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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m*thode. errata to I pelure. )n d 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 e SKETCH OF THE E EARL O Paper read before the Historical and Scientific Society of Janitoba, Fe Delegue de I' Institution Ethnographique, Paris, Corresponding S^retary of tl the Society, occupied the chair. W« are engaced in unravellinc a Uncled web. The eventa whiob transpiTed betwaen ttae y«an ],iUl-18W in oonneotion with the Selkirk oulon>, #ith tti« diopates ot the riral fur oompanics— the •pmpany of adventnrers to Uudnon'i Bay, hariiiK neir headquarters in London, and tlio Nurtu- IVent Oomyauy of Cannda, oentering in Montreal ^are a series of eom plicated tsaaes. The ni«taric Materials of the ttuie are evidently Kiven on boili •idLiM Ik* the prmwet of ituuU Tiut»ut p»rti*itiiatii;> that the moat thorough refoarch and calintwt jiudgment are necessary to gain the truth, it ii< to the interest of no one now to keep back the facts. Sixty, > ears may well sutBoe to let the fires of party spirit die away. What motires Lord Sel- kirk had in founding the eolouy on the bankit uf Ked Kiver have been much disoussnd. The Nor'- Westers did not hositate to accuse him of the giorsest cupidity, and their spokesman wrot* warning all against laud jobbery sueoulaturs, a class of persons well known in America, and of whom Lord Selkirk, from the magnitude of his opera- tions, may be styled the chiel." Sheriff Ross, a writer in thorough sympathy with Lord Selkirk, in his work on Ked Kiver, aUer suggesting vari- ous possible motives, euds by cjncluding that f 'le ohrisiianiiatiou of the ludiaas was his aim, though he was not sure how the noble Earl honed to accomplish this. A late writer has said " iAb Lordship's real objeot in forming tue colony on the Ked River appeared at the time to be the hope ofgetting a number of hardy meu raised in tbu oountry inured to the climate, and devoted u> their patron's iiiMrest, to em er into the Hudson Bay Company's employ and become servile tools in oiirrying arbitrary measures for the destruc- tion ot the North- W<3st Oomi^any." 'ihe histuriuii of Minnesota states Lord Selkirk's pur « M i » ii ii «•»• — «.'».i I poinUofaohH.raoter under varying circumstan- ces and at different times that we surely inter- gret wuat the man U. Acting on this principle I ave sought to obtain the leading features of Lord Selkirk's lite before he ha'l any connection with Nor'-westerii colonisation. It is for fathers to judge whether there throw any light upon therotn.or 1 1 his motives and autions which have been so variously interpreted. ,„,.., Public centiment has recognised Lord Selkirk as worthy of honor. The name of Selkirk has indfi ii.v fixed in_ the Nortt»»iS^st. JJbe with the sword, and the lands of Ooogl ta were granted to him beoause he had won them honor- ably. The same spirit and daring, we shall see, survived in his desoendant. The men of five or six centuries ago had need of persistency and grip, the surnames given them in those days of hauberk and steel tell well enongh the kind of work men dcott B " Lord of tha Isles," said this great war- rior; " Dead were my heart, and deaf mine ear. If Bruce should call nor Douglas hear." Sir James was foremost at Bannoekbam ; ha headd twenty thousand of an army on a sally into Envland ; with two hundred horsemen he fiiroed his way through the English camp to the royal tent at Stanhope Park, and well nigh se- eureif tha person of King Edward. It was this Dougias, also, to whom King Robert, in dying, Kve vhe solemn charge that his heart should be rne .'o Jerusalem, and laid within tha holy sepulchre. By so brave and devoted a friend the charge could not be disregarded. The journey was undertaken in person. Spain was reaohad, but in a conflict with the Moors his life was lost. It happened thux : Seeing the Saraoans, to whom he was oppised, flinching, and likely to break in confuoion, be thew the casket before niinAnd ipto thp midst of the enemy, exeiaiming: " Passtnou onward as thou wert wont. Douglas will follow thee or die." The chanees of war were adveri>e ; the warrior never raMohad the Holy City, and the mutilated body and bis muster's heart were car- ried back to Smtland again. And ii these exam- ples were not enough . there stands the figure of the Earl of Selkirk's ancestor tan generations baok-Arobibald, well known as " Bell the Cat." I mean that Douglas-flllh of yora, Who coronet of Angus bora, And when his blood and heart were high, D d the third James n camp defy, And all bis minions led to die Un Laujer's dreary flat. It was he who was courageous enough to warn the iufataatttd James the Fourth afainf>t trying the odds of war on the disastrous flara ot Flodden. The sturdy old man, stung to the quick by the undeserved reply of the King, " Angus, if you whom bu was dearly attsohea. to perish in vV- holding th« abused theory that " the King can do no wroug." Witusueii heroic blood in his veins, the fifth E irl of Selkirk was born— being tha seventh sou of Dunbar, fourth Kari of Selkirk, who bad re- sumed the name of Douglas. Thomas Douglas eariy shovred the ability and industry of his raue. About thfi age of eighteen be is found pursuing an academic career in Edinburgh, and there is known us ore of a band of illustrious young men earnestly enxaged in literary and learned pur- SaotUnd was i state. Tha oo a stata of barbarism, and of improvement i suoh transitions sues. The wheels imbaoila. and tha from being i id there colleet y plaoas baim stratohas for the pursuiu. These i aantry. Of these oome to hk ««»»? statema.^' — Wi " the Ui|(i>i*^i>ds b "in life t«> take a " eountrjimen in i " iugtkv'nuunie "ourioslt.f w»*"i •* Utious !»• l>«*r " and the strikini " utaiukugsmonK " undariuok an ei " region, and exp " most secluded twenty-one was fi relief. Uow beat burst of youthfu sordid bands of yi up the soul 1 Wii noble ttae dreams years aavanoed, t title and estates flans for the roiic he death of his I title, Haron Dh( death of his fathc estates and the (« . title given twur i ^^brauch of the hou f* But Napo eou i excitement of the tor the benefit of turn of pea e gai pressing on a mei the crying need o tri ited cottars t4> world, highly ; look upon themsi suffering, and tbi rasults. The con enertfy undertool landers in Prin lands given him sui'oeiis, he undei this enterprise, i the number of S dance rathar.tbai if any option stil tain, weragreail: iutere>t and care In August, im turejjoiuo^aajf j( building houres ' same month Lore trext year was o settlers ; they wi ttie rowards were ed in that year I were engaged in land cultivated ii every working hi St rue ed rude b< harvest of tbe fin J , 1 1 his mMT^^ ami actions whiof variously interpreted. lave been so cany showed the ability and industry oT About the age of eighteen be is found H raue. pursuing land oulti\ ate LIEK LIFP] OF THE xaety of Janitoba, February 8th, 1881, by Rev. Prof. Bryce, M.A., LL.B., )ondmg Swretary of the Society. William Cowan, M.D., the President of Donsl ui wfli* 1 them bonor- we ihallMe. len of five or penUtonor I in thoa«(Uuri ;h th« kind of . ,nclM>n wM irWi)li»iD'j lir Willlaii i«ky WsiIms. MTur h«rriM led oifhia wife ut paffoa will rMverini E»rl ihii noe. ffraateit difS- >t from an ao- , tkmtt w«i no [raat houNof DoojtlM, who, «•, in keepinc ir. niB«d tn« I piookieit of th« moatob- lof York, he ir upon him at de*ii»M>BP>v wild wattes wiih bere Sir Willl«i^^P*Bd there oolleettons of cotter's huts, were in ^ ^^^Bany plaees being subdued and thrown into wide stretches tor the better cultivation of pastoral pursuits. These were woeful days for the pea- santry. Of these events young Douslas, not yet come to hU title, was an interested spectator. Ue l^aw the Uigblanderas the embod.ment ot the pic- tt^resque. The Highland chief was the moct ubso- lapu Of ruUr*. The Uigalaud regiment, with the garb of the mountaineer, with intense de otion to their mother tongue, with their enthusiastic pride for tifei'' family history, as " Evan's, Donald's fkme founds in each clansman's ears," with their proud, lofiy and independent bearing appeals to the ^oung ana the romantic. I'he roman- tic ePTlfonment of the Kelt, coupled with tb* miser:^ caused by the obaii«e ot life iore*d upon him appealed irresistibly to the heart of 'i'^'iO'n'SUuugiaii. In uu article in fbe Edimimrl/^ Jteview, Uct., Ib05, is the following stateme'.t:~" Without any local counection with " the Uitfti^od* iMi (DouKlast was .ed very curly " in life t*> t**^* * warm interest in the fate of his " oountr]4>»*B ib that part of the kingdom liur- " iug the* course of his academical studies his " ouriositf wac strungly excited by the rcpresen- " tatious I'* heard of the a.c eut state of society " and the striking peculiarity of manners stili re- " uiaiukutf amona them ; and in the year 171)2 he " underiook an extensive tour through this wild " region, and explored many ot its remotest and " most secluded valleys." The noble yuutii uf twenty-one wa> filled with patriotic ardor fut preparing plans for the relief of ttie Highlaud peasantry. The death of h<8 brother in 1797 brought him the title, Maron Dner aiid bi ortcleuKh. anduu the death of his father, in 1799, he succeeded to the esUtes and the peerage as Earl of belkirk— the title given tuur geuerations before, in 1646, to a «!<:», knrf into i brauobof the house of Angus. -."JP\ft« .ffn„ ^H^t Napo ecu was n«w u. his high o.reer. The ig. rassmou excitement of the lime checked any movement lor the benefit of the homeless peasants. The re- turn of pea e gave Selkirk the oppoitunity of pressing on a membei ui the British Government the crying need of interfering to help the expa- tri >ted cottars to find a resting-place in the new world. Ligbty yea s ago governments uid nut look upon themselves bound as now to succor the suSeriug, and thi- stroiige-t appeals pnnltioed no results. The compa»sionate nub eiuan w>tb great enertty undercook to settle a colony uf these High- landers ill Prince Edward Island upon waste lands given him by tbe ilovertiinent. lo ensure sni'ceas, he undertook the p«rsunal oversifbt of this eiiteri>rise. 1 be mouruiul band of pilgrims, to the number of 8U0, fotiowinK the dicUtes fif pru- dence riitber.thanof leeling.broke up.theirliomes, if any option still remained, and though uncer- tain, were greaily encouraged by bis Lordship s iutere.-t and care. , . , ^. In August. imO, the oulonisU reached their fu- ture ho inj.aajj j..y titf..n\!^le.»iL 8s«»kW^LA»l3 building houres " iu a little knot together." The same month Lord Selkirk came to Montreal. The 4'exr year was o e ol earnest industry with tbe settlers ; they were all encuuragfd to labor, for the rewards were for themselves. Ou being visit- ed in that year by their generous patron, they were engaged in securinK tbeir harvest, and the land cultivated in that > ear averaged two acres lor every working hand. Tbe settlers had alsu con- ■true ed rude boats, and with these secured a harvest of tbe finny product of tbe sea. The ex- f mine ear. IS hear." moekbam; he rmy on a sally horsemen he *h camp to the i well nigh se- . It was this lert, in dying, leart should be Ithin the holy id a friend the The journey was reached, I life was lost. loanB, to whom ely to break in las will follow were adverne ; \y City, and the heart were ear- it these exam- the figure of in generations ' Bell the Cat." rore, l were high, defy, • lough to warn against trying iahl of iflodden. quick by the Angus, if yuu .Jtif MA with perish lb A$^ lie King can do eins, the fifth le seventh son , who had re- lowas Uougl;a (try of his race. uund pursuing . and there is MIS young men 1 learned pur- Royal Society was conferred upon the author. But the ever active mind of tbe Barl would rise to higher thinp— and those not being less tban founding an Empire in the very heart of Mortli America. After planting his Highland country- men in Prince Edward Island by the sea in 1803 he had Kone to Montreal. He had beard of tbe fertile lands of Upper Canada, and started a smflll A ooluny in the culBfei of Kent, af a place ci%lled Baldoon, after a^C< t of hie familj; possessions, but this was simply doing wbat individual setttefs could acoomplisb themselves. Ue would start, unhampered by old conJltions and pre-existing enactments, he would found a coUny on the virgin soil to work out a destiny of its own. While sojourning in Monireai in tbe year 1863 there waa much that appealed to his love of tbe picturesque and the danng. He met the North- W e8te;-n fur traders, he saw their baronial hauteur and their lordly gatherings, but he heard moreover of the adventures of the voyageur. That alter passing manv hundred miles by fell and flood— ruuniuK rock> cascades— and portaging around rapids too flerv,e to be laced, they arrived at a land where the green grass waved over level glades hundreds of miles, where the rivers thronged with fish, where the buffalo careered, and where bountiful Ceres gave forth her treasures simply for the asking. He contrasted this with rocky glades and sterile lands and contracted holdings , and the imagination of the enthusiast was fired, and the heart of the coloniser satisfied. A great obetacle met him on the threshold— one of the two great monopolies of modern times— the U^ivl* son's Bay Company held tbe country. For well nigh 140 years this company haa carried on its trade with exclusive powers, got originally from easy-going Charles II., whu had piven away what neither he nor any of his ministers— keen and shrewd as they were— knew aupbt about. So huge an obstacle would have convinced most men that turther progress towards tbe ideal was im* possible. The organiser of the Prince Edward Island colony ot ttigblanders, with his inoi eased experi- ence, wi.h ample means, and urged on by the con* tinned cry of misery of his unfortunate country- men in the Highlands, was equal to the emer- gency. In company with a prominent Nor'- Wester in England, he undertook the bold prtuect of obtainiiig the control of the stock ot tbe Hud- son's Kay Company. The untortunate operations of Kuooessice years had reduced tbe value of Hud- son's Bay Company stock from above 2UU per cent, to less than 60. The time was favorable for their design. After acquiring a quantity of stock. jointly, howpver, a (1iian«trfti>m»nf nrnnti between the partners. An arrangement was made be tween tbe parties by whicn ibey dissolved connec- tion. Lord Selkirk retaining one portion, and his partner another part of the stock acquired. Lord Selkirk had a defii:ite end in view, while his aitsoviate meroly bought as a commercial in- vestment. Alter their reparation, Selkirk, bent on his work of colonisation, increased hs stock by purchase to some £40,(MO which wasalmuvta moiety ofthe whole— that being in 18i)4 reported as £mjMO. The Nor'-Westem autburs continu- ally present this course of his Lordship as otijec- tiouable, b'Xt fail to show in what respect. To buy and pay for stock and its tranchives is not supposed t^ be an immoral act in our dxy. Es- pecially tree was Selkirk from any imputation when he bad no part in bringing the company to its almost insolvent state; tbe nen directorate of tbe company received an offer from Lord Selkirk for the trxnsfer of a large tract of land lying on the Red containing not less than bve times hs much terri- tory s the pre cut Province of Manitoba. Tbe accompanying diaf ram shows the limits of thi» lordly possession, from which it will be seen that tbe trapesium obta.ned includes tbe whole of our own Province. The area purchased by Lord Se.- kirk waa known as the Territory of Ossiniboiu . c. lustry of his raue. 8 found pursuing land cultivated in that > ear averaged two acres lor wiirlrin» hanii- ThB suttlars had alsu con- «li£ii »■ worthy ol honor, ine been indelibly flxwl in_ or name the Nor OeiKITK 'e»t. known Its oi.e of * b*ua ol lUUiinoui yuuni uiau earnegtiy eni{i>«ed in Htenury and leitniea pur- h*rT«et of the fin J , 1 1 his mtflfVeH Hnentimeot has reooffniied Lord Selkirk aa worthy of honor. The name of Selkirk has been in«lelibly fliml in the North- West. The metMpolitan couuty of Manitoba bears his naniM ; the eroxsiiiKOl the Red Rixer oy the great Can- adian PHoiflo Railway has been appropriately named after the t'oumler of North-Wesr.ern oivi- lisatiun. Furt Daer, remembered by the Selkirk reluRees in their first wi'terinK, situated in the angle of the Hed and Pemoina Rivers, on the Houth side of the later, bore one of their piitrun'a ritlei: while in the city of Winnipeg the site U otill poin ed lut at the base of the i-eninsula nf Point Douglas, of Kort Dnagla", oommemorativa Ol the riuilij' MMwtf vi ilio u%*tvuiatat» D— Port Oibraltai^the Nor'-Wester Fort C— Site of Fort Douglas. B— Reputed Fort Rouge (Verandrye 1731-8). F— Present Fort Garry. A— Spot where Gov. Semple was killed by Nor'- >V esters (1816). G— First ohapel bui't by Roman Catholio mis- xionarles (1518). B— First Protestant Church in Rupert's Land, built 1823. A SKETCH OF LORD SBLKIKK. Thomas Douglas— fifth Earl of Selkirk— Baron Daeraud Shortoleugh, Fellow of the Royal So- ciety— was born in June, 1771 , and lived an event- ful life of forty-nine years. The family seat ot St. Mary's Isle, in Kirkoudbrightsbire, Scotland, at the mouth of the Dee, on a peninsula formerly isolated by the sea at every side, and looking out upon the tjolway Frith— knew him but little in Ins adventurous career. He was an author, a patriot, a colonizer, and a philanthrop st. Of a perfervid race, be was distinguished for enthu- siastic devotion to his projects. The intrepidity of the Douglases, the perseverance of the ancient family of Mar:, and the venturesomeness of the house of An^us, were all his inheritance by blood •ies«rnt. Ninetnnn ganaration* hafik, and not lass than seven hundred years before his time, Theo- bald, the Fleming— ^he Selkirk ancestor— had Kcorned the quieter pleasures of home, and gone In seek his fortunes among the faxon peoples of old Northumbria, bad bought himself a new home citriy nhowed the ability and industry of his race. About ihe age of eighteen he is found pursuing an academic career in Edinburgh, and there is known as oi.e of a band of illustrious young men earnestly engaged in literary and learned pur- suits. The Club." numbering some nineteen in all, included umong its members the young Wal- ter Scott, about the same mm m Selkirk, aa well as others who a terwards ruse to promiBenoe and tame. > t is further interesting to uoto the infln- e ces surrounding the earl' years ot the young noble in the eo nection ot the House of Selkirk with the poet Burns at this period. The father of Thomas Douglas was among those who did honor to the peaMnt bard, and patronii^ the spuil"* *l»«»"»" '*""'•"'• r**"' ''»" '*'''"'>1t, ^••" ♦• remain Ht his seat at St. Mary's Isle. The poet beinv ssked to say grace on one occasion, ex- tetniiorited the lines found in hii works and well known as the BRLKIBK OBACr. " Some hae meat and oau a eat, An, some wad eat that want it ; But wc hae meat, an' we can eat. An' sae the Lord be thaaklt." One of Burns' amusing poems, in whioh the in- teniiely realistic mind of the poet .mows itself in an interview between Lord Daer, the brother of the young Douglits, and Bumn, may bo referred to. Dugald Stewart, the well known Edinburgh professor ut moral philosophy, woa spending his summer near Ayr, in the year 178(f. Among the other Ku«8t» of the professor wes liord Daer, A live Lord from such an ancient hiius<9 aa that of Douglas tilled the plough man-poet'u mind with tear. Bui the genial and generous intereet found fn this representative, at lii all of t!ie Vtlkirk family, disarmed the prsjudice of the poet, and drew forth encomiums even from so hard a critic. This wot ye all whom it concerns I, Rhymer Rubin, alia* Burns, Ootober twenty-third, A ne'er to be furg»tten day. Sae lar I sprochied up the brae, I dinner'd wi' a Lord. Yes. wi' a Lord— dutnd out my sh in— A Lord— a Peer -an Earl's son— Up higher yet my bonnet. And sic a L rd^lang Scutch ells twa, Our Peeritge he o'erfocks them a' As I look o'er my sonnet. I sidling shelter'd in a nonk. An' at His Lordship steal'c a look Like some portentous omen ; Except good sense and social gle« I An' (what surprised nae) modoetr, I marked nought uncommon. I watched the symptoms of the great. The aenile pride, the lordly state, The arrogant assuming ; The flent a oride, nae pride nad he. Nor sauce nor state thitt I could see, Mair than an honest pluughman. Then from His Lordship I shall lee jn Henceforth to meet with unconcern One rank as weel's another ; Nae honest worths man need care 'io meet with noble, youthful. Daer, For he but meets a brother. Among those who belonged to the Club of Carruber's Place were some afterwards so well known, aa William Clark of Eldio, Sir A. Fergu- son, Lord Abercrombie and David Douglas, after- wards Lord Re«ton. For the young nobleman it means much to be aasociatcd with kindradxpirito such as tliese — of healthy mind and generous culture Adrene cir- cumstances, and the desire for distinction gives stimulus sufficient to the poor and friendless scholar, but it needs some of the attrition of the mind, gftined from such surroundings, to give the young man of family and position motive for energetic effort. The yonng literateurs met togetuer in a room in Carruber's Close ,Edin burgh, off the High Street, and from this resort they often adjourned to an oyster tavern in the same neigh- borhood. It speaks well lor the morals of these young men to find one of them— no less than Walter Scott himself— delaring about this time " depend upon it of all vices drinking is the most incompatible with greatness." Of the warmth and cordiality of this association we get a glimpse in the fact that when any member of the club received a promotion or appointment it was a rule that ha should give a dinner to his asso- ciates. Oh . for the sunny days of yonth aaain I Youth flres youth to generous rmpulse, and it would have been strange indeed if hopes and plans and bright ideas for the regeneration of the world and society had not found place among th.i diiouwions of the club. land cultixate every workini •true ed rude harvest of the perim«int, ins( of evil had pn extent. Five Prince Edwai band of 800 the most pnx island. In 1805 Loni matter of a m British (jover wbicb be disc Highlands, sp moting emtgr jeots wvre tea land colony I Island. So w oomplished tli moettdttarop iiation fcheui Scotch peer w and felicity ol favorable not! time, Lord J( which the firs tioal and pro various measi have been eof witbour. osten atic. whioh p« the mo*t pleai been given to new eolony." Bat Mm pud Selkirk may I takan by dim neriloos timei lien's aims, s be well gauke national exigi Those who money gettini for literary pi SUte ; ii tellii ing evidence i the nineteent anxiety to t " Europa-sha« 1807 brought I of thatyaarfa King of Westi a humble Oor by the mights his gifts, strui pean Soveroii owii III I'itsdw the^Ute. C| an octavo vol the matter is the Edinburg ileals with tn the public mi looking out ii near Kirkcuc every day. i Jones had in dashed in up< seat. Peasai memorating t Ye'va Ye've Ye've Uewi Hewi Heei He en Heei Ande The plans i prehenaive ai a system of n would be giv« every able bo years of age, ceedingyear be 25. ^he c to point out 1 attended this sians in their trian- Prussia sian war sine plan propose immediately that the disti I»»rn« Selkirk, u well I prominenoe and to uote the infla- .n ot the youne House of Selkirk riod. The father ihoae who did patrooiiid the 'l '"'♦"»«,. ^'•" ♦• Isle. The poet ne oocasioD, ez- s works and well 11 a eat, want it ; oan eiit, aakit." ill whieh the in- 9t .mows itself in r, the brother of may ho referred nown Edinburgh ■spending bis ViW. Amung the res liord Daer, A hiiUM as that of MMt'ki mind with >us intereet found of the Ittlkirk f the poet, and n so bard a critio. oerns ns. irae, ny sh in— Kin — net, I ells twa, em a' let. a look omen; il glee •dooty, >mmon. the great, state, niMi he, lould see, [>luugbmant hallieF.ii looncern other ; ed oare ul. Daer, other. I to tbe Club of ifterw&rds so well din, Sir A. Fergu- rid Douglas, after- sans much to be •uoh as tbese— of ure AdTeri>e oir- distinotion gives or and friendless B attrition of the Dundingri, to give }sition motive for : literateuro met iClosetEdinburgh, if resort they often 1 tbe same neigh- ) morals of these hem— no less than about this time nking is the most Of the warmth n we get a Rlimpse iber of the club Intment it was a linner to his asso- ith again 1 Youth and it would have 1 plans and bright world and society iisottssions of the t land cultivated in that veitravuriiged two acres tur every working hand. Tbe settlers bad also con- strue ed rude bnoe Edward Island. So well wns this literary enterprioe ac- complished tbAt afterwards even one of tbe Earl's most (dtter opponents in his North- Western colon- isation vcbeme says :— " I wss delighted to find a Scotch peer writing with so much intelligence and felicity of style." Tbe book drew forth mo*t favorable notices, and the leading critic of the time, Lord Jeffrey, says: — "The candour with wbien the first obstacles