IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) M ^ ^i, 1.0 I.I KS 140 1.25 1.4 fc" 2.0 y Q 1.6 V] /a O el °''W Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WIST MAIN STRUT WHSTMNV M5M) (71* I t73-4i03 k'**^ iV <> J^ o^ '^ rm^aa CIHM/ICMH Microfiche CrHM/ICMH Collection die microfiches. Canadian Instituta for Historical Microreproductioni / Institut Canadian da nr.icrorcproductions historiquas Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the bast original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographical!/ unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. □ Coloured covers/ Couverture c's couleur r~~l/ Covers damagad/ Ivd Couverture endommai^e D Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaurde et/ou pellicul6e I I Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque Coloured maps/ Cartes gdographiques en couleur Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ ere de couleur (i.e. autre que bicue ou noire) L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a dt6 possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-dtre uniques du point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la mdthode normale de filmage sont indiqu6s ci-dessous. D D n D Coloured pages/ Pages de couleur Pages damaged/ Pages endommag^es Pages restored and/or laminated/ Pages restaur6es et/ou pellicul6es Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ Pages d^colordes, tachetdes ou piqu^es Panes detached/ Pages ddtach^es Showthrough/ Transparence □ Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur n Quality of print varies/ Quality in^gale de i'lmpression D Bound with other material/ Reli^ avec d'autres documents □ Includes supplerrentary mateifial/ Comprend du m&t^riel supplementaire D D Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ La reliure serr^e peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distortion le long de ia marge intirieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from film^ig/ II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajout^es lors d'une restauration apparaissent dens le texte, mais, lorsque cela 6tait possible, ces pages n'ont pas itA filmias. D a Only edition available/ Seule Edition disponible Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best possible imuge/ Les pages 'otalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, •tc, ont M4 filmies A nouveau de fapon A obtenir la meilleure image possible. D Additicnal comments:/ Commentaires suppl^mentairbs; This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est film* au taux de reduction indiqui r:i dessous 10X 14X 18X 22X 26X 30X / I 12X ItX 20X 24X 2SX 32X The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: D. B. Weidon Library University of Western Ontario The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. .^11 other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol •— »> (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. L'exemplaire film6 fut reproduit grSce d la g6n6rosit6 de: D. B. Weidon Library University of Western Ontario Les images suivantes ont 4t6 reproduites avec lo plus grand soin. compte tenu de la condition at de Id nettetd de l'exemplaire fiim6, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en papier est imprimde sont filmds en commen^ant par le premier plat et en terminanit soit par la dernidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par Is second plat, selon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont filmds en commen9ant par la premidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernidre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, seion le cas: le symbols — ► signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbols V signifie "FIN". Maps, platps, charts, etc., may be filmed at different r& Auction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvent Atra film^s d des taux de reduction diff6rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clich6, il est filmd A partir de Tangle supdrieur g&uche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nicessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 ' ^ -t7~ 3 4 S 6 UNIVF.RSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO LIBRARY rr^ ^^>7^^--»w^ y THE QUEROLUS, A Syntactical and Stylistic Study ^^' '^^/<^>rbt A DISSERTATION IN THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY I j'^p By GEORGE WESLEY JOHNSTON J IH^UTM. o« Latta in th« UnlT«rrtty or Toronto ^r - s 4 ^ H - \ ": '.IM TOKONTO: '^''3p| TH« PoBtMHlM' bt»DW4«^ UmWid — ' — -— ^:^S B M^ '^9 ;^«« '■•••PWfWi«ifJ^4JlJl--U4!|SP.'iJ«|^.ViW»^''r'* ■' *' ^^ '"■^^."■■'mft^l'.'m:^ ■ LIBRARIES THE UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO LONDON CANADA ..U- LS-60612 THE QUEROLUS, A Syntactical and Stylistic Study A DISSERTATION IN THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY BT GEORGE WESLEY JOHNSTON Lecturer on Latin in the University of Toronto TORONTO: Thb P(7bij8hkrs' Syndioati, Limitbd 1900 k t-. It.. .'', M ^ '. i /■' t Mi;5'»G ■fKW4,/sv*i;if^t.'*W#*«'ttl8ts;!- CONTENTS. Introduction PAGE Bibliography **• XV. I. SYNTAX. A. SIMPLE SENTENCE. 1. DECLARATIVE SENTENCES. (a) The Subject. § 1. Stfbject Expressed § 2. Impersonal Verbs * 2 (6) The Predicate. (o) General. § 3. Present Participle with Copula § 4. Verb Omitted . . * 3 : ~ (fi) AgreemeiU. § 5. In Number § 6. In Gender * 4 K,-f Tenees. . - § 7. Historical Present § 8. Periphrastic Present ■ § 9. Gnomic Present § 10. Imperfect in Narrative § 1 1. Periphrastic Future § 11. Participle in -ndus for Fut. Pass t § 12. Volo with Infinit. for Future § 12, Ibo with Supine foi Future ^ § 13. Interchange of Tenses § 14. Compound Tenses § 15. Fut. Pf . . . . Fut. Pf. ; Fut. Pf .' '. '. .Fut '.".'.'.'. ' f (8) Moods. §§ 1619. Indicative Substituted for Subjunctive o 2. Subjunctive. § 20. Optative § 21. Potential Subjunctive * 8 22. Jussive Subjunctive [ IV CONTENTS. PAGE 3. Impebativb. § 24. Future Imperative ^1 § 26. Two Imperatives with Connective 12 § 26. Future Indicat. for Imperative 12 § 27. 4. Infinitive. Infinitive as Substantive 13 § 28. Infinitive in Exclamations 13 {•) Voice. § 29. luror, Act. and Depon. Forms 13 § 30. Middle use of Verbs 13 § 31. Defunctus=Mortuus 13 >- * (f) Attbibot-b. ., § 32. Adverb as Attribute 13 , § 33. Substantive as Attribute 1* (rf) Apposition. § 34. Phrase as Appositive 14 § 35. Accusat. and Infinit. as Appositive 14 § 36. Other Cases 14 ;''J;1::;\ (e) Cases. ^ ,. ■; 1. Nominative. § 37. Nominative in an Exclamation 1* S. Vocative. 38. Mingling of Nominat. and Vocat. . . , 14 S. Accusative. .■...-.■"';." --"^"''■■^-'>''"^.: .-'^ § 39. With Verbs of Motion 15 § 40. Transitive Accusative 15 § 41. Duration of Time 16 § 42. Predicate Accusative . 16 § 43. Double Accusative 16 § 44. Accusative of Exclamation 16 § 45. Pinal Accusative 17 4. Oenitive. § 46. Partitive Genitive 17 § 47. Genitiveof Quality 17 § 48. Appositional Genitive , . . . . 18 g 49. Objective Genitive 18 g 50. Subjective Genitive 18 g 51. Possessive Genitive 18 g 52. Genitive with Adjectives 19 15 16 16 16 16 17 17 17 18 CONTENTS. V PAGE § 53. Genitive with Similia 19 § 64. Genitive with Causa 19 § 55. Genitive of Value 19 § 56. Genitive of the Charge 19 § 57. Genitive with Verbg 19 §§ 68-60. Other Genitive Conatructions 19 5. Dative. § 61. Dative with Intransitives 20 § 62. Dative with Compound Verbs 20 S 63. Dative of Interest 20 § 64. Final Dative 21 § 65. Dative of Possession 21 § 66. Ethical Dative 21 § 67. Dative of Relation 21 I 68. Dative with Adjectives 21 i 69. Dative Indicating Connection With 21 § 70. Final Locative 21 6. Ablative. <•>,'., § 71. Ablative of Cause 22 § 72. Ablative of Manner 22 § 73. AWative of Respect 22 § 74. A!:;ative of Price 22 § 75. Ablative of Comparison 23 § 76. Ablative of Measure 23 § 77. Ablative of Quality 23 § 78. Ablative of Means 23 § 79. Ablative Denoting Time When 24 § 80. Ablative Denoting Place Where 24 § 81. Ablative of Separation 26 § 82. Ablative Absolute 26 § 83. Other Ablative Constructions 26 7. Locative. § 84. Domi, peregre, mane, vespere, tempore 26 (/) PARTicipr-Es, Gerund, Etc. 1. Participles. § 85. Present Participle with quasi ; with Copula, etc 27 ;?. Gerund. I 86. Accusative of Gerund with in ( = ad) 27 3. Oerundive. § 87. Gerundive as Attribute 28 § 88. Gerundive with Copula Omitted 28 4. Supine. § 89. Supine in -um with ibo 28 ■■ VI § 90. § 9i. § 92. § 93. § 94. § 95. CONTENTS. PAGK 2. INTER ROGATIVE SENTENCES. Particle frequently Lacking 28 Use of Nonne, ne and -ne ...,,, 29 Numquid, numquidnam 30 Forms of Quisnam 30 Cur, quare, quid, qualiter, quanti 3<> Direct Disjunctive Questions 31 B. SUBORDINATE SENTENCE. 1. SUBORDINATION WITHOUT RELATIVE PRONOUN ■ OR PARTICLE. (a) Parataotic Constructions. ' '*' § 96. Parataxis with Verba Sentiendi et Declarandi 32 § 97. Parataxis with Verbs of Entreating 33 § 98. Parataxis with volo, nolo * 34 § 99. Final Parataxis 35 §100. Consecutive Parataxis 35 §101. Causal Parataxis 3ft §102, Conditional Parataxis 38 §103. Concessive Parataxis 3(J §104. Temporal Parataxis 38 (6) Infinit. and Accdsat. with Infinif. §105. Objective Infinitive 38 §106. Infinitive with Adjectives 3{> §107. Simple Infinitive as Subject 39 §108. Accusative with Infinitive 39^' §109. Accusative with Infinitive as Subject 41 §110. Other Uses of Infinitive 41 2. SUBORDINATION BY MEANS OF RELATIVE PRONOUNS AND CON.IUNCTIONS. §111. Indefinite and Generic Relatives 41 §112. Epexegetical Quod Clauses 42 §113. Relative Clauses expressing Cause 42 §114. Relative Clauses of Characteristic Result 42 §115. Relative Clauses of Design 42 §116, Relative Clauses ot Concession 42 §117. Accusative Conjunctions 42 §1 18, Locative Conjunctions 45 C, INDIRECT QUESTIONS. §1 19. Simple Question 51 §120. Disjunctive Question g X)NTENT.S. vn fAOK 53 53 D. THE USE OF PARTS OF SPEECH. 1. Nouns. §121. Abstract Nouns m -io §122. Abstract Nouns in -tas, -tudo ....'..'..'..'. §123. Nouns in -men, -mentum 53 §124. Nouns in -sor, -tor, trix ' . \ §125. Plural of Abstracts ' . . §126. Plural of Concretes §127. Concrete used as Abstract §128. Abstract used as Concrete §129. Diminutives . . 53 54 54 54 55 55 §130. §131. §132. §133. §134. §135. §136. §137. §138. §139. §140. §§)41 2. Adjectivbs. Adjectives in -alis and -bilis Adjectives and Participles as Substantives. Comparison of Adjectives 55 55 56 3. Pronouns and Adjective Pronoui^s. P]mphatic Forms Change of Number Reflexive Pronoun Demonstrative Pronouns The Pronoun ipse Indefinite Pronouns Interrogative Pronouns Adjective Pronouna 143. Noteworthy uses of Adverbs, PaKicles and Prepositions '. .58 §144. Frequentatives 7. Vkrbs. 56 56 66 56 57 57 57 57 ,59 57 II. ASYNDETON. §145. General /»/v §146. Asyndeton Enumerativum ." §147. Asyndeton Adversativum «? §148. Asyndeton Explicativum o, §149. Asyndeton Disiunctivum f, §150. Asyndeton Summativum . „! §151. Asyndeton in Questions §152. " Das achte " Asyndeton §153. Asyndeton with Anaphora §154. Asyndeton and Co-ordinating Particles. 61 62 62 62 62 11:. LEXICAL. 5155. Important Lexical Phenomena 63 INTRODUCTION. In this study of the peculiar but interesting comedy of the late Latin period, the Querolus or Aulularia, the au- thor's aim has been to examine the phenomena of Syntax Jind Style. He has not proposed to himself any seiious attemp' to remove the uncertainty which exists as to the authorship of the play, its date, '/IslC3 and form. These <}uestions have all received more or less attention from scholars for generations, even for centuries, and yet, despite the labours more especially of Klinkhamer, Ilavet and Dezeimeris, few will be found to say that much real light has been thrown upon these perplexing problems. From a comment of Donatus on Terence, Andria 716, it is clear that even In the fourth century after Christ, ' The African inscriptions to which Biicheler refers^ are found in the Corpus Inscript. Latin. VIIL, 646, 647, 648. A note of Studemund's, quoted by the editor of the volume, shows that he, too, thought that comparison was to be made between the compoaitio rhythmica of the Querolus and the clauaulae periodorum of these inscrip- tions^. It would be a mistake, however, to suppose that our author was a man of so little learning and culture as the writer of these epitaphs. Klinkhamer, Quicherat* and Havet maintain that the play was composed in accordance with regular metrical laws ; and believing that these were destroyed by some paraphrast or redactor of the Middle Ages, Klinkhamer in 1829, and more recently Havet in 1880, attempted to restore it to its original form. The latter says (p. 40) " volontairement mis en prose par un remanieur du haut moyen Age," admitting, however, that there are not many examplf^s of Latin texts that have been treated in this way. Havet's " haut moyen fige " must refer to some time before the ninth century, inas- much as Ms. V is believed to be of that date. It is strange, although of course not impossible, that all Mss. of the play in verse should have so completely disappears 1, and that excerpts should all have been made from the Mss. in prose. It is strange, too, that the redactor should have given his attention so much more to changing the beginning of the verse or period than the close. In his i^sum^ (p. 148 ff.) Havet seems to lay himself open to the charge of being carried away by his theory. He says ' Revue Critique, 1876, p. .376. » Rh. MuB. xxvii., p. 474. ' See also thia scholar's review of Peiper's edition, Jonaer Literatur- reitung, 1878 (No. .35), p. 822. • , .* ♦ Melanges de Philologie, p. 168 f. r-^^ - — ..^-^ -je-T*-^; XIV INTRODUCTION. (\}. 149) : Peut dtre operait-il d'iiistinct, reproduisant sans en avoir conscience nne ordonnance que ses lectures lui avaient rendue fainilifere. Other passages might be cited to much the same effect. But surely this does not add much strength to his position. Why may we not with much better reason accept the truth contained in the alK)ve citation as making in favour of the contention that our play has not undergone a change of form ? The naturalness and clearness of the " ordonnance que ses lec- tures lui avaient rendue familifere" as contrasted with the inversions, insertions and omissions to which recourse must be had in order to make even unsatisfactory verse, are just the features which are likely to be regarded as prov- ing that the Querolus was written in prose. u. , r^.- ^r ■m ■4- PosT ScRiPTUM. — When much the greater part of this work was already in type, I was suprised to learn of the existence (in Ms.) of a study entitled "Querolus fabula quando et ubi scripta sit, sermonis potissimum iuquisi- tione definiatur," by Dr. E. MUllenbach of Bonn. It is with the greatest pleasure that I here record my appreciation of the author's courtesy and kindness in offering for ray free use the results of his investigation. It is only, however, in the section on the vocabulary that I have been able to deiive much profit from his labor ; but in this part I am greatly indebted to his carefiil and exhaustive work, all the more valuable because it is to a study of the language that Dr. Miillenbach especially addresses himself. The author of the Querolus, according to Dr. Miillenbach, was a man of education and culture, of the legal profession — witness the number of legal terms. His language in general is more in agreement with that of writers of (caul, especially Salvianus and Sulpicius (to the latter of whom he is superior), and has much iu common ^ith that of authors of the 4th century and the beginning of the 5tli ceutur}* of our era. On the wliole no more probable date can l)e assigned than the middle of the 4th century, say .364-380 A.D., and no more probable country than Southern Gaul. ^- : ,:; -• ,■ ' . -^ ,, ,v •.. . :-;r infis^" ";;! \;--,^ ,;r'-.' m. .:.: .;. V' •1 : iif-:<^ii.'^:-'. '■. ^■i:i;*^.:!: ,,r>;,»i.** •■*,;,' ('.fw ''^ '•'i "S.''- ;.''i ; -^i~---"!'-l '.^^'V BIBLIOGRAPHY. \-AI Editions. ■ti.!i«;> '*fi .«lvh:wi»>?5 There have been six editions of the Querolus : i The Editio Princeps of Peter Daniel, Paris, 1564 ; re- printed in the edition of Pbiutus published by Cominus, Padua, 1764. A second edition was prepared by Daniel, but was never published, and is now in the library at Berne. Daniel's notes, as well as those of Rittershaus and Oruter, were published in The edition of H. Commelin, 1595. The edition of Ph. Parens, an appendix to his edition of Plautus, Frankfort, 1610; reprinted with the omission of the preface in the Collectio Pisaurensis, 1766, Vol. IV., p. 201 ff. The edition of S. C. Klinkhamer, Amsterdam, 1829, containing the prose text of the Mss. and also a restora- tion (the first) in verse. The prose text was reprinted in 1832 as an appendix to Plautus in the Bibliotheca Latina (Lemaire), Vol. III., p. 545 ff. The edition of Rudolph Peiper, Leipsic, 1875. This contains a complete description of earlier editions and notices of studies (not published) in the Querolus by several scholars, an inaccurate description of four Mss., a valuable apparatus criticua, and an index. The edition of Louis Havet, Paris, 1880, Texte en vers restitud d'apres un principe nouveau et traduit pour la premiere fois en fran9ais. This is preceded by an " examen litt^raire," and an excellent chapter on the Mss. As an appendix are added collations of Mss. R (Parisinus) and B (Brussels), and variant readings of Mss. J. C. Wernsdorf (1732-1793) undertook the preparation of an edition, parts of the prooemium of which have been 1 i j !■. 1 ! i ■ 1 i; • !i '11 i ■ ■ I . 1 "i ! 1 !f 1 1 XVI BIBLIOGRAPHY. embodied in the work of Peiper. These extracts deal with the authorship of the comedy, and with the pes clodus, to which reference has ah'eady been made. Edi- tions seem to have been contemplated b}'^ H. Cannegieter (1723-1804), G. Koen (died 1767) and J. C. Orelli, the results of whose labours, as also of those of Barth, Tur- nebe, Scaliger, Gronovius, Salmasius and others, have been duly made use of by subsequent editors. During the Middle Ages the Querolus was recast in elegiac verses by a poet Vitalis\ whose work was printed together with the Querolus itself, by Rittershaus in 1595. It has somewhat recently appeared, in Bonn, 1885 : Comoediae elegiacae, ed. comra. crit. instr., proleggom. scrips. E. Mullenbach. ■■'■-* --^^ <'^ ^^^ ■';'■' ^^'-^ ::^-'-'ypi'''i^^j^^;^T:;'-^ In addition to these may be noticed an Italian trans- lation by Berengo: Querulo ossia Auluiaria, di auctore incerto, commedia togata tradatta per la prima volta, Venezia, 1851. ■, - . v^ Articles bearing on the Querolus have been published by Ch. Magnin (cited above) ; Louis Quicherat, Revue de 1 'Instruction publique, August, ^ 859 ; R. Dezeimeris, Sur I'Auteur de Querolus, Bordeaux, 1876, and Etudes sur le Querolus, 1881. The edition of Peiper was re- viewed by P. Thomas, Revue de I'lnstruction publique ....en Belgique, 1875, pp. 287-292, who offers some emendations and gives some readings from a Brussels Ms. ; W. Studemund, lenaer Literaturzeitung, August 28, 1875, p. 621 f. (see above) ; Gaston Paris, Revue critique d'His- toire et de Litterature, 1875, p. 374 ff ; Wilhelm Wagner, Literarisches Central blatt, June 5, 1875. Notices of Havet's edition are found in Teuftel-Schwabe IL, p. 372 (trans.) ; Dezeimeris, Etudes etc., p. 56 f. ; Bursian's Jah- resbericht, Vol. 59 (1889), p. 47 f. (K. Sittl). I have con- sulted also J. J. Ampere, Histoire litt^raire de la France * See Hist, litter, de la France xv. , pp. 42^4.S4 ; Peiper, p. xxi. BIBLIOGRAPBY. XVll avant le douzidme Sidcle I. pp. 260 ff., and E, du M^ril, Origines latines du the&tre moderne. Manuscripts. These also are six in number : V Rome, Vaticanus 4929, ninth century. L Lej'^den, Leidensis Vo«sianus, Q. 83, tenth century. P Rome, Palatinus- Vaticanus 1615, eleventh century. R Paris, Parisinus 8121A, eleventh-twelfth century. B Brussels, twelfth century. S Rome (incomplete), twelfth century. V was first collated and used by Peiper for his edition, and to it together with L (the Ms. used for the Editio Prin- ceps) he assigns the highest value. Havet, however, rightly maintains that a reading common to R P, the only others used by Peiper, is to be preferred to one common to V L, and that R has preserved the greatest number of good readings. It is to this Ms. that B, collated by Thomas^ seems most closely related. S contains several good readings, and would perhaps be an important Ms. if it were complete. On page xiii. Peiper notices several Mss. containing extracts of the Querolus, but makes use of only one, the Florilegium Beiolinense of the fourteenth century. M. 1., p. 228 ; see alao Havet 1. 1., p. 28. 8 # IHi !!!! "■if » 1 i 4* .'f f kti J. '-3 -/ li. ft: '.?» ■ '!^' :m\ ,iV I. SYNTAX. A. The Simple Sentence. 1. Declarative Sentences. (a) The Subject. § 1. The Subject expressed in the First and Second Person. — The pronoun occurs with great frequency, and in many instances is not required for emphasis or clearness. This is quite in harmony with the usage of Comedy and the Vulgar Speech. It is to be remarked especially in the sing, of the pronoun of the first person; the pronoun of the second person occurs with about equal frequency, but with perhaps more reason. Not infrequently, however, these pronouns are emphatic, the emphasis often being heightened by antithesis more or less marked. (1) Ego. — Used to declare identity: fi, 1, Ego sum custos et cultor domus cui f uero adscriptus ; cf. 6, 3 ; 8, 20, 2?, 24 ; 22, 14 ; 47, 20 ; 52, 2. In some of these, emphasis too is discernible. Emphatic. — Often combined with nutern, at, quoque, not without antithesis: 35, 12, Ego quoque, .si opus fuerit, operam praestabo; 31, 20, Ego autem ipsum vidi Cerberum. Also 25, 20 ; 51, 11. A good example of ego in anaphora is found in 50, 12-14: Egone manibus meis praesidium paternum ut efferrem de domo, ego conderem ? Ego obvi- arem thesauro ? Ego in repeated question : 49, 20, Quid ego dico nunc fieri ? Further examples : 23, 21 ; 46, 15 ; 50, 6, 8 ; 54, 4; 55, 6; 43, 7 ; 48, 24 ; 56, 20 ; 35, 19 ; 45, 27. Antithetical. — In these the antithesis is more decided : 24, 15, Ego trado gaudia, retia vosraet obsidete; 39, 24, Ego nudam teneo quam domino vestitam vix videre licet. (Ego lustro, ego metior, etc.) ; 46, 2, and elsewhere. Ego with omission of verb. — In replies : 42, 14, Ego vero ac libens (sc. abibo); 43, 8, neque ego (sc. credam); so 43, 2. ^■mmmm ■■HR ■illH ill In a question: 48, 21, Sed quid ego? (Of. 7, 15, Ecquid ego nunc facio ?) (2) Tu. — It is not unusual to find this pronoun expressed with the Imperative in the speech of the people, and to this usage our author shows a tendency. It is found more often than ego in emphatic positions, and often with anti- thesis. Such particles as immo, autem, ergo, igiiur, are sometimes added. Emphatic. — 9, 1, immo, tu cave; 10, 22, men rogas ? Quasi tu nescias. So, too, 42, 3 ; 52, IG ; 56, G, and else- where. The relative frequency of the occurrence of tu is about 1:4. It is rarely, if ever, omitted when we should look for its presence, and on the other hand, in most of the instances of its occurrence, some justification may be discovered. In questions, as with the Imperative, it is very common, owing no doubt to the desire for greater directness and vivacity: 21, 3, Tu nunc, quo tendis ? 34, 6, Heus tu, amice, tun Querolus diceris ? 54, 8, Hancine niihi tu domi fidem praedicabas, in which the juxtaposition of mihi and tu will be observed, as also in 51, 19 ; 52, 12, 22 ; 13, 7 ; 12, 9 ; 28, 23, and in other passages. This is in keeping with the usage of Plautus and Terence. Further occurrences are 53, 23 ; 47, 15 ; 56, 1. For examples other than those given above of tu with the Vocative, see 24, 2, 14 ; 33, 25 ; 46,2. Antithetical. — 35, 24, Tu praecede, nos tecum simul; 18, 22, Habet hoc ille cuius tu sortem petisti ; also 9, 11 ; 24, 24 ; 43, 25 ; 46, 2 ; 58, 22. (3) The use of plural forms of the pronouns of the first and second person calls for no remark. The pronoun of the first person is much more frequently expressed, and both are sometimes necessary for reasons similar to those given under ego and tu. §2. Impersonal Verbs.— The following are found: apparet, 50, 3 ; 24, 7 ; c'onvenit, 24, 21 ; 60, 6 ; datum est, 34, 1 ; expedit, 20, 9 ; factum est, 50, 17 ; 56, 19 ; fiat, 34, 6 ; 35, 8 ; licet, 27, 12 ; 30, 19 ; 31, 12 ; 30, 1 ; litandum, 31, 14; opus est, 35, 14: 40, 11 ; 52, 5; opus fuit, 43, 3; placet, 27, 4 ; placeat, 27, 13 ; placuit, 60, 5 ; 60. 6 ; super- est, 15, 16; vacat, 25, 21; 27, 5; vacuum esset, 26, 9; ventum est, 24, 6. \ ^^. **"»«i I i -M iwi w >i*i# i *iW1iii|j l^,U[ r fV i -TW MllJi S; ^: 3 (b) The Predicate. (a) Genekai.. §3. Pkesent Participle with copula. — Of this con- Htruotion only one occurrence can bo cited from our author : 49, 5, nos iactantes non suinus ; in .sibi sufficiens t'uit, 6, 0, sufficiens is to be regarded as an adjective as in the Icti, Tertull. and others. This periphrasis seems to have been a favorite one in popular* and biblical' Latin, but is found to .some extent in writers of the classical and ante-classical periods, as is .shown by Holtze*, Nagelsbach- MuUer*, and other grammarians. §4. Verb Omitted. — (1) A verb of saying: 26, 3, De mago nescio ouid vos andivi ; 26, 1, Quid vos, secretumne aliquod ? and c/. 10, 20, 24; 32, I. In 10, 21, attat etiam hoc? hoc may be felt in an ob- jective sense. (2) A Verb of motion: 26, 21, Nos iliac una simul ; cf. 35, 21 ; 43, 8 (pergamus). Hac atque iliac, tantum ad secretum locum; 48, 6; 51, 16. For metrical reasons Havet omits uenias of the Mss. in 26, 7, te rogo, ut iliac venias mecum una simul, and emends te to tu. Movere omitted : 53, 19, Tu niLsquam hodie pedem (Ter. Ad. 227 nusquam pedem) ; 46, 19, ne umquam inde movisses pedem ; see also 55, 8 ; 55, 12. (3) Omission of forms of esse. — Exceedingly common. (a) In the Indicat: 20, 4, Fures mihi ac praedones cui bono? 56,19, Temptandum via (but expressed 56,12). Cf. 50, 1 ; 51, 20; 26, 14 and observe also the omission of the predicate in descriptive clauses forming part of a dia- logue, e.g., 24, 5, Sacellum in parte, argentaria ex diverso; 24, 19 ; *24, 7 ; 33, 14. Other examples 19, 18 ; 7, 5. In exclamations or sententious remarks: 11, 1, Ecce generalia! 12, 4; 14, 5; 59. 11 ; 27, 18 ; 36, 19. * Very frequent in Vitruvius ; see Kohler, Acta Erlang. I., p. 449f. * See Kilroy, The Participle in the VulgRte N. T. , and Hartel, Lucifer vonCagliari unJ seiu Latein, Wbltflin'a Archiv III., p. 37. ' Syntaxis Prise. Script. Latin., IL, p. 5. * Lateinische Stilistik ftlr Deutsche®, §72. iii ■!! (6) In the Infinitive, copulative : 57, 13, Tegnen non vidisti plumbeura ? 19.8; 50. 19; 51,22; 56,9; 43,20. There are seven occurrences of the Fut. Inf. Act., one of these being fore ; of the six m-rum only one has esse, and five omit, it. This is in harmony with classical usages {Esse is omitted three times in the Perfect Infinit. : 3, )3 ; 5(^, 7 ; 55, 26.) (4) Omission of other verbs. — 57, 17, Unde illi thesaurum homini pauperi ? (sc. esse putas ?) ; 59, 9, Viaticum ego vobis (juonam pro merito ? (sc. aapergam.) In dialogue a verb is often omitted, but as a rul? is readily supplied from a previous statement or question : 22, 13, Sed quos homines ? (sc, venor.) See further 53, 22,24, 25; 54, 16. In exclamations: 34, 9, Omnes per deos {cf. 55, 16, luro per deos). Also 51, 18 ; 53, 6, (/3) Agreement. =.>-V §5. li^T Number. — (1) Plur. subj. with sing. pred. : 39, 1, Voltus, aetas et color nobilitas gravitas ad scriptulos quaeritur. Of. al«o 5, 22 ; 17, 14 ; 52, 13. " In all these the subjects precede the predicate ; but in one instance the pre- dicate precedes: 22. 12, Quanto mihi maius est ingenium et lucrum ! Only one subject precedes in 59, 16, Quodsi et tumor fucrit et iivor. (2) Collective noun with .sing., followed by a relat. clause with plurol : 21,19, Ubinam ilia est cohors quae habitant . . . ambulant. §6. In Gender. — (I) Neuter for masouliiie : 8, 25, Ego sum Lar Famiiiaris, fatutu quod vos dicitis (destiny, as you say ; the relat. is attrncted to the gender of the pre- dicate, as frequently happens). In 18, 20, Suscipe quod exoptas, quod, although referring in a general way to psaltrias et concubinidas, is to be taken in close connec- tion with the verb, " your prayer." {Gf. 53, 3.) (2) Neut. pron. with feminine predicate : 14, 7, nonenim hoc parva hereditas. This is the only example, and in ' See J. P. Postgate, The Fut. Inf. Act. in Latin, Imlogerm. Foraoh. IV., pp. 252 r)8. rf orsch . this it must be noted that hoc refers to the jjeneral idea of the preceding statement. On the whole our author adheres closely to the classical norm, e.g. : 5, 22, Queiolus an Aulularia haec dicatur fabula, vestrum hinc iudicium, vestra erit Bententia, and in hali'-a-dozen other passages. (3) Neut. pron. as modifier of infinitive : S, 3, Istud eui bono have dicere ? (4) Adjective agreeing with nearest subject: 33, 11, Neque mores, neque facultates vestras didici. (5) A striking instance of agreement is seen in a passage cited above, § 5 (2). The relat, pron. quae preserves the gender of the antecedent cohors, although the masculine would be more usual. (Havet reads qui). Somewhat similar is 35, 22, Hora est synastria ; istaec mihi placet, inasmuch as the neuter istud would seem more natural. The writer's thought, however, may very well have been " That is the time " (istaec est hcra). It should be ob- served, too, that one Ms. (P) reads placent, evidently understanding istaec as neut. pi. (7) Tenses. §7. Naturally there is but little narrative in our play ; where '.*■ is found the tense most frequently used is the Historical Present : 4, 20, Postea parasitus revolat et petit . . . . confitetur, . . . . non docet, violator est reus. Perfect and present : 4, 14, sed ubi primum inspexit, decipitur dolo. Plpf. and j)res. : 4, 10. Other examples are 4, 11, 12. 15,18; 5, 11; 6, 19; 7.2. Histor. pres. and perfect : 6, 16, Peregre nioriens rem in- dicavit, de busto nihil exponit. [In the lines immediately preceding it will be observed that there are six instances of the perfect, and one of the imperfect ; this latter (celabat) is probably conative.] Note. —Our author shows a marked disregard of sequence of tenses. §8. Pkriphrastic Present. — One example, 49, 5, O sapiens Euclio, nos iactantes non sumus. §9. Gnomk' Preh. : 13, 16, Semper dives diligens, contra pauper neglegens ; 23, 19, Funus ad laetitiam spectat, lacrimae ad risum pertinent. nil 1 M 11! I i'; ■ J§ 10. The Imperfect in Narkative. — The force of the Iraperf . is well illustrated on p. 'IS, in the narrating of two or three dreams : 23, 5, Videbam thesaurum quern spera- bamus nobis in manus venisse... Videbam solido3...Erant uncinuli. Videbam ... ferebamus ... deflebamus ... Dicebat nescio quis, etc. §11. The Pekiphrastic Future.— Of this there are several examples : 45, 21, Quonam redituri sumus ? 20,6, Et quern admodum habiturus sum ? and 5, 9. In .subord. clauses, — 49, 12, Ilium furem inlaqueari volo, qui, continuo rediturus est. So 37, 18; 25, 16. The Particip. pass, in -ndus for the lut. pass, is found th'ee times : 6, 8, pro mentis reddendu'n bonis non putatis, and 21, 1 ; 40, 22, This usage is, according to MuUenbach, very frequent in Ammian., Sulp, Sev. and Salvianus. § 12. Voi.o with Infinit. instead of a future tense. — One occurrence : 7, 3, Tamen ne frustra meriiet videritis, ex- ponere quaedam volo (cf. Plaut. Most, 6G, ego ire in Piraeum volo, and Hor. Sat. I. 9, 47, haberes magnum adiutorem hunc hominem velles si tradere). This was a charac- teristic of the Sermo Vulgaris ; cf. Serv. Sulpic. Rufus in Cicero AJ. Fam, IV. 5, 4, volo tibi commemorare, and Schmalz^ thereon. For this and other substitutes for the future see Ph. Thielmann^, Note. — ibo with the Supine = future : 25, 1, deambu- latum ibo. §13. Intercuange of Tenses. (1) Perf. Infinit. for Pres. with memini : 3, 13, meniinistine ridere tete solitum? with coepit : 10, 22, Quando licitum es.se coe|)it ? (In a sinjilar way licitum est is iised for licet : 9, 17, licitum est nosse ; 30, 1, neque abesse licitum est nee adire tutum.) Perhaps 45, 3, Plus est hoc quam hominem perdidisse, but here the infinit. looks to the completion of the act, (2) Perf, for Impf. : 10, 16, adulcscens quaedam feci laiulari quaesolent; cf. Plaut. Beech. 410, Feci istaec in adulescontia. (3) Fut. Imperat, for Pre.s. is of very common occur- rence : 12, 19, inter miseros vivito {cf. 16, 25); 25, 22 salvus esto {cQto seems equivalent to ait ; cf. 27, 22 ; 42, 8) ; 9, 19, expromito ; 16, 16. facito {cf 20, 8) ; 13, 1, discito ; 13, 3, » Blatter, f. d. Oymn., Bd. 3.'^, (1881), p. 116. Xi*.:_w.^:ii_. _ • Halwre iiiit d. Intinit. u. d. Kntstehiinu d. roman. Put , ArchivII.. pp. IBK. fl. nectito ; 32, 24, scitote ; 35, 1, promito; 11, 7, saltern hoc -dicito. This is used several times instead of die ; 13, 19 ; 16, 2 ; 33, 9 ; 47, 14 ; 33, 22. Dicifo is usually followed by an object, as illud, hoc, ea, — but with an Accusat. and Infinit. 47, 14, and without object 15, 11, — whereas die is alnM)st always accompanied by ergo, quaeso or similar words, and a dependent clause. Die mihi introduces a direct question, 15, I ; 11, 4. Die is used once with accusat. of a neut. pron., 14, 10, Die ergo aliud. When, however, the plur. is used the tense is the present, dicite ; 5G, 16, Vo'., quaeso, dicite vicissim. So also 56, 22. A niixiure of Fut. Imperat. and Pres. Imperat. occurs 17, 22, In summa pauper esto et reporta aliquid pecuni- arum ; 18, 12, Conscende maria, te undis credito, with which cf. 20, 9 tf' credito. . . .accommoda. . . .exoipe, and 18, 5. In 16, 22, vade ad Ligerem vivito, vade is only a particle of exhortation. Age with another imperative is common in Plant us*. See also Moods — hnperative, § 24. (4) Present for Future. — 22, 7, Ego me intus refero, hominem proferam (At refero the action is perhaps suited to the word); 16, 22, habes quod exoptns ; 23, 13, ego te iai"^ nunc explode. Other examples : 10, 18 ; 36, 3 ; 47, 23 ; 15, 15; 42, 22. The change of tense in 23, 2 will be oV>served : Qnando haec discere potestis ? quando intel- legetis ? docebitis ? This characteristic of the |)opular speech was quite marked in early Latin'-, r. id indeed it is a ■♦■( -..l ^J f. §IG. The Indicative for the Subjunctive in unreal con- ditions. — 50, 6, Non credideram, nisi quod in.spexi locum ; 57, 20 (si sapiebat) illi crediderat loco? (See §118, (i)Ad).) § 17. Predicate expressions and phrases signifying pos- sibility, etc., taking the place of Subjunct. — 40, 18, Fas erat me facere quod praecepit. Posse occurs several times, s.g., 16, 11, Istud niimquam potui (cf. 18, 14, Istud num- quam volui); 57, 17 (potui); 54, 5 (possum); 45, 24 (poteras). (Bui see §21 for subjunct. of posse in questions.) § 18. Indicative for Deliberative Subjunct. — 7, 15, Et quid ego nunc facio ? 47, 2, Heia, quid nunc facimus ? Of. Ter. Phor. 446. Quid ago ? die, Ifegio. This was a. feature of familiar speech ; it is frequent in Comedy, and passages may be cited from Cic. (eg., Ad Atticum 13, 30 Advolone an maneo) Catullus, Vergil and later Latin. § 19. An interesting case of vis followed by the Indicat. is found 15, 6, ^is iam nunc facimus ? Possibly Indical., too, are 34, 17, Vis nomina etiam nunc elotjuar ? and 58, 18, Visne capita iam nunc eloquar ? See however §98. 2. Subjunctive. i-r/, , ' § 20. The Optative is of fairly frequent occurrence : 36, 5, Omnia sunt peracta: quod bonuni, faustuin felixque sit huic domui. (Out author has onntted the last adjective of this formula, cf. Plaut. Trin. 41 and especially Cic. De Div, I. 45, 102, Maiores nostri quod bonum, faustum, felix fortunatumque esset praefabantui.) The particle utivarn occurs half-a-dozen times, once with the negative ne, 33, 21, Utinam ne istaec de me locutns esses ! Nee with the Optative. — Rare in Comedy and classical writers : 42. 5, Nee di sinant ! §21. The Potentiai-'. — Numerous examples are quot- able, but a few will suffice : 2', 7, Vellem hercle adire hunc ' H. C Elmer, Studies in Latin MoodH and TenHes, Part IIT. , ntronuly objects to this 8o-callejunct. (See also H. Plase, Arcniv XI., pp. 283 ff.) 10 hominem ; c/. 25, 20 ; 33, 20 ; 52, 3 ; 29, 10 ; 32, 10. videas ; 34, 9, putes; 40, 21, dicant ; 41, 4 optem ; 29, 20, possit, and also 38, 2; 40, 15 in rhetorical questions. (27, 15; 50, 20 will be found under Conditional Sentences, p. 49.) The Deliberative Potential. — 21, 8, Quid faciam cum responso ? 44, 15, Quidnam esse hoc dicam ? Cf. 57,22 (in indirect question), and 49, 22. Note. — In vifi nunc eloquar? (34, 17) eloquar is pro- bably Subjunctive in quasi-dependence on vis; (so also 58, 18). See §19. §22. The Jussive. — Much more frequent than any of the uses of the Subjunctive already examined : (a) 22, 17 (containing Anaphora), Cedant iuris conditores, cedant cocorum ingenia, cedant Apici fercula. In the decretum parasiticam tiie jussive subj. is frequent for the fut. imperative : 59, 14, a rege convivii mercedem accipiat. Also 59, 12; GO, 1,9, 11, 12, 20. {b) With nequfi. — 5, 19, nemo sibimet arbJtretur dici neque propriam sibimet causam constituat. (c) Ne with Pres. Subj. (Prohibitive). — 16, 4, ne putes posse te aliquid deplorare; 44,21, ne vereare, me duce ; 26, 10, Quaeso, amice, ne te subripias ; 30, 3, ne tu quic- quam hinc uoveris {novi of course=a present); (42, 9, nihilque recipias) ; 26, 20, Mihi molestus ne sies ! Of. Plant. Aul. 458, where the same words occur, as also five times in the Mostellaria, and elsewhere. The meaning clearly is '' Don't bother me ! " Madvig's^ statement that, in prohibitions, ne with the Pres. Subj. is " apud ipsos comicos rarissimum et paene inusitatum," has been shown by Prof. Elmer'-^ to be quite wrong. " As a matter of fact it is extremely common apud comicos — far more so than any other fornx of pro- hibition." The same conclusion is reached by Prof. W. D. Geddes" of Aberdeen Univ., who finds in Plaut. and Terence 143 examples of ne with the Pres. Subj. in pro- hibitions. » Opusciila II., \m. ' The Latin Prohibitive, Amer. Jour. Philol., xv., p. 133, note, and p. 136, ^ •'' On the Secjuence after ue Prohibitive, Clasnical Rev , xii. and xiii. iii ij (d) The Perfect Subjunctive in Prohibitions. Schmalz* states that in the classical language this was the regular form oca prohibition addressed to a definite person. "As a matter of fact," says Elmer*, " it is almost entirely unknown to such prose," i.e., to classical prose. In Plautus and Terence Eli.ier finds 31 (Geddes 88) instances of ne with perf. subj., in nearly all of which the feeling of strong emotion of some sort is present*. Several instances may be cited from our author : 58, 5, Hominem tam elegaiitem abiro ne permiseris (don't think of letting); 12, 12, In amicitiam ne receperis ; 12, 27, ne credideris nemini. The unusual negative nemini follow- ing ne would seem to be decidedlj- unceremonious ; it is frequent, however, in writers of the 4th and 5th centuries ; 12, 22, nemini te nimis sodalem feceris (c/. Mart., XII., 34, 9). One or two occurrences of the perf. subj. yet remain to be considered. With nihil : 42, 9, nihil de domo tua foras nunc dederis, nihilque intra aedes recipias. Nihil dederis can be regarded only as prohibitive, especially as nihil recipias must be so taken. Observe nihilque, equivalent to an added prohibition with neque. Somewhat uncertain is 8, 18, neque te contingo, neque me tu contigeris. Gontigeris might be a subj. of obliga- tion or propriety*, "and you shouldn't touch me." To make it prohibitive would require that iieque be used with a volitive expression. I believe that it is .simply the future perf. for the future. (e) Jussive Subjunct. in quasi-dependence on a verb of wishing. — 52, 3, Mallem fratrem te quam coheredem esse asseras ; 18, 9, Istis nolo invideas. 3. Imperative. ' - «^ § 23. For the use of pronouns with the Imperat. see §1, Subject. § 24. The Future Imperative. — As has been said aU » Sohmalz, Lat^in. Syntax, §31. j .,,: .... • Elmer, 1.1. p. 134 f. • H. Lattmann, De ('oniunctivo Latino, Nordhausen, 1896, pp. 6f, diBtiiiguishes these tensea as denoting reap, present and anristic action. • Elmer, Claas. Rev., vol. xii.. May, 1898. ililiill ■ii' ! fi 12 ready, § 13, this form of the Impernt. is of very frequent occurrence. Examples may be seen in the section just given. In late Latin no distinction would seem to have been made between the pres. and the fut. In Plaut. the form in -to was very frequent^ somewhat less fiequent in Cic 's Letters and Speeciies. In Plant., Cic. and Ter., this Imperat. is used, as a rule, of commands which do not require immedi- ate accomplishment. But exceptions are numerous, especially in Plaut. Stahl'^ prefers to use the names " Jussivus " of the shorter form, and " Imperativus " of the longer, and says that, in Terence, the former is used merely to express the loill that something be done, and that quickly, while the latter is always spoken with dignity, and may be used of either present or future time. Such a distinction can scarcely be discovered in the passages cited in 8 13. i .. § 25. Copulative connecting of Imperatives — Dr. Loch-' has calculated that in Plaut. two imperatives are employed with asyndeton about 150 times, with conjunc- tions about 180 times ; in Terence with asyndeton about 30 times, with conjunctions about 34 times. But i and ite are rarely connected with a following imperat. by means of a conjunction. Our author yields 3 examples of ite and vade with a con- nective : b, 19, Ite et conserite amicitias; 20, 7, vade iam nunc et quic quid contra te est, facito; 35, 19, vade et cauponibus tete coUoca. Cf. IG, 22, vade ad Ligerera vivito. Aye, too, is used without a connective: 18, 12, Age, con- scende maria ; but it is a mere particle. Of. Apage sis, etc., 9, 3. (Plaut. uses age sis rather frequently, see Holtze II., p. 135.) : --- § 26. FuT Indicat. for Imperat. occurs in the decretum paraaiticuvi, as well as in a letter of Euclio, which also is a sort of compact, or stipulation : 52, 12, Huic tu medium dabis ; 59, 16, in trientem poena transibit. See further, 59, 17; 60, 19,24. i.iji » 0. Kiemann, Kevue de Philologie, x., 1886, p. 161, " La Question de r Imp^ratif en —to." » De Natura atque Urn Imperativi apud Terentiuni, Marburg, 1886. » Zum Gebraucli des Imperativus bei Plautus, Progr. Memel 1871. 18 4. TJie Infinitive. §27. The Infinitive as Substantive. — There is nothing striking or noteworthy; the following examples tnay be quoted : 45, 3, Plus est hoc quam hominem per- didisse ; 25, 10, Hoc est divinare hominem ; 8, 3, Istud ciii bono, tot hominibus have dicere ? Cf. 19, 10. § 28. Infinitive in Exclamations. — Only one example ; 35 16, Pro nefas, mene nunc solum fore ! {Fore has been regarded as = ease, but it seems better to allow it the force of a future.) The historians and classical poets yield very few examples of this construction^ — Verg. Aen. I., 37 ; Hor. Sat. I., 9, 72. It was most frequent in Comedy^ and in Cicero's early writings and letters to Atticus (Pro Rose. Com. 1, Proh di immortales ! Essene quemquam tanta audacia praeditum !) (c) Voice. § 29. luROH, Active and Deponent in the same sentence : 11, 13, Numquam iurasti te amare quem iuratus oderas ? (line 15, luravi saepe.) §30. Middle use of verbs. — 4, 18, Bu.stum inpretium vertitur; cf. 45, 5; 19, 15, Numquamne mutabitur ca- lami tas ? §31. DefuTKtus = mortuus: 57, 24. . . .te etiam defunc- tus ridet (Post-Aug. and late Latin). (c) Attribute. §32. Adverb as Attribute. — Possibly 48, 13, Omnes intus gaudent. So line 15, Omnes intus saccos . . . requirunt ; but in these intus may be taken with the predicate also. A noun is defined more clearly by a prepositional phrase in 14, 35, Ignorabam tibi curam esse banc (i.e.) de con- sortibus meis. Cf. 26, 1 : (Quid vos, secretumne aliquod ?) Secretum a populo, non secretum a sapientibus. Secre- turn is clearly used as a substantive, but the prep, and > Draeger, I.», p. 332 f., II. », p. 437. • For Terence see Vallquitt, De Intinitivi Usu apud Terentiutn, p. 27. I 14 ablat. are due primarily and chiefly to the idea of se|3arat- ion contained in the prefix and root. C/., too, 59, 15. § 33, SuBSTANT. AS Attkibute. — 19, 2 Sapiens nemo ; 30, 13, neminem vidi cygnura ; 4, 12, parasitus magus ; 27, 3, magum hominem (c/. Ter. Phor. 292, servom hominem, and Eng. servant-girl, man-servant). Holtze notices the not infrequent use in early writers of nemo homo : Cato, Plaut. Ter. {e.g., Ad. 259, homini nemini). (d) Apposition. §34. Phrasal. — 3, 6, pecunia, ilia sollicitudinum causa ; 3, 4, me donas bono : hoc coUegio. §35. AccusAT. WITH Infinit. used as an appositive. — 50, 15, hoc est illud quod praedixit : etiam reniten.ti Ven- tura mihi omnia bona. § 36. Nominative in appostt. to unexpressed subject. — 57, 11 Nescis, magus ? ■I , -f. nv' ^■v „■.... ---.ivr'tK:"''.-.;. ^^^ Cases. 1. Nominative. §37. Nominative for accusative of Ex.clamation.— 37, 8, O iniqua dominatio ! tr^-h vj^ 4 • 2. Vocative. §38. As is natural, the Vocative occurs with great fre- quency, very often with tu or vos preceding. The name of the person addressed is never the first word, but when placed near the beginning of the sentence it is accompanied by some particle of exclamation, e.g., 0, hem,, heva, being the most common. In calling, hem is usual : 44, 15, Hem Theocles, hem Zeta. So heiLS : 47,24, Heus tu Sycofanta. lo : 47, 15, lo, Querole ! in apostro,>he : 45, 8, O fallax thesaure ! 45, 18, O crudele aurum ! 46, 19. O Euclio funeste ! Of. 49, 4 ; 54, 8. Mingling of Nominat. and Vocat. is found 18, 5 tf., patriam quaere, tiro agelli, veteranus fori, ratiocinator erudite,. . . . vicinis novus, aetatem exosus agito. 15 parat- o : 30, 27. 3, n, and le Tiot Cato, causa ; FIVE. — iti ven- QBJECT.. I ):■ TION. — eat fre- le name it when aipanied being 15, Hem cofanta. O fallax. ) Euclio 18, 5 ff.. iocinator 3. Accusative. §39. With Vkrbs of motion.— Rare, the only instance being domum, 42, 4, redire temptabit domum. To this section properly belong the original accusatives, inficiaa, fora8 : 53, 20 ire inficias iion potes (this is frequent in the Comic Poets and in Gellius) ; 22, 8, Continuo producam (sc. homines) foras ; 36, 3. exportetur foras. The Accusat. Supine: 25, 1, Ego deambulatura ibo. §40. Transitive accusative. — (1) With verbs com- Eounded with prepositions, adire and adgredi are regu- irly so used : 39, 20, balneas adimus ; cf, 25, 8 ; 29, 20. The transitive use of the following verbs may be noticed here: 18, 13, conscende maria (cf. Verg. Aen. I. 381, con- scendi navibus aequor) ; 7, 13, Fatum inclamitat (cf. Plaut. Epid. 709, Inclainitor quaf^i servus); 37, 9, Ipse si culpam advertit (without animum j once, perhaps, in Cicero's letters, occasionally in Vergil, more frecjuently in Tacit, and Pliny) ; 32, 8 and 18 h^^rpyias praeteristi (but intransit. 27, 18, ipse hac praeterit ; cf. Ter. Andr. 253, praeteriens modo ; Plaut. Gist. 516, si nemo hac praeteriit) ; 48, 11 exhorrescit mortuum ! not transit, in Cic. ; poetical. (2) Neuter verbs used transitively. — Tacere frequently, but always with neuter pronouns or adjectives: 19, 16, ut maiora reticeam ; 17, 3, 11 ; 11, 19, 12. Volo, nolo: 31, 18 neque istos volo; 16, 3, Sortem quam volueris dabo; 18, 10; 38, 3, and frequently ; 17, 5, nolo haec iura silvestria. Poaaum with neuter words : 16, 11, Istud potui ; 10, 12, possunt omnia, and elsewhere ; 44, 11, rem coeperat (not so used by Cic. or Caes., but found occasionally in Plaut., Ter., and late writers); 15, 27, nullum queri ; also 12, 10; 9, 18 ; 45, 17, numquam ego flevi meum, nunc plango alterum (both are poetic, and found in post- Aug. prose) ; deflere, 40, 23 and 23, 16 ; mentiri with neut. pron., 4, 9, quidquid mentiri fur potest. (3) Other verbs— ridere illos, 3. 12 ; cf. 47, 1, and else- where ; laedere, 12, 5 ; ludere, 57, 26; vitam indulsisti, 68, 14; 5, 8; 3, 8 (post- Aug. ; for early use cf. Ter. Eun. 222, niinis me indulges, and see Donatus' note and Holtze I, 284); est quod accusem, 13, 9; magum horai- 5 !'ij;:il| 16 nem tu narias, 27, 3 (c/. Ter. Phor, 401, Filium narras inihi ?) ; audio, hear of, 14, 14; somnia-sti vincula ? 23, 10 (30 used in all periods) ; sciscitor, inquire of, 27, 13. • (4) Aperire used reflex ively : 20, 28, ut ipsa se^e tellus aperiat. With the reflexive pronoun this verb usually means to " reveal one's true character," as Ter. Andr. 632, Turn coacti necessario se aperiunt. §41. Duration of Time. — 7, 11, numquam cessat ille noetes et dies ; 17, 16, Aestum vestitis genibus, hiemis, cancros in tubulis age ; 18, 7, aetateni exosus agito. § 42.' Prkdicate Accusative, — (a) Verbs of making, etc.: 12, 22, nemini te sodalem feceris ; 20, 2, me heredern insti- tuit ? 20, 1, defensorem te paras ? (b) dicere : 8, 25, fatum quod dicitis. (c) jingere : 4, 8, magum se fingens. Predicate Adjective, etc. — 51, 14, missa haec face. ^Of. 55, 26, factum doce, which is probably the infinit.) § 43. Double Accusative.— Personal and neut. pron.: 34, 4, illud te quaesumus ut, etc. Weiiinger^ says that in Ter- ence deo8 is the only accusat which is found with quaeao ; and further, quoting heerdegen^, that the accusat. is not found at all in Cicero with this verb. (Instead of quaeso te = oro te which has been read in i'ronto (p. 168, 13 F) the reading should be tecum quaeso, a construction found only, it would seem, in Gellius xx. 1, 21 •^) . §44. Accusat. in Exclamations. — Frequent; generally combined wi^'. the interjections 0, hem, en, ecce, heu. occurs most o;(, jii : 44, 23, me miserum ! O me inf 3li- oeml Omei'jduraet naufragum ! followed by an equal, number of exclamations with and the vocative. (Of .also for vocative, 7, 22.) See further 30, 23 ; 34, 20 ; 50* 11, and elsewhere. Ecce : 14, 24, ecce rem malam ! 8, 3 » 11, 1 ; 48, 3. (Of. ecce with verb, 21, 22 ; 26, 19, and like- wise eccum 27, 17. cecum is, of course, an accusative, the pronoun probably being *hum = hunc, according to Stowasser* ; but see Lindsay, Lat. Lang., p. 617. * De Parataxis in Terenti Fabulis Vestigiis. * Latein Semaaiologie, 3 Heft, p. 215. * A. Ebert, Syntax. Fronton, p. 10. * Dunkle Worter, Zweite Reihe, xvi. 17 • En: 30, 20, en sumptnm inanem. — Heu : 11, 14, heu me miserum ! and 48, 17. Hem : 46, 4, Hem me niiserum ! (twice in all Ms8. except P. which Havet follows) ; hem was corrected to heu by Rittershaus and accepted bj' Klink- hanier, and this is almost certainly' the correct readin,'^. Richter says of hem "numquam. accuaativo praecedit^." Pro^ : 43, 9. Pro nefas, viae servp.ntur! and 35, 16. Pro seems not to occur in early Latin. §45. Final Accusat. with ad. — 32, 14, digitos ad praedam exacuunt; 54, 27, etiamne mortuis manus intu- listi ad ludum ? 4. Oenitive. §46. The Partitive Genitive. — The majority of in- stances of this construction are found with quid ; tlie super- lat. adj. (masc.) occurs several times, (a) Neuter forms pre- vail : quid, aliquid, plus, nescio quid, quicquid, nihil, illud, 'pauxillum. 47, 8, [Quid rerum = quid or quae(qua8 res)]. Ausculta, Querolus, quid rerum gerat. (Cf. Plaut. Aul. 117, Rogitaut me quid agam, quid rerum geram ?) ; 34, 7, quid horae ? (Point rather than space of time is indicated ; cf. Fronto, p. 39, 4 M. quid horae ? Sueton, Ner. illud horae) ; 38, 15, pauxillum argenti ; 39, 23, splendoris illud quod sufficiat [illud. . . .quod = tantutn. . . .quantum) ; 40, 2, felicitatis caput; 52, 12 medium (=dimidium) thesauri ; 30, 8, reliquias raensarum ; 48, 25, auri pondera (= Genetivus Generis) and others. (6) With superlatives. — 53, 9, amicorum optime ; 12, 3 ; 27, 22 sacerdotum raaxime ; 22, 15, parasitorum praestan- tissimus ; 30, 9, ariolorum fallacissimus. Note. — There aie numerous instances of the Ablative with a preposition equivalent to the Partit. Genit. See under Ablative. § 47. Genitive of Quality. — Examples are not numer- ous, and the majority are of the type eius m,odi^: 27, 8, huiua modi homines ; 53, 21, causa eius modi, and also 21, 8 ; 13, 6 ; cuius modi, 16, 17, potentiam cuius modi ; 26, 27, > De Usu Partic. Ezclamat. apud PriBcos Scriptores Latinos, p. 558. (In Studemund's Studien d. Arch. Lat. I., pp. 389 S.) » On this interjection see Riohter 1. 1. p. 615. ' Eius modi = talis became very common in late Latin. WW^ 1*1 I i n iiM uym 1 L._ 18 quisnam hie homo est, vel cuius loci ? (cuius loci would seem to be equivalent to cuias, which ia common in Plaut.) ; 58, 6. unius officii hon)o ; 68, 23 multarum palnia- rum hie est (predicate) ; cf. Cic. Pro Rose. Amer. vi. 17, alter plurimanim palmarum gladiator, a passage which our author clearly had in mind. For this expression, Greek, which was, as Landgraf remarks in his note on the Cicero passage, much in advance ol Latin in the matter of word-compounding, had the adjective TroXva-r€^^. In Latin the folk-speech formed many similar adjectives by means of multus and the negative in, a device which was not acceptable to the dignified classical writers. (The following compds. of multus occur in our author, multisono, multiforme, multiplex. Of., too, maliloquus, 44, 9.) §48. Appositional Genitive. — 45, 3, cucullorum teg- mina; cf. Quint, ix. 4, 4, Vestibus pellium tegmina mutari oportuit. Epexegetical are 29, ll,seges hordei (Gerietivus Generis); 56, 19, hoe monstri genus (cf. 28, 11); 39, 20, capillorum voluuiina ; 4, 4, sciipturae fide, which may be the Objective Genit. also. i, , § 49. Objective Genitivk. — (a) 12, 5, amicitiaruin fides ; 13, 21, paupertatis crimina ; 20, 14, magna bominis diffi- cultas et persuasio [this must = both magna bominis difiiculttis (possessive) and houiinis difficillima persuasio (objective)] ; 29; 2, rerum omnium penuriam ; 33, 7, experi- mentum potestatis; 36, 24, perquisitio iumentoruui ; 19, 1, sapientiae iactura. (6) Dependent on nouns in -tor. — 22, 17, itiris conditores (= coci) ; 4, 22, sepulehri violator (Daniel emended violator of the Mss. to violati, and has been followed by Klink. and Havet. There is no nee(i, however, for this change, although it would be more in harmony with primnni furti.) 6, 1, cultor domus ; 41, 6, observator ianuarum. §50. Subjective Genitive. — 36, 24, Custorlum fuga ^ 32, 11, parentum dobita. §51. Possessive Genitive.— Is not uncommon- 29, 6, fructus paucorum ; 34, 25, tutelue unum, goniorum duo (predicate); 18, 12, mercatoris sacculum ; lino 15, capsas Titi; line 21, pondus Nestoris ; 28, 13, maiurum potestaa ; 68,2, Euclionis Aodalem ; 41,6, convivator iudicu:n (con- vivator here = guest, although it usually refers to the 19 host, e.g. Hor Sat. II., 8,73 : Livy XXXV., 49, 6; Sen. Ira, ill., 37, 3). § 52. Gemtive with Words of Knowing, etc.— 28, 16, latronum conscium ; 68, 23, iuns instructissiinum (so Sulpic. Sever. Chron. II., 42, 3), and 18, 5, tiro agelli, veteranus fori (perhaps possessive). §53. SiMiLis WITH THK Genitive. — Only in the com- pound verisimile. (Dative, 9, 5 ; cf. 38, 22.) §54. Genitive WITH Causa. — Two occurrences : 3r 16, vigilinruui causa ; 44, 18, religionis causa. §55. Genitive of Valuk. — Two occurrences of gutm^i ; 15, 17, quaiiti hoc aestiraas ? 31, 15 (si parvo nequeas) at quanti queas. §56. Genitive of the Charge. — 4, 23, furti est reus. Possibly also sepulchri viulati, i.e., prinium furti, post etiaui scpulchri violati (Mss. violator) reus. See §49(6). §57. Genitive with Vehbs, — 58, 13, misertus es mei ; 4, 7, oblitus doii. §58. Genitive Modifying a Noun, as a Descriptive Clai'sk. — 4, 6, locum thesauri ostendit. This is perhaps definitive, as also 46, 10, odor cinerum. § 59. Genitive Expressing Soukce.— 49, 22, consiliumne senis nostri an divinitatis. (This is also possessive.) §60. Noun with Dependent Genitive with fohce of Superlative Adj. — 41, 6, servulorum serviilus. This is, without doubt, etjuivalent to a superlative ; cf. pessimorum pessime, Naev. fr. 11 (Hibbeok, p. 27, Incert. Fabul.). (Holtze 1., p. 23, cla.ssifies this as a Genetivus Quantitatis.) We may compare, further, the same usage in biblical Latin^ servati tierMnu.ni, an is the so-called final Dative, " of what benefit is it to me ? " It is evident, therefore, that our author treats cui as a modifier of tcno, and not as ilependent upon it, thereby showing that he did not understand the old jurist's question. The same tx- planation is to be given of the use of cui bono, 8, 3 : Istutl cui bono tot hominibus hac atqiie iliac haue dicere ; but in this passage hominifxiH should be taken with dicere. Klinkhamer (p. 23 of his edition) has the following note on this passage : " Quaerit cui bono, i.e., cuinam usui, sibi sit haec salutatio." §64. Final Dativk. — 3, 16, nos fabellis atque niensis hunc libelluni scripsimus ; 8, 3 and 20, 14 cui bono ? See §63. §65. Dati e of Possession is CoMPAi'^ATivELY Infre- quent ; 14, 24, vicinus mihi est ; 40, 13, nobis nuptiae ; 30, 7, quibus cygnea sunt capita, cf. 31, 4; 34, 18, servus est tibi, 21, 24, spes mihi nulla est. §66. Ethical Dative.— One instance: 48, 3, Ecce tibi thesauruni, Querole ! Ecce tibi war; rare in the dramatic poets but common in all subseqaent literature I (For the accusative cf. Plaut. Stich. Atque eccum tibi lupum in sermoue!) ..-,v,, >{•-•..„ ■ ...m ; >;v § 67. Dative of Relation. — Is closely connected with Ethical Dative ; one occurrence : 34, 23, Porticus est tibi in dextra. § 68. Dative with Adjectives. — {a) Notus (cognitus), ignotus, molestus, similis [9, 5, vero simile (est, Havet) ;. cf. verisiaiile, § 53]; fainiliaris ; 36, 5, bonum, faustmr., felix sit huic domui ; alienus, 57, 15, non sum alienus y obis, and 51, 6 {cf. Fronto, p. 23, 17 F, poeta mihi nou alienus.) This construction would seem not to h?we been used by the early writers. Cicero and Sallust both have the genitive, but the former the dative also. (b) Adjectives with Dative and Infinit. — 6, 21, facile »iobis ostendere, and 19, 27, difiicile nobis facere ; 28, 15, mihi dicere est utile ; 44; 6, vobis luiturale odisse. The Dative with opim ease. — 40, 11, num(juidnani tibi opus est ut, etc. r -^ 't:,-; r :,^. '.•/ §69. Dative indicatino connection with or hela- 'rioNSHlP. — 4, 4, parasitum filiocoheredem iiistituit ; in this the dative depends ")»on con, or cum in composition ; vf, Hor. Sat. II. 5, 54, Solus, multisno coheres. § 70, I^^INAL Loc.vTiVK. — Instances are not numerous : 32, 16, meitsis advohmt ; 50, 23, tibi bene tenerunt omnia,* perhapM with some slight force of advav^tHge ; so also 41, 20, mihi ipsi hoc praetor spem venit (cf. Ter. Aiidr. 436, » Kohler, A., VHe Partlkel eccfl, Archlv V , p. 20. 22 evenit). Similar are 50, 16, renitenti ventura mihi omnia bona; 22, 16, odurem mihi ventus detulit. domi ^= in domum : 51, 6, moituum esse coniectum domi. 6. Ablative. Vi {$71. Ablative of Cause. — Infrequent and meriting no remark : 12, 1, vitio tuo; 33, 29, igni.ferro, flumine; 32, 14, curvis timendos unguibus. •'* i /^ The preventing cause with prae: 43, 1, prae gaudio. ,., § 72. Ablative of Manner. — An attributive word seems to bo rarely omitted : (a) With Attribute: 14, 18, uno genere pmnuntur; 21, 6, iure optimo ; 23, 23, manifesta fide; 24, 13, alia via ; 25, 18, ratione qualibet; 31, 10, multisono latratu ; 47, 5 and 13, miiificis modis (cf. 57, 26); 28, 1, (and 50, 24) tuo (suo) merito ; 12, 11, brevibus (sc. verbis) dari ; 18, 19, tota mente rogas (cf. Verg. Aen. IV., 100). (6) Without Attribute : 39, 7, casu, (consulto) ; 28, 23, numeris rotant ; 18, 24, nemo gratis bellus est fa proverbial saying) ; 22, 10, vestigiis insequuntur {cf. Tacit. Agric. 26, vestigiis insecutus). Preposition with Ablat. : 34, 9, de clepsydra respondiase ; ex transverso (20, 2= piaeter spem); ex cunsilio. (c) Accompanying Circumstances : (a) with cwm : 6, 24, cum clodo pede ; 30, 16, diriscum clangoribus, both having attributive word also ; 33, 12, cum tornientis exigunt. (/9) Without cum, but with an attributive word: 30,14, i^jagnis gutturibus capita tittollunt; 30,15, linguam tri- sulco vibrant sibilo (line 16 with cwtii); 32, 25, fato nasci $J 73. Ablative of RESPEcrr. — 9, 8, toto corpore splendet ; 11, 15, cum :*taret verbis, non staret fide; 14, 12, Panto- roalus et mente et nomine; 19, 10, corpore l)ene valere; 1,9, 11, aegrotat animo. §74. Ablative of Pkice*.— Ono instance: 31, 14, (Istis litandum) si parvo nequeas (at qunnti queas) ; jyi'o with the ablative is u.?od in a similar wa}' : 58, 24, talem quae- rere homines pro magno solent. • On the Ablative of Price and Genitive of To/fie, see '.VollHin, Archiv IX., 1804, DerGenetivd. VWtlies u. tl Ahlativd. Praiies. 23 §75. Ablative of Comparison. — 15, 25, ueterior inferi- oribus, and 36, 9; 39, 5, opus plus iusto iinperat ; 41, 19 and 57, 11, nihil gravius fortuna mala. 36, 9 ; 41, 19 ; 57, 11, have negative nihil ; the others are positive. §j76. Ablative OF Me/\suhe, Degree of Difference — Only tanto, quanta, multo in combination with the com- parative : 11,6, quanto amplius ? 22,12, quanto mains; 13,3, tanto levius; 17, 3, multo maiora ; 31, 12, multo pli:s. With malle : 11, 17, quanto mallem. §77. Ablative of Quality. — Is used even more rarely than the Genitive of Quality : 24, 8, domus excelsa : iligineis foribus ; 57. 6, bono animo esto (== predicate). bono animo is Plautine; in Cic. and later writers aw imo gives place largely to animi, and where the Ablat is retained, it is with a change of meaninw^ Wolfflin remarks that in Plautus the Ablat. of Quality prevailed, but that the writers of the Silver period (beginning with Livy, Velleius and Valerius Maximus) greatly extended the use of the Genitive. He seeks to show that the funda- mental difference cannot be, as is generally accepted, that thu Ablative expresses accidental, the Genitive permanent qualities. . ^ . i § 78. Ablative OF Means or Instrument. — Of this com- ppratively little use has been made, and the examples are of the usuid o>der. (a) 4, 14, decipitur dolo, cf. 5, 12; 6, 11, fato suo; 6, 22, aut respon'^o aut somnio ; 55, 22, nuribus lupum teneo (a proverbial saying: cf. Ter. Phor. 506, id quod aiunt, anribus teneo lupum, and Sneton. Tib. 25) ; 42, I, multis iugis; 46, 8, diris flagrat odoribus. (b) Agency with a or ah is infrequent — 51, 5 ab hoc ereptum, ab ipso coniectum ; 56, 5, a i^; Domi = in domum : 51, 6, mortuuni esse coniectura domi. Peregre r. tcurs several times : 4, 3, peregre moriens ; so 6, 17 ; 52, 10, peregre mihi cognitum ; 52, 17, patris amicus peregre fuisti ? With a verb of motion : 6, 13, peregre vadens ; so Plaut. Most. 957, hinc peregre eins pater Abiit ; Hor. Sat. I. 6, 103, peregre ex ire. Mane, vespere : 40, 10, mane ut domini fierent, servi ut vespere (RB read vesperi, the form whiv.h was always used by the early writers'). Tempore: 39, 18, famulus orani (?) vigilat tempore. (f ) Participles, Gerund, Gerundive, Supine. 1. Participles. §85. Participles form in no respect a feature of the syntax of our author ; indeed, their frequent use is pre- cluded by the character of the work. 1 Domi with mtae is frequent in early Latin ; also with mat, nostrae. Bee Bell, l>e Locativi in Prise. Latin. Vi et Usu, p. 22. • Lindsay, Lat. Lang., p. 396. Bell, 1. 1., p. 21 ( re«/>«n semper apud priscos scriptores, wtpt-rt primum apud Ciceronem invenitur). I.. 27 Present Participle. (1) A.S an Aorist. — *, 16, ornam in doinum obrepens propulit. With this may be compared (i, 18, sive oblitiis sive supervacuum putans, nihil ex])onit, and 4, 9, rupit fideui, magum sese fingens. But in both of these the pres. part, may be said to mark the same time as that of the principal verb, and in the last it is rather rupit which ought to be the participlo, rupit Jidem being explained by magum fingens. (2) As a Future (?). — The Present Par^. seems to be almost future in 4, 2, Navem ascendens ornam defodit — intending, or about, to sail ; cf. also 6, 12, peregre vadens domi sepeliit. Two occurrences— practically one only — of moriens : 4, 3, Hie peregre moriens coheredem instituit tacita scripturae fide ; 6, 16, peregre moriens uni rem indi- cavit. In these the participle reveals the circumstances and occasion of the main verb, while it also contains the declaration " he died abroad," We may compare Cic. Cato Maior 22, 79, moriens Cyrus maior haec dicit (and also 23, 82). * (3) Pres. Part, with quasi. — 6, 12, sic quasi ossa paterna venerans aurum celabat. Quasi is so used by Cicero, Sal- lust and Tacitus but not by Caesar or Livy. In addition to quasi Cicero employs in this way only ut, statim ; Caesar only ut, sicuti, etsi ; Sallust is more free, and lA\y shows very great freedom in this respect. (4) Pres, Part, with Copula, — 49, 5, iactantes sumus. On sufficiens fuit see § 3. (6) Pres. Part, modifying a substantive as a Relat. clause. — 12, 23, res nimium singularis est homo ferre non patiens parem ; 37, 1, mulio nee se regens ( = nee sui potens ?). Note. — It will be observed that these participles are almost all contained in the narrative part of the comedy, the argument. 2. Oerund. §86. Accusative of Gerund with in— Final— 5, 24, Prod ire in agendum. The Genitive depending upon a noun. — 60, 24, habebit fugiendi potestateni. 28 3. Gerundive. §87. Geritnd[ve as an Attributive Word.— 3, 1, Rutili venerande; 7, 5, homo ridendus; 32, 14, digitos exacuunt timendos unguibus. §88. Gkrundive with Copula omitted. — 6, 8, pro nieritis reddendum non putatis; 56, 18, temptandum via (Havet inserts alia est) ; cf. 56, 12, and 24, 13, alia temp- tandum est via, Ter. Andria, 670. hac non snccessit, alia adgrediemur via, and Verg. Geor., III. 8, temptanda viast. 4. Supine. §89. Supine in -um — Final.— 25, 1, in hac parte deam- bulatum ibo. deamhulatum ibo is clearly a periphrastic form for the future Indicat. deambulabo. This use of the Supine in -um with ire is found in Plautus, and con- tinued in the language up to a comparatively late period ^ See Indicative, Future, § 12. Supine in -u. — 28, 10, genera cultu facilia ; 28, 24, nee visu faciles, nee dictu affabiles (from Verg. Mn., III. 621). I I 2. Interrogative Sentences. Siraj>le Questions. § 90. The interrogative particle is very often omitted in direct questions, especially (a) in questions expressing indignation or surprise. In many instances such particles as etiam, eho, ergo, are employed. tltiam. — 51, 9, Etiam .salutas, furcifer, quasi hodie me non videris ; 10, 4, etiam quaeritas ? Kirk (Amer. Jour. Philol., xviii., p. 39), describes this use of etiam as additory or intensive, the question implying that there is an " adding of insult to injury "2. 10, 20, Attat, etiam hoc ? 57, 12, Etiam quaeritas unde pondus ? 15, 18, Hoc etiam imputas ? Eho. — 52, 21, Eho tu mihi the-saurum dedisti ? and see (6). Ergo. — 50, 9, ergo istaec ille fecit ? 43, 12, ergo queri- tur ? 10, 11, ergo omnia exciderunt ? Also 53, 18 ; 53, 2. i Ph. Thielmann, 1. 1. Archiv II., p. 169. * Etiam in Plautus and Terence, A. J. P., xviii., pp. 26-42; see also Archiv XI., Heft 2, pp. 213-220, Ueber Etiam und Etiam Nunc. •20 (6) In questions of an empliatic character not only is the particle often omitted, but pronouns are expressed ; (see Subject, § 1) : 8, 24, Tu fatum es meum ? 52, 22, Tu negas ? arul 55, 4. Compare further 52, 16 ; 34, 6. . (c) Via without a particle. 34. 15, Vis audire ? Cf. 16, 13 ; 34, 17, Vis nomina elo- quar ? 12, 16, Vis te non decipi ? Viane is more frequently used than vis, but vln does •not occur. (d) Poles is used occasionally without particle. — 16, 9, potes bellum gerere ? etc. ; 19, 9, divitem potes nosse ? (e) Several successive interrogative sentences without a particle, but {^receded by a number of questions with par- ticles, are found 57, 20. (/) Negatives as non, numquam, nihil, nullus, often dispense with the particle. — 10, 27, Nihil est amplius ? 11, 12, numquam fidem rupisti ? and 18, 23 ; 10, 28, nulli igitur mortem optasti ? 57, 11, nescis nihil esse gravius fortunamala? 57, 15, nondum intellegis ? 8, 22, non tu accusabas ? 51, 17 non debebatur et mihi ? and 56, 3. (:j91. The use of Nonne and -ne. — Nonne occurs in five passages : 14, 3, nonne hoc iustum fuit ? 15, 13 (Quer. laute nos accipis). Xar. Nonne ? (as a rejoinder) ; 21, 15, nonne iudex iure optimo pessum dabit ? 37, 16 nonne quaeritat ? 39, 22, nonne haec est vita libera ? -ne is used for nonne in a few instances. — 8, 16, Dixin hoc fore ? (Ter. Ad. 83, Dixin hoc fore ?) ; 53, 7, Dixin facere hoc non potuisse extraneum ? Plaut. and Terence made tuch frequent use of -ne with the force of nonne that the latter particle has been denied for either author\ The incorrectness of this contention, however, is shown by Schrader in his dissertation^, who gives sev- eral occurrences for both Plautus and Terence, Ne = nonne is found in one passage: 46, 20, ne defunctus desines. Peiper regards ne as equivalent to ne. . . .quidem, and Havet reads nee. For ne = nonne in late Latin, see Archiv III., p. 26 ; Schmalz, p. 455. * A. Speneel, Die Partikel nonne in Altlatein; Sigismund, Comni. Jen. III., 231. . • De Particu.'arum -mc, onne, nonne apud Plautum Proaodia. 30 11 § 92. N(JMQUID. — Instead of num we find nuniqaid an«* 7iumquidnam, forms which had become common in late Latin, So far as I know they occur in dramatic writers only as follows : Numqaid. — Ter. Andr., 943, numquid meministi ? and Eun., ] 043, numquid dubitas ? Pall. inc. inc. 97* (Ribbeck, p. 128)*, numquid filius amat ? (0/. Horace Sat. I., 4, 52.) Niimqxjbidnam. — Caecilius Statins^, 20, numquidnam fores fecere soniti ? L. Pomponius Bonon.^, 67, numquid; nam abscondidisti ?' In our author there are half-a-dozen occurrences of each, of these interrogatives. Numqwid. — 14, 17, numquid commune hoc fuit ? 43, 16, caelum numquid aequaliter administratur ? 19, 29 ; 20, 1, 2, 3 ; 38, 11. Numquid- nam. — 44, 5, numquidnam nos gravas ? 15, 9 ; 33, 18 ; 40, 11, numquidnam tibi opus est? So P. Thomas* and Orelli Havet retains the Mss. reading numgfuaw • Klink- haix^er suggests namque. 15, 3, numquidna' ubitari potest ? Havet reads (with one Ms., R) numqi., . ^^o, too, Daniel and Kllnkh.), but almost all the Mss. give numquam. 22, 3, num qaodnam meritum meum, etc. ? is accepted by Peiper, Havet and Klinkh., but I see no cogent reason for rejecting numquidnam of R Pp B. § 93. Our author displays a fondness for the interrogative quisnam of which the.se forms are found. — quisnam, quaenam, quodnam, quidnam, cuinam, quemnam, quonam, quosnam. The adverb quonam occurs, and ubinani'is frequent. These are always used in direct questions, and are found beside the simple forms. Instances are : 29, 19 ; 45, 19, 21 ; 42, 21 ; 35, 8 ; 32, 22 ; 21, 17 if ; 44, 10, 15 ; 46, 4, 10 ; 61, 19 ; 66, 14, 19, and elsewhere. This proaoun occurs frequently in Plaut. and Terence, and in the fragments of the Scenic poets. § 94. Cur, quare, quid, etc., in questions. Cur is used only in direct questions ; quare m rarer, and is found only in questions properly indirect (soe Indirect. * Holtze, Syntax. Frag. Scaenic. Poet. Roman, post Terent. p. 37. ' Comicorum Romanornm Fragmenta. " Holtze, 1. L says alibi non legitur, ignoring the passage in Caecilius. * Revue de I'lnstruotion Fubl. en Belgique XVIII. (N. §), 1875, p. 2Wk 31 Questions, § 119, 1. (a)) : 15, 23, Qiiare alii melius? 9, 21, unum solum est unde responderi mihi volo : quare iniustia bene est et iustis male ? See also 37, 6. Quid. — 47, 19, quid, rogo, nomen tu voeitas meum ? Of., 13, 5, quid quod plures societate utuntur ? Quidni. — 15, 10, quidni timeam ? Quid si occurs several times : 14, 29, quid si vincimus ? and 19, 14 ff. quid si alius in corde, alius in vultu ? quid si publice, . . .domi ? Qualiter. — 3 times: 46, 16, qualiter te admonuit ? 48, 11, qualiter exhorrescit ? 33, 1, fatum qualiter coli potest ? This adverii belongs to the post-classical period (e.g., Columella), and is frequent in late Latin'. (Macrobius uses it often— Sat. III. 4,1 ; V. 1, 18 ;'I. 24, 5 ; VI. 8, 1.) Quanti, quanta =quot are used as interrogatives : 10, 9, quanta putas fecisse te capitalia ? 40, 9, quanti ingenui ? (quantum, 3, 15, and quant la, 38, 17, both interrogative, are used with their common classical meaning). Quanti = qi(/}t first appears in Propertius (I., 5, 10, curarum quanta milia'' ?i and is common in biblical Latin, as is shown by Ronsch^, Hartel*, and other scholars. Disjunctive Questions. .i;, § 95. DrRECT Disjunctive Questions are rare. As a rule the only particle employed is an, which is used in this way regularly by Juvenal, and often by Plautus : 8, 8, debt turn reposcis an furem tenes ? Inter bonos an malos tete numeras ? 53, 15, Fatigas nos an vere loqueris ? -ne .. .an occur in two passages. — 9, 24, Cuinam tu verba prorais ? tibine an populo ? 49, 22, Quid primum stupeara efc gaudeam ? consiliumne senis nostri an divinitatis? (Peiper's emendation Quid primum ? stupeam an gaudeam ? does not improve the sense.) * Kreba-AUgayer Aptibarbarus*, revised by Schmalz; Bonnet, L« Latin de Qr6goire de Tours, p. 677. " See Schmalz, Stiliatikf 28. (Mailer's Handbuoh II.) * Ronsoh, Itala und Vulgata. * Hartel, Lucifer von Cagliari und aein Latein, Archlv III., p. 30 (<^. Welfflin, Rh. Mus., 1882, p. 122). 32 B. The Subordinate Sentence. I. Subordination without Relative Pronoun or Particle. (a) Paratactic Constructions. ,1 §96. laratactic constructions are a characteristic of colloquial speech, and accordingly are to be looked for in our play. The small compass of the work makes an inves- tigation of this feature less satisfactory than similar investigations for Plautus and Terence. The works which I have found most serviceable are : Weissenhorn, Parataxis Plautina ; Weninger, De Parataxis in Terenti Fabulis Ves- tigiis ; Lindskog, Quaestiones De Parataxi et Hypotaxi apud Priscos Latinos. I have also used Draeger, Kiihner, Holtze, Becker*. 1. Parataxis with Certain Verbs. Orati ' Recta with inquam, inqwit. — 21, 11, perde, inquit, si quid est domi ; so line 13 ; both repeat in.struc- tions which have been given. [Cf. Juv. III., 153, " Exeat," inquit, " si pudor est " (" is the word " )]. 4.5, 26, quaeso, inquam, sodes funus egomet quodlibet contingere nequeo : a protesting against or shrinking from a disagreeable task. Other examples are found in 53, 21 ; 54, 1. Paratactic use of verba Sentiendi et Declarandi. ' Fiiteor occurs only parenthetically. This use of such verbs is excluded by Kiihner and Weissenhorn but in- cluded by Draeger, Weninger, Lindskog — rightly, as I think. A few instances: 54, 9, reddidi, fateor, omnesque per deos, etc.; 11, 16, iuravi, fateor, quod non staret ; 10, 16 ; 41, 14. and elsewhere. Non nego = fateor ; it follows the principal statement : 44, 8, quod verum est, non nego {cf. Ter. Ad. 798, factumst, non nego). Veiuim eat = fateor : 44, 8, male im})recamur multis, verum eat, etc. Hoc 8cio, following : 26, 28, quantum comperi, Mandro- gerua yocatur, hoc scio. :y. Ter. Phor. 73, Mihi usuh venit, hoc scio. The use of the demonstrutive hoc makes the connection closer*. Terence seems to have used such demonstrative words more frequently than Plautus. ' Backer, De Hyntaxi Interrogat. ObHquarum, etc. (Studemund Studien, I.) * IJndakug, p. 42, Dico.— 26, 8, dixi libenter irera si vacuum esset nunc mihi. Respondeo.—IQ, 19, respondeo : sunt aliqui iusti. Oreofo.— Preceding, 4, 18, credo, religionis causa est cautio, and 47, 12; parenthetical, 40, 17, mens, credo, clamabit, and 50, 26; 7, 15. Plant, seems to use only the form credo para tactically, but Terence has several occurrences of crede with mihi, and with hoc. Not unlike this is oui- author's use of credis, 43, 1, credis, Mandrogerus, inspicere non ausns fui. • • § 97. Pakatactic use of Verbs of Entreating. We may notice here the hortatory use of age followed by another Imperative, e.g., Age, die quid vis ; 27, 5, age, da operam. It is found also with the Indicative, 44, 9, age iara, credo; 55, 14, age ("very well"), reliquiae recondentur : quid iiet ? Cf. also the use of vade, 20, 7 ; 21, V6. (See also Imperative, § 25.) ^ , ,, ; r Quaeso is very frequent ; it may hold any position, preceding, following or parenthetical. In Plaut. it less frequently follows, but occupies each of the other po.sitions an equal number of times^ (44). Terence prefers the paren- thetical position. (a) With the Imperative : 12, 25, Die, quaeso, quid placeat; 14, 21, Da, quaeso, veniam, and line 28 ; 36, 10 ; 45, 25; 58,3,8. ^ . (6) Withthe Jussive Subjunctive: 26, 21, Quaeso, amice, abeat ; and 25, 18. (c) With the Indicative : 26, 1 6, Quaeso, amice, consulere vobiscum volo ; 32, 7, Arpyias, quaeso, praeteristi ; 45, 26 ; 55, 5; 58, 12; and, in questions, 8, 7 ; 28, 23. Quaeso with an object: 26, 26, sed quaeso vestram fidem, quisnam hie homo est ? In Terence quaeso has as object only deos", Andria 487. Ad. 275, 298, and has an ut clause depending upon it. Cicero never employs quaeso with a dependent Accusative^ (see Accusative, , NOLO, lUHKO, NKCKSSE K8T. KixoncurH with l\ut Indicative: 15,6, vis facimus utscias? ThiM tniiy Meiun Hurtici«;nt to Justify the inference that in two other iriMtiineeH the fut Indieat. is used : 34, 17, vis noininu etiain nunc elo(jUHr ? and 58, 18, Visne capita iam nunc elo(juar ? It is safer, perhaps, on the whole, to regard theni as Suhjunetiv(\ Volo occurs twict! with ul and the Suhjunctive, 50, 1 ; I!). 21 {Se«3 wi ClauscH, §j 118, 2. ({t).) ' _ • The ni^^fativn //y)/o tak(!s th») independent Subjunctive; uiir iiiNtancf, 18, \), iMtis noh> \\\\'\i\vkiH{i'nvui(irw is accepted hy llavt't wilhout sutlieient rtiason). In Ti'ri'iice vol<),nolo, in^f/o, are used only with the inde- pendent Suhjunctiv*), or AiHUisative and Infinitive, never with at a..d th«' Suhjunctive"-. Ncct'HHf ent and luheo are used only with the Infinitive or i(t autl the Suhjunctive. 2. Parataxis in Sentences-'*. Of all the points of ditlereuee between the language of overy-day life, the Sernio Ct>tidianus, and that of a serious, digndied literary pro«lu('tion, none, perhaps, is niorr con- spicuous than the manner oi' connecting sentences. Para- taxis is a featinv v>f the former s:yle. and frequently sen- tences which have, to some extent at least, a final, causal, consecutive, concessive or ctuulitional value are combined juirataelieally with the principal statement. ■ » » I.iu»i»k.»|!. I. I., p. 10. ^ * Wwuu^jfr, I. I., p. 55. ' Y\\« I'nrHtNotic Snbiunctive in l^lautna has liwn well treated hy K. P. Morris Ul .-Kiuvr. J.»ur, I'hilol Will. 0897). aiui ISVtS For ih» rU^nntiiui i>W»ur«tHiv iMituH;; I'arataxw. Pri»c*«^ling» .\in«r I'hil. Aaatio., US, i^MltaUuiltvisvht' IWaUxen. l^aadgraf, Arvhiv V., pp. I6I-I»I. — *- - 3$ §99. FiXAi. Parataxis —Tho Tmporntive forms of ♦♦y. On the omission of tho ci>n junction IvtwttM^ two im{vrM- tives, see Ininerative, i^ 25 In our play iff nnd .»/)» «H'<»ur, both with a i^ariicle : S, 19, Ite et oonsoriu^ j»«ucitiS!M S«m1 liinc cun- cedam in angiportum hoc. hide hisce osteniiam me, § 100. C()NSE(;UTI V K Pauata X IH. - This is ho cloHcly associ- ated with Causal Parataxis that few instaiuM's can be cited with any degree of confidnnce. Soinr pa.sMagcs, li(»w<(V«u", show a much clearer ciiusnl forco than do otlii'is, ) are: 40, 21. Domini sunt, dicHiit (piod volunt ; 23, 19, Funus ad laetitiam speetat, huMimae ad risum pertinent, »!!anifeHtiim est gimdium. (.'ompMr« 'Ait, 20 rt., primum vino, dein ,s to be f(mnd in a change of onler, thus : Adtjuiesco ita, quandoquidem sic .... habet. Ita then refers to ut. . . .fuerit, and renders the repetition of the clause unnecessary. Sic, it may be said, has the same reference, bub ita is construed witli adquiesco (it may precede the verb). Sic. . . .habet would seem more * Langen, Beitriige Zur Kiitik und Krkliiruiig des PliiutiiR, p. 232 f. ' « NfcgeUbaoh, 1. 1. 9 1«9. _ • . _ - |- • L 1., p. 81. ■ <■■'■ ■ • ■ i- •■' .'■' •>"« i^^'t ;."■■ _..- o'-^^ .. .■ :.:'!^:- 38 ■■--■' 6ften to refer to something to be mentioned, but it also bad a backward look. Gf., e.g., Cic. De Leg. I., 36, Recte dicis, et res se sic habet. §102. Conditional Parataxis. — Satisfactory examples are wanting. The best is a series of imperatives — 17, 11-22, sume sume . . . sume .... age ; patere Vende vocem, vende linguam, iras loca : In sumnia pauper esto et reporta {reportato, Havet) pecuniarum aliquid. Perhaps l4, 26, vicinum malum pateris unum tantum : quid faciunt ilH qui plures habent ? The sense of the whole seems to be, " If you find ond so hard to endure, what, etc. ? " (See also the numerous Questions, with their answers, 12, 10-20.) §103. Concessive Parataxis is comparatively frequent. Tamen is found occasionally, e.g., 17, 3, Multo maiora sunt, tamen hoc suffieit ; 16, 20, nescio cjemadmoduni praestnri possit tibi. Tamen inveni, — added after some thought, ai'd really corrective. The speaker had no thought of giving the statement a concessive or adversa- tive coloring. Cf. 14, 24; 33, 13. 25, 9, Ego magos novi, talem nescio, is clearly adversa- tive. Similarly 45, 17, numquam ego flevi meum, nunc plango alienum, and frequently. Additional examples are : 27, 11; 40,3; 45, 12; 15,13. § 104. Temporal Parataxis.— Perhaps 7, 7, may be cited : Fatun» iam nunc et hominem audietis . vos indicium feumite ; 4, 22, primum furti, post sepulchri violator est reus; 27, 1, primum praeterita edicit, si omnia cognoscis, turn de futuris disserit ; 43, 4, Primum ut itiveniretur : istud iam secjuitur. (b) Infinitive and Accusat with Infinit , ' . § 105. Objective Infinitive with Causative and Auxiliary Verbs. Posse, freciuent ; used also with neuter accusat., 10, 12, possunt omnia, and the peculiar periphrasis for deus, 49, 8, totam ille qui potest (see Accusative), valere, quire, Require, velle (volo exponere =^ exponam, see Tenses), malle, solere, cessar« (= veane and henitate), convinci (restat ut utrumque fecisse convincar nefas), coepisse, i 39 iiicipere, audere, cohere, cupere, debere, desinere, temptaie (first in classical period, in which ifc occurs only twice. In our author, who does not use conari, it is found twice : 42, 4, 7, redire temptabit. For Prudentius and Juvencus see Leased. ..... , .^ .. . §106. iNFiNiTivK WITH Adjectives. 64, 28, contentus eruisse bustnm. In 7, 1 Peiper has .conjectured partem petere contentus fuit, but parte has good Ms. aufchotitj", and the Paris and Brussels Mss. read non fuit. • , i „ . § 107. Simple Infinitive as Subject occurs as follows: licitum est nosse, 9, 17, (30, 1) ; mentiri non licet, 33, 19 (29, 8; 39, 24); ut liceat spoliare, 16, 17; necesse est remeare, 37, 13 ; sufRcit nos purgare, 56, 17 ; erat facile oatendere, 6, 21 (29, 21) ; difficile 'est facere, 9, 27 ; efferre istos meliu:; est, 18, 1 ; inhunianimi est deiiegare, 35, 14 ; nee adire tutum (sc. est) ; neque dicere utile est ; abire impossibile, 29, 21 ; volupe est disaerere (according to Sniith'^, Terence uses volup only in the phrase volup est, but in Plfjut. it occurs 3 times with other words, and 12 times with est. In Ter. the Simple Infinit. does not occur, ihe Accusat. and Infinit. but once (Phor. 610). So far as t can discover Plaut, uses the Ace. and Infinit., quia, quom find si, but not the Simple Infinitive); vobis est naturale odisse donunos, 44, 6 ; datum est tibi nihil habere, 34, 2 {cf. the use of active dare bibere, and the poetic forma- tions dare habere, dare ferre, etc. See also Lease for Prudentius, Sedulius and others 3. The Passive also is found in the prose of Silver Latin, e.g., Vitruvius, and in the ecclesiastical writers St. Jerome, St. August., Lac- tantius and others), nee concessum esse aurum invenire 23, 24 ; tantum est Ulcere verum quantum est falsum dicere, 11, 19 ; mortnles animas addere nullus labor 29, 12. Kl()8. The Accusativk with Infinitive occurs as fol- low.s : dicere, aisse, adseverare, negare (15, 9, esse omitted, as frequently), videre, scire, nosse, agnoscere, ignorare, nescire, intellegere (49, 7, subj. of inf. omitted), com- » E. B. Lease, a Syntactic, Stylistic and Metrical Study of Pmdentlus (Baltimore, 1895), p.' 36. See also S -hmalz, 1. 1., p. 480. • K. W. Smith, Archaisms of Terence mentioned in the Cprnmentary of Donatus (Baltimore, 1890), p. 24. •1. l.,p. .3«. 8 perire, audire, putare, censere, credere, meminisse (with pf. inf. ; not ante-classical), sperare (23, G, with perf. inf.), gaudere (Ace. w. Tnf. only, never quod, is employed by Panegyrici Veter. Gallicani'),docere,exponere. probar8,con- viiicere, fingere (4, 9, subj. of inf. omitted), fateii, confiteri, inhere (see p 47, (g), (1)), postulare, iurare, sinere, velle, adi- cere (Draeg. cites only from Veil, and Silver Latin), assereie ( = vb. of snying only in late Latin*. With Ace. and Inf. in Seneca, Mart. Cap., and generally in later* Latin'. It is frequent in Greg, of Tours., but more fre- quent with double Accusat. without Inf.*; al.so in Panegyr. Vet. Gall.*), experiri (rare, once in Plant. ; Sail., Sen , Quint , Draeger IL^, p. 382), dubitari [15. 4, numquid dubitari potest feliciorem eum esse ? In early Lat. only hand dubium est occurs, and only in Ter. Hec. 326. Vallquist* remarks on this passage that this usage was probably already received into the speech of the masses if not of the learned. Among late writers it has been found in Fronto^, Sulpic. Sever.*, and the Panegyrici Vet. Gallic* (in the case of the last, in positive .statements also) ; Greg, of Tour^ uses quod. Bonnet, p. 663. See also Draeger II.'-, 389]! metuere (52, 8, furtum fieri metuere, not earlier than Plin. Mai., Draeg. 11.2,395. Pavere, of which no occurrence is given by Schmalzor Draeger is similarly used in Panegyrici Vet. Gall., Chruz., p. 103), adstruere (51, 0, adstruamus mor- tuum esse coniectum domi. Harpers' Lex. says that this meaning, i.e., oi affirmare is not found in any Lat. auth., but see Schmalz (Antibarbarus) and Nettleship. Ace! with Inf. is used by Mart. Cap., Oros., Lucifer Cal. and others), permittere (Ace. w. Inf. is uncommon, but occurs in Tacit., and is reported for Sueton.,G. 14, Panegyrici and Sulp. Sev. M. 12, 5, by Bagge'", Ohruzander (p. 104) and Liinnergren (p. 66)), compellere. » C. G. Ohruzander, De Elocut. Panegyr. Vet. drallicanorvni Quaes- tiones, (Upsaliae, 1897), p. 100. ^ ., i. .* j ' Schmalz in the Antibarbarus I. " ', . _\ w, ; " Nettleship, Contributions to Lat. Lex. ' ;_ • \ • Max Bonnet, Le Latin de Grfegoire de Tours, p. 295. '' '' ' ' • Ohruzander, 1. 1., p. 11. • C. Vall(iui8t, De Infinit. Usu ap. Terent. (Nycopiae, 1897), p. 15. : ' Kbert, 1. l.,p. .S4. • Aug. Liinnergren, De Syntaxi Sulpic. Sev. (Upsal. 1882), p. 65. • Ohruzander, 1. 1., p. 99. »« Pet. Bagge, De Eloout. 0. Sueton. Tranquilli (Upsal. 1876), p. 102. "■it "tn ■m 41 §109. Accusative WITH Infinitive AS Subject. '/# (a) With impersonal verbs. — Constat, apparet, placet, oportet, intellegi (50, 3, intellegitur furem tibi profuisse. This construction with the passive, instead of the nomina- tive with Intinit. is not noticed bv Draeger. Two occur- rences are reported by Chruzander from Panegyrici, p. 101). (b) With neuter words. — Novum est, 29, 6, manifestura est, verisimile est, fas erat (Chruzander, p. 100 cites from the Panegyrici one instance of fas esse with ut and the Subjunct., the only one reported for all periods). §110. The following uses of the Infinitive may be noticed here: — > ; ' '■ ■ , •■ ft (a) Accusat. with Infinit. in apposition with word or clause (epexegetical). — 8, 14, propter importunos inventum esse (sG. triuentem) hoc reor. 50, 16, hoc est illud quod praedixit, ventura mihi omnia bona. For its frequent occurr.ence in Terence see Vallquist, p. 29. ; (6) Accu.sat. with Infinit. in exclamations. — 35,16 Mene nunc solum fore ! Vallquist, p. '27, cites a large number of occurrences for Terence. (c) Pres. Infinit. used of a future contingency. — 52, 8, quia furtum fieii metuerem. It may perhaps be said that fu7'tumjieri==furtum; or that ^^ri isimperf. representing the imperf. Subjunctive. C/. 49, 20, Quid ego dico nunc fieri ? fieri seems to represent an original fit, e.g., quid fit ? which we may compare with the common quid ago ? quidfacio? of colloquial speech. ' > * (d) Perf. Infinit. for Pres. — 53, 7, Dixin facere hoc non potuisse cX^^-aneum ? a characteristic of the later writers. 2. Subordination by Means of Relative Pronouns and Conjunctions. ■ ' ' - § 111. Indefinite and Gbneric Rklatives are Infre- quent. J}-,' ':,;^?i -,. Avft,-,; ,.,t;i ..■,,:, i], : l •. ' . >•;: (a) qiiidquid. — 9, 15, quidquid quereris, totum expro- mito ; 44, 3, pellibus vestris eveniat, quicquid optasti mihi ! 43, 6, quicquid erat calamitatis inclusimus ; see further 4, 9; 36, 18; 20, 22. ' (h) Qui, quod implying condition.~6, 23, nemini auferri posse quod deus dederit ; 37, 19, doininus. .quem Kalendis velit adesse, redire iubet pridie ; al.«»o 20, 20 ; 32, 15 ; 60, 19. ;»■ ?/'/ §112. Epexegetical quod clauses — 9, 15, veni ut ratio redderetur ; quod nemini antehac contigit ; 44, 9, iniprecamur inultis, sed maliloquis, quod nosti bene. Others nie 36, 5 and 58, 7. § 1 13. Relativ e Clauses Expressing Cause are fairly NUMEROUS. — (a) With the Indicative: 15, 10, Quidni timeam, qui tecum vivo? 25, 19, O ine stultum qui non consului ! and 22, 9 ; 43, 22; 46, 21 ; 58, 14. (h) With the Subjunctive. — 50,4, Quidde meraet senses qui tarde agnoverim ; 50, 11, O sceleratum hominem, magum qui se diceret ! ; ,v i ■; >:'f! ^flW In the use of the Indicative I think we may discover an emphasizing of the fact, but in the Subjunctive rather a characterizing of the subject. §114. Relative Clauses of Characteristic Result. — 11, 15, luravi quod non staret fide. But even in the simple sentence the Subjunct. would occur. 13, 9, Est aliquid quod accusem. Cf. further 14, 23 ; 10. 29 ; 28, 22 ; 17, 10; 19,20; 18, 26; 33,20; 46, 1.— 39. 23, luminis illud ....quod sufficiat ; 53, 10, pauca de quibus intellegatis cetera (cf. 9. 20); 17, 13 ff., sume coturnos quos pluvia sol vat. . . .compleat. . . .glutinet, calceos quos terra revocet, fraudet limus. §115. Relative Clauses of Design. — 9, 20, percurre pauca de quibus exponantur omnia ; 52, 20, da quod possit dividi. § IH. Relative Clauses of Concession. — 39, 10, qua- liscumque est, tamen avarus non est ; 34, 5, taraen perscrip- tionem transeo qua uti possum ; 56, 23, qui furtum non potui, neque volui, convincar. Other instances: 14, 9; 50. 5; 51, 13; 57, 19. §117. Accusative Conjunctions. 1. Quod. . = ' i > ^ N h (a) Quod clauses explicative of a demonstrative. — 9, 12, istud . . . . quod iocaris; 13, 11, illud. .. .quod nemo tenu- itati ignoscit; 41, 20, hoc quod laudaris. See also 37, 21 ; 40. 2. Of a less usual type are three passages with solum hoc est, solum illud est, tuntum est. 39, 11, solum illud est quod nimium crebro verberat; the meaning clearly is : "the only fault I have to find is that he flogs too often!" 32, 20, I ■ 43 [haec prodigia sunt ignava et vilia] solum hoc est quod observant unice Panenj deum, — " they do nothivf/ hut pay assiduous court to their god Bread " " Nothing but " can- not, however, be accepted for 39, 11, as is shown by ni- miuui crebro. A sitnilar but more cJifficnlt passage is 30, 9, tantum est quod vota hominum interpretantur. Tantwm seems to correspond to hoc, iUud, in the two pass- ages just noticed, rather than to solum, although it may have a little of the value of this word also. This makes it positive rather than negative, and concedes that they perform some service — " there is this {so much) to be said as regards their duties, that they . . . .but," etc. It will be observed that is in harmony with the antithesis sed numquam responsa eliciunt covgrua, and explains fa/la- cissirai. It is possible, however, that tantum = so much, and so much only, which would invite a comparison with the use of tantum est = hoc et nihil amplius in Plaut. and Ter. : Plaut. Merc. 279, Numquid amplius? : : Tan- tumst ; Ter. Eun. 995, Num quid aliud mali relicuom ? : : Tantumst; Hec. 813, TaTitumne est ? : : Tantum. (6) Quod clause with verbum sentiendi, etc. Only one instance : 28, 27, audieram quod ipse omnia gubernaret. For this use, so frequent in African and ecclesiastical Latin, see Schmalz, Syntax, p. 499 ; Ronsch, p. 402, and Bonnet, p. 402. (c) Quod causal is rare. — 6, 8, quod non putatis, fallitis ; 41, 13, satisfactum estreligioni quod portasti foras. (d) Nisi quod. — 8, 14, nescio edepol ; nisi quod hoc reor; 18, 1, Plura adicerem, nisi quod melius eat ("ivere it not that it is better"); and 50, 6 ; 56, 20. Nescio. . . .nisi quod reor (8, 14) suggests the elliptico- adversative use of nisi in Plautus, Terence, Cicero and others, which occurs especially with nescio ; cf. Cic. Pro. Rose. Amer. 99, Nescio, nisi hoc video, etc. (and Landgraf 's note); Ter. Phor. 474, Nescio ni.si cessavit; Plaut. Mil. Gl. 24, 378 ; Trin. 233. Nisi quod = sed in Tac, Apul, and the later writers. ' '^ • 1 (e) QuojI in restrictive phrases, with Subjunct. — 10, 10, nullum (sc. feci) quod sciam, — the only phrase so used in early Latin. Quantum with Indicat. in similar phrasev occurs several times: 20, 29, quantum intellego; 20, 28; 7, 9. r.- 44 2. Quia. Quia causal is not frequent. — (a) With the Indicative: 41, 3, quia post indulgentiam sordidior est abiectio; 19, 2, quia sapiens nemo est iuipudens. See alno 19,27; 4,21 ; 53,20. (6) With the Subjunctive : 52, 8, quia furtum fieri metu- erem, direxi. The Subjunctive is probably due to confusion with the Subjunctive of the third person in virtually indirect narration. 3. Quam. — (a) Quam as a correlative of tarn occurs three times. Tamquam with the Subjunct. : 47, 14, com- minare tamquam in aedes inruas. Tamquam with verb omitted : 42, 1, amicos tamquam profanos respue ; 24, 15, ego tamquam cynicus magister. . . .trado ; and also 36, 11 ; 42, 19; 21,16.' (6) Postquam. — With peifect ludicat., one occurrence : 31, 6, postquam vere facta est. . . .edidit. (c) Priusqaam. — Once : 20, 5, prius alteri ostendendus esset quam tibi. (d) Malo with quam. — 32, 17, Istaec alere quam nosse malo ; other instances, 52, 3 ; 57, 9. (e) Quanitt^ with Subjunct. — 32, 24, scitote .... nihil esse melius quam ut fato nascatur bono. " ; ;^ i'^. r (/) Quam, with verb ou . ted, occurs half-a-dozen times with comparative adjectives and adverbs, e.g., plus, magis, facilius. It is expressed in an equal number of cases. {g) Quamdiu. — Twice : 19, 5 (with Subjunct, = dum) ; 40, 21. ■ -' ^. (A) Quamvis.— With Subjunct: 39, 20, quamvis sol- licitet. i V With participle. — 60, 17, quamvis tractatus incommode. (i) Quamquatn with Subjunctive. — Common in post- Aug. Latin : 19, 23, quamquam felicem esse te constiterit. 4. Quando. («) Temporal relative.— 37, 2, quando alius facit iter, and line 10. (b) Causal.— 19, 22, meam sortem concede, quando nihil melius repperi; also 11,2. (See Ronsch, p. 405; Koffmanne, Gesch. d. Kirchenlat. II., page 132 V.). Quandoquidem is used with causal force five times. — 58, 13, tibi servire cupio, quandoquidem sic misertus as 45 sol- iter, inei. See also 58, 9 ; 56, 11 ; 55, 5, 21. This particle has only a temporal force in Gref^ory of Tours (Bonnet p. 328). 5. Dum. (a) Dum " while," with prea. Indicat.— 24, 17, dura per- curro cubilia; 56, 13, sacrilegium confiteris dum furtum negas, — with adversative force. Dum is inserted by Peiper, 3, 3, before putas without any Ms. authority, and seems scarcely correct. r -. * (6) Dum conditional, with Subjunct. — 42, 15, dum tan- tummodo inter me ac fortunam paries intersit. Of. Cic. In Catil. I. 5, Dummodo inter me atque te murus intersit. Tantummodo is very common in the sense of " only," but the conditional use is found Cic. Ad. Att IX. 10, 4. : 6. Cum\ . h . .v v .. (a) Cum witlt the Indicative of the pres., perf. and fut. perf. tenses in the statement of a fact. — 51, 23, pater, cum est profectus, me reliquit solum ; 38, 12, cum lagoena com- pletur ; 6, 25, ornam cum reppererit. ' (6) Cum with the Subjunctive. — Present: Causal, 9, 25, cum tu ipse sis reus, and 50, 9, — Concessive, 10, 4, quae- ritas, cum de scelestis conquerar ? Imperf. and pluperf. : 4, 19, thesaurum, cum lateret. . '. . cum reperisset. . . .reddidit ; 11, 15, cum verbis staret, non staret tide, — adversative. 7. Quoniani is used much more frequently than any other causal conjunction, occurring 19 times. It is never temporal, nor used with the Subjunctive mood. Quoniam with verbum sentiendi : 69, 6, scimus quoni- am tris edaces domus una non capit. ^118 Locative Conjunctions. ' :. ■ 1. Ubi. ...v.- .>;,.. (a) Temporal, — with pres., perf., fut. perf. Indicative. — 54, 6, haec superflua ubi res nusquam apparet (causal ?) ; 4, 13, sed ubi inspexit. . . .decipitur, and 50, 8; 25, 13, ubi te aspexerit, te revocat. In an iterative and general sense with perf. Subjunct. — 30, 16, ubi sonuerit unus, cuncti alas quatiunt ; 31, 19, ubi precator templa petierit, fremunt. Of. Cic. Pro Rabir. Post. 13, 30, ubi semel quis peieraverit ei credi postea non opor- ^ Lindsay, Lat. Lang., p. 610. ■HHi V -'/'-■» tet. On the nearness of quia to the Ideal Second Person^ see Gijdersleeve, Lat. Gram., p. 364. (b) Local. — 29, 2, ubi penuria, illic congregant ; 29, 18, ubi libet, hac atque iliac ; 39, 2, ubi aurum est, totum est; also 31, 21 ; 48, 18. •• . .,;, . ,. ^- .:. . (c) Uhicumque (local) occurs once, with fut. perf. Indicat. — 35, 18 ubicumque reppereris, ad nos pertrahe. (a) Ut relative. — 27, 17, Ita ut volui, contigit ; 29, 7, licet species, ut libuerit, vertere. Ut is used thus very frequently in parenthesis : 36, 14, ut festinatio nostra solet ; 38, 14, ut est nequitia; and 7, 14 ; 9, 23, 11, 10 ; 25, 6 ; 25, 20; 50, 22. « ,,. .: , (3) Ut consecutive = cur. — 53, 26, quid causae fuit ut redderes ? (4) Ut with facere and jierl—T, 18, faciam ut queratur iustius, and 16, 16; 50, 17, factum est ut cupiditaa fal- leretur. Facere without ut^— 15, 27, facies posthac nullum per- mittat cpieri. (So the Mss. ; ut inserted by Klinkh. and Pei|)er) . » See Dr»eger, II, », p. 2t>6^ m i > J 47 Note. — The negative ne occurs twice where result would seem to be intended : 51, 12, faciam ne iterum facias ; 46, 18, utinam crura enervasset, ne movisses pedem. But the writer probably had the object rather than the result of the action in mind. See Draeg., 11.^ p. 291, on ne with verbs of causing and effecting. (/) Ut final. Idcirco. . . .ut : 8, 15 and 9, 14. Ut with comparative : 33, G, ut faciliussequamur omnia. 34, 23, Porticus tibi est in dextra ut ingrediaris ; but this scarcely .seems to be final. Perhaps the Subjunct. is due to the Ideal Second Person. I think it is equivalent in force to ingredienti. (g) Ut with Sulijunctive, introducing Substantival Clau.ses. (1) With verbs. — iubere, 58, 22, ut ediscam iubes ? Cf. Bell. Hispan, 27, 4; Macrob. Sat. I. 12. 28, iussit ne mul- ierem interesse permitterent ; see Archiv. VI. 434 ; quae.so, 28, 7, 9 ; 55, 10 ; 59, 7 ; rogare, 2C, 7 ; optare 41, 5 (quid optem nisi ut faeiat ?) ; adquiescere 5(}, 10 (adquiescis ut biistum illic fuerit '< I have not been able to find this construction elsewhere); placere, 27, 13; 59, 19; 60, 5, 6; velle, 19, 24; 56, 1; 60, 15; malle, 11, 17; sperare, 5,7 (sperat ut gratiam referat. Draoger, 11.'^ p. 257, says the earliest appearance of this usage is Livy 34, 27, 3, but Schmalz, Lat. Syn., p. 519, makes it date from Plaut. See Seyffert Mliller on Oic. Laelius 19, 68, spes ut) ; superesse, 15, 16 ; opus esse, 40, 12 (in early Latin and then post- chussical). (2) With esse and a neuter adjective. (a) With positive. — iuMum est ut operam impendas {cf. 14, 3, iustum fuit). iustuin e.sse is not mentioned by Draeger ; iniustum est is cited from St. August. De Civ. Dei. 19, 21. {Of. Ter. Hec. 243, Scio meum ius esse ut te rogem.) (/9) With comparative— with qiiam ut.—ii2, 24, scitote nihil melius esse (juam ut ali(|ni fato nascatur bono. Only in Plaut. and late writers, Draeg., II.^ p. 27t). Similar to this is 20, 27, prius est ut hae (fenestrae) pateant quam ut excludas. MUllenbach reports its occurrence in Salvian. and Tertull. rr^ j r v. ; : w 48 (7) With a superlative. — 4.*^, 4, primuni fuit ut invenire- tur; (istud iam sequitur). Primuiu perhaps only in Martial, VIT., 43, 1, prinium est ut j^raestes, si quid te rogabo ; (lllud deinde sequens nt neges). (3) Ut clauses following a demonhtrative or relative pro- noun, — 34,4, illud quaesumus; 23, 22, hoc exoro; 33, 18, hoc precatus sum; 21, 2, id expectabam; 56, 23, illud restabat (48, 21, hoc) ; 41, 1, quod dudum peto ; 47, 2 (quid facimus ?) quid nisi quod dudum diximus ut. Cf. also 40, 18, fas erat me facere quod praecepit, id est ut, etc. Note. — Ut clause explaining a noun. — 21, 9, oraculum tale umquara datum est ut si hi mala quaere ret ? After numerals. — 11,21, nihil actum est nisi sequantur haec duo : primum . . .ut comprobem, secundo . .intellegas. (4) Ne substantival clauses. — 21, 25, interdictum ne obviarem furibus, verum ne excluderem, hoc est stultum; 26, 10, quaeso ne ; 42, 7, Periculum est ne ; 12, 17, in potestate est ne, etc. 3. Si. (1) In conditions. — (a) The Indicative in both members. In the present tense we shall notice only the occurrence (four times) of nisi fcdlor for which Ovid and others write ni fallor. The pres. . . .perf. in two passages add to their vividness: 35, 23, nisi iam nunc ^^eritar, frustta venimus; 48, 9, perdidi mysterium nisi verba audio. (a) Pres. (in piotasis). . . .fut. — The fut. or fut. pf. might have been used in the protasis (fut. . . .fut. is Ciceronian ; f)res. . . .fut. is ante- and post classical): 10, 5, si probo. . . . oquere ? So also 5, 17 ; 10, 2 ; 52, 12, 15. Note. — Pres. . . .fut. j)f. : 29, I, si censes. . . .dixeris. (/Sj Fut. ])f . . . .pres. — 10, 7, si conviceiis. . . .neccsse est ut [cf. (a), 10, 5]. Oth "s 28, 20 ; 36, 11 ; 54, 15. (7) Fut. ])f .... fut pf. — 32, 6, si dederis .... ceperis ; rare, but employed hy Plant, and Cic. Note. — The sequence fut. pf. . . .fut. occurs about a dozen times. (8) Pl|)f. (in apodosis). . . .nisi quod with perf. — 50, G, non credideram nisi quod inspexi (" and did not believe "). (6) The Subjunctive in protasis only, (a) Pres. Subj. . . . .pres. Ind. — 30, 13, sedile mensam si alicpiis in ignem iniciat . . . .quaeritur. So line 15, and 51, 21. (Cf- perf. 11, 22, nihil u.st actum nisi .seciuantur). 49 Note l.—We should probably read, 36, 12, si aliquid videat, with most Mss. ; viderit (RB) would he perfectly acceptable. [Peiper's reading dest tui, certainly seems improbable ; the sense would seem to require ei, the conjec- ture of W. W(asfner)l Daniel's correction destrui is perhaps the most satisfactory.] Note ^.— The apodosis is wanting 23, 3; 31, 4 ; 53, 19. In the last, tu nusqiiam pedem, nisi restituas quod abstulisse te fateris, Peiper and Havet have preferred restituas of V to restitues of R L P, but the less vivid form is entirely out of harmony with the context. (/3) Impf. Subj .... impf. Indie. — 13, 2, hoc si agnosceres, felix eras ; agnosces eris, Flor. Berol. ; esses B {ems in margin in same hand). (c) The Subjunctive in the apodosis only.— 20, 11, si aliquis aedibus nieis facem subiciet, iuberesne oleum infundere ? The reading of P (2d hand) iubesne is adopted by Havet, and is probably the correct one. Some support for iuberes may be derived from the fact that B has subiceret. The sequence fut. ind . . . .pres. ind. is one that was rare in all periods ; found in Varro, Sail., and in many late writers^. Note. — Pres. Subj. (potential) in apodosis with fut. pf. Indie, in protasis. — 32, 5, (juas corymbos videas, si numinos asperseris ; and 27, 16. (d) The Subjunctive in both members. The form si sit . . . .sit does n t occur''. (a) Si with impf pres. — 50, 20, munerare posslm, si nai iscerer. Blase* cites from Plaut. oh roe instances of thi^ ise of possim. (Of. Pseud. 290 Egon patri surrupere possi 'I qnicquam tarn cauto seni ?) (/S) Unreal conditions. — The impf. in both members occurs half-a-dozen times, once (20, 5) with the periphr. pass, in the apodosis. Of the plpf. there are two occur- rences, 46, 13 and 15. ' literar. (^entralblatt, 5th Jane, 1875. » Schmalz 1. I., p. 52'2. • See H. Blase, Der Konjunktiv d. Praes. iin Be(liiigung8«atz«, Arohiv IX., 17-46. " tlie Form si sit. . . .tit allmfthlich verschwun(len ist," etc., p. 45. ♦ Blase, De Modor. Temporumque in Kni'titiat. Condic. Lat. Pcrmuta- tione Quaest. Select. , p. 43. m '.■ A striking variety of moods, tenses and pronouns is shown in one passage, 57, 18-22, si hubuisset ille, ergorie .... iste seeretum nescisset patris, tibique ille indioaret (quod non crediderat fiiio ?) porro ille thesaurum, si sapiebat, illi tantuin (Ms. B) crediderat loco ? tibi illic patuisset aditus ? Indicaret refeis to the information given by Euclio as he was dying ; habaisset and nescisset go farther back. Crediderat has as protasis habaisset, and si sapiebat (sciebat Mss.) is almost parenthetical. It may be that the Iiuiicat. is here due to the influence of the preceding crediderat and sapiebat; but in any case it is strange. We have had already (in 50, 6) ego mihi non credideram, whose occurrence in the apodosis was not uncommon \ a fact which may be of some value in connection with the passage under discussion. Note. — It ought to be said that the charge cannot be made against our author which is made by some scholars against late writers in Africa and Gaul, viz., failure to apprecidce the difference between the pluperfect and the imperfect or perfect*. ■ (e) The Indicat. of possum occurs (12, 21); melius est (18, 1, adicerem nisi quod melius est: nisi quod = 86(1, and melius est is not the real protasis); optimum erat (35, 9). Cf. also 52, 23 ; 21, 12. (/) The Imperative in apodosis is frequent. The pres. Indicat. is found almost invariably in the protasis : 9, 4 ; 10, 15 ; 31, 2 ; 36, 12, and many others. Fut. Indie, in protasis. — 27, G, nobis impera si quid voles, Fut. Perf. Indie, in protasis, — 20, 10, fures si venorint, excipe. The jussive in apodosis occurs as follows : 27, 13 ; 26, 21 ; 35, 13 ; 58, 13, 15 ; 60, 10 ; 30, 3 ( -= prohibition). ((/) Ni/iil nidi = lantura. — 55, 11, nihil nisi veniam postulo. {Of. nisi ut, 41, 5.) For other elliptical uses see 56,23; 49, 15. ; . . (h) Sive. (a) Omitted.— 20, 23, velis nobis fortuna intra- » Draeger II. », p. 728. Blase, (Jeach. il. Plusquainperf., p. 66 ff. • Sm Bonnet, 1. 1., p, 630 f,, 656 fl. ; Blue, Oeech, d. Pliisquainperf., p. 98 f,, and (ioaoh. d. Irrealis iin Liteiii., p. 32 f. (For a defence, how- ever, of TertuUian't usage, see H. UoDpe, De 8ermone i'ertull. Quaeat. Select, p. 62 f.) : .^ * 51 bit; 21, 1, quod velini noliin faciundum est (On velim nolim of the Folkspeech see Wolfflin, Rh. Mus. 37, p. 88 f.) (j3) Sive with participles.— G, 17, sive oblitus, sive supervacuuip putaus. Early Latin used si sive. (2) Si in questions.— 10, 30, Die mihi si habuisti ; 16, 8, illud vide, si valeas. (See Indirect Questions, § 119 (fc).) Of. Ronsch, p. 403 ; Bonnet, p. 320 f. ; . (3) Mirum si. — 12, 7, quidnam hoc mirum est si te despicit ? (4) Si = dummodo. — 4, 3, coheredem institult si osten- deret; cf. 49, 14. (5) Si omitted in an oath or strong affirmation : 51, 12, vivo faciam ne facias ; it is found in the Vulgate also. Cf. H. Blase, Beteuerungsformeln ira Latein., Arcliiv X., p. 546. (But R Bp have si ) C. Indirect Questions. § 119. Simple Question. 1. Questions following the Imperative of a verbum declarandi. — {a) The Indicative' is frecjuently found in questions that are really direct, but which are introduced by die, fxpone, responde, elige : 15, 1, die mihi quern tu putas feliciorem ? 56, 16, dicite quidnam fuit ? Die (dicite) occurs further in 8, 12; 19, 29; 23, 10; 15, 16; 54, 15. In 55, 20 ; 57, 10, the question is in apposition with a neuter pronoun illud, uirum. With these should be included 9, 24, unavi est uiide responderi volo ; quare iniustis bene est ? This was not uncommon in late writers : see Paucker, De Lat. Sulp. Sev. p. 29. (b) die, fare with the Subjunctive. A few instances only: 28, 9, dicite quid velitis; 56, 8, fare quid velis ; with the last ef. 8, 12, age die quid vitt, and also Plaut. Aul. 770. sat habeo, age nunc lociiiere quid vis. In these passages (i.e., in 28, 9; 56, 8), nnd in 12, 25, however, it is probable that the mood represents an original Subjunctive. Becker, p. 162, maintains that (in Plaut. and Terence) the t'orms velia and vis were used indifferently in independent statements.' ' Of thii uaat{e, io ooiniiion in earl)' wiiters, see the nunicrout examples cited by Becker, 1. 1 , p. I'iS ff. » See A. I)ittin»r, Studieii zur Latoin. Moduslehre (Leiozig IS97), p. 204 ff. (He remtrks "aiif falsoher (Irundlage benihende Beokertohe ArlHiit.") ■ If ^?- 52 -} !/ 4 i' The mood in 16, 2, fortunam dicito cuius condicio placeat, is characteristic. A clear case is the Subjnnct. in 11, 4, die praeterea quotiens perieraveris ? where the Indicat, it would seem, might have been used quite as well as in the passages adduced under (a). In line 4, qu&nto amplius perieraveris, hoc requiro, the form of the question is evi- dence that the mood is due to the occurrence two lines above. See also 20, 21, die quid sit. ' ., , . ■ (c) Die with question introduced by si. — die si habuisti (si had not this force in early Latin, Becker, 1, 1., p. 195). 2. The Subjunctive in questions with verba cogitamll, experiendi. — 88, 8, excogitare quid sit quod, etc. ; 60, 8, quare videri debeant. . . .inveniat. vide si, 16, 8, vide an are used in the same way : 24, 24, vide an divinare possis, 3. Questions with scio and nescio. () aliquis = quis after si, etc., is common : 21, 11, si aliquis subiciet ; 21, 21, ne aliquid faciam ; cf. 20, 1 ; 32, 11 ; 3G, 14, and other ;'as.sages. (c) : quod = aliquod : 35, 25, quod exciderat. {d) quidquid = quid : 4, 21, quidquid rettulerit non docet. §139. Interuogative Pronouns. — Quanti, quanta = quot : 10, 9, quanta putas fecisse te capitalia ? 40, 9, quanti sunt ingenui ! §140. Adjective Pronouns. (a) Nullu8 = nemo : 4, 3, rem nuUi aperuit ; 10, 28; 15, 27, and others, nemo — nullus, 30, 13. t»' * Cf. Bonnet's remarks, 1. 1., p. 301. ■■» ij w '::\i- % I (b) toti = omne«' : 36, 18, rationes totas perscribit The singular is similarly used : 49, 8, totum qui potest; 16, 26, ibi totura licet; c/. 28, 23 ; 34, 15 ; 39, 2. (c) Alius = alter: 28, 12, unum iubet, aliud obsecundat, and 57, 1. In Gregory of Toui-s, alius for alter is frequent, as also alter for alius*. {Cf. 15, 4: qui alterum queri com- pellit.) . , 4. Adverbs. !'.ii! ' 1$ 141. Abistinc = iatinc : 9,1 (not in Harpers'; see § 15-5, s. V.) ; unde = de quo : 9, 21 ; valde : 12, 11, valde cupio* ; superius = supra : 15, 20, superius dixeram ; this is the constant usage in Peregrinatio ad Loca Sancta* ; cf. the use of interius, 24, 12, ulterius, 33, 21 ; qnalibet used of motion : 42, 24, recedamus qualibet ; ubicumque, " some- where or other," 42, 24 ; quocumque " to some place or other," 43, 11. --v/'r-'--p' -^^T^^^.v .- .; . ^ - ■■ '.■ , r: .:.-- 5. Particles. ^ 142. auteni =■ enim : 16, 3, sortem autem quam volueris dabo ; ceterwni == sed occurs once ; ergo is excess- ively frequent,although itaque and igitur alsoare employed, the latter .sometimes as the first word ; fortassis : 37, 9, si fortassis advertit (found ten times in Lucifer*, who does not use fortasse, and used occasionally by Gi'egory of Tours*) ; lie = nonne : 46, 20, ne defunctus desines ? The Mss. have ne ; Havet adopts nee, the correction of Berengo, a reading which can be defended (see nee = ne. . . . qaidem). But the change is not necessary, as this use of ne ia attested by Ronsch for the Vulgate'^ (cf. -ne 8, 16 ; 10, 24) ; nee =ne. . . . quidem : 47, 23, fortunam non recipio — nee bonam ; 8, 17 ; 37, 1 ; 56, 24. This is a late Latin usage, -* » See WolffUn, Archiv III., p. 470 ; Ronsch, 1. 1., p. 338 ; Bonnet, 1. 1., p. 276. •..,.,:,;■/■■;---. ••:ri-'r :■* '■^ Uv , s^rtj^-y;:.!'- ">;.■;-::. f /v , ,,« See Bonnet, 1. 1. , p. 278. i ''^''^V • See Bonnet, I. 1,, p. 308: " L'adverbe d' intensity par excellence. " See also Archiv I. , p. 94. • Wolffliu ArchivIV., p. 262. -v ,<: » Hartel, Arcliiv III., p. 21. .^ '^... ;,.v,-;i;t>.. >fin-f|t<.. ;-.«> '.'l!f., • Bonnet, 1. 1. , p. 306. ^1. 1., p. 409. See also Hartol Archiv III. 28, Lucifer von Caliari. frequent in Tertullian^ and Cyprian, and in Gregory of Tours2; -que = quoque: 59, 8, nosque praesto sumus (nos quoque F^). » , • \? ,';.':■ t. Prepositions. ' § 143. Ad almost == in : am bo coiilocantur in sua, 5. 1 ; apud: cf. similar use of apud and cum 43, 24, utinam ille esset apud nos tam patiens quam tu cum tuis. This seeming local force is perhaps to be seen also in meciwi : 13, ll,hocmecumtolerabileest(c/. Bonnet p. 604, iustitiam tecum invenire non possum, and Arch. II. 26 f.). de is sometimes used with the force of a or ea; : 42, 9, nihil de domo dederis ; 8, 1, sperandum de tridente ; 9, 12, istud de meo quod, etc. {cf. 49, 17, quod fecit nostrum est) ; cf. the phrases de proprio, de alieno, 34, 2 ; de with uleisci : 47, 3, nos de filio ulciscamur, and cf Frontinus, Strat. III. le! 4 : Hannibal se a transfugis ultus est ; de is used with the Ablat. of Instrument : 16, 26, Sententiae de robore proferuntur. ex is used in many adverbial phrases, ex integro, e contrario, ex consilio. Noteworthy is ex trans- verso (= inopinato), found also in Petron. 65. ;■"'-'' ' 7. Verbs. '" "' ■/.«-..,..■•■■ -.x-. §144. FheqUENTATIVES. — Verbs of this class were avoided by Terence, Cicero, Csesar and writers of the Augustan period. The number found in our author is small and contains only those commonly used : ausculto, cogito, dictito, excogito, insector, mussito, noscito, pulso, quaerito, tracto, visito, vocito. . , S' , ! . " ' t '1 : . ■"' 'i »Blokhui3, De Latinit. qua usus est Tertull. in Apologet., p. 81 and- note ; Archiv III., p. 26. » Bonnet, 1. l.,p. 311. 60 II. ASYNDETON. i} 145. AsVNDETON. — As we should exp^ict, the hick of connecting particles between words, phrases and sentences is al)undantly illustrated in our author. s$ 146. AsYNDKTON Enumeuativcm. — (1 ; In Nouns: 36, 23 (necesse est ut plnrima .sequantur' :) turba trepida, per- quisitio iurueiitoruni, custodum t'uga, niulae dispares, iunc- tuiae inversae, iniilio nee se regens. The cumulation may be intended to suggest the confusion and bustle attending the prejmrations fur a journey. 29, 22, raysteria sunt in aditu ; arpyiae, cynocephali, furiae, ululae, nocturtme striges ; etjuaily good instances arc to be found at 17, 18; 18, 20 ; 19, 13 ; 33, 2S ; .34, 25 ; 36, i3 ; 38. 23 ; 40, 13 ; 41, 5. On the other hand a good example of Polysyndeton is 22, !), multuin sese aliqui laudant qui vel fugaoes feras vel pugnnces l»estias, ant vestigiis insequuntur aut cubilibus deprehendunt aut casu opprimunt. (2) In Adjectives : 41, 8, captHtor horaruni, matutinus, meridianns, vespertinus ; 21, 17, ubinam ilia est cohors fuliginosa, vulcanosa, atra ? See further 32, 18 ; 58, 19. Polysyndeton in Adjectives. — 17, 19, iudicis conviviuru priuuim postnieridiatniiu aut aestuosum aut algidum aut insan'un aut serium. (3) In Verbs. — (a) In su.gle words : 15, 11, age, dicito , hal)eat. teneat, jmssidrat (cf. Ter. Andr. 889); 42, 20 (with the ertect of a climax), inventus, H))oliatus, c'aunis eat hon»o. The use of the forms nae, ahi, luide witli another imperative has been treated under Parataxis, §99. (h) In louger sentences : 28, 25, atomos volvunt, stelias numerant, maria aestimant, .sola mutare non possunt sua; 48, 15, omnes intus saccos capsas scrinia requirunt, aurum tractant ; 49, (J, (antithetical) thesaurum servasti vivus, liberasti mortiius: cf. 19, 16 ; 57, 2. Other sentences are : 29, 10 ; 29, 2! ; 32, 15 (cf., too, Hve sentences immediately preceding) ; 34, 10 ; 43, 10 ; 55, 2. For imperatives, see 21, 13; 45, 23 and elsewhere. ._ . 61 (4) In Sentences which exhibit a co-ordination of (a) Adverbs or Adverbial Phrases. — 29, 18 (ubi libet, hac atque iliac), sursnni deorsum, in terra in mari (explicative also) ; 34, 23, porticus est tibi in dextra, hacrarium e diverse; 4, 22, primum . . . . post, with which c/. 11, 22; 27, 1 ; see also 24, 5 and 25, 1. (6) Pronouns or Adjectival Pronouns. — These are some- times adversative or explicative: 28,11, unum est quod iubet, aliud quod obsecundat ; cf. 57, 1 ; 19, 15, ille alius in corde, alius est in vultu ; 18, 10, hoc. . . .illud ; 56, 12, hie. . . .alius ; cf. '5, 24. §147. Asyndeton Advehsativum is less frequent than Asyndeton Enunierativum, but many more examples might be cited than are presented here. — 45, 12, aliorum fortn- nam exposui, fatum ignoravi meum ; lo, 17, semper dives diligens, contra pauper neglegens; 14,19, tibi tempe.stas obfuit, alter aliud pertulit; others are 9, 9 ; 43, 4 ; 55, 14 ; 56, 15 ; 56, 20. — With non : 6, .*•, sortem huius ingrati.non mali ; 26, 1, and elsewhere. ijl48. A.SYNDETON ExTLiCATlvuM. — This i.s, of cour.se, closely related to Causal Parataxis, and occurrences are very tVequent. The connection is shown by the placing of the particular or special beside the general'. Only a few examples are cited here. (1) Appositional. — 3, 4, ingenti me donas bono: hoc testimonio, hoc collegio ; 28, 19, tiia sunt in prinns: planetae, ansures, cynocefali ; so too 48, 20. (2) Amplificatory. — 6, 3, decreta tempero : si (juid boni est, accenso ; si quid gravius, mitigo ; cf. 4, 14 ; 14, 25. (3) In Sentences. — Paratactic comliination of sentences is com. non : 18, 9, istis nolo invideas. Saepe condita lupojum tiunt rapinae vulpium ; further, 5, 21 ; 8, 5 ; 50, 20; 55, 13. See Causal Parataxis J;} 101. §149. Asyndeton Disjunctivum. — 20, 24, velis nolis bona fortuna aedes ii»trabit; so too 21, 1, velim nolim. Parataxis of velim nolim was common in the speech of the people*. §150. Asyndeton Summativum. — 16, 23, illic. .. vivunt, ibi praestigium, ibi sententiae proferuntur ; illic privati indicant: ibi totiim licet; 36, 15,tect0 si percolent, - > NiigolaUch, atilistik, §1JW. • Rh. Mut. XXX VII., p. 81. ,'r -. 11 si confringantur fores, omnia revocat, ovi7iia requiiit. To much the same etfect are 17, 11-23 (ending with in summa pauper esto et reporta pecuniarum aliquid) ; 29, 18; 42, 10. § 151. AsYNDKTON IN QUESTIONS. — Many instances of asyndeton in questions may be cited from our author. These indicate various states of feeling — exultation, ' xcite- ment, hesitation, etc. : 45, 18, o crudv^le auruui, quisnan te morbus tulit ? quis te sic rogus adussit ? quis te subri)/»it magus? (exheredasti nos, thesaure): quonam redituri sumus tot abdicati ? quae nos aula recipiet ? quae nos oUa tuebi- tur ? Rebuke and censure are expressed in 54, 25 — 55, 5 ; 19,99—30, 1, contains anaphora; 22,19—23,3 is boastful and rhetorical. For other instances see IC, 9 ; 45. 4 ; 53, 22. § 152. " Das aohte " Asyndeton^ which i^j «- nnmon in nar- rative to mark the stage.s of advancement has ah'eady been somewhat exemplified under Asyndeton Enumerativum. It is well illustrated by th*. concise, asyndetic state- ments of Lar Familiaris, p. 6, and the revelations of 48, 9 — 24, which depict the excitement ajid chagrin of Sardan- apallus. 5J153. AsYNDKTox vr TH Anaphora. — This ha.s: been as yet only glanced at, but tieserves further illu.stration: 13, IG, neuio ad facultates, nemo ad censum resj)icit ; 21, 17, ubinam fures requiram ? ubinaia ilia cohors . . . . ? ubi illi sunt qui curtant ? 22, 17, cedant iuris conditores, cedant Apici fercula; 48, 19, eriavimus, sed non simplioiter; erravinius, set rion semel. For other instances see 3, 9 ; 14, 1 ; 16, 22 ; 17, 11 ; 27, 18 ; 45, 9 ; 48, 6 ; 55, \(\. For anauhora in the Historians, and esprcially Livy, see Draeger II., p. 211. §154. Asyndeton and Co-ordinating Pauticlks, — Occasionally a series of single words and sentences have the two last connected by que, et, atque ; or these connec- tives may occur earlier in the series 16, 17, liceat mihi spoliare, caedere, et spoliare et caedere ; 30, 17, panem neque noverunt neque volunt ; hordea in.sectantur fracta et madida, spicas nonnulli vorant. See also the lang passage on p. 17, (juoted above, and Polysyndeton in Adjectives. > 8eo NauoIsUch, 1. 1., §202. Bchleunigenaes Aayndeton." l)rAe|{flr II.*, p. 200, u»lU it "Be- , - . 4 . ■'^} :'Vr ,5i \^ ' HI. LEXICAL.* -c r i »- . I. 'v'S § 165. The following list aims at presenting all impor- tant lexical phenomena, but omits not a little that may be found in its proper place in the foregoing pages. It is also designed to supplement Harpers' Lat. Diet, on many points. abdere, to throw away (Thielmann, Archiv III. 472, says = amovere, removere) : cineres abdidisti ? 57, 1. abistinc : cave abistinc, 9, 1 ; so V. ; abstinc R B P» abstinc or abstine L. Mullenbach conjectures abi istinc. acquiescere ut, admit that: 56, 10; see p. 47, (g), (1) supra. Salvian always uses the intinit. adfabilitas : adfab. prima quid dedit ? 8, 19; of. §122 supra. Mullenbach adds Cassian. Cenae Jnstit. VIII. 10 and 11 ; IX. 4 solita adfab.; Ar»ob., Adv. Nat. V. 27 seria adfab. ; Ambros., De Offic. II. 7, 30. adspergere, to give : nummos adsp., 32, 5 ; also 59, 8. adstruere, to assert : a■■ "' ■collegium, intimacy, intercourse (convictu':) : ingenti me donas done: hoc coUegio, 3, 4 ; <;/'. too, 12, 14, and see further Au.,on. EpI. XVL 90; XXLII. 35; Manil. II. 161 ; ' Prudent. Cathemer. X. 36. , •. i>J -,::» ;^,^collocare = locare : tete cauponibus colloca, 35, 20. comessationes, 13, 1 ; see § 12 ' supra ; add Salvian. De Gub. Dei IV. 40 and 52. cotiipara = comparia, 13, 1 ; cf. compara aetate, Orelli inscr. 4322. ''^ concubinula, 18, 17 ; to be added to Lexx. .v«^ - condita, the laid up store: condita luporuni, 18, 9. conditor : iuris conditores, 22, 17 ; for the play upon the word cf. Cic. Pro Clueut. 71, conditus totius negotii. V ccmditus, 22, 18, huius ollae conditum solus scivit (cf. iuris conditores, 1. 17). may be from either conditus, -lis, (a) construction, (6) that which is concealed, or conditum {cf condita), content or conditus (condire). coniugatio, bond : inter servos ev ancillas unac. est, 40, 6. MuUenbach compares Arnob. Adv. Nat. II. 16, c. corporum; V. 21, c. uxoria. ''■ k- '-v ^^ h > -^ ; conventus, perh. in a lewd sense : conventus et debac- chationes non quaero, 15, 3 See debacchatio, and cf Arnob. Adv. Nat. li. 70, ex convcntu lovis inseminati. convivator, a guest: vivat c. iudicum, 41, 6. cor3'mbus, of the hair, rising or bristling in anger: quos c. videria si nor» nummos adsperseris! 32, 5. Of corymbion, Petron. 110; corv>\b'\s, Anct. Aetn. 106 ; oorimbi = acervi, Plaoidus (Goetz .o:p. Gioss. Lat. V. p. 14; cf corimbata navis, p. 185). cothurnus laiieus, 17, 12, a woollen sock, probably worn in cold weather. credere, used absolutely: nimium momet credi'li, 7, 17; cf. 18, 13, te undis c. criminosus = reus : 10, 17, si c. me e.sse conviceris, and 60, 13. So Ca.ssiodor. Var. III. 57 ; Salvian. De Gub. Dei IV. 12 (Migne). eurtaro, to steal : qui curtant balteOs, 21, 21. ' de for ex. : 9, 11 ; 43. 9 ; 50, 13 ; for post: 24, 19. See also § 143 supra. v/ Jii-l^^ il" — ~- f 66 .„ r- :,'i'(;?v-} debacchatio, nobis nuptiae natales ioca debacehationes ancillnruru feriae, 40, 14 (13, 3). Miillenbach cites also Salvian. De Gub. Dei VII. 4, fervidae libidinis debaccha,- tione grassantes. "' l •?*§.]£/ ;^i6^^ doWciRe, daintiness, fastidiousness : qnaenam hae sunt deliciae ? 38, 4. ■ l .n^v^.:.: ^/ v: ; deplorare, J 6, 5, ne putes posse te aliquid d., apparently = depiecari. deploratio, 14, 5, dura d. ; cf. Tertull. Apol. I. dirigere, to send : ad te direxi, 52, 9 ; common in lute writers, see Archiv IV. 100, and Ronnet, Gr6g. de Tours, p 293, n. 4. > discretio, 38, 10 = discrimen (44, 7): quantula est d. ! „ dissimulare apparent)}' = to re/use, negare (marked * in Harpers'); neque ego dissimulo, 43, 8. Cf. Mart. XI. 108, 4. divinitas = deus : consilium divinitatis, 50, 1. Cf Salvian. III. 40 (Migne). So especially in Macrob., Sym- mach., Paneg3 r. Auct. divinus = magus : 4, 11; 25, 11; 27,16. -' » docere = demonstrare : expensum non docetur, 36, 19 ; 52, 14; c/1 edocere, 15, 2C. ?: . , ; ^ ,v ,:,".■; r edicere, to tell as a divinus : praeterita edicit, 27, 1 ; cf edisserere, 25, 16. . ........ eloqui = exponere, 6, 10. .^ esse = adesse, 44, 16. exauriculatus = ansatus, (the ansa being thought to resemble auris) : oenophorum exauriculatum, 38, 5. To be added to Lex x. r ^ * i- r • - excideie, to forget : mandato excidi, 21, 24. expetere, to carry av)ay, steal : neque te bustum expeti.sse credere qui^quam potest, 57, 2. ( xji!«j«i*Ttr, 4 17, explosa - dinipta and perhaps also reiecta: qua (sc ornaW'. bustum in pretium vortitur. label la - confabnlatio fabellis atqiiu monsis luinc libellum scripsimus, 8, 16 ; fabula with .same sen.ne occurs 25, 17. fallere is passivo. 1^, 21, fallis turpiter, and perhaps also 84, 8, nihil fefellit. Cf Salvian. De Gub. Dei III. 54, quam- vis in hoc fefelleriin. 67 fatigare, to make sport of : f'atigas nos an vera loqueris ? 53, 15. flagrare for f ragrare : claustrura flagrat odoribus, 46, 8. formula, that which is tnade in a mould (marked * in Harpers') (= solid uh) : tarn gemellae formulae, 38, 20. Cf. forma in Harpers' B. 3. ' , forte = fortasse : ipsis f. lioc excidit, 7, 21. foi titer, perh. = celeriter, but more prob. firme : f elaude fores, 42, 17. See Wiilfflin, Lat. n. rom. Comparat. p. 12; Hartel. Archiv. III. 21, Bonnet Gr4g. de Tours, p. 289. fuliginosus, 21, 18, cohors f. ; Lex. cites onl}- Prudent., Perist. X. 201. funus = cinereM: 28,14,15 and 19; 48,8,25 and 27; cf. Serv. Snlpic. II. 34, 5. general is, com 771 ou ; ecce iteruin generalia! 11,1. ;'• gesta " acta iudieiaria : futura scribunt, g. quae voa dicitis, 32, 2 ; so Cod. and Symmach. . r . ^.cJ (2rrandis is 0|>po.sed to vilis: vilis mater g. puerperinm ' ^^ dedit, 49, 1. hac atque iliac is very frequent: 8, 4 • 29, 4 and 18, and elsewhere. 6/. Ter. Eun. 105. hamiger, 7, 17, li. trident ; to be added to Lexx. liei. an exclamation of joy : hei istud de meo, quod in nmlis iocaris, 9, 12. hirtjiiicoiiians, 32, 18, noctivagas praeteristi, celeres, capripedes, liirquicoinantes ; to be added to Lexx. For similar compounds in late authors see the Le.x. under auricomans, flammicomans, flavicomans, giaucicomans, ignicouuiiis. • , idcirco itaque, 9, 14, idc. ita. veni ut ratio redderetur ; cf Salvian. De Gub. Dei III. 52 (Migne); Epl. IX (idc. igitur). in, for ad : prodire in agendum, 5, 24 ; in suunuam, 58, 15. incipientes as a substantive : uovelli at(jue i. mei, 23, 1. indiculus (ko G. Pari.s, Rev. Ciit. (187^). for aediculuui of Mss.) : jecurre ad indiculum, 24, 4. Harpers* rejwrts only from Syunnat-h. ; but see also Knnod. Ill, 19 ; V 24; Greg, ot Tours, Hist. Franc V. 44, wid alaewbere. Bei3 Bonnet, p. 290. ., , ^ m ingenium, an invention, clever creation : cedant omiiict cocoruin ingenia, 22, 17; cf. Plin 4J), 7. exquisita ingenia cenanim ; Bonnet, Grt^g. de Tour.s, p. 283; Hartel, Archiv. III. p. 24 for Lucifer and Tertull. ingens siientinm, 44, IG ingratus, 'peevish, given to fault-findiny : soitem admiiiistro huius ingiati, non mali, G, 5; .so too 5, 13: 3G, 10; 36, 20; 43, 15. ingredi -— accussare; si te ingrediiuur, 56, 18; cf. Tac. Annal. IV. 4. ..^u, -^.^rv :=fi,*^- af insectari, to look for eagerh^, desire greatly: hordea inseetantur fiacta et madida, 30, 18. • .i-t' f inspicere = videie : anseres inultoy inspexi, neminenv vidi cycnum, 30, 13 ; 43, 7. instrnctus with genitive : recipe iuris instructissimum^ 58, 23; c/. Sulpiu. Sev. II. 42, 3, instructissiiuus divinaruni reruin. ' , . intueri, to reverence, uvrahip : has effigies si i. potueris, 28,20. . J ipsum id = idem : ipsuui id valebam dicere, 27, 8 ; cf. 28, 22. Cf l{oe!'sch, Itala u. Vulg. p. 424; Paucker, Hieron. 81 ; Hartel, Arcliiv. III. 24 (for Lucifer and Tertull.) and Bonnet, Greg, de Tours, p. 301, and tjote. See also §} 137 supra. iuxta, in comparison with : iuxta alios, 15, 21. licet with neut. pron. as subject: ibi totuni licet, 16, 26, liniosas, covered with dirt or mud : auipullain 1. iion sim- pliciter intuetur, 38, 6. litteriilae = libellus: parvas 1. non parvus indulsit labor, 3. 8. lustrum, 36, 2, in qua (.sc. arcula) lustrum exportetur, (and +2, 2) (i.<;. calami tas, 3(5. 4, nulla forLuna, 41, LS and 19), that which in reuiovt'd by the riles of purification (leligio). niagicae (sc. artes), 51, IG, iterum ad magicas, is found only here. This occurrence is not reported b^- Rolfe, " Die Klliltsw vow ars " Archiv X. p. 241, who, however, cites magicam froin o author, 45, LI. Snagus ^r. divinus : 27, 16; 44, 11 ; 45, 20, and elsewhere. inaliloquus, as a substant., 44, 9, w.i.ii-»»«..jBa«i,'4i,Ht!ik,-l.-'?i'f ■S'Sj medium, a half : medium thesauri, 52, 12. This sense is not foi.nd earlier than Vuig. Levit. VI. 20 ; for, as MUllenbach clearly shows, in the passages adduced in Lexx. medium = either the inner part, or the middle part. Other occurrences than those of the Vulg. aie Eutrop. IX. 15 ; Boeth. Geom., p. 406, 10. . , ,, , -met is very common, egomet, for example, occurring twenty times and sibimet four tiint^s. Of sibimet Georges cites only two examples, both from the Vulg. misanthropus, 8,5, m. hie verus est; to be added to Lexx. ,, ' . ■;/ ^ municeps = curialis : agat ant ex municipe, 41, 2 ; cf. Placidus, Gloss. : munice|)s, curialium ma^ )res ex eo quod munera fisci idem accipiunt (Goetz, Corp. Gloss. V. 118), and Theod. Cod. XII. 1, 4; X. 3, 5. mutare, of money, to counterfeit ; or perhaps to pass money not regarded as legal tender : limari commutarique credit, 38, 16, 18 and 19. mysteria = di ignoti : vel geniis vel mysteriis, 9, 6 ; m. sunt: harpyiae, cynocephali, etc., 29, 22; 30, 4. ne = nonne : 46, 20 : see § 142 supra. Gf. -ne : dixin hoc fore ? 8, 16 ; also 10, 24 ; 53, 7. nee, neque = ne — quidem : see § 142 supra.. iKJvellus, 51, 19, et n. et senex : cf. novelli, 23, 1. nuUus = nemo ; nemo = nullus : see § 140. obsequia, 28, 17, quaenam ista sunt o. ? cf. minores, inferiores (sc. potestates) II. 14 and 17 So Claud. Mamert. c. III. haec obsequiorum stipatio et fulgor. pagina (32, 3), 54, 24, cedo mihi fragmentorum paginas ; pnginae must mean inscriptio, or scripta as in Greg, of Tours, Mart. 3, 45, nomina non sunt in paginis praenotata (Bonnet, p. 284). Cf Ennod. Epl. IV. 19 : diligentia non reducta per paginas, and V 23: prolixitas paginalis. pars civilis is opposed to military service: aliquid tribue in p. civili, 16, 13. cf Veget. R. Mil. I. 5 ; Sidon. Carm. V. 565 ; Symmach. Ep. IX. 112 ; Theod. Cod. II. 17, 1. pattis, 17, 1, si dives fueris, p. appellaberis. No satis- factory explatiation seems possible, but various corrections have been pro|»osed : hypatus, 7ra;j^u9, pacus, pastus (r~ prey, spoil). MUllenbach compares Hesych. Trarc/ae?, frXovaioi, rj irpoyovoi. rTV .. .. ■ >'- 70 percolare, to leak: tecta si percolent, 36, 15. perquisitio, 36, 24, p. iumentorum. Miillenbach cites Rutin, princ. I. pr. 4: sagaci perquisitione investiganda. To be added to Lexx. perscriptio, used in a new sense = condicio : persciip- tionem banc tmnseo, 54, 4 (c/. ], 2). phantasnia = somnium : omnia recognosco viiria haec p., 45, 13 ; cf. Prudent. Hamartig. 59. potentia, a6iZ?% ; 41,15; so potestas, 34, 26 ; potestas = magistratus, 28, 11 ; 31, 15 and elsewhere. ptaedicare = praedicere ; hancine mihi fidem prae- dicabas ? 54, 9. praesidiura, resource, treasure: praesidiurn abstulisti, et cineres abdidisti, oQ, 26 ; cf. 20, 14 and 50, 13. In Greg, of Tours praesidiura = supellex : Dorm. 3 inspecto prae- sidio domus : see Bonnet, p. 290. praestigium : in the eight occurrences only the neut. (sing, and pi.) is found. Add to Harpers' : St. Jerome Ep. 57, 2 ; Cassiodor. Var. VII. 7. prius est, 20, 27, prius est ut hae pateant quam ut, etc. Mil lien bach reports further Salvian. De Gub. Dei V. 51 : non prius est ut de vita homines quam de iniquitate di>ce- dant, and Tertuil. De Idolol. II. Ace. and infinit. also is employed by Salvian. De Gub. Dei VI. 82. publicare, to cause to he easily seen: luminis illud subornatur quod sufficiat, non quod publicet, 39, 24. purificare, et puiara facere, of domus, 4, 12, i.e. to purifi/t and to make free froDi. See Harpers' s. v. purus, B. 1. qualitas, vini, 37, 22. ^ qualiter. 33, 1; 46, 16; 48, 11. quanti = quot : quanti sunt ingenui, 40, 9 ; so quanta,. 10, 9. -que = quoque: see § 142 supra, quoque — -que in Greg, of Tours ; see Bonnet, p. 314. quocumque, to some place or other : pt-rgamus q., 43, 11. quod, with finite verb for infinit. : see § 117, 1, (6) supra.' quoniam, with finite verb for infinit. : see § 1 17, 7. Prior to the middle of the 4th century this usage was con- * See G. Majen, De particulis quod, quia, quoniam, quomodo, ut pro. ace. c. inf. positis, Kiel, 1889. •ri^i.S^ivAi ■ 71 fined Afric. riters ; see Sittl, Die Verschiedenh. d. lat. Sprache, p. 111. It is rare in Greg, of Tours (Bonnet, p. 660). rancidu of persons fastidious {exactmg) .- non pericu- losus est, verum in^ratus niinium et r,, 36, 9 ; of things, Ennod. Ep. III. 11; IV. 23. raneiscere, 46, 9, nuniqunm comperi aurum sic ranciscere ; to be added to Lexx. redolere, to smell very offensively, to stink : audieram olere aurum, istud etiam redolet, 46, 6; 46, 12; cf. diris flagrat odoribus, 1, 7; and ranciscere, ]. 9, and luven. IV. 109. referre gratiam = accipere g., 5, 8. remutare : muta remuta faciraus, 38, 19 ; to be added to Lexx. MUllenbach compares remutatio, Adamant, de b et V. Keil VII. p. 183. revocare, 36,16, omnia ad se revocat, gives personal, attention to, investigates ; cf. 10, 25. Sume calceos quos terra revocet, fraudet limus concolor, 17, 15, i.e., which the mud claims as being akin. rex = imperator : num quid rex aliquid largietur? 19,29. rimator, circnmforanus, 41, 7 ; reported only for Arnob. V. 8. scriptulus = scripulum : gravitas usijue au scriptulos quaeritur in auro, 39, 1 ; found also in Metiol. Scriptt. Lat., p. 128, 8, Hultsch. See Georges' Lex. sies, occurs 26, 20 in the stereotyped r^^'ohibition, molestus ne sies. simpliciter (merely), luithout anger : ampuUam truncam non s. intuetur : bilem tenere vix potest, 38, 7. sodes, as a substantive : per te tuosque, mi sodes, te rogo, 26, 7 (B reads sodales) ; so too Sidon. carm. XXIII. 233. sollemnia, extraordinaria (so. tributa) : non solum s. verum eiiam e. requirunt, 32, 10; cf. Amm. XXII. 7, 10 ; annua complere s. somnicuiari to he sleepy : somnulenti quoniam somni- culamur de die, 39, 15 ; 44, 17 ; to be added to Lexx. sperare de tridente, 8, 1 ; cf. Veget. III. 13 : de peditibus s. ; cf. 8. ab inferioribus, 28, 17. stropitus, 59, 20, summoto strepitu criminali, must mean 12 IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) V. ^i.. A ■^ '^ i[^' fA ^ ^ 1.0 I.I ■a4H28 12..') |5o "'^~ HKHi I 1.25 U ||li|!.6 Ta ^J V ^ '■T '/ Photographic Sciences Corporation 13 wf$f MAM tTinr WIISTIR.N.Y. MSM (7U)C73-4S03 1^V"Q" 72 without resorting to a regular investigation in court ; of. Du Cange. strepitus iudicialis : ambages forensesi, formulae. subornare, to provide, furnish: luminis illud subornatur, 39, 23 ; cf. Patron. 26 (p. in, 17 Buch.), Trimalchio horo- logium habet subornatum. superius, 15, 2C, iam s. dixeram ; c/ § 141. supra. Add Phaedr. IV. 25, 3; Scribon. Larg. 67, 2b H.; 83, 7; Auct. Bell. Hispan. 28 and 34 ; Schcl. Gronov. on Cie. Pro Rose. Amer. XVII. 49, Salvian. passim, and see Wolfflin, Archiv. IV. 262. synastria, 35, 23, bora est synastria ; .see Du Cange : ayn. = eonstellatio. To be added to Lexx. f - i'^ivf tegmen = operculum : t. ornae, 57, 13 ; cf. claustrum, 46,7. tendere, apparently means to stam.p, coin (ferire) : argentum levibus tensum tympanis (thin leaves or plates of metal — nummi), 38, 15. testulae, 50, 9, in testulis literas vidi ; of. fragments urnae, I. 5. thesaurum, neut., 50, 18, inter manus thesaurum fuit ; Peiper's conjecture tuasaurum i^ perhaps right, but it may be remarked that the Mss. have ali^^uod t., 52, 22 Cf. Petron. 46 (p. 31, 27, Blich.), literae thesaurum est. togatus = advocatus : da honorem qualem obtinet ille togatus, 17,7, and 41,2; of. the whole context, and also 41,5. vivat arabitor togatus, etc. It will be clear that the writer had in mind condi'-ions which existed at a time much earlier than his own, and especially the indignities and hardships to which bhe vliena was subjected in the time of the (Jaesars. totU8 = omni8: 36, 18, rationes: totas perscribit; cf. 45, 6; cf. § 140, (6) supra, totum, all, the ivhole is very frequent : non .t. int«llego, 9, 9 ; nnmeri qui t. rotant, 28, 23, v^ith which cf. tt)tum = the whole universe, Lucr. 11. 90; VI. 662, 679. transfusio, transformation : quot gradibus et transfus- ionibus, 29, 9; cf Ulp. Dig. XLVI. 2, 1, and Argumentum Schol. Qrnov. (near end) of Cic. Pro Rose Amer. ; trans- fusio per avriKarrj'yoplav. tubulus, a boot, prob. with high, close-fitting top, and worn in winter; in soccis hiemes, cancros in t. age, 17, 17^ cf. 41, 11. To be addeil to Lexx. 73 tumulus = bustum : t. suis commendavit 6 14 nlcisci, 47, 3 ut nos de filio ulciscamur; cf. 4, 15 So Spartian., Sev. XI. 3 : se de senatu posse uldsci uncmulus, 23. 9, erant u. hamati. torques et eaten ulae • cf. uncmus hamus cited in Lexx. from Paul. Nol uncinuht.' IS reported by Wrobel, Archiv VII. 184. from RuHn. Aqui Jeieasis. De Benediction, (praefatio). To be MedL f, ^'J]}''^- ^^'"^^ = ^^^^^^^n-B^terum : 28, 11; 57, 1- cf § 140 (c) supra. ' ' ' -'• urbanus houio^Ai,/; nisi fallor, iste urbanus est homo, A . "«,«.' ^^/^''^y' shrewdly: qui urbane fibula.s sub' ducunt, 21, 20; cf. 11, 16 ; 18, 27 ; 47, 10. usurarius, substantive: usurario foetere hoc potest, 46, 9. vadere — proficisci: peregre vadens, 6, 13. vale as a substantive: v. precemque dicunt, 30, 10. verum =re vera: si verum agnoscis, lege, 54, 22. visitare, examine: aulam iterura visita. 45 '23- cf Sf Ambros. Kpl, V. 6, 21. .,,1-7. ou vulcanosus, oi thieves : ubinam est ilia cohors v ? 21 is to be added to Lexx. " ' '