, so the leg hangs loose, is of so serious
a nature, in the horse, that unless in the case of a very valuable animal
for breeding purposes it had better be killed at once. In very many
cases, however, one of the bones of the leg is fractured or split part way,
though the horse may not exhibit extreme pain, may even travel upon it.
Softening, however, sets in, and sometinu after, in getting up in the
stable, the bone gives way entirely. So the fibula, as the smaller bone of
the leg is called, may be fractured. If there is lameness after falling in
harness, or from a blow, with tenderness, it is safe to treat for fracture.

What to do. — Place the horse in the slings and splinter the limb, first
having applied a starch bandage, when it may be made to act. All that
will bo necessary fui*ther will be to feed and water regularly, keep the
bowels naturally open, reduce inflammation and soreness by the use of
arnica, and trust to time for a cure. A month or six weeks ought to so
strengthen the bone that the animal can eat grass, or be fed in a box
stall until recovery is perfected.

XVn. Various Distortions.

A distortion arising from fracture or from any chronic difficulty cannot
he cured. In case of severe recent strain of the ligaments of the neck,
by which the head is thrown to one side, and held so> the neck should be
brought straight, splintered, and held so until the ligaments recover their
normal tone. Poll evil often leaves the animal with a stiff neck, pro-
ducing a distorted manner of holding tho head. Distortions are often
produced by injuries of various kinds. These must be attended to during
the euro of the superinducing cause. Distortions often occur in young
animals, as knuckling, turning the fetlocks from weakness, etc. The

408

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

remedy is starch biuidsigcs and splints. Distortions of the tail by which
it is curved awry, are remedied by wholly or partially severing the ten-
dons which are constricted or drawn. This, however, should never bo
attempted by one who docs not understand the anatomy of the parts,
else mischief may be done. As a rule, however, any distortion, except it
be old and chronic, may be cured by taking proper measures, splintering,
bandaging, and the use of fomentations where relaxation is necessary.
These means the intelligence of the operator will readily suggest.

XVni. Diseases of the Ear.

Causes. — Injuries to the ear are generally caused by brutal treatment.
Twitching them, nipping and pulling upon them with the blacksmith's
plyers, and blows upon the head with cudgels, sometimes result in
troublesome bruises, ulcers and tumors that close the auditory passage.

Deafness may be an organic defect, or it may be the effect of some
disease which has disordered the head, and, by sympathy, the auditory
nerve ; and the sense of hearing is no dou'^*^ ''ulled by old age, even
when the horse may have been well used and reasonably free from dis-
ease ; but it results in most cases from pulling the ears, cutting or clip-
ping cither them or the surrounding skin to remedy supposed defects,
and from beating upon the head.

Sometimes scabby or mangy eruftions make their appearance upon the
tips of the ears and sjiread downward, covering them entirely ; but this
is most pi'obably the accompaniment of some general skin disease.

How to know It. — The cuts, breaks in the skin, or sutures, that result
from pulling, pinching, and twitching are readily discernible, as are also
the ulcers or suppurating sores in which they sometimes end. When the
tendons which sustain the ear in its upright position are broken, there is
no difficulty in perceiving it, as the ear drops down and flaps about with
the motions of the head and neck.

Running sores, similar to the poll-evil, sometimes result; but those
may be distinguished from that disease by their being confined more
closely to the ear, either inside or out.

When deafness is suspected, an examination of the internal ear will
be necessary ; and if the swollen parts or ulcers are not perceptible, some
artifice must be resorted to to find whether the hearing is actually de-
stroyed. Deafness may be only temporary, as is sometimes the case
with man, and the matter can be decided only by making a scries of
examinations.

What to do. — A simple laceration of the skin, and even of the cartilage,
if small, will require no special attention ; but if it is so great that the

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

409

edffCH do not como in contact, they must bo brought together and sewed,
after which the trouble will soon bo over.

But it occasionally happens that ulceration of the skin and cellular tis-
sue and a rotting away of the cartilage sets in. This is past all remedy,
and ncccisitates the cutting away of the ear.

When there has been no laceration of the skin, and a tumor is forming,
apply cami)horated corrosive sublimtile, No. 2, occasionally, till it en-
tirely subsides ; but if matter seems already forming, apply May-apple
liniment, made by taking one gallon of May-apple roots and boiling them
until a thick syrup is formed ; then, having removed the roots, adding as
much lard as there is syrup, and stirring well together while the syrup is
still boiling. This liniment will draw out the fever and bring the matter
speedily to the surface.

Sometimes an abscess forms on the outside, which will need lancing in
order to afford the most speedy relief. In this case, cut at the lower
extremity of the rising, and let the lancet slant upward into it.

Deafness, unless simply a temporary result of some prevailing disorder
of the head or neck, is beyond the art of the vctciiaary practitiouer.

es result; but these

even of the cartilage,
. is so great that the

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\>n

I. INTBRMAL POISON.-

CHAPTER XVI.

POISONING.

-II. POISONINO FROM SITNOS. HI. FOISOXSn SKIN.

I. Internal Poisoning.

The cases of internal poisoning aro raoro frequent, especially with
horses, than is generally supposed. Among the most common arc those
arising from drastic or powerful doses, blindly given by the ignorant,
either in disease, or from some effect sought to bo produced upon (he
general health — to make the coat blooming, cause champing of the bit
and frothing at the mouth, or to excite the animal s^jirits. Of these,
strong purgatives, diuretics and arsenic aro the most conmiou.

A UOBSB BUFFBBINO FBOH DHASTIC I'OISON.

Other causes are from eating poisonous plants, cither in the hay or in
the pasture, the ergot of i-ye and other grain ; ergot sometimes attacks the

'!^

THE nORSE, ITS DISEASES.

411

—in. POISONKn 8KIN.

p-nsscs — thua, smutty grain, castor beans, hellebore or poke root, laurel,
strainoniuin or Jamestown weed, and cured tobacco, among plants, may
be mentioned as common. Among minerals, sulphuric, nitric and
imn'iatic acid, and all the concentrated vegetable acids are caustic and
irritant poisons. They are never taken unless forced down. The anti-
dote to these is largo doses of powdered chalk, whiting or lime water.
In the absence of these give Aveak lye (white lye) until relief is obtained
and follow with a full dose of linseed oil.

Alkalies destroy the tissues. If quick lime, caustic potash, strong lye
or washing soda has been taken give vinegar and water to neutralize it,
and follow with a dose of oil.

Horses that are dosed with whisky to "give them strength" sometimes
show alcoholic poisoning. Never give it except as a stimulant as advised
for disease.

Forty grains of arsenic will kill a horse. The symptoms are, intense
thirst, quick, feeble pulse, great pain in the bowels, with purging some-
times, irregular breathing, faintness, paralysis, 'convulsions and death.
Give full doses of oil, in which is mixed two, three or four sjioonfi'ls of
ciU'l)oiiate of iron as the case may seem to demand.

Corrosive sublimate is a fatal poison. A quarter of an ounce will kill
ahorse. The symptoms nro violent pain, intense thirst, effusion, and
blooilv discharges from the l)owels, trembling, salivation, ending in stupor
and death. Give the Avhitcs of a dozen eggs, stirred in a little warm
water. Follow this with linseed tea, or better with mucilage of slippery
elm. Litharge and sugar of lead are poisonous. The symptoms are
staring coat, arched back, a protruding tongue and foaming at the mouth,
HtngLTcring, and sometimes dashing wildly to and fro. Give large doses
of purgatives to be followed by from one to two ounces of iodide of
potash daily for seven or eight days.

Strvchnino is a quick and potent poison. Eight to ten grains will
always kill. The symptoms are violent trembling succeeded by stiffness
and jerking of the limbs, spasms, rigid limbs, arched back, difficult respi-
ration, succeeded by intervals of quiet ; but which are again brought on
by a slight noise or even a touch. Soon the animal dies. Keep the
uiiinial (|uict and in a dark place, and give a quart of sweet oil or linseid
oil. Follow Avith powdered charcoal mixed with thin mucilage. Move
the bowels by means of injections as quickly as possible, and if exhaustion
ensues give stimulants (whisky) freely.

Tartar emetic in doses of two to four ounces will sometimes kill a
horse. The symptoms arc, thirst, vomiting and purging, staggering,
colic, salivaticm, convulsions and paralysis.

Give strong tea, followed as soon as you can get It, with a decoction
27

412

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

i *l

of white ouk bark. For the vomiting and purging, if thoy continue, give
ounce doses of laudanum in a little water.

Poisoning from aloe.s, castor oil or croton beans, known by oxcessivu
bloody purging, and straining, cold ears and legs, hot, dry mouth, .lul
bloatin". Give two ounces of laudaimm in u quart of linseed teu, uii. if
necessary give si like dose by injection.

In poisoning from ergot or other diseased and injured foods, give full
doses of linseed oil, both by the mouth and as injections, with stimulants
afterwards ; and tonics, say eight grains of quinine three times a day
during recovery.

For poisoning by white hellebore or Indian poke, give whisky in pint
doses. The same means may be used in poisoning by laurel, followed
by injections of salt and water, and also by linseed oil given as a purge.
In case of poisoning by opium or laudanum, pour cold water on the head
from a considerable height, and keep the animal in constant motion. For
poisoning with Jamestown weed (jimaon) known by faintncss, giddiness,
followed by convulsions, paralysis and stupor, give a quart of linseed oil
with two ounces of laudanum. Give also an injection and subsequently
stinmlatc with pint doses of whisky.

Tobacco poisoning is shown by purging, offensive dung, colic i)ains,
weak pulse, prostration, convulsions and stupor. Give a purge of oil,
and follow with pint doses of whisky in slippery elm or linseed tea.

n. FoiBoning from Stinga.

It is not infrequent that animals are badly stung, or bitten by venomous
serpents or insects.

For the stings of insects, as wasps, hornets and bees, wash the stings
repeatedly with onion juice, or ammonia three parts to one part of oil.
"Washing with salt and water is also an excellent remedy.

In some portions of the West and especially in the South, gnats and
certain species of venomous flies come in Summer. The remedy against
this is to use petroleum. When these insects are very bad it is usual to
smear the unprotected parts of the animal's body with a mixture com-
posed of one part of tiir to two parts of lard. We prefer equal parts of
petroleum, lard oil, and tar. Bacon drippings may be substituted for the
lard oil or lard. For the stings of centipedes, scorpions, tarantulas and
other venomous spiders, give the following :

No. 108.

1 Tea-8poonful of ammonia,

1 Pint of whifiky,

H Pint of warm water.

^'^t

TUB UOltSE, ITS DISEASES.

418

, if they continue, give

8, known by excessive

I, hot, dry mouth, .nid

of linsocd tea, auu if

jured foods, give full
ctions, with stimuliints
36 three times u day

0, give whisky in pint
ug by laurel, followed

oil given as a purge,
sold water on the head
constant motion. For
y faintncss, giddiness,

a quart of linseod oil
3tion and subsequently

ive dung, colic pains,
Give a purge of oil,
m or linseed tea.

Wash the bitten part with ammonia frequently, and keep it soaked
therewith by means of a sponge.

Bites l)y venomous serpents are to bo treated in the same way. The
wound should be well cauterized when first discovered with an iron at
a white heat. The doses of whisky wo have given arc full ones. One
half this (juantity of proof spirits given every hour with a little ammonia
until relief is obtained will be proper, but in bad cases give the full dose
as a first one, and always with water.

m. Poisoned Skin.

There are many weeds and plants that sometimes cause irritation and
poisoning of the skin. The means of cure is to move the bowels and
apply some soothing wash to the irritated parts. For injury from poison
oak, poison ivy, hemlock, St. John's wort, etc., wash with a decoction of
golden seal throe times a day, oiling the surface at night. In the morn-
ing wash away the oil with soap and warm water, and use the golden seal
again. A solution of sugar of lead is also a specific for vegetable poison-
ing of the skin.

or bitten by venomous

bees, wash the stings
:s to one part of oil.
medy.

the South, gnats and

The remedy against

erv bad it is usual to

with a mixture oom-
e prefer equal parts of

be substituted for the
r2)ious, tarantulas and

CHAPTER XVII.

VETEBINABT SUBGEBY.

\ 'i\

I. CASTRATION. n. BtBBDINO. III. TRACHKOTCMT. IV. PKBIOSTKOTOMY.

ROTOMT. VI. DIVISION OF THB TENDONS.

-V. NKU-

General Remarks on Surgery. — Every person who has the care of
farm stock, or who has the care of horses, should understand some of
the simpler means used hi veterinary surgery. The castration of animals,
for instance, is exceedingly easy and safe if a few simple rules are ob-
served. If done in a bungling or improper manner, the chances, except
in tho case of very young animals, are against recovery. Bleeding is
sometimes absolutely necessary to save life. When necessary it should
be promptly performed. Tracheotomy also, as cutting into the windpipe
is called, must sometimes bo performed before a surgeon could possibly
reach the animal. Periosteotomy, as operating upon the membrane of the
bones of the leg is called, had better be left to the veterinary surgeon
entirely; S' J again, neurotomy, the division of the nerve which supplies
the hoof )f the foi'c leg with sensation, had also better be left to the
surgeon. In all division of tendons, fractured limbs and various disabil-
ities to tvhich animals are subject, every horseman ought to know what
to do The diseases of animals have been pretty thoroughly treated of
in tLis work. Some of the operations of surgery must therefore receive
the attention their importance deserves.

I. Castration.

Calves, lambs and pigs should be castrated when quite young, always
before tlie sixth week of their life. Lambs and pigs should be castrated
at from one to two weeks old. (/olts are not usually castrated until one
year old, since thus they retain more of the natural vigor and style of
the entire horse.

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

415

In the case of colts and old horses the structures are tough and the
cordo strong, consequently clamps (grooved sticks) so twined together at
one end that vvhen pressed together and tied firmly the cord will be held
so tisrht that circulation is entirely stopped are generally used.

riow to do it. — Cast the colt or horse and fasten him securely, having
everything ready, a keen, round-pointed knife, clamps and cords. Seize
the scrotum making a clean cut through the integuments and well into the
testicle, and in a line so the cut shall be parallel to the median line, or
line dividing the scrotum. Clean the envelop of the testicle, leaving it as
near intact as possible, as the envelop must remain with the animal. Draw
the testicle out, put a clamp on the cord and seizing the other end of the
clump with a pair of pincers press it strongly together, and tie securely
with a waxed thread. So proceed with the other side. The horse may
then be allowed to get up. In thirty-six to forty-eight hours, the sticks
are to be removed by cutting the strings.

Another mode, and a most excellent one, especially in the case of colts,
is after freeing the testicle of its envelop and exposing the cord, to seize
the artery beyond where it is to be secured, with a pair of pincers made
for the purpose, cut the cord and tAvist the artery seven or eight times ;
let go, and with its retractive force it will retain the t\vist and prevent all
bleeding. Another way is to tie the artery and allow the ends of the
strings to hang out of the orifice. The plan by torsion, twisting by the
pincers, is the plan to be preferred.

In castrating, do not be afraid to make an extensive cut, and do not
leave the cord too long, else it may be strangulated, and fever and infla-
mation ensue. If this should unhappily occur, enlarge the opening and
push up the cord. If there is formation of matter, hasten it by foment-
ation with warm water. When a free exudation of cream-like matter is
established, the animal will go on to recovery as granulation progresses.
Wash the parts daily with tincture of aloes and myrrh. If, however,
the work has been properly done, the animal will suffer little inconveni-
ence, and nothing more need be done.

The best time for castrating colts and horses is from the middle of
May to the first of June, in the North, and in the South about the time
the young grass is a full bite.

11. Bleeding.

There are cases where bleeding must be resorted to to save life. These
are brain disorders and some forms of inflammatory disease. The Jugu-
lar vein is the one to be bled from, and when the object is to deplete the
system, six, seven, and even eight quarts should be taken. Always catch
the blood in a vessel, as it is neccessary to know how much we take.

J ! i

) 4

416

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

By pressing on the jugular vein along the neck, below the spot select-
ed for the incision, it will soon rise up prominently. In bleeding, always
make the incision in the line' of the vein, never across it. Make the in-
cision large, but never through both Avails of the vein. When suffiiient
blood has been taken, raise the lips of the vein between the fingers, thrust
a pin through and wind some thread dipped in the blood about it io

hold it.

In staffffers and diseases of the brain, it is usual to bleed in the roof of
the mouth.

Whenever a horse is to be bled, it is better to blindfold him, since it
prevents his starting, and thus causing a miss with the lancet or fleam in
the bands of an inexpert person.

m. Tracheotomy.

The operation of tracheotomy consists in cutting down into the wind-
pipe, in all desperate cases where the animal is likoly to suffocate for
want of breath. In bad cases of strangles, or other obstruction to breath-
ing, it is sometimes necessary to save the life of the animal, and there is
no time to wait for a surgeon.

How to do It. — Have an assistant hold the horse's head high, with the
nose extended, so as to best stretch the skin of the neck. Then feeling
along the neck for that part least covered with flesh, make a bold in-
cision with a sharp knife — one with a round point, and thin, being prefer-
able. Make the incision about four inches long, and along the central Hno
of the windpipe, and down to it. Then with a sharp-pointed knife pierce
one of the upper exposed rings of the windpipe, cut downward along the
central line, dividing two or three of them ; introduce a tracheotomy
tube, which has a movable collar to prevent going in too far, and fasten
its strings around the neck to hold it in place. The spout of a tea-kettle
has been extemporized .as a tube, and with good effect. This tube must
be allowed to remain until the animal can breathe through the nostrils,
when the wound may be sewn up and treated as any other clean cut.

IV. Perioateotomy.

This is cutting down to the bone, and through the periosteum, the ner-
vous vascular membrane immediately investing the bone, and which in
health has little or no sensibility, but which in disease of the bones is ex-
ceedingly sensitive. It is sometimes performed in inflammation of the
shank bone, when exudation has taken place between the membrane and
bone, giving rise to thickening and the formation of bony matter.

r'!i.iL-i:

THE HOBSE, ITS DISEASES.

417

> bleed in the roof of

How to do it. — Pass an extremely narrow-bladed knife through the
skiu half an inch below the swelling, and carry the point carefully up
over it, dividing the periosteum or membrane. Then cover with a wet
bandage, or put in a seton.

A better way is first to make a snip above and below the tumor with a
pair of roweling scissors. Then with a blunt seton needle fixed in a
hollow handle by means of a screvv, and armed with a tape knotted fit
the end, force it in at the lower snip and carry it up and out at the other,
breaking down the cellular tissue of the tumor. A probe-pointed knife
is then introduced slicing the tumor. The knife is withdrawn, and the
needle, released from the handle, is passed in at one opening and out of
the other, the end withdrawn from the needle and thus the seton is
fixed. The operation should be performed by a surgeon. The first
operation, simply cutting through the periosteum, is altogether the better
course.

V. Neurotomy.

This is the division of the nerve of the hoof in navicular disease when
other means fail. It will give relief from pain, but it is no cure, and
generally the disease goes on advancing until the animal becomes worth-
less. We should never advise the operation upon an animal with a weak
hoof. The operation must of necessity be performed by a competent
surgeon who understands the anatomy of the foot and leg.

VI. Division of the Tendons.

There are some disabilities, as bad cases of knuckling over, carrying
the tail awry, or only the toe of the hind leg may be able to be put to
the ground, from contraction of the perforans tendon. Relief is obtained
by division of the tendons, but it should always be done under the advice
of and by a competent surgeon and with proper instruments.

;« !<

I !

CHAPTER XVIII.

1IISCELLAI7EOUS MINOB DISEASES.

PIGMENT TUMORS. II. BPITHELIAL CANCER. III. DROPSY OF THE LCNOS. TV,

STINGS AND BITES. V. FALLING OFF OF HAIR. VI. ACUTE IRRITATION OP THE SKIN,

VII. HARDENING OF THE SKIN. VIII. EXOSTOSIS OF THE LOWER JAW. IX. SWELL.

INO BY PRESSURE OF THE BRIDLE. X. SORE NOSE. XI. ROARING, OH HIGH-BLOW-
ING. XII. WIND-GALLS. XIII. RUPTURE OP THE HAMSTRING. —— XIV. INTERNAL

HEMORRHAGE. XV. PARTIAL PARALYSIS.

I. Black Figment Tumors.

Those black pigment tumors known by the learned name of Melanosis,
and which are so common in gray and Avhito horses, attacking the bare
parts of the skin, as the anus, the vulva, the sheath, the udder, the lips,
the eye-lids, etc., are occasionally cancerous, but for the most part quite
harmless. If they are deemed objectionable, as disfiguring the animal,
remove them with the knife.

n. Epithelial Cancer.

This is a nipple-like cancer, which sometimes appears on the lips of
horses. It should be promptly removed with the knife, after which the
part should be burned over with lunar caustic.

m. Dropsy of the Lungs.

This results from valvular and other diseases of the heart. TVTien the
ear is placed to the chest, and *he horse struck on the other side with the
open palm, the sound heard is nearly the same as that heard in pneumo-
nia ; but it may be distinguished from pneumonia by the entire absence
of fever which characterizes lung dropsy. It is usually beyOkid medical
reach, as the diseased heart, its original cause, is genei'ally incurable.

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

419

No treatment, in addition to that already presoribed for heart disease,
can be recommended.

TV. Stings and Biten.

Hornets, wasps and bees often attack horses, and sometimes cause
them serious injuries. To relieve a case of this kind, we use one of the
foli(j\vin<'' remedies, with which the coat must be thoroughly saturated :
Solution of ammonia; weak carbolic acid wash, (1 ounce to u quart of
water) ; 1 pint of lime water, in which 1 drachm of carbolic acid is dis-
solved ; or oil of lobelia.

Cases are recorded of horses having died in consequence of an attack
of bees. In ordinary cases, the preceding direction properly carried out
will be sufficient ; but in more aggravated ones, sponge the whole body
with lime water, and then smear with linseed oil. If lime is ni accessi-
ble, use a weak solution of soda. Spirits of turpentine and laudanum,
ill equal parts, will give relief.

To prevent the stings of gad-flies, make a strong infusion of the green
bark of the elder, and wash the flanks before going out. To prevent the
bites of buffalo-gnats, that are so troublesome along the lower Mississippi,
cover the parts most likely to be attacked witli a mixture of tar and lard
— two parts of lard to one of tar.

V. Falling Off of Hair.

For that unwholesome state of the skin and hair glands known by the
learned terms of humid exanthema and dry exanthema, that causes the
falling off of the hair, the following is an excellent local remedy when
the animal is not under general treatment for some disease primary to
the state now under consideration :

No. 209. 1 Ounce pulverized charcoal,

1 Pint olive oil,
6 Ounces pyroligneouB e.M.d,
1 Ounce common salt.

]\Iix, and rub upon the par+s daily wath a sponge or a soft rag.

VI. Aoute Irritation of the Skin.

For that acute irritation of the skin consequent upon clipping, with
which some horses suffer so much, wash twice a day carefully with a
solution of soda (2 ounces of soda to a bucket-full of water). If the
horse is especially feverish and sore, give the following purgative :

No. 210.

8 Ounces castor oil,

2 Ounces tincture of aloes,

2 Dracums essence of peppermint.

420

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

I i !i

In grooming, use a soft brush, and discard the curry-comb until the
soreness and tenderness are gone.

vn. Hardening of the Skin.

For that hardening of the skin which takes place in consequence of the
pressure of some portion of the harness, from cutting the integuments
and sub-cellular tissue, from the calkings of the shoes, from cautoriiied
fungi, etc., use the acetate of cantharides as an application to the in-
durations :

No. 211.

1 Ounce acetate acid,

B OuDccB water,

1 Ounce pulverized cantbaridoi.

Mix, and let the mixture stand fourteen days to soften. Then filter
through linen or blotting paper, and add one ounce of spirits of wine.
Apply it occasionally by means of a bit of sponge. Or, use equal parts
of oil of turpentine and 'olive oil applied in the same way.

Vm. Exostosis of the Lower Jaw.

That unnatural enlargement or bony ex-
crescence of the lower jaw, known by the
above name, is generally caused by a tight
curb-chain used with a curb-bit of such lev-
erage as to enable the rider to inflict injury
by violent jerking. The jaw-bone is bruis-
ed, and soon enlarges. The injured portion
must exfoliate, or scale ; and the presence of
this unnatural substance under the flesh and
tendons gives rise to a foul ulcer, unless steps are taken to give relief
while the hurt is comparatively recent.

Nature makes a constant effort to heal, however, and unless the tumor
is irritated by passing particles of bone, it partially heals, so that an ob-
stacle is interposed from time to time to the escape of the scales ; and in
this way an unnatural bonjr structure is formed and matured before the
bony tumor is entirely healed. To prevent this, open with a keen knife,
as soon as the bone is found to be injured, and keep the wound open by
using the elastic syringe and warm water, until the discharge has assumed
an offensive odor — then syringe into it several times daily, this solution :

■rUHOR CACaiD BT CUBB-CBAIN.

No. 212.

1 8crup!e chloride of zinc,

4 Draclims essence of anise seed,

1 Pint water.

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

421

5 cuny-comb until the

If taken in time, and treated in this way, the healing may take place
without deformity.

When once the bony excrescence has established itself, no one but a
skillful veterinary surgeon should be entrusted with its removal.

IX. Swellings by Pressure of the Bridle.

These, as the designation indicates, are swellings, sometimes sores, and
occasionally, when of old standing, callous lumjis, made by the pressure
or rul>l)in"' of the bridle upon that little pron\inence on the neck just
below and back of the root of the car. If the swelling is simple and
recent, remove by saturating it with the camphorated corrosive sublimate
(No. 2) and drying in with a hot flat iron, held close without touching.
This must be attended to once a day, and the bridle must be kept off
during treatment. If there is a sore without fungous growth (proud flesh)
the same treatment will be found effective.

If the tumor is of old standing and fungous, the proud flesh must bo
burned away with lunar caustic. If it is old and horny, resort must be
had to the knife, after which the wound may be healed by a dressing of
simple cerate, -or of any of the unctuous oils.

X. Sore Nose.

The nose sometimes becomes sore from long-continued purulent dis-
charges, from any irritating substance introduced, but generally from
grazing near some irritating weed or vine. Jamestown weed will often
poison the noses of horses, yet the leaves, buds and pods are eaten with
impunity. So-called " sneeze weed " will also irritate the nose and cause
it to become sore. As a rule rubbing the nose with mercurial ointment
in which equal parts of sulphur and lard has been intimately mixerl
effect a cure. Apply with a mop, if out of reach of the hand,
rubbed in as well as may be possible.

XI. Bearing and High-blowing.

This is when a horse emits any unnatural noise in traveling, whether he
simply be thick winded, or emits the peculiar noise when hard urged, or
the sharp sound denominated whistling and piping, similar to roaring,
hut a more confirmed type, occasioned by a strong closing of the rima
glottidis. Whistlers are simply chronic or confirmed roarers, and roaring
precedes whistling. Both impediments to breathing are produced by
atrophy or wasting or degeneration of the muscles Avhose office it is to
diliite the larynx.

Thick wind is from an inflamed and thickened condition of the smaller

422

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

I V:

„u. qi

and lower branclus of tho breatliing tubes, biptli.i^ from a narrowing
or constriction of tlio windpipe. Koiiring, .i f two kind.s, acuto

and chronic. The first is, in comparison witL ' ? cl.rL lic and confirmed
state, light and trivial. Fortunately it is comparatively ' -■ in the United
States, but quite common in Enghmd, and essentially a disease of high
or well-bred horses.

True liigh-blowing, as understood by English horsemen, is not consid-
ered a disease or imiiediment. There is no sound made during inspira-
tion. The air is expelled during and after hard exertion, with force and
a peculiar vibration of the nostrils, causing the sound.

Causes. — Any and all of these impediments are produced by various
affections, and some of them, as thick wind and roaring, are considered
by some as hereditary. Laryngitis, distemper, bronchitis, lineunioniu,
tumors, diseases of the nasal membranes, and tight I'cining. lloaringtuid
whistling are decided unsoundness. So also should thi'k wind be cour
sidered, if the horse is to bo used for any other than slow work.

How to know It. — One of the means used is to go into tho stall, take
the horse by the h^ad, and make a motion as though to strike him across
the side with a stick. The animal will probably spring towards the man-
ger, and if a roarer, the peculiar grunt accompanying the habit will be
made. Yet it must be admitted that some horses, under the impulse of
sudden fear, ^vill grunt. The best test is to put him to speed more
severe than usual. If tho trial is objected to, be sure there is something
wrong, and be sure also that there are no straps about the neck to pre-
vent or case the habit. In addition to the ordinary sound made by
roarers, they often, indeed usually, have a loud, hard, sharp cough, be-

If occasioned by laryngitis, this cough will

So a thick-winded

horse will have a short, hard, dry cough, which he will give upon making
any sudden movement, or upon being struck sharply ui^on tho abdomen.

What to do. — Remedies are of but little avail, except as palliations. In
slight cases, and during the earlier stages, swabbing the larynx with a
solution of nitrate of silver has given relief. It is prepared by dissolving at
the rate of ten grains of nitrate of silver to each ounce of distilled water,
and is applied by means of a small, soft sponge fixed on the end of a
piece of whalebone, the sponge having a cord attached and longer than
tho handle, so as to bo recovered if it comes off. Pads have been at-
tached to the nose-band of the bridle, so as to lie on and compress the
false membrane of the nose. These have given relief if the horse is not
required to make extra exertion. Firing or blistering about the region of
the larynx has also been successfully used as a means of relief.

tween a cough and a roar

be indicative of the chronic stage of that disease

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

423

it reining. Roiiriiig and

When roanng is caused by paralysis of the muscles of the larynx, hy-
podermic injections of strychnine every two or three days in half grain
doses has given relief.

Kelicf is also sometimes given by rubbing on daily, or once in two
days, the following :

No. 213.

1 Drachm iodine,

2 Dravbms iodide of potagh,
2 Uuncc!< lurd.

Mix at a heat little more than to melt the lard, by placing in a vessel
of hot Avatcr.

In all of the diseases mentioned, good, easily-digested food should be
•riven, and only sufficient water to satisfy the actual demands of the sys-
tem, and the animal should not be put to work within an hour of eating
his food.

Thick Wind.

This may be alleviated, and sometimes cured, by giving the following
ball once or twice a day for several days in succession, as the animal may
seem to need it :

No. 214.

1 Drachm powdered camphor,
1 Drachm powdered niter,
1 Drachm powdered opium.

Or if preferred, to be given once a day, until five or six doses are taken.

the following ;

No. 215

ms of relief.

1 Draclim powdered niter,
1 Drachm extract belladonna,
t grains arsenic.

Xn. Wind-galls.

Causes. — Windgalls may arise either from strains, over exertion, or
dropsy of the ports. As a rule they are clastic, round swellings on each
side of the tendons, rarely becoming solid frr>;n coagulation of the lymph,
unless as is occasionally the case, the st'^ain is so severe as to cause in-
flammation of the bone, ulcer.'iiion iv\a bony deposit. They do no injury
whatever, and do not cause unsoundness.

What to do. — If the puffs, windgalls, are just appearing they may be
scattered sometimes by a strong decoction of white oak bai'k and alum.
They may be reduced by blistering from subsequent contraction of the
skin; so the liquid lymph maybe drawn out with a hypodermic syringe,
after Avbich a wet bandage should be applied over the part.

424

ILLUSTEAIED STOCK DOCTOE.

If there is hoiit iind tenderness in connection with the windgalls it must
bo treated with fomentations and a lugli-licclcd shoo as recommended for
sueli disabilities. / > rule simple windgalls being so common, often
appearing on colts, and doing no injury, had better not bo meddled with
unless there is inllammation attending them.

xni. Rupture of the Hamstring.

Not only the hamstring but other sinews are subject to rupture or oven
division. In this case the parts should be brought together and held so
by starch bandages or splints or both, when fibrous tissue will form and
the ends will unite in three, four, or five weeks. If inflammation occurs
it must bo treated as heretofore advised.

XIV. Broken Wind.

A horse with broken wind is in protty much
the same condition as a man with the asthma.
It is said often to occur suddenly, as after unu-
sual exertion, or after severe work upon a full
stomach. The facts ai'c, these may have aggra-
vated and suddenly made apparent symptoms not
noticed before. There is no cure, but much may
be done to alleviate the distress and enable the
animal to do ordinary slow work.

HOW TO IIBAR THE SOUND MADS
IN TUB BOB8>'8 WINOFIFK,

How to know it. — ^Thcre is often, for a long time previous to a severe
attack, more or less cough — a short dry hack, and occasioned by irritabil-
ity of the larynx. The appetite is often ravenous and morbid, the thirst
excessive. As the disease progresses there is flatulence, a pendulous
belly, a ragged coat, and a general dejected and unthrifty appearance.

In breathing there will be a three-fold effort. The inhalation will be
quick, the expiration slow. Then the abdomen will rise as in an effort to
drive forward the diaphragm, and thus empty the half expired lungs.
The two last efforts seem laborious, and the double effort is often only
partially completed when the animal is again forced to gasji for breath.

In the earlier stages the peculiar sound made is in the windi)ipc. The
cut given will show the manner of listening to sounds for throat difficul-
ties. Every horseman should accustom himself to recognize not only the
sound indicative of healthy breathing but also those given out in various
diseases of the throat. No horse with heaves or broken \vind should be
driven in mediately after eating. The food should be sound, and water
should '^e given only in small quantities.

f"'' 9

THU HOUSE, ITS DISEASES.

XV. Internal Homorrhage.

425

Internal bleeding or homorrhago is rare unless made by puncture of
Honio of the deep-seated l)lood vessels. The orifice leading to the surface
|)cin<' ol)scure and high, will of course occasion internal bleeding. When
they c:in be got at the remedy is of course tying. Punctured Avounds do
not bleed much, the clot usually closing the orifice, assisted by the con-
tniction of the vessel. In transverse or oblique clean cuts of an animal
causing wounds to the important arteries death must follow unless they
cim be cut down upon and tied.

Rupture of the blood vessels of the lungs sometimes occurs from over
exertion, and is also common from the nose. Or hemorrhage of the
lun"s may arise from any pulmonary complaint involving the blood
vessels. In this case it must bo determined. If

the blood comes from both nostrils and Is frothy, -^.^^

it is from the lungs. If the horse has no
specific disease of the lungs, and is in full flesh,
l)k'('ding from the neck vein, a full stream, may
cheek the blood. Digitalis in fifteen grain doses
may be given. It may give present relief, but
l)robably there is no permanent cure.

If tlic bleeding is from the blood vessels of the
nose, a strong solution of alum may be syringed
up the nostril. If this fails, pour half a pint of boiling water on a
drachm of matico leaves, and when cool strain and inject it up the nostril.

Chronic hepatitis, congestion and inflammation of the liver, often results
in hemorrhage internally. The symptoms confirming this state of things
arc, the mouth cold, nasal membranes pallid, the eyes ghastly, sometimes
yellow. The horse will look for the seat of pain on the right side, and
usually lies on the left side when down. The head is depressed. As the
disease progresses there is increased weakness with staggering. The
pupils of the eyes are dilated ; the sight is bad, and if the head is
tittcnipted to be raised high the animal instantly shows signs of falling.

What to do. — Put the animal in a roomy stall, or loose box. Keep
the bowels regulated by grass and bran mashes only, with nutritious food
and as much gentle exercise daily as the animal can take. Prepare the
following :

INTKIINAL UEMORnnAaH.

No. 218.

2 Ounces Iodide of potassium,
1 Quart liquor potasiia.

Mix, and give two table-spoonfuls twice a day in a pint of water.

420

ILLU8TRATKD STOCK DOCTOR.

V. Partial FaralyBis.

This is a disease principally oonliiiod to fast driven horses, or those
used to extreme exertion. It is also occasioned hy ergot in the hay or
grain and then is known as ergotism. An injury to the brain may cause
paralysis of the opposite side of the body. So paralysis of the face,
body or limbs may arise from pressure on the brain. Paralysis of one
sido of the body, called hemiphlegia, may result from disordered l)rain
or spinal cord. So paralysis of the face, ear, eyelid, lip, tongue, larynx
and tail may arise from local causes. A current of cold air continually
striking a pai't, bad fitting bridles, collars, or other parts of the harness.
Paralysis of the hind limbs is the most common form and may result from
injury to the loin or back, from indigestion, from tumors, parasites, in-
flammation or softening of the spinal cord, from eating freshly ripened
seeds of some of the grasses (the loliums) as daruell, flax rye grass, and
perennial rye grass.

What to do. — The cause must first bo found. See articles on. inflam-
mation, poisons, indigestion, etc.

II0B8B BUFFBBINO FBOH PARTIAL PABALYSIg OF TUB BIND LlOg.

If the paralysis proceeds from an incurable disease it is to be treated
by cold water shocks and subsequent friction by rubbing. Among the
best means is a current of electricity daily.

The following ball has resulted in relieving the difficulty when it was
partial paralysis of the hind limbs :

IE niMO LEGS.

No. 917.

THB HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

H Qr»ln itryuhnin*,
H Oraln lodJoe.

497

See articles on.inflam-

Work this up into a ball with powdered quassia and molasses and give
daily, <;raduully iiicroutiing the utrychnino according to its effects, so that
at tlii^ end of three weeks one grain will be given daily, and, if good
effects are produced, a grain and a half may be given daily at the end oi
(ivc or six weeks.

Paralysis is, however, past euro. Something may be done for present
relief, but each recurring attack is more and more severe. The most
strengthening food should be given and tl>e best of care, always being
careful that the animal be not subject to cold drafts, or extraordinary
labors. During the recurrence of the attacks, absolute rest and quiet
must be given. In the giving of nerve stimulants, as strychnine, when
increasing the doses gradually, if twitching or slight cramps of the
muscles are observed, cease giving for a few days and then begin again
with the smallest dose.
28

3 difficulty when it waa

; i

! ' ■ i

CHAPTER XIX.

MEDICINES.
What to Keep, How to Obtain, How to Prepare, and How to Give Them.

>.w]|!l*

ALTKBATIVK8. 11. ANESTHETICS.

THARTICS. VI. CARMINATIVES.

IX. DIAPHORETICS. X. DIORBTICS.

in. ANTISEPTICS. IV. A8TRINGKNTS. V. CA-

■ VII. COUNTER IRRITANTS. VIII. CAUSTICS.

XI. DEMULCENTS. XII. DISINFECT ANTS AND

DEODORIZERS.—
AND SEDATIVES,
VERMIFUGES.

— XIII. EMETICS AND EXPECTORANTS. XIV. NARCOTICS, ANODYNES,

XV. RELAXANTS. XVI. STIMULANTS. XVII. TONICS. XVIIL

-XIX. IMPORTANCE OF SYMPTOMS. XX. DISSECTION. XXI. SURGI-

CAL AND uTHER INSIRUMENTS.-

-XXII. MEDICINES TO BE KEPT.-

-XXIII. DOSES.

It is not necessary that every farmer should keep a large quantity of
medicines on hand. A few simples will suffice, except in the case of
those who, having a large stock of animals, require medicines to meet
cases apt to arise. The great point we have insisted on, and here reiter-
ate, is good care and attention, in health, and good nursing in sickness,
as being most important in the care of farm animals. The day has past
for bleeding and purging for every ill that even horse flesh is heir to.
Good nursing, attention to ♦lie genenil health, and to symptoms, with the
prescriptions we have given, will enable any one to carry an animal
through an ordinary sickness.

Every person who has carefully studied this work will see the necessity
of keeping some medicines on hand, since there is no reason why, with
the aid of what we have presented, he may not be able to treat nine in
ten of the diseases to which farm animals are subject, and without the
aid of a professed veterinary surgeon. The very full glossary which will
be found as a part of this work, should be consulted for medical terms
u.sed when the definition does not immediately follow the use of the term.
In naming the medicines and th^ir effects in this chapter we shall give
definitions that may be found in the glossary, since in the division of the
subject of medicines it seems proper that we should follow the rule
adopted of defining the meaning of terms in the body of the work. The
operations of medicine may be defined as follows :

I. Alteratives.

Medicines acting generally and continually on the system, especially on
^e blood and glandular system. Among the alteratives are, antimony,

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

42'J

id How to Give Them.

-IV. A8TRINGKNTS. V. CA-

ANT8. Vm. CAUSTICS.

XII. DISINFECTANTS AND

XIV. NARCOTICS, ANODYNES,

XVII. TONICS. XVIII.

0IS9KCTION. XXI. 8URQI-

;KBPT. XXIII. DOSES.

ep a large quantity of
except in the case of
lire medicines to meet
ed on, and here rciter-
id nursing in sickness,
lis. The day has past
horse flesh is heir to.
to symptoms, with the
le to carry an animal

•k will see the necessity
is no reason why, with
! able to treat nine in
ibject, and without the
full glossary which will
ted for medical terms
)w the use of the term,
chapter we shall give
e in the division of the
jhould follow the rule
ody of the work. The

le system, especially on
eratives are, antimony,

niter, sulphur, ginger, calomel, arsenic, iodine, iodide of potassium,
sulphite, or bi-sulphite of soda.

Antimony. — Black sulphuret of antimony. Dose 1 to 2 drachms.
Given in connection with sulphur, 1 to 2 ounces, and niter 4 to (i drachms.

Qinoer. — Given as an alterative only in connection with other medicines.

Calomel. — Give in broken doses, say 1 scruple. Another form of
mercury, sulphm-et, give 3 drachms once a day in connection with 4
drachms cream of tartar in a pint of water. This has been recommended
in ol)stiiiate cases of surfeit, and other affections of the skhi.

Arsenic. — Dose 5 to 10 grains daily. It should only be used under the
direction of a veterinarian. Its action is principally on the nerves.
Fowler's solution of arsenic contains 4 gi'ains to the ounce. It is the
best form in which to administer the mineral.

Iodine. — As an alterative give 10 to 20 grains.

Iodide of potassium. — Dose 1-2 to 1 drachm. Valuable in chronic
rheumatism, chronic cough, scrofulous enlargements, and to cause ab-
sorption in pleurisy, and inflammation of the lungs.

Bisulphite of soda. — This must not he confounded tcith sulphate. Dose
1-2 to 1 ounce relieves tymphany.

n. AnssstheticB.

These remedies benumb the senses, relieve pain, and are used largely
in destroying sensation in performing principal surgical operations. All
that will be necessary to notice are :

Chloroform and Ether. The best and safest preparation is the fol-

lowing :

No. 218.

1 Ounce alcohol,

2 OunceH chloroform,
8 Ounces ether.

Cast the animal to be operated upon ; pour a table-spoonful on a
sponge and hold to the nostrils so that the animal can take some air with
it, since if not mixed with air, it is fatal to life. Keep the fingers on the
pulse, and if it ceases, or intermits decidedly, discontinue, and hold harts-
horn to the nose, and commence again more lightly. So soon as uncon-
sciousness is produced, suspend the use of the ansesthetic, and renew
again from time to time, until the operation for which it is given is
completed.

Sometimes the animal will continue low for some time after the admin-
istration, with failing pulse and irregular breathing. If so, pour pails of
cold water on the body, and if necessary, gently inflate the lungs with a
pair of bellows, at the same time pressing upon and releasing the ribs, as
in natural respiration. Also press pieces of ice into the rectum, or

130

ILLUSTRATED SIOCK DOCTOR.

vagina, according to tlic sex, as an additional means of restoration, if
Jiocessary. As tlie natural functions again act, clothe the body and rub
dry. From two to four minutes should be sufficient to produce complete
insensibility in either the horse or ox.

III. AntiBeptioB.

These are used to arrest mortification and putrefaction. The principal
agents are charcoal, creosote, pyroligneous acid, sulphate of zinc, and
yeast. They should be applied directly to the parts affected.

rv. Astringents.

These arc agents used to stop or lessen discharges, either of the bowels,
nose, blood vessels, kidneys or glands, and are applied both internally
and externally. Among those usually employed, are, acetate of lead,
ulum, catechu, ergot, kino, opium, per sulphate of iron, tannin, the min-
eral acids, anc. gallic and tanic acids.

They should not be used when there is considerable inflammation ; nor
for diarrhoea, in the beginning of a difficulty, since this flux is often an
effort of nature to relieve the body by natural means.

Af-etate of lead. — Dose, 1 to 2 scruples. As a Avash, use a saturated
solution.

Alum. — Dose, 2 to 3 drachms ; useful in sore throat and dysentery. In
l)owder, used for stopping the flow of blood.

Catechu. — Dose, 2 to 5 drachms. Useful in diarrha'a.

Ergot. — Dose, 1-2 fx) 1 ounce. Checks bleeding from the lungs, nose,
stomach and bowels. As an astringent, for this purpose, it is better to
give it by hypodermic injections, using ergotine in solution in five grain
doses.

Kino. — Dose, 1-2 ounce to an ounce. Given in diarrhoea.

Opium — Laudanum. — Dose, powdered opium, 2 drachms. Lauda-
num, 2 to 4 ounces. It is a well known agent in relieving the spasms of
colic, dysentery, lockjaw and other convulsive ailments. In diseases of
the lungs and breathing tubes, if the respiration is short and quick, it
should not be given. So, if there is much fever it should not be given
until these symptoms abate.

Per sulphate of iron. — Dose, 1 to 2 drachms. Useful for arresting
bleeding or hemorrhage.

Tanrdn. — Tannic acid is the best form. Dose, 10 to 20 grains, A
powerful astringent in diarrhoea or mucus discharges.

V. Cathartics.
These are medicines acting strongly and directly on the bowels as a
purge, in from ;{ to 12 hours. Strong purgatives should not be given
except it be necessary to thoroughly evacuate the bowels, and deplete the

PfLa

IS^

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

431

rout and dysentery. In

Useful for arresting

animal system. The principal agents employed are .aloes, croton oil,
linseed oil, podophyllin and salts.

Aloes, Barbadoes. — This should always be used in preference to Cape
aloes, which is more griping. Dose 4 to 8 drachms,

Croton oil. — A powerful and pbarp purgative, valuable in obstinate
constipations. Applied externally it is apt to irritate and produce blem-
ish. Dose internally 20 drops.

Linseed oil. — A safe, and pretty sure, mild purge. Dose 1 pint to
I quart.

Podophyllin. — This is the active principle of the May apple. It is
both purgative and sedative. Dose 1 to 2 drachms. Its effect on animals
is not so marked as on man. In the commencement of fevers it is
excellent.

Saltii. — Sulphate of soda or Glauber salts is generally used when pur-
gative effects are required. The dose is 1 to 1 1-2 pounds. Epsom salts,
sulphate of magnesia, dose 1 to 2 pounds, or 8 to 12 ounces, and repeated
every three or four hours until an operation is had.

VI. Carminatives.

These arc used in colic, griping, etc., and are often given with griping
medicines. The principal agents are black pepper, caraway seeds, cloves,
ginger, peppermint, suge, etc.

Black peppi'v. — Dose 2 drachms. When a quick and powerful remedy
is required give 2 drachms red (cayenne) pepper.

Garavmy. — Dose 1-2 to 1 ounce of the seeds, as a powder, or as an
infusion.

Cloves. — Dose 1-2 to 1 our""^ of powdered cloves steeped in hot water
and given warm, or 30 to 60 drops of the oil of cloves given in thin
mucilage of gum arable.

Peppermint (oil). — Dose 15 to 30 drops in mucilage. Sage or any of
the heating herbs may be given as a tolerably strong infusion or tea.

Vn. Counter Irritants.

These are divided into classes : Rubefacients, which simply excite the
skin to redness ; vesicants, which blister, and suppurants which produce
sores on the surface. They are serviceable by setting up inflammation
on the surface near the seat of disease, in congestion and inflammation of
internal organs ; also of the bones, joints and tissues. Rubefacients are
good in influenza, and othor attacks of a general nature, where there is
low fever ; as, for instance, rubbing a paste of mustard on the legs and
washing it off in ten or fifteen minutes. Vesicants should not be used
when fever or inflammation is high, and suppurants are chiefly of value
in old chronic complaii ts.

432

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

i f

Rubefacients. — ^Alcohol, ammonia, mustard, turpentine.
Vesicants. — Cantharides, scalding water, and a hot iron at 212 degrees,
Fahrenheit.

Suppumnts. — Croton oil, ointment of tartar emetic.

VIII. Caustics.

Agents which burn and destroy the flesh. Used to kill the virus in
poisoned wounds, eat out proud flesh, destroy sloughs, and stimulate old
ulcers ; to produce healthy action in fistulas, and remove warts and other
excrescences. Among the best agents ai'e butter of antimony, caustic
potash, chloride of zinc, lunar caustic (nitrate of silver), nitrate of
mercury, nitric acid, and the hot iron at a white heat. Chloride of zinc
and nitrite of silver come in pencil shaped sticks. Nitric acid must be
used with care. It is powerful and intensely eating, causing extreme pain,
but which soon ceases. It may be used by dipping a suitable slip of
wood in the acid and applying. The hot iron is the most powerful caustic,
as it is the most efficient. It however requires nerve and judgment to
use it properly and efficiently.

IX.- Diaphoretics.

These are medicines to cause sAveating or to increase the insci.-" ,;•
perspiration, and thus relieve pressure on other organs. Acetate ol tsm
monia in solution, Dovers powder, ipecac and cantharides arc mainly
employed ; the animal being covered quite warm. Warm water is also
useful, but steaming the most prompt of all.

Acetate of ammonia. — Solution. Dose, 2 to 3 ounces,

Dover's powders. — Dose, 3 drachms.

Ipecac. — Given in 2 to 3 drachm doses in warm water, until the effect
is produced. Not especially useful for horses.

Cantharides. — Dose, 4 to 5 grains.

X. Diuretics.

rhese are medic?. ^os used to act on the kidneys. Saltpeter, sweet
spirits of niter, cream of tartar, tr-.-pentine aud digitalis are princi-
p used.

: altpeter. — Dose, 6 to 8 drarhms.

Sweet spirits of niter. — Doi^e, I to 2 ounces.

Cream of tartar. — Dose, 1 ounce.

Turpentine (Oil).— Dose, 1 to 2 ounces.

Digitalis. — Dose, 15 to 20 -Tains.

Both diuretics and diaphoretics are similar in their action. If sweating
is intended, it must be assisted wich warmth and friction. If operatioa

rf>^.,|>*s»#^»p^i5*^.S^^ .

^\m:-^

THE HOB8E, ITS DISEASES.

433

w^ater, until the effect

ou the internal orgaiia is required, warmth and friction should not be

used.

XI. Demulcents.

These are crummy or glutinous substances, used to soothe and cover in-
flamed surfaces, or those in an irritable condition ; as inflammation of
the throat, stomach and bowels ; in diseases of the kidneys, or for irrita-
ble conditions generally. Those most in use are : Linseed tea, gum
arable water, slippery elm bark tea, starch water and olive oil. Marsh
mallows mak'?s one of the most valuable agents known, being especially
soothing to the bowels.

Xn. Disinfectants and Deodorizers.

The most vji aable of these are, sulphate of iron, chloride of zinc, car-
bolic ccid, chloride of lime, used for disinfecting and deodorizing drains,
etc. The cheapest is a solution of sulphate of iron, a good handful dis-
solved to oiioh bucket of water used. As an atmospheric fumigant and
disinfectant, llie following is cheap, and one of the best known:

No. 'ilO.

j< Pound flowers of sulphur,
2 Pounds pine tar.

Mix with a gentle heat, saturate tow with it and burn without flame.

Carbolic acid in weak solutions, or crude carbolic acid in its liquid, im-
pure form, as it comes from the gas works, is valuable for brushing over
any wood, iron, brick or stone work. Also valuable for wetting cloths,
and hanging up to destroy disease germs, keep away flies, etc.

The following formulas will be found valuable disinfectants :

No. 220.

1 Part sulphate of zinc,
1 Part powdered oak bark,
i Parts sulphate of iron.

Mix into balls of proper size and place in drains, sink-holes and cess-
pools.

Collins' disinfecting powder is made by adding 1 part of burnt alum to
two parts of chloride of lime. Pour on water to thoroughly wet the
mass, and set in shallow pans about the stable.

The following is a powerful disinfectant •

No. 221.

2 Pounds common salt,
X Pint oi! ot vitriol.

Pour the oil of vitriol gradually and slowly ctves' the salt, and the act-
ive disinfectant, muriatic gas, will l)e evolved.

The following, known C8 chloralum, is not poisouous, and has no smell.
To make it take,

i H 1 ; ■

v];':'!!?

##f|

484 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

No. 222. 1 H Foanda chloride of alaminnm,

1 Oallon water.
Dissolve.

A most effectual, powerful and cheap disinfectant, but poisonous, if
taken, is made as follows .

No. 223. 8 Ounces chloride of zinc,

16 Ounces sulphate of iron,
1 Oallon water.
Dissolve.

A pint mixed in a gallon of water will be quite strong enough for use.
xm. Emetics and Expectorants.

What would act as an emetic on man, would be simplj a nauseant with
the horse. The horse does not vomit, nausaants act to loosen a cough,
and to loosen tt.e mucus in the air passages, and thus facilitate its expul-
sion. Nauseants also act as a substitute fcr the old practice of bleeding.
Tartar emetic, blood root and sulphate of ?;inc are among those usually
employ 3d.

Tartar emetic. — Dose, 1 to 1 1-2 drachms, in connection with lobelia
and saltpeter.

Blood root. — Dose, from 2 to 4 drachms of tat powdered root.

Sulphate of zinc. — Dose, 1 to 2 diachms.

Tartar emetic. — ^This is often employed in connection with saltpeter
and lobelia. Dose, tartar emetic 1 drachm ; saltpeter 1 ounce ; lobelia
1 drachm.

:>!IV. NarootioB, Anodynes and Sedatives.

These run one into the other, and i.rc used ^.o soothe pain, allay the
irritability of the system, and quiet excessv.^ acr ous action. Narcotics
quickly quiet the system, induce sleepj and 'f ii'lian largely, produce
death. When given simply to allay pain, they are icilled anodynes. The
action of a sedative is to lower nervous force, reduce the pulse and abate
febrile uymptoms, especially in the beginning of acute inflammation.

Narcotics. — Opium, or its prepa-fitions, lauduiura ^..d morphia, bella-
donna, tobacco and Indian hemp.

Opium is generally given as a tincture, in the form of laudanum.
Dose, 1 to 2 ounces.

Morphia. — Dose, 3 to 5 grains.

Belladonna. — Dose, 2 ounces.

Indian hemp. — The dose of this drug 1-2 to 1 drachm.

Sedatives. — Aconite, tincture. Dose, 20 to 30 drops.

Veratrum viride. — ^The dose of this is 1 scruple.

", ah^

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

435

3tant, but poisonous, if

connection with lobelia

powdered root.

le form of laudanum.

ZV. BelazantB.

These deprive the muscles of their power. Of this class lobelia should
be given in doses of 1 to 2 drachms.

XVI. Stimulants.

These are, alcohol, and are given in the form of brandy, whisky, rum,
gin and ale. The latter when an animal is exhausted by hard driving.
The dose of brandy, whisky or gin is 3 to 6 ounces, and of alcohol 1 to
3 ounces diluted with water. Other stimulants are : ether, dose, 1 to 2
ounces ; carbonate of ammonia, dose, 2 to 4 drachms ; turpentine, dose,
1 to 2 ounces ; and jringer, dose, 1 ounce. The ginger to be given as

a tea.

Stimulants are used when it is necessary to quickly raise the animal
from exhaustion. In nervous exhaustion its effects are marked, but it
must not be given in inflammation or fever.

XVn. Tonics.
Tonics sharpen the appetite, increase the nervous vigor, and thus im-
prove the condition of the patient. Many horsemen are fond of giving
condition powders, the main value of which lies in the alteratives and
tonics contained. In this they suppose that they are beneficial to already
healthy animals. Nothing could be farther from the truth. They are
not beneficial unless the animal is out of condition and the system needs
rallyinof. To get the best effect from tonics, they should bo given in
lig'.it doses, and continued for a considerable time. Then intermit for a
ftw days, and if necessary, commence again, or substitute another tonic.
The mineral tonics, sulphate of iron, sulphate of copper and arsenic are
more active than the vegetable tonics, Peruvian bark, gentian, quassia,
etc., though often the two forms combined act with greater efficacy than
either alone.

XVm. VermiiVigeB.

These aie medicines supposed to be useful in expelling worms.

For round worms, common salt, to be licked at will, is one of the
best agents to expel them. Oil of turpentine 1 ounce. Tartar emetic 2
drachms and sulphate of iron 2 drachmfi ; give five or six days in succes-
sion, and follow by a purge. Four to 6 drachms of aloes is one of the
best direct vermifuges.

Tape worm. — Oil cf turpentine 1 ounce doses ; or root of male shield
fern, 1 ounce of the extract. Give all vermifuges fasting, ahd at the end
of four hours give a purge of aloes. For weak animals give arekn nut
1 ounce.

In using a vermifuge it is always better to clear the bowels before
^ving it, and in case the worms are in the intestines give injections as well

II;'

486

ILLUSTRATEU STOCK DOCTOR.

as a purgative by the mouth. It should be remembered that vermifugea
that destroy by mechanical irritation, as iron filings, pounded glass, etc.
should never be given.

From the foregoing the action of the different classes of medicines will
be learned. Some of the more common we have given as examples. In
the vast list of drug.s used in medicines, and which are drawn alike from
the animal, vegetable and mineral kingdoms, and some of them, the most
valuable, being deadly poisons, must not be given in too large doses, the
practitioner cannot be too careful in their use. The doses we have given
in this chapter are from medium to large. If there is any doubt in
using those, especially the strong poisonous extracts or crystals use the
smaller.

There are really but few medicines out of the large list that are of
real and well known value in common practice. The druggist in prepar-
ing medicines, uses delicate scales and weighs accurately. It is always
better that they compound the prescriptions if possible ; yet, as it is not
always convenient to seek the druggist, especially when a stock of medi-
cines in ordinary use is kept, it is bother to have a pair of scales and a
liquid measuring glass. We therefor t append a table of weights and
measures as used by veterinarians :

WEIGHTS AND MEASUBEB.
Apothecaries' Weight.

20 grains make 1 Bcruple,

3 scruples make 1 drachm,
8 drachms make 1 ounce,

16 ounces make 1 pound.

Wine Measure.

60 minims, or drops make 1 drachm,

8 drachms make 1 ounce,
16 ounces make 1 pint,

2 pints make 1 quart,

4 (iuart« make 1 gallon.

Sufficient accuracy in fluid measure for anything not violent ia its
action, will be the following :

60 drops, or 1 tea-spoonfUl, make 1 drachm,
4 tea-spoonfuls, or 1 table-spoonful, make K ounce,
2 table-spoonfuls make 1 ounce,
1 wine-glassful makes 2 ounces,
1 tea-cupful makes 4 ounces,
1 tumblerful makes a pint,
1 tin-cupful makes 1 pint.

A handful of flaxseed, or other seed, usually innocent in their nature,
will weigh about 2 ounces ; a handful of leaves of dried herbs will weigh
about 1 ounce.

SS^^^^S

^j-^i^sm

THE HORBE, ITS DISEASES.

437

^bing not violent in its

EC Importanoe of Symptoms.

The importance of understanding symptoms in disease, not only of the
horse, but of all farm stock, is generally underrated by farmers and stock
men, and yet it is the key to all remedial means. Unfortunately, dumb
animals cannot tell how they feel, and thus the practitioner must judge
by outward signs, which, by the way, are pretty ample to the careful ob-
server. These are difficult to describe in print, yet they have been so
descrilicd as fully as possible in the list and treatment of diseases.

Every horse owner, and especially every stock-raiser, should educate
himself to understand symptoms in such diseases as he must necessarily
have to deal with. This will not be found difficult, if the reader will use
the means we have presented in this work. The pulse is one of the most
important agents in this direction ; through this, we may get a pretty
aeeurate indication of the state of the system in relation to fever, ple-
thora of })lo{)d, or the reverse. It cannot well be described, and yet it is
soon learned by use and observation. In the horse, the mouth is hot and
dry in fever, and moist and cool in health. In health the nose of the ox
is espcciall}' cool and moist, and in fever hot and dry. The full or small
pulse, depends upon an excessive quantity of blood in the vessels indi-
cating a full or a weak nutrition. A thready or wirey pulse is indicative
of a small (juantity of blood in the vessels, combined with an increased
or diminished contractibility of the heart. A sluggish or oppressed pulse
will indicate unusual fulness of the vessels, the vital powers of contract-
ibility and sensibility not being increased, or, it may even be one or both
of them being diminished. Among the internal causes operating on the
pulse are irritability and nervousness. Outside causes are temperature,
other atmospheric causes, and m.anuer of feeding. The stock man who
will habituate himself to feeling the pulse of his animals, will soon come
to understand how slight causes will sometimes affeci this agent, and thus
will soon learn to detect disease, often by this indication alone. This and
attention to the outward symptoms we have given in diseases enumerated,
will soon enable him to dispense with the services of the practiced veter-
inarian, except in critical cases.

XX. Dissection.
If a farmer would, when an animal is sick, in addition to attending to
studying the symptoms as they appear, take the trouble, in case it dies,
to open it, with a view of studying the altered structure, knowing as he
may. how they look in health, this would assist him greatly in under-
standing disease generally ; for by this means he may find just when and
how the parts affected are changed. He will thus, also, come to understand
the importance of good care and nursing in the prevention and elimination
of disease, more fully than by any other one means.

438

i ;

h^\

\i '

ILLU8TRATKD STOCK UOCTOK.

XXJ. Surgical and Other InstrumentB.

With all our caro it is necessary to moot disease and accidents when
they come, and to this end wo must be provided at least with a few sim-
ples, and the means of arriving at quantities.

To this end we have advised the purchase of a pair of scales to weigh
grains, drachms, ounces and pounds ; certain surgical instruments, also,
and a small store of the medicines such as are in common use.

In the horse stable a balling iron should bo kept. This is an iron ring
through which the closed hand may be passed ; on the top and bottom
are two bars, which placed between the front of the jaws enable the
mouth to be kept open while the hand passes the ball of physic to tho
root of the tongue. Sponges of several sizes should also be kept. A
roomy nose-bag and an atomizer will be useful. The little India rul)bcr
bottle with which the wife sprays her plants, will answer very well in
place of a better, for spraying the external surfaces.

Means for giving injections should be pro(!ured. This may be the
regular horse or cattle syringe, though tho pail and India rubber pipe,
described in another part of the volume, will bo found simple and
effectual .

A drenching horn or bottle is another implement that should not be
neglected. A probang should always bo kept. A trocar will bo found
useful in case where the stomach is to be punctured to permit the cscupo
of gas. A knife will, however, answer in its place very well, if tlio
blade be sufficiently loi.g and pointed. An outfit larger or smaller accord-
ing to the necessities of tho stock owner, may be bought in any store
where surgical instruments are kept, and in fact in any of the larger drug
stores of cities.

A convenient one which we have used contains: 1. A blunt-pointed
bistoury, an instrument for making incisions. When only one is fo be
used w« recommend the slightly curved form, with the sharp edge on the
inside.

2. Thumb lancet. We are opposed to tho old time fleam. It seems
to have been invented for ignorant persons ; certainly none such should
ever operate, even on an animal. A little judgment will soon enable the
operator to use the lancet properly and with effect, gauging the depth
properly to which the puncture is to be made. It is better than the
spring lancet.

3. A spring forceps, most valuable in dressing wounds, catching
arteries for tying, for removing foi'eign substances in wounds, and for a
variety of other purposes.

4. An aneurismal needle — a long blunt needle. It can be used as a
probe and for introducing small setons.

THE HOUSE, ITS DISEASES.

439-

fjer or siiiiiller acoonl-

bought in any store

my of tho larsjor drug

It can be used as a

5. A silvtr probe, for exploring wounds. It is blunt at one end and
Hliarp at the otlior, and i.s indisponsal)le.

(1. .\ frog knifi', a narrow straight bhide, sharply curved into a strong
v^l'Si'^\ iMM.k at the end, and used for paring and ileaning the frogs of tho

luxifs, etc.

7. .V jiair of curved Hcissor.s, for trimming the edges of wounds, ex-
cising ragged Mesh. (•lii)ping the hair, and for other puri)OHts.

H. A straight, broad scalpel (knife), used in dissecting, oi)ening ab-
siosscs, castrating, and various other surgical operations. Any straight,
Itroad-bladcd, kccn-cdged knife will do. In castrating, however, we
have alwavs preferred a round-pointed blade, similar to that used by
nurserymen in budding.

!t. A .seton needle for threading and introducing tapes or other sttons.

10. A few surgical needles, white thread and silk, or better, thin cat-
<Tut. Tiicse may all be carried in a neat moroc( o ease made for the
purpose, and can l)i afforded, wholesale, at ten dollars. (In fact we will
send thcni at that price, delivered with this book.)

XXn. Medicines to be Kept, and Doses.

The following drugs will be found handy. Keep everything in white
bottles, well corked. Corrosive substances must have ground glass
stoppers. Tho druggist, if so instructed, will arrange things. Quanti-
ties of these to be kept should be about ten doses each. 1 dose la:

1. Acetic acid — Antidote to acids, cooling astringent. Horse, 1 drachm ;
ox, 2 drachms ; sheep, 1 scruple.

2. Tinchtrc of aconite. — Sedative, diaphoretic. Horse, 20 to 30 drops ;
ox, 30 to 40 drops ; sheep, 3 to 5 drops.

3. Alcohol. — Stinnilant, diuretic, narcotic. Horse, 1 to 3 ounces ; ox,
3 to fi ounces ; sheep, 1-2 ounce. Locally, cooling astringent.

4. BnrhadoeH aloes. — Purgative. Horse, 4 drachms.

5. Alum. — Astringent. Horse, 2 to 3 drachms ; ox, 3 to 4 drachms ;
sheep, 1-2 to 1 dr.achm.

n. Ammoma, liquid. — Diffusible stimulant, anti-spasmodie, anti-aeid,
diuretic. Horse, 1-2 ounce : ox, 1-2 to 1 ounce ; sheep, 1-2 to 1 drachm.

7. CarhonatP of ammonia. — Diffusible stimulant, anti-spasmodic,
anti-acid, diuretic. Horse, 2 to 4 drachms ; ox, 4 to 6 drachms ; sheep,
1-2 to 1 drachm.

H. Avi He seed, caraway, cardamon, fennel seed. — Stomachic, carmina-
tive Horse, 1 ounce ; ox, 1 to 2 ounces ; sheep, 2 to 4 drachms.

n. Arnica fivctvre. — Stimulant, diuretic. Horse, 1 drachm; ox, 1
(IrMcliin ; slice]), 1 scruple.

10. Axnficfida. — Diffusible stininhnt, carminative, vei'mifuge. Horse,
2 draobms ; ox, 4 drachms ; sheep, 1-2 to 1 drachm.

IMAGE EVALUATION
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Photographic

Sciences

Corporation

23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580

(716)872-4503

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440

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

11. Balsam of Peru. — Stimulant, antispasmodic, expectorant. Horse,
1 ounce; ox, 1 to 1 1-2 ounces; sheep, 2 drachms.

12. Borax. — Nerve sedative, uterine stimulant. Horse, 2 to 6 drachms ;
ox, 1-2 to 1 ounce ; sheep, 1-2 to 1 drachm.

13. Blachberry root. — Astringent. Horse, 2 to 4 drachms ; ox, 1-2
ounce ; sheep, 2 scruples.

14. Camphor. — Antispasmodic. Horse, 1 to 2 drachms ; ox, 2 to 4
drachms ; sheep, 1 scruple.

15. Carbolic acid. — Sedative, anodyne, astringent, antiseptic, disin-
fectant. Horse, 1-2 to 1 drachm ; ox, 1 drachm ; sheep, 10 drops.

16. Cherry bark, wild. — ^Expectorant. Horse, 1-2 ounce ; sheep, 2 to
3 scruples.

17. Copaiva. — Stimulant, diuretic, expectorant. Horse, 2 to 4
drachms ; ox, 3 to 4 drachms ; sheep, 1-2 to 1 drachm.

18. Cream of tartar. — Diuretic. Horse, 1 ounce ; sheep, 4 to 6
drachms. Laxative : horse, 5 ounces ; ox, 5 to 8 ounces, sheep, 1 to 2
ounces.

19. Ergot. — Checks bleeding, parturient. Horse, 1-2 to 1 ounce ; ox,
1 ounce ; sheep, 1 to 2 drachms.

20. Iron, peroxide. — Tonic. Horse, 2 to 4 drachms ; ox, 4 drjiohms;
sheep, 1 drachm. An antidote to arsenic.

21. Lime, chloride. — Checks tympany, disinfectant. Horse 2 to 4
drachms ; sheep, 1 to 2 drachms.

22. Linseed oil. — Laxative. Horse, 1 to 2 pints ; ox, 1 to 2 quarts ;
sheep, 1-2 pint.

23. Lobelia. — Sedative, antispasmodic, expectorant. Horse, 1 to 2
drachms ; ox, 1 to 3 drachms : sheep, 15 grains ; swine, 5 to 15 grains.

24. Mallow. — Demulcent. Give freely of cold infusion.

25. Mentha piperita (peppermint). — 30 to 60 drops. <

26. Oak bark. — Astringent. Horse, 1 ounce; ox, 2 to 4 ounces;
sheep, 4 drachms.

27. Olive oil. — Laxative. Horse, 1 to 2 pints; ox, 2 to 3 pints;
sheep, 3 to 6 ounces.

28. Opium. — Narcotic, sedative, anodyne, antispasmodic. Horse, 1-2
to 2 drachms ; ox, 2 to 4 drachms ; sheep, 10 to 20 grains,

29. Opium, tincture laudanum. — Narcotic, sedative, anod3Tie, anti-
spasmodic. Horse, 1 to 2 ounces ; ox, 2 ounces ; sheep, 2 to 3 drachms.
Of the powdered drug, give : horse, 1-2 to 2 drachms ; ox, 2 to 4
drachms ; sheep, 10 to 20 grains.

30. Pepper, black. — Stomachic, stimulant. Horse, 2 drachms ; ox, 3
drachms ; sheep, 1 to 2 scruples.

31. Pumpkin seeds. — ^Vermifuge, teeniafuge. Horse, 1 pint.

"Si!

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASED.

441

cU'uchmij ; ox, 2 to 4

•', 1-2 to 1 ounce ; ox,
ims; ox, 4 druohms;

;ttnt. Horse 2 to 4

3 ; ox, 1 to 2 quarts ;

; ox, ? to 3 pints;

e, 2 drachms ; ox, 3

32. Rhubarb. — Laxative, tonic. Horse, 1 ounce ; ox, 2 ounces ; sheep,

1 drachm.

33. Resin. — Diuretic. Horse, 4 to 6 drachms ; ox, 1-2 to 1 ounce ;
sheep, 2 to 4 drachms.

34. Soap. — Diuretic, antacid, laxative. Horse, 1 to 2 ounces ; sheep,

2 to 6 drachms.

35. Silver nitrate {lunar caustic). — Nerve tonic. Horse, 5 grains;
ox, 5 to 8 grains ; sheep, 1 to 2 grains.

36. Sweet spirits of niter. Spirits of nitrous ether. — Stimulant, anti-
spasmodic, diuretic, diaphoretic. Horse, 1 to 2 ounces ; ox, 3 to 4
ounces ; sheep, 3 to 6 drachms.

37. Tobacco. — Sedative, antispasmodic, vermifuge. Horse, 4 drachms ;
ox, 4 to 6 drachms ; sheep, 1 drachm.

38. Tar. — Expectorant, antiseptic. Horse, 1-2 to 1 ounce ; ox, 1-2
to 2 ounces : sheep, 1-2 ounce.

39. Turpentine oil. — Stimulant, antispasmodic, diuretic. Horse, 1 to
2 ounces ; ox, 1 to 1 1-2 ounces ; sheep, 1 to 2 drachms. Vermifuge :
Horse, 2 ounces ; ox, 2 to 3 ounces ; sheep, 4 drachms.

40. Valerian. — Diffusible stimuhmt, antispasmodic, vermifuge. Horse,
2 ounces ; ox, 2 to 4 ounces ; sheep, 1-2 ounce.

41. Wild cherry bark. — Expectorant. Horse, 1 ounce; ox, 1 1-2
ounces ; sheep, 3 drachms.

42. Zinc, sulphate. — Astringent, tonic. Horse, 1 to 2 drachms ; ox,

2 to 3 drachms ; sheep, 15 to 30 grains.

XXIII. Graduating Doses.

In the administration of medicines the following statement of ages and
doses will be found valuable in determining quantities. The doses men-
tioned in the preceding list being full ones :

A horse of 3 years, ox 2 years, sheep 1 1-2 years and swine 15 months
old, should have a full dose.

A horse 15 months to 2 years ; cattle 1 to 2 years, sheep 9 to 18
months, and swine 8 to 15 months, 1-2 of a full dose.

A horse 9 to 18 months, cattle 6 to 12 months, sheep 5 to 9 months
and swine 6 to 8 months, require 1-4 of a full dose.

A colt 5 to 9 months old, calves 3 to 6 months, lambs 3 to 5, and pigs

3 to 6 months old, may have 1-8 of a full adult dose.

Colts 1 to 5 months old, calves 1 to 3 months, lambs 1 to 3 months, and
pigs 1 to 3 months old, may have T-16 of the dose.

Nervous, excitable animals require less than others. The continued
use of medicines renders their action slow and decreases their power.
The influence of disease also checks or modifies action. In diseases of
the brain, and spinal cord, and in impaction of the stomach, double

442

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

quantities must sometimes be given, while in low fevers one-half the
usual quantity may produce evil, and sometimes prove fatal.

As a rule, anodynes, narcotics, sedatives, stimulants and anti-spasmodics
may be repeated once in four hours until the required effect is produced.

Twice daily may be given as the rule for alteratives, refrigerants, tonics,
diaphoretics and febrifuges.

Emetics should be repeated every five or ten minutes arid their action
induced by opening the mouth and irritating the throat with a feather.
If the animal Avill drink, give large draughts of slightly warm water.
Emetics are not given to horses.

Purgatives should not be given the second time until the first has had
full time to operate. In the horse not before 36 hours ; cattle and isheep
12 to 15 hours ; swine in 7 to 10 hours.

Draughts of tepid water, or warm gruel assist the operation of purgatives.

A ball is not to be made round, but longer than it is wide and not
larger than a walnut for horse or ox. It must be small enough so an
animal may swallow it easily. Balls are made of drugs in powders mixed
into a semi-solid state with honey or molasses and linseed meal, and cov-
ered with oiled tissue paper.

Drenches (liquid medicines) are made as infusions, with warm or cold
water, or as decoctions with boiling water. Powdered substances not
solvent in water are mixed with thick gruel or mucilage.

A ball is best given with the aid of a balling iron. This has been pre-
viously described. Put the iron between the front of the jaws, and place
the ball well back on the tongue with the hand. Hold the head well up
until swallowed. This may be aided by stroking the throat next the jaws.

Liquids are given from a horn or thick quart bottle with a pretty long
neck, such as a champagne bottle. No liquid or irritating medicine should
be given until sufficiently diluted with water so that it will not injure the
mouth if held therein some minutes.

Oil of turpentine, croton oil, and other strong irritating substances
that will not mix with water, should be mixed with palm or olive oil,
milk beaten with eggs, or it may be given in mucilage as the case may
require.

Powerful agents, that do not irritate, act promptly injected under the
skin with a hypodermic syringe. A surgeon's advice should be used in
administering them.

Injections are given with a horse syringe. There are patent injectors
that pump in the liquid continuously. We have described an implement
that works well, by gravity, and is easily made. Small syringes are used
for injecting abscesses. Also the hypodermic syringe for injecting under
the skin.

CHAPTER XX.

IMPLEMENTS AND AFFABATQS.

What to Xeep, and How to Use Them.

Catheter. — This i^a round gutta percha tube, with one end open, the
other rounded and near the end with two openings. Used to draw away
the water when the horse is unable to pasis it naturally. They are also
introduced into deep ulcers, and li juid injected through them by means
of a syringe. In using the catheter, it should be well oiled and carefully
and slowly pushed along the orifice or ei nal.

Drawing Tcnife. — Frog knife. The k'ufc in common use by blaek-
jsniiths ; a thin blade with a shai'ply-curved end lixed in a handle, and
used in cutting into and paring the hoof.

Firing iron. — A heavy, blunt-edged blade fixed in a handle, and some-
times used for blistering when the actual cautery is considered necessary.
Valuable in skillful hands.

Forceps. — These are pincers with long jaws, and used for extracting
splinters, pieces of bone, or for seizing arteries in order to tie them up.

Knives. — These should be always keen and should be both sharp and
round-pointed. A heavy bistoury is a long, narrow-bladed knife for
oper.ing deep wounds and abscesses.

Lancet. — These are of three kinds : the thumb lancet, the spring lan-
cet and the fleam. The thumb lancei is gauged by the thumb, the spring
lancet by a spring, and the fleam is struck by a hard wood stick. Always
make the incision lengthwise of the vein.

Ligatures. — Cords for tying arteries, and in tying, a surgeon's kn(>t
should be used. Instead of passing the end of the cord once round the
other, pass it twice around before drawing tight. It will hold securely.

Probes. — These are made of silver wire, with the ends slightly knobbed.

They are useful in exploring wounds.

Jhwel. — ^This is a ring of leather, an inch or so in diameter, the rim
29

444

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

being about a quarter of an inch wide. It is wrapped with flax or
thread moistened with turpentine, and pushed down into a pocket made
in the skin, to inluce a running sore. They are little used now; setons
accomplishing the object fully.

Setons. — A cord or ligature of leather thrust in, under and out of the
skin, and tied. It is soaked with turpentine or smeared with irritating
compounds, and turned every day, the object being to promote and kec|;
up a discharge of pus, and reduce inflammation.

Seton needles. — These are broad, curved blades, with a round shaft
eighteen inches long, and with an eye at the blunt end. Used for thread-
ing setons of tape, cord or leather into wounds made. Needles for sew-
ing up wounds are of several sizes, curved, square needles.

Tents. — These are pledgets of tow, lint or other substances introduced
into wounds to cause them to form matter. They should be moistened
with Venice turpentine.

Twitch. — A loop of leather or strong cord, fastened securely upon a
stout handle two feet long. Used for holding refractory horses, or dur-
ing surgical or other operations. Pass the upper lip through the loop,
and twist until sufficient foi'ce can be used to keep the animal still.

Hopples. — Ropes for casting a horse. They should be each twenty-
five feet long. Have two strong straps of leather double, with a two
inch seam between, and so they may be buckled tight to the fetlock.
Fasten both ropes securely to the bottom of a collar placed on the horse's
neck. Or if the rope is long enough, loop the middle to the collar;
buckle a strap securely to each hiud pastern, pass the ends of the rope
through the rings, and back through the collar. One man manages the
head to bring the horse down properly and easily, while assistants pull
forcibly on the ropes ahead. A horse should never be cast except u])ou
a thick, soft bed of straw or tan bark. If it is simply wished to hopple
the horse, fasten the ends of the rope to the collar, and of such a length
that the horse cannot kick.

Slings. — These are an apparatus to suspend a horse's weight in case of
fracture, rheumatism, or other diseases when the animal cannot bear full
weight on the limbs. First a broad strip of leather or strong canvas two
feet wide and six or seven feet long, stiffened at the ends by being scwii
around smooth billets of wood. To this a breeching is attached to pass
around the buttocks, and others to and about the breast, to hold it se-
curely. Loops must be fastened to the billets at the ends of the girdle of
sufficient strength to bear the weight of the animal. Double blocks and
pulleys are attached to these, suspended at proper points, and thus the
animal is lifted and suspended so aa to bear much or little weight on his
limbs.

Si^'

PART III.

CATTLE;

HISTORY, BREEDS, CHARACTERISTICS
AND MANAGEMENT.

)r little weight on his

S i ii i ii i...

ii; 'f.i

CATTLE.

CHAPTER I.

NATURAL HISTORY OF CATTLE.

tOKIR ORIGIN EARLY DOMESTICATION THE DIFFBRB.NT KINDS AND TBBIR PKCULIAR-

ITIK8 IMPROVED BREEDS DBVON8 SUSSEX SHORT HORNS ALDBRNKT8

AYRSniRES HOLSTEINS POL!.ED CATTLE KERRY COWS THE CHEROKEE OR

TEXAS CATTLE, KTb., ETC.

The native country of the genus Bos is not known, and the wiM type
has long since passed away.

The Urus is regarded as the parent of domesticated cattle, and is
described in its wild state, as an animal of enormous size, of great fierce-
ness, and fable has thrown around it an air of mystery, as is common in
all legends that have come down to us from the far past.

Domestioation of Cattle.

The domestication of cattle is also a matter of conjecture.

Our earliest record comes from scripture. Jubal, the son of Lamech,
who lived in the lifetime of Adam, is recorded as being "the father of
such as have cattle."

Noah certainly had cattle, and wherever the sons of Noah migrated,
they carried cattle with them.

Cattle were worshipped by the earliest Egyptians, and among the
ancient nations of Judea, they were, and still are, held in great ven-
eration.

448

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

iiiiifll'i

In tho days of Abraham, cattlo certainly were regularly bred, and in
the days of Jacob we have an account of systematic bi'ceding to color,
and probably to type.

In every civilized nation, tho keeping of cattlo forms among the earliest
l)roductive industries recorded, and every Celtic nation has at one time
or another represented them as divinely given, or else, like the Hindoos,
held them in tho greatest veneration.

Soientiflo Nomenolature.

According to naturalists cattle l)elong to tho class Mammalia ; that is,
having mammas or teats ; their natural order is called mminantia, from
their habit of ruminating, or chewing the cud.

Their tribe is termed bovidw, meaning the ox kind. The genus is
hos, tho ox ; tho horns growing, from tho crest, projecting at first side-
ways, and porous or cellular inside, with a film of true horn encasing the
cellular bony structure inside ; the sun-oEXUS, which will form the
subject of what wo have to say, is termed bos taurus, or the domes-
ticated ox.

Of these there are many families, or sub-families ; each distinctive
breed being a family. Mixed breeds, grades, and crosses, may be termed
sub-families.

The Teeth.

•

Cattle are distinguished as to their teeth by having eight lower incisors,
and none upper ; these are the cutting teeth. They have no canine
teeth or tusks, but have twenty-four molars or grinding teeth ; six on
each side of the lower jaw, and six on each side of the upper jaw. The
upper jaw has no incisors ; but the skin upon which tho lower inci-
sors meet in the upper jaw is thickened, hard, and in aged animals
almost horny. The teeth may bo represented as follows ; the figures
above the line representing the upper, and the figures below the line rep-
resenting the lower jaw :

6 6

Cattle, incisors, — , canines — , molars . Total, 32 teeth.

8 6 6

"We annex a cut of a section of the lower jaw showing the eight
incisors, of a mature ox, or at the age of five years.

J- i

gularly bred, and in
c breeding to color,

iiH among the earliest
Jon has at one time
je, like the Hindoos,

3 Mammalia ; that is,
2d ncminantia, from

dnd. The oknus is
ejecting at first side-
■ue horn encasing the
.'hich will form the
urns, or the doincs-

ies ; each distinctive
osses, may be termed

5 eight lower incisors,
?hey have no canine
nding teeth ; six on
he upper jaw. The
'hich the lower inci-
ind in aged animals
follows ; the figures
es below the line rep-

i\, 32 teeth.

V showing the eight

TFW.

l\ .-ill

'•'.'HCimsqgttr'woria W

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|,;^>

.SI .15 i1

fjnr. ii;3W gniwofta ,Jae(| »i«9'(

,sspi[ jsiisosif m siiiiJ 13 ^k si) pmm sisi! i^M %i

mma

^f^immummmur

Fig. 1.

Teetli of Calf at Biith, showing the first
two incisors, milk teeth.

Figr. 2.

Teeth at two weeks old, showing four
temporary incisors.

T
incii

Figr. 8.

Teeth at fifteen months old, showing ab-
Borption and wear in all the temporary nip-

Copijrifjlikd accordhuj fo Act of Congrest.

Fig. 9.

Teeth at e-ghtcen months old,
two first pen .neut incisors (i-i)
two pairs (2-3 anu 3-3), g'owing
ing upwards toward the sutfaccj .<
5-5 and 6-6) ':()wing absorption,
is shown the alveali, or cells for the

showing
. and next
and push-
also (4-4,

At (^-8)

teeth.

T
peru

absc
wea

■on A.ooxjivA."rj3i_f"X' tesijILii;

ks old, showing four

. 9.

months old
risors (i-i)
), growMig
le sin face {
absorption,
r cells for th

iiiiiMiij

Fig. 3.

Teeth at three weeks old, showing six
incisors.

Fig. 4.

Teeth at one month old, showii
incisors, or the full set.

, showing
and next
and push-
also (4-4,
At (8-8)
e teeth.

Fig. 10.

Teeth at two years old past, showing four
permanent incisors, and four temporary ones,
absorption nearly complete ; also marks of
wear on two first pairs.

Figc 11.

Teeth at three years past, showing
manent nippers, and two outside te
ones nearly gone ; also wear on tw<
pairs.

. 4.

1 old, showing eight

Fig. 5.

Teeth at six to eight months old, showing
wear on first two, or central teeth.

11.

past, showing six per-

vo outside temporary

wear on two central

Figr. 13.

Tee'-h at four years past, showing eight
permanent incisors — the full mouth — and
complete complement ; also wear on all but
outside teeth.

Fig. 6.

Teeth at fen months old, she
tion in first two pairs of teeth,
two outside pairs.

Teeth at
dark marks.

? Fig. 6.

Teeth at fen months old, showing absorp>
tion in first two pairs of teeth, and wear of
two outside pairs.

Teeth at
dark marks. ,

Figr. 13.

years past, showing wear and

Figr. 7.

Teeth at twelve months old, showing ab>
sorption in all the nippers, except outside
pair, and wear in these.

Figr. 14.

Teeth at ten years old, showing pertuanem
spaces between them ; and also sha].^ f^onr
natural wear by use.

[1 Jll J

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XU lil-J

CATTLE, THEIR ORIGIN, ETC.

449

Teeth of Ox atAgk of Five Years.

The annexed cut of section of tho
head of an ox will show the molars,
or "Hndin"; teeth, and also the ternii-
iiiil bone of the ujopcr jaw, corres-
ponding to the lower face jaw, and
destitute of teeth.

Explanation. — a — Molars or grind-
ers, h — Superior maxillary bone —
its palatine process, c — Cells of the
palatine bone. d. — Anterior maxill-
ary bone, destitute of incisor teeth.

Breeds of Cattle.

The breeds of cattle which have
ue(iuired favor in the United States
are confined to but few.

The Devons are the typical race of
England, as among those that have
retained their purity, through long
generations, breeding Avith entire uni-
formity as to color, symmetry, horns,
and other general characteristics, fully
as much so as the Chillingham white
descendants of the original or aboriginal cattle of the British Islands.

SECTION OF Head of Ox.

cattle, which are regarded as

>KVON *X.

450

ILLUSTRATED STCKJK DOCTOU.

The foregoing cut is a good illustration of the Devon ox as he appeared
fifty years ago, from the pasture. Such an one would be regarded as a
most admirable animal to-day.

Classifloat. 3n of Baoes.

In England cattle are divided into beef and dairy cattle. Beef cattle
again are divided into long-horns, middle-horns, short-horns, and polled
or hornless cattle.

f?^'?

t-^J'*^''?!!

Long-Horns.

Of the long-horns ; the old Irish long-horns showed a striking pecu-
liarity, which was, that their horns turned directly downward.

In Craven, England, has long cxMsted a breed of cattle peculiar in
thenwelves, broad in the chine, quick and easy to fatten, and noted for
making excellent beef.

Under the scientific breeding of BakewcU, a hundred years ago, and
his immediate successor, Leicester, long-horns acquired a wide celebrity.
This was undoubtedly attained by breeding in-and-in. He was knoAvn
to have done so to a remarkable degree.

With the death of Bakewell and his immediate successors, excessive
delicacy of constitution began to tell, and they began to lose caste years
ago, as a race.

They have left their inqiress, however, and, most decidedly, upon the
whole family of long-horns. They became better feeders, better hand-
lers, and made better beef than before the infusion of this blood.

They have long been supei'seded by the short-horn and the Herefords,
and are only noticed here, as formin*^^ a part of the mixed blood of cattle,
of the United States and Canada.

We occasionally see by reversion, animals among our so called native
cattle, showing strong characteristics of Leicester, Hereford, Devon, the
old Tees water, the Dutch and polled cattle.

Middle-Horns.

Of the Middle-Horns the only cattle valuable in the United States, arc
tiic Dcvons and the Herefords, both wonderful families, in thei;" make up,
and valuable whether for beef or working oxen.

In fact the Devon is the best working ox in the world, and as beef
makers their flesh is superior to that of any other breed, except the
Scotch, or West Highland cattle.

Besides the Devons the other families of the Middle-Horus, are the

CATTLE, THEIR ORIGIN, ETC

451

Idle-Horus, are the

Sussex, Pembroke, Glamorgan, Angehea, and, in Scotland, the Wost
Highland cattle, noted for the superiority of their flesh, and wiiich have,
for many generations, remained unchanged, or improved except by selec-
tion.

Their principal value, after all, is their extreme hardiness, and aptitude
to fatten where other animals would starve.

Above, as showing the characteristics of this breed, we give a.r >lV:jtra-
tioii of a West Highland ox, in good feeding flesh.

The Devons.

The celebrity that the Devons long ago attained for their superior beef
and working qualities, is wholly due to the fact that they have long been
bred, in North Devon, pure. Hence, they are often called North Devon,
to distinguish them from the South Devons and the Sussex, both infe-
rior cattle, cither from a feeding or working standpoint.

The Devons are undoubtedly an original and pure race, and have been
noted for their high excellence for many generations.

It is only within the last two hundred years that systematic efforts have
been made to increase the excellence of English cattle, and it is not more
thiui one hundred and fifty yeavH ago that Devon farmers were waked up
to the improvement, that might be made in these high strung, generous
feeders. They have within the last seventy-five years l)eeM brought to
such high perfection, that they do not suifcr in comparison with other
high caste cattle, and they would certainly suffer by intermixture with
anv other breed.

Devon Bull.

>#?•

452

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Where Devons Thrive.

They cannot compete with the Short-Horns und Herefords, on flush
western pastures.

They hick size, and early maturity, but on hill, or broken pastures, and
in climates too cold for these breeds, and especially in climates unsuitable
to Short-Horns, they are the best cattle ever known.

On the previous page, as showing the extraordinary symmetry and
style of this remarkable breed, we pres(>nt a likeness of a Devon bull,
remarkable for eminent characteristics of the breed.

Devon Cows.

The bulls of this breed are inclined to be vicious as they get old.
The cows are gentle, and if gently used, kind in the extreme. Both
males and females, however, are so high strung that they will not bear
abuse. A brutal master they will fight, but if managed with a firm, yet
gentle hand, they are the most familiar, as they are the most intelli-
gent, of horned cattle.

The cows give exceedingly rich milk, and many of them fair quantities.

The males are said to cross kindly with the Guernseys, and these
make valuable dairy cattle.

There are however now^ so many excellent pure breeds of milkers that
it would be futile to experiment with the cross, since it will surely reduce
the value of the animal either for work or beef.

As workers, milkers and beef makers (iombined, for the amount of
food taken, they have no superior, if they have their equal. As beef
makers alone, in the West, the Short Horns and Hereford are superior.
As milkers the Jersey, the Holstein and Ayrshire take the palm. As
working cattle the Devons are superior to all known breeds.

The cut on the following page is a good illustration of a high caste
Devon cow.

Characteristics of the Devon Cow.

This we give as follows :

There are few things more remarkable about the Devon cattle than the
comparative smallness of the cow. The bull is a great deal less than the
ox, and the cow smaller than the bull.

This is some disadvantage, and the breeders are awpre of it; for,
although it may not be necessary to have a large bull, and especially as
those of an extraordinary size are seldom handsome in all their points,
but somewhere or other present coarseness or deformity, it is almost

CATTLE, DEVON8.

453

Herefords, on flush

broken pastures, and
1 climates unsuitable

nary symmetry and
S88 of a Devon bull,

ous as they get old.
the extreme. Both
,t they will not bear
aged with a firm, yet
ire the most iutelli-

them fair quantities,
jruernseys, and these

eeds of milkers that
it will surely reduce

Devon cattle than the
•eat deal less than the

re aw; re of it; for,
uU, and especially as
e in all their points,
jformity, it is almost

impossible to procure large and serviceable oxen except *"nm a somewhat

roomy cow.

These cows, however, although small, possess that roundness and
projection of the two or three last ribs, which nuike thorn actually more
roomy than a careless examination of them would indicate.

Tho cow is particularly distinguished for her full, round, clear eye, the
gold-colored circle around the eye, and the same color on the inside skin
of the ear.

The countenance is cheerful, and the muzzle orange or yellow.

454

ILLirSTUATKD STOCK DOCTOR.

Tlu) jiiws arc free from thii'knesH, and the throat from dewlap.
The hack, the harrel, and tl>e hind quarterrt differ from tliose of other
hreeds, having more of roundness and beauty, and being free froniangles.

Points of the Devons.

Youatt, than whom none have written more intelligently on domestic
animals, describes the characteristics of the breed as follows :

The more perfect specimens of the Devon breed are thus distinguished :

The horn of the hull ought to be neither too low nor too high, tapering
at the points, not too thick at the tip.

The eye should be clear, bright, and prominent, showing much of the
white, and have around it a circle of dark orange color.

The forehead should be flat, indented, and small, for, by the smullness
of the forehead, the purity of the breed is very much estimated.

The cheek should bo small, and the muzzle fine ; the nose must he of
a clear yellow.

The nostril should be high and open ; the hair curled about the head.

The neck should bo thick, and that sometimes almost to a fault.

Devon Working Ox.

Excepting in the head and neck, the form of the bull docs not mate-
rially differ from that of the ox, but he is considerably smaller. There
Jire exceptions, nowever, to this rule.

The head of the ox is small, very singularly so, relatively to his l)ulk;
yet it has a striking breadth of forehead ; it is clean and free from flesh
about the jaws.

The eye is very prominent, and the animal has a pleasing vivacity of

CATTLK, DEVON8.

455

ihowing inuth of the

a pleasing vivacity of

countoniince, distinguishing it from tho heavy aspect of many other

breeds.
Its nook is long and thin, admirably adapting it for the collar, or the

inoic coniinon and ruder yoke.

It Ih accounted one of the characteristics of good cattle, that the line

of tlic neck from the horns, to the withers, should scarcely deviate from

tlmt of the back.

In the Devon ox, however, there is a peculiar rising at the shoulder,
icniin(lin«' us of the blood-horse, and essentially coimccted with the free
and (luick action by which this breed has ever been distinguished.

It has little or no dewlap depending from the throat.

Tiie liorns are longer than those of the bull, smaller, and tine even U)
the l)iise, and of a lighter color, and tipped with yellow.

The animal is light in the withers ; the shoulders a little obli(pie ; the
breast deep, and the bosom open and wide, particularly as contrasted
with tile tincness of the withers.

Tiie fore legs are wide apart, looking like pillars that have to support
a great weight.

The point of the shoulder is rarely or never seen. There is no projec-
tion of bone, but there is a kind of level line running on to the neck.

Oharaoteristios and Important Points.

Angular bony projections are never found in a beast that carries much
tlesh and fat.

The tincness of the withers, the slanting direction of the shoulder, and
*Jie broad and open breast, imply strength, speed, and aptitude to fatten.

A narrow-chested animal can never be useful either for working or
grazing.

Witli all the lightness of the Devon ox, there is a point about him, dis-
liked in the blood or riding horse, and not approved in the horse of light
draught — the legs are far under the chest, or rather the breast projet-ts
far and wide before the legs. We see the advantage of this in the beast
of slow draught, who rarely breaks into a trot, except when he is goaded
oil in catching timss, and the division of whose foot prevents him from
stumbling.

The lightness of the other parts of his form, however, counterbalances
heaviness there.

The legs are straight, at least in the best herds. If they are in-kneed
or crooked in the fore-legs, it argues a deficiency in blood, and compara-
tive incapacity for work ; and for grazing, too, for they will be hollow
behind the withers, a point for which nothing can compensate, because it
takes away so much from the place where good flesh and fat should be

45G

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

tliickly luid on, and diiiiiiiiHhoH t\w nipucity of tho chost und tl»o power of
crcutiii<; uitcriul und iiutritio'iH blood.

The Limbs of the Devons.

Tho foro-arm is particularly lar/jjc and powerful. It swells out sud-
denly above the knee, but is soon lost in the substance of the shoulder.

Bt^low the knee the bono is snuill to a very extraordinary dej^ree, indi-
cating u seeming want of strength ; but this impression immediately
ceases, for the smallness is only in front — it is only in the bono ; the leg
is d(H4), and the sinews are far removed from the bone, i)rouiising both
strength and speed.

It may be objected that tho leg i? a little too long. It would bo so in
an animal destined only to graze ; but this is a working animal, and some
length of leg is necessary to get him actively over tho ground.

The Body of the Devons.

There is some trifling fall behind tho withers, but no hoUoumess, and
the line of tho back is straight from thence to tho setting on of the tiiil.
If there is any seeming fault in the beast, it is that tho sides arc a
little too flat. It will appear, however, that this does not interfere with
feeding, while a deep, although somewhat flat chest is best adapted for
speed.

Tlie two last ribs are particularly bold and prominent, leaving room
for the stomach and other pails concerned in digestion to bo fully
developed.

The hips, or huckles, are high up, and on a level with the back, whether
the boast is fat or lean.

Tho hind quarters, or the space from tho hip to the point of the rump,
are particularly long and well filled up — a point of importance both for
grazing and working. It loaves room for flesh in the most valuable
part, and indicates much power behind, equally connected with strength
and speed. This is an improvement quite of modern date. The full-
ness here, and the swelling of tho thigh below, are of much more con'
sequence than the prominence of fat which is so much admired on the
rump of many prize cattle.

Tho setting on of the tail is high, on a level with the back, rarely much
elevated or depressed. This is another great point, as connected with the
perfection of the hind quarters.

The tail is long and small, and taper, with a round bunch of hair at the
bottom.

CATTLE, Iir.RErORDS.

457

10 power of

Ih out Hud-
'i shoulder.
>grce, iiidi-
iiiiicdiaU'ly
; the U'fT
iHuijjf both

Id bo so in
and some

nmess, and
f the t^iil.
idea arc a
rfere with
iapted for

^ing room
bo fully

:, whether

Jio rump,
i both for
valuable
, strength
The full-
Tiore con-
3d on the

'ely much
i with the

air at the

Of the Skin and Hair.

The skin of tho Devon, with bin curly hair, is exceedingly mellow and
clastic, (iraziors well know that there is not a more important point than
this. When tho skin can bo easily raised from the hips it shows that there
is room to set on fat below.

The skin is thin rather than thick. Its appearance of thickness arises
from the curly hair with which it is covered, and curly in proportion to
the eoudition and health of tho aninuil. Those curls run like little rip-
ples on water. Some of those cattle have tho hair smooth, but then it
should be fine and soft. Those with curled hair are more hardy, and
fatten more kindly.

The favorite color is blood rod. This is supposed to indicate purity of
bnu'd ; but there arc many good cattle approatthing alnK)st to l)ay.

If the eye is clear and good, and the skin mellow, the palcT color will
bear hard work, and fatten as well as others, but a boast with pale hair,
and hard under tho hand, and the eye dark and dead, will bo a sluggish
worker, and an unnrofitablo feeder.

Those of a yellow color are said to bo subject to diarrluea, or scouring. .

These are the principal points of a good Devon ox ; but ho used to be,
perhaps as many are yet, a little too flat-sided, and tho rump narrowed
too rapidly behind the hip bones ; there was too much space between the
hip bones and tho last rib, and he was too light for plowing in tenacious
and strong soils.

A selection from the most perfect animals of tho true breed — tho bono
small and the neck fine, but the brisket deep and wide, and down to tho
knees, and not an atom of flatness all over the side — ^these have improved
tho strength and bulk of the Devon ox, without imparing, in the slightest
degree his activity, his l)eauty, or his propensity to fatten.

The HerefordB.

The Herofords, named from the county of Hereford, England, were
originally rod or brown, with no white about them. From that they were
bred to brownish or yellowish red, some few even being brindle. Only
within the last hundred years have they been bred to white faces.

It was finally made to extend along tho top of tho nock, along tho throat,
dewlaj), brisket and fore legs, belly and flanks ; and white hind feet and
tail are now fashionable.

They are a very ancient breed, and undoubtedly allied to the Devons.

458

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

R!^^^^

CATTLK, llKUEFOliU.s.

Herefords Fifty Years Ago.

450

Mr. Marshal, a most competent authority, gives the followhig account
of the improved Hereford as it was known tifty years ago :

"The countenance pleasant, cheerful, open; the forehead broad ; eye
full and lively ; horns bright, taper, and spreading ; head small ; chop
lean ; neck long and tapering ; chest deejj ; bosom broad, and projectmg
forward ; shoulder-bone thin, flat, no way protuberant in bone, but full
and nuillow in flesh ; chest full ; loin broad ; hips standmg wide, and level
with the chine ; (piarters long, and wide, at the neck ; rump even with the
level of the back, and sharp above the quarters ; tail slender and neatly
haired ; ])arrel round and roomy ; the carcass throughout deep and well
spread ; ribs broad, standing flat and close on the outer surface, forming
a smooth, even barrel ; the hind parts large and full of strength ; neck
bones snug, not prominent ; thigh clean, and regularly tapering ; legs up-
right and short ; bone below the knee and hock small ; feet of middle size :
flank large ; flesh every where mellow, soft, and yielding pleasantly to the
touch, especially on the chine, the shoulder and the ribs ; hide mellow,
supple, of a middle thickness, and loose on the neck and huckle ; coat
neatly haired, bright, and silky ; color, a middle red ; this, with a bald
face, is characteristic of the true Hereford breed."

The Hereford Cow.

The Hereford cow compared with the ox is small and delicate, and not
always handsomely made, to the superficial observer.

Here again this breed would seem to show their relationship to the
Devon. She carries but little flesh, in breeding condition, and when
breeding, should not be fed sufficiently to accumulate much fat ; for, in
order that the young be superior, the dam should have plenty of room
inside.

With the Herefords, experience has shown that the dam may not be too
large or coarse but she should be roomy. Then the breeder will get,
even from apparently inferior cows, large, handsome steers, that will
fatten early, and kindly, and to great weights.

When the cow is done breeding, and ready for fatting, it will please
the, owner to see how she will spread out, and accumulate flesh and fat,
and this to a greater degree, than if not allowed to breed.

The Herefords are a hardy, gentle race, maturing early, and are long
lived. The flesh is superior, handsomely marbled, heavy in the prime
parts, and they fatten to weights fully as heavy as any other known
breed.

Their massive strength, honesty and gentleness make them the best
working oxen known, and the potency of the bulls, when crossed upon

4 460

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

red or nearly red cows of the country, renders the steers easily matched
in color, as they will be easily matched in general characteristics of
the progeny.

Herefords in America.

Herefords were first brought to America for systematic breeding in
1816 or 1817, by the great Kentucky statesman, Henry Clay. They
were soon, however, allowed to run down and were at length entirely lost
sight of there. Admiral Sir Isaac Coffin, a few years after, sent out from
England a Hereford bull to his friends in Massachusetts, which was used
in crossing ui)on the native cattle of the State. He made a very marked
impress there, and for many years the good result was seen in the cattle
of the State.

About the year 1840 there was a large importation made into the State
of NeAV York, from England. They went principally to Jefferson county
and some to Vermont.

About the year 1852 there was another considerable importation of
Herefords into Ohio — very fine animals, where they, in connection with
later importations, have been successfully bred.

In 1860 and 1861 two importations were made into Canada, consisting
of two bulls and eleven cows and heifers. From these there have come
down many most excellent animals, Avhich have left their impress far and
wide. Since that time there have been various importations, principally
in Illinois i.nd Maryland, the produce of which have fought their way
against the opposition of the Short-Horns, until now they may be said to
fairly divide honors with this famous breed in America as they are well
known to do in England.

As Milkers.

The cows are not very deep milkers, in fact they give but little milk.
They were never large milkers, and a course of breeding for many
generations as beef makers, while it has brought up the animals to great
weights and such wonderful symmetry that they fairly dispute the ])alin
in the showrings with the best Short Horns, the milking qualities have
gradually become less and loss. It is but another exemplification of the
fact, that all goodness cannot be combined in one animal. No sensible
breeder expects it.

It is enough that the science of breeding within the last fifty years has
brought all our domestic animals far toward perfection, in the two great
classes needed in cattle : that is, superior excellence as beef makers, or
else superior excellence as deep and rich milkers, li is obvious that it
must be so, for the animal superior as a milker must necessarily be
altogether different in her conformation from one destined to produce a
maximum weight of prime beef at the earliest age.

asily matched
racteristics of

c breeding in
Clay. They
h entirely lost
sent out from
^hich was used
veiy marked
I in the cattle

into the State
fferson count}"^

inportation of
innection with

ida, consisting
;re have come
iprcss far and
IS, principally
ght their way
nay be said to
they are well

lut little milk.
mg for many
inials to great
pute the palm
qualities have
ication of the
No sensible

[ifty years has
the two great
ef makers, or
)vious that it
necessarily be
to produce a

CATTLK, IIEI{Ky<tl{l)8

461

4()2

ILLUSTRATKD STOCK DOCTOU.

The Hereford Ox.

Whether we consider this remarkable breed cit'.er in tlieii- adaptability
to heavy draft, or in their woiiderful fatteninj."- (lualities, it is the steers
that make the monej- for the feeder.

Their i:ii)al)ilitv of standing fatigue and constitutional adaptability in
resisting winter weather, has of late made them great favorites with the
ranchmen on the plains.

So, while we see them winning honors in the show rings at home, the
young bulls are eagerly picked up for transportation to Colorado, New
Mexico, Montana and Wyoming, to jiut with the herds then;, for the
purjHJSc of bn'eding grades.

Thus two valuable ends will be conserved : That country will
send East most superior cattle for feeding fat, in the great corn region
of the \N'est, while at the same time they will be raisuig up steers
admirably adapted to the heavy freighting business in the mountains and
mining districts.

The Hereford of To-day.

As showing the extreme care that has been exercised of late years in
improving this (comparatively rare breed in England, to such great
perfection as to fairly claim honors with the very best Short-Horns, the
following extracts fro»n leading agricultural journals, relating to one of
the great show rings there in 1878, the Bath and West of England, the
Mark Lane Express speaking of the Hereford exhibit says :

"They are not so numerous as the more fashionable breed, but the
quality throughout is excellent. In the aged bull class there are five
animals of which the Hereford men need not be ashamed. * ♦ *

"The heifers in milk or in calf numbered only three, but two of them
were such animals as it was worth while coming to Oxford on purpose
to see. Mrs. Sarah Edw.irds, of Wintcrcott, took first and second,
leaving Mr. Lutley the resei-ve ; but Mrs. Edwards' Leonora is one of
the most perfect animals that has been shown for years. It was first last
year as a yearling at Liv^erpool, and will likely be first wherever it goes.
The champion prize given by the Oxfordshire Agricultural Society was
also awarded to this heifer as the best female horned animal in the yard.
The companion heifer, Beatrice, is also very handsome, and took second
to Leonora's first at the Royal last .year, as it did last week at Oxford.
Mrs. Edwards may Avell be proud of such stock as that ; if Leonora had
been a Grand Duchess Short-Horn a poem would have been composed in
her honor, and translated into several languages by this time. But no
Short-Horn that we have ever seen was cast in such a mould as this
Hereford heifer."

adaptability
is the steers

liiptiibility ill
ites with the

it home, the
)l()rii(l(), New
lere, for the

country will

corn region

ig up steers

ountains and

ate years in
i such great
•t-Horns, the
Ig to one of
England, the

eed, but the

lere are five

« « «

two of them

on purpose

and second,

ra is one of

was first last

?vor it goes.

I Society was

in the j^ard.

took second

: at Oxford.

Leonora had

composed in

no. But no

>ould as this

CATTLK, IIKKEFOUDS.

46«

In the Agricultural Gazette ( London ) we find the following :
"This breed enjoyed the remarkable distinction of producing both the
champion animals at Oxford. Mr. Aaron Rogers' (initeful being
declared to be the best bull, and Mrs. Sarah Edwards' Beatrice; (a two
year old heifer) Ixiiiig declared to be the l)est cow or heifer in the yard.
Both, as may be supposed, were very good, the heifer pre-eminently so.
She is a daughter of the famous bull. Winter de Cote, and another
instiinc(; of hereditary merit.

"Th(! yearling heifers and calves indicate that this breed is, as beef
makers at an early ag(!, ({uite up to t\w. highest Shoil-Horn standard.
The Teeswater may milk better, and be more; ready in adapting itself to
local circumstances ; but where the pasture is good, it is hard to beat the
white-faces for grazing."

The Chamber of Agriculture Jotirnal (London) also says:
"The old bull Hereford class produced an extraordinary animal in jNIr.
Aaron Rogers' Gniteful, who secured the reserve at the Hereford Show
in 1M7(!, but did not make his appearance at Bath or Liverpool last year.
He has made wonderful development since, appearing as a two-year-old,
as is proved by the fact that Thoughtful, who was then placed above him,
and has since taken firsts at Birmingham, Livcr])ool and Bath, has now
been put s(!cond to him ; and that not only was he selected by the judges
as the best Hereford bull on the ground, but in the contest for the
championship succeeded in carrying it off against such a Short-Horn
com})etitor as Sir Arthur Ingram. This is no slight honor to the
Hereford breed, and of course anv animal counted worthv of such a
distinction must be a first-class one. Grateful, at four years old, has
capital k)ins and chines, with great thickness and depth of frame, and is
very level all over; but his grand feature is the astounding mass of
flesh with Avhich his fi-amc is covered. His girth is eight feet ten and
one-half inches. Thoughtful has freiiuentl}^ been described in these
colunuis, and it is sufficient to state that he is a massive, grand bull, who
well supports his merit. The next cla.-.s was a very weak one, only
consisting of two, and those not so gocyd as the herds of Mr. H. N.
Edwards and Mr. Philip Turner are accustomed to supply.

"In the cow class the late Mr. Warren Evans' Lady Blanche, which took
second prize at Bath, now came to the front position. She is marvelous
at her fore flank, and displays a great mass of flesh on a well-shaped,
grand frame, which, however, fell off slightly at the rump. The second
prize cow, Mr. E. J. Lewis' Little Beaut \ had a highh' commended at
Bath, and wonderfull}' retains her show id merit at eleven years old.
The two-year-old heifers of Mrs. Sarah Edwards, Leonora and Beatrice,
were, of course, sure to win. Beatrice has recently reared a calf, which

4fi-l

ILMJSTKATED STOCK DOCTOR.

is slightly against hor for showing ; but Lpoiioi'm is in full bloom with
her beautiful head, symtnotrical form, and all that loveliness which is so
taking to the eye. After being selected as the best Hereford female on
the ground, she carried off the champion pii/.e against a remarkably-

shapely Short-horn heifer, and one of the best Devons that has appeared
for years, so that both cups were awarded to Herefords."

CATTLE, SUSSEX.

465

II bloom with
18 which is so
rd female on
I remarkably

has appeared

SuBsez Cattle.— Distinguishing Marks.

This breed is closely allied to the Devons, but coarser. Their distin-
guishing marks are :

The horns are more tapering, pushing farther forward, and turning
up more. The head is small and well formed, the eye full, large and
mild in the ox, but rather wild and unquiet in the cow. The throat is
cleiin and the neck long and thin, but coarser than in the Devon. The
shoulder is wider and rounder on the withers ; straighter from the
top of the withers towards the back, and carries much flesh, giving too
much weight to unprofitable parts. On the other hand, the barrel is
round and deep, the back straight, and the back-bone entirely hidden by
the muscles on each side. The heart and lungs are full and large, and the
belly and flank capacious. The barrel is well-ribbed home. The loins
are Avide, the hip-bone low, free from raggedness, large, and well spread,
and the space between the hips well filled up. The tail, which is fine
and thin, is set on lower than in the Devon, yet the rump is nearly as
straight, for the deficiency is supplied by a mass of flesh and fat swelling
above. The hind quarters are cleanly made, and if the thighs appear to
be straight without, there is plenty of fullness within.

In color the Sussex is u deep chestnut red, or blood bay. They are
all lighter in color than the Devon, but in color they are fully as uniform.

The Sussex Cow.

The cows have fine hair, a mellow, rather than thin skin ; a small teat ;
horns fine, clean, and transparent, which reach forward from the head
and turn up at the tips ; the neck is thin and clean ; back and belly
straight ; ribs round and springing out well ; shoulder flat, but projecting
at the point.

Hips and rump wide ; the tail set on level with the rump, and the car-
cass large ; the legs are rather short and fine.

The cows are not good milkers ; they are often uneasy in the pasture,
and as before stated, unquiet in temper.

They have been, some of them, imported to the United States and
even exhibited and sold as Devons.

This description of the Sussex is given for this reason : Those who
buy Devons should be careful that they have no stain of this blood ;
in other words, their pedigree should be perfect.

Short-Horned Breeds.

The Short-Horn breeds of England are represented by the Durham, the
Yorkshire, the Lincolnshire, the Teeswater and the Holderness breeds.

I '

466

ILLUSTKATKI) STCJCK I)(J('TOK.

n
a

CATTLU SHOKT-aOUNK.

467

The Yorkslures and Lincolnshires are now but little known, being super-
seded by the inii)rov('d breed now generally known and reeognized by
the name of Short-Horn, or the erosses thereof.

Their charaeteristics were those in a modified degree of the old Dur-
ham and Tees water cattle.

it
8

'*-(

Short-Horna Proper.

The only representation of this class worthy of notice here, are the
descendants of the old Durham or Teeswater cattle, which have existed
in the (iounties of Durham and York, from the earliest historical periods.
Theses uniformly had short horns, were of large size, and were extra-
ordinary milkers.

As to their characteristics, they were thin-skiinicd ; sleek-liaired ;
rather delieate in constitution ; not mellow to the touch ; coarse in offal ;
defective in girth forward ; slow to fatten ; the meat inferior, and often
of a dark hue.

Excclleneii in the aptitude of the Short-Horns of latter years to fatten,
early maturity, and mellowness of hide, go back almost one hundred
and fifty years, when the Short-Horns, on the banks of the river Tees,
(and hence called the Teeswater breed), began to assume the distinctive
characteristics of the Short-Horns of a later period.

Short-Horn History,

Whatever may have been the origin of the cattle from which have
descended the; present race of Short-Horns, it is not of moment here. It
is enough to know that they had been for many generations bred suf-
ficiently pure to establish certain characteristics that attracted the most
eminent breeders of the day

Among the breeders of the latter part of the last century, and the
earl}-^ l)art of the present century, were the CoUings, (Charles and
Robert), Sir Henry Vane, Col. John Trotter, and Mr. Mason.

In th(^ early years of the present century, Mr. John Stevenson, Mr.
Bates, and Mr. Booth, each !)ccame cc ebrated for the eminence of their
animals. Earl Spencer also acquired a great reputation, as the possessor
of extraordinary animals, and for prices received by himself and Mr.
Bates.

Since the death of the latter gentleman in 1849, Short-Horns have
steadily increased in price for fashionably bred animals, running far into
thousands of dollars, of late years, for a single animal, while those not
so fashionably bred were equally sought at prices that would have seemed
large fifty or sixty years ago.

468

ILLUSTRATED HTOCK DOCTOR.

Below may be found an outline representation of a Short/-Horn cow,
fat.

It will 1)6 observed that this animal (tarries great size, a square body of
great substance, while the legs are sufficient for locomotion, although
from the fullness of the carcass they seem short, and that there is abund-
ance of meat in the prime parts, including the thighs, which carry their

fullness well down to the hocks. It will be seen that she is characterized
by massiveness, smoothness, and that she shows the appearance of carry-
ing light offal. The brisket is deep, the udder small, but compact, and

ort/-Horn cow,

square body of
ttion, although
there is abund-
ich carry their

CATTLE, SHORT-HOn.NS.

469

s characterized
ranee of carry-
compact, and

extending well forward. The rump is smooth, but brcud, and without
patciiinesH — that is, great lumps of fat standing out like blubber. The
hips are broad and well covered with flesh and fat ; and the loins, and
indeed the whole top, exceptionally good. In fact, she is an animal
carrying beef all over, Where flesh may be laid on, and full of fat inside.
81u' is a grand representative of the breed, and one that may be fattened

to a great weight.

Short-Homii iu America.

Mr. Allen, the editor of the American Short-Horn Herd Book on
Aniericiiii cattle, from a Vt'ry exhaustive research of importations in
relation to tlie introduction of this most valuable breed into the United
States, .says :

Soon after tlie termination of the Revolutionary war with England, a
few cattle supposed to be pure Short Horns, were brought into Virginia
by a Mr. Miller. These were said to be well fleshed animals, and the
cows remarkable for milk, giving as high as thirty-two quarts in a day.
Some of the produce of these cattle, as early as 1797, were taken into
Kentucky by a Mr. Patton, where, as little was known of "breeds,"
they were called, after the gentleman who brought them, the "Patton
stock." They were well cared for, and made a decided improvement in
the cattle of the "blue grass country," where they were fir^t introduced.
Some of this early Virginia stock also went out to the "south branch of
the Potomac," in that State, s, fine grazing country, Avhich, fifty years
ago, was famous for its good cattle. In the year 1796, it is said that an
Englishman, named Heaton, brought two or three Short Horn cattle from
the north of England to New York. They were taken to Westchester
county, near by, and bred^ but no results, in pure blood, have been
traced to them.

In 1815-16, a Mr. Cox, an Englishmen, imported a bull »nd two
heifers into Rensselaer county , New York. These were followed in 1822
by two bulls, imported by another Englishman named Hayne. Descend-
ants fi'om this Cox stock were said to be bred pure, and afterwards
crossed by Mr. Hayne' s bulls. The stock now exists in considerable
numbers and of good quality, in that and adjoining counties.

In 1817 Col. Lewis Sanders, of Lexington, Kentucky, made an
importation of three bulls and three heifers from England. They were
of good quality and blood, and laid the foundation of many excellent
herds in that State. In 1818, Mr. Cornelius Qooledge, of Boston,
Massachusetts, imported a yearhng heifer, — "Flora" — and a bull —
*' Cicero" — into that city, from the herd of Mr. Mason, of Chilton, in

470

ILLimTllATKI) STOCK IMKTOIt.

the t'ounty of Durlinin, Kii<;liiiitl. Tlu'se werr cnri't'ully Itri-tl, uiid umuy
of tlu^ir <li!H('«'iHlimts arc now scattcn-d tlirou<;li()Ut sfvcral States. AIxMit
the Hiiiiu^ y«>ar Mr. Saiiuicl Williams, tlicii a iiict'cliaiit in IjoikIoii, hut. u
native of Massuchiiscds, sent out a Imll — •* Vouiijf Dniton" — and mmw.
rows of tho Hiiiun and later importations, and their (leseendanls ari^ still
numerous anion<( well bred Short Horns of the present day.

Tho sanu! year, Mr. (iorham Parsons, of Hrijrhton, Massachusetts,
imported a Short Horn hidl — "Fortunatus" — hred l»y(ico. Faulkner,
of North Allcrton, Yorkshire, Kn<;land. He was used consideraldy on
tho native cows of his State, but we have never traced anv thorough-bred
pedigrees to him.

In 1820, Mr. Theodore liVman, of Boston, iMassachusetts, imported a
bull, which h(^ sold to Israel Thorndike, of that city, and Ik^ sent him to
his farm in Maine. Of his pi-oducc we hear nothing.

About tho year 1820, and during a few years Hutcecding, several
spirited gentlemen of Boston, and its neighborhood, imported a numl)er
of cows and l)ulls from some of the best herds in England. They were
Messrs. Dci'by, Williams, Tice, Prince, Monson, and perhaps others.
Thes(Mvcre all tine cattle, and of approved blootl in the English Shorl-
Horn districts. Their descendants are still immerous in Noav Knglan<l,
and some other States.

About tho year IH'JH, the late .Vdmiral Sir Isaac Coffin, of the British
navy, a native of Massachusitts, sent out a cow — "Anabella" — and a
bull — "Admiral" — as a gift to th«! Massachusetts Agricultural Society.
They were good aninuils, and bred with the other Massachusetts impor-
tations.

Shortly previous to 1821, the late John S. Skinner, of B.dtimore,
Maryland, inii)()i'ted for (lovernor Lloyd, of that State, a bull--*' Cham-
pion" — and two heifers — "Whit(^ Ho^c ' antl "Shepherdess"- from tho
herd of Mr. Champion, a noted English breeder. From these, severui
good animals descended, some or which are now known.

Ill 1828, Mr. 'Skinner also imported for the l!;tc (Jen. Stephen Van
Rensslivr, of Albany, New Voi'k, a bull — " ^^'ashington " — and two
heifers — "Con(|uest'" and "I'anscy" — from th(^ same herd of Mr.
Champion. Conquest did not breed ; Pansey was a successful breeder,
and many of her doscendaats are now scattered over the country.

During th(^ years 1822 to 1880, the late Mr. Charles Henry Hall, of
NoAV York, imported several Short-Horn bulls and cows, from some of
the best English herds. Sc^veral of these; he sold to persons in the neighbor-
hood of that city, soon after they arrived, and others ho sent to his farm
in Rensselser county, near Albany, and there bred them. Their descend-
ants are now scattered through several good herds.

Wivd, und nitiiiv
I Sditos. AI)(<iil
1 Loudon, but u
()U " — Mild sonio
I'udautH arc Ntill
lay.

, MaHHat-liUHctts,

' (Jro. FaulUucr,

I'ousidcriildy oii

\y tliorou}^li-l)rod

ctts, iuiportod ii
1 ln! scut him to

'('codiujx, scvcnil
xti'tcd a number
uid. They were
])('rliai»s others.
(' Enjjlish Short -
u New 'Mij^hiud,

I, of tlie British

lalu'lhi " — and a

ultural Society.

aciuisctts iiupor-

, of I'lhiniore,

l)ii!l--"Ciiani-

h'ss"— from tho

in these, several

u. Stephen Van
:foir" — and two
e herd of Mr.
'cessful breeder,
country.

Henry Hall, of
s, from some of

in the neijrhbor-
sent to his farm
Their descend-

(Arn.K, .>*ii«»irr-iioit\s

t7l

"T^

472

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOK.

In 1824 the late Col. John Hare Powell, of Philadelphia, Pa., com-
menced importations, and for several years continued tlioni with much
spirit and judgment. His selections were principally from the herds of
Jonas Whitaker, of Otley, in Yorkshire, England. He bred them assid-
uously at his tine estate at Powelton, near the city, and sold many to
neighboring breeders, and to go into Ohio and Kentucky, where many of
their descendants still remain.

About the year 1828, Mr. Francis Rotch, then of 'Saw Bedford, Mass.,
selected from the herd of Mr. Whitaker, and sent to Mr. Bjnj. Rodman,
of Nev/ Bedford, a bull and three heifers. They were aftem^ards sold to
other breeders, and their descendants are now found in several excellent
herds.

In the year 1833, the late Mr. Walter Dun, near Lexington, Ky., im-
ported a bull and several valuable cows from choice herds in Yorkshire,
Ensland. He bred them with much care, and their descendants are now
found in many good western herds.

But the first enterprise in importing Short-Horns upon a grand scale
was commenced in 1834, by an association of cattle breeders of the Scioto
Valley, and its adjoining equities, in Ohio. They formed a company,
with adequate capital, and sent out an agtnt, who purchased the best cattle
to be found, without regard to price, and brought out nineteen animals in
one ship, landed them at Philadelphia, and drove them to Ohio. Further
importations were made by the same company, in the years 1835 and 1830.
The cattle were kept and bred together in one locality, for upwards of
two years, and then sold by auction. They brought large prices — $500
to $2,500 each — and were distributed chiefly among the stockholders, who
were among the most extensive cattle breeders and graziers of the famous
Scioto Valley.

In 1837-8-9, importations were made into Kentucky, by Messrs. James
Shelby and Henry Clay, Jr., and some other parties, of several well-
selected Sho( i-Horns, some of which were kept and bred by the importers,
and the others sold in their vicinity.

In 1837-8-9, Mr. Whitaker, a])ove mentioned, sent out to Philadelphia,
on his own account, upwards of a hundred Short-Horns, from his own
and other herds, and put them on Col. Powell's farm, where ho sold them
at auction. They were purchased at good pricet3, mostly by breeders from
Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Kentucky, and distributed widely through those
States.

From 1835 up to 1843, several importations of fine stock were made
by Mr, Weddle, an English emigrant, to Rochester, N. Y., and by Amer-
ican gentlemen, among whom were Messrs, E. P. Prentice, of Albany,
N. Y., Mr. James Lenox and Mr. J. F. Sheaffe, of New York city,

lelphia, Pa., com-
thoin with much

from the herds of
bred them assid-

aud sold many to

y, where many of

\v Bedford, Mass.,
Ir. Bjnj. Rodman,
aftei wards sold to
1 several excellent

Bxington, Ky., im-
erds in Yorkshire,
sc'iiudants are now

ipon a grand scale
ieders of the Scioto
3rmed a company,
ascd the best cattle
nineteen animals in
to Ohio. Further
ars 1835 and 1830.
y, for upwiirds of
large prices — $500
! stockholders, who
ziers of the famous

, by Messrs. James
s, of several well-
d by the importers,

lut to Philadelphia,
)rns, from his own
where he sold them
y by breeders from
dely through those

B stock were made

Y., and by Amer-

•entice, of Albany,

New York city,

c;attlk, suout-iiokns.

473

Messrs. LeRoy and Newbould, of Livingston county, the late Peter A.
Remsen, of Genesee county, N. Y., and Mr. Whitney, of Now Haven,
Ct., Mr. Gibbons, of New Jersey, and some others, not now recollected,
all valuable animals. They were bred for some years by their owners,

with much care. Mr. Prentice, for several j'ears, luid a large and excellent
herd on his home farm. After some years all these herds were sold and

widely distributed,
herds.

Their descendants still remain anions: our valuable

11 1

474

ILLUSTUATED STOCK DOCTOR.

In the year 1849-50, Col. J. M. Sherwood, of Auburn, and Mr. Ambrose
Stephens, of Batavia, N. Y., imported from the herd of Mr. Bates abull,
and from Mr. Jno. Stephenson, of Durham, England, three bulls and
several heifers, all choice animals, and successfully bred them during
several years. The stock became widely distributed, and well known.

About the year 18li;', Mr. George Vail, of Troy, N. Y., made an im-
portation of a bull and heifer, purchased of Mr. Thomas Bates, of Kirk-
leavington, the first cattle from that particular herd which had been intro-
duced into the State. A few years later, he purchased and imported
several more cows from the herd of Mr. Bates, crosses of his "Duchess"
and other families. He bred them with success and widely distributed
their blood. Mr. Vail made a final sale of his herd in the year 1852.

A period of some years now occurred, in Avhich few more, if any,
Short-Horns were imported. Cattle, as well as all kinds of agricultural
produce, were exceedingly low ; but as things grew better, the demand
for "blood" cattle revived, and the spirit for their breeding was renewed.
Mr. Thomas Bates, a distinguished Short-Horn breeder in England, died
in 1849. His herd, fully equal in quality to any in England, was sold in
1850. The choicest of them — of the "Duchess" and "Oxford" tribes —
fell mostly into the hands of the late Lord Dacie, at Fortworth Park,
already the owner of a noble herd, to which the Bates stock was added.
He was a skillful breeder, and of most liberal spirit, and during the brief
time he held them the reputation of the Bates stock, if possible, increased.
Within three years from the time of the sale of Mr. Bates' herd, Lord
Dacie died. In 1853, peremptory sale of his stock was widely advertised.
Allured by the reputation of his herd, several American gentlemen went
over to witness it. The attendance of English herders was very large,
and the sales averaged higher prices in individual animals than had been
reached since the famous sale of Charles Colling, in 1810. Mr. Samuel
Tborne, of Duchess county, N. Y., bought several of the best and highest
priced animals, of the "Duchess" and "Oxford" tribes, and added to
them several more choice ones, from different herds. Messrs. L. G.
Morris, and the late Noel J. Becar, of New York, bought others of the
"Duchess", and "Oxfords," to which they added more from other
choice herds. These were all brought over here, and bred. Mr. Ezra
Cornell, of Ithaca, and Mr. James O. Sheldon, of Geneva, N. Y., soon
afterwards made some importations, and obtained some of the "Bates"
blood also. The late Gen. James S. Wadswoith, and other gentlemen of
the Genesee Valley, N. Y., also made importations. These "Bates"
importations have since been bi'ed so successfully hy their holders here,
that several young bulls and heifers, Tared by Mr. Thorne and Mr. Shel-

CATTLE, SHOKT-IIOKNS.

475

and Mr. Ambrose
Mr. Bates a bull,
, three bulls and
red them during
d well known.
Y., made an im-
i Bates, of Kirk-
3h had been intro-
led and imported
)f his "Duchess"
widely distributed
le year 1852.
w more, if any,
Is of agricultural
tter, the demand
ling was renewed,
iu England, died
;land, was sold in
Oxford" tribes —
Fortvvorth Park,
stock was added.
1 during the brief
jssible, increased.
>ates' herd, Lord
videly advertised.

gentlemen went

was very large,
Is than had been
10. Mr. Samuel
B best and highest
es, and added to

Messrs. L. G.

ht others of the
nore from other

bred. Mr. Ezra
leva, N. Y., soon

of the «♦ Bates"
her gentlemen of

These "Bates"
leir holders here,
ne and Mr. Shel-

don, have been purchased by English breeders, and sent over to them at
good prices, where they ai-e highly valued.

''. iiii'ii.h.;i,

In 1852-3-4, several spirited companies wore formed in Clinton, Mad-
ison, and other counties in Ohio, and in Bourbon, Fayette, and some

31 ' .7 '.

I I

[ M

I' > '

M it

i I >

i I

1 i

476

ILHiSTKATEU STOCK DOCTOK.

other counties of Kentucky, and made importations of the best cattle to
be found in the English herds, and after their arrival here, distributed

among their stockholders. Mr. R. A. Alexander, of Kentucky, also,
during those years, made extensive importations of choice blood for his

CATTLE, 8HORT-II()HNS.

477

own breeding, so that in the year 185(5, it may be said that the United
States possessed, according to their nnmbers, as valuable a selection of
Short-Horns as could be found in England itself.

Keepino- pace with the States, a number of enterprising Canadians,
since the year 1835, among whom may be named the late Mr. Adam Fer-
gusson, Mr. HoAvitt, Mr. Wade, the Millers, near Toronto, Mr. Frederick
Wm. Stone, of Guelph, and Mr. David Christie, of Brantford, in Canada
West, nnd ^Ir. M. IT. Cochrane and others, in Lower Canada, have made
sundry importations of excellent cattle, and bred thrnr, v.'ith skill and
spirit. Many cattle from these importations, and their descendants,
have been interchanged between the United States and Canada, and all
may now be classed, without distinction, as American Short-Horns,

Short-Horns in the West.

In the Northwestern States the first importation of Short-Horns direct
from England was by the Illinois Importing Company, in 1858. This
was an association of gentlemen, a part of them members of the State
Board of Agriculture, in connection with prominent breeders of the
State. They returned in July of the same year with twenty Short-Horn
cows and seven bulls, of approved blood, which were sold at auction on
August 27th, at Springfield, to breeders throughout the State. They
also brought over two stallions, three Cotswold rams, nine ewes, four
Southdown rams, eight Southdown ewes, five Berkshire boars, four
Berkshire sows, and ten boars and sows of Irish breeds ; also Cumber-
land and Yorkshire boars and sows. From this time on, various States in
the West have taken up the breeding of Short-Horns as they have
increased in wealth and population.; until now no finer herds can be
found in any other locality ; and, the fact that at the New York Mills
sales individual animals brought prices all the way to over $80,000, for
exportsition to England — prices which before this time would have been
considered fabulous — shows conclusively that Short-Horns, as bred in
the United States, have not suffered in comparison with those bred in
their native land. No such prices were ever reached before in any
country in the Avorld ; nor have they been since. To-day they are found
wherever civilization extends. As beef producers they have no superiors ;
as milk producers there are families eminent in this respect, and they have
left their impress upon the stock of the country wherever introduced.

Short-Horns for the Dairy.

It has been held that the Short-Horns are as good for milking as they
are for beef. That they once were most excellent dairy cows there is no

■I

478

ILLUSTRATED STOCK UOCTOK.

doubt. Thiit Aiii('ri(!iin Short-Horns of the; present are not, as a class,
even decent milkers, there is iis little (h)ul)t. The early ini])ortations of
Shoil-IIorns were of the. niilkin_<r stniiiis. For the last thirty years,
however, they have hecin hred with such special reference to beef points
and early maturity that it is now ditHcult to find a decent milker in any
of the more fashional)le sti'ains of blood, and very many of the cows
Avill not give milk enough to [iroperly raise a calf. Once in a while,
however, a very superior milking animal appei rs, showing, by reversion,
what the cMpai)ilitics of the breed might be in this direction.

Tlat th(! early importations of Short-Horns were uniformly good in
this direction, as well as admirable beef cattle there is no doubt. That
they have left their impress upon the native cattle in this direction is
unciuestioned. That they exist to some extent in England and America,
in particular herds, is certain. We have seen them here and know they
are there. They have grown less, year by year, as the improvement of
other dairy breeds became more and more manifest, until of late years
little has been claimed for them as milkers. Their great value as early
maturity beef makers, — attaining great weight — having superceded their
purely milking characteristics. Among the better milkers may be named
the descendants of the "Patton breed," the " seventecns," or the im-
portation of 1817, and some descendants of the Ohio importation of
1834. In fact, this latter importation was made solely with a view to
beef and flesh points, and since this time milk has been ignored by the
more fashionable breeders both in England and America.

Short-Horns for Beef.

Throughout the whole West, especially, beef was the object sought.
The land was cheap, fertile, and the pastures flush. Until within the last
few years, butter and cheese was not an exportable product, beef was.
It is not strange that a class of animals was sought that would produce
the most I)eef in the least possible time. How this has been developed,
the great herds of Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, Indiana, Michigan, Wis-
consin, Illinois, j*.Iissouri, Iowa, and later, Minnesota, Nebraska, and Kan-
sas, give ample proof.

In breeding there are no superior cattle in the world. Their usefulness
as beef producers will continue to grow with the settlement of the country.
The value of the bulls for crossing upon the ordinary stock of the country
is becoming more and more appreciated every year. It will continue to
be an increasing integer for many years to come.

Oh the next page, as showing a modern bred Short-Horn bull, combi-
ning excellent beef points, with great stamina -ind constitution, we give
an illustration of "Hiawatha."

CATTLE, 8IIOUT-HOJINS.

47»

not, us a class,
inii)()rtiitions of
it tliirty y<^ars,
to be(!f points
; milker in any
'\y of the cows
ince in a while,
g, by reversion,
[)n.
fornily good in

doubt. That
this direction is
id and America,

and know they
improvement of

1 of late years
t value as early
superceded their
s may be named
ns," or the im-

importation of

T with a view to

ignored by the

object sought,
il within the last
)duct, beef was.
t would produce
been developed,
Michigan, Wis-
traska, and Kan-

Their usefulness
; of the country.
k of the country
will continue to

orn bull, combi-
tution, we give

The TOodern Short-Horn has great thickness of carcass, squarisli-rotund
shape, rapid growth, early maturity, and a ripeness at two, three, f<)ur»
or fi*^ years, that is attained by no other breed. Many are also the hand-

•T!"' ; ;

somest cattle to look at of any known breed — weight, substance and style
being taken into consideration. There is a wonderful fullness in the
carcass, extending to every part. The choice licsh is put on in part»

480

ILMSTKATKI) STOCK DOCTOK.

lis

III

, il;

where ordinary cattle fail ; the offal in exceptionally light, as light as it
would bo among common native cattle of two-thirds the weight. In the
milk-yielding Short-HornH there is a tendency to leanness. Many are

lighter before, flatter in the side, but yet exceedingly firm all over, from
a dairyman's standpoint. In the beef animals there is a rotund fullness,
a smoothness, a majesty, no where else seen.

CATTLE, 8HORT-HORN8.

481

As showing beef in the Short-Honi cow, in an eminent degroo, we give
a portrait of the cow "Rosamond," showing not only good beef points
but milking qualities as well.

Points of Short-Horns Described.

The points of Short-Horns — and which will apply in judging all beef
animals, with slight variations, to be hereafter described — are worthy of
a somewhat minute description. The points are of two classes — those
observed with the eye and those felt by the touch. By the eye one
observes the general contour of the animal ; size, length, breadth, thick-
ness, fineness of body, head and limb ; the loin, back, thigh, the spring
of the rib and the manner in which the animal is ribbed up close to the
hip bones. The touch — that is, the feeling under the touch — shows
length and quality of the hair, thi^jkness and elasticity of the skin. The
eye and expression of countenance is indicative of disposition and tem-
per. An elastic, mellow and yet firm hide, of medium thickness, is an
indication of well marbled flesh, while a floating, soft skin will indi-
cate blubbery ft'.t, and often dark colored flesh.

The Butcher's Profit.

The butcher in buying an animal for beef has now-a-days but a single
object in view — the animal that will turn out the greatest amount of lean
meat in the prime parts, with the least offal, and only a moderate amount
of fat ; for fat is now one of the cheapest portions of the animal. Years
ago, in the days of tallow candles, the reverse was the case. The back,
loin, and ribs are the choice bits ; next the rump and thigh ; then the
shoulders ; while the neck and head are comparatively worthless. The
sagacious breeder, while keeping this constantly in view, seeks to add
early maturity to good flesh. He who comes nearest to this has the best
animal, whatever the breed, or the pedigree of the particular breed. The
butcher's block is the final, the crucial test.

A description of the points of the Short- Horn was so carefully and
admirably given by Dr. A, G. Stevenson, President of the Indiana Short-
Horn Breeders' Association, at the first convention thereof, that we
append a synopsis, accompanied with an outline of a Shoit-Horn, to
which reference can be made, illustrating the principal points.

In this it will b'- seen that a, h, c, d,fy h, m, J, k, x, y, z, represent the
inferior parts ; from the girth p, back, including r, s, t, u, v, the superior
parts. From this it will be easy to understand the points and the
respective numbers as given in the scale.

The Head.
*• The head should be small." This is a very imperfect description of

482

ILLU8TUATKU STOCK UOCTOU.

I !

! '■

the head, but in too many accounts, all that is given. If the size of the
head were all that was of consequence, a pound difference in any case

POINTH OP SnOUT-IIOIlN UULL.

would be of little consequence in the sale of a bullock. It is the form
of the head that becomes of so much interest to the breeder. The head
above the eyes should be wide, giving space for large cerebral develop-
ment. The intelligence of the animal depends upon a well-devel(>j)ed
brain and nervous system ; upon which, also, so much depend the vigor-
ous and healthy action of the organs of digestion and assimilation ; the
circulation and the vital functions generally ; the intelligence and temper
of a cow dci:)ends nmch upon a Avell-developed brain. It will be found
by observation that most vicious beasts have small upper heads, and ai'e
large below the eyes. Again, the upper head should be wide, to give
width to the articulations of the lower jaw. It is necessary that the part
of the mouth where the food is to be masticated should be large, that the
supplies required for the stomach may be well masticated and re-mastica-
ted in chewing the cud. There is another reason for width at the base of
the head and between the angles of the lower jaw : it is here that the
very important passages have their entrance, which supply food for the
stomach and air for the lungs. Close at hand, also, is the important con-
nection of the spinal marrow and the brain, to say nothing of many large
and important blood-vessels that tiiid their way to the head. These con-
siderations we think conclusive as to the necessity of size of head in the
cerebral portion.

The portion below the eyes, the face, should be comparatively small.
Its principal office is to gather food and air. Thin lips and elastic
nostrils are wanted. The eyes should be large, bright and lively, and yet
quiet. The physiognomy of the ox is as clearly indicative of his character

the 8ize of the
ice in any case

It is th« form

lor. Till! head

I'ebral duvcloi)-

\vell-d(!V(!l()iH'd

end the vigor-

iiniilatlon ; the

CO and temper

Avill be found

leads, and are

wide, to give

that the part

large, that the

nd re-niastica-

at the base of

here that the

T food for the

niportant con-

of many hirge

Tiiese con-

f head in the

itively small.
)s and elastic
ively, and yet
\ his character

CA'rrLE, 8HOItT-HOKN8.

483

as that of a man is written upon his face ; and the reason that less is
indicated in the face of an ox is because he has fewer vices, and has been
guilty of fewer transgressions. A small dark eye, set in a dark circle,
with a large face below and a narrow Iiead above, will indicate an animal
that is bad tempered, wild, and consequently a poor feeder. The circle
around the eye should be of a bright yellow color, the nose the same.
Those considerations may seem trifles, yet this color is the result of a pe-
culiar secretion, and the inference is a probable one, at least, that other
secretions will be apt to resemble it in color. Hence, the secretion of
inilk will be apt to resemble it in color, and a bright colored flesh is be-
(okened by these peculiar secretions as indicated in the (lolor of the nose
and circles about the eyes. As a very large ear mostly indicates sluggish-
ness, one of medium size is preferable. A bullock of fine organization
will manifest very clearly his impressions by the movement of his ears.
If III' HccH from danger his ears are erect, or a little inclined backward,
that he may be the better warned of danger behind. If he is in haste to
meet a kind master, who is bringing him a desired meal, the ear is pre-
sented forward. The horns should be clear, without black tips or any
black marks whatever — some say of a waxy color, some again, claim that
they shou'.d be flat in Short-Horns. But these matters are, most of them,
non-essentials. We dismiss the head, after attaching it to the neck in its
proper position — not at right angles, but at an angle of so many degrees
that, witli the under part of the neck it forms an arch. This gives a
better throat and a freer passage for the food and air to the stomach and
lungs, and is graceful withal.

The Neck.

The neck expresses very much less to the breeder than the head
and face. The neck should be just long enough to enable the taking of
food easily from the ground. It should be strong and well muscled upon
its sides, covering at its base the points of the shoulders well, and at its
junction with the head it should be small and round, with its skin fitting
it pretty nmch as a well-fitting stockmg does the leg — ^the under line of
the neck with the under line of the jaw. A thin, broad neck is sure to
indicate weakness and poor feeding and fattening qualities. Animals
having such may well be avoided as breeders.

Contour of the Body.

The butcher, the breeder and the stock dealer, may now meet
and consult profitably on the general contour of the body. Here the
opinions of the former may be adopted, as he fixes the price of all
'butchers' stuff.' The ox of given weight that will sell for most in mar-

I1H|

484

ILLUHTKATKI) STOCK DOOTOB.

ket poHrtOHHos the points that must bo adopted. These points are now,
however, well CHtablishcd, and we have only to refer to thoni and notice
the rcaHons on which thv.y ,ire founded. We proceed to name them h(v
fore wo give their rationale. In general contour the body should be
nearly a square. The crops should be wide. The line of the back should
be straight ; the lino of the belly nearly so, swelling a little behind the ribs ;
the tlank low ; the ribs barrel-shaped ; the loins wide, ajid the rump long
and wide ; the back should bo wide, and the thigh should be long and
wide ; the legs short and comparatively Rmall, or at least not coarse ;
tiiil light ; hair soft and fine. The color should be rod or white, or a
mixture of the two, as roan or pied.

As has already been said, the body should be nearly a scpian^. The
vital <'urrcnts moving in short lines aro more effective than when moving
in those of great length. The blood moving from the heart along very
cxtcMided channels, flows with much less force as it recedes from the
cause that set it in motion. The same is probably true of the neiTous
currents. The great vitalizing organs are located near the center of the
system — a provision of nature by which the vital currents are shorter
than under any other arrangement. Here is the heart sending out its
great currents of arterialized blood in all directions, to supply and
nourish all the members of the body. Sitting over it is that wonderful
air machine, the lungs, receiving the entire venous currents — an atmos-
pheric bath — by which they aro so renovated and changed as to make
the blood again fit for the heart's use, to which it is returned by the
shortest possible route. These organs lie encased together, and never
cease their operations night or day. But just here in this great center is
another great vitalizer of fully equal importance — the stomach. Hero
the food is received and changed into chyle, which is at once thrown into
the circulation, where its office of supplying the system is performed.
Now, the nearer a body is compacted around these great vitalizing
systems tbe more effectual will be the supplies. Observation fully
sustains thes<i views. A very lengthy bullock never fattens so readily as
a short one. The broeds of hogs with long bodies aro known not to
fatten so reatJily as those of short, square forms, as the Siamese and
Chinese. The same is true of sheep, and also of tho horse. And even
in man, we rarely find a corpulent man who will measure six feet.
Obesity will generally be found under six foot. Health and vigor is
equally confirmed by observation, as a result of the square structure.
Longevity may also be. <laimed with the greatest propriety for the same
proportions. A bullock with a square frame will be sure to possess all
the qualities of health and vigor, and will feed and fatten as well or
better than a long one-

^0 pointa are now,
to thoin and notice

to name them b<v
body Hhould Ixi
» of tho l)Hck should
tie behind tho ribs ;
md tho rump long
hould bo long and

least not coarse ;
red or white, or a

\y H square. Tho
than when moving
J heart along very

recedes from tho
ue of tho neiTous

tho center of tho
rrcnts arc shorter
rt sending out its
18, to supply and

is that wonderful
rents — an atmos-
mged as to make
is returned by tho
gcther, and never
his great center is
o stomach. Hero
t once thrown into
em is performed.
great vitalizing
Observation fully
lens so readily as
re known not to

tho Siamese and
lorse. And even
neasure six feet,
iilth and vigor is

square structure,
ety for the same
ire to possess all
fatten as well or

CATTIJE, SHOBT-IIOItNH.

Broad in the Cropa.

485

Tho animal broad in tho crops hoH a better back ; but it is also
evidence of a bettor rib beneath tho shoulder-blade, giving greater width to
the chest within, and consequently greater play to the lungs. This position
of the shoulder-blade enables the legs to bo brought more gracefully
under tho chest beneath . There are some beasts whoso fore-legs stand
so wide apart that they very much resemble two sticks stuck into a large
pumpkin. Such animals are considered awkward and inconvenient at least.

The Book Should be Straight and Broad.

A broad back affords valuable roasting bits, and will be the dolightof the
butcher. Tho straight back affords a better spinal column, and gives the
proper space to tho cavities beneath, which, as we have just seen, are
occupied by the most important organs. A straight line also gives to the
ribs a more graceful as well as more convenient attachment.

Bibs Should be Barrel-Shaped.

Tho ribs rising well from the spine, giving to the body a round or
barreled shape, gives much more room to tho organs within — the heart
and lungs — than there would bo if the ribs descended in such a manner
as to give a flat side. A beast with flat sides, and consequently a narrow
throat, will lack greatly in vigor and health, and all the essential qualities
that constitute a good bullock. A bad rib gives poor space to the
abdominal organs which lie immediately behind those of the chest, unless
the l)elly is greatly sagged, which is generally the ease, as nature
frequently, to relieve one deformity adds another.

The Loin Should be Wide.

This is an interesting point to those who love choice bits and are willing
to pay well for them. The butcher makes large estimates here, and is
sure to suit liberal purchasers. But nature is ever true to herself, for
here, as elsewhere, beneath a broad loin she has provided large space for
important organs, as the bowels, kidneys, and the organs of the pelvis.
The rump of a good Short-Horn is a very nice point. The back should
extend out straight to the setting on of the tail . The thigh should pass
up to this point nearly straight, so as to make the junction a right angle.
This point, in many beasts, will be found to be a circle, which is unsightly
and causes a loss of prime beef.

The Legs.

The legs should be short. There are precisely the same reasons for

486

ILLUSTKATED STOCK DOCTOK.

objecting to long legs that there are to lohg necks or long bodies. Obser-
vation proves a leggy animal to be not so good a feeder i>s one with short
limbs. The bone of the leg should be fine and smooin, and not too large.
The legs should stand well under the aniiual, and the hocks directly in line
with the body, so that in moving, the hocks v,'ill be well separated, or
about as far apart as the hind feet. The fore-legs should be straight aud
stand well under the chest, that the animal may have an easy and free;
movement. The inner side of the fc o-legs, as it passes the sternum,
presents a beveled appearance, to brinjr ihe limbs to their proper pjsition
beneath. Upon the piciper position of the limbs depends that ease and
gracefulness with which a bullock s.lould move. It may be thought of no
consequence how a bullock moved so that he is able to get to the market,
but be assured there is much in it, it evinces strength and health, which
are indispensable in feeding. 1 have seen Short-Horns carrying two
thous md pounds and upwards, with limbs so perfect that their movements
were as nimble as if they were carrying but a thousand.

The Touch.

By this the butchers ascertain beforehand the quality of the flesli. By
it the breeder ascertains the aptitude to fatten as well as the quality and
quantity of flesh that the animal will (;arry.

Of all the qualities of the ox, this is probably the most diflicult to
understand. It is the peculiar sensation of softness and el".cticii,y that is
produced by the pressure of the hand on different parts of the body.
This sensatior depends, in part, upon a l-irge cellular development
beneath the skin and between the muscles, and part upon the muscular
structure, adapting itself to the laborious duties it has to perform. It
Is, theref( '.e, to the cellular and muscular tissue that this ensation of
touch is to be attributed. It is very common to find a soft ling of the
muscular fibre as an accompaniment or a precursor of disease that may
mislaad. The same may be observed in the aged of both man md beast.
What is 'touch,' or what is it to 'handle well?' Hovv is it to be distin-
guished from that which portends bad health and old age? By its elas-
ticity — its power to replace the parts when pressed — a springy sensation.
MelloAvness from disease has a sluggish feel and moves slowly when
under the liand ; to a less extent, it is true, still something of the same
that is manifested in the pressure of the fingers on a dropsical limb as
compared with a healthy one. Ip the one the indentions replace them-
selves sluggishly, whilst in the other with a ready elasticity.

It will require much practice to become an adept in this knowledge.
Still many useful lespons may be daily had by the examination and hand-
ling ('* \e'8 ovTi stock. Comparative handling will afford much

CATTLE, 8HORT-HOKNS.

IH7

ig bodies. Obser-
3S one with shoi-t
and not too large,
cks directly in lino
well separated, or
iild be straight and
J an easy and frc(!
isses the sternum,
eir proper position
mds that ease and
y be thought of no
get to the market,
and health, which
rns carrying two
it their movements

r of the flesh. By
as the quality and

5 most difficult to

id eUvctlcity that is

(arts of the body.

ular development

ipon the muscular

IS to perform. It

this 'ensation of

soft ' ling of the

disease that may

)th man md beast.

i is it to be distln-

age ? By its elas-

springy sensation.

ovcs slowly when

thing of the same

dropsical limb as

3ns replace them-

city.

1 this knowledge,
lination and hand-
vill afford much

assistance. Take those animals that are known to accumulate fat readily
and lar«»-ely, as the opo^suni or the bear, or any other knowji to take on
fat readily, and you will tind a peculiarly soft and mellow 'touch.'
Those breeds of swine, as the Chinese or Siamese, that are known to
accumulate fat largely, as compared with some of the poorer wood
breeds, will offer good and ready illusti-ations. But probably the most
ready illustration will be found in man himself. All that class of persons
disposed to corpulency will be found to have a soft mellow touch, while
those disposed to leanness will be found rigid and hard. This may be
readily recognized in shaking hands. A very delicate lady may some-
times be found to have a hard hand as well as a sharp tongue. Smooth,
soft skin will also be found belonging to this class of persons.

The Skin.

The skin should be thick, soft and elastic — fitting alike either a poor
or fat ox. A lean animal, with an inelastic skin stretched upon him,
could not fatten for the want of space to expand in. But with an elastic
skin he may be swelled to great dimensions in what seemed to be but a
covering for his bones. The skin performs very important functions in
the animal economy. It is not only a covering for all the parts beneath
it — a protector against cold and heat, and all external causes of danger,
but it is the seat of a vast system of minute blood vessels and capillaries,
of exhalcnts and absorbents. A vast nervous tissue centers hei*e that
renders the skin sensitive in the highest degree. The great vitiil worth
and importance of the skin may be readily appreciated by any injuries
done it. The rapidity with which extensive burns destroy life, may
serve as a sufficient illustration. ' Destroy my skin, and you shall have
my bones also.*

. The Hair.

The hair should be thick and fine, forming a protection against inclem-
encies of weather. It is not sensitive, and is, therefore, a proper shield
to the whole body, and it is an evidence of the wisdom displayed in the
creation of this family of the animal kingdom, that its hair — its outer gar-
ment, against which all injuries must first come — should be without
sensation — a complete coat of mail, injuries to which cause no j)ain.
Fine hair is also an evidence of a finely organized skin, a skin exquisitely
finished in its whole structure of minute vessels and tissues. A skin thus
de]i(!ately organized is also evidence that other organs are alike con-
structed. Nature, in all her parts, undoubtedly produces a correspond-
ence, so that if one part is of a peculiar structure, either fine or coarse,
other parts are apt to correspond. Pai'ts seen may be considered iudica-

488

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

tive of parts not seen. It may be permitted to add that; in all the scrub
cattle that I have grazed and fed, I have never found ('ne with fine silky
hair that did not fatten well and make a desirable bullock.

Color.

Short-Horns are red or white, or these colors blended as roan or pied.
Fashion, for the time, may make one or the other of these colors
popular. This is probably so now with the red color. It may be so of
auoth'u* color in a few years. A caprice that excludes all but the red
color is injurious. It limits improvement and confines it to a limited
portion of the breed. It encourages the use of inferior animals just to
obtain a fashionable color, and rejects better ones because they are of
different color. There is, in consequence, great danger of deterioration
of this noble breed of cattle as a result of such puerile practices. If
til 3 breed is to be kept up to its past high standard the very best selec-
tions should be bred regardless of color, provided it is the one peculiar to
the b'.eod. We would admonish breeders and lovers of this noble race
of cattle to give no encouragement to suyh departures ; they are evil,
and that continually.

Perfection.

Both ignorant and cultivated alike ; the ordinary breeder and the scien-
tific one ; the practical man and the visionary one ; each vnW establish in
his own mind an ideal of what any object should be. When this ideal
is required to stand the test of practical experience, to be defined by a
scale of points, not one in ten, even among those who think themselves
competent to establish a standard of excellence can do so, point by point.
The reason is he has never read, nor has he educated himself in any '^iher
way to that exactitude of judgment required in matters of sura nicety ;
in other words ^ e have not the scientific idea of what is necessary in the
premises ; no absolute rule to go by, and so the whole amounts, after all,
to somclning very like mere guessing. For dairy purposes the udder of
the cow is the strong point. In animals bred for their flesh, the meat is
the essential thing and also that it be laid on in the prime parts.

To enable any person to judge more or less correctly according to the
study he gives, and the manner in which he has educated his eye and
touch, we append the scale of points for judging Short-Horns, as found
in the American Herd-Book.

In studying this scale it will do quite well for all beef breeders — always
bearing in mind the difference in make up of the breed. Thus the Short-
Homs will be found full in the rump behind, the Devons and Herefords
more pointed, and essentially different in other respects ; yet these very

CATTLE, SHORT-HORNS.

489

r in all the scruh
e with line silky

IS roan or pied,
of these colors
t may be so of
all but the red
it to a limited
animals just to
ise they are of
of deterioration
B practices. If
/ery best selec-
3 one peculiar to
this noble race
; they are evil.

r and the scien-
vill establish in
When this ideal
lie defined by a
link themselves
point by point.
;elf in any '^ther
of surli nicety ;
lecessary in the
aunts, after all,
cs the udder of
>sh, the meat is
parts.

ccording to the
ted his eye and
lorns, as found

eeders — always
rhus the Short-
and Herefords
yet these very

differences constitute their value ; their beef is certainly better than that
of the Short-Horn ; but still they fail in other particulars. There is no
such thing as absolute perfection in any thing finite. We simply come as
near it as possible. The Short-Horns, in all their attributes, certainly
have but little more to be desired as beef makers, and some families, alas
too few, are deep and excellent milkers.

Scale of Points for Short-Horn Bulls.

Points.

Xkt. 1. — Purity of breed on male and female side; sire and dam
reputed for docility of disposition, early maturity and aptitude
to fatten ; sire a good stock-getter, dam a good breeder ; and
giving a large quantity of milk, or such as is superior for
making butter or chaese. 7

Art. 2. — Head muscular and fine ; the horns fine and gradually
diminishing to a point, of a flat rather than a round shape at
the base, short and inclined to turn up, those of a clear, waxy
color to be preferred, but such as arc of a transparent white,
and tinged with yellow, admissible ; ears small, thin and cov-
ered with soft hair, playing quick, moving freely ; forehead
short, broad, especially between the eyes, and slightly dished ;
eyes bright, placid, and rather prominent than otherwise, with
a yellow rim around them ; lower part of the face clean, dished
and well developing the course of the veins ; muzzle small, nose
of a clear orango or light chocolate color; nostrils wide and
open ; lower jaw thin ; teeth clean and sound. - _ _ 5

Art. 3. — Neck fine and slightly arched, strongly and well set on the
head and slioulders, harmoniously widening, deepening and
rounding at it approaches the latter point : no dewlap. - - 2

Art. 4. — Chest oroad, deep and projecting, the brisket on a lower

line than the belly. ----_-__5

Art. 5. — Shoulders broad, strong, fine and well placed ; fore-legs
short, straight, and standing rather wide apart than narrow ;
fore-arm muscular, broad and powerful, slightly swelling and
full above tiie knee ; the bone fine and flat ; knees well knit and
strong ; foot flat, and in shape an oblong serai-circle ; horn of
the hoof sound and of a clear waxy color. - _ _ . 2

Art. 6. — Barrel round and deep, and well ribbed up the hips. - 4

Art. 7. — Back short, straight and broad from the withers to the
setting on of the tail ; crops round and full ; loins broad ; buckle
bones on a level mth the back ; tail well set, on a level with
the back, fine and gradually diminishing to a point, and hanging
Avithout the brush an inch or so below the hock, at right angles
with the back. ------.-.4

^y^

490

1LLU8TUATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Art. 8. — Hind quarters from the huckle to the point of the rump

well tilled up ; twist well let down and full ; hind legs short,

straight, and well spread apai-t, gradually swelling and rounding

above the hock ; the bone fine and flat below ; legs not to cross

each other in walking, nor to stradd'"- behind. - _ _

Art. 9. — Skin of medium thickness, mo\ u 'e and mellow; a white

color is admissible, but rich cream or orange much preferable ;

hair well covering the hide, soft and fine, and if undercoatcd

with soft, thick fur in winter, so much the better ; color, pure

white, red roan, bright red, or reddish yellow and white. (A

black or dark brown nose or a rim around the eye, black or

dark spots on the sldn and hair decidedly objectionable, and

indicative of coarse meat and bad blood.) - _ _ _

Art. 10. — Good handling. -__--__

Art. 11. — Sui'c stock-getter. -_--_-_

Art. 12. — Stock, when made steer, certain to feed kindly for beefers

at any age, and make prime beef. - - - _ _
Art. 13. — General appearance. ______

4
4

5
2

Perfection.

Scale of Points for Short-Horn Cows.

Points.

Art. 1. — Purity of breed on male and female side; sire and dam
reputed for docility of disposition, early maturity and aptitude
to fatten. Sire a good stock — getter. Dam a good breeder ;
giving a large quantity of milk, or such superior for making
butter or cheese. ___-____7

Art. 2. — Head small and tapering ; long and narrower in propor-
tion than that of the bull. Horas fine and gradually diminish-
ing to a point ; of a flat rather than of a round shape at the
base ; short, and inclined to turn p ; those of a clear waxy
color to be preferred ; but such as are of a transparent white,
sLghtly tinged Avith yellow, admissible. Ears small, thin, and
well covered with f^oft hair ; inlaying quick, moving freeely.
Forehead of good breadth between the eyes, and slightly dished.
T^yes bright, placid, and rather prominent than otherwise, with
yellow rim round them. The lower part of the face clean,
dished, and w^ell developing the course of the veins. Muzzle
small ; nose of a clear bronze, or light chocolate color — the
former much preferred. Nostrils wide and well opened. Lower
jaw thin. Teeth clear and sound. - . - - _ 5

CATTLE, SHORT-HORNS.

491

)t to cross

for beefers

j^PT. 3. Neck fine and thin, straight, and well set on to the head

and shoulders, harmoniously widening, deepening, and slightly
rouudin" in a delicate feminine manner a.« it apjiroaches the
latter point. No dewlap. 2

j^j^j,^ 4. Shoulders fine and well placed. Fore-legs short, straight

and well spread apart. Fore-arm wide, muscular, slightly
swellino-, and full above the knco : the bone fine and flat below.
Knee': Avell knit and strong. Foot flat and in the shape of an
oblontT semi-circle. Horn of the hoof sound, and of a clear
waxy color. .---------2

^KT, 5. Chest broad, deep and projecting — the brisket on a lower

line than the belly. - 5

jV^iiT. 6. — Barrel round, deep and well ribbed up to the hips. - 5

j^KX, 7. — Back short, strong, straight from the withers to the set-
tin^ of the tail. Crop round and full. Loin broad. Huckle
bones on a level with the back. Tail well set, on a level with
the back or very slightly below it ; fine and gradually diminish-
ing to a point ; and hanging, without the bnish, an inch or so
below the hock, at right angles with the back. - - - 4

y^RX. 8. — Hind quarters from the buckles to the point of the rump
long and well filled up. Twist well let down and full. Hind
legs short, straight and well spread apart ; gradually swelling
an(' rounding above the hock ; the bone fine and flat below.
Foot flat, and in shape of an oblong semi-circle. Horn of the
hoof sound, and of a clear waxy color. Legs not to cross each
other in walking, nor to straddle behind. - - - - 3

Art. 9. — Udder broad, full, extending well forward along the belly,
and well up behind. Teats of a good size for the hand ; squarely
placed with a slight oblique pointing out ; wide apart ; when
pressed by the hand the milk flowing from them freely. Extra
teats indicative of good milking qualities, but should never be
milked, as they draw the bag 'out of shape. Milk veins large
and swelling. ------__. 4.

Art. 10. — Skin of a medium thickness : movable and mellow ; a
white color is admissible, but a rich cream or orange much pref-
erable. Hair well covering the hide; soft and fine, and if
undercoated with soft, thick fur in the Winter, so much the bet-
ter. Color pure white, red, roan, bright red, red and white,
spotted roan, or reddish and yellow and white. (A black or
dark brown nose, or rim around the eye, black or dark brown
spots on the skin and the hair decidedly objectionable, and indic-
ative of coarse meat and bad blood. ) - - - - « 3
32

'il'

>l I

ill

! i II

liiii

492

ILLU8TUATKU hTOOK DOCTOR.

Art. 11. — Good handler.

Art. 12. — Sure and good breeder.

Art. 13. — General appearance.

Perfection.

4
4

^^«:i;!*f»Jfniyij||j

V. The Aldemeys.

In the British Channel, between Great Britain and France, are a num-
ber of islands noted for their salubrity of climate smd fertility of soil.
Many years ago those islands, particularly Jersey, were noted for their

CATTLE, AiiDERNEYS.

493

nice, jiro a num-

superior fruit, and large quantities of cider and perry were ainiually
made there.

Of late years these islands, Alderney, Jersey, and Guernsey, have
become celebrated throughout England and America, for their breed of
cattle ; the cows of which give milk of unsurpassed richness.

These cattle are undoubtedly of French origin. The Normandy cattle
are kroner than the Jerseys, and Youatt says, have a greater tendency to
fatten. He passes them by, in his admirable work on cattle, with
scarcely more than a mention ; this is to be regi'ctted, since he was so
careful and conscientious a historian. He says :

"They are found mainly in gentlemen's parks and pleasure grounds,
and they maintain their occupancy there, partly on account of the rich-
ness of their milk, and the great quantity of butter which it yields, but
more from the diminutive size of the animals. Their real ugliness is
passe^l over on these accounts ; and it is thought fashionable that the
view . rom the breakfast or drawing room of the house should present an
Alderney cow or two grazing at a little distance.

"They are light red, yellow, fawn or dun colored ; short, wild-homed,
deer-necked, thin, and small-boned; irregularly and often very
awkwardly shaped."

A Prejudiced Statement.

Quoting from Mr. Parkinson, who, Mr. 1 ouatt says, seems to have
had a determined prejudice against them, he writes :

" Their size is small, and they are of as bad a form as can possibly be
described ; the bellies of many of them being four-fifths of their weight.
The neck is very thin and hollow ; the shoulder stands up, and is the
highest part ; they are hollow and narrow behind the shoulders ; the
chine is nearly without flesh ; the bucks are narrow and sharp at the
ends ; the inamp is short, and they are narrow and light in the brisket."
Mr. Youatt adds for himself :

"This is about as bad a form as can possibly be described, and the
picture is very little exaggerated, when the animal is analyzed, point by
point ; yet all these defects are so put together, as to make a not unpleas-
ing whole."

Mr. Youatt, however, compliments them with giving exceedingly rich
milk, and ^vith fattening in a surprising manner when dry.

We have quoted the above for two reasons : one as showing probably
what may have been nearer the truth than we might naturally expect
from seeing the best specimens now, and the other as shoAving that this
breed has made a great advancement since his day, both in quantity of
milk given, and in symmetry and perfection of form.

494

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Ill

III

From an Amerioun Standpoint.

Mr, Lewis F. Allen, the best known hiHtoriun of American cattlf, says
of this elegant and deor-like ra(!e :

"Beginning with the head — the most characteristic feature — tlie
muzzle is line, the nose eitluu- dark brown or black, and occasionally a
yellowish shade, with a peculiar mealy, light-colored hair running up the
face into a smoky hut?, when it gradually lakes the color of the body ;
the face is slightly dishing, clean of ilcsh, mild and gentle in expression,
the eye clear and full, and encircled with a distinct ring of the color of
the nose; the forehead is bold, horns short, curving inward, and waxy
in color, with black tips ; tho ear is sizable, thin, and quick in movement.
The whole head is original, and blood-like in appearance, more so than in

A Trio of Jerseys.

almost any other of the cattle race — reminding one strongly of the head
of our American Elk. The neck is somewhat depressed — would be
called ' ewe-necked,' by some — but clean in the throat with moderate,
or little dewlaj) ; the shoulders are Avide and somewhat ragged, with
prominent jjoints, running down to a delicate arm and slender legs
beneath ; the forc-((uartors stand rather close together, with a thinnish,
yet well developed brisket between ; the ribs are flat, yet giving suflScient
play for good lungs ; the back depressed, and somewhat hollow, the belly
deep and large, the hips tolerably wide, the rump and tail high, the loin
and quarter medimn in length, the thigh thin and deep, the twist wide, to
accommodate a cfood sized udder, the flanks medium, the hocks or
gambrel joints crooked, the hind legs small, the udder capacious, square,

CATTLE, ALDERNEY8.

495

ican tiuttK', says

set well forward, aud covered with soft, silky hair ; the teats fine, standing
well apart, and nicely ttipering ; the milk veins prominent."

Charaoteristio Colors.

The colors are mostly light red or fawn, and black, mixed and plashed
with white ; the solid colors are, we think, generally favored, and, to our
mind, the best cattle, as showing careful breeding, though we ha.ve seen
the most superior cattle among all these colors. So we have seen some
distinctly roan, with round, quite smooth forms, called pure ; they should
always be avoided, as there is more than a suspicion that such have
Short-Horn blood in them, which can do this breed no good, but on the
contrary, harm.

The breed is distinctly a milk breed, and is of no value whatever
except as yielding fair messes of exceedingly rich milk — giving largely
of the most superior cream, producing hard, and most delicately flavored
butter. Thus any cross on this ancient and carefully bred stock must
necessarily injure them in the points where they excel other cows. These
arc : Superiority of the milk, cream and butter, golden in color, delicate
in texture and flavor, and commanding prices in the market, from wealthy
citizens, that no other make can reach.

They are Milking Cows.

Whichever of the three varieties may be chosen, they should be bred
for this and nothing else. Whether they be from Alderney, Jersey, or
Guernsey, no infusion of other blood can improve them, neither can they
improve any other breed. The bulls may improve our native cows, if the
cows be good milkers, the hereditary milking qualities of the race being
pre-potent in the progeny. For this improvement, however, none but
pure blood bulls should be used, and this rule will hold good in all
breeding.

The pure animal is pre-potent, the grade is not, and pure bred anirnals
of all the superior races are now so plenty that it will not pay to use grade
bulls for the improvement of stock.

The Value of Purity.

To show the value of purity, we will perhaps, find no more appropriate
place than this.

A thorough-bred animal upon native stock produces in the first succeed-
ing generation an animal partaking equally of the blood of the sire and
dam, or what is called a half-blood. The next generation, or the produce
of a full-blood and a half-blood will give a three-quarters-bred animal.

iiliiW

41)6 1LLU8TUATKU STOCK DOCTOR.

Tho }()Uii<; of ii |)uro-l)rcd und thrce-quurters-brod will give a seven-eighths-
l»rcd. Following in tlio saiiio lino the next generation will give auuninml
jjossesising tifteen-.sixteenths of pure blood.

In reality it will be far more than we have stated, for the pre-potent
element of pure blood, constantly present, will continually be an inereaa-
ing integer in tlni progeny. Ilenee animals from seven-eightha to fiftceu-
htixteenths-brod, (cannot i)e distinguished from one purely bred, except by
u most critieal, and at the same time expert judge. For all practical pur-
poses thoy are fully ecjual to an animal purely bred, that is to say, as
dairy (^ows, but hero the comparison must end. A taint of impure blood
once in, cannot be bred out for many generations — never in fact. There
is always danger of Reversion. One may, theoretically at least, bred
grades up for a thousand years, and yet not have purely bred animal: .
Hence tl.e extraordinai'v i)riceH paid for stock, the pedigrecM of whicu
have been kept absolutely witliout taint of admixture,

The Value of Points.

So important is the (juestionof symmetry of form, and roin'i.? of excel-
lence, ill stock, viewed as nitegers in the make-up of an animal — real value
Ju'ing adaptation to the necessities required — that, of late years, all animals
ai'c judged tlici(^l)y. As a study of these we give a figured portrait of a
model cow, illustrating perf(jction.

These })oints may be adopted ui judging any cow, so far as general
characteristics are concerned, deviations being only in matters of form,
color, peculiar markings, shape of horns, and general contour. The
Guernseys, foi* instance, are larger, somewhat coarser, and have of late
years been placed in a family by themselves.

The scale of points given are those adopted by the Royal Jersey Agri-
cultural and Horticultural Society, in determining the merits of animals
to be passed upon :

Scale of PoiDts— Covs and Heifers.

Points.

1. FIrad,— $imall, tine and tapering 1

2. Cheek,— small 1

3. Throat, — clean 1

4. Muzzle, — fine, and encircled by a bright color , 1

5. Nostrils, — high and open 1

6. Horns,— smooth, crumpled, not too thick at the base, and tapering 1

7. Ears,— small and thin.. 1

8. Ears, — of a deep orange color within 1

0. Eye.- full and placid 1

10. Neck,— straight, fine, and placed lightly on the shoulders 1

11. Chkst,— broad and deep 1

CATTLK, ALDKKNKYS.

497

I seven-eightljfv
I giro an uiiiniul

tho prc-potoiit
' bo uu incroas-
ghths to lifteon-
bred, except by
ill priu'ticul pur-
it is to say, us
if impure l)lo()d
in fact. There
at least, breej
' bred animal.
grecM of wliicu

roiiii.^ of excel-
inal — real value
'ars, all animals
id portrait of a

al Jersey Agri-
rits of animals

Fonm.

12. Barrki.,— hooped, broad and deep 1

13. Well ribbed home, having but little space between the last rib and the hip. 1

14. Back,— straight from the withers to the top of the hip 1

mi 9 Iw 4»

16. Back, — straight from the top of the hip to the setting on of the tall, and

the tail at right angles with the back 1

16. Tail,— fine 1

u 'i,l

498

ILLUSTUAIKH STOCK UOCTOK.

17. Tail,— hanging down to the hocks.......

18. lIiDK,— thin uiid luoviible, but not too loose

10. IIiDK,— covcrt'd with thic, soft hair „

W. IIiDK,— of good color

21. FoKK-LKoa,— short, Mtruight and tine.

22. FoKB-AKM,— swelling, luid lull above the knee

23. HiND-cjUAKTKKa,— from the hock to the point of the rump well llllert up.

24. IIiND-LKQs,— short and straight (bfiow the hocks) and bones rather i ue.

26. HiND-LKQS, squarely placed, not too close together when viewed trom

behind

20. Hind-legs,— not to cross in walling

27. Hoofs, — small

28. UuDBR,— full in form, i. e., well in line with the belly

20. Udder, — well up behind

30. TKAT8,—large, squarely placed ; behind wide apart

31. Milk-veins,— very prominent

32. Growth-

33. General appearance

34. Condition-

NTflL

Perfection- 34

No prize .shall be Jiwarded to cows hiiving leas than twenty-nine points.

No prize shall l)e awarded to heifers having less than twenty-six points.

Cows having obtained twenty-seven points, and heifers twenty-four
points, shall be allowed to bo branded, but cannot take a prize.

These points, namely, Noa. 28, 29, and HI — shall bo deducted froui
the number recjuired for perfection in heifors, as their udder and milk-
veins cannot bo fully developed : a heifer will, therefore^ be considered
perfect at thirty-one points.

To this we add :

One point must be added for pedigree on male side.

One point must be added for pedigree on female side.

Again, the size of the escutcheon, or milk-mirrors, is a point of
especial attention. This, however, will be treated in another chapter, for
the escutcheon is now coming to be accepted as an indication of the
milking (qualities of a cow, and whatever the breed may bo, strongly
relied upon. And those who discard it, that is, refuse a cow with a strong
escutcheon, will surely go astray.

In judging bulls, many of the same points will serve. The head will
not be so small, and the forehead must bo broad ; the horns must be
tipped with black ; the neck, arched, powerful, but not too coarse and
heavy ; hide thicker than in the cow — certainly not thin — and mellow ;
fore legs short and straight, fore arm large and powerful, full above the
knee and firm below it. As in cows, pedigree must have two points, one
for purity of blood on the male side, and one for purity of blood on the
female side.

CATILK, Ai.DKIJXKVH.

4tf»

Poiirra

mil ttlled >ip. 1

i ratbor lo. 1
viewed trom

^enty-nino points,
twenty-aix points,
ifers twenty-four
a prize.

ti deducted from

udder and niilk-

»re, be considered

» 9

«•■«>*■••

8, is a point of
ther chapter, for
ndicutiou of the
nay be, strongly
jow with a strong

The head will
horns must be

; too coarse and

— and mellow ;

'., full above the
two points, one

of blood on the

P
r

The portrait of a bull given above illustrates the "points" adopted bv
the Boyal Jersey Agricultural Society, and continued after an experience
of ten years without alteration. Thi'ough it the reader will easily ])ecome
conversant with the points by which Jersey bulls are judged. By refer-

500

ILLUST>JiTED STOCK DOCTOB.

«ncc to the figures given below, and corresponding in the illustration witk
the points the reader will understand the following

Scale of PointB for Bulls.

Abticlb.

1. Pedigreb on male side

2. PEDioaBB on female side

3. Head, — fine and tapering

4. FoRKHBAD,— broad

6. Cheek, — small.

6. Throat, — clean «

7. Muzzle, — flue and encircled with light color

8. Nostrils,— high and open

9. Horns,— smooth, crumpled, not thick at the base and tapering, tipped

with blanic

10. Ears,- small and thin

11. EAR8,—of a deep orange color within

12. Eyes, — full and lively

13. Neck, — arched, powerful, taut not coarse or heavy

14. Chest,— broad and deep «

15. Barrel,— hooped, broad and deep

16. Well ribbed home, having but little space between the last rib and the hip.

17. Back,— straight from ihe withers to the top of the hip ,

18. Back, — straight from the top of the hips to the setting on of the tall,

and the tail at right angles with tlie back

19. Tail,— fine

20. Tail,— hanging down to the hocks

21. Hide, — thin and movable

22. Hide, — covered with fine and soft hair

23. Hide,— of a good color

24. Fore-legs,— short, straight and ftne

25. Fore- ARM,— large and powerful, swelling and full above the knee and

fine below it

26. Hind-quarters,- from the hock to the point of the rump long and well

filled up

27. Hind-legs, — short and straight (below the hocks) and the bones rather

fine

2f. HiND-LEGs.-squarely placed, not too close together when viewed from

behind

'i9. Hind-legs,- not to cross in walking

30. Hoofs,— small

31. Growths

32. General appearance

33. Condition

Ponm.

Perfection .

Judging by Points.

The highest excellence of any milking cow lies in the udder. This must
not only bo full in form, that is, in line with the belly, but it must not be
cut off square in front, like that of a goat. It shov.ld be rounded, full,

111 \i

CATTLE, ALDERNEY8.

501

e illustration witlii

e knee and

)ne8 rather

presenting great breadth behind, and carried well up between the thigh.
The milk veins should be full and carried well forward toward the fore
lef's. If knotted and with curves, so much the better.

The tail is another essential point. Whatever its size at the root, it
must be large and tapering, and have a good switch of hair.

The chest should be broad and deep ; this shows good respiration,
essential to feeding and health. This, however, must not be taken in the
sense in which we view it in the blood horse. It is then one of the essen-
tial points, necessary to fast and long continued exertion.

In the (iairy cow, especially when viewed from before, there will be no
appearance of massiveness. On the contrary, she will give an appearance
of delicate fineness, and will look large behind, swelling gradually from
behind the shoulders. She may not be closely ribbed, in fact should not

-:l

:^^^

Jersey Cow.

De close, only comparatively so. I^he best milkers, every where, will be
found to be rather loosely put together between the last rib and the hips,
and good milkers must be roomy in the flunk.

The hind quarters must be long from the point of the rump to the hock,
and well filled up ; yet this does not mean rounded and massive in flesh ;
on the contrary, the best milkers will be rather lean and perhaps high
boned. Nevertheless, the same animal, when out of milk and fat, may
fill up, and perhaps, present a fully rounded contour, while yet possessing
all the delicacy of points characteristic of the high bred dairy cow.

^^**(!«i^"*^

&^.wl«**';

ii , ii

.li'isi

,i*l!

502

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

A COW may have large and heavy ears ; her back may not be fully
straight from the withers to the top of the hips ; her rump may be sloping ;
her tail may not reach the hocks ; — all these are defects — the latter a se-
rious one — ^yet, if the milking organs are super-excellent it will outweigh
all these.

A phenomenon may show absolute perfection in all the points : we have
never yet seen such an one. In judging, the essentials are to carefully
consider each point of excellence with reference to its bearing upon the
aninial as a dairy cow.

A high open nostril would count but little as against a poor milk vein ;
a very delicate ear, nothing as against a very superior udder.

The Jersey, to the uncritical eye, when in full milk, is lean, scrawny,
and misshapen ; are so, fat or lean, from the standpoint of a Short-Horn

^"^V

=5:>^^

.Ikrsey IIeikkh.

or Hereford breeder. The Short-Horn, or Hereford, is a gross, lubberly,
disgusting, mountain of fat in the eyes of a Jersey breeder.

Color, Temper, and Size.

Do not be too particular about color ; solid colors, and black points look
well in the show ring. The animal that will turn out well at the pail,
that is docile and gentle, be she what color she may, so long as she ad-
heres to the distinguishing color-mar^cs of the race, is the one for the
milking yard.

CATTLE, ALDERNEY8.

508

ly not be fully
may be sloping ;
-the latter a se-
t wiil outweigh

points : we have
ire to carefully
aring upon the

)oor milk vein ;
ler.

lean, scrawny,
F a Short-Horn

^oss, lubberly.

ack points look
ell at the pail,
ong as she ad-
the one for the

In relation to size, the Jerseys are a small race of cattle. In lio breed
are overgrown animals the most valuable. With the Jersey it is especially
to be avoided. So, an undersized animal is not to be countenanced.
Fair size, however, is desiral)le.

He who seeks to increase the size of the Jersey unduly, will certainly
go astray. They have been carefully bred, for many generations, with
esj)ccial reference to milk.

The Jersey is the product of islands peculiar in soil, climate, and people.
Transplanted to our flush pastures, with good shelter in winter, they will
necessarily increase in size This is to be expected.

If you fancy "solid colors," and can get plenty of rich milk, with solid
colors, well and good. If not, breed t"^ whatever color, characteristic of
the breed, which will give you this desirable result.

As a Dairy Cow.

The Jersey cow can hardly be called a dairy cow, in the general accep-
tation of the term. She lacks size to give quantity ; as a cheese maker,
she is not a success ; as butter makers, they stand without ecjuals, if quality
be the test.

The butter globules of the milk are larger, and with a weaker covering
than in other breeds ; hence it churns quicker than the milk of other cows.

The milk, cream, and butter, of the Jerseys are yellower than that of
otlier breeds. This is due to the excess of orange pigment secreted by
this breed.

Jerseys are especially adapted to the villager, or family, requiring a
medium quantity of rich milk, and superior cream and butter. They have
taken kindly to our summer climate, from Maine to California. In winter,
however, and in the early spring and late fall, they should be as carefully
housed as Shoi-t-Horns, else they will fail to give satisfaction.

.The cows are always docile, gentle, and tractable, when properly treated.
It is not to be denied, however, that the bulls are often vicious. An en-
thusiastic writer has attributed this to their long lineage of aristocratic
breeding. The Short-Horns are far more aristocratic in their lineage of
ancient sires and dams ; they are also notably peaceable.

It is a fact that animals kept in confinement are apt to become surly,
and cross. The breeder of Jerseys must accept the fact that the bulls
must be kept under strict discipline, and this by the exhibition of both
tirmness, careful handling, and gentleness.

!• '1

r I

504

ILLUSTRATFI) STOCK DOCTOR.

VT- Ayrshire Cattle.

The origin of these cattle cannot be distinctly traced. That Ayrshire,
in England, has long been noted for a very suptnor breed of milking
cows, is indisputable; yet anything like what weie known as Ayrshires,
fifty years ago, did not exist one hundred years prior to that time.

That the present breed was not produced by a cross of Alderney, on
the native cattle of Scotland, us has been asserted, is evident enough
from their form and characteristics ; that they were not produced by
selection, is equally as well grounded. They may have originated in a
happy cross, and careful breeding thereafter.

That the A^^rshire owes much of its sui)eriority to crosses of the bet-
ter milking strains of the old Short-Horn race, would seem to be borne
out, not only by tradition, but particularly by unmistakable character-
istics of both these breeds.

Ayrshire indeed is eminently adapted to the production of superior
milking cows. The climate is moist, with plenty of soft rains ; conse-
quently, the grasses would naturally be succulent, and tend to produce
the greatest flow of milk of which a cow might be caijable.

Of the three divisions of Ayrshire — Carrick, Kyle, and Cunningham —
the latter is regarded as the true home of this most valuable breed.
Indeed, they once went by the name of C:niningham cattle.

Ayrshires of the Last Century.

Mr. Alton, an old English writer, who has ^mtten more largely and
intelligently than perhaps any one else of this breed, has given much val-
uable information concerning them as they existed in Ayrshire early in
the last century. Spi iking of them, he says :

" The cows kept in the districts of Kyle and Cunningham were dimin-
utive in size, ill-fed, ill-shaped, and they yielded but a doanty return in
milk ; they were mostly («f a black color, with large stripes of white
along the chine or ridge of their back, al)out the flanks, and on their
faces. Their horns were high and crooked, having deep ringlets at the
root, the nlainest proof that the cattle were but scantily fed ; the chine of
their backs stood up high and narrow ; their sides were lank, short and
thin ; their hides thick, and adhering to the bones ; their pile (skin) was
coarse and open ; and fe.v of them yielded more than six or eight quarts
of milk per day, when in their best plight ; or weighed, when fat, more
than from twelve or sixteen to twenty stone avoirdupoio, sinking offal."

The Hmhandry of Ayrshire, published in 1793, states upon the
authority of Mr. Bruce Campbell, that the introduction of the improved
breed was made by the then laie Earl of Marchmont, and Mr. Youatt
thinks that it must have happened between 1724 and 1740.

CATrUS., AYKSHlUKiS.

■)0r>

That Ayrshire,
■eed of milkiiii;
u as Ayrshires,
liat time,
f Aldci'ney, on
evident enough
)t produced by
originated in a

scs of the hct-
cni to be borne
able character-
Ion of superior
t rains ; conse-
iiid to produce

Cunningham —
/^aluable breed.

re largely and
iven much val-
I'shii'e early in

m were dimin-
imty return in
ipes of white
, and on their
ringlets at the

; the chine of
ink, short and
lile (skin) was
ir eight quarts
fhcn fat, more
inking offal."
iites upon the

the improved
id Mr. Youatt

There then were successive introductions of improved blood among
them the Dunlap strain of Short-Horn about 1780, or one hundred years
ago. This breed becanuj well established in reputation, and in the early
part of the present century became regularly known as Ayrshire, and
was widely disseminated in England.

The above likeness is a good one of the improved or modem Ayr-
shire cow.

Mr. Aiton describes the breed in its improved form, or as it existed
late in the last century, and early in this, as follows :

506

1LLU8TUATEU 8TOCK • UOCTOU.

i!,;

ill'li.
i I 'I'll

"The shapes most upprovotl of, are — head small, but rather long and
nariH. .v at the muzzle ; the eye small, but smart and lively ; the horns
small, clear, crooked, and their roots at a considerable distance from each
other ; neck long and slender, tapering towai'd the head, with no loose
skin below ; shoulders thin ; fore-fjuarters light ; hind-quarters large ;
back straight, broad behind, the joints ratlu-r loose and open ; carcass
deep, and pelvis capacious, and wide owv the hips, with round Heshy
buttocks , tail long, and snndl ; legs small and short, with firm joints ;
udder capacious, broad and stjuare, stretching forward, and neither
fleshy, low hung, nor loose ; the milk-veins large, and prominent ; teats
short, all pointing outward, and at considerable distance from each other;
skin thin and loose ; hair soft and woolly. The head, bones, horns, and
all parts of least value, small ; and the general figure compact and well
propoilioned."

In this connection, it should always be remembered that the Ayrshire
cows were always noted for their thighs, and in fact a generjil thinness of
body, as compared with beef breeds. The bulls were always selected for
their feminine appearance, especially about the neck and head ; they were
not required to be roomy behind ; they were required to be broad in the
hook bones and hips, and full in the flanks.

Tameness and docility of temper, hardiness, a sound constitution,
plenty of Bpmt and life, and the capability of giving large messes of
milk, rich in butter and cheese, are noted characteristics of this breed in
an eminent degree.

Mr. Youatt says of them : " They yield much milk, and that of an
oily, or butyraceous, or caseous nature ; and that after she (a cow) has
yielded very large quantities of milk for several years, she will be as val-
uable for beef as any other breed of cows knoAvn ; her fat will be much
more mixed through the whole flesh, and she will fatten faster than
any other."

As far as milk is concerned, it is true of the Ayrshire of the pres-
ent day.

In America, the breed has not yet been sufficiently disseminated to
determine whether the quality of beef shall be borne out by the state-
ment of the author quoted.

Mr. Youatt agrees that the breed has much improved since Mr. Alton
described it ; that it is short in the leg, the neck a little thicker at the
shoulder, but finely shaped toward the head ; the horns smaller than
those of the Highlander, but clear and smooth, pointing forward, turning
upward, and tapering to the points ; they are deep in the carcass, but not
round and ample, and especially not so in the loins and haunches.

Some, however, have suspected, and not without reason, that an atten-

I II

CATTLE, AYR8HIRE8.

607

rather long and
ively; the horns
[stance from each
id, with no loose
1-quarters large ;
id open ; carcass
ith round fleshy
kvith firm joints ;
ird, and neither
)rominent ; teats
from each other ;
ones, horns, and
ompact and well

lat the Ayrshire
neral thinness of
kvays selected for
head ; they were
be broad in the

nd constitution,
large messes of
of this breed in

, and that of an
she (a cow) has
le will be as val-
Pat will be much
tten faster than

ire of the pres-

disseminated to
ut by the state-
since Mr. Alton
! thicker at the
ns smaller than
brward, turning
carcass, but not
aunches.
1, that an atten-

tion to the shape and beauty, and attempt to produce fat and sleek cattle,
which would be admired at the shows, has had a tendency to improve
what is only their quality as grazing cattle, and that at the certainty of
diminishing their value as milkers.

Yields of Milk, Butter, and Cheene.

Experiments made early in the century, to determine the relative value
of different breeds for milk and butter, we find as follows :

•'In some experiments conducted at the Earl of Chesterfield's dairy
at Bradley Hall farm, it appeared that, in the height of the season, the
Ilolderncss would yield seven gallons and a quart ; the Long-Horn and
the Alderney, four gallons mree quarts ; and the Devon, four gallons one
pint, per day. When this was made into butter, the result was, fromtho
Holderness, thirty-eight and one-half ounces ; from the Devon, twenty-
eight ounces ; and from the Alderney, twenty-five ounces."

The Ayrshircs average five gallons per day, and from that is produced
thirly-four ounces of butter.

This shows the degree of superiority the breed has obtained in Mr.
Youatt's time.

Mr. Alton, indeed, asserted that 3 3-4 to 4 gallons of this milk would
yield a pound and a half of butter, and that 27 1-2 gallons of milk would
yield 21 pounds of full milk cheese ; and that Ayrshires in their best con-
dition and well fed would yield 1,000 gallons of milk in a 3-car.

With respect to yield in the United States, we have the record that the
first Ayrshire cow imported by the Massachusetts Society for the Promo-
tion of Agriculture, in 1837, yielded 16 pounds of butter a week, for several
weeks in succession, on grass feed only.

Mr. Rankin, a most reputable English authority, rej r • upon a Kylo
farm in Ayrshire, holds that Mr. Aiton's estimate is too higl . In relation
to two farms visited, upon one of which was kept from twenty to thirty
coAvs, and on the other from thirty to forty very superior cows, he says
of the first, that, "at the best of the season the average milk from each
cow, is 9 Scots pints (4 1-2 gallons,) and in a year 1,300 Scots pints
(650 gallons,) i that in the summer season, 64 pints (32 gallons,) of
entire milk will make an Ayrshire stone (24 pounds) of cheese; and 96
pints (48 gallons) of skimmed milk will produce the same quantity; and
that 180 pints (90 gallons) will make 24 pounds of butter." Of the
other farm, he states that "the average produce of each is 1,375 pints
(687 1-2 gallons) ;" and adds as his belief, on the whole, that although
there may l)e Ayrshire cows capable of giving 900 gallons in a year, it
would be difficult to bring half a score of them together ; and that in stocks
33 "

508

1LLU8TKATKD STOCK UOCTOU.

of the greater number, niowt carefully selected am- liberally fed, from G50
to 700 gallons is the very highest produ ' cv.'*^ in the year.

Upon his own farm, the size of which, -,■ ayt , . i of an inferior nature,
hiiii cows produce only 550 gallons in a yeai

Ayrshires in America.

The Ayrshires were first imported to the United States in 1831. They
were different in appeai'ance from Avhat they are now, the colors being
either deep red, or brown Hecked with white, many of them having l)lack
noses. They have been materially changed since then, and vary much in
color. The most of them, however, retain the characteristic colors of the
breed, and whether they be dark red or black, they are generally more or
less pied, mottled or blotched with white.

Mr. Allen,, himself a Short-Horn breeder, in his work, "American
Cattle," sunjs up the Ayrshires as follows ;

"Their thirty-six years' trial here has been successful. They are hardy,
healthy, well fitted to our climate and pastures, and prove good nnlkers,
both as to the iiiported originals and their progeny. Their flow of milk
is good in quantity and fair in quality ; yet, we must be permitted to say,
that in this country they do not yield so nmch in quantity as is alleged
they have produced in Scotland. The chief reason for this is obvious.
Ayrshire has a moist climate — an almost continuous drizzle of rains, or
moisture pervading it — making fresh, green pastures ; a cooler and more
equable temperature in summer, and it is warmer in winter than with us.

Our American climate is liable to extremes of cold in winter, heat in
Hummer, and protracted droughts, for weeks, drying up our herbage.
These differences alone account for a diminished yield in milk from
Scotch to the American Ayrshires. They have softer grasses for hay,
and plenty of root-feeding in winter, which latter we have not. This
fact of a diminished yield of milk on this side of the Atlantic is acknowl-
edged by those most conversant with them in both countries.

In the year 1837, wc visited the Aj-rshire herd of the late Mr. John P.
Gushing, at Watertown, near Boston, Mass. They were of the choicest
(juality, imported b}' himself, on an order sent out to an cxpeiienced
dealer in Ayrshire cattle, "without regard to price, so they arc the l)est."
Two or three of the cows were "prize" milkers at home, and certificates,
duly verified, were sent with them of the quantities of milk they had made.
They had then been a year or more at Mr. Gushing' s farm, and had the
best of keep. "We questioned the manager as to the quantities of milk
the cows gave since their arrival, compared with the certificate. His
answer was, "about one-third less, on an average. The best ^prize' cow
gave 33 quarts per day when at her maximum in Ayrshire, and 22 quarts

CATTLE, AYnSIIIRES.

509

k, "American

liorc, Jiiul tlio others in about like proportion, but they arc all good milkers,
and Mr. Cusliinj; is satisfied uilli tljem."

Wc note tli(! fact of tlie declension in milk of tho Ayrshircs in this
(touutrv, knowin^r lh(! same to have o(!curred with eo'-s of other breeds
from Eiiirland. It is nevertliciess true, we think, that the milk produced
here is richer in the eonstiluents, as it is imdoubtcdly true that cows on
Hush, soft pastures, or those fed on soft, sloppy food, give far poorer
milk, although more in (juautity, than when fed on shorter rich licrbage,
or u[)()n other rich food.

Ayrshires in the West.

In the West tho Ayrshires have not gained tho celebrity that the
.Fersevs or the Holsteins hav<'. The probability is that the Jerseys owe
much of their popularity to the fact that they are par excellence tho
family cow, where quality of milk has greater weight than quantity.
The latter are hard keepers ; that is, they consume a largo amount of
food for the (|uantity of milk given, and probably more than either the
Arvshires or Holstciins for the quantity of butter and cheese produced.
The Jersey nmst have rich food to enable her to sustain herself. Never-
theless, the tc^xture, solidity, hardness and delicacy of the butter amply
(iompensates for this. The Holstein has grown in favor in the West
rapidly within the last few years. Our abundant pasture and cheap
forage and grain in wintor, has made them prime favorites with all that
class who nuist ' ave a large quantity of fairly rich milk. As a cow for
making cheese they arc unsurpassed, as is the Jersey for butter. For a
great flow of nulk, rich m butter, our experience is that the Ayrshire
carries off the palm, especially on pastures not good enough for the
Holsteins.

Description of Ayrshire Foinis.

In judging cattle of any description, '•^ference must always be had to
the characteristics of their brccd. Thus, while all cattle are judged by
(lertain undeviating standi'i'ds as respects feeding and assimilation, beef
cattle must be judged from a beef-makmg standard, and dairy cattle from
their nnlk-producing powers. It is more than probable that, weight for
weight, the Ayrshire being a cow of medium size, Avill produce more
milk than any other breed. In selection no surer test can be had than a
(•arcful study of her points. Dr. G. Lewis Sturtevant, of South Fram-
inghain, Massachusetts, who has given the Ayrshire particular attention,
and who is one of the most careful farmers and breeders in the East, thus
describes the Ayrshire, and the same principles may be applied to the
whole race of dairy cattle.

510

ILLU8TKATED 8T0CK DOCTOR.

UnefulnesB.

Tho usofuliipss of the dairy cow is in her udder, and toward the udder,
its sluiiie and its ^iv,iu, uU the capabilities of the eow should he directed.
Wo may tirst view it as a reservoir for tho niilli. As such, it must he
hirge and capacious, witii broad foundations, extendiii*^ well l)(>hind and
well forward, with distinct attachments ; broad and square, viewed from
behind, the solo level and broad, tho lobes even-sized, and touts evenly
distributed ; tho whole udder tirmly attached, with skin loose and elastic.
Such a form gives great space for the secreted milk, and for the lodgment
of the glands, while allowing the changes from an empty to a full vessel.
The glands should bo free from lumps of fat and muscu', well set up in
tho body when tho cow is dry, and loosely covered Avith the soft and elastic
skin, without trace of tlabbincss. Such n covering allows for extension
when the animal is in niilk, while the glands are kept in proximity with
tho blood-vessels that supply them. Tho necessities of the lacteal glands
are larger supplies of blood from which milk can be secreted, and this
harmonizes with the demands of tho udder as a storehouse. For broad
attachments means broad belly or abundance of space for tho digestive
organs, from which all nutriment must originate. The blood is furnished
,to the glands of the udder by largo and numerous arteries. As s(!cretion
lis dcpendtmt on the freedom of supply of blood to the i)art, and a copious
^ovv, wo find branches coming from different ai'terial trunks and freely
lanaslomozing with each other. Although these arteries are internal and
out of siglit, yet fortunately tjio veins which carry the blood from the
udder pass along tSio surface, and from their size and other characteristics
indicate the iCjuantity of blood not only which they carry away, but which
must have passed through tho glands from the arteries. These return
veins pass both backward and forward. Those passing forward are known
as the milk veins, land the size of these superficial veins on cither side of
the belly, and the size of the orifices into which they disappear, are excel-
lent ^o/?iA« to determine tho milking probability of the cow. Still better
is it to find, in addition, the veins in the perineum, which also return from
the udder, prominejit aad circuitous.

Jlsoutcheon.

The escutcheon is now generally conceded to be a good indication of
milk in the cow. This mai^k is sufficiently well known not to require de-
scription in detail. I think a broad escutcheon is fully as good a sign a'
a lono; one ; that quantity or qjaality mean more than shape, yet I wouk
not discard the shape ontireh:. <Qne error must, however, be avoided
It may be well to compare the e^^jof escutcheon of cows of one brcec

CATTLE, AYUSUIRES.

511

hut never to comparo the size of escutcheon in cows of different brecdn.
I think tliis point means more rehitive to size in tlie Ayrsliire than in tlio
Ilolstein or Dutcli ; and 1 am certain that wliile it may i)e mife to follow
it in the Ayrsliire in the majority of instances, it would l)e ciiuaily unsafy
to adopt it in selectin*^ a Short-Horn, for the oi)viou8 reason that that
i)reed has l)c('n l)red for generations for other purposes than the dairy.

The udder and its dependencies, the milk veins, and the cscutchcou
mark, may be considered the foundation of the Ayrshiio cow. These in-
rtucncc proHt, and also the shapes of the body and tlie furm of tiic animal.
The milk vessel is placed in the pul)i(! region of the tow, and is protected
on either side by the hind limbs. The breadth of its attachments secures
breadth of body, and the weight retjuires also a depth of quarter and of
Hanks. The breadth below reciuires breadth of hip above, and length of
lom here appears related to length of pelvis. So nmch for the physical
portion. Tiie physical function of milk-producing demands a great and
continuous How of blood, for it must not be forgotten that milk in hlood,
so to sp(!ak. This flow is dejiendent on the supply of food, and on the
facilities of digestion. To gain this, a large body is required in order to
hold the suitable digestive organs.

"To gain further room for these, we desire to fee arched ribs, depth,
yet no heaviness, of flank, and breadth of hips which wo see was also
required for the broad udder. To sustain this body, a strong, firm back
is needed. To gain the most of our blood after it has absorbed the cnylo
from the digestive organs, reason shows that it should find its way freely
and speedily through the system on its labors of supply and removal,
cleanse itself in the lungs, and again pass on to its duties. All this points
to a healthy heart, not cramped, and lungs of sufficient capacity ; for the
yield of milk drains much nutriment from the system, and the constitu-
tion nmst needs have the vigor given by healthy and active heart and
lungs. In this way the chest is correlated with the udder.

"The reprodu(1ivo functions reqnu'o hock bones of good size, and a
broad pelvis is desirable, as underlying within are the generative organs.

"Thus the necessities of the body of a good milking cow require
the wedge shape, and this not only from the flanks, but also when viewed
from above."

A Summing Up.

The points of the Ayrshire cow, as given by the Ayrshire Agricultural
Society, and the New York State Agricultural Society, have been summed
up as follows :

IIS

lUamTKATKI) 8T0<;K DOCTOn.

The Body.

"The whole foro-quiirtcrs thin in front, and praduiilly iiioro!iHin<? in
depth and width Imckwiird, yet of sutHcicnt In-cadtii iind roundness to
insure constitution ; Iku-U should hv. stnii<;lit und tiie h)ins wide, tlui hips
ruther high and well spread; pelvis roomy, long, broad and sti-aiglit,
hook hones wide apart ; ([uarters long, toleralily nniseular, and full in
their upper portion, but nioidding into the thighs IkIow, which should
have a degree of flatness, thus affording more space for a full udder ; the
flanks well let down, hut not heavy ; rihs, behind, springing out very
round and full, affording space for a large udder — the whole eareass thus
ae(piiring increased volume toward its posterior portion.

"We see that the points as given are those of utility, and that at this
Btago the uddor-poiuts aud body-points are correlated.

The Skin.

•' In connection with the body and the udder, the skin is of great value
in assisting our judgment. Between the portion of the external covering
used for leather, and the muscle, there occurs u layer of cellular tissue,
which contains a larger or smaller amount of fat cells, and the mellow
handling caused by these cells indicates a free circulation throughout this
mesh work.

"The skin varies from a thin, papery hide, covered with silky hair, to
a thick, supple, elastic hide, well coated with hair, on the one hand, and
a biiuilar variation, with harsh hair and coarseness, on the other. The
thin, i)apery hide indicates quick fattening and a delicate constitution ;
the thick, clastic hide cushioned on fat, and which on the flank comes
into the hand almost without grasping, indicates the height of vigor,
accompanied by the fattening tendenc}', and the possessor of this hand-
ling endures climatic changes, low quality in his food, and neglect, with
remarkable hardihood, and quickly resjjonds to full feed and good care.
The harsh handler is a dull feeder, consumes much food, and <renerallv
contains more than a just proportion of offal or waste. In the Ayrshire
cow we desire neither of these extremes, for it is in the nidk product
that we wish the food to be utilized, and it is almost an unchanging law
of nature, that deficiency in one direction must be com])ensated for by
excess in another direction, and vice versa. At any rat(\ the cow that
lays on fat too quickly is seldom a first class milker ; and how well
knoAvn is it that the cow of large yield milks down her condition ! A
cow that has a moderately thin, loose skin, of sufficient elasticity and
suppleness of touch, without being fat-cushioned, as it were, with hair
soft and mossy, or woolly, if of correct form otherwise, will usually milk

CATTLE, AYRSIIinEB.

r)U\

\]y inorPiiHiiijr in
1(1 roiiiidiiosH to
iM wide, tho hips
1(1 mid straijLjiil.
liar, iiiid full ill
i\ , which should
full udder; thr
iiifiitifif out very
lolc ciircasH thu«

and that at this

is of p^roat valu('
xtcriial covcrinir
cellular tissue,
mid the mellow
throughout this

th silky hair, to
! one hand, and
thi! other. The
t(* constitution ;
the flank conies
icifrht of vi<ror,
»r of this hand-
d iiogloct, with
and <rood care.
, and <rencrally
In the Ayrshire
i(! milk product
inehanjring law
)cnsated for by
', tho cow that
and how well
condition ! A
■ ehisficity and
vore, with hair
ill usually milk

(I lan;e ([uaiitity, and when she becomes dry, will rapidly oomo int^ con-
dition. In triilh, tho handliu<r of tho AyrHhire cow must be good; it
cannot l>c too good ; but it must not be of exactly that (|uality sought for
in the grazing brtfcds.

"Then-, as everywhere, th(! dairyman nmst keep to his line ; milk, not
fat, is his prolit ; and in seeking excess of both, ho will be liable to fall
below the average of either."

Relating Especially to Milk.

It is an axiom of breeders to diminish the useless parts of an animal as
muclias possible, or, in other words, to reduce the proportion of tliose parts
not conductive to profit to as great extent as possible. Applying this
rule to a dairy breed, we should desire a small neck, sharp shoulders,
small brisket and small bone. Moreover, small bone usii;illy accompanies
thrift, and is universally found in improved bnicds. We thus have a
reason for these other Ayrshire points, which I now (juote :

" Shoulders lying snugly to the body, thin at their tojjs, small at their
points, not long in the blade, nor loaded with muscle ; brisket light ;
neck of medium length, clean in the thioat, very light throughout, and
tapering to the head; tail long and slender; legs short, bones tine, joints
linn.

If the dairyman's policy Avere otherwise, he would have to supply
extra food for the support of parts useless to him, and whose larger
development is of no especial value.

The Head.

••The head should be small, in shape cither long and narrow, or broad
in tho forehead and short, according to the type of animal preferred by
the breeder, generally preferred somewhat dishing ; the nose tapering to
an exi)anded muzzle, with good clean nostrils. Opinions differ as to the
general shape of the head. A broad forehead and short face occurs
more frecjuently in bulls, and is generally esteemed a masculine charac-
teristic ; a more elongated face is called feminine. Yet some families of
well-bred and good milking Ayrshire cows have the broad and short head,
and such were, at one time, if not now, the favorite in the show-yard in
Scotland.

"The eye should be moderately full, lively yet placid lookhig. The
eye is a mirror of the disposition, and interprets the character of the
cow; a fretful, irritable animal is seldom a quick fatlener, and usually
disappoints at the pail. It also gives expression to the features, and
physiognomy aids our judgment.

514

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

•'The ears should be of a good size, but thin, and their skin of rich
yellow color. Coarse ears are usually found on ill-bred animals, and these
may be considered, to a certain extent, indicative of <reneral coarseness.
The color of the skin, as shown hisidc the ear, is usually considered
indicative of the richness of the milk in butter.

"The horns should be of medium size, of fine texture, with an out-
ward and upward turn, or inclining upwards and curving slightly inwaids,
according to the taste of the breeder. Thev should be set on rather
widely apart. A coarse horn may indicate a coarse and thick hide, as
there seems an intimate relation between the composition of the horn,
hair, and hide, and the influence of climate on horn and hair gives an
appearance oftentimes of correlation between the two.

The Top Points.

"The neck should be of medium length throughout, and tapering to
the throat, which should be clean or free from loose, hanging skin. Yet
too thin a neck is not desirable, as it usually indicates a delicate animal
A thick-set neck, well covered yet not overladen with muscle, accompa-
nies hardiness and vigor of constitution.

"The junction of the neck with the body and over the shoulders is
called the crojjs ; on a horse it would be called the withers. A hollow
behind this point is a never-failing sign of Aveakness. The crops should
blend in easily with a thin shoulder, lying snugly to the body. This
shoulder and a well defined spine produce the sharpness of shoulder so
nmch admired. The back should be straight, Avith spine well defined,
especially forward. The tail long, firm in the bone, and set on a level
with the back, without depression or notch. A fine tail usually accom-
panies fine bone, and the fine bone is not only decrease of offal over
heavA'^ limbs, but accompanies early maturity, and a tendency' to thrift.
The limbs should be fine-boned, fiat-boned, and with joints of moderat(!
size. On the forward limljs the cow should stand low. Large joints and
round bones are found very frequently on dull feeders and on animals of
little profit.

The Teats.

"The teats should be of medium length, evenly set, and project
slightly outward MJien the bag is full, of even thickness throughout, and
of fine texture. They should be placed abcut one-third of the length of
the "vessel" apart in one directicn, and about one-half the other.
'^^'llen the udder is not distended, they should hang perpendicularly.
Large teats, however desirable to the milker, are usually accompanied by

CATTLE, HOLSTEINS.

515

and thick hide, as

coarseness of build in the cow. They are seldom found on Mcll-hred
animals, yet exceptionally they occur, and are much liked. A teat should
he large enough to grasp, say from two to two and a half mchos in
len"lh. A shorter one would bo an objection ; with larger, I should fear
coarseness.

Color and Carriage.

"In color the Ayrshires vary greatly. Brown, red, and white appears
to good advantage, and is fashionable. A good quantity of white, well
distributed, adds style and showincss to the animal. Yellow and white
is frc(juently seen, yet while this color is sometimes stated as indicating
lack of hardiness, I am not aware of any proofs of argument having
been brought forward to support this view. Color is as yet a mutter of
taste, for its correlations are hardly guessed at ; and from almost i)ure
black, through the reds to almost pui'c white, are colors found on the
best cows. Black spots on the skin, barely jierceptible through the hair,
often occur on the best cattle. Strawberry-blotched and red and white
are perhaps the more common colors. A self-colored animal, or a roan,
or animal with white on the ears, the writer has never yet seen among
the Ayrshires in Scotland or in this country, when the pedigree was
unquestionable.

"The carriage should be light and acti\e, the head Avell up, and the
hind logs should not cross in walking. The condition should be neither
fat nor loan, but that average which a good cow holds when in good
flesh at calving, liberally fed while in milk."

Holstein Cattle.

Dutch cattle were undoubtedly among the first cattle ever brought to
America. Canada was visited by the French in 1808, when they founded
Quebec. Soon after colonists arrived and brought Avith them the little
Normandy cattle. The English first settled on the Janus river, in
Virginia, in 1007, and New York was settled by the Dutch in 1014. In
W'2b the first cattle were imported from the mother country, and they
were undoubtedly the Dutch cows noted for milk, or a race nearly allied
to what are now generally recognized as Ilolsteins. That this supposition
is correct is probabl}' true, since these cattle were considered valuable for
milk and labor. It would naturally follow that these two qualities should
be considered of jjrime importance by the practical Dutch settlers, in a
country where game in abundance might be had by all who knew how
properly to aim a guu.

'>>f^

i^K^:^^';

I .ll

'f]i>{

516

ILLUSTCATKD STOCK DOCTOR.

History of Holsteins.

In the adaption of breeds to special purposes we must always hear
in mind that feed, climate, care, and careful breeding nmst be tulven
into consideration. Thus for the most excellent dairy cattle, we nmst
look to countries noted for dairy products. In such districts will always
be found tolerably uniform and excellent milkers. Iteally scientific
breeding has not been practiced until within a very few years. It was
more experiment than anything else. Yet so long ago as 1(525, England,
Holland and Switzerland were noted for dairy products, and also for
breeds of ucep and lasting milkers. As education increased, and wealth
became more general, improvement by selection was supplemented hy a
careful study of certain points and characteristics that might be expected
to perpetuate themselves. Thus we now have the Jerseys, the Ayrshires,
the Swis' cattle, and Holsteins, each specially adapted to the soil and
requirements of their respective localities. The Holstein cattle, or those
of North Holland, are noted for large frames ; for being of two distinct
colors, black and white mixed. They belong to the great short-hornod
division of cattle, which race, from the best accounts extant, Avould seem
to have been peculiar to the transient inhabitants of Germany from time
immemorial, and to have been carried with them in all their migrations.

The size, adaptation to districts yielding strong, plentiful herbage, and
extraordinary milking qualities, have made them universal favorites in
the West, and wherever introduced in all that great country of tlie
Northwest that of late years has so suddenly become celebrated for it«
dairy products. Within the last century this breed, like all other pure
breeds, has been Avonderfully improved by the astute and practical
Hollanders, so that it may now be called as distinctly a l)reed as any
other' of the more reputable families. Like the Durham and Teeswater
cattle of a hundred years ago, they were then noted for a fair uniformity
in appearance, and as deep milkers, good at the yoke, and as makiii<r
heavy weights of fair beef when ready for fattening. The general
characteristics of thes(! two breeds would seem to point conclusively to
the fact that originally they had a connnon ancestry in cattle belonging
to the ancient rac(!s inhabiting the north of Europe, and that they were
carried wherever these people, in their wanderings, migrated.

Improvement.

We have no definite knowledge when this wonderfully constituted
short-horned race of cattle first became broken up into the various
families that have of late years become celebrated both as dairy cattle
and as beef cattle. It is probably within the last three centuries that

IHIM I I I—

CATTLE, HOL8TEIN8.

517

systematic attempts ha.vc l)ocii niiide to breed them with a view to their
careful imi)roveiueut and toward Hxiiig their iharacteristics — iu Eiijrhind
with tlie Durhain.s, now known as Short-Ilonus, and in Holland with the
Dutch cattle, now known in the West through the importation of the
Ilolsteins, from the fact Ihiit in this district more care seems to have been
taken to breed their cattle, not only to type, but also in line as dairy
cattle. It takes h)ng generations of such breeding to iix undeviatiiigly
peculiar traits and characteristics, so they may be transmitted with great
fixity to the resulting progeny. The Ilolsteins of the present century
have pn>scnted unifonnity, and to-day they may be called as jjcrsistenl
in the Iraiismission of quality as the other great families of the (jemui
Bos in any country.

These have superior excellence in their milking qualities. They are
dairy cows noted for giving enormous quantities of fairly rich milk. They
have massive compact frames, and make good beef; as working oxen,
from their strength, docility, patience, and fairly active habits, they should
make excellent Avorkers. The horns of the Ilolsteins are short. The
hair short, soft, and tine. The hides are of moderate thickness, of good
texture — that is, mellow. The color should be always black and white,
cither in bands, or else pied, mottled or spotted over the bodj-. 'i'he ud-
ders of the cows are capacious, of great breadth and depth. Tlie teats
well shaped and standing well apart. The milk-vems prominent, large.

and running well forward.

Holsteins ia America.

As we previously stated, the old Dutch settlers of New York brought
over wit li them this valuable breed of cattle. They have, however, I)ecome
entirely lost, exci'pt that they have left their impress in resulting genera-
tions of mixed blood.

Since the time noted, there probably were none imported until the
present century. In the early part ot i,ne century, at the time of the im-
portation of Merino sheep, by Mr. William .Tarvis, of Vennont, in one of
his vovaiics he brought over a bull and two cows. Thev renniined on his
farm for some years ; the bull \k'us bred to the common stock of the coun-
try, producing a decided impress, but at the end of a few years the pure
blood was lost.

It is record<'d, that, somewhere between 1820 and 182"), Mr. Herman
Le Koy, a public spirited merchant of New York city, imported some in)-
proved Dutch cattle which were sent to his farm near the city. Between
1827 and 182r\ some of the produce of this herd were sent to the farm of
his son, Edward Le Roy, on the Genesee river. Mr. L. F. xVUen de-

518

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOU.

1 :

,iiiiij|iii

f ,:;

scribes this herd in 1833, as he then saw them, as being large, well-spread
cattle, black and white in color, and renuirkablo for their unconunon yield
of milk, and of great value as dairy animals ; their qualities in that line
were universally acknowledged wherever known.

About Dutch Cattle Generally

In treating of Dutch cattle we have adopted the name Ilolstein, and for
the reason that in the West certainly the importers seem to have fancied
the cattle found in Holstein, and to have imported more largely of thorn
than any other of the Dutch cattle. That the right name for all those
families of ancicnt lineage, bred in ^sorth-IIolland, and recognized as
having been for many generations great milkers and as making heavy beef
cattle, of good quality, when dry, should be Dutch cattle, there is, from
the testimony, little doubt. So also it Avould seem that the Ilolstein cattle
are a sub-race of the older Dutch, as the following letter from Prof. J.
G. Hengweld, of the Netherlands Royal Veterinary Institute, to ^Ir.
Charles Muller, United States Consul at Amsterdam, would seem to show.
This is dated Utrecht, November, 1872, and published in the Report of

the on Dutch Cattle in Agriculture of Massachusetts, f^o • >nd series,

1873-74. From it we extract as follows :

Quoting from Low's Agricultural History of tlie Domestic European
Animals, etc., he says: "In comparing these vaineties of cattle to the
breeds of the Continent, there is an analogy found on the one side between
the great breeders of the marshes and the black cattle, nativc^s t)f the
plains and marshes of Holland ; and on the other, between the more various
kinds on the north of the Humber and those of Ilolstein and Jutland,
whence the best cattle of Northern Europe have sprung." It is not un-
reasonable to suppose, that these latter breeds may have been introduced
during the first period of Saxon colonization l)y the Jutes and Angles, who
settled down in tlv\t part of England. But at a more approximate period
to us, it appea-'j liiat cattle were frequently imported from the nc^ighbor-
Injr continent, and that they woi^ mixed with native breeds.

It was especially the Dutch cows that were considered the best milch
kinds of NortlKvu Europe.

There is here a very clcir and evident difference made between the ex-
cellent Dutch cattle and the Kolstein and Jutland breeds whosi? origin
Low traces to a Saxon colonization. How Low, a few lines further on,
can make the Dutch cattle derive their origin from the Ilolstein cattle
— from which lines the 'herd book' draws its inference (the same occurs
in tnc French version, 'whence the best Dutch races themselves originate' ) —
is incomprehensible ; and it is evident Low errs, or is not sufficiently ac-

w.mm f uM im^

*":Ss*^jr'*a

CATTLE, HOLSTEINS.

519

I large, well-spread
iruiR'oinnioii yield
iiilities in that line

3 Ilolstein, and for
in to have fancied
c largely of thoui
lanie for all those
md recognized as
making heavy beef
ttle, there is, from
the Ilolstein cuttlo
tcr from Prof. J.
Institute, to Mr.
)uld seem to show.
in the Keport of
ctts, ,'■(' vnd series,

between the ex-
ds whose orijrin
lines further on,

Ilolstein cattle
'the same occurs
ves originate') —
)t suffieiontly ac-

quainted with the history of both countries. For already seven centuries
before the colonization in England, of the Jutes and Angles, thcFriesians
r Hollanders] were known for the greater number of their cattle, as will
further appear.

Every Spring, thousands of Holstein heifers are driven to the tields
of Northern Germany and Holland, where people tind it is more profita-
ble to buy heifers than to raise them ; and the name of the breed got
confused, so that the name "Holland cow," was here translated into
"Dutch cow," etc.

About Herd Books.

Tho 'herd-book" takes the unwarranted liberty, whenever it should
speak of Dutch cattle, of adding immediately after, the word "Ilolstein."
It ffives to Ilolstein cattle purchased in NortJi Holland — and of which
the Hrst importation took place in Massachusetts in 1852, afterward in
185/, elc, but the greatest in 18()1 — all the honor the Duti^h cattle so
abur.daiitly deserve, and appears to have made the geographical 1)1 under
of sui'posing North Holland, Friesland, Groningen and Oldenburg as
belonging to Ilolstein.

The thesis so arbitrarily adopted and set forth by the "herd-book,"
that the large black and white cattle imported into North America from
the Ncthcrland provinces of North Holland and Friesland have " undoubt-
edly desccnd(>d from the original stock of Holstein," as it proclaims on
page !>, recjuires a most decided denial and refutation for the honor and
reputation of Dutch cattle ; and, without being led astray by the most
strangely jumbled-up references mentioned, I wish to point out,—

Truo History.

1st. That ihe history of the Dutch or Holland cattle dates further back
than that of Ilolstein.

2n(l. That the Holstein cattle descended from the Dutch ; and

3rd. That the name of "Holstein cattle" is onl}' a local appellation
for a peculiar indigenous breed, constituting only one of several apper-
taining to the same group, namely, ;■■ ilie groups of the Lowhind races,
of which the Dutch breed is thefupda.nent rl, type. To this I now proceed.

According to the " Allgemeii o Deut fchc Real Encyclopedia," the
origin of Ilolstein Schleswyck lies laiT'd in obr.curitv, and Holstein was
probably visited by the Cimbri ; whihi a century after, th»^. Roman
Emperor, Ca'sar Tiberius, aiTived with Ms army and fleet before the
mouth of the Elbe, without, however, setting foot on the Holstein shore.
According to Tacitus, H may be stated, that the Holstein Baltic coast was

' 'X'

11 -in

■,!^ n

i! *'

.|ii'=:'

1 'p

1 i

! U

1;''

r.20

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

inhabited, as far as Mecklenburg and Sohle.svvyck, by seven petty (Jcr-
inan tribes, of wljom the Angles and Warnes have preserved their iiaim's
down to the i)resent time ; while the otlie.s have been melted down into
that of the Saxons. In the lifth century, the Saxons and Angles united
with tlie flutes and Friesians, and migrated to England. (This is Low's
colonization.) >Sul)se(iucntly, the Ilolstein Saxons, who dwelt to the
north of the Klbc, were called by the name of Normans ; while the name
of Ilolstein is not mentioned in history before eight hundred years after
Christ. In 112.S-(!4, the Ilolstein province Uagrien was concjucred and
converted to Christianity, and partly peopled with strange colonists from
Friesland, Holland and Westphalia.

It appears that, with regard to its fitness as a grazing and catthvbrood-
ing country, Ilolstein is of later date than Holland ; which fact will
appear the more prominent after some account has been made of the old-
est inhabitants of Holland and tt'.cir pursuits.

What Hiiitory Spys.

For this purpose I at once direct the attention of the reader to the
coming of the Friesians and Batavians. The former were the oldest
inhabitants of Holland, and were known as herdsinen, hunvers and fisher-
men. Their history in this country goes us far back as 300 years l)eforo
Christ . The Batavians came 200 years later ( 100 j-ears before Christ)
down the Rhine ; and, although they were likewise herdsmen, they occu-
pied themselves more pai'ticularly w'th hunting and fishing.

The luM'ls of the Friesians comprised the whole country to the north of
the Khinc as far as the shore of ';hc Nortii Si a, to which West and East
Friesland belonged, composing thopri^.sent • -utch provinces of Groningcn,
Friesland, Dreuthe, and North Holland, besides the provinces of Utrecht,
Overysscll, and a part of Gulderland and Soj.th Holland. Of all these
provinces, Groningen alone appertained to East Friesland.

Tacitus says of the Friesians and Batavians: "They o vned cattle, not
excelling in beauty, but in ii amber." Ho further states, as does also
Julius Ciosar, that the Fric ians and Bat.ivians paid each other in cows,
sheep an'l goats, and gave likewise to their children as dowry, oxen adapted
to the yoke and plough, cattle and horses. Wlicn they were subdued by
the Romans in the first century of our era, the conquerors derived much
advantage from this wealth in cattle, and imposed upon the Friesians an
amiual tribute, consisting of cow-hides and meat ; while they chose their
most valient warriors from among the Batavians.

Tiic Friesians and Batavians applied themselves to the draining of their
marahy lands and their islands, created meadows on the reclaimed soil,

CATTLK, IIOL8TEIN8.

521

r seven petty ({or-
servcd their iiaiucs
» melted down into
iuid Anij;les unilod
I. (This is Low's
who dwelt to the
IS ; while the name
lundrcd years after
ivas e()n(|uorcd and
nijjc eolonists from

g and oatthvhreed-
1 ; Avhieli fact wdl
Ml made of the old-

thc reader to the
:r were the oldest
hniners and fisher-
is i5(K) y(>ars hefore
ears befon^ Christ)
rdsmen, they occu-
ihinir.

itry to the north of

ieh W('st and East

nees of Groningcn,

ovinces of Utreeht,

uid. Of all these

md.

o vned cattle, not

ites, as docs also

icli other in cows,

wr}', oxen adapted

y^ were subdued by

rors derived much

m the Friesiaas an

le they chose their

le draining of their
;he reclaimed soil,

which tliey first protected against inundations by raising hills, breakers
and diUi's, of which the traces are everywhere discernible along the coast
throu<''h()Ut West Friesland and (ironingeii. Soniething is evon known
rcardiu"- the color of their cuttle, jiamely, that they held those of a white
color in religious veneration. It is a very plausible theory that the Frlcs-
ians, Avho, at as early a date as three hundred years l)ef(n'e Christ, peopled
the n(n"th of the present Netherlands, and wrought those allnvial plains of
Scandinavian clay into soil lit for the re(iuirement of their cattle, did, in
after-centuries, spread themselves in more northerly and easterly directions
as far as the Elbe — as we already know they did, in the fifth century,
unite with the Jutes and Anglo-Saxons in emigrating to P^ngland ; in addi-
tion to Avhich, Ave nmst observe that these wei'c probably East Friesians
and not West Friesians.

The Friesians, from Oldenburg and the country nesir the niouth of the
Elbe, both south and north of that river, Avere compelled, through the
inclemency of those regions — then in their < riginal condition of low allu-
vial swamps, inundated at ever}-^ tide — to desert them. It Avas oAving to
these local circumstances that the Romans Avere prevented from endeavoring
to land their army.

It can be shown that the inhabitants of this territory Avere unable to
make sure provision for their oavu Avants because of the ro]>beries and pi-
racies committed bA^the Normans, dAvellers on the Avest coast of Denmark,
people from Ilolstein and SchlesAvyck, Jutes and Angles. These Avero by
no means peaceful breeders of cattle, asAvere the Friesians and Batavians,
'.vhose lands they constantly plundered and laid Avaste, burning and ravag-
ing their possessions, massacring the inhabitants, making them pay tribute,
pcMictrating far inland to the mouths of the Rhine and Yssel, and every-
wherci giving unbridled vent to their ferocity and love of plunder. This
was betAveen the eighth and elcA'cnth centuries. Giving due Aveight to
these statements, Avhich, from the nature of the case must be necessarily
brief, it cannot be doubted that the cultivation of cattle in the Netherlands
existed a long time before such a thing could be thought of in Holstcin.
It is also quite as certain that the colonies from Friesland, Holland and
Westphalia, carried Avith them their cattle to Holstein.

Hence Ave see that, first, the Dutch race of cattle date from an (,lder
descent than those of Holstein ; Avhile, probably, second, the Ilolstem
<'attle originated from the Friesian breed and from that of the Dutch and
Westphalian enn'grants.

After this colonization, Ave have our attention directed to another
remarkable particular iu the history of the Dutch cattle cultivation.

522

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Regular Markets Established.

II v

\ ,

II Mh

From tlic fourteenth on till the eighteenth century, a large number of
Danish oxen were annually turned for pasture into the grassy nieailows
of North Holland — formerly "West Friesland, and sold at the weekly
North Holland cattle market. The oldest of these cattle markets is that
of the eity of Hoorn. This market was already established in 1311, and
in IH'M) the Danes and the inhabitants of the Evder were allowed by
Albreeht, duke of Bavaria, to hold a Aveekly market there. In 1(1(1.'), the
Danish eattlc market was removed from Hoorn and transferred to Knk-
huyzen, when, in 1(124, the numl)er of 1,179 oxen were sold. There was
also in Amsterdam a lean-eattle market, beginning in the Spring, in tlio
month of A[)ril, but held at irregular periods, depending upon wind and
weather, when eattlc were allowed to be eonveved from Denmark and
Ilolstein hither to graze. These were mostly brought by vessel. Mr.
Hengeveld says :

"These importations of Daiiish ard Holstein cattle irito North Holland,
to which the 'herd-book' might refer, did not consist of 'heifers' but of
lean oxen, which were pastured on the fertile meadows of the Polders,
and afterwards sold at the markets of Hoorn, P^nkhuyzen and Amster-
dam as fat cattle. As to heifers, either then or now, having been imported
from Holstein into Friesland and North Holland for the purpose of breed-
ing, no such thing is known."

To withhold nothing, and to put nothing in a distorted light, I may
add, that in the middle of the 18th century several importations took
place into Friesland of Danish cattle, consisting of young calves. This
was at the time of the raging of the cattle-plague, which desolating dis-
ease carried off thousands of the finest cattle in Friesland and Holland.

For the purpose of keeping the cattle trade alive, and to fill the places
of those destroyed l)y the plague, small Danish breeds and German cows
of diminutive size were substituted and crossed with the rcmisining and
recovered natives.

"They were," says Scheltma, "Danish, Holstein and small German
cows, of which the greater pait Avore smaller in size than the native race."
In the same work we find, "that one was reduced to the necessity, in
1769, of purchasing the needful cattle in the county of Bentheim, in the
district of Oldenburg and Munster, in Hanover and other parts of
Germany."

In the work, "Present State of Friesland," it is mentioned that,
"owing to the cattle-plague, the )>eople Avere compelled to in port from
abroad all kinds of smaU cattle, chiefly Dimish. But, Avhat Avas remark-
able, however small and ill-fa\'ored these animals might be, Avhen com-

-iimm^

(lATTLi;, IIOL.STKINS.

:)23

\', a large number of

the grassy nieailows

sold at the wci'kly

jattle markets Is that

ihlished in 1/Ul, and

Jcr were allowed hy

there. In 1(!()'), tlu;

transferred to I-iUk-

cre sold. There was

in the Spring, in the

iding upon wind and

from Denmark and

ght by vessel. Mr.

(> into North IloUand,
t of ' heifers ' l)ut of
lows of the Polders,
:huyzen and Amster-
having been imported
le purpose of l)rced'

storted light, I may
i\ importations took
young ealves. This
vliich desolating dis-
esland and Holland,
and to fill the places
is and German cows
1 the remaining and

and small German
lan the native race."

to the necessity, in
of Bentheim, in the
and other parts of

is mentioned that,
'lied to in port from
t, what was remark-
ight be, when com-

594

ILLUHTKATKU STOCK DOCTOK.

paivd with the haiidsoino Fricsiuii horned cattle, us a natural consequence,
an iniprovciucnt of food induced a favorable development of body, and,
from the mixture of the two breeds, good and choice milch-kine wciv
attained within two or three generations of the introduction of the forcij,'!!
blood, no matter liow much the race had in the begimiing deteriorated
through the process, and, eventually, the type of Danish and Gernimi
cattle was quite lost." This is, however, already one hundred years ag(».
A fair consideration of what has been thus far stated will leave no
justification of the " herd-l)ook's " im])utation upon the antifpiity and
purity of descent of our Fricsian or Dutch cattle^ ; or its assunq)tioM
that they are of Ilolstciii origin. No ; the genealogy of Netherlund cal-
tlo is pure and unadulterated, and it is at least two thousand yours old.

Facts as to Dutch Cattle.

Our authority continues as follows :

" I come now to the present time, and the question whether it is tenahlo
to give to one variety of cattle the name *of an entire group, and to
reckon us appertaining to it all its several varieties or breeds, — as, for
instance, the Dutch, Friesian, Oldenburg, Holstein, etc., — and would it
not be imperative in such a case to give it the purely historical name hy
Aviiich it is generally known? If it could be desirable to give a general
name to the cattle of the just mentioned districts, then that of Ilolstoiii
cattle would not be appropriate, and for it should be substituted that (»f
FrieHian cattle, whence all the varieties originated.

"The chief characteristics of this Friesian breed — its eminent milk-
giving and fattening qualities — we iind in all the just mentioned district.s,
and extending still further southward ; with this difference, however,
that Avherever the land is more fertile, the climate milder, and the tending,
feeding and breeding of the cattle observed with more care, in tluit
measure, and according as these requisites stand to each other in the
closest proportion and harmony, they are more developed, attain larger
size and are of a finer texture.

"If the intention be to convey a coiTcct understanding of the true
qualities of the several varieties or breeds mentioned in their own dwellin<f
places, it is better that each breed should retain the name by which it is
known, and that no collective name, though a historical one, should l)e
given them.

"In order to be able to readily classify a group of cattle of great
extent, possessing the same chief qualities in fonn and productiveness,
Sturm* proposed, so long as fifty years ago, to give to a group, subject

*I)r. Sturm: " Of Races, Crossing and Improvement of Indigenous Domestic Animals."
Elberlield. 1825.

<'ATTLK, lHHXrKIN8.

}i25

nsequonce,
body, and,
-kino were
the forcijiii
lotorionilcd
ul Gcnii;in
years ajjo.
II l(Miv(! no
ti(|uity and
assumption
u'rliind (iil-
yeura old.

it is tenable
oup, and to
Is, — as, f(n'
id would it
xl nanui by
e a g(!neral
of Ilolstoin
tod tbat of

inent milk-
ed districts,
however,
the tondinjr,
lire, in that
ther in the
ttain larfrer

if the true
wn dwellinjr
which it is
, should be

o of jrreat
luctiveness,
lup, subject

Stic Animals."

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WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580

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586

ILLUSTKATEU STOCK DOCTOR.

to the aume conditions of soil and climate, a name indicating those
conditions, and thus originated Mountain Cattle, Highland Cattle, and
Lowland Cattle. He also heads each of these divisions by the breed
best representing the distinctive feature of its class, as its type. It is
under the denomination of Lowland Cattle that he places the different
breeds of the coast lands along the North Sea. Schmalz, Pabst, and
many subsequent writers, adopt this classification ; some with a few
modifications, but all in the physical characteristics of the country to
which they are indigenous, the general denomination of the collective
group, according to Schmalz's statement, cattle, adopting Sturm's classi-
fication, may be distinguished in the following manner :

Baoes of Dutch Cattle.

"A. Lowland Race. — Primitive cow ; Dutch-Friesiun cow.

" B. Mountain Race. — Degenerate, quite the contrary of A ; S\viss cow.

"C. Middle Race. — Highland race; forms the transition from A to
B ; Frankish cow.

"Schmalz says, 'To the race A belong the Dutch, as representatives,
the Fries! an, the Oldenburg, and chiefly all Lowland races bearing the
peculiar characteristics which identify it with the place of its sojourn.'

"This is a purely natural division, and there is not the least arrogance
in asserting, what history points out, that the Dutch cattle constitute the
type of tlie oldest, purest, and best breed. All other varieties are of
less intrinsic value? : they are coarser or smaller, possess less productive
qualities, though of -local excellence in their native places. ^ If cattle of
the genuine breed are bought, imported elsewhere, and there bred, why is
it not called by its native name, and why mtist an appellation be given to
it quite foreign and unknown to itT

"One hears in Europe of 'Lowland cattle,' but purchases of them for
the purpose of improving other breeds have, for the last hundred years,
been only made in the chief Netherland provinces, where the choicest
cattle of the Lowlands are found. Thus, thousands of Dutch and Friesian
cattle are animally sent abroad under the name of Dutch cattle."

Dr. George May's Testimony.

Finally, I beg to add quotations from Dr. George May,* director of
the agricultural establishment at Weihenntephan, who visited Holland
about ten years ago.

"The Dutch cattle constitute the type of the properly so-called Lowland

*Dr. George May : " The Cattle." Munich. 1863. Vol. HI., p. 88.

CATfLK, HOL8TE1N8.

627

race which extends throughout Netherlands, Flanders, Norniund)',
Oldenburg, and Denmark. The Oldenburg cattle descended from the
Dutch race, and are likewise distinguished as East Friesiau cattle, as still
partially found in Hanoverian Friezland. In the adjacent parts of Bremen
it is called Bremen cattle." "The Holstein and Breitenburg cattle in the
Wilster and Rempner markets are equal to * * * ; but with respect to
their square build, the Breitenburg cattle are in their properties more
like the finer Dutch cattle."

Other writers of repute may be quoted, but enough has been given to
show that the name of "Holstein" is only a local, and not a collective
name, and may not be given to cattle bought in North Holland. To do
so is to underrate the Dutch cattle race.

Mr. Klippart's Testimony.

so-called Lowland

In relation to the native; cattle of Holstein, the lamented Klipi)urt iu
his Ohio Agricultural Report of 1865, 'i.ys :

"The native cattle of Holstein are the Angle cattle, which arc far more
numerous than any other kind or race. They are small animals, with
fine bones, short legged rather than otherwise ; a very fine, small head,
and delicately formed neck. The predonnnating color is red or brown,
but there ax'o many dun, black, or spotted ones. According to the amount
of food consumed,»thi8 race give a more abundant supply of milk than
any other in the duchies. It is a very highly esteemed race — ^is much
sought after for its milkijig qualities and kindliness in taking on flesh.
The flesh is very fine, tender and juicy. On account of the great demand
for stock of this race, cattle dealers have not unfrequently gone into
Jutland and other points, and made purchases, which they represented as
b(!ing genuine Angles ; but in recent years a law has been passed that ever}"^
breeder of Angle stock must brand the calves with the letters A. R. (Angle
Race,) in order to prevent impositions.

" In these marshes are found a race of cattle much larger and lieavier
than the Angles, larger boned, and of a dark, reddish brown, and known
as the Marsh race. This race seems to be adapted to the marshes, l)ut
does not do well on the higher and dryer uplands. Upon the rich pas-
tures of the marshes, for a time after calving, the best cows will give
from forty-sight to sixty-four pounds, (from six to eight gallons), of
milk daily. But the milk is not near so rich as that of the Angles ; — in
fact, I was shown a statement, apparently well authenticated, to the
effect that milk of the Marsh race contained no more than two ])er cent,
of cream, while that of the Anglo race contained sixteen i)er cent. One
thing is very certain, namely : the butter f)f the Marsh race is not near
80 sweet or « nutty' as that of the Angle race.

.;.:|l*i

528

ILLUSTUATKI) KTOCK DOf'TOU.

" In Schleswig, rathor than in II()l«t«in, are found many of the Jutland
race of cattle. These have very fine l)ones, and are long in proportion to
their height, and are, as a rule, shoi't-legged. The prevailing color is
gi-ay, black, or gray and blacik mixed Avith white, hut very rarely red or
brown. This race is more highly esteemed for its (sarly maturity and
readiness to fatten than for its milking qualities."

In the transaction of tlie Ohio Board of Agriculture, 1872, in an article
on Dutch cattle, by Prof<wsor Furstenburg, we find the following:
♦'The breeds of cattle in Holland may be divided according to their localitv
as follows : 1 . The breeds in the provinces North and South Holland and
WestFriesland. 2. The breeds in the provinces Groningen, Ciuclderland,
Utrecht, and Overyssel. 3. The breeds in the i)rovinces of Seelaiul.
Although these breeds are closely related, still they show difference result-
ing from keeping and the various purposes for Avhich they are bred.

Breeds in the Provinoes North and South Holland and West Friesland.

"The breed most renowned in the kingdom for its milk-producmg quali-
ties is found in these three provinces. But North Holland in particulai-
is noted for the manner of keeping cattle, which are knowi; by the nam(^
of A.nsterdam race, being no less remarkable on account of size than for
the great i)roduction of milk. The pastures of North Holland are said to
contain 100,000 morgen ( 158-100 morgen to an acre) ; every acre furnishes
nourishment for 49-100 head of cattle. The jjeasants are engaged almost
solely in cattle breeding, and the keeping and care which these animals
receive here has almost become proverbial on account of its pei Section.

"The cattle here are mostly sj)otted black and white ; however, brown
and blue or gray mixed are found. The height is considerable, being uot
under two Amsterdam ells (4 .51-100 feet) ; the length of the body in pro-
portion to the height, the middle part of which is particularly developed,
the quarters fleshy, neck rather short than long, with a strong dewlap ;
head narrow and long, with the forehead slightly depressed ; fine horns
crooked forward, and larg<« projecting ears. The withers are often narrow ;
the back, on the other hand, broad across the hips, which are not verv
prominent ; the tuil fine and long, with a good tuft of hair ; the position
of the hind legs strong and straight (not knock-kneed), the hind-quarters
broad and roomy, and the bag well developed. The lower part of the
legs above the hoofs is invariably white, which is regarded as a sign of
the pure unmixed breed. The live weight of the cows is 1,200 to 1,400
pounds ; that of bulls reaches 2,000 pounds when full grown and fatted.
The cows are unusually productive of milk, and give an average of 3,000
quarts and over per annum.

CATTLK, iIUL8TEIX8.

589

ly of the Jutland
; in proportion to
•cvailing color is
vvy rarely red oi-
irly maturity and

1872, in an article
:i the followinjr:
ig to their locality
outh Holland and
ren, Ciucldorland,
nccs of Seeland.
difference result-
cy are bred.

West Friesland.

:-producnig quali-
md in particular
owri by the name
t of size than for
olland are said to
er}' acre furnishes
re engaged almost
ich these animals

its pei Section.

however, brown
ierable, being aot

the body in pro-
ularly developed,
a strong dewlap ;
eased ; fine horns
.are often narrow ;
lich are not very
lair ; the position
the hind-quarters
ower part of the
rded as a sign of
is 1,200 to 1,400
rown and fatted,
average of 3,000

"A very excellent milch cow of the 'Amsterdam race, from the royal
<()w stable in Eldena, which was brought with a few others to the Inter-
national Exhibition, took the first premium for milch cows of the
Netherland race at the International Exhibition of live stock at Stettin in
18(55. This cow, fed in the stall only, gave in one year the great
quantity of 6,142 quarts of milk, and kept up afterwards to 4,000
tjuarts in an equal length of time.

"To the breed of North Holland are nearly related those of South
Holland and West Friesland, and differ perhaps only in that the latter
are larger boned, and in general of not so pleasing a form. In regard
to their milk-producing qualities they are about equal. The manner of
keeping the stock, and the use of the milk, is also the same, viz. : the
manufacture of cheese, while the calves are mised and sold as young
stock at high prices. From these three provinces, the former two of
which suffered so much lately from' rinderi>est, milch cows are bought
for the best dairies in Germany.

♦' Holland cattle are well adapted to soiling, although at home they are
accustomed to pasturage. They are kept profitably on the latter only
when its abundance facilitates grazing and makes corporal exertion unnec-
essary. Therefore a great errc^r would be made in placing these animals
on a scant pasturage, and they are mt at all adapted to the pasturage of
a light soil. The result of stall-feeding is more favorable, because proper
care and fodder can be given the stc^k without its exertion. We have
received from no other race an equal quantity of milk with the same feed,
as years of observation in the cow stable of the Academy at Eldena
has shown.

" Three years ago (in 1865), different races were kept here, viz. : milch
cows of Toudern and Breitenburg, in Schleswig-Holstein, of Ayrshire, in
Scotland, and of Holla::d. '

Yields of Milk.

•« The yield of milk this year of these races was :

"1. Four Toudern cows gave 9,337 quarts, or an average of 2,334
quarts, or 6 3-10 quarts per day for the year. The largest milker gave
2,345 quarts, the smallest 2,020 quarts.

"2. Three Breitenburg cows gave 8,594 quarts, or an average of
2,864 2-3 quarts, or 7 85-100 quarts per day for the year. The largest
milker gave 2,946 quarts, the smallest 2,820 quarts.

" 3. Three Ayrshire cows gave 5,386 quarts, or an average of 1,795 1-3
quarts, or 4 92-100 quarts per day for the year. The largest milker gave
2,249 quarts, the .smallest 1,415 (juarts.

:,:i|

I.:'

.')30

ILLLSTUATKU STUCK DOCTOK.

■ 1

CATTLE, HOLSTEINS.

531

?'^*'::^'?x

^^^.

^"^
^'4

^Si^

1
f

♦'Twenty-two Holland cows gave 78,100 quarts, or an average of
3,550 quarts, or 9 73-100 quarts per day for the year. The largest
milker gave 0,142 quarts, the smallest 2,526 quarts.

" The average feed per head in the Winter was daily — 10 pounds Sum-
mer straw, cut fine : 2 1-2 pounds oat and wheat chaff ; 25 pounds
beets ; 10 pounds hay ; 8 pounds refuse malt from beer brewery ; 3
pounds rye bran. This food is considered about equal to 42 9-10
pounds hay.

"During the Summer the cows were fed daily per head 135 pounds
green fodder, viz., clover and vetches (of the latter very little was used),
and throe times a day 8 pounds of hay."

Feeding Qualities. *

••Although there is no doubt that the Holland cows out more, gener-
ally, than the smaller Ayrshire and Toudorn (for the fodder was not
weighed out for each animal separately), this is of minor inqjortance in
comparison with the greater amount of milk given by the former. The
gi'eater amount of feed consumed by the Holland cows can be estimated,
viz. : Nino of them stood at one crib, while ten of the smaller stood at
another of equal size ; the fodder was, however, divided the same in each.
The proportion is as nine to ten, or when the smaller cows eat 45 pounds
of hay, the larger ones eat 50 pounds.

•'From the quantity of milk given, the Holland cows used a trifle over

5 pounds weight of hay to produce one quart of milk ; Brcitenburg used

6 25-100 pounds of hay ; Toudern 7 jiounds of hay ; Ayrshire 9 pounds
of hay. By these results it cannot remain doubtful which race is
preferable,"

Early Importations Retained Pure.

'•Le Roy, father and son, should not have allowed their herd to become
scattered and lost as a pure breed, when they subsequently turned atten-
tion to the breeding of Short-Horns. That this was the fact is evident
from the record, that at the sale of the farms of these gentlemen, after-
ward, none but grades were found in the herd or in the adjacent country.

"The first importation of animals that have been retained pure, were
those of Mr. W. C. Chenery, near Boston, in 1861. This was a bull and
four cows, which were successfully bred and kept pure. Mr. Chenery,
previous to that time, in 1852, imported a single cow ; in 1857 he made
importations of a bull and two cows, and in 1 859 a further importation of
four more cows. With this latter i'.aportation he was so unfortunate as
to import pleuro-pneumonia. The ravages of this dread disease extended

532

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOK.

!f{l

to the entire breed, and with the exception of u single youug bull they
were entirely destroyed. In IHtJl Mr. Chenory made another importation
of a bull and four cows, which came over sound. These and their de-
scendants were the only pure bred herd in America for years. That they
were the best representatives of their breed is certain from the fact that
they were selected Avith care from the best dairy herds of North Holland,
and were so certified to by the official authorities of the districts where
they were bred."

Holsteins as Milkers.

As being interesting history and also as a means of comparison with
their descendants and also with later importations, we give some interest-
ing data :

The four year old bull girted 7 feet 10 inches. His length was H feet
r inches ; height 4 feet 11 inches, and his weight was 2,465 pounds. His
^•olor was jet black and clear white, the white being confined to the fore-
head, with a large patch on the withers and top of the rump ; the limbs,
brisket, belly, and flanks being also white.

In relation to yield and quality of milk, Mr. Allen says :

"The four imported cows, each seven years old, have an average weight
of 1,325 pounds. The weight of a past two-year old heifer is 1,240
pounds. A past yearling heifer weighed 960 pounds ; and the weight of
six calves at an average of eight months, reared in the usual way, without
forcing, was an average of 576 pounds each.

"The milking qualities of the breed may be judged by t.:e following
memoranda : One of the imported cows, when six years old, dropped a
calf on the 15th of May, weighing 101 pounds ; and from the 26th of May to
the 26th of July, by a careful and exact record, gave 4,018 pounds 14 ounces
of milk. The largest yield in any one day was 76 pounds 5 ounces
(35 1-3 quarts). In ten days she gave 744 pounds 12 ounces, or an aver-
age of 74 47-100 pounds per day. She gave a good flow of milk during
the season, continuing to the 24th of May following, and on the succeding
day dropped twin heifer calves, which weighed 155 pounds. The amount
of cream produced from this cow's milk, in a vessel specially prepared for
measuring it, produced 22 70-100 per cent of the milk, as tested by an
accurate examination.

"The nutritive qualities of the milk were also tested by a thorough
chemical analysis, and found to be excellent. It is also rich in its caseine,
or cheese-making properties. Six days' milk of this cow was set for
cream, and the produce was 17 pounds 14 ounces of good butter — nearly
3 pounds per day ; and it is claimed by the owner that she is not the very
best cow of the herd.

n:\i.

CATTLE, HOL8T1S1N8.

588

"These results show not only the remarkable productions of the cow,
but the accurate and pains-taking care of the proprietor of the herd in
testin<^ their ability at the pail. Of what the food given to the cow was
composed, we are not informed. We are to presume, however, that it
was of the best, as every cow should have, to test to the utmost hor lacteal
faculties."

Weights and Milk Products.

The Ilolstein bulls weigh from 2,000 to 3,000 pounds, and are kind,
tractable, good tempered. A half-blood Holstein steer is recorded that
Avci'-'hcd 1,900 pounds, and some two-year olds that averaged 1,300
pounds.

In a large number of tests that have been made with Holsteins and
natives at various factories in the West, the results reported showing as
follows: Natives range from 5.000 to 8,000 per year ; Holsteins, from
8,000 to 12,000 lbs. per year of milk.

In a comparison of Holstein and Ayrshires, the following is the report
of three herds of Ayrshires, includhig Dr. E. L. Sturtevant's herd. The
Dr. gives the record as follows : General average with 13 Ayrshires for
four years, .5,543 lbs. The best year was 1872 — 13 Ayrshire cows (no
heifers), 6, 047 lbs. Mr. E. F. Miles, of Massachusetts, gives the fol-
lowing yield of Ayrshires : Best year's average out of five years was
6,292 lbs., from a dairy of 11 cows ; general average for five years, 5,614
lbs. Mr. F, H. Appleton, of Massachusetts, gives the following record
of tlu"(^e Ayrshire cows for one year, average, 7,055 lbs.

It is (|uite safe to say that these cattle will give from 8,000 pounds up
to 12,000 pounds a year. Mr. Hubble, of Onarga, 111., gives the record
of one cow, which gave 14,000 pounds in less than one year, and another
which, in 1878, gave 15,960 1-8 pounds of milk.

Herd Becords.

As showing the great value of any pure breed in the production of milk.
Keeping in mind always that the Jerseys give exceptionally good milk,
and the Ayrshire and Short-Horns the next in richness, we append a list
of herds for a series of years, showing the number milked, the average
yielded per cow and the average of all given breeds, which is tabulated
on next page.

As milking cows the Holsteins are wonderful, as cheese-makers they
are superior, as butter-makers they do not stand the test so well. In
fact, Holstein breeders always tell how much milk their cows will give ;
the Ayrshire men, how much milk, and butter, and cheese their cows will

534

ILLU8TRATKD STOCK DOCTOR.

I I

AYR8HIRB BKROB.

No. Of
Years.

No. of
Yields.

Herds.

Average Yield
per Cow.

11
6
2
1
6
8
4

a
1
1

100
44

16
4
67
18
38
12
87
8

17
8

80
4

55
60

5,229
6.372
6.334
6.706
6.683
6.634
6.671
7.682
6.408
6,406

Waiwhakum 5,229 lb3.

Cherry Brook

Roadside

Cu«hlng*8

Maplewood

New Jersey Agricultural College
Cochlchewick

A. L<-bbv's

Oneida Oommuulty

Cornell's ■

Average of all 5,881 8-10

HOLSTKIM BIRDS.

Togus 6,022

Oneida Community 8,771

Miller's - 8,690

Average of all 7,701

[Let us add to these two well-known herds].

Col. H. C. Hoffman's I 9,369

Unadilla Valley Association I 8.384

Average of all 8,8761-2

JIR8KY HKRD8.

Togus 4.128

B. p. of Rhode Island 4.622

Deerfont 4.058

Nordhelm - 3.808

Hillsdale 4.208

Average of all 4,303

Let us add to this list the

SHORT-HORN HERDS.

R. Ashburner, California 6,870

Harris Lewis 6,400

John Lea, Eng.,600 lbs cheese in 8 mos., and milk

for calves— milk sold in winter

Beauchamp's C'rt, Eng 8,000

(These were samples of a large beni).

Average of all 6,736

make ; the Jersey owners, how much butter and cream to the quart of
milk. To show that the Holstein is not a butter cow, the following
deduced from a table published by the London Agriculture Journal, the
results of tests made by Mr. Amersfoordt, of Badhoeve, in the Lake of
Haarlem, Holland, a most competent authority, who tested the milk of
46 cows in June, and 49 cows in November, with Prof. Tesser's lacto-
scope, which is claimed to give a close approximation to the actual fat
in the milk.

In the table made by Mr. Amersfoordt, the yield of each cow on the
15th of June and the 24th of November is given with the per centage of
fat. The average yield of 46 cows in June, is 13.87 litres, or 31 lbs.
each, and the per centage of fat 5.217. Six of the largest milkers gave
20.2 litres, or 46 lbs. per day, with 5.2 per cent, of fat.

CATTLE, HOL8TEINB.

53&

Average Yield

per Cow,

fi,a29 lb3.

6.372

6.334

6.706

6.683

• •••*■-•

6.634

5.671

7.682

6.408

6,405

6,881 8-10

6,022

8.771

• ••■ •«

8,690

7,761

•■•I***

9,360

8.384

8,876 1-2

4.128

4.622

4.638

3.808

4,260

4,303

6,870

6,400

DQlIk

8,000

. 6.736

t".

the quart of

On the 26th of November, 49 cows gave an average of fi. 24 litres, or
13.92 lbs., with 6.32 per cent, of fat. The largest per centage of fat
was 7.50. If the lactometer of Dr. Fesser is accurate, this would show

Hv, the following
ure Journal, the
in the Lake of
sted the milk of
'. Tesser's lacto-
o the actual fat

jach cow on the
B per centage of
itres, or 31 lbs.
est milkers gave

the Holsteins to ffive milk as rich as our native cows, whose milk will
yield 5 per cent, of butter on flush grass in June, and 7 per cent, m

■

i
1^

I JH

.'^dH

ILLU8TKATK1> HTOCK DOCTOR.

November. So coiiMiderin;; the ij(>l)le milking powtM'M of this l>reotl, luid
thoir well-known ability an chouHe-inukurM, their uutconiu in butter Hhould
be conHidcrud Hutisfuctory.

The Kerry Oowr

In Ireland, from time inunemoriul, there bus existed two distinct races
of cattle that were valuable in their day and time ; one a long-horiicd
breed, and the other belonging to the middle-horns and (tonsidercd
an aboriginal breed. Of the long-horns wt; have already made what
mention is necessary here, except that wo may add that from their resi'in-
blance to the English long-horns, they have been supposed to have had
the same origin ; but whether the English family came from Ireland, or
vice versa, is not known ; history is silent on the subject, and it matters
but little to this generation. The middle-horns and the short-horns are
the valuable cattle of the present day, and they will be the cattle of the
future.

The other representative branch of the genus Bos in Ireland, the
cattle of Kerry, or as they are now termed, Kerry cattle, are worth more
than a passing mention, because there have been representative animals
imported to the United States, and they may have value in some moun-
tainous countries of the United States, and the far Northwest, for their
extreme hardiness, their facility in shifting for themselves, and their
adaptability in fattening when not in milk. As a breed they are rare,
and even in the last century were not to be found except inland on the
mountains. They are described by Youatt as small, light, active and
wild.

The Kerry at Home.

The head is small, although there are exceptions to this in various
parts ; and so numerous, indeed, are these exceptions, that some describe
the native Irish cattle as having thick heads and necks ; the horns are short,
as compared with the other breed, all of theta fine, some of them rather
upright, and frequently, after projecting forward, then turning backward.
Although somewhat deficient in the hind-quarters, they are high-boned,
and wide over the hips, yet the bone generally is not heavy. The hair ia
coarse and long ; they are black-brindled, black, or brindled, with white
faces. Some are finer in the bone, and finer in the neck, with a good eye
and shai*p muzzle, and great activity.

They are exceedingly hardy ; they live through the winter and some-
times fatten on their native mountains and moors ; and when removed to
a better climate and soil they fatten with all the rapidity of the aboriginal

CATTLB, THK KKRKY.

AST

good

cuttle of the HighlaiulM iind WuIch. They ure geiu-iiilly v«uy
milkern, »ind many of them arc excellent.

The (M)\v of Kerry is truly a poor man*H cow, living cvcvywhcn* hardy,
yielding (for her wize) an abundance of milk of a good <|uality, and
fattening rapidly when reciuirod.

These cattle usually are bmall, and are continod to the hilly and moor
irrounds. Some are of considerably nizo, elsewhere, and are improved
in form as well as weight. The horns, usually of middle length, turn
up, as do the horns of those on the mountains ; they arc shorter in the
ic<', shorter in the body ; their loins and haunches are heavy and wide ;
although the hair is thick, the hide is mellow, and they thrive with rapidity.
This is as they were known many years ago. They have since been bred
with care. The London Stock Journal of a late date says of them now :
"These characteristic points of the breed are unmistakably well marked.
The size is small. The legs in most cases are very short in proportion to
the size of the body. The head is somewhat small, though the muzzle
is long and clean. The lips are thin ; the expression of the countenance
is pleasing, and the eye is parti(!ularly clear and fairly prominent. A
symptom which is most indicative of purity of breed is the "turn up"
of the horn, which is of medium length. Occasionally, hoAvcver, the
horn will, after turning up, turn backwards. The nicety of the horn
and the manner in which it is set on adds immensely to the style. The
neck is not massive at the junction with the head, but it thickens gradu-
ally, and affords reasonable covering to the shoulders. The latter are
flat and thin. The dorsal vertebrre rise more than in other cattle, which
sometimes gives the baiik an irregular appearance. The ribs spring well,
especially the last of those approaching the hip ; this makes the body
very compact. The loins are of medium width, and the hip not promi-
nent. The distance betwecMi the hip and the setting on of the tail is not
considerable ; the latter -hangs neatly, and is well concealed by the
adjoining bones. The chest is full and deep, and the hind-quarters long,
but rather light. The favoi'ite color is black, though black and white,
brown, and red, are by no means uncommon. The coat is invariably
fine and thick, and the hide elastic and mellow, showing great capacity
for the production of flesh and fat.

"Sixteen quarts of milk per day may be regarded as the maximum
quantity the best specimens of the breed will give, and twelve quarts may
>)e regarded as a good average for the entire season. This is, of course,
on good keep. The milk is rich in cream, and the butter delicate in flavor,
superior in color, and, as in the case with the Jersey cows, one or two
Kerries will give the milk of ten to fifteen other cows in the production
of butter. As an indication of the richness of milk of the Kerry cow,
eight to nine quarts are said to produce a pound of butter."

.^->

II I

588

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOOTOK.

M'K'i

I ;i

In relation to their adaptability to fatten, it is said to be a remarkable
peculiarity of the breed, but th'^y take a long titie to mature. At three
to four yc.'»rs of age they will not dress more thac three to four hundred
pounds of beef to the fore quarters. They are not however beef cattle,
nor arc they adapted, in this country, to dairying, except by mixing, to
improve the messes. In fatteniiig, however, when of mature age, they
thrive most rapidly, and the beef in point of being well marbled, in flavor,
and tenderness, is not excelled by that of any other breed.

With proper care and breeding, there would seem to be capabilities in
this breed well worth jierpetua^^ing and improving, especially now that
dairying as a distinctive branch of agriculture is assuming such proportions
in the United Sti'+es and particularly in the West.

In relation to constitution, hardiness, etc., the authority last quoted
says : "It is already obsorv'OQ. the hardy constitution of the Kerry most
enhances it« value ; for dairy purposes especially a remunerative yield is
obtained on v>hat v ould be to other animals 'stai-vation fare.' In the
depth of tlie winter season I have not only known the animals to live
jumping from rook to rock, and from cliff to cliff, picking a. coarse scanty
bite from among the mountains, but with very small additional keep at
the farnisteading, whither they come to be milked morning and evening,
to actually thrive under the circumstances. Few people think of housing
the Kerry, either night or day, at any period of the year. When not
giving any milk they remain for months away concealed iii the ravines of
mountain passes, seeking the best shelter they can from the excessive i a.
and snow storms with which their aoodes are periodically visited. The
hair is thick but fine and long — a provision of nature typical cf cold
latitudes.

"What, however, is far more singular in the constitution of the breed,
is the readiness with Avhich it adapts itself to circumstances of a wholly
reverse character. lu acclimating breeds of cattle, sheep, or pigs, the
transition must be gradual ; but with the Kerry we ho . e it su<ldenly and
indiscriminately transferred from its home in the mountains to the richest
grazing valleys which our island can boast of without experiencing the
slightest change in regard to health. Not alone this, but we have seen
the boasts ushered at once into the dairy sheds, and there confined for
yoais, in the closest bondage, without any apparent effect on the constitu-
tion. They further enjoyed the full bei^efit of the change as well as if
the new abode was their native habitation. It was for a time believed
that the frame of the breed was impregnable to pleuro-pneumonia, or
other contagious diseases. Recent experiments which have been con-
ducted have failed to establish ';his view."

CAT'I'I

I'Ol.LKI).

539

Polled Angus Cow.

Polled Cattle.

Of the Polled breeds of cattle in England there are several. Only one
of these will be considered here as being of value in the United States.
Among the polled breeds that kave acquired reputation are the Angus
Polled, the Suffolk and the Galloway. The latter have been of late
years brought to the United States, bred and exhibited at our fairs.
Those specimens we have seen have proved to be most admirable cattle,
thick-meated, deep-flanked', short-legged, fine-haired animals. That
they were considered most valuable cattle, and worthy of being brought
here in the early settlement of the country, is evident from the fact that
forty years ago these hornless or muley cattle, as they were termed, were
not extremely rare, often breeding back by reversion entirely hornless or
with but the rudiments of horns, as gentle and good milking cattle.
Gentleness is a characteristic of the pure Galloway. Even the bulls are
noted for their docility and quiet tempers. For the reason that this
breed of cattle have of late years been growing in favor in the West as
grazing and milking cattle, and for the further reason that it is thought
that crossing the Galloway on the half-wild Texan will be most valuable,
we append the following generjil characteristics of the breed.
35

I 1;

i!i;i!ll

I ill!

540

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

The Galloway cattle are straight and broad in the back, and nearly
level from the head to the rump ; are round in the ribs, and also between
the shoulders and the ribs, and the ribs and the loins, and broad in the
loin, without any large projecting hook-bones. In roundness of barrel
and fullness of ribs they will compare with any breed, and also in the
proportion which the loins bear to the hook-bones or protuberances of
the ribs. When viewed from above tlio whole body api^ears beautifully
rounded, like the longitudinal section of a roller. They are long in tlie
quarters and ribs, and deep in the chest, but not broad in the twist.
There is less space between the hook or hip-bones and the ribs than in
most other breeds, a consideration of much importance, for the advan-
tage of length of carcass consists in an animal l)eing well-ribbed home,
or as little sjiace as possible lost in the flunk.

The Galloway is short in the leg, and moderately line in the flank-
bones — ^the happy medium preserved in the leg, which secures hardihood
and disposition to fatten. With the same cleanness and shortness of
shank, there is no breed so large and muscular above the knee, while
there is more room for the deep, broad and capacious chest. He is clean,
not fine and slender, but well proportioned in the neck and chaps ; a thin
and delicate neck would not correspond with the broad shoulders, deep
chest and close, compact form of the breed. The neck of the Galloway
bull is thick almost to a fault. The head is rather heavy ; the eyes are
not prominent; and the ears are large, rough and full of long hairs on
the inside.

The Galloway is covered with a loose mellow skin of medium thick-
ness, which is clothed with long, soft, silky hair ; the skin is thinner than
that of the Leicestershire, but not so fine as the hide of the Short-Horn,
although it handles soft and kindly.

The pi availing and fashionable color is black ; a few are of a dark
brindle brown, and still fewer are speckled with white spots, and some of
them are of a dun color. Dark colors are uniformly preferred, from
the belief thct they indicate hardiness of constitution.

The Galloway cows are not good milkers ; but although the quantity
of milk is not great, it is rich in quality, and yields a large proportion of
butter. A cow that gives from twelve to sixteen quarts per day is con-
sidered very superior, and that quantity produces more than a pound and
a half of butter. The average, however, of a Galloway cow cannot be
reckoned at more than six or o'!^ht quarts per day, during the fivo
summer months, after feeding her calf. During the next fivo months she
does not give more than half that quantity, and for two or three months
she is dry. There is, perhaps, no breed of cattle which can be more
truly said to bo indigenous to the country, and incapable of improvement

CATTLE, SPANISH.

041

back, and nearly
and also between
and broad in the
indness of barrel
d, and also in the
protuberances of
ppears beautifully
sy are long in the
•oad in the twist,
d the ribs than in
ce, for the advan-
well-ribbed home,

tine in the flanli-
secures hardihood

and shortness of
ve the knee, while
best. He is clean,

and chaps ; a thin
id shoulders, deep
k of the Galloway
savy ; the eyes are
1 of long hairs on

of medium thick-
cin is thinner than
the Short-Horn,

'ew are of a dark

spots, and some of

y preferred, from

ough the quantity
arge proportion of
;s per day is con-

than a pound ai.d
iray cow cannot be
y, during the five
!xt fiv«> months she
o or three months

hich can be more
(' of improvement

l)y any foreign cross, than the Galloways. The Short-Horns almost;
everywhere else have improved the cattle of the districts to which they
Uax t traveled ; at least in the tirst cross produced manifest improvement ;
hut even in tlie tirst cross the Short-Horns have done little good in the
Galloway, and, as a permanent mixture, the choicest southern bulls have
failed. The intelligent Galloway breeder is now perfectly satisfied tMat
his stock can only be improved by adherence to the pure breed, and by
care in the selection. While this is undoubtedly true of all pure or
thorouo'h-bred stock, it seems especially so of the Galloways to-day. It
does not however follow that pure breeds may not improve the mixed
stock of a country. They must and do, as the magnificent Short-Horn,
Hereford and Devon grades amply testify in. all our great markets.
That the Galloways have many valuable points cannot be denied. One
of these is their absence of horns ; another is their extreme docility. If
by crossing Galloway bulls with Texan cows their horns could be toned
down their wildness tamed, their frames thickened with superior flesh,
their milking qualities improved, and the whole animal ameliorated, it
would seem as possible with the Galloway as by any other means we
know. It is certainly well worthy of trial.

Texas Cattle.

Within the last few years certain theorists have harbored the idea that
the immense herds that cover the great plains of Texas, Mexico, and
America are a race native to the soil, and that have existed there from
time immemorial. Such however is well known not to be the fact. As
well may the great droves of horses that occupy the same region be said
to be a native and wild race. On the contrary, their well known char-
acteristics, and similarity to the Spanish cattle and all that country including
Austria, Hungary, and other regions bordering the Mediterranean, Black
and Caspian seas, points distinctly to their origin, if, indeed, it were not
well known that they were introduced by the Spanish settlers about the '
year 1500 and succeeding years. In fact, neither cattle or horses were
known in America prior to the 'Spanish invasion, and that they have mul-
tiplied so amazingly since is due to the genial climate and abundant
pasturage, so that the original cattle brought by the Spaniards succeeding
the discovery of the various countries along the Gulf of Mexico and
South America, has caused them to spread over all the region from Cali-
fornia to a latitude south, bound only by a line beyond which the coldness
of the climate precluded constant Winter and Summer herbage.

Unlike the wild buffalo, a race indigenous to America, cattle are not
migratory to any considerable extent. Not so much so as horses. Henci

!!hl I

'■:!:!^li

542

ILLUHTRATEI) STOCK DOCTOR.

■wliili' tli>' l)iirfiilo 18 foiiiul 111 Suiiinu'r fur north, even into tho British pos-
scissions, cjitllc have never lieen found beyond the limits of iUmiuliint
Summer and Winter pasturage, and they have never been brought into
subjection by the wild Indians of the plains as were the horses, that escap-
ing from domestication gradually increased and occupied in a wild state
miftiy valleys to which cattle never reached.

Characteristics of Spanish Cattle.

This race of cattle should therefore bo called Spanish cattle — what
they really are ; gaunt, bony, long-horned <■ ittle, semi-wild, capable of
great endurance of heat, and adajited to the dry but fertile regions they

A TEXAS STEER.

have gradually overrun. So vast has become their numbers that ten
years ago these cattle were estimated at 4,000,000 in Texas and New
Mexico, being in point of numbers about one-seventh of all the horned
cattle in the ITnion. Semi-wild, impatient of restraint, lean and lank in
body, high-boned, furnishing but little meat, and that of an inferior
quality, giving little more milk than wild buffalo — scarcely enough for a
few months Summer support of a calf — they were for generations run
down like wild beasts and slaughtered for their hides and scanty tallow.
The gradual settlem^t of the country, and the increasing demand for
beef, both in Europe and America, at length caused them to be moved

CATTLK SPANISH.

54S

the British po;*-
lits of ahuiuliint
een l)roug)'t into
lorses, thatcscap-
id in a wild state

ish cattle — what
-wild, capable of
•tile regions they

numbers that ten
Texas and New
of all the horned
lean and lank in
at of an inferior
'cely enough for a
r generations run
ind scanty tallow,
asing demand for
lem to be moved

north into Kansas for .n rnmcr pasturage, whence they were driven to the
nearest railway station, shipped east and slaughtered, either for packing,
or sold at an inferior price for consumption of flesh.

Various attempts have been made to reduce them to subjection to man
so they might be divided into small herds to bo confined in pastures or
fed in winter. It has been in every instance unsuccessful. They remain
shy, wild, irritable, and refuse to fatten kindly. The writer, immediately
after the close of the war, having a large quantity of forage and fatten-
in'' material, with mills for grinding corn, and stables for the accommo-
dation of 450 cattle, on account of scarcity of stock was obliged to put
iuTexans.

Feeding Tezans in Confinement.

They were bought in Kansas and were known as Cherokee cattle, a
modified form of Texans, bred by the civilized tribes of the Indian reser-
vations occupying tlio territory between Kansas and Texas. They had to
be lassoed and dragged intoj. the stables and made fast to the stanchions,
from which they could not be allowed to escape until turned off in the
Spring. Underground pipes conveyed their drinking water, the feed,
ground corn and hay, together with residuum from a mill was conveyed
to them by cars on tramways running betAveen each two lines of cattle.
The stables were kept only light enough so that the workmen could see
to feed and clean ; good ventilation was provided, and at the end of six
months they Avere turned out, and shipped to New York, — good ripe cat-
tle so far as Texans could be made such, — and brought the price of fat
cattle in the market there. Of this lot only two car-loads were culls or
unfit for the New York market. They Avere strictly corn-fed, or rather
moal-fod. For the first month thev Avere suIUa' and savaffo, refusinjr to
take kindl}' to Ihcir rations. Tlioy never l)ecauie so (|uiet tiiiit strangers
could bo alloAved in the barns Avithout danger of throwing thoni off their
feed, and yet they were altogether superior to the ordinary I'exan cattle
of ten years ago in point of docility, for they had been closely horded.
Nevertholess, the one experiment Avas sufficient. If other cattle could
huvo lioon had at a fair price it Avould not have paid to have fed them.
At that time good cattle Avere high and scarce, Texans Avere cheap. The
lodger account came out all right in the Spring, but the writer did not
cai +0 try the experiment a second time. As to how they looked Avhen
off of grass and ready for the stable in the Fall, the full page illustration
we have prej)ared Avill show :

li!

ill il's^'ii:

544

1LLU8TKATKI) STOCK UOCTOB.

J
11

CATTLE, TEXAN8.

Weight of Texan Cattle.

545

The average weight of full grown Texan steers as usually sold from
glass in the Western markets, may bo stated at 1,000 pounds ; of this
the average beef and bone will be' 400 to 450 pounds : of the balance,
except the hide, it is pretty much offal, the tallow being exceeding light.
Of late years very many Texas cattle are yearly bought for feeding in
distillery stables, on the slop made in the manufacture of high wines.
They are roped and fastened and remain there until sold to the b' tcher.
Others again are bought in the Autumn and shipped to the v^ct :,orn-iield»
of Kansas, Iowa and Illinois, and fed in the fields during the Winter.
They really take more kindly to this latter system of feeding than any
other, and they will gain about two hundred pounds of flesh during the
Winter, weighing an average of 1,200 pcmnds, and making in the neigh-
borhood of 700 pounds of beef.

From what we have stated it will readily be seen that there is no profit
in breeding Texans, when other cattle may be kept. There are, however,
vast outlying territories where the herding of these cattle is found profit-
able. In Texas, New Mexico, the Indian Territory, Western Kansas and
Nebraska and Dakota, in the valleys of Montana and Wyoming, they
may have unlimited range, and enjoy their semi-wild condition, and fat-
tened on grass may be shipped east to be slaughtered and barreled for
export, or fattened as we have previously stated. Of late years enterpris-
nig herdsmen have bought great quantities of Short-Horn and Hereford
bulls to be used in the improvement of their stock. The effects are
already apparent. It is well understood now that the produce of either
of the bulls we have mentioned, in the first cross, produce an animal
nmch superior to the dam, and which will sell at thr/ee or four years old
for nearly double what the natives will. The cows give a largely
increased quantity of milk, they make better and fatter calves ; and here
again is a conclusive illustration to the breeders of cattle everywhere, of
the utility of improved breeds in inducing early maturity, increasing the
weight and improving the quality of the beef.

Profits in Breeding Grades from Texans.

Within the last ten years fortunes have been made in herding Texas
cattle, not only in that State, but in various Territories of the United
States. There are two essential requisites ; plenty of good grass for Sum-
mer and Winter pasturage, and abundance of water. The latter is the
essential. Many persons have failed in their efforts to profitably breed
Texas cattle on the plains, for the reason, that water was either not near,
or insufficient in supply. The cattle must go long distances to slake their

1
ill

ill

!ifl

I i

I I

54()

IIXU8TKATKO ,ST()('K 1)0CT01{.

tHrst, and consequently become very dry uiid uiieoinfortablo ijof ore start-
ing to the waterinjf plaee. Then they drink Kueii immoderate quantitioa
of watjr, as again to bo uncomfortable for some time, and will, if allowed,
hang about the water, on scant grass, until again forced to take the range.
Thus they cannot gain in flesh uniformly, but on the other hand, abso-
lutely lose condition in the constant travel necessary to get water. Perhaps
some epidemic sets in, and they die by hundreds, and the owner finds
himself the loser, simply from entering into a business hastily, and with-
out studying carefully the absolute necessities in the case.

There is another class of failures. These have been persons who have
supposed they could take fifty cows, and make money by herding them
until grown up. In all that wild region inhabited by Indians more or less
predatory, the force about a ranch must be strong enough for some pro-
tection. The profits must come principally from the increase in cattle.
If the sniall herder has water privileges, he can make money if ho has
stock enough. If he has but few, the expense of herding will be the same
as when the herd is larger. Owners of other and large herds, or those
seeking to become such, will not take kindly to the appropriation of water
privileges, for so small a drove. There will be (juarrels ; cattle will be
stampeded, and get mixed with other herds, and at last the owner will })e
obliged either to leave, or take a partner with sufiicient capital to jjroperly
stock the ranch.

The yearly increase in value of cattle on the ranch will be all the way
from 25 to 50 per cent, according as the business is managed. In north-
west Texas the value of cattle on the ranch is for yearlings $(! ; two your
old $10 ; three year old $13 ; cows $12 to $15 ; beeves $15 to $20.

The Cattle Interest of Texas.

To give some idea of the vast numbers of catth; in all that region
where there is abundant pasturage and water, it has been estimated tliiit,
from the Red River, in Clay county, west to the Pease Riv(!r, and south
to the Colorado, embracing a territory of perhaps Iwenty-five thousand
miles, the whole region is now stocked to its fullest capai^ity, and in (lie
better portions thereof, it is estimated that an average of one head may iic
kept to eight acres. The loss in cattle may be estimated at about four or
five per cent, per year, and th(; expense of herding SOO head and their
produce, has been given as follows :

CATTLE, TEXANS.

fl47

DR.

To three hiindml cows nnrl calves $ 3,000

To iwo imported bulln, $126 •. 260

To one man'H time and boar 1 for live years. $;«X) per year 1,500

T> one man's time and board for three year«, $;*0 per year... OOO

To sundry items ol expenije 350

Total - •• $ 0,000

CR.

By three hundred five year olds. $18 $ 5 400

By three hundred four year olds $16 4 500

By three hundred three year olds, $12 3.000

By three hundred two year olds, $10 3.000

By three hundred one year olds, $6 1.800

By three hundred old cows, $10 3,000

By two bulls, $100 200

Total $21,500

Less loss 25 per cent 6.300

$10,200
Original investment 6,000

Profit in five years $10 200

This is approximately correct, except as to the value of the bulls, if
by these are meant acclimated thorough-bred bulls of Short-Horn,
Hereford, or Galloway l)lood. It is well known that it is useless to take
mature bulls or other cattle raised in the North, to Texas. They die off
with Texas fever before they have time to leave their impress to any
considerable extent. An acclimated bull two years old past, should be
worth |2.'')(). Not less than three such bulls should be used in the herd
of 300 cows. The second year 150 heifers will l)e in breeding condition,
and the increase M'ill then be increasingly fast. The fourth year two more
bulls nuist be bought, and at the end of the five years, the three first
bulls will be jiractically f little value. With these exceptions, the
figures may be taken as correct.

Acclimating Improved Bulla.

The serious losses that have constantly occurred from the death of
thorough-bred bulls sent to Texas for the purpose of infusion of blood
has prevented, to a great extent, the improvement of the stock. In all
the plains regions of the West this difficulty has not been so severely
felt. The improved breeds take kindly to the Summer climate and only
re(|uire protection in Winter, and if put with a herd in which the germs
of Texas fever have beeti eliminated arc healthy. Not so those taken to
Texas. Whatever the cause of the disease, it is certain that nearly everv
animal taken there has succumbed to this dread disorder, if placed
immediately in the herd, and generally before they have had time to

548

ILLUBTKATBU STOCK DOCTTOR.

serve more than from twenty t<i forty cowb, and from weakened condition
tho impress they have loft lias been deficient in vigor to that of either
the sires or dams.

Select Tour BuUi.

I :!i

To obviate this a thorough system of acclimation must be established.
And above all none but very young animals should be taken. In every
case they should be calves of early Spring, bought when they are ei;^ht
months eld. The cars in which they are carried should be carefullv
prepared, to provide for the comfort of the animals. Pay particular
attention to feeding and watering regularly so as to keep the bulls
vigorous and strong.

Buy none but animals of parents and families of known soundness and
vigor of constitution. Avoid all fancy or highly in-bred families. Ab-
jure excessive style and fineness, and look only to the single points,
conntifuHonal snundneifi and vigor, and thick bee/. It is better that they
be a little rougli from having been bred out of doors, and with out-of-
door care, rather than stable bred, pampered animals. Such are not even
fit to put with the breeding herds of the plains. To carry them to the
very home of Spanish, or as it is now called Texas fever, can only result in
los^s. When they arrive establish them in good, well ventilated stables,
and under the supervision of a keeper who fully understands both breeding
and raising, and do not allow them to mingle with the native cattle until
they are at least two years old ; and, no contact should be allowed with
stock that are known to show indications of the malady. One more sug-
gestion : the bulls should not be freely used as breeders until they are
twenty months old. In acclimating the bulls, watch for the first symptoms
of the fever, and give prompt treatment at the first discovery of the dis-
ease. This may be known by the restlessness of the animal. The eyes
will be dull, the movements constrained and moping, there will be more
or less straining in the attempt to urinate ; that voided will be scanty, high
colored, and of bad odor ; and the bowels may be costive or very much
relaxed. Treatment, said to be most successful, is to give at the first in-
dication of the disease one tablespoonful of finely pounded charcoal, and
one teaspoonful of ground ginger, to be followed in an hour with a quart
of strong decoction of marsh mallow, and one quart of camomile tea.
This to be repeated in ten hours if the animal does not get relief. If
marsh mallow can not be obtained, salt peter is recommended. This
remedy, however, had better be given under the direction of a veterinary
surgeon. Abo/e all, endeavor to keep the pores of the skin active by

CATTLR, TEXANH.

549

bruHliinj; and friction. By proper caro In this diroction it is Htated that
nini'ty Plt cent, of the caseH treated can he saved.

In all this, caro f)f course must be taken in regard to the food of the
animal. Bran, boiled oats, and corn, or corn meal, may be given ; if roots,
carrots, parsnips, or sugar beets can be had they will be excellent. In
fact they should always be kept in supply on breeding farms. Orass in
plenty and of good quality should also be supplied freely.

A Texan's View.

An intelligent and educated correspondent of the Live Stock Journal,
gives the following excellent advice in relation to the transportation, care,
and feeding of sto(!k bulls to be carried to Western Texas. He advises'
that care should be used in the selection of calves of stout, robust frames,
the offspring of sires and dams of good constitutions. Calves dro})ped in
the early Spring will be found most suitable for shipment say about the
last of November or early in December. Plenty of milk from birth until
September should bo given them ; then thc^y should bo fed on wheat bran,
boiled oats, and crushed corn, until date of shipment ; and if kept in stables
during the day they should have a good grass lot to graze in during the
night. They should be handled, made very gentle, and well broken to
the halter. The cars for transportation should be well bedded, and food
for the entire trij) transported with the stock.

Ai'rangements should also be made for through trip when starting.
Food, water, and careful watching by the herdsmen will land them at
the place of disembarkation but little damaged by the trip. Care should
be taken not to crowd too many in one car — thirty head can be taken if
they arc properly cared for — yet twenty-five head would do much better.
The calves designed for shipment in one car, if more than one is to be
sent, should be permitted to run together for some time previous to
starting. After reaching the termhius of their j(tumey by rail, a week's
rest, in dry lots, should be granted them, with the same kind of food as
before shipment. When taken any distance slow and easy travel should
be given them. If either costiveness or its opposite is exhibited, simple
remedies should be given to prevent the too active purging or relieve the
constipation. The preparation for their reception at their Texas home
should have been completed before their arrival ; and in addition to a
supply of corn, oats, and wheat bran, pure running water and free access
to a growing oats or barley patch, which should have been sowed in early
Autumn for their benefit, should be allowed. Suitable protection must
be provided to guard them from the cold blasts of the «' northers ;" then,
by prompt attention to any symptoms of fever and the immediate use of

050

ILHIHTKATEl) MTOCK DOCrrOlt.

I 1" 1^"l

churcoftl and jjiiigor, oih! tiil)lt'-H|)()()nful of charcoal uiul one t(Mi-HpoonfuJ
of ginfror will nflievo thorn.

If DoctMiiIxT and January are pasHcd without fever you can feel sufe
from its ravagen until the rains of Spring, followed by the heat of tlune,
when the fie/ctt and vermin menace them. Then avoid exposing them to
eitluir rain or sun, and destroy the vermin by a free use of coal oil and
lard, using two parts of the latter to one of the former. If only Sprin;,'
culvtis are brought there will be less of fever than if older animals weio
brought. Too many who bring young stock to Texas stint and half
starve them, thinking that to keep them in good growing condition
increases the chances of disease. My observation teaches the reverse to
bo true. To secure a complete development of bone, flesh and growth,
and early, profitable maturity, a calf must have generous care, plenty of
nutritious food, good water, and kind treatment. I have heard men
complain that Texas Short-Horns are not thrifty and handsome, like
those exhibited at Northern fairs. The reason for the dissimilarity is
readily found on investigation to bo that the one had excellent feeding
and growing, while the other — in addition to a long winter, 8tai*vation,
and acclimation, with a Spring and Summer with rain and hot sun — hud
his vitality almost destroyed by ticks and verviin. Cattle from the North
cannot be acclimated unless generous food, comfortable quarters, and
kind treatment are given to them during their first year in Texas ; and
unless this treatment be kept up they are worthless when acclimated.

1(1 oiii' tea-HpooiifuI

CHAPTER II.

BBEEDINQ AND FEEDINO.

In tho breeding of animals, one must have a definite object in riew.
We bavo already stated that in this ago of civilization, where industry is
divided and subdivi'lcd, so that each sot of workmen have separate and
distinct lines of labor in the make up and finish of tho most siniplo articles,
so in stock breeding, the farmer must understand the nature and adapta-
tion of liis soil, and its adaptability to certain crops and animals. In
rocky, hilly, and comparatively barren regions, or where the soil suffers
under drought, the farmer cannot compete, either in the raising of beef
cattle, or in dairjring, with the more favored well matured countries of
deep soils and flush pastures. Again, in a country noted for its short,
sweet perennial pastures, and cold springs of water, the stock breeder
cannot compete with the dairyman. The stock feeder of cattle and hogs
must be in a region where com, or other feeding grains can be cheaply
and abundantly raised. Fortunately, such countries are well adapted to
the 3adow grasses, producing heavy crops of hay and pasture.

About OrusM.

Here again, the grasses cultivated will be somewhat different. The
stock feeder will depend shiefly upon blue grass, timothy, red top, orcharcr
grass, and clover, and where blue grass is natural to the soil, he will de-
pend almost solely upon this grass, for late fall and winter feeding, as he
will upon blue grass and orchard grass for spring feeding, depending later
on clover, timothy and red top. The dairyman, while ho will depend
upon clover, timothy, red top and orchard grass for hay, will not use these
for pasture exclusively. He must have in his permanent pastures a great

^KOiejiaaFij^-

|i I ■!! , ■

i'l'Hl

I II

552

ILLUSTRATKU 8TOCK DOOTOK.

variety of grasses. His pastures, to produce the greater quantity and
l)est quality of milk, must be permanent ones, and the older the better.
This with a moist climate is what has made some sections of England, and
especially Ireland, Holland, and Deimiark so celebrated for their dairy
products. This, also, with the peculiar cjirc given in feediiig, has made
England and Scotland celebrated throughout the world, not only for the
heavy weight, and superior quality of the beef, but it has ffesulted in such
.superior beef cattle as the world has never before known. Some of these
breeds, transplanted to the United States, have taken kindly to our soil
and climate. The wonderful fertility of the land lying west of the Allo-
ghanies and north of the southern line of Tennessee, and especially those
States bordering upon tho Mississippi and Missouri rivers, and principal
tributaries, and, also, the great Southwest — this teeming fertility of
soil has made all this great region of country the true home of the most
celebrated breeds of cattle — where they have reached weight, and rich-
ness of milk given, no where else attained except in very confined areas.

What Breeds are BestP

This becomes a most important question. In all that great region of
the West, of gentle undulating prairies or grassy plains, Short-Horns and
Herefords will be found the very best cattle to breed from, when only
beef is the object. If labor and beef are wanted, the Devons and Here-
fords will be found most valuable. If beef and milk are to be the pro-
ducts, the Duchess and Princess families of Short-Horns, and the Holsteins
will give the best returns. If dairying is to be the chief industry, then,
for butter, the Ajo-shire, with a few of Jerseys intermixed will produce
the best results. If for butter and cheese, Ayrshire or Short-Horns. If
cheese alone, the Holstein, and for quantity of milk given this latter
breed will certainly carry the palm. If milk and butter, without refer-
ence to quantity, be required, the Jersey is the cow. All the breeds
except the Jerseys will make good weight'J of beef and fatten readily
when dry — the Short-Horns, Holsteins, and Ayrshires making weight
in the order named. For milk, we have not included the Devons ; occa-
sionally a cow will be found giving a large mess for her weight. Devons,
however, are not dairy cows, at least, now-a-days ; having been bred most
exclusively for their superior quality of marbled beef, and their imiform
excellence, courage, and kindliness in the yoke.

How to Breed.

All far. !8rs cannot become breeders of highly bred, pure stock. For
this the animals must be isolated from all other breeds of the same race.

CATTLE, HOW TO BK£EU.

553

and their uniform

At least the males must be strictly confined, so they may not intermix
with others. Where farms join, divided only by fences, this will not be
found practicable in a majority of cases. One's neighbor may fancy scrub
stock. They are notoriously breachy. Once they intermingle with a
pure breed, the taint of their blood is not only found in the calves, but
ill the dams themselves. In the calves and their progeny, it may never
he l)rcd out. We sec the Kyloe cross in some families of Short-Horns,
even to this day, cropjjing out in single individuals after a lapse of nearly
a century. Tlus writer so saw it at the last fat-stock show in Chicago —
that of 1879. The animal was a most excellent specimen ; fully as per-
fect as many of the very highest breeding, yet the taint of the family
was there and the breeder of ' ' high caste Short-Horns ' ' would not have
bred from such a cow or to a bull showing the taint, at any price.

About Oeneral Utility.

Just here is where the difference comes in, as between breeding for
general utility or absolute purity of blood. The breeder for general util-
ity cares not so much about a particular strain of blood, as he does to get
certain characteristics that will furnish him, at the least expense, either
the most beef, the best working oxen, or the most and the best milk>
Those who undertake breeding, or in fact any other business, in a hap-
hazard way, always fail ; the only exception to the rule being pure luck.
Luck is not a good business integer to depend upon. Like lightning, it
never strikes twice in the same place.

There is another thing in connection with luck that it is well to bear in
mind. It is as apt to mar as to mark. The farmer, therefore, who
undertakes the breeding of stock, with a view to the money they will
bring from the butcher, or from the sale of dairy products, must be
guided by an entirely different set of rules from that of the breeder who
breeds solely with a view to selling sires and dams to other breeders of
pure stock. So particular, now-a-days, have breeders of this class
become that some of them will breed only particular families. Some
Avill not allow a Booth cross, others abstain from the Bates blood.

Many high caste breeders are pretty well agreed that a top cross of
what are known as seventeens, and some other sub-families of later
importations, and also of particular bulls of pure breeding, but which
have been considered more or less coarse, must be rigidly excluded.
They have their particular fancies. To gratify this fancy they will pay
extraordinary prices, while the great mass of really superior and really
pure Short-Horns will be passed unnoticed. It would be unadvisable for
the ordinary farmer, or even the ShortrHom breeder to buy these

554

ILLUSTRATED STOCK UOCTC^K.

♦'terribly bred cattle." And tbo fiirmer must {'arefully discriminiitc.
Let him get staunch healthy cattle to start his herd, if beef be the objct-t,
and animals with good milk points if milk l)c the object, rather than lo
strive for color. So long as the color of the animal is characterislio
of the race, the beef pomts and the milk jwints an; what ho should seek.
The body in the beef animal, and the udder in the dauy cow, is •vvlui+
lie wants.

Breeding in Line.

Breeders of pure stock are especially particular in the selection of
sire#; so much so that many of them breed solely with reference to the
strain of blood particular families contain, the selection often being
without reference to the uniformity or quality of the animals selected.
Really, however, breeding in line means the selection of males of a
common type, and belonging to the same family. Thus in breeding
in-the-line, the expert, while he objects to going out of a sub-family,
nevertheless seeks to couple animals together whose uniformity is identi-
cal, or, when one is weak in some essential, to improve it by coupling
therewith an animal of superior excellence in this particular. Thus, if
the head and horns be rather coarse in an animal, it is bred to one fine in
head and horns, but not lacking in other essentials. It is one of the
most fatal mistakes that can possibly be made in breeding, that to
acquire one essential other disabilities be allowed to enter. Many
breeders have committed irreparable injury to their stock by not under-
standing the necessity, while trying to improve one essential, of keeping
all others intact. Therefore the sagacious breeder will pay more
attention to those points indicative of heavy succulent beef laid in the
primer points and without an undue proportion of fat, if combined with
general symmetry, rather than style and carriage, connected with
deficient characteristics in flesh. The one animal may be striking to the
eye, while the other will bring the butcher's money. This is really all
there is to beef cattle.

Form as an Index to Quality.

Whatever the animal, its form, organization and general make up, will
b« an indication of its true type and character. It is a fixed law of nature
that this should be so. A few illustrations will suffice, and which will
easily commend themselves to the reader.

The thorough-bred horse, is courageous, high strung, active, sinewy,
impatient under restraint, and not given to ca.-ry much flesh or fat. The
heavy draft horse, carries much flesh, is docile, honest at the collar, pes-

CATTLE, HOW TO HHKEI).

555

ully tUscriniiiialc.
I'of l)c the ol)j(>('t,
•t, rather than to
is characteristic
lit he should seek.
lairy cow, is vha*

the selection of

reference to the
ctiou often being

animals selected,
n of males of a
Thus in breeding
; of a sub-family,
ifonnity is idcnti-
)ve it by coupling
rticular. Thus, if
bred to one fine in
. It is one of the
breeding, that to

to enter. Many
jck by not undor-
jential, of keeping
will pay more
t beef laid in the

if combined with
connected with

je striking to the

This is really all

eral make up, will
fixed law of nature
ce, and which will

active, smewy.
flesh or fat. The
at the collar, pos-

sessiu'' "Tcat I)oiio and sinew, and is on the whole more sluggish. The
horse of all .vork should be a modification of both these characteristics.
All horses have great chests, and consequently great lung power, fitting
thcni for severe and long continued muscular exertion. They niu^t be
judo-ed by a standard where muscular exertion is tho important integer.
Cattle have been Itrcd so long with reference to tlnnr bodies, as hcef or
niillv producers, that (hey have become so distinct from the supposed wild
tvpc as to possess but little in common therewith. The head, neck and
rnnl)s, have been rc(iiicd, the lungs have less power, since it is only neces-
sary that they supply sufficient oxygen to the blood to keep up a uniform
animal heat under exercise, never violent. Tho loin and rump are l)road-
enod, the ribs spring out more to give capacity for a stomach of size to
disrest a large quantity of food. In swine the diminution of l.iiig power
is particularly seen. They are essentially slow in all their movements,
and averse to exertion. Their forte is simply eating, sleeping and laying
on fat. No one would mistake a hog for cither an ox or a horse. Tho
intelligent breeder so educates his eye and his touch, that he can distin-
guish between animals of any given race as to their capabilities for the
purpose intended. Tho external conformation comes at length to be so
keenly associated Avith tho cornslated structural affinities, that he tells at
once, and exactly, the important points that would entirely escape the un-
educated eye and touch.

Practical Suggestions.

As tho greatest excellence in the production of meat, milk or labor in
cattle ; of Avool and carcass in sheep ; and of hams, loin, side meat and
lard in hogs, involves peculiarities of structure and function — adapting
the animal to the special purpose for which it Avas intended, and as all
these require close study of anatomy, phyoiology, and the correlations ex-
isting in the different forms of production ; and since scientific breeders
have for the last hundred years been seeking to establish a higher and
higher excellence, the intending breeder Avould bo uiiAvise to undertake
to breed up from the common herds of the country. It Avould be time
ill spent. II{! should first inform himself of the practical necessities
within his reach, and breed from types already existing rather than create
one. This Avill simplify hi. study, he must educate his eye by points and
the observation of the best animals, and his touch hy feeling them accord-
ing to the rule heretofore given ; and this brings us to

Breeding Grades.

At the meeting of the American Association of Short-Horns, at India-
36

I I!

:.'|]

f ■[ .;:!

556

ILLU8TUATED STOCK DOCTOR.

niipolis, 1872, "purc-brcd," "full-blood," and "thorough-bred," wero
defiiujd as being synonymous tornis, and to indicate "annnals of a distinct
and woll-dofinod breed, without any admixture of other blood." The fol-
lowing defiii'tionis were adojjted by the association.

"'Cross-bred' — Animals produced by breeding together distinct
breeds."

"'Grades' — The produce of a cross between a 'pure-bred' and a
'native.'"

'"High grade' — An animal of mixed blood, hi which the blood of a
pure-bred predominates."

Tlje produ(;e of a Devon and a Short-IIorn would be a cross l)rcd
animal. In-and-in breeding is considered to be the coupling of animals
of the closest relationship, as the produce of one sire and dam, etc.
'Close breeding is the breeding of animals together that are closely related ;
as animals one or two removes from the parent stock, in relationship.
High breeding is sometimes incorrectly used in this connection ; it is
■wrong. Many of our most highly bred horses are not closely related.
and the same may be said of our pure cattle. High breeding properly
signifies the selection of the breeding stock, within the limits of some
particular family, and within a definite standard of excellence and
•characteristics.

How to Breed Grades.

Select the best cows you can find, that is, those that come the nearest
to the standard of excellence for the purpose wanted ; then sel(!ct a bull
combining in the most eminent degree possible the points of real (excel-
lence for the outcome expected, not in fancy breeding but in adaptability
to the end sought. Thus, if for beef, he should be of fair size, not too
large, certainly not too small, but of excellent fineness combined with
.great loins, rumps and thighs, round-ribbed, and well ribbed to tho
Jiip bones, — whav a breeder would (iall a well bred, serviceable animal.

If for milk, the bull must have come of a line of uniform milkers, for
here the udder and milk-veins are tho essential part. In fact, the male
must possess the peculiarities characteristic of the breed, and better if
from a family of extraordinary excellence. Why ? Such animals are pre-
potent ; that is, they will impress upon their progeny the distinguishing
characteristics and excellence of their race. By following the directions
we shall give, in ten years one may have grades bred to such excellence
that none but critical judges cuu tell them from pure bred cattle.

ush-bred," were
iintils of a distinct
lood." TUofol-

togcther distinct

pure-bred' and a

ch the blood of a

I be a cross bred
mpling of iiiiimals
iirc and daju, etc.
vrc closely related ;
k, in relationship.

connection ; it is
\ot closely related.

breeding properly
ho limits of some
of excel Icnco and

b come the nearest
; then sel(!ct a bull
oints of real (>xccl-
)ut in adaptability
fair size, not too
(>ss combined with
well rib])ed to the
viceable animal,
liform milkers, for
In fact, the male
reed, and better- if
iich animals are pre-
the distinguishing
)win<r the directions
to such excellence
ircd cattle.

CATTLE, HOW TO BREED.

Start the Herd

557

Wilh one yearling bull for each ten two-year-old heifers, selected as
wc have stated, and which have not been bred. Keep them from contact
with other cattle, and especially keep their own bull as nmch in their
si'dit as j)OHsible. The next year's producie should be ten calves, one-
half of which should be heifers. Geld the steers, and make what use
may be; desired of them. Rear the heifer calves in the best manner pos-
sible, and with their sire and dams when in the pasture, and at other
times do not allow them to see strangely marked animals, especially
wIkui in heat.

At the age of two years breed them to their sire. He will now be
four years old, and should be kept simply in good flesh, not really fat,
certainly not lean ; but strong, vigorous and healthy. When these calves
arc two years old, breed again to the same sire, and so on to the fourth
generation, if he last so long with vigor.

Thus this produce will inherit 15-1() of the blood of the sire, being the
fourth generation from the original sire and dam. It may be fornmlated
thus : at one year from starting the herd, you have the first generation ;
at four years the second ; at seven years the third ; and at ten years the
fourth generation. They will grade as follows : First, one-half bloods :
second, three-quarter bloods : third, seven-eighths bred ; and fourth,
fifteen-sixteenth bred.

B(!sidcs these you will also have generations successively from the orig-
inal cows, or seven-eighths, three-fourths and one-half bred heifers
corresponding with the succeeding years from the first. If these again
have been bred to the same bull, or another pure bred bull, their produce
will be respectively fiftccuth-sixtecnths and seven-eighths bred.

Ten Years' Produce.

Let us now figure how mucli stock, young and old, will be the produce
of this system, allowing that none have died. In one year, from the ton
cows and one bull, we have ten calves, five heifers and five steers ; the
second year, ten calves, the third year ten calves, the fourth year ten
calves. This year we have also five calves, the produce of the first year's
calves. The sixth year we Avill have twenty-five calves, the seventh year
thirty, the eighth year thirty-five, the ninth year forty, and the tenth year
forty-five calves as the produce of the original cows and their progeny,
making in all two hundred and forty animals ranging in age from
calves to thirteen years old, of which one hui ed and twenty-five should
be females.

558

! ■ 1

' J

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Selection.

Just here selection may conio in. Some of the cows and their progeny
will have proved superior beef makers or milkers, according as they wore
originally chosen. Their progeny should be carefully raised and bred.
It may seem dreadful, this incestuous breeding, but please remember, it
is animals that are the subjects. The records of tlu; improvement of ani-
mals and their erection into Hxed breeds, will show very nunrh closer
in-and-in breeding than this. The object is not only to throw the good
qualities in a lumi), but to fix them by concentration. Thus n cow bred
during her whole breeding life t'^ one bull, never having had contact with
another, will bring her calves nearer and nearer to the sire year by year,
through the infusion of the blood of the sire into the dam, through inter-
circulation by means of the foetus, during its growth.

As showing close in-and-in we find in the first volume of the American
Herd Book a diagram of the breeding of Comet from Hubback, and Lady
Maj'nard. It is explained as follows :

1. Bull, Hubback.

2. Dam of Haughton.

3. Richard Barker's Bull.

4. Cow, Haughton.

5. Bull, Foljambe.

B. Cow, Young Strawberry
7. Bull, Dalton Duke.

8. Cow, Lady Maynard.

9. Bull, Bolingbroke.

10. Cow, Lady Maynard.

11. Cow, Phcenix.

12. Cow, Young Phoenix.

13. Bull, Favorite.

14. Bull, Comet.

In relation to Favorite or Lady Maynard, Mr. A. B. Allen says : It was
conceded by a company of old breeders in 1812, in discussing the question
of the improvement of Short Horns, that no stock of Mr. Colling's ever
equalled Lady "Maynard" the dam of Pha'uix, andgranddam of Favorite
(by Foljambe) and of young Phoenix (by Favorite, her son, upon his own
mother,) the dam of Comet 155) so celebrated as having been sold for
1000 guineas $5000) also by Favorite, a specimen of as close-iu-and-in-
breeding as can perhaps be found on record.

To show wonderful depth of in-breeding with continued good results,
the cow Clarissa may be mentioned ; she possessed sixty-three sixty-fourths
of the blood of Favorile. Her pedigree runs thus : "Cow Clarissa, roan,
calved in 1814. Bred by Mr. R. Colling, got by Wellington ((580) out
of — by Favorite, (852) — by Favorite, — by Favorite, — by Favorite — by
Favorite — by Favorite — by a son of Hubback.

Wellington, the sire of Clarissa, was also deeply iubred with the blood

CATTLE, HOW TO BREED.

559

of Favorite. Taking the two pedigrees — that of Clarissa and Welling-
ton together — they will read thus :

Allen says : It was
cussing the question

Mr. Colling' s ever
anddani of Favorite
)r son, upon his own
ving been sold for

as close-in-and-in-

1. Bull, IIul)back.

2. Son of Hubhack.

3. Cow, by son of Hubback.

4. Bull Favorite.

5. 1st cow by Favorite.
(). 2nd cow by Favorite.
7. 3rd vow by Favorite.
)S. 4th cow by Favorite.

9. 5th cow by Favorite.

10. 0th cow by Favorite.

11. Clarissa.

12. Bull Wellington, sire of Clarissa;

13. Bull, Comet.-

14. Cow, Wildair.

15. Cow, Young Phoenix.
1(). Cow PhaMiix.

4. Same bull Favorite on the side of
Clarissa's sire as on the side of
her dam.
Bull, Bolingbroke.

17,

18.

Granddaughter of Ilubback.

bred with the blood

Exercise Common Sense.

In breeding so closely as we have advised it will be necessary that
intelligent judgment be used. The effect of in-and-in breeding is to
rcHne and render delicate the constitution. Animals closely in-bred, in
fact all highly bred animals reijuire better care than those of a coarser
nature. They are not as able to take care of themselves, to shift for them-
selves ; are in fact artiticial. But on the other hand they will repay the
care and attention bestowed, in increased profits for the food given. In
in-and-in, or other very close breeding, care must be taken to give the
animals an out cross as soon as you find they arc suffering in constitution
and Iiardinoss ; in fact when you find they are no longer getting better
and better seek another sire, and so contiime until you have got animals
fully equal to any thorough-bred for all practical purposes, and that shall
at the same time be marked with vigor as well as the characteristics
wanted, whether they be for l)eef or milk, or both.

Once having begun, however, with pure sires on native stock, never by
any chance allow a grade animal to become a sire, no matter how good
he may be. It can only result in loss, whatever the attempt at improve-
ment be in animals of any kind. In swine in-and-in breeding may not
be carried so close as in other animals. They are scrofulous and weak
lunged at best, and close breeding soon shows in the progeny. As a rule
one-half or three-fourths bred are good enough to bring enhanced profits
over those usually denominated land-pikes, a picture of which may be
found in another part of this work.

A60

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Oestation of Cows.

There has been much surmised first und lust upon tlie subject of the
length of time of gestation, und its effect upon the sex of aniinals
produced. It is a prevalent idea that if un unimul goes over her time u
male will be the result. Let us see how careful reciords kept by scientific
men will tuUy with this.

Mr. Tessier, a most accurate und acute observer for over forty years,
embracing various unimals, gives results of over 575 cows und those
subsequently having been extended to 1,1. 'U cows the extremes were not
changed but results as to averages arc us stated below.

Upon the 575 cows the results were as follows : Twenty-one calved
between the 24()th and 270th days, the mean time being 250 da}^.

Five hundred and forty-four calved between the 270th and 21)S)th days,
the mean time being 282 days.

Ten calved between the 299th and 321st days, the mean time ])cing
303 days.

Earl Spencer has also carefully tubulated the period of gestation of
cows us we find in the tuble on the following page.

In these 7(50 cows the least period was 220 days ; the mean 285 days ;
the longest period 313 days. He states that he was able to rear no calf
produced at an earlier period than 240 days. Thus it may be accepted
that, according to Tessier, a cow may carry a calf 321 days and produce
it sound ; and from the fact that Tessier and Earl Spencer agree almost
exactly as to the meantime of gestation, (1,895 cows being observed),
285 days or nine and a half months may be taken as the average time of
gestation of cows, slight variations being allowed from this for differ-
ent breeds.

Earl Spencer was inclined to the belief that a cow would carry a bull
calf longer than a cow-calf. In stating the case, he says :

«* In order to try this, the cows who ciijved before the 2(;0th day, and
those who calved after the 300th, ought to be omitted us being anomalous
<tases, us well us in cases in which twins were produced ; and it will then
appear that, from the cows whose period of gestation did not exceed 286
days, the number of cow-calves produced was 283, and the number of
bull-calves 234 ; while, from those whose period exceeded 286 days, the
number of cow-calves was only 90, while the number of bull-calves
was 152."

The uuthor, however, omitted to notice that all the calves born after
the 299th day were females, und of those born l)cfore the 2()()th day, 10
were females and 15 mules. And again, omitting the twin-calves, 340
were females and 401 mules — a lurire excess of 1)ull over cow-calves. It

CATTLE, now TO BRKED.

50 1

ho subject of the
e SOX of uniiimls
s over her time u
i kept by scientific

over forty yours,
5 cows iuid t!u)»e
cxtroines were not

rwenty-ono calved

tr 251) day.>.

th and 2sV.»th days,

mean time being

id of gestation of

10 mean 285 days ;
iblc to rear no calf
it may be accepted
days and produce
encer agree ahnost
being observed),
10 average time of
mi this for differ-

would carry a bull

lys :

the 2()0th day, and
as being anomalous
d ; and it will then
did not exceed 286
ind the number of
jded 28(5 days, the
ber of buU-calvcs

calves born after

the 2fi()th day, 10

10 twin-calves, 340

ver cow-calves. It

TABLE RELATIVE TO THE GE8TATI0X OF COWS.

Cows.

Cow

calvts

Riill
calVf.H

Twill

cow

calves.

Twia

hull

calves.

Twin cow
and bull

calves.

"i"
......

"i"

..„..

"ij'
..„..

I
2

16
15
20
26
30
33
2!)
2i
25
13
20
10

"i"

1
3
1

1
1

2
1
2
1
1
2

V.i

1
1
3

562

ILLUSTItATEI) STOCK DOCTOR.

I |i

in also curious 1 . this foniicction to note, that of tho 704 cows, 23 pro-
duced twins, or one cow in 33 1-3 of thcso ; 7 cows Imd twin fcnmlcs ; Ti,
twin males, and eleven liad twin male and female calves. Those in tlu;
twins produced tlieir owner IH femalo calves and 1<! male calves.

From the many facts collected in various races of animals, it is quite
safe to conclude that tho sex of the young has no particular influence on
tho period of gestation. It is more prol)ablo that heredity, sires, early
maturity, and various other integers in tho i)roblem, may contrtil the
tendency to long or short gestation.

Pood vs. Product.

The value of an animal depends upon the profit it will give in compar-
ison with the care and expense in rearing and fattening, in tho case of
beef cattle, and, of the cost of feeding, in comparison with the niilk
yield, in connection with dairying. In this we may safely conclude that
an animal will produce less and less gain the longer it is kept, and thus
early maturity becomes tho most important integer in the breeding of
stock, whether it be for beef or milk. The reason why the mature ani-
mal consumes more in proportion to gain than the youn<jer one is, that it
takes a certain amount per i)ound of live weight to supply waste. The
animal of a given age, according to breed and adaptal)ility to fattening,
can only arrive at a certain weight. Henco this ultimate weight reached,
it will not increase. Long before this ultimate weight is reached, the
animal will increase only in fat. Thus the flesh-forming element in the
food is wasted, save that which supplies the daily waste in the animal
economy. Thus from the data Avhich we now present it will be seen how
much may be considered necessary as food, under various conditions.

Conolusions from Experiments.

Prof. W. S. Johnson, in his report of the Connecticut Agriculture Sta-
tion for 1877, gives the following translations from Dr. Wolff, a Gerniau
experimenter. These, of course, must only be considered as approxima-
tive. They, however, will show as being the result of practical experi-
ment — principles upon Avhich ratios may be made up of other material.

Dr. Wolff, in illustrating the standard for a milch cow, says that 30
lbs. of young clover hay will keep a cow in good milk ; that this contains
of dry organic substance 23 lbs., of which is digestible — albuminoids
3.21, carbo-hydrates 11.28, and fat 0.fi3. This is 71 lbs. albuminoids
more, and .22 lbs. of carbo-hydrates less, with ,13 lbs. of fat more, than
the standard. The richest and best meadow hay contains in 30 lbs., of
organic substance 23.2 lbs., having digestible albuminoids 2.4f) lbs., car-
bo-hydrates 12.75 lbs. and fat .42 lbs. This co'nes very near the feediwg
etandards.

CATTLE, HOW TO ItllKKU.

063

7()l cow.M, 2'.\ pro-
id twill fciimlcs ; ,'),
VQS. Thosi! in the
alt! ciilvos.
iiiiiiiuils, it i.s quite
:i(ulai- inllui'iK'c on
frodiH', sires, oarly
I, may control the

,'ill give in coinpar-

ling, in tlio caso of

sou witli the milk

ifely conclude thiit

t is kept, and thu-s

n the breeding of

hy the mature ani-

mj^er one i.s, that it

upply wa.ste. The

bility to fattening,

ite weight reached,

lit is reached, the

ing element in the

iste in the animal

it will Jjc seen how

ous conditions.

ut Agriculture Stsi-
. Wolff, a German
ered as approxinia-
jf practical experi-
of other material,
cow, says that 30
that this contains
il)le — albuminoids
1 ll)s. albuminoids
. of fat more, than
itainsinSO lbs., of
oids 2.49 lbs., car-
ry near the feedi^ig

Feeding Standards.

PKIl DAY, AND I'KIl 1.000 Ml?. LIVK WKIGIIT.

Oxen at rest In Ptall

" niitderutely worked

" heiivily worked

" futlening, lirsl period

It " second perlotl

»» " tidrd period ...

Cows In milk

Growinjr Callle;

Ctn

5.
0.

AGE— MO.NTIIS.
2-3

3- (J

0-12

12-18

18-24

2-3

0-12

12-18

18-24

17.5
24.0
2(1.0
27.0
20.0
25
24.0

1I)H,

AVE. LIVE WT I'ER UKAD]

150 pounds 22

300 " 23.4

500 " 24.0

700 '• 24.0

850 " 24.0

PER DAY AND

NutrlllvuDiKestlblo
Substano-.s.

Total Nutritive
Substances.

•3

■s

9
•Hi

rs
i.'9.

m ^

0.7 lbs

8.01b

0.151b

8.85 lb.s

1:12 \ha.

1.0 "

11.3"

0.30 "

13.20 "

2:7.5 "

2.4 '•

13.2"

50 "

10.10 "

1:0 "

2.5 »'

15.0"

0.50 "

18.00 "

1:0.5 "

3.0 "

14.8"

0.70 "

18.50 "

1:5.5 "

2 7 "

14.3 "

0.00 "

18.00 "

1.0,0 "

2.6 "

12.5"

0.40 "

15.40 "

i:5.5 "

4.0 "

13.8"

20 "

108 "

1:4.7 "

3.2 "

13.5"

1.0 '•

17.7 "

1:5.0 "

2.5 "

13.5 "

0.0 '•

10.0 "

1:0.0 "

2.0 "

13.0"

0.4 "

15.4 "

1:7.0 "

1.0 "

12.0 "

0.3 "

113.9 "

1:8.0 "

tt
It

PEK HEAD

150
300
500
700
850

3.3 "

00 "

2.1"

0.30 "

3.00 " ■

70 "

1.0 "

4 1 "

0.30 "

5.40 "

12.0 "

1.3 "

0.8"

0.30 "

8.40 » :

10.8 "

1.4 "

01"

0.28 ••

10.78 "

I2O.4 »

1.4 "

19.3 "

0.26 '•

11.90 "

1:4.7
1:5.0
1:0.0
1:7.0
1:8.0

To show how a ration for milk cows may bo arranged of various mate-
rial, he gives the following :

Bation for Milch Cows.

12 pounds average meadow hay.

6 " oat straw

20 " mangolds

25 " brewers' grains

2 " cotlon-seed cake

Standard .

lbs.
9.5
49
22
5.0
1.0

238
24.0

Dlsrestible.

Albu-
minoids.

Carbo-
hydrates.

•

lbs.

Ibo.

0.05

4 92

0.12

0.08

2.40

0.04

022

2()0

0.02

0.98

2 70

0.20

0.02

0.30

0.24

2.55

12 38

0.02

2.50

12 50

0.40

Prof. Johnson gives

the

following

rations, calculated from the table

20 pounds cured corn- fodder ,

5 " rye straw ,

6 " malt sprouts

2 " cotlon-seed meal .

Standard.

13.7
4.1
50
1.6

244
24.0

0.64
0.04
1.10
0.02

2.46
2.50

8.08
1.82
2 70
0.30

13 50
12.50

0.20
0.02
0.10
0.24

0.56
0.40

I l!i

i'f !

564

ILLU8TKATEI) STOCK DOCTOR.

Or, again :

a
CO

Dljroftlblo.

15 iiouikIm coni-luddc-r

5 '* brail

5 " iiialtsproiils

3 " corn-iiical

2 '• cotloii-sfi; I meal

2.1
•I. I
4.1
2.:i
1.0

24.4

"2
o

O.lli

(I r.i)

0.1)7
U.22
0.02

5"^

2. 60

II ii.)
2 21
2 25
2.05

oao

J2.42

01)1
15
o.ds
0.07
0.24

or>8

A corrospoiulciit of tho National Live Stock Journal f^ivos tho follow-
ing us !i i)nictu'!«l ration -wIucjIi ho ii.sod to feed forty steers, weighing un
uverago of !)0() Ih.s., and gaining 2 1-2 lbs., per head, per day:

12 pounds out Ktniw

5 " hay

" cohi-ineal

4 " bran ,

2 " Linseed mcul.

Standard for fattoninjr cattle of this weljfht

9.80

0.17

4.H1

0.08

3.98

2.05

0.05

5.04

0.50

3.04

0.28

3.22

0.50

1.70

O.IO

1.01

0.70

C.18

23.05

l.Ol

]29(-

0.09

24 ;w

2 25

1350

0.45

This corresponds quite closely with the German standard. Tho albu-
minoids ar(^ slightly less, and tho fat more. One gallon of cheap molasses
added to the rations of hay for forty head, would nearly bring up the
oarbo-hvdratcs to the standard. Again ho says: The following is a
practical ration fed to 10 steers for flO days ; their average weight for the
90 days l)eing 1,;548 lbs. ; and this was the average ration f';d — tho aver-
age gain being .'5 lbs. per head, per day :

15 pounds oat straw .

7
3
3
1

hay
com- nual
pea-n>oal...
oat- meal...
flax-seed ...

Standard for fattening cattle of this weight
— 3d period

12.25

0.01

0.10

4.77

0.32

2.40

0.00

5 80

0.59

4 21

0.33

2.48

0.51

1.32

0.05

2.48

0.29

1 29

0.14

O.SO

0.17

0.18

0.29

28.70

2.09

15.50

0.97

33.70

3.G3

19.95

0.80

This seems a wide departure from the German standard ; but that all
tho conditions may be understood, it is stated that the corn, pease, oats
and flax-seed, in the proportions stated, were mixed and ground together,
and then 14 lbs. of the mixed meal was mixed with the 15 lbs. of oat
straw, cut into inch lengths, and all well cooked together ; that is, 420
lbs. of the ground meal was mixed with 450 lbs. of cut oat straw, placed
in a steam-box and well cooked with steam, and this served for three

CATTLK, HOW TO lUtnKI).

56ft

DiRMlttblO.

•5

£ C

r. —

5 55

0.04

2 2t

2 25

o.ds

2.05

0.07

o;w

0.24

12.42

I f?ivcs th

follow-

toers, Avoi

{,'hiii<5 an

)er day :

4.H1

0.08

2.05

0.05

3.04

0.28

1.70

0.10

0.70

0.18

12 IX/

O.GD

13 50

0.45

idard. Tho albu-
of cheap molas-scs
arly briuj.^ up the
lie followinj; is a
igc weight for the
on fvU — tho aver-

0.01

0.10

2.4(t

0.00

4 21

0.33

1.32

0.05

1 29

0.14

0.18

0.29

15.50

0.97

19.95

0.80

lard ; but that all
corn, pease, oats
ground together,
he 15 11)8. of oat
lier ; that ia, 420
oat straw, placed
served for three

dayw' ratioiiH for the 10 he.ul, except that (I lbs. of long hay wa.s given
to each at noon. Porhap.H tho explanation Ih, that the cooking rendered
:i 8() nnich larger per centage dige.stil)le, that it wa.s, in cITecl, (Mpial to
the (lerinan standard. These steers weighed 1,210 lbs, when the exper-
inienl bc<'an, ant' \,\>^^> Hts. at the end of !»0 days ; ho (iiat l,;UH lbs. wan
the average weight during the period. The meal ration was l)nt 10 lbs.
during the lirst two weeks, and increased gradually up to 1<! IIks., at tho
end of <iO days ; making the average ration 14 lbs. jjcr day.

As supph-nientary to this \\v give tlnee rations applicable to the East,
South and West, in the order named:

CLOVBR AND COHN RATION KOB FATTKNINQ CATTLK OK 1200 I.IW.

20 pouiuls best clover hny

5 " Htrnwor cornstulka

15 " corn-meal

Standiiril lor fattening cattle of 1200 ll).s
2d period

OF PEAS AND OATS, DRIED IN ULOSSOII,
WITH CURN-MKAL.

27 pounds pea and oat hay

12 •• curn-meal

WI.NTKIl KATION OP WESTERN CATTLK, CORN
AND 8TALKS.

20 poniids dry cornstalks

20 " ear-corn

DIgPftlhlo.

I o

:^ a

■OS

ll)S.

lb«.

lb.».

Ibi.

1.5.20

214

7.52

0.42

4.iO

0.04

1.82

0.02

lh77

1.17

8.48

0.50

31.07
31.20

3.35
3.00

17.82
17.70

0.00
O.Rt

20.00
10.09

2,10
1.00

9.01
7,27

0.48
0.57

30 09

3.10 1 17.^8 1 1.05

10.52
10.82

0.10
068

7.30
12.12

0.08
0.90

33.14

1.84

19.42

1.04

It will be of interest now to show the chemical composition, digestibil-
ity and money value, according to the German standard, for 2,000 lbs. of
clover hay, meadow Lay, corn fodder, oat straw, oil cake, wheat bran,
corn meal and oats. These foods, used moi-e in the United States than
any like number of others, are also complementary to each other: (See
table on following page).

Comparing Values.

The comparisons of values by the ton of these very dissimilar foods is
as follows: We find clover hay worth $17.82 and oat straw $;) per ton ;
but it caimot be inferred that oat straw would be as cheap at that price
as clover hay to make an entire food for cattle, or other animals, because
clover hay is a well balanced food for cattle and oat straw is only a

566

ILLUSTRATED STOCK POCTOR.

IlELATIVE VALUE OF DIFFERENT KINDS OP FOOD.

i I!

•

•3

a
s

In 2,000 lbs.

CLOVKR HAY.

Albuininoid.'!

15 3

35 SI

23.2/

3.2

10.7

37.6
2.1

214

752
42

$9 24

Carbc livdrates

CruJe fibre

6 76

Fat

1 82

AVEUAGE MEADOW HAY.

Albuminoids

9.7
41.01
21.0/

2 5

5.4

40.1
1.0

1008

180

820
20

$17 82
$4 C8

CHrbo-hvdrates

Crude fibre

Fat

7 38

CORN FODDER.

Albuminoids

44
37.91
25 0/

1.3

3.2

43.4
1.0

9!8

868
20

$12 93

$2 80

Carbo-hydrates

Crude flbre

Fat

7 81
87

OAT STRAW.

Albuminoids

4.0
36.2 \
39 5/

2.0

1.4

39.5
0.7

054

802
14

$11 54

$1 21

7 21
6[

Carbo-hydrafos

Crude flbre

Fat

OIL CAKE.

Albuminoids

28.3
32.3 \
100/
10.0

• 23.77

35.15
9.0

844

475

703
180

$9 61
$19 00

Carbo-hydrates

Fibre

6 32

Fat

WHEAT BRAN.

Albumino'l'

15.0
62.2 \
10.1/
3.2

13.6

42.6
2.G

1358

252

862
52

$33 12
$10 02

Carbo-l'yui"''es

Fibre

7 67
2 25

Fat

CORX MEAL.

Albuminoids

10.0
(52. n

5.5/

0.5

8.4

60,6

4.8

1166

168

1212
96

$20 84
$7 28

Carbo-hydrates

Crude flbre

10 90

Fat

4 16

OATS.

Albuminoids

12.2
55 >

03/

G.5

9.0

43.0
4.7

1476

180

800
!)4

$22 34

$7 80
7 74

Carbo-li yd rates

Crude flbre

Fat

4 07

1134

$19 81

CATTLE, HOW TO BUEED.

5G7

FOOD.

—

>-l

lbs.

214

$9 24

762

G 70

1 82

1008

$17 82

ISO

$4 OS

820

7 38

9!8

$12 93

$2 8G

868

7 81

054

$11 54

$1 21

802

7 21

844

$9 Gl

473

$19 00

703

C32

180

1358

$33 12

252

$10 92

852

7 G7

2 25

115G

$20 84

1G8

$7 28

1212

10 90

4 IG

1470

$22 34

180

$7 80

800

7 74

4 07

1134

$10 81

nartiiil food, containing so little albuminoids and fat that cattle would
istiirvc to death upon it if fed long enough. The muscles and nerves
could not I)e nourished upon it ; and yet a good article of oat straw is
worth the price named, because of the digestible heat and fat formers it
contains. Now, put a ton of the best oat straw with a ton of the best
clover hay, and you have a fairly ])alanced food. It compares well with
;'oinniou meadow hay. The digestible albuminoids iji clover 10.7, in
straw 1.4, making the two added 12.1, and the average per cent of the
mixture is 6.05, whilst meadow hay is only 5.04. Tiie digestible earbo-
livdratcs in the mixture is about 39.0 to 41.0 in hay, and the fat is 1.4
to 1.0 in meadow hay. The parallel is very close ; and as the mixture
has slightly more albuminoids and fat, it may be considered the better
ration. These valuations of the different elements simply mean that
each is worth the relative price named when fed in due proportion with
the other elements. Oil-cake, for example, is as far from being a
balanced ration as oat straw, for it contains as much too large a propor-
tion of albuminoids as straw does too small. It has also oil in excess.
Like straw it must be fed with other foods. If 400 lbs. of oil-cake be
mixed with a ton of oat straw, the mLxture will make a ration equal to
meadow hay.

Feeding Where Corn is Cheap.

When stock of any kind is kept and fattened in stables, on ground or
cooked food, these tables will be found valuable. So far as our own
experience goes we have found that for growing animals there is nothing
better than equal weights of corn and oats, or corn and barley, with
what good hay or shocked corn fodder they will eat. We have also
found that when corn was less than 30 cents per bushel it did not pay for
grinding even for cattle, if it.could be fed in the ear or in the husk, the
experiments being based on the toll taken, and t'-ie cost of hauling ten
luiles to mill. For sheep, horses, and hogs it will not pay for grinding
when it is less in price than 40 cents per bushel.

In all that great scope of country in the West known as the corn zone,
the most econontical manner we have ever found in fattening cattle was
to feed, iirst, shock-corn ; next, snapped corn ; and, third, husked corn
in the ear. In feeding the two latter, the animal weighing 1,000 pounds
should have about 25 pounds of corn and 10 pounds of best hay.

In feeding shock corn the animal will eat no more than it requires, and
it should have twice n day whatever it will eat up clean, of ears. In
feeding in '■ his manner in the fields or dry yards with abundance of water,
allowing hogs to run after the cattle after they have finished the ears, to
pick up wasted corn and droppings — if the cattle are sheltered from wind
and storm, they may be most economically fed and to very heavy Aveights.

.»

568

ILLUSTRATED STOCK UOCTOK.

Raising Young Cr,ttle.

Hero again tho breeder nui.'-t be guidc^d by sound judgment. It will
not pay to starve even tho eoninionest stock. A calf, to use a connnoii
expression, "knocked in tho head with a pail of skinnned milk," will
never make a first (.1 iss steer or cow. Neither is it necessary that tliev
suck the ''o^v. In fact, in the case of dairy cows or heifers intended for
the dairy, they should not suck, for it surely tends to diminish Iho How
of milk, except the calf is turned with tho cow at stated intervals, and liic
cow milked clean at the same time. In the case of heifers, they should
be milked as soon as tho calf has drawn the first milk, both as a means of
training and to develop the How of milk as much as possible ; besides this,
a calf taken at two or three days old is easily taught to suck the finger or
an artificial teat attached to a reservoir.

The First Two Weeks,

They should have nothing but new milk. It should be as warm as it
comes from the cow, and the calf should bo fed four times a day. Then
they may have milk twelve hours old, from which the cream has been
taken, adding four ounces of finely ground meal made Into thoroughly
cooked nmsh, to each meal, for strong, hearty calves. Thus they may
be fed for two Aveeks more, changing to oat-meal or wheat flour if the
calf is inclined to scour. Some feeders add a teaspoonful of linseed meal
once a day. It is not a bad plan. When the calf is four weeks old it
need bo fed but twice a da}-, giving milk warmed to about ninety or
ninety-live degrees, which last is the natural animal heat. From this
time on more and more nmsh, or its equivalent may be added as the calf
increases in size and strength, until it begins to eat grass and threshed
oats, which it should be encouraged to do.

Peed Early.

At ten weeks old it should eat freely, and at three months old it may
be gradually weaned from milk and taught to subsist on gras'j and oats.
During all this time the calf should be sheltered from the hot sun and
rain, by providing a shelter to which it may retire, well ventilated, dry
and clean, and sufficiently dark to keep out green-head and other lilting
flies. In the autumn its rations of grain should be increased, and as grass
fails the finest meadow hay should be substituted — whatever it will eat
clean of both. Offer it water occasionally after it ia a month old, and
when weaned see that it never lacks for water.

CATTLE, HOW TO BREED.

Figuring Profits.

569

Diiriiiir tho winter koop the calves in the wannest quarters possible ;
ffcd lihenillv with grain and hay, and in the spring vou will havc! tlie sat-
isfaction of knowing that you have received tho best prolit that you will
ever reap from the animal at any subsequent age ; I»nt upon .('oni[)aring
debit and credit Avith your neighbor who has fed skini-inilk alone in sum-
mer and poor hay in Avinter, you will find that the loss on his calves has
•rone in the shai)0 of profit in vours.

From this time on feed liberally of gram in tho Avinter, and give a little
all summer Avhen they Avill eat it. Let them in Avinter bo so Avarm that
they never become chilled. So continue until the animal is Avithin six
montlis of being ripe for the butcher. Then feed the best you can, and
you Avill be rejoiced to find that you may get two to three cents a jiound
gross Aveight more than your neighbor Avho has only half fed and has turned
off his cattle totally unripe .for the butcher.

The same rule Avill hold good for those calves intended for coavs. To
make a good coav, she must be fed Avell to bring early development and
maturitv- She may thus bo brought forAvai'd strong and lusty, and in
better condition at two years past to bring you a perfect calf, than those
of your neighbor at tAvice that age, Avhose policy has been to grudge them
feed and allow them to shift for themselves.

Castration.

When the l)ull calves are three weeks old, if in good health, they should
be castrated. It should certainly bo done before they are four Aveeks old.
Many of our best stock raisers incline to tho opinion that as soon as the
calf begins fairly to gain size and flesh, say at two weeks old, is the proper
time. We haA'o never had better success than at this time. Every person
who purposes to breed cattle should knoAV hoAV to do this. The operation
is (juite simple, and easily performed.

Secure the calf so it may remain standing on its feet, but cannot struggle
severely. Have a knife ready Avith a keen-edged blade. Tho blade of a
budding-knifo is the proper shape. Seize the scrotum fi'om behind, and
Avith two light, SAvift, sharp strokes cut through and into the testicle.
Separate tho meml)rano Avhero it unites, pull tho testicle out until tho cord
shows from four to six inches, and cut it Avith a pair of nippers or rather
dull shears. It Avill save loss of blood. So operate Avith tho other, and
the work is done. If from any cause severe bleeding ensues, inject a
little tincture of muriate of iron into the cavities, and Avet a soft rag Avith
the tincture and press it well into the cavity. If these be not at hand,
push a little salt and lard into the cavity. If tho operation has been care-

^^^.

570

ILLU8THATED STOCK DOCTOR.

I \

il! ' I,,,!!! !

fully performed, nothing will generally be required,
kept free from interference by other unimuls

Until the Farts are Healed,

The calf should be

\vhi(^h will usually occur in a week. If they have been used to the coin-
pnny of otlier calves, they should not be deprived of it now, else they will
pine. One reason why wo advise early gelding, is, it should be done be-
fore the calf \fi taken off of new milk, and it should not be deprived of
the natural milk until it recovers from the shock. Care nmst be taken
that files do not get near, to deposit their eggs in the parts operated on.
To prevent this, if there are files, keep the (!alves in a pretty dark, but
well ventilated place. Most persons will find it awkward at first to geld
as we have directed. A little practice, however, with tact and firmness,
will render all easy, especially if one can have the advantage of seeing an
expert operate once.

Sometimes Suppuration Ensues.

In this case recourse must bo had to mild palliative measures. Keep
the parts washed clean, twice a day, with warm rainwater and castile soap,
and inject a small quantity of tincture of aloes and myri'h. If the parts
become unhealthy, or ulcerated (for mere suppuration is healthy action),
wash with a weak and clear solution of sal soda, or hard wood ashes. If
proud flesh should arise (a rar(5 occurrence), burnt alum, pounded very
fiue may bo appliedi or the parts may bo touched Avith lunar caustic.

?he calf should be

used to the com-
iiow, else tliey will
hould be done ho-
ot bo deprived of
ire must be taken
)iirts operated on.
I pretty dark, but
ird at first to geld
tact and firmness,
ntagc of seeing an

CHAPTER ni.

TBAINING Am) WORKING.

TRAISINQ V8. BRl VKINQ TRAIMNQ THE CALF HALTERIKG TRAINING TO MILK — —

FKEDIXa AT MILKING TIMK VICIOU3NES3 IN COWS HOOKING COW3 TRAINUiG

OXEN TRAIN STOCK YOUNG SUMMING UP MANAGING A KICKING COW.

Training Cattle vs. Breaking.

The word "breaking" horses or steers to work, or breaking a heifer in
to milk, has now-a-days become pretty well obsolete. Breaking by brute
force may make a kind of a machine of an animal ; it may do stupidly

WORKING BY MAIN FORCE.

^^^^

572

1LLU8TKATED STOCK DOCTOR.

what is desired, and yet not do it to the best advantage. Intelligent per-
sons now do not break an animal by destroying its will, they simply make
it subservient to that of man, by lotting it know at the first haiuporing
for training that it will not be hurt, if it does not i-esist. All domestic
animals are naturally subservient to the will of man ; they require to
be taught what is wanted, and the individual shoulu know that no good
.an come out of any system of training which compels the use of the
whip constantly. The whip is necessary only as a means of correction,
when an animal is refractory after understanding the will of the master.
An intelligent trainer will easily distinguish between stubborn antagonism
and a want of comprehension. We have never seen young animals stub-
born, except that they did not understand what wa^ wanted of them;
and in animals that have at length been made to work in the yoke, or to
stand quietly to be milked, but which have "freaks," as they are called,
when they seem wild or stubborn, it is usually the xvsult of bad treat-
ment in "breaking," and the animal is actuated almost solely by fear.
If, in the struggle which ensues, the animal becomes master, it is there-
after of but little use
made necessary.

It is better in training that the struggle be not

Training tha Calf.

If the calf has been raised by hand, that is, fed with milk from the
pail, it will, or should have, become so gentle and familiar as to allow
itself to be approached readily, and to respond to the call of its master.
Many persons at this time nanae every calf, and thus they soon come to
know their names when called. If firmness and at the same time gentle-
ness have been used, so that the calf will understand that there is nothing
to fear ; if no struggle is made, it is well on the way to understand what
is further expected of it. It should be inibbed and curried occasionally,
especially on those parts of the body that itself cannot reach, as the
head, neck nnd shoulders ; or, if kept in the stable constantly, it should
be brushed all over at least once a day. Here is one of the first and
most important lessons. At first, the calf does not know what U
intended. If the master gets angry and beats it, it will ever after asiso-
ciate currying and brushing with a beating ; and when it gets older and
stronger, in the constant successions of struggles to escape punislniieiit,
it will at length find it is the stronger animal of the two. Thereafter
itself and not the man is master. The object of currying is not to give
pain. It is an operation of cleaning that the animal cannot perform for
itself, because confined iu a stable. If the animal is turned out during

CATTLE, TRAINING AND WORKING,

678

;. Intelllj,ent per-
, they simply make
:hG first h}uni)erin<,'
sist. All doiiu'stii'
I ; they require to
know that no jiood
leis the use of the
eiins of correction,
will of the niastcr.
tubborn antagonism
I'ounir animals stul)-
If, wanted of tlicm ;
i in the yoke, or to
' as they are cahed,
result of bad trcat-
nost solely by fear.
5 master, it is tliero-
, the struggle be not

with milk from the
familiar as to allow
c call of its master.
s they soon come to
he same time gentle-
that there is nothing
y to understand what
curried occasionally,
cannot reach, as the
constantly, it should
one of the first and
not know what is*
will ever after asso-
len it gets older and
escape punislnnent,
the two. Thereafter
uTying is not to give
.1 cannot perform for
is turned out during

the day, and confined only at night ; or if it have the range of the yard
and sheds day and night, the cleaning is not needed. Animals can and
do jjcrforra these oflSces for themselves and for each other by licking, so
far as is necessary. The accumulating scurf in an out-door life is a pro-
vision of nature for the protection of the animal. It should not bo
touched. In the stable, however, it is different. The lack of exercise
tends to a sluggish movement of the blood, and hence a clean skin- be-
comes one of the most iictive integers in preserving the health of tiie
animal. In using the comb or brush, or, in the case of cattle, the card
and brush, a light hand with the comb and card will do better work than
a heavy hand. It should be unnecessary to say that about the bony parts
the card or curry-comb should never be used.

Haltering.

The first thing a calf should be taught is to stand quietly when tied,
and under all circumstances. If it is taught this by being tied uj) imme-
diately upon being taken from the cow to be fed milk, or at from three
davs to a week old, there will be no difiiculty. If the calf has run with
the cow, it will be strong and Xxxniy. In this case, the lot if they are to
be stabled, should be put into a close pen, and a sti'ong halter fastened to
the head, of one of them, using discretion and time so as not to frighten
the animal. Once secured, two men will easily place it in position in the
stiil)le. So proceed until all are handled. Here they may be gently
handled until quieted, whatsoever the manipulation.

The next step will be teaching it to lead. Take it into a closely fenced
yard, having the calf haltered at the end of a ten-foot rope : stand in front
of it and utter the word "•ome." Of course, it will not move. Utter
the word again, and at the same time let an assistant tap it lightly mth a
buggy whip on the legs, from behind, or hold the whip yourself and tap
it on the forelegs at the uttei'ance of the word. The animal will soon un-
derstand what is wanted and come forward. It should then have something
it likes, the least possible lick of salt, for instance. From this time on
you will have no diflSculty in teaching the calf to follow quietly ; in fact
it may be taught to do many things : to back or come forward at the order ;
to turn to the right or left. In fact, it should be half broken to milk be-
fore it has had a calf, or should be half broken to labor before the yoke
is put on.

To illustrate the difference between this plan of uniting firmness with
gentleness in the training of cattle, one has only to observe the difference
in cattle on different farms. The stock of the brutal farmer will never
willingly allow the owner to come near them. K a master's animal be in

574

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

a corner and ho approaches, there is a dash to escape, and perhaps some
young animal is maimed. Such stock soon actiuire tlie habits of their
master : they are morose, ugly, often vicious ; for in a herd under bad
management animals sometimes get the better of the master, and are apt
to become breachy, tricky, and generally unmanageable.

Training to Milk.

In training to stand quietly while being milked, the udder should be
often handled while the heifer is growing up ; the bag should be rubbed ;
it should be pressed and the teats gently pulled. This need take but very
little time. The real work comes when the animal is to be milked. There
are many things to be taken into consideration hero. The heifer nmwt bo
put in a pen where she cannot hurt herself, and where the milker can oj[t-
erate easily ; a pen just long enough and just wide enough for the heifer
to stand in, five feet high and tight enough so there will be no daiio-cr of
the heifer injuring herself, and with an opening for the milker to operate
through, will thoroughly subdue the wildest. Geneially, all that is needed

will be to tic tbe heifer
by the head, and then
patiently show her that
fche will not be hurt.
She will soon come to
associate the act of
milking as easing the
udder and thencefor-
ward will stand qui-
etly, unless the bag
or teats hurt her. If so, seek the cause of the difficulty and cure it.

If the animal has never been tied up, but has been handled in the yard,
one person may take the heifer by the horns, while another milks. If
she be very refractory she may have to be "nosed." Seize the off horn
firmly with the right hand, and thrust the two first fingers and thuml) of
the left hand into the nostrils, clasping the meml)ranc tightly if she
struggle^ severely. So soon as the struggles cease, ease the pressure of
the fingers in the nostrils. If she again struggles, again tighten the
grasp. Let the milker use gentleness. It does no good to kick an
animal ; it may do much harm. If the heifer kick, it is prol)al)ly because
she is hurt. A person of ordinary strength need not be kicked while
milking, unless in the case of a cow of extraordinary strength and
viciousness. The wrist of the left hand holding the teat, if kept well
against tho stifle, and pressed firmly back when the foot is raised, will

liESULT OK BAD HANDLINa.

CATTLE, TRAINING AND WOIIKINO.

070

and perhaps some
ho habits of their
a herd under bad
lastor, and are apt

udder should be
should bo rubbed ;
need take but very

1 be milked. There
The heifer must bo

! the milker can 0[y-
ouffh for the heifer
f\\\ be no danger of
le milker to operate
ly, all that is needed
ill be to tic the heifer
f the head, and then
itiently show her that
^c will not be hurt.
lie will soon come to
sociatc the act of
ilking as casing the
Ider and thenocfor-
ard will stand qui-
ly, unless the bag
ilty and cure it.
handled in the yard,
another milks. If
Seize the off horn
ngers and thumb of
rane tightly if she
asc the pressure of
!, again tighten the
no good to kick an
it is probably because
not bo kicked while
dinary strength and
10 teat, if kept well
e foot IS raised, will

generally cause it to bo jct down in place again. Use sootlung words
when the animal is (juiet, and low but tirm words of connnand when
refractory. If the udder is inllamod, as is very often the case soon after
calvin", bathe it carefully with cold water, so as not to shock tho aninml.
She will soon come to associate a feeling of relief with the operation and
like it. In fact, tho whole art of training may bo sunmied up in tho
sentence : Use discretion and judgmenlt and show yourself superior to
the brute — in truth, its friendly master. Tho conquering of brute force
by brute force is a relic of barbarism. There are vicious animals an
there are vicious men ; there are dangerous animals as there are danger-
ous men. Both may have been bred or educated thus. Vicious men are
placed where they cannot injure their fellows ; vicious aninuils had better
go to the butcher — they are as unprofitable to breed from as they are
useless for what may bo got out of them.

As showing the eifects of
bad and good handling, wo
give tho i^icturo of a cow
made wild and vicious by
bad handling, and that of a
cow used to kind treatment
and gentle but firm handling.
The reader can draw his own
conclusions as to which is tho
best system.

KE8ULT OF GOOD HAMDLIJNQ.

Feeding at Milking Time.

Some persons, to induce gentleness, give the cow a mess before sitting
down to milk. This is a bad plan. It leads the animal to expect it,
and if it is not given, even if slie is gentle, she is restless and discon-
tented. The very act of feeding induces moving about more or less,
and i)revents stiinding as quietl}'^ as she otherwise would. On the other
hand, if she be fed after milking time she will stand quietly and entirely
at ease. Many good handlers feed before milking. By tho time tho
whole are fed and tho stable cleansed the cows will have finished and be
ready for milking. This is the plan we have always pursued, and we
think the better one : Before sitting down to milk we have been accus-
tomed to have the milker give the cow to be milked the slightest lick of
salt from the hand, or a single mouthful of extra nice soft hay. When
you begin milking do not intermit until the cow is milked entirely clean.
Milk fast. Slow milking not only worries the cow but tends to dry her

576

ILLU8TUATKD STOCK DOCTOR.

up. If the milk is not druwn as fust us it is given down it is apt in the
end to bo withheld.

How to Milk.

Supposing tho cows to be in the Htal)lc, after feeding, and cleaning the
stable iiud tho uniniuls themselves, carefully wash the udder and toats, if
they are dirty, or thoroughly brush with a soft brush, or wipe with a
cloth if only dusty. Sit down quietly on the off or right side of the cow,
the face slightly to tho rear ; take hold of tho rear tout furthest from you
with the left hand, and speaking tho word " hoist," slowly and in a low
i)ut firm tone, press the arm against the leg, to carry tho foot in place
slightly behind tho other. In milking, grasp the upper portion of the
forward teat nearest you, so the hands operate tho teats diagonally. In
grasping tho teats, do so well up towards tho bag, according to the length
of the teats, with the thumb and fonffingor, and pulling gently down, at
the same time, close tho other fingers, thus forcing out the milk. So
proceed, first with one hand and then with the other, until tho milk \»
pretty much drawn. Then change to the other teats and finish them.

In strippuigdo not use the thumb and finger, pulling tho teat from the
root to the end. It is a senseless plan. Every drop can be had by press-
ing tho top of tho hand well up under the bag, gathering tho milk with
the thumb and forefinger, and drawing tho milk with the others.

Vioiousness in Cows.

Sometimes a person will have a cow that is given to viciousncss from
bad training, and which may bo so valuable in other respects that the
owner may not wish to part with her. She may be a kicker. If so, and
she be strong and decidedly ugly, use the following apparatus, which will
explain itself, and Which, by the lever and notches, may bo made to gi'ip
tightly into the flank. Another plan is to draw a strong cord quite
tightly around tho girth. Tho most usual plan, in the stable, is to buckle
a strap around the legs and to fasten it to a ring in the wall behind, so
tho cord will be loose when at rest, and yet so tight that tho cow cannot
get her leg forward to do mischief, Tho cut wo give will show tho first
device mentioned and the manner of fastening :

Cowa Sucking Themoelves.

Sucking themselves is another bad habit which cows sometimes acquire.
There are two objections to such cows. The first is, we lose their milk,
aud not rarely other cows will acquire the habit from them. It is a well

CATTLE, TRAININO AND WORKINQ.

577

m it is apt iu the

TO I'RBVKNT A COW FROM KICKING.

known fact that self-sucking cows arc
gcncriilly good milkers. It is quite
certain that they acquire the habit
from the fact that the milk pressure iu
tJK^ hag hurts them, and in rubbing
tiie udder with the nose they at length
ffct a taste of the milk, and thus be-
come fixed in the habit. Ilcncc the
necessity of regular milking, and of-
ten enough to keep the udder from
being unduly strained. There arc vari-
ous devices for preventing this vice. One is a halter and nose piece, with
spikes, similar but larger than those used upon calves to prevent suck-
ing. It is given below, but besides hampering the animal to a consider-
iiblo extent in gathering her food, it is not always effectual.

A very simple, and said to be effective
means, is to take a tough hickory stick,
fourteen inches long, three-fourths of
an inch thick in the center, sharpened to
a point at t.ich end ; cut a grove around
the center, half an inch wide, and half
the depth of the thickness of the wood.
Whittle each end nicely to a point, or
leave it somewhat blunt, and insert a
sharpened piece of wire in each end.
Make a hole in the animal's nose, in the
soft portion, but close up to the hard
membrane of the nostrils, as you would
for ringing a bull, and small enough so it
will require considerable pressure to slip

the bulge of the atick until it reaches the middle notch, when it will
remain fixed. This does not prevent the animal from feeding, nor
being fastened in stanchions, and it must bo an inveterate sucker that will
draw her milk with this jewel in her nose. Still another but more com-
plicated yet quite effectual plan is given in the cut on next page.

TO PREVENT SUCKING.

Hooking Cows.

Another vicious habit sometimes acquired by otherwise excellent cows,
is the vice of attempting to gore every animal that comes near, that they
can master, and even individuals. Various devices have been recom-
mended tc prevent this. One is a bar across the horns, to which is

I ';ii

578

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

.li ii I

BAHNB8R TO PREVENT 8CCXIN0.

fastonod a Hlondor, springy piece of
liicltory to reach a position just above
the nostrils and armed with a sliarp
pe<; underneath, so that the siif^iitest
pressure will cause it to wound the
nose. Tn a majority of eases Imlls
placed on the tips of the horns, and
which may Iw purchased at any liurd-
•waro store, will sutHce, if the animal
is not vicious to mankind.

These are made to screw on. To
do so fasten the cow securely, and if
the horn is too largo to take the ball
pare it down till it will fit. Stick
a large potato baked soft, and thoroughly hot, on each tip of the horn.
It will .soon soften it, when the ball may be easily screwed on with the
proper tool, and will never come off. In the case of animals vit^ious t<»
man, the following device, which the cut fully explains, will prove
entirely effectual.

Training Oxen.

The value of a working ox lies not

only in its ability to draw a heavy

load forward ; to bo thoroughly good

in mud, or on roads ; to be able to

back Avhatevcr he can draw forward,

and to bo quick-paced. It is true you

cannot make a slow breed fast, nor

a lazy ox active ; neither can you

make an ox that lacks muscle do

heavy work. If the reader has studied

the characteristics of the Devons as

we have presented them, he will be

pretty well able to judge whether an

animal under inspection will be tit

for the yoke. If not fairly perfect

TO PRsvE.vT HOOKING. [^ the principal points, discard him.

It will not pay to train an inferior steer. If he is to be used for very

heavy work, agili'^y must to a considerable degree be sacrificed to weight

and muscular power. As a rule, however, it is better that you use three

CATTLE, TRAININO AND WORKIN(».

570

, Hpringy piece of
position ju.st above
rmcd with a sharp
I that tho slij^htcst
30 it to wound the
)rity of cases hulls
I of the horns, and
chased at any Imrd-
fficc, if the unimal
ankind.

u to screw on. To
ow securely, and if
•go to tJiko th(^ biill
I it will fit. Stick
•h tip of the horn,
screwed on with the
f animals vicious to
jxplains, will prove

working ox lies not
y to draw a heavj'
be thoroughly good
oads ; to be able to
can draw forward,
xced. It is true you
slow breed fast, nor
neither can you
t lacks muscle do
10 reader has studied
of the Devons as
id them, ho will be
judge whether an
spcction will be fit
not fairly perfect
points, discard him.
to bo used for very
sacrificed to weight
jr that you use three

yoke of medium sized active steers in the team rather than two yoke of
heavy, lul)lt('rly, snail-paced i)rutes that are always vexing the driver.

Select such as will walk evenly, look as nearly alike as possible .so that
they may l)c hitched together: first, for dispositicwi, canMage, and pace;
and second, for color and general appearance. If they an; three years
old, and to be put to work iinmediately in a breaking or freighting team,
Hclcct a ptiir of mates, hamper by first ropiiig and tying, and then yoking
t<)<'ether. So proceed until you have the team, whatevi r the number,
niiulc up. Once yoked, they should not again be released until they
cciisc struggling, and work cpiietly in the team. Fasten them together,
three, four, or five yoke, as the ease may be, putting a Avell broken
steady yoke of oxen on the lead. Thus you may have a team in a few
days that will learn to pull steadily forward and turn ''haw" or "gee"

A PRIMITIVE TACKLE, BUT GOOD TRAINER.

—to the left or right — as is Avanted. They, however, will never become
a team, in the sense of the word, as used by those who know what a
trained yoke of oxen are.

To properly train steers, they should bo taken when quite young.
Selecting one at a time, halter-break him as heretofore directed, cause
him to come close to you by tapping him on the forelegs with a light
whip. Teach him to walk quietly, but at a quick pace, at your side, you
holding him lightly by the halter, neither before nor behind, but directly
and closely at your side. Make him turn to the right or left at will, and
teach him to stand quietly when so ordered. In all this do not hurry.
Be quiet, low-voiced, patient but firm.

1 ^l-'

ii' I !

i; i;

! u

s-„

tbMifefth;.

580

ILLUSTKATED STOCK POCTOB.

Train St :k Young.

Let the steer, which should not exceed one Teai old — eight months is
better — bo taught one lesson at a time, and that thoroughly. It will ren-
der the next lesson easier. When they arc quiet and will do your bidding
in the yoke without halter or strap, they may be left until three years
old before being Avorked, though it is better to begm at two years of age,
especially if they arc to be used on the wagon. They will not pull much,
but they may thus be taught to m vlk fast, to do their share of the work,
and to become thoroughly "way v.isc."

The greatest difficulty in i'-aining oxen, as a single yoke, is teaching
them to back promptly and well. To do this retjuirc^ patience. Never
overload them. Make them back promptly twelve to fifteen feet at a
time, and then come forward, stopping instantly at the word, with heads
up ready to back again. ' In traveling along the road never allow them
to flag, nor exert them so long at any one time as to senously weary
them. Patience alone will secure the end sought. When you have occa-
sion to speak sharply to them, do not let it be in a very loud voice, but
let it be accompanied by a touch of the goad or a blow of the whip suf-
ficiently sharp so the animals feel it. To touch both animals so near
together that it seems almost simultaneous, is a fine art. It is acquired
by always touching the slow ox first, for scarcely ever will two animals
bo found so evenly matched as to be exactly alike. When you find them
you have a prize. When not so, we have alwaya found it liCCt to have
the slower ox on the near side.

Summing Up.

In summing up the whole matter of training, the in'^'vidual must keep
the points aimed at steadily in view. First, the anima must be rendered
entirely subservient to man, and this by showing it that man is its friend;
that under no circumstances is it to be injured. A well trained yoke or
a team of oxon will coinmand a fancy price as a-JisWy as a well trained
span of horses. There will be, for many j'cars to come, uses to which
neither horses nor mules are so well adapted as are oxen. In lumbering,
especially in breaking prairies, m much of the work of the farm, and for
teaming in wild regions generally, where there is nothing but rank, wild
grassy feed, they will be indispensable. In these cases the trained tfiam
will do one-third more work than the untrained team, and do it easier for
themselves, and much more satisfactory to the driver. Here again the
driver should be himself trained. A brutal driver will soon rum a good
team, yet cannot entirely destroy their value.

CATTLE, TRAINING AND WORKING.

581

old — eight months is
)roughly. It will ren-
(1 will do your bidding
left until three years
n ut two years of age,
ey will not pull much,
jir share of the work,

iglo yoke, is teaching
ire.s piitience. Never
e to fifteen feet at a
the word, with heads
aad never allow them
as to seriously weary

When you have occa-
i very loud voice, but
blow of the whip suf-
both animals so near
le art. It is acquired
ever will two animals

When you find them
found it boot to have

inf^'vidual must keep

ma must be rendered

hat man is its friend ;

well trained yoke or

ily as a well trained

come, uses to which

oxen. In lumbering,

of the farm, and for

nthing but Rink, wild

ases the trained team

[1, and do it easier for

or. Here again the

will 800U ruiu a good

An intelligent driver will accomplish what he wants without undue
severity ; his voice and signs are the potent powers. In starting a heavy
load each ox is called by name, however large the team be. They under-
stand that they are to place themselves in position for action ; every
chain is straightened, every muscle is brought into tension ; they get well
into the yokes, and at the signal all start together. With such a team
tiie load must come.

So with cows. The training of the heifer is begun in calf hood : she
learns to rely entirely upon the master. They know his voice either in
tlio yard or field, and come clustering about him, expecting some "tid-bit,"
or at least a kindly word or caress. Whon the first calf is dropped there
IS no fear of the master ; ho may take it and do with it what he will —
only fond solicitude is shown. Let a stranger come about, and instantly
this solicitude is changed to fear. If a jierson who has beaten them or
otherwise ill-used them approsiches, the fear is intensified, and if he offers
to handle the calf, a battle for the mastery is likely to ensue.

Wc have never had any trouble in teaching a heifer to stand to be
milked. If the udder is tender, as in nine cases out of ten it will be, they
will gently submit to the means used for relief and seem grateful for the
effort. If strange heifers are to be operated on, the first thing to teach
them is, that you are a friend; whatever the time it takes, whether half
an hour or half a day, do not intermit the effort until the animal is sub-
dued. If refractory it is better that the heifer or cow be tied up at once
and kept there until entirely quiet and without fear. Then fully half the
work is done and the subsequent work is only a question of time.

Managing a Kicking Cow.

We once subdued an unusually refractory and kicking cow, by having
her held firmly by the head while wc seized the teats firmly one with each
hand. There was no attempt to milk. The lesson to be given was that
she could do no injury by kicking. It took three-quarters of an hour to
accomplish the object. When she kicked the grasp was tightened ; the
wrist was brought back firmly against the leg above the hock. When she
coasod kicking the grasp was relaxed, and the motion of milking was per-
formed so far as pulling gently on the teats when she kicked, or rather
attempted to do so by bringing her foot forward. She soon found it was
invariably brought down again nearly in its proper position in the rear of
its mate. In the end she gave up and submitted to bo milked. One
new lesson she had to Icani, to stand without holding. This was accom-
pUshcd by following her about until she was content to stand, which she

582

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

did after three or four breaks. Within a week, there was no more quiet
cow in the yard than this heretofore incorrigible vixen.

A Happy Family.

As showing the benefits of superior care and training, it can be dem-
onstrated how nicely all farm stock will get along together in peace, when
owned by a small farmer who cannot afford to separate into distinct herds
on account of scarcity of numbers. If I'aised together in the same yard
each will find its proper level. They will agree kindly in a small pasture,
and if the pigs are ringed there will be no difficulty about xooting up the
soil ; and of the different classes of animals each will eat grasses and plants
not relished by the others. The fact well illustrates the adage, "A mer-
ciful man is merciful to his beast."

CHAPTER IV.

HOW TO 8HELTEB.

Necessity of Shelter.

NKOKSSITY OP SHELTER ARTIFICIAL PROTECTION A FRAUKD 8TABLK A CHEAP

STABLE ABOUT BARNS A COMMON SENSE BARN A SQUARE CROSS BARN

BASKMBNTS FOR CATTLE ARRANGING THR BASEMENT ADAPTING MEANS TO THE

END WHAT TO PLANT.

Ill all climates where cattle have to be fed nearly half the year, the
question of shelter becomes of the first importance In the middle corn
resioii of the West, cattle must bo fed from four to five months : and
farther north, from live to six months. If the pasture in October be
only sufficient to supply the animal waste, then such feeding is entirely
lost so far as profit Is concerned. The object of keeping cattle is to get
ji;r()wth and weight. The extra food given over and above the natural waste,
represents the profit. Hence in the artificial feeding of cattle the question
of shelter com ? in. A cold storm will often seriously reduce the weight
of stock. They will begin to fall away, and before they get ready to
agani increase in weight they will have had a season either longer or
KJiorter when they will perhaps neither have gained or lost. The natural
lioat of the animal must be kept to about 100 degrees. In fact, the
natural heat is 9(5 degrees whatever the temperature of the air. If it
falls below this the animal begins to chill, and the body is called on to
furnish additional heat. So long as this can be supplied the animal lives.
When it is exhausted the animal dies.

Tlic food given may be compared to the fuel used under the boiler of
a steam engme. So lon^ as the water stands at 200 degrees no steam is
produced; al)ove 212 steam accumulates, until at length enough power is
raised to start the wheels in motion. Thus it is with stock. Food must
be given in proportion to the animal waste. With the thermometer at
zero, and air stirring, whatever the feeding may be the animal cannot
gain if exposed to the wind. Under shelter the natural heat of the

584

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

animal is conserved, and it remains comfortable. If the temperature of
the stable can be kept at GO cugrces, the minimum of food only will be
required. Just here two inte<^ers come in ; the cheapness of food as
against shelter, and the cost of lal)or. It 's possible for food to be so
cheap and labor so dear, and Ihe price of t >n le so low, that the interest

OLD STYLE FARM YARD.

on the shelter and the cost of labor would cat off the profits. It has
been so in every section of the West first and last, and is so still in some
new sections ; but nowhere so low that cattle could be i^rofitjibly fed
without the protccthig influence of gullies or timber to break the force of
the wind. This is natural protection, and is the groundwork upon which
ttU other is to bo built.

Artificial Protection.

If the stock breeder has not
timber, then the sooner he plants
wind-breaks to protect his yards
and farm buildings the sooner
will he reap jirofit tliei'cfrom.

This is the crudest of artificial
protection and yet one of great
importance, both in Winter and
Summer. In "Winter it breaks
the force of storms of wind, rail.,
sleet, and snow, and in Summer furnishes shade.
The next crudest means of shelter is a shod of posts and poles, and

FARMER THRIFTT.ESS' MODE OP mOTECTION.

mh^.

CATTLE, HOW TO SHELTER.

585

craturc of
ily will be
)f food as
1 to he so
le interest

ts. It has
till in some
(fitjibly fed
the force of
upon which

5r has not
Y he plants
his yards
the sooner
•ofrom.
)f artificial
le of great
i'Vi liter and
[• it breaks
wind, rail.,

poles, and

FAIlMEIt TIIRIFTY'S MOUK OF I'ltOTECTION.

covered with slough hay or straw, and slabs, or poles, frlled in between
with such litter as stock

will not eat, the whole
firmly pounded down to
make! it wind proof.

This, if v/eU made and
so low as just to admit a
nv to Avalk under, is
both cheap and wa: n.

Another cheap form
of shed or shelter from storms is made by setting posts firmly in the
ground in two lines, sawing the tops level, fastening on plate pieces,
laving on scantling for the peak, supported temporarily, and nailing on
boards, for a roof, at one-quarter pitch, up and down from the plates to
the peak, covering the joints with wide" battens and boarding up the side
from whence th;' prevailing winds come. If twelve feet boards are used
for the roof, a t hod may thus be made ovqv twenty feet wide, that will
furnish good shelter for stock cattle where forage is cheap.

A Framed Shed.

A still better shed may be made by running the posts up eighteen feet,
framing in cross-ties to s'tpport a floor. In the upper twelve feet of this
shed a good deal of fodder may be stored, to be fed from when the
weather is too inclement to allow it to be handled on wajjons. From this
we may go on to more and more elal)orale structures until we come to
the barn proper.

On all well ordered farms the owner fully appreciates the importance
of shelter. Hence we see the feeding yards with one or two sides pro-
tected with more or less serviceable shed, until upon some farms we find
the feeding yards entirely surrounded with this means of Winter pro-
tection.

In all this the owner must be guided
by his pecuniary means. If he have
not money enough to put up the bet-
ter class of buildings, it by no means
follows that he is to leave his stock
without shelter until he is able to build.

So far as the simplest sheds arc con-
cerned, it is almost entirely a ques-
tion of labor. In the case of simjle
sheds of lumber, it is simply a ques-
tion of the cost of boards and nails.

Any intelligent farmer, assisted primytivb pbotkctign.

586

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

by his hired help, can do the work. It is true, however, that few per-
sons, the first time they build, do so economically. Let us see how this
may be fairly accomplished. Suppose the structure is to be a simple
roofed shed affair. Decide upon the length. The width should not be
more than twelve feet for a single pitch roof. Allow that it is to be
ninety-eight feet long. Set four heavy posts for the corners, three feet
in the ground, and of the required height. The lower it is the warmer
it will be, so it bo high enough for the cattle to walk under the plates.
Between the two end posts set, exactly in line, six posts each fourteen
feet apart, and five and one-half feet high from the average ground line.
Proceed in the same manner with the front, the posts to be nine feet
above ground. At the back, now set seven lighter posts in the fourteen
feet spaces. Saw them all off to an equal height, spike on four inch
scantluig from post to post in front, and two by four for the back. It is
now ready for the roof, which is to be firmly nailed from front to rear.
Board the front doAvn to within five and a half feet of the ground, and
the ends and back entirely to the ground. Thus the shed is complete,
except banking up. This is important and will add fully one-half to its
warmth. A good way to do this is to lay a line of sods one foot from
the rear, and fill in with earth or old litter, carrying the banking at least
four feet high ; or, posts may be set two feet from the wall, with suf-
ficient strips nailed thereon to hold the litter, and the whole filled in and

rammed tight.

A Cheap Stable.

Do you prefer a stable, take the form given for a hip or double-roofed
shed. Board the whole tight all around, leaving space for doors and
windows ; batten the cracks, lay the floor, put in stanchions or uprights
for fastening the cattle, leaving a feeding jjlaco in front, and the whole
is complete.

We prefer rings to slide up and down, upon standards three inches
thick, to stanchions. Now this style of stable will not be strong enough
to allow their being fastened to the floor above. Set strong posts seven
feet apart and four and a half feet high, sawed off square on top, and
three feet out from the wall. Prepare six-inch scantling to be pinned
firmly to the posts, twelve inches from the ground, and on the inside next
the wall ; the scantling bored, each three feet, with two-inch holes. This
will be wide enough for cows. Larger cattle must have three feet, three
inches. Prepare other scantling bored in similar manner for the tops of
the posts. Take three-inch smooth saplings ; sharjien the lower ends just
80 they will drive firmly into the holes in the lower scantling when it ia

CATTLE, HOW TO SHELTER.

587

t few per-
;o how this
>c a simple
uld not bo
it is to be

three feet
;ho warmer
the plates,
h fourteen
round line.
nine feet
le fourteen

four inch
>ack. It is
)nt to rear,
round, and

complete,
-half to its
3 foot from
ing at least
, with suf-
illed in and

ublc-roofed
doors and

or uprights
the whole

hreo inches
ong enough
posts seven
)n top, and
I be pinned
inside next
lolcs. This
! feet, three
the tops of
er ends just
; when it is

pounded in place below. Shave the upper ends so they will lit the holes
in the scantling above. Drive them solidly into tiio holes below, pinning
each one fast with a half-inch pin. Slip a four-inch iron ring over each
Htako. Lay the upper scantling on top, entering the standards as you
go. It is better that they have some play. Lower the scantling on top
of tlio posts, and pin and spike them lirmly to the posts. Cut stout ropo
six feet, six inches long, s[)lice a four-inch loop on one end, Avliip tho
other end with small cord so it will not uiu'avel ; pass the ropo through
the ring and back to tho loop so tho end of tho loop will bo eight inches
from V.'-i ring ; pass tho end of tlio rope through the loop, draw tight and
make fast with two half hitches, or, better, whi[) tho two portions of
rop(! together as far as the loop. The cattlo are then ready to bo tied
up, by passing tho rope about the neck and thi'ough tho loop, and draw-
ing just tight enough so tho animal cannot slif) it over tho horns. Iron
lihain bails tliat wiU last a life-time are kept ready made by agricultural
implcnuMt men, and are much the cheapest in tho end. Tied thus, cat-
tle can easily reach their foou, can lick themselves, can rest perfectly^
but cannot reach to injure each other. A six-inch board nailed along tho
Htjindard at a proper height, say about six inches below tho tops of tli«
shoulders of the cows, m\l prevent their reaching to,) far into tho feed-
ing passi:igo.

About Bams.

The first thing to do in tho erection of any building h planning to a
certainty wliat acconunodations aro wanted and tho i)i'()bal)lo cost. Tho
farm bsirn, if there is to be only one, nmst bo made to r.nsiwcr a variety
of purposes. It must contain stables for cattle and horses, calf pens^
shelter for sheep, a threshing floor, baj's or mows for hay and grain, room
for v(!hi('les and many tool;, harness room, granary, and, if the barn is a.
large one, room for placing a horse-power.

Years ago barns were seldom made higher than eightcen-fcet posts. In
these days of im[)roved machinery it is as easy to fill a barn twcnty-iivc or
thirty feet high as one that is lower. Tho nearer square or oi;tagonal a
barn is and the higher, tlio less its relative cost, so that now barns are
built of two or three stories when a slight declivity may ])e had for tha
site. If of two stories, the basc^mcnt i.-» cut up into stables for cattlo and
sheep, storage for heavy tools and machinerv, calf pens, etc., etc.

The main floor will contain bavs for hav and irrain, threshing floor, a

liarness room and granary. Practically there is no advantage in tho third

story. The barn may be as high as is needed, the bay continued to the

roof; the stable, harness room, gianarv, etc., may be floored over, au'J .".

j88

ILLU8T1UTCD STOCK DOCTOR.

1 I

mow be had overhead ; so, a floor may be carried over the threshing floor,

and this space utilized in the same way. Practically you have the space

at less expense.

A Quarter Section Farm Barn.

In the West and South, the farmer of 160 to 200 acres may get along
very well with a side-hill barn forty-two by sixty feet. It will give amph-
room for a bay 16 by GO ; a floor 13 by 60 : hdrsc stable 13 l)y 60, con-
taining 5 single and 1 double stall, or 2 single stalls and 3 double stalls ;
a room for implements 10 by 13; a granary 12 by 13, and a tool room
half that size ; while the basement may bo devoted entirely to the stabling
of cattle, with calf pens, a sheep pen, and, if necessary, a sluid enclosed
■on three sides. The granary Avill hold over 600 bushels of grain, and
may be divided into bins for Winter and Spring wheat, oats, barley, and
ground feed for stock. The basement may contain two rows of cattle
■stalls, Avith passage way between, six feet wide, with shoots leading to the
upper part of the barn for delivering hay, grain, and other feed. This
will leave a space 12 by 60, which m^y contain calf-pens and a place for
sheep, and it may be so arranged by means of sliding doors thi>t it ma>-
he entirely closed in inclement weather. This basement will contain stalls
for thirty-two cattle, and the manure may be thrown directly into a carl
■or wagon and hauled directly where it is wanted.

This barn may, of course, be enlarged by adding on, to accommodate
any required amount of stock ; but, if a much larger barn than this is
• "wanted, the square or octagonal form should h", used. It will give largely
increased room in proportion to the cost.

A Common-senso Barn.

NORTH

HAV HO UK

MAIN BARM

cccc

. <f

rr-
1 "

1 '

I t i t If ll ill

MAtN FLOOR OF DAIRY BARN.

Above we give an outline of the basement of a barn forty feet wide and
sixty feet long, with a lean- to overshot extending twenty feet in front.

CATTLE, HOW TO SHELTER.

580

threshing floor,
liuvu the sptUM'

1 may got aloiifr
will givo amph'
13 by (50, cou-
3 double stalls ;
11(1 u tool room
'■ to the stabliiiir
I shiid encloKod
s of grain, and
its, barley, and
I rows of catth'
s leading to the
icr feed. This
md a place for
ors th}>t it ma\
ill contain stalls
3ctly into a cart

;o accommodato
arn than this is
will give largely

y feet wide and
y feet in front.

Thia barn will cont^iin about 100 tons of hay. The barn would be better
facing the Soiith if the lay of the land as to declivity will allow. The
hay-house may oxteud twenty feet in width and height in the form of un
L and of such a length as may be wanted for storage, say forty feot-
This barn, if the space below the hay-house is utilized, will stable six
horses and forty cattle.

The basement of the main barn may be divided into stabling as follows.
A, horse stables 12 feet deep, with mangers two and a half feet wide for
hay, with suitable troughs for grain and manger for hay. B and C are
cattle stalls. Those in B hung with swingmg gates, opening side ways,
G the same, but each stall having a separate gate entering direct from the
yard. E is the main entrance eight feet wide and may contain feed chests ;
e is an entry five feet wide, with steps up to door D, and having an en-
trance into the horse stables at each end. F is the overshot or shed. G
is the portion under the hay-house to be utilized in stalls, if the hay is
not desired to run clear to the ground ; and H is the yard connected tln^e-
with. If necessary this may be roofed over making additioual shed room.

Squara and Ootagonal Barns.

In the square or octagonal barn the bay is in the centre, in which a
vast compact mass of hay can bo kept, and this wdl run from the basement
to the peak. The basement will be used as a stable, and if desired the
main floor may also be so used ; modern builders understand perfectly the
art of making a floor proof against the leakage of liquids.

One especial advantage in the octagonal shape for barns, M'hen a large
number of cattle are to bo fed, is, the roof is easily supported and con-
tains more economy of space for its size than any other form except the
circular. In this the hay will be in the center, and the cattle next the
wall, facing inwards. Above the cattle will also be a mow for hay, ex-
cept such portions as arc wanted for granaries, grinding machinery and
other conveniences. At the peak may be a windmill of sufficient power
to do the pumping of water for the stock, unless it be feasible to conduct
water by its own gravity. In this case it may be used for grinding and
cutting fodder.

Let us see what an octagonal barn sixty feet in diameter will hold.
The width of the stable will be twelve feet, and the feed next the bay six
feet, making eighteen feet in all. This running clear around vntt have a
central cote of twenty-four feet, besides the entire area, from the floor
above the stock. The stable will be one hundred and eighty feet in cir-
cumference, and, allowing three feet, six inches to each steer, will accom-
modate fifty head of steers, or if cows, a still greater niuuber.

51)0

ILLUBTltATKD STOCK UOCTOR.

Below wo give tho plan of tlu) duiry barn which will explain itself. Wo
have rcpreaentod a cistern und also the nieal rooni, protected l)y an earth
onibankinont, so it may be used for roots and other feeding matoriul that
would bo uijured by freezing.

FLAN OP 8TABLE» IN BASEMENT.

Tho following diagram will show a eonipact basement for a Bank Barn
for feeding cattle and also accommodating a limited number of horaos
Aud milch cows, to be seventy by one hundred feet square.

CATTtE-KKEDIxa BASEMENT.

A Is the horse stal^le with six stalls ; B, cow stable for six or eight 'lows ;
C C main entry : D D two snmll sntri&s. runnipg on either side of tho

CATTLE, HOW TO WHKLTEK.

591

nittlo Htiiblcs ; E E E E arc the rattle stahloH, 80 by 30 feet each ; and if
the cuttle are j)la(;od 4 feet apart, will acconnnodate forty head of stcom
for fattening.

X or eight '?ows ;
,bet side of the

BMVC

MAIN FLOOR OV DAIKV BAKN.

To show another plan we give a diagram of a dairy barn fifty by one
hundred feot. In the plan of the main floor a is a ventilating shaft, and
f> feed shoots to basement through trap door which will be shown in the
plan of the basement.

A Square Cross Bam.

For a large number of cattle we know of no better form than a square
bam for the center, with four wings running therefrom, each 30 feet
wide by any desired length. In this arrangement the cattle might be
placed with their heads to the wall, leaving a passage-way between each
two rows, by which the manure might be taken up and carried away in
carts. In some parts of the West cattle-feeding is carried out on an im-
mense scale. Feeders are already beginning to ask, how best .they may
build stables to save cost in feeding, and at the same time place the cattle
in the best possible position for economical feeding.

A writer in the National Live Stock Journal, under the signature of
"Alimentation," gives data for a barn to feed 1,000 head of cattle. The
principal objection to the plan is the concrete wall advised for the base-
ment. In a building of this size and weight, it will be found to be quite
unreliable in the West. The basement should be built of good solid
stone, or the best hard burned brick. In lieu of this, if concrete must
be used, the weight of the building should be on stone piers. The details

' I *

592

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOK.

for buililinj? the barn arc given us follown, th(> win^s being 30 feet wide
Hnd 200 feet long :

'•'J'iiirt s(iimre cross barn will have all its extreme parts equi-dlstant
from the renter. It will be tlu; siuin' distance from the ([uadrangulur
center to the extreme animal in either win;,' as from the oct ^'onal center.
By doul)ling the width of 'the wings, we dispense with t'igiit long sides
200 feet each, or 1,(!00 feet; and as tlu^ ends of the four wings are the
Hame length as the eight wings, the saving in outside wall is 1,(!00 fc^et.
And if these sides are 20 feet high, and boarded up and down with a two-
inch batten, it will take .'J(i,!).j;{ feet to cover these sides thus disjxMised
with. It will also save all the outside and interior jxwts of (ho four
wings dispensed with, as it will require no more posts in a wing 00 feet
wide than in one 30 feet wide. This will make a saving of about 22,000
feet ; and the outside sills and plates on these
long sides will l)e saved, amount-
ing to 21,000 feet, besides girths
and braces — amounting in all to
a saving of 100,000 feet. The
, roofs and floors Avill cover the
wt.<(TERitD WITHOUT gamo numbcr of square feet as in
the eight wngs, and cost about

the same.

"It would also save 14,400 cubic feet of wall,
buddinff the wings (50 feet wide could not be less than two-fifths of the
whole cost of the barn ; and the convenience and economy of labor nmst
be even greater than with the eight narrow wings. This square cross
barn hus the capacity to feed conveniently and (comfortably one thousand
head of cattle ; and it now remains to notice some of the details of
construction.

"The quadrangular center, 60 feet in diameter, may bo built with large
corner posts, say 14 by 14 inches square, 37 feet long, and the plates
and girths of the wing may be framed into ther^c posts ; but it probably
would be better that the wing should have separate corner-posts, and
they be bolted to the posts of tlie center. The quadrangular center
should be high enough above the wings to clear the ridge of its roof.
This would require the posts of the center building to be 17 or 18 feet
longer than the wing posts, as the ridge of the wing roof should rise at
least 17 feet in 60 feet, and come up under the cornice of the center
building ; as those wings will cost about the same money with posts 20
feet, and the latter height will hold about 40 per cent more, and as this
storajre room will be wanted for so many animals, it will be bettor to
prox'.io room in abundance, and make the posts twenty feofr long.

WINTKIIED WITH OOOD
MIKLTKU.

The whole savii:<r bv

CATTLE, now TO BIIELTKR.

598

30 feet, wide

•' The floor in the wlnj? nbovo the hiiHeiiMMit will run Icnfrthwlsc of the
tiuildiu^, iind it will l)e l(i feet wide, so tlmt the posts on either side of
the iloor, ruiiiiin*^ up to the erosH-beiiiii over the floor, limy stand on a
sill ruiuiinjj; lenjrthwiso over the basement, iind ei<,'ht feet from the center,
supporte<l hy (ho Htanchion timbers. These two silla will bo 8tn)ii<fly
supported the whole IcMifjfth by the Htanciilon poits, placed only 3H iiu'he»
from center (o center, and will conse(|Ucntly hold the whole interior
structure above. The bays on each side ol' the floor will I)e 22 feet wide ;
there will be no loss in so wide n floor, as tho hay niay bo mowed one or
two feet upon each edge of tho floor if more room is desired. 1'hero
will bo 42 bents, the outside posts bcinj^ aibout 18 feet 2 in(;hes from
center (o center. The top of tho cross-bcaniH, runninj^ fron» side to
side of the I)arn, will be l.'J feet above the sill, and will bo spliced at tho
post, or between the posts, on citiicr side of tho floor. On three of tho
bents tho cross-beams should bo carried up nearly to tho plates, and tho
posts at tho hide of the floor must also bo carried up to support tho
b(vim. The three bents (every third onc^) will tio tho burn together,
and being so far apart, will not obstruct pitching Avith a horse-fork.
These high beams, besides being pinned to the outside posts should have
a stirrup around tho post coming back ten inch(>s upon tho beam, with a
three-eighth inch bolt through tho stirrup and the beam, turned up tight
with a nut, and if tho beams are well spliced in tho middle, this will hold
the Itarn iirndy from spreading at tho plates. Now, to prevent this long
wing from I'ocking or swaying by a strong broadside wind, tluisc bents
with tho high l)cams should have a long stiff braco running from the foot
of the post on tho side of tho floor to tho outside post just under the
high beam. Suiih a long bniee on each side will hold tho barn rigidly
from rocking. And while spctdiing of braces, lot it bo remembered that
a brace is valuable just in proportion to its length. Tho braces from the
outside posts up to the plates show a four-foot run. They will assist
very much in sustaining any weight upon tho plates.

"It is not intended to have any purlins in these wings to support the roof,
even though (hey be GO feet wide. Tuo braco on top of the beam wdl
have a run on beam from post of 8 or 9 feet, running up tho post just
under the i>lates and fastened by a bolt. This will hold tho plates abso-
lutely rigid, and the roof will not spread them. The rafters should not
be placed more than tAvo foot apart, and tho collar-beams should be 1 1-4
by 5 inches, and placed six feet below the I'idge, with every other pair of
rafters double collar-beamed ; that is, with a collar-beam nailed upon each
side of tho rafters. This will make a strong shinjrlo roof. The collar-
beams Avill be some 20 feet long, and will be about as good a support to
the roof as purlin-beams. The collar-beams should be as high as the

^m^

.01)1

ILLUSTllATEO STOCK DOCTOn.

barn would bo likoly to bo lilled, so that no room will bo lost, nnd *he
burn will bo practically frco from obstruction to pitching Avitli u horse-fork.
"In tlio bouts, where tho cross-beams aro raised nearly to the plates,
there must bo a beam framed into tho posts on each side of tho floor, 13
feet above the sills, to correspond v/ith the other bcuimi over tho floor,
upon which scaffolding may bo placed for using tho room over tho floor.
It remains only to be mentioned that the interior sills aro four cross-siil; ,
40 foot apart, to tie tho barn together at the bottom, and two .silliirunniiiT
lengthwise, one on each side cf the floor — that is, the centre of each of
these long eills is placed 8 feet from the centre of the barn, Tho joi-sts
for the bays will run from these long sills on each side of tlio floor to the
outside sill — about 21 feet. Ea>jh of these long sills come over a row of
stanchion timbers in the basement below."

FARMER TUKIPTY'S CATTLE.

The reader will see that these wings above the basement are built in
the simplest manner, using no surplus material, and as cheap iis may l»o
consistent with strength and durability.

Basements for Cattle.

••We will now examine the construction of the basements of those long
wings. The wall under each r.f these Avings, if built of concrete, ir»
inches thic^k at bottom, 12 Inches at the top and eight f(K>t high, being
460 feet long, would contain 4,140 cubic feet, and could be built in most

CATTLE, HOW TO SHELTER.

59.1

lost, nnd *he
ti liorsc-fovk.
:o tlio plates,
tho floor, 13
t'cr tho floor,
vcr tho floor,
ur cross-sill; \
> ijill.s ruuniiiT
ro of each of
Tho joists
c floor to tho
3vcr a row of

places for 10 cents per cubic foot, or $414 per wing. The wall under
tho center Avould be 1,440 cubic feet, and cost $114. The wall under
the entire square cross barn would cost $1800. The long sides would
require something to stiffen the wall sidcwisc ; but a pier built against
tho wall on the iniudo would be in tho way, and on tho outside avouM
look un.iightly ; so to avoid the necessity of such piers, let a T be made
of stro:i£>: iron, s;iv three-fourths by two inches. Thc^ lonij end of
tho T v/ould bo about 20 inches, and built into tho wall, and the cross lie
across tho top of tho wall directly under the sill. Tho end of the T should
project beyond tho sill on each side far enough to have a three-quarter
inch hole punched, into which to insert a piece of the same flat iron, six
inches long, rounded at ono end. This will attach the wall to the sill.
Tiiere should be four of these "J's for each side — one near each cross
sill 40 feet apart. This will hold tho wholo wall to the beam, and
prevent any o^vaying. These long sides will give room for inserting

aro built in
p as may bo

)f these long

concrete, ir>

high, being

uilt ill most

FAItSlBR slack's SHELTER.

plenty of windows for light, tho frames being into the boxes, and the con-
crete built over them. Tho sash may bo hung on a pivot in the centre,
so as to open easily to give ventilation at certain seasons ; but the fresh
air should bo introduced through the wall near the bottom, through hard
burned earthen or pottery pipes, IS-inch bore, just long enough to reach
through tho wall. These pipes may be hud in tho boxes, bedded in the
concrete, and tho concrete tamped down upon them. They may be placed
ten feet apart, and will not weaken the wall. Close covers may be fitted
to the inside, no as to shut thorn out at will ; and with proper ventilators

596

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

to discharge the heated and vitiated air through the upper part of the bam,
there will be a constant circulation of fresh air through the basement.

One other point must bo mentioned in reference to the wall. A concrete
wall contains a largo amount of moisture, and if the sills are to bo placed
on before the Avail becomes quite dry, which is usually tho case, the
moisture will pass up into tho greon timber of the sill, foira a coating of
Inno on it, and prevent the sap from escaping, and tho rcs;ilt is a rapid
decay of the timber. To prevent this, take well-seasoned pino boards,
12 inches wide, coat one side with gas tar, and bed this tarred side in the
mortar on top of the wall. The sills are laid on this leveled board, and
no liioisture can come through this board into the sill to rot it.

Arranging the Basement.

These loner stables must bo laid out so as to render the labor as conven-
lent as possible. There must be easy access to every animal in the stable,
and this Itecomes more important when one thousand cattle are to be pro-
vided for. Cattle are most easily attended when placed in double rows
with their heads turned towards one feeding floor.

In the long basement, tho first row of stanchion posts will bo placed
.seven feet from tho first wall, on the side of the first feeding floor, 14
feet wide. On the other side of the feeding floor is the secont row of
stanchion posts, coming up under one of the long sills, as described be-
fore. Two and one-half feet being occupied by mangers on each side of
this flo(n-, will leave nine feet for a drive-way. Along this floor may
pass a cart. or wagon, with green food in Summer, or fodder in Winter.
The third row of stanchion posts will be 16 feet from the last, under the
second long sill, on the side of the second feeding floor ; and the fourth
row will be fourteen feet from the third, on the other side of the second
feeding floor, and eevon feet from the other wall. H re two rows of
cattle stand, with their tails to the walls, and the two middle rows stand
tail to tail, facing upon opposite floors. Tho largest animals should be
placed in middle rows, as there is the most room. These stanchion posts
itre placed 3 feet 2 inches from center to center, and the cattle are best
fastened to the center of a chain stretching from staple to staple driven
into each stanchion post. These chains slide up and down on stiiples.
'J'he mangers may be placed 20 inches from the ground, and, with long
staples, the cattle may lie down comfortably. One of tho best ways to
feed cattle, with plenty of bedding and muck for deodorizing, is to let
them stand three or four months on tan manure, and, the mangers being
placed High, the manure may accumulate two feet deep under them, and
they may keep quiet clean, with tl e bedding and muck, and the manure

CATTLE, HOW TO SHELTER.

597

art of the bam,
3 basement.
U. A concrete
,re to bo placed
the case, the
m a coatinjr of
is;ilt is a rapid
1 pine boards,
•red side in the
led board, and
t it.

bor as convcn-
il in tho stable,
! are to be pro-
n double rows

tvill bo i)laccd
idinj^ floor, 14
iecop.i. row of

dcscribod be-
n each side of
his floor may
er in Winter,
ist, under the
nd the fourth
if the second

two rows of

rows stand
lis should be
anchion posts
itUo are best
staple driven

1 on shtples.
id, with long
best ways to
ing, is to let
angers being
er them, and

the manure

will be trodden so hard as to ferment very little. When a lot of cattle
are sold, then wagons may be driven through to carry off manure. I
have seen cattle fed in this manner, carded daily, and kept quite; clean,
standing on their manure for four months.

These feeding floors, as described, stretch through tho whole length of
the barn. A feeding car passes through two wings, and, having a turn-
table, may pass through any wing. Feed may be dropped through a
chute on the side of the upper floor into the car wherever pluccd on any
feeding floor. This form of barn gives every facility for cutting and
cooking the food — a larger engine, placed in tho center, cutting, grinding
and cooking all the food ; and this also offers tho best facility for soiling
three thousand head in Summer, if such should be necessary. In the
West, however, where only tho feeding of such large immbers of cattle
would bo profitable, soiling is out of the question.

Adapting Means to the End.

No person can possibly know so well what an individual wants as
himself, if he be a reflectiiig man. The architect scarcely ever gives
attention to the planning, of barns. The best barns in a country are
those of intelligent farmers who have carefully observed the conveniences
of various kinds in the bams of their friends in tho localities visited, and
who when in building their own varied them to suit their own wants.
For this reason wo have simph^ given outlines of those illustrated with
descriptions of others adapted to various numbers of cattle. See pp. 588,
500, 591. To give the cost would bo a waste of space that may bo better
employed. This will vary with loealit}'^ and tlio price of material, and
any master carpenter or mason will quickly estimate them. As a rule,
the elaborate and well furnished stnicture is not tho most convenient
one, but those which havo the greatest number of permanent conven-
iences, and in which tho space is most thoroughly economized. Hence
within the last few years, or since the general introduction of improved
machinery, farm barns have undergone a complete change in the manner
of construction.

Formerly bams were comparatively low structures where everything had
to be done by manual labor ; it was not economy to pile up hay, grain,
or other farm produce, story after story ; the labor of lifting, or can-ying
did not pay. Since tho invention of hoisting n aciiines and hay carriers,
the invention of modem windmills, grinding mills, horse powers and
otiier labor-saving machinery, twenty-fivo feet posts are not unusual, and
no barn should bo built of lean than two stories..

598

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

There are few farms where the drainaji^o is so poor or the land so level
but that a declivity sufficient for a baseuieiit bur'i may bo had, by throw-
ing the excavated portion up to assist in formirg the trackway or rise to
the mnin floor. Windmills are now so nearly nitomatic in their workin*'
that they may very safely be trusted to pretty much take care of them-
selves. Therefore, in all the more pretentious farm I)arns, thoy should
be built with special vcfcrcnce to the erection of a windmill on top.
This may be used for a variety of purposes, cutting fodder, <-Tinding
grain, pumping water, being its principal work. If the water is coliectcd
in a reservoir in the center of the moAV it will not freeze, and the
pressure will always be equal, and thus the water maybe carried in pipes
any distance, to the house or the dairy, and become a most valuable
economy.

In the building of bams of superior size we have given dcscnptions of
all but the circular barn, which can hardly bo called a practical or
economical structure, and the octagon barns will come under the same
category ; for while economical in respect to space, they are more costly
to build, if for no other reason than that they arc unusual. AYo there-
fore reconnnond the scjuarc barn in every case wlien the width is to be
forty or more feet, with not less than twenty feet posts. This, with the
the basement, will give two or tlu'ce stories as necessity may require.
The basement of course ■will bo used for the stables, and if additional
room be needed one or two wings may bo added, and when farther space
is needed two more. The diagrams showing the internal arrangciments
may easily be obtamed to suit such a structure M'^hilc pursuing the general
features of economical and labor-saving utility.

Summer Shelter.

While the question of Winter shelter is of tho first importance, it is
necessary that Summer shelter bo provided, and also for protection
against the inclement storms of Spring after stock has been put upon
pasture. Dui'ing the feeding season the sheds and barns will suffice ;
before pastures are flush tho Winter shelter can bo utilized, fpr some food
must be given night and morning. During the prevalence of storms the
stock will of course bo kept up and fed. I^ater, however, it Avill not be
found practicable. 'Vhat is wanted is a range where stock may not only
be secure from the winds of driving storms, but where they may retire
for shelter during the extreme heat of Summer days.

W^e do not believe in shaded pastures. They are poetic but not prac-
tical. The object in keeping stock is to make them cat as much as possi-
ble. The pasture should bo devoted to grass. If shaded by single trees
here and there, stock will very often haunt these when they should be

CATTLE, HOW TO SHELTER .

590

iind so level
1, by throw-
y or rino to
loir workinjr
vo of thom-
thoy should
iiill on top.
pr, «^Tindin<r
r is collncited
zo, iukI the
ricd in pipes
ost valuable

scriptions of

priV(ti<vil or

or the same

more oostly

Wo thcrc-

!i is to be

is, Avitli the

nay re; qui re.

f Jidditionul

irthcr .space

ranijfenients

the crcneral

feeding. While in motion in the not of grazing they do not oufror from
licat. Therefore it is better that they l)e obliged to do some travel to
reach the shade, smd this shade if natural will generally h:ivo wjitcr near.
If not, the artificial shade should bo given at such places v/horo v/Litcr
may bo had from mills or ponds most cheaply.

-ii^5»^^i,Ti.i-

-^5i^

r^:^.

A PASTORAL SCBM£.

rtance, it is
jirotectior
1 put upon
will suffice ;
r some food
storms tlu^
will not be
ay not only
may retire

it not prae-

t;h as posai-

single trees

should be

The accompanymg cut will show how this artificial shelter hi iiccom-
plished both by isolate(^. trees in the pasture and by clumps and <5rovcs in
the distance. As previously stated, the single trees wc condenm, and
they have b(H;n introduced to illustrate the point, and at the same timo
give effect to a most pleasant pastoral scene, and which any fanner may
obtain in a gently undulating country.

"Wliere to Plant Shelter.

This shelter should bo planted along the crest of ridges, about gullies
and ravines, and in fact wherever the soil is not adapted to cultivation.
These points will be especially sought during the heat of Sunnner, and
the timber will eventually more than pay the cost of planting in any
prairie country. All high points are genci;illy f ree to a great extent from
biting insects. The ravines will afford shelter from winds and driving

600

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

stoiuis, and also will be valuable as places where permauent water may
be had either naturally or artificially by draining. In lieu of this plant
shelter belts and groves near the low places where water may be had, or
near natural water holes on the farm.

What to Plant.

For dry soil, anywhere south of 42 degrees, the Catalpa {Sped osa)
will be found hardy. The variety Big nonioides is not hardy in the West
north of about 38 degrees. Black walnut is valuable, so are all th<'
maples, the cotton-Avood doea well almost anywhere, and if care is taken
to procure cuttings of the male variety, (this tree bears male and female
flowers on separate trees), you will have no trouble with the blowing
about of the cotton during seeding time. Evergreens may be planted
almost anywhere if the soil be moderately dry. The Norway spruce is
most valuable, and next to this the white pine. For low lands, cotton-
wood, the soft maples, and the'white, the black and the golden willow
will be indicated. Thus the farmer will And that this question of shel-
ter, while one of the most important of the many connected wjth farm
economy — the points relating to Summer shelter — will in the end prove
one of the best paying investments in a praine country of any in the
whole categoi?y.

i <

5nt water m&y
I of this plant
lay be had, or

la (Sped osa)
\y in the West
lo are all i\xv
care is taken
lie and femaU^
I the blowin*,'
\y be planted
way spruce is
lands, cotton-
golden willow
jstion of shel-
ted with farm
the end prove
of any in the

CHAPTER V.

HOW TO FASTUBE, FEED AND WATEB.

ABOITT PASTOR AGB. CLOVERS THAT DO WELL. UKDESIRARLE CLOVERS. ALFALFA.

THE THUE OKA9SE8. TIMOTHY, OR CAT*8 TAIL GRASS. BLUB GRASS. RU>

TOP. ORCHARD GRASS. FOWL MEADOW GRASS. TLMR FOR PASTURING. WA-
TERING. FEEOIKG STOCK CATTLE. HOW TO FEED. FEEDING MILCH COWS.

About Pasturage.

The subject of pasture and meadow is one of the most important with
which the farmer has to deal. It makes feed in Summer and forage in
Winter. Yet, in the United States, nearly all our meadows consist of
one clover and one grass ; in other words, timothy and clover are our
great meadow plants, and the addition of blue grass to tliis forms the
bulk of our pasturage, always excepting, of course, the vast areas of wild
grasses that still cover the great prairies and vast plains of the Wes> , yet
to be brought into cultivation by man.

Until within the last few years, or until ny interest began to

assume such gigantic proportions, farmers got a.ong well enough with
these ; for, where stock raising for beef is the sole object, and wild
grasses are plenty and grain easily raised, and consequently cheap, a very
few grjisses will suffice ; but the impetus given to dairying within the last
few years, has fairly shown that the best results, nay, that even fair suc-
cess cannot be had with a few grasses. This the dairymen in New York
Stjite came to understand years ago, and yet so little was known of the
adaptability of varieties to soils and climate, that our best farmers
worked blindly in experimenting, and unfortunately, our botanists could
do little more than furnish long strings of mere classical names of varie-
ties as they were known iu books, and could give almost uo information
as to their adaptability.

17]

» !

r I '

111

G02

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Clovers that D(< ;<rell.

Practical Ij', tlie clovers are conliii ' ,0 t; i n species. First, red clover,
natural to all soils that are adapted .0 the .:; ;al crops, as wheat, r;ye,
l)arley, oats and corn, or such rich soils as do not heave under the frosts
of Winter and Spring. If so, clover is apt to be thrown out, or at least
to be so heaved as to be practically worthless, especially so from the fact
that it is really a biennial plant ; that is, dying out at the end of the sco

ond

year

if allowed to seed.

The next clover in general use is Dutch, or white clover. This doeo
well on soils somewhat moist, although it will not stand Hooding, It is
not especially relished by cattle, and at some seasons is aptt!) give horses
what is termed the slol)i)ers ; that is, it causes them u) form saliva to such
a degree that it drops from the moutli freely. Cattle do not relish it,
and it can hardly be called good feed for hors-is. A small portion of it
in a j)ermanent pasture does not come amiss, yet it is so natural to many
soils that, like the plantain, which the Indians have termed the whit«
man's foot, wliite clover they have called the white man's gi-ass.

The only other variety of clover that wo can recommend for cultiva-
tion, is Alsike, sometimes called Swedish clover. This does avcU on
r.ioist land, and even bears some flooding. We consider it the next in valus
ro red clover, and iiltogether better pasture than wljite clover. It also
makes good hay on soils too wet for red clover.

Undesirable Clovers.

There are a number of otlu'r species of clover, some of them indigenous
to the West, which we only mention as a caution against their being
■town. These are ; two s])ecies of so called Buffalo clover; the upright
and the I'unning Buffalo clovers : the upright or yellow clover ; and the
low hop clover, a half-creeping variety. There is only one more variety
worth mentioning, and this simply as a warning to farmers not to sow it,
except for bee pasturage, and then only when it may not become a
troublesome wecul. We have reference to the tree clover or Bokhara clo-
ver, specifically the white-flowered melilotus. It has been recommended
as valuable for soiling ; that is, for cutting green for feeding to stock in
stables. We give the same advice about sowing this clov(^r that the
crabbed lawyer did to a joung client who asked his advice about getting
married — Don't.

Alfalfa.

The case is different with alfalfa, the Spanish name for a plant known
botanicall}' as viedicago, and, in English by its French name Luzerne.

CATTLR, now TO I'AHTCHE, ETC.

(ioa

rst, red clover,
as wheat, rye,
dor the frosts
)ut, or at least
» from the fact
^nd of the sco

T. This doea

oodiiijjf. It is

tl) give horses

saliva to such

not relish it,

1 portion of it

iturai to many

lied the white

:rass.

1(1 for cultiva-

does Avell on

cnext in value

over. It also

cm indigenons
•;t their hein<;
; the uprijrht
ver ; and the

more variety
not to sow it,
not become a

Bokhara clo-
reeommcnded
ijj; to stock in
over that the
iiliout getting

])lant known
line Luzerne.

This is valuable in soils adapted to it, deep dry soils not sul)j(!('t to hard
freeziii"" in Winter. In ('alifornia it has beeoine one of the standard
forage crops. In some of the far west plains country it will undouhtedly
be found to stand well, as it will in Texas and New Mexico. In South
America, in the vast gra/inj; region, it has become thoroughly naturalized,
and is well worthy of trial wherever the Winters will not be too cold for
it, say south of forty degrees north latitude.

The True Grasses.

It is to these that we must really look for our pasture plants, outside
the few clovers we have mentioned. It is a vast, as it is the most impor-
tant of jilants to man, comprising some 230 botanical genera, and not
less than .'{,()()<) species, and includes all our cereal grains, as wheat, rye,,
l)arley, oats, corn, etc.

It would not bo in place in this work to enter into a history of grass,.
and the characteristics of the several species, valuable as they may be.
( )ur readers must therefore be content with a list of some of the morfr
important varieties, as they have been tried, and their seasons, and some
of their characteristics ; and this more for their value as pasture than,
hay, and for reasons previously given.

Timothy, or Cat's Tail Orass.

The fir^* in importance is timothy ; a bettor name, as more perfectly
describing its characteristics, would be cats-tail grass, by which it is
known in England. It does well in all clayov or clay loam soils that are
not too wet, and makes the best hay of any of our grasses. For pasture
it is among the least valuable, if we except cattle, since one peculiarity
is that just at the ground it forms a bulb, which if bitten in close grazing,,
as horses, sheep and hogs are apt to do, it dies. It is also a grass that
will not bear hard tramping.

Bluo Grass.

This is the great pasture grass of the Western States, in its two varie-
ties, K'iiitucky blue grass, Avhich flourishes best south of fort}' degi'ees
north latitude, and wire grass, which is found well up into Wisconsin and
Minnesota. Here again is confusion of common names. In Pennsylvania
it is called green gniss, and this is really a suggestive name. It really
rem:iins green early and late, longer than any other of our cultivated
grasses.

Blue grass forms a tough, tirm sward, springing early iu the Spring.
89 »

ill

iMl

i'l

604

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

growiiijr lato in the Fall, and holding its substanco well in the Winter.
So that after Ixsing pastured in Spring if allowed to grow on through tho
Summer .. ■ Autunm, cattle and other stock may he wintered on it
admirably, when deep snow does not cover the ground. Both varieties
are found in their best perfection in limestone soils, although llicy do
well according to latitude on all strong, rich, and even on some 'rather
thin soils if well drained. Neither variety is adapted to wet soils. It
cannot be called u hay grass, its groat value being for pasturage.

Red-Top.

The next grass in importance, because found to do v/ell on a great
variety of soils, is red-top. It makes good hay and is valuable for
pasturage. It should be more generally cultivated than it is, being
iidapted to a very considerable range of soils, neither very wet nor very
dry. As before stated, in Pennsylvania this is called herd's grass, and we
may add in Rhode Island it is known as Burden's grass. While red-top
has a goodly range of soils to which it adapts itself fairly, it does best
•on a rather moist soil, flowering rather late, or about the same time or
later than timothy. It dries out considerably in curing into hay, and is
not very rich in sugar, gum or starch, three important elements in feeding.
It is a strictly perennial species, and forms a pretty dense sod, when well
•established.

Orchard Orass.

This is really one of the most valuable gfasses for extensive trial as a
first-class pasture grass in the whole list of cultivated grasses. Tin-
wonder is that a grass so generally regarded as excellent in Europe, should
have made its way so tardily in this grass (U)untry. This is probably
from its habit of growing in tufts where sown thinly. It is one of the
■earliest of the grasses to start in the Spring, is strictly a perennial, starts
freely after being grazed or mown, and if sown thickly makes excellent
hay. It thrives better than most of the grasses in a partial shade, and
'hence its common name, orchard grass.

For pasture it should be sown at the rate of not less than two bushels
-of seed per acre, — three bushels is better. It is very light, weighing only
fourteen pounds per bushel. When sown for hay we have had excellent
success by seeding at the rate of sixteen pounds of orchard grass, and ten
pounds of clover per acre. It is excellently adapted to sowing with red
clover, since it blossoms more nearly with clover than almost any other
of the grasses.

CATTLE, HOW TO PASTUIIK, ETC.

60ft

in two bushels

Fowl Moadow Orass.

This is another inoHt valuable fjjrass, fousidcred especially so for hay,
and to our mind quite valuable for pastura<fe, partieularly for dairy stock.
Like prairie hay it is quite free from dust, and at the .same time it ])ossosso«
all the essential (elements of nutrition in a high degree. In all new coun-
tries the first dependenee must be on the wild grasses. The real difficulty
is, farmei's do not undei-t^ikc the cultivated grasses until forced to. If a
trial of the important varieties here noticed shall lead to the testing of
still other sorts, the time will soon come when our farmers will wonder
how they could have gone on so long without appreciating at thc'w true
value many varieties, that the aim and scope of this work precludes even
the mention.

Time for Pasturing.

It is important that cattle bo not only fully fed but that they have their
feed at regular intervals. Where stock are driven to and from pasture
they should be turned on soon after daylight in the morning, and not taken
out until sundown. It is especially necessary that they get the grass
while yet it is covered with dew. So, where stock are kept and fed in
stables, the first feed should be given early in the morning, just what they
will eat clean. This should be supplied not less than three times a day ;
and at night, to insure full stomachs, some extra feed as meal, shorts,
etc., should be added.

Salt should be kept where the animals can get it at will. They will
thus get enough for their wants, and just as they want it, and will eat less
than where supplied at the stables, or out-of-doors, at irregular times.
Irregular feeding of salt is one of the worst possible practices. Salt is a
cathartic when given in large doses, and this danger should be avoided.

In Winter, whether the animals are kept in stables, in sheds, in feeding-
yards or in the shelter of groves, the same regularity of feeding should
l)e observed. Stock should also be graded, if possible, so there will he,
no very strong and very weak ones together. And those of a given age
should be fed together. Where animals are fed in groves or in fields a
much larger, and, in fact, more irregular drove, as to age and strength,
may bo kept together, than under open sheds or in close feeding-yards.
Feed early always, as soon after daylight as the an'mals can see to feed,
and let the last mess at night be given so as to be wi 11 finished just before
dark. When fed in stables the same rule should be observed. Early
and late feeding of good fodder, and in such quantities as the\ .vill eat
tolerably clean, is what keeps growing animals going right along. This

606

II.LUSTIIATRI) STOCK DOCTOR.

I i,

1:1

!'i

is what th(> wiso foiuli'i* Mci'krt, for thun ho .scoun's tho hcHt pos.sil)h) gain,
with tho IcuHt hj8s in duily natunil wasto of tlic; ph^Hioal .s^'stoiu.

Watering.

Whothor it ho Vrintor or Suinmor, it is absolutely nocossary that oattlo
havo an ahundanc(^ of wator. Without this, crjvcn at regular tinios, thoro
can 1)0 no profit to tho feeder. Cattle may he driven to it t\vi(!o a <lay, if
tho oonditionH arc sueh that they cannot ho fed in tho same langi! whoro
th(! water Hoh. When eattlo aro kept in stahles, it is altogether hotter
that the water he eonduetc^d there in pipes so as to run directly into tlieir
drinking troughs. It will ho foimd cheapest in the end. Jf then; is no
living water, do not doi)end u|)on holes cut in the ice of ponds. It i.s not
only dangerous to tho oattlo, hut will cost more in tho end than any other
plan of watering. If tho wator is to ho taken from wells, or itonds, orcot
a good windmill, with suitahh^ tanks, with pipes so they will not freeze,
loading to ample troughs. Let these he in the yards when; the stock
take their rest, or else in tho feeding range. Then see that they have
plenty of it, and plenty of salt where thoy can lick it at will. If the eattlo
arc to ho fed out-of-doors on ear corn and hay, koo that proper troughs
are i)rovided for corn and racks for hay ; let them he largo and ample.
Where this is done, close yards should he provided with warm shelter and
water.

• Feeding Stock Cattle.

In wintering stock cattle tho main dependence will l)o hay or com
fodder. Those, if good, arc perfect food, that is fed together, or hay
fed alone will keep cattle growing, if they do not suffer from tho cold.
In feeding the same rule should be adojjted as in fattening cattle. See
that they are not given enough to Avaste, hut do not force them to oat
rough, coarse, stalky or weedy hay clean. No animal ever did well on
food it did not like. To make money in growing cattle the}' must not go
hungry Winter or Summer. If tho fodder is prairie hay see that the
best and softest is reserved for the calves, ,«nd next best for the cows.
The oxen and steers will do fairly well on hay somewhat coarser.

How to Feed.

Calves should have some grain daily ; oats are best, one quart each, or
the equivalent in other grain. Cows expected to calve the succeeding
Spring, should have from four to six ears of corn daily, or its equivalent
in some other grain; and oxen when not working, about the same.

CATrLK, now TO I'ASTCUE, V.TC.

007

portfiihlo guin,

iiry tliiit rattle
iir titiu's, ihorc
twi<;o u (liiy, if
e ranges where
()<?»'tli(!r better
I'.vily into their
If there i.s no
luls. It is not
than any otiier
)r ponds, erect
ill not freeze,
len; the stock
hat they iiave
. If the cattle
)roper trou<;hs
f^e and ample,
rni shelter and

hay or corn

^ether, or hay

om the cold.

r cattle. See

them to eat

did well on

y must not go

see that the
'or the cows,
arser.

When working, give the same as to a fattening steer, or about a half
bushel a day.

Cattle intende<l for fattening the succeeding year should have; especial
caro the previous Winter. They should have feed enough to keep them
trrowing right along, say about half the (|uantity of grain given to fatten-
in" steers, that is, allowing the feedeisdo not lielieve in fotciiig the animal
from ni/f/ifiod constantly, until ready t'oi- th(( liutclier. The best and
most successful feeders do force, and none that we know who have ever
tried it could ever be induced to go back to the <»ld way <»f letting stock
make a gain in Summer, to lose half or more of it in Winter.

Feeding Milch Cows.

\\niatover the plan of feeding or sheltering cattle foi' the butcher — of
course, fattening cattle will have niore attention given them, so far as
food, water, and shelter are concerned — milch cows /inisf have soft food.
No dairyman ever nuulo any money by feeding cows in milk on dry hay,
car corn, or dr>' grain ; for cows it nmst be ground.

In feeding, the owner will, of course, be guided by the relative value
of food in tin; market. If jjossible, a little ground oil-cake should form
a daily portion, about half a pound per cow. In all tlu' West, coru-moal
is the cheapest food, except in the neighborhood of large merchant flour-
ing mills. One great difficulty with corn-meal is it Is heating. It should
be fed almost measure for measure with bran ; ten pounds of this with
the addition of half a pound of -^round oil-cake, with plenty of good hay,
will b(! liberal feeding. If the cuw will eat fifteen pounds of meal and
bran, it will be wise economy to give it to her. She will not eat so nmch
hay, and in a corn country hay is dearer than corn, and as a rule an acre
of corn is raised fully as cheap as an acre of hay.

^uart each, or
le succeeding
its equivalent
ut the same.

1 SI

CHAPTER VI.

BENEFITS OP KIND AND CABEFUL TBEATMENT.

KBEDING FOB PROFIT. AS BETWEEN WELL AND ILL KEPT STOCK. HEAVY WEIGHTS.

PROFIT IN EARLY MATURITY. MAKE BEEF YOUNG. BABY BEEF. FEEDING ; COST

IN ENGLAND. SUMMER FEEDING. ANIMAL WASTE. — ANIMAL HEAT. ADVAN-
TAGES OF SUMMES AND WINTER FEEDING.

!5i

Feeding for Profit.

It should require no argument to show the benefits of kind and consid-
erate treatment in the rearing of live stock of any kind, and in the treat-
ment after they liecome mature. One reason why so many persons fail
to be successful in fattening stock is that they do not use due considera-
tion in their treatment. The man who kicks and clubs his stock, or
allows his hired help to do so, never yet produced a prize steer, and never
will. Obesity and activity do not go together, neither will undue ejfcita-
bility allow of a steady increase in fat. Hence the feeder, for the sake
of his pocket, should see that fattening cattle are kept entirely quiet. To
insui'e this the sagacious breeder avoids not only cattle naturally irritable,
but those raised by persons of known bad or brutal temper. We have
known a stable of cattle thrown off their feed for days by a sudden fright .
Those frights are quite apt to occur from the slightest causes. Where
strange cattle, raised half wild, are confined together — and this is not
rare among stock that have been picked up indiscriminately, and what
are known as woods or prairie cattle — the first effort of the sagacious
feeder is to get the confidence of the stock. This is only accomplished
by gentleness, not by any mea.is inconsistent with firmness. The cattle
must know and obey their master. Tlioir knowledge of him must be that
tliev receive food and kind treatment at his hands, and not stabs with the

CATTLE, KIND TREATMENT.

609

CENT.

BAVY WEIGHTS.

VBBDINa; COST

, HKAT. ADVAN-

:ind and consid-
md in the treat-
iny persons fail
J due considera-

his stock, or
steer, aiid never
11 undue eifcita-
er, for the sake
irely quiet. To
urally irritable,
per. Wo have
a sudden fright .
causes . Where
and this is not
iately,and what

the sagacious
y accomplished
!ss. The cattle
ini must l)e that
t stabs with the

fork, nor beatings with the handle, or kicks, because they happen to stand
within reach of some brutal feeder. The inference is that the humane
man is apt to have humane help ; the brutal stock man will have brutal
lielp, and the stock will be very apt to partake of the character of their
master.

As between well and ill-kept Stock.

Aside from some wealthy professional men, having suburban farms,
stock is kept solely for the profit it will bring. The stock of amateurs
are not only carefully housed and fed, but they are kept at the height of
perfection, so far as costly appointments and careful grooming is con-
cerned. The practical man arrives at the same results in a different and
cheaper way, but none the less certainly. His shelters may be of the
most homely kind, even made with poles and slough hay, but are warm
and comfortable. He cannot afford ii'on mangers and water pipes through
his stables, but his troughs are tight and solidly built, and his animals are
rcgularl}^ fed and watered. He will not have blankets in winter and
sheets in summer, but his animals M'ill be well and carefully fed, and
sheltered from the earliest age until ready for sale.

The humane man will get ten dollars more for a cow because she Avill
be gentle and well trained to give down her milk without resistance. His
steers will bring from one to two cents per pound extra in market, for
the reason that the constant care given them will have resulted in extra
weight and condition. Let us see what two cents per pound amounts to.
His steer of a given age, say three years, is fed from birth so that it has
never fallen in condition, but has constantly gained, and will weigh from
1300 to IGOO pounds, according to the breed. The steer of the man who
does not believe in feeding nor properly ti'eating his animals, will Aveigh
off of grass 900 or 1000 pounds. The good feeder will get five-and-a-
half cents per pound gross weight, or $71 .50 for the 1300 lb. steer, and $88
for the heavier one. The poor feeder will get, say three cents per pound,
or $27 to $30. One may see this every day of the year at the stock-yards
of our western cities. It does not cost $20 more to make the good steer
than the poor one ; so the enhanced profits are nearly $25 in the one case
and $48 in the other ; in other words, the good and humane feeder gets
the enhanced price on the poor feeder's 1000 pounds, and on what he has
put on besides by his considerate care and constant good feeding. We
have partially shown this in another part of the work, in alluding to the
daily animal waste. That is an integer. This animal waste may be pro-
duced excessiv(>ly, whatever the system of feeding, if animals are sub-
jected to frights and bruises, as well as by exposure to storms and lack
of sufficient food.

610

IL1>U8TRATKD STOCK DOCTOR.

Heavy Weights.

I '

i!)

Until the inauguration of the Chicago Fat Stock Show, under the
auspices of tlie Board of Agriculture of Illinois, very little reliable data
could be had as to gain in feeding animals of various ages. It was well
understood, however, that the young animal gained faster in proportion
to the amount of food consumed, than the mature animal, and that the
older and fatter the animal became, the less the daily gain. As showing
actual facts we append the statements of exhibitors, sworn to in some of
the n)jre important classes shown there, and the reports of <!onunittcc
thereon :

"Among the heavy cattle were the following, and credited to weigh, as
taken from the pasture and feeding yards, as follows : The steer Gov.
Mort >n, 3,190 lbs; Bumside, 2,870; Hoosier Boy, 2,G40 ; Nels. Morris,
2,840 poiuids. The following are the actual, weights as given by th«'
conmiittee, on animals 1 year to 4 years old :

Messrs. Graves & Co., one steer 4 years old, 2,445 ; one steer 3 years
old, 2,0(50.

A. F. Moore, one steer 2 years old, 1,786.

J. D. Gillett, one steer 3 years old, 2,139.

Wing* &• Thompson, one steer, 4 years old, 2,240; one steer 4 years
old, 2,166 ; one cow, 1,525 ; one cow, 1,610.

John B. Sherman, one steer 3 years old, 2,019.

J. N. Brown's Son&, one steer 2 years old, 1,446 ; one steer 2 years
old, 1,449; one steer 2 years old, 1,636 ; one steer 2 years old, l,31(i :
one steei* 2 years old, 1,246; one steer 1 3'ear old,, 1,338; one steer 1
year old, 1,249 ; one steer 1 year old, 1,193.

Dexter Curtis, one cow, 1,833; one cow, 2,042; one cow, 1,936,"

In this, or the interesting facts shown, is the great weight attained by
one, two and three-year-old steers, as well as the great ultimate Aveighls
attained by mature oxen, viz. : Best one-year-old, weight 1,338 pounds ;
best two-year-old, weight 1,786 pounds; l)est three-year-old, 2,139
[)ounds ; and the heaviest 3,190 pounds. The crucial test in every
examination being simply the value of the animal for the butcher. The
records given J)elow will I'epay the study, and the reports of the com-
mittees, as given, Avill show the points upon which the decision was made ;

The committee on Short-Horn steers, 4 years old and over, make the
following report on ages, weighte, and gains per day ;

ow, under the
1(3 reliable data
5. It was weil
in proportion
, uud that the

As showill!'

I to in sonic of
of roniniitte*'

ed to wei<^li, as

'he steer (iov.

Nels. Morrill,

1 given by the

3 steer 3 years

steer 4 years

steer 2 years
rs old, 1,31() :
; one steer 1

w, 1,930."
it attained In-
tiniatc weights
l,33>< pounds ;
!ar-old, 2,13!t
test in every
lutehor. The
1 of the c'oni-
on Avas made ;
ver, make the

CATTLE, KIND TREATMENT.
CLASS A — CATTLE. 8HORT-HOKNS— THOKOUGIIBREDS,

[TABLE 1].

611

EXIIIBITOR.

l.~W. W. renrteld

2. W. VV. Penlielil

3. J. II. Graves

4. Will'; «to Tlioiiipsoii

5. Winy «fc Thompson

AvLTiige

Age ill
days.

Wc- iff Jit

N(,v. 10,

1879.

2,035
2.155
J, 948
1.598

1,678

1.861

2,500
2.438
2.415
2.100
2,250

2,35S

Averuge

gala per day

ill pounds

since birth.

1.13
1 .25
1.30
1 .42

1.28

The coiimiittee in their report on this ring say :

The ring was made up of a remarkably fine bunch, of well-dcvoloped
otcer.s ; all were uniformly fat, with llesh well distributed in the most
valuable portions of the carcass.

The animals reflected great credit upon the States in which they were
fed, namely : Ohio, Kentucky, and Illinois.

The Hrst-iiremium steer was deep red in color, smooth and even througli-
out, wi.th straight top and bottom lines ; broad, deep loin, well tilled out :
rou.id, smooth, compact barrel; short in leg, with tine bone au'J small
hei.d.

Ti;is steer excelled the others in the ring in having more good flesh on
the back smkI loin, with a small jiortion of cheap, un.salable fat meat,
with scpiare, deep, symmetrical quarters, well covered down to the knee
and gambr. ' joint.

The second-premium steer was a deei) red steer of superior quality, and
in choice condition for the block, and, in the main, as good as the first-
premium steer, but was not as free from bunchea of fat, especially -r:ii
the rump.

The remaining steers in the ring, while worthy of special commendation,
were coarser and older than the prize-winners, and not as well filled out
in the shoulder and thigh, and were patched.

The first-premium steer was the youngest in the ring, and showed the
largest avernge gain per day since birth,

I'lie secoiid-iiremium steer stood second in this respect.

SnORT-nOHNS— TaonOUGHBBEDS. cows THREE YEARS OR OVER. REPORT OF COM.MITTEE.

The ring consisted of eight cows of unusual excellcnco as a lot, showing
great difference, however, in the matter of age, type, form and mode of
handii.ig.

The aged animals were uneven, and carried too large a portion of meat
of inferior (luality ; too gvoss ; some were very badly patched,

(;i2

No.

2.
3.
4

5.
6.

7.
8.

ILLUSTRATED 8TOf^K UOCTOB.
[TABLE 2],

EXniBITOR.

Dexter Curtis

Dexter Curtis ,

K. K. & A. S. Browniie,

Sam. E. Prather

Sam. B. Prather ,

W. F. Gordon

Wing & Thompson

Average

Ago in

Weight

Average gain
per day

days.

No%'. 10,

1879.

since birth.

2,500

2,042

0.70

3,067

1.930

0.62

2.005

1,709

0.80

2.731

1,833

0.07

1,186

1.525

1.25

3.064

1.901

0.62

2.241

1,069

0.74

1,428

1,010
1,786

1.13

2,304

.81

! 1

The cows averaged over six ycats in age, and some were over ten years
old. Some of the old breeding cows were very undesirable for the block,
and the meat would not be rated as even medium.

The first-premium cow was a deep red and of the lot the finest in bone,
head and neck, the smoothest and best proportioned throughout, with an
extra well-filled fore and hind quarter. In the great depth and even dis-
tribution of solid, mellow flesh, straight top and bottom luic, broad back,
and thick loin, this cow excelled.

The second-premium cow was somewhat coarser in * ■ .u and not as
smooth or evenly fatted, and rather deficient in back and loin ; otherwise
as good as the first-premium animal.

SHORT-HORNS— THOROUOHBRBD. STEERS TWO AND UNDER THREE TEARS

[TABLE 3].

Xo.

EXHierroR.

Age <n
days.

Weight

Nov. 10,

1879.

Average
gain per day
since birth.

J. N. Brown's Sons.
J. N. Bn/'.vn'sSons.
A. F. .\l.;'.re

Average

845
814
053

871

1,636
1.449

1,786

1.624

l.!)3
1.78

1.87

1.H6

I'l

The comiiiittee reported on this ring as yoUows :

This ring v,as composed of three very superior steers, showing unusual
development and ripeness for age. In size, symmetry, and distribution
of meat in the best cuts, tliey would pay the butcher the most profit, i:nd
furnish the consumer with the best quality of first-class meat.

The first premium stet'* was ved in color, had the best back and loin of
the three steers, and showed the greatest development for age. Was the
.smoothest steer, with smaller head and lighter in horn ; small, neat, short
neck, with the widest and deepest breast ; better in Avidth of back and

li*

CATTLE, HEAVY WEIGHTS.

G13

thicker in loin. This steer was smooth and free from bunches, with firm,
solid and mellow flesh. The quarters were heavy and well proportioned
and well filled down to knee and gambrel joint. The shortness in leg
and the fineness of bone is worthy of special mention.

The second premium steer was a rich roan, not as evenly fatted as tho
first premium steer — more uneven top and bottom line than the first
j)remium steer.

STEKRS THREE AND UNDER FOUR YEARS.

[TABLE 4].

No.

EXHIBITOR.

Age in
days.

Weight

Nov. 10,

1879.

John Sherman,
J. H. Graves...

Average

1.311
1,335

1.326

2.019
2 060

2.039

Average

gjiiii perdiiy

Kincu birth.

1.53
1.45

1.53 1-2

The committee's report on this ring is as follows :

"This ring consisted of two very superior, well-developed and evenly-
matched steers in point of age and weight.

The superior quality of the flesh and the proper distribution of the
meat in the best parts of the carcass was particularly noticeable in both
steers.

The first premium steer, a light roan, was perfectly smooth and free
from bunches, and a good handler. He was straighter on the back than
his competitor, with better hind-quarters. This steer was a low blocky,
heavy-set steer, short in leg, fine bone, neat head, well cut up under
throat, short neck, broad and deep in brisket, broad, straight back,
heavy loin, with thick round, well meated down to the knee and gambrel
joint.

The meat was firmer and more solid than on the first premium animal,
which was fatter, and from all appearances would cut to better advantage
and furnish meat of a superior quality.

The second premium str" '■ was an extra well fatted red steer of great

merit ; was rather moie
other steer."

^!2V -md coarser in head and bone than the

"BtoM iD Early Maturity.

In the foregoing reports it wP! be noticed that the best gain was in
Mecv one jear old and undor two ; the next best gain was in steer
two year olfl oad u. der thrc. » 1 .93 pounds per day ; the next best gain
\\as in .steer three years old and under four, 1.54 pounds per day. Then

Sf*

Hlfll! ir

I' 'f

r.ii

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

in following the gain in cows over three years old, the average will be u
diminishing (quantity, until in the case of the cow ten years old, table 2,
No. 12, the daily gain is but 0.!')2 of a pound ; and in the case of tlic
oldest stcci', nearly six years old, table 1, No. 2, the daily gain was l.i;{
pounds per day. These great results were arrived at by warm shelter,
eareful feeding, and as careful care from birth — most potent factors in
any case when money is to be made in cattle, either for beef or the dairy.

As a rule, a yearling, as it is ort'iiiarily wintered, Avill weigh much less
in the Spring than in the previous Autunni. The next Spring and Sum-
mer it must first resxain tlu- ilesh lost, and then add to {Growth and weioht.
The next Winter it again loses flesh, and at two years old often Avill not
weijjh as umeh a.^ it did at ci<rht months old. So it jjroes or <;ainin<j: a
little in Smiuner and losing as constantly in AVinter, until at the end of
the fourtl; \car the animal 'vill weigh 1, ()()() pounds — lesi. than the same
animal would have been made m weigh at eighteen months old with good
<!ommon shelter and feed. There arc eases in new countries where feed-
ing, except hay, cannot be had ; where this is i)lenty, iMid the range good,
cattle may be raised at a mininmm cost-dimply salting and herding in
Summer, and feeding in Winter. Here again the (juestion of shelter must
be considered and will be found tu pay, and without which no profit can
be realized.

This'system of feeding, however, is no longer feasible except in limited
arcius. The great West is fast settling up and increasing in wealth.
Hei('s ari> .yearly improving through attention to breeding and feeding —
the result of the cultivation of va v areas in corn, the seeding of meadjws
and pastures, and in supcrivn- builaia/s for wintering stock. The history
of the thickly settled poiLions inu3t he the history of the newer regions
in the future. The protits, in farming in the West, are in the stock sold.
Pastures and meadows are the groundwork of good farming everywhere
Thus verifying the Belgian maxim ; No pasture no cattle ; no cattle no
manure ; no nuvimre no crops.

Make teef YouDg.

The time has gone by when it would l)e be'ieved that an animal must
reach the age of four or five j'ears before it could make good beef. The
time has also passed when the mere tallow in an animal would sell it.
The reason why we have so little beef fit for export to the English market,
and which will l)ring in Western markets from five to six cents per pound
gross weight, is that very few western farmers have adopted the English
standard of forcing a calf from the time it is born until it is killed, the
age never exceeding three years. This tendency of English breeders and

CATTIiK, IIKAVY WEIOHT8, ETC.

dlf)

average will be :i
. years old, table 2.

ill tbo case of the
daily gain was 1.1 ;<
it l)y warm shelter,
it potent factors in
r beef or the dairy.
,ill weigh much less
<.i Spring and Siini-

1 growth and weight.
s old often will not
t goes or g.iining a

until at the end of
-less than the same
onths old with good
luntries Avhere feed-
I'.nd the range good,
ting and herding in
4ion of shelter must
which no profit can

)le except in limited
icreasing in Aveallli.
ding and feeding —
seediiiir of mead )ws
stock. The history
f the newer r(>gions
re in the stock sold,
arming everywhere,
cattle ; no cattle no

hat an animal must

ke good beef.

The

tiimal would sell it.
the Englisli market,
six cents per pound
adopted the English
intil it is killed, the
iinsrli.sh breeders and

feeders has been tlie growth of years. They had lir,-.t to combat the idea
that beef must have age before it could be healthy meat. First, they
compromised on three years; the- beef was pronounced good. Thisn the
cattle were pronouiuied at thirty months fully as good and ripe : they also
found that they got enhanced profits from tiiis miuiner of feeding. Then
two-year olds were forced to the same weight that had previously been
.ittained at three years. Last year beef from eleven to twenty months
was sold, and from an article prepared by Mr. Henry Evershed, for the
Itoijal Agricultural Journit, m which the experience of some eminent
farmers given, we find intei'estiug matter iu relation to very young beef,
or, as they term it,

Baby Beef.

Among others, Mr. Stanford, of Charlton Court, is credited Avith
having sold the following heifers ai\d steers in 1878, the animals being
iiigh-grade Short-Horns, at ages and prices given below :

Return por inoiitli

Prlre. from l)irtli.

One elc'vcii-motitlis-old steer ~ $ 74 00 $(i T,\

One tliirO'i'ii-inontlis-old steer 101 G4 7 82

'J'liree lourtii-n-monlhs-old Ju'Kcrs, avenige 1)2 40 (JO

Tlir(!e llltecn-inoiitti.s-old hoiters, avenige.. 101 (54 77

One sixlccn-moiiths-old slcer 102 30 (J 39

One ci<rliteen-months-old steer 115 50 42

Oneei^hteen-;Mid-ii-lialf-months-old steer 129 3(5 7 00

Two eiglituea-and-a-half-muiiths old steers, average 122 10 U 00

The weights of these, some of them were calves, is not given, but the
price is stated at from IG to 18 cents (our money) per pound, net weight
— meaning, we suppose, the four quarters. The best 16 months old
steer must have weighed something like 1,200 lbs. alive, allowing the
(|uarters to have been (35 per cent, of the whole weight — a not very large
allowance for such young cattle. In the last Chicago Fat Stock Show,
the best steer, 28 months old, weighed 1,63(3 lbs. The best steer one
year old and under two 1,338 lbs., showing that our best feeders not only
show fully as early maturity as English feeders, but likewise as wonder-
fully good weights.

In relation to the English animals mentioned above, Mr. Evershed
writes :

" The above figures show that tolerably-bred Short-Horns will return
7.s\ a iveek from birth on this system, at from 13 to 18 months old.
Those Short-Horns which afforded the least return were bought in the
market, and those which gave the highest were by Mr. Stanford's pedigree
bull, out of his well bred, but not pedigree cows. The best feeders of

*»16 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR,

country-brod cattle in Sussex and Surrey inform mo that thoy consider a
fair avorii;;e weight for animals, well fed from birth, 100 Smithlield stone
at one hundred weeks, giving a n^turn of one stone (8 lbs. dressed
weight) per week, or G.s. ($1.32) per week."

Our authority mentions a steer killed that dressed 132 stone at one
hundred weeks, equivalent to 1,7G0 lbs. live weight. Some sixteen
months steers dressed, in the quarters, (500 lbs., having 120 lbs. of rough
fat, and a very small proportion of offal. He states that the best feeders
arc able to reach an average of $1.43 per week at sixteen to twenty
months, from a Short-Horn cross on common cows.

Feeding— Cost in England.

The English feeder is content with the manure resulting from Ihiw
manner of feeding stock, if indeed he can get this for his trouble. As
to the cost of making what is termed a "baby bullock" of seventy-one
weeks, the following is riven, reduced to our staadard of dollars and
cents :

Purchase of calf. $ 8 88

Four weeks' new milk, Oquaits ilaily,at2cl perquart 10

Eiuht weeks' Bkimmed milk, 6 quarts daily, at 1-2(1 per quart, and 2 lbs. of meal at

1-4<1 per lb 5 OS

Seventeen weeks in June, July, August and September, on a daily diet of 2 lbs. of

linseed cake, 2 lbs. bean meal, mangel, hay. grass, clover, etc 17 57

Twenty-six weeks to end of March— 6 lbs. of cake and meal daily, 3 4 bushel ot

roots, hay and straw for fodder 30 27

Sixteen weeks to harvest — 8 lbs. of cako and meal daily, mangel, grass, clover — total,

$1 59 per week 25 44

Attendance, 71 W(ek3 at 11 cents 7 81

Insurance, interest, and rent of shed 5 54

Total $107 35

Our authority estimates the value of the manure at 20 per cent, of
the cost of the food, $85.12, or value of manure $17.02. His account
stands thus :

DR.

A biJlock 71 weeks old $107 35

Profit )7 C!)

Total $125 04

CR.

A bullock sold at 71 weeks old $108 02

Value of manure 17 02

Total $125 04

Let any feeder take a calf at five dollars at birth, figure the cost of
eveiything fed in raising, new milk, skim milk, oil-cake, and ground food
if raised by hand, or the interest on the cow if allowed to run, care.

CATTLE, IIRAVY WEIGHTS, ETC.

617

cy consider a

lithficld stoiu'

lbs. dressed

■itone at on(>
>onie sixtoon
lbs. of roiiffli
! best feeders
an to twontv

ig from this

trouble. As

scvenly-one

dollars and

$ 8 88

« 10

i" meal ut

5 0.S

2 lbs. of
17 57

30 27

r — total,

25 44

7 81

5 64

$107 :«

per cent, of
His account

$107 35

17 G9

$125 04

$108 02

17 02

$125 04

the cost of
ground food
;o run, care.

insunuice, etc., it will, if carefully managed, show figures on the right
side of the ledger. Unfortunately there is no data to show, but our best
feeders for early maturity seem perfectly satisfied with the outcome on
steers of from two to three years of age, and probably njight l)e so with
younger ones if it were not the facst that animals do so well until thrw,
years of age that they dislike to kill them younger ; besides, in the West it
is found cheaper to grow the cattle rather slowly and give them somewhat
longer time. It is a (paestion of cheap food as against labor in the care
of (iattle in stables, in Winter, and soiling ; that is, feeding in stables on
"•rass and other food, artificially prepared, in Sunnner.

From what we have shown, the reader will come to th<! conclusion that
we are a firm believer in shelter and humane treatment. The facts we
have given will, we think, fully substantiate the correctness of thene
premises. No sensible person will, we think, doubt the soundness of
the proposition that the animal should be kept growing during the (;old
season, when ])oth feeding and shelter are necessar}'. The object with
any feeder is to get the greatest net gain for the food consumed, and in
the shortest time.

Under this system of feeding the profit was seen. The Lumanity lies
in the fact that the animals had during their lives the greatest enjoyment
that brutes are capable of — that of feeding and quiet rest. The owner
has his reward both in a pecuniary and conscientious sense.

Summer Feeding.

It is only within the last few years that our best feeders have supple-
mented pasturage in Summer with grain. In England this has beeji done
for years. The rational of the matter is this. To keep animals in the
higlicst possible conditio'!, the pastures must be flush, that is, they must
produce full feed at all times. Every master-feeder knows this is not
practicable during some of the Summer months. The July and August
pastures will not carry what the May and June pastures will. Gradually
they began to adopt the prat^tice of fully stocking the pastures and giving
the animals what grain they would eat in connection with grass. At times
they will eat very little, especially when pastures arc in their full succulence
of young greenness ; but a little meal will be eaten every day. The sys-
tems of the cattle thus remain in better average condition than Avhen fed
on grass only, in Summer, and on hay and gi'ain in Winter. Animals
when on succulent pastures require some dry food ; they will often eat
hay at such times. The meal or soaked corn, if animals are used to it,
modifies the succulence of the grass and clover, containing as they do
from seventy to eighty per cent, of water. Full grain feeding, with hay

r.i8

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

! \

I '

in only rtnmll quantities, iondH to the creation of unnatural hoatand fovc^r.
Food irround, and fed moist with coa'^idorabK.' liay, oNviatos this tendency
sonicwliat, and tlie more the stomacii is distended with fodder tiie lesH
the tendency to fever.

Natural per cent, of Water In Pood.

The proportion of water to flesh-forming and fat-forming substance in
natin-al food, (licil)Mge), will range from seventy to eigiily per cent.
Tlic proportion of water necessary with dry feed may be stated at about
sixty per cent, in Winter, and more in Summer, varying with the heat
and humi(bty of the atmosphere. Upon succulent herl)age in Summer
the animal tissues will contain more fluid than in Winter, on dry I'l od :
hence the necessity and economy in Winter-feeding to keep the animals
fully supplied with water, so that certain ])()rtions of their systems will
not b(! obliged to abstract the natural fluids fn)in other parts of the body.
Upon turning cattle to pasture in Spring they often seem to fatten sud-
denly. Much of this is due to increased assimilation of water in the
tissues. The advantage of i)asturage in Sunnner is that itt<uids to ameli-
orate the condition of the animal by reducing the feveriah state of the
system, ac(iuired during the Winter feeding on dry food. Hence the
value of roots, where easily and chea|)ly raised — turnips in England ;
turnips, carrots, and beets, in the Eastern States ; and beets and carrots
in the West. In the W^cst, roots are not given so much for their fattening
(juality ; but wluni these; are fed at th(! rate of one! (jnarter bushel or less
per day, they act as a digestive element to the other food, causing more
perfect assimilation. When these are not to be had, bran should consti-
tute a portion of the food given.

Animal Waste.

It is generally considered as true that about two-thirds of the food
consumed goes to supply the animal heat and waste. All grass-feeding
animals that have to sustain themselves for long periods in the wild state,
on scanty food, accunmlate large masses of fat in the Summer months.
During the Winter this is gradually dissipated (consumed) in the effort
to keep up the animal heat, and by Spring the animals are thin and weak.
Precisely the same thing occurs in the ordinary way of wintering stock on
hay out-of-doors. They become thin, often emaciated, and sometimes
die, in the effort of the owner to see upon how little food ho can bring
them through alive. Not only all the food given has been consumed,
burned up, in the effort to keep warm, but also all the fat, where accumu-
lated in masses about the body. Not only this ; before the animal Anally

succumbs
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CATTLE, KIND TREATMENT.

619

succumbs, the fat mingled with the muscles and other heat-forming sul)-
Htances, will have been consumed. Yet niuny persons who consider theni-
Hclves humane and Christian men, follow this plan year after year. It is
true they suffer in purso and in vexation. Is it possible to bo supposed
tliat their depleted pockets will conipensato for the suffering of the poor
brutes under their care? It is hjirdly a supposable case that it should
be so.

Animal Heat.

The natural temperature of the body is 100 degrees. If the tempera-
ture go above that it indicates fever ; if below it is a chill ; either condi-
tion, if not counteracted, will be fatal to life. The advantage and
economy of full feeding in Summer, as well as in Winter, will bo under-
stood when we remember, that, whatever the temperature of the air, the
animal heat will bo 100. When the temperature will average 60 to 65
degrees, as it will during the season of pasturage, it will require oiil}' food
enough to raise this temperature by 'i5 to 40 degrees to bring it to 100.
AH else the animal eats goes to make weight. If during the Winter tho
average temperature bo 30 degrees, it will require food enough to be
eaten to raise tho temperature l)y 70 degrees to reach blood heat and
keep up the animal integrity. Here again all food taken in excess of the
animal waste is gain. But another integer here steps in. It requires less
proportionate food to keep the animal force intact with a high thermome-
ter than with a low one ; that is, it requires more than double to supply
the waste with the thermometer at 20 than it does with ae thermom-
eter at 60.

Tliero is a limit of cold beyond which neither animal nor plant can
endure. In other words, when the cold becomes so intense that the
capacity of the stomach to digest is counteracted by the animal waste,
death ensues. Thus we often hear of whole droves being destroyed,
where exposed to tli * force of strong chilling winds, as the "Blizzards'
of Minnesota, "Northwesters" of tho plains, and "Northers" of Texas.
In a still atmosphere the animals would have withstood a much greater
degree of cold, for the reason that they would have carried an atmosphere
of heat about them. In the wind the heat was l)lown away, and in the
attempt to supply heat as fast as destroyed the animal economy gave way
and refused longer to exert itself.

Advantages of Full Summer and Winter Feeding.

From what \ve have written the reader will have learned that there is
no economy in scant feeding of animals either in Summer or Winter.
40

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(716) 873-4503

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ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

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The facts are, those feeders make the most money who not only give the
warmest shelter in Winter, with liberal feeding, but who carry their
stock fully up to the feeding point in Summer. Where corn is as easily
raised as it is in the West, many of our best farmers will tell you they
can produce an acre of corn for less than an acre of hay. We have cul-
tivated 65 acres to the hand in a field of 1,500 acres, and at a cost of one
and one-third days' work for team and man per acre, up to the time of,
but not including, the husking.

One advantage of feeding grain the year round is that you may stock
your pastures so fully that the grass will be kept evenly grazed, thus
enabling you to carry more cattle in Summer on a given area of pasture,
and enabling you vo produce more corn for Winter feeding. Another
advantage is, the animals become fatter, and thus do not lose so much
animal heat in Winter. Still another advantage is, you hasten maturity,
and thus save interest on capital, insurance and other items of cost.

These facts should be enough to convince the sensible man of the value
of high feeding in connection with shelter, aside from the animus of this
chapter, that the humane feeder — he who treats his animals most kindly
and feeds best — is really the one who makes the most money.

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CHAPTER Vn.

HOW TO BTT7 AND HOW TO SELL,

THE VALUE OF GOOD CARE. ESTIMATIKO WEIGHT. ESTIMATING BY HEAS-

URBUENT, BUTING TO FEED. HOW TO BUY BBEEDEBS. WHERE GOOD

BEEP LIES. — — BUYING FEEDING STOCK. ANALYZING THE CARCASS.

PROPER SHAPE OP WELL-BRED PATiENING STOCK. HOW TO BUY. BUY-
ING MILCH COWS. BUYING DAIRY MILKBR8. MILK MIRRORS. THB

TRUE VALUE OP MILK MIRRORS. VALUE OF ESCUTCHEON MARKS. MILK-
ERS IN ALL BREEDS. HEREDITY. DIGESTION. RESPIRATION. SYM-
METRY.

The Value of Good Care.

There are very many farmers who, by care and attention to details in
feeding their stock, and by kindly treatment, have done so with profit to
themselves. They have raised them from calf hood. Let them under-
take to buy cattle for feeding their surplus grain and fodder, and they
are very apt to overrate the weight and true value of the cattle purchased.
One point should always be kept steadily in mind : Never buy an old
steer or cow for fattening. They never repri.y the cost and trouble they
give I Thin cattle, ready for grass, if healthy, may give good returns on
flush Summer pasture, it bought at the price per pound that you expect
to get in the Fall. You will not only get the price of the flesh put on,
but the cattle being thin and the muscles dry, your profits will be added
to in the fluids absorbed, and the loss will lie with the former owner in
making mere frames to be built upon. So animals bought in the Fall in
common grass flesh, will increase wonderfully with good feeding and
shelter. If you buy at $2.50 per 100 lbs., and so add 200 lbs. in flesh,
and sell at $4 per 100 lbs., you not only get $8 for the flcvsh put on, but
the difference between $2.50 and $4, or $1.50 per 100 lbs. on the orig-
inal weight. That is, you buy steers at 1,000 lbs. euch, feed 50 bushels

! Ii!i

622

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

of corn per head, and sell them weighing 1,200 lbs. average. They cost
$25 and sell for $48, leaving $23 as the value of the corn fed and care
given. The manure in any country will pay for the care taken ; so, your
corn will have netted you near forty-six cents per bushel. From this,
knowing the cost and price expected when fat, it will be easy to figure on
profits, fluctuations and accidents excepted.

Estimating Weight.

An expert judge will estimate from seeing and handling steers often
within ten pounds of their live weight. The buyer will always underes-
timate weight, and in nine cases out of ten convince the inexpert owner
that the guess is right ; in fact, more than half the time the seller will be
convinced that ho has the best of the bargain. The only safe way in
such cases is for the seller to weigh. Every man Avho makes a business
of fattening cattle should own a proper scale. He may save the cost in
a single year. The merchant, the manufacturer and the builder, who
work by guess, always end in bankruptcy. The only reason why farmers
do not, is, they have that generous bank, mother earth, which never fails
to respond, even to indifferent managers.

In weighing cattle note carefully why certain ones weigh out of pro-
portion to others, and study whether the weight is in the prime parts, a
broad loin and hips, and good barrel, or in heavy fore-quarters, with thick
neck and big head and horns. Study carefully the points as given in
detail elsewhere in this book, and as carefully remember them for future
use. Thus you may in time become yourself an expert judge of stock.
If an animal is to be killed, estimate his weight alivt, how much he will
shrink in offal and hide. When the quarters are weighed, if the record
is not as you expect, examine carefully wherein the discrepancy lies. It
is an especially interesting study for the young man, who expects himself
to become a breeder and feeder of cattle. If a breeder, he must know
how to sell ; and if a feeder, he must know both how to buy and sell.

Estimating by Measurement.

Many breeders have rules of estimating the weight by measurements.
There is no rule that comes nearer than good guessing, and all guessing
should be avoided, especially when the guessing is to lie on the part of
the buyer ; that is, the seller should avoid trusting to the guess of the
buyer, based upon measurement. No two animals will weigh alike
according to measurement.

One rule, perhaps as good as any and for uhis reason given, is to find
the superficial feet by multiplying the girth, just behind the shoulder-

CATTLE, HOW TO BUY AND SELL. 623

blade, by the length from the fore part of the should6r-blade to the root
of the tail. Thus an ox girthing 7 feet 9 inches and measuring G feet in
len<'th would contain 7 3-4 times 6, or 46 1-2 superficial feet. For cattle
grass fat the following is given as the weight per supcriicial foot :

Girth less than 3 feet 11 pouiidH.

•' 3 ro 6 feet 16 "

" 6 to 7 feet ..23

7 to 9 leet 31

Thus the steer as per above measurements should weigh 46.50 by 31,
or 1,441 lbs. gross. Under this rule it is usual to deduct one pound in
twenty on half-fatted cattle, from 15 to 20 lbs. on a cow having had
calves, and if not fat an equal amount. The rule as above stated is of
little or no value, except to those having no other means. In taking
account of stock, this may come somewhat near the weight. For buy-
ing or selling the scale is the only true standard.

Buying to Feed.

r, he must know

In buying cattle eit'aer to graze or to feed fat, choose cattle that are
young, that is, that will nut have become mature before ready for sale.
If to be kept a year, three year old past to four year old for natives
and Devons, and one yeai less for Short-Horns or Hereford grades.
Buy no overgrown, leggy animals , they are hard feeders. Neither
should they be undersized, as this indicates want of thrift. The cattle
for money, whatever their breed, arp rompact, smooth, fine boned»
meek-eyed, soft haired steers, with ski nf medium thickness ; thick
through the heart, round barreled, well t bbr ;, with broad rump, and
the twist well down to the hock. Such cm whatever their breed, will
fatten kindly and the meat Avill be of excellti . juality. So far as age is
concerned, the teeth must be the test. In tl is no person can err who
has carefully studied the chart of the teeth in another part of this work.

How to Buy Breeders.

If the intention is to raise beef cattle the same rule will apply as in
buying steers. In no case should the cow be more than three years old,
and it is better that she never had a calf. In breeding for beef, milk is
not the first essential. It is necessary, however, that the dam give a fair
amount of milk, since the proper sustenance of the calf is what lays the
foundation of the future value of the steer. No calf starved when
young can make a valuable cow to breed from, and as is the dam so
naturally will be the produce. Whatever is to be the outcome, avoid at

.1 :^

624

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

any price a vicious cow, or one with a wild eye or having a dished face.
Her progeny will be sure to give you trouble, and will not give you cattlo
that will fatten to the standard of the picture we give you of Earl

Spencer's jH-ize ox ; given not only as showing what Short-Horns were
fifty years ago but as illustrating the terms to be used in describing the
various beef points and other outward portions of the bullock.

CATTLE, HOW TO BUY AND SELL.

625

)rt-Horns were

Explanation. — A — Forehead. B — Face. C — Cheek. D — Muzzle.

Q Neck. F — Neck-vein. G — Shoulder-point. H — Arm. / —

Gumbrel or hock- IC — Elbow. L — Brisket, bosom or breast. N—
Crops. C — Loin. P — Hip. Q — Rump. B — Pin-bone. S — Round-
1)0110, thurl or whirl. T— Buttock. f/"— Thigh, or gasket. F— Flank.
IT— Plates. X^Back, or chine. F— Throat. Z — Chest.

Where Good Beef Lies.

The prime parts of the ox lie, as shown in cut, from iV to i?,thence to
S, and back to JV. Between P, Q and V arc the priniest parts. The
second best are between M, 8, T, V, W, and tT. Between /iS'and ?7are
viihiabhi pieces for smoked or dried meat. The ribs between M, and S ;
the flanks F, W, and thence to the brisket K are jrood corning pieces. It
will l)c seen that this animal has a very small proportion of offal, and a
vory large proportion of valuable meat, being full P,nd broad in the loin,
thick ribbed, with the rump massive, square behind, and carrying beef
bolow the tmst, or junction of the thighs, well down to the hocks.

Buying Feeding Stock.

The novice in buying stock should carefully note the shape and make
up. To the superficial eye the superior animals when thin will appear
worse than the inferior ones ; the bony pai'ts will appear more prominent,
and for this reason their breadth, when thin, will seem to be exaggerated ;
this, however, is only apparently so. An animal of no particular character
may seem fairly smooth to the eye. Those accustomed to handling stock
will know that superficial observation goes for little. The touch is what
dtH'ides the value of an animal. The well-bred animal carries softer,
smoother, and finer hair than the ill-bred one ; its breadth from the shoul-
der to the rump gives it a bony appearance when thin, that in the scrub
steer is partly concealed by the higher backbone and coarser hair. We
are now speaking of no particular breed, but of all breeds and crosses
that have chara(!toristic points enabling them to lay on flesh. The scale
of points for Short-Horns will make a good study. The illustrations of
fat cattle show what they should be when fat. The picture of the Devon
ox will show what a good feeder should look like off of good grass, and
may bo taken as the type for our best native cattle.

A.&alyzing the Carcass.

In all first-cliiss steers every part of the animal, except the bones, hide,
tallow, and offal, will be good consumable flesh. The roasts, steaks, and
coming pieces will be of the best, so that when the four quarters are hung

H2H

ILLUSTHATED STOCK DOCTOR.

up there will be no leas except bone. Let us now see what such an ox
as we have shown will give. In the first place, his quarters will dress
sixty-five per cent, of his gross weight. The loin above P and from
thence to the top of the shoulder above N will give most superior steak
and roasting-pieces. The shoulder-point or neck-vein back of T and the
thigh at 8 make the best smoking-pieces. The plates W^will make the
richest of corned beef, while li, S, and L (the rump, round and brisket)
make the best pieces for packing — good thick, juicy meat, and in lar<j;('
quantities. In fact such an animal will convert the food he oats into
good beef, and plenty of it.

Proper Shape of Well-bred Fattening Stock.

Cut off the head, neck, legs, and tail, and well-bred beef cattle will
present the appearance of an oblong square. Thus there is ample room

OUTLINE OF PRIZE FAT BULLOCKS.

for the legs and viscera through the width of the bosom and spring of
the ribs, and this carries corresponding breadth behind, giving a broad
loin and massive rump. Such an animal will feed heartily and kindly,
satisfy the butcher when brought to the block, and be profitable tc the
feeder. Above we give four outlines showing animals made very fat, and

CATTLE, HOW TO HIIY AND SELL.

697

cut square to show the shape. There is no profit, however, to the feeder
in cattle fattened to obese or immense weights ; they are mere mountains
of fat, and contain no more lean meat than animals fattened fairly ripe.
There are few people who do not like well-fattened beef. Few, however,
care to eat any but the lean. An animal, therefore, that is fattened just
ripe is the heaviest in muscle, well marbled with fat. This is what the
consumer wants, and what the feeder should seek to make. Smooth, fine-
horned, medium cattle, according to the breed selected, are what give
profits in this respect.

How to Buy.

In buying ordinary (that is native) cattle for pasturing and feeding fat
during the Summer and Fall, always buy in the Spring. If the grass is
good at the time of pui'chase, as it should be, no matter how thin the stock,
if healthy and hearty. The thin stock will weigh less, and you will have
to pay less for it. The loss will be with the farmer who grudges his
animals sufficient to eat in Winter, rather than with the buyer. Gener-
ally all this class will sell cheaper in the Spring than in the Fall, and as
a rule yearlings may be bought for less money in the Spring than the
same calves would have brought in the Fall. If they have been fairly
wintered they will be profitable to feed ; if badly wintered, it will be
(juestionable, unless the price paid is low enough to warrant the purchase.
In any event the feeder must usually depend upon buying steers off of
common keep. Good feeders are not apt to sell half-grown steers, nor
those that one more season's keep will make ripe. The best money-
making friends of the sagacious buyer are, after all those who never
read, and will not believe that anything in print relating to agriculture in
any of its various departments can be of value. They do not \now that
as great advances have been made in agi'icultural art within the last thirty
years as in any other industry, and that the best practical talent in
Europe, and within the last few years in America, have been earnestly
engaged in elucidating and applying practical science to agriculture.

In selecting milking cows the following doggerel verses from an old
Enjjrlish masrazine are as true now as when written as to what constitutes
a cow for both milk and beef :

She's long in her face, she's fine in her horn.
She'll quiclily (tet fat without calte or corn ;
She'd clean in her jaws, and full in her chine,
. She's heavy in &&nk, and wide in her loin.

She's broad i n her ribs, and long in her rump ;
A BtfHight and flat back, without e'er a hump ;
She's wide in her hips, and calm in her eyes ;
She's fine in her shoulders, and Ihln in her thighs.

■

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628 ILLUSTRATKU HTOOK IIOC^TOK.

She's light in her neck, and small In her tall ;
She's wide In her breast, and good at the pall ;
She's fine In her bone, and silky of skin —
She's a grazUr's without, and a butcher's within.

Buying Miloh Cows.

In selecting cows for milk, or heifers from which to breed milking stock
the breeder must be guided by the same general principles as in buying
beef-making wteers. That is to say, the animals must be tine, with
mellow though rather thin skin, and mossy hair ; the head small, but face
straight and rather long ; the horns should bo line, short, and if some-
what curved it is a good indication. The eye must be bright and yet
placid. The barrel, pelvis, rump and thighs should be roomy; and, for
obvious reasons, avoid a dish-faced, and especially a wild-eyed cow, or
one with a dull, heavy eye. The first shows viciousness, the last stupidity
— both dangerous and both unprofitable.

In buying for milk, the object being to breed your stock, sele(;t heifers
of three years old ready to come in, provided the stock bulls were
suitiible ; if not, have nothing to do with them. In this case buy heifers
of two years old that have never been bred. Then, by attention to
what we have said u))on breeding, you cannot go amiss.

Buying Dairy Milkers.

When the buyer is selecting cows simply to wear out in the dairy, and
without any reference to retaining or improving the breed, all he has to
look to is an animal that will give a good flow of milk, and hold the flow
for a long period. Many cows will start out with large messes, and at
the end of three months will hardly give enough to keep a calf ; others
will continue in milk for six months ; others, again, will continue in milk
well up to the time for again dropping a calf. These latter are the cows
to buy. Select them according to the rules heretofore given, and of from
three to five years old, but not unless they are well along in calf. A
dairy cow will continue to improve in her milking (lualities until she is
six years old, sometimes until she is seven or eight ; they will continue
to give ample returns until ten years old, and often until eleven or twelve.

Milk Mirrors,

Besides the rules already laid down, there is an infallible sign in the
milk mirror — or "escutcheon," as it is now called — in cowsj heifers,
calves, and also shown distinctly in the bulls of milking breeds. Wo
have studied and bred by it since its first publication in the United States.
It is the result of years of study by M. Francois Guenon, ;i practical

CATTLK, HOW TO BUY AND SELL.

629

farmer of Libourno, France, and first roduced to a system in 1822. In
1828 at a public test and careful examination by the Agricultural Society
of Bordeaux, the committee made an absolute and exhaustive report, in
which they used this strong language : " Tliis system we do not fear to
sai/ in infallible.''

The society decreed Mr. Guenon a gold medal, made him a member of
the society, ordered fifty copies of his work, and distributed one thousand
copies of their full report among all the agricultural societies of France.

This system was first made known in the United States, if wo remcm*
her urit'ht, l)etwoen 1838 and 1840, and has been studied, believed, and
acted on by many practical men ; yet, curiously enough, it has never
attracted general attention until within the last few years, since which
time dairying and the breeding of dairy cows has come to bo a regular
profession. While we should not rely entirely upon the many classes
and their variations, including a bastard escutcheon to each class, the
si<Mis as given by the author are most valuable in connection with other
matters which are given. In tho Guenon theory there are' twenty-seven
<ruts or diagrams to illustrate his idea, varying from the fullest dovelop-
nicnt in the growth of hair turned upward, to as near nothing, as is ever
shown in the cow, but all having more or less of this peculiar develop-
ment of hair on the parts named ; this hair, to indicate a good milker,
should turn upward, be short, fine and close ; the skin easily raised, and
with peculiar oval marks and scurf spots.

The True Value of Milk Mirrors.

So far as we have studied these signs, we have found them while not
constant marks by which the quality and flow of milk could be accurately
judged, yet most valuable in connection with other characteristic signs
and configurations, which we have given for judging accurately what should
constitute a good daii'y cow. We have found it a most valuable aid in
judging the milking qualities and time of continuance in milk. That in
itself it does not constitute an infallible test is no proof of its being an
unsound theory. That it is correct, as a rule, is sufficient to cause it to
be given careful study and attention.

We do not hesitate to say that he who will study carefully the illustra-
tions we give, and the statement's made, while he will find many varying
signs, will not only be convinced of the accuracy of the system, but will
be able, either in the cow or calf to select with judgment. The milk sign
also follows in the bulls as we shall show.

Mr. Charles L. Sharpless, of Pennsylvania, a close observer and good

Ill

1:1

{1 1

) nil
I.

630

ILLIJHTUATF.D STOCK DOCTOR.

breeder, in relation to the value of the escutcheon, as scon in Jersey cattle,,
givcb his experience, which wo condense as follows :

There is no point in jud<2;inji a cow so little understood as the escutcheon.
The conclusion of almost every one is, that her esculcheon is ^'ood, if there
be a broad band of up-running hair from the udder to the vulva, und
around it.

Fin. 1.

Fia.

Fig. 3. Fio. 4

MILK MIRROR OF JERSEYS.

These cows with the broad vertical escutcheon are nearly always parallel
cows ; that is, with bodies long but not large, and with the under line par-
allel with the back. Their thighs are thin, and the thigh escutcheon shows
on the inside of the thigh rather than on its rear.

Next comes the wedge-shaped cow, with the body shorter but very
large, deep in the flank, and very capacious. This form does not usually

CATTLE, now TO UUY AND SELL.

681

n Jersey cattle,,

<^xhil)it the vertical cHcutrheou running up to the vulva, but with a broader
thi"h may exhibit a thigh escutcheon, which in preferable to the other,
tl,U8 see Fig. 2. — Milk mirror of Jerseys.

In l)oth vertical and thigh mirrors, where the hair runs down, intruding
on the udder (as low as above the dotted lines) aa in Figs. 9 and 4, it
damages the escutcheon. If you find a cow with the hair all running
down, and between the thighs — that is, with no up-running hair — stamp
her as a cipher for yielding milk.

Titcre are times when tlie udder of a cow with an escutcheon like Fig.
4 will be enlarged by non-milking, for the purpose of deception. It is
always safer to judge by the escutcheon rather than by the largo size of
tlio udder.

The escutcheons of the best cows — those yielding the most and con-
tinuing tiio longest — will bo found to be those which conform to Fig. 2.

The vertical escutcheon /)f Fig. 1 would not injure it ; but if that
ornamental feature has to be at the expense of the thigh escutcheon, Fig.
2 is best as it is.

Whenever an escutcheon is accompanied by a eurl on each hind-quarter
of the udder, it indicates a yield of the highest order.

So far, we have noticed only the rear escutcheon, or that which repre-
sents the two hind quarters of the udder. The two front quarters are
just as important, and should be capacious and run well forward under
the body. If the udder in front be concave, or cut up, indicating small
capacity, it represents reduced yield.

This front or level escutcheon is distinctly marked in the young heifer
or bull, and can be seen by laying the animal on its back. The udder
hair under the body all runs backward, commencing at the forward line
of the escutcheon. This dividing line is very perceptil)le, from the fact
that the hair in front of it all runs forward towards the head of the
animal, while tiie escutcheon, or udder hair, all runs backward, over the
forward quarters of the udder, around and beyond the teats, and ceases
at the markings of the rear escutcheon on and between the thighs.

The breadth and extent forward of this front escutcheon indicates the
capacity, in the mature animal, of the front quarters of her udder. In
some cases this front escutcheon will be found of twice the extent that it
is in others, and is evidence of that much more yield.

This examniation enables one to see the size of the teats and their
distance apart, and to test the looseness and softness of the uddo- skin.
It is marked precisely the same in bulls, and can be easily exiniined at
any age between one and ten months.

632

ILLU8TKATKI) STOCK DOCTOU.

Many think that the escutcheon of the bull is of little moment, so that
he has a good look. So far is this from being tlu case, that a bull with
a mirror like Fig. 4, or worse, will stamp his escutcheon on, and to that
extent damage, his daughters out of cows with escutcheons as choice as
Fig. 2. In this way the daughters of some of the best cows come very
ordinitiy, while, if you u«e a bull marked like Fig. 2, he will make a
poor escutcheon better, and will improve the best. His injury or benefit
will be doubled according to the escutcheon markings under the body in
front of his scrotum. Hence the importance of the dam of a bull })eiiig
unexceptionable in her udder and escutcheon. Her qualities inherited by
her L'on will be transmitted to his d:iughters.

3REAT MII-K MlltKOHS ON IIOI.STEIN COW.

While careful as to escutcheons, we must not neglect the other essential
features of a good c v — the back, skin, hide, the rit^h colored skin, and
the fine bone. Let the hair be soft and thickly set, and let the skin be
mellow. This latter quality is easily determined by grasping between the
thumb and forefinger the skin at the rear of the ribs, or the double thick-
ness at the base of the flank that joins the stifle-joint to the body, or that
on the inside of the rump-bone at the setting on of the tail. Let the

CATTLE, HOW TO BUY AND SELL.

633

teats be well apart ; let them yield a full and free stream, and be large
euouf'h without the necessity, in milking, of pulling them between the
thumb and forefingers. And let us ever keep in mind that the large
yielder must be weHfed.

Prof. Magne, V. S., of the Veterinary School, Alfort, some thirty
years a^o, as to the relations below the escutcheons and the functions of
the milky glands, and as differing from M. Guenon in some of the details,
gives the following explicit information :

"The direction of the hair is subordinate to that of the arteries ; when
a lar"-e plate of hair is directed from below, upwards, on the posterior
face of the udder, and on the twist, it proves that the arteries that sup-
ply the milky system are large, since they pass backwards beyond it,
convey much blood, and consequently give activity to its functions. Up-
per tufts, placed on the sides of the vulva, prove that the arteries of the
generative organs are strongly developed, reach even to the skin, and
give great activity to those organs. The consequence is, that after a cow
is again with calf, it draws off the l^lood which was flowing to the milky
glands, lessens, and even stops the secretions of milk.

" In the hull, the arteries, corresponding to the mammary arteries of
the cow, being intended only for coverings of the testicles, are very slightly
developed; and there, accordingly, the escutcheons are of small extent."

Value of Escutcheon Marks.

After the explanation, which accords very well with all that has been
observed, it is easy to comprehend the value of the escutcheons. The
more the lower ones are developed, the greater the quantity of milk ; but
shape is of consequence.

Still, whatever be the cause of the relations existing between the pro-
duction of milk and the escutcheons, these marks cannot furnish data so
certain as some have affirmed them to be.

In fact, the quantity of milk, and its quality, do not depend solely on
the form and size of the escutcheon ; they depend on the food, the pai-
ticular management, the climate, the season, the tenlperament, the size
and energy of the principal internal organs, the capacity of the chest, the
influence of the generative system, etc. All these circumstances can ^
the quantity of milk to vary, without mriking any change on the extent
of the escutcheon ; consequently, it is impossible that the same relation
can always exist between the escutcheons and the quantities of milk. We
often see cows equally well shaped, having exactly the same escutcheon,
and placed under the same hygienic conditions, yet not giving equal quan-

634

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

■!" 1i,

titics, or equal qualities of milk. It could not be otherwise. Assuming
that a given tuft has the same value at birth, it cannot be the same in
adult age ; since, during life, an infinite number of circumstances occur
to diversify the activity of the milky glands, without changing the figure
or size of the tuft.

Is it not sufficient to refer to the inequality of milk given by the sajue
cows, according as they have had one, two, or three calves, mi order to
make clear that M. Guenon has assigned too much value to the mark which
he has discovered?

It often happens that two horses, having exactly the same constructure,
and the same external forms, have not the same energy, the same fitness
for work. The difference is owing, evidently, to the temperament, and
the activity of the principal external organs ; in otlier words, to conditions
which it is often impossible to estimate by any direct method.

Now, seeing that temperament has an influence on muscles and bou'ss,
the action of which, however, is partly mechanical, resembling that of a
lever, and exerts this influence so powerfully as to render their movements
unequal in respect both of power and promptness, can we suppose that it
has no influence on the entirely vital, or, at least, the entirely molecular
working of the mammary gland ?

It might, therefore, have been argued a priori that the mathematical
precision assigned to a classification of cows is contrary to the most gen-
eral laws of physiology ; to propose a mark indicating that a cow will jrive
80 much milk daily, and for so many di.ys, is to deceive ourselves, or to
attempt to deceive others : the study of the phenomena of life proves that
the action of the organs depends not merely on the size and their form,
but on the general condition of each individual

We are able not only to oppose argumci f to the assertion of M. Guenon,
but we can appeal to the difficulties hitherto experienced in applying his
classification to practice. M. Guenon has not yet found a single pupil
worthy of him. And among the thousands of persons who occupy them-
selves with his method, is there a single one who has acquired sufficient
skill to justify the claims which the author makes for it?

It may be affirmed that, to form pupils as skillful as himself m judging
of cows, M. Guenon would not only have to teach them that a certain fig-
ure for the tuft corresponds to a certain number of pints of milk, but he
would have, above all, to communicate to them his perspicuity, his talent
for observation, and his great experience ; he would, in fine, have to fit
them for estimating, in addition to the direction of the hair of the twist,
the whole of the marks usually employed in making choi(;e of milch cows.

All the attempts made on the Guenon method, not excepting those of

CATTLE, HOW TO BUY AND SELL.

635

the author himself, prove the soundness of our opinion. The most skill-
ful, when called to decide on the qualities of cows, whose yield of milk
was well known, erred seven times on eight cows, and lifteen times on
twenty-oiie. And, lest these errors may be attributed to chance, on ac-
count of the small number of cows submitted for trial, wo should mention
that other estimates proved erroneous 152 times on 174 cows, and 321
times on 352, and that the error amounted to 921 pints of milk on a total
of 2,(583 pints ; in other words, there was ex'ror in regard to almost all
tlu! cows ; and error amounting on an average, on each, to more than a
third of the yield. On some individuals the estimates were wrong to the
extent of from 17 1-2 to 21, and even from 2(5 to 28 pints a day.

Such is the truth as to the perfect nicety claimed for the escutcheon
system. The system cannot do more than furnish an approximate esti-
mate of the quantity of milk, and that in regard not to all, but only to
the majority of cows.

What, then, has led so many persons to put confidence in M. Guenou's
discovery ? The great talents and knowledge of the author. The system
has obtained the credit of results due to the ex]ierience of him who
ai)plied it.

liv his discovery M. Guenon has rendered great service to agriculture ;
the escutcheon has the advantage of furnishing a mark which can be
easily discerned, and estimated even by persons of no great experien(;e
ill the selection of cows — a mark perceptible on very young animals, and
on f)ul/n as well as heifers — a mark which, when disencumbered of the
coniplicated s3-stem in which it has been wrapped up will be in common
use and facilitate the increase of good cows, by not allowing any but
those of good promise to be reared.

Milkers in all Breeds.

Professor Magne also gives the following concise directions in relation
t^) choosiniT a good cow, where he savs :

"We find good milkers in all breeds, but they arc rare in some and
very common in others. It could not be otherwise. Milk properties,
depending on the conditions which determine the formation of breeds,
are due partly to the climate, the soil, the air, and the plants of the
countries where the breeds have originated ; iuid must therefore var} ni
our different breeds of horned cattle, with the hygienic conditions
peculiar to each locality.

"Milkers, and more especially animals intended for breeding, must be
selected among breeds celebrated for abundance of milk. Not that we
• an hope to import into our department, with a dry and warm climate,
41

! ;

1 .

1 r

■

Hi. 'In

nil

636

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

all the qualities of the excellent milking breeds possessed ^y countries in
which the soil is fertile, the air moist, and the sky often cloudy ; but as
the influence of climate, though very marked, takes effect only in the
long run, the properties of the animals imported are maintained — thon<rli
subject, doubtless, to gradual dcteinoration — during a period which varies
with the precaution taken to preserve them ; and for several generations
the descendants of a good imported breed give more milk than individuals
belonging to a breed found on the spot, where hygienic circumstancos
are not favorable to milking properties.

It is not to bo forgotten, moreover, that under the influence of
particular circumstances, which it is sometimes impossible to call into
existence, animals manifest properties which we cannot produce directly.
This explains why it is often more advantageous to import qualities
possessed by foreign stock than to try to develop them iu native stock.

As milking qualities are in a great measure dependent on structure and
temperament, which are more or less hereditary, descent exercises a
great influence.

Heredity.

In each breed, therefore, we should choose individuals belonging to
the best stocks, and the offspring of parents remarkable for their milk-
ing qualities ; for it is certain that good milch cows produce others v/hich
resemble them.

But it is especially necessary when selecting stock for the purpose of
breeding milch cows, that particular care should be taken to select indi-
viduals belonging to good families. A cow of a bad milking family, or
even breed, may occasionally be an excellent milker, and more than this
is not wanted when it is not meant to breed from her. The same cannot
be said Avhen breeding is intended, because there would be little chance
•of her transmitting the accidental or exceptional qualities possessed by
her ; whereas the qualities forming the fixed and constant characters of
the stock would almost to a certainty be transmitted to descendants.

These remarks, with regard to breed and parentage, apply to the selec-
tion of the bull, which, as experience demonstrates, acts like the cow in
transmitting the milking qualities which distinguish the breed and stock.

Digestion.

The digestive organs have a great influence on the exercise of all the
functions, and particularly on the secretion of the milk-glands. Where
the digestive organs arc defective, good milch cows are rarely met with.

Good digestive organs are known by a belly of moderate size, witli

CATTLE, HOW TO BUY AND SELL.

637

1 hy countries in
cloudy ; but tis
feet only in the
itained — thougli
riod which varies
eral generations
; than individuals
lie circumstancos

the influence of
iiblo to call into
)roduco directly.

imi^ort qualiticH
u native stock.

on structure and
icent exercises a

yielding sides, free from tightness, (in aged animals the belly is often
lar<»'e, though the organs which it contains arc in good condition) ; a large
mouth, thick and strong lips, a good appetite, easy and (juick digestion,
•'lossy hair, supple skin, yet firm, and somewhat oily to the touch. An-
imals possessing, these characteristics may be expected to feed and drink
heavily, and, if they are properly fed, make much blood, and yield large
quantities of milk.

Respiration.

The respiratory organs complete the system of nutrition. The lungs
brius the air breathed into contact with the blood, and render the sys-
tem of nourishment complete. Hence, a good form, quick digestion and
a healthy condition of the lungs are necessary to the production of a
large flow of milk.

Milk Vnins.

lals belonging to
e for their niilk-
uce others v/hich

r the purpose of
ten to select indi-
ilking family, or
d more than this
The same cannot
d be little chance
ties possessed by
xnt characters of
descendants,
pply to the selec-
s like the cow in
breed and stock.

If the veins which surround the udder are large, winding, and varicose
(dilated at intervals), they show that the glands receive much blood, and,
consequently, that their functions are active, and that the milk is abundant.
The veins on the lateral parts of the belly are most easily observed, and
all authors decide them to be among the best tests for ascertaining the
activity of the glands.

These veins issue from the udder, in front, and at the outer angle, where
they form, in very good cows, a considerable varicose swelling. The}'
proceed toward the front part of the body, forming angles, more or less
distinct, often divide towards their anterior extremity, and sink into the
body by several openings.

Wo can make the size of the milk veins prominent by compressing them
in their passage, by pressing them at the place Avhere they penetrate into
the body. If wo press the thumb strongly into the opening through which
the vein passes : the width of the opening represents the diameter of the
vein, and the thickness of the thumb which stops it, represents the volume
of blood whose place it occupies. Sometimes the veins are divided. It
is then necessary to examine all the openings by which they pass, in or-
der to form a correct estimate.

iercise of all the
-glands. Where
rarely met with,
iderato size, witli

Veins of the Udder and Twist.

The veins of the udder and twist are able to furnish valuable ivrdica-
tions. They should, in both cases, be highly developed, large and vari-
cose ; that is, appear swollen and knotty. The veins of the udder have

638

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

HO definite direction. They presi-nt themselves irreguhirly, with zigzag
lines, knotted, and nioi-e or less oblique. They are never of very largo
size, except in ccws that give large quantities of milk.

The veins of the twist directed from above downward, forming a wind-
ing line, interspersed Avith knots, resemble those of the udder in not
being visible either in heifers or in cows of only fair .wilking(iuality. AVc
cannot ascertain their presence in any but very good cows.

Of all the marks of abundant milk secretion, the best, and in fact the
only infallible marks, aie funiished l)y the veins of the twist and of the
udder. To estimate them correctly it is necessary to take into account
the state of the cow in respect to flesh, the thickness of skin, food, ability
to stand fatigue, hf at ; all the circumstances, in fact, which cause vari-
ations iu the general state of the circulation, and in the dilation of the
veins. It is necessary, moreover, to recollect that in both sexes all the
veins are larger in the old than in the young ; that the veins which encir-
cle the udder are those which, if the cows are in milk, vary most accord-
ing to the age of the animal. Small when the animal is young, they
continue to increase in size until after the cow has had several calves,
when they come to their full development.

This proportion between the size of the veins and the milk secreted, is
obser\^ed in all females without exception. The size of the veins and
their varicose state being due to the blood attracted by the increased
activity of the milk-glands, is not only the sign, but also the measure, of
this activity — this connection. In fact, this connection is so close that, if
the glands do not give an equal quantity of milk, the larger veins are nu
the side of the udder which gives the largest quantity.

The length of time during which milk is given corresponds with the
activity of the organs which sv.;^oly it. Cows which give most milk a
day, also give it the longest ; and hence, if no special mark is perceived,
we can judge much of the duration af milk by the marks which determine
its quantity. It may therefore be accepted that as a rule an abundant
milker ir.-.y be expected to give a long coutiuued flow of milk,

CATTLE, HOW TO TELL THE AGE.

639

Judging Age by the Teeth.

For the reason that the age of cattle can only l)c approximately judged
by the horns, and in conscMjuence of the liability to error, and especially
the dootoring of the horns by the use of the file, sand paper and oil, we.
•rive a chart, showing from the cuts presented, the ages of cattle, from,
birth until they are five years old, when the teeth are fully developed,
and also the appearance of the teeth at ten years '^f "^e. Thus at birth,
it will be seen, there will be but two central teeth, ^ywre 1 ; at two weeks
it will have four teeth, figure 2 ; at three weeks it will have six teeth,
figure 3 ; at a month old the jaw will contain eight incisors, and present
the appearance as m figure 4. The mouth is then called full, as contain-
in" the ultimate number of incisors. These are not permanent, but
temporary, or milk teeth, as they are called. At six to eight months old
the central teeth begin to be worn, and show smaller than the others, see
figure T). At ten months absorption and the widening of the jaw will
have carried the two central teeth still farther away from each other, and
two other teeth, one on each side, will have begun to diminish, in fact
will have distinct spaces between them, scii figure (!. At twelve months
absorption will have continued to two more teeth, leaving intact only the
two outside teeth, ^f/itre 7. At fifteen months the Avhole of the teeth
will present the appearance as seen in figure 8. At this time the true or
permanent teeth will have been growing in the jaw, between and back of
the milk teeth. Figure i) shoM's the appearance at fifteen months of age,
the two permanent central teeth appearing in the place of the two first
milk teeth which have disappeared, and the other permanent teeth are
shown in their several stages of growth. Figures 10, 11 and 12 show
the teeth at two, three and four years past. At the age of five years
the animal will have a full mouth, as shown in figure 13, and at ten years
the incisors will present the appearance as in figure 14.

Thus any person by the use of the chart, and by examination of the teeth
of cows, of ages known to correspond therewith, may easily become an
accurate and prompt judge of the age of cattle, up to the age of four
years. It will be seen, however, that in the four year old mouth, the
two central pairs of teeth are beginning to be worn down at the edges,
and in a flat direction, or inclining slightly to the inside ; yet the animal
has not a full mouth — that is, the incisors are not all fully up until it is
five years old. See figure 14.

At five years old the teeth are all fully grown, and the peculiar mark
on the teeth, called the cup, is shown in all. At the same time all will
have become flattened, while on the two center ones there begins to be a
distinct darker line in the middle, bounded by a line of harder bone.
From this time on v^e may depend both on the incisors and the grinders.

fi40

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOU.

At six years old the animal will have acquired the last jrriiiding toolli.
This is the sixth molar and is, from the Ijoginnincr, n pcnnanent (ootli.
From this time until the eighth year, and indeed theroiiftcr, in dtlerniiiiinjf
tlie age of the animal, the nature of the soil upon which it has been fed
must be taken into account. Gritty, close fed pastures will wear tliciii
faster, and flush pastures slower. Thus in all the pasture regions of tiic
West, and Southwest, the wear will bo light. As a general rule, hut
admitting of many exceptions, at seven years old this line is beconiiii<r
broader and more irregular in all of the teeth ; and a second and broader,
and more circular mark appears within the center of the former one, the
most distinct in the central, or two central pairs — and which at eight
years has spread over the six central incisors.

At eight years, a change takes place which cannot be mistaken. The
process of absorption has again commenced in the central incisors ; it is
slow in progress, and is never carried to the extent seen in the milk teeth,
but is sufficiently plain, and the two central teeth are evidently smaller
than their neighbors. A considerable change has also taken place on ihe
surface of the teeth ; the two dark marks are worn into one in all but the
corner teeth.

At ten the four central incisors are diminished in size, and the mark is
becoming smaller and fainter, as shown in figure 14. The six central
incisors are smaller, and at twelve, all of them are very considerably
diminished; but not to the same extent as in the young animal. The
mark is now nearly obliterated, except in the corner teeth, and the inside
edge is worn down to the gum.

From this time on they continue to diminish in size, and it is difficult
to accurately determine the age. In fact except in the case of valuable
blooded cows, bulls, or extra trained wosk oxen, and occasionally extra
milkers in the dairy, few steers are now kept in the West past six years
old, and few cows over nine or ten years of age.

::,i!l«i

i' \>

CHAPTER VIII.

THE DAERY.

UCSIIINO INTO NKW INDUSTRIES. THE IMPORTANCE OP DAIRYING. ESTIMA-

TKD rUODL'CTION OF BUTTER AND CHEESE. CONDITIONS NECESSARY TO

DAIRYING. HOW TO DUILD. SUB-EARTH VENTILATION. CARE OF MILK,

TEMPERATURE. VARIOUS METHODS OF RAISING CREAM. MAKING DAIRY

BUTTER. SALTING BUTTER. WASHING OU WORKING BUTTEB. PACKING

BUTTER. PREPARING PACKAGES KIND OF SALT TO USE. CHEESE

MAKING CHEDDAR CHEESE. CHESHIRE CHEESE. HOW TO SELL BUT-
TER. UTILIZING WASTE PRODUCTS.

Bushing Into New Industries.

The impetus ^jiven to dairy farming within the hist ten years, caused
hy the increasing export demand, and tlie large price which superior pro-
ducts both of butter and cheese brought in the markets at home and
abroad, caused many persons all over the West to rush into the business,
supposing that flush pastures and cheap grain were the sole conditions of
success. Unscrupulous persons also made cheese of skimmed milk adul-
terated with oleo-margarine. Butter makers adulterated their products
with oleo-margarinc, and extensive factories East and West, backed by
large capital, entered into the manufacture of oleo-margarine ; vast (Quan-
tities of which were sold as butter. In addition to this many persons
supposed it was only necessary to stock their farms with cows, milk them,
secure the cream, churn it, salt the butter and thus get rich. The result
was, the markets were glutted with grease butter and skim or grind-stone
cheese, as they were aptly termed, causing the degradation of really good
cheese of American make in the English market, for the reason that the
markets being flooded with dishonest cheese, and the industry being in its
infancy here, but few makers had established a reputation, considered

ili

642

ILLU8TKATEI) STOCK UOCTOB.

good beyond doubt in foreign markets. During 1878, cspceiuUy, tim
price of ehceso went so low us to cause much money to l)e lost in its niaii-
ufaeture. The consequence was, many, who went into tlie business hastil}-
and with few natural facilities for the manufacture, or knowledge of the
business, as hastily went out of it. In \HV.) a reaction took i)lac<', and
both butter and cheese during the latter half of the year again paid tiic
manufacturers large profits.

The Importanco of Dairying.

Within the last ten years, Ohio, Michigan, the northern half of Indiana
and Illinois, southern and central Wisconsin, central Iowa, and later sonic
portions of Missouri, Kansas, and Nebraska have become great butter and
cheese producing States, and the premiums awarded to Wisconsin, Iowa.
and Illinois for dairy products at International and Inter-State fairs, show
conclusively that there is plenty of territory in the West, where the con-
ditions are of the highest order for the manufacture of first class buttcir
and cheese.

As showing the worth and importance of this industry in the West, wc
need only show the receipts and shipments, at two principal markets,
Chicago and Milwaukee, the first for butter from 1801) to 1878, inclusive,
and Milwaukee for butter and cheese for the year 1878. That of Chicago
was as follows :

Recpipts. Shipnioiits-

Years. lbs. lbs.

1872 14.574,777 I1.4!)7.r>.37

1873 22.28;},765 12.8r)l,a03

1874 2«,74a.()00 ](j.02().l!)0

1875 21.K(i8,!)<Jl J9.240.081

1876 3;l94l,.-)72 .U14(Mifl!)

1877 42.2;{C,3i;tJ 36.nl4.9S3

1878, Aug. 24, 31,714,318 29,2U3,*R(;

For the regular butter season — May, June, July and to August 24, 1878,
inclusive, the receipts have aggregated 21,414,520 jjounds, against 1(5,-
493,031 pounds for the same time 1877 — an increase of 4,921,48!) pounds.
The shipments for the same period — INIay to August 24th inclusive, aggre-
gated 19,821,660 pounds, against 14,49.5,864 pounds for the corresponding
time in 1877 — an increase of 5,325,796 pounds.

In Milwaukee the receipts for 1878 were :

Rpcoipts of Bntter„ 0.111.rS6 lbs.

FhipmentPOf Butter 5.7.39.041 "

Receipts of Cheese 13 2o6.80S "

iSliipiaents Of Clieese 12,865,110 "

CATTLR, nAIIlYINO.

643

, ('spc(!iully, (li,.
v loist ill its iiiaii-
(' Idlsiiics.s hastily
ciiowlcdf^o of the
toolv place, and
ar ugaiii paid the

Tlio exports of butter ami cheese from the United States, and value,
for \^^^ iiiid 1H7H arc <;iven by the Chief of (he liureau of Statistics at
Washiiifrtoii as follows :

1878. 1877.

Twelve months ending Dee. 31, butter, lbs 20.05(1.108 2:{.()U.2a8

. " «' •' cheeso, lbs 1;jU 24!),27(; m,m,VA

Estimnted Production of Butter and Cheeso.

II half of Iiidiaiiii
I, Mild later some
<:reat butter and
yViscoiisiii, Iowa.
State fairs, show
I, where the con-
first class butter

in the West, we

iiieip.il markets,

) IH7H, inclusive,

That of Chicairo

oipls.

lb-.
•4,777
t:J.705
IIKWO

w.aoi

[1,572
l(},360
-1.318

Shipments'
lbs.
n.4!t7..->.37
12.851,;«W
l(i.02().l!K)
19.249.081
34.14<),(«)!)
3«.5 14.983
29,203.»8G

August 24, 187^,
ids, against 1(5,-
,1)21, 4H!) pounds,
inclusive, aggre-
be corresponding

e.in.fse lbs.

5.7.S9.041 "
13 2.56.80S "
12,865,110 "

The value of land and cows in the United States employed in furnishing
milk, butter, and cheese, is not less than $l,;{()(),()()0,()()(), or the sum of
iioarly half the national debt at its highest point. Over three thousand
fiu'tories are engaged in the manufacture of these articles.

The production of cheese is estimated at 3,''>(),()()0,0()0 lbs. per annum,
and of I)u(ter about l,.'i()(),()00,()()() ; of the former, i;{0,()()(),()()() lbs. will
he exiiorted this year, and 2.'),()()0,0()() lbs. of the latter. The value of
the two is aliout $;5.')(),000,0()0 or $.')(),()00,00() more than the wheat crop
of the country ; three times more than the oat crop ; four times more
than the potato crop ; one-seventh more than the hay crop ; one-third
more than the cotton crop, and but one-fifth less than the corn crop.
The iiumlier of cows in the United States is over l.TjOOOjOOO, Avliich is
six times the number in Great Britain, over twice the number in France,
two and a half tilings more than in Prussia, and more than in the countries
of England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Denmark, Norway, Sweden,
Russia, Finland, Austria, Hungary and Switzerland combined — although
these countries together contain four times the population of the United
States. The proportion of cows to the inhabitants hero is twenty-three
to each one hundn-d persons.

The jiroduction of cheese and butter increased thirty-three per cent,
in 1H77 and the exports have been in like proportion.

The cheese and butter exported in 1878 have paid freight to the amount
of over |1,0()(),()00 to the ocean commerce, or a sum alinos^t sufficient to
support a line of ocean steamers. 'Jliese articles pay to the railroad
companies over $.'),()( )0,0t)0 annually for transportation, and the article of
milk pays nearly as much more. Loaded on railway cars, ten tons to
each car, the l)utter and cheese produced in the TJnited States in one year
would fill 22,000 cars, and make a compact line 13.5 miles long.

It is estimated that Great Britain, with a population of 32,000,000,
consumes about 2(>0,000,000 pounds of cheese annually, while the United
States, with .50,000,000 inhabitants, consumes about 200,000,000 pounds
annaally. It is claimed that when only a good quality is put into the
home market Americans will become as arreat cheese eaters as Englishmen.

044

ILLL'HTllATKI) MTOCK DOCTOIl.

Conditions Noooanary for Dairying.

*^hI

There are three natunil conditions nooessiiry for the successful pro^e.
cution of (lairyinj; : abundance of pure water, i)h'nty «f K''"'**' '">ti «'liea|i
irniin. There are also tliree essentials in its manufacture without which
no person can succeed. These; arc, fjjood cows, proper huihlin^rs uiid
fixtures, and absolute cleanliness, from the stable! to the packiij^e in
whi<'h it is sold. Of course a thorouj^li knowledge of the l)Usin(!ss must
l)c possessed or accpiired. If thi' dairy is conducted on the factory,
associated, or co-operative Hystem, only one person, the superintendent,
need bo an exi)ert. Cold water is absolutely essential. In the West
recourse must be had to ice for cooliiij; purposes, except for the family
dairy, and it is better there. The jj^reat drawback to dairying in the \\'»,st
has been the absence of cold springs and spring brooks. Deep wells,
with windmill pumps, fully supply this need when thero is an abundant
(low beneath the surface, and when there is not, ico is used for cooling
purposes. In fact, no large dairy, where butter is made, is complete
without an ice house of sufficient capacity, not only for cooling tin; milk,
but also, to afford cold storage for butter. Whatever the size of tlio
dairy, whether large or snuill, no person can make money in the maimfac-
ture without facilities so that the temperature of the milk and butter can
be kept at 00 degrees or less. It is not our purpose to enter into details
as to the minutia of dairy work on a large scale. The person under-
taking the business must employ a competent dairyman as superintendent.
The owner will have plenty to do in attending to the farm, the business
details of manufaeituring, shipping, selling, etc. To cnalde those having
good facilities for the business to get an idea of the building, we give an
illustration showing ground plan of model creamery.

The cut given is a model in every respect, not only in arrangement,
l)ut in cheapness. The main building is two stories, 52 by 20 feet, with
two annexes as shown, and cost all told, including all the fixtures and
apparatus, only $2,r)00, the building itself costing $1,800. The arrange-
ments arc made with special reference to economy of space, labor and
travel ; to securing an equable temperature, and to the isolation of the
cream and butter from odors that may arise in the manufacture or curing
of cheese. The walls have three air spaces, one between the chipboard-
ing and sheathing, one between the sheathing and building paper, and one
between the l)uilding paper and plastering, thus making most perfect iso-
lation. The windows are double. The milk, as received and weighed,
is strained directly into the cheese vats, or into the deep cans, foi* the
pool. This is about 20 inches deep, and is made by laying a l)rick wall
to that height, and cementing it on the inside. It is supplied with water

.MM

mmmm

CATTLH, DAIKYINO.

1)45

3 successful pio.sp.

of ^niss Mild «li('a|)
•twrc williout which
•per huildiiijrs Hnd
1«) the p!U'k!i<,'«' in
the husiiics.s iiiunt
'il oil the factorv.
ho siipninli'iHlciit,
itinl. Ill the West
I'pt for llu! fiimily
airviii<r in tlu! W\'s\
ook.s. Deep wells,
lero is ar, almiidiint
is used for eooliiii'
made, is complete
r cooling Hk; milk,
'or the .siz(! of llic
ley in the manufac-
iiilk and butler can
1) enter into details
rho person undor-
i as superintendent,
farm, the business
!nal)le those havinsr
lildini^, we give an

\y in arrangement,
'2 by 20 feet, with
11 the fixtures and
iUO. The arranjife-
f space, labor and
lie isolation of the
lufucture or curing
sen the elajiboard-
ing paper, and one
? most perfect iso-
ved and weighed,
leep cans, tor the
nying a brick Avail
ipplied with water

■g

from a well near the rear of llu^ Imilding, pipes being so arranged that
thi! steam-pump can deliver either hot or cold water or steam where
needed. Ice is used for this pool as needttd. The press-room joins the
iMaiiufacluriiig-room, and from th(( door of this a stairway leads to the
(•mill" room, which occupies nearly all the second lloor ; the front stuir-
wav leading to an otKce and to ii b»'d-room for the attendant, in front of
the cuiin"-room, which is designed not only for the cheese made hen»,
liiit as a curing and storing-room for that from sevcn'iil factories in the
vicinitv. 'I'hc chee.se is delivered, as sold, from u door in the rear of the
luriiig-i'oom.

(ntOUND PLAN OF MODEL CKKAMEllY.

Explanation— -4— Milk receiving room. B — Cheese manufacturing room.
C— I'lesg room. D— Engine room. £— Pool. JF— Cream and churning room.
(t— Butter v/orking and delivering room. //—Refrigerator, a a — Cheese vats.
6— Curd sink, c c — Wash vats, d d— Churns, e— Butter worker. /—Boiler.
J/— Engine, h h — Whev drains.

14(5

ILLUSTRATED STOCK nOCTOR.

.i h ^i'f^i

It will be seen that the cream and churninff-room i^ is a separate enclo-
sure within the main building, a'.id Avhich may be entirely enclosed from
the main room, ho that when the cream is pliiccd it may be entirely iso-
lated and kejit so until churned and stored in tiie refrigerator. Those
contemplating erecting a creamery cannot well improve ufion this jtlin,
one of the most modern known, except it be in some minor details to
suit local wants.

How to Build.

Where the drainage is good the lower story may (Consist of a basement
sunk three feet into the <rround, of stone or brick, and it will be bettor if
the whole building be of brick. The sj-^stem of drainage should ho
mapped out, and a chart made. The drains should be laid in the most
perfect manner, and with fall enough so they will not clog. Besides tlio
factovy drains leading to the waste vats, there should also be tile drains
to carry off surfaro water. The foundation of the iloor of the factory
should, if possible, have a thin coating of tin shavings, or broken glass,
say six inches thick well pounded down, and covered with water lime
cement. Upon this a ilooring of flags or bricks may bo laid, covered
with cement of water lime, which in tittie will become entirely hard, and
the tin or glass below will prevent all burrowing of rats. The pipes,
leading to and from the cisterns, etc., should be placed before the iiooi
is laid, and tljc mortar carefully fitted to them. Tlie ice-house should
be plastered with water-lime, and a little vacancy left between the ice
and the bottom of the house, to allow the water a small space. The top
and side walls of the dairy-house should be finished with plaster, by
which means a uniform temperature, indispensable to curing cheese, is
more perfectly secured.

Sub-Earth Ventilation.

Of late years Mr. J. Wilkinson has advocated a system of sub-earth
ventilation, simply by a six-inch tile, laid six feet deep and <J00 or niore
feet long from the building. Two of this length, — or better, one of t\vi(;e
the length, with a wing, and var.c connected with the out-door end, to
catch air and convey it to the til<- — -vill keep the basement well ventilated,
and of the earth temperature of the depth at which the tile is laid.

Care of Milk.

The first requisite i? absolute and unqualified cleanliness. We have
already given directions as to cleaning animals before milking. The least

CATTLE, DAinVlNO.

647

slovenliness in the help, in this respect, should be severely reprimanded,
;m«i if this does not avail, diseluirge him, or her, at once ; it is as necessary
;is kind treatment of the cows.

If the milk is set in shallow pans, see that there is good ventilation to
the dairv rooms, and that the pans are regularly scalded, and with hot,
liiiljhlinq water — slight scalding will not do. Wipe dry, and sun, when
possible. Allow no bad odors to accunmlate near by from garbage or
other causes. For this reason the family dairy should never be in the
liousc, since the steam and odor from cooking, the dust from sweeping,
etc., will taint the milk, cream and butter. English dairy women are
inanv of them so particular that they will not allow the men who carry
tlie milk from the yard to enter the dairy house. It is poured into a re-
ceiver outside and conducted in through a pipe, regularly scalded each
time used, und covered tight from dust.

Modern Home Dairies.

One plan of setting milk is by the "Hardin system." By this system
the milk is strained, immediately after being drawn, into deep pails and
covered with a well-fitting lid, to exclude both air and water. It is then
placed in a refrigerator, with ice above it. The drippings fall upon the
pails of milk and form a pool of water, in which they are allowed to stand.

When a cold spring of running water can be had the milk may be im-
mersed in deep open pails, in the cool waters. Unfortunately, in the
West, s[)rings are scarce.

Anotijcr excellent plan for small dairies is that known as the Cooley
system, setting the milk in deep cans ; a medium sized refrigerator box,
containing space enough for from ten to twenty cows. These cans have
dose fitting covers, and are surrounded by ice co'd water, and thus, if the
heat and animal odor be expelled before putting in, there is no tainting
or souring. The cream is taken perfectly sweet, in fi'om twelve to
twenty-four hours. It is very compact, and may be economically used
even in small family dairies, of from ten to twenty cows, if the farmer
cares to pay the royalty, the system being patented.

Animal Odor.

Expelling the animal odor is most important. To do this the milk is
jjoured into a receiver, in the bottom of which are a few small holes,
through which the milk is allowed to drop into a tank, large enough and
high enough to catch all without spattering. This tank stands in cold
water nearly to its brim ; in this the milk may remain about fifteen min-

648

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

.:1^!j

utcs, when it may be set in any of the ways we have mentioned. An-
other plan is to heat the milk to 100 or 110 degrees and then cool.

Temperature.

Good butter can be made, if the temperature of the dairy-room docs
not go above fiO degrees. This is the proper temperature for chuniinjr
and working the butter. The temperature for milk may be nmch lower :
it should not be higher from the time the milk is brought in until tiic
butter is carried awav. So far as storing the butter is concerned, if the
temperature be kept at 40 degrees, so much the better. This, however,
cannot be done without ice.

Various Methods of Raising Cream.

G. C. Caldwell, Professor of Agi'icultural Chemistry, in Cornell Uni-
versity, N. Y., in relation to some European methods, says :

"Among the different systems prevalent in Europe, we notice the
Dutch method in which the milk is cooled down to 60 degrees in a water
tank, which requires usually from one and a half to two hours, and the
milk is then set to the depth of four or five inches in a room where the
temperature ranges from 54 to 60 degrees, and remains about twentj-
four hours ; the Ilohtein method, in which the milk is set at about the
same temperature, without being first cooled in water, to the depth of
one and one-half to two and one-half inches ; the Devonshire method,
described as long ago as 1784, where the milk is put in a cool room,
standing at a depth not greater than from three to four inches for twelve
hours ; the vessel containing it is then set over the fire and heated ti'l
blisters begin to appear in the cream, or to about 200 degrees, when it is
set aside again for twelve hours ; the cream is very firm in consistency
and can be made into butter by simple kneading, and has a sweet, pleas-
ant taste. Mueller states that the skimmed milk does not retain ^.'-ore
than one per cent, of cream ; the Gussander method makes no account
of temperature, except that it shall not exceed 61 degrees, so that no milk
cellar or but only a light, dry and airy room is required ; the milk is put
in large shallow pans, filling them to the depth no more than from one to
one and one-half inches ; the milk is skimmed after twenty-three hours ;
in such a thin layer the milk is so \vell feratod that it remains sweet to
the end, and the cream is sweet and very rich in fat."

mentioned,
then cool.

An-

CATTLE, DAIUYING.

Making Dairy Butter.

649

dairy-room dois
ire for churnin<r

be much lower :
ight in until tiic
oncerned, if thr

This, however.

in Cornell Uni-
lys:

we notice the
?grees in a water
hours, and the
room Avhcre the
IS about twenty-
set at about tlio
to the depth of
onshire method,

in a cool room,
inches for twelve
3 and heated ti'l
grees, when it is
m in cousistencv
s a sweet, ploas-
not retain ..-ore
akcs no account
, so that no milk
the milk is put
han from one to
iity-three hours ;
■emains sweet to

Mr. C. C. Bucll, one of the makers of high-caste dairy butter in the
West stated his mode as reporced by the Secretary of the Illinois Dairy-
man's Association :

"Cows wore common stock — Durham grades and sprinkling of Jersey.
Fed by running in fresh corn stalks during day time, on timothy and clo-
ver at niirlit ; in stable, Avith two messes of meal daily, consisting, by
measure, of two parts corn and one part oats, together with the greater
[)art of the sour milk and buttermilk from the dairy room. Numl)er of
cows, forty. The milk was strained through an ir' strainer into deep
pails, as soon as drawn, standing in open air until the milking was fin-
ished. It was then strained again into the same pails through a double
thickness cloth strainer. The milk was set in a room without fire, tem-
perature being between 40 and 50 degrees, Fahrenheit. During a
part of the time, the temperature being above 50 degrees, the milk was
set in water for twelve hours. The milk was skimmed after standing
twelve to forty-eight hours, it being considered desirable to mix the
newer and older cre.im, for the sake of flavor ; but the whole stood mixed
together from two to four hours after the last skimming and during the
process of warming to proper temperature for churning. Most of the
milk was skimmed a second time, the cream being included in succeeding
churning. The churn (a dash churn with solid dasher, surface under
neath concave), was started at a temperature of 62 degrees ; as the but-
termilk l)egan to appear a couple of gallons of tolerably strong brine was
added at a tempci'ature of 58 degrees, and the churn stopped a moment
afterward, — as with the addition of the brine, at the proper temperature,
the butter separates very rapidly. As much brine as necessary was used
in washing down sides of churn, cover and dasher. The butter was then
diploid into a bath of not more than two gallons of brine ; a churning of
forty or fifty pounds being washed in four parts, in the same brine. Re-
moved to a worker with rolling lever ; the butter Avas so handled as to
mix with the proper amount of salt with the least working possible. It
was then placed in a tub slightly packed, covered with brine and allowed
to stand three or four hours, when it was again placed on the worker,
lightly worked and packed for market."

Care of Milk.

We have given the modes of some of the best butter-makers in the
world. Now the principal points to be observed are : Avarm shelter, per-
fect quiot, for the animals, absolute cleanliness in all operations connected

V 'A li

650

ILLU8TRATRD STOCK DOCTOR.

ibUl

with the milk, from the time it is drawn until it is niiidc into buttci.
Just as the hutter is forming in little orunulcs, suddenly reduce the tcni-
l)crature to 50 or 58 degrees, fo the butter will not mass together. It
.;Viould never take less than half an hour to ehurn ; (juicker ehuriiing
causes the butter to come salvy.

Coloring Butter.

The best coloring for butter is plenty of succulent grass in Summer,
and rich feed in Winter. For home consuinption we should never color
l>utter. For sale it may be advisable. If so, use any of the pure prep-
arations of annotto. It is perfectly harmless. If used, stir it in the
cream. As to quantity, this cannot l)e stated. It will vary with the
season. Every person must experiment, only do not use too much.

Salting Butter.

Take the butter from the churn in its granular state, and salt at the
rate of two-thirds of an ounce to the pound of buttor. Do not work it
more than enough to fairly distribute the salt ; and this by folding and
pressing; let the grains of salt dissolve. It may stand from 12 to 24
hours before l)eing Avorked the last time. liutter, through all the time
and process of working, from the time it is churned until packed, should
be kept in a pliable, waxy condition, about (iO degrees Farenheit is right,
so as to work easily, and the salt all the time be in a dissolving condii on.
It is utterly impossible to work butter well that is operated upon while
either too warm or too cold, or that is allowed to become so belwopii
times of working. The benefit derived by standing after the first salting,
awaiting the second working, is to dissolve the salt by the moisture in
the butter, and so set the butter-milk free, that it may be tlu; more easily
ju'espod out. The amount should not be more than will dissolve entirely,
and this moisture should be well worked out before adding more. After
thif add salt sufficient to season to your taste, working to mix it evenly
through the butter ; then leave it there to cure and preserve.

A good average is about one ounce of salt to a pound of ])uttcr ; some
tastes prefer less and some more. Three-fourths of an ounce to the
pound is light salting, while one and one-fourth ounces to the pound is
heavy salting. We use to the first salting just two-thirds of the a^nount,
and after the second working add the balance. Never go by guess, hut
use the scales, and in this way insure uniformity. No one can acquire a
reputation for good butter, who does not make a uniform article. It
never yet was made by guessing. If on a churning of butter you guess

CATTLE, DAIRYING.

G/il

it three pounds less than it is, and on the salt three ounces more than
it is, you will mako it far too salt, lucre should be a slight allowaree of
.suit made for the condition of the butter, for when it comes soft it
usually contains more butter-milk than when it comes hard, and a gi'eater
percentage of the salt will be carried off in the extra whey.

Washing vs. Working.

Equally good results can be obtained by washing or working the milk
from butter, when skillfully done under favorable circumstances. In
either case the onl}' object is to free the butter from the milk, with as little
injury to the flavor or grain of the butter as possible. In washing butter,
the danger is mostly in injuring the flavor by introducing foreign matter
in the water, while in the other case, there is more danger in over-working
and so injuring the grain. In localities where pure water cannot be ob-
tained, washing should not be resorted to, for butter is always sure to
take up the impurities contained, as it will the taint of any decaying veg-
etable or animal matter that may be near. Many wells and springs which
the owners of, or users from, believe to be pure and good, have in them
doc'iiying substances which render them entirely unfit for any use, much
less to wash butter with. Decaying organic matter so introduced into
butter acts very much like yeast in dough ; at least, it starts a fermenta-
tion, so to speak, which soon destroys the butter. Allow no surface water
to get into spring or well, or any filth to remain in them, and if they are
not highly charged with lime, mineral or salts of any kind, there is no
better or easier method than to wash the milk out quickly and thoroughly
before salting.

Packing Butter.

If for sale pack in good, strong, oak packages, whatever the size that
may be decided on, and let them be uniform, clean, and nice looking. A
good package will not sell poor butter, but a slovenly package will often
condemn the best. Never use the round wooden boxes, with handles,
they are an abomination. In packing have the butter still at 60 degrees,
it is then firm and yet not hard. First rub the package, bottom and sides,
with salt, just what will adhere. Put a quantity of butter in the middle
of the package, and press down "rmly — do not rub, but press, thus caus-
ing a perpendicular and lateral p. ^sure ; thus you make all firm and exclude
air. Then what brine remains in the butter will woi'k to the sides and
with the salt prevent it from sticking to the wood. So continue until the
butter is within an inch of the top. Lay on a cloth cut half an inch larger
42

652

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

than the package, and wet with brine, working the edges down smooth,
cover with a quarter inch of salt, cut another cloth an inch larger than
the package, lay this on the salt, working smooth, as before. Head tight,
bore a small hole through the hciid, fill full with brine, cork tight, and if
kept level, and the butter has been properly made, it will come out all
right when wanted.

Preparing Packages.

Use nothing but white oak; scrub them thoroughly inside and out
with hot water and a clean brush ; fill with clean, pure water ; let them
stand forty-eight hours in a cool place ; turn out, scrub again with hot
water, rinse thoroughly with cold water, and, while wet, sprinkle with
salt, what will adhere. It is then ready for use.

What Kind of Salt to Use.

None but absolutely pure dairy salt should be used. So far as the
manufacture is concerned there seems little to choose between the best
American or English make. There is one thing about English goods, if
warranted good they are so — laws against adulteration being very strict
in Enjjland while they are very lax in the United States. At a butter
test some years ago before a committee of experts to decide if it could
be discovered whether the samples were salted with English or American
salt, the committee were very much at sea, guessing sometimes one way
and sometimes another. Price being equal, we should use the best
English dairy salt. Yet in all the best dairy salt, whether English or
American, the impurities are so slight that in the salting of either
butter or cheese there could be no taste whatever. If the impurity be
sulphate of lime it would amount to nothing. It requires 400 times its
weight to dissolve it, and there is almost no moisture in good butter.
Another impurity is sulphate of magnesia, (Epsom Salts) which if
present in suflScient quantity would give butter a peculiar but not a bad
taste. Chloride of calcium would give butter a sharp, pungent taste,
and which would seriously depreciate the value both of the butter and
cheese in which it was used.

Cheese Making.

The making of butter is both chemical and mechanical. It has this
advantage, that any person can make b'ltter as good as the best if abso-
lute cleanliness is used ; if there are m foul odors about the premises ; if

^ . •

CATTLE, DAIRYING.

653

ges down smooth,

wet, sprinkle with

the temperature of the dairy be kept equal, and if pure water be used.
This is all that is required, besides attention to a few simple rules.
Tlicso we have given, and there leave the subject.

The making of cheese depends almost entirely upon cheniii il action.
Unless the conditions are right, good and uniform cheese cannot be made.
These conditions can hardly be obtained in a farm house. Hence clieese
so made is never uniform, except in rare instances now and then in the
liands of a perfect cheese maker. Such, if this strikes then- view,
should lose no time in building a factory, or engaging one already built.
IIcMK'c it would be a waste of space to enter into the details of cheese
making even in a general way. Yet many Avill want to make some cheese
and we append an Lccount of the process of some celebrated English
brands from the pen of Mr. John Chalmers Morton, of England, who
has written upon the subject in the following concise yet comprehensive
manner :

Cheddar Cheese.

'• The Cheddar cheese shall be described as it was carried on upon the
farm of the late Mr. Htirding, of Marksbury, Somersetshire, who was
one of the best makers in England, and who did good work for cheese-
making in Ayrshire and other counties and districts which he and Mrs.
Harding visited on the invitation of agricultural societies and others for
the purpose of giving instruction in the manufacture of this kind of
cheese.

"The morning's and evening's milk are together brought to a temper-
ature of 80 degrees Fahr. If the night has been warm, a temperature
of 78 degrees will give as great effectiveness to a given quantity of
rennet as one of 82 or 84 dcg. would give if the milk had been at a
lower temperature for some hours of a cold night. The evening's milk
having been placed in shallow vessels during the night to cool, and having
been stirred at intervals during the evening is skimmed in the morning,
and the cream, with a portion of the milk, is heated up to 100 deg. by
floating it in tin vessels on the boiler. The whole of it is then poured
through a proper sieve into the tub — into which the morning's milk is
being also strained as it an'ives — so as to raise the whole, as I have said,
to from 78 to 82 deg. Fahr. This tub may be a large tin vessel, capable
of holding 150 gallons, and provided with false bottom and sides,
enabling hot or cold water to be passed under and around its contents.
The rennet, made from two or three dozen veils, in as many quarts of
salt water, and allowed to stand three weeks, is added — half a pint to
100 gallons — and the curd sets in about half an hour. The small veils of

ill

?li?

<>M

ILHSTHATKI) STOCK DOCTOK.

Frish ciilvcs, whii-h are killed at about a week old, are preferred, and tlujy
should 1)0 eighteen months old before us*;. The eurd is slowly eut willia
single long blade to and fro throughout its depth, in lines forming a 4-iiicli
mesh upon the surfacie, and the whole mass is gently turned over from
the bottom with a skinnning dish and the hand. The whole is then again
worked throughout with a "shovel breaker," a four-fingered paddle with
wires across the fingers — great care being taken to do it gently, so tliat
the whey shall not become too white. The eurd is thus broken up into
pieces not much larger than peas, and at least half an hour is taken in
the process. Hot water is then let into the space around and below the
<'hecse tub, and the whole is raised to 100 deg. Fahr. ; and this, too, is
<lonc gradually, so as to raise the whole by degrees, not heating any
portion to excess. This also takes half an hour. The hot water is then
drawn off, and the curd is stirred bv the hand and a skimming dish for
anotiier half hour in the midst of its hot whey, heing at last reduced to
a mass of separate bits the size of small peas. The whej', after settling
for half an hour, is then removed — ladled, syphoned, or drawn — to its
vat, whore it stands about six inches deep, and is skimmed next day,
yielding a butter, which should not exceed in (quantity six to eight ounces
per cow per week.

The curd stands half an hour after tho whey is drawn off, and it is tlicn
cut in four or five pieces, turned over and left for half an hour, after wiiich
it is again cut and left for a quarter of an hour. After this, it should he
in the slightest degree acid to the taste. If allowed to become too acid,
it will not press into a solid, well-shaped cheese, but will be aj)t to sink
broad misshapen. It is now torn into pieces by hand and left to cool :
and thereafter it is packed in successive thin layers in tho vat — a cylindrical
or wooden vessel twelve inches or more wide and twelve inches deep —
whence, after being pressed for half an hour, it is taken out (it is then
probably midday,) and broken up by hand, and allowed again to cool.
Then, when cool, and hard, and sour, and dry, and tough enough, (all
this, of coui'se, being left to the judgment of tho maker), it is ground up
in tho curd mill ; two pounds of salt are added to the cwt. of curd, and
the whole is allowed to cool, and as soon as cold, it is put in the vat, and
taken to press. It is then probably 3 p. m. Tho pressure on the cheese
may be 18 cwt. The cloth is changed next morning. A calico coating is
laced on it the second day, and the third day the cheese may be taken
from the press, placed in tho cheese room, bandaged, and turned daily,
and afterAvards less frequently. The cheese room should be kept at nearly
65 degrees Fahr. Tho cheese will not })e read}'^ for sale for three months.

The process lasts nearly all the day, but it is believed to jn-oduce the
best cheese in the world ; and its use is everywhere extending. Taking

CATTLK, UAIRYINd.

(i5^

its name from a aingle parish, it now prevails all over North Soiiicrrtcl-
shire, and is gradually extending into Wiltshire. Many dairies in
Gloucestershire adopt the system ; and some of its characteristic details
are followed in Cheshire ; and it is well known in Lancashire, Ayrshire,
and Galloway.

The Cheddar cheese is made of various sizes, generally twelve inches
wide and a foot high, but sometimes larger in both dimentions, and from
70 to 100 pounds in weight ; the object being to make all the milk of one
(liiy on a farm of thirty to forty cows into a single cheese.

Cheshire Cheeae.

Cheshire cheese, like the Cheddar, is made only once a day. The
evening's milk is placed, not more than six to seven inches deep, in tin
vessels to cool during the night, on the floor of the dairy ; it is skimmed
in the morning, and a certain portion is kept for butter — in early Summer,
only enough, perhaps, for the use of the house, but in Autumn more, and
in some dairies at least, nearly all the morning's cream is thus taken for
churning. The skimmed cream, with a portion of milk, is heated up to
130 deg. Fahr. by floating the tins which hold it, on the boiler — sufliciont
quantity being taken to raise the whole of the evening's and morning's
milk together to 90 deg. or thereabouts. The rennet is made the day
before it is used ; 12 or 14 squai'e inches of "veil" (rennet skin) standing
ill a pint of salt water, kept in a warm place, making rennet enough for
100 gallons of milk. The Irish veil (rennet skin) is used, as it is obtained
from very young and milk-fed calves.

The curd is set about 50 minutes ; it is then cut with the usual curd-
breaker, a sieve-shaped cutter, very slowly. The whey is syphoned,
pumped, or lifted out as soon as possible ; but before it is all removed a
portion is (on some farms where the Cheddar system is followed), heated
and returned to the tub, and the curd is left in this hot whey for half an
hour. The whey is then drained away and the curd is left to get firm.
When firm enough to stand on the hand in cubes of about a pound weight
— this is an intelligent indication — without breaking asunder, it is lifted
out on the drainer (a false bottom of rods), in a long tub with a stop-cock
to it, and there left covered up for 45 minutes, after which it is broken
up and well mixed with the hand with 3 1-2 to 4 1-2 lbs. of salt per cwt.
It is then allowed to stand with a light weight upon it for about three-
quarters of an hour longer, and is turned over once or twice during the
time, being cut for the purpose into squares with a knife. It is then twice
passed through the curd mill, and at length put into the vat, a cloth being
first pressed into place by a tin hoop, and the salted curd being packed

r.ne

ILLUSTRATED STOCK POCTOR.

Urn

gently hy hand within it. The vata will hold a chcc^o of 70 or 80 up to
100 li),s ; and tin hoops, placed within them, are used to eke thcni out,
amd give capacity for a larger quantity of curd if necessary. After stand-
ing in the vat, with a weight upon it, from one to two hours, according
to the weather, it is turned over and put, still in its vat, into the oven,— .
a warm chamber in or near the brickwork of the dairy chimney — where it
remains at a temperature of 5)0 deg. to 100 dog. during the night. Both
when in the i)ress and hero the cheese is skewered, skewers being thrust
into it through holes in the vat and every now and then withdrawn, so as
to facilitate the drainage of the whey. The cheese is taken out of tho
vat in the morning and turned upside down in a fresh cloth. It is in the
press three days, and it is turned in the press twice a day, being dry-
clothed ciich time. It is then taken out dry-clothed, bandaged, and re-
moved to the cheese room, where it is turned daily, and at length only
occasionally, until it is ready for sale. In some dairies all skewering is
dispensed with, and no pressure is used at the time of making, nor for
two days afterwards, but the whey is allowed to run out of its own accord.
Cheese manufactured in this way requires from 5 to 7 days in drying, but
afterwards matures more (juickly for market.

The cheese varies considerably in (juality throughout the year, tho
earlier make of March and April l)eing considerably less valua])le than
that of Summer and early Autumn. Some of this varying (juality is
owing to the quality of the milk, the cows being house-fed ; but mon; of
it is, in all probability, owing to the necessity of holding a i)ortion of
curd over from day to day, when the quantity is insuiBcient to make even
one, or it may be two, full-sized cheeses dail3\ In such cases it is com-
mon to make one full-sized cheese, and hold the remainder of the curd
over till the next day, keeping it wrapped up on the drainer or pan, and
grinding it up in the curd-mill along with tho curd of the next morning.

How to Sell Butter.

There is never any difficulty in selling good butter at a liberal price in
any market, however low grease butter may be. The maker of prime
butter need never be in a hurry to sell. The butter once made, will
KEKP. But it will not be necessary to keep it. There aro always partic-
ular people in every town, however small, who are ready to take good
butter at good prices. Thus it is usual for makers to contract to supply
during the year at a stipulated price. During the flush season of grass,
butter is packed down, to be drawn on when needed. Thus the manu-
facturer always has a supply on hand, and the customer is more than satis-
lied to have a good, sweet lump of butter on his table every day iu the

CATTLE, DAIRYINU.

yoiir, and docs not grudge the extra five cents above what he would have
to pay the grocer, for what those who do not know the difference might
Huppose was good.

If a hirger quantity is made than will supply the family trade of the
villao-e, the large markets are always open, and there good butter will
always bring a good price. All that is wanted to know is that the butter
is made by one whoMO reputation is established and who would not sell a
bad article, and all that can be made will be eagerly taken. It is simply
a question of cleanliness, attractive package, careful attention to the de-
tails in making, and as careful a determination never to ship when there
is danger of the thermometer going below 60 degrees. The rest is all
plain, clear sailing, with large profits accruing. To insure large profits
from dairying, the master must be about early and late, night and day,
ami Sundays as well.

Utilizing Waste Products.

The akim milk, buttermilk, and whey, must be fed either to calves or
hogs. As far as whey is concerned, there is not much good in it for the
nourishment of calves, unless it be supplemented largely with meal and
oil-cake. A shoat will fatten on the waste products of the dairy, one to
each cow, by using a very little corn. Some dairymen prefer to feed the
waste to the cows. This is probably not the best use to which it could
be put. Skim milk and buttermilk is worth more to feed to calves, we
believe, than disposed of in any other way. Here again we will give the
experience of Mr. I. H. Wanzcr, of Illinois, who believes with us that to
make dairying permanently profitable, the raising of dairy cows must be
a part of the business. To close the chapter we append his statement :

I tried the experiment, last season (1875), of raising calves upon the
skimnuid milk from my creamery ; and as the result of this experiment
may interest some of you, I will give you a few figures kept in connec-
tion with the experiment, from which you may draw conclusions as to
whether it pays to raise calves in connection with a creamery or not.

Number of calves put in, 120. aft $4.00 each $ 480 00

Number of ffiillons of milk fed, 67,200, atl l-2c. per gallon 1.008 00

Outs fed, 840 bnahels, nfc 30c „ 2.')2 00

Cost of labor in feeding 255 00

Pasturage, stabling, etc 100 00

Total $2,005 00

These calves sold at an average of $21.60 each, at an average of seven

r ^nthaold 2,580 00

Leaving a profit of. $485 00

«')8

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOn.

(' '

This amount passed to the credit of the milk would bring it up to two
cents per gallon, which is equal to six cents per pound for cheese, and
this kind of cheese would not have brought three cents per pound a( the
season I fed it, for it will be remembered that tluM milk wet thirty-.six to
forty-eight hours, and all the cream was taken out.

I am so much encouraged in this way of raising <'alves that I expect to
stock again the coming season. I have now fifty-five young calves and
ten older ones. Many of my neighbors and patrons are bringing their
best heifer calves to me, and marking them, expecting to bid them in iit
my sale next Fall, I paying the market price for them when received

PART IV.

Diseases of Cattle;

THEIR CAUSES AND PREVENTION ; HOW TO KNOW
THEM ; WHAT TO DO.

1^'

DISEASES OF CATTLE.

THEm CAUSES; HOW TO ENOW THEM; WHAT ^O DO.

CHAPTER I.

Diseases in General— Beoognizing and Distinguishing Them.

FARMHRS SHOULD UNDERSTAND SYMPTOMS. OF DISBASBS IN GENERAL. USB

COMMi;N sense GRADUATION OP DOSES. FREQUENCY OF ADMINISTER-
ING. FORMS OF DOSES. HOW TO GIVE MEDICINE. INJECTIONS.-^—

VAPORS, SPRAYING AND FUMIGATION. ANiGSTHETICS. TO DEPRIVE OV

8KNSATI0N. BLISTERING. FIRING. SETONS. ROWELS. SEWING

UP WOUNDS. FOMENTATIONS. OPERATION OF BLEEDING. RECOGNIZ«

ING AND DISTINGUISHING DISEASES. THE PULSE. THE BREATHING.

THK ANIMAL HEAT. THE SKIN AND HAIR. THE POSTURE. INDICA*

TIONS OF FAIN.-

-SPECIAL SIGNS IN CATTLE.

Introductory.

Tlie immense value of the stock interests of the United States and the
frequent outbreak of introduced contagious plagues, and of enzootic,
epizootic and various epidemic diseases, that at intervals have visited
lotialities or swept over whole continents, would seem to call for special
tniiiiiiig in veterinary science and art in every agricultural college in tho
Uuitcil States ; yet, until within the last few years, but little attention
hiis l)pen paid to this profession, and to-day the subject is not given that
attention its importance demands, except in a few instances. Veterinary
sui-fTory has heretofore been flippantlV termed "horse doctoring" by
professors and heads of too many of the colleges, endowed with the
people's money "to teach such branches aa relate to agriculture and the
mechanic arts."

■!

hl:J

3n lifji

|;WM«

662

ILLUSTRATED STOCK UOCTOK.

Of late, however, a more enlightened course has been pursued. Many
of the agricultural colleges are paying attention to this important study,
especially since the violent outbreak of splenic fever over the West and
East from the introduction of Texas cattle, and still more lately from
the outbreak and spread of contagious pleuro-pneunionia in a number of
the Atlantic States. Owing to the low state of veterinary science gen-
erally, and the disdain with which the few highly educated and thoroughly
scientific investigators in the United States — mostly French and Gcruum
graduates— have been looked down upon by those who should have been
too glad to welcome thera to the profession of medicine, and the esteem
in which mere quacks and leeches have been regarded by the community two
notable facts are made patent : First, the exclusiveness of certain puifed
up "college Dons," who suppose that all knowledge must come from
classic sources. Second, that the people at large, farmers and stock
raisers, who from their habits and training could not be supposed to
understand surgery or medicine, except in its simplest forms, have been
thrown into the clutches of mere pretenders to anatomical knowledge
and the treatment of diseases. Of late there have been many honorable
exceptions, until now nearly or quite all of these people's colleges, forced
thus in many instances by public outcry, are taking strong means to
foster veterinary science, and make it what it should be, and really long
has been in other enlightened countries, an important, as it is an honorable
branch of human science.

There are many valuable works extant in various languages, upon
veterinary science and practice. They will be of little value to farmers
and stockmen ; all that this class can deal with must necessarily La only
those symptoms that can readily be discerned, and remedies so simple in
their nature that they can be easily procured and applied. In fact great
care and attention should be given to first symptoms, as also to good
nursing. Discard all strong physics, and heroic treatment by purging,
bleeding, and the surgery of main strength. Good care and nursing in
the treatment of animals is now regarded (as it is in the treatment of
human patients) as among the most important means of cure. Indeed
with animals it is of the greatest importance, since brutes are only able
to indicate the region of pain and disease by mute signs, en*;irely unin-
telligible in the majority of cases to the ordinary observer.

Of Diseases in Oeneral.

In the description of symptoms, and the treatment of diseases, it
would be out of place here to go into learned discussions on the nature
and pathology of diseases ; so also it would be futile to dilate upon the

I: 1 1

CATTLE, THEIR DISEASES.

1)03

svinptoins and treatment of diseases. Only those most common, or
fatal, will be specially noted. Fortmiately veterinary art is congenial
with the medical treatment of the human family, and the same paths that
lead to a knowledge of human diseases will indicate to any intelligent
local physician the means to be used with brutes. Humane physicians,
now-a-days, — to their credit be it said, — are not slow in coming to the
relief of the farmer and stocknnin in prescribhig and giving advice in the
absence of regular veterinary surgeons. Such are veritable ])cnefactors,
inasmuch as they greatly alleviate distress and do much to discourage
<iuaikerv ; and when found, they should be freely consulted- This devi-
ation from the regular medical practice, owing to the sparsely settled
nature of many portions of the country, seems very necessary and
even imperative.

Ill the prescriptions for cattle, we shall use the most simple formulas
possible, wherever found, and whatever simple medicines will avail,
especially those compounded of herbs, as better adapted to the ti-eatment
of domestic animals. In connection with these, other agents, both min-
eral and mechani(;al, must be employed. In short, what we have aimed
at is to state symptoms and remedies for such diseases as may be treated
without the advice of a regular veterinary surgeon, and in such language
as any intelligent person may understand.

Ill this, while we shall not attempt originality, except it may be in the
matter of presentation in some instances, we shall use and (^uote from the
very latest authorities in veterinary science in the United States, Eng-
land, France, Germany, Austria, Belgium, Holland, Sweden, Italy, and
other minor countries, where veterinary science has been accorded that
respectability whicih should accrue to a labor having for its aims the sav-
ing of life, and the amelioration of suffering, in a direction second in
importance only to that of the human family ; and in preventing loss, so
far as it may be possible, of live stock, the raising of which is of greater
importance to mankind than any other single human industry. Thus, in
presenting symptoms, we shall use and quote freely from the latest works
ill reformed practice. What we present will not be as seeking so much
to aid the veterinary practitioner, as the farmer himself ; not a work to
supersede other authorities, but a substitute, in a limited sense, as to the
treatment of certain diseases, so that the intelligent reader may comi)re-
heud ; advising, in every case, when the operator does not understand
the symjitoms clearly, to seek the advice of the professional veterinarian,
if such may be had. If such be not within reach, then consult the best
physician in the neighborhood.

664

:i:lf'|2'

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Use Common Sense.

Why, in the sickness of animals, the owner should try random remedies,
and go from one to another, at the suggestion of eacli different adviser,
as the matter may seem to strike them, is inexplicable. In nine cases
out of t:n, Avith proper nursing and care the animal will recover, simply
by keeping the bowels moderately open by mild physics and injections
(which Avill be indicated) when costiveness and impaction is present; or
of sedatives, stimulants and astringents when the reverse is exhibited.
Such conditions as are often fatal during the gravid state of female
animals, and succeeding delivery, abortion, false presentation, etc., and
l!i • means of relief; contagious and epidemic diseases — these from their
special importance will receive due prominence. Of the non-contagious
and local diseases every farmer should seek to make himself familiar
with the symptoms, so that ready means may be li. /d for the relief of
suffering animals. In all this the operator muct be guided by intelligence
and use the least possible exhibition of force. It may be necessary to
hamper an animal for the performance of some operation. When
necessary, it is not menuful to use half-way measures. The humane
man, however, will do so with as little pain to the animal as possible. If
necessity should require killing as the best means of dealing with the
ailment, the humane man will be actuated by no sentimentality about
taking the life of an animal. He will kill promptly and surely, as tlu; best
means of alleviating the suffering of the animal, or of preventing the
spread of infectious and contagious diseases.

Graduation of Doses.

As a rule cattle require one and a half times as much as horses ; sheep
and pigs require one-third as much. Professor James Law, of Cornell
University, in his work, Veterinary Adviser, has presented the manner
of graduation, frequency, and form of administering doses, in the
following concise language ;

The 'doses given may be held applicable to full-grown animals of
medium size, therefore some allowance must be made in any cases in
which the patient exceeds or comes short of the average of his kind. A
similar modification must be made as regards young animals, not only on
account of their smaller size but also of their greater susceptibility. The
following table may serve as a guide :

pu'

nee*'

idom remedies,
ferent tidviser,
In uiiie cases
•ecover, simply
and injections
is present; or
) is exliibited.
tiite of female
ition, etc., and
lese from their
non-conta<fiou8
nisclf familiar
r the relief of
by intellisrenco
e necessary to
ration. When
The humane
s possible. If
aling with the
entnlity about
sly, as th(! best
reventing the

horses ; sheep
AV, of Cornell
d the mumier
doses, in the

n animals of

any cases in

his kind. A

3, not only on

tibility. The

CATTLE, THEIB DISEASES.

[TABLE OP DOSES FOR DIFFERENT ANIMALS].

665

Horses, etc

Guttle.

Sheep. 1

Swine. 1

3 years.
ll4-3 years.

2 vf ars.

1-2 years.

I5inonltiR,

1 part.

1-2 "

9-18 months.

8-15 "

1-2 part.

0-18 moutba.

6-12 months.

5-9

6-8 '*

14 "

6-9

3-6 "

3-5 "

3-6 "

1-8 '

1-5

1-3 '•

1-3 "

1-16 •'

Allowance must also be made for a ntrvonf* tomperament, which usually
renders an animal m re impressible ; for habit, or continued use, which
tends to decrease the susceptibility for individual drugs ; for idiosyncrasy,
wiiich can only be discovered by observing the action of the agent on the
particular subject, and for the influence of disease when that is likely to
affect the action. Thus, in most diseases < the brain and spinal cord,
and in some impactions of the stomach, double the usual qufjntities of
pu''gative medicine will be necessary: while in influenza, and other low
fevers, half the usual doses may prove fatal. In acute congestion of the
brain, stimulating narcotics (opium, belladonna, hyoscyannus) would
aggravate the symptoms, etc.

Frequency of Administering.

Anodynes, antispasmodics, narcotics, sedatives, and stimulanta, may
generally be repeated once in four or six hours in order to maintain their
effect. Alteratives, diaphoretics, febrifuges, refrigerants, and tonics,
may be administered twice daily. Purgatives should only be given when
necessary, and should never be repeated until from the lapse of time we
are assured that the first dose remains inoperative. Thus, unless in urgent
nec^, a horse should not take a second dose of physic under thirty-six
hours after the exhibition of the first ; and in all cases, until the medicine
has worked off, he should be kept at rest and allowed only warm bran
mashes and water Avith the chill taken off. In ruminants a second dose
may be ventured on in twelve or sixteen hours, and in carnivora (dogs,
etc.) and omnivora (swine, etc,) in from seven to ten hours. Emetics
should be given in full doses, and repeated in five or ten minutes if they
fail to take effect, their action being further provoked by copious draughts
of tepid water and tickling the roof of the mouth with a feather.

Forms of Doses.

Drugs may often be given as powder or solution in the food or water ;
they may be made into a soft solid with syrup and linseed meal, ri^Wed
into a short cylinder and covered with soft paper ; they may be converted
into an infusion with warm or cold water, or into a decoction by boiling ;

(iG6

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

or they may be powdered and suspended in thick gruel or mucilage.
They may be given, in a liquid form, from a horn or bottle; or, as a
short cylinder or pill, which may be lodged over the middle of the root
of the tongue ; or, as a sticky mass, they may be smeared on the hack
of the tongue ,• may bo given as an inje<'tion into the rectum ; or, finally,
in the case of certain powerful and non-irritating agents, they may be
injected under the skin.

No agent should be given until sufficiently diluted to prevent irritation,
if retained a few minutes in the mouth, and irritants that will not mix
with water (oil of turpentine, Croton oil, etc.,) should be given in a bland
oil, in milk, or in eggs after being thoroughly mixed.

How to Oive Medicine.

Few things are so awkwardly done, as a rule, as giving medicine to
farm animals. In the hands of a careful and expert person, a strong
glass bottle is good. A better instrument is a flattened bottle of block
tin, which for cattle should hold two quarts. The most usual instrument,
and on the whole the best for ordinary operations, is the horn. Select
one of which the point turns down and the large end up ; form this of the
proper size and fashion so the opening will be oblique.

Drenches should always be thoroughly mixed, and well shaken before
they are given. If a fit of coughing ensues, free the animal at once and
until it be ended. In operating Avith cattle do not irritate the animal un-
duly. Always operate from the right or off side. Pass the left hand
over the head, and in front of the horn, seize the upper jaw firmly in
front of the grinders, turn the head firmly back, the operator standing
well braced, the back firm against, and as well forward of the shoulders
as possible. Thus having the animal with one side against a wall, or the
side of the stall, it must bo a very vicious cow or bull that a strong, expert
man cannot handle. If, however, the operator does not stand well for-
.rard and well braced, he may be severely kicked, since an ox, like a
deer, can reach well forward with their hind feet. The usual quantity
for an ox is from one to two quarts at a dose, if liquid, of ordinary de-
coctions and solutions.

!ili

(ill

Injections, or Clysters.

A large number of medicines, both liquid and solid, may be as easily
administered per rectum as by the mouth. In administering injections,
it is not necessary that much pressure be used. The intestinal canal of
animals is lower than the opening. Thus fluid substances will fall by

ill

CATTLK, TIIKIU DISEASES.

6(57

their <>Tavity. A good iiustruinent for use may be a pail, with a tube
cxtciHliii" from the bottom eoimectiiig with a half-imh rubber hose, of
suitiil)li' length, so that the pail may hang just high enough above the
iininiiil to l>t^ out of their reach in moving al)out. Oil the end to be in-
serted into the rectum, and the fluid may be passed into the gut, as nmch
or as little as may be desired, and with much better effect than when
stroiiiX pressure is brought to bear on the fluid.

When solid substances are administered per rectum, they arc called
suppositories. They iire often useful and simple, as in the case of a
small (ylinder of soap, for young calves, to encourage the action of the
bowels and ducts : and in the case of cows, in the use of disinfectants,
to purify the discharges and lessen the danger of puerperal fever; sup-
positories are made hito form by means of soap, starch, lard, etc.

Vapors, Spraying and Fumigation.

These are medicaments drawn in with the breath. Chloroform and
ether may be administered by means of a sponge filled with the agent and

APPLICATION OF STBAM TO THE NOSTRILS.

held to the nose. Vapors are easily produced from liquid substances by
means of an atoinizer, sold by all druggists.

Steaming is often of great benefit. Hot water, either plain or medi-
cated, may be held under the animal's nose, and the steam strongly
driven off by plunging a hot iron into it at intervals. A hot bran mash,
m a nose bag, readily gives off steam. Abetter form for steaming the
nostrils would be that given above.
43

^■^HH

'9IJ

{

I \

ILLUBTIIATKI) STOCK DOCTOU.

For the promotion of Ui.sc'liiir«,'o of tho nostrils, the nose-bag will l.o
indicated ; its form and fastenings are shown in the ainiexed cut.

Powders for easing the expulsion
of the secretions of the nostrils, or
..^y^^ T'^^v /^.^'" ^r-rs^ ^"^' local ai)plication to diseases of the

^*^^.^ vi^^50^\^ inner surface of the nose, may he u

* I' 'ij^** V^i^Vr simple tul)e of tin in two parts, wiiicii

may be taken apart and put tom'liicr
like the joints of a stove-pipe, with a
rubber tube on one end and a nidiitii-
[liccc on the other. Charge wilh the
powder, and blow with sufficient force
to carry the agent where wanted.

When an aniesthetic is used, it
should not be held to the nose contin-
uously, since, if undiluted with air,
it is fatal. Wat. h eai'(>fully and sus-
pend the use of the antEsthetie as soon as unconsciousness is pro-
duced, to be renewed from time to time as may l)e necessary. Tlioy
should not be used unless under the advice of a surgeon or physician,
since the need can hardly be expected except for the performance" of
some intricate surgical operation. The following is endorsed by higli
veterinary authority :

NOSE BAG FOR STEAMING.

No 1.

1 O?., alcohol,

2 Oz. chloroform,

3 Oz. ether.

Shake the bottle well before using it ; pour a teaspoonful or more at a
time on a sponge ; hold it to the nostrils. Two or three moments should
be enough to overpower the strongest ox.

Blistering.

Blistering is a valuable remedy, when it is required to ease the absorp-
tion of deposit, to stimulate the vessels to effect organic change, as
hastening the ripening of an abscess, or the reduction of an enlarged gland ;
they should be entirely confined to cases where the acute intlanimatory
symptoms have ceased. Blisters do no good in deep-seated inflammations.
Yet the quack, if he ituspect internal inflammation, claps on a blister,
which only agonizes the dumb brute, and generally leaves a permanent
blemish. When a blister is found necessary, before applying, always as

CATTLE, THEIR DISEASES.

6H9

au ointment or fluid, and never as a plaster, cut or shave tiic liuir from
the part, wash and dry thoroughly, and ai)ply with strong friction for
several nnnutes. The following, if thoroughly applied, will raise a blister,
and will not leave a blemish :

No. 2.

1 Oz. Powdered Canthnrides,
12 Oz. Liird heutid to 212 dej,'. Fnhr.
Mix well togetbjr uiul blir until cool.

A sweating blister of medium strength to he used to produce irritation
and a watery discharge without raising a full blister, and which may be
applied separately to the same spot and without removing the hair, is
made as follows :

No. 8.

1 Oz. Powdered Cantharldes,
1 Pt. Alcohol.

Add neither corrosive sublimate, arsenic, acids, nor turpentine to blis-
tering agents. They are not useful, are often injurious, and always give
unnecessai-y pain.

As a rule, sufficient irritation can be produced on cattle by mustard and
hot water, well rubbed in, and this form should be used excejit in partic-
ular cases. The following rules should be carefully remembered :

1. — Never blister more than one or two spots at the same time.

2. — Be careful about blistering in hot weather.

3. — Never blister an inflamed part when there are symptoms of
mortification.

4. — There is always danger of producing strangury in horses from
blistering.

5. — When a blister causes great nervous irritability, loss of appetite,
or difficult urination, wash the blistered surface with strong soapsuds of
soft soap, dress it with sweet oil, and give a full dose of opium.

6. — The second day after a blister has been applied, foment the part
with warm water, and dress it with lard or oil.

7. — An animal that has been blistered should be prevented from biting,
rubbing, or otherwise irritating the blistered part.

Firing.

The actual cautery is most valuable in bone diseases, or chronic lameness.
In certain diseases it cannot be successfully replaced by any other counter-
irritant. The iron should be at a full red or white heat, and used with a
light hand, so that a distinct impression is made. More than cue leg

i:;i'

'<:'. ^<\

^'%

<{70

II.IiUSTUATKU 8T0(;K DOCTOR.

should not bo oporatcd on ut oiio iiiiu'. It should iicvor ho pcrforn nd It)'
inexpert hiiiids. The hair must he closely shaved, and the animal secmclv
fa.st(!ned. A better way fcr the novice is to cut a piece of bacon rind
■with some of the fat attached. The iron, which should l)e Hat or slijrlitiv
hollowed, is to be heated to a dull red h<'at. Place the bacon rind on the
Hprain or tumor, and apply the iron tirndy for two or three minutes, and
afterwards mnri" lijrhtly, until the rind is dried or burned. This may ho
rep(>ated at intervals of two or three days. The influence will be ))otent,
and will leave no scar. It should never be used on cattle, except in the
4;ase of a tumor, where the animal is valuable.

Setons.

Setons are used in cases of bone diseases, in the healing of old fistulas,
by j)roducing a new and healthy intlanniiation in its sides. They should
be inserted the whole length of the canal.

Setons are composed of tapes, threads, or line wires, pushed just
underneath the skin by means of a seton needle, entering at one point
and coming out at another. Fasten the ends, to prevent dropping out,
smear with irritant salve and turn every day or two to keep up a constant
irritation and discharge. The foUowiug will be found good ointments
for smearing the setons :

No. 4.

1 Part powdered cantliarides,
8 Parts oil of turpentine,
8 Parts Canada balsam.

Put the two first in a bottle and keep warm for two days and add the
balsam
A simple ointment would be :

No. 6. 3 Parts citrine ointment,

1 Part oil of turpentine.
Mix.

Bowels.

These are woands made with rowel scissors or a bistoury, and kept
open with a pledget of tow or other substance, smeared with ointment, us
used for setons. They are rarely used now by good surgeons, and are
not to be recommended, since their action is that of the seton.

Sewing up Wounds.

The bleeding of wounds having l)een checked and properly cleaned,
the edges are brougLt together and held in position by means of stitches

CATTLK, THKIK DIHKAWKS.

fiTl

or sutures. The interrupted suture is made l)y ctirrying ii suture needle
arined with white silk or white linen thread, through the two edges of
the wound and cutting oif, hMiving about three-incli ends on each side of
the cut : bring together and tie. So proceed until you have tlie wound
nicely closed, the lips of the wound or skin being carefully brought
together.

The twisted suture is better in inexpert hands when it can be used.
Bring the edges of the wound together, pass a strong pin through lo
hold in place, and twist a Uno wire or lace a strong thread across tlu^
protruding ends of the pin to liold the edges of the wound fii-nily
together. So proceed at intervals of three-eights of an inch until the
wound is closed.

The wound thus sewed, dress with a plaster or ointment and bandage
to prevent threads or pins from being torn out. Remove them as soon
&s the surfaces have united, which should be in four or live da^'s.

Fomentations.

These are applied by wrapping the part to be treated with flannel
baiulages or woolen cloths, and keep the wrappings constantly wet with
hot or cold water, or mixed with any appropriate addition as vinegar,
laudanum, et(5. They are used to cleanse or soothe irritable wounds, to
reduce internal inflammation, or relieve external inflammation. Unless
persistently used for hours and kept constantly wet, they had better not
be attempted. After the operation is finished, rv..b dry and clothe warmly,
to prevent chill, which will surely occur. As an additional precautif>n,
a little mustard rubbed in would be beneficial. When it can be applied,
a sheepskin with the wool on, wrung out of hot water, makes a good
agent for fomentation.

The Operation of Bleeding.

There is no operation in veterinary practice that has been more abused
by (pnuiks and other persons ignorant of the true necessity, than bleed-
ing. It should never be performed except by those who have been
instructed in the operation, and only in those cases where by common
consent of the profession it is allowed. If a decided impression is to be
made, as in apo[)lexy, from five to seven quarts should be taken from an
ox, according to the conditions. If the jugular vein is pressed upon just
below where the incision is to be made, it will soon show prominently.
Use a thumb lancet in preference to a fleam. When sufficient has bi^eir
taken, raise the two lips of the wound, and bring them together between

...AMiiw.

■ 'K

672

IM.rHTUATKI) STOCK t)OCTOR.

tho tliunili iiiid tin<;or, \n\r*H a coniiiioii stimll pin through tho odgoM And
wcuvc- tiirciid across and ovt^' to keep all in placo.

BeoogniBing and DistingulBliixig Diieaaei.

The followinc; explicit and detailed rules for rccog'kiizing diseases in im-
Iniuls, shonlil he canffully studied : Anyone who would become expert in
recof^nizin;^ diseases in animals, nmst study them carefully in tho healthy
state, and inak(^ hims(;|f thorou<^hly familiar with their ^abits, a|)pearanco
inid jreneral physiolojjjy. Fie must practice feeling their pulse; and tho
heart, listening to the sounds of tlnur lungs in breathing, and taking tlu-ir
temperature, by feeling the skin and also by using a properly constructed
thermometer. He should watch tho ai)pcarance8 of the eye and tongiio,
and note (he positions assumed when asleep and awake. lie should ob-
serve the chara(^ler and fre(|uency of theit appetite. For it is in tho
variations from health in these particulars that the veterinarian discovera
the guid(!s whitili lead him to tho recognition of the particular disease ho
has to treat. We will examine each of these items separately, and assure
our readers that if they will verify our statements by practice on the liv-
ing animals, they will .soon be in a position to take charge of them when
sick, (juite as well and often a gnsat deal better than the average farrier,
as he is to be found in this country.

The Pulse.

The pulse differs very much in the domestic animals. In the full
grown horse at rest, its beats are about forty per minute ; in the ox from
fifty to fifty-five ; and in the sheep and pig, about as in man, that is,
averaging seventy to eighty beats in the miimte. In calves and colts,
and in animals well advanced in years, the pulse increases, in health, to
about twice these figures ; and it is also increased by hot, close stables,
fuU I'cding, and tho condition of pregnancy.

The i)ulse may bo felt wherever a considerable artery passes over a
bone. It is usually examined in tho horse on the cord which runs over
the b(.nc of the lower jaw, just in front of its curved portion ; or on tho
bony ridge extending upward from tho eye, or inside the elbow. In cattlo
conveniently reached over the -middle of the first rib, or beneath the tail.
There is a mnrked difference of force in the ptilse of tho two species;
that of the horse being full and rather tense, Avhile in the ox it is soft
and rollhig,

Wh( II the pulse differs materially fi'om these conditions in any direc-
tion, it is a sign of disease. If rapid, full and hard, there is high fever

Wi.

CATTLR, TIIRIH DIHRASEB.

673

oi acuU' iiiiliunniation ; if rapid, small and weak thoro is low fover, loss
of l)l<)od, or wciiknoHH. If very slow wo may suspect brain disease ; if
irriM'ular, now fast and in u few Beconds slow, we should look for a
(iiscascd condition of the heart.

Ill \hv sheep, the jjulse if felt by placing the hand on the left side,
where the beatings of the heart can bo felt ; or at about the middle of
the inside of the thigh, where the femoral artery passes obliquely across
ibe boue.

The Biosthing.

The l)roathing is next in importance. If the ear is applied to the throat
of ii healthy horse or ox the air will be heard passing through the
windpipe with a regular, steady, blowing sound ; if applied to the cheat
11 soft rustling murmur will be heard, like a gentle breeze in the tree
tops, caused by the air passing in and out of the tine tubes and vessels
of the lungs. But where the lung or throat is diseased, these sounds are
veiv much changed and in many directions, which it is not necessary to
dwell on here, but which will at once indicate the presence of something
amiss with these important organs.

If tJH^ forefinger of the the left hand is placed firmly on the chest and
smai-tly tapped with the ends of the three first fingers of the right hand,
the sound will be noti(!ed to be more resonant and clear than when the
same procedure is practiced on the solid thigh. This is because the lungs
are not solid, but are always in health well expanded with air. But in
various diseases, as pneumonia and pleurisy, they fill up with fluid and
become solid, then the sound given out, by thus percussing them, as
it is called, is like that on any other solid part of the animal. Hence
this is another very important indication of disease.

By practice* on healthy animals the character and boundaries of these
sounds can be learned so closely that any variation from them will be at
oiue detected, and will sometimes reveal the presence of an unsound
condition when nothing else will.

The rapidity with which the act of breathing is performed can easily
be counted by the heaving of the chest. In health in the adult horse at
rest it is from eight to twelve times a minute, and in the ox a little faster.
Any great increase without obvious cause, is a positive sign of diseased
condition.

The Animal Heat.
The temperature of animals can be ascertained, to a slight extent, bj

Ji-i'ul

lii

(174

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

the feel of the skin, the ears, and the legs. A hot, dry skin in a horse
generally accompanies a fev^erish condition. Cold ears and lo<>s nvo h
sign of serious disease. But the only scientific, that is, accuniti' plnii, is
to use what is called a "clinical thermometer;" that is, one, the hull) of
which can be bailed and inserted into the rectum. After it has remained
there two or three minute, the mercury will accurately indicate the tem-
perature of the blood. This in health is 98 degrees, and any deviation
from this, even of a fc^w degrees, is a certain sign of disease. Those \ ct-
erinar'ans who have practiced sufficiently with this Instrument to boconm
skilled in its use, declare it invaluable in their business, as affording them
grounds for opinions about diseases which no other symptoms could.

Thus it has been found that every disease has its own degree, a tem-
perature at which it is either favorable or fatal. For example, if in that
sometimes prevalent epidemic among horses, cerebro-spinal meningitis,
the thermometer rises as high as 104 degrees, it is a certain indication
that the horse will shortly die ; wiiile in such a disease as infiammatioii of
the lungs, the mercury will register 108 degrees, or 109 degrees, and tlie
horse recover. If in gastric; or typhoid fever the heat has been 103 de-
grees, and falls to 100 degrees, and then suddenly rises again to its i)revious
figure, the chances are terribly against the patient, no matter what the
other appearances may seem to say. These fcfv c^i'^mples will serve to
show how valuable the instrument uiay become in the hands of an intelli-
gent person.

The Skin and Hair.

•

The skin in its general feeling and appearand ( is an important guide to
the condition of an animal. A dry, scurfy appeamnce is a system of in-
digestion, and liability to joint affections. What is called "hide bound"
is a symptom of a general state of poor nutrition, arising from indiges-
tion, improper food, worms, or a want of proper exercise. The skin
feels stretched and hard, as if too small for the body. The condition
known as "staring coat," when the hairs stand out like bristl<!s, is often
the only symptom of a low state of health. Whenever an animal is dis-
posed to shiver, with shedding of the coat, wh(!n exposed to moderate
cold, or without such exposure, it is on the edge of some disease. A
persistently staring coat, without other symptoms of disease, often indi-
cates the approach of an attack of fany or glanders ; and when with this
are repeated shivers or chills, we may expect the strangU^s, weed, or other
diseases with suppuration. When in an attack of disease the skin becomes
covered with a cold sweat, the life of the auimal is iu great dauger.

J skin in a horse
and Ipfijs iiro a
U'cuniti' plnii, is
iwa, tiie hull) of
it has remained
iidicate the tein-
id any deviation
ise. Those vcl-
inieiit to heconic,
s affording thoni
toms could.
1 degree, a teni-
iniple, if in that
)inal meningitis,
ertain indication
inflammation of
degrees, and the
as been 103 de-
in to its previous
matter what the
les will serve to
ids of an intelH-

CATTL.K, THKIU DISEASES.

The Posture.

(;75

portant guide to
a system of in-
l "hide l)ound"
g from indigcs-
cise. The skin
The condition
)risth!s, is often
m aninnil is dis-
ed to moderate
me disease. A
!ase, often indi-
1 when with this
1, weed, or other
he skin lu'comes
at dauger.

The position of an animal, its mode of standing and \y\\\g down, are all
sjo'nificant. Lying persistently on one side, or obstinately maintaining one
position, shows that any other is painful. Horses stand as long as they
possibly can, as they breathe much easier in the upright position ; and if
they once lie down, they soon despair and die. Hence the rule is with a
horsci to sling him up, in various ailments. With cattle it is different,
and it is much less important to keep them erect. When animals cannot
rise, it nuiy be from weakness, or from palsied limbs, or from severe
injuries or sprains.

Indication of Fain.

The feelinj of pain in animals is indicated by their flinching when the
painful part is touched ; by the car(^ which they take in lying down, walk-
ing or standing to "favor" the part, and by the appearance of the eye.
Distress and suffering are generally plainly apparent in the face of sick
horses and cattle.

Special Signs in Cattle.

In cattle, the horn at its root yields, by the sensation it imparts to the
hand, a rough idea of the temperature of the blood, and the cow-leech
generally feels it as the doctor does the pulse, as a part of the indispens-
able programme of a professional visit. If the temperature is natural,
he concludes there is no fever ; if cold, and the tips of the ears also cold,
it is a sign of some serious internal congestion ; the blood no longer cir-
culating in natural force through the extremities.

The nmzzle is another part he takes note of. In health this is moist,
covered with "dew," as the saying is ; but in disease, especially fever, it
is dry, hotter or colder than natural, and sometimes changed in color,
paler or injected with blood\ By looking at the ilanks, the regularity of
the respiration is noted, rapid and irregular heaving there betraying the
disturbance of the important function of breathing. In ruminants also,
the second mastication of the food is among the first of the vital pro-
cesses to become disturbed in disease. When a cow or an ox "loses the
cud," as it is called by herdsmen, that is, ceases to ruminate without
api)iirent cause, there is sure to be a feeling of sickness about the animal
which is thus interfering with one of its processes of digestion.

CHAPTER n.

GESTATIOir, DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS THEBEOF.

PLUBAL AND HDLTIPLB GESTATION. TREATMENT DUBIN(J GBSTATION. BIRTH.

-PBOLONGED LABOB. LABGE PRESENTATION. UNNATURAL POSITIOKI

OF THE CALF. FLOODING, PBE8ENTATION OF AFTEB-BIBTH. INVBB-

SION OF THE WOUB. -LANGUID LABOR. IRRITABILITT AND STBAINIKQ.

— TEHPOBAET PARALYSIS. ABOBTION. ISOLATION.

•

Plural and Multiple Gestation.

Fleming, in his work on Veterinary Obstetrics, gives a lucid and accurate
account of single, plural, and multiple gestation in animals.

Among the domestic animals there aro species wh'oh are naturally uni-
parous — produce only one at a birth ; and others which, in a normal or
physiological manner, bring forth tAVO, thrf-:^, or more, at a time, and are
therefore designated yemelliparous or vialtiparous gestation, being known
as double, triple, quadruple, «S;c.

It is seldom that twins are produced by the larger domesticated animals,
and particularly by the mare and ass, though instances are recorded of
these ; while in the cow, sheep, and goat, the occurrence of twins, triplets,
or even more young creatures at a birth, are not so scarce.

The causes of muUiparity are not well ascertained. It may be due to
simultaneous ripening of two or more Graafian vesicles, which, rupturing
at the same time, allow the escape of the ovules they contain, and which
may become impregnated at a single coitus. Or a Graafian vesicle may
contain two or more ovules, as Brischoff has witnessed in women ; and
these arriving together in the uterus, may be fecundated at one time. Or
it may even happen that the vitelline membrane contains two yolks, as
sometimes occurs in the fowl's egg ; and as the vitelline mass is the essen*

CATTLE, THEIR DISEASES.

677

EEBEOF.

STATION. BIRTH.

rNATURAL POSITIONI

[•BIRTH. INVEB-

TT AMD STBAINIKQ.

acid and accurate

als.

ire naturally uni-

1, in a normal or

t a time, and are

ion, being known

jsticated animals,
are recorded of
jf twins, triplets,
!e.

tt may be due to
which, rupturing
ataln, and which
afian vesicle may
in women ; and
at one time. Or
na two yolks, as
nass is the essen*

tial part of the egg, it is evident that when this contains two of these
masses, they ought, if fecundated, to produce two embryos.

In the first case, as Saint Cyr points out, each foetus has ordinarily all
its annexes distinct and completely independent ; or it may be that the
two oharions are fused together, in which circumstance the two foetuses
will then have a common envelope. In the second hypothesis, this fusion
of the charions appears to be the tule, although the envelopes may also
1)0 independent ; and in the third case — that of the two vitelluses contained
in the same vitelline membrane — ^not only the envelopes but also the
fcetuset, may become united more or less closely and thus give rise to
(loul)le monsters.

Finally, it is also possible that two ovules may become detached from
the ovarian cluster, though not simultaneously, but successively, and be
fecundated, one after another, at two successive copulations within a
brief period. Occurrences of this kind are by no means rare, yet have
been wrongly adduced as instances of superfoetution.

What to Do During Oestation.

As a rule the cow should be dried about the sixth or seventh month
when stock breeding is the object. When milk and not calves is the
object the ilow may be continued \o within six weeks of calving.

Grazing should always be allowed as much as possible, the exercise
and grass both being favorable to healthy gestation. In Winter the food
gi\en should bo nutritive, easy of digestion, cooling, and of such quality
a. iiot to induce either constipation or undue laxity. Water should be
especially pure and plentiful, and not excessively cold ; in fact, all frozen
food is to be avoided. Cleanliness is essential. Harsh or cruel treat-
ment, running by dogs, all danger of fright must be avoided. Surgical
operations and severe medication is to be avoided, especially drastics.
Suitable diet is to be used as a regulator of the bowels ; poM'crful
narcotics, sedatives, and other strong physics, if they do not impair the
dam may imperil the life of the f(Etus. The veterinary anomalies in
gestation are fully treated in Fleming's work on Veterinary Obstetrics,
to which we are indebted for much valuable information.

Births.

As a rule in natural parturition there is nothing gained by undue haste.
The animal should have quiet and be left to itself so long as everything
is going on tolerably well. In the majority of cases nature will assist
herself to a safe delivery. A roomy stall, in Winter well warmed, should

678

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOK.

IB ;

be provide'^ with rather thin hut fompact bedding. In Sui !?aer, or other
mild weather, let the cow be out-of-doors by all means ; in a small grasa
lot is best.

Prolonged Labor.

When the labor is prolonged from excessive size of the foptus, and
this is suspected beforehand, or if time do not press and there is no
special excitement in the cow, and there is delay in the descent of the
calf, oil the hand and arm and feel for the neck of the womb in the
vagina. If it be rigid carry extract of belladonna up the vagina and
smear the neck of the womb for a few times. This should cause relax-
ation of the parts. If the time is passing carry a narrow-bladod,
blunt-pointed knife in the hand in the vagina ; find the mouth of the
womb with the forefinger, slip the knife along the finger until it enters
the neck of the womb about a quarter of an inch, and make a slight
cut in all four sides of the neck by turning the knife. A slight nicking
will sufiice, since tl mouth once loosened in its contraction, tlie neck
will give way, and the bag of water will accomplish the rest.

Large Fresentatiou.

Sometimes the calf is so large that the muscular efforts of the cow
can not force the mass forward. In this case do not I'esort to strong
means until all others fail. Let a small-handed man introduce both
hands, well oiled, up the vagina, carefully working forward beside the
calf, gradually pressing apart the orifice ; pass closely to the calf with
the hands, and as the pains commence, pull forward as strongly by
pressure against the foetus. When a main effort is made pull forward,
and at the same time slin the hands slowly back, and the calf will often
follow. Repeat this again and again as the pains are renewed. We
have never failed in but- one case in so delivering the calf, and in this
case the calf had to be dissected in the body. This no person unskilled
in surgery should attempt.

Unnatural Positions of the Calf.

These are various, and, except in the six cases we mention, and in the
order of their frequency, resort should be had to a veterinary surgeon.
The following manner of relief is endorsed by various reliable and well-
known authorities :
*

CATTLE, THEIR DISEASES.

079

T, or other
mall cTiasa

fcptus, and
here is no
nt of tho
til') in the
viigmn and
luse rehix-
)w-l)]a(lod,
uth of the
il it enters
:e a slight
ht nickinff
, the neck

' the cow

to strong

iuce both

leside the

calf with

ongly by

forward,

kvill often

i^ed. We

nd in this

unskilled

nd in the

surgeon.

ind well-

Unnatuval Positions of the calf. — The natural position of the calf on
its exit from the womb, is with its head and fore-feet tirst, the head be-
tween the feet and the back upwards. Six unnatural positions are
i Miuiuerated by writers, which demand tho assistance of the surgeon. We
(riv(\ tlieni in the order o' their frequency, with the appropriate treatment
tlicy re(|nire.

l,'ii.st — Position with tail tirst. Press the haunches back witli the pahu
of the hand, take hold of the bend of the hough of one leg, [)ull at it and
roach the foot ; seize the other foot in tho .same manner, bring them forth
and deliver the body.

jSL'cond — Position with fore-feet appearing without the head. Push tho
feet back until the head can be seized cither by the jaw or nose, and pull
it down between the feet. No further aid will be required. . This needs
a long arm, and prompt action betv/een the pains.

Third — Position with belly upward, head over one shoulder, foi'c-legs
first. Gently push the calf back between the pains, and bring the head
down between the legs.

Fourth — Fore-feet first, with head under the brisket. Push the calf
back, find the head, and draw it down between the fore-feet.

Fifth — Head alone, or only one fore-foot with it. Push the calf back
and search for the fore-feet, or foot, under the belly ; when found, bring
forward one at a time, by placing the hand under the knee and using
gentle pressure.

Sixth — Belly upwards, the fore-legs folded and against tho mother's
back, the head, side or hind-leg appearing. If the hind-leg appear, put
it l)ack ; seek for the head, and if possible turn the calf, to bring the
foic-feet and head to the mouth. When this fails, throw the cow, put
her on her back, and with a rope and pulley, or two or three stout assist-
ants, raise her hind-quarters considerably higher than her shoulders. In
this position the calf can be easily pushed back in the uterus, so that it can
be turned and brought to the natural position.

Many surgeons make it a rule to fasten tl>e part presenting with a cord
and slip-knot before going in search of the part they desire to bring to
the mouth. The cord is held by an assistant, and serves as a guide.

The principal obstetric instrui^ient in the cow is the hook. This is
made of wrought iron, four niches long, with a loop for the cord at the
straight end. When by no other means the calf can be delivered, or
when removing a dead foetus, this hook is fastened in the socket of an
eye, under the jaw or in an ear, and by gentle and steady traction the
resistance is overcome.

Finally, the foetus may have to be taken out piece-meal, an operation
which requires considerable skill on the part of the operator, to avoid
wounding the womb and vagina when he is dissecting the calf.

680

ILLU8TKATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Ill all such operations certain general rules should be observed, as
follows :

First — Thoroughly anoint the hand Avith lard, or oil, before introduc-
ing it into the vagina.

Second — Make the examinations while the cow is standing, and between
the pains.

Third — In pulling at the feet, enclose the claws in the hollow of the
palm, so that they will not tear the delicate coats of the womb.

Flooding.

Sometimes after a natural birth which has been rapid, and often after
an abortion which has been brought on by violence, there is a severe at-
tack of "flooding," or bleeding from the womb. It may escape from
the vagina, or it may be indicated by paleness of the mouth and nose,
weak pulse, great weakness and coldness of the surface, and the womb
be found to be filled Avith clotted blood.

Treatment. — The hand should be introduced into the womb, the clots
and any remaining portion of the after-birth seized and extracted, and a
sponge dipped in hot vinegar and water, or very hot or very cold water
alone, be wrung out in the uterus. A full dose of fresh ergot of rye, one
to two ounces, should bo given without delay.

If these measures fail, a piece of ice the size of a walnut should be car-
ried into the womb and left there ; or a tea-spoonful of 2)owdercd alum
should be stirred in a tea-cupful of milk, and a sponge of this be squc(!zed
out in the womb. Internally, Prof. Gangee recommends, for either the
mare or cow,

Ko. 6

8 Oz. Compound tincture of cinnamon,
6 Oz. Diluted Hulpliuric acid.

Mix and give two table-spoonfuls for a dose every one or two hours, in a
quart of water.

Betention of After-birth.

There are many causes leading to this. The most common of these
are hurried deliveries, adherence of the after-birth to the walls of the
womb, and poverty of the animal. Retention for two or even three days
under ordinary circumstances is not especially serious. If left to putrify,
fetid discharges will exhaust the animal. The blood is poisoned, and the
animal either dies or remains unhealthy for life. After forty-eight hours,
if trouble still exists, the hand and arm well oiled should be introduced,

CATTLE, THEIK DISKASKS.

681

iding, and between

or two hours, in a

and tho after-birth carefully separated frotn the walls of the womb by
pickin"' with the fingers and nails, and gradual but firm pulling. The
whole having been completely removed, syringe the vjigina thoroughly
with the following :

No. 7.

1 Oz. Chloride of lime,
1 Qt. Soft water.

Give the following as a physic

No. 8.

Give as a drench.
No. 9.

8 Oz. Epsom salts,

)i Oz. Ginger pulverized,

U Oz. Caraway seed pulverized,

2. Drachms Copavia.

If there is a tendency to bleeding, give the following :

2. Oz. Ergot of rye, powdered. '

Inversion of the Womb.

This occurs from long-continued and excessive straining, and there
hano's from the birthplace a large red or violet colored bag. Clean the

TO PREVENT INVERSION OK THE VAGINA.

bag thoroughly by the free use of warm water. If it is much swollen
and enlarged, puncture slightly with the lance in several places to let out
engorged blood. When sufficiently reduced, stop the effusion with cold
water. Stand the cow so that her head will bo permanentlv lowest in the
stall. Let two assistants place a cloth underneath the bag and raise it
to the level of the vagina. The operator with his right hand well oiled,

■; '.

,.«i| II

1 !'

«S2

ILLUSTRATfU) STOCK DOCTOR.

after oiling the surface of tho l)iig, pliices his hand against the point ot
bow of tho bag farthest fn ni the vagina, presses it steadily bat gently
back, and as far up the vagina as possible. With the left hand, also oiled,
he now presses in the dependent portions in and up in a similar niuiiner.
The assistants follow the retracting bag until it i;i restored. A ball of
tow is introduced to keep it in place, and a harness (ao shown in the
foregoing cut), which includes a raised stall. In any event the bowels
tihould be restrained for a day or two by doses of laudanum. After
twenty-four hours, if the pains have ceased and the animal is (luict, the
ball of tow may be removed, and later the harness. A simplification of
the harness Avill easily suggest itself to the operator.

i >

Languid Iiabor.

If the presentation is all right and there is no obstruction, and tho
mouth of the womb is dilated but the labor pains are infrequent and
weak, careful mechanical assistance should be givm with the hands as
heretofore stated, or try first full doses of ergot ( l rye, one to two
ounces. It is often inefficient in cows and must be given in large doses.

Irritability and Straining.

If this is seen after birth, unless it subsides promptly, or it it show
itself by repeated spasms and convulsions, give the following in a quart
of warm milk : Chloroform and laudanum, each half an ounce. If the
muzzle is dry and the horns hot, showing tendency to fever, the following
will be better :

No. 10.

2 Oz. Bweet spirits of nitre,

2 Oz. laudsnum,

4 Oz. solution of acetate of ammonia.

This dose to be given in a quart of tepid milk every hour until relieved.

Temporary Paralysis.

Cows are frequently paralyzed in their limbs before parturition. If
they does not regain the use of their limbs soon, or if they improve
slowly, give the following :

No. 11.

2 Drachms powdered nux vomica,
2 Dracbms sulpbate of iron.

Give in a pint or two of gruel twice a day. Avoid all so-called cleans-
ing drinks ; they are generally injurious. When there is unusual debility
the following will be indicated :

<)«3

be point ot
bat gently
, also oiled,
111' iimnner.
A l.all of
lowii in the
the bowels
im. After
5 quiet, the
lification of

)n, and the
)quent and
3 hands as
me to two
irge doses.

it it show
in a quart
e. If the
B following

il relieved.

rition. If
y improve

ed cleans-
al debility

No. 12.

CATTLE, THEIR DISEASES.

1 Oz, powdered aniHe seed,
1 uz. " inyrrli,

1 ()z. " allHpiee,

1 Uz. " uuiuniin leed.

To be stirred in ii quart of warm gruel as a drench.
If constipation is strong and persistent give :

No. 13. H '-'b. Hiilphatc of magnoHia,

1 Oz. ground uuige seed,
flOz. olive oil.

Give in a pint of gruel, and repeat daily if needed.

If there is strong relaxation with continued diarrhea, the following
will be indicated :

No. 14. 2 Drachms powdered vntechu,

1 Oz. " ginger,

30 Drops 8iilplmrlc ucld,

1 Oz. laudunum.

Give in a quart of gruel, ale or weak whisky and water.
Or,

No. 15. I Oz. powdered ginger,

1 Oz. biuurbonute of soda,
1 Oz. luudunum,
1 Oz. decoction of oak bark.
Give several times a day in gruel or ale. Half this dose suffices for six
months' calves, in similar conditions of the bowels.

Antiseptic washes for cleansing the vagina when the discharge is foul r

No. 16. 1 Quart clean wood tar,

2 Quarts boiling rainwater.
Stir, settle and pour off.

Another,

No. 17.

1 Lb. chloride of lime,

2 Gallons cool soft water.

Let it settle and pour off clear. A pint or two of either may be injec-
t<!d twice a day.

Abortion.

Abortion may be said to take place in cows when the* foetus is expelled
thirty-five days before the normal period. It may occur from a variety

684

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

of reasons, and is much more coimiuou during tlio fust half of the noniml
period tiian in the hitter. Jt may be sporadic, tliat is, induced by acci-
dental or local causes, as atmospherical iiilliicniccs, ^such as bad wcatiicr,
and irregular seasons — severe suddenly succeeding mild weather. Cold
storms, etc., are especially to be guarded against. As external causes.
access by the male, explorations in vagina, surgi;'al operations, throwiii}:
the animal down, bleeding, and bad or improper food, arc among the
most common of external causes. Excitement, fear, surprise, certain
odors, contagion, are credited with playing an active part in this dis-
ability. Various diseases arc also active parties in tliis direction. When
cases occur simultaneously over Avido extents of c( untry and without
known causation, it may l)o enzootic or epizootic. Kavages of this kind
arc not uncommon, and have even attracted the special attention of
•veterinarians.

Isolation*

When abortion is about to occur in a stable, at the very first symptom
the animal should be entirely separated from the others, and the stall
thoroughly disinfected with carbolic acid. In relation to measures pre-
ventive juid remedial, these will bo found in the list of properly labeled
drugs to be kept for that purpose ; they may he referred to at will. Iso-
lation, however, is of absolute importance, lest the cause extend to oUht
or perhaps all the cows in the stable. Ergot or other fungus spores in
the food may be the cause. All possible causes should l)e carefully ex-
amined and remedied. A thorough cleansing of the stables should be
made, and disinfectants and fumigants used. The following in the form
of powder is good :

No. 18.

A liquid form :

No. 19.

1 Uushcl atr-slacked llmo,
1 1'ouncl coppcruH,
>i Pound carbolic acid.
Mix.

1 >i Pounds chloride of aluminum,
1 Gallon water.

Dissolve. This is not poisonous.

^tf^WSSitav

he noniuil
i by uoci-
, Weill licr,
in: Cold

111 filllSCS,

, throwiiii;
inoiij^ the
c, (•(•rtuiii
I this dis-
II. When
li without
this kind
tention of

CHAPTER m.

rNPECTIOUS, CONTAGIOUS AND EPIDEMIC DISEASES.

syniptoir
1 the stall
sures prc-
ly labeled
vill. Iko-
d to other
spores ill
•efully ex-
should be
the form

PNEUMONIA. IIISTOUV. ITS MALIGNANT CONTAGIOUSNESS. DEFINITION.

UOW THE INFECTION ENTERS THE SYSTEM. HOW LONG IS A DI9EA3BD AN-
IMAL INFECTIOUS. HOW TO KNOW IT. WHAT TO DO. TEXAS FEVER.

HOW TO KNOW IT. BLOODT MURRAIN. ITS MALIGNANT CHARACTER.

PREVENTIVES. WHAT TO DO. FOOT AND MOOTH DI8EASH.-— CON-
TAGIOUS PLEURA.

Infeotioua, Contagious and Epidemic Diseases.

Among the most terrible of the diseases ever imported into the United
States is pleura pneumonia contagiosa known scientifically by a large
number of names, but now generally designated as Bovine Pneumonia
Plague, and the Lung Plague in cattle ; Texas Fever, known also as
Spanish Fever and Icxas Cattle Disease, and scientifically as Splenic
Fever; Bloody Murrain, also known as "Black Quarter" (Quatran) and
"Quarter Ail," is known among veterinarians by its French name
Charhon, and also as Contagious Anthrax. Thus these will be all that
it will be necessary to treat at considerable length as among contagious
diseases.

Contag^ious Fleuro-pneumonia.

This disease which has lately excited so much attention in the United
States from its violent outbreak in the Atlantic States, and the well
grounded fear that for the lack of national legislation it might overrun
the whole country, is the most malignant with which the farmers of the
country have had to deal. Once fairly established in the West there

686

ILLU8TRATKI) STOCK DOCTOR.

will 1)0 uu possible inoiiiis of tiniditating it. It will roinuin u fixture
forever.

History. ,

This disease lias been known in Europe and Asia from the remotest
eivili/ation, and has l)cen treated sinee the first {xathcrin^f toj^ethcr of
cattle in large herds. Aristotle, evidently writiiifj; of this disease tlireo
hundred years before Christ, describes the sy niptoms aeeurately, inas-
niueii as he suys : "The cattle which live in herdu are wubjccl to ;i
malady diiriiifj which the breathing becomes hot and freijiient ; i\w ears
droop and they cannot eat. They die rapidly, and the lungs are foinid
spoiled." Greek and Roman writers als(» describe what appears to be
the same disease, and Valentine particularizes a fatal lung plague wiiich
«videiitly corresponds to this nialignaiit and terril)le scourge.

Its Malignant Contagiousness.

Unfortunately veterinary Hcience has never yet discovered a remedy.
Its attack is so insidious, an<l often occui)ies so long a time in the stage
of ineui>ation, that a whole herd may Ik! infected almost before it is
known. As in the ease of all (ierman plagues, nothing is known of its
origin ; but just as soon us it is apparent that a ease is being well devel-
oped, the only safe plan is prompt killing, deep burying of the carcass,
skin and all, and the free use of quiek-Umo (a barrel to the carcass)
before being covered up.

Definition.

This disease is defined as follows :

A specific contagious disease peculiar to cattle, and manifested by a
long period of incubation (ten days to three months) by a slow insidious
onset, by a low type of fever, and hy the occurrence of iiiHammation in
"the air-passages, lungs and their coverings, with an extensive exudation
into the lungs and pleura;.

That the infection is carried by the animals wherever they go is certain,
'rtiat it is carried in the air to a very considerably extent seems altogether
probable. That it is carried by inoculation is well demonstrated ; and
also by contact of diseased portions of an animal with the membranes of
a well one, is as certain as that the contagion is canned by attendants on
sick animals and is proved almost beyond controversy. That the (conta-
gion will hold in stables for months even after being thoroughly cleaned
and Avashed with disinfectant liquids, is proved just as clearly as that it

CATTf-E, TIIKIR DISEASES.

08;

ninv bo carried by tho many. That it miiy bo taken in pawturcH and witU
fodder in too well tiiithenticiiled to leave room for doubt.

Vitality of tho Virua.

Tlicro is nuicli differcneo of opinion with regard to tho power of the
virus to resist ordinary tlcstructive inlhieiu-es. In inimy cases tho free
exposure of an infected place? for three or four months to the action of
the air has puritied it so that fresh stock have l)een introduced with
impunity. On the other hand, instances can 1)0 adduced in which cattle
liave been infected by boing placed in atai)les in which cattle had not
been kept at least four months previously. Other things l)eing equal, it
will be preserved longest when' it has been dried up and covered from
the free access of tho air. Thus in very dry and close buildings, in those
having rotten wood-work, or deep dust-tilled cracks in the masonry, and
ill those with a closed space beneath a wooden tloor, it clings with the
greatest tenacity. Again, when the buildings contain piles of lumber,
litter, hay, fodder, or clothing, tho virus is coven^d up, secreted and
preserved for a much longer tinu* than if left quite empty. In these
last it is preserved just as it is in woolen or other textile fabrics, and
carried from place to place by human being.s.

As carried through the air, the distance at which tho virus retains itw
infecting properties varies mui'h with varying conditions. The author
has seen a sick herd separated from a healthy one by not more than
lifteen yards and a moderately close board fence of seven feet high, and
in the absence of all inter-comniunication of attendants, tho exposed
herd kept perfectly sound for six months in succession. On tho other
hand, infection will sometimes take place at a nnich greater distance
without any known means of conveyance on solid objects. I?oll quotes
50 to 100 feet, while others claim to have seen infection at a distance of
200 and 300 feet. But it nuiy well be questioned whether in such cases
the virus had not been dried up on light t)l)jccts, like feathers, paper,
straw, or hay, which could be borne on tho wind. This, from being in
thicker layers, woidd escape the destruction that would have befallen it
had it been carried in the air only as invisible particles.

How the Infection Enters the System.

The scat of the disease, its progress, and tho result of all attempts at
moculation, favor the presumption that the virus is usually taken in with
the air breathed. Not only are the lesions concentrated in tho lungs,
but they begin with cloudiness and swelling of the smaller air-tubes and
surrounding connective tissues.

688

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

^if

The exudation into the interlobular tissue, the congestion of the lung
tissue itself, and the implication of the lung covering, are secondary phe-
nomena. In other words, the disease begius where the inspired air must
lodge the germs. Thus the inoculation of the virulent lung products on
distant jjarts of the body of a sound beast rarely determines the character-
istic lesions in the lungs, in lieu of which it induces in the seat of inoculation
an exudation less al)undant, as might be expected from the great(M- density
and resistance of the integument, but which can, like the morl)id Inng
products, be inoculated on sound animals with protective effect. It seems
probable that the poison is multi[)lied in both cases, but that the special
loose and susceptilde texture of the lung renders its production incompar-
ably more abundant, as the continuous ingress and egress of air throngh
the diseased organ renders it immeasurably more infecting.

How Long a Diseasod Animal is Infectious.

Proof is wanling as to the infectious nature of the disease during the
incubative stage. If negative evidence were of any value in a case like
this, it would be easy to adduce cases in which the I'emoval of an animal
as soon as it showed symptoms of the plague had apparently saved the
rest of the herd. In other cases, the malady has been eradicated from a
herd by careful watching, and the prompt removal of every animal as
soon as sickness appeared. The period of greatest virulence is that at
which the fever runs highest and when the lung is being loaded with the
morbid exudation.

But it must not be inferred that with the subsidence of the fever the
danger is removed. It is a matter of every day observation that aninnils
which have passed thi'ough the fever, that ai'e now thriving well, or giving
a free supply of milk, and to ordinary observers would appear in perfect
health, retain the power of transmitting the disease to others. This nniy
conthiue for three, six, nine, twelve, or, according to some, even tifleen
months after all signs of acute illness have disappeared. This is easily
explained. The tendency of the disease is to interrujjt the circulation in
the most severely affected parts of the lungs ; the exudation around this
l)ecomes developed into a tough tibrous envelope, which closes off the
dead mass from the adjacent lung and from all communication with the
external air. The dead and imjjrisoned mass now undergoes a process of
breaking down, liquefaction, and absorption, commencing at the surface,
and slowly advancing towards the centre. The encysted portion of the
d(vid lung is one mass of infecting material, and as it undergoes no change
«>xcept that of licjuefaction, and exhales at no time any putrid odor, it re-
mains infectious so long as it retains the solid form. At the outset more
tlian half a lung may be thus encysted, and live or six months after alleged

CATTLE, THEIR DISEASES.

689

recovery we still find masses of from one to two pounds weight waiting
for the slow process of solution. Wiicnevcr there are indications of the
(ixistcnce of such encysted mas:scs, the animal should be looked on as in-
fectious, and disposed of as summarily as if in tlu; acute stages of the
disease. Mr. Law gives the following rules when the disease is suspected :

1. Remove all litter, manure, feed and fodder from the stables ; scrape
tho walls and iloor — wash them if nccessurv ; remove all rotten wood.

2. Take chloride of lime one-half lb., crude carl)olic acid, 4 ozs., and
water, 1 gal ; add freshh'-binncd quick-lime till thick enough to make a
good whitewash ; whitewash with this the walls, roof, floors, posts, mail'
gers, drains and other fixtures in the cow stables.

3. Wash so as to thoroughly cleanse all pails, buckets, stools, forks,
shovels, brooms an'l other movable articles used in the buildings ; then
wet them all over with a solution of carbolic acid 1-2 lb., M'ater 1 gal.

4. When the empty building has been cleansed and disinfected as
al)ovc, ciosa the doors and windows, place in the center of the building a
metallic dish holding 1 lb. flowers of sulphur ; set fire to this and let the
cow-shed stand dosed until filled with the fumes for at least two hours.
The above should suffice for a close stable capable of holding twelve cows.
For larger, or very open buildings, more will be required.

5. The manure from a stable where sick cattle have been kept, must
he turned over and mixed Avith quicklime, two bushels to every load ;
then hauled by horses to fields to which no cattle have access, and at
once plowed under by horses.

0. The pits, where the manure has been, must be cleansed and washed
with the disinfectant fluid ordered for the building.

7. The surviving herd should be shut up in a close building for half
an hour, once or twice a day, and made to breathe the fumes of burning
sulphur. Close doors and windows, place a piece of paper on a clean
sliovcl, lay a few finches of flowers of sulpinn' upon it, and set it on fire ;
adding more sulpinir, pinch by pinch, as long as the cattle can stand it
without coughing. Continue for a month.

H. (Jive two drachms powdered copperas (green vitriol) daily to each
cow in meal or grains : or, divide 1 lb. copperas into 50 powders, and
give one daily to each adult animal.

9. Do not use for the surviving cattle any feed, fodder or litter that
has been in the same stables with the sick. They may safely be used for
horses and sheep.

What to Do.

There is only one remedy — entire isolation of the herd infected. The
prompt killing and slashing of the hides of diseased animals, deep burial,

■ 1 :■ , ''' ti

■■'. ...*■'

fiOO

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

and covering the bodies Avith quick-lime. It may be stamped out onlv
by the free use of the poll-axe, and the thorough disinfection by the
most severe means of the premises, ute.isils and attendants. It is one
of those cases where heroic treatment is of supreme value.

How to Know Ii.

The 83'mptom most easily known in the carly^ stage is an increased tem-
perature of the hody. If a clinical thermometer be introduced into the
rectum of a beast in an infected district, and an abnormal heat is ascer-
tained, it is safe to susjiect the disease ; therefore send for a veterinarian
at once. Next a slight cough will show itself ; the hair will be erected
along the back ; there may be shivering and always tenderness of tho
back when pinched ; the breathing and pulse is accelerated ; the bowels
are costive, rumination is irregular. The urine is scanty and high cnl-
ercd, the appetite fails, the milk-flow is diminished, the nose will be alter-
nately moist and dry. The horns and other extremities will be alternately
hot and cold. In the field, the sick animals will separate from the herd.
All the symptoms become more and more apparent until the animal
remains in a fixed posture, the head rigidly extended, the mouth open, at
every inspiration a moan, until at length the au'mal succumbs, a loath-
some and noxious mass of contagion.

What to Do.

A resort to remedies should not be had unless the animals are taken
early in hand, and can be isolated in a building far from any herd. It
will not pay except in the case of thorough-bred or otherwise valuable
stock. This is especially the case in the West, if that section should be
unfortunate enough to import the disease. Prof. Gamgee, who made an
elaborate report for the Government in 1871, strongly and wisely con-
demns purgatives and ])leeding, but believes the disease ma}' bo checked,
if taken in time, by isolating iLc whole herd, and depending on active
internal astringents. He advises daily doses of sulphate of iron, one-half
to one drachm to the bullock, mixed with an equal Aveight of linseed and
coriander seeds, given in bran to disguise it ; this he has foui^d to miti-
gate the cough, followed l)y the disappearance of the disease.

In the second stage of the disease, he advises light but nutritious food,
copious warm water injections, and the following stimulant:

No. 20.

)i Oz carbonate of ammonia,
1 Qt. liuseeU oil.

CATTLE, THEIR DISEASES.

391

Mix, and give this dose two or three times a day. When only one
lun" is involved, recovery ofcusionully takes place ; when both are in-
volved, there is little or no hope. For cough and debility during con-
valescence, he advises the following tonic :

No. 21.

}i Oz. oxide of magnesia,
^ Oz. iron filings, fine,
l>i Oz. tincture of gentian,
1 Pt. water.
To be given daily.

Another prescription is recommended —

No. 23.

1 Draelim carbolic acid,

1 Pint water

To be given as a dose three times a day.

The reader Avill see, upon a careful study of the foregoing, that but
one prescription — killing — is the only safe plan.

Texas Fever.

This disease, now called Splenic Fever, resembles in some of its phases
the terrible Rinderpest of Asiatic Russia, but it is far less malignant and
less contagious. It also disappears with the first frost, being effectually
stamped out during the Winter, not to be again seen until again reintro-
duced by the passage of Texas cattle. So again it is not given by our
Northern cattle to other beasts. The disease has its home on the coast
of Texas, but how it originated is not clearly known. After death the
spleen is found greatly enlarged and softened, the kidneys broken, dung
and the blood fluid.

How to Enow It.

The period of incubation extends over four or five weeks after the poi-
son has been introduced. The fever will at first be moderate, the tem-
perature as shown by a clinical thermometer, introduced into the rectum,
will be 103 to 107 degrees. Then follows dullness, cough, trembling,
jerking of the muscles, drooping of the head, arching of the back. The
horns are hot, runiination ceases, and the appetite not good. The eyes
become glassy and watery, the urine deep red or black from the blood
contained ; the dung is hard and coated Avith blood ; the mouth and rec-
tum will be a dark red or copper color ; and the animal dies in a stupor
or convulsions,

(iiimgcc always found present in the examination of nearly 5,000
animals that the fourth stomach was distinctly inflamed and the spleen

692

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOK.

i' .' i'

always enlarged and of a pui'plish color — on cutting the pulp oozin<» out
soft like currant jelly. Hcii'jc the name, "Splenic Fever."

What to Do.

Put the animal in a roomy stable with good ventilation, and give soft
food. As an internal remedy give

No. 23. a Oz. chlorate of potash,

1 Uz. tincture of ciilorido of iron,
1 Quart water.
Mix and give as a dose to to be followed two or three times a day.

The most dangerous symptoms being passed, give plentiful food and
the following tonic.

No. 24. a Oz. sulphate of Iron,

1 Oz. tincture of ginger,
1 Qt. water.
This amount twice daily.

Professor Gamgce does not regard medical treatment as being hopeful.
lu addition he advises that the limbs be well rubbed, and the bo'vcls
moved by injections. During the first two or three days he recommends
ounce doses of laudanum, and later as a stimulant the following:

No. 24. >i Oz. sulphuric ether,

4 Oz. of acetate of ammonia.

Give in a quart of linseed tea three times a day.

Bloody Murrain.

Contagious Anthrax, known ako as charbon, black leg, black quarter,
black tongue — is so called because the parts attacked turn black,
owing to decomposition of the blood. It arises undoubtedly from con-
tagion, eating bad food, pasturing on swamp land.s in summer, drinking
stagnant water, etc. Whatever tlie poison, certain it is it has wonderful
tenacity of life ; every part of the animal will carry it, even the cxore-
nient. Flies will carry it, a yoke worn by a diseased ox retains it. Even
alC' hoi is said not be able to kill the poison. Fortunately it rarcl}' occurs
in its truly malignant form. There are many types of the di.scsisc
attacking particular parts. In the tongue it is known as black tongue, or
blain ; in the throat as i)utrid sore throat. When it attacks the bowels
it is called bloody murrain.

BiteiiiL

the pulp oozing out

ition, and give soft

CATTLE, THEIR DISEASES.

Its Malignant Character.

693

In this disease it must be remembered that in its malignant form it
attacks not only cattle and horses, but all the herbivora, swine and birds.
It is communicable to otJier and different animals by inoculation, showing
itself in different forms, but all characterized by the l)reaking down of
the blood globules, rupture of tissues and letting out blood and albumin-
ous fluids, Avith gangrene, yellow or brown mucous membrane, enlargement
;ind sometimes rupture of the spleen, and a very high death rate. Inunonse
numbers of human beings have died first and last from eating the flesh
of diseased juiimals. This is especially the case among tho Tartars, who
do not refrain from eating even the flesh of anthrax horses. As many
us a thousand persons are recorde ' as having died in six weeks in San
Domingo from eating the flesh of such diseased animals. Mosquitoes,
and other biting insects are supposed to cause breaking out of the malig-
nant pustule in man, from the fact of its always arising on exposed
portions of the body. In relation to the various manifestations of the
malignant anthrax Professor Law says :

" Malignant anthrax may be manifested by external disease, or swelling
or without such appearances. To the first class belong the carl)uncular,
erysipelas, of sheep and swine, malignant sore throat of hogs, gloss-
anthrax or black tongue, black quarter or bloody murrain, the boiled
plague of Siberia, and the malignant pustule of man. To the second
belong all those forms of disease in which there are the specific changes
in blood, with engorgement of the spleen, blood-staining, and exudations
into internal organs only.

Preventives.

Upon the first intimation of the disease the well animals of the herd
sliould be removed to clean, new pasture, where there is pure water.
Vvoid all bleeding, purging, and lowering medicines. The animals must
bo kept up. So all local applications to the swellings seem useless. A
seton, composed of a yard of broad coarse tape, inserted in the dewlap
turned every day and smeared with irritating ointment might prove ben-
eficial. This should remain in from four to six weeks.

Youatt and others advise the following :

Ko. 25.

2 to 4 Drachms ctilorido of limo,

1 Oz. prepared chalk,

2 Drachms lauilsiuim.

Mix and give in a pint of warm gruel every two or three hours.

Recent French authors, in treating the malignant form of the disease.

fif)4

ILLUSTRATKD STOCK DOCTOR.

recommend quinine, one or two drachms, repeated every two or three
hours in severe cases. Also hypodermic injections of a solution of iodine
as follows :

No. 26.

2 Grains Iodine,

6 Grains iodide of potassium,

1 Oz. water.

Use a syringeful every hour in severe cases. In extreme ones, it is ad-
vised that this be thrown directly into the veins ; also that the strength be
kept up by stimulants ; among those recommended most strongly is car-
bonate of ammonia.

Blain.

When bloody murrain attacks the tongue it is called blain. In the case
of blain it i^ recommended to open the pustule freely from end to end,
with a sharp lancet, before the poison has been absorbed. Treat the
same surface freely with the following :

No. 27.

20 Grains chloride of lime,
1 Oz. water.

Mop the parts freely.

Sulphuric or nitric acid, nitrate of mercury, lunar caustic, and other
strong caustics, are equally good. When it may be accomplished, burn-
ing with a hot iron is advised.

Foot and Mouth Disease.

One other contagious disease will be necessary to be treated of here,
as beginning to be of common occuiTcnce, having prevailed more or le<ss
since its introduction into the United States in 1869. This is epizootic
aptha, generally known as foot and mouth disease. Although a contagious
febrile disease occurring in cattle and sheep, and communicable by trans-
mission to swine and even man, it is fortunately rarely fatal, and is
characterized in animals by an eruption of small blisters in the mouth,
and between the clefts of the hoofs, and along the upper margin of the
coronet. It is a specific poison of obscure origin, remaining in the system
from one to four days before producing its characteristic symptoms.

How to Know It.

There is an increase of temperature in the body, followed by an erup-
tion of small blisters, of the size of a dime, situated on the tongue, the
roof of the mouth, inside the lips, and occasionally on the udder. The

CATTLE, TMKIU DISEASES.

(11)5

or three
11 of iodine

blisters iu the cleft of the hoofs and around the corouet and heels, are
indeutical with the others, but smaller.

s, it is ad-
;rength be
g\y is ear-

n the case
id to end,
Treat the

and other
led, burn-

i of here,
ire or le^s
epizootic
ontagious
by trans-
il, and is
le mouth,
;in of the
be system
ams.

' an erup-
iigue, the
er. The

Malignant Catarrh.

Caused by feeding in damp, cold situations, and feeding on marshes in
peculiar seasons. Low, wet river bottoms are most subject to give it to
stock. The disease somewhat resembles the Russian cattle plague, but
is not usually (;ontagious. Professor James Law gives symptoms and
treatment as sol lows : •

A slight dia'rrha>a may be followed by costiveness, the dung being black,
tirni and scanty. The hair is rough and erect ; shivering ensues ; the head
is depressed ; the roots of the horns and forehead hot ; eyes sunken, red,
water}', with turbidity in the interior and intolerance of light ; nmzzle dry
and hot ; mouth hot with much saliva ; the membranes, mouth, nose and

MALIGNANT CATARRH— SECOND OR SLOUaHINQ STAGB.

vagina bluish-red ; pulse rapid ; impulse of the heart weak ; breathing
hurried ; cough ; urine scanty and high colored, and surface of the body
alternately hot and cold. In twenty-four hours all the symptoms are ag-
gravated ; the nose discharges a slimy fluid ; forehead is warmer and duller
on percussion ; the mouth covered with dark red blotches, from which the
cuticle soon peels off, leaving raw sores ; appetite is completely lost ; dung
and urine passed with much pain and straining, and there is generally
stiffness and indisposition to move. From the fourth to the sixth day
ulcers appear on the nose and muzzle, swellings take place beneath the
jaws, chest and abdouen, and on the legs the skin may even slough off

696

ILLUSTRATED iOCK DOCTOR.

'>D-

'\o mouth and a stinking diarrhoBa

in patches ; u foetid saliva driv f
Bucceeds the costivcnoss. Dcat rsuali , ensues from the eighth to the
tenth day, ijreccded perhaps by convulsic... ■ or signs of suffocation.
The treatment is to clean the bowels with the following :

Ko. 28.

1 Pint ollvo oil,
1 Oz. laudanum.
Mix.

In eight or ten hours, if it do not operate, give another. Follow this
with diuretics, sweet spirits of nitre in half-ounce doses, and also with
antiseptics, potassa chlorate, in doses of one-quarter drachm. Wet cloths
should be kept on the head ; the mouth and nose sponged with quite a
weak solution of carbolic acid. Give as food only soft mashes.

ig ciiurrhffia
jhth to the
ition.

Follow this
i also with
Wet cloths
th quite u

CHAPTER IV.

MEDICINES AND INSTRUMENTS- WHAT TO KEEP.

1. DlSSKCnON. n. action op medicines. III. MEDICINES TO BE KEPT, AND DOSES.

IV. SIMPLE AND VALUABLE BBCIPKS. V. FORMS OP CLYSTERS. VI. INFUSIONS.

VII. ANTI-SFASMODICS. VIII. FOMENTATIONS. IX. MUCILAGES. X. WASHES.

XI. POULTICES. Xn. FUMIGATIONS. XIII. TINCTURE FOR WOUNDS.

I. Dissection.

In the dissection of cattle the axe and meat saw, and butcher's knife
must be largely depended on, in the hands of farmers, since all that is
necessary is to get at the diseased parts to note their appearance and the
seat of the disease, the symptoms having been previously carefully noted.
This matter has been treated of in diseases of the horse, chapter XIX.,
article Dissection, to which the reader is referred.

n. Action of Medicines.

The action of medicines, doses for horse, ox, sheep and swine is also
treated of in chanter XIX., of the horse, together with much other val-
uable matter applicable to animals generally.

m. Medicines to be Kept, and Doses.

It will not be necessary to keep more than a small stock of the medi-
cines in most common use, or such as may be required in an emergency.
Those adapted to the horse, will, as a rule be also adapted to other stock.
In chapter XIX. a pretty full list will be found, with the appropriate
doses for cattle, sheep and swine, as well as the horse ; also the proper
proportionate dose for animals of various ages up to the adult. It will
not be necessary to rep ?> t5iem here.

698

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

For the purpose of enabling our readers to become fiiniiliar with the
bony 8ii -V fare of cattle we give uii illustration of the Hkeleton of the ox
with the correct names of the various i)arts a.s known in veterinary sci-
ence. It will be found valuable for reference, not only to the student in
veterinary art, but also to every one who proposes to keep and breed
cattle.

SKELZTON OF TEH OX.

Explanation of Cut.— -4— Cervical Vertebrae, li J5— Dorsal Vertebrae.
C— Lumbar Vertebrae. D — Sacrum. ^ JE"— Coney geal Bones. FF
—Ribs. 6^— Costal Cartilages. ZT— Scapula. /—Humerus. K K—
Radius. L — Ulna. M — Carpus or Knee. 1 — Scaphoid. 2 — Semilunar.
'^ — Cuneiform. 4— Trapezium. 5— Trapezoid. 6— Os IMagnum. 7—
Unceiform. 8— Pisiform. N iV— Large Metacarpel or Cannon. O—
Small Metecarpel. P P— Sesamoid Bones. Q Q— Phalanges. 1— Os
Suffraginis or Pastern Bone. 2— OsCoronae. 3— Os Pedis. P— Pelvis.
1— Illium. 2— Pubis. 3— Ischium. /S'— Femur. T— Patella. U—
Tibia. F— Fibula. TT— Hocks. 1— Os Calcis. 2— Ostragulus. 3—
Cuneiform Magnum. 4— Cuneiform Median. 5— Cuneiform Parvum.
<'— Cuboid. X— Large Metatarsal. 1, 2, 3— Phalanges. F— Small
Metatarsal. .^— Head. 1— Inferior Maxilla. 2— Superior Maxilla. 3-
Anterior Maxilla. 4— Nasal Bone. 5— Molar. 6— Frontal. 7— Parietal.
H — Occipital. 9 — Lachrymal. 10— Squamous. 11— Petrous.

CATTrK, THKrU DISKASRS.

(v.^y

In compiiriiig the skeleton of the ox with thiit of the horse, we ciin
rciidily perceive tiie difference in the len<^h of the limb and neck pos-
sessed by the latter. Speed seems to have been an object at the creation,
and as tlw body was elevated the neck needed proportionate Icngtli in
order to feud. The body of the horsd corresponds to a square, while
that of the ox to a long rectangle. The limbs of the ox are straighter than
those of the horse, much leas speed being demanded. The ribs of the
foi'mcr are both longer and larger than those of the latter, greater pro-
tection with sluggardness of movement being required. In the head of
the ox wo find the two plates or tables noticed in the horse ; in the latter,
however, they lie close together, while in the former, as in all horned
animals, there is considerable space between them. This diversity creates
a number of cells, having bony ridges passing from the inner to the outer
plate, which secures the firmness of the parts. These cells form roomy
and strong sockets for the horns. The cavity containing the brain of the
ox is about one-fourth the size of the other parts of the skull ; the organs
of mastication and those of smell taking up the remaining portions. In
cattle the frontal l)ones extend from the nose to the superior ridge of the
skull, presenting a flat, irregular surface, totally bare of any muscular or
fleshy covering. The weapon of defense and offense employed by cattle
is the horn and nature has securely based it and rendered it effective by
this expanse of the frontal bone. There is the same division in the
center of the frontal sinuses as in the horse, but th.3 perfection of divis-
ion between the nostrils is wanting. Commencing about half way up the
nose, the septum is wanting at the lower part, and the two nostrils are,
as it were, thrown into one ; the frontal sinuses connect with the nasal,
thus forming a continuous cavity from the muzzle to the horn, and from
one muzzle to the other. In pol'ed cattle the frontal bone holds the
same situation — reaching from the nasal bones to the parietal ridge — l)ut
as they were not designed for the base of horns, they narrow off townrds
the poll. The temporal bones in cattle are small, deep in the temporal
fossa and destitute of the squamous structure. The occipital bone is,
in the ox, deprived of almost all the importance attached to it in the
conformation of the horse. The sphemoid and ithmoid bones are in the
same relative position.

IV. Simple and Valuable Medical Beoipes for Cattle.

Dr. G. H. Dadd, M.D., V.S., a medical practition of repute, and
celebrated as a veterinary surgeon, up to the time of his death, some
fifteen years ago, attributed much of his success to not being bound by
any rigid rules of practice. Thus he, while having been bred under the
Allopathic system of medicine, used largely of botanical agents, as in
45

700

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

fl ''•■

fact do all our best physicians now, more liir<j;oly than formerly. In the
appendix to his work on the diseases of cattle he gives u series of recipes
under appropriate headinjjjs, wliich we reproduce in a soinewiiat different
and condensed form, as beinjjj at the same time simple and efficacious.
In his observations on the action of medicine, and external agents on the
animal body, he says, that warmth and moisture always expand it, and
bay berry l)ark, tannin, ;ind gum catechu always contract it; and that
these agents have these effects at all times (provided, however, tlicre Ix!
sntlicient vitality in the part to manifest these peculiar changes) and uiid«'r
all circumstances. If a l)listcr be applied to the external surface of an
animal, and it produces irritation, it always has a tendency to product*
that effect, whatever part of the living organism it may be applied to.
So alcohol always has a tendency to stimulate, wliether given by the
mouth or rubbed on the external surface, it will produce an excitement
of nerves, heart and arteries, and of course the muse h's partake of the
influence. Again, n)arsh mallows, gum acacia, slippery elm, etc., always
lubricate the mucous surfaces, quiet irritation, and relieve inllanmiatory
symptoms.

It follows, of course, 1st. That when any other effects than tliose just
named are seen to follow the administration of thest' articles, they must
be attributed to the morbid state of the parts to which they are applied ;
2d. That a medicine which is good to promote a given effect in one form
of disease, will be ecjually good for the same purpose in another form of
disease in the same tissue. Thus, if an infusion of mallows is good for
inflamnuitiou of the stomach, and will lubricate the surface, and allay
irritation in that organ, then it is etpially good for the same purpose in
inflammation of the bowels and bladder. What we wish the reader to
understand is this : that a medicine used for any particular symptom in
one form of disease, if it be a sanative agent, is equally good for the
same symptom in every form.

The medicines we recommend owe their diuretic, astringent, diaphoretic
and cathartic powers to their aromatic, relaxing, antispasmodic, lubricating
and irritating properties ; and if we give them with a view of producing
a certain result, and they do not act just as we wish, it is no proof that
they have not done good. The fact is, all our medicines act on the parts
where nature is making the greatest efforts to restore equilibrium ; hence
they relieve the constitution, whatever may be the nature of their results.

mj
eln

bla

Laxative clyster :

No. 28.

V. Forms of Clysters.

3 or 4 Quarts warm water,

6 Ounces linseed oil,

1 Table-spoonful common salt (flue).

aci
re(

In tho
)f ri'cipos
diffrront
ificticioiis.
its on tlw!
1(1 it, und
und that
there lie
und under
ic(! of jin
) produce
pplic'd to.
on by the
xfitcnicnt
ke of tho
L'., always
iniuiatorv

hoso just
ley must
^ applied ;
one form
r form of
jrood for
and allay
urpose in
reader to
nptoin in
J for the

iaplioretie
ubricatiiig
producing
roof that
the parts
m ; hence
ir results.

cArn.K.. TiiJ'.irt imskasrs

Another :

No. ao.

4 (jiiiiriH warm wuter,

701

1 dill HOtt H(>!l|>,

H Titblu-Mpuuulul lliio Halt.

Useful in obstinate constipation, "stoppage,'
ment is hard and dark colored.
Emollient clyster :

or whenever the excro-

No. 81.

2 Ounces sllpprry elm bark,
2 QiiurU boiling water.

Simmer over the lire a few minutes, strain through a fine sieve, and
inject, when nearly cool. The following articles may be substituted for
elm: flaxseed, lily roots, gum arable, poplar bark, Iceland moss.

(Tisp. — In all cases of irritation and inflammation of the intestines and
bladder.

Stimulating clyster:

No. 82.
Another :

No. 88.

When cool, inject.

8 Quarts of thin mucilnf^e of slippery elm or linseed tea,
1 TeaBpoonful Africun vuycDue, pure.

H Table-spoonful powdered ginger,
3 Quarts boiling wuter.

Ufie, — In all cases wi.on the rectum and small intestines are inactive
and loaded with excrement, or gas.
Anodyne clyster :

No. 8d. 1 Ounce lady's slipper (cyprlpedlum),

1 Ounce cumoniilo flowers,
8 Quarts boiling water.

Let the mixture stand a short time, then strain through a fine sieve
when it will be fit for use.

Une. — To relieve pain and relax spasms.
Diuretic clyster:

No. 86. 8 Quarts linseed tea,

1 Table-spoonful oil of Juniper.

Or, substitute for the latter, cream of tartar, half an ounce.

Use. — This form of clyster may be used with decided advantage in all
acute diseases of the urinary organs. This injection is useful in cases of
red water, both in cattle and sheep ; and when the malady is supposed ta

70:

ILLUSTHATED STOCK DOCTOR.

result from general or local debility, the addition of tonics (golden seal
or gentian) will be indicated. Their active properties may be extracted
by infusion.

Astringent clyster:

Take an infusion of hardback, st"ain, and add a table-spoonful of
linely-pulverized charcoal to every three quarts of fluid.

Another is air infusion of witch hazel.

Another :

No. 36. 1 Table-spoonful powdered bayberry bark,

3 Quarts boiling water.

When cool, it is fit for use.

Use. — ^Astringent injections are used in all cases where it is desired to
contract the living fibre, as in scouring, dysentery, scouring rot, diarrhea,
bloody flux, falling of the womb, fundament, etc.

Nourishing clysters :

Nourishing clysters are composed of thin gruel made from flour, etc.

Injection for worms :

Make an infusion of pomegranate (rind of the fruit), an 1 inject every
night for a few days. This will rid the animal of worms that infest the
rectum : but if the animal is infested with the long, round worm (^teres),
then half a pint of tlie above infusion must be givea for a few mornings,
before feeding.

Another for worms :

No. 37. 1 Ounce powdered lobelia,

1 Handful wood ashes,
3 Quarts boiling water.

When cool, it is fit for use.

VI. Inflisicns.

These are made by steeping herbs, roots, and other medical substances
in boiling water. No particular rules can be laid down as to the quantity
of each article required. It will, however, serve as some sort of a guide,
that wc generally use from one to two ounces of the aromatic herbs and
roots to every quait of fluid. A bitter infusion such as wormwood or
camomile requires less of the herb. All kinds of infusions can be ren-
dered palatable by the adaition of a small quantity of honey or molasses.
As a general rule, the human palate is a good criterion ; for if an infu-
sion be too strong or unpalatable for a man, it is unfit for cattle or sheep.

An infusion of either of the following articles is valuable in colic, both
flatulent and spasmodic, in all classes of animals : caraway, peppermint,

CATTLE, THEIK DISEASES.

703

spearmint, fennel seed, angelica, bergamot, snake root, anise seed,
ginseng, etc.

VII. Anti-spasmodics.

By anti-spasmodics are meant those articles that assist, through their
physiological action in relaxing the nen^ous and muscular systems.

vm. Fomentations.

This class of remedies is usually composed of relaxants, etc., of sce-
ral kinds, combined with tonics, stimulants, and anodynes. They are
very useful to relieve pain, to remove rigidity, to restore tone, and to
stimulate the parts to which they are applied.

Common fomentation :

NO. as.

1 Part wormwood,
1 Part tansy,
1 Pail hops.

Moisten them with equal parfs of boiling water and vinegar, and apply
when blood warm.

Use. — For all kinds of bruises and sprains. They should be confined
to the injure! pniis, and kept moist with the superabundant fluid. Where
it is not practicable to confine a fomentation to the injured parts, as in
shoulder or hip lameness, constant bathing with the decoction will answer
the same purpose.

Anodyne fomentation :

No. 39.

1 Handful of hops,

1 Ounce white poppy heads,

Equal parts water and vinegar.

Simmer a few minutes.
Use. — In all painful bruises.
Relaxing fomentation :

No. 40.

2 Ounces powdered lobelia,
2 Quarts boiling water.

Simmer for a few minutes, and when sufficiently cool, bathe the parts
with a soft sponge.

Use. — In all cases of stiff joints, and rigidity of the muscles.

Cedar buds, or boughs, any quantity, to which add a small quantity of
red pepper and ginger, with boiling water sufficient.

IBli

704

ILLUSTRATEO STOCK DOCTOR.

Use. — Efficacious in chronic huueness and paralysis, for putrid sore
throat, and when the glands are enlarged from cold and catarrh.

IX. Mucilages.

Mucilages are soft, bland substances, made by dissolving gum arable
in hot water ; or by boiling marsh mallows, slippery elm, or lily roots,
until their mucilaginous properties are extracted. A table-spoonful of
« ither of the above articles, when powdered, will generally suffice for a
quart of water.

Use. — In all cases of catarrh, diarrhoea, inflammation of the kidneys,
womb, bladder, and intestines. They shield the mucous membranes,
und defend them from the action of poisons and drastic cathartics.

X. Washes.

Washes generally contain some medical agent, and are principally used
externally.

Wash for diseases of the feet :

No. 41.

4 Ounces pyroUgeuouB acid,
8 Ounces water.

Use — This wash excels any other in point of efficacy, and removes rot
and its kindred diseases sooner than any other.
Cooling wash for the eye :

No. 42.

1 Pint rain water,
20 Drops acetic seed.

Use. — In ophthalmia.

Tonic and anti-spasmodic wash

No. 43. H Ounce camomile flowers,

1 Pint boiling water.

When cool, strain through fine linen.

Use. — In chronic diseases of the eye, and when a weeping remains
lifter an acute attack.

Wash for unhealthy or ulcerated sores :

A weak solution of soda or wood ashes.

Wash for diseases of the skin :

Take one ounce of finely-pulverized charcoal, pour on it one ounce of
pyroligenous acid, then add a pint of water. Bottle, and keep it well
corked. It may be applied to the skin by means of a sponge. It is also
an exoellont romedv ffir ill-oonditionod ulcers.

CATTLE, THEIR DISEASES.

705

Physic for cattle :

Mix.

No. i4. a Ounce extract of butternut (juglans cinerea),

1 Tea-spoonful cream of tartar,

2 Quarts boiling water.

When cool, administer.

Another:

No. 45. a Ounce extract of blackroot (leptandra virginica),

1 Ounce Rocbelle salts,
H Tea-spoonful i)o\vdered ginger.

Dissolve in two quarts of warm water.
Another:

No. 46.

1 Table-spoonful powdered mandrake,

1 Tea-spoonful cream of tartar

2 Quarts hot water.

Here are three different forms of pliysic for cattle, which do not de-
bilitate the system, like aloes and suits, because they determine to the
surface as well as the bowels. They may be given in all cases where
purges are necessary. Oiie-tliird of the above forms will suffice for sheep.

Mild physic foj jattle :

No. 47.

Aperient ;

2 Ounces synip of buckthorn,
H Table- jipoonlul sulphur,
yi Tea-spoonful ginger,
2 Quarts hot water.

No. 48.

1 Pint llnsccd oil.

Yolks of 2 eggs.

Mix.

Another :

No. 49.

1 Pint sweet oil.

X Tea-spoonful powdered cayenne

Mix.

A sheep will require about one-half of the above.
Stimulating tincture :

No. 60.

1 Pint boiling vinegar,

2 Ounces tincture of myrrh,

2 Teaspoonfuls powdered capsicum.

Use. — For external application in putrid sore throat.

Another :

70(5

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

No. 51. 4 OunccR tincture of camphor,

Ji Ounce oil of cedur,
4 Ounces tincture ot cup.sicum (hot drops).

To be rubbed around throat niglit and morning.
Stimulating tincture for cln-onif rheuuiaf ism :

No. 52. 4 Ounces tincture of capsicum,

1 Ounce oil of cedar,
1 Ounce oil of wormwood,
a Pint vinegar,
1 Gill goose grease.

Mix. To be applied night and morning. The mixture should be kept
in a well corked bottle, and shaken before being used.

XI. Poultices.

If a foreisrn substance enters the llesh the formation of matter is a
part of the process by which nature rids the system of the enemy. A
poultice relaxing and lubricating will then be indicate^. If, however, the
foreign body shall have entered at a point where it ''-^ '"^^possible to con-
fine a poultice, then the .suppurative stage may •: hortened by the
application of relaxing fomentations, and lastly by siunulants.

Mr. Cobhctt .says of marsh mallow plant: It is among the most valua-
ble that ever grew. Its leaves .stewed, and applied wet, will cure, and
almost instantly ease, any cut, or bruise, or wound of any sort. Poul-
tices made of it will cure sprains ; fomenting with it will remove swellings ;
applications made of it will cure chafes made by saddle and harness ; and
its operation, in all cases, is so quick that it is hardly to be believed.
Those who have this weed at hand need not put themselves to the trouble
and expense of sending to doctors and farriers on trilling occasions.

If tin ,ise of this weed was generally adopted the art and mystery of
healing wounds, and of curing sprains, swellings, and other external
maladies, would very quickly be reduced to an unprofitable trade.

Lubricating ard healing poultices ;

No. 53.

1 Part powdored marsh maUow roots,
1 Part marsh muilow leaves.

Moisten with boiling water, and apply.
Use. — In ragged cuts, wounds aud bruises.
Stimulating poultice:

No. 64.

1 Part Indian meal,
1 Part slippery elm.

Mix them together, and add sufiSicient boiling water to moisten the

mass. Sj
cayenne o

Use. — '
there is d;

Poultice

Nothiiiii
or marsh

Poultice

No.

To be n

Styptic-
Witch li
Make a
the bleedh
from the s
drink it, a
Styptic
Wet a 1
the part.

There ai

of nutgalli

Absorbt

Absorbc

ter, and ai

ation of i

digestive

quality of

view of n

agents thi

A mixt'

they do n

the acidii

diarrhea

tion to tb

world. ^

forms of

the lost f

Forms

CATTLE, THEIR DISEASES.

707

mass. Spread it en a cloth, and sprinkle a small quantity of powdered
cayenne on its surface.

Use. — To stimulate ill-conditioned ulcers to healthy action. Where
there is danger of putrescence add a small quantity of powdered charcoal.

Poultice for bruises ;

Nothing makes so good a poultice for recent bruises as boiled ca^-rots
or marsh luallows.

Poultice to promote suppuration :

No. 65

A sufficient quantity of Indian meal,

1 Handful of linseed,

1 Teaspoonful of cayenne.

To be moistened with vinegar and applied at the usual temperature.

Styptics to arrest bleeding :

Witch hazel, (Winter bloom,) bark or leaves, 2 ounces.

Make a decoction with the smallest possible quantity of water, and if
the bleeding is from the nose, throw it up by means of a syringe ; if
from the stomach, lungs, or bowels, add more water, and let the j'aimal
drink it, and give some by injection.

Styptic to arrest external bleeding :

Wet a piece of lint with tincture of muriate of iron, and bind it on
the part.

Tliere are various other styptics, such as alum water, strong tincture
of nutgiills, bloodroot, common salt, tine flour, etc.

Absorbents :

Absorbents are composed of materials partaking of an alkaline charac-
ter, and are used for the purpose of neutralizing acid matter. The form-
ation of an acid in the stomach arises from some derangement of the
digestive organs, sometimes brought on by the improper quantity or
quality of the food. It is useless, therefore, to give ubi«orbents, with a
view of neutralizing acid, unless the former are combined with tonics, or
agents that are capable of restoring the stomach to a healthy state.

A mixture of .'i!:>lk, salaratus, and soda is often given by farmers ; yet
they 'lo not afforU pci lanent relief. They do some good by correcting
the acidity of the s oraach, but the animals are often affected with
diarrhea or cosuvynes;-;, loss of appetite, colic, and convulsions. Atten-
tion to the diet vvouM probably do more good than all the medicine in the
world. Yet, if thav do get sick, something must be done. The best
forms of absorbents are the following ; they restore healthy action to
the lo<t fu action, at the .same time that they neutralLso the gas:

Formb of absorbents :

I; ^

708 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

So. 66. 1 Table^tioonful powdered charcoal,

H Table-spoonful powdered snakeroot,
1 Tea-8poonful powdered caraways,
1 Quart hot water.

Mix. To be given at one dose for a cow ; half the quantity, or indeed
one-third, is sufficient for a calf, sheep or pig.
Another :

No. 67.

1 Table-Rpoonful powdered charcoal.

To be given in thoroughwort tea, to which may be added a very small
portion of vinegar.

Another, adapted to city use :

No. 68. 1 'I ea-spoonful sub-carbonate of soda,

1 Ounce wnctnre of gentian,
1 Pint fnfusion of spearmint.

Mix. Give a cow the whole at a dose, and repeat daily, for a short
time, if necessary. One-hiif the quantity will suffice for a smaller
animal .

Drink for coughs :

No. 69.

H Ounce balm of Gilead buds,
2 Table-spoonfuls honey,
1 Wine-glassful vinegar,
1 Pi a. ivater.

Set the mixture on the iire, n an earthen vessel ; let it simmer a few
minutes. When cool, straui., and it is fit for use. Dose, a wine-glassful
twice a day.

Another :

No. 60. 1 Oun<"e bale m copaiba,

1 Ounce powdered licorice,

2 Table-spoonfuls Loney,
1 Quart boiling water.

Rub the copaiba, licorice and honey together in a mortar ; after they
are well mixed, add the water. Dose, half a pint, night and morning.
Another :

No. 6L H Ounce balsam of Tolu,

1 Ounce powdered marshmallow roott,
a Gill honey,

2 Quarts boiling water.

Mix Dose, hnlf a pint , nisht and morning.

ty, or indeed

I very small

for a short
)r a smaller

mmer a few
aae-glassful

after they
morning.

CATTLE, THEIR DISBASSfl.

Drink for a cow after calving :

709

No. 83.

1 Ounce bethwort,
1 Ouooe m&rshmallows.

First make an infusion of bethwort by simmering it in a quart of
water. When cool, strain, and stir in the mallows. Dose, half a pint,
every two hours.

Diuretic :

Bearberry (uva ursi), is a popular diuretic, and is useful when com-
bined with raarshmallows. When the urine is thick and deficient m
quantity, or voided with diflBculty, it may be given in the following form :

No. ea.

1 Ounce powdered bearberry,

2 Ounces powdered marshmallows,
i, Pounds Indian meal.

Mix. Dose, half a pound daily, in the cow's feed.

Eruption wash :

Borux is a valuable remedy for eruptive diseases of the tongue and
mouth. Powdered and dissolved in water, it forms an astringent, anti-
septic wash. The usual form is :

No. 64.

Mix.

S Ounce powdered borax,
2 Ounces honey.

XII. Fumigations.

For foul barns and stables, take.

No. 66. 4 Ounces common salt,

IK Ounce manganese.

Let these be well mixed, and placed in shallow earthem vessel ; then
pour on the mixture, gradually, sulphuric acid, four ounces. The inha-
lation of the gas which arises from this mixture is highly injurious ;
therefore, as soon as the acid is poured on, all persons should leave the
building, which should immediately be shut, and rot opened again for
several hours. Dr. White, V.S., says, "When glandarous or infectious
matter is exposed to it a short time, it is rendered perfectly harmless."

Ulceration of the mouth :

A strong infusion of goldthread (coptis trifoUa), makes a valuable
application for eruptions and ulcerations of the mouth. We use it ia
the following form :

(t'i^

710

No. 66.

II.LlTfiTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

1 Ounce goldthread,
1 Pint boiling water.

Set the mixture aside to cool ; then strain, and add a table-spoonful of
honey, und bathe the parts twice u day.

Astringent :

Kino is a powerful astringent, and may be used in diarrhea, dysentery,
and rod water, after the inflammatory symptoms have subsided. Wo occa-
sionally use it in the following form for red water and chronic dysentery :

No. 67.

20 Grains powdered kino,
1 Quart thin flour gruel.

To be given at a dose, and repeated night and morning, as occasion
requires.

Simple cough remedy :

The following n?akes an excellent cough remedy;

No. 68.

I Ounce powdered licorice,
1 Tea-spoonful balsam oi ToaU,
1 Quart boiling water.

To be given at a dose.

Antacid for hoven :

Lime water is used in dian'hcea, and when the discharge of urine i&
excessive. Being an antacid, it is very usefully employed when cattle
are hoven or blown. It is unsafe to administer alone, as it often de-
ranges the digestive organs ; it is therefore very properly combined with
tonics. The following will serve as an example :

No. 60.

2 Ounces lime water,

2 Quarts infusion ot'snaltehead (balmony),

Dose, a quart, night and morning.

Xin. Tincture for WoundR.
Myrrh makes an excellent tincture for wounds, prepared as follows :

No. 70.

2 Ounces powdered myrrh,
1 Pint proof spirits.

Set in a close covered vessel for two weeks, then strain through a fine
Beive, and bottle for use. It should be always kept on hand.

Opodeldoc :

Used for strains and bruises, after the inflammatory action has some-
what subsided.

Liquid (

No. 7

The oil

alcohol, ai

Mucilag

We hav

practice, a

chitis plei

No. 7

Boiling

small quai

For eru

The bar

erties. t

measles in

No. 7

Mix, an
morning.

'; M'^^M.

CATTLE, THEIR DISEASES.

711

Liquid opodeldoc:

I^o. 71. ^ Ounces soft soap,

1 >i Pints Mew England nun,
^ Pint vinegar,
•i Ounces oil of lavender.

The oil of lavender should first be dissolved in an equal quantity of
alcohol, and then added to the mixture.

Mucilages for catarrh, etc. :

We have given pleurisy root, {aaclepias tuberosa), a fair trial in cattle
practice, and find it to be invaluable in the treatment of catarrh, bron-
chitis pleurisy, pneumonia and consumption. Take :

No. 72.

H Table-spoonful powdered pleurisy root,
1 Ounce powdered marshmallow roots.

Boiling water sufficient to make a thin mucilage. The addition of »
small quantity of honey increases its diaphoretic properties.

For eruptive diseases :

The bark of sassafras root is stimulant, and possesses alterative prop-
erties. Used in connection with sulphur, for eruptive diseases, and for
measles in swine, in the following proportions, it will be found valuable :

No. 78.

1 Ounce powdered sassafras,

1-2 Table-spoonfUl powdered sulphur.

Mix, and divide into four parts, one of which may be given night and
morning, in a hot mash.

She:

ORIG

PART V.

Sheep and Sheep Husbandry.

ORIGIN, breeds, characteristics
AND MANAGEMENT.

^>,

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

,<y

1.0 ^»^ I

I.I

2.5

^ 1^ 1 2.2
2.0

•,

1-25 1 1.4 1.6

►

Photographic

Sdences

Corporaition

33 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580

(716) 872-4503

SHEEP AND SHEEP HUSBANDRY.

CHAPTER I.

OBIOm, FBINCIFAL BREEDS AND CHABACTEBISTICS.

COSMOPOLITAN NATURE OF SHEEP.'— LONQ-WOOLED SHEEP. -I. LEICESTER.

II. BORDER LEICESTER. III. COTSWOLD. — OOOD QUALITIES OF COTSWOLDS.

— COTSWOLDS IN THE WEST. IV. LINCOLN SHEEP. V. NEW OXFORDSHIRB

SHEEP. VI. UIDDLE-WOOLED SHEEP. VII. CHEVIOT SHEEP. VIH.

WHITE-FACED HIOHLANO SHEEP. XX. DORSET SHEEP. -^X. 80UTHDOWNS.

XI. HAMPSHIRE DOWNS. Xn. SHROPSHIRE DOWNS. XIII. OXFORD

DOWNS. FINE WOOLBD SHEEP. -^— XIV. AMERICAN MBRINOEi. —— THB

FLEECE. THB HEAD. THB BODT.— -THB MOST PROFITABLB 8HBBP.

DIVISIONS OF WOOL.

Ooimopolitan Nature of Sheep.

"Where sheep originated is a question difficult to answer. They are the
first of the animals domesticated by man, and reasonably so, since they
supply the two principal wants of the barbarian, food and clothing.
They are found in every inhabited country, not entirely savage, from the
Arctic to the Torrid zone.

To show the great diversity in character of sheep, it is only necessary
to quote the classification of Linnaeus, which is : The Hornless, Horned,
Black-faced, Spanish, Many-homed, African, Guinea, Broad-tailed, Fat-
rumped, Bucharian, Long-tailed, Cap-bearded, and Bovant. To these
may be added the Siberian sheep of Asia, found also in Corsica and
46

716

ILLU8THATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Barbary and the Cretan sheep of the Grecian Islands, Hungary, and
some portions of Austria, and we have about all the principal species.

POINTS OP SHBBP.

Explanation— ^— Face. 5— Muzzle. C— Neck. 2)— Shoulder. JS;— Point
of the Shoulder. JF'— Breast. O — Girth-place. iZ— Back. /—Loin. K—
Eamp. I»— Thigh. Jtf— Hip. i\r— Root of tail.

Notwithstanding the fact that sheep are among the principal sources of
wealth of all peoples, it is only among enlightened nations that they have
reached their highest development ; and among these, Spain, France,
Germany, Great Britain and her colonies, and the United States may be
mentioned as those where systematic breeding have produced the most
practical results. In no country has this been attained in the production
of fine wool, to a more excellent degree than among what are now known
as American merinoes, the result of scientific breeding of the Spanish
sheep. From present appearances, it will be but a few years before we
shall excel in the production of long-wooled, and mutton sheep. The
United States has of course, no native sheep, if wc except the Ovin
Montana, which really is a sheep and not a goat (Capra) as many per-
sons suppose. It inhabits the highest ranges of the Rocky Mountains from
well north down to New Mexico. The hair, for it is not wool, although
it is crimped, resembles the hair of the elk — is coarse, but soft to the
touch, and slightly crimped throughout its length ; about two inches long
on its back, and on the sides one and a half inches. We believe they
have never been bred in confinement. In passing it may be interesting to
our readers to know that at the Paris Exhibition of 1865 there were
exhibited the wild sheep of Barbary, Ovis TVagelapus, more resembMng

SHEEP. DTFFEUENT BREEDS.

717

r. JS?— Point
—Loin. K—

a ioat than our wild specicH. There were also shown there the Punjaub
wild sheep, Ovia Cycloceras, a native of Northern India, and the Euro-
pean moufflon, Ovia Mudmon, belonging to Corsica and Sardinia, but

both bi-ed in confinement. As illustrating something of the characteristics
of the wild sheep, as well as to illustrate points the cut we give on
preceding page may serve as an example.

71«

I!!

ill

ILLU8TKATKD STOCK DOCTOK.

Long-wooled Sheep.

There arc but a few kinds of lon-wooled sheep that have held their own
in the inii)ioveincnt of the race for the last 100 years, sufficiently to be
widely disseminated in the United States. These are the Leicester, Cots-
wold, Lincoln and Ronmey Marsh. Of these, Leicester, as improved by
Bakewell and succeeding breeders, has perhaps exercised a more potent
i'ifect in crossing than any other of the long-wooled varieties. Thoy fat-
ten very kindly, and the best wethers will weigh at twelve to fifteen
months old from 20 to 25 pounds per quarter, and at two years old from
viO to 38 pounds per (luarter. The fleeces are valuable as long combing
wool, and will weigh from 7 to H pounds each.

I.KICESTBR RAM.

I. Leioesters.

This breed is pure white, tolerably hardy, without horns, the head
small and clean, eyes bright, neck and shoulders square and deep, the
back straight, carcass full, hind-quarters tapering to the tail, legs clean,
with fine bone, flesh succulent in quality, not the best, being much too
fat for American palates ; nevertheless, the grades make good meat with
the single exception of possessing too much outside fat. Leicesters
require the best of care and shelter, and of course good feeding. The
ewes are not the best of mothers, and the young lambs require special
attention. The wool is among the most valuable of any, being in especial

HHEEF, DIFFEllENT URBBD8.

7V.}

d their own
ontly to be
ester, Cots-
inproved by
nore potent
They fat-
to fifteen
ir.s old from
ig combing

request for combing, and will average seven pounds per head in good
flocks.

The Leicesters are well thought of in many parts of the West, and are
increasing in popularity. The true type of the breed is as foHovvs : The
head should be hornless, long, small, tapering toward the muzzle, and
projecting horizontally forward. The eyes prominent, but with a quiet
expression. The ears thin, rather long, and directed liackward. The
neck full and broad at its base, where it proceeds from the chest, so that
there is, with the slightest possible elevation, one continued horizontal
line from the rump to the poll. The breast broad and round, and no un-
even or angular formation where the shoulders join either the neck or the
back ; particularly no rising of the withers, or hollow behind the situation
of tliesc bones. The arm fleshy through its whole extent, and even dow u
to the knee. The bones of the leg small, standing wide apart ; no loose-
ness of skin about them, and comparatively bare of avooI. The chest and
barrel at once deep and round, the ribs forming a considerable arch from
the spine, so as in some cases, and especially when the animal is in good
condition, to make the apparent width of the chest even greater than the
dejjth. The barrel ribbed well home ; no irregularity of line on the, buck
or belly, but on the sides ; the carcass very gradually diminishing in
width toward the rump. The quarters long and full, and, as with the
fore-logs, the muscles extending down to the hock ; the thighs also wide
and full. The legs of a moderate length ; the skin also moderately thin»
but soft and elastic, and covered with a good quantity of white wool.

n. Border Leicester.

IS, the head
d deep, the
legs clean,
y much too
i meat with
Leicesters
ding. The
uire special
r in especial

The infusion of the blood, of the Dishley, or new Leicester ais they
were called, but which are now classified simply as Leicester sheep, upon
the border flocks of England, gave rise to a sub-family, known as Border
Leicester, a. id which have won a distinct position in English show yards.
Their good and bad characteristics are as follows : The most marked
feature in their structure, is the smallness of their heads, and of their
bones generall}', as contrasted with the weight of carcass. They are clean
in the jaws, with a full eye, thin ears, and placid countenance. Their
backs are stri\ight, broad and flat ; the ribs arched, the belly carried very
light, so that they present nearly as straight a line below as above ; the
chest wide, the skin very mellow, and covered with a beautiful fleece of
long, soft wool, which weighs, on the average, from six to seven pounds.
On good soils, and under careful treatment, the sheep are usually brought

to weigh from eighteen to twenty pounds a quarter at fourteen months

fil

720

ILLU8TUATE1) STOCK DOCTOR.

old, at which age they are now generally slaughtered. At this age their
flesh is tender and juicy, but when carried on until they are older and
heavier, fat accumulates so unduly in proportion to the lean meat as to
detract from its palatableness and market value. This fat accumulation
on mature animals is pretty constant in all the large and improved breeds.

I III

m. Cotswold Sheep.

The Cotswolds were imported into the United States about 1832, since
which time they have been reinforced from time to time by successive

SHEEP, DIFFEKENT IIKEED8.

721

O
O

importations, and now stand in the West, in the front rank of long-
woolcd sheep.

Tills is one of the largest English breeds, though the improved race is
smaller than the originals, on account of the influence of the Leicester
element in its amelioration. As a breed, it is of great antiquity. It has
<'ained in fleece and form, and comes to maturity earlier ; is more prolific
than the Leicester, and has greater strength of constitution ; is often fat-
tened at fourteen months, yielding fifteen to twenty pounds of mutton
per (luarter, and twenty to thirty, if kept till two years old. They have
a large head, but well set on, a broad chest, a well-rounded barrel, and a
straight back. They are often used for crossing upon other breeds, and
for obtaining earlier market-lambs, both in this country and in Europe.
They are more widely disseminated in this country than any other long-
wooled breed, and preserve well the popularity which they have attained
here. Some imported sheep of this breed have borne fleeces in this
country of eighteen pounds. A great weight when we remember that the
wool shrinks comparatively little in washing.

SHEARED COT4WOLD KAM.

The Cotswolds have been extensively crossed with Leicester sheep in
England, by which their size has been somewhat diminished, but theii
carcass notably improved, and in addition, earlier maturity has been
attained. The wool is strong, mellow and of good color, though rather
coarse, 6 to 8 inches in length, and from 7 to 8 pounds per fleece.

Oood <}ualitie8 of Cotswolds.
The superior hardihood of the improved Cotswold over the Leicester,

ill

!l!

722

ILLU8TKATKI) MOCK IKXTOR.

and their adaptation to common treatment, togctlier with the prolific
nature of the owes, und their al>undanoo of milk, liiivo rendered tliom in
many phices rivals of the new Leicester, and has obtained for them of late
years, more attention to their selection and {jencn-al treatment, under
wiiich manaj^ement still further improvement appears very probable. The
quality of the mutton is superior to that of the Leicester, the tallow bein^
less abundant, with a larger development of muscle or flesh. The ewen
are prolific, and good mothers and nurses.

.SHEAKEM COTSWOLD KWK.

CotBwolds in the West.

Throughout the entire West, the Cotswold has become a most favorite
breed, and this not only on account of their long, handsome fleeces,
specially adapted to the purpose of combing wool, but from the kindli-
ness with which they take to our keep and climate. For this reason we
liave given this breed special prominence in our illustrations. It is not
our province to go into long dissertations or detailed description, it would
take too much space, and be productive of no good end. The illustra-
tions we give will furnish a better index of value and characteristics.
The cut on next page will show the appearance at one year old.

In relation to the adaptability of this breed South, a prominent Clark
county, Virginia, farmer .says : It is far more profitable to keep the dif-
ferent varieties of mutton breeds, than the fine wools, or Merino breed in
this portion of Virginia. I say this from my own experience, and that
of many intelligent gentlemen with whom I have conversed. The Cots-
Wold sheep, and its crosses, with the Southdown are less liable to diseases

ttllKKI', UIFFKI'KNT IlKKKDH.

723

i the prolitiu
ured thcin in
r thom of lat«^
tiiiorit, under
obiiblo. Tho
) tallow heiD|jr
1. The ewes

nost favorite
onio Hcoces,
1 the kindli-
is reason we
It is not
ion, it would
rhe illustra-
aracteriaties.
d.

linent Clai-k
ceep the dif-
ino breed in
ce, and that
The Cots-
e to diseases

of all kinds ; they are more prolific, better nurses, and less liable to lose
their lambs than the Merino. The lambs are more vigorous and hardy ;

YKARLINn COTSWOLD.

then add their early maturity, their fitness for market at IX montlis old,
and their almost double value when in market, and you have advantages

7-'^^^:

COTSWOLD KWBS.

which far outweigh the additional amount of food which the nmtton
sheep may consume in proportion to his size. There is one thing in con-

ill ■ i

i I

724

ILLUHTRATRI) STOCK DOCTOR.

nection with all the long-woolod and largo broodn of nheep that may be
uppropriiitcly incntionod here : thoy cannot ho kopt in largo flocks, like
tlu^ .smaller and finc-woolcd brcedH. Murinoos arc often kept in flocks of
1,000 or more in the far West. The long-woolcd, the middle-wools and
the mutton breeds are especially adapted for farmers, when both mutton
and wool are the considerations, and are seldom herded together in fields
exceeding one hundred.

Thus in all the better settled portions of the West and South, where
pasture and grain are abundant, and where the nearness to market affords
sale for the mutton, the long wools are increasing in numbers from year
to year, and with profit to the breeders and feeders, as well as in the just
apprcciution of those who consume the flesh.

IV. Lincoln Sheep.

The Lincoln sheep are Imtli larger and lieavicr than either the Leicester
or Cotswold, and are l)red to a limited extent in the United States. The
first importation was made in IHH!). They are hardy, large feeders,
prolific!, yield fieocos of from (> to 10 pounds each, and the carcasses have
been known to dress 125 pounds.

V. New Oxfordshire Sheep.

NBW OXFORDSRIRB BWK.

This breed should not be confounded with the Oxford Downs, a cross
breed between Cotswold and Hampshire Downs, and which have dark
faces. They are less hardy than the Cotswolds, and have not made much

8HEEP, UIFFBRKNT HKEBDN.

72r)

that may be
?e flocks, like
pt in florks of
dlo-wools and
I both mutton
[ether in fields

South, where

imrket aifords

rs from year

as in the just

the Leicester
States. The
irge feeders,
urcasses have

ivns, a cross

1 have dark

made much

progress in the United States. They are the result of a cross betwooo
the Now Leicester and Cotswold, the latter blood being in excess.
However they may be regarded in England, and they are regarded highly,
they have not become popular in the West, as against the Cotswold.
On the preceding page, we give a cut of a New Oxfordshire ewe, to
(dorte the subject of iniproved long wools in the United States as em-
hnicing the more prominent breeds.

VI. Middle-Wooled Sheep.

The Black-faced Scotch Highland sheep are small, active and docile
wlicM we consider that they are a purely mountain race. They stand
great hardship, and work kindly in large flocks, subsisting on scanty fare
when necessary. Hence they may be valuable in cold and mountain
regions of the United States, for crossing on other breeds. They have
open liairy fleeces, and black faces, weigh to average 65 pounds, and will
shciir iil)()ut 3 pounds of clean wool. Their mutton is of most excellent
<|uality, and crossed on larger breeds their fleeces will go to 6 or 8 pounds
and tlieir live weight to 128 pounds for wethers.

BLACK-FACBD HIGHLAND SHBKP.

Vn. Cheviot Sheep.

This is another mountain breed that has been introduced, to a small
extent in the United States. Their fleeces however, are too coarse for
carding wool. They are less hardy than the black-faced highlands, but

726

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOK.

are quiet and docile, easily managed, giving fleeces averaging about 3 1-2
pounds, furnishing good mutton, weighing 12 to 18 pounds per quarter,
at three years old.

VIII. White-fbced Highland Sheep.

HIGHLAND SHEBr.

This is a sheep of gi-eat hardiness, furnishing good mutton, but not a
w tol of much value, and is .introduced only as necessary to illustrate a
br^ed adajrted to sterile regions, where better breeds would not survive.

IX. Dorset Sheep-
Dorsetshire has a breed peculiar to itself. Strong, active, and well
able to take care of itself : heavier in evei'v respect than the highlands,
and like this breerl, a strong horned race. On this account, neither of
these breeds wf>uld be considered valuable, except in regions where the
better fleeced breeds Avould not live. The cut is given like that of the
highland long horned family, as affordin'T possible value in Alpine regions.
Fortunately there is buc little oounti'y of this nature in the West.

B asmiig.

iging about 3 1-2
inds per quarter,

lUtton, but not a
to illustrate a
uld not survive.

ictive, and well
I the highlands,
Dunt, neither of
j:ions where the
ike that of the
fVlpine regions.
West.

SHEEP, DIB^JTIRENT BREEDS. 727

Short-wooled English Breeds.
Of the mutton breeds, the Downs undoubtedly stand at the head in

DORSET RAM.

both England and America. They are all compact, hardy, docile, horn-
less, and of early maturity in feeding ; and with flesh of most excellent
quality, that always commands the best price in any market.

8OUTBDOWK RAM.

X. Southdowns.

These are without doubt the most superior, taken as a whole, of any
of the mutton breeds, and have for many years been bred with the greatest

-oa

ILLU8TK\TED STOCK DOCTOR.

care in both England and America. Their faces and legs are dark brown,
the fore quarters wide and deep, the back and loin broad, with round
bodies, and square and full hind quarters.

The ewes ave prolific, producing froin 120 to 140 lambs, to the flock of
100 ewes. The staple of the wool is fine and curled, with spiral ends well
adapted to carding, and will shear on yearling rams and wethers, from 6
to 9 poundf . In the neighborhood of large cities, where there is a demand
for mutton, they are most valuable as a distinct breed, or for crossing
with the C'Xnmon sheep of the country.

H.iMFSHIRE DOWN.

XI. Hampshire Downs.

This breed had its rise in Hampshire, through an infusion of Southdown
blood, followed later with Cots wold, and of course, since the ^^'otswold
have an infusion of Leicester, they have this blood also. It has given
them increased size, more wool, and at the same time they have preserved
their great hardiness of constitution. For many years they have been
bred pure, and so far as introduced into the United States, they have
given satisfaction, especially in the South, where, before the war, they
were in good repute. Those who have used them, claim that they are
more hardy than Southdowns. It is also clainv;>d that they have been
crossed upon Cotswold and Leicester grades, with benefit to both, and
this we do not doubt, where mutton was to be the object.

Xn. Shropshire Downs.

Of late years this breed has grown into repute in the West, and in
Canada. They are heavy sheep, nearly as large as the Cotswold, yield

net
ha
fac

^mmm.

ire dark brown,
•ad, with I'ound

to the flock of
3piml ends well
.'ethers, from 6
3re is a demand
>r for crossing

of Southdown

the <^^otswold

It hiis given

lave preserved

ey have been

es, they have

the war, they

that they are

ey have been

to both, and

West, and in
)tswold, yield

8HEGI', DIFFERENT BREEDS.

729

nearly as much wool, with thick compact fleeces, are hardy and healthy,
have even, compact, uniformly symmetrical bodies, with dark brown
faces and limbs, and are about one third heavier than Southdowns.

xm. Oxford Downs.

This comparatively new family, which has come into prominence in the
United States within the last twenty years, was originally made by cross-
ing the Hamphii'e or Southdown ewe with a Cotswold ram. The Hamp-
shire-Cotswold origin is due to the original breeding of a Mr. Hitchmau,
in England. A few years later Messrs. Druce, father and son, used the
Southdown-Cotswold cross. From these, by constant care in selection,
a sub-family was produced, possessing great uniformity, hardiness and
a large frame ; they are easy fattening sheep, producing mutton of supe-
rior quality, with fleeces of 8 to 10 pounds for ewes and 12 to 13 pounds
for rams, and in length from seven to eight inches ; a wool of good lus-
ter, neither hairy nor harsh.

SHBARLING OXFORD DOWN.

In reality the only reason why these sheep should be called Downs, is,
from their da.k legs and faces. They really are not a short-wooled
breed, in fact, as we have shown, they are a long-wooled race, and the
characteristic has been carefully cultivated by breeders of this variety of
sheep. In color, they are much lighter than the Southdown, their faces
and legs being gray, instead of brown. The ewes are prolific, producing
with good care, 150 lambs to the 100 ewes. They herd close together.

.":i^;J«^

780

ILLUSTKATKD STOCK DOCTOR.

are hot particular about their feed ; they mature early, and upon hill
pastures i)ro(luce mutton of high (juality.

Xrv. Fine-Wooled Sheep.— American Merinos.

1h treating of line-wooled sheep, it will not he necessary to go into their
history. It is enough to say that Spain and France have contributed
from time to time their best specimcDs, which, under such management
as that given by Mr. Jarvis, — selecting from live families of Spanish
sheep, the Paulars predominating, — produced what was known as the
mixed Loouese or Jarvis Merinos. In 1813 Mr. Atwoo'l commenced the
breeding of pui'c Merinos, from what was then knoAvn as the Humphrey
stock. About 1844, Edwin Hammond, of Middlebury, Vermont, com-
menced breeding, taking for his sto(^k selections from the Atwood mmily.
To the judgment and skill of Mr. Atwood, and later followed by Mr.
Hammond and other American breeders, we have seen produced what
have been known distinctly as American Merinos ; perfect in all that

GROUP OF AMRRIOAN MRRINOS.

goes to constitute length and thickness of wool, evenness and fineness of
staple, that looseness of skin which, while it lies in low, rounded, soft
ridges over the body, offers no obstruction to the shears. These were
the points sought, and for the last twenty years well met and sustained
by the best breeders, East and West ; so that we now have as thoroughly
established, the descendants of the Infantado — large and of good length,
and the descendants of the Paulars, a smaller breed, originally established
in the United States by Mr. Silas Rich and his son, of Shoreham, Ver-
mont. Thus making two well marked families, which it is altogether
probable would be injured by the infusion of foreign blood, wherever it
could be obtained.

aawiiu..

and upon hill

to go into their
ivc contributed
:h managemeut
lies of S[)anish

known as the
coninienced the
the Humphrey
Vermont, coni-
A.twood mmily.
)llowed by Mr.
produced what
feet in all that

SHEEP, DIFFERENT BREEDS.

The Fleece.

781

ind fineness of
rounded, soft
These were
and sustained
5 as thoroughly
f good length,
ii,lly established
horeham, Ver-
t is altogether
d, wherever it

The fleece is the important point in Merinos ; they are not mutton
sheep, and their carcass is of secondary importance. Dr. Randall, nearly
twenty years ago, in his work entitled "The Practical Shepherd," in
writing of American Merinos, as they then were, says: "The greatest
attainable combination of length and thickness of wool, of given quality, is
the first to be regarded in a market where all lengths are in equal demand.
And the more evenly this length and thickness extend over eveiy covered
part, unless below the knees and hocks, the higher the excellence of the
animals."

It is in this point especially that the modern breeder has improved on
his predecessors ; and it is this, in a very considerable degree, which gives
the improved American Merino its vast superiority in weight of fleece,
over all other fine sheep, of the same size, in the world.

Wool of full length below the knees and hocks would hardly be
desirable, on account of its liability to become filthy ; but a thick short-
ish coat, particularly on the hind legs — making them appear as large "as
a man's arm" — is regarded by many as a fine, showy point, though it
does not add much to the value of the fleece.

The Head.

The wool should extend in an unbroken and undivided mass from the
back of the neck over the top of the head and down the face for an inch
or two below the eyes, and there abruptly terminate in a square or
rounded shape ; it should cover the lower side of the jaws nearly to the
mouth, and rise on the cheeks so as to leave only the front face bare,
terminating abruptly like the forehead wool. The cheek and forehead
wool should meet unbroken, immediately over the eye, between it and the
ear. But it must by no means unite under the eye — thouffh its outside
ends may touch there for a little way. The eye should have just naked
space enough about it to leave the sight unimpeded, without any resort
to the scissors.

The nose should be covered with short, soft, thick, perfectly white
hair. Pale, i«,a-colored spots or "freckles" about the mouth, and the
same color on the outer half of the ear are not objected to by the breed-
ers of the Paulars — but Infantando breeders usually prefer pure white.
Wool on the lower part of the face, as is often seen on the French
Merinos, whether short or long, is regarded as decidedly objectionable,
and any wool which obstructs the sight in any degree, is a fault.

Those who grow such fleeces now need not be ashamed to exhibit
to-day in the best show rings of the country.
47

ill

732

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

The Body.

The frame upon which the wool is to grow is important, for upon form
and constitutional vigor depends the value of the animal. Below we
give an illustration of a ram that would leave little to be desired, so far
as ability to produce the best wool is concerned.

MERIXO RAM.

Medium size, for the family, will hold in sheep as well as in other
animals. An overgrown animal is not profitable in any breed. The
body should be round, dc:p, of moderate length, the head and neck
short and thick, back straight and broad, the legs short, straight, but
well apart and strong, giving a deep full bosom and buttock. The fore-
arm ample, and the junction of the thighs well down the hocks. The
skin should be rather thin than thick ; mellow, elastic, and loose on the
carcass. If it be thick and rigid, it will be an evidence of a bad feeder,
and consequently inferior wool.

The Most Profitable Sheep.

Of all the breeds of sheep ever introduced into the United States, the
Merino has more than held its own in the estimation of breeders every-

SHEEP, DIFFERENT nilEEDS,

733

t, for upon form

nul. Below we

desired, so far

where. Even in the neighborhood of our large cities, to-day, there are
more grade Merinos sold for mutton, than of all the mutton breeds, dis-
tinctively. It is only near our great cities that the breeding and feeding
of Cotswold, Leicester, and the Downs, could be made profitable, and
this has mainly come about through the change in wearing apparel. Since
the fashion came about among both ladies and gentlemen, of wearing
garments of medium wool, a strong impetus has been given to the breed-
ing of the Downs, and long wooled breeds. They are more tender and

fcW as in other
ly breed. The
head and neck
•t, straight, but
)ck. The forc-
le hocks. The
d loose on the
' a bad feeder,

ted States, the
breeders every-

MERINO KWE.

delicate in their constitution, cannot stand extremes of cold and heat, as
the Merinos ; cannot shift for themselves as well, and for the reason that
they cannot be kept in large flocks, are only suitable to small farms, in
thickly settled districts, where good shelter and succulent food may be
obtained. Thus the Merinos, and their grades and crosses will always be
found the most profitable in all that great region West and Southwest,
and in much of the country South, where the flocks to be profitable must
number from one thousand to many thousands.

Division of Wools.

Most persons suppose that the wool of a sheep is uniform in quality.
Such, however, is not the fact. As showing divisions and quality of wool,
we give a cut of sheep with divisions accurately numbered, which shows
points in the pure Merino and Saxon, and where the different qualities of

784

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

the wool are found. Some grades of sheep will often exhibit seven or
eight qualities in the same fleece, whereas unalloyed breeds show but four
qualities. The refina, or pick wool, (1) l)egins at the withers, and
extends along the back, to the setting on of the tail. It reaches only u
little way down on the quarters, but dipping down at the flanks, takes in
all the superior part of the chest, and the middle of the side of the neck
to the angle of the lower jaw. The ^;m, (2) a valuable wool, but

DIVISION OF WOOL.

not so deeply secreted, or possessing so many curves as the refina, occu-
pies the belly, and the quarters and thighs, down to the stifle joint ;
(3) is found on the head, the throat, the lower part of the neck, and
the shoulders, terminating at the elbow , fore legs, and reaching from the
stifle to a little below the hock; (4) is procured from the tuft that
grows on the forehead and cheeks, from the tail, and from the legs below
the hock.

CHAPTER n

BBEEDING AND MANAGEMEITT OF SHEEP.

WATCHFULNESS NECESSART. HOW TO BREED. TIME FOR BREEDING. ——

CODPUNO. KEEPING THE RECORD. THE UANAOEHBNT OF RAHS.

TRAINING RAHS. PASTURING SHEEP. SHADE IN PASTURES. WATER.

DOSING SHEEP. FALL PASTURAGE AND FEEDING. SHEEP BARNS.

SPECIAL WINTER FOOD. UANAGEMENT OF LAMBS. DOCKING LAMBS.

CASTRATION. —WEANING. THE NURSERT.

Watohflilneis Necessary.

The fecundity of sheep soon enables the breeder to gather a flock.
To keep them healthy is one of the most difficult problems of the breeder,
since they are generally kept in large flocks, and herding closely together
as they do, if an epidemic or contagious disease gets among them, it
surely goes th'ough the whole flock unless the shepherd is ever vigilant.
The lack of care and vigilance causes more than half the losses in sheep,
and hence, no person should undertake sheep breeding unless he make
up his mind that they are to have not only gentle treatment but daily
care and watchfulness, even in the Summer.

How to Breed.

The ewe may be bred to the buck at the age of eighteen months, and
the buck will be fit for service at the same age. If the object be to breed
grades, it will be found to "be money squandered to buy an inferior buck,

':i;'l

#'•1

73a

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

wimtover his blood may !)c. So, if to save a few dollars, the breeder so-
Icct a grade buck for breeding purposes, the money is as good as thrown
away. One buck if properly kept will serve one hundred ewes, so that
the cost per lamb is really light. Thus in breeding grades, pursue the
same course as advised for cattle. Select a good staunch ram, of well
known purity of blood, avoiding the excessively high priced animals that
are simply the l)est breeders of pure bloods. Sucii an one may be bred
to the common stock of the country, and to his own progeny, to the third
generation. As a rule the sire will give the leading characteristics of
form, size, length and density of fleece and its yolkiness, he will do this
eminently in proi)ortion to the purity of his blood. The fineness and
principal characteristics will be pro!)al)ly controlled by the dam. Hence
the importance of none but the best sires.

In crossing, the Merino may be bred upon the common ewes of the
country, always with ben(^fit to the deecc, and never at the expense of the
carcass. So the Southdown will improve them in mutton and wool. The
Cotswold and Leicester will give increased size, early maturity and length
of staple. To breed Merinos on any of the long wooled varieties would
l)e uscb'ss. It would detract from the valuable qualities of the wool of
either, reduce the value of the mutton, the size, propensity to fatten, and
prolific qualities of the long wool. In the West the sheep for money are
either pure Merinos, or pure Merino rams bred unto the common sheep
of the country, with the exception l)efore stated, where farms are small
and near markets where prime mutton is in demand.

Time for Breeding.

The average period of gestation in the sheep does not vary much from
one hundred and fifty-two days. They usually carry a male longer than
a female, the period of gestation varying a week and sometimes two
weeks. Therefore the shepherd can easily calculate when to have his
ewes 3ei*ved by knowing when he wants his lambs in the Spring. This ns
a rule should be at the time of new grass in the Spring. Allowing that
this occurs the first of March the ewes should begin to be served about
the middle of September, and the season will then probably continue to
the middle of October. If lambs for slaughter be the object then the
ewes should be served fully a month earlier than usual, .and extra shelter,
warmed with fire heat provided for lambing time. This always pays.
It is the early lambs that command the high prices in the important mar-
kets of the country.

8)IERI>, niiEKUINO AND MANAUEMKNT.

Coupling.

737

Wo do not advise the use of teasers — that is, common rams aproned to
show the ruttinjii; ewes. Tlie better way is to drive the flock up to the
yard twice a day and let the ram out with the flock. Iininediately lie has
served a ewe catch and separate her from the flock. Keep all served ewes
together, and under no consideration allow hut one service. If they
come airaiii in heat it will be from the fourteenth to the seventeenth dav.
Thus tlH'y may ho ajjain returned to the ram after the thirteenth day,
anil if not in heat it may bo set down that they have been properly
served.

Keeping the Beoord.

In l)reeding grades it is only necessary to keep a correct record of the
time of coupling, to correspond to the mark on the ewe. Where pure
sheep are bred it will also be necessary to keep a record of the ram used.
In the first case it is necessary to know when each ewe will drop her
lamb. In the case of pure bred sheep it is imperative that a full jurI
accurate record bo kept, else confusion Avill ensue and the breeder will
have lost all that was gained before him, and no breeder of pure sheep
will buy from his flock. In order to bring the ewes into season at a
specific time in seasons of drouth, or scant pastui'e, the ewes should have
extra feed for throe weeks before the}' are required to take the ram.

The Management of Bams.

The rams should never be allowed to run with the ewes at any season
of the year. They are brutal always in their teasing, and if allowed so
to run they not only exhaust themselves, but the ewes drop their lambs
out of season. His separate enclosure should be dry and comfortable,
and kept strictly clean, and be entirely away from the sight and hearing
of the ewes, except when admitted to them. His feed must be the best
of hay, or fresh grass, with Avhat oats he will eat clean daily, beginning
six weeks before the season with half a pound daily, and increasing the
feed gradually to two pounds daily, if he Avill eat so much. Some flock
masters sow oats and peas together, two bushels of the former to three
pocks of the latter. This when threshed and ground together and fed,
g'-adually increasing to a quart a day, makes most excellent feed for a
hard- worked ram. On such feed, with pure water within reach at all
times, a ram may be oxpected to properly sei-ve one hundred to one

ill!

738

ILLU8TUATF.D STOCK DOCTOR.

hundred and fifty cwos, and but fow of thcin Hhnuld como hack the
Hecond tiino.

Never keep two rnmM in the same enclosure. They are csflcntiully pug-
nacious, and very often a valuable ram is thus sacriliccd, through the
mistaken economy of the owner. In the beginning of the seawon, a ram
should not be allowed to serve njore tJian two or at most three owes a
day. This may be gradually increased to five, and again towards the
(jlose of the season, he may bo again only allowed two or three. To do
justice and retain full power of fecundation, ho must have a good amount
of exercise. To insure this, if inclined to be inactive, ho should be driven
about the yard for an hour every day. As a lust word of cmution wo add :
Keep the rams away from the ewes ir Winter. They often seriously in-
jure them, and by their teasing are a cause of abortion, to say nothing of
other serious injuries they may inflict.

Training Bama.

It is quite necessary that rams should be made to understand that any
vice will be severely punished. They should bo early trained to stand
quietly when tied, to lead at the end of the halter. They should never
bo tied with a rope about the roots of the horns. It is apt to gall, and
make lodgment for maggots. Fasten polled sheep by a strap about the
i -ok, and horned breeds in the same manner while they are young.
V/hen their horns are largo enough, drill a hole through the left horn,
near the tip and put in a bolt with eye and two inch ring, the whole fas-
tened with a nut. Never tease, or allow a ram to be teased. It is sure
to make them vicious. Handle kindly and gently, yet with a firm hand.
If inclined to be vicious, punish them severely and until they are
thoroughly cowed. A vicious old ram is dangerous at all times. Some-
times they become incorrigible ; when this is the case geld them at once.

Pasturing Sheep.

The flock should go in the pasture as early in Summer as possible, but
should be housed nights, and during cold storms. They should be regu-
larly salted, at least every other day, and when salted should be counted
and examined for any ailment that may occur. The best shepherds count
every day, and salt every day, graduating the doses so the sheep will eat
it entirely clean ; and once or twice a week, giving a larger quantity.

como hack the

HIIKRI', RURRDINO ANI> MANAUKMRNT.

739

8h««p aro oaj^or for Hhado in warm woathor. We do not believe in
Hliading pustunw with trees . It \h better and cheaper to have HhetJH,
open on all Hides, and of ample size to shelter the (lock. The covering
may ii«> of bou;j;hs, or anything,' that is cheap. We have used common
factory muslin, stn^tched on a li<j;ht frame, (louble pitched roof, with a
two foot space at the peak, for the os(!apo of wind ; the shed twelve feet
wide and running north and south. This gives free ventilation, and is
the eooh'st shade we know.

Water.

Water is not generally considered an absolute necessity to sheep when
on pasture. Where they are allowed to graze when the dew is on the
grass, or the grass is succulent, they seem to get along pretty well. We
like them, however, to have a chance at water once a day. In the case
of ewes suckling lambs it is necessary that they have water in plenty.
Absolute purity of water however is always indispensable. Sheep object
to drinking foul water, and their instinct ought to satisfy any person that
it is not fit for them. Many serious disorders to stock of all kinds aro
occasioned by drinking impure water.

Dosing Sheep.

Wet, low, or mucky pastures are not fit for sheep. It is an entirely
true adage that the sheep's foot must be kept dry ; nevertheless there
are many sheep kept other than among firm, dry, hill pastures. Some
shepherds are continually dosing with salt and alum, salt and sulphur,
and various other compounds under the supposition that it tends to health.
Give them what salt they need, always, and examine them often for
disease. When they are well, however, let well enough alone.

Fall Pasturage and Feeding.

In the Autunm, as the season advances, sheep should have some
fodder. It is the time of year when, if allowed to fail in flesh a mis-
chief is done that cannot be remedied. There is a peculiarity about wool
that one shepherd in twenty knows nothing about. To have a uniform
growth, and of equal strength, the wool nmst grow steadily, as the
season advances. If the sheep are allowed to fall suddenly away, the
growth of wool ceases. When growth again commences, the wool, in-
stead of continuing even in texture will have what is termed a joint.
This is often so weak that very slight force will break it. The microscope
will reveal every period of starvation and subsequent good feeding that
sheep may have experienced in the course of the year's growth of wool.

740

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOIl.

Thus the shepherd who would do well for himself must do well for his
flock. He must not only feed and water well, and attend to the general
health of the sheep, l)ut he must house well.

Sheep Barns.

These need not be expensive structures, hut they must protect thor-
ouirhly ajrainst wind and drifting snow, and at the same time he well
ventilated. The barn is to be entirely enclosed with doors and windows,
which, if made to slide, will swerve for ventilation. Along the peak

CU.WKXIENT rEKOI.NO TROUGH FOR 8HKKP.

should be slatted chimneys of Avood to assist ventilation. The stable
should he divided into suitable pens to contain from twenty to fifty sheei)
each, according to the size of the flock, with doors from one to the other,
racks for feeding hay, and troughs for grain, and for v.ater also, if the
sheep are to be win^ red in the barn. There should also he suitable pas-
sage ways for feeding, etc. The arrangement of these racks, troughs
and other conveniences, will readily suggest themselves, by referring to
the plan for feeding cuttle in barns. There is to be no tying up, of

SHEEP, DIFFERENT BREEDS.

(41

lo well for his
to the general

jt protect thor-
le time be well
■< and windows,
Jong the peak

course, but the same general arrangement may be followed, and when the
basement of a barn is to be used, the hay, grain, etc., may be handled iu
the same manner as there given. There is one thing, however, indispen-
sable : As an attachment to every sheep barn, each pen should have a
yard in which the sheep may be turned out in pleasant weather, for air
and exercise. They may also be fed here in pleasant weather.

The annexed cut will show a good and substantial rack for outside

feeding.

Special Winter Food.

While it is the fact that sheep may be fairly wintered on hay, it is not
the most economical food in all the regions of the West and South, where
corn and cereal grains are cheaply raised. Many shepherds object to
corn as being too heating. We have never found any difficulty when it
was fed with hay, and with a small feed of roots daily. It seems almost
necessary to the health of sheep, that they have succulent food. In all
the West, turnips are out of the question. Our hot Summers, and drv
Autunnis ai'c not suited to this crop. Swedish turnips do better, since
tliey may be sown late in May, or early in June and get root, so they

ALLOWED TO SHIFT FOR ITSELF.

WINTERED WITH GOOD SHELTER AND FEED.

m. The Stable
y to fifty sheep
10 to the other,
ter also, if the
)e suitable pas-
racks, troughs
)}' referring to
no tying up, of

will stand and produce good crops late in Autumn. They are also easily
saved by keeping them nearly down to the freezing point in the winter
pits. Sugar beets or mangel wurzel may also be raised at a cost — placed
ill the pits or cellar — that need not exceed two dollars a ton. Carrots and
parsnips may be raised at a cost not exceeding three dollars per ton.
With carrots, beets and parsnips so that each sheep may have even half
a pound weight of root food once a day, they may be kept in admirable
health, corn and hay being the only other food. Not only this, but we
have wintered lambs in this way, and had them come out Spring after
Spring, in the most admirable condition. Kept in this manner, they wiU

lilt

lis

742

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

look like the young buck, shown at the right hand side of the page Al-
lowed to shift for themselves as best they may, they will resemble the
sheep shown on the left side of the page. Which would you choose?

There is one thing that should be observed in feeding roots. Carrots
may be /ed at all times. In feeding other roots, feed the Swedish tur-
nips firs I , and after they are gone, the beets. Beets fed early in the
Winter I have not found profitable. They have an acrid quality, that
after the new year seems to be lost. Parsnips may be kept in the ground
until Spring, and will be found, in connection with grain, most excellent
for ewes, after lambing. Until lambing time we prefer to feed carrots,
and corn, with enough bran mixed to keep the bowels fairly open. Thus
fed, the fleeces will be heavy and even in texture. The sheep will not
shed their wool when put on to grass, and the shepherd, if he has attended
to the general health of the flock, will find that sheep really pay twice ;
once in the fleece, and once in the carcass.

Management of Lambs.

It is absolutely necessary, when early lambs are expected, that a
warm place bo provided for the ewe at lambing time. The room need
not be large, and may be divided into pens suitable for each ewe when
there are a number to lamb at one time. Heat the room by means of a
stove, and if the ewes are healthy and hearty they will take care of
themselves as a rule. But the shepherd should be present in case the
young lambs want assistance, and here will be found the advantage in
having made the sheep perfectly familiar with and relying on the keeper,
for thus there will be no fear displayed. If the lamb appear weak and
disinclined to suck, handle it carefully and hold it to the dam. A young
lamb is at first the weakest and most foolish animal imaginable. Once it
has got on its feet and sucked it is all right.

Docking Lambs.

This should be performed as soon as the lamb is fairly strong and grow-
ing ; say when a week old. Let an attendant pick up thelamb, and holding
his rump pretty firm against a post of suitable height, the shepherd
seizes the tail, and pressing the skin back toward the body, places a two
inch chisel at the point of separation, holding it firmly enough so that it
will not slip, when with a light blow of a mallet it is severed. Throw
the tails of rams in one pile and those of ewes in another, and enter in
the shepherd's book the sexes and numbers. It is well at the same time
to place a paint mark on the rump for future recognition. A pinch of

SHEEP, BREEDING AND MANAGEMENT.

743

powdered copperas on the end of the tail will stop bleeding. Occasionally
a lamb will bleed severely. If so, tie a ligature tightly around the stump,
to be removed in about ten hours, or a touch of red hot iron will be
more effective.

Castration.

Many perform this operation immediately before docking. It has
always been practiced by myself and I have never found any reason to
discontinue the plan. In any event the sooner it is done the better for
the lamb. I have docked and gelded at three days old, and with the best
success. An attendant holds the lamb, rump down, and with the .ick
pressed against his own body ; drawing the hind legs up, the body is
pressed strong enough to cause the belly to be forced between the thighs,
and the scrotum is thus well exposed. Seizing the scrotum the operator
cuts away one-third of it ; take each testicle in turn and sliding back and
off the enveloping membrane, with a quick jerk the whole cord and
connecting tissues snap and come away. The object in cutting away a
part of the scrotum is that it makes a better surface in shearing. This
pulling away of the cord may seem cruel. It is not so ; there is almost
no bleeding, and the violence of the rupture deadens the pain. It is
sometimes necessary to geld an old ram. The best way is to tie a Avaxed
linen cord as tightly as possible about the bag, being careful that it is tied
entirely above the testicles, and that there shall be no possibility of
slipping of the knot. Thus circulation is stopped and in a few days the
strangulated part will drop away ; or the operation may be performed
precisely as in the case of the horse. We have however never used any
other means either with bulls or rams than that indicated above, and with
success.

Weaning.

Spring lambs should be weaned early enough in the Fall so they may
become fully accustomed to grass and to grain before Winter sets in. If
a corn-field has at the last cultivating been sown with rye, it will afford
nice feed for lambs in the Fali, and in the following Spring it will be
found most valuable for breeding ewes. If there is stubble gi'ound, in
which green oats or wheat have started, it makes excellent pasture for
lambs, since they will also pick up some grain. In any event, they should
be learned to eat grain by having their salt sprinkled on grain in a trough
under cover, so they may learn to eat it. So far as Winter management
is concerned, the same rule will apply as to other animals. Give them

m
il

744

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

the best of the hay and a liberal quantity of grain, to keep them growing
right along.

The Nursery.

In all large flocks there will always be some lambs that do not do well.
These should always be separated from the others and have extra rare.
80 in the older sheep — the flock should be graded as to age, size and sex.
It is better that the wethers and the ewes be kept apart, and that in the
sexes that very strong animals be not put with Aveak ones. If they do
no other mischief, they rob the weak ones of their food, the very thing
they most need. In fact, every farm should have a nursery, however
small the flock, wh'cre weak ones and wethers may receive special atten-
tion and care. Sheep upon farms suited to them are very profitable, but
however suitable the farm, the profits will be in direct proportion to the
intelligent care and uttcutiou the auimals receive.

cp them growiuj

,t do not do well,
have extra oarc.
ige, size and sex.
, and that in the
ics. If they do
1, the very thinjr
lursery, liowever
ive special atten-
ry profitable, but
)roportion to the

PART VI.

Diseases of Sheep.

CAUSE, piiEYENTio:?^ a:n^d remedies.

THE

CHAPTER L

ANATOMY AND DISEASES OF SHEEP.

THE HHAD. THE TRUNK. THE PORE-LEG. THE HINDIiEO. IMPORTANCE

OF THE HEAD TO BREEDERS. DISEASES OP THE HEAD AND BRAIN.

THE TEHTH. SWELLED HEAD. VEGETABLE POISONINQ. INFLAMMA-
TION OP THE EYE. SHEEP DISTEMPER. HOW TO KNOW IT. WHAT TO

DO. GRUBS IN THE HBAD. HOW TO SAVE THE SHEEP. APOPLEXT.

PREVENTION. INFLAMMATION OP THE BRA'N. TETANUS, OR LOCK-
JAW. PALSY. RABIES. HYDATIOS ON THE BRAIN. PARASITES OP

THE BODY AND SKIN. THE SCAB. HOW TO KNOW IT. WHAT TO DO.

DISEASES OP THE GENERATIVE AND URINARY ORGANS. DISEASES OP

THE LIMBS AND HOOFS, FOOT ROT. HOW TO CURB IT. TOULS, AND-

TRAVEL-SORE FEET. GRAVEL. THE BIFLEX CANAL. MAGGOTY SHEEP.

LUNG WORMS. INTESTINAL WORMS. ROTTEN LIVER. COLIC.

SKELETON OP LEICESTER 8HSBP.

The Head.

Explanation.— 1— The intermaxillary bone. 2— The nasal bones. 3— The
48

i I

(Mi

748

ILLUSTIUTEU STOCK DOCTOR.

5 — Tho union of
7— The frontal
11 — The molars

upper jaw. 4 — Tlio union of the nasal and upper jaw bone,
the molar and lachrymal bones. G — The orbita of tiie eye.
bone. 9 — The lower jaw. 10 — The incisor teelh or nippers,
or grinders.

The Trunk.

1,1 — The ligament of the neck, supporting the head. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 —
The seven vertebriB, or bones of the neck. 1 — 13 — Tho thirteen vertebraj, or
bones of the back. 1 — G — Tiie s\x vertebra} of the loins. 7 — The sacral hone.
8— Tho bones of the tail, varying in different breeds from twelve to twent^'-one.
9 — The haunch and pelvis. 1 — 8 — The eight true ribs with their cartilages.
9 — 13 — The five false ribs, or those that are not attached to the breast bone.
J 4 — The breast bone.

The Fore-leg.

1 — The soapula or shoulder-blade. 2 — Tho humerus, bone of the arm, or lower
tpart of the shoulder. 3 — The radius, or bone of the forearm. 4 — The ulna, or
•elbow. .') — The knee, witli its different bones. 6 — Tho metacarpal, or shank-
■bones ; the larger bones of tho leg. 7 — A rudiment of the smaller metacarpal.
•8 — One of the sessamoid bones. 9— The two first bones of the foot; the pas-
iterns. 10 — The proper bones of the foot.

The Hind-leg

1 — The thigh bone. 2 — The stifle joint and its bone, the patella. 8 — The
tibia, or bone of the upper part of the leg. 4 — The point of the hock. 6 — The
•other bones of the hock. 6 — The metatarsal bone, or bono of llie hind-leg. 7
— Rudiment of the small metatarsal. 8 — A sessamoid bono. 9 — The two first
Ibopes of the foot, the pasterns. 10 — The proper bone of the foot.

The bones of the loins bear a strong resemblance to those in the back,

Ibut instead of springing from the sides, as do the ribs, they are iixed,

Ibony processes, several inches in length, and their peculiar duty is to af-

iford protection to the abdomen. They are the timbers that support the

roof, or covering of this part of the system. Next in position to the loin

■comes the sacrum, which is formed in young animals of separate bones,

but at maturity is consolidated into one. At this point the passage for

the spinal cord becomes very much diminished, and, at the end of the

bone, terminates in several nerves, which continue their course into the

tail. The bones of the latter are numerous, but not perforated. We

pass now to the limbs, and find that the number of joints are the same in

the horse, ox, and sheep, but in the latter animals, at the fetlock, these

become divided aud the four boues beneath it are thus doubled.

BHEEP, THEIR DISEASES.

749

skuijL of a polled shbbf.

The bone which forms the clbow-ulna does not support much of the
weio-ht of the animal, but serves to attiich tlio powerful muscles, so notio-
(il)lo in bones, with good fore-arms. The attachment of the ulna to tho
radius forms a lever. The curpas or knee is comi)osed of seven distinci
bones, placed in two rows. Tho upper low articulates with the radius ;
tho motiuuirpus.

Explanation — ' — Occipital bone, depressed
out of dann^cr. 2 — Tho parietal bones, the
suture having disappeared, and also out of
danirer. 3 — The s(iuamous portions of the
temporal bone — the buttress of the arch of
tiie skull. 4 — The meatus auditorius, or
bony opening into the ear. 5 — The frontal

bones. 6 — The openings through which blood-vessels pass, to sup-
ply the forehead. 7 — The bony orbits of the eye. 8 — The zygo-
matic or molar bones, very much developed. 9, 10 — The bones of
tho nose. 11 — Tho upper jaw bone. 12 — Tho foramen, through
which the nerve and blood-vessels pass, to supply the lower part of the
face. 13 — The nasal processes of the intermaxillary bones. 14 — The
palatine processes. 15 — Tho intermaxillary bone, supporting the cartila-
ginous pad, instead of contjiining teeth.

Explanation — 1 — Nasall bone. 2 —
Upper jaw bone. 3 — Intermaxillary
bone supporting the pad, supplies the
place of upper front teeth. 4, 4 —
The frontal sinus. 5 — Cavity or sinus
of the horn, communicating Avith the
frontal sinus. It is here shown by re-
moval of a section of the base of the
horn. 7 — ^The frontal bone. 8 — Verti-
cal section of the brain. 9 — Vertical section of the oerebcUum. a —
The cineritious portion of the brain, b — The medullary portion of the
brain. 10 — The ethmoid bone. 11 — The cribiform or perforated plate
of the ethmoid bone. 12 — The lower cell of the ethmoid bone. 13
— ^The superior turbinated bone. 14 — The inferior turbinated bone. 1 7
—The sphenoid bone.

HBAD OF SHEEP— VERTICAL SECTION.

Importanoe of the Head to Breeders.

The head of the sheep is one of the important points by which to esti-
mate the quality and profitableness of the animal. The frontal bone ( 1 )
projects both forward and laterally, and gives to the sheep a peculiar

760

ir,I,USTUATK(> STOCK DOCTOR.

appearance a« regards breadth of forehead and prominence of the eye.
This design of nature is intended for the base of tlie horns, though in
breeds known as hondess, or polled, the same formation is observable.
The room from eye to eye is oec^asioned l)y the frontal bones (5, 5, of
polled sheep) reaching us far l)elow the range of vision as above it, and
very materially shortening the nasal (10, 10,) bones. These reach up-
ward to the parietal l)onert (2) whi(;h latter constitute an important portion
of the posterior, slanting portion of the skull, just below the junction of
the frontal and parietal bones ; the head fulls off in fullness — a backward
sloping, so to speak, and the part of the frontal bone most important be-
cause covering the brain, is removed from the danger resulting from
concussion of the head in fighting. The form of the brain in the sheep,
is similar to that of the horse and ox, l)ut is longer in proportion to size,
and broader in the ba(;k than in the front. The brain of the sheep so
closely resembles, in its conformation and sti'ucture, that of aman, though
smaller in proportion, that it fu.iiishes the medical student with a good
substitute for the human subject. The membrane covering the brain is
technically called the jom mater. The dura wa^er lines the skull, and be-
tween the latter and the former is a delicate membrane called tprnica
arachmidcs. The nerves, of which ten pairs arc connected with the bruin,
and thirty with the spinal cord, supply the sense of feeling, seeing, hear-
ing, tasting, smelling, &c., and a portion conveying the volition of the
brain to all parts of the body, are termed nerves of motion.

Diseases of the Head and Brain.

In Europe, and especially in Great Britain, sheep are subject to a long
category of diseases. Fortunately, in this country sheep thus fur have
been subject to comparatively few diseases, and esjjccially so in the West ;
owing probably to the fact that, except in the Spring, and sometimes for
a short period in the Autumn, the climate and the soil are dry. Mr.
Spooner, the able English veterinary writer, remarks upon the rarity of
influnnnatory diseases in American sheep. This he attributes to the
muscular and vascular structure of the sheep, comparing the indifferently
kept sheep of his day with highly fed British sheep. The real cause,
however, of exeinption from disease lies more in the climate than anything
else. Another special reason probably is that our flock musters are, as a
rule, men of intelligence, Avho trust but little to ignorant shepherds, as
is not the case in Great Britain and on the continent. We shall therefore
touch lightly upon many diseases specially treated of in foreign Avorks,
and pay more pai-ticular attention to that class of diseases most prevalent
with us.

SHEEP, TIIEIK 1)IHEA8EB.

The Teeth.

751

Tho sheep has eight, incisors in tlio lower jaw, and twelve f]jrin(lers —
six on )i side in eiu-h jaw, — inakin<; in all thirty-two tectli. At hiitli the
hunb should have the two central incisors just pusliing tiirough. At a
ni(»nth old all the incisors should he U|). At one; year, soineiiines not
until (ifteen months old, the two first milk incisors will be shed, and two
new or permanent ones will appear. At two years old i)ast, it will have
two more permanent teeth, or four in all. At three years old past it
will have six permanent incisors, and at four years old past the eight
permanent teeth, or a full mouth, as it is called, will he shown. This
will 1)0 an accurate test as to the age of sheep, up to four years, varied of
course by oaro and keep ; hij;hly fed sheep developing faster than illy
kept ones. At six the incisors begin to decrease in breadth, and lose
their fan shape, as seen at four 3'ears old. .\t seven they become longer
and narrower, and each year this shrinkage continues, until at last they
become (piite slender, the middle ones long, and at ten years they loosen
and begin to drop out. In the West few sheep are kept to the age of
ten years, except in the case of valuable ewes and bu(;ks. The principal
care necessary with the teeth is, if deejay is suspected, to (examine, and
extract the decayed ones, or pierce the nerve with a hot iron.

Swelled Head.

Sheep sometinics arc bitten by venomous snakes, but this seldom
occurs, and when so the animal is usually beyond help before being
found. The bites of insects however, sometimes give trouble. When
swelling from this cause is discovered, cut the wool from around the
wound, wash with Avarm water, dry, rub thoroughly with lard oil, and if
the insect may have been a venomous one, give the following dose each
hour until relief is obtained :

he real cause.

No. 1. H Scruple harteborn,

1 Ounce rainwater.

Vegetable Poisoning.

The faces of the sheep sometimes become poisoned from feeding near
noxious plants. Bathe the sore place with warm water, and then moisten
with the following :

No. 2,

10 Grains acetate of lead,
1 Ounce water.
Diss- .e.

I ',,,

7.')2

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

This is ulso cxcollont for liurns, bruiHos, irritiiMo nnd niolHt ulcers, iij-
fluiiu'd tendons, moist Hkin di^tciiHos, und cruckod and itching HUrfticcs,
Hnd also for sore lips.

Inflammation of the Eyes.

Simple ophthalmy sometimes occurs in sheep. If tlicre in serious in-
flammation, Ideed sli<;htly from the facial vein — tlie vein running down
oblicjuely from the eye, and bathe with the following:

No. 3. 8 OrninM Hiilpliuto orzinc,

1 Oiinuo water,
15 Drops liiuduniim.
Mix, and batlio lightly twice a day.

Sheep Distemper.

Malignant epizootic catarrh is an epidemic accompanied by severe con-
gestion and intlammation of the lining membrane of the nasal cavities and
sometimes extending into the stomach and bowels, is as to its cause un-
known, but has occasionally been very fatal, both East und West.

How to Know It.

There is depression, a slight watery dis(!harge from the nostrils and the
eyes, which are partly closed and paler than natural. There is more or
less loss of appetite. The pulse is normal as to frequency, but is weaker
than usual. There is no cough, and the breathing is not changed unless
the bronchial tubes are affected. The symptoms increase, until tlio end
of a week the discharge from the nose is thi(!k and glutinous, some-
times tinged with blood ; eyes half closed, the lids gummed with a yellow
secretion. The respiration is difficult, emaciation and prostration great:
the jjulse very low, the appetite is gone, and in from ten to fifteen days
the animal dies.

What to Do.

At the first symptoms, remove the sheep to a dry, well ventilated
place, where they may be kept comfortably warm. Give them concen-
trated and nourishing food and stimulants. If the bowels are costive,
give them, say :

No. 4.

8 Grains corrosive sublimate,

1 Oz. rhubarb,

2 Oz. ginger,
2 Oz. gentian.

BiiKRr, TriEin disrases.

753

Simmer the liiHt thrco in ii (juiirt of water for ten or fifteen luinuteH ;
Htniin, and add the first, (iive two tuhlc-spoonfuJM twice u day. In any
case, avoid all strong purging or bleeding. An e(|ual)lu warmth, good
feeding, nourishing drinks, and good nursing, is wliat will save, when
possil)le, if taken ourly. If not well nursed the patient will be sure to die.

Grubs in the Head-
In July and August, if sheep are seen standing orort'dod together with
the head-' dose to the ground, occasionally stamping violently, or striking
with thcii fore feet, be sure the sheep gad-fly GJntrm Ovih, is attempting
to dep(> it her eggs in the nostrils of the sheep. This fly is somewhat
like the ox gad-fly, but smaller. The egg deposited, the maggot soon
hatches, ascends the sinuses of the nose, causing much irritation. Then
it grows during Winter, and in the Spring descends and falls on the
grouiul, burrows therein, assumes the form of a chrysalis, to be again
transformed into a perfect fly.

How to Save the Sheep.

Prevent the flies from laying their eggs. Plow a portion of the field
into furrows of loose soil ; keep the sheep's noses smeared with tar, by
tarring once a day through the season of the fly. I have caught them in
a light bag net, such as boys use in catching insects. A reward of five
cents for every fly caught would well repay the sheep owner.

The maggots affix themselves by their strong hooks, and are not easily
dislodged. Violent sneezing will sometimes dislodge them. Thus Scotch
siuiff may be blown up the nostrils. The infested sheep may be driven
ill a dose place, and horn shavings or leather burned to irritate the
membrane of the nostrils. A better way, when carefully done, is to
secure the sheep, hold the head up, and pour into each nostril a teaspoon-
ful of equal parts of sweet oil and turpentine, well shaken together. Be
careful, however, that the sl'ccp is not strangled by the mixture entering
the lungs. The grubs are sometimes extracted by the surgeon. It is a
nice operation, and as a rule will not pay its cost

Apoplexy.

This is a disease seldom seen in the United States, and confined to
sheep of a plethoric habit, and is generally fatal if not taken early. The
sheep leaps suddenly in the air, falls and dies in a few moments. The
remedy is early and copious bleeding from the neck (jugular) vein, until

. ]%

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754

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR

the sheep shows signs of weakness. A phit of blood is sometimes taken
from full-bodied, large sheep and less for smaller ones.

Prevention.

This is better than cure. Tf a sheep be dull, and apparently uncon-
scious of what is going on ; if tLe membranes of the nose are deep red
or violet, the nostrils and pupils of the eye dilated, the pulse hard, and
the breathing stertorous, bleed immediately, and afterwards give two
ounces of salt, to be followed by an ounce every six hours until a copious
evacuation is produced.

Inflammation of the Brain.

This is a secondary effect of the causes which produce apoplexy. The
animal is dull and inactive. The eyes are red and protruding, and at
length the animal rushes about in the wildest delirium. The same remedy
is prescribed as for apoplexy.

Look-jaw.

This is produced from a variety of causes, among the more common,
being inflammation of the membranes from improper gelding, injuring
the hoofs, horns, etc. The animal is unable to walk, or only so with dif-
ficulty ; the jaws are set, and death ensues in a short time. Warmth,
qxiet, and bleeding from the jugular vein, is recommended. We should
omit the bleeding and g've one-half to three-quarters of an ounce of
castor oil, according to the age of the sheep, the disease being confined
mostly to lambs, and sheep after gelding. Follow the dose of castor oil,
in half an hour, Avith ten grains of opium, and at the end of an hour,
give another ixii grains of opium if a decided sedative effect is not pro-
duced. Epilopf.y is a kindred disease, in fact tetanus is considered to be
an aggravated state of epilepsy. The remedial means will be the same.

Palsy.

This is the opposite of epilepsy. The sheep is unable to move its
limbs. It is supposed to be j.roduced by cold and improper treatment.
It is rare in this country. T.ike the lamb to a warm place, give it warm
gruel, with a little ginger mixed in it. If a purgative is indicated give
the following :

No. 5. 2 Oz. epsom salts,

>i Drachm ginger.

Mix in half pint of ale or water ; to be followed by two drachms of
laudanum in an hour.

SHEEP, THEIR DISEASES.

Babies.

755

Sheep are apt to be bitten by rabid dogs. The only preventive is to
kill all strange dogs. The remedy is to kill the sheep as soon us attacked.

Hydatids on the Brain.

This is a disease of rare occurrence in America, probably from the
fact that range is greater and dogs fewer to the square mile. The disease
once fixed, nothing, practically, can be done, at least except a thorough
veterinary surgeon be called, since it involves a delicate surgical operation.
The bladder worm or hydatid is a form of the tape worm of the dog, in
iin earlier stage of existance. The mature tape worm lives in the bowels
of the dog, its eggs arc voided with the excrement, and in close pasturage
the sheep take the eggs while grazing ; hatching, they make their way to
the brain, where they grow, and must remain until eaten by souie other
animal. Thus the dog eats the sheep's head, acquires the tape worm,
and the insect again goes its round of life. Allow no sheep's heads to be
eaten without thorough cooking, kill all strange dogs, and give your shep-
herd dogs a good vermifuge occasionally.

One of the plans adopted to get rid of the hydatid when it can be loca-
ted is to pierce the cyst with the needle of a strong hypodermic syringe,
and inject into it half a tea-spoonful of the following :

Ko. 6. 1 Grain iodine,

5 Grains iodide of potash,

1 Ounce water.

Mix.

Parasites of the Body and Skin.

Sheep are infested with lice, three different forms of parasites which
produce scab, also with ticks, intestinal worms, parasites of the liver,
lungs, etc.

The Scab.

This is produced by a minute, almost microscopic insect, which bur-
rows under the cuticle, producing intense irritation, the escape of serum,
and which drying, brings off with it wool and all, and, spreading with
great rapidity, soon infests the whole flock. The tenacity of life of these
insects is so grenf that a scabby pasture has been said to spread the con-
tagion after three years. The prevention of infection should be impera-
tive with every flock master.

)y two drachms of

7r»(i

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

How to Know It.

The sheep is restless and constantly rubbing itself against posts and
other objects it can get near. It bites itself with its teeth, and scratches
itself with its hoofs. Soon the fleece becomes ragged and begins to full
out, and the animal apptars wretched and unsightly, and at length dies.

A BAD CASE OF SCAB.

What to Do.

The remedies are both liquid and oily. A good dip, and one re-
garded in England as most effective, is the following;

No. 7. 3 Pounds arsenic,

3 Pounds pearl ash,
3 Pounds sulphur,
3 Pounds soft soap.

Mix in ten gallons of boiling water, stir, but avoid the fumes, and add
ninety gallons of cold water. Prepare a tank that will easily allow a
sheep to be dipped, having a slanted, slatted drain at the side, tight bot-
tom underneath to allow the drip to run back. Dip the sheep, back
down, being careful not to allow the head to enter the poisonous mixture,
letting the animal remain one minute. Lift on to the slats and rub and
squeeze the wool, until pretty well drained, and place in a yard until
dry. When dry, go over the flock again, as to the heads, with the fol-
lowing :

No. 8.

1 Pound mercurial ointment,

Pounds lard,

1 Pound rosin,

}i Pint oil of turpentine.

SHEEP, THEIU DISEASES.

757

Mix the mercurial ointment witn the lard by heating gently and stir-
ring. Dissolve the resiu in the turpentine and rub all together when the
lard is cold. Part the wool on the head between the ears, on the fore-
head, along the neck and under the jaws, and rub in the ointment.

In the United States, tobacco is often used in the place of arsenic ; if
used, substitute ten pounds of strong tobacco leaves for the arsenic in the
formula as given above.

A formula in great repute among Australian shepherds, is the fol-
lowing :

No. 9. 1 Pound tobacco leaves,

1 Pound sulphur,
5 Uullona water.
Boil the tobacco in the water, then add the sulphur.

The sheep is dipped in this solution while quite hot, and retained in it
four or five minutes, its head being from time to time thrust under so
as not to enter the eyes, nose, or mouth, and the wool pressed and
dried as before stated.

•

Diseases of the Oenerative and Urinary Organs.

dip, and one re-

Use the remedies prescribed for cattle, noting the doses as given for
sheep in the list of medicines for animals.

Diseases of the Limbs and Hoofk— Foot Bot.

This is an infectious disease often aggravated by grit and dirt increas-
ing the inflammation. The indications of rot are described minutely
by Dr. Randall :

The first symptom is the disappearance of the naturally, smooth, dry,
pale condition of the skin at the top of the cleft, over the heels. It
becomes somewhat red, warm and moist, and slightly rough or chafed.
Next, the moisture increases to a discharge, and an ulcer is formed which
extends down to the upper portion of the inner wall of the hoof. These
walls are then attacked, become disorganized, and the disease penetrates
between the fleshy sole and the bottom of the hoof. The hoof is thick-
ened at the heel by an unnatural deposition of horn. The crack between
it and the fleshy sole pours out an offensive and purulent matter. Soon
all parts of the foot are penetrated by the burrowing ulcei'ation, the horny
sole is disorganized, and the fleshy sole becomes a black and swollen mass
of corruption, shapeless, spongy, and often filled with maggots. The
fore-feet are usually first attacked ; lameness is early noticed and soon

758

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

becomes complete : the appetite is lost, and the animal dies from exhaus-
tion. The oifensive odor of the true foot rot is characteristic, and once
made familiar will serve as a certain guide in recognizing the disease.
The disease may present itself in a malignant and rapid form, or in a
mild one. The first attack on a flock is generally of the severe charac-
ter. When it is kept under the flrst year, its appearance the next Sum-
mer will be mild ; and the third season still milder.

How to Cure Bot.

Every part of the diseased structure must be cut away, cleaning the
knife from time to time. This thoroughly accomplished, prepare a tank,
which is to be tilled to a depth of four inches, with a strojig, saturated
solution of sulphate of copper, blue vitriol; let each sheep stand in this,
heated as hot as they can bear, for ten or more minutes, keeping the whole
hot by occasionally plashing a piece of heated iron in it, or adding ii
quantity of the solution boiling hot. It is also well to cover the hoof
with chloride of lime, and fill the cleft of the hoof with a piece of tow
long enough so the ends can be twisted into a cord to be fastened around
the fetlock. This makes a good bandage. The hoofs should be exam-
ined daily for sometime and the chloride renewed if necessary. Keep
the sheep in a dry, well-littered yard, or on a dry, short pasture, and feed
well. If the case is bad, the following tonic given internally will be
necessary :

No. 10. 2 Drachma common salt,

)i Drachm sulphate of iron,
}i Drachm nitrate of potash.
Uix 08 a powder and give daily.

Fouls and Travel-sore.

These may be cured, the first by washing the cleft of the hoof with
warm water and applying a strong solution of blue vitriol, and the latter
by touching the thin places in the hoofs with a feather dipped in oil of
vitriol, and smearing over with tar. Or better, prepare the following:

No. 11. 1 Part solution of chloride of antimony,

1 Part compound tincture of myrrh.

Gravel.

Sheep often become graveled. If lame in the least examine them, and
cut the horn of the hoof to expose the gravel ; extract it and cover the
wound with tar.

the
advi
cm
perl

SHEEP, THEIR DISEASES.

The Biflex Canal.

759

The issue as it is called (blflv^x ciiniil) in the front and upper part of
the hoof, sometimes becomcd irritated and swollen. Do not follow the
advice of ignorant persons and "cut out the worm." If anything is
embedded therein, extract it. If simply swollen and inflamed, and
perhaps ulcci-ated, lance it in two or three places slightly and dress with
(Compound tincture of myrrh.

Maggoty Sl:eep.

Often in hot weather, from one cause or another, flies will lay their
e<r<rs, either in a wound, or, if the sheep is dirty, in the accumulated dung
aliout the thighs. The prevention is cleanliness. Keep the slicep well
tao'gcd, that is shear the wool from under the sides of tl tail, and
dia"'onally thence some ways down the thighs. If maggots exist they
must be taken out, a \d the wounds touched with

No. 12,

1 Part creosote,
4 Parts alcohol.

And afterwards bathed daily, until relieved, Avith tincture of myrrh.

Other Diseases.— Lung-Worms.

This disease is caused by the presence of worms, the strongultis filaria,
which sometimes make their way into the lungs, but are usually found in
the Avindi)ipe and bronchial tubes and bowels of sheep. If there is
dysentery, Avith fetid stools, examine the evacuations and the mucuts of
the mouth and throat for indications of the v.'orms. If there is a husky
cough and quickened brei»thing ; if the sheep rubs its nose on the ground ;
if it lose its appetite and flesh prepare the following :

No. 13. 6 Oz. sulphate of magnesia,

4 Oz. nitrate of potash.

Pour on these three pints boiling water, and when the solution is milk
warm add :

No. 14. 4 Oz. oil of turpentine,

X Oz. bole armeniac.

Mix well and ^ve two or three tablespoonfuls every other day.

When the worms are supposed to prevail, the following may be made
into twelve doses, one to be given once in two weeks, as a preventive;

No. 15.

This is enough for twelve sheep.

2 Oz. oil of turpentine,

2 Oz. powdered gentian,

2 0z. Iiudanum.

Dissolve in a quart of limo water.

760

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Intestinal Worms.

Tho presence of intestinal worms and other parasite affections may be
often found if shepherds would take the trouble to dissect a dead sheep.
When found in one, the presumption is good that many are affected, for
these parasites seldom appear in individual cases only. As .i preventive,
when feared, plenty of salt should be allowed, and the following prepared
to be given once in two weeks.

Ko. 16. 2 Lbs. common salt,

1 Lb. 8ulphato of magnesia,
a Lb. sulphate of iron,
)4 Lb. powdered gentian,
Mix:

This is sufficient for 80 to 100 sheep to be given in ground feed.

Dr. Tellor says : Ordinary wood soot, as it can be collected from the
chimney is a very efficient vermifuge, often used, both in children and
the lower animals. It may be mixed with salt, or sprinkled on the fodder.
Another cheap and useful vermifuge, in the form of a drink, is —

Ko. 17. 1 Lb. quick lime,

6 Oz. sulphate of iron.

Mix with live gallons of water, and give a pint twice a week.

As a vermifuge in round and thread-worms, the shepherd may use-
No. 18.
For a drench.

2 Oz. linseed oil,

)i Oz. oil of turpentine.

For tape worm, the following : —

Ko. 19. X to 1 Drachm, powdered areca nut,

10 to 20 Drops, oil of t<mall fern.

Give in molasses and water, and follow next day with a purge.

The Bot, or Liver-Fluke.

This is a disease caused by flat worms, (Fasciola hepatica,) in the
liver. If by rubbing the skin of a sheep backward and forward at the
small of the back as taken between the thumb and fingers, it is soft and
flabby and there is a crackling feeling in the fingers, as if there were water
underneath : if there is weakness and tenderness about the loins ; if the
belly swells, and the eye becomes jaundiced ; if there is a diarrhea, a weak
heart and general stupor, and no veterinarian is n'^ar, isolate the animals
in a high dry pasture, give abundant and nutritious food and prepare the
following :

vi^ppwwifc-.

SHEEP, THEIU DISEASES.

76X

affections may be
ject a dead sheep.
r are affected, for
As .1 preventive,
'ollowing prepared

round feed,
ollected from the
in children and
led on the fodder.
Irink, is —

I week.

lerd may use —

a purge.

\epatica,) in the
forward at the
srs, it is soft and
there were water
;he loins ; if the
diarrhea, a wcal<
)late the animals
and prepare iha

No. 30. )i Lb. sulphate ol magnesia,

3 Drachms oil of turpentine.

Mix for a drench, and give every two days, one-third of the quantity
at a dose.

The following is an English remedy and said to be very effective :

No. 21. iK Drachms yellow resin,

1 Oz. oil of turpentine,
10 Grains calomel,
30 Drops tincture of Iodine.

For three doses, one to be given every morning for three days, in gruel.

Colio.

The best preventive is to keep sheep off of pastures liable to inundation,
since the worm passes one stage of its existance in shell fish and water
insects, which are carried into such pastures by floods, and the sheep get
the germs with the grass.

Lush pasture to hungry sheep, ergot in fodder, musty or blighted
grain, will produce colic or hoven in sheep as in cattle. The presence of
gas is sometimes so strong as to rupture the walls of the rumen or third
stomach. If the case is not serious, press and knead the stemach, and
give the following :

No. 22. 2 Drachms sulphate of potash,

1 Oz. common salt,
1 Oz. sweet oil.
Mix in a wine glass full of water.

If the inflation is great, get a rubber tube, of half inch calibre, fasten
a pledget of wool over the end to prevent clogging, oil thoroughly and
introduce gently down the throat to the stomach. If this means fail and
the swelling continues, remove the wool from the most prominent part
and plunge a trocar into the stomach. If a trocar is not to be had use a
common sharp pointed pen knife, and keep the orifice open by inserting
a goose quill.

)'■
I'i ,

■ 1

1
1

PART VII.

SWINE.

HISTORY, BREEDS, CHARACTERISTICS
^ND MANAGEMENT.

■III ■ 1,1

SWINE.

History, Breeds and Characteristics.

CHAPTER I.

HISTOBY AND BREEDS.

OBiaiN OF THE HOG. TEErH OF THE HOG. IMPORTANCE 0? 8WINB TO MAH.

1. IMPKOVED BREEDS OF SWINE. — ENGLISH BREEDS. — II. THE BERKSHIREf.

ESTABLISHING TUB IMPROVED BERKSHIRE. STANDARD CHARACTERIS-
TICS OF BERKSHIRES III. NEAPOLITAN H0O8. IV. ESSEX BREED. V.

YORKSHIRE HOG. — VI. SDFFOLKS. — VII. LANCASHIRE HOGS. — VIII. LANCASHIRE

MIDDLE-BREED. — IX. LARGE LANCASHIRE. — AMERICAN BREEDS. X. POLAND

CHINA. — XI. CHESTER WHITES. — XII. JERSEY BEDS. — CHBSHIRE8. — XIII. CHARAC-
TERISTIC8. RECAPITULATION OF BREEDS.

Origin of the Hog.

The great antiquity of the hog, *ms scrofa of Linneeus, is fixed from
the fact that remains of several fossil species have been found in the
tertiary and diluvial deposits of Europe, and allied species in India. The
wild hogs, from which the domestic breeds have taken their rise, are
native of Europe, Asia and Africa, and 'are found wherever the climate
is mild enough to afford sustenance in Winter, and in a domestic state
wherever civilization has been extended. The fact of the origin of the
domestic hojr is well established from the fact that it will interbreed and
continue entirely fertile, the succeeding fertility of the offspring, to the
remotest generations, proving the homogeneity of the species.

m '

7GG

ILLUSTUATKI) STOCK DOCTOR.

In America, in Australia imtl in the Poiyncsian grouj), hogs were uii-
known until introduced. In England the wild species has long been
extinct. In France they arc nearly so, hut in some parts of Germany,
Dcinnark, Italy, tireece, and in Asia Minor they are still met with, lu
America swine are said to have been introduced into Ilispaniolu h)
Columbus in It!).'; into Florida by De Soto in l.'iUH ; into Nova Svn*'\n
and Newfoundland in IbSy'A, into Canada in 1<>0H, and into Virginia in
lt)0!). So great was the fecundity of swino in Virginian forests, that ia
eighteen years after their introduction the inhabitants of Jamestown had
to palisade the town to keep them out.

Teeth of the Hog.

The domestic hog has, when full grown, forty-four permanent teeth,
twenty-eight of which are preceded by temporary, or milk teeth. Tiu'
teeth are classified as follows : Twelve incisors or front teeth, six in the
upper and six in the lower jaw. The incisors in each jaw are divided
Cfjually, three on each side of the median line, of which the fore-
most are called the nippei's ; the next outside of these, intermediary
incisors, and the remainder, outside of these arc called corner incisors.
Next in order are the four tusks, one on each upper and one in each
under jaw on each side. The true grinders or molars are six in number,
not including. the so-called "wolf teeth," four in number, but which arc
now classed with the molars, making I'cally seven on a side in each jaw.
Each of the three hindmost molars in the four rows are permanent teeth,
or not preceded by milk teeth. The three next in front of these appear
soon after birth, one after another, and are called milk teeth(()r premolars )
and in the course of time are shed one after another, in the order in
which they appeared, to give place for the permanent molars. These six
molars are counted from the hindmost one forward. The seventh molar
tooth, or the fourth premolar, appears later, in the space between the
third premolai" and the tusk. This small, apparently supernumerary
tooth is sometimes called a wolf's tooth, and was once considered as an
independent tooth, not belonging to the molars. It is now classed with the
molars, to which it un('oubtedly belongs. It is a permanent tooth, and
is sometimes very t?mall and in>perfect, which is accounted for by the
near proximity of the large and strong tusk.

The teeth of the hog may therefore be represented by the following
formula : Incisors, six upper six lower ; canines, one upper one lower on
each side ; wolf teeth, s* -called, now determined to be molars, one upper
one lower on each side ; molars, six upper six lower on each side ; in all
44 teeth.

SWINE, ni8TOnY AND HfiKKDH.

To Tell the Age of Swioe.

767

Kmst('iil)ur<,', a w<^ll known Oormnn iiuthority, hns given the following
niiniuiiry for tiotonniiiing tlu' ago of .swine :

Tiio aninnil is born with eight teeth — four corner incisors and four
tuHks.

On the eighth or tenth day appears the second or third teinponiry
iiiolar.

At four weeks old the four nippers appear — two in the upper and two
ill the lower jaw.

At th(! tifth or sixth week the foremost temporary molars ujjpear in
the upper and lower jaw.

At the ago of three months the intermediary incisors have appeared
altovc the gums.

At till' sixth month the so-called wolf's teeth will have appeared ; and
at the same age appear the third permanent molars.

At the ninth month the following teeth will have appeared : namely
the permanent corner incisors, the permanent tusks, and also the second
jjcrmancnt molars.

At the twelfth month the permanent nippers will be in view.

With the twelfth and thirteenth months the three temporary molars
will have been shed, and their permanent substitutes, Avhich, at fifteen
months of age, will have fully appeared, ai'e now just chitting through
the gums.

With the eighteenth month the permanent intermediary incisors and
the hindmost permanent molar will have made their appearance ; and,
with the twenty-first month, they will be fully developed.

Importance of Swine to Man.

Next to cattle, swine are the most important to man as an article of
food. In the adaptability of i)ork for successfully standing long voyages,
either barreled or smoked, in the value of lard for various culinary, lubri-
cating and burning purposes, its i)lace could not easily be supplied now.

As showing the importance of swine breeding in the United States,
the following table is given, extending from 1871 to 1878 inclusive :

1871—29,457,500,
1872—31,796,300,
1873—32,682,050,
1874—39,860,900,

1875—28,062,200,
1876—25,726,800,
1877—28,077,100,
1878—32,362,500.

In the year 1878 the three greatest hog producing States were Iowa,

11.

768

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Ohio and Illinois ; of these Iowa contained 2,244,800 ; Ohio, 2,341,411 ;
and Illinois, 3,355,500 hogs. In 1878 there were packed in Chicago
alone over 5,000,000 swine, or one-sixth the whole number raised in tiie
United States.

I. Improved Breeds of Swine.

To the India hog, the Chinese and tb Neapolitan is due more than to
any other, the improven.ent mi English breeds, and from those introduced
into the United States are duo our i-wn American breeds, that have now-
become unexcelled in any quarter of the globe for the purpose for which
they are intended ; early maturity, aptitude to fatten at any .age, and
ultimate weight of the mature animal. Of these the Chinese hog has
given great fattening propensities.

OLn CHINA BOAR.

The illustration we give will show first, the appearance of the boar aa
known years ago, and on the next page the sow. This breed has had a
very marked influence as one of the bases of the Poland-China breed of
the present day, and is said to have been introduced in the West, in Ohio,
in 1816.

Civilization in China antedates that of all other nations. Hence
it is quite probable that the systematic breeding of swine among that
people antedates that of other ancient nations. This again is proved by
the prepotency of the blood of this hog. It has formed the basis of im-

mm^..

8WINB, HISTORY AND BREEDS.

769

provement in all our modern breeds, both in England and America. In
England its prepotency has been strongly felt in all the breeds and has
transferred the long-legged, course-boned, elephant-eared, and big-headed
swine of Old England into the deep-bodied, broad-necked, short-nosed,
compact, and early-maturing Berkshire, Essex, Suffolk, Small Yorkshire
and other representative breeds, which have been further improved by the

=^5-<i^lft!!lA*^

CHINA SOW.

infusion of Neapolitan blood, reducing the hair, hide and bone until now
but little more is to be desired. And in our own country it has given us
the Poland-China, Chester whites, improved Cheshires and New Jersey
reds,' — breeds w^hich may compete most favorably with any others in
the United States.

English Breeds— The Berkshlres.

This now magnificent breed has been bred in Berkshire, England and
in adjacent countries from a very early day. Their origin is thus report-
ed : The family of hogs in Berkshire, England, which was the foundation
of the present improved breed, was of a sandy or buff color, about equiJly
spotted with black ; was of a large size, a slow feeder, and did not fully
mature till two and a half or three years old. But as such it was very
highly esteemed for the proportion of lean to fat in its meat, and for
the superior weight of its hams and shoulders, thus rendering the whole
carcass peculiarly fitted for smoking, for which purpose it was said to

770

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

excel all other English breeds. The improvement is reported to have
commenced sometime during the last century, through the importation
and crossing on the females of a Siamese boar. This breed was, in color
from a jet black to a dark slate, or rich plum color ; of medium size,
quick to mature ; very fine in all points, with short, small legs and head;
thin jowls ; a dished face ; slender, erect ears ; broad, deep, compact body,
well ribbed up ; extra heavy hams and shoulders ; a slender tail ; thin skin,
and firm, elastic flesh.

Establishing the Improved Berkshire.

After using the Siamese boar in Berkshire to the old style of females
as long as it was considered best, he was discarded, and the cross pigs
tli'^n bred together. In 1838 as we and others bred this swine in Illinois,
they were in color a deep, rich plum, with a slight flecking on the body,
of Avhitc, or buff, or a- mixture of the two ; having a small blaze in the
face : two to four white feet, and more or less white hair on the tail.
TIiG plum color was preferred to the black'or slate, because it carried
rather higher stylo and higher points with it, and a superior quality of
flesh, softer hair, and finer skin. Since that time the Berkshires have
been much improved in style and compactness, but probably not in excel-
lent meat points. In lean meat in the bacon pieces, and in superior hams
and shoulders, they excel all other breeds. It must be acknowledged,
however, they were always somewhat harder feeders than the best of the
very fat breeds.

Standard Characteristics of Berkshires.

The followinT may be accepted as a standard of charact.^ristics and
marks : Color black, white on feet, face, tip of tail , and occasional
splash o' white on the arm. While a small spot of white on some other
pail of the body does not argue an impurity of blood, yet it is to be
discouraged, to the end that uniformity of color may be attained by
breeders. White upon the ear,, or a bronze or copper spot on some part
of the body argues no impurity, but rather a reappearing of original
colors, by reversion. Markings of white other than those njuned above,
arc suspicious, and a pig so marked should be rejected. Face short,
fine and well dished ; broad between the eyes ; ears generally almost
erect, sometimes inclined forward with advancing age, always small,
thin, soft and showing veins ; jowl full ; neck short and thick ; shoulder
short from neck but moderately deep from back down ; back broad and
straight, or very little arched ; ribs long and well sprung, giving rotundity

mam^.

SWINE, HISTORY AND BREEDS.

771

reported to have
h the importation
)reed was, in color
; of medium size,
all legs and head;
lep, compact body,
der tail ; thin skin.

d style of females
md the cross pigs
lis swine in Illinois,
:iking on the body,

small blaze in the
e hair on the tail,
because it carried
superior quality of
je Berkshires have
)bably not in cxcel-
id in superior hams

be acknowledged,
lan the best of the

charact.:;ristics and
ail, and occasional
'hite on some other
)d, yet it is to be
lay be attained hy
spot on some part
)earing of original
hose najned above,
cted. Face short,
's generally almost
ige, always small,
nd thick; shoulder
n ; back broad and
ig, giving rotundity

of body; short ribs of good length, giving breadth and levelnes.s of loin;
hips good length from joint of hips to rump ; hams thick, round and
deep, holding their thickness well back and down to the hocks ; tail fine
and small, set on high up ; legs short and fine, but straight and very

.stmnM;, with hoofs erect and legs set wide apart ; size medium ; length
niedium, since extremes are to be avoided ; bone fine and compact ; offal
very light ; hair fine and soft ; no bristles ; skin pliable.

77i

ILLU8TRATRD STOCK DOCTOB.

m. ITeapolitan Hogs.

Sidney, in writing of the Neapolitan pig, says : "The Neapolitan pig is
black, or rather brown, without bristles, conser-'iently delicate when first
introduced into our northern climate. The flc->! is of fine grain, and the
fat is said to be free from therankness of the coarser tribes." Kcfcrrinir
to the supposed descent of the breed from the wild boar of Europe, ho
adds : "It is more probable that the Neapolitans are the descendants of
the dark Eastern swine imported by early Italian voyagers and cultivated
to perfection by the favorable climate and welcome food." Neapolitan
pigs have been for many years frequently taken to England. Martin
credits the gi-eat improvement in English swine, which has taken place
within thirty years, chiefly to the agency of the Neapolitan and Chinese
breeds, conjointly, or to cither alone. He names especially the Essex,
Hampshire, Berkshire and Yorkshire, and to these Youatt adds the
Wiltshire, and enforces Martin's statement as to the Berkshire and Essex.
Their earliest inli'oduction into the United States was in 1840-41. They
seem, however, not to have been well bred specimens. About IS.'JO a
Mr. Chamberlain of Red Hook, New Yoi k, made an importation direct
from Sorrento. They were all of a dark slate color, and their pigs were
like themselves and none with white, ash or drab color on them. The
following may be accepted as a perfect description of this breed and
their points :

Head small : forehead bony and flat ; face slightly dishing ; snout rather
long and very slender; ears small, thin, standing forward nearly horizon-
tally, and quite lively ; jowls very full ; neck short, broad and heavy
above ; trunk long, cylindrical and well ribbed back ; back flat, and ribs
arching, even in low flesh ; belly horizontal on the lower line ; hind-quar-
ters higher than the fore, but not very much so ; legs very fine, the bones
and joints being smaller than those of any other breed ; hams and shoul-
ders 'Veil developed and meaty ; tail fine, curled, flat at the extremity,
and xringed with hair on each side; general color slaty, or bluisb plum
color, with a cast of coppery red ; skin soft and fine, nearly free from
hair, which, when found upon the sides of the head and behind the fore-
legs, is black and soft, and rather loug ; flesh firm and elastic to the touch.

rv. The Essex Breed.

It is well krown that the Neapolitan was a prime integer in the improve-
ment of the Essex breed of swine. In comparing specimens of the two
breeds one can see plainly the cross of a broad, deep, gross feeder with
an animal of great delicacy and refinement — the cross proving, when es*

SWINE, HISTORY AND BREKD8.

778

eapolitan pig ia
.'ate when first

grain, and the
s." Refcrrinjr

of Europe, ho
descondaiits of

and cultivated
." Neapolitan
^land, Martin
as taken place
n and Chinese
ally the Essex,
ouatt adds the
liire and Essex.
840-41. They
About IS.'iO a
lortation direct
their pigs were
m them. The
;his breed and

u , snout rather
nearly horizon-
)ad and heavy
i. flat, and ribs
le ; hind-quar-
fine, the bones
inis and shoul-
the extremity,
bluivsh plum
irly free from
Bhind the fore-
c to the touch.

n the improve-
3118 of the two
ss feeder with
ving, when e»

tablished, to combine those qualities which are of greatest value in the
parent breeds, and being capable of imparting them to crosses with breeds
less finely organized.

ESSEX BOAR.

The Essex originated in the south of England and are entirely black.
They are small to medium in size, and are extensively used in England as
crosses on the large coarse swine, with a view to improving their fattening
qualities. The best specimens may be known by being black in color ;
face short and dishing ; ears small and soft, standing ei'ect while young,
coming down somewhat with age ; carcass long, broad, straight and deep ;
hams heavy, and well let down"; bone fine, and carcass when fattened,
mainly composed of lard ; hair generally rather thin ; fattening qualities
superior. The black color of the Essex, as is the case with all the im-
proved black swine, is only confined to the epidermis or scarf skin ; when
dressed the skin is beautifully white and clean. The cut we have given
of the Essex boar, will very well represent the Neapolitan with the excep-
tion that the Essex is a comparatively well haired breed.

V. The Yorkshire Hog.

Tlie Yorkshires are among the best of the pure bred swine of England,
and have stamped their impress upon nearly all the modem white breeds.
Their good qualities are : They are of a size, shape and flesh that are
desirable for the family or the packer's use. They are hardy and vigorous
in constitution, have a good coat of hair, protecting the skin so well either
in extreme cold or heat that it rarely chills or blisters. They are very
prolific and good mothers ; the young do not v«,ry in color, and so little
in shape that their form when matured may be determined in advance by
an inspection of the sire and dam.

The Yorkshire, medium or middle breed, says Mr. Sydney, is a modern

ii:

li
.!

Ill

ill

'\'

llli

i,^

J||

. ii*

ifill

;[

■

■i'i*'"

1 ^

■liiiJlll

■|

nl"

774

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

invention of Yorkshire pig breeders, and perhaps the most useful and
popular of the white breeds, as it unites, in a striking degree, the good
qualities of the large and small. It has been produced by a cross of the
large and the small York and Cuml)erland, which is larger than the small
York Like the large whites, they often have a few pale blue spots on
the skin, the hair on these spots bemg white. All white breeds have these
spots more or less, and they often increase in number as the animal grows
older.

It was not until 1851 that the merits of this breed were fully recoir-
iiized, when at a meeting of the Keighley Agricultural Society, the judges
having called the attention of the stewards to the fact that several supe-
rior sows, which wert evidently closely allied to the small breed, had
been exhibited in the large breed class, the aspiring intruders were, by
official authority, witiidrawn.

The middle Yorkshire breed are about the same size as the Berkshire
breed, but have smaller heads, and are much lighter in the bone. They
are better feeders than the small whites, but not so good as the large
whites ; in fact, they occupy a position in every respect b'^tween these
two breeds.

The Cumberland, a middle breed Yorkshire, are not distributed
throughout the West, but Avhen thoroughbred spec^imens have been
introduced they are held in gi'eat esteem, as well for an animal for
exhil)ition purposes as for family use. They are especial favorites with
packers who buy their stock on foot for the reason that they yield larger
proportionate net weights than any other hogs which grow large enough
for their use. They are small in bone but large in flesh, of the very best
quality, evenly and proportionately distributed over the whole frame.

VI. The Suffolks.

The SufFolks owe nearly all their good qualities probably to the infu-
sion of Yorkshire blood.

Mr. Sidney says that Yorkshire stands in the first rank as a pig feeding
county, possessing the largest white breeds in England, as well as excel-
lent medium and small breeds, all white, the latter of which, transplanted
into the south has figured and won prizes under the name of diveri>
noblemen and gentlemen, and under the name of more than one county.
The Yorkshires are closely allied to the Cumberland breeds, and have been
so much intermixed, that, with the exception of the very largest breeds
it is difficult to determine precisely where the Cumberland begins and the
Yorkshire ends. The Manchester boar, the improved Suffolk, the im-
proved Middlesex, the Caleshill and the Prince Alberts or Windsors were

SWINE, HISTORY AND BREEDS.

775

!i8 tho liirjre

o the infu-

all formed on Yorkshire-Cumberland stock, and some of them are nearly
pure Yorkshires, transplanted and re-christened Speaking of the pigs
kept in the dairy district of Cheshire, he says that white pigs have not
found favor with the dairymen of Cheshire, and the v/hite ones most used
are the Manchester boars, another name for the Yorkshire-Cumberland
breed. All the writers who have followed him down to the latest work
published on the subject, occupy space in describing various county pigs
which have long ceased to possess, if they ever did possess any merit
worthy of the attention of the breeder. Thus the Norfolk, the Suffolk,
the Bedford and the Cheshire have each separate notice, of which the
Suffolk alone is worthy of cultivation, and the Suffolk is only another
name for a small Yorkshire pig.

We submit also a brief description of the Suffolk's "points:" Head
small, ^^^"V short; cheeks prominent and full ; face dished; snout small
and ver^ short ; jowl fine ; ears small, thin, upright, soft and silky ; neck
very short and thick, the head appearing almost as if set on front of
shoulders ; no arching of crest ; crest wide and deep ; elbows standing
(Hit ; brisket wide, but not deep ; shoulders and crop-shoulders thick,
rather upright, rounding outward from top to elbows ; crops wide and
full. Sides and flanks — ribs woll arched out from back, good length
between shoulder and ham ; flank well filled out and coming well down at
ham. Back broad, level and straight from crest to tail, not falling off or
down at tall ; hams wide and full, well rounded out ; twist very wide and
full all the way down. Legs and feet — legs small and very short,
standing wide apart, in sows just keeping the belly from the ground :
bone fine ; feet small, hoofs rather spreading ; tail small, long and
tapering. Skin, hair and color — skin thin, of a pinkish shade, free from
color ; hair fine and silky, not too thick ; color of hair pale yellowish
white, perfectly free from any spots or other color. Size small to
medium.

vn. Lancashire Hogs.

There are three breeds in Lancashire, England, that have attained celeb-
rity, namely, the short-face, the middle breed, and the large Lancashire
white. On next page we give an illustration of the short-faced breed.

This breed of swine may be known by the following characteristics :
The shortness of the face from the eyes to the end of the snout ; prick
ears ; small bones ; a good coat of white hair ; cubic in form, with broad
back and broad hams, well let down. The skin, as well as the hair, is
ivhite, although an occasional one may be found with a few dark blue
spots in the skin, but never dark or black hairs. The small breed hogs

. (

776

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

must have small bonos ; a short face ; silky hair ; fine, small, upright ears ;
a comparatively square form ; must have good square hams, the most
valuable part of the hog ; must carry the meat near the ground ; flat ou
the back , straight and cubic in form.

Vin. Laaoashire Middle Breed.

This breed is one which partakes of the quality of the small breed and
the size of the large breed. Middle bred hogs are got by crossing large
bred sows with small bred boars, but all attempts to attain the same results
by reversing the operation, and putting large bred boars to small bred
<ows, have proved failures. The largest of the middle bred sows are used

itias

SWINE, HISTORY AND BREEDS.

777

to improve the largo breed. A middle bred hog must have a short face,
and all other good qualities of the small breed, except that they may be
longer in proportion to their width ; must have thicker legs and longer
bones to carry the greater size ; should be well haired (fattening to full
form often causes the hair to fall off, which must be allowed for.) As
good a short rule as can bo adopted to judge them by is as follows : The
best middle bred hog should have the greatest possible share of all the
qualities of the small breed, with the length, and, in a measure, the larger
bones of the large breed.

IX. Large Lancashire.

This variety of swine have large bones, of great height and length, and
are the largest breed of swine known. They are a true breed, their qual-
ities have descended from generation to generation — the quality being
improved by judicious selection. They must be of large size ; great
length ; flat back, with large square hams, and when fattened, must carry
their width of l)ack along over the hams ; must have deep and tolerably
straight sides ; i.irge feet and leg bones ; hair short ; may have a long face,
but it had better be short, as they fatten better ; may have a large, droop-
ing ear, but other quality and size being equal, an upright, smaller ear is
preferred. They usually have a long, thick, strong tail. They must be
of great weight when fattened.

American Breeds.

Sagacious breeders in the United States nearly fifty years ago, saw the
necessity of establishing breeds of swine that should be eminently adapted
to the especial requirements where Indian corn and grass must necessarily
form the principal food of the swine from weaning time until slaughtered.
Then and until the last twenty years, mere fat was the important product
in swine, as it was in a degree in cattle. Since that time the universal
introduction of petroleum has reduced the value of lard and tallow to a
minimum. Improvements in the art of preserving food fresh has made
barreled pork, a less necessary product even for long voyages, and the
attention of the breeders was again turned to the production of as nnich
lean meat in their hogs as possible. This naturally led to a reduction in
the weight of the hog, or at least, if the animal should be capable of
reaching a heavy weight at maturity, it must also possess the important
quality of fattening at any age. This has now been fairly met in the
best English and American breeds. If we were asked to choose the breeds
from each which would produce the most lean meat for the carcass, we
should say the Berkshire of English breeds, and the Poland of American
breeds,

I r.<'

77y ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

X. Poland China.
Over the history and chiiructeristics of this breed there has been mucb

controversy. Individual l)reeders have sought to take undue credit to
themselves in the establishment of the breed, and have sought undue

SWINE, HISTORY AND nRRRDS.

779

prominence by attacliing their own names to the Hwino of thoir breeding.
The facts arc, the name Poland-China is a misnomer so far as Poland is
concerned, for there is not a particle of evidence that a distinctly Polish

bnicd of hogs ever gave an infusion of blood. The nearest cvidi'ncc

Hud this traditionary — to this effect, is, that long ago a sow wns b()u<''ht
of a Polander, which, proving an excellent breeder, it went by the name
of the Polander sow. The breed is now largely indebted to the Chinas
iind Bcrkshircs for their good qualities. Although they certainly have
•111 infusion of so-called Irish grazier in them. Why this breed should
have been called grazier, one can only surmise. Tluy certainly were any-
thing but grass eaters, but the name made them popular for a time in tlx'
then far West where grain at that time was scarce. The facts are, tin-
Chinese hogs, imported into Ohio in 1816, and bred upon the best native
sto<!k of the country are the basis of the breed. In 1835 the Berkshire
was infroduceil, and in 1839 or 1840 the Irish grazier. These were ex-
tensively used by the best breeders, on the best descendants of the China
erosscs. Since 1842, there is good evidence to show that new blood has
not been introduced, but by careful selection, and judicious breeding, in
Ohio and the West, or, by occasional judicious infusioi. of Berkshire
blood, they now leave little to be desired, as a heavy, well meated breed,
that will fatten kindly at any age.

Oharaoteristics of Poland-China.

The best specimens have good length, short legs, bVoad, straight backs,
deep sides, flanking well down on the leg, very broad, full, square hams
and shoulders, drooping ears, short heads, wide between the eyes, of
spotted or dark color ; are hardy, vigorous and prolific, and when fat are
models, combining the excellences of both large and small breeds.

XI. Chester Whites.

The Chester Whites originated in Chester county, Pennsylvania, about
1818, through the importation of a pair of fine pigs from Bedfordshire,
England, by Captain James Jeffries. - These were inter-bred with the
best stock then existing in that county, and by careful selections a per-
manent strain of large, easily fattened, quiet hogs Avere produced, which
continued to breed with great uniformity. Something like thirty years
ago some attempts were made to cross the Suffolk and Berkshire upon
them, but it was discontinued as not being considered an improvement,
and the best specimens to-day should be pure white, with no black about
them whatever.

'II

•III!

780

IIXUHTRATRI) STOCK DOCTOR,

In the West thlH breed heninie very popular soiiio years jifro, and still
i« in mimy parts of the Northwest. Farf hir soutli, however, in the tru<»
cf)rn zone, pure white ho«^H of any breed are not favored. They iiro
tlioujrht not to stand otit-door usage so well as black or nearly blad;
swine. Where great weights are required the Chesters wil' ulwuys be
liked.

The following may be given as the characteristics of these hogs : Head
short and broad between the eyes ; ears thin, projecting forward and
lopping at the point ; neck short and thick ; jowl large ; body lengtliv
and deep ; back broad ; hams full and deep ; legs short and well set
under the body; coat thin, white and straight; (if a little wavy it is no
objection). The tail should be small and with no bristles.

ftfjo, and still
!!', in the truo
d. Tliey nro
nearly hlacl;
ill ulwuys be

8WINE, III8TORY ANIJ nilBEDH.

Xn. Joraey Beds.

781

This large and rather coarse breed of Ijojra have boon somewhat
dis.soiniimtcd in the West. They are certainly a hardy breed, and well
adapted to new countries where there iu good range and mast. Their
history seems to bo as follows :

The |)().sitive ori«?in of this fanuly of swine is unknown. They have
l)C(>n bred in portions of tht! State of N(;\v .leiscy for upwards of fifty
years, and with nuuiy fanners are considered to be a most valuable family.
They are of large si/e and <'apal»le of making lieavy growth, 500 and CiOO
pounds' weight being common. They are now extensively bred in the
niidille and southern porticms of New Jersey. In some neighborhoods
tlit'v ar(! I»red (juito uniform, being of dark red color; while in other
sections they are more sandy and often patched with white. They are
pro! ably descended from tin; old importations of Dorkshires, as there is
no record of the Tamworth, the red hog of England, ever having been
brought into this country, nor is this likely, as the Tamworth was not
cr)ii.sidered a valuable breed, and was confined to a limited area. The
Kcds resemble the old Bcrkshircs in many respects, but are now nmch
coarser than the improved swine of this breed.

A good specimen of Jersey lied should be red in color, with a stiout of
moderate length, large top ears, small head in proportion to the size and
length of the body, standing high and rangy on Iheir legs ; bone coarse,
having tail and brush and hair coarse, inclining to l)rlstlcs ou the back.

hogs : Head
forward and

body lengthy
and well set

wavy it is no

XIII. Cheahires.

This Is a comparatively modern breed, if indeed it Is yet fully enough
established to be called a breed. It has been somewhat disseminated in
various parts of the Unite-d States, and for villagers and small farmers,
possesses about all the good qualities of the Suffolk, without some of their
disabilities. They are said to have originated in Jefferson county, New
York, from a pair of pigs sent from Albany under the name of Cheshire.
It was probably a pet name for an exceptionally good pair of pigs.
Since then they have been crossed with Yorkshires and other pure white
breeds, until of late years by selection they have become uniform in their
make up.

The so-called Cheshires are pure white in color, with little hair. They
are not uniform in this respect, as pigs in the same litter differ widely in
the amount of hair. The snout is often l<mg, but very slender and fine.
The jowls are plump, and the ear erect, fine and thin. The shoulders are
wide and the hams full. The flesh of these hogs is fine-grained, and

! 1

n>i

III

782

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

they are commended on account of the extra amount of mess pork in
proportion to the amount of offal- The tails of the pigs frequently drop
off when young.

DITROVED CHESHIRB.

Beoapitulation of Breeds.

The principal English breeds are as they were known twenty years ago,
the Berkshire, the Essex and the Yorkshii'c. The Berkshire is a medium
breed weighing at full maturity up to 500 pounds. There arc largo and
small Berkshire, but the medium family is the most valuable. They are
now )red entirely black except a dash of white in the face and white feet.

Tiie Essex is all black, or rather a blue black, and will weigh up to 4.'')0
poinds at maturity. They are one of the most st3'lish of the small
FiUglish breeds, as they are the largest of the small bi-ccds, and to our
mind the best of the small breeds for the West — quite good feeders, hand-
some and making good pork.

The Yorkshires are divided into three classes, small Yorkshires, medium
Yorkshires, and large Yorkshires. The so called Prince All)ert Sufi'olks
are small Yorkshires, and the best of the small white breeds. All the
Yorkshires have occasional dark spots on the skin. The hair, however,
is white, and these dark spots are not indicatiuns of impurity of blood
but rather the revnrse.

The American breeds, in the best repute, are first, the Poland-China,

SWINE, HISTORY AND BREEDS.

783

Bometimes called, in Ohio, Magie. Twenty years ago they were coarse
black and white hogs, with occasional sandy markings. Of late years
they have been, through careful breeding and selection, refined, and are
now bred in the West, nearly black, the white, in the most approved
strains, being distributed pretty equally over the head and body in flecks
imd irregular patches. They are the most widely distributed of any
American breed in the West, and fully deserve all that is cliiimed for
them, us large, quiet, early matured, and kindly feeding hogs.

The Jefferson county. New York, so called Choshires, are, as before
stated, but modified Yorkshires, but in every respect stylish hogs, feeding
well and making good pork, and are well adapted for small farms and
for feeding in pens. The so called Hospital breed, or Morgan county
hog of Illinois, which some years ago gained considerable repute, are un-
doubtedly, modified Yorkshires, and in no respect superior to that well
known breed. They were produced by crossing the Suffolk on the best
white hogs of that county. Within the last five years they have ceased
to attract atteutiuu.

iic Poland-China,

! f

^lli

1 r

■ j

' !-

l! I

CHAPTER n.

BBEEDma AND MANAGEMENT.

IMPORTANCE OP SWINE. A BACK WOODS HOO. FfXINO AND HOLDING THE

CHARACTERISTICS. SELECTION ALWAYS IMPORTANT. BREEDING AGE OV

SWINE. CAKE OP BRHEUINO SOWS. WEANING. MANAGEME.VT OF

8WINE. ABSOLUTE CLEANLINESS NECESSARY. SUMMARY.

Importance of Swine.

The breeding and management of swine constitutes one of the most
important agricultural interests in tlie West, uud should do so in tho
South. To be successful none but the best breeds should be allowed on
the farm. The fecundity of swine leaves no excuse for holding on to
land pikes and the descendants of semi-wild breeds that nust be run
down by dog and rifle, in order, when they are killed to get a small
quantity of inferior meat. A boar of any of the improved breeds will
be sufficient for six or eight sows, and the increase is so astonishing when
there is no epidemic disease, that it would from ". single pair take but
three years to stock the largest farm. It should be unnecessary to pursue
this matter further. There is no class of farm stock that pays better, as
between indifferent and good breeds, than hogs, and the wonder is that in
some sections of the country farmers still cling to a breed of grunters
that will always greet you with a snort and a boh-o-o, and which no
feeding can fill — in fact animals like those shown on the following page — •
fully a match for the average dog, always hungry, ready to eat anything
that falls in their way, even to half grown children occasionally, but
which when wanted for meat are nowhere within shooting distance.

,;fcfc.

SWINE, BREEDING AND MANAGEMENT.

785

The very first requisite, however, in keeping any improved breeds, or
... fact any breed from which money is to be miide, is the best of feeding,
and that daily, from the time they are born until they are slaughtered.

AND HOLDING THK
BREEDING AGE OP
- MANAGEME.NT OV
JY.

)no of the most
lid do so in the
d bo allowed on
>r holding on to
lat nust bo run
1 to get a small
•oved breeds will
astonishing when
;le pair take but
cessary to pursue
it pays better, as
wonder is that in
•eed of grunters
o, and which no
ollowing page — •
r to cat anythiiig
occasionally, but
ig distance.

A BACK WOODS IIOU.

The hog is simply a machine for making what is to be converted into
lard, bacon, salt pork and hams. The average daily gain is a gradually
decreasing quantity from month to month, until after a certain time
nothing more can be gained in weight. This ought to be sufficient to be
said up')n this point. You can neither breed, nor keep a breed profitably
by starving or allowing them to shift for themselves.

Fixing and Holding the Characteristics.

In breeding swine, however good or perfect the breed, they will surely
degenerate unless the greatest oare in selection is pursued. Many persons
wonder why it is that from the prolific nature of swine, the country is
not soon stocked with none but the most superior animals. The simple
reason is, the want of accurate judgment and care in selection ; the error
will be plainly seea by noting what we say farther on.

M i

786

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Seleotiou Always Important.

In animals usually having but one young at a time, the progeny pretty
uniformly partake of the nature of both parents , and are bred with toler-
ably un'jTorm results. In animals producing a number of young at a time,
the progeny will be found to vary very considerably in the same litter.
Thus the selection of those specimens that partake of uniform and cliav-
acteristic excellence becomes of the first importance, since unwise
selections will result in carrying the breeder farther and further from the
excellent points to be perpetuated. Again, heredity, that is throwing
back to an original type, or rather in the sense in which we use it, inher-
iting certain fixables, as constitutional vigor, inclination to fat, etc., is
shown far more clearly in animals having many young at a time, than
those having only one young. The progeny ^vill not only vary more in
particular animals, but certain characteristics will reappear by reversion
after a greater number of generations, in animals having muny young at
a time, and to a greater degree than in those usually having but one. At
least such is our experience. Hence, as we have stated, absolute necessity
of the strictest care, is not only necessary in breeding, but in the selection
of animals for future breeding.

In domestic animals it is a matter of common observation that the tem-
per and other peculiarities of individuals are determined by inheritance.
Thus, virtually, quietness of disposition, or mildness, tractsibility or
viciousness, courage or timidity, arc constantly shown. Now from the
general law that like produces like, and the well determined law that
variation is a constant integer in all cross bred animals, and from our
own observation that it is often intensified in animals having many young
at a litter, the full force, as regards judgment in selection will be appa-
rent ; and the fact that the country is not soon filled up with superior
breeds of hogs is due mainly to the want of proper care in the selection
of the breeding animals, and also from a lack of accurate knowledge and
ability tO nicely discriminate by the breeder, in regard to form, constitu-
tional vigor, and excellent points !a this young animals selected as breeders.
Absolute accuracy in this respect is in fact possessed by but few individ-
uals in a generation. There must first be a natural tact inherently
possessed and digested and matured by years of study aud observation.

Breeding Age of Swine.

The sow is capable of breeding at about seven motjths of age, and the
boar is fit for service at the age of one year. As a rule, however, the
sow should not be allowed to farrow under the age of fifteen months, and
the boar is not fit for continued service until he is eiffhteen months old.

SWINE, BREEDING AND MANAGEBIENT.

ion to fat, etc., is

787

The sow may, under exceptional circumstances, be made to breed three
times in a year, but two litters are all that should be allowed. Many of
our best breeders do not allow but one litter a year, where the produce
is simply required for making pork, and under certain circumstances this
i.i not incompatible with economical management.

A Warm Farrowing Place Necessary.

The young pig is even more tender than the new-bom lamb. If they
get chilled before they suck it is difficult to save them. Where there are
good conveniences for warming the farrowing pen, sows may have their
first litter in March, and if put with the boar the fourth day after farrow-
ing they will generally receive him. This will bring the next litter in
the Summer, a very good time for pigs to be wint r-ed. If the sow do
not catch the first time she will not come in heat until the pigs are
weaned. Yet this will not throw the next litter later than September. If
good facilities are not had for keeping the early litters warm, the farrowing
had better be deferred until May, or at the time of grass, according to
the latitude.

Gestation.

Gestation continues about four months. Three months, three weeks
and three days is considered the average time, and it is not far out of the
way. A variation will sometimes be found of thirty days. Young
animals, and those of feeble constitutions carry their young for a shorter
time than mature and strong animals, and sows usually remain prolific
for five or six years, and unless they get overloaded with fat, old sows are
more constant and careful mothers than young ones.

Care of Breeding Sows.

The sows that naturally have a strong tendency to fatten may be bred
at nine months old; and should be kept breeding pretty steadily, and be
fed only sufficient to keep them strong and in fair flesh. During gestation
the sows should be kept in good heart but not fat. When potatoes are
plenty they can be substituted boiled, and in connection with milk will be
most excellent feed. In any event they must have plenty of succulent
food — clover, pig-weed, or other green food in Summer, and roots of
some kind m Winter. We have always kept a patch of artichokes for
Fall and Winter, when the ground was not frozen for them to root and
amuse themselves in. The practice of ringing breeding sows to keep

788

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOB.

them from rooting is vicious in the extreme. We have never practiced it
at all ,*ith any hogs. To remain healthy they must root some. It is
their natural instinct. If the pasture be clover, and in the rotation to be
followed with other crops, the damage by rooting wjU be light in com-
parison with the health of the swine.

When the sow is near her time her food should be of such a nature as
to keep up her strength and give due sustenance to the young but not
stimulating. When the pigs are three or live days old, and danger
of inflammation is past, feed liberally, and with rich sloppy food to
induce a good flow of milk. But under no circumstances feed so as to
make the young pigs unduly fat. Skimmed milk and the mill refuse of
wheat, what is known as mill feed, is best, but in the absence of this
potatoes, pumpkins and other roots in the Fall, or boiled beets in the
Spring, with corn meal enough to keep the sow in good heart, makes
admirable food When there is grass to be hud, the sow should be
allowed all she will eat. Thus you may get the very best results both in
the health and continued usefulness of the sow, and the constitutional
growth and vigor of the young pigs.

Weaning.

The young pig as we have shown is born ready for work. That is, it
has teeth that in a short time are competent to grind and prepare food
for the stomach. We should wean at six weeks old, allow all the skim-
med milk and butter-milk possible to the growing pigs, and with it after
the pig is two months dd, a fair proportion of ground wheat skimmings,
or light rye, barley, etc., ground and made into mush, to be mixed with
the milk as a tolerably thin slop. Teach the pig early to eat grass, and
at three months old he will take care of himself on good pasture with all
the corn he will eat at night.

At the age of two or three weeks the pigs should be gelded, so they
may be well over the difficulty before weaning time. Keep rings out of
the noses of young pigs. They have been the means of spreading con-
tagious diseases. We prefer slitting the cartilage of the nose, or cutting a
notch in it at the time of gelding, if it is absolutely necessary that they
do not root. At all events it is time enough to do the ringing the second
year, if to be kept over. But by proper care if the litters of pigs come
early, any of the better breeds may be turned off the next Christmas, and
from this time until the first of February, become fat, an\J of as heavy
weight as is profitable in the markets.

levcr practiced it
[)ot some. It is
he rotation to be
)e light in com-

such a nature as
3 3'oung but not
old, and danger

sloppy food to
s feed so as to
e mill refuse of
absence of this
led beets in the
)od heart, makes

sow should be
t results both in
he constitutional

8WINE, BREEDINQ AND MANAQEMENT.

Management of Swine.

789

ork. That is, it
nd prepare food
low all the skim-
and with it after
t^heat skimmings,
;o be mixed with
to eat grass, and
pasture with all

'i gelded, so they
Icop rings out of
)f spreading con-
ose, or cutting a
essary that they
iiging the second
2rs of pigs come
t Christmas, and
in\i of as heavy

Hogs are not succeptible to cold when fat. Nature in denying thorn
much hair, has provided them with a thick layer of fat under the skin
that acts in the same manner to the skin outside as a coverin«» of hair in
other animals. It has also given them the instinct of providing^themselves

warm beds in sheltered situations in which to lie, and, in addition, givea
them the inclination to lie together in considerable numbers ; and kept
together, with insulficient shelter, they will pile together in such numbers
as to over lie each other, by which the weaker ones are often smothered.
We have known those who considered themselves sensible men, to get up
in cold winter nights and go to the hog yard and separate the drove,

..*

790

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

when HO pile 1. It is .about on a par ""'^h iho ivhipping and dogging of
cattle about a yard at night to got u^ v -tn : A more sensible and
cheaper plan would be to provide coi Maoii ffuarters, where they
might lie warm, and separate them into gangs, .cording to age and
strength. Thus with plenty of fat next the skin, and good liberal feeding,
very little difficulty will be experienced, in keeping them growing steadily,
until of a sufficient age for the slaughter pen.

Absolute Cleanliness Necessary-

Of all farm animals hogs especially must have plenty of water. It
should also be pure. Swine breeders can not too soon disabuse them-
selves of the idea that swine are dirty, or filthy feeders, or that they
naturally incline to wallow in the mud. There are no farm animals nicer
in the food they eat than swine if allowed to be. It is true, they are

UAZBL-SPLITTER.

omnivorous feeders. So is man. Like man, although they eat fish, flesh,
fowl, vegetables, roots, and grain, they like it fresh. If forced by hunger
they will eat disgusting substances, so again will man. The elephant,
the rhinoceros, hippopotamus, and tapir, seek the water to clean and cool
themselves in Summer, like all pachydermatous animals. The wild men
like swine will cover themselves with mud to ward off the attacks of biting
and stinging insects. In their wild state the nearest tree furnishes to
swine the means of rubbing it off when dry, and the rubbing post fur-
nishes them the means of cleaning their skins in a state of domesticity.

•I ^ I'

SWINE, BREEDING AND MANAGEMENT.

791

If kept from the attacks of flies, they will not wallow in the mud but in
the cleanest water they can find, and stagnant water they will not drink
at all, unless forced to do so, by dire necessity.

The sagacious breeder and feeder will understands this ; they also
understand the danger of malignant diseases attacking their swine when
forced to wallow and drink impure water. Hence they strive by every
means in their power that swine are kept away from these causes of
disease and death, and thus such would be almost entirely exempt, except
that there are always men enough of the shiftless type in a uciglihoi hood
whose stock take and spread contagion to their neighbors. We do not
know how we can illustrate more forcibly the two types of breeders than
by the cut given of a sow of an improved breed properly kept, and of a
sow of the "hazel splitting" variety, improperly kept. The one in a
dry, firm pasture, with plenty of pure water, the other on a half marsh*
and apparently made to succumb from miasmatic influences.

Summary.

Hogs, and especially pigs in confinement often suffer for want of
water. No matter how sloppy the food they should always have pure
water within reach. If they can have a bathing place in Summer it will
add much to their health, and assist much in fattening. Swine, in con-
finement, should always have charcoal, bituminous coal, salt and wood
ashes within reach. They often suffer from acidity of the stomach and
the remedy being n^nr the swine will always use it.

Oil cake mixed with the feed of swine when suckling pigs, a gill a day,
assists the milk secretion. It should not be given to pigs. As they
begin to eat they should have a trough where they can go and feed but
which the sow cannot get at.

Bran is not valuable for swine. Where highly concentrated food is
given it is well to have a little dry bran in a separate trough, so the hogs
can take it when they want it.

If ordinary diarrhoea attacks pigs give a porridge of sweet skimmed
milk and flour. For constipation give two or three drachms of soap
dissolved in an ordinary si^ed tumbler of water, and repeat if necessary
in eight hours, or give as an injection. It is also a good diuretic and for
acid stomach.

Provide a strong scratching post. Bore inch and a half holes at inter-
vals to accommodate hogs of different sizes, and drive in pins letting
them project an inch and a half.

Castrate pigs before they are weaned, say not later than two weeks
before weaning time.

CHAPTER ITT.

FEEDnra azo) shelter.

and oats
jrruss arc ii
with gniijs
ties us do
laca olcrac
and tho gi
tlio most c
jis <:r(icn fc
und along
pigweed, (
list of plai
tho whole.

GOOD vs. BAD FOOD. SUMMEK I'EEDINO.

THE GRAINS. FEEUINU SOUTH. —

MENT. HOG BARNS. A CROSS BARN.

LIGHT VS. UEAVr HOGS.

-OTHER SUMMER FOODS. ROOTS.

—MAST. FEEDING IN CONFINB-

A SIMPLE PEN. SUMMARY.

Good vs. Bad Food.

Vegetables and grain are the basis of success in the making of pork
whatever the breed may be. Hogs kept about large stables or distillery
yards, where they get only offal, or fed in butcher's yards, on the refuse
offal of the slaughter house, are unfit for human food. They are liable
to become infested A^ith trichina, and, thei'efore, no breeder and es-
pecially no feeder should buy animals from such localities. In fact there
is only one redeeming feature among the disgusting filth and nastiness in
which they are fed — they are generally provided with pure water, and
warm shelter.

Bummer Feeding.

Pasturage is of the first importance. This should be ample. In pas-
turing SY ine, but few varieties of grass are required. Clover, both white
and red, will be the main reliance. In all that region where red and
white clover are not natural to the soil, and where alfalfa (lucerne) and
other members of the pulse family do well, these may be substituted.
Swine take kindly to blue grass, when it is young, and to orchard grass.
They '^o not refuse timothy, but timothy has a bulbous root just at the
surface of the earth. This swine eat, and thus destroy the grass. Rye

Besides
come in du
be sown t
acre, as ea
The swine
fined to gr
eat clean,
either soat
in, to be f
of these f
are the ch<
is conccrn(
profit. H

Rutabag
with corn ;
Parsnips i
a good Wi
iahed. Ci
cheaply ke
of Januar

These, a
tening swi

BWINE, FEEDING AND HIIELTER.

793

and oats make good pasturufjc for hogs. Ryo grass and foul meadow
jriass arc also well relished. In this respect the feeder should experiment
with graijseH, to bo cut and given in tiio pen, and then feed to such varie-
ties as do best, and arc most eagerly eaten. Of weeds, purslain, (portU'
Utai olcracea), lambs (juarter, also called pigweed, (chenapodiiim album)
and the green amaranth, also called pigweed, (amarantus hybridus) are
the most common of our native and introduced Aveeds that are valuable
as green food for swine. There is also a native weed growing in Illinois
and along the alluvial banks of the Mississippi and northward ; the winged
pigweed, (cydoma platyphyllium) that is umch liked by swine. Yet the
list of plants eaten by them is not large, about eighty species comprising
the whole.

Other Summer Foods.

ROOTS.

« CONFINE-
-8UMMAKY.

■f of pork
distillery
he refuse
iro liable
and es-
fact there
.stiness in
'ater, and

In pas-
oth wiiite
red and
rne) and
jstituted.
rd grass,
ist at the
ss. Rye

Besides clover, the grasses, and weeds, there are other plants that may
come in during the Summer, and be used with profit. Oats and peas may
be sown together, two bushels of oats and one of peas, together, per
acre, as early in the Spring as the gi'ound is in fair condition for working.
The swine may be turned into the field when the crop is ripe, being con-
lined to given space, by a hurdle fence, which is to be removed as they
eat clean. A better way, however, is to harvest aiid thresh, and feed
either soaked or dry. Later, Summer squashes and pumpkins will come
in, to bo followed by artichokes in the Autumn. We do not advise any
of these foods except grass on the score of economy. Corn and grass
are the cheapest food in all the "West, so far as mere cost of production
is concerned. But unless the health of swine is retained, there is no
profit. Hence the necessity of these additional foods.

Boots.

Rutabagas make aif excellent Winter food for swine in connection
with corn ; they are easily and cheaply raised, as we have already stated.
Parsnips are also generally liked, either raw or cooked. Beets are also
a good Winter feed boiled with meal. The tops are also occasionally rel-
ished. Cabbage is a cheap and wholesome food ; they are not, however,
cheaply kept over Winter. They may be used with profit jip to the first
of January.

The Oralus.

These, after all, must be the main dependence, both in raising and fat-
tening swine. The kind of gi'ain fed will, of course, depend upon the

7»4

nXlTHTRATKI) STOCK nOCTOR.

cliinutc and rej^ion where raised. Wliero corn is u 8uro crop, it must be
relied on altuost (Mitiroly. The aHscrtioiis of thcorislH, that it is unfit for
feeding, oxfopt during the short fattening Heason, altliough the merest
twaddle, in the sense they intended it, will, from another point of view,
1)0 correct. The fattening season of swine should he from the time they
arc weaned until they are slaugiitcred. Hwino for pork should never
lose ill condition from the time they were horn until turned off for the
butcher. The feeding of all the corn they will eat in connection with
grass and other food, to keep them healthy, and which will apply with
equal force, whatever the grain fed, will be found not only the most
economical throughout the West and Southwest, but in all that region of
country where corn is natural to the soil and climate, or where it may be
cheaply bought.

Feeding South.

In nearly all the country South, corn may be cheaply raised as u part
of the rotation. Here corn nmst be the main stay, supplemented by
such grasses and plants as are natural to the region. The artichoke will
do well much further south than is generally supposed, and some of the
tuberous varieties may undoubtedly be found well down to the tropics.
When it can be profitably cultivated, the Jerusalem artichoke should be
used. The name Jerusalem is a corruption of the Italian name Girasole,
me; >ing sunflower, the botanical name being Ilelianthun tuherosus, or the
tubtirous rooted sunflower.

('hafas, a tuberous rooted grass, (Cyperus), has become widely nat-
uralized in the South, and is highly spoken of for feeding swine, since
like artichokes, the hogs arc left to gather them for themselves, and un-
like the artichokes, they are most nutritious and fattening. They arc
exceedingly easy to cultivate, but are sometimes said to bo difficult to
fxtirpate South. This, however, is probably incofrect, since from their
very nature, a thorough Summer fallow will kill. North of thirty-nine
degrees they do not survive the Winter. In fact, if frozen anywhere,
ihey are killed.

Mast.

In all the great timbered region South, tree seeds, acorns, beechnuts,
chestnuts, the softer shelled hickorynuts, and hazelnuts, form a most val-
uable food for swine. They should be utilized to their fullest extent.
So papaws, persimmons, and the other wild fruits of the forests South,
may be made available in the making of pork. Where hogs can have

plenty of 1
entirely he
fires, if oi
South, we
native sow
of Auicric:

In all tl
hundred
life of the
tlie brcedi
ooiicerncd
of view,
from what
year, who
in Suinme
on the skii
for feodin;
material a
or raw.
go an to
animals.

The hoo
may be in
five feet w
should be
passing oi;
learn to di
kept clean
pens on ei
require a 1
will feed t
building r
way, allov
pens on a

flWlNR, FERDINO AND SFIKLTEH.

795

plenty of nins<^, thoy will do very w«'ll with u littlo fccdiiijr, iiro «i(Mioriil!y
entirely hcultliy, and upon litiing put up to fatten, si very little <rniin huf-
ficcH, if only attention 1ms been paid to get the proper brood. For t'lo
South, we believe the l»i>rk.shire, or erossos of tlu! Horkshiro on the host
native hows to be one of the inont protitablo breedH. The Poland-China
of Auicriean breeda will bo fouiid most valuabh; for the South.

Fooding in Confluemont.

In all the gniat Hwino growing regions, whore from twenty-five to Tivo
hundred hogs arc annually fattened and sold from .sing'j .'arms, tho
life of the animals nmst noe(!S8arlly bo passed out-of-doors. So far as
the breeding stock, and the first few months of the life of tho pigs aro
concerned this is always best, both from an economical and sinitary point
of view. There are, however, many small farmers, who annually fatten,,
from what they recpiiro for family use, up to fifteen or twenty head a
year, who tind it most convenient and econoniical to feed and fatten both
in Summer and Winter in pens. All this large class must depend, first,,
on tho skim milk, buttermilk and whey, and upon tho sloj) of the kitchen
for feeding; second, upon clover, cut and fed, weeds and (jther refuse
material about the farm, and lastly and principally on corn cither ground
or raw. It is Ix^ttcr for all this class that tho pens when built bo planned
60 an to combine case of handling with security and comfort of tho
animals.

Hog Barns.

The hog hous(i need not bo an expensive building. For a few hogs it
may be in the form of a jjarallclogram, with a passage way in the middle-
five feet wide, with pens opening into roomy yards outside. Each pent
should be provided with a swing door, hinged at the top, so tho hogs in
passing out and in may raise and lower it themselves. This they soon-
learn to do. Tho pens may bo about eight feet by ten feet, A\hich, if
kept clean, Avill accommodate three or four hogs each. Thus, a lange of
pens on each side ton feet deep and a five feet passage way between will'
require a building twcnty-tivo feet wide. A square building of this size
will feed twenty-four hogs. If a less number is required to be fed tho
building may be twenty-five foot one way, and, say sixteen feet the other
way, allowing for pens. If fifty hogs are to be kept it will require six
pens on a side and tho building must be tweuty-tive by forty-eight feet.
51

iliM

796

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

A Cross Bam.

If a largo number of hog3 are to be kept it is better that there he a
central building twenty-five feet square, aixtcen feet of which is to be
used as a room for the boiler and for storing and preparing the food.
Extensions from this on every side are to be built twenty-live feet wide,
and as long as necessary to accommodate any required number of Ixjgs.
A tight box on four small iron wheels arranged so it will turn short
corners will carry the food to every pen, which should of course be pro-
vided with a good trough, into which the feed may be ea.sily ponrcd.
This with extensions, each forty feet long and twenty-live feet wide, will
give you a cross barn, good for from 150 to KJO full grown hogis ; and
these extensioits may be carried out to accommodate 500, if ncccssarv,
but if more than 100 hogs are to be kept the central building should bo
forty feet square, three stories high, the upper stories used as a granary
with corn cribs next the outside. Twenty feet square should be givMi up
for the storage and stove room below, and the breeding pens placed next
on account of the greater warmth. In a building of this description near
Cliioago, we for years kept and fed, in connection with a larg(! market
garden, from 400 to 500 annually, the principal food used being the daily
waste from large hotel kitchens, which wo daily sui)plied with vegetables,
the garden furnishing economically tho necessary green vegetable fo.xi.
We had no sickness or difficulty worth mentioning. The water supply
was ample and pure ; the pens were daily cleaned and Avashed in warm
weather ; tho drainage was carefully attended to ; .salt and bituminous
■coal was supplied, so the hogs could take either at will, and we always
had fat hogs to supply city butchers, and the pigs were turned off j-t
about eight or nine months old, weighing from 250 to 300 pounds each.
This was about fifteen years ago, and tho breeds then kept were Chester
>county sows, crossed with Yorkshire or Suffolk boars.

A Simple Fen. ^

When SAvino are only to bo kept in pens during the period of final fat-
tening, and are allowed to run at largo in the fields in tho Summer, a pen
fourteen feet wide, and of suflScient length to accommodate the number
of hogs kept, will suffice. It should bo floored tight, and one-half of the
width allowed for sleeping. These must bo closed in and roofed, the
feeding pen being open to the weather, tho whole being divided into com-
partments or spaces, eight feet one way, or wide enough for four hogs
to feed abreast. This also is a good form when not more than a dozen
hogs are to bo kept.

8WINB, FEEDING AND 8HKLTRR. 7*^7

Still iinother plan is to select a yard, in a dry, well drained place,
allowing twenty feet square for each ten iiogs ; thus a lot forty feet
square would accomodate twenty hogs. Along the middle of the pen, a

BREBDKK IN GUUU FLUSH.

bedding place is built, sixteen feet wide, with a partition in the middle,
and divided the other way every twenty feet by partitions. The feeding
place should be floored, eight feet wide, and have a low trough two feet
wide, along the side for holding ear corn. Unless the season is very
wet and muddy, hogs do very well thus kept. If wet, they must be kept
out of the mud by means of hay and litter thrown into the yards from
time to time, and the sleeping places must be kept well l)edded. Kept
in either of the ways we have designated, your hogs will go to the l)utcher
fat, and showing a profit on the right side of the ledger, and your breed-
ing sows will look like the illustration of a well-bred animal, which we
give in ordinarily good breeding flesh, on this page. If on the other
hand, you let your hogs shift for themselves, running wild over the
prairie, or running about in the woods, they will, as the illustration on
next page shows, come out pretty much like "Aikausas tooth-picks."

798

!'' ' I

ILLU8TBATi:i> STOCK DOCTOR.

Summary.

In what we have said in relation to feeding in close pens, we arc not to
be understood as advising the practice on the farm. Tliere should
be plenty of pasture in Summer, and plenty of pure water always. With-
out this no one can su(;<!';ed. There must be protection from insects
and heat in Summer. The first may he perfectly secured by providing a
dark place to which the hogs can retire at will. In Winter there must
be warm, dry and otherwise comfoi'table shelter provided, and there must
also bo plcpry of good food, at all times. Of all animals the hog, at
least, must not be allowed to lose flesh from the time it is born until it is
killed. When fat, kill at )nce, unless the market hajjpen.: so that it will
pay to hold for a short time for a turn. As a hdg becoiues fat, it eatf

'i II

'^^'^^y;,;,^'

" AUKAN-SAS TOOTH- PICKS."

less and less, and it also fattens more and more slowly. Neve rf helots,
the same daily animal waste goes on. Many good feeders are so paitic-
ulir that they weigh their hogs every two weeks, and note the gain.
Then they are able to determine just how much their stock is improving,
and also as to the [)ropor tin;e for turning them off. If not readv, or the
season and prices are not right, they increase the condition of the food
given, so that the smill quantity taken shall make up in richness what it
lacks in quantity. Tiiis class seldom sell stock over twelve montiis old,
and many of our best feeders sell their hogs at ten months old, which
.Till turn the scales at from three hundred to four hundred pounds each.
Such feeders never keep hogs two Summers and one Winter, in order to
get an average of two hundred pounds each.

I'l

SW* K, FEEDING AND SHELTER.

Light VS. Heavy nogs.

799

Ye-'TS ago, when lard and sido pork were the principal hog products
looked for, the heavier the hog, the better the price. We once sold a
hog weighing 050 pounds for fifteen cents a pound. That was in war-
times, and it brought one cent per pound over the price paid for light and
well fattened hogs. The same animal to-day, would not bring within a
cent a pound, of what nice young nine and ten months, well fattened pigs
would, in any of our princii)al inarket-!. To get the weight named, tho
hog was fed two years and a Imlf . Take three pigs against this one.
The difference in the first cost of the three sucklings as against the one,
would not exceed three dollars. The three pigs will be fed nine months,
and weigh 600 pounds, — (we have made pigs farrowed in March and
killed the next January, weigh dressed, up to 380 pounds, a.nd have more
than once turned off such pigs at ten months old weighing alive over 300
pounds average) the other must be fed almost three years, and you must
be a good feeder if you make him weigh 600 pounds. In the first case,
you have fed nine months each, or twenty-seven months on the three pigs
for 600 pounds, and In the other case, you have fed thirty-six months for
the same weight. The one big hog has eaten more corn than the three
pigs, and yet the three pigs Avelghlng the same as the one will bring about
six dollars more, giving you three dollars on the original pui'cliase, as be-
tween the three and one, and a very considerable amount of (!orn on the
credit side of your account book. 'V'^u don't l)elieve it? Examine tho
tables we have given on feeding and turning off cattle 3'oung, as against
feeding until they were mature. We could show many instances fully as
convincing as this, in the case of hogs ; but why pile up testimony after
the argument is couclusively established beyond controversy.

1 ' !i|r ■!■

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it^V

PART VIII.
Diseases of Swine.

CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND CUKE.

« ;:,,.v H^^'

CHAPTER I.

DISEASES OP SWINE.

EXPLANATION OP CUT. DIFFtCULTY IN ADMINISTERIN'J MEDICINK. GOOD

NDKSINO THE ESSENTIAL. MALIGNANT AND CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. MA-
LIGNANT EPIZOOTIC CATARRH HOW TO KNOW IT. WHAT TO DO.

INTESTINAL " HOG CHOLERA." HOW TO K 'lOW IT. CAUSES. TREAT-
MENT. PREVENTION. CONTAGIOUS PNEUMO-ENTERITIS. ITS ORIGIN.

THE ERYSIPELATOUS KOliM.

WHAT TO UO. MALIGNANT ANTHRAX, SPLENIC FEVER.

-IHE FORM MALIGNANT SORE THROAT.

-TliUK CIIARUON.

CONTAGIOUS rNEUMO-ENTERITIS. INFLAMMATOUY DISEASES. QUIN-

8EY, OR STRANGLES. IIIST.NO OF THE LIGHTS. PNEUMONIA. CATARRH

IN THE HEAD. DISEASE OF THE SKIN MEASLF.S. HOW TO KNOW IT.

THE LAUD WORM. WHAT TO DO. TRICHINA SPIRALIS. HOW TO

CORE. LICE DIARRHEA. SUMMARY.

SKELETON OF THE HOG.

Explanation — A — Cervical vej^ebrse. B, B — Dorsal vftrttbrip. C — Lumbar
vertebrae. D— Sacrum. E, .E— Coccygeal bones. F, F— Ribs. 6r— Costal
cartilages. H-^capula. /—Humerus. K, iC— Radius. Z— Ulna. 7)/— Car-
pas, or knee. 1. Scapiioiil. 2. Semilunar. 3. Cuneiform. 4. Trapezium. 5.
Trapezoid. 6. Os magnum. 7, Unciform. 8. Pisiform. N, iV— 'Large raota-

804

ILLUSTKATKD STOCK UOCTOK.

','' \i

caipal, or cannon. — Small metacarpal. P, P — Sesamoid bones. Q, Q^
IMialangos. 1. Os Bulfragiiiis, or pastern bone. 2. Os coronal. 3. Os peiiis.
/i— Pelvis. (Foreleg of pig. PlialAii^'es 1, 2,3). 1. Ileum. 2. Tuliis. 3.
Iscbium. ,S— Fennir. T— Patella. (/—Tibia. F— Fibula. W— Hock. i.
Oacalois. 2. Aslragahis. 8. Cuneiform magnum. 4. Cuneiform medium. 6.
Cuneiform parvum. G. Cuboid. 3, 6. Cubo cuneiform. X — Large metatarsal
'(Hind-leg of pig. Phalanges 1, 2, 3). F— Small metatarsal. Z— Head. 1.
Inferior maxilhv. 2. Superior maxilla. 3. Anterior maxilla. 4. Nasal bone.
.^ Molar. C. Frontal. 7. Parietal. 8. Occipital. 9. Luclirymul. 10. Squa-
mous-tcmpoid. 11. Petrous-tempoid.

Diffloulty in Administering Medicino.

No class of farm animals are st) difficult to treat in sickness as swiiio.
The horse, the cow, and the sheej), may have medicine administered to
them by an intelligent operator with comparatively little ditliculty. Not
so swine. They resist every cifort with their utmost strength, and med-
icine can only be forced down by main strength, the resistance it.iclf,
being, iu nine cases out of ten 'uore injurious, than the good the medicine
may do. When it nmst be aduiinisti icd by the moutii, the best means
we have ever found, is to place the hog in a narrow jjcn m which he can
not turn round, put a slip noose around the upper jaw, turn the medicine
— in the case of a drench — down from a horn, or when it may bo admis-
sible give it in the form of an injection. In the case of boluses they may
be laid on the back of the tongue, next the palate, and the animal thus
made to swallow.

Good Nursing the Essential.

For the reason that medicine is so difficult to administer, it is always
best, when the hog will eat or drink to disguise the dose in some food or
drink it likes. In fact our practice has always been, if medicine could
not'be so administered, to let good nu»'sing and care be the chief depend-
once in bringing the animal safely through.

In the case of those malignant forms of epidemic and contagious dis-
eases which, under the common name of hog cholera, have so frccjuently
scourged the West within the last few years, unless the affected animals
are treated during the first or symptomatic stage, the only course to pur-
sue is to isolate every diseased animal from the herd as soon as found,
and remove the well animals to a separate place where they are not iu
danger, and above all Avhero they cannot come in contact with other hogs :
then with such medicine as they will eat in food or druik trust to nature
aud good care to bring them safely through.

So far
discuses,
was passcj
the ownci]
of the disi
forms of I
there arc
iis to call I
for diseas

There
cholera.
1871) swc
vast nunit
En;j;land,
aud si)lcn
if not idc
cholera.

This di
amazingly
the nuico
dirty that
tion be cl
exposed 1
them to

There

the Hank

is fever.

efforts ti

form til

lining m

wiiulpip

A sec

in the fi

more d(

There ii

cjil:'i0^4*

BWINE, TUEIIl DISEASES.

805

So far tlici'o has boon but little success attending the treatment of these
discuses, prol)al)ly from the fact that the incubative stag« of the disease
was passed and the aninuils beyond the reach of renieuial means before
the owners were aware that the animals were attaclvcd. In the treatment
of the diseases of swine, we shall lirst describe fully the three- piimipal
forms of those malignant diseases termed hog cholera, and for wliich
there are so many specifics advertised — some of them by men so ignorant
as to call all distempers hog cholera, and prescril)e identical treatment
for diseases that require entirely different remedies.

Malignant and Contagioua Diseases.

There arc three principal forms of malignant diseases, called hog
cholera. The lirst is malignant epizootic catarrh, wliich in 1875 and
187(i swept over Illinois, Missouri, and neighboring States, destroying
vast numbers of swine ; next the disease noticed l)y Professor Kline, of
England, and described as contagious pneumo-enteritis ; the third, anthrax
and splenic fever and a form of intestinal fever closely allied to the last
if not identical, and which Dr. Law designates as intestinal fever or hog
cholera.

Malignant Epizootlo Catarrh.

This disease, if it docs not originate in filthy yards and putrid pens, is
amazingly developed there. The poison germs find a congenial homo in
the mucous membrane of such hogs, and in those whose skins are so
dirty that the natural perspiratory acts cannot take place, so if perspira-
tion be checked during the prevalence of this epidemic, or the swine be
exposed to sudden changes or the chilly night air, it will surely predispose
them to attacks.

How to Know It.

There is a short, hoarse cough, difficulty of breathing, with panting of
the flanks. The head is held in a stretched and drooping position ; there
is fever, a stiff, tottering gait, sometimes running at the nose, often
efforts to vomit, generally constipation, but at times diarrhoea. In this
form the disease is shown in the dead animal by inllammation of the
lining meml)rane of the nose and upper part of the throat, thence to the
windpipe and lungs, which are more or less solidified.

A second form of this disease has a short cough, not so pronounced as
ill the first form, and there is less oppression in breathing; but there ia
more decided paralysis in the hind quarters and the gait is more tottci-ing.
There is at first constipation, followed by a profuse and fetid diarrhea.

80G

ILLVf^rnAVKO STOCK DOCTOR.

Tho discaso io spciullii;!; itself iti the Btointich and bowcla. Tho uuiiiml
ttvc'liiiig its I»iU'k and ('.specially tho loins from tho intensity of tho pain.
Tho l)rain is often affoctcd ho thoro is partial or total blindness uud
aimless inovenieuts. So also the ;j^lands will be enlarf^ed and sonietiiues
Bcrofulous uloert! will show in different pails of the body. Tho dead ani-
ma! sho\v» tho lining niembrano of tho intestines intlainod and degeneraltd.
Tho sploon enlarged, dark, and soft; tho liver diseased, arid often water
exudations in tho chest and belly. Tho duration iu either form is from
five to lifteou days.

What to Do.

If tho disease has progressed so as to show the latter symptoms we
have doseribed, kill, and bury the animal at once, and deeply. In am
event separate tho animals showing the slightest symptoms from tho rest
of tho herd, and remove tho well ones to comfortable and dry and well
ventilated quarters, and give pure water and good, easily digested food.
As soon us the first symptoms are discovered give an emetic as follows :

No. 1.

15 to 20 Griiins powdered white belloboro,
H Pint milk.

Mix for a full-grown hog, and let it drink ; if it will not, turn it down
with a horn as previously described. This having vomited the hog, in a
couple of hours after give two or throe grains of tartar emetic, if the
troul)Ie is in the lungs ; if in the bowels, two or throe grains of calomel ;
either medicine to bo given in the half of a roasted i)otato or apple if the
animal will eat, or to be enveloped in tallow or laid and laid on Iho root
of the tongue and the animal made to swallow. Repeat the dose twice a
day until relief is obtained. According as the lungs or bowels are af-
fected api)ly to the sore place tho following blistering ointment, heating
over a moderate fire, for half an hour and stirring to mix:

No. 2.

1 Oz. powdered cantbarides,
4 Oz. olive oil.

Rub in well and repeat the application if no blister is drawn,
animal improves, give every day for a few days the following :

If the

No. 3.

20 Grains sulphate of iron,
SO Grjiiuii carbonate of potash.

This, when tho lungs have been the seat of discaso ; if in the bowels,
omit the carbonate of potash. Professor Townsend thinks that in many
cases the liver is torpid, and thus blood poisoning takes place. When

BWINK, TllBIU DIHKAHES.

807

tbc iitliirk coninionoos willi copious anil diirk discharges from tho bowels,
ho reeoiniiiendH to give ut oneo :

No. 4.

20 (J rains podopliyllln.
'J DniL'limi biuurlionutc of soda.

Or, if constipation bo present
No.o.

1 Oiinuo castor oil,

I DiMcliin oil (il'tiirpontlne.

Uutli to l)u giv(Mi III II (lint of milk or gruel.

Intestinal "Hos Cholera."

Ill relation to this disease, undouI)tedIy analogous to tho one last de-
scribed. Dr. James Law thinks it is a specitic contagious fi'vcr of swine,
iitteiided by congestion, exudation, blooU extravasation, and ulceration of
the menibrant! of thi.' stomach and l)owels. That is, fetid diarrhcea, gen-
eral heat and redness of the surface, and on the sUin and mucous meni-
l)r;iiie spots and patches of a scarlet, purple or black color. It is fatal in
from one to six daya, or ends in a tedious, uncertain recovery.

How to Ki.ow It.

Incubation rangen froin a week to u fortnight in cold weather, to three
days in warm. It is followed by shivering, dullness, prostration, hiding
under the litter, unwillingness to rise, hot, dry snout, sunken eyes, un-
steady gait behind, impaired or lost appetite, ardent thirst, increased
temperature ( lO!} degrees to lOi'i degrees F.), and pulse. With the ii'-
currenue of heat and soreness of the skin, it is suffused with red patches
and black spots, tho former disappearing on pressure, tho latter not.
The tongue is thickly furred, the pulse small, weak and rapid, the breath-
ing a(jcolerat"d and a hv.rd, dry cough is frequent. Sickness and vomiting
ni;iy bo present, the animal grunts or screams if the belly is handled, tho
bowels may be costive thron hout, but more commonly they bcconio
relaxed about the third day and an exhausting fo-tid diarrhoea ensues.
Lymph and blood may pass with tho dung. Before death the patient
loses control of the hind linibs, and is often sunk in complete stupor, with
muscular trembling, jerking, and involuntary motions of the bowels.

Causes.

It is mainly propagated by contagion, though faults in diet and man-
agement servo to dovei'op it. The infection is virulent, and may, it

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808

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

is supposed, bo communicated by the wind, and is with difficulty de-
stroyed in hog-pens, fodder, bedding and other articles of contact.

What to Do.

Treutn\ont should not be permissible, unless in a constantly disinfected
atmosphere. Feed barley or rye, or in case these raise the fever, corn
starch made with boiling water ; give to drink fresh cool water, slightly
acidulated with sulphuric acid. For the early constipation give a mild
laxative (castor oil, rhubarb), and injections of warm water, to be fol-
lowed up with nitrate of potassa and bisulphate of soda, of each 20 grains
at a dose. If the patient survives the first few days and shows signs of
ulcenition of the bowels, by bloody dung, or tenderness of the belly, give
oil of turpentine fifteen to twenty drops night and morning. Follow up
with tonics and careful, soft feeding.

Prevention.

Kill and bury the diseased ; thoroughly disinfect all they have come in
contact with ; watch the survivors for the first sign of illness, test all sus-
picious subjects by means of a clinical thermometer introduced in the
rectum, and separate from the herd if it shows 10; or more degrees Far-
auheit. And as soon as distinct signs of the disease are shown Jcill and
hur;/ deep. Feed vegetable or animal charcoal, bisulphate of soda, car-
bolic acid or sulphate of iron to the healthy swine, and avoid all suspected
food or places, or even water which has run near a diseased herd. All
newly purchased pigs should be placed at a safe distance in quarantine,
under separate attendants, until their health has been surely established
as sound.

Contagious Fneumo-enteritis.

This disease known commonly also as "hog cholera," "purple," "blue
disease, "etc., is a contagious inflammation of the lungs and bowels, accom-
panied Avith red and purple blotches of the skin, the last described being
one of relative forms of this disease.

It«i Origin.

It is supposed to be caused by extremes of temperature and wet seasons,
feeding on low or swampy soils, impure water, filthy feeding pens.
Whether these causes originate the disease or not they incline the system
to infections from the subtle poison which Dr. Klein, an eminent Engl is] i

SWINE, THEIV DISEASES.

809

veterinarian, has proved to be due to a minute vesrctablo or"-anism,
(bacillus) found in the serous fluids, and tissues of animals infected.
M. Roche Luhin, a French veterinary authority says the disease will dis-
appear if proper sanitary means are used, protection from the sun and
rain, well ventilated quarters, and clean beddini;, often renewed, with
pure water and wholesome food. We have been thus particular in (juot-
ing, to intensify what wc have repeatedly said, cleaidincss and care.

How to Know It.

There arc two principal symptomatic forms which are important to be
noticed, as follows :

The Eryaipelatous F{>rm.

The animal at first is dull, loses his appetite, lies down and moves
unwillinafly. Ilf' liangs his head, and sometimes makes (vfforts to vomit.
The bowels at this time are generally constipated, the (>xcrcment being
hard and dark '-olored ; cough and difficult urination.

The next day or in a few hours, even, the characteristic svmptom of
the disease .^hows itself. This consists in the appearance of dark red or
purple blotches, passing into a bluish-black color. Once seen, they
cannot l)e mistaken. Their most frequent seats arc the ears, throat,
neck, breast and inside the fore legs. If he is a white hog the discolora^
tions are very visible. With these there is often a discharge from the
nose of a daik purple fluid. Soon his breathing becomes panting and
lai)ored ; he is palsied in his hind quarters, and if he is driven up runs
reeling with his hind legs and his head dropped to the ground. At this
stage a fetid diarrhoja sometimes sets in. The fatal termination is reached
in one or three days.

The Form with Malignant Sore Throat.

The general symptoms at the commencement are the same ; and the
appearance of the throat has that same deep red, piissing into dark purple
hue, which we have just noticed in the erysipelatous variety. But the
obstructions to the functions of breathing and swallowing naturally pro-
duce a train of characteristic symptoms not seen in the former case.
There arc attempts to vomit, difficulty in swallowing, and labored breath-
ing from the first, the sensation of choking being so distressing that the
animal will sit on its haunches, like a dog, gas|)iiig for I)roath. opening
its mouth wide, and protruding a livid and swollen tongne. Sometimes
the swelling about the larynx is so sudden and considerable that the ani-

810

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

inal is choked to death in less than an hour, and before hardly any other
symptom has had time to manifest itself (oedema of the larynx).

What to Do.

The choapcst remedy with animals distinctly attacked, is to kill at
once, and bury dee[)ly out of sight, to prevent contagion. If the animals
are valuable, isolate them from all danger of spreading the contagion ;
give two to three ounces of castor oil, and as soon as it operates, give
twenty grains of nitrate of potash, and twenty grains nitrate of soda, —
mixed for a dose — two or three times a day. Give also powdered char-
coal in the drink, and if the bowels arc swollen and tender give twenty
drops of turpentine in a little gruel, as may be needed. The prescription
of M. Lubin, and one of the most valuable known is :

No. 6. 10 Grains powdered camphor,

1 Diaclini nitrate of potash,
5 Grains calomel.

Mix and give in a little gruel three times a day, omitting the calomel
after the third dose.

The local treatment should be attended to. Foment the swollen part
with hot water saturated with copperas (sulphate of iron). If there is
gangrene, saturate the surrounding tissues with turpentine and sweet oil,
and attend strictly to the general sanitary conditions of the hospital or
place where tiie animals, both sick and well are kept. Professor Wil-
liams advises the use of chlorate of potash as >.".:pcrior to all other medi-
cines. His prescription is :

No. 7.

2 Drachms chlorate of potash,
ii Pint water.

Professor Turner, the w^ell known Illinois scientist and extensive
farmer, advises the following as having been successful with him as a
preventive, and if taken in the early stages of the diarrhoea, as a cure :

No. 8. 2 Lbs. flowers or sulphur,

2 Lbs. sulphate ol'iron,
2 Lbs. madder,
}i Lb. black antimony,
;^Lb. nitrate of potash,
2 Oz. arsenic.

Mix Avith twelve gallons of slop, and give a pint to each hog ; this quan-
tity being for 100 hogs.

Our best word of advice is, if the affected hogs cannot be made to take
the remedies in their food or drink, •^ince it is a question of prcfit and

ly other

:) kill at
a animals
mtagion ;
itcs, give
■ soda, —
red char-
c twenty
escription

calomel

ollcn part
[f there is
sweet oil,
ospital or
issor Wil-
;her medi-

extensive
him as a
a cure :

this quan-

ide to take
prcHt and

HWINE, THEIR DISEASES.

811

I068 simply, then kill, bury at once, and disinfect promptly. For the
means of disinfecting, see chapters on contagious diseases in cattle. If
we had simply said kill and bury, our readers would not have been satis-
fied. Thus we have given much point to remedies ; yet it will agahi bear
repeating: In all contagious diseases of animals, of a malignant type, it
is cheapest and most humane to kill and bury quickly and deeply.
We have never found any remedy effective once it assumes a malignant
form. Unfortunately, there are too many careless or penny wise persons
who will not kill, and who constantly spread contagious diseases.

Charbon, Malignant Anthrax. In Swine, Splenic Fever.

It has been denied that this disease attacks swine. Since it is a blood
poison known to attack various animals, and which may be communicated
to man, there seems to be no good foundation for the assertion. In this
country there has not been sufficient sA'stematic investigation to separate
the names of the true Anthrax from Avhat is popularly known as hog
cholera. The distinction between Anthrax (Charbon) and contagious
pnoumo-enteritis is stated explicitly by Dr. Klein as follows :

TRUE CIIARnON.

Period of i?icubation, or latency,
from a few houi." to three days.

Easily transmissible to other spe-
cies of animals.

Spleen always enlarged, and often
broken down.

Blood after death dark and fluid.

Bacillus anthracis in the blood.

Lungs and bowels frequently not
implicated. Cough may be present.

The discoloration local, and of a
true carbuncular appearance.

contagious pneumo-enteritis.
Period of incubation from two to

five days and more.
Rarely and with difficulty transmit-
ted to other species.
Spleen rarely enlarged or otherwise

changed.
Blood after d*^;'*h n* ordinary ap-
pearance.
No bacillus anthracis in the blood,
but numberless bacilly in the
serum of the throax and abdomen .
Lungs and bowels always both in-
flamed. Cough always present.
The red or purple color diffused
over the surface, and of an
erysipelatous appearance.

The most common form of anthrax in pigs is popularly called "white
bristle." There is a carbuncular swelling, usually on the throat, pre-
senting the featui-es of color already described. The bristles on the spot
turn white and brittle, whence the name just given.
52

The swelling extends

812

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

inward, involving the windpipe and gullet, causing difficulty of breathing
and swallowing, and at length death in convulsions through suffocation.
Occasionally the true apoplectic or splenic form of charbon appears, and
:lso the variety which attacks the tongue and mouth, both acute and
quickly fatal, the apoplectic form often killing almost instantly. The
flesh of all animals dying of any form of this disease, as previously
stated, is poisonous, and the blood and discharges capable not only of
spreading the disease among others of the same species, but also, if in-
oculated into the human system, of bringing on that mortal malady,
"malignant pustule." The treatment, if treatment for so fearful and
fatal a disease may be allowed, should be essentially the same as that
prescribed in contagious pneumo-enteritis. As a preventive the recipe of
Prof. Turner may be used. We advise to give medicine if only early
symptoms be observed, but if animals be distinctly attacked to kill imme-
diately, bury out of sight, and disinfect thoroughly.

Inflammatory Diseases.

Swine are from their nature, and the usual manner in which they are
kept, quite subject to coughs, colds, quinsy, and inflammatory diseases,
especially of the lungs.

Quinsy, or Strangles.

This is a disease quite common and fatal. It is an imflammation of the
glands of the throat, (tonsils) and often kills quickly through suffocation.
If in feeding them there be found difficulty in swallowing, or protrusion
of the tongue, and slavering from the mouth, and if there be a swelling
under the neck and lower jaw, lose no time, cast the pig so he may be
held firmly, and with a lancet or sharp knife, scarifying the skin of the
throat deep enough to draw blood freely. Foment the parts with cloths
wet with hot water and partially wrung out, repeatedly applied to induce
bleeding, and reduce the inflammation, while an assistant prepare,? the
following injection :

No. 9.

4 Oz. sulphate of magnesia,
2 Drachms oil ol turpentine,
^ Pint soap tuds.
Mix.

With a feather fastened to a small rod, the hog's mouth being held open,
swab the tonsils and inside of the throat as far as can be reached, with
equal parts of lard oil and turpentine, or if the hog will eat, give doses
of two tea-spoonfuls each in a pint of grueL

breathing
ffocation.
jears, and
acute and
i\y. The
previously
at only of
ilso, if in-
il malady,
earful and
(le as that
le recipe of
only early
) kill imme-

jh they are
rv diseases,

ation of the

suffocation.

protrusion

e a swelling

he may be

skin of the

with cloths

d to induce

)repare3 the

ig held open,
eached, with
t, give doses

SWINE, THEIR DISEASES.

Bising of the Lights.

813

This is the name applied to an ordinary cold. To cure this, keep the
animal warm, feed well, and rub mustard, moistened with vinegar, on
the thi-oat and chest. If it does not yield, give an ounce of tar daily, by
putting a slip noose over the snout, opening the mouth, and placing the
tar well back on the tongue with a narrow wooden paddle.

Pneumonia.

The symptoms of inflammation of the lungs are, quick and laborious
breathing, loss of appetite, shivering of body and limbs, more or less
severe cough ; and the animal will not eat. The remedy is to keep the
animal thoroughly warm and quiet. Rub the preparation of mustard and
vinegar on the chest, and give internally.

No. 10. 2 Drachma nitrate of potash,

2 Drachms bisulphute of soda.

Mix in a pint of gruel if the animal will eat- If not turn down from a
horn.

Catarrh in the Head,

Commonly called snuffles. Give the animal a clean, dry, warm pen, and
feed and water well ; soft food being preferable.

Disease of the Skin.

Swine are essentially liable to diseases of the skin, when kept in con-
finement, unless pains be taken to do for them what they cannot do for
themselves, except where they have their liberty.

Measles.

Measles in swine have nothing in common with the disease of the same
name in the human subject. The name is given to a parasitic affection, oc-
casioned by the hog taking the eggs of the tapeworm, either in grazing,
where they have been dropped with the excrement of the dog, or from
feeding on pastures manured with human excrement. These eggs hatch
and work their way into the tissues and become encysted, and if the pork
of such animals is eaten, insufficiently cooked to destroy them, by man,
they transfer the tapeworm. In fact, it is not certain that ordinary cook-
ing does destroy all, therefore it is never safe to eat measly pork. The
appear.ince of the pork is owing to the presence of minute cysts , the size
of grains of barley, distributed through the muscular and other tissues.

814

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

How to Enow It.

There may or may not be, but {generally is, a discharge from the nose,
running of the eyes, weakness of the hind parts, and general ill hcaltii.
By examining the skin, small watery pimples will be found of a phik or
rod color. The renjcdy is undoubtedly beyond the reach of medicine,
though a so-called specific is small doses of sulphur and saltpetre, given
daily for Avceks. The prevention is, to put no human excrement on graz-
ing Helds, to keep dogs clear of tapeworm by an occasional vermifuge, to
bury all excrement of dogs found in the pastures, and to kill all stray and
worthless curs.

The Lard Worm.

There is another parasite of the hog, the lard worm (Stephanarus Den-
tatus), from one to one and three-quarters of an inch long, which is
occasionally found in all parts of the body ;of swine is frequent in the
liver, kidneys and fat around the ribs, and in various organs of the body,
including the heart. When present in large numbers, especially in the
kidneys, its eggs may sonietimes be discovered in the urine, by means of
the microscope. Another worm, Eustvongijlus Gigas, also inhabits the
kidneys ; both may produce weakness of the back, but it would not be
safe to treat for these i>arasites, unless this was surely determined by
the microscope.

What to Do.

Do nothing. Various remedies have been prescribed, such as small
doses of sulphur and salt, given daily for sevei'al weeks, or small doses
of salt and turpentine. Neither have certainly been known to do any
good. Minute doses of arsenic, one-eighth of a grain, given daily for
two or thi'ee weeks, so it may be taken up by the system, would be the
proper course indicated. The better way is to prevent their getting
measly, by keeping the diseased ones entirely from the well ones, and the
young away from the old.

Trichina Spiralis.

This minute parasite is capable of infesting all domestic animals, includ-
ing man. The mature and fertile worm lives in the intestines of the
animals, and the immature worm in cysts in the muscle. The eating of
rats, and other vermin, and slaughter house offal is the prolific source
from whence they come. The prevention is obvious. They are rarely
found in western farm-raised, corn-fed hogs. There is no danger from
eatiiig pork infected with trichina, if it be thoroughly cooked. There is

SWINE, TIIEIK DIHKASES.

S15

he nose,
1 lictilth.

pink or
iicdicinc,
ic, given

on graz-
ifuge, to
stray and

imcn Den-
which is
int in the
the body,
ly in the
means of
labits the
Id not be
mined bv

as small
nail dose.H
to do any

daily for
jld be the
ir getting
s, and the

no moans of discovering them in fle«h, except by the microscope. Eat
none but corn-fed pork, and that cooked done. Rare cooked pork in any
form whatever, is an abomination, and pork fed in slaughter house yards
and distilleries should warrant their owners being sent to the penitentiary.

Mmge. or Scab.

This is caused by the presence of a minute insect, sarcoptes siuk, trans-
niissible to man, and should not be allowed in any herd of swine.

What to Do.

As soon as discovered, rub the infested animals thoroughly with soft
soap, let it remain an hour, and wash off with warm water using a good
brush, let the animals dry, and apply the following ointment:

No n.

1 Pint train oil,

2 Drachms oil o( tnr,
1 Drachm petroleum.

Mix with sufficient flower of sulphur to make a thick paste. This
should bo well rubbed in, and remain on three days. Then wash thor-
oughly Avith strong soap suds, dry, and change to quarters jjorfectly clean,
I)urii all beddir.g, and cleanse the quarters thoroughl}^ with carbolic acid
and water. The carbolic liquor of gas works is good, of Avhich there
should always be a barrel on the farm. It is cheap. Thin down slaked
liiuc with it, and thoroughly paint all infected places.

Lice.

If lice are found on swine, it is a sign that something is wrong. We
have never seen them on well conditioned swine, When they occur from
any cause, sponge the animal freely with crude petroleum, or kerosene,
and give a little sulphate of iron, (copperas) one quarter drachm a day, in
the feed. Let the food also be ample and nourishing. Another efficient
and safe remedy for killing lice is Scotch snuff, rubbed up with lard, and
applied where the lice are found.

Is, includ-
les of the
5 eating of
ific source
are rarely
nger from
There is

Diarrhea.

Diarrheal affections often attack young pigs during their sucking sea-
son, generally in the first week of their life — and often causes their
death. Usually the cause is due to diseased milk of the sow, either
from bad food, or other causes. If so, change the food. In any case,
the remedial means must be used with the sow. Place charcoal and salt
where sow and pigs may get it, and prepare the following powder :

816

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

No. IS. 2 PoundH fenugreek, powdered,

2 Pounds anlie wed, powdered,

1 Pound gentian, powdered,
2 Ouncett carbonate «l Moda,

2 Pounds chalk, powdered.

Give a tuble-spoonful of this in the food, every time the sow is fed.

Summary.

From whiit wo have said the reader will easily perceive that wo have
not nmch faith in remedial njeans in c'ontagiou.s di.seascs of .swine. The
8ame holds {j^ood with any animal when once the disease is pronounced,
and of a malignant type — unless the animal ho so valuable that it will
pay to call a veterinary surgeon. Even then in the malignant forms of
the diseases described, and which are known under the popular misnomer
of " Ilog Cholera," killing and burying is the cheapest and altogether
the most humane. The danger of spreading; the difficulty of isolation ;
and the next to impossibility of treating a hog too sick to eat, but never
too sick to 1)0 contrary, or resist to the full extent of their power, and
the ordinarily snudl eo.st of swine per head should be well considered in
the treatment of swine. Use proper discretion in treating them, but
do not hesitate a moment in killing, when the disease is malignant, and
in ordinary cases remember that if the hog will not take his physic
kindly in his gruel, better let nature and good nursing perfect the cure
than to violently force medicine down. Please rorjember the value of
good nursing in human patients. To reinforce this wo may state the
fact that in France, long continued experiments in hospitals, with many
patients, treated under the various systems of medicine, a greater pro-
portion recovered with no medicine and good care and nursing, than did
under medication with ordinarv hospital caue and ni:r8Ino. This
may not have been complimentary to the hospital management, yet in no
country in the world are they better or more conscientiously managed.

The necessity of good nursing in the case of swine is no loss imperative
than iu that of human beings, and its good results are as manifest.

fed.

,ve have
0. The
louiu'ed,
t it wil!
onus of
lisnoiner
t()<i;ethef
4<)hiti()ii ;
ut lU'vi'i-
wer, and
dcred in
lu'in, but
liint, and
is piiysic
the cuie
value of
*tate the
th many
iter pro-
tlian did
o. This
^et in no
naged.
nperative
ist.

PART IX.

POULTRY.

HISTORY, BREEDS, CHARACTERISTICS
AND MANAGEMENT.

the

POULTKY.

CHAPTER I.

HISTOBY AND WILD TYPES.

OBXVB COKUR COOK AND HBN.

Origin of Domestic Fowls.
The first domestication of the farm yard fowl is lost in the obscurity of
the past. We have not even tradition to guide us. There is a legend

.-^v-.

820

IiiLU8TR\TED STOCK DOCTOR.

a
w

UK3UCAN WILD TURKBY,

POULTRY, HISTORY, ETC.

821

that Gomer, the son of Japhet, took his name from the cock, and hence
it has been inferred that he was the first to domesticate the species. As
well might some future historian attribute the domestication of various

wild and domestic animals of our time to the savage Indian, whose fancy
leads him to accept the name of various wild beasts and birds as his own.

822

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

The fact is, the domestication of wild fowls is exceedingly eas^-, as has
been proved within the last three hundred years by the domestication of
the wild turkey of America, {^meleagrin) of which there are but two spe-
cies known, M. Occellata, a native of Mexico and Honduras, and M.
Gallopavo, from which our common domestic varieties have descended.
Later the American wild goose, (anser canadensis) , a distinct species from
\he gray legged goose of the North of Europe, and the suj^posed ancestor
of the common white or gray goose, and the Embden or Bremen goose.

Besides Europe and America, Asia and Africa havo furnished us with
four sub-varieties of geese, three of which are called China geese, the
fourth being the African or Hong Kong variety.

Africa has also furnished us with the Guinea fow\,(^N^umidia meleagris)
called Pintado by the Spanish. It is a native of Northern Africa, where
it is still found wild in large numbeis, in some parts. The Pea fowl,
(Pavo crista(us) has also been known from the remotest antiquity and is
often used by ancient writers as an emblem of pride and arrogance, and
it may be added, what is also true of the arrogant and strutting turkey,
it is as cowardly as it is arrogant and cruel.

The pheasant may here be noticed as a breed long half domesticated,
and yet never brought perfectly under the domestication of man. The
probable reason for this is that like the Peacock, they have always been
considered more ornamental than useful. There are four or five distinct
and beautiful species, that as ornamental breeds in parks should be more
extensively bred than they are.

The Swan is another breed long known in history and yet which cannot
be considered of special valuc^ except as ornaments in artificial lakes in
the parks and grounds of the wealthy. Their dying song is often ciuotcd
from classic literature ; so far no one has yet been charmed with its song
in modern times, which may prove one of two conclusions, either the
ancients were satisfied with a vc y low order of vocality, or else the mod-
ern taste for musical sounds has become too refined to appreciate the
notes of the swan either in health or sickness.

The duck seems to have boon one of the most easily domesticated of
fowls, and if the varieties are not excessively multiplied, it is because they
are not considered a delicacy, and comparatively little us id as food.
Nevertheless, we think them underestimated. Some varieties are very
beautiful in pi," lage ; they are handsome in the water, and their flesh is
by no means to be despised. Among the most valuable varieties are the
Aylesbury ducks, a promineat English breed, uu illustration of which
we give.

POULTRY, nisTonr, etc.

823

Of the progenitors of barn-yurd fowls (Gallus), there are several wild
species. Among these may be mentioned the Sonnerat fowl, discovered
by the naturalist of that name in the Ghautes, which separates Malabar
from Coramandel, a thoroughly wild species never yet tamed. Sonnerat
waj probably mistaken in supposing they were the primitive type of

our

domestic tribe. Damphier had previously found wild cocks in the islands
of the Indian Archipelago, that are now known to nearly approximate
ours. The Bankiva species in Java, and the Kulni or gigantic cock of

824

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Sumatra and Southern Asia — the jungle fowl of the continent of India,
may also lay claim to being the progenitors of our domestic fowls, as
well as the species named after the egotistic Soinierat. In India our
farm fowls are believed to have sprung from the jungle cock and wild
species of Malay and Chittagoney.

GALLUS 8'INNERATII.

Our Bantams are undoubtedly sprung from the Bankiva jungle fowl.
Our large Asiatic from the great Malay and Chittagong races through
long generations of breeding and selection in China. Whatever th:^ races
from whence they sprung, the wild types are now very scarce and diffi-
cult to find, while domestic fowls, in their almost infinite varieties, are
found not only in every farm-yard and village lot, but are bred exten-
sively and successfully in our largest cities.

But wild fowls, of the genus Gallus, are also natives of the Brazillian
forests of America. Oliver de Serres writes of them as follows :

"In traveling over the gloomj' and inextricable forests of Guiana, when
the dawn of day Vegan to appear, amidst the immense forests of lofty
trees which fail under the stroke of time only, I often heard a crowing

POUT.TRY, HISTORY, ETC.

825

similar to that of our cocks, but only weaker. The considerable distance
which separated me from every inhabited place, could not allow one to
think this crowing produced by domesticated birds ; and the natives of
those parts, who were in company with me, assured me it was the noise
of wild cocks. Every one of the colony of Cayenne, who has gone very
far up the country, gives the same account of these wild fowl. I have
been one myself. They have the same forms, the fleshy comb on the
head, the gait of our fowls, only that they are smaller, being hardly
larn^er than the common pigeon ; their plumage is brown or rufous.

HEAD OF 8IX0LK WATTLKD BRAHMA FOWL.

HKAD OF BREDA, OR OUELDRE.

Before this the wild fowls of America had been mentioned. The
Spaniard, Acosta, provincial of the Jesuits of Peru, has positively said
that fowls existed there before the arrival of his countrymen, and ..nat
they were called in the language of the country, talpa, and their eggs
ponto. We arc not aware that this species has ever been brought into a
state of domesticity, or that the wild species has ever been taken and
reared. The Avilds of the great South American forests are yet as a
seated book, in many respects, to the naturalist. Under the regime of
the presejit practical and scholarly Emperor, this, in Brazil, is being
changed, and gradually this immense territory will be made to yield not
only increased stores to our ornithological knowledge, but also in other
departments of practical art and science.

Our domestic poultry may be divided into four erroups, each of which
will be separately considered.

I I

826

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

1. Our ('onunon Barn-yard fowls.

2. Asiatic fowls.

3. (raines, including' (lainc Baiitums-

4. Pet Bantams.

In the first group we shall notice English, American and continental
families. In the second group all Asiatic breeds. In the third group all
the more import, ut Games, and in the fourth group all the better known
small varieties of Bantams, except Gam^s, both smooth and feathered
legged.

On the preceding page we give illustrations of two cuiious varieties
in domestic fowls, one in a sub-family of Brahmas, the other in a family
of fowls of Dutch orijpa.

I. ]

br
is,
th

CO
8h
pi,

continonlul
rd group all
etter known
id feathered

)us varieties
r in a family

CHAPTER n.

VABIETIES OF BASIT-YABD FOWLS.

I. DORKINO FOWLS.— U. SILVER GREY D0RKIN08. HI. BLACK DORKINGS. —— TV. FAW»»

COLORED DORKINGS. V. BOLTON ORBTS. — VI. DOMINIQUE FOWLS.— —VH. PLYM-
OUTH ROCKS. VIII. THE OSTRICH FOWLS. — IX. HAMBDRO FOWLS. — X. BLACK

HAMBURGS. XI. LEGHORNS. XII. WHITE LEGHORNS. XHI. SPANISH FOWLS.—

XIV. FRENCH FOWLS. XV. THE HOUDANS. XVI. LA FLECHB FOWLS. XVII. THB

CREVB COEURS. XVIII. LARGE ASIATIC BREEDS. XIX. THE CHITTAOONG8. XX.

BUFF COCHINS. XXI. PARTRIDGE COCHINS. — XXII. WHITE COCHINS. XXIU.

BRAHMA FOWLS. XXIV. LIGHT BRAHMAS. XXV. FRIZZLED FOWLS. XXVI. SILK-
IBS. XXVIl. BREDA, OR GUELDRE FOWLS. XXVIII. GAMB FOWLS. 1. BROWN*

BREASTED REDS. 2. BARL DERBY GAME. 3. DUCK-WINGED GAME. 4. WHITS

GEORGIAN GAME. 5. GAME BANTAMS.— —6. OTHER 3ANTAMS.— >«<7. SEABBIQBT BAN-
TAMS. 8. JAPANESE BANTAMS.

L Dorking Fowls.

Of distinct English breeds the Dorkings have becot le the most cele-
brated. Of these the White Dorking of Surrey is the typical fowl. It
is, as compared with the so-called dung-hill fowls, large, often weighing,
the mature cocks fully ten pounds, the hens eight to nine pounds, and at
a year old from six to eight pounds. They are of good size, plump,
compact, with strong heads, full wattled, and with single serrated comb,
short necks, short white legs, with five toes, and full plump breast, the
plumage pure white and without spot. They are tolerably hardy, good
layers and most excellent mothers. The illustration on following page
is a representative of this breed.
53

828

ILLU8TRATKD STOCK DOCTOR.

« !!

n. Silver Oray Dorking.
This variety is considered to be a sport of the White Dorking perpetu-
ated by careful breeding and selection. With stock frona families that
have been carefully bred by careful selection they may be kept to the
standard. But they vary much in color, the dark varieties often producing
silver gray chicks.

■■'^mm.i^^^^

WHITK DORKING COCK.

The Gray Dorkings are rapid growers, and if well supplied with food
are in condition for the table at any age, often before they fairly get
their feathers. The distinguishing colors are : breast, tail and larger tail
feathers perfectly black ; the head, neck, hackle, back, saddle, and wing

\'\

l-OULTRY, DIFFERENT VARIETIES.

820

bow a clear, pure, silvery white, and across tlie wings a well defined black
bar, in striking contrast with the white outside web of the quill feathers
and the white hackle of the neck and saddle. The neck of the hen is

ORAT ENGLISH DORKINGS.

silvery white, the breast salmon-red, changing to gray near the thictixa;
the wings silvery or blate gray, and without any tinge of red wLifevcj
ju'he tail should be dark gray, the inside nearly black.

m. Black Dorkings.
This sub-family are jet black in color, the neck feathers of some of
the cocks tinged with gold, and of the hens tinged silvery. The comb
may be either rose or single but usually double, short and sometimes
cupped; wattles quite small and very red near the head. The tail,
feathers shorter and broader than those of the white variety ; the legs
black, short, and with the two under toes quite distinct and separate,
sometimes showing a rudimentary toe. They are hardy, the hens are
good layers, good setters and careful nurses, and the eggs are of a
large size.

rv. Fawn-colored Dorkings.

These are handsome birds of high carriage, said to have been produced
by a cross between the White Dorking and fawn-colored Turkish fowl.

H80

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Their tails urc shorter than any other variety C)f Dorkings and the legs
black. The cocks will weigh from eight to nine pounds and the hens
from six to seven. They have remarkably fine flesh and lay large eggs.
In relation to the Dorkings as a class, we have found them not well
adapted to stand wet, cold weather. Yet with proper care they are the
best of the distinct English breeds.

V. Bolton Oray.
This breed, sometimes called Creole, used to be in good repute in
England, and were bred with such nicety that individuals could scarcely
be distinguished apart. They are great layers, but poor setters, and
when carefully bred are one of the best breeds for the farm yard. They
are a medium sized, plump, short-legged fowl ; neck and body pure
white thickly spotted with black, black bars at the extremity of the tail.

DOMINIQUE FOWL.

The hens are constant layers, but the eggs, although of good quality, are
rather small, weighing about one and a half ounces each. They are
comparatively rare in the United States.

VI. Dominique Fowls.
The Dominique, a distinctly American breed, and for the ordinary
farmer, where hardiness, fecundity, good laying propensity, and excel-

ii«i»«».>..

I'UULTKY, DIKrKKENT VAIUETIES.

M31

lence of flesh is concerned, is one of the very best in exlHtonco. They
breed constant in color, markings, constitution iind vigor, and are
always well able to take caro of tliemaelves.

The true color of the Dominique is a light ground undulated and
penciled in the softest manner with slaty blue — almost black — forming
bands all over the body. The hens and cocks are shaded alike ex-
cept that the plumage of the cock is more distinct, often with golden
hackles, and bronzed wings. The comb of the cock may be either
single or double, but we prefer the single comb, as most indicative
of the true type. The iris of the eye is a bright orange, and the bill
and legs a bright yellow or buff color. They are scjuare built, broad
breasted, rather short legged fowls, with little offal, and with high
flavored and profitable flesh ; elegant in plumage, and a hardy,
healthy, profitable and prolific race of birds.

VLV.VIUUTU KOCKa.

Vn. Plymouth Bocks.

This is a modern American breed originated by Dr. Y. C. Bennett, and
first shown at Boston in 1840. Said to have been produced by a cross of
a Cochin-China cock, with a hen, herself a cross between the fawn-colored

H32

illi;htuatei) htock Docrrou.

Dorking, tho lurgo Malay, and the; Wild Indian fowl. Fanciers becoming
interested in tiiis breed, it waa very considerably di.sHoniinated, but failed
to give Hatinfaction on account of the want of uniformity iu the chickeuH
either in marking or form. Mucrh bitter controversy has ensued,
which shows that there were several different origins, in which the Java,
Cochin, (iray Clmttagongs, I)omini«iuc, Gray Dorking, and even the com-
mon dunghill fowl llgurcd. Of late years fowls have been produced
under the name of Improved Plymouth Rocks, the modern style show-
ing excellent and uniform breeding. A fowl that grows rapidly, fledges
early, making tlosh fast, and which in the hands of expert fanciers, com-
l»ines many of the most excellent (jualities to be desired, either as hiyers
or as table birds.

vm. The Ostrich Fowls.

originated in

This excellent breed
Bucks county, Pa., and were called
Bucks county fowls. The cocks of
this variety will average nine pounds.
They are good layers, sometimes pro-
ducing forty or fifty eggs before be-
coming broody. The eggs are large
aifd of good flavor ; the flesh white,
firm, and of excellent quality. The
color of the cock is a dark blue-
black ; the ends of the feathers tipped
BUCKS COUNTY, (PA.) FOWLS. with whito ; wiugs a yellow or gold-

en tinge ; hackle dark, glossy blue. A double rose comb surmounts
the head with large wattles beneath. The carriage is bold and alert.
The hen is similarly colored, but more sober in shade, with a plump,
,thick body, a high serrate single comb, wattles large, and legs short and

of a dark color.

IX. Hamburg Fowls.

The Hamburg fowls all have these characteristics : They have bright
double combs, firmly fixed, and ending in a long point turned up behind.
They are of medium size, of sprightly carriage ; tails large and held
upright with long plume feathers ; of robust constitutions, great layers,
seldom broody ; in fact, almost never, when kept in confinement. The
eggs are small but of excellent flavor.

X. Black Hamburgs.

This is probably the best variety of the family for farmers, and in fact
one of the very best of the black fowls. Possessing the two-fold value

u
r

>
n

l'<)l)LTKY, blKKKUKNT VAUIK'I'IKM.

833

of buinj? iiltM-t, iioMo looking, handsome fowls , color deep black with ft
mctalic luHtor ; Imrdy. i(»l>UHt, iiiid th«' iicus coiiHtunt layers.

Penciled Hamburgs.
These are of two varieties, the Silver and Golden. In the Silvered
sub-family, the ground color is silver-white, sometimes with a slight yel-
low tinge, but every feather margined with the most glossy black. The

SfH^ '

834

II.LUSTIUTKD gTOCK DOCTOR.

cocks of either variety exhibit the pencilings, as do the hens, but are
white or brown in the Silvered or Goldan breeds respectively.

There are few, if any, more striking fowls than these in the hands of
expert and careful breeders, with their symmetrical, gay and upright
carriage, their well-defined deaf ears, elegant combs and wattles, their
ample, well-feathered tails, and tine-boned, taper, blue legs.

GOLDEN PENCILKD HAMBURQS.

The hens of both varieties must Inive i\w hoiXy cloiirly and definitely
penciled, and the hacliles of })oth cocks and hens nuist be entirely free
from dark marks. The engraving vhich we give fully illustrates the
characteristics of the several varieties
as farm fowls delicate.

Ah fancier fowls they are superb

XI. Leghorns.

This admirable breed of European fowls has become widely dissem-
inated in the United States, being valued for their many good qualities,
among which are beauty and constant laying propensities. They are
bred by fanciers of all colors from white to black.

XII. White Leghorns.
White Leghorns are, we think, the most valuable to the farmer as they

IHIULTRY, DIPFERRNT VARIETIES.

835

are the handsomest. The description of this variety will suffice for all
excepting color.

The Whites are in size about that of the Spanish, and like the Spanish
the combs of the best hens lop over on one side. The plumage is white
with hackle feathers slightly golden tinged, the rest of the feathers pure
white. They are comparatively a hardy breed, standing extremes of

•-*

to
c

cold and sudden changes fairly, except that their immense single combs
are liable to freeze in Winter. The hens are [)ersistent layers, and
especially good Winter layers, when they are kept comfortably housed,
and seldom incline to set. The legs and skin are yellow. The cocks
have large single perfectly erect serrate combs, the divisions being in

836

ILLIISTRATKI) STOCK DOCTOW.

fact spiked. The wattles are full and large, with wliite or cream colored
ear lobes, extending sometimes up on the face. The chicks are hardy,
good foragers, feather early, and at the age of six to eight weeks are
miniature fowls, showing much of the stature and grace of the mature
fowl.

The out will show what Mould be considered price fowls in any show
Tmg.

Xin. Spanish Fowls.

The Spanish fowls in their several varieties have long been known and
Justly esteemed in the United States for their great laying and non-setting
propensities. The whole race, however, are rather tender as far as cold

POITLTRY, DIFFERENT VAUIETIES.

887

im colored
ire hardy,
weeks are
lie mature

any shoiw

own and

n-settiog

as cold

wet weather is concerned. But for the amateur who will give good care
and attention, they will amply repay their cost in the production of
plenty of large, meaty eggs. In
the South they are an admirable
breed. In any locality they must
be allowed plenty of liberty since
they soon suffer from close con-
finement. There are many vari-
eties described besides the pure
white and the pure black, as the
red-faced black, or Minorca, the
Ancona, Gray, or mottled breed,
and the Blue or Andalusian. The
cut which we give on the next
piige, of the Black Spanish and
description of same, will suffice
for all.

The cock should carry himself
erect iind stately, the breast pro-
jecting and the tail erect, and with
sickle feathers fully developed.
The plumage should be jet black,
and without the least approach
to white or any other colored
spots, but with glossy reflec-
tions in the sunlight. The fowl

plump and compact ; the legs blue or dark lead color ; the comb large in
both sexes, bright vermilion in color, deeply serrate or rather notched
like a saw ; that of the cock entirely upright and without twist whatever,
and extending well back of the head. The comb of the hen should fall
completely over on one side ; the face must be quite white and without
red specks, wide and deep and extending high over the eye, arched in
shape, approaching the bottom of the comb, extending sideways to the
ear lobes, meeting under the throat, and in texture entirely fine and
smooth. The ears must be large and pendulous, and as white as the face.

XIV. French Fowls.

There are three principal breeds of French fowls that have within the
last ten years acquired an excellent reputation wherever known. They
are the Houdan, Creve-Coeur — both of which are quite well disseminated
— and the La Fleche. The first two breeds take their names from vil-
lages of these names, and the latter from the arrondissement of La

STANDARD WHITE LEGH0RN3.

838

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Fleche, in France, where they are most commonly raised. Besides these
theie are several other varieties of useful and ornamental breeds known
in France as, first, the de Breda, de Breese, Court Paltas, and du Mans,
and among the ornamental varieties the Chamois, HoUandais, Hermines
and Padoue. The Bredas have already been described.

XV. The Houdans.

These fowls are held in France in fully as high estimation as are the
Dorkings in England. They are hardy, easily raised, fatten kindly, biy
good sized eggs, and are of a most excellent quality of flesh. They are
a five-toed race, and are reported to have originated between a cross of

I'OULTRY, DIFFKKENT VAKIETIES.

839

the Dorking and the Silver Padoue. They should be of a white and
black color, evenly distributed, making them distinctly speckled. Red
feathers are not admissilie, but an occasional stained feather is some-
times seen in the best fowls. They are very French-like, sprightly,
vivacious, loving to wander, but bearing confinement well. The comb is
double leafed, and they have whiskers and beard growing well up on their
face, which, with the crest or top-knot, gives them a curious and yet
striking api>earance. The crest of the hen especially being thick and
full. In shape they resemble the Dorking, but are less in size. In every
respect they are brilliant and striking in appearance.

HOUDAN HEN.

XVI. La Fleche Fowls.

These handsome fowls ai-e very tall but compact ; in size equaling the
Dorking ; yet black, firmly knit, with strong, long limbs ; the body rather
angular, the plumag< firm and dense. The head is handsome, with
spikes of feathers b> aid the comb, looking like a double horn. They
have small protuberanoes between the nostrils, which latter are full and
expanded. They have large, opaque ear lobes, cravat like, very long

I ,

840

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

pendant wattles, a moderately curved beak, neck hackles long and tine,
reflecting violet and green-black colors, as do the breast, wings and upper
tail feathers. The legs are long, slate-blue in young fowls, and a lead-
gray when old . The hen is colored like the cock. The cocks arrive at their
full growth at eighteen months old ; the hen at twelve. The flesh is
considered the finest and most valuable of any French breed.

LA FLBCHE FOWLS.

XVn. The CreveCoeurs.

This is the most striking of the French breeds, their black crested
heads being curiously relieved with deep crimson, forked or antlered-like
comb. Their aspect is bold and stately, the plumage black, shaded with
green, thick and shining. The comb must be conspicuous and full,
wattles long and deep, breast large, full and deep, the back straight not
drooping. The legs should be strong, firm, leaden blue, in color, and
short, with strong claws. The hen should have a soft, thick, round
crest, and very little comb and wattles. The color must be entirely black,
no other color being admissible in pure bred fowls. Old birds, however,
will sometimes show an occasional white feather in the crest.

POULTRY, UIKKIOKENT VAUIKTIE8.

XVni. Large Asiatic Breeds.

841

Of tho uumevous l)rco(l.s and .sub-divisions of these gigantic fowls the
C!ochin-Chinu and the Biahmas stand confesstdly at the head. The
ShanghsBS, and the Chittagongs have, of late, fallen into disrepute, and

confessedly so, from the superiority of the Cochins and the Brahmas.
In the Slianghai family there are various colors. Gray, buff, cinnamon,
partridge-colored and black. Twenty-tive years ago they ^\'ere regarded
with especial favor, from the fact that they were of the then largest size
known. It must be confessed that when bred pure they are quiet, good

:!BI

'ill '!'

1; '!

;i 1

842

ILLU8THATED .STOCK DOCTOR.

ritters and nurses, little inclined to ramble, and among the best foster
mothers to other chickens that can be found.

UUF1<' COCHIN COCK.

XIX. The Chittagong.

This is a giant among fowls, the cock often standing twenty-six inches
in height, and notwithstanding their long logs and necks, they are majestic
looking. There are two principal breeds, the gray being the larger breed.
In the dark red variety the breast and thighs are black. The hens yellow
or brown ; legs in both sexes being yellow, heavily covered with black

I'OirLTKY, DIFKEKKNT \ AUCETIEH,

843

feathers, and tbo carriage in all the varieties graceful, majestic, prompt
and easy.

XX. Buff Cochins.

There are several varieties, in color buff, lemon, and cinnamon, the re-
sult of peculiar crosses and breeding. The buff is the true type of the
colored sorts, and for utility wc think the best. The cock should be up-
right and strong in his carriage ; breast broad, not full, but forming a
nearly straight line between the crop and thighs ; back short and wide ;
tail only slightly raised ; legs strong and with great thighs and saddles.

BOFF COCHIN HEN.

The head is small, for so long a bird ; the beak yellow, stout, short»
curved, and strong at the base ; comb single, not large, and with rather
small wattles, florid, thin and fine ; the ear lobes well developed, long,
thin, fine, and entirely without white. The eye of the cock should be of
an ochre-yellow color, and in the hen a darker hue. The hackle of the
cock should be full, spreading over the thighs, and of a light bay color,
54

H44

ILLUSTHATED STOCK pOCTOIS.

and free from markings of any kind. Tlic jjuckh) of tho hon is a clean,
distinct buff. A slight penciling is luhniriiltlc. a dark colored one not.
The saddle of both cock and hen should he free from markings. A black
tail in the cock is adniiniblc, and if the principal fcath(!rs arc bronzed, so
much the bettor. Tho breast of both cock and lien should be cb'iir buff,

becoming lighter toward the tip, with a wiivy appcaraiuie in the sun, and
both primary and secondary quill feathers should be buff, without other
color. The legs should be heavily feathered, covering the outsider toe,
and partly the one behinC. Vulture hocks, as shown in tlie Black Breda

IIHII/rilV, DIFKKHKNT VAIMKTIKS.

M4ft

I a clean,

one not.

A bliirk

:>nzod, so

l«>iir buif ,

sun, and
hout other
utsido toe,
ack Breda

viiriety is not adnuHsible, as taey not only show mixed hlood, hut ar«
unsightly.

XXI. Partridge Cochins.

These are admirable fowls. Among the hoiivicst of the Asiatic broods,
attract attention wherever shown, from their round, full, pluuii) forms,
ologant feathering and majestic carriage.

The head of the Partridge Cochin is a rich orange red. The hackle
imd saddle feathers the same, but eacih distinctly marked down the middle
with a black stripe. The back, shoulder-coverts and wing are self colonsd,
red and darker than the hackle ; the lower wing-coverts black, with
greenish or blue reflections forming a "bar" across the wing ; the pri-
mary wing feathers black, edged brown or bay on the lower edges ;
riocondaries bay on the outer edges and black on the inner, each feather
l)lack on the end, forming a black edge on upper-side of the butts of the
wings ; the breast, thighs, tail and leg feathers black and without other
color ; the leg dusky yellow. The hen should have lior hackle golden
yellow, each feather striped black along the center, the rest of the
plumage light brown, penciled with dark brown, the pencilings over the
body should be dense, and the purer the brown the better. On the
breast the pencilings should be crescent shaped. Legs dusky yellow,
penciled brown as in the body.

XXII. White Cochins.

White Cochins should be white, pure white all over. This purity in
color is essential, since a yellow or other tinge detracts from the beauty
of the bird. The cock should have a medium sized, straight, smooth,
freely serrate comb, large, red, deaf ears, large wattles, red eye, strong,
yellow beak and legs, and Avith plenty of feathers on the feet. This
feathering should be characteristic of all Cochins, avoiding as far as
possible any tendency to vulture hocks. Breed also to large stock, of
good carriage, and you will have in the progeny as pretty a sight for
fowls as could well appear, either in the farm yard or on the grass.

The hen should be large ; the head, beak, eye, deaf ears and wattles
colored as in the cock. Avoid especially a grayish eye. It is supposed
to show a tendency to blindness and a generally weak constitution. The
body must be broad, the tail small, almost covered with the soft feathers
about it, and with well feathered rumps and plenty of fluff.

I"''i VI

ill

M46

II.LIINTUATKI) WTOCK DOCTOIt.

XXIII. Brahma Fowli.

Theao iiiiijcHtic fowls, Htiid to have hrcii on^iimlly brought from thu
imiikH of the Hi'iiliii)u-|iootra river, whicli wiitorH tlio furtile territory of

Willi K CtJ< IIIN l'UWl.8.

Assam, are divided into two classes, the lijjht and dark, each having their
special admirers, and either good enough for any farm yard. As a rule
however, the dark are more highly esteemed, and the fowls sell for
higher prices than the light.

The head of the dark l^rahma cock should have a p(<a comb, that is,
three combs ruiming parallel to each other, and with the length of the
head, the middle one the highest ; the beak strong and curved, ear lobes
red, and falling below the wattles, which should bo full, and like the ear
lobes, deep red ; the neck short, well curved, with the hackle full, silver
white, striped with black, and flowing over the back, and sides of the
breast ; the l)ac,k strong, very short, wide, flat, the feathers almost white,
the saddle feathers long and white, striped with black; the tail small,
soft, upright, the feathers on the rise from the saddle to the tail, and the

from thu
orritoiy of

I'lHI/ritV, Dill KHKNI- VAIIIKTIKM.

H4 7

i!do foiithtTH of tlu' (ai: a pun- liistioiis hlm-k ; tin- luvaHt full, l.icmd,
rathisr promiiuMit, thu fnitlicrs pmn Idack tipped with white, uiid tho
feathers ut tiio head white ; tho saddle fcatheis and thi^di Huffs ample-
tho whiles •cuall, with a j^ood Ijhuk har across ihcin ; the wiiiirs well
tucked uiyJ-iv the saddle feathers and thijrh Huffs; the Huff on tht'hiiider

iving their
As a rule
s sell for

1), that is,
rth of the
ear lobes
ke the ear
full, silver
es of the
lost white,
tail mnall,
111, and the

part of the thighs blaek or dark gray, tin- leathers on tlie lower part of
the thighs soft and nearly black ; legs .short, yellow and profusely cov-
ered with feathers on the outside.

The marking of the hen is almost identical with that of the cock,
except that it is more uniform all over except the head and tail, each

l(>li ■ qi i

f -lil: t

mmiL:

«48

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

leiitlior closely penciled, with dark steel gray on a dingy white ground,
and extending nearly up to the throat, on the breast. In carriage, the
hen is not so upright as the cock, and the legs are shorter.

XXIV. Light Brahmas.

Pure bred fowls are mostly white in color, on the outside, but if the
feiithcrs are parted, the under plumage is bluish-gray. This distinction
is strongly marked as between the Light Brahmas and White Cochins,
whicii latter are white to the roots. The head is of .the same general
shape as in the dark variety, a »d with pea combs ; the ear lobes and wat-
tles arc pure red ; the neck hackles are distinctly marked with a black
stripe down to the center of each feather, on a white ground ; the quill
feathers of the wings are black, but when folded the wings should show
only white ; the tail should be black, tolerably upright, but opening out
like a fan, and the within tr.il coverts reflecting a peculiar green hue in
the sunlight : the legs are yellow and well covered Avith white feathers,
sometimes slightly mottled with black. The hen is colored like the (;ock,
except that the plume may be somewhat darker, and the general appcar-
aiu-'c more sober in color. The tail should be l)lack and smaller than that
of the cock.

XXV. Frizzled Towls.

One of the most curious of the Oriental breeds, and occasionally seen
in the yards of amateurs and fanciers, are the frizzled fowls originally
brought from Java. Linnajus named them Gallu,^ pennis revolufis, or
fowls with feathers rolled back. The color should be white, though they
are also bred black and brown. They are certainly curious and interest-
ing as showing freaks in breeding. So far as value, i.i comparison with
other breeds is concerned, it is tiil.

XXVI. Silkies.

Far more ornamental in appearance, and really of some value, are
what are known as Silkies. The best specimens are pure white, and
have this peculiarity, the webs of the feathers lack cohesion and are fila-
mentous, hence giving the silky appearance to the plumage.

They are sometimes called negro fowls, from the fact that the skm is
of a dark violet color, almost black, and the comb and wattles often dark
purple, low and flat and covered with small warts. The bones are also
covered with a dark membrane, which altogether makes this breed the
most singular and interesting of the gallinaceous tribe.

lite ground,
sarriage, the

3, but if the
) distinction
ite Cochins,
anio general
Jes and wat-
with a black
d ; the quill
should show
opening out
reen hue in
ite feathers,
lie the cock,
eral appear-
ler than that

ionally seen
s originally
revolutifi, or
though they
nd interest-
)arison with

value, are
white, and
and are fila-

t the skin is
s often dark
les are also
is breed the

4X)liL,TKY, DIFFEKKKT VAUIETIE8.

XXVII. Breda or Guelder Fowls.

849

The Breda or Guelder fowl is peculiar in some repects, and shows
that there is an infusion of Asiatic blood, although they are Polish in
shape and closely related to this breed. They are of various colors, but

'All; OK wiiKY row i.>.

the only true families that are bred in the United States are the Cuckoo
or D{)inini(|ue marked, called Gueiders, and those pure black, denom-
inated Hreda, though we believe the true Breda is applied to all the
GuekliTs, not Cuckoo mark' d. They have a crest, only just perceptible,
and of the same color as the body.

Whatever the color, they are lightly feathered on the legs, which are
slaty-blue, and the thighs are vulture hocked. They have no comb, but
a depression where the comb should be ; the nostrils are cavernous, and
particularly conspicuous. The cut given will show their general appear-
ance, and the likeness of a Breda head given on a previous page will
show the chief peculiarity of the head. In size they are medium chicks,
ear lobes and wattles I'ed and peculiar in shape, being extremely pendu-
lous in the cock. The plumage is close and compact like that of game
fowls, with large and flowing tails. The eggs arc large, smooth and of
good flavor, and the chickens are hardy and feather quickly.

850

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DO(;T<»l!.

XXVUL Qame Fowls.

The several varieties of game fowls are the most elegant and noble of
the gallinaceous tribe. The cocks are watchful, courageous, always ready
to attack an enemy whatever it may be, and fighting to the death. Aiid
of most elegant carriage and coloring. The hens are good mothers, lay

f i 'U. I

the finest meated eggs of any l)re('(l, iirc hardy, and excellent foragers.
There is hardly a breed of "dung-hill" fowls, but what owe their good
qualities to the infusion of this prepotent blood. This general descrip-
tion will sufiice for all the varieties, which are iinmni(>rable, and belong

miJLTRY, DIKFEKKNT VAIUhyriES

851

to every country, England, Ireland, Spain, Cuba, Mexico, Malay and
China being the most celebrated for their strains of blood. In all these
varieties of games the cocks are noted for the brilliancy of their markings
gnd the hens for their soberness of coloi-.

jsm^

!!i i

N' ,11

mifn

•-i-^x-^" ■ N^ ^

. '^^!^< "^»^v!

VBV

, . . '•'^

^ w

1 I'il ^

i ^

1 ft

1
)

L ^' \\\K

J^ i'i/

1 1 j.

•till i"

, , : j' 1 lit

1 11

,' 1

'1 1 '

1
11

II
1

The Brown-breasted Beds.

This variety is considered as one of the best of the games, an illustr*-
taon of a group of which we give. In this breed the breast of the oock

«52

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

sliould be red-browu, shoulder sometimes orange-red. The comb and
face must be dark purple, the beak dark ; wing butts dark red or brown,
with dark talons ; hackle with dark stripes ; thighs like the breast ; taU
a dark greenish black ; the wing crossed with a glossy, green-hued bar.
The plumage of the hen should be very dark brown penciled with light
brown; neck hackle dark, golden, copper-red, thickly striped with dark
feathers ; comb and face much darker than that of the cock. When the
tail feathers are spurred and show a slight curve, it is considered indica-
tive of strong blood.

KAM. Di-UltV GAME.

Earl Derby Oame.

This magnificent strain which has been bred iu great purity in England
for over a century, are Daw-eyed, that is the eye is gray like that of the
Jackdaw. They have a round, well knit body, on long, strong legs, with
white feet and claws ; the head is long, the bill lance-shaped and elegant ;
the face bright red, with small comb and wattles red ; back intense
brown-red ; lesser wing coverts maroon colored ; greater wing coverts
marked at the extremity with steel-blue forming a bar across the wings ;
primary wing feathers bay ; tail irridescent black ; hackle well feathered,
touching the shoulders ; wings large and well quilled ; back short ; breast
round and black ; tail long and sickled, being well tufted at the root —

Kon/rUY, DIKKKIiKNT VAUIKTIKS.

853

thick, short and stiff. The hen is tluis sutciiictly and perfectly described
by Beeton in his English work on poultn : "Ileiid tine and tapering;
face, wattles and comb bright red ; extremities of upper mandible and
the greater portion of the lower one white, bul dusky at its base and
around its nostrils ; chestnut-brown arouvid the eyes, continued beneath
the throat ; shaft of neck hackles light buft' ; web pale brown edo-ed
with black ; breast shaded with roan and fawn color ; belly and vent
of au ash tint ; primary wing feathers and tail black, the latter carried
vertically and widely expanded; legs, feet and nails perfectly white."
The carriage of both cock and hen of this breed is upright and dignified.
The pugnacious disposition of the cock ecjuals that of any other game
bird ; and its endurance cannot be surpassed. Years ago they were
numbered among the best breed of birds for the cock-pit ; and for the
tal)lc they are not surpassci l)y the sweet and nutritious flesh of the
Dorking fowl.

DUCK-WINli UAME FOWLS.

Duck-Winged Game Fowls.

There are several varieties, including the Duck-winged game bantams.
To our mind the best are the silver-gray, a pure-blooded, hardy and
high couraged bird. The cock must be silver-gray in color ; the head,
comb, face, wattles and bill of the true game type ; the first four of them
bright red, the bill light colored ; eyes red, skin white, and the legs
white : the hackle is striped black underneath, but clean above ; the
breast a clean, nearly silver-gray; the back a bright silver-gray; the

854

ILIilSTKATKU STOC!K IJOCTOK.

lower part of the wings creiimy white, crossed above with u bar steel-blue
in color.

In the hen, the plumage should be a silvery bluish-gray, frosted with
white ; neck hackle silvery-white, striped M'ith black, and the breast a

pale fawn color, more subdued than in the cock. The other character^
istics, as to lace e^es and I'eet, etc.. should be identical with that of the
male bird.

I'OULTKY, DIFlKliENT VAKIET'EH.

855

ir steel-blue

White Oeorgia Qame.

This variety, originally bred in Europe, but brought into Georgia many
years ago, and since carefully bred in various parts of the South, are
game in the pit, and most excellent farm fowls, being hardy, courageous,
and the flesh most excellent in quality. For beauty of plumage, elcf^aut
shape and lofty carriage, they have few if auy superiors.

In the color they should be pure white all over, with no shade whatever
on neck, breast, hock or tail. The legs may be white or yellow. We
profei- the yellow, since it is an indication of a stronger constitution.
Tilt' l)eak should harmonize with the legs, and the comb, ear lobes and
wattles must be of the deepest vermilion color. Such a breed on the
lawn makes one of the prettiest sights we have ever seen, and in quality
of the flesh they have no superiors.

Game Bantams.
These are small varieties of the more common large breeds. Alert,
courageous little fellows, some of them not larger than good sized
pigeons, but fully capable of driving any ordinary barn-yard fowl, how-
ever large it may be. The more prominent of these are the Black
Breasted red game bantams. As pets they are most attractive and may
be kept wnth any of the large breeds without danger of intermixing as to
the hen bantams.

Other Bantams.
The most highly prized of the fancy bantams are the golden and silver
spangled Sebright bantams. There are also bantams of the white and
black races of smooth-legged fowls, as there also are of the Asiatics.

Sebright Bantams.
There are two varieties of these, the golden
penciled and the silver penciled, identical in shape
and markings except the color. Both varieties
are remarkably beautiful ; pert, lively, vigorous,
and when small and well bred, among the nicest
pets of the farm-yard. The plumage of the Silver
bantam is of a silver-white color with a jet black
margin. The Golden variety is identical except
that the ground color of the plumage is golden.
The legs are smooth, the heads are clean, the comb
double and pointed at the back, and the tail straight
and without the long sickle feathers. Whether skbrioht bantam,
they be golden or silver ppangled, the value of the
birds consists in the delicacy and pencilings of the markings. The cocks

|l :|j|:'|ll|

856

ILLUSTRATED STOCK OOCTOK.

•hoiild not weigh over twenty ounces at most ; the hen not- more than

aixteen. Hens have been shown weighing not more than twelve ounces.

A peculiarity of this variety is, that occasionally an old or a barren

UARUEN, FULL FEATHERED.

female will assume the plumage of the cock. When we remember that
the males of this breed are what are called hen-tailed, the remarkable re-
version, as shown in the cut, of a hen, will be interesting to the scientist
and curious to all.

Japanese Bantams.

Among the most curious of the bantam tribe are the Japanese bantams.
In this rare breed, the body must be as pure white as possible, the tail
black, the sickles very long, upright, little curved, but carried over the
back as shown in the cut. The shafts of the sickle feathers whit« ; the
comb largo, upright, not too strongly serrated ; wattles long and red ;
legs very short and yellow. The body of the wings should be white,
with black flight feathers. The hen should be fan tailed, and the comb
crinkled. They are quiet, easily domesticated. The hens are good lay-
ers and good nurses. The chickens are tender, and for this reason should
not be hatched before the weather is warm. In fact as small size in ban-

POITLTKY, DIFFEKENT VAUIBTIE8.

857

tarns is an essential point, the best chickens are fall-hatched and kept
through the Winter with only feed sufficient to continue them growing
fairly and to keep them in good health.

mber that
arkable re-
le scientist

JATAMISB BAMTA.U COOK.

JAPANSSli: UANTAU FDLItlT.

fill

CHAPTER in.

BREEDING.

THE PLCMAOB.-

-IDEAL SHAPE. -
MATIMU.

-UREEDINO TO TTPE.-
—UREEUINU GBADEa.

-DISPABITY U^ KK^ES.

In the breeding of poultry it is absolutely necessary that the breeder
have a good and clear idea of the points of fowls. For this reason we
give a series of illustrations showing the entire fowl, and also others
accurately figured and explained, so no reader can err. It is absolutely
necessary to a correct understanding of any business or profession that
a correct knowledge of the technicalities connected therewith be had.
The poultry breeder must not only understand how to feed and rear
chickens but he must have a nice discrimination as to plumage, the chief
characteristics of the several breeds of fowls, and their peculiarities of
constitutional vigor, style, carriage, etc., but he must also understand
something of the anatomy of the fowl, their points, and also those relating
to outward parts, and the technical terms used in describing the several
parts. In addition to what follows we have prepared a pretty complete
glossary which will be found at the end of the chapters, so that any person
may easily inform himself as to the several terms used by the fanciers
and breeders. The technical terms used by poultry fanciers, in describ-
ing the points of a fowl, are not always understood by the uninitiated.

mmm

IHIIIKTRV, l»RKKI>I\0.

859

TV I> «KtE8.

For the benefit of .suoh we «rivo an illustnition, with lettered references,
which will Hupply the necessarv information oa tlie subject

F0INT8 or POULTRY.

Explanation— -4— Neck hackle. £^-Saddle hackle. O— Tail. D— Breast
^— Upper Wing coverts. JP— Lower Wing coverts. Q — Primary qoills. iT—
Thighs. /—Legs. £"— Comb. Zr— Wattles. JIf— Ear lobe.

POINTS or TUB miAD or cook.

Explanation.— 1 — The comb, which surmounts the skull. 2—1 ft wattles,
which hang underneath and on each side of the beak. 3— -Thv e«r wattles,
55

860

ILLUSTKATED HTOCK DO<!TOR.

(It. In.:

which hang under the cheek. 4 — The tufts of little feathers, which cover and
protect the auditory organ. A — The cheeks, which cotnoienco at the beginning;
uear the nostrils, cover all the Tace and re-unite behind the head by a continua-
tion of the flesh of the same nature, but covered with feathers. 6 — The nostrils,
which are at the beginning of the beak. 7 — The beak, of which the two parts,
the upper and lower mandible, are horny.

Tho head of the cock, as of the hen, is composed of two principiiJ
parts : Ist, tho skull is a firm union of honos, which include tlio upper
part, or mandible, of tho beak ; 2nd, the lower part oi* nuindible of Uic
beak, being the lower jaw-bone, formed by a single piece. In the skull
are the sockets or cavities vrhich contain the eye ; the nostrils are in front
of tho eye ; the auditory organ, or ear, is behind the vyv.. The head, ex-
cepting tho beak, is entirely covered by a fleshy covering, round whicli
may be seen several appendages or caruncles, which are tho crest, the two
ear-lobes, and the two ear-wattles. This covering forms tho cheeks, the
color, the size ; the form of each of these parts is varied uc((ording to tho
variety, and often serves to characterize each. A tuft of short feathers
oalled "the tuft" covers the auditory organ.

ANALY818 OF wiNQ PLUMAQB. (See foUowlng Page) .

The comb is straight or drooping ; it is single when it is composed
of only one piece, double when there are two alike united or near together,
it is triple when it is formed of two alike and one in the middle ; it is
frizzled when full of granulations more or less deep,and erect excrescences,
it is a crown when it is circular, hollow, and indented ; it is goblet shaped

••(H'l/rUY, IIHKKDINO.

ch cover and
be beginning
y a continua-
-The nostrils,
ho two pnrtH,

is composed
Gar together,
nidd'.e ; it is
xcrescences,

M«5I

when hollow, viiHcuhir, uiid not iiidontod. Tliciv ,„•.• „il„.r forms hut
thoy are composed of parts or unions of tiiosu partic'uliiiiz.d.

The Plumage.

With the hen there may ho three kinds of feathers distinguished : 1.
The hirge feathers on the wings for flying, and on the nunp'^to forui tlie
tail ; 2. the middle-dizod feathers which cover the huge feathers, and aio

POINTS OF THK FOWL.

also found on the wing and rump ; 3. the neck, the back, the sides, tho
throat, the shoulders, and a part of the wings. They are always in lasers
compactly covering those beneath them like tiles. We shall designate
them by the name of the places they occupy, and refer to the engravings
to render them easy to recognize :

Explunation— ^— The upper feathers of the head are very small in those fowls not
tufted. They surround the skull.

'V|)i(

862

ILLU8TUATRI> STOCK DOCTOR.

jpH

J5— The un'^Tneath feathers of the head are almost like bristles. They cover the cheeks
in the space waich separates on the wattles.

C— The upper feathers of those at the back of the neck are short, and lengthening lower
down, forminji; what is cal'ed the hiickle. They become longer between the shoulders
when they cover the beginning of those on the back and tlie commencement of the wings.

D— The feathers of the back, forming a layer about 10. These feathers are of the same
nature as those of tho neck, but a little larger, and form the saddle.

f— The feathers of the breast cover the entire length of the two breast muscles, extend-
ing beyond the brettst-bone at each side and uniting at its end. The whole forms what is
termed the breast. These feathers, with the feathers of the loins, overlap those of
the sides.

SHOWINQ POINTS.

O — ^The feathers on the sides cover the loins, taking in the back as &r as the rump,
which they go beyond and cover the lower part of the feathers of the tail. They also cover
the commencement of the feathers of the flanks, thighs and abdomen.

£'— The feathers of the flanks are light and flufiy. They cover the upper part of the
thigh feathers and slip under those of tlie breast.

/—The feathers of the abdomen cover and envelope all this part from the end of the
breast to the rump. These feathers are generally tiufiy, of a silky nature and spread out
in a tuft.

J— The outside feathers of the tliigh cover those of the iibdomcn and leg.

»•';•»)

POULTRY, BREEDING.

over the cheeks

ipper part of the

869

I,— The outside and inside feathers of the leg stop at the heel, or in sonib varieties they
proceed lower and form what are called rufSes or vultured hocks.

Af— The feathers of the feet or sole are long, short, or entirely absent, in the different
varieties. These feathers are along the shank in either one or several rows. They are
always on the outside part.

2V— The feathers ot the toes appear on the outsides.

0— The middle tail feathers envelope the rump and cover the bases of the large feathers
of the tail.

p— The larger tail feathers are In a regular line of seven on each side of the rump, and
form the tail.

Q— The outside feathers of the shoulders cover a part of the other feathers of the wing.
They form the shoulder.

A— The inside feathers of the shoulders are small, thin, and slender.

S— The larger feathers of the pinion form, where the v>ing is opened,a large, arched sur-
face, and are of different sizes. These feathers grow out of the under side of the pinion.

r— The small outside feathers of the pinion are of different sizes. They come on all the
outside surfaces from the shoulder to the pinion. They begin quite small on the outside
edge, and finish a medium size on the inside edge.

IT— The inside feathers of the pinion are qlose, middle-sized, and small, covering the
bases of the large feathers of the pinion.

K— 'i'he large flight feathers, or feathers of the hand, are large and strong, and are of
most use to the bird in locomotion. They begin at the under edge of that which is called
the top of the wing.

;?— The outside flight-feathers cover the large ones ; they are stiff and well flattened on
the others.

F— The inside flight- feathers are, some small and others medium-sized ; cover the bases
of the flight-featliers.

/—An appendix called the pommel of the wing, which represents the fingered part. It
is at the joint of the pinion and has some middle-sized feathers of the same description as
the large pinion feathers, and have some small one>' to cover them. These fieathers assist
in the flight.

"When the whole wing is folded, almost all the feathei's are hidden by
the larger feathers of the pinion and middle external feathers. Classifi-
cation of the feathers of the cock are the same as those of the hen, but
the forms of some of them are different.

Ideal Shape.

The cut on next page will serve to show the contour of the fowl, the
Dorking being the one selected on account of its compact body ; and the
nearer the fowl comes to the ideal the more profitable it will be. Neverthe-
less it must be remembered that each breed has its peculiar characteristics
and that some one point must often be sacrificed in favor of another.

Breeding to Type.

In the breeding of poultry, as well as farm animals, there should be
no violent crosses made. In fact, none but the thoroughly scientific
breeder, who has given his life study to the task, should undertake

■Mm

«64

ILLU8TUATED STOCK DOCTOR.

crossing with a view to forming a new breed. It will not pay. The
general breeder should get the best representatives of the breed he pro-

nUKKPING TO TYPE.

poses to use and confine himself to it. No more than one breed should
be allowed on t\w farm. If so it will end in intermixing and confusion.
No more should he attempted than b}-^ careful breeding and selection to
perpetuate th(i strain in its purity, and if jjossible to improve it. A
careful study of the foregoing will render this possible, and thus any
farmer may l)re('d a given strain equal to the l)est.

The cock should be large, broad breasted, strong winged, muscnhir,
easy on his legs, and of strong poiM*:3 in his plumage ; the hen from g )od
laying stock or a good mother -is the case may be.

Disparity in Sexes.

As to the number of hens to the cock it will vary with the breeds. With
Games, Dorkings, Houdans and Creve Coeurs they may be eight or ten
to one ; Spanish, Cochins and Brahmas, ten or twelve to one ; Hamburgs
twelve or fourteen to one. If the flock is large enough so two or more
cocks are kept all but one had better be confined, giving them in succes-
sion to the flock, and it is better in large flocks to have a reserve to use
when necessary. By this plan much fighting over and unnecessary worry
of the hens will be saved. If too many males are allowed to run there
will be a loss in eggs, and if too few they will be deficient in fertility,
this being one of the greatest drawbacks to this system. So, as between
the two, always buy eggs for setting from breeders M-ho give their flocks

#^'«|

POULTRY, BREEDING.

865

ged, musculur,
hen from g )od

a good range, and are careful that the heus have neither too few nor too
many males.

Hating.

Always mate a short, compact, deep-bodied male, with long-backed
hens, but not the reverse, and as a rule, for the best results the hen
sliould be over one year old when she sets. From that to four years she
will do the best. Do not be afraid of breeding in-aud-in. Unless carried
too far it will result in better success than out crosses. So in breeding
to color let all self colors be as solid as possible, and in parti-colored
breeds study their characteristics, and breed as near to a feather as
possible. Avoid vulture hocks in all poultry, and especially so in the
Asiatic breeds In breeding Brahmas and colored Cochins have plenty
of color in the males, as the tendency is to get lighter. Yet in this dis-
crimination must be used. If the saddle is very heavily striped, or the
neck hackle very dark, the chicks will be apt to run to spots. Yet as a
rule heavily-penciled males must be used to get heavily-penciled cock
chickens. So very dark hackled cocks and hens with the hackles lightly
penciled will produce chickens with delicately penciled hackles.

Breeding Grades.

If you cannot get fowls pure get a well bred cock and keep with a few
of your select hens. Breed him again to his chicks, so long as he lasts ;
thus by the exercise of judgment you may have very superior poultry in
a short time. A better way, however, is to get a setting of pure eggs
and commence right at once. They cost comparatively little, are easily
sent by express, and will soon repay their cost.

ae : Hambur<rs

..i

CHAPTER IV.

MANAGEMENT OF FOWLS.

GOING INTO BUSINESS.
FOOD FOR FOWLS.
gnyr xo FATTEN. ■
MARKET.

VILLAGE YARDS. THE POCLTBT HOUSE. PROPER

- BEST BREEDS FOR MARKET. EGG PRODUCERS.

HOW TO KILL AND DRESS FOWLS. PACKING FOR

Ooing Into Busineas.

Before going into the business of raising poultry be sure and have com-
fortable quarters for the fowls. These need not be expensive structures,
poles and hay will make a warm, comfortable roosting and nesting place,
until something better can be provided. Be sure that plenty of diy dust
for l)athing is supplied at all times. It is the great remedy against lice,
to which fowls are especially liable. This with plenty of sun, plenty of
pure water, and liberal feeding, will insure success both in eggs and
chickens. Do not over crowd the house. See that everything is kept
scrupulously neat and clean. If you build a permanent house, know that
there is to be plenty of ventilation ; all birds require a large amount of
fresh air. Plenty of heat, plenty of food and water, and plenty of fresh
air are what give plenty of fresh eggs in Winter, when they are scarce
and high. In the Summer let the fowls range over the farm as much as
they will, they will thus be paying for their keep in destroying insects,
and keeping themselves healthy ; we are writing for farmers, and not
fanciers. In villages the case will be different ; there, fowls must be
kept shut up a great part of the time.

POULTKY, MANAGEMENT.

8fi7

Here, some tact must be used. If the fowls must be kept up durin''
the day, let them out for a run, an hour before sundown, in the street
or alley ; they will come back all right at feeding time. What you lack
in range, you must make up in care and attention to the wants of the
fowls, and i:i the economy or the hen house, and the little ranee of t^rass
which they may have. Green food of some kind must be given. Cabbao-e,
lettuce or vnion tops, chopped, are all good. Animal food must also be
provided ; any rough meat will do if chopped. One of the mistakes often
made is feeding too much at a time. Give them their food so they may
take it at will, if it can be kept clean, or throw down food to them liber-
ally, so long as they eat eagerly, and, make them eat pretty clean.

The Poultry House.
The poultry house should face the South on one of its broad sides, and
the more glass you have in this, the better. One portion should be half
dark for the nests, and, for setting hens, this should be large enough so
a dust bath may be supplied also. The roosting place may be in one end,
and should not be more than two feet from the floor, especially if the
breed be heavy. The perches should be all on a level, and pretty large.
A two by four scantling nicely rounded and set on edge,, is not too large
for the heavy birds. Keep everything about the house scrupulously
clean. Wliitewash at least once a month with lime and if lice make their
appearance, fumigate the house, and sprinkle Scotch snuff among the
featlier.s of the fowls. Follow this up until the lice are exterminated.

Proper Food for Fowls,

Never give fowls sloppy food. When mixed feed is given, it should
be made as stiff as possible. Never feed in a trough, it cannot be ko\)t
(dean. Have the <'.<)ijgh so stiff that, as it falls from the hand it will
break, and so, feed on clean ground. Indian meal and small potatoes
cooked together and fed pretty hot in Winter, with a little chopped onion
intt;rmixed, makes a good food. Have broken bones, lime rubbish and
irravel always where fowls can get it, and in Winter A sheep's pluck hung
where the hens can just reach it, by jumping up to pick it piecemeal, will
keep the fowls in good laying trim. Chandler's cake is good, if other
meat cannot be had. This may be broken fine and mixed with one of
their daily feeds. Be careful, however, that you do r.ot overfeed with
meat. If so, it will show in loss of feathers and general ill health.

Best Breeds fr>r Market.
We do not believe there are any better market fowls, all things con-
sidered, than the Brahmas and Cochins. The Dorkings are undoubtedly
the most superior table fowls ; they are also teuder und harder to rear.

«fi8

ILLUSTBATED STOCK DOCTOB.

As a cross for earV j^,',,,.^ t^h\e breeds, a Dorking cock crossed on
Brahma or CochiD .i».'tis will gj\ ■ fast growing, plurap chickens of early
maturity. In tb' >, hov;. ver, far. -y has much to do.

The Asia;' ^ arc not gvoai lav^.-s, but by using judgment, fully a.s
nmny eggs ca*. he yut fm •) eidi' t- Brahmas or Cochins in Winter as from
any other breeu :iii' Wni'.di- eggs are what bring money. Give them
warm and roomy quaiiurs, Mith plenty of range for exercise, with liberal
feeding, including greon vegetables, and they will bring you money
in eggs.

aSgg Profiuop--..

Tiie Poland, the Leghorn and the Houdan are inveterate layers, and
their eggs are good. The Hamburgs are good layers, but like the black
Spanish, tender, and more tit for the amateur than the [)ractical man.
For oggs, there is little doubt that the Pohuuls should carry the palm.
For young oluckens for market, Brahmas and Cochins, and or home
table use, the Dorkings are best. Why, then, asks the reader, have you
described so many fowls? The answer is, so that the table being well
filled, you may take your choice of breeds.

How to Fatten.

When ready to fatten, poultry should be always confined in a small
space ; the smaller the better. Two weeks should make them fat. If
kept after they are fat, or when they cease to increase, they again imme<
diately lose ficsh. The best food in the West is corn-meal, boiled into a
very thick mush, and then made as thick as possible, while scalding hot,
by mixing in all the meal that can be worked. The fowls ma}- be kept
in well- ventilated coops, feeding them three times a day with the feed
warm, and allowing them plenty of water and gravel all the time, except
for the last week, when the gravel may be omitted. The coops must of
course be kept clean, and should be small enough so the fowls cannot
turn around ; should be littered with clean straw, and never allowed to
get foul. If, instead of water, ^^^cir drink is skimmed milk, they will
become extra fat.

How to Kill and Dress Fowls.

Never kill your fowls until they have fasted twenty-four hours. No
man ever made any money by selling his fowls with their crops stuffed to
make them weigh. The petty fraud is too apparent. To kill and dress,
tie their legs together, hang the fowl up, open the beak and pass a sharp
pointed, narrow bladed knife into the mouth and up into the roof, divid-
ing the membrane. Death will be instant. Immediately cut the throat
by dividing the arteries of the neck and the bird will bleed thoroughly

We nei
warm, u
bring eno
ever, will
miirkct tl

Have t

right. Ii

until the

feathers c

all events

the feet, i

essary to

iieese be

heads of

draw out

undrawn.

the heart

trouble.

under anj

prepared ]

fowls ofte

in the pn

market.

occasional

at the pri

are too sn

The po
heads cut
preferred,
birds chill
boxes and
bottom,
breast bon
ing straigl
So placed,
row, until
the other (
there is a
sideways,
sides and

POULTRY, MANAGEMENT.

869

'osBod on
I of early

, fully as
5r as from
Hve them
ith liberal
»u money

lyers, and
the black
ical man.
the palm,
or home
have you
)eing well

iu a small
n fat. If
ain imme-
led into a
Iding hot,
y be kept

the feed
le, except
8 must of
rls cannot
lUowed to

they will

jurs. No
stuffed to
ind dress,
ss a sharp
)of , divid-
the throat
oughly

We never scald ; the nicest way is to pick the fowl dry and while yet
warm. A little care will prevent tearing the flesh, and the bird will
bring enough extra in the market to make it pay. Most persons, how-
ever, will prefer to scald, and for home consumption, or the village
market this will do.

Have the water just scalding hot — not boiling — 190 degrees is just
light. Immerse the fowl, holding it by the legs, taking it out and in,
until the feathers slip easily. Persons become very expert at this, the
feathers coming away by brushing them with the hand, apparently. At
all events, they must be picked clean. Hang turkeys and chickens by
the feet, and ducks and geese by the head, to cool. It should be unnec-
essary to say that under no circumstances whatever, should ducks and
geese be scalded ; they must invariably be picked dry. Take off the
heads of chickens as soon as picked, tie the skin neatly over the stump,
draw out the insides carefully, and hang up to cool. Never sell fowls
undrawn. They will bring enough more drawn and nicely packed, with
the heart, gizzard and liver placed inside each fowl, to pay for the
trouble. Let them get thoroughly cool — as cold as possible — but never,
under any circumstances, frozen. There is always money in properly
prepared poultry ; the money is lost in half fitting them for market, the
fowls often being forwarded in a most disgusting state. There is money
in the production of eggs ; there is money in raising poultry for the
market. The money is lost in improper packing and in a foolish attempt
occasionally made to make the buyer pay for a crop full of musty corn,
at the price of first-class meat. It is that class of men, however, who
are too smart ever to make money at anything.

Packing for Market.

The poultry, having been killed as directed, carefully picked, the
heads cut off, and the skin drawn over the stump and neatly tied — or if
preferred, leave the head on, the fowl will not bring less for it — and the
birds chilled down to as near the freezing point as possible, provide clean
boxes and place a layer of clean hay or straw quite free from dust, in the
bottom. Pick up a fowl, bend the head under and to one side of the
breast bone, and lay it down flat on its breast, back up, the legs extend-
ing straight out behind. The first fowl to be laid in the left hand comer.
So placed, lay a row across the box to the right, and pack close row by
row, until only one row is left, then reverse the heads, laying them next
the other end of the box, the feet under the previous row of heads. If
there is a space left between the two last rows, put in what birds will fit
sideways. If not, pack in clean long straw, and also pack in straw at the
sides and between the birds, so they cannot move. Pack straw enough

vn..^

870

ILLUSTRATED HTOCK DOCTOU.

over one layer of fowls, so that the others cannot touch, and so proceed
until the box is full. Fill the box full. There must never be any shak-
ing, or else the birds will become bruised, and lost will ensue. Many
puckers of extra poultry place paper over and under each layer before
tilling in the straw. There is no doubt but that it pays. Nail the box
tight; mark the initials of the packer, the number of fowls and variety,
and mark plainly the full name of the person ^^r firm to whom it is con-
signed, with street and number on the box. Thus the receiver will know
at a glance what the box contains, and does not have to unpack to find
out. These directions, if carefully carried out, might save a person
many times the cost of this book, every year.

VARIETIES
LISH 1
KEY.—

rOUMTAIN FOU POULTRY.

V'itSfS

Turkeys, Other FoaatIs, Breeds and Management

CHAPTER V.

THE HOME OF THE TUBKET.

VARIETIES OP THE DOMESTIC TURKEY. 1. THE COMMON TURKBT. II. ENG-
LISH TURKEY. III. THE HONDURAS TURKEY. IV. BRONZED-BLACK TUR-
KEY. V. GUINEA FOWL. VI. THE PEACOCK.

Although it is only about three hundred years since the turkey — from
any well authenticated accounts — was brought under domestication, we
already see them broken up into several distinct breeds, although there
ai'e but two wild varieties, the brown turkey of North America, and the
Honduras turkey of Central America ; a cut of the latter being shown
on following page, and of the former the introduction to poultry in
generals illustrate these varieties.

There is, however, one fact peculiar to the turkey as with pheasants.
It still retains and persistently holds many of its wild traits. It is shy,
intractable, does not care for home, and like the pea fowl anu jruinea
fowl, is much inclined to wander. When full grown, and indeed after
becoming full fledged, they are the hardiest of domestic fowls ; in fact,
as hardy as any of our Winter species of wild breeds ; yet when young,
they are the most delicate, tender and easily chilled. For this reason
they should never be hatched until the weather, both nights and days, is
warm ; and for the reason that the hen turkey is so careless of her

872

ILHT8TRATRD STOCK DOCTOR.

.1 ti

young, and so poor a provider, we have always raised them under care-
ful hens, giving a large hen seven eggs and aiming to have two broo(U
come off at once, giving both broods to one nurse

The eggs require from thirty to thir-
ty-two days to hatch, and for tlio
first four weeks the young chi(!k.s
should bo carefully watched. Tln'y
will neither stand the hot sun, heavy
rains, nor much dew, and they must
be kept warm. Hard boiled eggs
rubbed up with oatmeal or cornmcal
is a good food for the first two weeks.
After whicli, light wheat and cracked
corn may form the staple. About
the time they acquire the red head,
which is at about six weeks of age,
Avhich next to the third day is the
most critical period of their life, tlicv
should have nutritious food, and, if ;i
little bruised hemp seed is added, so
much the better. In feeding give but
a little at a time and often, and that
out of the reach of the hen or other
fowls. Young onion tops, chopped very fine and well mixed with the
food is excellent. Curds of sour milk are eagerly eaten, but should not
be given as a constant food. Pure cold water must always be at hand
as a drink, but occasionally, say once a day, skim milk may be given.
Where commeal is the basis of the food, it should always be cooked into
a hard mush before being fed.

Varieties of the Domestio Turkey.

These are the bronze, the English (so-called) turkey, the white, the
buff, and the crested turkey. The latter is extremely rare, having been
supposed to have originated in Europe, in the early part of the last cen-
tury, then entirely lost, and again said to have been recovered, curiously
enough, from Africa.

Temminck, in a work relating to pigeons and fowls, printed in Amster-
dam in 1813, mentions them as follows : The crested turkey is only a
Taiiely or sport of nature in this species, differing only in the possession
of a feathered crest, which is sometimes white, sometimes black. These
crested turkeys are very rare. Mademoiselle Backer, in hei magnificent
menagerie near the Hague, had a breed of crested turkeys of a beautiful
Isabullc yellow, inclining to chestnut ; all had full crests of pure white.

WILD TURKEY.

K)ULTKY, TriiKKVH.

HI a

Lieutenant Byam described crested wild turkeys as having hccii .seen
by him in Mexico, hut it ia supposed he must have mistaken < uiassowR
for wild turkeys, since no others have been able to find them, and the
curassow is thorougidy domesticated there. Tiie white and buff turkeys
are simply varieties in coh).- fiom the ccmnnon forms, whieli have in some
instances l)een perpetuated l).v careful lireeding and sch-ction. So also
there are copper-colored, fawn-colond, parly-colored, and also gray
turkeys. These can hardly I )e considered worthy of breeding except in
an amateur way for amusement. ■

COMMON TURKKYS,

I. The Common Turkey.
These are pure white and black mixed, with the peculiar wattle and
head of the wild turkey. They are of medium size, less given to wan-
dering than some of the breeds, and will weigh dressed, if fat, at seven
or eight months old, from ten to twelve pounds, and at full maturity
sixteen pounds.

n. English Turkey.
This is simply a modification of our common turkey, wliich by careful
breeding has been made uniform and of an increased size. Of these the
Norfolk turkey is black, with a few white spots on the wings. The breed
most valued in Cambridgeshire is a bronze-gray, and longer legged than
the Norfolk variety.,

rtislj

! r

^:;'

874

ILLI'STIIATKI) STOCK DUCTOU.

III. The Honduras Turkey.
Tho Hoiidurus or OcullatoU turkey is one of the most elegant of tho
tribe, and is foynd all over (Vntral America. It breeds freely with our
domestic variety and tlu! profreny is <iuito fertile. The ground color of
the plumajie is a Iteantiful l)ronzc'l-green, baiuled with gold-bronze and
shiny black, and lower down the bink with deep blue and red. Upon

o
'Ji

OCILATED TURKCY BEN.

the tail these bands are so well defined and sharp, that they become
ocellated or eyed, and hence the name. Unfortunately their southern
origin makes them too tender for the North, but in the South there
should be little difficulty iu breeding them. The Mexican turkey differs

I-OIJLTKY, Tt UKKVH

875

hut litth' from the forogoiii<r. Thcro is \\um^ whito in tho tiiil ftsiithors
and tail coverts, uiiU like the Iloiuliiras turkov, it hrcoilH frc«lv with our
wild or domestic turkey.

IV. Bronzed-blaok Turkey.

This is tlie largest as it is the best of the domestic turkeys, and was
undoubtedly produced by a cross of the wild male upon our common
turkey, impressed and fixed by careful breeding and selection, until they
will weigh with the hesi; specimens of the wild breed, sometimes attaining
a weight of over forty pounds each. The general average, however, is
about thirty pounds for mature, well fattened birds, while hens will go
50

876

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

from twenty to twenty-five pounds each. It in the largest as it is the
most magnificent in plumage of the domesticated varieties, and as hardy
as it is beautiful.

In the cock the face, ear-lobes, wattles and jaws aro deep rich red, the
wattles warted and sometimes edged white, the bill curved, strong, of a
light horn color at the tip and dark at the base. The neck, breast and
back black, shaded with bronze, which in the sunlight glistens golden,
each feather ending in a narrow glossy black band extending clear across.
The under part of the body is similarly marked, but more subdued. The
wing-bow is black, showing a brilliant greenish or brown lustre > the
flight-feathers black, barred across with white or gray, even and regular ;
the wing-covercs rich bronze, the end of each feather terminating in a
wide black band, giving the wings when folded a broad bronze band
across each ; tail black, each feather irregularly penciled with a narrow
brown band, and ending in a grayish-bronze band. Fluff abundant and
soft ; legs long, strong, dark or nearly black. The hen is similarly col-
ored, but more subdued.

GUINEA FOWL.

V. Quinea Fowl.

The Guinea fowl is quite widely disseminated, being found in its
domesticated or rather half-domesticated state all over Europe and
America ; yet can hardly be called common. The reason is they are
shy and rather inclined to pair as in the case of other wild birds. In
domestication one male may be allowed to about six females. They are
grouped by some naturalists into a considerable number of varieties, but
since the so-called species are all quite fertile together, the distinc-
tion is probably merely fanciful. They are found wild in the Cape Verd
Islands and in Jamaica, having undoubtedly been carried thence.

The hen will lay about sixty or seventy eggs in a year, though they
sometimes reach one hundred. The Pearl guinea fowl is the variety

mrt-TKY, THK I'KACOCK.

S77

most usually met witli in ilomefsticiition, the spois hoino- small and white
on a purplish-gray ground. Rarely these colors are found reversed. So
l)lue and dun colored birds with hut few and even no spots are sometimes
seen. There is also a pui-e white variety, oxceedinirly rare. The sexes
are diffi(Milt to distinguish, the colors hciiii.- so nearly alike. The cock
has more wattle, is often more mincing in his gait, as though walking on
his toes, and more pugnacious. In fact, their (luarrelsome nature and
habit of straying has perhaps as much as anything else, i)revented their
becoming more common.

PEACOCK.

VI. The Peacock.

This magnificent bird, as useless as it is beautiful for its tail
feathcii, and a rarity in the barn-yard, is as hardy as a turkey at
maturity^, and the young are not difficult to rear. The hen is very secret
in stealing her nest in some out-of-the-way place where the male bird
may not find it, since, if so, he is pretty sure to destroy the eggs. They
do not commence laying until pretty late in the season, and keep their
brood out of view until cold weather drives them home for food. The
male is much given to wandering, often roaming for miles about the
country, his strong pinions and immense tail enabling him to fly long
distances.

li'if

Water Fo^A^l.

CHAPTER VI.

DUCKS.

I. ROnEN DUCKS.

BLACK DUCKS.
SUMMARY

-II. AVLKSBUUV DUCKS.
V. GRAY DUCKS.

-III. CALL DUCKS.

IV. CAYUGA

VI. BLACK KAST INDIA DUCKS.

Ducks and geese are becoming nioe and more fancied from year to
yeai on the farm, as they should properly be. The reason why they
have not been more extensively raised than they have, is from the erro-
neous opinion that a pond or lake is essential to them. They should
have a pool of water to wash in ; this produced, it is all that is necessary
so far as water is concerned ; in fact, without water they are more domes-
ticated and less inclined to rumble. All the principal farm breeds of
ducks are probably dt^ctMulod from the Anas boftcha.s, or wild Mallard.
Like the wild goose, it is nc t difficult to domesticate wild ducks. All
that is necessary is to get the eggs and rear them under a hen, the eggs
hatching in twenty-eight days. There is no farm bird that is a more
inveterate insect hunter or more agile than a young duck, one specimen
taking fully double per day what chickens will. Hence their value to
the farmer, and especially the gardener, is very considerable in addition
to their egg and flesh producing qualities. They should be raised more
extensively tjian they are, and on every farm.

I. Bouen Ducks.

Whatever may have been the origin of the name, Rouen, from a town
in France, celebrated for its ducks, or roan, from its color, this variety
is simi ly a wild Murllard, improved and enlarged by selection and care in

breeding,
describe tl
occasional.

flesh is ab
all. In fa(

WJULTRY, WATKIJ FOWL.

«7»

breeding. Tim markings as found in tlie wild variety will very perfectly
describe the tame. Good specimens will dress six pounds each, and over ;
occasionally specimens will weigh nearly eloven pounds, alive. Their

IV. CAYUGA
UCKS.

flesh is abundant and of the very best flavor. Tliey scarcely wander at
all. In fact, they are so lazy and disinclined to exercise, that if abund-

;:.':■)

8«()

ILLUSTKATKIJ STOCK DOC'TOJJ.

aiitlv fed tliuy .soon I)U(;oiik' mo fat that tlieir ahcloiiiens trail on the
ground. From thoir inactivity thev mit tlu- most rasily stolen of any
variety. Tiie egg:- aie laid in great nunil)t'r,s, of a Mno-green color, with
thick shells, and si (.uld av('i'a«>r in wcinlil altoiil llivcc and a half ounces.

3
<

a.
S
o

b
Q

D
O

n
to
H

'■4

II. Aylesbury Ducks.

The Aylesbury duek is without doul)t the most valuable of the English
breeds, and fully as well aj^preciated in this country as in England. They
hardly reach so great weisrht as the last mentioned variety, eighteen

lOULTBY, WATER FOWL.

881

pounds the pair being about the outside figure. They are prolific layers,
the eggs of a pure white color, thinner in the shell than those of the
Rouen. The ducks are excellent mothers because less unwieldy than
the Rouens.

In buying ducks for breeding purposes, and especially the Aylesbury,
avoid those that are down behind, from undue stretching of the abdom-
inal muscles ; such birds are alwa^ j sterile, both as to the ducks and
drakes.

GRAY CALL DUCKS.

in. Call Ducks.

There are two varieties of small
ducks that have the same relation to
the large variety, as Bantams have to
Barn-yard fowls. One is the Gray
Call, the other the White Call duck.
The first is an exact counterpart of
the Rouen in every respect, even to
the legs, feet and bill ; the other be-
ing in color like the Aylesbury, but
differing in the bill, which is a clear
yellow, while the Aylesbury is flesh-
colored. As fanciful things on a piece
of water, they are very pretty, as to
either variety. The colored variety
is much used as decoy ducks for the wild species, being remarkable for
their loud, shrill and continuous quacking note. Hence their name.

WHITE DUCK.

882

ILLUSTRATED STOCK UOCTOI!.

IV. Cayuga Black Ducks.
These are the finest of the Anicriciui breeds, as they are the largest,
most valuable and handsomest of the durk tribe. The pluinaijc! is a rich
metallic black, with lustrous reflections on the head, neck and wings.
The bill is blue-black, with a jet black splash in the middle of it.

<
.J

They have long, straight necks, long, straight head and beak, and in
size they are fully etjual to the Rouen, often weighing ten pounds eacii.
The flesh is gamy in flavor, and to our taste fully equal to any of the
wild species, except the Canvas-back, Widgeon and Teal. Tlusy are pro-
lific in eggs, are quiet, mature at an early age, and excepting possilily the
Rouen, are the most valuable of all domesticated ducks.

POULTRY, WATER FOWL.

8«3

tho largest,
i\rn' is a rich
and wings,
fit.

P
Q
!<:

cs
ti

V. Fancy Ducks.

Among the most ornamental of the duck tribes are the Mandarin and
the Carolina ducks, both unsurpassed for biilliauce of plumage and
variety of coloring. The Mandarins are a Chinese variety, and the Car-
olinas the wild wood duck of the United States, domesticated and
improved by careful breeding.

The Muscovy duck is a large breed, and thought to be valuable on this
account by some. They are only mentioned here on this account, since
their strong flavor of musk should keep them from the tables of all who
appreciate fine flavor.

BLA'^K KAST l.\I)',i DUCK.

Ciik, iiud in
)unds each,
any of the
icy arc pro-
)()ssil»lv the

' (. .V'ack East India Duck.

The Black East India duck which has appeared from time to time un-
der various foreign names, as Labrador, Buenos Ayrean, and later as
Black Brazilians, have little if anything to recommend them in (;()inparison
witli better and larger breeds. Tliey are undoubtedly a sport of the
Mallard, and certainly are among the most beatltiful of the small breeds,
and are so hardy, and give so little trouble that it accounts probably for
their many admirers.

Summary.

Ducks arc valuable both for their feathers and flesh, for their aptitude
in foraging for themselves, and especially for the great insect eating pro-
pensities of the young, they should be raised on every farm. Wild ducks

i-.l'l

884

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOOTOB.

fit

iii

ii ■ i

are so numeron<; in the West that this is probably a reason why they are
not mor' «x^eiij>i /ely bred there. But wild ducks are in the market for
only a t<rt»pii'a>.lvqly short time in the Spring and Fall, and at all other

cool seasons ducks may be sold, and are not to be despised on the tables
of the farmers.

When flesh is the principal object, and handsome ornamental qualities
desired, the Rouen and especially the Black Cayuga will give satisfaction.
If white feathers are desired tne Aylesbury will be the best variety. As

HOULTRY, WATKR KOWL,

885

to the reuring it is extremely simple, they are little liable to disease, and
well able to take care of themselves ; they must, however, have plenty of
water to drink, and a pool to wash and swim in. These being furnished,
if hatched under hens, they will give little trouble and fully repay the
labor bestowed on them. Their period of incubation is thirty days.

;i] *

▲YLXSBDBY DBASB.

)n the tables

(I*

V.i''

^A^ate^ Fowl.

CHAPTER VII.

OEESE.

I. BMBDBN OR BRRMKN GERflK.
IV. WHITB CHINESE GEESE. -
MANAGBMBNT OR GBBSE.

— II. TOULOUSE GBBSE.

■V. THE AFRICAN GBE8B. ■

■ III. IIONG KONG GBB8K.

— VI. CANADA WILD GBK>'K.

Geese, like the guinea fowl are noisy creatui'es, and these two birds are
nine times out of ten better "watch dogs" than the average cur. The
former on the ground, and the latter perched high in a tree, see the
smallest object and hear the slightest sound, and giving the alarm the
noble watch dog wakes up, barks and gets the credit. There are only a
few varieties which we shall notice, but these constitute about all that are
valuable of those fowls thai "saved Rome."

I. Embden, or Bremen Geese.

These, the most valuable to our mind of the whole tribe, taken for
large size, pure white feathers, and aptitude to fatten, are worth}' a place
on any farm. They are spotless white in color throughout both male and
female, full, and erect in carriage, the legs deep orange in color and the
bill dark flesh color, the eyes bright blue. The eggs are white, large, and
with rough thick shells. This breed attains enormous weights, often go-
ing over thirty pounds, when mature, and the goose over thirty-five
pounds. For breeding purposes twenty pounds will be a full weight for
the ganders.

Next in ()
are called a
in body, no

/■it'

• Ik

^ m

color they ;
gray, gettin
of the color
at length b

POULTRY, WATKR KOWL. yyj

n. ToiilouBe Oeose.
Next in order of practical merit, to our mind, is the Toulouse ; these
are culled iiftor the city of that name in Fraucc. They are most compact
in body, not so tall as the Bremen, but will often outweigh them. In

so OEB8K.

1 WILD GKK^'K.

color they are light gray as to their bodies and breasts, the neck dark
gray, getting gradually darker until it approaches the back, the wings are
of the color of the nock, shaded off lighter as it approaches the belly and
at length becomiug white ; the legs and feet are a deep reddish orange,

888

ILI-C'HTKATEI) HTOCK hOCTOR.

the bill the satiie, toned somewhat wilh brown. Both tlie Kmlxlpn
and ToulouHfl may he eaHily raised under hens, by regtihuly sprinkling the

T0UL0U8K OKBSn.

eggs with blood-wann water, to keep the shells from becoming hard and
thus imprisoning the young. This, with even a tub of water set in the
ground, and good feeding, will insure success in geese raising.

III. Hong Kong Qeese.

The China Hong Kong, or Knobbed goose, so named from the protu-
berances at the base of the bill, really possesses some of the characteristics
of the swan as it c^oes of geese. It is also in size, between a medium
sized goose and swan, is highly ornamental in the water, hardy, the most
prolific of any in eggs, and the quality of the flesh is superior. It has a
harsh, discordant cry, and if allowed full liberty will steal away at night,
if water for swimming in be near, or it can find it. This nocturnal habit,
however, can be prevented by shutting up at night in a place safe from

foxea or <j
Kong geei
tuberuncei
neck. Tl
the bills a

a
o

the base of
is grayish
whitish gr;
a distiugui
neck, fron

ling hard nnd
cr sot ill the

m the protu-
haracteri sties
en a medium
dy, the most
or. It has a
vay at night,
turnal habit,
ce safe from

••OtlLTKY, WATKK KoWL. ^^ff

foxes or owIh, which should be practiced with all geese and ducks. Hong
Kong geese vary much in color ; they all have tiie Mime characteristic pro-
tuberances at the bill, and also a distinct stripi. down the back of the
aeok. They ehould have a dewlap, or feathered wattle under the throat,
the bills and legs should l.c of ;in oningc color, and the protuberances at

the base of the upper bill, dark, in fact almost black, the most usual color
is grayish brown on the back and upper parts, changing to white or
whitish gray under the abdomen, the neck and breast yellowish gray, with
a distinguishing stripe of dark brown running down the entire back of the
neck, from the head to the body.

I'll

890

IIXUSTKATEU STOCIK DOCTOli.

IV. White Chinese Geese.

The White Chinese geese are of immense size, pure spotless white
throughout; the legs bright orange colored, bill the same color and with
a large orange colored knob at its base. It is more swan-like than the

Hong Kong, of which it is perhaps a variety, and either in or out of the
water is a most pleasing object. When swimming, its long, slender neck
is gi'avjefuUy arched, and whether for ornament or use, it is certainly a val-
uable breed. It is certainly as prolific as its colored relation, laying a large
number of rather small eggs in u season, breeding three or four times,

iifcsi".. / •"* ;. ." V

POULTRY, WATEK FOWL.

891

)tless white
or and with
ike than the

r out of the
(lender neck
■tainly a val-
lyinga large
four times,

the period of incubation being five weeks. The goslings are easily raised,
and are of fine eating quality. A peculiarity of tlie breed is tl 3 disparity
in the relative size of the sexes, the males being often one-third heavier
than the females.

V. The African Goose.
This immense goose, among the largest of the tribe, is of fine carriage
and bulk, carrying its neck upright, and head high, when walking. The
head and top of the neck are brown, deep on the upper side and some-
what lighter on the under side ; the bill is armed with small indentations

AFRICAN 0008E.

along the sides, and at the base, on top rises a round, fleshy tubercle, of
a bright vermilion color, and under the throat is a hard, firm, fleshy
membrane. These birds have also been called Siberian geese, but the
name African is undcubtedly the proper one.

VI. Canada Wild Geeae.
This excellent goosse may be easily hatched from wild eggs, and which
upon being domesticated, take kindly to the farm. It is too well known

.::i1

i>l5ii

Ml'.

892

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

to need description ; when farm-bred it retains much of the game nature
of the flesh of the wild bird. Their sagacity is superior to tiiat of any
other goose. It has a wide range of flight in its wild state, being found
at proper seasons from the Arctic circle to the Tor>id zone, and in Europe
as well as in America ; specimens having been shot in England. It, Is
certainly one of the most beautiful of water fowls. It breeds kindly
with any of the common varieties, and is reputed in France to have inter-
bred with swans.

Management-
There is but little care necessary in breeding geese. They require a
dry place for passing the night ; are subject to but few diseases, and
these only when young. For diarrhoea, give a drop or two of laudanum
in a little water, to be repeated if the first dose does not cure. For gid-
diness, bleed them in the prominent vein which separates the claw. In-
sects sometimes annoy them by getting into the nostrils and ears. It
may be known by their hanging wings, and the shaking of their heads.
Feed them corn at the bottom of a vessel of water. For fattening, there
is nothing better than corn-meal, steamed potatoes and skimmed milk,
alternated with ground buckwheat, oat-meal or barley-meal. During the
fattening process they should be kept closely confined. When fattening,
the French pluck the feathers from the belly. They should be fed three
times a day, and supplied with plenty of pure water, and when fat, which
should be in two or three weeks from the commencement of feeding, thej
should be sold immediately, since they at once begin to lose flesh again.

Glossary of Terms Used by Fanciers and Breeders.

mme nature

Beard. — A bunch of feathers under the throat of some breeds, as Hou-
dans or Polish.

Breed. — Any variety of fowl presenting distinct character] jtics.

Brood. — Family of young chickens.

Broody. — Desiring to set.

Carriage. — The attitude or bearing of a bird.

Carunculaied. — Covered with fleshy protuberances, as on the neck of
a turkoy-cock.

Chicle. — A newly-hatched fowl, until a few weeks old.

Chicken. — Applied to indefinite ages until twelve months old.

Clutch. — Given to the batch of eggs under a setting hen, also to brood
of chickens hatched therefrom.

Cockerel. — A young cock.

Comb. — The red protuberance on top of the fowl's head.

Condition. — The state of the fowl as regards health, beauty of plumage
— the latter especially.

Crest. — A tuft o( feathers on the head ; the top-knot.

Crop. — The receptacle for food before digestion.

Cushion. — ^The mass of feathers over the tail and end of the hen's
back, covering the tail ; chiefly developed in Cochins.

Deaf-ears. — Folds of skin hanging from the true ears, varying in color,
being blue, white, cream-colored, or red.

Dubbing. — Cutting off the comb, wattles, &c., leaving the head smooth.

Bar-lobes. — Same as deaf -ears.

Face. — The bare skin around the eye.

Flights. — ^The primary wing feathers, used in flying, but unseen when
at rest.

Fluffs. — Soft, downy feathers about the thighs.

Furnished. — Assumed full character. When a cockerel obtains his
tail, comb, &c.

GiUs. — A term applied to the wattles, sometimes more indefinitely to
the whole region of the throat.

Hackles. — The peculiar narrow feathers on the fowl's uQck.

Hen-feathered , or Henny. — Resembling a hen, in the absence of sickles.

Hock. — The elbow-joint of the leg.

Keel. — A word sometimes used to denote the breast-bone.

Leg. — ^The scaly part, or shank.

Leg-feathers. — The feathers on the outside of the shank.

Mossy. — Confused in marking.

:ifl

'' Z^W-^-i^.

\rt ■m.llliJi

894

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOOTOB.

Pea-comb. — ^A triple comb.
, Penciling. — Small stripes over a feather.

Poult. — ^A youug turkey.

Primaries. — The flight-feathers of the \\nngs, hidden when the wing is
closed.

Pullet. — A young hon.

Rooster. — The common term for the male bird.

Saddle. — The posterior of the back, reaching to the tail in a cock,
answei'ing to the cushion in a hen.

Secondaries. — The wing quill-feathers, which show when the bird is
at rest.

Self-color. — A uniform tint over the feathers.

Shaft. — ^The stem of a feather.

Shank. — The scaly part of the leg.

Sickles. — ^The top curved feathers of a cock's tail.

Spangling. — The marking produced by each feather having one large
spot of some color different to the ground.

Spur. — The sharp weapon on the heel of a cock.

Stag. — Another term for a yr'maj cock.

Strain. — A rice of fowls, iiig acquired an indiviuual character of
its own, by being bred for yeaio t»y one breeder or his successors.

Symmetry. — Perfection of proportion.

Tail-covertft . — ^The soft, glossv, curved feathers at the sides of the
bottom of the tail .

Tail-feathers. — Applied to the straight, stiff feathers of the tail only.

Thighs. — The joint above the shanks.

Top-knot. — Same as crest.

Trio. — A co(;k and two hens.

Under-color. — The color of the plumage as seen when the surface
is lifted.

Vidture-hock. — Stiff projecting feathers at the hock-joint.

Wattles. — ^The red depending structures at each side of the base of
the beak.

Web. — Expressing a flat and thin structure. The web of a feather is
*he fliit or plume portion ; the web of the foot, the flat skin between the
toes : of the wing, the triangular skin, seen when the member is
extended.

Wing-bar. — Any line of dark color across the middle of the wing.

Wing-boiv. — ^The upper or shoulder part of the wing.

Wing-butts. — The corners or ends of the wing. Game fanciers denote
the upper ends as shoulder-butts ; the lower as lower-butts.

Wing-covertf — T'hr broad feathers covering the roots of the sec-
ondary quills

the surface

<;.■,.'

PART X.
Diseases of Poultry,

AND THEIR EEMEDTES.

I'L^'i..

a^t'i<>

the base of

CHAPTER I.

DISEASES AND BEMBDIES.

ANATOMY OF THK HBN. APOPLEXY. ITS CAUSB. ROUP. TO C0Rlt.~— EQO BOCND.

— INFLAMMATION OF THK EGQ PASSAGE. CHOLERA. GAPES.— —CA08K. HOW

TO OOBK.— — OEOP JtOUMD. DIPHTaSRIA, OR CROUP, UCB.

\\-->

Diseases of Fowls.

There are but few diseases to which fowls are subject. Some of these,
as apoplexy, are so sudden and fatal that there is scarcely time for reme-
dies. Others, as so called chicken cholera, are malignant and infectious,
and thus require watching. Others again, inflammatory in their nature,
are difficult to understand and hence difficult to treat. The general run
of diseases, however, to which the fowls of the farmer and suburban
fancier are liable to in his flock are, as a rule, simple in their nature and
of easy treatment. We shall, therefore, divide diseases into but two di-
visions — dangerous and simple ailments. In the first class will be
considered those more fatal, and in the second class mere ailments, as leg
weakness, bumble foot, catarrh, diarrhea, pip, lice, and other parasites.
For a better understanding of the subjects, v/e introduce figures showing
the skeleton of a fowl, their true positions and proper names. It will
make a good study in counectiou with those on plumage, etc.

898

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

II Til

iri

Anatomy of the Hen.

Explanation.— ^— The head, length 2 3-4 inches. 5— The neck, length 5 1-;,
inches. C — The back or spine. D — The hips or hip bones, (the back und hips

comprise from the shoulder to the tail,)
length 5 9 10 inches. E — Rump or
cocc3'gi8. length 1 1-2 inches. F— Shoul-
der-blade or shoulder. O — Collar bone
or merry thought, fl"— Chest or thorax,
composed of the sides and breast bone
(bone of the throat), it contains the heart,
liver, etc. 7— The breast bone, length
a little over 3 1-2 inches. J— The wing
bones, aa will be seen, are composed of the
humerus or siioulder-bone of the wing,
length 3 1-7 inches ; also the radius and
the cubitus, the forearm or pinion, length
2 3-4 inches ; the tip of the wing, or
that which takes the place of the hand
and fingers, length 2 1-3 inches. K—
The leg, composed of d — (Fig- 2.) the
thigh bone, 3 1-7 inches; e — the shin bone, length 4 1-3
inches ; /—the bone of the foot, the tarsus, length 3 1-7
inches ; g — the claws, that of the middle, length 2 1-3 in-
ches ; the two to the right and left, length 1 6-10 inches ;
that of the back, length 8-10 inches ; h — the patella or
knee ; i — the os calcis or heel.

ANATOMY <>V TiriC HEN (Fig i)

{Vtii

The engraving (Fig. 1.) represents the skeleton of
an ordinary hen of an average size, and in the pro-
portions to be generally met with. The only impor-
tant muscles are those which compose the flesh, from
which are formed the breast, the thigh, the leg and
the wings. All the others are slender and only furnish
a little for table use.

People often confound the thigh., the log, the foot and toes of the lieii.
and so it is with nearly all animals. One expects to see her walk on the
foot, though she walks like them on the toes. It is evident that the
tarsus of the hen is the foot she would use on the ground if she walked
like man ; the end opposite the toes is the heel. Some fowls have five or
six toes but they do not all rest on the ground always.

Apoplexy— Its Cause.

Over-feeding and over-stimulating of fowls — seldom occurring on the
farm — and generally known by finding the subject dead, often in the

I'OULTKV, ITS DISEASES.

8'J9

iieyi. Prevention is the proper means to use. Give plenty of exercise
and good wholesome food, but not that of an over-stiumlating nature.
77/e cure is by opening a blood vessel and bleeding freely, selectin'" the
largest of the veins on the underside of the wing. Hold the vein be-
tween tlie opening and the body, and release it when blood enough is
taken. Keep the bird quiet und on light diet until recovered.

Roup.

Till' symptoms are at tirst those of severe catarrh. The discharge
icses its thin, watery, transparent character, gets opatiue, with a peculiar
and offensive smell. The inner corner of the eye contains froth, the
lids swell, stick together and at last close. The nostrils close from the
same accumulation ; the sides of the face swell and the bird dies. It is
a disease of the lining membrane of the nasal cavities.

To Cure.
Provide warm, dry, well-ventilated quarters, stinmlating and nutritious
food. Give internally a tea or a table-spoonful of castor oil, according
to the size of the fowl, syringe the nostrils with chloride of soda, two
parts water to 6ne part of chloride. Inject by inserting the syringe in
the slit at the roof of the mouth. Th-ee or four hours after the oil give
the following :

No. 1. a Ounce balsam copaiba,

U' Ounce liquorice powder,
H Drachm piperine.

Divide into thirty doses, enclose each in a little gelatine, and give a
dose twice a day. Isolate the sick fowls from all others, and Mil promptly
if they do not yield to treatment.

Egg Bound.

In this disability the eggs cannot pass down the passage. Strip a tail
feather to within an inch of the end ; saturate it thoroughly in lard oil or
sweet oil, and pass it carefully up the passage to the egg, lubricating the
whole. If relief is not given, repeat the process.

Inflammation of the Egg Passage.
Symptoms. — There will be general feverishness, dullness, and the
feathers, especially those over the back, will be raised and ruffled. Give
the following :

No. 2.

t Orain calomel,

1-12 Grain tartar emetic.

ring on the
ften in the

Mix ; envelop in gelatine and place well back on the root of the tongue
until swallowed. If relief do not ensue in two days, give another dose.

'Ml

"!3!;

Hi I

■■ i

'" (t

900

ILLUBTRATBU STOCK DOCTTOH.

Cholera.

SymptovM. — There is sudden and {^oat thirst with diarrhoea ; the evac-
uations are greenish, but soon change to a whitish character ; cramp en«
sues and the bird totters, falls, and often dies suddenly. Admiuiatei
every three hours, until relief is obtained, the following :

No. 8.

b Grains rhubarb,
2 OraiDR cayenne pepper,
10 drops laudanum.

Give this at a dose for large fowls, and half this quantity to chickens
two months old. Between each dose keep up the strength by giving a
tea-spoonful of brandy and water, half and half. This is also good for
common diarrhoea, omitting the brandy.

Oapes.

Parasitic worms (sclerostoma Hyngamun) in the windpipe, occurring in
chickens up to two or three months of age,

' How to Cure.

Separate the chickens affected ; strip a small quill feather to within
half an inch of the end. Dip in spirits of turpentine ; pass it down the
small opening of the windpipe, at the base of the tongue ; turn it once or
twice around and draw it out. If it does not relieve operate again next
day. Give a warm, dry place, plenty of good food, and for drink, milii
well sprinkled with black pepper. It is supposed that the gape worm is
produced by a small parasite inr.ect resembling a tick found on the heads
of young chickens. Examine the heads with a pocket lens and if found
use the following, lightly rubbed on.

No. 4.

1 Ounce mercurial ointment,
1 Ounce lurd oil,
K Ounce flowers of Hulphur,
>i Ounce crude petroleum.

Mix, and apply just warm enough to be melted. It is said that a case
of gapes has never been found in which the young chickens were not first
infected with the tick parasite.

Black Rot.

Swelling of the legs and feet, the comb blac' , resembling mortification.
Give a tea-spoonful of castor oil| and then daily, until relieved, half a

* 1

POULTRY, ITS DISEASES.

901

B, occurring in

tea-spoonful of flowers of sulphur. This is also good in scaly leg, and
eruptions of various kinds, using also, after washing clean, the following:

Mo. 6.

i Ounces lard oil,

1 Ounce tunnerto powder.

Anoint the Affected parts.

Ca^arrA— Symptoms like the first in Roup. Cleanliness is the best
prevention. To cure, feed black pepper in mashed potatoes. If this

fails, take :

No. 0. 8 Parte pulverized charcoal,

3 Parts new yeast,
2 Parts flowers of sulphur,
1 Part flour.

Mix into pills the size of a hazelnut and give one, three times a day ;
bathe the nostrils and eyes frequently with tepid milk and water, and
keep the fowls otherwise clean.

Crop Bound.
The food sometimes becomes bound and impacted in the crop. The
remedy is to make an incision into the crop sufficiently large so the con-
tents may be carefully extracted with a blunt instrument. Close with a
stitch, and feed with soft food for two or three days, in which a little
gentian and cayenne pepper is mixed.

Diphtheria, or Croup.

It may bo known by the cough, raising of the head to breathe, and the
offensive smell.

What to do — Strip a feather to withiri half an inch of the end ; wet it
and dip in i)owdered borax, and swab the throat well. Nitrate of silver
would be more effectiv'e. Give to drink, chloride of potassium one-fourth
of an ounce dissolved in a half gallon of water.

Preventive — Cleanliness, good ventilation and care. The rule will ap-
ply to roup, catarrh, gapes, pip, and other acute and chronic diseases.

Pip — ^This is a result of other diseases rather than a disease of itself.
Remove the crust at the tip of the tongue and wash with chloride of soda,
examine the nostrils for any stoppage, and give a tea-spoonful of castor
oil if the fowl be very sick.

Rheumatism — Cause — Exposure to damp and cold winds, and bad
roosting places ; remove the fowls to comfortable quarters, and feed
warm, rather soft, stimulating food.

Laying soft eggs — Give plenty of lime rubbish, burned and broken
oyster shells, or bone meal.

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-S)

6/ -c^-^^^

1.0

I.I

1.25

1^1^ m

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1.4

1.8

1.6

Photographic

Sciences
Corporation

23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580

(716) 873-4503

^°A%

f/.

902

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Lioe.

There should be no excuse for infestment by these parasites. They
will sometimes make their appearance on new fowls, and setting hens
will sometimes contract them. They are of two kinds : the common hen
louse, and minute "hen spider," so-called. The latter very minute and
infesting every part of the house, and often the horse stables, if the hens
are allowed to run there. To rid the house, take out every movable art-
icle and wa^h thoroughly with carbolic acid and water, or with the ammo-
niacal water of gas factories, which is cheap. Wash also every portion of
the house with the same. Or, fumigate by closing every crevice, and
burning in an iron pot containing a burning hot stone, half the size of a
man's head, a pound of roll brimstone, keeping the house closed two or
three hours. Then wash every part of the house with lime- wash in which
a pound of potash has been dissolved to each quart of water used in thin-
ning the wash. Wash also the furniture, nests, perches and all else with
the potash solution, one pound to a quart of water. Put back the furni-
ture, place fresh hay in the boxes, plenty of dust baths near, and the lice
will leave the fowls and die. In case the stable becomes infested, or
other places that may not be fumigated, wash with the potash solution,
or the lime- wash, containing one part in twenty of carbolic acid.

BACK OF VHE BARM.

APPENDIX.

■IBLT HI8Y0]
AHKRICAM
PBRFORMil

The care
and for rac
thority, to
fact, to Ion

Just whe
certain, bul
the Roman
poses but a
ancient Brii
Gaulish Ian
the racing (
Gaul, and 1
people.

The Ron
war chariot
the hardnei
was done, i
but powerf
thcni so v£
were much

After th
the Saxons
Worses, and

BACING, OB TTTBF HOBSES.

lABLT HISrOBT OF THB ENQLIBH BLOOD HOB8E. HOW HB WAS IMFROVXD. — ■ THX

AHBRICAN BLOOD HORSK. CBLBBRATBD AMERICAN HORSES. HISTORY OP THEIR

PBRFORMANCB8.

The care taken in the breeding and

and for racing in Great Britr'n

training of horses for the chase
extends back, according to the best au-
thority, to long before this people were convei'tej co Christianity ; in
fact, to long before the Christian Era.

Just when and how horses were introduced into Great Britain is not
certain, but it seems clear that they were well known there long before
the Roman conquest, and that they bred horses not only for domestic pur-
poses but also for war and for racing, seems true, from words in the
ancient British language, as rhediad, a race ; rheda, to run — from the
Gaulish language rheda, a chariot, showing that these words applied to
the racing of horses. Hence the inference thar horses came by way of
Gaul, and that chariot races were anciently one f 'he pastimes of the
people.

The Romans found different vehicles in use in Britain, including the
war chariot. Youatt infers that from the cumbrous structure of the car,
the hardness of the roads, and the furious manner in which the driving
was done, that the ancient British horses must have been not only active,
but powerful in a wonderful degree ; and he says that Caasar thought
them so valuable that many of them were carried to Rome, where they
were much esteemed.

After the evacuation of England by the Romans and its occupation by
the Saxons, increased attention was paid to the breeding of English
Verses, and after the reign of Alfred running horses were brought there

906

ILLU8TRATKD STOCK DOCTOR.

from Germany, yet these should not bo understood as meaning racing
horses as the term is now used. They are supposed to have been light,
apeedy horses, adapted to the chase or for the roads, as opposed to the
heavy war horse, capable of carrying a man at arms With his armor.

It does n :+, appear that until the time of Charles I. horses were kept
exclusively for racing. Yet even before Athelstan's time English horses
had come to be prized on the continent, and in Athelstan's reign many
Spanish horses were imported, showing clearly that so long ago as this
the English were fully alive to the importance of the continued improve-
ment of their horse stock.

William the Conqueror is recorded to have used great pains in improv-
ing the horse stock of the country, after the conquest of Great Britain
by the Normans, through the introduction of fine horses from Normandy,
Flanders and Spain, and according to Beal it would seem that as early as
631 people of rank distinguished themselves by often appearing on horse-
back, and from which it would be natural to infer that thus early horses
were kept for pleasure riding, since saddle horses are known to have been
used during the Roman occupation of Britain, and cavalry horses long
before the Christian Era.

The first Arab horse would seem to have been imported in the reign of
Henry I., an Arab horse having, with his accoutrements, been presented
by Alexander I. of Scotland, to the church of St. Andrew.

In the twelfth century a race course was established in London, at
what was since called Siuitlitidd, and which was also a horse market.

King John paid great attention to the importation of horses ; one hun-
dred chosen Flemish stallions having been imported at a single time.
Later it is recorded of Edward II. that he purchased thirty war horses
and twelve heavy draft horses.

Edward III., upon the occasion of buying fifty Spanish horses, made
application to France and Spain for safe conduct for them, and so impor-
tjint was the horse stock of England considered that the exportation of
stallions was forbidden, and this prohibition was continued up to and
during the reign of Henry VII.

In the reign of Henry VIII. it was decreed that no stallion should be
allowed to run at large on any waste or common where animals pastured,
if under the height of fifteen hands, and that all foals, fillies or mares
likely to breed undersized or inferior animals, should be killed and bu-
ried.

All the nobility, gentry and higher orders of the clergy, were compell-
ed by an act to keep a number of horses proportioned to their rank, and
even a country parson, whose wife was entitled to wear a French hood or
velvet bonnet (no person below a certain rank being allowed to wear such

Puritans, t

ning racing
been light,
'sed to the
iriuor.
were kept
jlish horses
reign many
igo as this
id improve-
in improv-
reat Britain
Normandy,
as early as
g on horse-
arly horses
a have been
lorses lonn

he reign of
presented

London, at
market.
; one hun-
lingle time,
war horses

irses, made
i so impor-
[>rtation of
up to and

should be
5 pastured,

or mares
ed and bu-

•e compell-
■ rank, and
ich hood or
> wear such

APPENDIX. 9Q7

a hood) was obliged to keep an entire trotting stallion, under a penalty
of twenty pounds sterling. So, also, it was made compulsory that every
deer park and ruial parish should maintain a certain immberof full-sized
mares and stallions. It is also interesting, as boin«' the first mention
made in English history, that Henry VIll. and Charles Brandon, Duke
or Suffolk, rode a race in the presence of Queen Catharine, and that in
his reign the first annual races on a regular race course were instituted.

II. W. Herbert, in his work. The Horse of America, tims sums up
the whole matter in relation to the value of Oriental blood in Enfland, in
tlie time of Oliver Cromwell :

It is now pretty generally adniitted that, whether Barb, Turk, Syrian,
or Arab of the desert proper, all oriental blood has iiad its share and
influence in i-cinvigorating the blood of the English thoroughbred, and
giving to it those peculiar qualities which cause it, with justice, at this
day, to be esteemed the best, completest, and most perfect animal in the
world.

In what degree these animals have njinistered to our now dominant
strain, is by no means to be ascertained ; but it is to be noted that most
of the early imported foreign stallions were not Eastern Arabs.

During the protectorate, Oliver Cromwell, who, though he was com-
pelled by the necessity of conciliating the absurd prejudices of the
Puritans, to forbid racing, was yet an ardent lover of the horse, and an
earnest promoter and patron of all that beh)ngs to horsemanship, pur-
chased of Mr. Place, afterwards his stud-muster, the celebrated "White
Turk" — still recorded as the most beautiful south-eastern horse ever
I)rought into England, and the oldest to which our present strain refers.
To him succeeds Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, his Hclmsley Turk, and
to him Fairfax's — the same great statesman and brave soldier, who
fought against Newcastle at Marston — Morocco Barb.

And to these three horses it is that the English race-lun-se of the old
time chiefly owes its [)urity of blood, if we except the royal mares,
si)ecially imported by Charles II., to which it is — mythically, rather than
justly — held that all English blood should trace.

Of all succeeding importations, those, which are principally known and
referred to, as having notoriously amended our horse — by proof of stock
l)egotten of superior qualities, and victorious on the turf through long
generations — but few arc true Arabs.

We have, it is true, the Darley Aral)ian, the Leeds Arabian, Honey-
wood's White, the Oglethorpe, the Newcome Bay Mountain, the Damascus,
CuUen's Brown, the Chestnut, the Lonsdale Bay, Combe's Gray and Bell's
Gray Arabians ; but what is generally called the Godol[)hin Arabian, as
it seems now to be the prevailing opinion — his origin not being actually
58

908

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

ascertained — was a Barb, not an Arab from Arabia proper. Against
these, again, we find Place's White Turk, D'Arceys Turk, the Yellow
Turk, Lister's, or the Straddling Ti.rk, the Byerly Turk, the Solahy
Turk, the Acaster Turk ; Curwen's Bay Barb, Compton's Barb, the
Thoulouse Barb, Layton's Barb Mare, great-great-grandam of Miss
Layton ; the Royal Mares, which were Barbs from Tangier, and many
other Barb horses, not from the Eastern desert, heading the pedigrees of
our best horses.

In this connection, I would observe that the very reasons for which the
Marquis of Newcastle condemned the Markham Arabian — viz., that when
regularly trained he could do nothing against race-horses — on account of
which condemnation he has received a sneer or a slur from every writer
who has discussed the subject, are those which, at this very moment,
prevent prudent breeders from having recourse to oriental blood of any
kind.

They cannot run or li'st against the English horse. They have not the
size, the bone, the muscle, the shape, if we except the beautiful head,
fine neck, thin withers, long, deep and sloping shoulders, which are the
Inevitable characteristics of the race. Therefore, all men who breed with
an eye to profit, — and howsoever it might have been in the olden times
of the Turf, there are few now who have not an eye to it, either as
hoping to Ayin on the turf, or to produce salable stock — prefer to put
their mares to known English winning horses, proved getters of winners,
of unquestioned bottom and stoutness, rather than to try stallions of the
desert blood, concerning which nothing is known beyond the attested
pedigree, and the visible shapes.

Farther our authority gives a list of all foreign, and the most celebrated
native stallions which were used for covering in England in 1730, or just
150 years ago. They are as follows :

FOREIGX STALLIONS IN 1730.

The Alcock Arabian, the Bloody Buttocks Arabian, the Bloody Shoul-
dered Arabian, the Belgrade Turk, the Bethel Arabian, Lord Burlington's
Barb, Croft's Egyptian horse, the Cypress Arabian, the Godolphin Ara-
bian, Hall's A/rabian, Johnson's Turk, Litton's Arabian, Matthew's
Persian, Nottingham's Arabian, Newton's Arabian, Pigott's Turk, the
Duke of Devonshire's Arabian, Greyhound, a Barb, Hampton Court
grey Barb, Strickland's Arabian, WyiUi's Arabian, Dodsworth, a Barb.

NATIVE STALLIONS IN 17.30.

Aleppo, Almanzer, Astridge Ball, Bald Galloway, Bartlet's Childers.
Basto, Bay Bolton, Blacklegs, Bolton Starling, Bolton Sweepstakes,
Cartouch, Chaunter, Childers, Cinnamon, Coneyskins, Councillor, Crab,
Doctor, Duukirk, Easby Snake, Fox, Foxcub, Graeme's Champion, Grey

Childers,
Blind H(
Jcwtrunii
Shufller,
blue. Wo
The in:
America
cstablishe
of the Kc
with then
England,
there wer
celcbratec
us is proli
records w
arniies.

Spark A
dock's dt
himself n
George H
the first o
Other c
old Hautl
also inipo
laud the
blood of
beating C
a mare ov
Nearly
Crab, by
posed to
Arabian,
a Royal
good stoc
Roger, by
Barb, Di(
Childers,
out of a (
of a daug
of the Bi
In aboi
vertail bj

APPENDIX.

909

. Against
the Yellow
the Seliihy

Burl), the
n of j\IisH

and many
edigrces of

r wliich the
, that when
account of
very writer
•y moment,
)od of any

avc not the
itiful head,
ch are the
breed with
)lden times
t, either as
jfer to put
[>f winners,
lions of the
he attested

t celebrated
J'dO, or just

)ody Shoul-
iurlington's
olphin Ara-
Matthew's
3 Turk, the
ipton Court
th, a Barb.

'8 Childers,
weepstakes,
:;lllor, Crab,
npion, Grey

Childers, Grey Crofts, Hampton Court Childers, Harlequin. Hartley's
Blind Horse, Hip, Hobgobling, Hutton's Blacklegs, Hutton's Hunter,
Jewtruinp, Jigg, Lamprey, Leedes, Marridc Oystcrfoot, Partner, Royal,
Shuffler, Skipjack, Smalo's Childers, Soreheels, Squirrel, Tifter, Truc-
l)luo, Woodcock, Wyndham.

The importation of racing horses was, without doubt, first made to
America in Virginia and Maryland. Already had racc-oour.ses been
established there previous to 1753, and during the exodus from England,
of the Royalists, to the South, it is undoubtedly true that they brought
with them descendants of such horses as were covering with success in
England. Certain it seems that quite early in the eighteenth century
there were a considerable numl)cr of thoroughbred horses from the most
celebrated English sires. That the perfect record has not come down to
us is probably due to the fact that, during the Revolutionary war the
records were cither lost or destroyed between the shock of contending
armies.

Spark was owned by Governor Ogle, of Maryland, previous to Brad-
dock's defeat, having been presented to him by Lord Baltimore, Avho
himself received him as a gift from the then Prince of Wales, father to
George HL Si)ark was a most celebrated horse, and probably one of
the first of high distinction brought to America.

Other celebrated horses early imported are said to have been, Wilkes'
old Hautboy mare, afterward known as Miss Colville. Governor Ogle
also iniported Queen Mab, and about 1750 Col. Tasker brought to Mary-
land the celebrated mare Selima, the progenetrix of much of the mightiest
blood of the country. In 1752 he won a sweepstake of 500 pistoles,
beating Col. Byrd's renowned Tryall, Col. Taylor's Jenny Cameron, and
a mare owned by Col. Cameron.

Nearly about the same time, there were imported into Virgmia, Routh's
Crab, by old Crab, dam by Counsellor, daughter of Coneyskins, sup-
posed to be in or about 1745. In 1747, Monkey, by the Lonsdale Bay
Arabian, dam by Curwen's Bay Barb, daughter of the Byerly Turk and
a Royal mare. He was twenty-two years old when imported, but left
good stock. In 1748, Roger of the Vale, afterwards known as Jolly
Roger, by Roundhead, out of a partner mare. Woodcock, Croft's Bay
Barb, Dicky Pierson, out of a Barb mare. Roundhead was by Flying
Childers, out of Roxana, dam of Lath and Cade, by the Bald Galloway,
out of a daughter to the Acaster Turk. Woodcock was by Merlin, out
of a daughter of Brimmer. Dickey Pierson by the Dodsworth Barb out
of the Burton Barb mare.

In about 1764, was imported Fearnought, got by Regidus out of Sil-
vertail by Whitenose, grand-dam by Rattle, great grand-dam by the

910

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Darlcy Arabian, great great graiul-duin Old Child mare, by Sir Thomas
Grcalcy's Arabian, groat great groat grand-dam, Vixen, by Helnisley
Turk, out of Dodsworth's dam, a natural liarb. Regulus was by Ui«
Godolphin Barb, dam Grey Robinson l)y the Raid Galloway, grand-dam
by Snake out of Old Wilkes' Hautboy marc. Uattlo was by Sir II.
Harpur's Barb out of a Royal mare. Wiiitenoso was by the Hall Ara-
bian out of dam to Jigg. Thus Fearnought is come of the very highest
and purest blood in England, and has left his mark largely on the blood-
liorso of Virginia. It is said that, before his time, there was little 1)0-
y(»nd quarter racing in Virginia, that his progeny were of uncommon
figure, and first introduced the size and bottom of the English race-horso
into America. This tnust be taken, however, c«m grano saJh, as it is
evident from what has been stated in regard to Selima, that four-mile
racers were the fashion in Maryland at least fifteen years before that
date, and it is only to be imderstood in the case of second-rate racers,
that quarter running was in vogue at this period.

These capital horses were shortly followed by Morton's Traveller, who
was probably got by Partner, a grandson of the Byerly Turk, and grand-
sire of King Herod, dam by the Bloody Buttocks Arabian ; grand-dam
by Grey-hound, a Barb; g. grand dam by Makeless ; g. g. g. dam by
Brimmer ; g. g. g. g. dam by the White Turk ; g. g. g. g. g. dam by
Dodsworth, a Barb ; g. g. g. g. g. g. dam Laydon Barb mare.

Makeless was by the Oglethorpe Arab out of Trumi)et's dam. She
was a pure Barb by Dodsworth out of the Layton Barb mare. Brimmer
was by the Yellow Turk out of a royal marc.

These were probably the best early horses that were imported into
America ; and to these, with the mares Selima, Queen Mab, Jenny Cam-
eron, Kitty Fisher, Miss Colville, and a few others of about the same
period, may be traced all, or almost all the families of running horses
now existing in the United States, in a greater or less degree, and with
nearly as nmch certainty as the English chamjjions of the olden day may
be followed up to imported Arab and Barb on both sides.

This being most interesting history, we quote from The Horse of Amer-
ica, to show how nmch the United States is indebted to the South for the
foundation of its mighty racers of the present day, and owing undoubt-
edly to the great interest the old planters of the South and their de-
scendants have taken in field sports. The record is as follows :

In Virginia, Ccl. John Tayloe, Messrs. Hoomes, Selden and Johnson;
in Maryland, Governors Ogle, Ridgcly, Wright, Lloyd and Sprigg, who,
as it has been remarked, seemed by their practice to acknowledge that
the keeping up of a racing stud was a portion of their gubernatorial
duty ; and in South Carolina, Messrs. Hampton, Washington, McPher-

8on, Alstoi
constant n
Quconsbur
(Mjually rci
old EnglisI

From 8(
champions
Antony, R
Nell, Bel I
Maria, by
Amanda, I
Bond's Fii
Tuckahoo,
can easily
them, botl
recently A
racers, to i
dolphin Ai
— and whc
of the wh(
derived thi
rated, but
try by the

As bcin;
the most o
They are :

First B
Arminda I
by a son o
gr. dam b
two True
Grisowooc
Buttocks,
Betty.

Cripple
dam by C

Medley
Atalanta,
lighter, th
racers in i

Seconu

r Thomiis
Helnislcy
VUH hy tli«
yi'imd-clam
)y Sir II.
hall Am-
17 hifrlifst
the Mood-
little 1)0-
inconinion
racc-liorso

f, us it is
four-mile

oforo that
itc racers,

'cller, who
md {jjrand-
;rand-dam

g. dam hy
:. dam by

iam. She
Brimmer

ortcd into
?nuy Cam-
; the same
iiig horses
, and with
n day may

3 of Amer-
lath for the
r undoubt-
d their do-
Johnson ;
rigg, who,
ledge thai
aernatorial
, McPher-

APPENDIX.

911

son, Alston and Singleton, were as early, und have continued to bo as
constant und undeviuting patrona of the American turf, as have the
Queonsburys, Kut lands, VVyndhams, Bentincks, Fitzwilliams, and other
ccjually renowned turf names, been supporters of this noble si)orton the
old English greensward.

From so early a date as that of the ante-revolutionary cracks and
chami)ion8, such as Celcr, Traveller, Vorick, Tryall, Ariel, Partner, Marc
Antony, Kegulus, Flag of Tru(;o, Goodo's Brinnner, Butler's V^ir<,'inia
Neil, Bel Air, Calypso, Gray Diomcd, Cincinnatus, Virago, Shark, Black
Maria, by Shark, Leviathan, Gallatin, Fairy, Cup-bearer, Collector,
Amanda, Ball's Florizel, Po.st Boy, Oscar, Hickory, Maid of the Oaks,
Bond's First Consul, Sir Archy, Potomac, Pacolet, Duroc, Hampton,
Tuckahoe, and others, the names of which alone would fill a volume, we
can easily bring down in these States — and the others colonized from
then), both with men and horses, such as Kentucky, Teimesscc, and more
recently Alabama — one uninterrupted and stainless succession of noble
racers, to the day when tho descendants of Sir Archy, that veritable Go-
dolphin Arabian of the Turf of America, began to show ui)on the course
— and when the renown of American pA-lipse began to call the attention
of the whole world, and of tho mother country most of all, whence was
derived that transcendent stock, which in all other countries has degene-
rated, but in this has continued to rival the honors of its remotest ances-
try by the performance of American race horses.

As being of value, we give also the history and pedigrees of some of
the most celebrated horses of the days succeeding tho revolutionary war.
They arc :

FinsT Meolev — Imported into Virginia in 1783, by Gimcrack, dam
Arminda by Snap, out of j\Iiss Cleveland by Regulus ; g. gr. dam Midge,
by a son of Bay Bolton ; g. g. gr. dam by Bartlett's Childers ; g. g. g.
gr. dam by Honeywood's Arabian ; g. g. g. g. gr. dam the dam of tho
two True Blues. Gimcrack was by Cripple, out of Miss Elliott, by
Grisewood's Partner, gr. dam Celia by Partner, g. gr. dam by Bloody
Buttocks, g. g. gr. dam by Greyhound, g. g. g. gr. dam Brocklcsby
Betty.

Cripple was by the Godolphiu Arabian, out of Blossom by Crab, gr.
dam by Childers out of Miss Belvoir, by Grantham.

Medley was one of the best sires ever imported into America. He got
Atalanta, Bel Air, Boxer, Calypso, Gray Diomed, Gray Medley, Lamp-
lighter, tho Opossum Filly, Pandora, Quicksilver, Virginia, and others —
racers in a high form, and themselves the getters of racers.

Second Shark— Foaled in 1771, and imported into Virginia by

919

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Marsko, out of the Snap marc, gr. dam Wag's dam, by Marlborougli,
out of a natural Barb nuire.

Marsko, sire of Eclipse, was by S(iuirt, dam by Foxcub, gr. dam by
Conevskins, g. gr. dum by IIuti;>n'8 (Jray Barb.

S(iuirt was l)y IJartlctt's Cliildcrt, dam by Snako, gr. dam IIautl)()j.
Marlborough was by the (lodolphiii Arabian, dam large Hartley nuui-.

Shark's most distinguislu'd prog(Miy arc : Amcricus, Anni-ltc, Hhuk
Maria, dam of Lady Lightfoot, Opossum, Shark, Virago, and many
others.

Third Diomed — Foalod in 1777. Imported into Virginia 1798, Ho
WPS by Florizcl, dam by Spectator, gr. dam by Blank, g. gr. dam by
Childers, g. g. gr. dam Miss Belvoir, by (Jrantham.

Florizcl was by Horod, dam by (-ygnct, gr. dam Cartouch, g. gr. dam
Ebony by ('hilders, g. g. gr. dam old Kbony Basto mare.

Herod was by Tartar, out of Cypron, by Hlazo, out of Selinni, &c. &c.

Diomed is probably the grciitest sire of the greatest winner-getters ever
brought into this country. Had he got none but Sir Archy, out of im-
ported Castianira — who brought him to Ameriea in her belly — that re-
nown alone would have boon more than enough •, for scarce a re(;ent
horse in England, unless it be PotSo's, has so distinguished himself as a
progenitor.

Ho begot Bolivar, Diana, Dinwiddle, Duroc, Florizcl, (iallatin, Grac-
chus, Hamlintonian, Hampton, Hornet, King Herod, Lady Chesterfield,
Madison, Marsko, Nettle-top, Peace-maker, Potomac, Primrose, Sir Ar-
chy, Top-gallant, Truxton, Virginius, Wonder, and many others. Most
of the horses named above were the greatest runners of their day, and
the getters of the greatest racers and sires to the present time. Boston,
probably the very best horse that ever ran on American soil, was by Ti-
moleon, grandson of Sir Archy, the best son of Diomed ; while Fashion,
the very best mare that ever ran on this side the water, by her dam. Bon-
nets of Blue, daughter of Reality, was great-granddaughter of that same
noble stallion ; and by her grandsire Sir Charles, sire of Boimets and son
of Sir Archy, was also his great-granddaughter, u second time, in the
maternal line.

Fourth Gadbriel — Foaled 1790, imported into Virginia, was got by
Dorimant, dam Snap mare, gr. dam by Shepherd's Crab, g. gr. dam,
Miss Meredith by Cade, g. g. gr. dam Little Hartley mare.

Dorimant was by Otho, dam Babraham mare, gr. dam Chiddy by
Hampton Court Arabian, out of the Duke of Somerset's Bald Charlotte.

Otho was by Moses, dam Miss Vernon by Cade, gr. dam by Partner,
g. gr. dam Bay Bloody Buttocks, g. g. gr. dam by Greyhound, g. g. g.
gr. dam by Makeless, g. g. g. g. gr. dam by Brimmer, g. g. g. g. g. gr.

APPENDIX.

013

dam by Place's White Turk, f^. g. <|. g. g. g. gr. dain by Dodswortli, g.
g. a- K- K- K" >?• K"*' ^l'^"> Layton'H viokd Uiul) iimro.

MoscH wiiH by the Chisdworth Foxliuiitor, diim hy thu I'orlland Anil)iiin,
gr. dum, the dam of the Duko of Uridgc water's Stiir, she by Uiiluird's
Anibitui.

(iiibricl wa.s brought into Virginia, and bccaino, iil<o tiio preceding
hor.scs, very famous for splendor of hi.s get and tiic^ir great piMrnruiunt'es.

He got O-sear, I'ost Hoy, and others. The former of wliom, dam by
imi). Medley, bred by (ieneral Tayloe, ih his most eelebrated won. Ho
wart a good runner, and his i)lood tells in many of our bewt modern stul-
lions and mares, especially in the Southern States.

Firm Bkiji'oui) — Foaled in 171)2, imported into Virginia. Ho was
got by Dungannon, dam Fairy, by Highflyer, gr. dam Fairy Queen by
Voung Cade, g. gr. dam Uouth s Black Eyes by Crab, g. g. gr. dam the
Warlock (jlalloway, g. g. g. gr. dum by the Byerly Turk.

Dungannon was by Eclipse out of Aspasla, by Herod, gr. dam Doris
by Blank, g. gr. dam Helen by Spectator, g. g. gr. dam Daphne by the
(jodolphin Arabian, g. g. g. gr. dam by Fox, g. g. g. g. gr. dam by
Childers, g. g. g. g. g. gr. dam l)y Makeless, g. g. g. g. g. g. gr. dam,
Sister to Honeycomb Fundi, by the Taffolet liarb.

The year of Bedford's importation is i\ot exactly known. lie w.is a
great stallion, and there is hardly a family of horses in the Southern
States which do not in some degree, more or less, partake of his blood.
He was a singularly formed horse — a rich bay — with a peculiar elevation
on his rump, amounting in appearance to an unsightliness, if not to an
absolute deformity. This mark, known as the Bedford Hump, he has
transmitted to his posterity, .*ui(l, whatever iiuiy have been the original
opinion as to its beauty, it has been worn by so many celebrated winners,
that it has come of lato to bo regarded as a foreshadowing of excellence,
rather than a deformity. It has been worn by Eclipse, Black Maria, her
brother. Shark, Boston, Argyle, and many other horses of great note.

Bedford got ; ^Eolus, Cup-Bearer, Fairy, Lady Bedford, Lottery,
Nancy Air, Shylock and others not inferior in repute.

On the Hrst settlement in Tennessee, previous to its admission as a
State into the Union, the early settlers began taking with them excellent
stock from Virginia and Maryland, and the blood of Janus, Jolly Roger,
Morton's Traveller, Paeolet and other worthies of the olden times, still
percolates in rich luxuriance through the veins of their noble steeds. It
has been always a gallant and a sporting State ; and I feel proud and
happy — the rather that the history of the blood stock of Tennessee and
of the neighboring State of Kentucky is nearly identical — to bo allowed
the opportunity of presenting to my readers a most valuable memoir of

914

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

the blood of its best oquine families, considcrttely and kindly compiled
for nio fi\nn his own memoranda of old times, ;ind from personal recol-
lection of events, even before General Jackson and his contemporaries
wero on the turf, by a veteran turfman and a hereditary breeder, Mr.
William Williams — to whom I take this occasion of tondering my most
grateful and respectful thanks.

Race Horses at the North.

Prior to the Revolution there was a course for racing, near New York,
about the centre of the county, called Nowmaiket, and one at Jamaica
called Beaver Pond. As early as t'lc year 1800 courses were established
at Albany, P ughkeopsic and Harlem, Now York. On these tracks
purses of from one to four miles were contended for. In 1804 an organ-
ization was formed extending for five years. The Newmarket course was
remodelfc I, and regular races were held in May and October of each year,
at which purses vcre contended for at four, thi'ce and two mile heats.

Among the celebrated horses of that time, some of Avhich have left
their impress to this day, were Tippoo Sultan, Ilambletonian, Miller's
Damsel and Empress. Among these, as worthy of especial mention,
were Ilambletonian, as the progenitor of mighty trotting stock. Miller's
Damsel as the dam of American Eclipse, and Ariel, whose granddam was
this gray mare Empress. ATnerican Eclipse was the king of the Amer-
ican turf of his day, and Ariel may certainly be said lO have been the
queen, since out of fifty-seven races she was forty-two times the w ler,
seventeen of them having been four mile heats. Tiiey both of them may
bo said to rank with the best race horses of any age or country.

The pedigree oi Eclipse may l)e sununed up in the language of Frank
Forrester, as follows: American Eclii)se, bred by Gen. Coles of L. I.,
foaled 1814 ; was got by Duroc, his dam the famed race mare Miller's
Damsel, by imported Messenger, out of the imported P()t8os mare ; her
dam by Gimcrack, Duroc, bred by Wade Moseb , Esq., of Powhiitan
county, Virginia, foaled 1809 : was got by im)jort"d Diomed, out of Mr.
Mosely's ''extraordinary race mare Amanda," by Col. Tuyloe's famed
gray Diomed, son of imported Medley. Thus far Eclipse's pedigree is
unquestioned ; for the balance see American Turf Itogister, j). 50, vol.
4. Of Sir Charles Bunl)ury's Diomed, imported into Virginia 1799, hav-
ing tilled the measure of his glory," Tiothing more need be said. Mea-
sengor, foaled 1788, Imported about 1800 into Pennsylvania, was also a
race horse of repute at Newmarket; he won some good races, and lost
but few. He was a gray, of great substance ; was got by Mambrino, a
very superior stallion, his ' m by Tuif, son of Matchem, Regulus — Star-
ling — Snap's dam. See English Stud Book, and American Eclipse's ped-
igree in full, American Tui'f Register, p. 51, vol. 4.

APPENDIA.

915

f compiled
)nal vecol-
jinporaric's
ledcr, INIr.
5 my most

Sew York,
it Jauiiiica
Bstablisbed
CSC tracks
i an organ-
course was
each year,
e heats.
1 have left
II, Miller's
1 iiiciition,
:k, Miller's
iiddani was
the Amcr-
beeii the
he \\' ler,
them may

of Frank
s of L. I.,

re Miller's

mare ; her

Powhiitan

out of Mr.

oo's famed

pedigree is

p. SO, vol.

1 171)9, hav-

;aid. Mes-

was also a

, and lost

ambrino, u

ulus — Star-

lipso'sped-

Of Ariel we find the following : Ariel's pedigree is worthy of her
performances. Her own brothers — Lance, a year older than herself, a

distinguished runner that beat the famous Trouble, a great match

O'Kelly, that beat Flying Dutchman, Mary liandolph, and others, with
such eclat as to bring $5,000 — and St. Leger in the great sweepstake in
Baltimore, where he was so unaccountably beaten, but has sinre beat
Terror — her own sister Angelinc, and half-brother Splendid, by Duroc,
that was beaten at three years old, in a produce match, l)y Col. Johuson.s
Medley — are all well known to fame. Her grandam Empress, has also
been regarded one of the most renowned race nags and brood mares of
the North. October, 1804, at four years old, she very unexpectedly
beat the famous First Consul, for the Jockey Club purse, four-mile
heats, at Harlem, N. Y. The first race he lost.

Besides combining the three valued crosses of Herod, Matchcm, and
Eclipse, it will be observed Ariel's pedigree is "richly imbued with the
best English blood ;" to which she traces almost directly from Childers,
Partner, Crab, Snap, Cade, Spark, Othello, Gimcrack, Mambrino, Med-
ley, Pot8o3, Messenger, Baronet, Diomed, &c. ; besides deriving her de-
cent from the best early importations. No other stock probably par-
takes so much of the Messenger blood — no less than four crosses ; with
two, not very remote, from English Eclipse, two from Gimcrack, two
from imported Pacolet, and three from imported Spark. Her color sus-
tains her valuable origin — running so much into the Arabitm blood.

Black Maria was another of the wonderful performers of the early
part of the century, having been bred by Charles Henry Hall, Harlem,
N. Y., and foaled tlune 15, 1820. She was sired by American Eclipse,
dam Lady Lightfoot by Sir Archy, gr. dam Black Maria, by imported
Shark; g. gr. dam the dam of Ving't un, by Clackfast, a half-brother
to Medley, by Gimcrack ; g. g. g. dam Burwell's Maria, by Regulus.

Of her dam, Lady Lightfoot, Frank Forrester says she was the most
distinguished racer of her day, having won between twenty and thirty
ra''es, the majority at four-mile heats, and never having been beaten but
once, except in her old age — her eleventh year — and then by Eclipse, on
the Union Course. She was bred by the late Col. John Taloe of Va. and
was foaled at Mr. Ogle's seat, Bel-air, Md., in June, 1812.

Among the-AVondcrful racers of forty years ago, Boston and Fashion
will always bo remembered as the two mighty examples of staunch
prowess and well-deserved fame.

Boston was foaled in 1833, bred by John Wickham, Esq., Richmond,
Va. His sire was the celebrated Timoleon, out of an own sister of
Tuckahoe, by Ball's Florizel ; her dam by imported Alderman, out of a
marc by imported Clackfast ; her gr. dam by Symmes' Wildair, &c.

916

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

He was a chestnut with white hind feet and a strip in his face, 15 1-2
hands high, rather short limbed, somewhat Hat sided, but of innnonse
substance, and his back a prodigy of strength. From 183(5 to 1841 lie
ran thirty-eight times and won thirty-tive races, twenty-six of wliich
were four mile heats and seven three mile heats. His winnings were
|4!),500, and his earnings as a breeding stallion in 1841, $4,200, making
a total of $53,700.

Fashion was bred by William Gibbons, Esq., of Madison, N. Y., and
was foaled April 2(5, 1837. Of this mare it is recorded that it would bo
difficult to sit down over the Stud Book and con)pile a richer pedi'Tco
than hers, and the same remark will apply to Boston. Each is descended
from the most eminently distinguished racing families on the side of both
sire and dam, that have figured on the Turf for a hundred years.
Fashion was got by Mr. Livingston's Imp. Trustee, out of the celebrated
Bonnets o' Blue by Sir Charles, and she out of Reality — "the very best
race-horse," says Col. Johnson, "I ever saw." Reality was got by Sir
Archy, and her pedigree extends back through the imported horses Med-
ley, Sentinel, Janus, Monkey, Silver-Eye and Spanker, to an imported
Spanish mare. Trustee, the sire of Fashion, was a distinguished race-
horse in England, and sold at 3 yrs. old for 2,000 guineas to the Duke
of Cleveland, after running 3d in the race for the Derby of 101 sub-
scribers. Ho Avas subsccjucntly imported by Messrs. Ogden, Corbiu and
Stockton. Trustee was foaled in 1821), and was got by Catton out of
Emma, by Whisker, and combines the blood of Hermes, Pipator, and
Sir Peter, on his dam's side, with that of Penelope, by Trumpator, and
Prunella, by Highflyer, on the side of his sire. Trustee is not a chance
horse; in addition to other winners of his f miily, in 1835, his own
brother, Mundig, won the Derby of 128 subscribers.

In her three year old form she won ihrec of the races she ran and lost
one, being beaten by Tyler after winning the second heat. In her four
year old form she ran and won three races, one at two miles, one at three
miles and one at four milea.

Later, the palm of victory rested upon horses bred west of the Allc-
ghanies and south of Ihe Ohio river. Among the celebrated ones were
Lexington, got in 1851 by Boston out of Alice Carnoal. Lecompte, by
Glencoe, out of Reel. PrA'or, by Glencoe, out of Gypsy, own sister to
Medoc, by American Eclipse.

Still hiter, and within the last i* n years, the laurels of southern bred
racers on various tracks in America and England, are too well known to
need recapitulation.

As showing English and American views on the speed of race horses
of twenty years ago, really the palmy days of the turf, and which con-

tinued up
says:

By an e
it will be !
rate of sp
7 lbs. can
won the E
iictly 14 s
reached ; t
failing b}
furlong,
of Sir Ta
132 yards
rate of as
tional yea
by West
when he c
furlongs i
seconds a
modern d:
will comi
over the I
manzor ar
6m. 40s.,
allowing 1
which he
latter hor
Australia!
pcrformai
the Amer
lest our a
our laure
Orleans b
the latter
3-4s., or ;
sidcrcd b;
creditable
count, no
On the 1^
same cou
furlong ;
five years

APPENDIX.

917

ICC, 15 1-2
f immense

1841 he
of which

lings wore
•0, intikintr

L Y., and
: would be
r pcdi'ree
descended
de of both
red years,
celebrated

verj' best
;ot by Sir
irscs Med-

imported
shed raoc-
thc Duke

101 sub-
orbin and
311 out of
ator, and
lator, and

a chance
, his own

1 and lost
1 her four
ic at three

the Alle-
ines ■were
mpto, l)y
1 sister to

icrn bred
known to

?o horses
hich con-

tinued up to the late war, Stonehenge, from an English point of view,
says:

By an examination of the racing time-tables as recorded of late years,
it will be seen that from 13 1-2 to 14 seconds per furlong is the hi<'-hest
rate of speed attained in any of our races, above a mile, and with 8 st.
7 lbs. carried by three-year-old horses. In 1846, Surplice and Cymba
won the Derby and Oaks, each running the distance in 2in. 48s., or ex-
actly 14 seconds per furlong. This rate has never since that time been
reached ; the Flying Dutchman having however, nearly attained it, but
failing by two seconds — making his rate 14 seconds and one sixth per
furlong. But the most extraordinary three-year-old performance is that
of Sir Tatton Sykes over the St. Leger Course, 1 mile, 6 furlongs, and
132 yards in length, which ho ran in 3 minutes and IG seconds, or at a
rate of as nearly as possible 13 1-2 seconds per furlong. With an addi-
tional year and the same weight, this speed has been slightly exceeded
by West Australian, even over a longer course, as at Aseot in 1854,
when he defeated Kingston by a head only ; running two miles and four
furlongs in 4ni, and 27s., or as nearly as possible at the rate of 13 1-2
seconds and one- third per furlong. This performance is the best in
modern days, considering the weight, the age, and the distance ; and it
will compare very favorably with the often-quoted exploit of Childers
over the Beacon Course in 1721, when, being six years old, he beat Al-
manzor and Brown Betty, carrying 9 st. 2 lbs., and doing the distance in
6m. 40s., or at the rate of 14 seconds and one-third per furlong. Thus,
allowing him his year for the extra mile in the course, and for the 21bs,
which he carried above the Kingston's weight, he was outdone by the
latter horse at Ascot by one second per furlong, and likewise by West
Australian at the usual allowance for his age. Again ; comparing these
performances on the English Turf with the recently lauded exploits of
the American horses, it will be found that there is no cause for the fear
lest our antagonists in the "go-ahead" department should deprive us of
our laurels. On the 2d of April, 1855, a time-match was run at New
Orleans between Lecointe and Lexington, both four years old, in which
the latter, who won, did the four miles, carrying 7 st. 51bs., in 7m. 19
3-4s., or as nearly as may be, 13 3-4 seconds per furlong. This is con-
sidered by the Americans the best time on record, and is undoubtedly a
creditable performance ; though when the light weight is taken into ac-
count, not so near our best English time as would at first sight appear.
Cn the 14th of April, Brown Dick and Arrow ran three miles over the
same course in 5m. 28s., or at the rate of 13 seconds and two-thirds per
furlong; the former a three-year-old, carrying 6 st. 2 lbs., and the latter
five years old, 6 st. 12 lbs. Thus it will appear that Kingston, of the

918

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOli.

same age us Arrow, and carrying 9 st. instead of 7 st. 12 lbs., run 2 1-2
miles at a better rate than Arrow did his 3 miles, by one-third of a sec-
ond per furlong. And it has been shown that in the year last past, two
horses exceeded the greatest performance of the olden times by a second
per furlong, and beat the best American time of modern days by one-
third of a second per mile. The assertion, thei-efore, that our present
horses are degenerated in their power of staying a distance under weight,
is wholly without foundation ; since I have shown that, even taking the
time of the Childers' performance us the true rate, of which there is
some doubt, yet it has recently been beaten very considerably by West
Australian and Kingston. Many loose assertions have been made as to
the rate of the horse, for one mile in the last ccnturj', but there is not
the slightest reliance to be placed upon them. That any race-horse ever
ran a mile Avithin the minute, is an absurd fiction : and it is out of the
question to suppose that if Childers (jould not beat our modern horses
over the Beacon Course, he could beat them a shorter distance. Stout-
ness was undoubtedly the forte of the early ruce-horscs ; they were of
small size, very wiry and low, and could uncjuestionably stay a distance,
and could race month after month, and year after year, in a way seldom
imitated in these days ; but that they could in their small compact forms
run as fast in a short spin as our modern thrcc-^ ear-olds, is quite a fal-
lacy ; and no racing man of any experience would admit it for a moment.
The size and shape of the modern thoroughbred horse arc superior to
those of olden days, if we may judge by the portraits of thcni handed
down to us by Sttibbs, who was by far the most faithful animal painter
of the eighteenth century. In elegance of shape we beat the horses of
that day very considerably, more especially in the beauty of the head
and the formation of the shoulders, which have been much attended to by
breeders. In size, also, there has been an immense stride mado, the
average height of the race-horse having been increased by at least a hand
in the last century. This c:?largf;ment is. I believe, chiefly due to the
Godolphin Arabian, who was the sire of Babralnun, the only horse of
his time which reached 1<) hands, and sire and grandsire of several which
were nuu'c than If) hands, much above the average height of horses at
that time — as for instance. Fearnought, Genius, Gower, Stallion, Infant,
Denmark, Bolton, Cade, Club, Lofty, and Amphion. Indeed it will be
found, by an examination of the horses of that time, that out of 130
winners in the middle of the eighteenth century, there were only 18 of
the height of 15 hands and upwards, of which 11 were by Godolphin or
his sons, three descended from the Darly Anibian, two from the Byerly
Turk, and two from other sources. It may therefore bo assumed, with
some degree of probability, that the increase in size is in great measure

due to till
the horse
and forcii
unless th(
would ha
placed at
In relat
race hors(
and gives
which we
It will )
not much
a century
sides of t
last two y
Australia!
than was
four-mile
land. "J
"the absu
"not the !
— such as
were a dis
they "coi
authority,
races, as \
John, am
half to tw
has been s
no authen
minute an
Nominally
8() lbs., Ir
rate per
siders the
four years
' ' def eatec
9 sc— 12(
as possible
of moders
compare v
1721, at ^

APPENDIX.

919

ran 2 1-2

, of a sec-
past, two
Y a second
ys by one-
ur present
ler weight,
taking the
h there is
y by West
ladc as to
ere is not
horse over
aut of the
crn horses
0. Stout-
ly were of
I distance,
,'ay seldom
pact forms
uitc a fal-
a moment,
superior to
!ni handed
lal painter
horses of
f the head
ndcd to by
mado, the
cast a hand
due to the
y horse of
.cral which
F horses at
on, Infant,
I it will be
ut of 130
only 18 of
idolphin or
the Byerly
umed, with
at measure

due to the Godolphin, in addition to the extra earo and attention which
the horse has received during the same time. Nevertheless, all the care
and forcing in the world will not increase the size of some breeds ; and
unless there was this capability of being forced, no amount of attention
would have brought the hor.se to the present average, which may be
placed at about 15 hands 3 inches.

In relation to the comparisons of speed between English and American
race horses, the Spirit of the Times, New Yord, suras up the matter,
and gives a list of the most renowned racers of England and America
which we append :

It will appear, on a critical examination of the subject, that there is
not much difference in the powers of the best race-horses for more than
a century ; a period during which they have been brought, upon both
sides of the Atlantic, to the present high state of perfection. Within the
last two years have been exhibited faster running in England, by West
Australian and Kingston, and in this country, by Lexington and Lecomte,
than was ever before known. The two last have run four miles, and
four-mile heats, faster, in either case, than ha«< been performed in Enof-
land. " Stonchenge," who has been well endorsed in England, has shown
" the absurd fiction " of "a mile within a minute;" and that there is
"not the slightest reliance to be placed upon the many loose assertions"
— such as the reported accounts of Childers ; and that he and Eclipse
were a distance better than any other horses that have appeared, or that
they " could beat any other a half-mile in four miles!" On the same
authority, it appears that, in the fastest Derby, St. Leger, and Ascut cup
races, as won by Surplice, the Flying Dutchman, Sir Tatton Sykes, Don
John, and West Australian, the distance varying from one mile and a
half to two miles and a half, that the fastest rate, with English weights,
has been a little over one minute and forty seconds per mile. We have
no authentic report that the mile has been run in England under one
minute and forty-two seconds, the time of Henry Perritt at New Orleans.
Nominally of the same age, three years old, and with the same weight,
8(5 lbs., Inheritor, at Liverpool, ran two miles in 3.25 ; which is at the
rate per mile of 1-42 1-2. " Stonehenge," referring to what he con-
siders the best race ever run in England, states that West Australian,
four years old, carrying the St. Leger weight, 8 st. 6 lbs. — 118 pounds —
"defeated Kingston by a head only," the latter five years old, carrying
9 &c. — 126 pounds — running two and a half miles in 4.27, "or as nearly
as possible, 13 1-2 seconds per furlong." "This performance, the beat
of modern days, considering the weight, the age, and the distance, will
compare very favorably Avith the often quoted exploit of Childers, in
1721, at Newmarket, when six years old, carrying 9 st. 2 lbs. — 128 lbs. —

920

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

he did the distance, three and a half miles, in (5.40, or at the rate of 14
seconds and one-third per furlong." "Thus allowing Childers his year
for the extra mile in the course, and for the two pounds which he carried
above Kingston's weight, he, Childers, was outdone by Kingston at
Ascot, by one second per furlong, and likewise by AV'est Australian,
at the usual allowance for his age." "Kingston, of the same age as
AiTow, and carrying 9 st. instead of 6 st. 2 lbs. — 100 pounds — ran two
and a half miles at a better ^ato than Arrow, in his race with Brown
Dick, did his three miles, by one-third of a second per lurlong," But
Arrow's was a race of three-mile heats, the second heat in 5.43 1-2.
Lexington, nominally four years old, carrying 10.'} pounds, ran four miles,
also at New Orleans, in 7.19 3-4. or, as nearly as may be, 13 3-4 seconds
per furlong, at the rate, for four miles, of less than I.TjO per mile.

The often quoted exploit of Eclipse, of England, was that he ran four
miles, carrying 168 pounds, in eight minutes.

With these data before them, it is left for others to draw their own
deductions of the relative merits of West Australian, Childers, Ecli[)sc,
and Lexington, at the distances they ran, varying from two and a half
miles to four.

Some among us believe that Lexington and Lecomte were about as fast
and as good race-horses as have ever appeared in England. Undoubtedly
they could "stay a distance" about as well as any horse that has run
anywhere, having run two heats, of four miles, in 7.20, and 7.38, and
the third mile of the second heat in 1.47.

It would be difficult to institute a fair comparison between the race-
horses of England and America, the systems of racing being so different
in the two countries. With the exception of the light weights, adopted
by us for convenience, the modes and rules of our turf are nearly the
same as they were in England the last century. In England, since that
period, the mode of racing has been essentially changed ; heavy weights,
even for two and three-year-olds^ a., short distances, rarely beyond two
and a half miles ; no longer racer, of heats ; the great events being for
"baby horses," two and three-year-olds, instead of horses, as formerly.
The}' rarely, nowadays, reach n)aturity in England. Priam, Touchstone,
Harkaway, and Rataplan, are to be regarded as exceptions to a rule.
Childers and Eclipse were not introduced upon the turf until five years
old, an age at which the most distinguished horses rarely run in theso d.-iys.

The clastic turf and the straightcr shape of the English race-courses,
better adapt them to speed than our circular "race-track.i," that are
wholly denuded of turf. Therefore a fair comparison of English and
American race-horses cannot be made by time as the test ; one, too, that
is not held in as high esteem in England as with us. Time, there, is fre-
quently disregarded.

llather
England
lately up
their con
pre-emini
the rest?

171.')*,
and Mirz
17.')8*, I
1773*, P
nied ; 1 7
IIamblct(
Whalcboi
1831t, P
of Trum
Harkawa
Australia
Sir Arch^
Archy ;
1814^1 Vii
Bert rand
Eagle; 1
Importec
1808, Du

ilia ;

Americai
America!
Margrave
Boston ;

, An

Grey Eaj

Anoth(
contempr
same wei;

It has
foui'-mile
and Fran
parison b

•Boston

APPENDIX.

921

rate of 14

irs his year
li he carried
[Kingston at
Australian,
line age as
!s — ra» two
with Brown
Jiig," But
in 5.43 1-2.
I four miles,
3-4 seconds
mile,
he ran four

V their own
srs, Eclipse,
:> and a half

ibout as fast
Indoubtedly
lat has run
i 7.38, and

pn the race-
so different
its, adopted
1 nearly the
, since that
ivy weights,
beyond two
8 being for
s formerly,
louchstone,
1 to a rule,
il five years
1 these days,
aeo-courses,
J," that arc
English and
le, too, that
;here, is fre-

Hather a long catalogue is here presented of the best racc-hor.ses of
Kngland and of this country, which might be extended. Those now or
lately upon our turf are omitted, as some doubts might be entertained of
their comparative merits. Of those furnished, who will a<nee as to the
pre-eminence of any two of them ; at least, to place any six above
the rest?

MOST RENOWNED ENGLISH AND AMEIUCAN HORSES.

1715*, Childers; 1718*, Partner; 1748*, Matchem ; 1749*, Rogulns
and Mirza, by the Godol[)hin Arabian ; 1749*, Spectator; PJO*, Suiip ;
1758*, Herod; 17(54*, Eclip.se, by Marske ; 1771*, Shark, by Murske i

1773*, Pot8os, by Eclipse; *, Saltram, by Eclip,sc ; 1777* f, Dio-

med; 1782t, Trumpator ; 1784t, Sir Peter; 1790t, Waxy; 1792t,
Hambletonian ; 1 796 1, Sorcerer ; 1798t, Eleanor ; 1798t, Orvillc ; 1807t,
Whalebone; 1816, Sultan ; 1822, Camel; 1827t, Priam, by Emiliust ';

1831t, Plenipotentiary, by Emiliust ; 1831t, Touchstone; f, Queen

of Trumps; 1, Bay Middlcton ; f, Flyii.g Dutchman ; ,

Harkaway ; 1> D"" John; f, Sir Tatton Syk'ss ; f, West

Australian; , Kingston ; 1801*, Florizel ; 1812, Potomac; 1813*,

Sir Archy ; 1812, Lady Lightfoot, by Sir Archy ; 1812, Vanity, by Sir
Archy; 1813, Reality, by Sir Archy ; 1813*, Timoleon, by Sir Archy;
1814, Virginian, by Sir Archy ; 1815, Sir Charles, by Sir Archy ; 1820,
Bertrand, by Sir Archy; 1801, Maid of the Oaks, by Imported Spread
Eagle; 1801, Floretta, by Imported Spread Eagle ; 1801, Postboy, by
Imported Gabriel ; 1801, Oscar, by Imported Gabriel ; 1801, Hickory;
1808, Duroc ; , Sir Solomon ; 1814, American Eclipse ; 1820, Flirt-
ilia ; , Monsieur Tonson ; , Sally Walker; , Ariel, by

American Eclipse ; Medoc, by American Eclipse ; , Fannv, by

American Eclipse ; , Lady Clifden ; , Doubloon, by Imported

Margrave ; , Blue and Brown Dick, by Imported Margrave ; 1833,

Boston; 1837, Fa-shion ; 1839, Peytona ; , Trifle, by Sir Charle.; ;

, Andrew, by Sir Charles ; , Wagner, by Sir Charles ; ,

Grey Eagle.

Another view of the comparative merits of race-horses that were not
contemporaries is presented by time on the same course, and with the
same weight, or the relative weight for age.

It has been shown lately, that on the Charleston Course, at three and
four-mile-heats, in the races won by Nina, Highlander, Jefferson Davis,
and Frank Allen, nearly the same time has been made ; besides the com-
parison between that of Bertrand and Floride.

•Boston's ancestors.

fDerby and St. Leger winners.

922

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR

On the Union Course, New York, the fastest four-railc heats wore us
follows :

Fashion, 5 years, 111 lbs., and Boston, 9 years, 120 lbs,, 7.32 1-2
—7.45,

Tally-ho, 4 years, 104 lbs., and Bostona, 5 years, 111 lbs., 7.33 — 7.43.

Fashion, aged, 123 lbs., and Peytona, 5 years, 117 lbs., 7.39 — 7.45.

Eclipse, 9 years, 12t* lbs., and Henry, 4 years, 108 lbs., 7.37 1-2
—7.49.

Red-Eye, 8 years, 126 lbs., and One-Eyed Joe, 6 years, 117 lbs., 7.52
—7.39.

Lady Clifdcn, 4 years, 101 lbs., and Picton, 3 years, 90 lbs., Pieton
winning first heat, 7.44—7.43 1-2— 7. 5G 1-2.

Principles of Breeding.

In relation to the principles and practice of breeding for the turt
and *"()r general purposes, Stonehcnge on British Rural Sports, than
whom none could be more competent to advise, and although written
from an English stand-point is applicable to any country or conditions.
The author, in an essay holds the following :

THE PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF BREEDING FOR THE TURF AND FOU

GENERAL PURPOSES.

Before proceeding to enlarge upon the practical management of the
breeding stud, it will bo well to ascertain what are the known laws of
generation in the higher animals.

The union of the sexes is, in all the higher animals, necessary for
reproduction ; the male and feniale each taking their respective share.

The office of the male is to secrete the semen in tLe testes, and emit il
into the uterus of the female, where it comes in contact with the ovun>
of the female — which remains sterile without it.

The female forms the ovum in t4ie ovarv, and at regular times, varvinir
Ml different animals, this descends into the uterus for the purpose of
fructification, on receiving the stimulus and addition of the sperm-cell of
the semen.

The semen consists of two portions — the spermatozoa, which have an
automatic power of moving from place to place, by which quality it is
believed that the semen is carried to the ovum ; and the sperm-cells,
which are intended to co-operate with the germ-cell of the ovum in form-
ing the embryo.

The ovum consists of the germ-coll, intended to form part of tho
embryo, — and the yolk, which nourishes both, until the vessels of the
mother take upon themselves the task ; or, in oviparous animals, till
hatching takes place, and external food is to be obtai led. The ovum is

9 were us

, 7.32 1-2

33— 7.4;J.

39— 7.4r).

7.37 1-2

lbs., 7.52

»., Pieton

tho turt
)rts, than
h written
onditions.

ANU FOU

snt of the
u laws of

essary for

share,
nd emit il

tho ovum

s, varyinjj
urpose of
rm-cell of

1 liavc an
lality it is
lerin-cells,
n in form-
art of tho
;l8 of the
imals, till
; ovum is

AI'I'fJ.NUJX.

923

curried down by the contractile power of the fullopiun tubes from the
ovary to tho uterus, and hence it does not require automatic purtioles
like the semen.

The embryo, or young animal, is the result of the contact of the
semen with tho ovum, immediately after which the sperm-cell of the
former is absorbed into tho germ-cell of the latter. Ui)on this a ten-
dency to increase or "grow" is established, and supported at first, by
the nutriment contained in the yolk of the ovum, until the embryohas
attached itself to the walls of the uterus, from which it afterwards al)-
sorl)s its nourishment by the intervention of the placenta.

As the male and female each furnish tlieir (piota to the formation of
th(! embryo, it is reasonable to expect that each shall be represented in
it, which is found to be tho case in nature ; but as the food of the embryo
entirely depends upon the mother, it may be expected that the health of
tlu^ offspring and its constitutional powers will be more in accordance
with her state than with that of the father; yet since the sire furnishes
one-half of the original germ, it is not surprising that in externals and
general character there is retained iifac-Mmile, to u certain extent of him.

The ovum of mammalia differs from that of birds chiefly in the greater
size of the yolk of the latter, because in them this body is intended to
support the growth of the embryo from tho time of the full formation
of the c^ig until tho period of hatching. On the other hand, in mam-
malia the placenta conveys nourishment from the internal surface of the
uterus to tho embryo during the whole time which elapses between the
entrance of tho ovum into the uterus and its birth. This period embraces
nearly the whole of th(( interval between conception and birth, and is
called utero-gestation.

In all the mammalia there is a periodical "heat," marked by certain
discharges in the female, and sometimes by other remarkable symptoms
in tho male. In tho former it is accompanied in all healthy subjects by
the descent of an ovum or ova into the uterus ; and in both there is a
strong desire for sexual intercourse, which never takes jilaco at other
*'mcs in them.

The semen rcitains its fructifying power for some days, if it be con-
tained within the walls of tho uterus or vagina, but soon ceases to be
fruitful if kept in any other vessel. Hence, although the latter part of
tho time of heat is the best for the union of the sexes, because then
the ovum is ready for the contact with the semen, yet if the semen
reaches the uterus first, it will still cause a fruitful impregnation, because
it remains there uninjured until tho descent of the ovum.

The influence of the male upon the embryo is partly dependent upon
tho fact that he furnishes a portion of its substance in the shape of the

•N

924

ILLUSTHATED STOCK DOCTOR.

sperm-cell, but also in grout measure upon the effect exerted upon the
nervous system of the mother by him. Hence tiie preponderanca of
one or other of the parents will, in groat measure, depend upon the
greater or less strength of nervous system in each. No general law is
known by which this can bo measured, nor is anything known of tho
laws which regulate the temporunicnt, bodily or mental jjower, color or
conformation of the resulting offspring.

Acquired qualities are transmitted, whether thoy belong to the sire or
dam, and also both bodily and mental. As bad <|ualities are (juitc as
easily transmitted as good ones, if not more so, it is necessaiy to tako
care that in selecting a male to inq)rove the stock he be free from bad
points, us well as furnished with good ones. It is known by experience
that tho good or bad points of the progenitors of the sire or dam arc
almost as likely to appear again in the offspring, as those of tho imme-
diate parents in whom they are dormant. Hence, in breeding the rule is,
that like produces iike, or the llketiens of. some ancestor.

The purer or less mixed the breed, the more likely it is to be trans-
mitted unaltered to the offspring. Hence, whichever parent is of the
purest blood will be generuUy more represented in the offsjjring ; but as
tho male is usually more carefully selected, and of purer blood than the
female, it generally follows that ho exerts more influence than she does ;
the reverse being the case when she is of more unmixed blood than
the sire.

Breeding "in-and-in" is injurious to numkind, and has always boon
forbidden by the Divine law, us well as by most human lawgivers. On
the other hand, it prevails extensively in a state of nature with all grega-
rious animals, among whom the strongest male retains his daughters and
granddaughters until deprived of his harem by younger and stronger
rivals. Hence, in those of our domestic animals which are naturally gre-
garious, it is reasonable to conclude that breeding "in-and-in" is not
prejudicial, because it is in conformity with their natural instincts, if not
carried farther by art, than nature teaches by her example. Now, in
nature we find about two consecutive crosses of the same blood is the
usual extent to which it is carried, as the life of the animal is tlie limit ;
and it is a remarkable fact that in practice a conclusion has })een arrived
at, which exactly coincides with these natural laws. "Once in and once
out," is the rule for breeding given by Mr. Smith in his work on tho
breeding for the turf ; but twice in will be found to bo more in accord-
ance with +he practice of our most successful breeders.

The influence of the first impregnation seems to extend to the subse-
quent ones ; this has been proved by several experiments, and is espe-
cially marked in the equine genus. In the series of examples preserved

AITENDIX. 91^

in the Museum of tho College of Surj,'conH, the murkiiijrs of the male
(luiiggn, when united with tho oicliniiry nmro, are continued oleiuly for
three generations beyond tho one in which tho quagga was the actual sire ;
and tliey arc ho clear as to leave the question Hcttled without a doul.t.

When some of the elements, of which an individual siie is composed
are in accordance with others making up those of the dam, they coalesce
in such a kindred way as to make what is called "a hit." On tho other
hand, when they are too incongruous, an animal is the result wholly
unfitted for tho task ho is intended to perform.

IN-AND-I.V nUEEDINO.

liy a careful examination of the pedigrees of our most rcmarkahle
horses, it will bo seen that in all cases there is some in-brccding ; and in
the greater part of tho most successful a very considerable infusion of it.
It is difficult to say what is not to be considered such, or when to make it
(•ommcncc, for in all cases there is more or less relationship between the
siro and dam of every thoroughbred horse ; at least, I cannot find a single
exception — and again, for instance, examining tho pedigree of Ilarkaway,
which is the result of one of the most direct crosses in the Stud-book, wo
find that his siro and dam are both descended from Eclipse and Iknod
through three or four strains on each side, as will bo seen by referrino"
to page 921. The same Avill apply to Alarm, who also is the result of as
direct a cross as is often seen ; and, in fact, Avhatevcr pedigree is ana-
lyzed, the result will be that the bulk of it in the fifth or sixth remove is
made up of Eclipse, Ilcrod, and Matchem, or Kegulus blood. It is not
that a horse goes back to one of these stallions in one line only, but
through six or seven, and sometimes through nearly all his progenitors.
Hence, it may be fairly assumed that all the horses of the i)rescnt day
are related, either closely or distantly ; but when we speak of in-and-in
breeding, we mean a nearer relationship than this, such as a first cousin,
or, at tho most, one in tho second or third degree. liut I believe it will
be found that even this amount of relationship is desirable, if not carried
loo far, and that a vast number of our best modern horses have been
bred iu this way.

OUT-CnOSSTNO.

By crossing tho blood, wo understand tho selection of a sire composed
of wholly different blood from that of the dam, or as different as can
bo obtained of such quality as is suitable to the particular purpose in
view. Thus, in breeding race-horses it is found that continuing in the
same strain beyond two stages deteriorates tho constitutional health,
diminishes the bone, and lowers the height ; hence, it is important to
avoid this evil, and another strain must be selected which shall lead to

I v.

92(1

ILLUSTItATUU 8TO0K UOCTOU.

the «muc rcHulta as wore previously in existence, without tlio iiliove dote-
riorutioii ; and thin is ealled out-itro.sHing, or more eoniuionly, ero8,sin<r.
The grout difficulty is to obtain tliis object without (h'stroying that lianiionv
of ]>ro|iortions, and due nubordination of one part to another whicli ji
necesHurv for tho race, horse, and without which lie Hchloni aittains hi-rh
speed. Ahnost every individual breed has peculiar cliaracteristics, and
HO h)ng as the wire and duni are both in possession of them they will
continue to reappear in the produce ; l)tit if a dam possi-ssing them is put
to a iiorso of different chari cter, the result is often that tiu; produce is
not a medium between the two, but is in its anterior parts hke its dam,
and in its posterior resembhng its sire, or vice verm, than which no mon^
unfortunate result can occur. Thus, we will suppose that a very strong
nmscular horse is put to a very light racing mare ; instead of the pr(»duc<'
being moderately utout all over, he will often be very stout and stroiij,'
behind, and very light and weak before, and as a oonse(picnco his hind-
quarters will tiro liis fore liml)s, by giving them more to do than they
have the power of accomplishing. This is well scon in Crucifix, who was
a very wiry and fast, but light nuire, with a fore-quarter hardly capahir
of doing the work of her own hind-quarter. Now, she has several times
been put to Touchstone — a horse remarkable for getting bad-shouldered
stock, but with strong muscular [jropellors — and, with the solitary
exception of Surplice, these have been a aeries of failures. Surplice
was also defective in tho same way, but still he maiuiged to get along in
an awkward style, but somehow or other at a groat pace. Cowl, on tho
other hand, was a better galloper, because there was a greater harnionv
of parts ; but ho was somewhat deficient in tho stout qualities which
Touchstone was intended to supply ; yet he will prove, I fancy, a better
stallion than Surplice, because ho is more truly made, and by consequence
more likely to perpetuate his own likeness.

COMPARISON OF IX-BRED AND CROSSED STALLIONS.

The following list of thirty of the most immediately successful stallions
of lato years shows the proportion of in-bred to crossed horses of this
class to be equal. I have omitted such as only became celebrated through
their daughters as brood-mares, for instance, Defence, etc.

IN-BRED STALLIONS.

1. Priam. 2. Bay Middleton. 3. Melbourne. 4. Cotherstone. /).
Pyrrhus I. 6. The Baron. 7. Orlando. 8. Ithuriel. 9. Cowl. 10.
The Saddler. 11. Sweetmeat. 12. Chatham. 13. Flying Dutchman.
14. Sir Tatton Sykes. 15. Chanticleer.

APrENDIX.

}»27

iiliovc (lolp.
y, eros.sinjr.
mt hannoiiv
ler which ii
iittuiiiH hi^h
LTiHtics, and
m they will
; tluMii is put

prodiici! is

k(! its dam,

ich IK) nioro

very stroiif;

tho produce

and strout,'
•0 his hint!-
> than they
Jix, whfi was
rdly capable
evcral times
l-shouliK-red
tho solitary
s. Surplice
fct aloiiji; in
!o\vl, on the
er harmony
iliticH which
cy, a better
consequence

•iful stallions
rses of this
ited throusrh

erstone. >).
Cowl. 10.
Dutchman.

(:koh8i:i> htaluons.

1. Partisan. 2. Kmilius. 3. Touchstone. 4. Hirdcatohcr. .'i. Sir

Hercules. «1. Voltaire. 7. Plenipotentiary. 8. Pantaloon. !). Lan-

crcost. 10. Venison. 11. Alarm. 12. Ion. 13. Flarkawuv. U.
Vi'locipede. If), llctmun Platoff.

SELECTION OK HltOOD MARR.

Ill choosiufi; the brood mare, four thintrs nuist bo considered first,

her l)lood ; secondly, her frame: thirdly, her state of health; and
fourthly, her temi)cr.

Her blood or breeding will mainly depend upon tho views of tho
breeder — that is to say, what particular class of colts ho wishes to ol)tain,
and a(!eordin{]; to his decision ho will look out for marcs of tho particular
kind ho desires to reproduce, on tho principle that "like begets like,"
but subject to tho various considerations partly alluded to in the last
chapter, and partly in this and subsequent ones.

In frame, tho maro should bo so formed as to bo capable of carrying
and well nourishing her offspring ; that is, she should bo what is called
•♦roomy." Tl.cro is a formation of tho hips which is particularly unfit
for bi-eeding purposes, and yet which is sometimes carefully selected, be-
cause; it is considered elegant ; this is tho level and straight hip, in which
tho tail is set on very high, and tho end of the haunch-bono is nearly on
a level with the i)rojection of tho hip-bone. The opposite form is repre-
Kcnted in tho skeleton given with tho article "Horse," which is that of a
thoroughbred mare, well formed for this breeding purpose, but in other
respects rather too slight. By examining her pelvis, it will bo seen that
tho haunch-bone forms a considerable angle with the sacrum, and that,
as a consequence, there is i)lenty of room, not only for carrying the foal,
but for allowing it to pass into the world. Both of these points are'
iniportant, the fornicr evidently so, and the latter no less so on consider-
.ttion, because if the foal is injured in tho birth, either of necessity, or
from ignorance or carelessness, it will often fail to recover its powers,
and will remain permanently injured. The pelvis, then, should be wide
and deep — that is to say, it should be large and roomy ; and there should
also be a little more than the average length from the hip to the shoul-
der, so as to give plenty of bed for the foal ; as well as a good depth of
hack-ribs, which are necessary in order to support this increased length.
This gives the whole framework of the trunk of a larger proportion than
in alwa^'s desirable in the race-horse, which may be easily overtopped ;
and hence many good runners have failed as brood mares, whilst a great
number of bad runners have been dams of good race-horses. Beyond
this roomy frame, necessary as the eggshell of the foal, the mare only

928

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

i; m

requires such a shape and make as is well adapted for the particuhir pur-
pose she is intended for ; or if not possessing it herself, she should
belong to a family having it. If one can be obtained with these requisites
in her own person, so much the more likely will she be to jTi'oduce race-
horses ; but if not all, then it is better that she should add as many as
possible to the needful framework, without which her 'office can hardly
be well carried out. But with tiiis suitable frame, if she belongs to a
family which, as a rule, possesses all the attributes of a race-horse, she
may be relied on with some degree of certainty, even though she herself
should fail in some of them. Thus, there are niany tine roomy mares
which have been useless as race-horses from being deficient in the power
of some one quarter, either behind or before, or perhaps a little too
slack in the loin for their length. Such animals, if of good running fam-
ilies, should not be despised ; and many such have stood their owners in
good stead. On the other hand, some good-looking animals have never
thrown good stock, because they were only exceptional cases, and their
families were of bad running blood on all or most sides. No mare could
look much more unlike jiroducing strong stock than Pocahontas, but be-
ing of a family which numbers Selim, Bacchante, Tramp, Web, Orville,
Eleanor, and Marmion among its eight members in the third remove, it
can scarcely occasion suprprise that she should respond to the call of the
Baron by producing a Stockwell and a Ratai)lan.

In health, the brood mare should be as near perfection as the artificial
state of this animal will allow ; at all events, it is the most important
jDoint of all, and ir.' every case the mare should be very carefully exam-
ined, with a view to discover what deviations from a natural state have
been entailed upon her by her own labors, and what she has inherited
from her ancestors. Independently of the consequence of accidents, all
deviations from a state of health in the mare may be considered as more
or less transmitted to her, because in a thoroughly sound constitution, no
ordinary treatment such as training consists of will produce disease, and
it is only hereditary predispositions which, under this process, entails its
appearance. Still there are positive, comparative, and superlative de-
grees of objectionable diseases incidental to the brood mare, which should
be accepted or refused accordingly. All accidental defect, such as bro-
ken knees, dislocated hipe, or even *'bre8ks down," may be passed over;
the latter, however, only when the stock from which the mare is de-
scended are famous for standing their work without this frailty of sinew
and ligament. Spavins, ring-bones, largo splints, side-bones, and, in
fact, b. bony enlargements, are constitutional defects, and will be almost
sure to be perpetuated, more or less, according to the degree in which

APPENDIX.

929

ticular pur-
she should
le requisites
:)duce ruce-
as many as
can hardly
elongs to a
5-horse, she
she herself
omy mares
. the power
a little too
inning fani-
r owners in
have never
3, and their
mare could
tas, but be-
eb, Orvillo,
1 remove, it
3 call of the

he artificial
t important
fully exam-
l state have
as inherited
ccidents, all
red as more
stitution, no
disease, and
i, entails its
)erlative de-
vhich should
such as bro-
lassed over ■,
mare is de-
ity of sinew
[168, and, in
ill be almost
:ee in which

they exist in the particular case. Curby hocks are also hereditary, and
should bo avoided ; though many a one much bent at the junction of the
OS calcis with the astramlus is not at all liable to curl)s. It is the defect-
ive condition of the ligaments there, not the angular junction, which
leads to curbs ; and the breeder should carefully investigate the individ-
ual case before accepting or rejecting a mare with suspicious hocks. Bad
, feet, whether from contraction or from too flat and thin a sole, should
also be avoided ; but when they have obviously arisen from bad shoein
tlu! defect may be passed over.

Such are the chief varieties of unsoundness in the legs which require
circumspection ; the good points which, on the other hand, are to be look-
ed for, are those considered desirable in all horses that are subjected to
the shocks of the gallop. Calf knees are generally bad in the race horse,
and are very apt to be transmitted, whilst the opposite form is also per-
petuated, but is not nearly so disadvantageous. Such are the general
considerations bearing upon soundness of limb.

That of the wind is no less important. Broken-winded mares seldom
breed, and they are therefore out of the question, if for no other reason ;
but no one would risk the recurrence of this disease, even if he could
get such a mare stinted. Roaring is a much-vexed question, which is by
no means theoretically settled among our chief veterinary authorities, nor
practically by our breeders. Every year, however, it becomes more
frequent and important, and the risk of reproduction is too great for any
person wilfully to run by breeding from a roarer. As far as I can learn,
it appears to be much more hereditary on the side of the mare than on
that of the horse ; and not even the offer of a Virago should tempt me
to use her as a brood mare. There are so many different conditions whicli
produce what is called "roaring," that it is diflScult to form any opinion
which shall apply to all cases. In some instances, where it has arisen
from neglected strangles, or from a simple inflammation of the larynx,
the result of cold, it will probably never reappear ; but when the genuine
ideopathic roaring has made its appearance, apparently depending upon a
disease of the nerves of the larynx, it is ten to one that the produce will
suffer in the same way.

Blindness, again, may or may not be hereditary ; but in all cases it
should be viewed with suspicion as great as that due to roaring. Simple
' cataract without inflammation undoubtedly runs in families ; and when a
horse or mare has both eyes suffering from this disease, without any other
derangement of the eye, I should eschew them carefully. When blind-
ness is the result of violent inflammation brought on by bad management
or by iaflueuza, or aoy other similar cause, the eye itself is more or less

.11

930

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOK.

disorganized ; and though this itself is objectionable, as showing a weak-
ness of the organ, it is not so bad as the regular cataract.

Such are the chief absolute defects, or deviations from health in the
mare ; to which may be added a general delicacy of constitution, wlii(;h
can only be guessed from the amount of flesh which she carries while
suckling or on poor "keep," or from her appearance on examination by
an experienced hand, using his eyes as well. The firm, full nmsdo, thi-
bright and lively eye, the healthy-looking coat at all seasons, rough
though it may be in winter, proclaim the hardiness of constitution which
is wanted, but which often coexists with infirm legs and feet. Indeed,
sometimes the very best-topped animals have the worst legs and feet,
chiefly owing to the extra weight they and their ancestors also have had
to carry. Crib-biting is sometimes a habit acquired from idleness, as
also is wind-sucking; but if not caused by indigestion, it often leads to
it, and is veiy commonly caught by the offspring. It is true that it may
be prevented by a strap ; but it is not a desirable accomplishment in the
mare, though of less importance than those to ■which I have already allu-
ded, if not accompanied b}"^ absolute loss of health, as indicated by ema-
ciation, or the state of the skin.

Lastly, the temper is of the utmost importance, by which must I)e un-
derstood not that gentleness at grass which may lead the breeder's fam-
ily to pet the mare, but such a temper as will serve for the purposes of
her rider, and will answer to the stimulus of the voice, whip or spur. A
craven or a rogue is not to be thought of as the "mother of a family ;"'
and if a mare belongs to a breed which is remarkable for refusing to an-
swer the call of the rider, she should be consigned to any task rather
tRan the stud-farm. Neither should a mare be used for this purpose
which had been too irritable to train, unless she hai)pened to be an excc])-
tional case ; but if of an irritable family, she would be worse even than
a roarer, or a blind one. These are defects which are apparent in the
colt or filly, but the irritability which interferes with training often leads
to the expenditure of large sums on tiie faith of jirivate trials, which aic
lost from the failure in public, owing to this defect of nervous system.

CHOICE OF STALLION'.

Like the brood mare, the stallion requires .several essentials — com-
mencing also like her, first, with his blood ; secondly, his individual
shape ; thirdly, his health ; and, fourthly, his temper. But there is this
difficulty in selecting the stiUlion, that he must not only be suitable pcrsf,
but he must also be adapted to the particula** nuire which he is to " serve."
Thus, it will be manifest that the task is more difficult than the fixing
upon a brood mare, because (leaving out of considerations all other

points bi
of good
same att(
to the nis
conne(^te(
the subje
breeding,
adapted t
their min
which de(
upon whi
horse ; tl
or the V\
blood au
there is a
uiay be, 1
any horse
show that
many pri:
am satisti
lottery ; 1
tempted t
have alrei
by nume:
be my ol
instances.
In cho(
impressioi
in her pec
her the Ix
It will haj
there hap
superior
hand, the
then a crc
the succe
blood aire
more thai
therefore,
occurrcnc
escaped e
supposing

AITTiNDIX.

931

points but blood) in the one case, a marc only liaa to be chosen whieh is
of good blood for racing purposes, while in the other there must be the
eanic attention paid to this particular, and also to the stallion's suitability
to the mare, or to " hit " with her blood. Hence, all the various theories
connected with generation nmst bo investigated, in order to do justice to
the subject ; and the l)reeder njust x.iake up his nund whether in-and-in-
brceding, as a rule, is desirable or otherwise ; and if so, whether it is
adapted to the particular case lie is (considering. ;Most men make up
their minds one way or the other on this subject, and act accordingly, in
which decision much depends upon the prevailing fashion. The rock
upon which most men split is a bigoted favoritism for some particular
horse ; thus, one man puts all his mares to Orlando ; another, to Suii)lice
or the Flying Dutchman ; although they may every one ' > different in
blood and form to the others. Now, this cannot possibly be right if
there is any principle whatever in breeding; and however good a horse
may be, he cannot bo suited to all mares. Some, again, will say that
any horse will do, and that all is a lottery ; but I think I shall bo able to
nhow that there is some science required to enable the breeder to draw
many prizes. That the system generally followed of late is a bad one, I
am satisfied, and with constant crossing and re-crossing it is almost a
lottery ; but upon proper principles, and with careful management, I am
tempted to believe that there would be fewer blanks than at present. 1
have already given my own theoretical views upon the case, illustrated
by numerous examples on both sides of the question. It will now
1)0 my object tf) apply these views practically by selecting particular
instances.

In choosing the particular blood which will suit any given mare, my
impression always would be, that it is desirable to fix upon the best strain
in her pedigree, if not already twice bred in-and-in, and then to put to
her the best stallion available of that blood. In some cases, of course,
it will happen that the second best strain will answer better, because
there happens to bo a better horse of that blood to be had than of the
superior strain, Avhich would otherwise be preferred. If, on the other
hand, the mare lias already been in-bred to the extent of two degrees,
then a cross will be advisable ; but I am much inclined to believe, from
the success of certain well-known cases, that even then a cross into
blood already existing in the mare, but not recently in-'nred nor used
more than once, will sometimes answer. Upon these principles I should,
therefore, look for success. It is surprising to me that this very common
occurrence of in-breeding among our best modern horses has so generally
escaped observation, and the only way in which I can explain it is by
supposing, that having frequently been through the grandam on either

932

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

side it has been lost sight of, l)ecause the knowledge of the sire's and
grandsire's blood is generally the extent to which the inquiry goes. Thus,
we find the most recent writer on the subject, who assumes the name of
"Craven," assorling, at page 121 of "The Horse" — "There is no
proximity of relatiojiship in the genealogy of the Flying Dutchman,
Touchstone, Melbourne, Epirus, Alarm, Bay Middleton, Hero, Orlando,
|Irish Birdcatcher, Cossack, Harkaway, Tearaway, Lothario, or others of
celebrity." Now, of these the Flying Dutchman is the produce of
second cousins ; Bay Middleton, his sire, being also in-bred to William-
son's Ditto and Walton, own brothers ; and Orlando, containing in his
pedigree Selim twice over, and Castrel, his brother, in addition. Mel-
bourne also is the produce of third cousins, both his sire and dam being
descended from Highflyer. But if to these four, which he has specially
named, be added the nunxerous "others of celebrity" to which I have
drawn attention, besides a host of lesser stars too numerous to mention,
it will be admitted that he assumes for granted the exact opposite of
what is really the case.

The choice of particular stallions, as dependent upon their formation,
is not less difficult than that of the mare, and it must be guided by nearly
the same principles, except that there is no occasion for any framework
especially calculated for nourishing and containing the foetus, as in her
case. As far as possible, the horse should be the counterj)ai't of what is
desired in vhe produce, though sometimes it may be necessary to select
an animal of a breed slightly exaggerating the peculiarity which is sought
for, especially when that is not connected with the preponderance of fore
or hind-quarters. Thus, if the mare is very leggy, a more than usually
short-legged horse may be selected, or if her neck is too short or too
long, an animal with this organ particularly long, or the reverse as the
case may bo, should be sought out. But in all cases it is dangerous to
attempt too sudden alteration with regard to size, as the effort will gen-
erally end in a colt without a due proportion of parts, and therefore more
or less awkward and unwieldly.

In constitution and general health, the same remarks exactly apply to
the horse as the mare. All hereditary diseases are to be avoided as far
as possible, though few horses are to be met with entirely free from all
kinds of unsoundness, some the effects of severe training, and others
Resulting from actual disease, occurring from other causes. With regard
to fatness, there is an extraordinary desire for horses absolutely loaded
with fat, just as ttiere formerly was for overfed oxen at Christmas. It
is quite true that the presence of a moderate quantity of fat is a sign of
a good constitution, but, like all other good qualities, it may be carried
to excess, so as to produce disease ; and just as there often is hypertro-

APPENDIA.

933

sire's and
>os. Thus,
ic name of
here is no

Dutchnnm,
), Orhmdo,
tr others of
produce of
to William-
ning in his
tion. Mcl-

dum being
[IS specially
lich I have
to mention,
opposite of

formation,
3d by nearly

framework
i, as in her
; of what is
ry to select
ch is sought
mce of fore
han usually
hort or too
erso as the
ingerous to
rt will gen-
ref ore more

tly apply to
tided as far
CO from all
and others
With regard
itely loaded
ristmas. It
is a sign of
r be carried
is hypertro-

phy, or excess of nourishment of the heart, or any bony parts, so is
there often a like superabundance of fat causing obstruction to the duo
^ performance of the animal functions, and often ending in premature
death. This is in great measure owing to Avauo of exercise, but also to
over-stimulating food ; and the breeder who wishes his horse to last, and
also to get good stock, should take especial care that he has enough of
the ono and not too much of the other.

In temper, also, there is no more to be added to what I have said
relating to the mare, except that there are more bad-tempered stallions to
be met with than mares, independently of their running, and this is
caused by the constant state of unnatural excitement in which they are
kept. This kind of vice is, however, not of so much importance, as it
does not affect the running of the stock, and solely interferes with their
stable management.

BEST AGE TO BREED FROM.

It is commonly supposed that ono or other of the parents should be of
mature age, and that if both are very young, or very old, the produce
will be decrepit or weakly. A great many of our best horses have been
out of old mares, or by old horses — as, for instance, Priam out of
Cressida, at twenty; Crucifix, out of Octaviana, at twenty-two; and
Lottery and Brutandorf , out of Mandane, at twenty and twenty-one ;
Voltaire got Voltigcur at twenty-one ; Bay Middleton was the sire of
Andover at eighteen, and Touchstone got Newmiuster at seventeen. On
the other hand, many young stallions and mares have succeeded well, and
in numberless instances the first foal of a mare has been the best she ever
produced. In the olden times, Mark Antony and Conductor were the
first foals of their dams ; and more recently. Shuttle Pope, Filho da
Puta, Sultan, Pericles, Oiseau, Doctor Sj'ntax, Manfred and Pantaloon,
have all been first-born. Still these are exceptions, and the great bulk
of superior horses are produced later in the series. The youngest dam
which I ever heard of was Monstrosity, foaled in 1838, who produced
Ugly Buck at three years old, having been put to Venison when only
two years of age. Her dam, also, was only one year older when she was
foaled ; and Venison himself was quite a young stallion, being only seven
years old when he got Ugly Buck ; so that, altogether, the last mentioned
• horse was a remarkable instance of successful breeding from young
parents. As in most cases of the kind, however, his early promises were
not carried out, and he showed far better as a two-year-old, and early in
the following year, than in his maturity. Such is often the case, and, I
believe, is a very general rule in breec ig all animals, whether horses,
dogs, or cattle. The general practice in breeding is to use young stal-

984

ILLU8TR.\TED STOCK DOCTOR.

lions with old muros, und to put youug mares to old stallions ; and such
appears to be the best plan, judging from theory as well as practice.

BEST TnrE FOR BREEDINO.

For all racing purposes, an early foal is important, because the ago
takes date from the 1st of January. The mare, therefore, should be
put to the horse in February, so as to foiil us soon after January 1st as
possible. As, however, many mares foal a little before the end of tlio
eleventh month, it is not safe to send hor to the horse before the middlo
of the second month in the year. For further particulars, sec "Thoughts
on Breeding,'' and the •' Stud-Farm," in which the general managomont
of the mare and foal is fully detailed.

It will be interesting that the reader have a pretty complete record of
the best time at various distances in racing. Such a record has been care-
fully compiled for Turf, Field and Farm up to the close of the sea-
son of 1879 ; and which we append :

Fastest and Best Time, and Most Creditable Performances on Record, at
all Distances, to end of Year 1879.

HALF A MILE.

Olitipa, by imp. Leamington, Saratoga, July 25, 1874, 0:47 3-4.
Fomeroy, by Planet, Louisville, Ky., May 23, 1877, 0:41) 1-4.
Harold, by imp. Leamington, Saratoga, July 23, 1878, 0:49 1-4.
Idalia, by imp. Glenelg, Jerome Park, June 8, 187G, :49 1-2.
Leona, by War Dance, Lexington, Ky., May 12, 1874, 0:49 1-2.
Hluc Lodge, by Fallowcraft, Lexington, Ky., May 10, 1879, 0:49 1-2.
Duke of Magenta, by Lexington, Saratoga, July 24, 1877, 0:49 1-2.
Idalia, by imp. Glenelg, Long Branch, July 4, 187(5, :49 3-4.
Sensation, by imp. Leamington, Saratoga, July 22, 1879, 0:49:3-4,
Kimball, by imp. Buckden, Louisville, Ky., May 21, 1879, 0:49 3-4.
Observanda, by Tom Bowling, Louisville, Ky., May 21, 1879, :49 3-4.
(rrenada, by King Alfonso, Long Branch, July 5, 1879, :49 3-4.

FIVE-EIGHTHS OF A MILE.

Bonnie Wood, by imp. Bonnie Scotland, Saratoga, July 20, 1878,
1 :02 3-4.
Grenada, by King Alfonso, Saratoga, Aug. 10, 1879, 1 :03 1-2.
Harold, by imp. Leamington, Long Branch, July 4, 1878, 1 :03 1-2.
Rachel, by imp. Bonnie Scotland, Long Branch, July 6, 1878, 1 :03 1-2.
Palmetto, by Nairagansctt, Saratoga, Aug. 10, 1876, 1 :03 1-2.
Rhadamanthus, by imp. Leamington, Saratoga, July 25, 1876, 1 :03 1-2.
Egypt (aged), by Planet, Saratoga, July 19, 1879, 1 :04.

Al'l'KNUIX.

Ud5

AriHtide«, by imp. Leumiiifrton, Jerome Park, Oct. 7, 1«74, l :()4 \.2,
Volturno, by imp. Billet, Saratoga, Aug. 21, 187H, 1 :04 ;5-4.

THKEE-QLARTERS OF A MILK.

Kirst Chance, by Bayvvood, Philadelphia, Pa., Oct. 17, 187(1, 1 :l.j.

Lady Middletou, by imp. Hurrah, Saratoga, Aug. 1, I87!i, 1:17,
1 :lf) 1-4. First was dead heat with Checkmate.

Bill Bruce, by Eiuiuirer, Lexington, Ky., May 12, 187(1, 1 :!,"> \.2.

Connor, by Norfolk, Car.son, Nov., Oct. 19, 187S), 1 :1,') 1-2.

Rhadanumthus, by imp. Leamington, Saratoga, Aug. 10, 1877, 1 :1;") 1-2.

Florence B., by Tom Bowling, Louisville, Kv.. Sept. 20, 187S»,
1 :ir) 3-4.

Madge, by inip. Australian, Saratoga, Aug. 21, 1.S74, 1:1.') 3-4 .

Alarm, by imp. E('lipse, Saratoga, July 15, 1872, 1 :!(;.

Belle of the ]\Ieade, by imp.' Bonnie Scotland, Nashville, Tenn., (M.
I>, 187(5, 1:1G.

Enquircss, by Enquirer, Detroit, July 5, 1879. 1 :1C.

Egypt (aged), by Planet, Louisville, Ky., May 26, 1877. 1 :17.

Milan, by Melbourne, Jr., Louisville, Ky., May 2G, 1877, 1 :1().

Girofle, by imp. Leamington, Prospect Park, Sept. 13, 1879, 1 :1() 1-4.

Spendthrift, by Aui^tralian, Nashville, Oct. 8, 1878, l.Ki 1-2.

Checkmate, by imp. Glen Athol, Saratoga, Aug. 15, 1879, 1:1(1 1-4.

Kimball, by imp. Buckdcn, St. Louis, June 13, 1879, 1 :IG 1-2.

Mistake, by AVaverly, Louisville, Ky., Sept. 23, 1879, 1:16 1-2.

Madge, by imp. Australian, Saratoga, N. Y., Aug. 15, 1876, 1 :16 1-2.

Glendalia, by imp. Glenclg, Louisville, Ky., Sept. 24, 1879, 1 :16 1-2.

Plgnc, by imp. Leamington, Saratoga, Aug. 27, 1877, 1 :16 3-4.

Tom Bowling, by Lexington, Long Branch, 1872, 1 :16 3-4.

Bowling Green, by Tom Bowling, Louisville, Sept. 24, 1879, 1 :16 3-4,

Duke of Magenta, by Denington, Saratoga, Aug. 1(5, 1877, 1 :16 3-4

Spartan, by Lexington, Saratoga, Aug. 16, 1877, 1:16 3-4.

Sly Dancei^ by AVar Dance, Louisville, Sept. 22, 1879, 1 :16 3-4.

Bye and Bye, by imp. Bonnie Scotland, Louisville, Sept. 22, 1879,
1:16 3-4.

McWhirter, by Enquirer, Louisville, Ky., May 15, 1879, 1 :17.

Wallenstcin, by Wavcrly, Lexington, Ky., I\L»y 15, 1879, 1 :17.

Countess, by Kentucky, Saratoga, 1873, 1 :17 1-2.

Beatrice, by Kentucky, Long Branch, 1:17 1-2.

Luke Blackburn, by imp. Bonnie Scotland, Prospect Park, Sept. 6,
1879, 1 :17 1-2.

Oden, by Vauxhall, Saratoga, Aug. 7, 1879, 1 :17 3-4.

Idalia, by imp. Glenelg, Saratoga, Aug. 5, 1878, 1 :18.

...-.esJ^a'

936

ILLUSTHATED STOCK DOCTOB.

Spartan, by Lexington, Saratoga, Aug. 22, 1877, 1 :19.

ONE MILE.

Ten Broeck, by imp. Pliacton, Louisville, Ky., May 24, 1877, 1 :39 ,3-4.

Lca:)<.lcr (Searcher), by Enquirer, Lexington, Ky., May 13, 1875,
1 :41 3-4.

Redman, by War Dance, Lexington, Ky., May 13, 187(5, 1 :42 1-4.

Danger, by Alarm, lialtimoro, May 23, 1878, 1 :42 1-2.

Mahlstick, by Lover, Lexington, Ky., Sept. 20, 1877, 1 :42 1-2. CIius.
Gorhani, by Blarneystone, Lexington, Ky., Sep. 20, 1877, 1 :42 1-2.
Dead heat.

Grey Planet, by Planet, Saratoga, Aug. 13, 1874, 1 :42 1-2.

Dan K., by imp. Bonnie Scotland, Louisville, Ky., May 29, 1877,
1 :42 1-2.

Goodnight, by Enquirer, Louisville, Ky., Sep. 23, 1.879, 1 -.42 1-2

Katie Pease, by Planet, Buffalo, N- Y., Sep. 8, 1874, 1 :42 3-4.

Alarm, l)y imp. Eclipse, Saratoga, July 17, 1872, 1 :42 3-4.

Glenmore, by imp. Glen Athol, Detroit, July 4, 1879, 1 :42 3-4.

Virginus, by Virgil, Saratoga, Aug. 4, 1877, 1 :42 3-4.

Cammie T., by imp. Glenelg, Louisville, Sept. 20, 1879, 1:43.

Mistake, by Waverly, Louisville, Sept. 26, 1879, 1 .-43 1-2.

Edinburg, by Longfellow, Lexington, May 11, 1878, 1 :43 1-2.

Belle of the Meade, by imp. Bonnie Scotland, Louisville, Sept. 25,
1876, 1:44 1-2.

Belle of the Meade, by imp. Bonnie Scotland, Louisville, Sept. 27,
1876, 1:44 1-4.

Spendthrift, by imp. Australian, Nashville, Oct. 12, 1878, 1 :44 1-4.

Clara D., by imp. Glenelg, Sacramento, Sept. 27, 1877, 1:44 1-2.

Astral, by Asteroid, Lexington, Ky., Sept. 12, 1873, 1 :44 3-4.

Parole, by imp. Leamington, Saratoga, Aug. 10, 1875, 1 :44 3-4.

Aristides, by imp. Leamington, Ba!umore, Oct. 22, 1874, 1:44 3-4.

Susquehanna, by imp. Leamington, Saratoga, Aug. 8, 1876, 1:45.

Charley Howard, by Lexington, Saratoga, Aug. 17, 1876, 1:45.

Firework, by Lexington, Baltimore, Ot^, 1874, 1:45.

Hamburg, by Lexington, Cincinnati, 1869, 1 :45.

Battle Axe, by Monday, Saratoga, 1873, 1 :45 1-2. t

Spendthrift, (aged) by imp. Bonnie Scotland, Jerome Park, June 6,
1876, 1 :46 1-2.

Tom Bowling, by Lexington, Long Branch, Aug. 8, 1872, 1 :47.

MILE HEATS.

Kadi, by Lexington, Hartford, Conn, Sept. 2, 1875, fastest second

APPENDIX.

987

boat, and fastest two heats ever run, 1 :42 1-2, 1 :4l 1-4.

L'Argontine, by War Dance, Louisville, Ky., Sept. 27, 1875». Beati-
tude won first heat, 1 :42 1-4, 1 :42 1-2, 1 :45 1-2.

Mark D., by Monday, Sacramento, Sept. I'J, 1H7H, 1 :4;i, i :42 3.4.

Ilimyar, by Alarm, St. Louis, June 4, 1878, 1 :42 1-2, 1 :43 1-2.

Camargo, by Jack Alalone, Louisville, Ky., May 20, 1875 1 -42 3 4
1 :43 1-4. ' ■ " '•

Una, by War Dance, Prospect Park, June 2.'), 1870, 1 :42 1-4, 1 :45.

Tom Bowling, by Lexington, ran mile heats at Lexington, Ky', May
1873, in 1 :43 1-2, 1 :43 1-2.

Thornhill, by Woodburn, ran first two heats in 1 :43, 1 :43 ; Thad Ste-
vens (aged), by Langford, won tho third, fourth and fifth in 1 :43 1-2,
1 .•4(1 1-2, 1 -Art.

Clara D., by imp. Glenelg, San Francisco, Sept. 13, 1878, 1-43,
1 :43 1-2.

Brademanto, by War Dance, Saratoga, Aug. 1), 1877, 1 :43 1-2, 1 :43 1-2.

Bramble, by imp, Bonnie Scotland, Nashville, Oct. 7, 1878, 1 -.43, 1 :44.

Lena Dunbar, by Leinster, Sacramento, Sept. 17, 1878, 1 :44 1-4,
1:42 3-4.

Springbok, by imp. Australian, Utica, N. Y., June 25, 1874, 1:45,
1:42 3-4.

ONE MILE AND ONE-EIGHTH.

Bob WooUey, by imp. Leamington, Lexington, Ky., Sept. (!, 1875, 1 ;54.

Janet Murray, by Panic, Brighton Beach, July 13, 1879, 1 :54 3-4.

Blue Eyes, by Enquirer, Louisville, Ky., May 28, 1879, 1 :55 1-4.

Warfield, by War Dance, Louisville, Ky,, Oct. 1, 1878, 1 :5fi.

Jack Hardy, by imp. Phaeton, St. Louis, June 4, 1878, 1 :5G.

Fadladeen, (aged) by War Dance, Saratoga, Aug. 19, 1874, 1 :56.

Picolo, Concord, Saratoga, Aug. 15, 1874, 1 :5().

Ilimyar, by Alarm, Louisville, Sept. 20, 1879, 1 :5{).

Jils Johnson, by Longfellow, Lexington, Sept. 11, 1879, 1 :56 1-2.

Fannie Ludlow, by imp. Eclipse, Saratoga, Aug. 10, 1879, 1 :56 1-2.

Round Dance, by War Danco Louisville, Sept. 27, 1879, 1 :5() 1-2.

Konrad, by Rebel Morgan, New Orleans, April 26, 1878, 1 :56 1-2.

Ben Hill, by imp. Bonnie Scotland, Louisville, Sept. 25, 1879, dead
heat, 1 :56 3-4.

Mollie McGinley, by imp. Glen Athol, Brighton Beach, Sept. 10,
1879,1:57.

Una, by War Dance, Prospect Park, Sept. 11, 1879, 1 :57.

Susquehanna, by imp. Leamington, Saratoga, July 24, 1877, 1 :57 1-4.

rxperience Oaks, by Lexington, Saratoga, Aug. 20, 1872, 1 :57 1-4.

ftm

938

ILLU8TRATKD STOCK UOCTOIl.

Bramble, by imp. Bonnio Scotland, Saratoga, Aug. 17, 187M, i :58.

Bramble, " " " «' " " J>, l«7y, 1 rfiH.

Kcnncsaw, by imp. (ilongarry, Loul.svilhs May 28, 1M78, 1 :.')8 l-ii.

Ksaillah, by Lever, Nashville, Apr. 2it, 187!>, 1 :.''>8 1-2.

(iabriol, by Alarm, Brighton Beach, Sept. 27 187S>, 1 :b\K
' Kdinburg, by Longfellow, Louisville, Sept. 25, 1878, 1 iM.

Diamond, by imp. Leamington, Ogdensburg, N. Y., Sept. 10, 1878,
1 -JA).

Lancewood, by imp. Leamington, Saratoga, Aug. IJJ, 1875), 1 :.'»!!.

Belle, by Dickens, Saratoga, July 28, 1878, 1 :'>!».

Rhadanmnthus, by imp. Leamington, Saratoga, Aug. \'t, 187G,
1 -Jii) 3-4.

Spendthrift (aged), by imp. Bounic Scotland, Jerome Park, June 10,
187(5, 2:00

Phyllis, by imp. Phueton, Louisville, Sept. 27, 1870, 2:01.

Spendthrift, (aged), by imp. Bonnie Scotland, Jerome Park, June 12,
1875, 2:03 1-4

ONE MILK AND A QUAKTEK.

Charley Gorham, by Blarneystonc, Lexington, May 18, 1877, 2 :H 1-2.
Falsetto, by Enquirer, Lexington, May 10, 1879, 2:08 3-4.
Grimstead, by Gilroy, Saratoga, July 24, 1875, 2:08 3-4.
Frogtown, by imp. Bonnie Scotland, Lexington, Ky., May 1872,
2 :09 1-2.

Monitor, by imp. Glenelg, Prospect Park, Sept. '.>, 1879, 2:10.
Parole, by imp. Leamington, Saratoga, July 20, 1878, 2 :10 1-2.
Mate, by imp. Australian, Jerome Park, Oct. 3, 1874, 2:11 3-4.
Prcakness, by Lexington, Jerome Park, June 13, 1874, 2 :12.

ONE MILE AND THnEE-EIOllTIIS.

Spendthrift, by imp. Australian, Jerome Park, June 10, 1879, 2 :25 3-4.
Gov. Hampton, by Planet, Prospect Park, Juno 21, 1879, 2:2(5 1-2.
Bramble, by imp. Bonnie Scotland, Long Branch, July 10, 1879, 2 :27.

ONE AND A HALF MILES.

Tom Bowling,* by Lexington, May 12, 1874, 2:34 3-4.
Parole, by imp. Leamington, Saratoga, Aug. 14, 1877, 2 :3() 3-4.
Lord Murphy, by Pat Maloy, Louisville, May 20, 1879, 2 :37.
Day Star, by Star Davis, Louisville, May 21, 1878, 2 :37 1-2.
Aristides, by imp. Leamington, Louisville, Ky., May 7, 1875, 2 :37 3-4.
Glenelg, by Citadel, Long Branch, Aug. 2, 1870, 2 :37 3-4.
Shylock. by Lexington, Jerome Park, Oct. 31, 1874, 2:38.
Baden Baden, by imp. Australian, Louisville, May 22, 1877, 2:38.

APPENDIX.

989

16, 1:58.

^y, 1 'J)H.

:/)« 1-2.

. 10, l«78,

ir), IS7G,
k, June 10,

rk, Juiiu 12,

77, 2:H 1-2.

Miiy 1872,

:10.
> 1-2.
. 3-4.

^i), 2 :2a 3-4.
2 :2() 1-2.
1879, 2:27.

(5 3-4.
37.

2.
fr5, 2 :37 3-4.

7, 2 :38.

Vngrant, by Virjzil, Loulsvilio, May 14, 1877, 2 :38 1-4.

Peru, l»y im|). (ilciigurry, Lexington, Ky., Sej.t. 11, 1879, 2:38 3-4.

Belle of Nelson. Iiy lluntcr'H Lexington, Louisville, M:iy 23, 1878, 2 :39

Iin[). IS:ixon,l)y Ik'tidsuian, Beliuont btukes, .Jerome l'ark,Junu 13, 1874
2:39 1-2.

Tom Oehiltrco, by Lexington, Jerome Park, Oet. 14, 1877, 2:43.

Zoo Zoo, l»y imp. Australian, Saratoga, Aug. 21, 1877, 2:43 1-4.

Duke ol" Magenta, l»y Lexington, Jerome Park, June 8, 1878, 2:431-2.

•Tom Howling wiis permitted to extend the run to two niil(>s. He ran
the iirst mile in 1 :41 3-4 ; mile and a half in 2:34 3-4 ; one and threo-
(juarters miles in 3 :00 3-4 ; and two miles in 3 :27 3-4. The last two
unofTieiul.

ONE MILE AND FIVE-EIGHTHS.

Ten Brock, by imp, Phaeton, Lexington, Ky., Sept. 9, 1875, 2:49 1.4.

Monitor, by imp, Glenelg, Prospeet Park, Sept. 13, 1879, 2:50 1-2.

Springbok, by imp. Australian, Jerome Park, June 20, 1874. 2:53.

Brademante, by War Dance, Lexington, May 17. 1877, 2:53 ,3-4.

Iliirry B:issett, by Lexington, Belmonto stakes, Jerome Park, June 10,
1871. 2:5(1.

Mintzer, by imp. Glenelg, Saratoga. July 23, 1879, 2:58.

Katie Pease, by Plant, Ladies' stake, Jerome Park, Juno 11, 1873,
2:58 1-4.

ONE AND THIIEE-QUARTER MILES.

One Dime, by Wanderer, Lexington. Sept. 12. 1879, 3:05 1-4.
Irish King, by Longfellow, Sept. 25, 1879, 3:05 1-4.
Courier, by Stiir Davis, Louisville, May 23, 1877, 3:05 1-4.
Reform, by imp. Leamington, Saratoga, Aug. 20, 1874, 3:05 3-4.
Mate, by imp. Australian, Long Branch, July 15, 1875, 3 :0() 1-4.
D'Artagnsin, by Lightning, Saratogii, July 24. 1875, 3.00 1-2.
Gen. Phillips, l)y imp. Glenelg. Saratoga, Aug. 5. 1879, 3:0(; 1-2.
Emma C, by Phuiot, Louisviile, Ky., Sept. 23. 1875. 3:0(5 .^-4.
Frogtown, by imp. Bonnie Scotland, Lexington, Ky., May 2(5, 1872,,
3:07.

Danicheff, by Glenelg. Saratoga, Aug. 9. 1879. 3:07.
Gov. Hampton. l)y Planet, Prospect Park, Sci^t. 9, 1879. 3:07 1-2.
Keimy. by Curies. Pro.spect Psirk. June 25. 1879. 3:07 1-2.
Levcler. hy Lever, Lexington, Sept. 9. 1878, 3:07 1-2.
Ne.ecy Ilale. by Lexington. Lexington. Ky.. Sept. 14. .187(5. 3:07 3-4.
Ciitesby. by imp. Eclipse. Saratoga, Aug. 15, 1874. 3 :07 3-4.
Parole, bv imp. Leamington. Saratoga. AusT. 11- 1877. 3:08.
Kennesaw, by imp. Glengarry, St. Louis, Juno 5, 1878, 3 :08,
60

940

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Duke of Mugcntu, by Lexington, Siiriitogu, July 20, 1878, 3:08.

Joe Dimlols, by inip. Australian, Truvers' Stuko, Siiriitogu, .July IH,
1872, 3 :08 1-4.

Prciikiicss, by Lexington, Baltimore, Ort. 21, 18(14, 3:08 1-2.

Viceroy, by Gilroy, Saratoga, Aug. I), 1877, 3:08 1-2.

Volturno. by imp. Billet, Brighton Beach, Sept. 1(1, 187!), 3:08 1-2.

Atilla, by imp. Australian, Travers's Stake, Saratoga, July 2.'), 1874,
3 :0!> 1-2, 3 :08 3-4. The first was a dead heat with Acrobat.

Mintzer, by imp. Glenelg, Saratoga, July 28, 187!), 3:0!) 1-4.

Falsetto, by Eriquiror, Saratoga, July 1!), 187!), 3 :0!) 1-4.

Zoo Zoo, by imp. Australian, Saratoga, Aug. 2, 1877, 3.10.

TWO MILES.

Ten Broock, by imp. Phocton, against time, Louisville, May 29, 1877,
5:27 1-2.

McWhirter, by Enquirer, Louisville, May 28, 1877, 3:30 1-2.

Courier, by Star Davis, Louisville, May 28, 1877. 3:31 3-4.

Katie Pease,* by Planet, Buffalo, Sept. !), 1874, 3:32 1-2.

True Blue, by Lexington, Saratoga, July 30, 1873, 3:32 1-2.

Jack Frost, by Jack Malone, Cleveland. O., July 31, 1874, 3:33,1-2.

Glenmore. by imp. Glen Athol, Detroit, July 5, 187J, 3:33 1-2.

Lizzie Lucas, by imp. Australian. Saratoga. Aug. 21, 1874. 3:33 3-4.

Creedmoor by Asteroid, Louisville, Ky., Sept. 20, 187(5, 3:34.

Geo. Graham, by Rogers; first heat; Louisville. Ky., Sept. 2.'). \H7h,
.3 :34.

Lord Murphy, by Pat Malloy, Louisville, Seiit. 22, 1879, 3 :34.

King Alfonso, by imp. Phajton, Louisville. Ky., Sept. 20, 1875, 3 :34 1-2.

Hegira, by imp. Ambassador, New Orleans, La., Nov. 23. 18,')0, 3 :34 1-2.

Littleton, by imp. Leamington, Lexington, Ky., Mmv 23. 1S71, 3 :34 1-2.

Monitor, by imp. Glenelg, Baltimore, Oct. 21, 18.;), 3:34 3-4.

Wilful, l)y imp. Australian, Prospect Park, June 24, 1879, 3 :34 3-4.

'Charlie Howard, by Lexington, Saratoga, Aug. 10, 187(5, 3:35.

Vandalite, by Vandal, Breckinridge Stake, Baltimore, Oct. 23, 1874,
■3:35.

Himyar, by Alarm, Louisville, Sept. 25, 1879, 3:35.

Falsetto, by Enquirer, Saratoga, Aug. 14, 1879, 3 :35 1-4.

Volturno, by imp. Billet, Baltimore, Oct. 25, 1879, 3:35 1-4.

Vandalite, by Vandal, Dixie Stake, Baltimore, Oct. 20, 1874, 3:35 1-2.

Harry Basset, by Lexington, Saratoga, Aug. 16, 1871, 3:35 1-4.

Vigil, by Virgil, Baltimore, Oct. 28, 1876, 3:37 1-4.

*Katie Pease came in first, but was disqualified, and race given to
Lizzie Lucas.

AIM'KNDIX.

041

08 1-2.

25,

1H74,

-4

29,

1H77.

i-i

TWO MII-K IlKATH.

•hnulomunte, by War Duiico, JuckHou, Miss., Nov. 17,1877 (?)
3:;}2 1-4, ;J:2».?

Willie I)., by Rovolvor, ProHpoet Park, Sept. 11, 187!), :\uU 1-2, 3:35.

Lottery, by Monday, Sucmmeiito, (.'ul, Sept. 21, 1878, 3:3(1, 3:35 1-2.

Arizona, by Lexington, Louisville, Ky., May 18, 1«75, 3:37 1-4,
3:35 1-2.

Aurc<»la, by War Dance, Lexington, Sept. 18, 1872, 3 :37 3-4, 3 :35 1-2.

London, by Lightning, Nashville, Oct. 5, 1872, 3:3(i 3-4, 3:37 1-4.

Bushwhacker, by imp. Bonnie Scotland, Baltimore, Oct. 22, 1878,
3:3(1, 3:3() 1-2, 3:38 1-2.

Princeton won second heat by head. Bushwhacker second ; best aver-
age three heats.

Belle of Nelson, by Hunter's Lexington, Cincinnati, Juno 1, 1878,
3:37 1-4, 3:3(5 1-4.

MoUie Jones, by Roxbury, Galesburg, 111., July 4, 1874 ; Rocket won
lirst heat, 3 :3G, 3 :40, 3 :37 1-4.

Kolus, by imp. Leamington, Baltimore, May 28, 1874 ; the fasteat
third heat, 3 :40, 3 :39 1-4, 3 :36 3-4.

Lancaster, by Lexington, Lexington, Ky., Sept. 12, 18G7, 3:35 1-4,
3:38 1-4.

Jack Sheppard, by Jack Malone, Nashville, Oct. 12, 187(5, 3 :35 3-4,
3:42 1-2.

Irish King, by Longfellow, Baltimore, Oct. 21, 1879, 3 :37 3-4, 3 :37 3-4.

Ilarkaway, by Enquirer, St. Louis, Juno 7, 1878, 3:39, 3:35 1-4.

* Brudcmante's time very doubtful.

TWO MILES AND ONE-EIGHTH.

Aristidcs, by imp. Leamington, Lexington, Ky., May 10, 187(5, 3 :45 1-2.
Mate, by imp. Australian, Saratoga, July 31, 1875, 3:4G 3-4.
Monmouth, by War Dance, Louisville, May 19, 1875, 3:48 1-4.
Big Fellow, by War Dance, May 15, 1874, 3:50.
Dave Moore, by Longfellow, Lexington, May 16, 1879, 3:50 1-2.
Ferida, by inp. Glenelg, Prospect Park, Sept. 5, 1879, 3:54.
Springbok, by imp. Australian, Saratoga, Aug. 3, 1874, 3:56.
Sultana, by Lexington, Jerome Park, Oct. 7, 1876, 3;56 3-4.

TWO MILES AKD A QUARTER.

Preakness, by Lexington ; Springbok, by imp. Australian, dead heat,
3: 56 1-4.
Harry Bassett, by Lexington, Saratoga, July 16, 1872, 3 :59.
Wanderer, by Lexington, Saratoga, Aug. 13, 1874, 4:00 1-2.
Kentucky, by Lexington, Saratoga, Aug., 1865, 4:01 1-2.
Fortuna, by Enquirer, Louisville, May 23, 1879, 4:01 1-2.

942

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOU.

;tl

Bramble, by imp. Bonnie Scotland, Baltimore, May 24, 1879, 4 .02.
Mollio McCarty, by Monday or Eclipse, Chicago, June 25, 1870, 4:02.
Muggins, by Jack Malonc, Saratoga, Aug., 18()7, 4:03.

TWO AND A HALF MILES.

Aristidcs, by imp. Leamington, Lexington, Ky., Miiy 13, 1876,4 :27 1-2.
I Katie Pease, by Planet, Buffalo, Sept. 10, 1874, 4:28 1-2.
' Ballankoel, by Asteroid, Baltimore, Oct. 22, 1874, 4:31 3-4.

Helmbold, by imp. Australian, Long Branch, July 30, 4:32 1-2.

Tom Ochiltree, by Lexington, Jerome Park, Jjnc 18, 1877, 4:36 1-2.

Edinburgh, by Longfellow, Cincinnati, Juno 7, 1879, 4:36 1-2.

TWO MILES AND FIVE-EIGHTHS.

Ten Broeck, by imp. Phaeton, Lexington, Ky., 1876, 4:58 1-2.

TWO MILES AND THREE-QUARTERS.

Hubbard, by Planet, Saratoga, 1873, 4:58 3-4.

Kentucky, by Lexington, eTerome Park, Oct. 3, 1866, 5 ;04.

Tom Ochiltree, b}' Lexington, Jerome Park, June 17, 1876, 5:09 1-4.

THREE MILES.

Ten Broeck, by imp. Phajton, Louisville, Ky., Sept. 23, 1876, 5 :2fi 1-2.
Monarchist, by Lexington, at Jerome Park, 1872; first mile, 1:45;
5:34 1-2.

Tom Ochiltree, by Lexington, Long Branch, July 6, 1876, 5:35 3-4.

THREE MILE HEATS,

Brown Dick, by imp. Margrave, New Orleans, April 10, 1865; the
best second heat on record, and second best three mile heat race,
5:30 3-4; 5:28.

Mollic Jacks(m, by Vandal, Louisville, Ky., May 25, 1861; Sherrod
won the second heat. The last two miles of the first heat were run in
3;;^5; the last two of the second heat in 3:36 3-4: the ninth mile in
1 :48 1-4. This is the best three heats and the best third heat on record,
5 :35 1-2 ; 5 :34 3-4 ; 5 :28 3-4.

Norfolk, by Lexington, Sacramento, Cal., Sept. 23, 1875; best aver-
age two heats, 5 :27 1-2 ; 5 :29 1-2.

Vandal, by imp. Ghjncoc, Lexington, May 26, 1855, 5:36 1-2; 5:33.

Whisper by Planet, St. Louis, June, 8, 1878, 5 :39 ; 5 :35 1-2.

FOUR MILES.

Ten Broeck, by imp. Phojton, vs. Fellowcraft's time, Louisville, Ky.,
Sept. 7, 1876, 7:14 3-4,

Fellowcraft, by imp. Australian, Saratoga, Aug. 20, 1874, 7 :19 1-2.

APPENDIX.

94a

76, 5 :35 3-4.

Lexington, by Boston, vs. time, New Orleans, La., April 2, 1855
7:17 3-4.

Lexington, by Boston, beating Lecomte, New Orleans, April 14, 1855,
7 :23 3-4.

Janet, by Lightning, Louisville, Sept. 27, 1879, 7 :29.

Wildidle, by imp. Australian, San Francisco, Oct. 28, 1875, 7 :25 1-2.

Idlewild, by Lexington, over Centreville Course, L. L, June 25, 1863,
7:2Gl-4.

Thad. Stevens, by Langford, best second heat, California, Oct. 18,
1873, 7 :30.

Kentucky, by Lexington, Saratoga, 186G, 7:31 1-2.

SilentFriend,by imp. Australian, New Orleans, April 21, 1873,7 :30 1-2.

Kentucky, by Lexington, vs. time at Jerome Park, 18(37 ; tirst two
miles, 3 :36 ; first three 5 :29 ; 7 :31 3-4.

Abd-el-^ader, by Australian, Saratoga, 1809, 7 :31 3-4.

Abd-el-Koree, by imp. Australian, Jerome Park, Fall 1871 ; best time
for a three-year-old, 7 t33.

Monarchist, by Lexington, Jerome Park, 1872 ; first two miles, 3 :39
3-4 ; first three, 5 :36 ; 7 :33 1-2.

Tom Ochiltree, by Lexington, Jerome Park, Oct. 12, 1876, 7 :36.

FOUR MTLE HEATS.

Lecompte, by Boston, at New Orleans, April 8, 1854, beating Lexing-
ton and Reube, 7 :26, 7 :38 1-4.

Rupee, by Voucher, April 10, 1858, 7 :39, 7:35.

Miss Foot, by imp. Consol, at New Orleans, March 26, 1842, 8:02,
7 :35.

Fashion, by imp. Trustee, over Union Course, L. L, May 10, 1842,
beating Boston match, 7 :32 1-2, 7 :45.

Morgan Scout, by John Morgan, at Lexington, Ky., 1870, best race
ever run in Kentucky, 7 :32 1-2, 7 :43 1-2.

George Martin, by Garrison Zinganzee, beating Hannah Han-is and
Reel, March 29, 1843. Reel broke down in first heat, 7 :33, 7 :43.

Bushwhacker, by imp. Bonnie Scotland, Baltimore, Oct. 26, 1878.
Princeton won second heat, 7 :31, 7 :36 1-4, 8:29.

Glenmore, by imp. Glen Athol, Baltimore, two and three heats, best
third heat, 7 :29 1-2, 7 :30 1-4 7 :31.

Tally-ho, by Boston, at Union Course, L. I., Oct. 8, 1849 ; Free Trad(5
won the first heat, Boston the third, and Tally-ho second and fourth,
7 :33 1-2, 7 :43 1-2, 7 :52, 8 :10 1-2.

HURDLE RACES.

Joe Rodes, by Virgil, mile heats, over four hurdles, St. Louis, June 4,
1878, 1 :50 3-4,"^ 1 :50 1-4.

ill

944

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Judith, by imp. Glenelg, mile heats, over four hurdles, Prospect Park,
Sept. 11, 1879, 1 :52, 1 :52.

Lobelia, by imp. Bonnie Scotland, mile heats, over four hurdles, Fash-
ion Course, L. I., Sept. 11, 1869, 1 :51 3-4, 1 :53 1-4.

Waller, by imp. Hurrah, one and a quarter miles, over five hurdles,
Saratoga, A>ig. 14, 1878, 2 :21 1-2.

Disturbance, by Chillicothe, one and a quaiter miles, over 5 hurdles,
Saratoga. Aug. 22, 1878, 2 :21 3-4.

Problem, by Pimlico, one and a half miles over 6 hurdles, Lons:
Branch, July 5, 1879, 2 :50.

Derby, by Eugene, one and a half miles, over six hurdles, Loii-g Branch,
July 2, 1878, 2 :52.

Judith, by imp. Glenelg, one and three-quarter miles, over seven nur-
dles, Long Branch, Aug. 28, 1879, 3 :3() 1-2.

Tom Leathers, by Camps Whale, two miles, over eight huddles, New
Orleans, April 16, 1875, 3:47 1-2.

Redman, by War Dance, two miles, over eight hurdles, Louisville, Ky.,
May 19, 1876, 3:48 1-2.

Captain Hutchinson, by Voucher, two miles, over eight hurdles, Co-
lumbus, O., July 3, 1875, 3:50.

Jonesboro, by Lexington, two miles, over eight hurdles, welter weights :
New Orleans, April 11, 1868, 3:51 1-2.

Milesian, by imp. Mickey Free, two miles, over eight hurdles, welter
weights; Long Branch, Aug. 3, 1872, 3:52 1-2.

Cariboo, by Lexington, two and a quarter miles, over nine hurdles,
Long Branch, 1875, 4 :33.

STEEPLE CHASES.

Dead Head, by Julius, about two and three-quarter miles, thirty-six
leaps, Saratoga, Aug. 26, 1878, 5 :33 1-2

Trouble, by Ulverston, about two and three-quarter miles, thirty-six
leaps, Saratoga, Aug. 19, 1876, 5 :34 3-4.

Duffey, by Hunter's Lexington, about two and three-quarter miles,
thirty-six leaps, Saratoga, Aug. 5, 1873, 5 :48 3-4.

APPENDIX.

TBAININQ TO TROTTING.

945

The idea of the average horse owner is that training means pamperin<»
the horse. Nothing could be further from the mark. It truly means
ilie very best and most intelligent care, feeding and exercise for the work
to to be performed, and this exercise must be in proportion to the
distance.

The artificial care given the horse in confinement renders blankets
necessary for all fast working horses. Doubly so for turf horses, whose
pace is of the most exhausting kind. To get rid of superfluous fiesh
iweating and exercise is necessary. The superfluous flesh and undue
moisture of the body having been properly reduced, then the pace of the
iiorse should correspond to that expected in the final trial. That is for
mile heats a faster pace will be required than for longer heats, but tho
horse must be carefully worked up to the point, the improvement being
carefully and intelligently watched, that as the day of trial approaches
he may have a real trial of speed for th6 distance to be trotted. There
is, however, no rule that can be laid down as to the amount of work to
be done bcfoi-e this trial takes place. It will depend upon his condition
while at work and the manner in which he accomplishes his brushes, as
spurts of speed are called for short distances. These are among the
most important parts of training, since they tend not only to extend
the stride of the horse and improvement in speed, but the manner of
coming out of them will indicate the condition of the animal.

High-strung, eager, generous horses must be handled in a very differ-
ent manner from sterner tempered ones. - In any case, the horse must
come to place implicit confidence in his driver. The first must be re-
strained ; the second urged. The first named seldom have the power to
accomplish all they would. The second must be made to know that it is
speed and distance that is required, and that they must go the pace if it
is in them.

Feeding is essentially important. Some horses crave much hay. Such
must be restrained ; some gluttons will eat their bedding. If so, tliey
must be Uiuzzled when not feeding, and always so at night. If a horse
is so light a feeder that he will not eat twelve quarts of oats a day, he
may have a little Indian corn, but this only in exceptional cases. Sound,
heavy oats, thoroughly cleaned and sifted, should constitute the feed of
the trotting horse, or any horse of fast work. The light feeder nuist be
carefully watched in his work. Some horses will cat fourteen to sixteen
quarts of oats a day. Such should have corresponding exercise ; for in
no event must fat be allowed to accumulate. We should prefer to limit
any horse, however large and powerful, to fourteen quarts, of oats per

V A

If) '

\ 1

940

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

day, or rather to that number of pounds. As a rule twelve quarts or
pounds should suffice for the average horse.

Hiram Woodruff, than whom there is no better authority, in his work
on "The Trotting Horse of Anierica," in relation to the preparation
which precedes the first trial, says :

During the preparation which precedes the first trial, it will be neces-
sary to give the horse one or two sweats. Whether it ought to be one or
two must be indicated by the condition and nature of tiic iiniinal, tl>c races
in which he is engaged, and resolved by the judgment of the trainer. The
amount of clothes in which ho shall be sweated must be determined by
the same considerations. Some may require a blanket and hood, and a
wrapper round the neck to start the perspiration out of them : while
there are others that will sweat freely with but little clothes, and scrape
well when more have been thrown on at the end of the jog. One thing
may certainly be said, that a sweat obtained without the use of heavy
clothing is more satisfactory and better than one with it, provided the
latter method does not include a' good deal more work to get the sweat.
Only a moderate quantity of clothing and little work while the horse is going
are the best for a sweat, if a good scrape can thus be obtained. When the
horse comes from the drive, and is taken out of the wagon, he will soon
be ready to scrape. That done, he must be blanketed np again, and
walked about out of the draft. A favorable day for the sweat ought to
be taken advantage of, as a matter of course. Another liglit scrape may
probably be had after some little time spent in walking in the blankets ;
but, if the perspiration does not contiime so as to give this second scrape,
it is not to be forced by more work in the clothes. To be of use in itself,
and as a satisfactory indication that the condition of the horse is iidvanced
it must come of itself. During the time this scraping process is in
course of operation, the trainer having the conduct of it should not be in
a hurry. The same things that are said to cure a man's cold — patience
and a little water-gruel — will often do wonders in procuring a good
sweat. Commonly, however, it is easy enough to get the sweat and
scrape, but more difficult to cool the horse out properh'. In order to do
this well, he is to be clothed again, and led very gently about for a
considerable period, so that he may become cool gradually, and the per-
spiration may dry away by degrees. This walking is to be out of all
draft ae much as possible ; and it will not do to hurr}^ it over, and go tc
the stable, until the horse has cooled off well and gradually. When the
proper state has been reached, the horse is to be taken into the stable and
his body is to be well dretsed. This done, he is to bo re-clothed, and
again led into the air.
. A few sups of gruel, made of Indian meal or line shorts, from half a

quarts or

II his work
preparation

))c necGs-
o 1)0 one or
il, tl>.o races
liner. Tiie
jrinined by
■ood, an J a
letn : wliilo
and scrape
One thinj;
; of heavy
■ovided tlie
the sweat.
)rse is ffoing
When the
e will soon
iigain, and
it ought to
scrape nnvy
;; Mankets ;
ond scrape,
ISC in itself,
is advanced
•ocess is in
Id not 1)0 in
— patieih'o
iijr a good
sweat and
)rder to do
:)out for a
d the per-
out of all
and go to
When the
stable and
othed, and

om half a

APPENDIX.

947

liiiit to a pint of tho meal stirred into a bucket of water in;iy now bo
given to the horse, or water with the chill taken off it may be used as a
substitute for the gruel. AVhcn taken into tho stable again, which will
bo after a little more walking about in the air, the legs are to l)e put in
tubs of warm water, the body clothing being kept on. Tho legs ar(! then
to bo well washed with the water and castilo soap, and when dried off t{»
be bandaged. Those bandages should bo of light llamicl, and it is iimna-
tcrial whether it is red or white. They are not to bo put on tiirht. The
liigs of a horse ought never to lie bandaged tight, for such a coin-se im-
pedes tho circulation into the foot, where there is a grcnt necossitv for it •
[)ut losing sight of this, the liandages are soniv^tinies pulled so that it
looks as if they wore intended to servo as a tourniquet, and stop the cir-
culation of tho blood altogether. Neither can it serve any useful puqioso,
that I can see, to bind tho suspensory ligament up to the l)one of the le".
Nature intended that in the horse it should stand ut from it, as we sec in
the lino flat legs of tho best runners and trotter Whatever ,supi)ort is
required may be obtained with only a moderate degree of tightness ; aiid I
have sometimes thought that an elastic stocking, such as our best surgeons
use in cases of bad strain to the nerves and nmscles of tho human foot
and ankle, would be a very useful article in a training-stable.

DUIVINO.

The average farmer's boy supposes he can drive a trotting horse. Has
he not seen the pictures of drivers sitting back, apparently holding to the
reins with a grasp, as though the stronger the horse was pulled the faster
he could go ? Such driving never got speed out of a horse. The best
drivers simply allow the horse to pull on the bit with sufficient force to
steady himself, and this pulling force must be graduated according to
(iircumstances. It is ti'ue many fast horses are hard pullers, and gener-
ally so from defects in training. The bit and reins are intended siniply
!is the medium of communication between the horse and the driver, and
the more intelligently the horse is trained to their use, the more will be
•rot out of him. The horse should be taught to take a firm hold of the
bit, not for the purpose of pulling upon, but that tho driver may give the
horse needed support and steadiness, and that int(;lligent action may be
established between the driver and the horse.

The object of keeping the horse well in command duil'iig fast work, on
tho road as well as on the track, is that he may instantly ios[)oiid to the
wish of the driver through the medium of the reins. Thus he may be
pressed from day to day in his speed, until he at last comes to the full
measure of his powers.

Although trotting speed does not come to tho horso until some years

;»i -

iJjifc-iaB!«!««* "

m ]

948

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

after ho is fully dovelopcd in growth, the history of trotting shows that
this increase of speed continues to develop until the horse is from tea to
twelve years old. Hence there should he no hurry to dc^vclop the animal
while young. lie should be driven from the time he is three 3'ears old,
sufficient to cause him to lengthen his stride as much as possible. He
should bo taught to listen quickly, never to frighten or shy at any ob-
ject, and this by familiarizing him with whatever may bo near. In his
brushes, either on the road or the track, however sharp they may be,
they should never bo extended xin("l the animal shows signs of distress.
When he is being regularly trained for some public trial of speed, it will
be time enough to find out if he can go the desired pace.

DRIVING ON THE ROAD.

Road driving, like driving or riding a race, is a fine art. In road
driving the object is not only to get good speed out of the animal driven,
but he must also be made to go in line style. With a horse of naturally
fine action, this, if the driver undci'stands his business, is not difficult. If
not a horse of naturally fine style and action, he may bo spoiled. For
road work the horse should have been better flexed than when he is to
be used for trotting a race. He must be able to turn out (luickly and
handsomely in passing or meeting other teams. When being driven
slowly, ho must carry himself handsomely. Thus something must bo
sacrificed to this end.

Every horse should have a perfect fitting bit. It should be of the
proper size and length for the mouth, and this can only be decided by
trial. Keep trying different bits until you find one in which the horse
works comfortably. Above all, in handling a young horse do not injure
the mouth with a cruel or rough bit. Above all, never be so cruel as to
jerk his mouth with the reins. The bit is the medium of communication
between the driver and the horse. If there is any speed in the horse, it
is to be gotten out of him by means of the bit, and hence the more sens-
itive you can keep the mouth, the more likely you are to succeed. If
you render the mouth numb or callous through pulling, twitching, saw-
ing o. other smart tricks of drivers, you do so to the permanent injury of
the horse. Therefore first acquire a nice touch yourself, uud there will
be no difficulty in imparting it to the horse.

Never lose yourtemper with the horse. If a horse does so that is no
reason why you should. Never strike a horse with the whip for any
fault, and then jerk him back with the reins. If necessary to punish
lum, first assure yourself that you have him sufficiently well in haucl so
he cannot "jump out of the harness." Have a definite object in view,
for every use of rein or whip. Above all avoid a steady, rigid pull on
the horse. Some horses will not trot without being pulled hard. It is

Al'PENDIX.

949

shows that
from ten to
5 the uninial
i) years old,
ssiblc. He
at any ob-
iir. In his
ey may be,
of distress.
)ecd, it will

t. In road
imal driven,
)f naturally
difficult. If
oiled. For
hen ho is to
(juiekly and
>eing driven
i\g must bo

d be of the

decided by

h the horse

not injure

1 cruel as to
iimunication
:he horse, it
! more sens-
uccecd. If
filing, saw-
nt injury of
1 there will

3 that is no
lip for any
' to punish
in hand so
jct in view,
jjid pull on
lard. It is

usually from defect in training. The perfect horse is trained to puU just
sufficient to steady himself in harness. How Hiram Woodruff drove, he
tells in his " Trotting-Horse of America." No one, durin*' his life, or
since his death, was better authority in such matters. Hence, wo cannot
do better than to give it to our readers in his exact words.

In order that a fast lioi se should be under circumstances to do his host
he should bo as much at his ease in his harness and general rig as possible.
If he is not, he is placed at almost as much disadvantage as if sore or
stiff, or suffering from some bodily ailment. You may see horses brouo-ht
out of the stable to trot with a very tight check to keep their heads up,
and a tight martingale to keep them down. Such a horse is in irons ; and
when to this is added a dead drag at the reins, and no movement of the
bit from end to end, I cannot see how ho could do his best. People talk
about a steady, bracing pull ; but, in my opinion, that is not the right
way to drive a trotter. There is a great difference between lotting go of
your horse's head, and keeping up one dull, deadening pull all the time.
The race-horse riders practice what is called a bracing pull ; and, a great
many times, I have seen their horses tire under it without ever running
their best. The steady pull checked them. The pull should be sufficient
to feel the mouth, and give some support and assistance, so as to give
the horse confidence to get up his stride. More than that is mischievous.
To keep the mouth alive, the bit must be shifted a little occasionally. A
mere half-turn of the waist, or less than half a turn, by which the thumb
is elevated and the little finger lowered, is sufficient to shift the bit, keep
the mouth sensitive, and rouse the horse.

The reins are to be held steadily with both hands while this play with
the wrist is made ; and it is, of course, only done with one wrist at a time.
The hands should be well down ; and the driver ought not to sit all of a
heap, with his h jad forward. Neither should he lean back, with his bod-
ily weight on the reins, which, in that case, are made a sort of stay for
him. He should be upright ; and what pulling he must do should
be done by the muscular force of the arms. The head and the arms are
what a good driver uses ; but some hold their arms straight out, and pull
by means of putting the dead weight of their bodies on the reins. If,
instead of lying back, and putting their bodily weight on the reins, with
which latter they take a turn round their hands, drivers would depend
upon their muscular strength, they could let up on the pull, graduate it,
and so ease the horse from time to time instantaneously. The driver who
depends upon the arms has command of the horse : he who substitutes
bodily weight with the reins strapped round his hands, has not half com-
mand of the horse, or of himself either ; and, if the horse is a puller,
he will soon take command of the driver. The reason of it is, that there

i';:

m<.>i.im«\WM\e'mmmtMmm»

950

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOU.

is no interMilssion of the oxortioii, no let up, cither for man or horse.
Besides, in that way of driving, it is impossible to give those movements
to the bit which seem to refresh and stimulate the horse so much.
When a horse has been taught the significance of this movement of tlu;
bit, the shift by the turn of the wrist, he will never fail to answer il, even
though he should seem to be at the toj) of his speed. The moment he
feels this little move of the bit in his sensitive mouth, he will collect him-
self, and make another spurt ; and tlie value of this way of driving is,
that the horse is not likely to break when thus called upon, while a high-
strung, generous horse, if called upon for a final effort with a whip, is as
likely to break the moment it falls on him as not. I have won many a
very close heat by practising this movement, and therefore I have no hes-
itation in recommending it. It is not difficult to acquire, and the horse
soon comes to know what it means.

Let us come now to the wa}' of taking hold of the reins. A wrap
around the hand, such as running-horse riders take, is clumsy and bad.
I do not know whether many people take hold of the reins as I do, or
not. Perhaps not. Sim. Iloagland is the only one who takes hold pre-
cisely as 1 do, so far as I have observed. When we have been jogging
horses together at early morning, we have often talked over these mat-
ters ; and, whether our way was the best way or not, we could never see
any other that suited us half so well.

I will try to explain how I hold the reins; I could show it in two sec-
onds. Take, first, the right-hand rein. This, coming from the bit,
passes between the little finger and the third finger, over the little finger,
then under the other three fingers, and up over the thumb. The left-
hand rein is held in the left hand exactly in the same way ; but the bight
of the slack of the rein is also held between the thumb and forefin;rer
of the left hand. This gives some substance in that hand ; but, if it is
found inconvenient to have it there by those who have small hands, it may
be dropped altogether. A firm grasp on each rein, with the backs of the
hands up, and without any wrap, is thus obtained. It is a great point in
driving to be able to shift the reach — that is, the length of the hold you
take — without for an instant letting go of the horse's heaJ. With this
way of holding the reins, it is easily done. If I want to shorten the
hold on the left hand rein (the near one), I lake hold of that rein just
behind tlie left hand with the thumb and forefinger of the right hand, and
steady it. This is very easily done ; and it does not interfere at all with
the command of the off rein with the right hand. The near rein being
thus steadied behind the left hand, I slide that hand forward on the rein,
which is kept over the little finger, under the other three fingers, and over
the thumb all the time, and theu shut the grasp again ou the new reach.

APPENDIX.

951

or horso.
novciiUMits

so much.

lit of t\u'
vcv it , ovoii
noincnt he
ollcct hiin-
driviii<r is,
ile ii high-
whip, is as
an luany a
avo no hes-

the horse

A wrap
f and bad.
IS I do, or
s hold pre-
en jogging
these niat-
d never see

in two sec-
11 the bit,
ittle finger,

The left-
It the biijht

forefinger
Jt, if it is
ids, it may
acks of the
;at point in
e hold you

With this
horteii the
t rein just
' hand, and
ut all with
rein being
11 the rein,
8, and over
lew reach.

A shift with the right hand is made just in th(3 same way, by takinf hold
and steadying the rein behind that hand with the thumb'and forelingur of
the loft hand.

" I have often observed, that, with other methods of holding the reins,
there was great difficulty in shifting the roach. The driver tries to do it ;
but, for an instant, ho has lot go of the horse's head on one side alto-
gether, and broken his stride. WhcMi this is found to be the case, the
dead pull all tho time is adopted ; and this spoils the freedom and elas-
ticity of tho horsu's stride, and chokes off his wind. I do not intend
this to bo taken as instruction for professional drivers. Everv driver has
a way of his own ; and some of ihom have very good ways, for, as I
have taken occasion to state before, they drive well. But wliat 1 have
set down al)ove may be of service to gentlemen who drive their own
horses, and to those young men who, having as yet no settled method of
their own, nuiy think it well enough to try that which I have futjnd to
answer. Another word about l)its. I am opposed to the uso of severe
bits, and complicated things of that sort. Some of the inventors of such
things say I am prejudiced; but I don't think I am. If a man has a
horse that cannot bo driven with a bar-bit or a snatflc, he may as well sell
him, except it is a very exceptional ease. Wliere are these kinds of
severe complicated bits most in use? Why, in P^ngland; five hundred or
a thousand of them are used there to one that is used here : and where
do the horses trot tho best? These bits are mostly invented by men who
have had no practical experience whatever as to what sort of driving a
fast trotter requires to keep his gait square and bold, and induce him to
do his best when it is called for. When a horse has a good mouth — and
a bad one is almost always the fault of bad breaking and driving — tho
easier the bit you use, tho better he will act for you, and the more speed
he will show you."

Trotting Horses.

It has often been said of Northern and Eastern men, that they do not
take kindly to the saddle. In u sense this is true, especially in the
North. In England tho i)as8ion for riding in the saddle grew up at a
time when there were, so to speak, no roads. In the earlier settlement
of America, throughout the then vast timber region, the same stnte of
things existed ; but a people who settle a new country have something
else to think of than riding to hounds or other pleasure riding. So the
country became settled ; the level or gently undulating nature of the
country rendered good roads passable at light cost, and the absence of
preserves of game, a landed aristocracy, and the improvement in vehicles
for pleasure and use, tended to force public taste in the direction of driv-

! t i

-...«*>.-.BiM*sar!ii*'

902

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

ing. Hence the early appreciation of the trotting horse, and the won-
derful development in speed in this direction.

In the South, racing stock held its own, and does even to this day ; and
nobly have they contested the palm of victory, and successfully, on many
hard fought fields of racing blood in England and our own country. At
the North, however, the trotting horse now reigns supreme. It is the
intention here to present something of the wonderful increase in speed
and endurance of the trotting horse of America, with information of tljc
most celebrated horses that early gave fashion to this style of going, and
a full list of animals and performances, that the reader may see at a
glance the growth of this passion for trotting horses.

EARLY TROTTERS.

Until 1823 we have but little authentic information that regular trot-
ting courses were established, and not until 1830 were fast trotting
courses established. According to Porter's Spirit of the Timet*, the first
public trotting in America for a stake was a match against time for $1,000.

In 1824, A. M. Giles trotted his horse 28 miles in one hour and fifty-
seven seconds. The same year Topgallant and Betsey Baker were
matched to trot three miles in harness for $1,000 a side. The race was
won by Topgallant by 40 yards, in 8 minutes, 42 seconds. Topgallant
also trotted 12 miles on the road in 39 minutes. The "Albany pony"
did a mile in 2 minutes, 40 seconds. The Treadwell mare did one mile
in 2 :34 : and Boston Blue trotted 18 miles within the hour. Boston
Blue is rei^orted to have been the first horse that trotted a mile in three
minutes; it having been done in 1818. So that it will be seen that the
Treadwell marc in 1824 had reduced the time to 2 :34. Yet for many
years after a 2 :40 horse was considered extraordinary, as also was any
horse capable of going on the road in 3 minutes.

In 1827, on the Hunting Park Association of Philadelphia, Screwdriver
won two heats at two miles, beating Betsey Btiker in 8 :02 and 8 :10, the
three best time on record. Dutchman afterwards accomplished the same
distance in 7 :32 1-2, and Lady Suffolk in 7 :4p 1-2.

In 1840, on the Long Island course, Jerry beat Whalebone in a three
mile trotting race, in 8 :23 the first heat, and 8 :15 the second. The best
time for 2 mile heats thnt year was 5 :22, 5 :21 ; for 3 miles, 8 :26, 8 :27,
8:41, 8:56. On long distances Sweetbrier accomplished six miles in
18:52.

In 1834 Edwin Forrest, as yet an unentered horse, trotted his mile in
2 :31 1-2, beating Sally Miller. The course was 1 mile and 10 yards in
length.

In 1835 Dutchman made four miles, under the saddle, in 11 :19 and
10:51, and Dolly, by Messenger, out of a thoroughbred mare, five miles

APPENDIX.

958

to wagon, carrying two men, weighing 310 pounds, in 10:45 ; and imme-
diately was started again to do 10 miles more, ^\h\v\\ she accomplished in
34 :07. The same year the horse Daniel D. Thompkins, under the sad-
dle, trotted three mile heats in 7 :!)[) and 8 :10.

In 1842 Ripton beat Lady Suffolk, at 3 miles in harness, in 5 :07 and
5:17.

In 1843 Lady Suffolk made mile heats in 2:28 1-2, 2:28, 2:28, 2:29
and 2 :32, which was not again ccjualed until 1854, when this record was
covered by Tacony.

In 1844 Cayuga Chief made the first half mile in a race in 1 :15, the
fastest yet made in public ; and Fanny Jenks accomplished 100 miles, in
harness, in 9 hours 38 minutes 34 seconds. The slowest mile was done
in 6 :25 and the fastest in 4 :47. At the end of the race this mare was
driven an extra mile in 4 :23.

In 1849 Lady Suffolk trotted 19 times and won 12, beating Grey Eagle
and Mac twice, Pelham five times. Lady Sutton twice. Trustee four times ;
also beat Black Hawk, Gray Trouble, Plumbay and other horses. This
year a Canadian mare. Fly, is said to have been driven from Cornwall to
M( ntreal, ninety miles, in 8 hours and 15 minutes. Fanny Jenks made
100 miles in 9 hours 38 minutes and 34 seconds. Fanny Murray trotted
one hundred miles in 9 hours 41 minutes 23 seconds.

In 1852 Tacony won 12 races, beating allthe best horses of the day,
making a single mile in 2 :26 ; two miles in 5 :02, and was beaten only
twice. As a 3 year Ethan Allen trotted this year in 3 :20. Flora Tem-
ple this year won her first purse, on the regular turf, in 2 :41.

In 1853 the entire sporting interest was centered in Flora Temple and
Tacony. Flora this year beat all the best horses of the day, winning
seventeen times. Her best time at mile heats was 2 :27, 2 :28, and at 2
mile heats 5 :01 1-2, 4 :59. This year Tacony trotted a mile in 2 :25 1-2.

In 1856 the contest lay principally between Flora Tempte and Lancet.
Flora made 11 races, winning nine, beating Lancet four times in harness,
and Tacony three times in harness, Tacony going under the saddle. This
year Flora Temple lowered the one mile record to 2 :24 1-2.

That the trotting horse of America owes his great powers to the infu-
sion of thorough blood, we have before staated. To Imported Messen-
ger is this due in the greatest degree. Messenger's sire was Ma?nl)rino,
his second sire Engineer, and his third sire Samson. Thence to Blaze,
Flying Childers and the Darlcy Arabian. Samson is reported to have
been coarse and homely, and Engineer rough and coarse, but both of these
horses were of extraordinary substance.

Another great trotting sire of Anierica was imported Bellfounder.
There has been much controversy over his breeding, first and last, but

904

ILLUSTRATRB STOCK DOCTOa.

thut lie was ti f.tiiunoh trotter, nnd ii fjettor of luhiiiniMo lior«(>s, tlicro \n
no doijI)f , f^iviiiir ,s|)!(Midi<l iictioii to his jjct. Still, it imi^t \n) iKlinitlcd
that, iidiiiiralilc jis whh Uidlfouiidcr hiniself, his <j('t was not ('(jual to llic
dcscciidanls of Messenger in all that constitutes speed, enduraiao and
action.

DtnvK^ also het-anio a valuahlc factor in our trotting hlood. Ilis strain
of hidod !ii)|u'ars in the Medley's, Durac Messenger's, Manibrino Chief's
and (Jold Dnst's.

One of lh(> sub-families of Mcssonijor's Mood, Ilamhletonian, wlm
united the i)lood of Messenger and IJcllfounder, has raised the tn)tliii<-
horse of Aniericu to the highest point of perfection. He was not
a handsome horse from a thoroughbred standpoint, if indeed he wan
thoroughbred, which has been doubted. It has been given as follows:

IIanil)letonian was by Abdallah ; ho by Mambrina, a son of Messenger.
The dam of .\.'*dallah, the marc Ama/.oniii. Tlie dani of IIaml)letonian
by imported IJcllfounder ; second dam by ILunbletonian ; third dura,
Silvertail, s.iid to have been by imported Messenger.

In all that constitutes stoutness and ability to perform, in freedom
from tendency to disability, his stock has been wonderful. Noted for
immense and strong joints, length and strength of bone, magniticeut
muscular development, prominent, sijuare, massive build, mighty hips
and excellent barrel, all knit together to form a most admirable frame,
united to a nervous constitution, that reproduced itself in his descendants,
in a most wonderful degree.

In relation to the descendants of the progenitors of the strain of trot-
ting blood, Mr. II. T. Helm, of Chicago, a breeder of good horses, and
a close students in horse history, in his work, " American Koadsters and
Trotting Horses," says of the the trotting horse of to-day : " The com-
bined Abdallah-lJellfounder is a hoi'se of the teens: " (Joldsmith jNIaid,
2:14; Dexter, 2 : 17 1-4 ; Gloster, 2:17; Bodine, 2 : 19 1-4 ; St. Julien,
2 : 22 1-2 ; CJazelle, 2 : 21 ; Fullerton, 2:18; Mountain Boy, 2 : 20 JM ;

Jay Gould, 2:21 1-2; Nettie, 2:18; Startle, . Joe Elliot would

in his opinion, have probably stood as a, bright star in the tirmamciit."
We can add to this our own opinion as a breeder of descendants of Mes-
senger and Bellfounder many years ago, that we never had a disappoint-
ing colt. Tlicy were mighty driving horses, of great bone, muscle and
sinew, of great lung power, and of course of great endurance. Of some
'of the truly great descendants of this blood, the authority previously
quoted says ;

GOLDSMITH MAID,

The Queen of the Trolling Turf, was foaled in 18.57, and is now
nineteen year.-^ old. She was bred by John D. Docker, of Sussex county,

Al'l'ENDIX.

8, tllCl'O Ih

i iulniiUoil
ijiial to the
iraiH'o uiid

I lis struin
iiio Chief's

iiiiiui, will)
10 trotliiig
(! was not.
od ho wuH
follows :
Mcssciif^or.
iiibletonian
:liird dum,

n froodom
Noted for
na<j;iiificeut
i<f|ity liipa
)lo frame,
.sccudanta,

n of Irot-
orsos, and
dstcM's and
Tho com-
iiith i\Iaid,
St. Jnlicn,
2 : 20 ;}-4 ;
liot would
niaiiUMit."
s of Mcs-
lisiippoint-
ii}scl(> and
Of some
previously

id is now
ix county,

055

N. J. Her dam was one of those yeljow-huy mare.-* so ((uuiiion in tho
produce of old Abdullah. She was undersized, fretful, and of a ihmvous
toniperunieiit, and up to the age of six years had performed no work of
any kind, excc|)t to run occasional races about and on the farm, for tho
amusenient of the boys. In iHd.'} she was sold by Mr. Decker for $2(;o •
the purchuser selling her again, on the same day, to Mr. Tompkins, for
$3(50 ; and she was soon afterward !)ought by Mr. Alden Goldsmith, for
$»)()0. The eye of the practical horseman discovered that she was worth
tho handling. He discovered her ability, and soon brought the world to
a knowledge of her value. Under his earc'ul and patient management,
and the skillful drivers employed by him, lie soon displayed such speed
and extraordinary (lualitics of game and endurance, that he was able to
sell hor, at about the age of cloven years, for the sum of $20,000. The
purchasers were li. .lackman and Mr. Hudd Doble, and, under the guid-
ance of the latter, she has steadily advanced in a career of fame that is
without a paralhd in the history of the trotting turf. She was subse-
quently sold, by the two gentlemen last named, to II. N. Smith, for tho
sum of $37,000, and yet remains his property. She has been matched
against all tho great trotters of her period ; and, while she has occasion-
ally lost a race, she has ultimately vanquished all competitors, and stead-
ily lowered tho record for trotting performances, and at the ago of
eighteen, marked tho marvelous, and thus far unapproaclmlile, record of
n mile in 2:14.

Twice during the year 187G she trotted in a race in 2:15, and although
in her first race against the renowned Smuggler she was beaten, she by
no means surrendered her queenly scepter, for again, at Buffalo, she as-
serted her supremacy in the three fastest successive heats on record.
Proudly does she command the sympathy and applause of all beholders
when she hurls at her powerful competitor the defiant challenge, "You
may become King, but I am yet Queen."

It wore useless to mention the names and performances of others ;
there is no name that can bo compared with that of the little bay mare ;
the fame and the radiance of all others pale before the brilliancy of a
renown that followed her to the age of twenty years, and has been wit-
nessed on every great course throughout the expanse of a continent. I
subjoin a description of the Trotting Queen, from tho pen of one of our
most accurate and capable writers :

Goldsmith Maid is a bay mare 15 1-4 hands, no white. She appears,
at first glance, to bo rather delicately made, but this conception is drawn
from the form, rather than tho quality of her make-up. Her head and
neck are very clean and blood-like ; her shoulder sloping and well placed ;
luiddlo piece tolerably deep at tho girth, but so light in the waist as to
give her a tucked-up appearance, and one would say a lack of eonstitu-
61

956

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR

tion, hxx'c for the abundant evidence to the contrary ; loin and coupling
good ; quarters of the greyhound order — broau and sinewy ; her limbs
are cleiin, tine-boned and Aviry ; feet rather small, but of good quality.
She is high uiettled, and takes an abundance of work without flinching.
In her highest trotting form, drawn to an edge, she is alme.st deer-like in
appearance, and wlien scoring for a slart and alive to the emergcncii^s of
the race, with her great flashiu'r eye and dilated n(»strils, she is a perfect
picture of animation and living beauty. Her gait is long, bold and
sweeping, and "he is, in the hands of a driver accjuainted with her pecu-
liarities, a perfect piece < T macliiiiery. She seldom makes an out-and-
out break, but frequently makes a skip, and has been accused of losing
nothing in either case. Aside from the distinction of having trotted the
fastest mile on record, she also enjoys the honor of making the fastest
three consecutive heats ever won in a race, which renders any comments
upon her staying qualities unnecessary.

She continued on t!ic turf until past twenty years old, and after com-
pleting that age she dosed her public career with the year 1S77 by
trotting during tiiat year forty-one heats in 2 :8() or better, and making a
time record of 2:14 1-2. Ilef neord stands at the close of her career at
2:14, with 8.'52 heats in 2:30 or better. Her record and her career arc
the marvel of the ag<>.

DEXTER.

Dexter has been so often described, tiiat the public are familiar with
his aj.nearance. A dark bay or br(>wn gelding, with a white stripe tin;
full length and widvh of his face, and four white legs ; If) hands, 1 incli
high ; his head as finelv cut in its outline as that of Australian or lionnio
Sotland ; an e^-e that does not stand out Avith Mie prominence of tlic
Abdallah eye in Ilainbletonian, Imt one that sp, kles with a glance of
fire that si)caks of that which is back of the orb; his mane and tail arc
medium in fulness, and in form and blood-like api'varance he is hardly
surpassed by that of any thoroughbred of fu'l ago in the country. His
record of 2 :17 1-4 is familiar to all.

JAY GOULD.

Jay Gould is a bright bay horse, of fine mould and finish, 15 hands 2
inches in height ; rather light-appearing in form, but of great and power-
fully formed quarters, and a tolerably fair set of limbs. His head is a
finely formed one, and he has a face that indicates the high degree of in-
telligence that in so .great a measnrc marks this branch of the family.
He has trotted twenty heats in 2 :30 or better, and reached a record of
2 :21 1-2, and in addition is credited with one son, King Philip, a young
horse only five years old, that, has trotted nine heats in 2 :30 or better,
at d reached n lecord of 2 ;23 .

OLOSSABT OP SCIENTIPIC AND OTHER TERMS, WITH THEIR

DEFINITION.

Abdomen — The portion of the body containing the stomach and intes-
tines ; the belly.

Ahnnrmal — That which is not natural or roe:ular.

Ahorlion — Tlie casting of the young in an unnatural manner, and be-
fore the proper time.

Abrade, Abrasion — To rub off, to wear away by contact, as rubbing
off the surface of the skin, producing galls.

Abrupt — Quick, sudden ; an aln-upt turn or twist in the intestine may
produce strangulation of the parts.

AbacenH — A swelling and its cavity containing pus or matter. A cavity
containing pus. , v

Abscission — The cutting away or removal of a part.

Absorb — Swallowing up, drinking in.

Absorbent — In anatomy, those vessels whi(!h imbibe or suck up, as the
lacteals or lymphatics. In medicine, any substance, as chalk, mag-
nesia, etc., used to absorb acidity in the stomach.

Absorption — The taking up by the vessels of the body of any substance
either natural or unnatural, as the scrum of dropsical swellings.

Accelerate — Growing i[uicker or faster, as an accelerated pulse.

Acid — Sour. The last fermentation before the putrid.

Acidulate — To make slightly sour, as with lemon, vinegar, or the
mineral acids.

-4ccre^iOH— Increase, or growing as au exostosis or unnatural growth

of bone.

Aceni — Stony growths of the liver, resembling berries.

Acrid — Sharp, pungent, biting, irritating, as the strong acids.

Acute — Severe, sharp. In diseases, those which soon come to an end
in contradistinction to chronic.

Adhesion — A joining together, as the union of parts hi healing.

Adhesive — That which adheres, as certain plasters.

958

ILLUSTRATED BTOCK UOCTOB.

Adipose — Fatty matter ; belonging to fat.

Aerate — Mixing with air, as the blood in the lungs, by which it ab-
sorbs oxygen.

Affection — Disease, or disease of some particular part.

Affinity — The attraction which causes particles of bodies to adhere
and form compounds. That which causes substances to cohere.

Albumen — Substances, animal and vegetable, resembling the white of

an egg.

Aliment — Solid or liquid substance taken as food.

Alimentary Canal — The bowels.

Alkali — Any substance which will neutralize an acid, as magnesia,
soda, potash, etc.

Alterative — A medicine changing the functions and condition of the
organs of the body.

Analysis — ^To separate into parts, resolving into the original elemer.t3.

Anatomy — ^The ai-t of- dissecting, or separating the different parts of
the body. The science of the structure of the body, as learned by
dissection.

Anchylosis — ^The stiffening or rendering rigid a joint.

Anaesthetic — Agents which deprive of sensation and suffering, as chlo-
riform, ether, etc.

Anodyne — A noiedicine to allay or diminish pain.

Anomalous — Deviating from the general character or rule.

Antacid — Opposed to or an antidote to acids.

Antagonism — Opposed in action ; one contradicting another.

Anterior — Before ; in front of another part.

Anthelmintic — Medicine to kill or expel worms.

Antidote — ^That which counteracts hurtful or noxioi?": substances. A
remedy to counteract the effects of poison.

Antiperiodic — Medicine to arrest or retard the return of a paroxysm in
periodic disease.

Antiseptic — Agents for preventing, arresting or retarding putrefaction.

Anus — The fundament, or lower portion of the bowel at the tall.

Aperient — ^Laxative Medicine ; that which gently oper.ates on the bowels.

Approximate — Coming near to. An approximate cure is by inocula-
ting for another disease.

Aqueous — Watery ; having the property of water, as watery matter,
aqueous pus.

Aromatic — Strong smelling stimulants, given to dispel wind and re-
lieve pain.

Artery — Blood vessels which carry the red blood from the heart.

Articulate — Joining, working together or upon one another, as the
bones.

APPENDIX.

95i>

bailees. A

aroxysm in

^/?/)/iyxm— Death from strangulation of the lungs, from want of air.
A»theiwpia — ^Weakness of the sight or vision.

Assimilate — To make like another ; assimilation of food in the nutri-
tion of the body.
Aiiralrjalus— The largest bone of the hock-joint, lying below the

OS calcis.
Astringent — That which causes contraction of the bowels or vital

structures. Astringents are medicines which suppress discharcres,

as from the bowels, blood, nmcus.
Atfemcate — To draw out, to make thin, reduce in size.
Atrophy — Wasting of a part, as the muscles.
Augmeni — To increase.
Auricle — The external part of the ear ; also parts of the heart, one

on each side resembling ears.
BalJc — To refuse to pull, or to refuse to go forward at command.
Jiase — The lower part, as the base of the brain; the foundation.
Beneath — Under a certain part.
Biliary — Belonging to or pertaining to bile. Biliary duct, a canal

containing bile.
Boot — Buffer, a leather band, worn to prevent one foot cutting the

other in traveling.
Bougie — An instrument for opening the urethra, or urinary, or other

passages.
Bounded — Parts lying about another : surrounded by.
Breeding-in-and-in — Breeding to close relations, in the same sub-

fumily, as the produce of the same sire but of different dams, or of

■he same sire and dam.
Cai''areoas — Containing lime, lime like.
CalculuH — Any hard, solid concretion found in an}'. part of the body,

as st<Mic in the bladder, gall stones, etc.
Calefacient — Anything producing warmth.
Callous — Induration ; a hard deposit ; excess of bony matter.
Cancer — A hard, unequal, ulcerating tumor, which usually proves

fatal.
Canker — Eroding ulcers of the mouth ; virulent, corroding ulcers.

Any sore which eats or corrodes.
Cannon-bone — The shank, or bone below the knee or hock. The met-
acarpal or metatarsal bone of the horse.
Capillary — Hair-like : applied to the minute ramifications of the blood

vessels.
Capsicum — Cayenne pepper. The small, long red pepper.
Capsular Ligaments — Ligaments surrounding the joints.
Capsvle — A membranous bag or sac.

9(?0

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Carbon — Woody matter. Charcoal is impure carbon ; the diamond is

pure carbon. Carbonic acid is expelled from the lungs in the ct of

breathing. Carbonic oxyde in the blood or lungs is fatal to i iV-.
Caries — Ulceration of the substance of the bones.
(7a/*mmi7e>e«— Warming, stimulant, aromatic medicines, used in colic

and wind.
Cartilage — Gristle ; the substuucc covering the ends of bones, moving

nwl working upon each other.
Castrate — ^To geld, emasculate, deprive of the testicles.
Catarrh — A cold attended with running of the nose.
Cathartic — Purgative medicine, used for freely opening the bowels.
Catheter — An instrument used for drawing the water from the bladder
and for other purposes.

Caustic — Any burning agent, as potash, nitrate of silver. To cauter-
ize is to burn, generally applied to the use of the hot iron in diseases.
Cavity — A depression, as the cavil}'^ of a wound.
Cellular tissue — The membrane or tissue which invests every liber of
the bod>', composed of minute cells communicating with each other, aud
"whicli servo as reservoirs of fat.
Cephalic — Pertaining to llie head.
Cerehral — Pertaining to the brain.
Cervical — The neck ; belonging to the neck.

Characteristic — A symptom of character. Characterize, to distinguish.
Chemical — Kelatiug to chemistry.
Chirurfjical — Belonging to surgical art.
Cholar/Offue — Medicines to Increase the secretion of the bile.
Chronic — A lingering, long-standing disease, succeeding the acute

stage. A seated, permanent disease.
Chyle — The milky liquid, as taken from the food during digestion, and

prepared from the chyme, and ready to be absorbed by the lacteal

vessels before being poured forth into the blood.
Chyme — The food modified and prepared by the action of the stomach.
Cicatrice — ^The ecar left after the healing of a wound or ulcer.
Circumscribed — Li m ited .
Cleft — A mark ; di^'ision ; furrow.

Clyster — Liquid medicine injected into the lower intestine.
CoagvJate — ^To clot, as the blood when drawn.
Cohesion — Connected : adhering together ; sticking together.
Coition — The act of copulation ; union of the sexes.
Conception — Fecundation by action of the male.
Condition — A healthy, serviceable state of the system. A firm state

of the muscular tissue.

APPENDIX.

961

Colic— A griping disease of the intestines.

Collapse— A falling together. A closing of the vessels.

Colon— The largest of the intestines, or more properly, the largest divis-

ion of the intestinal canal.
Congenital— Born with another ; of the same birth. Belonging to the

individual from birth.
Congestion— An accumulation of clogged blood in the vessels, or in the

parts, as the lungs, brain, etc.
Constrict -Brawing or binding together, as constriction of the muscles

of a part.
Contagiom — A disease that may be communicated by contact, or the

matter communicated, or proceeding from the breath or emanations

of the body.
Contorted — Twisted, twisting, writhing, as the body in i)ain, or from th^

result of disease.
Contmion — A bruise ; a wound matle by a blow or bruise.
Convex— ll^y'mg a rounded surface. The opposite of concave.
CopiouH — Plentiful, abundant, as a copious discharge.
Coronet~T\iQ> upper part of the hoof, Just where it joins the skin.
Cranium — The skull. Cranial : pertaining to the skull. '

Crest — The back or upper part of the neck of the horse. '

Crupper — The buttocks of a horse.
Crural — Pertaining to the legs, as the crural arteries and the cruraJ

veins.
Crust — The hoof, so-called. The outside lamina) of the hoof.
Cul-De-Sac — A passage closed at one end.
Cutaneous — Of the skin, as a cutaneous affection.
Cyst — A small bladder or sac, ajiplied to those containing parasites,

which become encysted, or inclosed in an envelo'je.
Debility — The condition of weakness or feebleness.
Decoction — A Huid formed by boiling in water.
Decompose — The act of decaying. To separate into component parts.
Degenerate — To become worse or inferior.
Deleterious— Thai which is injurious, poisonous or destructive.
Delirium — Insanity; loss of the senses, or a wandering of them iu

disease.
Demulcent — That which sheathes and protects irritated surfaces.
Dermal — Belonging to the skin.
Dessicate — To dry. To make dry. Drying by heat.
Detergent — Medicines having the power of cleansing the vessels or the

skin.
Develop — ^To increase. A disease develops its intensity. To show

increasing muscular form. Bringing to perfection.

962

ILLUSTRATED ST'^CK DOCTOR.

Ttabet-js — An cs ^ssivo flow of urine containing sacliarine matter.

j^'ii/ynoAM'—T! 3 > inguishing of one disease from another.

^Haphorefia — Mt: ines which cause perspiration or sweating.

i. tpftrajx—T ic midriflF. The membrane, or brain muscle, which divides
thb i^.i'-ax or chest from the abdomen or belly.

Diarrhoea-— X contimied and profuse discharge from the bowels.

Diffuse— To extend or drive out. That which may flow or spread, as u
diflfusJble stimulant.

Digestion — T'le separation and dissolving of the food in the stomach.
Digestive ointment has the power of resolving tumors.

Dilate — To open wide, as dilation of the eye.

Dislocation — Putting out of joint.

Dilatation — The expanding of a body, as of the heart, sirteries, the blad-
der, etc., from over-fullness.

Dilute — To make thin, as a medicine with water, with oil, et<5.

Diminution — To make less, to decrease, as of pain.

Distort — Deformed, crooked, out of the natural shape.

Distend — To stretch out, or swell.

Diuretic — Medicines to increase the flow of urine.

Dorsal — Pertaining to tlie back. The dorsal euiumn ; the back-bone.

Drastic — Powerfully acting medicines or poisons.

Duct — A tube for conveying a fluid or the secretions of the glands.

Duodenum — The first portion of the small intestine, and through which
the bile is poured.

Dysphazia — Difficulty of swallowing.

Dyspna:a — Difficulty of breathing.

Echolic — Parturients. — Agents causing the contraction of the womb.

Effusion — A flowing out, an of the blood, water or lymph, into the tissues.

Ejection — Casting out, as ejecting improper matters from the stomach.

Elastic — The property of springing or stretching.

Embryo — The impregnated ovum in the womb after growth has com-
menced.

Emetic — Medicines given to produce vomiting.

Emollients — Agents which have the power of softening or relaxing.

Enamel — The hard outer covering of the teeth.

Enema — Medicines given by injection into the bowels.

Enteric — Belonging to the bowels.

Enteritis — Inflammation of the bowels.

Epidemic — Disease tiat aff^ects a large number, us though carrietl in the
air.

Epiglottis — The covering of the glottis. A tongue-shaped projection, to
prevent food or liquids from entering the wind-pipe.

Eruption — Pimples, blisters, rash, etc., breaking out on the skin.

APPENDIX.

96k

ich (lividcH

e Btomaoh.

I has com-

Uiophagus— The guUet, or tube of the throat which conveys food to
the stomach.

Evacuate— To empty or pass ont, as, to evacuate the bowels.

Ewe-necked— In the horse, having a neck like a shorn sheep.

Exanthema — Eruption of the skin with fever.

Excoriate— To tear or strip off the skin ; to wear away or abrade ; to
break the skin in any manner, as in galling or with acrid substances.

Excrement — Befuso matter. The dung.

J?rcrMcence— Unnatural or superfluous growth.

Excreting — Throwing out from the body.

i7xcn"ejo»— Separating the fluids of the body by means of the glands.

iJxAa/e— Breathing out, evaporating.

Uxo«f08t»— Unnatural growth or projection of the bone.

Extensor -tendon — The tendons which stretch out the limbs.

Extravasate — To let flow from the proper vessels, as in bleeding.

Extremities — The limbs, so-called.

Exude — To discharge through the pores.

Facial — Pertaining to the face.

Faces — The excrement.

Farcy — A disease of the lymphatics of the skin of the horse. Also a
disease allied to glanders.

Febrifuge — Medicines to lower the temperature of the body and counter-
act fever.

Feculent— Fonl or impure matter, formed by the breaking down of the
tissues, excremeutitious matter.

Femur — The thigh bone proper.

Fermentation — Incipient decomposition of vegetable substances from
souring.

Fibrin — An organic substance found in the blood and composing a
large part of the tissues of the body. Fibrous membrane— a mem-
brane composed of fibers.

Fibula — The small or splinter bone of the hind leg. The outer and les-
ser bone of the leg ; much smaller than the tibia.

Fissure — An opening, a crack.

Fistula — A deep, narrow ulcer, having a pipe leading to it. Fistulous,
Like a pipe.

Flatulent— The generation of gas or wind in the stomach and intestines,
as in flatulent colic.

Flex — ^To bend, as the head, neck or limb ; as a muscle flexing the arm.

Flexor — A muscle whose office it is to bend a part ; in opposition to
extensor.

Florid— Bod or scarlet like, from excess of blood ia a part.

$64

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOOBOB.

Fomentation~ThQ applicatiou of warmth and moisture, as with a liquid

or poultice.
Forceps — Long pointed pincers or nippers.
Fracture — The brealting of a bono.
Friction— Exciting circulation by rubbing.
Fumigate— The ajjplication of smoke or vapor.
Function — The office or duty of any part of the body.
Fundament— The anus or extremity of the bowel. The end of the gut.
Fungus— An uuiiaturul growth resembling mushrooms.
Gangrene— The mortification or death of any part of the body, or of any

of its tissues.
Oas— An enianntion, or invisible fluid, generated in the body.
Gastric — Pertaining to the stomach.
Gelatine — Animal jelly.
Gemelliparous — Producing two at a birth.
G'eMo-flfe— To beget offspring. Generative; employed in begetting or

producing young; breeding.
Genital— ReVdiiu'^ to re[)roductioii of young, or to generation.
Gland— A structure for secreting certain fluids of the body, and con«

taining a tube.
Glottis—The narrow opening at the top of the windpipe.
Grnnulate—Mat'icv resembling grains, in the healing of wounds, and

new flesh.
Gravid— The state of being with young.
Gullet — The esophagus or food pij)o leading to the stomach.
Haggard — Worn down; thin; ghastly; deathlike.
iTfcmfli— Ilelating to the blood.
Hasmatin — The coloring matter of the blood.
Haunch— Thai part of the body which lies between the last ribs and the

thigh. In the horse, the bony region of the hips.
Haw — The process of the eye-socket, which is thrown over the eye to

clear it of foreign substances.
Hectic — A constitutional and remitting fever exhibited in consumption;

produced also by ulcers, sores, etc.
Hemorrhage — A discharge of blood from the vessels containing it.
Hepatic — Belonging to the liver.
Hepatized — Converted into a liver-like substance.
Hereditary — Inbred from the parents, as disease, color, vices and other

peculiarities.
fl«e-— Color.

Humerus — ^The upper arm-bone ; upper bone of the fore-leg.
Hytiterics — A nervous disability, confined to females, sometimes attack*

ing males.

APPENDIX.

965

8 and other

Illeum—Th6 lower part of the small intestine.

Incision— Qntiing into, a clean cut, cutting as in any operation pet-
formed.
Induration — A hardening, as a hard tumor.
Incisors — The front teeth of the jaws.

J»/ec<ion— Communicating disease by miasma or emanations from a dis-
eased body.
Ingested — Food taken in.

Inject— To throw in artificially, as from a syringe.
JnocMia/to»— Producing tlie same disease by virus or matter from a sore

communicated from one animal to another.
Instinct — Sense, as applied to animals.
Interfering— The cutting of one foot or leg with the other.
Interstice — The minute spaces between the particles of a body.
Intestines— Tho bowels. The alimentary canal leading from the stomach

to the anus.
Invert — To turn about or upside down.
Invigorators — Strengthening medicines, or agents.
Jejunum — A part of the small intestines.

Jet— The peculiar flow of blood from the arteries, or spurting motion.
Jugular — The large veiji of the neck.
Lacerate — To tear. A lacerated wound, is a torn wound.
Laclirynal — Pertaining to the tears. The lachrymal duct is the duct

leading from the eye to the membrane of the nose.
Lamella — A small plate of anything ; pertaining to the anatomy of the

hoof.
Languor — Weakness, faintness, debility.
Laryngitis — Inflammation of the larynx.
Larynx — The swell at the upper part of the wind-pipe, and extending

into the throat.
Lateral — At, or to the one side.
Laxative — A mild, loosening purgative.
Lens — A portion of the eye.

Lesion — Disease of a structure ; any hurt or injury.
Ligament— T\\G bands of the joints. That which binds together. The

fibrous structure of the bones.
Lohe — A division of an organ, as of the brain, lungs or Uver.
£ooai— Confined to a certain part.
Lnhricate— To moisten, as the lubrication of the joints and moving parts

by their appropriate fluids.
Lymph— A transparent and nearly colorless fluid. The fluid contained

in and poured out by the lymphatics.
Lymphatio—The vessels of animal bodies which contain the lymph.

Il»

ILLUBTBATED STOCK DOOTOE.

Macerate— Steeped almost to solutlou. Tlioroagh soaking of a part in

water previons to I'isseution.
Malady — Disease or ailment.
Malar — Pertaining to the cheek bone.
Malander— All ulcerous condition en the inside of the legs.
Malformation — Badly or unnaturally shaped or formed.
Malignant — Severe; long; dangerous disease.

Mediastinum — The partition formed by the meeting of the |)Ienra, divid-
ing the chest into two lateral parts.
JfcrfwMarj/— The marrow ; pith; a soft substance.
Membrane — A thin animal tissue. Thin covering of the brain, bones mid

other organs.
Mental — Relating to the mind. The reasoning faculty.
Mesentary—T\ie membrane which attaches the intestines to the spine.
Metastasis — The transference or removal of disease from one ]>art to

another, or such change as is succeeded by a solution.
Morbid — A state of disease; an unnatural state, as morbid humors; a

failing, sinking state.
Mortification — The death of a part from gangrene.
Mucilage— A jelly-like fluid ; one of the proximate elements of vege-
tables, abundant in slippery elm; the agent which lubricates the

joints.
Mucus— The substance secreted by the mucous membranes, and effused

upon the surfaces of the membranes, as the running of the nose in a

cold.
Muscles — The lean or flesh; the organs producing the active movements

of the body.
Narcotic — Drugs which allay pain and produce sleep.
Nauseants — Medicines that sicken the stomach.
Nephrites — Inflammation of the kidneys.
Nerves — The fibrous system, which convey sensations to and througii

the body.
JTcrtJOMs— Having weak nerves.

Neutralize— DeBtToyiiig the force or effect of anything.
Nitrate of Silver — Lunar caustic.
Nutritive— Thai which builds up ; strong, healthy food.
Nutrition— The process by which the food taken is assimilated ; to repair

waste and promote growth.
Obesity — Exceeding fatness.
Oblique — Slanting.
Ocular — Belating to the eyes.
Omentum — The caul. A fold of the peritoneal membrane, covering the

Intestines in front, ard attached to the stomach.

*--#?

APPENDIX.

967

inovenieutB

Optic- Relating to the sight, ub the optic nerve ; relating to the htws of
vision. ■

Organ— The natural instrument by which a process or function is car-
ried on.

Organic— Composed of organs. Organism. The living body.

Origin — The beginning or first existence of a thing.

Os — The technical name for bone.

Oa Calcis — The tip of the back.

Osseous — Bone like.

Os Cheocele — Scrotal hernia. Any tumor of the hernia.

Ossification — Changing to bone. Bony formation.

Oxydation — The change formed by tlie action of air on any substance.
The changing of the black or venous blood into red or arterial bloort
in the lungs.

Pabulum — That which is proper for food.

Pachydermata—A thick-skinned animal, as a horse, ox, man, etc.

Palate — The roof of the mouth.

Panacea — A supposed universal cure. A medicine applicable to many
cases.

Pancreas — The narrow, flat gland extendi, g across the abdomen, some
times called callet or sweet-bread.

Paroxysm — In disease, a recurrence coming on after an intermission
Chills and fever are paroxysmal.

Parturition — The act of bringing forth young.

Patella — The knee pan.

Pathology — Pertaining to the nature and constitution of disease.

Pectoral — Pertaining to the breast, as the pectoral muscles. In medi'
cine, that which is adapted to relieve affections of the breast and
lungs.

Pectin — The gelatinizing principle of certain fruits and vegetables.

Pepsin — A substance secreted in the stomach of animals. The active
principle in rennet.

Pfpftc— Promoting digestion ; relating to digestion.

Pericardium — The serous membrane of the heart.

Periohrondrium — The membrane covering the cartilages.

Pericranium — The raembrame lining the bones of the skull.

Periosteum— The fibrous membrane investing a bone.

Peritoneum — The serous membrane lining the cavity of the abdomen.

Permeate— Thai which may freely invest or pass through without rup-
ture or sensible displacement. Water permeates sandi; light perme-
ates glass.

P*aryruc— The opening or tube at the back part of the mouth which
leads to the stomach*

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOOTOSi

Phlebotomy— The operatiuu or act of bleeding.

Flaccnta — The ineiubraiio covering the young in the womb.

Plethora— X full habit of body ; full of blood.

Pleura — Tlie Herons nienibnino lining tlio interior of the ehest, covering

tno lungs, reflecting and lubricaling them into its secretions.
PlcxtiH—Awy union of vessels, nerves or fibers ii lu* form of not work.
Prc(litipotit!~A» likely to occur; iucliniug to, a» being i)redi8|>osed to

diseuse.
2V«t7'««— l*roniinence; ii jjrojecting purt; any protuberance, euiiuenco

or i)rojecting bone.
Pr«/M«6'— Abundant, plentiful ; ns a profuse discharge.
ProffnoMiH — The art of judging by the symptoms the probable course of

a disease.
ProlnpsitH Uteri — Falling of the wond).
Prolapsus Recti — Falling of the rc(!tum.
Pulnwnartf — Having reference to the lungs.
Puhatc — A beating or throbbing.
Puhe — The action or beat of the arteries.

Pumivcx — The letting down or falling of the coffin bono on the sole.
Puncture — Any orifice n\ado with a i)ointed instrument.
Pupil — The ball or apple of the eye through which the rays of light pass

to the clirystaline humors.
Purgative — Any medicine having the power of operating strongly on tho

bowels.
P««— Tiie matter flowing from a tumor when lanced, or from Bores.

Healthy pus is yellowish white iu color and secreted in the process of

healing.
Putrefaction — The act of decomposition ; corruption ; rotten.
Pylorus — The lower and right orifice of tho stomach through wliich tho

food passes to the intestines.
Quiescent — At rest. Showing no pain. Making no sound.
Quack — A i)retender in medicine. A charlatan.
Qualmish — Sickness at the stomach; nausea.

Quittor — An ulcerous formation inside tlie foot of the nature of a fistula.
Rabies — Madness ; affected with hydrophobia.
Bachitis — Inflammation of the spine ; rickets. This is a corruption of

rachitis.
Ramify — Branched ; running in various directions.
Rancid — A rank, strong smell. Incipient putrefaction.
Raphe— A seam or suture.

Receptacle — That which receives or contains another.
Rectum — The last intestine. The anal gut.
Refrigerint — Medicines or lotions to diminish heat.

8t, covering

IIH.

if net work,
disposed to

e, oiuiucuco

o course of

ho sole.

jf light pass

ngly on the

from fiorcH.
i process of

1 which the

of a fistula,
(rruption of

APPENDIX.

Regurgitftte— The act of tlirowing or pouring Imck, as wind.

Relax — To abate; bceonui more mild, or Iohh rigorous.

iife>mi7few<— (.'casing for a time, as a fever or ti pain.

Riproduvtion — l*rodueiiig again ; broediug.

Respinition — The act of breatliing.

i?t><<?Hn"<)M— Stopping, holding, as retention of tlie urine.

Retina— Thv> part of thd e>e in which tlie im;jge is produced in the aet
of Boeing, or vision.

RickvU — A diseased state of tlie bones.

liijtuhion—lw physics, that power by whicii particles or bodies arc mado
to roeode from each otln-r.

J^cmm/om— The union of parts sejja rated by a wound or accident.

iSflCTrt/— Tlelonging to the os saernrn.

iS«/tHf— That which is salt, or confaining salt in solution.

iSfa/ira— The secretion of tiio salivary jilands, wiii(;li nu)istcns the food
iu chewing ; also keeps the mouth and tongue moist. Salivation. Th«>
act of |)rodncing an increased ll«)w of saliva.

Sntujuiuifimtion — The process of producing blood from chyle.

iS'anjVrtrj/— Kelating to the preseivation of liealth.

Saphena—^l'A^ov and minor — veins of the hind leg.

Scaphoid -^\\i\\wiX liked a boat, as the navicular bone.

Sclerotic — Tlie thick, hard, white outer coat of the eyo.

Sciatica — A rheumatic att'ection of tlic hip.

Scar — To burn with a hot iron ; actnal cautery.

Secretion — The separation of various substances from the blood.

Sedative — Agents to depress nervous power, or lower circulation.

Scnsorium — The seat of sensation. An orgsiu which receives an impres-
sion. Sensitive, havlug feeling. Sensitive lamella?, the lamellte of
the cotlln bone.

Septic —Promoting putrefaction. The poison of dead bodies, iu contra-
distinction to that of living ones called virus.

Serum — The yellowish watery i)ortiou of the blood remaining after
coagulation.

Shank— The bone of the log from the knee to the ankle.

Sialogogue — Medicine to promote the flow of ealiva.

Sinm — An orifice or canal containing poison matter.

SlinJc — The act of aborting; producing young before the natural time.

iSf/oM^/i— (pronounced sluff'.) To fall away, separate from iu disease, as m
or in mortified parts.

SocJcct — The depression or process in which an organ works on another.

Soporific — Medicine to induce sleep.

/Sfpamodit— Spasms, as cramping, fits, etc. Colic pains recurring at in-
tervals.

970

ILLUSTRATED STOCK J)OCTOE.

Spinal— IRelaiing to the back-bone or spine.

Splint — An excrescence in the shank-bone. Splint-bone, one of th«

bones of the leg.
Spontaneous — A growth occurring without apparent cause.
iSporacf/c— Separated, scattered ; occurring here and there, as sporadio

causes of disease.
Sternum- -The breast-bone.
Stimulants — Agents to temporarily excite the nervous or circulatory

system.
Stomachics — Agents to promote digestion.

Strangulated — Chocked ; stoppage of the circulation in any part.
Strangury — Stopping of a pas&t fje.
(SfrJcfMre— Stoppage or obstruction of a passage of the body, by morbid

or spasmodic action.
Stupor — A dull, sleepy, (itupid sensation. Loss of sensation.
Styptic — An astringent having the property of restraining or stopping

bleeding.
Sudorific — That which will cause perspiration or sweating.
Suppuration— The process of forming pus or matter ; the result of inflant-

mation.
Suture — A stitch or fastening on joining together.
Symmetry — Well proportioned, handsomely and stoutly formed.
Synovia — A fluid resembling the white of an egg, secreted at the joints

and articulations, for the purpose of lubricating them. Joint-oil, so

vailed.
Tegument — A covering. The skin. Integument, a membrane or skin,

which invests a particular part.
Tendon— The dense, fibrous structure in which a muscle ends, and by

which it is joined to a bone.
Tent — A pledget or plug introduced into a wound.
Tenuity — The property of being thin, as rarifled air.
Tergal — Belonging to the back. Tergum, the back.
Testicle — The seed. The gland containing the seminal fluid.
Tlierapeutic-ThoX part of medicine which relates to the discovery and

application of remedies for diseases. The use of diet and medicines.
Thorax— The chest, or that part of the body between the neck and

abdomen.
Ttfcm— The large bone of the hind leg.

Tonic — ^.Agents which gradually and permanently improve the system.
Tonsil — An oblong gland situated on each side of the fauces, terminated

by the larynx and pharynx, at the rear of the mouth and having

excretory ducts opening into the mouth.

one of th«

as sporadic

circulatory

part.

, by morbid

}r stopping

lit of inflaia-

ed.

t the joints

Foiut-oil, so

ne or skin,

ads, and by

covery and
medicines.
) neck and

e system,
terminated
lud having

APPENDIX.

971

Tor«iow— Twisting. The act of turning or twisting, as in drawing a

tooth with the turnkey.
Trachea— Thti windpipe.
Tractile— That which may be drawn out.
Trcrt'J— Tramping upon, as the tread of one hoof upon the other. The

part of the hooi:' resting on the ground.
Tuhcr — A rounilad projection of a bone.
Tubercle— X sin ill tumor, as tubercles in the lungs.
Tumor— X swelling or enlargement, generally appUed to those which
are permanent.

Ulcer — A running sore.

Ulna — The larger of the two bones of the arm.

Ulterior— Bi^yond a time or division. A last result.

Uniciform—CaTved or crooked, as a clam or the finger nail.

Ureter— ThQ tube or canal conveying the urine from the kidneys to the.
bladder.

l/rtrta/'^— Pertaining to the urine.

Uterus — The womb.

r^scK^flr— Pertaining to the vessels of animal and vegetable bodies, as
the vascular functions. The arteries, veins, lacteals, and the like,
compose- the vascular system. Animal flesh is vascular. Highly
organized.

Venesection — Lotting blood by opening a vein. '

Fc/(OH.v— Pertaining to the veins, or contained in the vein.

Ventral — Pertaining to the abdomen or belly.

Vermifuge— 'SlGilivAiiGa or agents to kill or expel worms.

Vertebra— A division or separate bone of the spinal column.

Vertex— Tho, top of the head.

Vesicle —A small blister. Any membranous cavity.

Villi' Fine, small fibres. Villous, abounding with minute fibres, as the
inner nuicous membrane of the stomach and intestines, called the vil-
lous coat, from its abounding with villi or minute hairs.

Virulent — A dangerout disease ; poisonous.

Virus — Contagious or infectious matter.

Viscera — Tlie organs contained in any cavity of the body, particularly
of the head, thorax and abdomen.

Viscid — Any gluey, sticky or tenacious substance not easily separable.

Vision— The act of seeing.

F//rt/— Having or containing life. Necessary to life.

Virifij— To bring to a vital state.

FM/Ht'Cflry— Plants, lotions, ointments, drugs or other substances useful
in the healing of wounds.

Wale— To move slowly on the feet, as in walking.
G2

972

ILLUSTEATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Wane— To decrease, as in a fever.

Warbles— SmaW, hard tumors on the back of a horse, from irritation of

the saddle. The tumor occasioned by the depositing of the eggs of

the gad fly in the baclis of horses and cattle.
Warts—Spongy excrescences on various parts of the body.
Whining— To utter the call of the horse. To neigh.
Withers— The high process of the vertebra between the back and neck.
Xerodcs — Any tumor attended with dryness.
Xeromrjrum—A dry ointment.
Xerotcs—A dry habit of body, a dry disposition.
Xiphoid— Qyf Old like. A small cartilage at the botiom of tho breast-
bone.
Xyster — A surgeon's instrument for scraping bones,
lleosf^— Frothy, foamy, spumy ; as yeasty pus or matter.
Yoiinfj— The offspring of animals.
Zarnich—A name applied to the native sulphurett of arsenic, sandarach,

or realgar, and orpiment.
^em— The gluten of maize.
Zigzag—YLaVmg very short turns.
Zoology— Thai part of natural Instory which treats of tho structure,

habits, classification and habitations of animals.
Zoonomy— The science which treats of tho phenomensi of animal life,

their causes and relations.
Zygomatic — Pertaining to the bone of the head, called also os yagale or

cheek-bone, or to the bony aiclx uuder which the temporal muscle

: and neck.

ILLUSTRATIONS

PAGE.

Horse, skeleton of. 23

" loiiXitiidinal section of. 29

Horse's lieuJ, vertical section of 27

Horec, bones of tlie foot 23

" " " " sectional view of 23

" foot and lower leg, vertical section ol og

" external parts of ;]0

Good farm or every-day horse 40

Liglit liunting horse 43

Heavy " 43

English roadster 4^

" coach horse 45

" race horse. Eclipse 51

Norman Percheron stallion 57

" " mare 5S)

Shetland ponies 07

Slialoa 75

Dervish 7(J

Golddiist 77

Poitou ass 85

Horse's head with bearing-rein 100

" without " 100

Team of the cruel and Improvident master 123

" " kind and careful master 1"23

Barn o*" the provident master 12||

Farmer Unthrift's barn 128

" " home 126

Tlie barn of the cruel master 127

Model halter on model colt 127

Team of the kind master 123

" " cruel m.ister 128

Shiftless man's door-yard gate 123

" " field gate 128

Htgh-bred roadster 133

Finely bred roadster ^^

Good family horse ^'^

Proportions of the horse '3.1

Cleveland Bay '37

Onldsmlth Maid. , '""^

Movement iu trotting ^'**

974

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

PAGE

Fine trotter lii light liarncss 144*

Good form for saddle horse 145

Horse of good aelioii ]J(i

Jlod'.'l form lor speed in running 118

Progression of blind horse l."l

Movement in wallilng „ irKJ

Side and front view of heads, good 1G2

" " bad 103

iSide view of fore-quarters, showing gocid shnulcler KH

" " " l)ad conformation 1(18

Front view, showing breast and limbs, good Ki?

" of lore-quarter:^, showing bad conlormations loj)

Good hind-quarters 172

Side view ot hind-quarters 174

Back view of hind-quarters 175

" '• bad 17t;

External manifestations of disease 184

First stage ol confirmed £. ;aso exudation 11)1

Second •' " '• 101

Horse affected with surfeit 19!)

One of the causes of hide-bound in horses 205

Poll-evil during first stage 2l(i

" " second stage 217

Slight enlargement, wliieli may end in Hstulous withers 22i)

Fistulous withers, worst stage 220

A fit subject lor founder or bronchitis 24!)

A horse dressed tor bronehitis 250

A cough of incurable bronchitis 252

</ase of congestion 252

Posltiou assumed by horse with an attack ol pneumonia 251$

Horse's head with cold , 258

" " " lymphatic gland swollen 25!)

" ' '• the throat blisiered 2('.l

Seton in the Ihroat of a horse 201

A horse quidding 202

The act of coughing 20^

Bit bearing upon jaw 200

Confirmed Influenza 2()7

Opening the abscess of strangles 271

The first stngn of spasmodic colic 274

'J'he second stage ol " " 274

The third stage of " " 275

The first stage of llatulent " 276

Hor-e dying fil 11 unk-nt colic 270

Aestrus hemorrhoidalia 287

'* •'gg*'i Icrvieand fly 278

Nose strained upward 280

\pplication of an ammonical blister 28l

Horse suffering from acute gastritis 282

''^nnatnral attitude Indicative ol abdominal Injury 280

Position assumed by horso suffering from abdominal Injury 280

Test for hemorrhage of the lungs 288

Colt picking hair from its leg, giving proot of worms 28!)

Sgoiptoms attending disease of urinary organs 295

Test for inllauimaikm of the kidneys ...^mmow..... '296

ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE
.. 144*
.. 145

.. UQ

.. U8
.. 151
~ 15(i
.. 102
.. 103
. 1G4
.. 1(10
.. 107
.. 103
.. 172
. 174
. 175
. 170
. 184
. 11)1
.. 11)1
. 1!)!)
. 205
. 210
. 217
. 2l>i>
. 220
. 240
. 250
. 252
252
. 253
258
250
201
201
202
2(ia
200
207
271
274
274
275
270
270
2.S7
278
280
2bil
282
280
280
288
289
295
296

Horse suffering from bloody urine

Position asi-umecl bv horse having ulbuminous urine.

Dorse sullcring wiui tooth-ache

Burning for lampas

Efl<'cts of cruel use of bit

Apliia

975

i'AGR.

.... 298
.... 290
.... 308
.... 309
.... 311

Countenance of ahorse with rabies

Destructive impulse of hydrophobia ,

Horse (luring the mad stage of staggers

Expression characierlstic of megrims

A lior?c dying with abscess within the briini
A horse mad from inflammation of the brain.
Te^t for tetanus

312

328
329
332
337
;i42
342
347

Slings for tetanus or fractured limb 3^3

Mode offeedinghor.se with chronic tetanus !,! 7 349

Showing how far a horse with tetanus is capable ol nnition .^j)

r )rse having string-halt g-.^

Mode of blinding a horse and applyhig lotion to the eye ;j5g

Extirpation of the eye 300

Obstruction of the lachrymal gland 3(;i

Eye effected by gutta serena 302

Foot, incapable of being raised from ground by reason of spavin 307

Natural position of loot when raised from the griiiiiid during an easy trot 307

Clo.'.ing crack in hoof 38j

Acute fever in the feet. 3^5

Tlie low choke 404

Manner of using setou needle 4Q(j

A horse sulTering from drastic poison 410

Tumor caused by curb chain 420

How to hear the sound made in a horse's windpipe 424

Internal hemorrhage 425

Horse sufl'ering from partial paralysis of the hind legs 420

Teeth of ox at age of live years 449

Section of head of ox 440

Devon ox 4';1

Devon bull 45(

North Devon cow 4.i3

Devon working ox 455

Hereford bull 453

Hereford cow and calf. 401

Sussex cow 404

Durham bull and cow,old style 460

Shorthorn cow, in outline 468

bull 471

" cow, "Gala" 473

Yearling Shorthorn bull 475

Shorthorn cow, "Diana" 476

" bull, "Hiawatha" 479

" cow "Rosamond" 480

Points of Shorthorn bull 482

Jersey bull, "Comet" ■ 492

A trio of Jerseys 494

Model cow, perfection, points illustrated 497

Jersey bull " " " 499

Jersey cow BOX

976

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

PAOK.

Jersey heifer 0U2

Modern Ayrshire cow .j|)j

Dolstelnoow (VJIJ

llolstcin heifer 525

Holslein bull lYiO

" •' of theCbenery iiillklii<( stock ii'Mi

Polled Angus cow 5;)!)

A Texas steer 542

Modified Tcxans, or Clieiokeo cattle 544

1 Workiiiw by iHain force 571

Results of bad haiulliiig 574

" of good haiulliiiif 575

To prevent u cow Iroiii kicking 577

•' " sucking 577

Harness to prevent sucking 578

To prevent hooking 578

A primitive tackle, but good trainer , 579

Old etylcfann yard 5S4

Furuier Thriftless' mode ot protection 585

•' Thrilty's mode ol piotection 585

Primitive protection 585

Main floor of dairy barn 588

Plan of stables in basement 5'JO

Cattle-feeding basement 5i)0

Basement of dairy barn 51)1

A pastoral scene 5!)9

Earl Spencer's prize ox iVii

Outline of fat bullock (i2()

Milk mirror of Jerseys 030

Great milk mirror on Holstein cow 032

Ground plan of model creamery ')45

Application of steam to tlio nostrils 0()7

Nose bag for steaming 008

Malignant catarrh, second or sloughing stage 0!)5

Skeleton of thv. ox 0!)8

Points of slurp 710

Leicester ewe and lamb 717

Leicester mm 718

glieared Cotswold ram 721

Group of Cotswold ewes 720

gheari d Cotswold ewe 722

Yearling Cotswold 723

Cotswold ewes 723

New Oxford*hlro ewe 724

Black-laeed Highland sheep 725

Highland sheep 720

Dorset ram 727

Soutlidown rnm 72!)

Hampshire Down 728

Shearling Oxford Down 72!)

Group of American Merinos 730

Merino ram 732

" ewe 733

Division of wool 734

Convenient feeding trough lor tlu> p 740

ILLUSTRATIONS.

977

Allowed to Phlfb for itself. '**<'■•

fctcl.

Wintirtd Willi <r(io(l kIicIIlt anil

Skt'k'toii of L( ici'stcr Bhocp

Skull of ft poUiil f-hwy)

lli'uti of f'hi'rp, voiliciil yt'ciiipii..

A bad case of pcub

Olfl China boar

China sow

Btikshiro boar

E-^fX boar

Sliort-laci'd Laneaf-lilre liojfs....

Poland-Cliina boar

Chester whito hogs

Improvt'il Cheshire

Backwoods hog

Berkshire sow, breeder

Hazel Bplider, sow

Breeder in good <' '-li, sow y^j

Arkansas tooth picks ^q^

Skeleton of the hog ' " gQj

741
741

747

749
749
75(3
7G8
769
771
773
776
778
780
782
785
789
700

Crevc Ccpur cock and hen.

819

Mexican wild Turkey g2()

Embdeii or Bremen geese g2i

Aylesbury ducks g23

Gallus Sonnerntli 324

Head of sliigle-waliled Brahma fowl g25

" Breda or Gueldre g25

White Dorking cock g28

Gray English Dorkings P29

Dominique lowl ;j3q

Plynioulh Rock fowls 831

Bucks County (I'a.) fowls {,32

Black Hamburg fowls 833

Goldeii-peneilled Hamburg- 834

Silver penciled Hamburg.- 835

White Leghorns 830

Standard While Leghorn? 837

Black Spanish fowls 838

Hondan hen KJ9

La Fleche fowls 840

Creve f Jenur fowls 841

Buff Cochin cock 842

•' " hen 843

Partridge Cochins 844

White Cochin fowls 846

Dark and Light Brahma* 847

Pair of Silky fowls 849

Breda cock and hen 850

Brown Breasted R'd Game 851

Earl Derby Game 852

Duck Winged Game fowls 853

White Gcorginn Games 854

Seabright Bantam-^ • 855

Barren FuU-feiithered heu 856

178

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

PAOR.

Japanese Bantam cock 857

" " pullet 857

Point! of poultry ., 859

Points of head of cock 859

Analysis of wing plumngc 860

Points of the fowl 801

Illustration siiowing points 802

Breeding to type 8W

Fountain for poultry 870

Wild turkey 872

Common turkey 873

Ocelated turkey 874

Bronze turkey 876

Guinea fowl 87C

Peacock 877

Rouen duck 879

Aylesbury and Rouen ducks compared 880

Gray Call ducks 881

Cayuga Black ducks 882,884

Black East Indln ducks 883

Aylesbury ducks 885

Embden geese 887

Toulouse gees*' 888

Hong Kong geese 879

White C.iina geese 890

African goose 891

Anatomy of the hen 898

Bone of leg and foot of fowl 898

Back of the bam 902

Chart for telling age of horses (40 iiiustiations) 36

Chart for telling age of cattle (13 illuslrutions) 448

PAGX.

857

■ 850

859

800

801

862

804

870

872

87:i

874

876

870

. .... 877

87»

880

881

882, 884

883

885

887

888

879

.... 890
.... 891
.... 898
.... 898

002

.... 30
.... 448

INDEX

I'AOE.

Abusing a fnlthlul servant 121

Abuse ot the hoofs 124

Abortion in nmrus 80

Abdoniinal cavity, wound..* penetrating 404
Abortion, causes of. gi

" preventulives of. 81

" 10 prevent 81

Absorbents, inflammation of. H24

" '* of and rieipcs 325

Abscess within the bruin 841, Ji:S

Acute inflammation of feet 380

Acute irritation of tho skin 41!)

" " " " *' recipe 419

Action, styles of. 155

Ago of hor-e 31

Ago of the mule „ 35

Age for breeding horses 73

Age to (rain u colt 80

Alterauves 428

Ale for tired horses 115

America, introduction df ih. i i i ... 19

American seuil-wild horse 39

American v#. English foid;; 87

American wild horse CO

" thoroughbred horse 01

Ambling 100

Antiquity of tho horse 17

Antiquity of cattle IS

Anaasthetie? 429

Antiseptics 430

Anus, soreness of 2S3

Ancient Greek horse KIS

An Infallible rule 230

Anodynes 434

Apparatus, to keep 413, 444

Apoplexy 338,341

" recipes 340,441

Aptha 312

" recipes 312

Ariel 141

A nerved horse 158

PAGE.

Arabian horse /i-

" " striking points 4j,

" " color of. 49

" " first iuiponation 50

Arteries, enlargement of. ^20

Astringents , 330

BarbiirUies praeti.«ed 122

Bad usage v.«. ^'ood usige 123, 124

Balking and backing i4i)

Balking ]5j,

Bad heads, explanation of. 1G4

Back teeth of hor.se 32

Back furrowing 102

Barbary horse 53

Bellows 296

" recipes 207

Bites 4i«)

Big Head and Bigjaw 3G3, 305

Blanketing no

" when necessary 119

Blindness 150

Blind horse, movement of 151

Blood horses 101

Bleeding from tho nose 270

Blind teeth 307

" staggers 334, 338

Bladder, sand like deposits in 300

" inflammation of. 302

" " " recipes 302

" rupture of 303

Blood spavin 344

Bleeding 115,410

Black pigment, tumors 418

Bog spavin 344, 345

" recipes 305

Bone spavin 307, 300

" recipes 308, 300

Bones of the feet 28

Box stalls 107

Bots, recipes 270

••I'j R ' Ofm w^'^ J^

980

ILLUSTRATED STOCK POCTOTl.

PAnE.

Blshopod tooth ir.()

Biliiig 15!)

BHlliij,', liiinioss 8!), 1)0

" brullc 81). 1)0

Dots -277, 27S

Bot iVw<> 278. i;71)

Boltiiipf 150

Body iiiul limbs of liorso, oxplaiiatinn

of 104, 1(7

Body of llio liorsciii front IDS

Bono s]i;ivin 1-10

BroodiniJ lip, how to VM

IJrokcii wind 158

Bre!ikin;jr down 158

Brolxoii wind 158

" " thick wind 158

Broken kncos 158

Bronchitis 210

" cauH's 240

'' how to know it 250

" what to do 250, 252

" recipes 250, 251

Broken wind 205

Breedinflr, importance ot 70

" draft horses 77

» In-andin 74, 78

Brcedinjf of mules 84

Brain, ah'ieess within 341, n43

Broken wind 424

Brook water ll.'l

Brush, the 117

Brushes 110

Brushing or speedy cut 307. 303

Broken knees 399, 398

Broken hock 400

Buying 11 rrottlng horse 139

Buying cheap horses 153

Buying for blood 178

Burns 401

Cattle, antiquity of 18

Canadian horse 04

Craniinn, iniportamc of. 23

Cahiuick horse 37

Care necessary in training 03

Carriage of the body in riding OS

Canter 101

Carrying ihe reins in plowing 103

Carriage floor 107

Care of the feet 118

Care of the frog 119

Careful man's theory, tlie 127

Causes of tibortion 81

Captain Mt Uowan 141

Cataract 159

PAOR.

Cataract ;)57

" recipes ;i:,7

Carles of the lower J iw 370,378

" " " " '■ reeiiH's ;I77

Canker 3s7,3SS

" recipes ;;s,S

Cartilegvs ossillrd it!)t

Capped elbow 3!)!), 311

('Mhcer, epithelial 418

Citliartlcs 430

("arndnutlvo 431

(Caustics 4M

Castration, time lor 414

" how perlornied 415

Chinoso horses ;i7

Cliaraetcristies of (Canadian hor-e 51

Clianging the leading foot ',01

Chopped feed 115

Cheap structures available 1>9

Chest founder -24;), 218

" recipes 219

Chronic cough 2U2

" " recipes 203

Chronic gastritis 283,284

" " recipes 283,284

Choking 102, 404

Cistus oalenli 3U0

(Meveland bay Imr-e 45

Clydesdale horic 48

Cleaning the (-table 103

Cleaning the liorsc 117

Cleaning horses 118

Cleveland Bay liJS, 139

" " iniprovemenlin 139

Colts' tooth 31, 32

" milkteeih 33

Colors of Arabian horse 50

Colts, how to raise 81

Colts' starveling 82

" stabling 82

" feeding 82

" i.audling 82

Colt, educating the 88

" at weannig time 83

" first lesson 83

" lialleringa will) 83

" training a 89

" age to train 89

" training to work 89

" how to handle 90

" learning to back 90

Colt, handling a vicious 03

Colts, saddling and liarnessing 94

Colts. Winter feed of 113

Color iu horses 154

!M)KX.

981

TAnv..

Colds wliiit to (Id 2:.l>, •jr.s

" r('»!i|»i« 2."i!)

Colic, »|Ki'moiIic ^Tit, 271

»' " rciupts 27(i, 277

»» natiilont 27(i

•' •* R'L'lpcs 27(1, 277

Colon, liilliiinmatMMi 1111(1 niiii in c (i(.27!t, 2Sl

Conncsiojjii liiirsc (ill

Control (if H^iillioii iicccBSiiry lOJ

Conifoilu'ilt^ (■heller fcoiioiniciil liU)

Conslnieiioii of flatiles Itlll

Cjimh l'>«

Coti;;!! 1^.0

CoiKiiieror 1 12

ConilH 11!»

Con(i>iin:iliiiM ill pi'ilecaiihtl iiiiinrlecr,

lii.r-es 101, K;.-)

Cow III" keil hir.-e 17:i

Coiisuiiii>tion 2."it

»' how U) know it '2:>'>

" what to (1 2,"j0, 2.V)

" how to prevent 2i0

" recipe 255

Constitutional lyinpliangiti? 3J4

Corns ''>^'' :'*'l

" riuipes "!^^

Contraclimi of the liool ;!S4

recipes IIKl

ContuKd WDiiiiils- 101

Counter irritants -I'll

Cruel care 12H

Crilj-l)iti nii, wearof leeili in ;15

Crib l)itii:jr 1'!^

Crilj biting' l"»i^

Cracked heels V'O

" '' how to know I'.H

" ♦' what to do 101

Cril) biting !i".S

Cramp- "''''

" r(eii)es •'•'"

Cracked hoofs ;>f'^ •'•'^^

" " recipes •1''2

Cut feed "-l

Curry comb 117

Curry comb I'O

Cunning servants 1^0

Cmb 1^»

Curbs 1"'*^

Curb i'^">

" recipes lor 315,340

Decay of the teeth, cau'cs of. 307

" " " how to know it... 3it7

Demnloents ''••"^

Deodorizers '■'•'

*• recipes "l'*^

PAOB.

Dentition or tretlilnjr 300

" what to (!■. 300

Dccpptlons praell«e'l ill leclU ul hni.e 33
l>isciil(l;inls (il till' D.irlry .\lMliiaii ... r»2
Descent of Norinaii I'eieiii icii liiii>e M

DervWi 74

Di'Xter 113

Dflinition (iriiiisonniliio.s or vlei' l.'iO

Dgelfe liuiM" 47

Dillli'iiliy (if JpriMllilii;,' 2i;5

Diaplirain, sp;isin oi 2S.'i

" reciiies 2S5

Diarrhea 2'Jl)

" rceipis 01)1. 209

Diabetes or pioluseslaliii}.' 2!l7

" '• " eai^es 207

" " '• how to know 297

" " " whit to, lo... 207

" •' " i(ci|ie< 207

Diinnesa of vision ;t.')8

Diaphramatio rnpiiiic 4i)3

Di'loeations 100

Distortions 4tl8

Diseases of the ear 1,)S -100

Division of the teiulnns 417

Diiiphorelics ■132

Diuretics 4:(2

Disinfectants 43.]

Di-:secliou 4.37

Dish hoofs 153

Diseases of the sl>in aiul nibculaiic-

0U9 tissues 1S7. 223

Distemper 230

" howtokiiowii 2.37

" what to do 237

" recipes 2.17, 238

Doses, pradiKiling Ill, 442

Dongola hor.-e f)='>

Dratt horse ot Vennont C4

Driving horses 153

•' '• ciilors dl'. 155

Dropsy of theliiiiirs 418

Drescriplion ol ilie aiiLient (.iivU

horse V.'.ii, 170

Dropsy of t'lc heart 211

»» " " recipes 212

" •• brain 242

t> " " recip. s 242

" •' chest 243

»i '' •• iicipes 213

»' " skin ot till! elust 215

" •• abdomen 210

" »' '• reeipes 247

Early importation of til' njjlibrcil-.. CI
Ear, diseases of. lOS, 409

1)82

ILLU8TKATKU STOCK DOCTOIl.

PAOIS.

Eclipse i:«J

Economy ot Hlieltcr 100

EUucutin;; tliucolt H8

Egyptian horse 55

Elulno 143

Elbow, capped 301), 400

Emetics 4:i2

Enlarycil glands 25!), '2tiO

EulurffL'iuent of llic spleen 2t)t, 2!)5

" " " heart 311)

u «. >> urieries 320

Enlarpeinent of the hock ;i(i(), 370

EnglUh roadster 44

" thoronghbred horse 50

Epiglottis, (spasmodic nctloiiH of 2(i8

Epithelial cancer 418

Ethan Allen 134

EuroiM'an horse 38

ExoHtosi.s of the lower jaw 420

" " " " " recipes 420

Expectorants 434

Explanation of good heads 101, 1U4

» " bad " 101,104

Explanation of body and Minbs of

horse 104, ICJ, 100, 107

External niaiiilistalions of disease, ex-
planation of 184, 184

Eye, worms of. 358

" fungoid tumors of. 300,350

Farm training track

Farm stalile

Farmer Unlhrift's burn

" " home

Family hor.-es

Fatty degeneration of the heart. ..319,

False quarter

Falling oft" of hair

Farm horses, proper stature

Fastest time trotting, from one to one

hundred miles 141,

Fast walking horses

Farcy and glanders

Farcy

" causes

" how to know it

" what to do

" recipes

Feeding coils

Feed bins

Feeding

" roots

Feed of t-low work hor^.^s

" " filSt " "

Feeding grain

Feet, care of.

IM
100
120
120
134
320
389
419
41

143
1C5
158
230
231
232
333
2;J4
82
107
111
112
112
112
117
118

PAOR.

Fever 317,31s

Finely bred roadster 132

Fistula of tlie parotid duct 313,315

Fistula 21I»

" caust's 2li»

" how to know It 220, 221

" what to do 'JJl

" recii)e8 221

Flora Temple 1 11

Flexibility 100

Flexing the horse 01

" Jaw 01

Flatulent eolic 270

'• " recipes 277

Foals, American vs. English 87

Foul sheath .303

Food, kinds and (luantities of. 114

Founder ;185, 2S7

" recipes ;Wli

Foot lameness 153

Foimder 158

P'orm and synnnetry 100

Fore-quartersj showing bud eon'in m-

ntions 17i)

Fresh food, imi)urtanl 115

Frog, can! of 110

Fungoid tumors of eye 35!), 300

Frog, Injuries to 381,385

Frost bite 400. 401

" " recipes 101

Fractures 407

French burses 38

Fridl horse- 48

Fungus collar tumor 208

" " " cause? 20.S

" " " how to know, 220, 221

»» " •' what to do 2ii!)

Functional diseases of the liver 288

Galloping 101

Gastritis, chronic 283, 284

" " recipes 2S3, 284

Getting correct information 131

General utility horse 135

Gen. Butler 143

Gestation, treatment of during 70

Qirda 141

Gla.'-s eye 150

Glanders, causes 223, 224

" how to know 224, 225, 22li

" what to do 227, 228, 221), 230

Gold dust 7(5, 77

Good siieiter, value ot 125

Good farmer's surroundings 125

Good caro described 127

Goldsmith Maid, lier performances 141

INDEX.

U83

:)i:j,;ii5
iiu

2ii»

..'210, 221
•J2l
221
MI

m
j)i

!)1

27(1

277

30;<

114

...;i.s.-), 2,S7

•iSii

152

I.-kS

lOU

■.>iiu-

170

115

nil

...;(,-)!), ;(oo
,...:is.i,;is5

...•lUO. 401

401

407

208

:,220, 221

2ii!)

288

101

284
284

i:)i
ir.

143

141

150

...221!. 224
I, 22.-), 221!
i, 221), 2;}()
...JG, 77

125

127

xs 141

rAQR.

Gov. flprnpuo 143

GoDil Iliad, cxplaiiutioii ol 1(11, MU

Gor'KiU 8toiiiiu:h 280

»• " rtrlpfs 280

GrJildMlliiK iloiieH 411, 442

Gravtl 300

Graiiaiy 100

GroDinliig Ill

Uruil, liovv t(i make 115

Grain t-liDiild \m (.'lean 117

Gri-at K.i>t in 143

GroaH'unil inanj^c 158

Orea«o, causes 190

" how to know it 101, 102

•' what to do 100

" n'C'IpcH for 193

Qultaeurlna 3(U

rt'cipos 302

Ilaw or hooks 357, 358

*' rcciiMs 358

Hair, falling off of tiio 419

" " " " " recipes 410

IlanUniing of the skin 420

" " •' " recipes 420

nnni<lrln<j, ruMturo of. 424

Handling colts 82

Ilallering u wild colt 88

Harness, hitting 80, 00

Harness, training to 91

llaiiilllng II vicious colt 92

Harnessing and saddling colts 04

Harness, horse 09

Hand gallop 101

Harness room ... 107

Hay, (piantity to feed 115

" and straw, vuluo of 110

Heaves 205,200

" recipes 2GC

Heart, enlargement of. 319

" fatty degeneration of. 319, 320

Hernia 401,402

" of the nic-entery 401. 402

" ventral 402

•' oincntum 400

Hemorrhage, internal 425

Head, bad form IGl

" side view cf, good 171

'• front view of, good IGl

" side view of, bad IGl

" Irontviewof, bad IGl

Hidebound 204

" " eau.scs 2i)4

" " how to know it 205

" " what to do 200

" " recipes 200

fAliK.

Highbred roadsters.. 133

High hnd Iniiillng Imrw 147

High lilowing 421,423

" reelpoi .m

Hip sweeny 305

Horse, cleaning tlie 117

" cliitlis 117

Horses, cleaning uf. us

lior^o pails 110

Hors.', liglit harness 113

Horse, fa>t walking ]r,5

Horse, wliat lie (.honld be I.57

" shoulder i:,7

" upper arm. , ir)7

" tlio knee .' 157

" the shank 157

" the ciinnou boi;e 187

*• I lie pastern juint!- 1.^7

" hoofs 157

Horse, the hackney 43

Horse, Turkoman :i7, 54

" Caliuuck 54

" Tartary 37,55

'• Turkestan 34, 38

" Europe 38

" Iceland 38

Italy 38

" France 38

" Normandy 3 J

" Norman rerclieron 33

" Spanish Barb 39

" semi-wild, of America 39

" the good farm horse 39

" the English roadster 44

" the heavy draft 45

" the Cleveland 15ay 45

" thoSuaolk Puiicli 40

" the Vermont drat t 40

" the Arabian 47

theDgelfc 47

•» the Sccalonl 47

" the Mefki 4S

" theSabi 48

" IhoFridi 48

" thoNijdi 48

Horses of slow work, feed 112

" " fast " feed 112

Hours of feeding 113

Hoofs, abuse of 124

How to breed up 132

Horses for great speed 148

Horse, view from bclilnd 175

" hind quarters, bad 170

•* what not to buy 177

" perfect, not plcnlj 177

Hock, enlargement of. 3oU, 370

984

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

PACE.

Ilorsc, niiliqnify of. 17

" biuu'-hi, Ic) AuK'iica 19

" uluro louiid 19

" prosfivcd ill liis imritj- 19

" Iraincuork o( 21

" Kummary of i);irls 25

" gyiicral e.\iila;iiitf)ry Icrmi? 27

" Lead, ixplaiiiition of. 27

" foot and lower hg, explana-
tory turtn« 20

" external pur's., explanation of 30

" an;oof 31

" ineisors (nrni>ii indication ... 31

" biieli teclh of 32

" incisors 32

" " liiiw composed 32

" (ectl), wear of. , 32

♦' " tliomaik 33

" iiuinb( r of te< til 33

" wollteelh 33

*• wlien teetli iiro perfect or ma-
ture 34

" deceptions pr;;c' iced in tectli... 35

" teeth, vocabulary of 3G

" Cliinesc 37

" Indian 37

" Japan 37

" Hiani 37

" Persian 37, 51

" ago for bre<dinjj lior.'e? 72

" j)rinciple* of transmission 73

" reiaiivcfrizu of hexes 73

" selection, valuo of. 73

" in-and in breedinj!; 74

" cross breed inp 74

' Dervish 74

" Marshlami Sillies 74

" Golddust 70, 77

Horse, body and limbs, explanation

of 1C4, 107

" front view of 1G8

" front of. 108

of Ancient Greeks 108

" forc-quurfor.^, showing bad con-

fonnailon.s 170

" hind quarters, showing bad

conformatiors 170

" illustrations <f fore quarters... 171

" good liind quarters • 172

" to examine 173

" cow lioekcil 173

Horses, draft, breeding' 77

IIow to raise colls SI

How to handle a colt 00

Horse, flexing 01

•' to handle 92

PAGR.

Horse, vicious, to subdiio 05, !)0

*' working !)7

" breaking to work 88

" training: (o trot OS

Horse. Iho quarter- 157

" " hams |,-,7

" " hocks 157

" " back 1,"

" " witliers ],-.7

'• " sfiouldcr-blade l.V

" " croup 157

" " barrel 157

" chest l,-,7

" " neck 1,j7

" " pliysical structure of. 157

Hoofs, cracked 3S1,3S2

" " iccipes 3S2

" rot 3S2

" contraction of. 3S0

Huntress 141

llunling liorses 41

Hunting liorsc, high bred 147

Hydrophobia 327,331

Icelunii liorses 38

Iinportaiion of Arabian ?iorje, Jliig-

land fiO

Importance of breeding 71, 78

Importanecof largo jacks 85

Import.inee of fresh food 115

Information, correct 131

Improvement in Cleveland D.iys 139

Interfering 152

Inflammation of the lungs, '•au.es 252

" how to knowil 253

" wliatlo do 254

Iiifluenza, how to know it 207

" wiiat to do 2(;8

" recipes 208

inflammation of tlie colon 2"0, 2S0, 2S1

" " »• stomach 282,283

" " " peritoiieuin 287

Intestation of intestines 2S7

Intestines, jiarasites Infesting 2*0

•' " " recipes... 2!)0

Incisors of the horse 23

Ir.dian horse 37

Indian pory 08

Italian horses 38

.Tucks, importance of large 85

Jaundice 203, 21)4

" reeipe.s 201

Jaw, flexing the 01

John Stuart M:i

Judge Fullerton 14M

INDEX.

98S

PAGE.

Judglnjf liorso" ]7S

Jugular vein, inllumcil 320

" " " recipes 322,323

Kaillsclil horse 48

Kaillian liorec 48

Kcciic Jim 143

Kcniblo Jackson ]-i3

Kicking 149, ir/j

Kidneys, inflaniuiatioa of. 295, 200

" " " recipes 290

Kinds niid qirinlitics of food 114

Knee joint, inllannnation of. 370

" broken 303

Know what joii breed for 131

Knowwliat yon buy for 143

Kochlanl horse 48

Laying out lands 102

Lake water 113

Lady >I;iei< 141

Larva ill ilie sUiu 212

Laryngitis, causes 200

" recipes 201

Lampas 309

Lachrymal gland, hnpcdimcnt of.. .300, 301

Lacerated wounds 40.'5

Largo Jacks, importance of 8')

Leading foot, changing tlic 101

Lcucorrlica, eatarili of the womb IW5

Light harness, training to 101

" " trotting 101

Linseed meal 110

Light liarni;ss horses 113

Liver, fnnctional diseases of. 2S8

" congestion of 288

" hinaunnallon of. 2S9

Lime or white urine 300

Lock |:iw 317. 3.')0

Lower jaw, caries of 370, 378

" " " " recipes 377

Lower jaw, exostosis 420

Loose boxes In stables 107

Longfellow. 143

Lula 142

Lungs, dropsy of. 413

Lymphangitis 324

Mare, number of teeth 33

Mare, treatment during gestation 79

" when In season 79

Mares, care of after being served 79

Mare, to know wlun in foal 80

" ♦' '• time of foaling 80

Marshland shales 74

Mares, treatment ,79

Manners 107

• r , PAOS,

Mashes, how to make 115

Manure fork ." ] j.jq

^^''»?P ................" 200

" how to know it 20I

" what to do 201

" recipes 202

Malleuders 015

recipe.- 215

Malignant epidemic 204

Mad .staggers 331, 1(34

" revw? 333,334

Measurements of fmious horses 130

^l<'Rrims ]59

Metacarpal bones, iiillaiunialicin...374, 375

" " recipes 375

Measures and weights 430

Medicines and doses 439, 441

Mefke horse 47

Mexican mustang c''

Mismatched colors i,-,5

Movement in trotting 99

Moistening grain fed 117

Mouth, inflammation 310

Mooneyes 350

" recipes '. 3,J0

Morgan horse C2

" " points of 03

Model racing horse 147

Moon e}-es ino

Movement in walking 150

Mule, to determine llie age 35

Mules, value 83

" treatment 83

" breeding , 84

" Spanish 48

M}-ositis 386

Narragansett pacer C3

Native country of I he horse.... 18

" Perchcron horse 33

Nasal gleet 239

" causes 239

" how to know 239

what to do 239, 240

" recipes 239, 240

Nasal polypus 240

Naturally weak eyes 254

Navicular disease 379, 391

" " recipes lor 381

Narrow heel 3S4

Nail picking 378

Naval rupture 402

Narcotics 434

Neurotomy 417

Nrjdi horse 48

Necessity of clean grain 117

986

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

TAGK.

Necessity of bliinketinjr 119

Noriiiau horse 38

Norniuu Perelicron C7, 5S, 50, CO

Nomiiin Pcrclieroii, descent of 58

" " points of CO

Obliqne tail 51

Ophtliiilmia 159

" purulent 3.)9

" " recipes for 359

Organs of ginoration. inlhimmation of 304

Ossiflcatlon 158

0~jified cartileges 394

Out shed 109

Over-reaching 152

Pacing gait 100

Pacing 100

Parasites infesting tlio intestines 2S9

Parasites infesting the intestines, re-
cipes for 2m

Parotid gland, iiillamniation of.. ...312, 313

'• duet, fistula of 313, 315

Paralysis, partial 420, 427

" " recipes 427

Persian horse 54, 37

Performances of Goldsniitii Maid 141

Peritoneum, inflammation o( 287

Periosteotomy 416

Periosteotomy 414

Picker, flu 118

Plow, training for 102

Plowing right liand fiirrowt^ 102

" square lands 101

" carrying the reins 103

Pleurisy, how to know 250

" what to do 257

'• .-eelpes 257. 258

Points of Arabian horse <18, 49

" Norman Pereheron CO

" the Morgan horse C3

Ponies GO, C7, C8, CO

" Shetland 07

" Mexican t>8

" Indian G8

Poisoning 410. 412

" Internal 410, 411

" from stings 412

'* *' recipc^s 412

Poisoned skin 413

Poll evil, e.'inses 210

" how to Know 210, 217

" what to do 217, 218

'' recipes 217

Pond water 113

J'reiiiring food 115

PAGE.

Principles of transmission In horse 72

Projecting teeth 311

Proper stature of farm horse 41

Pulling slowly and steadily 103

Pulling at halter or bridle 149

Pumiced foot 158

Purity, value of in horse 71

Pneumonia, causes 252

" how to know 253

" what to do 254

Purulent Ophthalmia 359

" " recipes 35!)

Pumice foot 393

Punctured wounds of the sole, inside 395
Puncturet' wounds 405

Quantity of hay to feed 115

Quarter cracks 152

Quarter false 389

Quitter 158, 3S9

" recipes 391

Rabies 327, .331

Hacking 100

Racer, to train ., .. 104

Race riding 104

Racks 107

Racing hor.H' 147

Racer, what he should be 147

Rarey's plan 97

Rat tail 214

" recipe 214

Relaxants 4115

Rearing 159

Relative size of sexes 73

Rheumatism 3.50, .^.52

" reeiix's 3.51, 3.52

Riding, carriage of the body 08

Riding racers 104

River water 113

Hingbone 149

Ringl)one I5S

Ring worm 203

" " causes 203

" " how to know it 203

" " what to do 204

" " recipes 204

Ringbone 370, .371

" recipes .371

Rotten bone 37.5, .370

" recipes 370

Roaring 421,423

" recipes 423

Roots, feeding 113

Roadsters, liighly bred 132

•' finely bred 132

Rogue, the liJO

INDEX.

987

PAGK.

Roiiring 151

Rupture of Uio colon 270, 281

" " " stomach 285

Rupture 401,402

Rupture of liamstring 424

Rui)ture of bia(](ler 303

Running ]oi

Rubbing cloths 119

Saddle galls 207

" recipes 207, 208

Saddle horse, good form for 14.')

Saddle horses of nil gaits 14.'), 140

Saddle horse, color for 154

Saddlohorses, styles of action l,"!

Saddle horse 135

Saddle and harnt ss horses, training to 01

Saddling and liarnessing colts 04

Saddle, training to the 07

" trotting under. 08

Sallenu rs 215

" recipes 215

Salt in fce(' 115

Sand crack ? 152

Sand crack 388, 3S0

" " recipes for ;!S9

Scraper 119

Scratches, causes 187. 188

" how to know 188

" whatto do 188,189,1110

'• recipes 189, 100

Scoop shovels 120

Scurvy of the teeth 308

Scald mouth 311

" " recipes 312

Scrofula 317

Scierostomuni cquinum 329

Scarlatina 325

Scalds 401

Seedy toe 393, 394

Sedatives 424

Semi-wild horses of America 39

SL'Icclion of horse, value 73

Shying 159

Sliocing 118

Shying 152

Shedding tho teeth 307

Sharp and projecting teeth 311

Shot o'greaso 324

Shoulder, sweeny 305, 300

" " recipes 300

Shetland Ponies 07

Sitfast 207.208

.S'de bones 394, 3!>5

Siuui horse 37

Shigle foot 103

PAOB

Skin, acute irritation 419

" " recipes 419

Skin, hardening 419

" recipes 420

Skeleton of liorse, explanation 23, 2*

'^'■'"gs 410

^'■'vering jjiq

Sleepy staggers, or apoplexy 33S. Ml

Sleepy staggger.-., or apoplexy, re-

cipPs 340, 341

Slinking foals, to knowwlien... 80

Smuggler 14^

Small Hopes 143

Soundness and vigor in horses 73

Sore nose , 421

So-so 143

Soundness, warranleo of 159

Sour stomach 272, 273

" " recipes 274

Soreness of the anus 283

Sore shins 374. 375

" " recipes fur 375

Sore cj-elids 355

" " recipes for 355

Sponges no

Splint brooms 120

Splints 149

Spasmodic action of glottis 208

" '• " recipes 208

Spasmodic colic 274

" " recipes 275

Spai-m of tho diapliiam 235

" " " recipes 285

Spavin, bog 341, 345

" blood 341

Spleen, enlargement of 201, 295

Splint 372, ;;73

" recipes for 373

Spanish barb hor-e 3S

Spanish nnile 84

Spavin, bone 307, 3'J!)

" recipes 308, 309

Staggers, mad 331, 334

blind 334, 338

" recipes 337

Stifle 372

" recipes for 373

Strangles 271

Stomach, inflammation of. 282. 283

Stomach, rupture of 285

" gorged 286

" recipes 2>G

Strangulation of tlio Intestines 287, 2&S

Stump sucking.. 308

Stringhalt 158

Sluble tools no

'*^^'-< fi.^

988

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

PAGE.

Straw wisps 110

Story of thrilt iind unthrift 124, 128

Steel gray 141

Stumbling 140

Stable care 117

Stable, water in 110

Staling, profuse, or diabetes, Ciiuscs... 2!)7

" " how to know 297

" " what to do 297

" " recipes 297

Strains and spra'.ns , 39G, :i97

Stimulants 435

Stone in the bladder 300

Stricture c:' the urethra 304

Starveling colts 82

Stabling colts 82

Steady and slow pulling 103

Stable, construction 104

Stable loft 109, 107

" walls 107

Stalls, width 107

" temperature 108

Stable, cleaning the 108

" surroundings 109

" yard 110

Surgical and other instruments 439, 438

Suppre.<^ion of urine 301

Suilolit Punch, horse 40

Surfeit, causes 198

" how to know 198

" what to do 199

" recipes 109.200

Summer blankets 119

Summing up 178

Swelled ankles 195

" " causes 195

" " how to know it 105

" " what to do 195

Swelled I'^gs, cause-" 195

" how to know 19(1

" '■' what to do 190,197

" " recipes 197

Sweet mash 115

Swelled throat 260

" " recipts 201

Sweeny, hip 306

Swellings Iroin pressure 421

Symptoms, huj^>ortnnce ot 437

Tartar horse 87, 55

Teeth of horae.. « 82

" " the mat!'. 33

Teeth, decay 307

" scurvy 308

Teeth, projecting 311

Teaching a colt to back 00

I'AOB.

Tetanus 347,350

" recipes S48

Temperature of stables 108

Tendons, division 417

Tetter , 213

" recipe for 213

Teething 30(i

" what to do 300

Teeth, shedding 307

Thrush 158

Thickening of the back sinews 15,s

Thrush, causes ]U2

" how to know 193

" wliattodo 193

*' recipes for 194

Thrush 312

" recipes 312

Thumps 310, 317

" recipes 317

Thorough pin 3in

" recipes 340

Thoroughbred horse in America CI

'* " early importation Gl

Time to clean lis

Toe criick ...392. 383

" recips-a 31)2

Tonics 4;),-)

Tongue, inllam-n li' ^n 311

To subdue a vicious horse !),"), 00

Tool room 107

To make gruel luj

To make hay tea no

Tools of stable no

Topgallant 141

To detect vices and delects 14!)

Tracheotomy 416

Tumors, black pigment 471

Treatment of mares 79

Treatnunt of mules 83

Training colts to work 89

Tracheotomy 414

Training to saddle and harness 91

" to harness 91

" proper care in 93

Training to the saddle 97

Training a liorsc to trot 98

Trotting under the saddle OS

" movement in 09

" in harness 99

Training to trot in harness 99

" to light harness 101

Training for the plow 102

'* to the wagon 103

'• a racer ]04

" track on the farm 104

" a Btalliou 104

Vermi

Ventil

Vestih

Vermi

Vermoi

Vision

Vices 1

Vicious

Vocab;i

Walk!

Wagon,

Water ]

Water

INDEX.

989

I'AOE.

...347, 350

S48

108

417

213

2i;t

300

307

158

102

193

194

312

310,317

317

310

340

ii 01

)rtiilio;i 01

118

......302, 383

302

435

311

..95. 90

107

110

119

141

149

410

471

414

s 91

101

102

103

104

1(M

PAOE.

Trotting In II<,'ht harness 101

" lit various speeds 102

Trottlnar lior.so, to buy — ., 139

Trustee 411

Trotting, one to one hundred iwiles,

fablest time 141, 143

Trotter in light harness 144

Turning the toe out 152

" " in 152

Turkestan horse 38, 54

Turkomnn hor.^e 37, 54

Turkish horse M

Ulceration of tlie foot 3/9, .381

" " recipes 379, 381

Unsoundness, what constitutes.... 159

Urine, lime or white 300

" suppressum of 301

" '* recipes for.. ,301, 302

Urethra, stricture of 304

Using tiie means we have 129

Value of purity in horse 71

Value of sell ction 73

Value of mules 83

Value of h:iy and straw 106

Value of goixl shtltcr 125

Vagina, iiill.iinniation of. 305

Veterinary surgery 414, 418

Vermifuges 435

Ventilation of stables 107, 108

Ve.stiliulo to stable 108

Vermin 211, 212

Vermont draft horse 48

Vision, dinniess of 358

Vices and deffcts 149

Vicious liorsi', to subdue 95, OG

Vocab.ilary of horses' teeth... 30

Walking horse 98

Wagon, training to 193

Water in stabi" 110

Water in tanks 110

Watering m^ 113

Water before feeding ii;j, 114

Watering when driving 114

Washing the team ng

Washing horses 153

Warrantee for unsoundne>s and viee... 169

^^'"•ts 200

" causes 2IO

" what to do 210

Weak lungs [[ 153

Weaving in tlie stable 159

^^"■<1 324

Weak eyes 3,54

Weights and measures 430

Well water 113

Wear of teeth in crib-biters 35

What to feed 112

What con-litiiles unsoimdncss 159

What a norse .should be 157

What constitutes unsoundness 158

What to buy for 143

When to feed 113

Wheelbarrow 120

White or lime urine 300

White spot ]i>i

Wild horses of America 55

Width of stall. 107

Windmill no

Winter feed for colt? 112

Wind-galls , .. ,. 423

Wolf teeth in liorse's nioulh 33

Womb, inflammation of 304

" catarrh 01 305

Wolfs teeth 152

Worms in the eye 358

Wounds of the sole 395

" " " contused 404

" " " " recipes... 405

" " " lacerated 405

" " " punctured 405, 406

Wry tail 16i

CATTLE

PAGE.

Abortion in cows G83, 084

" " how to prevent 684

♦' " tn'iitinent 684

About Burns 537

" Dutch cattle 518

" II. rd Foolis 518

Absorbents, their use 70?

" rreipea for 70S

Adviintiijjes of full feediiiji 019

Afterbirth, rcle-ition of. 080

Aklerney e:illk' 492-r)0;{

Aldcrney!, oiijiin of 403

" old style, colors of. 493

" Youatt and Parkl'ison 493

•" Ameiicaii 494,493

" characteristic eolors of 495

•' as milkers . ..495

" points of. 495, 498

" scale of points, cows and

heifers 490,498

" bulls, jud-jing of 498

" jttil;;iii<r by points .'00, rm

" ns daily cows C;i3

Alfalfa C02

American climate vs. Enjrlisli 508

American Holstelns 518

Ai icrican snort-liorns 468, i(J9

Jf i.'JBSthetic, recipe for 608

A'..dyziii{? th(!carc3SS 025

Ancient catlle i'7

Ancient vs modern barns 597, iv, S

A nnfle cattle , 5i'7

Animals, pulse of. C'i

Animal waste 'il8

Anthrax, preventives of. GOU

Anti-spasmodics 703

Arranglnjr basements 590

Artificial protection f'^'

Astringents 710

Ayrshire cattle 504-113

Ayrshires improved, England 504,505

Ayrahires in tlie East SC

" in the West 509

" points, description of. 509

" usefulness of. 509

" escutchons of. 510

" from English and American

6tj\ndpoint8... 612. 515

" the body 5i2

" the skin - 513

" relating to.. .„ 613

head 514

PAQR.

Ayrshires, the top points 514

" the teats 614

" tlie color „ 515

" thecariiage 5iri

'• of<!orriek 504

" of Kyle 504

" of Cnniiiiigliain 504

" of the last century 504

" in 1800 500

" as milkers 500

" Englisli, yields of milk .■.07

•' " yields ofbutter 507

" " '• cheese 507

" " in America 608

" firs! import 1 to the U. S.... 508

" American, yields of butter.... 609

Baby beef. 015

Barn, for farm 588

" common-sense 688

" octagonal 588

" square 689

" stables in l>asemeiit 500

" csitlle f:.'< (ling basement „ 590

" dairy 591

"■ squan; cross , 591.594

Basements for cattle 594, 595

" arrangements, o(. 500

Beef, short-lioiim foi- 478

Birth, liow to mamij^e 077

Birth, straining aftei 082

Black quarter 085

Blain. recipes for 094

Bleeding 077

" to slop 707

Blistering G09

" recipe.'-, for 069

Blisters, application of. 700

Bloody murrain 092

" " its malignant character 093

Blue grass 003

Body of tlie Devon 456

Breed, how to 552

Breeds, choice of. 532

Breeding, general iitilit}- 553

" inline 554

" grades 555

" " how to 550

" «p a herd 557

" grades from Texan? 545

" and ferdiiig cattle 531,570

" grad(>p 495

Brrlteuburg cuttle 527

INDEX.

991

PAQB.

514

515

5ir.

504

500

506

507

60S

S.... 508
cr.... 509

015

, 688

588

, 588

589

590

591)

591

. 591,594
..594, 505

690

478

077

0vS2

085

094

077

70V

009

700

092

iructiT 093

003

456

552

653

554

565

650

557

645

.... 551,670

495

627

PAQE.

Butcher's profit in sliort horns 481

Buttermilk for calve" 057

Butter, how to sell 050

" piickii;]^"' 050

" ti'inpciiiture to keep 050

" receipts, (,"liic!i<jo 042

" and eluise, Milwaukee 042

" pio(hielioii of. 043

" coloriiijf 050

" sultiiif!: G50

" Wiisliinjjfus. working 051

" piickiif^es 051

" " to pic[),ire 0")1

Bulls, scale o( points 600

Buyiug to fedl 023

" brocdinj? cattle 023

" niileli cows 028

» for milk 023

Calf, training tlie 672

" halterinjr , 672

" unnatural pos^itions of. 079

" " " " how to

obviate 079

Calves, <*iistral ion of. fC9

" early feeding of. 5()8

" profits on 509

Calving, drinks for cows after 709

" pundysis aft( r 082

" " rc(;ipes for, GS2, GS3

Carcass of ox, explanation of. 025

Care of milk 010

Castration of i alus 509

Catarrli, neipcs for 711

Cat's tail grains 003

Cattle, na;m;il history of 447

" doniesliealion of. 447

" ancient 447

» teeth of. 448

•' breeds of. 449

'• races of 449

" dis<'ascs of. 607, 096

" heavy wei^dits 010

" sliort-liorns, weight Oil, 013

" interests in T('X;ig 540

" I)rinie [tarts in 026

" how to buy 027

" for fe( ding" 023

" special .«igns of disease in 075

" ten years' pi-odnee in. 557

" training and working 571, 582

" " vs. breaking 571

Characteristics of Devon cow 452

" " Devons 455

•' " Spanisii cattle 542

Ctac!^ Btables 686

PAQK.

Clir.-8c making g52, 050

" l.rodnetio-\ of. (J13

Chesliiro clieese, to make flS.i

Ciiidilar " Q53

" " tomal«e C54

" " sizes of. 054

Choice of breeds C5J

Clysters !'.".".'. 007

" loiiusof 700

" rei'inesfDr 700,701

" stinudatiii;; 701

" laxative 700

" cniollieiit 701

" diinvtie 701

" anodyne 701

" for worms 703

" astringent 703

" nourisliing 702

Clovers of value COJ

" undesirable 003

Clover rations (or cattle 505

Coloring butter 030

Color of sbort-lioru'; 48!

" "theSussex 405

Colors of Alderneys 405

Common barn 688

Common sense breeding 550

" " In disease, value ol 005

Comparing values 505

Comparison ol milk products 534

Contagions diseases 085, 090

Contour of bo<Iy of short horns. ...483, 4-!4

Corn rations for cattle 505

Cough drinks, r( cipcs for 703

Coughs, remedy loi- • 710

Cows, Devon 452

Cow, Hereford. 4:^9

Cows, gestation of. 5:0

Cow, to prevent kicking tuC,

', " SMckinjr 578

" " hooking 578

" to manage a kicking .. 581

Cows, viciousness in 570

" sucking 570

Creamery, ex. nC. 045

Dairying, iniporti'nceof. (i41

" condii ions necossaiy for 044

Dairy, the 041.653

" drainii'gfor 645

" suli-earili ventllati(.!i (MO

" importance of clian!ines.s 647

" animal odor 047

" temperatnro "!'. 018

" short horns f>r 477, 478

" cow. Tlie Alderiiey 508

992

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

PAGR.

Daii7 barn 501

" milkers to buy 528

Danish catlle 522

Description of Ayrslilro points 500

Devon cattlo 451

" cows 452

" cow, characteristics of. 4i'i2

*' worlviiig ox 454

Devons, characteristics of and iinpor-

tuiit points 450

" limbs 450

" body of. 450

*' sitin of. 457

•' hair of. 477

•* points of. 454, 455

Diarrhea, recipes for 710

Dljfcstion <i:!0

Dlfieuses of caltle 0(11, COO

" in general G02, 003

" recognizing 072

" brcatliingin 073

" tempcratnre In 074

" posture in 075

" foot and montli 004

♦' " temperature In 004

«* " liow to know.. 004

" of the feet 70;J

Dissections 007

Distinguisliing marks of SUfSex cows 405

Diuretic drink 709

Doses, forms of 0(!fl

Dr. Geo. M.iy, on Dutch cattle 520

Drink for cows aftercalving 700

Durham bull and cow, old stylo 400

Dutch cattle. (>ce Iloisteins) 517

" " true history of. 519

" " what history says 510

" " facts as to 524

" " races of 62C

Dutch Fresian cow , 520

Dysentery, recipes lor 710

Earl Spencer's prize ox 624

Early feeding of calve>: 503

" nialiiriiy, [iroflisin 014

Economy of large barn^ 503

English fcedi.ig, cost of. 017

Epidemic diseases 080, COG

Eruptive " 711

Escutcheon C2S

Escutcheons of best cows 031

" and milk glands 023

" marks, value of. 023

" not always correct 034

" in points 508

" In Ayrsldres 510, 511

Exercising common sense in breeding 559

PAGB.

Experiments in feeding 502

Export batter and ciieese 043

Eye, cooling wa>h for 704

" In disease 072

Facts about Dutch cattle 624

Farm barn 588

Farmer Thrifty's (attic 581

*' Slack's shelter 595

Fastenings 580

Fat bullocks, outline of. 02ft

Feedingqualitiis, Holland cows 531

" stock cattle 000

" milch eows 007

" lorprolit 508

" cost In England 010

" In summer 017

*' experiments In 502

" standard 503

" rations lor steers 504

" stock, to buy 025

" cluap corn 507

" at milkiugtinie 575

Firing 009

Flooding aftercalving 080

" • " recipes for 080

Fomentations, their operations 07

" reci|)es lor 703

" commr.n 703

" anodyne 703

" relaxing 703

Food vs. product 502

Foods, relative value of. 500

Form as an index torpiality 55."i

Fold meadow grass 00.")

PVamed sheds 58.")

Frankish cow 52(i

Friesian caltle 521

'* " ciiaracteristics 524

Full feeding, advantages of. 01!t

Fumigants 70!t

to nuike 700

Fumigation 007

Galloway cattle .MO

Gelding calves, care in 570

General utility ill breeding 6.')3

Gestation of eow> 500

" t!U)le nlaiivo to fCl

" disea.ses ot 070. 084

" aceiilents of. 070, CS4

" plural 075

" midtiple 070

" what !o do diiVing 077

Good care, value of 021

" returns, how to get 021

" feeding profitable 027

INDEX.

993

PAOK.

Grades, brcpdlngof. 405

Graduntloii of dosee CO")

Grnssea f(ir stock 051

Grca?o Imttor C41

Oiiciioii's theory 02'^, O.'i.')

lliiinuid eoiidition 074

" of tli«! D0V0118 <ir)7

Ilnppy fiimily c,s2

Heat of iron G79

Heavy wci^^hts of cattle 010

" " ofshort-lioru cattleGll,(il3

Herdiiiff, cattle, expense of. 047

Iloicdity g;J(»

Ilerefords 457

Hereford bull 4,-)S

" fWty years ajifo 4.")!)

" cow 4,-,o

Herefords in America 400

" as milkers 4(iO

Hereford ox 402

" ci)\v and calf. 401

" of to-day 402

History of Ilolsteiii 510

" sliorlliorns 407. 481

Holstiin cattle 515, OI'O

" history of 510

" cow, escutcheon oil 0:t2

Holsteiiis, improvement ill 570

" for the present century 517

" in America 517

" lirst imported 517

" colors of. 517

" herd book 519

" re<ynlar markets estjiblisiied.. 522

" Dr. Geo. Mayor 5-JO

" Mr. Kiippart's testimony 520

" importation of \V. C. Clicn-

ery 521

" as milkers 532

" weiirlits of 5;M

" milk products of. 533

" herd records 534,535

" cow 523

" herd records , 533

Home dairies 047

Horns not certain indicatiions of age... 639

Hoven 710

" remedy for 710

How to breed 553

How to buy and how to sell 021, 041

How to shelter ."83, GOO

Improvements in Ilolsteins 517

Indication of pain..... 517

Infectious diseases 085, 096

I.lu-lons 702

'• rule for makinjr 702

Injections 607

T PAOS.

Inversion of womb c,3l

Jersey bull, perfection 409

" scale of of points 5;)0

Jersey or Alderney cattle 492, 503

" cattle (see Alderney)

Jerseys, milk mirrors of. o,30

Judghiga^'e by teeth (i;(.j

Jiidftinj,' Alderney bulls 49s

Judging Alderneys by points 500, 503

Kerry cow pMB

Kerry's, a rare breed 036

" description of 537

" hardinessof 030

Kicking cow, to manage osi

Kind and careful treatment 007, COS

KHppart, on Ilolstein cattle 527

r.ast ceiitnr}', Ayrshiresof. 504

L;ibor, liiiignid.... 0S2

Languid labor C82

Laige presentation 078

Limbs of tlie Devoiis 456

Live weiglit, estiinathig 022

Long horns 450

Make beef young 014

Making dairy butter 048

Malignant anthrax 088

" catarrh C95

" " symptoms of. C95

" " recipes for 096

Measurements, estimating by G23

Medicines and instruments 1)90, 711

" action of. C97

" doses 097

" when to administer G'i5

" how to give CC6

Medical recipes for cattle 099, 711

Middle horns 450

Milking qualities of Alderneys 495

Milk mirror in points 498

Milking quiilities of Ilolsteins 531

Milk products of Holsteins 532

" " compared 531

" " of Kerry cows 538

.Milking, trainingto 574

Milking time, feeding at 575

" 570

Milch cows •. 607

Milk and beef cow, description of 627, 028

" mirrors 6'28

» " vertical C30

» " thigh 631

Milkers in all breeds 035

Milk veins ■ 635

994

ILLU8TKATEU STOCK DOCTOR.

FAOB.
MUk, caro of. 040

" " GID

Model cow, perrcctluii 'IDS

♦♦ dulry, (U'scrlplloii of 027, 028

•• creiimcry, groiiml plan of 045

Murrain, provt'iitivi-s of GO;j

•' nrlpe^l^r flD3, 004

Mucilage-^, use of 704

Natural history of Catllo 447

" tt'iiiin'ratiirt! of stock r>s3

" water in food 018

Neck of bliort horns 483

Nutritive <jnalltii-s of lloli^tcins I'll-i

Necessity of slieiter 5S3, GOO

New industries, rushing into 010

North Devon cow 4riU

North Holland cattle 528

OctngonnI hnrns 689

Old style farm yard C84

Opodeldoc, to make 711

Orchard grass 004

01eoniurg;irine 041

Outlhie of siiort iiorn cow 4U5

Oxen training 678

Packing butter G.')?

Paralysis, after calving 082

Pasture, feed and water GDI. 008

Pasturage GOl

Pasturing, lime for 003

Patton 4G9

Pedigree of Comet 5">8

" cow Florissa r),')8

Porfcction in cow 4S8, 492

Pleuro paeumouia, virus <il 03G

" " period of iiKiuha-

tioii G<!6

*• " " of infection G88

«• »• disinfection of. 0S8

«« " contagious GSG. 090

»♦ " history of. G>0

* " malignantqualitii s 0^0

" " contagiousness of 080

♦' " dellnitionof. G^O

Points of cows 4J4, 4J5

Poultices, their use 700

" stimulating 706

*• to promote suppuraiion 707

Polled cattle M9

Points ot short-horns 481

" » " described 478

Prolonged l.ibor 078

Presentation large 078

Prime parts in cattle 020

Pre-revoluUona"v short-horns... 4J'J

PAQB.

Protlts from breeding Texan grades... C4u

" on Texan cattle ri47

" of e;irly maturity G73

" of gi)()d feeding (i27

I'nise in diseas<> (172

" of animals 072

Purity, value of. 4'J.j

Quidity, form as an index to .. I'liV)

Qll.tlterult- OS,')

IJaciM of Dutch cattle .VJG

Itaiions fur niileli cnws M'.i

Ifaising cream, various methois (US

" " Dntcli ntelhod C4S

" " Holstein metho.l 04S

" »' Devonsliiro '• 0J8

" " Gnssuiider " (US

liaising calves, experiments in (5,')7

" youngcattie r)G3

Relative value of different foods ."»(iO

lied top (!GI

llespiratlon 037

Retention of atterbirtli C80

" " " recipes for 031

Rem 'Ut for cheese Oj')

Ripe cattle for profit 027

Rough shed 5S4

Rowels ()70

llulc for measuring cattle G23

Salting Lntter GJO

S ill tor butler 052

" im|)uriti(!S ill 0')2

Scale of points, sliorl-horn bulls. ..489, 490
" " " " cows. ..490. 41)2

" " " cows and heifers.... IO(i. 49S

" »' '* Jersey bull f)l)0

Selection in breeilm',' iViS

" of bulls for T.xiis iVt-i

" *' calves for Texas 519

Setoiis 070

" recipes foi' 070

Shelter, ii.iw to 583, dOi

'' when! to plant 599

Shallow pans 017

Slii)rt-horns,cows.scale<pf pi)int-, 491). 41)2

Sliori-honis, the l)ack 135

<■' '• 1 On 4S.'i

" " linil) 485

" •' skin 485

»' " hair 487

" " handlinjr ISO

" " color 438

" perfection in 48S, 492

" hulls 4«;9.490

" scale of polut8>. 489,490

M
M

M
W
It
t«

M
M
M
ti
M
W
M
tt
14
tt
It
(•
tt

Sliorthoi
Signs of I
Skim mil
Skim ch
Skeleton

INDEX 095

I'AQC.
... filu
... 547
... 073

... (127
... (17-J
... 072
... 4'j:>

... f)6.5
... 0S5

... tm

... WW

... CH

... 043

... G4H

... 018

... (143
... C37

... r)08
.... rm

.... GGt
.... 037
.... CSO
.... 6S1
.... Oij.")
.... G27
.... r)S4
.... 070
.... Qli

6.-)0
0,V2
0V2
41)0
4!)2
41)3
51)0

5.-.8

W-l

519

070

5.S3, 00 I

5i)y

111
11)2
. ... KS5

4i:>

4S5

485

487

l.SO

488

48:^, 402
4<^. 490
4S9, 400

PAOK.

Short horn proper 407

'• history of. 107, 4''l

♦« in America 400, 478

♦« importation 1815 409

»♦ " 1817 109.470

•» •' 1820iiii(l 1S21... 470

•♦ " 1822 to iNliO 470

•• Ohio impurtiitloii 1834 472

•♦ " 1821 to 1S2S,

1833 to 1840 472
M •» " 1840 to ]«.')0, 473

M •♦ " 1850 to 1851, 474

M ♦» " 1858 477

« in the West 477

«♦ for luMf. 478. 18[

« " iliiiry 477,478

•• pohit8 of. 481

•» l»utclier"H prolU in 481

•♦ the lu'iid 481,482

•♦ the neck 483

•• boily, contour of. 4S3, 481

" proper shape for l.ittening, 484

" the crops IS5

Short horn breeds 405, 192

8i>jnsof (listii.sc In cattle (-75

Sliiin milk, value of. 0.58

Skim clieesc 041

Skeleton of ox, explanation ol 098

" »» and liorse compared.... 079

Skhi diseases, wasii lor 704

" anil condition 074

" of tilt! Dcvons 757

Slack slull'M- M)5

Sonlh Holland calllf 52S

Spanish cattle ->'2

Spray injr <'*i7

Splenic fever C85

Sqmne barn 5^9

Stimnlatinjjtinctnre 705, 7U0

Sturlin}^ llie herd 557

Stables in basement 590

Sio(U callic, fee ' iig ''06

" feeding 6

•• well and ill kept G09

Stt'amlftg C<'7

■•>■ application CG7

" nose bag for 6G7

Straining after birth C82

SulFolk cattle 541, 550

Summer feeding •• 617

" shelter "98

Sns.<ex cattle, distinguishing marks «■! 4(15

»' i-(.\v 405

'• \ he color ol 405

.*^\visse() V ^'"^^

Styptic.-, aluable '<^^

rAOR,

Table on gcatntlon mil

Taints from impurities in milk O.'d

Teeth of cattle 441)

'lVelli,Jud-inv: a^je by 039, 1)40

Teniiicratnre ot dairy 04S

" cheese vut 056

Texas cattle i-41, 650

" " interest.s in 610

" " aeellniatliig improved bulls

in 540

" " selection of calves for 5(1)

" fever 091

" '• how to know it (i9l

" '• recipes for 092

" " wliatt'Mlo 092

Texans, feeding in stable 543

" lmi)roved blood 54"i

Ten j'cars produce in eatlK •■ f).*)7

The young ealf. » 505

I'lie touch, valui^ of 02(1

Thermometrieal tests for heat 074

Timothy 003

Time for pa.<tin'ing GOO

Tongue lndl.<ea.se 072

Training and woikiiig cattle 571, 5^2

" V.S. bieaking 071

" theralf. C72

" to milk 574

" oxen 578

" stock young 580

" cattle, summing up 5^0

True grasses 003

True history of Holland eallle 519

Twist, veins of — 037

Twisted suture 071

Udder, veins of. 037, 038

Ulceration of tlie mouth 710

*' reeijies for 710

Unnatural presentation 078

" positions of calf. 078

Urns -1^7

Usefuhiessof Ayishiies 510

Value of puritj-

Values, comparison of.

Valuable clovers

Value of good care

" nnik mirrors

Vapors

Veins of twist and udder, inlailiblo

nn\rk.«

Veterinary sur;:ery, importance of.. ...

" pret(;:iiler6

Virus, how carried

Wash lor eruption.

495
065
002
021
029
C67

638
GG2
602
087

709

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

1.0

I.I

Hi 1M 112.2

|4i

2.0

I -

1.25 ||.4 1.6

►

HiotDgraphic

Sciences
Corporation

23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580

(716) 872-4503

>"^

L1>^

^.j%

•^
^

'"^^ '^^

V ^ /fc. W^

#,^
^

996

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

PAGE.

Washes 704

Waste products, utilizing 657

Watering GOO

Weights of Ilolsteins 532

" Texas cattle 545

Weight, to estimate 622

Weigliing cattle 020

Well and ill kept stocli 009

What history says— Holland cattle 520

What to plant COO

Where to plant slielter 509

Where ^ood beef lies 025

Womb, iuversion of. 081

" " to oreveat 681

PAGB.

Wind-breaks 684

Wounds, sewing 070

" tincture for 710

W. Frieslaiul cattle 528

Yields of milk, Dutch cattle 529

" " " Ayrshires f/29

14 « Toudern cows 52!»

•' *' " Breitenburg cows 531

" " Holland cows 531

" " " Hnlsteins 533

Young calf. 508

" stock to train 580

" beef 013

SHEEF.

PAGB.

Age for breeding sheep 730

American merinos 730

" " origin of. 731

Apoplexy 753

Barbary sheep 717

Bitlex canal, inllammuliou of. 759

Black-faeed Highland sheep 725

BordiT Leicester 719

Castrating lambs 743

" rams 743

Cheviot sheep 725

Colic 701

Cotswold sheep 720

" " value of. 720

" » South 722

•* lambs 722

Coupling sheep 730

Diseases of sheep 745, 701

" " head and brain 750

" " urinary organs 757

" " generative organs 757

Division of wool 734

" " " iilnstration 734

Docking lambs 742

Dorset sheep 727

Dosing (-heep 739

Epilepsy 754

Fall pasturing of sheep 739

" feeding of sheep 739

Fine wooled sheep 730

Foot rot 757

" " treatment 758

Fouls in the feet 758

Generative organs, discuses 757

Gravel 758

PAGE.

Grubs inihehead 753

" " " " to prevent 753

" extrraclion 753

Hampshire Downs 728

Hydrophobia 755

Hydatids on the brain 755

Inflammation of the eyes 752

" " " brain 75^1

" symptoms 754

Intestinal worms 700

Lambing room 742

Lambs, castration 743

Leicester sheep 724

Lincoln sheep ~ 724

Liver fluke 70ft

Lockjaw, treatment 7b4

Long wooled sheep 117

" " " flocking 724

Lung worms 75!i

" " treatment 75fi

Maggoty sheep 75!)

" " recipes 759

Management of Iambs 742

Merinos, American 730

" fleeces 730

" tlie head 731

" ti\e body 732

" characteristics 731. 733

" for profit 732, 733

Middle wooled sheep 725

New Leicester sheep 719

" Oxfordshire sheep 724

Nursery for lambs 744

Oxford Downs 720

INDEX.

997

PAGB.

.. 584
.. C70
.. 710
.. 528
.. 52a
.. f/2'J
.. 52!»

.. 5;n
.. 5;n

.. 5H3
.. 508
.. 580
.. 613

PAGE.

753

728

755

752

754

700

742

743

724

70Ct

754

724

75H

750

75!)

7511

742

730

731

732

731.733
732. 733

725

719

724

744

720

PAGE.

Palsy 754

" recipes 754

Parasites on sheep 7r)5

Pasturing sheep „ 738

Punjaub sheep 717

Rabies 755

llaiiis at coupling time 7.'J7

" as teaser? 737

" management 737

" castration 743

Rocky Mountain sheep 710

Roots for sheep 744

Scab 758

" symptoms 750

" to cure 757

" recipes for 750, 757

Sheep, the head 747, 748

" " trunlc. 748

" " fore-leg 748

" " hind-leg 748

" " Important points of. 748

» " analysis 748, 749

" " slvnll of, explained 749

" •' importunceof head of,749, 750

" " teeth 750

" " teeth indicating age 751

" " swelled he.id in 751

*' " " " recipes for 751
" " distemper 752

PAGE.

Sheep distemper recipes for 752

Sheep husbandry 715 744

" varieties 715

" importance of 715

" points of, explained 716

ShropRhire Downs 728

Slieep breeding 735, 745

'• mnnngement of 735, 745

" barns 740

" trough 740

Sheep, diseases of 745, 701

Skeleton of sheep, doscriplionot 748

Special Winter feeding of sheep 741

Training rams 733

Travel sore 753

The rot in sheep 700, 701

Urinary organs, diseases of. 757

Varieties of sheep ';]%

Vegetable poisoning 752

" " recipes for 752

W'.tering sheep 73y

Weaning shetp 743

Wliite-faced Highland sheep 720

Winter management of sheep 743

Worms, intestinal 7G0

" lung 759

" liver-tlukc 760

" the rot 701

SWINE AND POULTBY

Age of swine, to tell 767

American breed 777,783

" bred swine 777, 783

Antiquity of tiie liog 705

Anthrax, malignant 811

Arkansas tooth-pick 793

Berkshires 770

" ehariicteii^tiis of. 770,771

Breeds of Anieiican Swine 777, 783

" recapitulation of 782

Breeding and management of swine,

784, 791

" age of swine 786

Care of sows '°*

Catarrh in liead ^13

Charbon ;— ^^^

Contagious pneunio - enteritis witli

malignant sore throat 800, 810

Contagious disejises, summary of. 816

Contagious pneuino - enteritis with
malignant sore throat, recipes for,

809. 810

CaleshlU swine 773

Catarrh, rcalignant, epizootic 105

" » " recipes I018OO. 807

Chinese hog 708

China boar 708

« sow 709

Chinese swine and cnx-c- -

Characteristics of Bcrk-liiic- '. 770

" Ne;ip.)liiiiu liogs 715

" Essex swine 773

" Poland-Chinii 779

" fixing and lidding... 785

Chester whites 779, 780

'• " west 780

998

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

FAQE.

Cheahires. 791

" improVL'tl 782

Clean ciiro iiteessary 791

Coiitiigious tiiul iiiali<i;iiiiiit diseases 805

'• pueuiiiouia enteritis. ..80S, 811

" " origin of.. ..808, 809

" " erjsipilutoiis form 809

Cross— barn for swine 70G

Cumberland swine 774

Diarrlica 81.")

" rcciije l.)r 810

Dilfleuity in adniinisterinjj; 804

Dijea!<ea of swine S03, 81C

Iheslvin 813

Englisli breeds 779

Essex swine 772

," oiigni of. 772

Farrowinjj of swine 787

Feeding and shelter 702, 602

" in bununer. 793

" grain. .^ 704

" bonth 794

" in eonlinenicnt 795

Gestation of swine 787

Good vs. food 792

Good nnrsing important 804

Grain feeding 794

Hog, origin of. 7G5, 700

" uniiquiiy of. 705

" iulroductlon into Anicriwi 700

" " " Fiorid.i 700

♦' " " Novaocolia..., 700

" " " N. Fonndland, 70G

'* ♦' " Canada 700

♦• " " Virginia 7CG

*' explanation of sliekton of. 803

" light t)s heavy 799

IIosi)il:d breed 784,797

Hog cliolera, intestinal 807, 808

" '• " eauses 808

" " " prevention 809

Hog barns 795,797

lUustratioii of skeleton 803

Iniporianceof swine 707

Improved breeils of swine 708

*' Berkshire 770

Snllolk.s 774,775

" Middlesex 774, 775

" Che>liire 782

Importancu of swine. 784

" " SL'leetion 780

" " good nursing 804

lutestinal hog-cholera 607,808

" " " causes 807

" " " prevention 809

India liog 708

PAOB.

Inflammatory diseases 812,816

Jersey reds 781

Jellurson Connly liogs 783

Largo Lancashire, white 777

Lancashire liog- 775,779

" middle breed 777

Lard worm 814

Light »s lieavy liogs 7mj

" hogs prolllable 7<J!>

Lights, ri>ing of. 613

Lice 815

Magic Iiogs 783

Maiignantand contagions tlisea!.es..805, 812

" epizootic calarrli 805

" " bynii)toms 606

" " recipes for 800,807

" anthrax 811

Mange S14

Management of swine 789

Markings of Bcrksliires 771

Mast as food 794

Medicnic, difficulty in admini:>t('ring... 804

Measles 813

Middle-bred Yorkshires 774

•' Lancashire 776

Morgan county liogs 73

Neapolitan hogs 771

" " imported to U. States 775

" hog 7G8

Origin of Easex swine 773

" Poland-China 779

" Chester Wliiie 779

Points of Snfl'ulk swine- . 775

Poland-China 778

Pneumo-euteritis SOS, 611

" " origin of 808, 009

" " erysipelatons form... 609

*' " vs. authra.x, distine-

lion between 811

Pneumonia 813

Quinsy 812

Iteeapitnlalion ol breeds 782, 783

Roots for bwine 793

IJising of thr ligliis 813

Scab 816

" recipes for 815

Selection, importance of. 786

Sliort-faced Lancashire 775, 776

Shelter and feeding 792, 602

Siamese hog, and Ijcrksliire 770

Skeleton of Img 803

Small Yorkshires 774

Splenic lever in swine 811

Strangles 612

" recipe for 812

INDEX.

999

PAOE.

812, 816

781

783

777

775, 779

777

814

7!'9

79y

813

815

783

1-S..SU5, 812

805

806

SCO, 807

811

.S14

789

771

794

g... 804

813

.... 774
776

i 771

States 775
708

773

779

775

778

...SOS, 811
...808, 909
)nii... 809

stillC-

811

813

812

..782, 783

793

813

815

■ 815

786

, 77C

803
774
811
812

8ia

PAGE.

Suffolks 774

" ori^jiii of 774

" Priiicu A bcilfs 775

" point? 775

Summer fet.diii;^ 7S2

Summary of iRfcs.>iiry care 791

" care of swine 798

" contaj^ious tlisoasos 81C

Swine, liistory, breeds iinil cliaiacter-

teristits 705, 810

» ng.j of, to telL 707

'• bree(liii<f ill America 7G7

" ill IiiWii 708

'• ill Oliie _ 703

ill lUiiioi; 703

" improved breeds of. 703

•' broediiifj: a^f ot 780

•' inaiiageiiiiiit, ( £ 7S0

" cleaiiliiics> iieees-ary 790

Teeth of tin- hog 760

Tricliiiia Spiiali 814

Weaning 787

Yorkshire swine 773, 774

POULTRY.

African goe-e SJl

American wild tiirlve)- 822

Analysis of wing ()liimage« 800, 802

Anatomy of the lien 808

Apoplexy 898, 899

Asiatic breeds 841, 843

Aylesbury ducks 880

Bantams, origin of. 824

*' 855, 857

" Seabriglit 865

Bnni-ynrd fowls, vjirieiies of. 857

Best, breeds for market 8(i3

Black Dorking 829

" Hiiinbnrgs 832

» East India duck 883

" rot 000

" " recipe lor 001

Bolton Gray 830

Brahma fowls 845, 848

Brlda *' 849

Brown-breasted red game 851

Breeding of poultry 868, 865

Breeders, Glossary of terms used 843, 894

" to type ~ 804

" grades 865

Bronzogray Turkey 874

" black " - 875

Buff Cochins 843

Call ducks ~ 881

Canada wild goose 891

PAQB.

Care in packing fowls 870

Cayuga black ducks „ 882

Cliittagong 342

Cliolcra 900

Coiumon turkey §73

Cievi) Coeurs R40

Crested turkey 872

Crop bound ooi

C'""»l> 901

Dark Biahma 840

Derl)y game 8J2

Divisions of domestic poultry 820

Disparity in se:;cs 864

Diseaes of fowls 897,002

Diplitlicria jiqi

Domestic fowls, origin of. 819, 820

" poultry, how divided 626

Dorking fowls 828, 830

" white 827

" silver gny 82S

" gra.v 829

" fawn-colored 29

Doniiiiiquo fowls SHO. 831

Domestic turkev, varieties of 8/2, 873

Dressing fowls 868

Duek-wing game 853,834

Ducks, liouen 878, 879

" Aylesbury 8C0

" gray call 881

" call 881

" white 881

" Cayuga black 882

" summary of. 8-3, 880

Eail Derby game 852. 853

Egg-producing fowls 808

Egg bound 899

Embdeii, or Bremen geese 886

Englisli turkey 873

Fawn-colored Dorking S29

Faiicier'3 glossary of teims 603. 894

Fancy ducks 8S3

Fowls, maiiiigement of. 8C0. 870

" the house 807

proper food for 867

" egg producers S68

" for market 863

" to fatten 868

" to kill 808

'• to drees 868

" packing for market » 809

French fowls 837, 840

Frizzled " 848

Game fowls 866

" bantiims , 856

Gapes, remedy for OOO

Geese, sub-varictlcs of. 823

1000

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

PAGE.

Georgia game 855

(ieesc 886,892

" Einbclcn 880

" Bremen 880

'* Toulouse 887

" Hong Kong 888

" wliito Cliinesc 890

" Africiin 891

" Cantulii wild 891

" managetneiit of. 892

Goldon-i)oneiIo(l llaiuburg 834

Goiii<j into business 866

Glossary of tonus used by fanciers,

893, 894

Gray Dorking 823

Gray call duclcs 881

Guinea fowl, wliere native 822

Gucldar fowls 849

Guinea fowl 876, 877

" " number of eggs laid 876

• " wild 876

" " white 877

" " spotted 877

Hamburg fowls 832

Hen, anatomy of 898

Ilondnra'i turkey 874

Hong-Kong guese 888

Houdans 838

Ideal shape 803

Inflammatiou of egg passage 899

" " " recipe for 899

Japanese Bantams 856

Killing fowls 868

Lafleche fowls 839

Large Asiatic breeds 841. 848

Laying soft eggs 901

Leghorns ^ 834

Log bono of hen 893

Lice 902

Light Brahma ~ 848

Management of fowls 866, 870

♦' geese 872

Marketing fowls 869

Mating 865

Mexican wild turkey 820

" turkey 873

Ocelated turkey 874

Origin of domestic fowls„ ^19, 820

Ostrich fowls 832

Packing for market 869

Partridge Cocliln 845

Peacock 877

PAOB,

Penciled Hamburgs 833

Pip 901

Plymouth Rock fowls 831

Points of poultry, expalanllon of 801

" tlie liead " ...859, 800

" fowls " ...860, 803

Poultry, history and management 819, 002

" " 819, 820

" wild types 822, 826

" the plumage 801, 802

" diseases of. 897, 902

Rheumatism 901

Rouen ducks 878, 879

Roups 899

" recipe for 899

Seabrlght Bantams 855

Sexes, Jisparity in 804

Silky fowls 843

Silver-gray Dorking 828

" penciled Hamburgs 833

Sonnerat fowls 824

South American fowls 826

Spanisli fowls S30, 837

Spotted Guinea fowl 877

Standard wliito Leghorns 837

Summary of ducks 883, 885

Sub-varieties of geese 822

Toulouse geese 887

Turkeys 87 , 876

" dome-itic varieties of. 872, 873

" time of hiiteliing eggi 872

" common 873

" crested 872

" English 873

" bronze gray 873

" Honduras 874

" Ocelates 874

'• Mexiean „ 875

" bronze 875

" black ,... 875

Varieties of domestic turkeys 872, 873

" barn-yard fowls 827, 837

Water fowl— ducks 875, 878

'* " —geese 880, 892

White Dorking 827

" Leghorn 834

" Cochins....! 845

" Georgia games 854

•* guinea fowl 877

" ducks 881

" China geese 890

Wild species of domestic fowl 824

" gooso 891

Wiug plumage, analysis of. »860, 862

INDEX.

1001

APPPENDIX TO INDEX,

899

855

804

843

828

833

824

825

.830, 837

877

837

.883, 885
822

887

. 87 ,876
■ 872, 873

872

873

872

873

874

875

...... 875

.872, 873
.827, 837
.873, 878
880, 892

827

, 834

845

854

• •••M oil

881

890

824

891

)60, 862

* :!

PAQB.

Abcfcllah, Bcllfounder blood, record... 054

Acquired qualities transmitted 024

Albany rony 052

American trottinghorge, development. 051

Ancient Biiti-li horse 005

Ariel, iK'(]igrc" 016

Arab horse, llrst imported into Eiijr-

land 000

Artificial caro in trotting 043

Bandasinjar tlio linibs 047

Bellfoumlcr and trotting stock 033

Bedlonl, ptdigree 013

Bedford's get 013

Betsy n:ilicr 052

Bit, tiio nu'diuin of communication.... 048

Bits anil icins, wliat tlioy arc for 048

Blaclv Mai iii, pi'digree 013

Boston, ]i' digrec 015

Boston liliic 052

"Brusliing"' for speed 950

Cayuga Chief, curly races 053

Caro ill preparing the food 048

Choice of blood 031

Choiceof slailion 931

Comparison of speed, English and

American horses 019, 920

Conformation of brood mare 927

Cripple, pKlijrrce Oil

Defects to l)o avoided 029,030

Dicliy Picrsoii, pedigree 009

Diomeil, pedigree 012

Dlomed's git 012

Dorimant, pedigree 012

Driving on tiic road 948

Driving 047

" «'vil.s(if hard pulling 047

Dutchman, e.arly races 952

Duroc and trotting blood....; 934

Early maturity of horses of to-day 920

Early racing horses in Tennessee 013

Early racing ^tock in Kentucky 013

Early training useful 945

Eclipse, pedigree 014

Eawin Forest, early races 952

English native slaliions ?n 1730 908, 009

Enjxlish vs. American views on speed.. 916

English vs. American race-courses 920

Ethan Ail< n, 1852, record In 1866 953

Establishing intelligent action.. 949

Extraordinary performances of horses. 917

Fanny Jenks, ea-ly races 933

Fanny Murray, 100 milo trot ~ 933

Faxhion, petligree 916

Kearnaught, " 909

FAGE.

Feeding In training 043

Feeding 043

First public trot in America 032

Fly, Canadian marc 033

Flora Temple, in 1S33 033

Florizei, pedigree -. 012

Foreign stallions in Engknd in 1730... 008

Gabriel, pedigree 012

Gabriel's gi t 013

Generous hor-es vs. lan-gards 045

Giving the horse a inoiUli 048

Goldsmiih Maid, memoir of. 054

" " in 1803 033

" in 1870 055

Good roads favor driving 048

Gres^t Britain horses introduce d into... 005

Hautboy mare 009

Hambletonian,pedlgno 054

" descri[)l,loa of 034

Hard pullers caused by defect in trnin-

hig 047

Herod, pedigree 012

Helm«ley Turk 007

Hitting wiih the blood 031

Hiram Woodruff on diiving 940, 049

Holding tlio reins 030

Horse clothing 943

Holding the reins 030

Horses inroduced into Great B:it,iii 005

Ror.-es lirsL kept for racing 006

Hor»e in King Alfred's time 005

" ■' Atlieistan's time 006

Horse in William theConqueror's t hik; 006
Hunting Park Association of riiiia-

delpliia 032

Importation of Edward III 006

" " Henry VU 006

" " Henry VIII 006

In-bred vs. out-crossed stallions 023

Influence of male on embryo 024

lu-iiud-in breeding 025

Influence of first contact 024

Jay Gould 036

Keeping one's temper 048

King John's importation 006

Lady Suflblk, early races 053

Lexington, pedigree 016

Lecompte " 016

Long Island course 052

Makeless, pedigree of, 910

Marske, pedigree 912

Messenger and trotting stock 954

Medley, pedigree of. Oil

Miss Colville 903

1002

ILLUSTRATEE STOCK DOCTOH.

PAGR.

Morton's lYavoler, pedigree of. 010

Morocco Burb 007

MoOurii race hor^ic 018

Mosrs, pcdiarrcc 013

Monkey, '* 000

Noted horses of the last century, South Oil

Old tlnio trotters 052

Oriental blood in £n<^land, time of

Cromwell 007

Orlentul blood and EiigllBh horses 007

Oriental horses no longer profitable... 008

Otho, pedigree 012

Out-crossing 025, 020

Ovum of m:imninlia 023

Periodic leat 02;»

Pryor, pedigree 010

Prinelplrs of breeding 022, 026

Prepunilion preceding flrst trial. ..043, 040

v>«u-cii Mai) 000

'v.;,uanlity of food to be given 040

Racing horses 005

jRacing, origin of tlio word 003

Kacc horses lirst im|H>rted to America 000
Race course iirst established in Eng-
land 000

R'lce horses at the Norlh 014, 010

Race course establiPlied at Albany,
Poughkecpsle, Harlem, New York. 014

Ripton, early races 0.')3

Riding In the saddle 051

Rigid pulling a mistake 048

Road driving aline art 048

Roadster driving vs. trotting on the

course 019. O.M)

Routh's Crab, pedigree of. 000

Roundhead, " " 000

Saddle riding in England 051

8<V('re hits objectionable 048

titiutut' Uiti driver 040

PAOR.

Selection of brood marc 027

Si-li""' 009

Shifting the reach 9r)0, 051

Shlffingtho bit OoO

Shark, pedigree qh

Small size of old time racers 018

Smart tricks of drivers 047

Spiirk 000

Squirt, pedigree 012

Sleatying the horse 048

Stoutne.ss the forte of early racer!' 018

Sweating 040

Taking hold of the reins O.W

Tally Roger, pedigree 009

Thorough blood valuable in trotter?.. 0.53

Thoroughbred horded, South 010, 014

The embryo 923

The Giles horse 0i)2

TItno of celebrated horses 019, 021

Topgallant 052

Treadwell mare 0.V2

Training to trotting 04S

Training, Intelligent care neee?sary... 045

" condition, importance of.... 045

Trainlnrrihe 3-ye.ir-old 048

Trials of speed 048

Trvall 009

Trotting horses 045, 0.")7

Trotting horse of America 054

Trotting stallions in England, time of

Henry VIH., by whom kept 007

Tnrf horses 005

Unsoundness to l)o noted 028

Ultimate trotting sped 049, dM

Value of gomibits 048

Watering 046

White Turk 007

Whalebone, early races 052

Woodcock, pedigree >... 009

^^rmmapifr^

PAOB.

927

009

OnO, 031

050

Oil

rs 918

947

900

912

948

■raccr.a 918

940

950

000

II trotter.".. 03;J

th 010, 014

023

952

019,021

052

032

048

necessary... 043
rlaiic« of.... 045

948

048

009

945,957

;:i 954

and, time of

nkcpt 907

905

028

049, 050

048

946

907

952

„.,. 000

t^^^^W^rniW^^"^.