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1 2 3

4 5 6

A si

1 .

QUEBEC :

iS IT WAS, AND AS IT IS.

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K'fM

QUEBEC:

AS IT WAS, AND AS IT IS,

OR, / '

A BRIEF HISTORY

THE OIDEST CITY IN CANADA,

FROM ITS FOUNDATION TO THE PRESENT TIME

WITH

A GUIDE FOR STRANGERS,

TO THE

DIFFERENT PLACES OF INTEREST WITHIN THE
CITY, AND ADJACENT THERETO.

ftj

FIFTH EDITION.

BY CHAS. ROaER,

PRINTED FOR THE PROPRIETOR.

1867.

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PREFACE.

Tlio compiler of Ibis little work offers no avulogy for
its publication, lie believes, or ratber, be knows tbat it
is wanted, and tbat tlie residents as well as tbe visitors
wbo are attracted to Quei)ec by its liistoric fame and
its unequalled scenery, will find it well wortb a
perusal. Quebec is no ordinary or common-place city,
for tbough like otlier large communities It carries on
trade, commerce and manufactures ; cultivates arts,
science and literalur. ; abounds in cbarities, and pro-
fesses special regard to tbe amenities of social life, it
claims particular attention as being a strikingly
unique old place, tbe strong-bold of Canada, and, in
fact, tbe key of tbe Province. Viewed from any one
of its approaclics, it impresses tbe stranger witb tbe
conviction of strengtb and permanency. Tbe reader
of American bistory on entering its gates, or wander-
ing over its squares, ramparts and battle-fields, puts
bimself at once in communion witb the illustrious
dead. Tbe acbievements of daring mariners, tbe
labours of self-sacrificing missionaries of tbe cross,
and tbe conflicts of military heroes, wbo bled and died
in tbe assault and defence of its walls, are here re-read
with ten-fold interest. Then the lover of nature in
her grandest and most ruggea, as in her gentle and
most smiling forms, will find in and around it an
affluence of sublime and beautiful objects. Tbe man

THE PUKFACE.

of science too may be equally gratified, for liere the
great forces of nature and her secret ahUiymy may be
studied with advantage. Quebec can never be a tann;
or insipid place, and with modei-ate opportunities for
ad\ancenient, it must become one of the greatest cities
of tlie new world in respect of learning, arts, com-
mei'ce and manufactures. Tliat it is fast, tliougli
perhaps noiselessly, progressing towards industrial
groi'vtness, no one who looks at the continually increas-
ing number of tall chimneys towering above the
surrounding houses in the suburbs will doubt, and
the lime cannot be far distant when it will move in
this direction with greatly accelerated steps.

The book, though not without interest to residents,
is chiefly designed for visitors, who through its pages,
will be directed to the most remarkable objects in the
city and its environs. It has been too much the
custom with travellers seeking for instructive, plea-
surable and healthful recreation, to hurry through
this old Cabinet of Curiosities in one or tw^o days,
when, in fact, they have hardly commenced to appre-
ciate its contents, and, therefore, if by putting this
little book in their hands they are induced hereafter
to give it a more interested attention, the compiler
will be abundantly rewarded for his labour of love.

No special credit is claimed in the way of originality
or arrangement of material, the author liaving freely
availed himself of the w^orks of previous writers, but
he trusts that the contents will be found to be pertinent
and accurate.

Jiu.ssiiLL's Hou.se, Quebec, May, 1807. .

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CONTENTS.

Chapter I.

Formor extent of British Dominion in America — Growth ol'
C'anada and United States — Efl'ect of the Conquest of llf)^.*
— Discovery ol" the St. Ijawronce by Cartier — Foundation of
(Quebec — Progress of the Colony — Champlain surrenders
Canada to the Enghsh — ^Tlie ( 'ountry looked upon as worth-
less, returned to France — Seminary and Convent established
at Quebec — Massacre at Sillery — First Bishop — Sir Hoven-
den Walker's fleet lost in the St. I^awrence — Population of
Quebec — Visit of Professor Kalm — Appearance of Quebec
and neighborhood in 1749 — Present condition of the Forti-
fications — Former and present aj)pearance of the Harbour
— Interior of a Convent — Reception of a new Governor in
1749 — Dog Carts — Shipbuilding— The Habitants—The
Ladies of Quebec — And what is to follow.

Chapter II.

Remarkable i)eriotls in Canadian History — Increase of Popula-
tion — View from Durham Terrace — Consul General a ^-
drews on Quebec — General Wolfe and Admiral Saunders —
British Fleet and Army opposite Quebec — ^The Bombanl-
ment — The Assault at Montmorency — Cook the Navigator
— Wolfe and the Poet Gi-ay — ^The Landing — Ascent to the
Plains of Abraham — Battle of Quebec — Death of Wolfe
and Monument — Death of Montcalm — Surrender of the
Town — Sailing of the Fleet — Exultation of the English ** at
home " and in America.

Chapter III.

The Capitulation — The Cession to Great Britain — Tlie Quebec
Act — ^The American Revolution — ^Montgomery's Invasion
— General Arnold — Arnold's character — ^The Expedition
through the Wilderness — ^The Order of March — A fatiguing
Journey — ^The Flag-staff Mountain — Sickness of the Troops
— Encampment on Lake Megantic — Descent of the Chau-
diere — ^Washington's Manifesto — Arrival at Point Levy —
Oossing of the River — Arnold on Plains of Abraham —
Arrival of Montgomery — The Siege — British Force in
Quebec— The Assault -Skirmish at Pr Us- d€Ville--F fill of
Montgomery — Arnold's Attack — Sortie of the Garrison —
Loss of the Americans — A Disinterment — Remarks on the
Invasion — 1812.

via

r.ONTKXTS.

C'ha.Mtei' IV.

The Robollion— Attack upon Fort jMaMon— Tlio Tompti\tlou—
Fncldcnts of tho Escnpo— The Alarm— Tho Aocidonts— An
jMicountor in Town— IfousoH of Ifoliigo — Wrath of tho
Coninmiidiint— ThoU('r's^'i('^v• of (iuo»)(.*c— Th«^ t'onflagra-
liouH of ;Mu.y ami Juno, 1845— The (Jovornniont Hi(hng
School Hm-nt. ,. ■• m,^* ,• j, ,^ ,■:■;., .

€lin|>ter V. ' ' ;

A Drive— Tho CVmetory— Marino Hospital— ''Chion T>'()r"—
Churelios— < 'Jiurchos of England— Proshytorian Churchor.—
W(^slovnn, Congrog-itional, and I'.aptist Churohos— St.
ratriok's Clnu-ch— Koman Catholic Cathedral— University
• of Laval— Water Works— Tlio Music Hall- The Court
House— Parliament House— Hotels— Literary Institutions
—yho Chaudiert — Lake St. ( 'harlcs— St. Anne.

CImpter VI. ., '

Pleasures of tho Trip— The St. Lawrence ond the watering
])laces— Island of Oilcans- Crane Island- Kaniourasica—

. Cacouna— Entrance of the Saguenay— Price & Co— Lake
St. Jolm— The Crops— Mode of Travelling— The Pcnkol.a

' —Russell's Report on tho Snguenay Country.

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QUEBEC:

AS IT WAS, AND AS IT IS.

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chapte:!! f.

Former extent of British Dominion in America — Growth of Cnnnda and
United States— Effect of the Conquest of i 759— Discovery of the St.
Lawrence by Cartier — Foundation of Quebec — Progress of the Colony
— Champlain surrenders Canada to the English— The Country, looked
upon as worthless, returned to France — Seminnry and Convent estab-
lished at Quebec — Massacre at Siilery — First Bishop— Sir Hovenden
Walker's fleet lost in the St. Lawrence — Population of Quebec — Visit
of Professor Kalm — Appearances of Quebec and neighbourhoo<l in
1749 — Present condition of the Fortifications — Former and present ap-
pearances of the Harbour — Interior of a Convent — Reception of a new
Governor in 1749 — Dog Carts— Shipbuilding'— The Habitants' —The
Ladies of Quebec — And what is to follow.

A city more famous in the annals of history, or
more picturesfjuely situated than Quebec, ircely
anywhere exists. Long the seat of French power in
America, it passed in 1759, altogether into the hands
of the English, and with it all Canada, so that for a
>vhile. Great Britain held dominion over tliat vast
extent of territory, from the mouth to the headwaters
of the St. Lawrence, and from the source of the Mis-
sissippi to the Gulf of Mexico, — which already the
Jesuit Fathers had studded with churches, and
French Commanders had, if not wisely governed, at
least judiciously fortified, — and over all that land

which the pious zeal of the Pilgrim Fathers, had set-
A 2

CANADA AND THE iJNITED STATES,

tied and improved, Dulch adventurers liad reclaimed
from a wilderness, the London or South Virginia Com-
pany had colonized, or which had heen simply
granted to some pet lord of a rather privileged king,
as a proprietory government — a totality of empire in
North America from Hudson's Bay to the mouths of
the Mississippi. A. few years, however, after this
event, the old English (iolonies of America obtained
an independent existence, and Canada, Newfoundland,
New Brunswick and No^a Scotia, remained to Great
Britain, asylums for United Er^pire loyalists, and the
cherished home of those whose peculiar institutions
the British people had consented to protect and main-
tain. Since then, Canada has rapidly advanced in
wealth and population, and Quebec has grown with
the Province to great importance as a mi]ila'."y posi
tion, and as a seaport and place of business.

The comparative growth of Canada and the Ignited
States, since the former has been a Province of Great
Britain and the latter a nation, may be gathered from
the fact that immediately preceding that event, or in
1753, the English Colonies of New England, Connec-
ticut, New York, tl e Jerseys, Pennsylvania, Mary-
land, Virginia, North and South Carolina and Georgia
contained, with the 5,000 English inhabitants of Nova
Scotia, 1,051,000, while the French Colonies of Canada
and Louisiana contained only 52,000 people, 7,000 of
whom were inhabitants of the latter. ImmediaLely
after the conquest of Canada, and especially after the
independence of the old English Colonies, the growth
and advancement of the latter, compared with the
progress in Canada, was very great. The conquest
deprived Lower Canada of an accession of new people
from Europe. It was a country inhabited by French-

EFFECT OF THE CONQUEST. 3

men, under the protectorate of Great Britain, and
besides the military, such Englishmen as resided at
Quebec, Montreal, or Three Rivers, were only factors
for the Liverpool or London merchants, and bore no
closer relationship to the colonist than the English
resident at Canton does to the Chinese. The thirteen
United. States, on the other hand, had all become, not
personal proprietaries u& Pennsylvania and Maryland
were, not the property of personal proprietors, with
the government and jurisdiction in the Crown, as in
the Garolinas and Jerseys formerly, not plantations the
property and government of which rested with the
Crown, as in Virginia, New York, and New Hamp-
shire, not a property in the people and their represen-
tatives, the government being with the Grown, as in
Massachusetts Bay, but the property and government
in the freemen of the colony as it was in Rhode Island
and Connecticut They had secured to themselves in
1783, that which Canada only obtained in 1840, and
saw perfectea, with some trilling exceptions, in 1853,
a government wholly responsible to the people, and
thereby a credit in the London Money Market, alTord-
hig the ability of making roads and canals, improving
rivers and harbours, and of bringing by artificial
means, places when unimi)roved, a far way off, in close
proximity to each other.

It is impossible either for an Englishman or an
American not to feel an interest in Quebec, long the
the chief, and yet the most notable and curious city in
Canada.

The site of the city was first visit d by Jacques
Carticr, the celebrated navigator of St. Malo,in France,
who, in 1535, being in search of a north-west passage
to China, entered the St. La\yrence and made his way

4 QUEBEC FOUNDED.

to Stadacoiia, a mere collection of Indian huts upon
the river St. Charles, below, and to the northward of
the promontory on which Quebec now stands. Quebec
was founded by Ghamplain in 1608, the agent of a
company of merchants who had determined upon mak-
ing settlements in Canada. On the 3rd July in that
year, Ghamplain selected the base of the promontory of
Gape Diamond as the site of a town ; erected huts for
shelter ; established a magazine for stores and provi-
sions, and formed barracks for the soldiery, not on the
hig]iest point of the headland but nearly on the site
of the recently destroyed Paj-liament buildings. Hav-
ing aflerwai'ds surveyed the lake which bears his
name, Ghamplain returned to France to obtain more
money and more men, and found a partner in the
person of the Gount de Soisson who had been appointed
Governor of the new country. De Soisson, however,
soon after receiving his appointment died, and the
Vice royalty of Ganada was conferred upon the
Prince de Gonde, through whose influence Ghamplain
was again enabled to sail for Ganada, with some
Roman Gatholic Missionaries, who on their arrival,
set themselves vigorously to the work of chris-
tianizing the heathen. Indeed, churches were soon
established from the head waters of the Saguenay
to Lake Nepissim. In 1621, the first European
was born at Quebec, now a fortified town, and
there were more than fifty Europeans in New
France ! Six years later, eighteen Huguenots or
l-'rench protestants were brought to Quebec by De
Gaen ; but Gardinal Richelieu immediately afterwards
established the "Hundred Associates," not only to
colonize New France, but amply to supply the
colonists with necessaries, to send a large number of

SEMINARY.

clergymen, to be supported by the Associates for
fifteen years, and to have glebe or reserved lands
assigned to them for sufficient future support. This
latter plan of settlement was, however, roughly
interfered with by the declaration by England of war
against France in 1628, when Sir David Kirk pro-
ceeded to the St. Lawrence, burned the Village of
Tadousac, and obtained from Ghamplain the surrender
of the Fort of Quebec, carrying with him to England
all the European inhabitants of Canada. In 1631,
Ghamplain was re-appointed Governor of Canada,
the country being considered worthless by the people
of England ; and colonization was systematically
undertaken by the Jesuits. After the death of
Champl'.in, which occurred in 1635, the Seminary
was founded at Quebec, and the Ursulinc Nunnery
established through the instrumentality of the Duchess
d'Aiguillon. Next year a very melancholy affair oc-
curred at Sillery, which is situated about four miles
above Quebec, en the north bank of the St. Law.
rence. Four hundred Huron families, men, women^
and children, were massacred by the Iroquois, during
service in ihe church. The French were at this
period literally confined at Quebec, Three Rivers^ and
Montreal ; but, nevertheless, made considerable pro-
gress. In 1659, the Bishop of Petrca arrived at
Quebec, to preside over the Catholic Church, and was
appointed to the Si3e of Quebec by Pope Clement X, in
1664. Francois de Laval united the Seminary of
Quebec with that of Du Bac, in Paris, in 1796, and did
his best for the spread of education, and not a little for
the extension of leligion, by obtaining four hundred
additional soldiers from France for tlio Garrison of
t^uebec, to keep the natives in orde;\ Soon after these

EARTHQUAKE — POPULATION.

events a rather fabulous earthquake occurred, which
filled Quebec with terror, and which is carefully
narrated by Charlevoix ; and two years after that
occurrence, a Monsieur JoUyet accompanied the
Reverend Pere Marquette to the Mississippi, the mouths
of which river La Salle afterwards discovered. In
1710, New England, being plagued by the Canadians,
who allowed their Indians to perpetrate unheard of
atrocities, resolved to defebd herself, and asked Queen
Anne for assistance. It was intended to send an expe-
dition from Boston to attack Quebec. Sir Hovenden
Walker, accordingly, sailed for Boston, and there being
manned and provisioned by the colonists, sailed for
the St. Lawrence, where the lleet was nearly wholly
destroyed. About midnight, on the 22nd of August,
a part of the lleet was driven among islands and
rocks on the north shore, eight or nine transports were
cast away, and nearly 1,000 soldiers ^vere drowned, the
consequence being that the intended attack upon
Quebec was abandoned. Quebec had now 7,000 inliabi-
tants, and the banks below the city were laid out in
seigniories, the farms being tolerably well cultivated.
Professor Kalm, of Aobo, in Swedish I^'indlanu,
visited Quebec, in August, 1749, and gives a very
interesting account of the then condition and appear-
ance of the town and its surroundings. Speaking of
the St. Lawrence, he says:— "The river has always
(( been a very good defence for the country. An
« enemy, and one that is not acquainted with it, cannot
(( go upwards, without being ruined ; for in the neigii-
« borhood of Quebec^ it abounds with hujdkn hocks, and
,(( has strong currents in some places, whicli oblige the
« ships to make many windings." And aft«;r alluding
to the supposed origin of the name " Quebec," from

Jf>>.,.

pnoFEssoR kalm's visit.

Liie Norman " Quel-bec ? " what a promontory or beak,
or from the Indian word Quehego — ITow narrow ?
(expressive of the sudden narrowness of the river,
Professor Kalm says : " The prospect near Quebec is
(( very lively from the river. The town lies very high,
« and all the churches, and other buildings appear
« very conspicuous. The ships in the river below
(( ornament the landscape on that side. The powder
« magazine, which stands on the summit of tlie moun-
<( tain on which the town is built, towers above all
'< the other buildings.))

« The country we passed by ailbrded a no less
« charming sight. The river St. Lawrence flows nearly
H from south to north here ; on botli rides of it are
« cultivated fields, but more on the west side than on
« the east side. The hills on both shores are gteep and
<( high. A number of fine hills separated from each
(( other, large fields which looked quite white from
« tlie corn with which they are covered, and excellent
« woods of deciduous trees made the country around
« look very pleasant. Now and then we saw a church
« of stone, and in several places brooks fell from the
« hills into the I'iver. Where tlie brooks are con-
it siderable, there thev have made saw mills and water

7 t>

« mills. »

« After rowing for the space of a French mile and a
« half, we come to the Isle of Orleans which is a large
« island, near seven French miles and a half long, and
« almost two of those miles broad, in the widest part.
« It lies in the middle of the river St. Lawrence, is
« very high, has steep and very woody shores. Ther^
« are some places without trees, which have farm
« houses below, quite close to the shore. The isle itself
is well cultivated, and within but five houses of stone

PROFESSOR KALM's VISIT

« large cornfields, meadows, pastures, woods of de-
« ciduous trees, and some clmrches, built of stone, are
« to he seen on it. »

Mr. Kalm visits Bay St. Paul, and with the eye of
science examines the earth. He conjectures that all
the flat ground at St. Paul was formerly the bottom of
a river, as a great part of the jilants which are to bo
met with, are marine, such as glass wort, sea-milk
wort, and seaside pease ; but when he asked the in-
habitants w'hether they found shells in the ground by
digging for wells, they always answered in the nega-
tive. He received the same answer from those who
lived in tlie low fields, directly north of Quebec. Now
the worthy and learned professor had been ill in-
formed, as from the Montmorency to nearly the
source of the St. Charles, there is now to be seen layer
upon layer of such shells, to the great astonishment
of every stranger at all geologically interested either
by study or by profession. At Mount Lilac, in Beau-
port, and at Marl Farm, in Lorette, marine shells are
obtainable in cartloads.

Kalm more particularly describes the town of Que-
bec thus : — The chief city of Canada lies on the
western shore of the river St. Lawrence, close to the
water's edge, on a neck of land bounded by that river
on the east side, and by the river St. Charles on the
north side ; the mountain on which the tovv^n is built,
rises still higher on the south side, and behind it begin
great pastures ; and the mountain likewise extends a
good way westward. The city is distinguished into
the Lower and the Upper. The lower lies on the river
eastward of the upper. The neck of land mentioned
before, was formed by the dirt and filth, which had
from time to time been accumulated there and by a

TO QUEBEC IN 1749. — THE PALACE.

rock which lay that way, not by any graoual dimmu-
tion of the water. The upper city lies above the other
on a high hill, and takes up five or six times the space
of the lower, though it is not quite so populous. The
mountain on which the upper city is situated, reaches
above the houses of the lower city. Notwithstanding,
the latter are three or four stories high, and the view,
from the palace, of the lower city, (part of which is
immediately under it,) is enough to cause swimming
of the head. There is only one easy way of getting to
the upper city, and there part of the mountain has been
blown up. The road is very steep notwithstanding it
is winding and serpentine. However they go up and
down it in carriages and with waggons. All the other
roads up the mountain are so steep that it is very
difficult to climb to the top of them. Most of the mer-
chants live in the lower city where the houses are
built very close together. The streets in it are narrow,
very rugged, and almost always wet. There is like-
wise a church and a small market-place. The upper
city is inhabited by people of quality, by several i:)er-
sons belonging to the different officers, by tradesmen,
and others. In this part are the chief buildings of the
town, among which the following are w'orthy of par-
ticular notice.

I. The Palace is situated on the west or steepest side
of the mountain, just above the lower city.

It is not properly a palace, but a large building of
stone, two stories high, extending north and south.
On the west side of it is a courtyard, surrounded partly
with a wall and partly with houses'. On the east side,
or towards the river is a gallery as long as the whole
building, and about two fathoms broad, paved with
smooth flags, and inclosed on the outsides by iron rails,

THE CHURCHES.

from whence the city and the river exhibit a charming
prospect. The gallery serves as a very agreable walk
after dhnier, and those who come to speak with the
Governor General wait here till he is at leasure. The
palace is the lodging of the Governor General of
Canada, and a nnmber of soldiers mount the guard
before it, both at the gate and in the courtyard ; and
when the Governor, or the Bishop, comes in jr goes
out, they must all appear in arms and beat the drum.
The Governor General has his own chapel where he
hears prayers ; however, he often goes to mass at the
church of the Recolkls^ (a kind of Franciscan Friars,
called Ordo SlL Francisci striclioris obscrvaiillop^) which
is very near the palace.

II. The Churches in this town are seven or eight in
number, and all built of btone.

The Cathedral Church is on the right hand, coming
from the lower to the upper city, somewhat beyond
the Bishop's house. The people are at present em-
ployed in ornamenting it. On its next side is a round
steeple, with two divisions, in the lower of which are
some bells. The puli^it and some other parts within
the church are gilt. The seats arc very fine.

The Jesuits' Church is built in the form of a cross,
and has a round steeple. This is the only church that
has a clock, and I shall mention it more particularly
below.

The Recollets' Church is opposite the Gate of the
Palace, on the west side, looks well, and has a pretty
high pointed steeple, with a division below for the
bells.

The Church of the Ursulines has a round spire/iLil

The Church of the Hospital. .Hm^'

The Bishop's Chapel. .oimibftt-:- ■H:^.-!:^,-:-

LE S^MINAIRE.

The Church hi the Lower City was built in 1 GOO,
after the town had been deUvered from the English
and is called Notre Dame de la Victoin. It has a small
steeple in the middle of the roof, square at the boltoni,
and round at the top. '

The little chapel of the Governor General may like-
wise be ranked among the churches.

III. The Bishop's house is the first, on the right
hand, coming from the Lower to the Upper Town. It
is a fine large building, surrounded by an extensive
court-yard and kitchen-garden on one side, and by a
wall on the other.

IV. The College of the Jesuits, which I will describe
more particularly. It has a much more noble appear-
ance, in regard to its size and architecture, than the
palace itself, and would be proper for a palace if it had
a more advantageous situation. It is about four times
as large as the palace, and is the finest building in the
town. It stands on the north side of a market, on the
south side of which is the Cathedral.

V. The House of the Regollets lies to the west, near
the palace and directly over against it, and consists of
a spacious building, with a long orchard, and kitchen-
garden. The house is two stories high. In each story
is a narrow gallery with rooms and halls on one or
both sides.

VI. The HoTEL-DiEu, where the sick arc taken care
of, shall be described in the sequel. The nuns that
serve the sick, are of the Augustine Order.

'VII. The house of the Clergy, Le Seminaire, is a
lar^-e biiilding, on the north-east side of the Cathe-
dral. Here is on one side a spacious court, and on the
other, towards the river, a great orchard, and kitchen-
garden. Of all the buildings in the town, none has

INTENDANT's HOL'SE.

so fine a prospect as that in tho garden belonging to
this house, which lies on the hiqh shore and looks a
good way down the river. The .lesuits, on the other
hand, liavc the worst, and hardly any prospect at all
from their college ; nor have the RccoUcts any fine
view from their house. In this building all the clergy
of Qucb(?c lodge with their Superior. They have
large pieces of land in several parts of Canada, i)re-
sented to them by the Government, from which they
derive a plentiful income. .,

VIII. The Convent of the Ursuline Nuns shall be
mentioned in the sequel.

These are all the chief buildings in the town, but
to the northwest, just before the town, is :

IX. The house of the Intendant, a public building,
whose size makes it fit for a palace. It is covered
with tin, and stands in a second lower town, situated
northward upon the River St. Charles. It has a large
and flue garden on its north side (now the Gove' -
ment wood-yard). In this house all the deliberations
concerning the Province are held ; and the gentlemen
who have the management of the Police and the civil
I)ower, meet here, and the Intendant generally pre-
sides. In affairs of great consequence, the Governor
General is likewise here. On one side of this house
is the store-house of the Crown, and on the other the
prison.

With the exception of the Bishop's palace to the
right of Prescott Gate, and on which the ruins of the
Parliament buildings built in 1852, and destroyed by
fire in the spring of 1 854, now stand ; the house of the
IntendaiiL the remains of which were swept over by
the great lire of 1845, which destroyed the whole of
the suburb of St. Roch ; the Church and residence of

THE HOUSES.

llio Hecolels, on llie ruins of which stand tlie present
Cathedral of the Church of England and the Coiirt
House ; and the palace of the Governor General or
Chateau St. Louis, destroyed by fire on the 23rd
January, 1834, when occupied by the Governor in
Chief, General Lord Aylmer, all the churches, chapels,
and public buildings, so minutely described by Pro-
fessor Kalm, are still extant, and, with the exception
of the Jesuits' College now occupied as a barracks by
the Queen's troops, still devoted to the purposes for
which, before the conqu(;st, they were intended.

It is interesting to know how -(Quebec, in other
rospects, appeared a hundred and seven years ago,
and Professor Kalm tells us.

« Most of the houses, he says, are built of stone,
and in the upper city, they arc generally but one story
high, the public buildings excepted. I saw a few
wooden houses in the town, but they must uot be
rebuil' when decayed. The houses and churches in
the city are not built of bricks, but of the black lime
slates of which the mountain consists, whereon Quebec
stands.

« When these lime slates are broken at a good depth
in the mountain, they look very compact at first, and
appear to have no shivers, or lamcllx^ at all, but after
being exposed a while to the air, they separate into
thin leaves. These slates are soft, and, easily cut ; and
the city walls, together with the garden walls, consist
chiefly of them. The roofs of the public buildings are
covered with common slates, which are brought from
France, because there are none in Canada, (a mistake
by the way, as has since been discovered.)

« The slated roofs have for years withstood the

changes of air and weather, without suffering any
b2

THE STREETS.

(l.'im.ign. Tlio private houses have roofs or boards,
whicli are laid parallel to the spars, and soiiietiines
!o the eaves, or sometimes obliquely. The coriKirs of
houses are made of grey small grained lime stone
which lias a strong smell, like the stinkstone [nitrum
suiUitm^ or lapis sidllus prismatlcus, and tiie windows
an; generally encased with it. The outside of the
houses are generally w'hitewashed. The window's are
placed on the inner side of the walls ; for they have
sometimes donble windows in winter. The middle
roof has two, or at most three spars, covered with
boards only. The rooms are warmed in winter by
small iron stoves, which are removed in summer.
Thi' floors arc very dirty in every house^ and have the
appearance of being cleaned but once every year !

« The Powder Magazine stands on the svuninit of
the mountain on which the city is built, and south
ward of the palace.

<( The streets in the upper city have a sutficient
breadth, but are very rugged, on account of ^1:6 rock
on which it lies ; and this renders them very disa-
greeable to foot passengers and carriages. The black
lime stones basset out and project everywhere into
sharp angles, and are very crooked.

« The many great orchards and kitchen gardens,
near the house of the Jesuits, and other public and
private buildings, make the town appear very large
though the number of houses it contains is not very
considerable Its extent from south to north is said
to be about six hundred toises, and from the shore of
the river along tlie lower town, to thv. western wall,
between three hundred and fifty and four hundred
toises. It must be observed that this space is not yet
wholly inhabited ; for on the west and south sides.

FORTIFICATIONS.

along the town walls, are largo pieces of land without
any buildings on them, and destined to Im; l)uilt upon
in future times, when the nuinher of inhabitants will
be increased in Quebec.

II The town is surrounded on all sides bv a high
wall, and jspeciall> towards the land. It was not
quite completed when I was there, and they were
very busy in finishing it. It is built of the ab'ove
mentioned black lime slate, and of a dark grey sand-
stone. For the comers of the gates they have em-
ployed a grey lime stone. TUey have not made any
walls towards the water side, but nature seems to
have worked for them, by placing a rock there, which
it is impossible to ascend. All the rising land there-
about, is likewise so well planted with cannon, that
it seems impossible for an enemy's ships or boats to
come to the town, without running into inmiinent
danger of being sunk. On the land side the town is
likewise guarded, by high mountains, so that nature
and art have combined to fortify it. »

So says the professor. The same French walls
which were then building still exist, the same scarp
and counterscap, with some addition made in Sir James
Craig's time outside of Lewis gate, while on the
summit of the mountain, where stood the Powder
Magazine in 1749, stands one of the most solid, inge-
nious, and impregnable of modern fortifications in the
world — the Citadel of Quebec. Indeed, the whole
town is now most strongly fortified and heavily armed.
In front of the Seminary garden, where a street of
buildings, 80 or 90 feet in height, are at present erecting
for Laval University, the Seminary established by
Francjois de Laval, Bishop of Petrea, having been raised
to the dignity of a University by Queen Victoria in

THE GUNS.

1854, there is a grand battery of thirty-two pounders,
on iroa traversing platforms, a curtain of the largest
sized morturs, sixty-eight pounders in Imlf moons, and
carronades at the angle, facing the mouth of the St.
Charles. On the north side upon the steep over the
Palais, there are block houses at the gates, half moons
of thirty-two pounders on traversing jilatforms at
intervals, and bastions literally load?d with long heavy
guns, supported by bomb proof magazines, ready for
service, situated inmiediately in rear; the Artillery
barracks above St. Rocks, are studded with gunports,
and the ramparts, curtains, and bastions facing the
Glacis of Gallows Hill grin with long heavy guns,
while down and up St. John and St. Lewis streets,
carronades are pointed so as completely to sweep them,
if need be, and the ditcbes of the old French line of
works newly and strongly faced with the mosts durable
cut stone are protected by thirty two pounders and
even heavier guns without number.

The Bishop, whose See was in Quebec, was then the
only Bishop in Canada (now, in 1857, there are eight
or nine, an Archibishop and a Bishop Coadjutor in
Quebec, a Bishop in Three Rivers, a Bishop and
Coadjutor in Montreal, a Bishop in Bytown, a Bishop
in Kingston, and a Bishop in Toronto,) and his diocese
extended to Louisiana, in the Mexican Gulf northward,
and to the south seas westv/ard.

When Mr. Kalni visited Quebec, it was the seaport
and trading town in all Canada. There were thirteen
great and small vessels in the harbour, and « they
expected jioie in.)» But no other than French ships
could come into the harbour. Now, Russian, Prussian,
Norwegi.in, Ihemen, Portuguese, French, American
and British Hags can iluUer and have ilutlerecl tJ tbe

THE HARDOrR.

breeze together in the harbour of Quebec ; and only
two years ago there was in the port, a French bark
from St. Malo, the birth place of Jacques Gartier, the
discoverer of Canada, and His Majesty the Emperor of
tlie French's Corvette the Capriclcusc lay under the
guns of the citadel, for more than a month, while her
commander, the Capitaine de Belveze, made a tour
tlirough the country, everywhere meeting with that
kind attention, which was extendid by the French
Governors and Lheir officials, to distinguished strangers
in the days of Kalm. Nay, American vessels of war
have passed from the great lakes through the St.
Lawrence canals to the ocean, their officers ^)eing fclcd
by the garrison, while the ships lay opposite the town
making necessary repairs for sea. Times have much
changed since then.

Quebec, yet as beautiful and imposing as she ever
was, does buciuess with the whole world, dealing not
in peltries only, but in every possible description o-'
goods, wares, and merchandize. Instead of thirteen
great and small vessels being only to be seen opposite
the city, three or four hundred crafts, many of which
are upwards of 2,000 tons, may be seen during the
business session so thickly packed together in the stream
as to form almost a floating, or rather a number of
lloating bridges, from one side of the river to the other:
— steamships from the ocean, floating steam palaces
for river navigation, and propellers from the inland
seas of the Far West — the sound of the railway whistle
heard above the roar of the mid-day gun.

The Swedish professor was permitted by the Bishop
to visit the largest Nunnery in Quebec, at the solicitation
of the Governor General. « The cells of the nuns, he
&ays, arc in the highest slgre, o« both si(lcs of tliC

A NUNNERY.

gallery, and are but small, not painted in the inside,
but hung with small pictures of saints, and of our
Saviour on the cross. A bed with curtains and good
bed clothes, a little narrow desk, and a chair or two, is
tlie whole furniture of a cell. They have fires in winter,
and the nuns are forced to lie in the cold cells. On
the gallery Is a stove which is heated in winter, and as
all the rooms are left open, some warmth can by this
means come into them. In the middle story are the
rooms where they pass the day together. One of these
is the room where tliev are at work : and has an iron
stove. Here they were at their needle-work, embroi-
dering, gilding, and making flowers of silk, which bear
a great similarity to the natural ones. In a word, they
were all employed in such nice works, as were suitable
to ladies of their rank in life. In another hall they
assemble to hold their juntos. Another apartment con-
tains those who are indisposed ; but such as are dange-
rously ill, have rooms to themselves. The novices and
new comers are taught in another hall. Another is
destined for the refectory, or dining room, in which
are tables on all sides; on one side of it is a small
desk, on which is laid a French book, concerning the
life of those saints who are mentioned in the New
Testament. When they dine, all are silent, one of the
eldest gets into the desk, and reads a part of the book
before mentioned ; and when they are gone through it,
Ihjy read some other religious book. During the
meal they sii, on that side of the table which is turned
towards the wall. Almost in every room is a gilt table,
on which are placed candles, together with the picture
of Our Saviour on the cross, and of some saints : before
these tables they say their prayers. On one side is the
churcJi^ and near it is a large gallery, divided from the

THE RECEPTION OF A GOVERNOR IN 1749.

church by rails, so that the nuns could only look into
it. Tn this gallery they remain during divine service,
and the clergyman is in church, where the nuns reach
him his sacerdotal robes through a hole, for they are
not allowed to go into the same vestry, and to be in the
same room with the priest. This convent contains
about fifty nuns, most of them advanced in years.

i( The hospital makes a part of the convent. It con-
sists of two large halls, and some rooms near the
apothecary's shop. In the hall are two rows of beds
on each side, within each other. The beds next to the
v/all are furnished with curtains, the outer ones are
without them. In each bed are fine bed clothes with
clean double sheets. »

Those gentlemen, who came to Quebec from Bos-
ton and New York, on an international visit in 1850
or 1851, when they were attended by the Mayor and
City Council, and shown through the Citadel and
Hutel Dieu, will recognize^ in regard to the latter,
the accuracy of Kalm's description.

The reception of a Governor in the time of the
French, was marvellously like similar receptions at
the present time. « At half an liour after eight, r.:iys
Kalm, the new Governor General went from the ship
into a barge, covered with red cloth, upon which a
signal with canons was given from the ramparts ; for
all the bells in the town to be set a ringing. All the
people of distinction went dow^n to the shore to salute
the Governor, who, on alighting from the barge war
received by (the former Governor) the Marquis de la
Gallisoniere. After they had saluted each other, the
Commandant of the town addressed the rew Governor
General in a very elegant speech, which he answered
very concisely ; after which all the cannons on the

THE RECEPTION OF A GOVERNOR IN 1749.

ramparts gave a general salute. The wh( ^e street, up
to the cathedal, was lined with men in arms, chiefly
drawn out from among the burgesses. The Governor
General then walked towards the cathedral, dressed
in a suit of red, with abundance of gold lace. His
servants went before him in gr^^en, carrying fire-arms
on their shoulders. On his arrival at the cathedral,
he was received by the Bishop of Canada, and the
clergy assembled. The Bishop was arrayed in his
pontifical robos, and a long gilt tiara on his head, and
a great crozier of massive silver in his hands. After
the Bishop had addressed a short speech to the Go-
vernor General, a priest brought a silver crucifix
on a long stick (two priests with lighted tapers on
each side of it) to be kissed by the Governor. The
bishop and ihe priests then went tlirough the long-
walk up to the choir. The servants of the Governor
General followed with their hats on, and arms on
their shoulders. At last came the Governor General
and his suite, and after them a crowd of x>'^ople. At
the beginning of the choir, the Governor General
and the General de la Gallisoniere stopped before a
chair covered with red cloth, and stood thei-e during
the whole time of the celebration of the mass, which
was celebrated by the bishop himself. From the
church he went to the palace, where the gentlemen
of note in the town went to pay their respects to him.
The religious of the different orders with tiieir respec-
tive superiors like^\dse came to him, to testify their
joy on his happy arrival Among the number that
came to visit him, none staid to dine but those that
were invited beforehand, among which I had the
honour to be. The entertainment lasted very long, and
was as elegant as the occasion required.

DOG-CARTS — SHIP-BUILDINr..

The Governor General, Marquis de la Jonquiere,
was very tall and at that time something aho^e sixty-
years old. He had fought a great naval battle with the
English in the last war, but had been obliged to sur-
render, the English being, as it was told^ vastly suj)e-
rior in the number of ships and men. On this occasion
he was wounded by a ball, which entered one side of
nis shoulders and came out at the other. He was verv
complaisant, but knew how to preserve his dignity
when he bestowed favor.)) . .^ , , . ,,

DOG-CAUTS. ' • : ; ,

It is only very recently since the use of dogs in the
City of Quebec, as beasts of burthen, was prohibited
by the City Council. Even yet, some poor people
aie allowed to use them in draw'ing wood and w^ater.
When Kalm, visited Quebec, he saw two grea' dogs
put before a little cart, one before the other. They
had neat harness like horses, and bits in their mouths.
In the cart was a barrel. The dogs were directed by
a boy who ran behind the cart. As soon as the dogs
came to the river, they jumped in of their own accord,
and when the boy, had filled the barrel, the dogs drew
the burden up the hill again, to the house they be-
longed to. 1 had seen them bring not only water, but
wood, milk, and other things.

-ti-.Mii.j.f !

SHn>-BUILDING.

'f.

iiAJ:!v4trfi.i4-;iti:J

Quebec is now celebrated for the size, synnnetry,
and excellent sailing qualities of her ships. Forty or
fifty vessels, varying from five hundred to two
thousand tons burthen, are annually built here, be-
sides steamers and small crafts. In 1748, shipbuilding
was, considering the siz'^ of the place, rather exten-
sively carried on. Even ships of w'ar were built for

THE HABITANTS.

the French navy ; but an order had arrived from
France prohibiting the further building of ships of war,
except those which were ah-eady on the stocks ; be-
cause they had found that the ships built of American
oak did not last so long as those of European oak.
The shipbuilders were compelled to bring their oak
timber from those parts of Canada that bordered upo^
New England, because the oak near Quebec was found
very small and unfit for use. That which was used
was brought from the confines of New England, in
floats or rafts on the rivers near those ports, and near
the Lake St. Peter which fell into the great River St.
Lawrence.

THE HABITANTS, ., ,

The common people in the country seemed to bo
very poor. They had the necessaries of life, but little
else. They were content with meats of dry bread and
water, bringing all otlier provisions, such as butter,
cheese, flesh, poultry, eggs, &c., to town in order to
get money for them, with which they bought clothes
and brandy for themselves, and dresses for their
women; but notwithstanding their poverty, they
always appeared cheerful and in high sinrits. Even
yet, the same may be said of the habitants ; but
there are many farmers in exceedingly comfortable
circumsionces, and nowhere in the country is squalid
poverty to be met with. They are saving in their
habits, but they are, generally speaking, well housed
and clad. Between Montreal and Quebec, the coun-
try people, on the whole, are in good circumstances,
and live certainly much better than the peasants of
most European pountries, retaining, nevertheless many
of the habits of their forefathers. Strangers visiting

THE LADIES OF QUEBEC.

Lorette, the Falls of the Montmorenci, the Ghaudiere,
St. Foy, Ancienne Lorette, Gharlesbourg, or any of the
many beautifully situated villas in the neighbourhood
of Quebec, will easily ascertain this for themselves.
The exami)le set them by immigrants from the United
Kingdom, has not been altogether lost ui^on the habi-
tants and the Railroads, now jjenetrating into their
midst, will have the elfect of adding to their sk)ck of
knowledge, and of arousing them to activity and enter-
prise. He who would see yet some remains of French
Canada, must take an early opportunity, not of visiting
the modernized town of Quebec only, but the people
as well as the remarkable and highly interesting places
in its vicinity. • :,

• 1, THE FRENCH LADIES OF QUEBEC.

The Quebec ladies are equal to the French in good
breeding. At one time, they were in the habit of
dressing their heads too assiduously, and they are as
they were, rather fond of showy dresses and trinkets.
The Svvedish professor says of them : The Frenciimen,
who considered things in their true light complained
very much that a great part of the ladies in Canada
had got into the pernicious custom of taking too much
care of their dress, and squandering all their fortunes
and more upon it, instead of sjDaring something for
future times. « They are no less attentive to know the
newest fashions; and they laugh at each other, when
they are not dressed to each other's fancy.)) He adds,
"The ladies at Quebec are not very industrious. A
girl of eighteen is reckoned very poorly off, if she
cannot enumerate at least twenty love^v These
young ladies, especially those of a higher rank, get
up at seven and dress till nine, drinking their coflee
at the same time. When they are dressed, they

WHAT NEXT.

if'

place themselves near a window that opens into the
street, take up some needle work, and sew a stitch
now and then ; but turn their eyes into the street most
of the time. When a your.g fellow comes in, whether
they are acquainted with him or not, they imme-
diately set aside their work, sit down by him, and
begin to chat, laugh, joke, and invent doilbles cntcn-
les : and this is i-eckoned very witty.)) The Profes-
sor is nearly as severe as the Honorable Amelia
Murray with her "Quebec MufTnis,)) Tlie Professor,
however, admits that the daughters of people of all
ranks, without exception, go to the market and carry
home what they have bought, rise soon, and go to
bed as late as any people in the town, l^e adds, and
bear this in mind, <(the girls of Montreal are very
much displeased that those of Quebec get husbands
sooner than they !»

Bidding adieu to the ladies, wo may be excused for
drawing attention to what others, since Kalm, have
said of Quebec, afterwards we shall describe the battle
of Quebec; the siege of Quebec by the American
General Montgomery ; the state of Quebec during the
Rebellion in connection with the almost miraculous
escape of Theller and Dodge from the Citadel; the
nature, character, and number of objects worthy of
being seen in Quebec as it is ; and the majestic sights,
about and below the city, far surpassing anything of
a similar nature elsewhere.

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CIIAPXF.K II.

llemarkable periods in C)»nailian History— Increase of Population— View
from Durham Terrace — Consul General Andrews on Quebec — General
Wolfe and Admiral Saunders — British Fleet and Army opposite Que-
bec—The Bombaidment— The Assault at Montmorency— Cook, the
Navigator— Wolfe and the Poet Gray— The Landing— Assent to the
Plains of Abraham — Battle of Quebec— Death of Wolfe and Monu-
ment — Death of Montcalm — Surrender of the T' 'm — Sailing of the
Fleet — Exultation of the English " at home " an- in America. , „,

There have been five remarkable periods when the
affairs of Canada liave engaged the attention of the
BritiJi Parliament, viz: — 1774, after the Conquest;
1791, when the country was divided into two Provin-
ces ; 1828, when the people of Lower Canada presented
an Address, signed by 87,000 persons, complaining of
the partial distribution of Patronage, the illegal appli
cation of the public Money uiid of the Trade Act of
the Imperial Parliament; 1839, when rebellion had
secured Responsible Government; and in 1849, when
the British inhabitants, aroused to anger by Lord
Elgin's sanction of the Rebellion Losses Bill, burned
the Parliament buildings, and made a demand for a
peaceable separation from the Mother Country.

In 1774, Lower Canada contained only 80,000
inhabitants — 1,200 of whom only were British, Upper
Canada being a wilderness. In 1791, Lower Canada
contained 120,000 people, and Upper Canada 10,000;
in 1822, Lower Canada had 450,000 inhabitants, and
Upper Canada 130,000; in 1839, Lower Canada con-
tained 700,000 souls, and Upper Canada nearly 500,000,

•2C

INCREASE OF POPULATION

while in IS")!, Lower Canada liad 800,2(H inlia-

-in all, 1,842,-

4 •2,000

bitants, and Upper Canada 952,004-
2G5, the City of Qnebec alone containing-
souls, or nearly as many persons as there were in the
whole country when it was cedcnl to great liritain. —
The increase has been chiefly in the newly settled
Townships of Lower Canada, and in that part oi" the
Province which remained a wilderness long after
Quebec had become celebrated in history. (»)nebcc has
grown and continues to grow wonderfully ; but its
growth has been impeded by the increase and foun-
dation of other towns. The external tri.de of the
Province is no longer confined to a few Rochelle
merchants, who had their warehouses and factors at
Quebec ; but is shared by other towns, having
extensive back countries, and which, obtaining their
imports direct, export in the same manner. Quebec
has not, however, as some imagine, been injured by
this progress. The only convenient seaport for tluj
largest sized ships, her increase of population will bo
more rapid in the future than it has been in the past
As the land becomes fully settled in the neighborhood
of Toronto, and such other places as have doubled
their previous population in ten years, the growth
of Quebec will certainly not be slower than that ot
towns having neither her advantages as a seai)ort, nor
her facilities for manufactures, a town yet :"etaining
and likely to retain much of her ancient picturesque-
ness, while gradually stretching herself from the
Church of Notre Dame de la Victoire, in the Lower
Town, to Sillery, on the one side, and from the
Heights of Abraham, across the River St. Charles,
to the Flats of Beauport, on the other. Quebec is
worthy of a visit from the intelligent stranger as niuch

VIEW FI\OM DUIIIIAM TKRHACi:.

for what slio is, as for what sho has been. It is not
only that a view, the most magnificent on which man
(3ver gazed, is to be had from Dnrham Terrace — the
aya bringing together smiling fields, and the intcrmi-
nalde primeval forest, the impregnable fortress, and
the signs of peaceful industry — grouping, to use the
language of Warburton, mountain and plain, sinuous
river and broad tran([uil waters, stately sliip and tiny
boat, gentle hill and shady valley, bold headland and
rich fruitful fields, frowning battlement and cheerful
villa, glittering dome and rural spire, flowery garden
and sombre forest. — Nor that she is the city from
which Ghamplain designed to save souls, the salvation
of one of which was, in his opinion, of more value
than the conquest of an empire, and ujion which his
Most Christian Majesty designed to raise another
France to contend with, and keep the increasing
wealth and power of England in check ; but because
of her position as a place of business. No intelligent
stranger can view the number of ships contained in
the Port of Quebec, moored at the wharves, at anchor
in the stream, or taking in timber at the coves, during
the season of navigation, without being struck with the
importance of the situation — and in connection with
present and future railroads and ocean steamships,
without arriving at some idea of the ultimate great-
ness of that city, purchased by England with the blood
of Wolfe, for the extension of her Anglo-Saxon and
Celtic races, her laws and institutions, her manners
and her customs, modified by place and circum-
stances. '-^ ..;^.;.»^.^,«?r.#j:4'-''4'-v;Ti . .^''■•"'■.'';>K <^H'-'-'' !''.r''

■ Mr. Israel 1). Andrews, Consul of the United States
for Canada and New Brunswi(;k, thus speaks of the
Harbour of Quebec ;— «The Harbour of Quebec is not

ANDREWS ON THE HARnOLR.

unlike that of New York, the Island of Orleans serves
as a barrier from the north-east sea, and like Long
Island, allbrding two channels of appi oach. A portage
of about tlfteen miles on both sides of the river not
only affords the necessary wharves, but coves of suffi-
cient magnitude to float some tlurty or forty millions
of cubic feet of deals, besides staves, lathwood, cic.
A fresh water tide, rising eighteen feet at ' springs,'
offers no impediment to the shipment of timber the
great business of the port, the vessels so engaged
being anchored in the stream (which affords good
holding ground) where the cargoes are floated to Ihem
at every tide.))

It was into this Harbour that Admiral Saunders,
on the '2Gtli June, 1751), with a largo fleet entered.
He had with him the army of a man, whom the able
American historian Bancroft thus describes : « His
nature, at once atlectionate and aspiring, mingled the
kindliest gentleness with an impetuous courage, which
was never exhausted or appalled. He loved letters,
and wrote well ; he had studied the science of war
profoundly , joining to experience a creative mind ; and
the vehement passion for immortal glory overcame
his motives to repose.)) That man was General
Wolfe. The army consisted of eight regiments, two
battalions of Royal Americans, three companies of
Rangers, Artillery, and a brigade of p]ngineers, in all
about eight thousand men : the fleet under Saunders
had two and twenty ships of the line, and as many
frigates and armed vessels ; on board of one of the
shii)s being Jervis, afterwards Earl St. Vincent, and
as master of another, James Cook, the navigator, who
was destined to explore and reveal the unknown
paths and tl|0iiS4ad ]sles of the Pacilic. Tl^e ^re^t-

^vo^FE anl thi: ir.EET.

Pill had resolvofl lliat lh«; boiiiulJess north ol" the Aino-
ricau continent should be a conquest for his country
and without regard to seniority of rank, he selected
such officers for his purpose as seemed best qualified
to carry if out. Wolfe had done high service at
Minden and Louisbourg, and the Government of
Great Britain had the fuUesL confidence in his energy
and capacity, "^''.r^ fleet had scarce anchored in the
basin opposite tho -wn before Wolfe; took possession
of the Island of Orleans, and occupied Point Levy
with a detachment. His prospects were not however
encouraging. His able opponent, Montcalm, had cn-
irenched the western or rather soulhem bank of the
Montmorency, and had thrown up many redoubts be-
tween that river and the St. Charles. The stronghold
on the promontory of Gape Diamond bristled with
cannon ; the population was bitterly hostile ; evei-y
man that could bear arms was in actual service, none;
but old men, women, and children being left to labor
in the fields. Above the city steep banks rendered
landing almost impossible. Montcalm, to protcn-t the
guardian Citadel of New France, had of regular
troops no more than six wasted battalions, but the
Canadian militia gave him the superiority in numbers
and for nine miles or more above the city, as far as
Cape Rouge, every landing place was entrenched and
protected. The French, during a furious storm of
wind, sent down fire ships among the English ship-
ping, which being towed clear of the fleet did no
harm, and in the night of the 20lh of June, Wolfe
being master of the river, ordered Monckton, who
commanded the Brigade of Grenadiers, to Point Levy,
where he constructed batteries of mortars and cannon,
and bombarded the town,— batteries, the remains of

Tin: nOMBAUDMENT.

which can now scarcely be traced in the rising and
prosporons village which, in a. few years, will be
looked upon as a suburb of Quebec. By llio dis-
charge of red hot balls and shells, fifty houses were
set on fire in a night, and soon the lowei* town was
demolished, and the upper seriously injured. The
citadel was however beyond their reacn, and every
avenue from the river to the cliff was too strongly en-
trenched for an assault. No real progress had as yet
been made, and Wolfe naturally very sensitive, fret-
ted about the matter. He wj>g eager for a battle;
ejiger for anything that would relieve him from what,
at a distance, might be looked upon as inactivity.
He reconnoitered tlie Montmorency, saw that the
eastern bank was higher than liiat opposite occupied
by Montcalm, landed and encamped, but there was
no way of crossing a stream which though not wide
boiled impetuously over rocks, whirled in eddies, or
precipitated itself down rapids. Three miles higher
up tnere was a ford, bnt the bank opposite was steep,
thickly wooded, and it had been carefully intrenched.
He embarked his men again, and next with Admiral
Saunders examined the shore above the town. Sailing
along the well defended bank, from the Montmorency
to the St. Charles, he passed the deep and spacious
harbour, which at four hundred miles from the sea
can shelter a hundred ships of the line, and marked
the outline of the precipitous cliffs of Gape Diamond.
Everywhere he beheld a natural fastness, vigilantly
defended, entrenchments, cannoiu boats, and floating
■ batteries guarding every access.* There appeared
to be no chance of effecting a landing anywhere.

* Bancroll.

ASSAULT AT MONTMOUli.NCX

MeanlMiie, at mid-night, oa the twenty-eighth of July,
the French sent down another raft of fire ships,
which did no more harm than those sent down
a month before. Wolfe returned to Montmorencv,
resolved on an engagement there, at whatever risk.
Immediately below the Falls of that river, which tlow
over a perpendicular rock, two hundred and fifty feet
high, amidst clouds of spray and rainbow glories,
there is a ford at low water ii(\ar the junction of the
Montmorency with the St. Lawrence, and it w'as
planned that two brigades should pass the ford at the
proper time of the tide, while Monckton's regiments
should cross the St. Lawrence from Point Levy at
slack tide. The signal was made, the boats crossed
from Point Levy, and Wolfe selected a landing place ;
but some of the boats from Point Levy grounded
upon a ledge of rocks that runs out into the river,
and while they were being got off the enemy kept up
an incessant fire of shot and shells. Nevertheless the
attack was l)egun. Thirteen companies of Grenadiers,
and two hundred of the second battalion of tlie Royal
Americans, getting first ashore, ran hastily tow'ards
the entrenchments, and were repulsed in such disorder "
that they could not again form into line, though
Monckton's regiments had arrived and had formed
with the coolness of invincible valor. A storm was
approaching, night was near, and the tide was rapidly
vising when Wolfe considered it expedient to retreat,
after four hundred lives had been lost. This hap-
pened on the last day of July. Soon after Brigadier
Murray was sent with twelve hiwidred men .'ibove the
town to destroy the French ships and open a comniu-
nicatiou with General Amherst who, at the head of a
large force, was expected to invade Canada l)y way of

ILLNESS OF WOLrii,

■'irl

Lake Champlaiii and form a junction with Wolfe.
Murray only was able to effect a landing at Descham-
bault, a village situated half way between Quebec and
Three Rivers, and there learned that Niagara had sur-
rendered, and that the French had abandonned, re-
treating before Amherst, Ticonderoga and Grown
Point; i)UL although only opposed by three thousand
men, Amherst loitered at Grown Point, and not even
a messenger from him arrived. It was thus when the
feeble frame of Wolfe sank under the energy of his
restless spirit. Yet disabled by fever, he laid before
Brigadiers three several and equally desperate
methods of attacking Montcalm at Beauport ; but they
were all opposed as promising little chances of success;
and Wolfe wrote to Pitt, the Prime Minister of Eng-
land, in a spirit of such despondency, that England
read the dispatch with dismay, and feared to hear
further tidings. " My constitution," wrote the General
to a friend, ••' is entirely ruined, without the consola-
tion of having done any considerable service to the
state, and without any prosf ect of it." But the hope-
lessnr ^ of Wolfe's position did not reduce him to in
activ Securing the posts in the Isle of Orleans and

oppos - r lebec, he marched with the army on the
lifth and » \th of September from Point Levy, to which
place he had transferred all the troops from Montmo-
rency, and embarked them in transports that had pas-
sed the town for the purpose. Admiral Holmes with
some ships ascended the river to amuse Bougainville,
whom Montcalm had sent up the north shore to watch
the movements of *the British armj and prevent a
landing. DeLevy was sent to Montreal to i)rotect it?
and Nouvelle France began to feel that, it being late in
the autumn, the worst was over, as the invading fleet

COOK, THE NAVIGATOR. — THE POET GRAY.

must soon withdraw from the river. But Wolfe,
intently recoanoitering, discovered the cove, which
now bears his name, where the bending promontories
almost form a basin with a very narrow margin,
over which the hill rises precipitously, and saw a
path that wound up the steep so narrow that two
men could hardly march in it abreast. There were
only a few tents on the summit, and he knew, by
counting their number, that the post which guarded
the path could not exceed a hundred men. A
landing at this point was instantly resolved upon.
Cook, the great Navigator, was sent to sound the
water off Beauport, and plant buoys as if an attack
were intended in that quarter, while the troops were
kept afloat far above the town. It was a bright even-
ing in autumn, that of the 12th of.September, when the
heroic Wolfe visited his stations to make his final
inspection, and utter his last words of encouragement.
As he passed from ship to ship, he spoke to those in
the boat with him, of tne Poet Gray, and the Elegy
in a country Church Yard. « I, » said he, « would pre-
fer being the author of that poem to the glory of
beating the French to-morrow ; » and while the oars
struck, as it rippled in the silence of the night air, un-
der the flowing tide, he repeated : — <, j^, ^,,;js* ■: ■;
'ii; " The boast of heraldry, the pomp of power, ; . :< h
. i ' And all that beauty, all that wealth e'er gave, ,, „ ' j
Await alike the inevitable hour ; u,;* . ,i K

Tlie paths of glory lead but to the grave."
On the thirteenth of September, * one hour after

* Bancroft, in a foot note, acknowledges that he derived his information
of this incident from the late Dr. John Charlton Fisher, of Quebec, to
whom the Picture of Qnel)ec, published by Mr. Hawkins, in 1834, is in-
del)«ed for much of its liistorical value. ,

The late Andrew Stuart, Esquire, contributed very much of historical
value to Hawkins' Picture of Quelwc

THE LAl^DING. — THE PLAINS OF ABllAHAM.

midnight, Wolfe with Monckton and Murray, and
about iialf the forces, set off in boats, and without sail
or oars, ghded down the river with the tide, followed
by the ships, having previously issued a « General
Order » from on board Her Majesty's ship Sutherland^
giving an idea of his plan of attack, and of his arran-
gements to secure the landing place after a landing
had been effected. In three quarters of an hour the
ships followed, and though the night had become dark,
aided by the rapid ebb tide, they reached the cove, just
in time to cover the landing. The troops leaped on
shore. The light infantry, who found themselves borne
by the current a little below the intrenched path, clam-
bered up the steep hill, staying themselves by the roots
and boughs of the maple and spruce and ash trees that
covered the precipitous declivity, and after a little
firing dispersed the gp.ard at the top, commanded by
Captain DeVergor, when the rest ascended, without
molestation, the patiiway already alluded to. Only
one light six-pounder gun was brought up the preci-
pice by some English sailors ; a battery of other guns
on the left was abandoned to Colonel Howe. When
Townsend's division disembarked, the English had
already gained one of the roads to Quebec, and
advancing in front of the forest, Wolfe stood at
Jay-break, with his invincible battalions, on the
Plains of Abraham, the battle field of empire.*
Montcalm was amazed bevond measure, when the
news first reached him. He imagined that only a
detachment had landed, done some mischief, and
retreated. Bougainville's upward movement, while
the English troops were going downwards, had not

* Bnncroil, pnge 33.1,

Ki)'

BATTLE OF QUEBEC.

occurred to him. He was unwilling to believe in the
possibility of a landing having been effected, for
as far as a pitched battle was concerned, it was his
weak side. He might have taken shelter behind the
walls of Quebec, and it might have been found impos-
sible even for Wolfe to have carried the works. It is,
besides, doubtful ihat any benefit would have accrued
to the English from such a landing so late in the year
had Montcalm done nothing but abandon his intrench^
ments on the Montmoioncy and St. Charles, and have
concentrated his whole strength in Quebec ; but Mont-
calm did not do so. He at once prepared to aitack
Wolfe, and hope to be enabled to drive him into the
river again before mid-day. It was with this latter view
that he hastily crossed the valley of St. Charles, and
before ten in the forenoon, the two armies, one being
composed of less than five thousand men stood opposite
each other. The English were all regulars ; the French
partly regulars, partly colonial corps, partly burghers
of Quebec, and partly Indians. For nearly an hour the
two armies cannonaded each other. Montcalm having
the advantage of position, his army being posted in a
crescent shape from what is now the St. Charles road,
along the line of the present Martello towers. The
French had three field pieces and the English only
one. Montcalm sent messages for De Vaudreuil and
Bougainville to come up ; bufwithout waiting for their
arrival, at last led the French army impetuously to
the attack. The French bioken by their precipitation,
and by the unevenness of the ground, fired by pla.
toons, irregularly, while the English, especially the
forty-third and forty-seventh, where Monckton stood,
received the shock with calmness : and after having,
at Wolfe's command, reserved their fire till the enemy

DEATH OF WOLFE,

was within forty yards, their lii)o began a regular,
rapid, and exact discharge of musketry. Montcalm
rushed from point to point, cheering by his example
and enco'siraging by his. presence his men, many of
whom, unaccustomed to military discipline, could
with diflicuity be kept together. He was wounded,
and his second in command, De Sennezergues, an
associate in glory at Ticonderoga, had been killed.
The Canadians at '?ngth, under a hot fire in the open
field, began to waver, which Wolfe perceiving, placed
himself at the head of the twenty-eighth, and the
Louisbourg grenadiers, gave the word to charge, and
the French fled before the British bayonet in wild dis'
order. Colonel Guy Carleton was injured ; Wolfe's
Adjutant General Barre, had lost an eye ; Wolfe him-
self had been wounded in the wrist, and as he pushed
forward with tht grenadiers, received a second wound,
and just as the fortune of the day was decided, a third
ball struck him mortally in the breast, Monckton had
been shot through the lungs. , , . ^

It was while in the agonies of death that Wolfe
heard the cry of « they flee,)) and on being told that it
was the French who fled, exclaimed, «now God be
praised, I die happy.)) ., ,; ^, . . .

These were the last words of one concerning whom
it is our boast, that « Chatham's language was his
mother tongue.)) At the early age of thirty-two Wolfe
lay dead upon the battle field of the Plains of Abra-
ham, where a Monument, containing the simple in-
scription.

HERli!, DIED .. j

W^OLFE,

VICTORIOUS.

~f¥y

a monument twice erected — first by Lord Ayhner

ill

DKATH OF MONTCALM.

when Governor in Chief, in 1835, which was carriod
away by visitors, piecemeal; and secondly a more
imposing anrl very chaste, Anted colnmn, with the
same inscription, erected at the suggestion of Sir
Benjamin D'Urban, Commander of the Forces in 1849,
by ihe Officers of the army in Canada, — may now be
seen, and the battle field traced ont as distinctly as a
hundred years ago. ,.f?^\v

Wolfe being dead, and Monckton wounded, the
command of the English army devolved upon Towns-
hend, brave but not sagacious, and who when De
Bougainville appeared in view, declined a contest with
a fresh enemy. Montcahn was no more to turn such
an incident to account. In attempting to rally a body
of fugitive Canadians, in a copse near St. John's Gate,
he was mortally wounded. Assured by his surgeon
that he would survive for twelve hours, he called a
Council of War, and showed that within that time, all
the French troops near at hand might be concentrated,
and the attack renewed before the English were in-
trenched; and when De Ramsay who commanded
the garrison, asked his advice about defending the
city, he simply replied, «to your keeping I commend
« the honour of France. As for me, I must pass the
« night with God, and prepare myself for death.)* The
day of battle had scarcely passed, when Do Vaudreuil,
who had no capacity for war, wrote to De Ramsay, at
Quebec, not to wait for an assault, but, as soon as his
provisions were exhausted, to hoist the white flag of
surrender.

On the 17th of September, De Ramsay capitulated.
Montcalm died on the i4th of September- and was
buried within the precincts of the Ursuline Convent.
In 1335, His Excellency, General Lord Aylmer, Gov-
c3

MONUMENT TO WOLFE AND MONTllALM.

- Sit

ernor-in-Gliief of Canada, caused a marble slab, having
the following inscription :

HONNEUR i ,

:' MONTCALM! - .i'^^'^-'- -.
Lb destin en lui derobant • t »

La ViCTOiRB, i '.' '

. ' L' A RECOMPENSE PAR

•H ' ' • '< Une Mort Glorieuse !

■-' i

iic'M yjiTi .i?ii^-'

L ^'.

J' I.' I'

to be placed in the Ursuline Chapel, to the memory of
this brave but unfortunate soldier, whose skull, by
the way, was dug up ten or twelve years ago, and
placed in a glass case, where the curious in relics may
see it by applying to the Chaplain of the convent.

' Lord Dalhousie, in 1827, raised an Obelisk in the
Governor's Garden, which is very conspicuously sit-
uated under the Citadel, and not far from the site of the
residence of the Governors General of New France,
and of their successors, the English Governors-in-
Chief of Canada, to both the victor and the vanquished.

It bears this inscription : • ■'

>:^ . '■■: t;

Mortem, virtus, communem.

Famam. Historia. ■

monumentum. posteritas.
Dedit.

and the reader who understands the Latin tongue is
further informed by the following additional inscrip-
tion, that this monument in honor of these illustrious
men — Wolfe and Montcalm — -was erected by George
Earl of Dalhousie, Captain General of British North

EXULTATION.

America, on the 15th November, 1827, during the
Reign of George IV : —

HUJUSCR
IIONUMENTI IN VIUORUM ILLUSTRIUM,

WOLFE ET MONTCALM,
fundamentum, p, c.
Georoius Comes de Dalhousie ; . '

, In SePTENTRIONALIS AMERICiB PARTlBUa
SUMMAM ReRUM ADMINISTRANS ;
OrUS PER MU1>T0S ANNOS PRAETERMISSUM,
' Quid DUCI EOREGIO CONVENTIUS?

AUCTORITATE PROMOVENS, EXEMPLO STIMULANS »

'^ MUNIFICENTIA FOVENS . , >

,,,,,, , - ■ Die Novembris XV. i .' .>-^ ■.

. . A. D. MDCCCXXVIL, ■■-■ - - .

Georoio IV. Britanniarum Eege.

The remains of Wolfe were conveyed to England in
the Royal William, an 84 gun ship; and were buried
there in a vault, in the parish Church of Greenwich,
where his mother, Henrietta, who did not die until
1765, lies, and also the remains of his father, the Hon-
orable Lieutenant-General Edward Wolfe, who, at the
age of 74, had died only in the previous spring March,
1759.

When Quebec fell, " America rang with exultation ;
the hills glared with bonfires ; legislatures, the puljjit,
the press echoed the general joy ; provinces and fami-
lies gave thanks to God. England too, which had
shared the despondency of Wolfe, triumphed at his
victory, and wept for his death. Joy, grief, curiosity,
amazement, were on every countenance."*

♦ Bancroft's History of ihe United Slates.

illAPTKR III.

The ('apitulation — Tho Cession to Great Britnin — The Quebec Act — The
American Kevoiulion-^Monljiomery's Invasion — General Arnold —
Arnold's Churauler — The expedition through the wilderness — Alatieu-
injf journey — The Flag-slafl' Mountain — Sickness of the troops —
Enc-unipment oil Lake Megantic — -Descent of the Chaudiere — Wash-
ington's Manilesto — Arrival at Point Levi— Cro^sing of the river —
Arnold on the plains of Abraham — Arrival ol Montgomery — The Siepe
— British Forces in Quebec — The assault skirmish at Pris-de- Ville —
Fall of Montgomery — Arnold's attack — Sortie of the Garrison — Loss
of the Americans— A disinterment — Remarks on the Invasion — 1812.

Cii

By the capitulation, which suffered the Garrison of
Quehec to march out with honors of war, the inhabi-
tants of the country were permitted the free exercise of
their reUgion ; and afterwards in 1 774, the Roman
Catholic Church establishment was recognized ; and
disputes concerning landed and real property were to
be settled by the Coulumc. de Paris. In criminal cases
only was the Law of England to apply.

Admiral Saunders, with all the fleet, except two
ships, sailed for England, on the 18th of October,
Quebec being left to the care of General Murray and
about 3,000 men. After the fleet had sailed, several
attempts were made upon the British outposts at Point
Levy, Cape Rouge and St. Foy, unsuccessfully. Win-
ter came and the suflerings of the conquered were
dreadful. The Eraser Highlanders wore their kilts
notwithstanding the extreme cold, and provisions were
so scarce and dear that many of the inhabitants died of
starvation. The Marquis de Vaudreuil, the Governor

THE CESSION TO GREAT UniTAIN.

General of His Most Christian Majesty, busied himself
at Montreal with preparations for the recovery of
Quebec in the Spring. In April ho sent the Genqj-al
De Levi, with an army of 10,000 men to etVect that
object. Di; Levi arrived within three miles of Quebec
on the 28th, and defeated General Murray's force of
2,200 men imprudently sent to meet him. The city
was again besie^:ed, but this time by the Fn^nch.
Indeed it was only on the reappearance of the British
ships, about the middle of May, that the siege was
raised, and De Levi retreated to Jacqnes Gartier.

Montcalm, who was not only a general but a states-
man, is said to have expressed himself to the effect,
that the conquest of Canada by England would endan-
ger her retention of the New England Colonies, and
nltimately prove injnrions to her interests on this con-
tinent. Canada, not subject to France, would be no
source of uneasiness or annoyance to the English
Colonists, who already were becoming politically im-
portant, and somewhat impatient of restraint. How
far such an opinion was justifiable, is to be gathered
from the condition of Canada and the Colonies of
Great Britain in America, at this hour.

Canada was, in 1763, ceded by His Most Christian
Majesty, the King of France, to his Britannic Majesty
King George the Second. Emigration from the United
Kingdom to Canada was encouraged — not to Canada
only but to Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. By
the treaty of 17C3, signed at Paris, Nova Scotia,
Canada, the Island of Cape Breton, and all the other
Islands in the Gulf and River St. Lawrence, were
ceded to the British Crown.* ) ■ x f >

* Roger's Canada, page 66,

THK QUEBEC ACT.

Four districts and separate Provincfs were ceded : —
Quebec, East Florida, West Florida, and Grenada.
The new Government of Quebec as "(bounded on the
"Labrador coast by tie River St. John, and from
« thence, by a line drawn from the head of that river,
« through the Lake Nipissing ; from whence the said
" hno, crossing the River St. Lawrence and Lake
(( Ghamplain, in forty five degrees of north latitude,
« passes along the highlands which divide the rivers
« that empty themselves into the said River St. Law-
« rence, from those that fall into the sea, and also
« along the north coast of the Baie des Chaleurs, and
« Ihe coast of the Gulf of St. Lawrence to Gape Rosiers ;
« and from thence, crossing the mouth of the River St.
« Lawrence, by the West end of the Island of Anticosti,
« terminates at the aforesaid River St. John."

For some years after the conquest, the form of Gov-
ernment was purely military. It was, indeed, only in
1774, that two acts were passed by the British Govern-
ment, one with the view of providing a Revenue for
the Civil Government of the Province of Quebec, as
the whole of Canada was then termed, the other
called « The Quebec Act," defining the boundaries of
the Province, setting aside all the provisions of the
Royal Proclamation of 1763, and appointing a gov-
erning Council of not more than twenty-three, nor less
than seventeen persons. And whatever may have
been the motive for this almost unlooked for liberality
on the part of the mothl^r country, it is not a little
singular that only a year later, England's great diffi-
culty with her old Colonies occurred.

« The Quebec Act," was in itself a cause of oftence
to them. On the 21st of October, 1774, the following
language was made use of by the Congress, in refer-

TIIK AMKHICAN llliVOl.lJTIUN.

ence to that Act, in an Address to tho people of Great
Britain :— « Nor can we snppress our astonishment,
« that a British Parliament should ever consent to
«( establish in that coimtry, a religion that has deluged
« your Island in blood, and dispersed impiety, bigotry,
« persecution, murder, and rebellion through every
« part of the world. And that we think the Legislature
« of Great Britain is not authorized by the Gonstitu-
« tion to establish a religion fraught with sanguinary
« and impious tenets." The attack was of a twofold
nature. Both the sword and the pen were brought
into requisition. It was supposed by the discontented
old colonists, that the boundary of the lakes and rivers
which emptied themselves into the Gulf of St. Law-
rence, and had formed the natural barrier between two
nations, mitil the peace of Paris of 1763, when Canada
passed from the dominion of France to that of the
British Crown, formed no boundary to British rule,
as the sway of the Anglo Saxon race was now fully
established over the whole of the northern part of the
continent ; and it was further sujiposed, that it was,
therefore, proper to detract, if possible, from the power
of Great Britain, to harm the revolutionary colonists on
the great watery highway of the lakes and rivers, or
to prevent such a united force of Colonial and Provin-
vial inhabitants as might counterbalance, in a great
measure, the pertinacious loyalists who were to dis-
countenance American appeals for justice, — the war-
lare, before the declaration of American Independence,
being "neither against the throne nor the laws of
(( England, but against a reckless and oppressive
« ministry.))* Efforts were, for such reasons, made to

* See ll;e Journal of Charles Carroll, of Caroiton, published by the
Moryland Historical Society, Baltimore— page 9.

NfONTCOMERY S INVASION.— GKNKRAl- AHNOI-D.

lilti

obtain posspssion of the keys of the Lakes, of the St.
Lawrence at Quebec and Montreal. The old colonists
wore to make a war of political propagandism on
Canada, and they resolved upon the employment of
both force and persuasion. Generals Montgomery,
Arnold, and Allen, invaded Canada, and to a certain
point, with complete success. After the success of the
two latter ofTicers at Ticonderoga and Grown Point,
Arnold pushed on towards Quebec, through the wilder-
ness, and had ascended the heights of Abraham before
Montgomery, who had proceeded towards Quebec from
Montreal, had arrived. Under these circumstances,
Arnold retired about twenty miles above Quebec, to
wait for Montgomery. Meanwhile the Governor of
Canada, Sir Guy Carleton, had escaped through Mont-
gomery's army, in the dead of night, in an open boat,
rowed with muffled oars, guided by Captain Bouchette
of the Royal Navy, and was now safely lodged in the
chief Fortress of America.* , ; r .: ^ ,v^

The manner in which the afterwards celebrated or
rather notorious Arnold accomplished his perilous
march through the wilderness, up the Kennebec and
Dead River, through Lake Megantic and down the
Chaudiere to Quebec, is highly interesting. The route
was now altogether a new one, and the time may
come wiien a near water communication for steamers
instead of only for canoes and bateaux from Quebec
to the Atlantic, may be opened up, the more especially
as remunerative gold and copper mines have within
the last ten years, been discovered in the neighbour-
hood of where the Chaudiere issues from Lake Megan-
tic. In 1753, Governor Shirley, of Massachusetts, had

* Koger's Canada.

GENRRAL AnNOLD.

acquired intolligenco tliat the French had greatly
increased their settlements upon each side of the
River Ohaudiere, which falls into the St. Lawrence a
very few miles ahovc Quebec, and that they were
proceeding to make settlements at about thirty miles
distance, upon the carrying place that separates tJie
liead of the Chaudierc from the Kennebec, this latter
mentioned river affording the French a shorter pas.
sage by Quebec for making descents upon the Pro-
vinces of Massachusetts Bay, and New Hampshire,
than any other route; and from which, during the
war between them and New England in 1723 and 1724,
the Indians made all their incursions and ravages upon
the eastern part of Massachusetts Bay. Indeed, in
the follovving war, having been told that the Arres-
igunnticook, Norridgwalk, and Penobscot Indians
wore upon the point of breaking out into hostilities
against the English, the same Governor informed the
Assembly of Massachusetts, of these several matters,
and recommended the construction of a Fort near the
head of the Kennebec, and the settlement by English
colonists of its neighbourliood to prevent the French
from taking possession, and two Forts were conse-
quently built, one called Fort Weston, about thirty-
seven miles from the mouth of the Kennebec ; and the
other. Fort Halifax, about hfty-four. ■ ^ ■■' ' ^ - ^

Indeed Mr. Jan^d Sparks, the talented biograi)her of
Benedict Arnold, very candidly admits that the Com-
mander of the American expedition was not ignorant
of the obstacles with which he had to contend, as
colonel Montressor, an oihcer in the British a

'J 7

passed over the game route, fifteen yeai's before, and
written a journal of his tour, an imperfect copy of
whicli had fallen into the hand^ of Arnold. Montressor

ARNOLD S CHAKACTEH.

came from Quebec, ascending the Rivers Chandiere
and des Loups, crossing the highlands near the head
waters of the Penobscot, pursuing his way through
Moose-head Lake, and entering the Kennebec by its
eastern branch. He returned up the western branch,
or Dead River, and through Lake Megan tic, and this
latter was the route taken by Arnold.

The expedition through the eastern 'vilderness to
Quebec, was devised by General George Wishington
in August, 1775, he being then in command of the
Continental army at Cambridge. He knew of none
better fitted for the command of such an expedition
than the bold and reckless, energetic, and ready-plan-
ning Colonel Arnold, a man of an imperious tempera-
ment, dashing, brave, and talented, envied by his
equals in rank, lauded by those who knew Ins worth,
petted by Washington, as just as he was able, victim-
ized by spite, selfish and spendthrift by nature, revenge-
ful from the consciousness of neglect, and ultimately,
a deserter and traitor almost from necessity, certainly
from wounded pride — an able officer, self h, yet im-
pulsively generous, a clever man without the ability
to keep a friend.

About eleven hundred men, being ten companies of
musketmen from New England, and three companies
riflemen from Virginia and Pennsylvania, were placed
by the Continental Congress under the command of
Arnold. The Field Officers under him were Lieut-
Colonel Christopher Green, afterwards the hero of the
Red Bank, Lieutenant-Colonel Roger Enos, and Majors
Bigelow and Meigs. At the head of the riflemen was
Captain Daniel Morgan, renowned in the subsequent
annals of the war.

These troops marched from Cambridge to Newbury

THE WILDERNESS.

Port, where they embarked on board of eleven trans-
ports, on the 18th of September, saiUng the next day
for the mouth of the Kennebec. Two davs after leav-
ing Newbury Port all the transports had entered the
Kennebec, and sailed up the river to Gardiner Town,
or rather at Pittstown, situated on the opposite bank,
where a company of carpenters had several days before
been despatched from Cambridge to construct two
hundred bateaux. These being in readiness, the troops
and provisions were transferred to them from the
shipping, and soon they all rendezvoused at Fort
Western. «Here, says Sparks, the hard struggles,
« sufferings, and dangers were to begin. Eleven hun-
« dred men with arms, ammunition, and all the
« apparatus of war, burdened with the provisions for
({ their sustenance, and clothing to protect them from
« the inclemency of the weather, were to pass through
« a region uninhabited, wild, and desolate, forcing
« their bateaux against a swift current, and carrying
« them and their contents on their shoulders around
« rapids and cataracts, over craggy precipices^ and
« through morasses, till they should reach the French
« settlements on the Canada frontiers, a distance of
« more than two hundred miles.» A party of six or
seven men were at this place sent forward in two birch
canoes, under the command of Lieutenant Steele, with
orders to go as far as Lake Megantic, or Chaudiere
Pond, as it was sometimes called, and procure such
intelligence as they could from the Indians; and
another party, under Lieutenant Church, who was
accompanied by a surveyor, was sent on to take the
exact courses and distances of the Dead River. Then
the army set off' in four divisions, each setting off a
day before the other, and thus allowing sufficient

ORDER OF MARCH.

III

space between them to prevent any interference in
passing up the rapids and around the falls. Morgan
went ahead with the riflemen ; then came Greene and
Bigelow with the three companies of musketeers ; these
were followed by Meigs with four others ; and last of
all was Enos, who brought up the rear, with the three
remaining companies. Arnold followed in a birch
canoe, and pushing forward, passed the whole line at
different points, overtaking Morgan's advanced party
on the third day at Norridgewock Falls, immediately
belo^ which, on the eastern bank of the river, was a
wide and beautiful plain, once tlie site of an Indian
village, belonging to a tribe callec^ Norridgewalk, and
on which were the ruins of a catholic church, where
an already extinct race of savages had bowed the knee
to the great creator and protector of the human race
At the Falls all the bateaux were taken and transported
a mile and a quarter by land, a rather difhcult task
as the banks on each side were uneven and rocky.
Before they were launched again, it was discovered
that the boats, having been hastily and therefore im-
perfectly made, had become leaky, and much of the
provisions, particularly the bread, thereby damaged ;
but the leakage may have been caused by the frequent
accidents that had occurred in navigating them. The
carpenters were set to work to repair damages, which
caused a detention of seven days. As soon as the last
bateau was launched again, Arnold betook himself to
his birch canoe with his Indian guide, quickly shot
ahead of the rear division, passed the portage a;t the
Carratunc Falls, and in two days arrived at the great
carrying place, twelve miles below the junction of the
Dead River with the eastern branch of the Kennebec,
where he found the two first divisions of the arm v.

A Fatiguing journey.

Up to this time, althongli tlie fatigue was very great,
only one man had died ; hut desertion was frequent,
and there was considerable sickness. The whole num-
ber of effective men did not now exceed nine hundred
and fifty. The men oftentimes hud to wade and force
the bateaux up the rapid current, so much so that Ar-
nold wrote to Washington that his men might have
been taken for amphibious, "aS they were great part
(( of the time under water. » With only twenty-five
days provisions for the whole detachment, he expected
to reach the Ghaudiere in } or 10 days ; but was dis-
appointed. He had 15 miles to travel, in passing over
the great Carrying Place, and with incredible toil the
bateaux, provisions, and baggage, which had to be car-
ried over the shoulders of the men, were taken from
the waters of the Kennebec and transported along
an ascending, rugged, and precipitous path for more
than three miles to the first of three ponds, which inter-
vened, where they were again put afloat ; and thus it was
by alternate water and land carriage through lakes,
creeks, morasses, and craggy ravines, they reached the
Dead River. The men however feasted on delicious sal-
mon trout, which the ponds alTord in prodigious quan-
tities. For many miles, the Dead River, presented a
smooth surface and gentle current, interrupted here
and there by falls of short descent, at w liich were carry-
ing places. As the bateaux moved along the stream a
bold and lofty mountain appeared in the distance, whose
summit was whitened with snow. The river, as they
approached the mountain, was discovered to pursue a
very meandering course, near its base, and the progress
was consequently slow. In the vicinity of this moun-
tain Arnold encamped for three days and raised the
American flag over his tent. There is now a hamlet

SIflKNESS OF THE TflOOrS.

on its top called the Flagstaff. Major Bigelow, whose
name the mountain bears, is asserted to have ascended
to its summit with the hope of discovering the hills
of Canada, and the spires of Quebec. However, a party
of ninety men was sent back to the rear from his
camp for provisions, which were beginning to get
scarce, and it had a somewhat awkward effect. Morgan
and his rifles were in front, and Arnold followed
with the second division. For three days it rained
incessantly, every man and all the baggage being
drenched with water, and one night while they were
endeavouring to take a little repose on the bank, the
men were suddenly aroused by the freshet which came
rushing upon them in a torrent, and hardly allowed
them time to escape before the ground, on which
they had lain down, was overflowed. In nine hours
the river rose perpendicularly eight feet, and em-
barrassments thickened at every step. The current
was everywhere rapid ; the stream had spread itself
over the low grounds, exposing the bateaux to be
entangled in the drift wood and bushes ; sometimes they
were led away from the main stream into branches and
obliged to retrace their co"r and they were further
delayed by portages which became more frequent as
they advanced. To make matters worse, by the tur-
bulence of the waters seven bateaux were upset and
a.; their contents lost. The greater quantity of the
previously remaining provisions was lost and the
bravest consequently began to despond, especially
as they were yet thirty miles from the head of
the Ghaudiere. A council of war was held, at
which it was decided that the sick or feeble should
be sent back, and the others press forward ; and
accordingly, Arnold wrote to Greene and Colonel

LAKE MEG ANTIC.

5^1

Enos, who were in the rear, ordering them to select
such a number of their strongest men as they could
sui)r>ly, with fifteen days provisions, and to come on
with them, leaving the others to return to Norridgewalk.^
Enos misconstrued the order, retreated with his three
coHH)anies, and marched back to Cambridge. Arnold
himself hastened onward with about sixty men intend-
ing to proceed as soon as possible lo the inhabitants
of the Ghaudiere, and send back provisions to meet
the main forces ; and now the rain changed into snow,
which fell two inches deep, thus adding the sufferings
of cold to thoso of hunger and fatigue. Ice formed on
the surface of the water in which the men were obliged
to wade and drag the boats. Finally, the highlands
separating the eastern waters from those falling into
the St. Lawrence, were reached. A string of small
lakes, choked with logs and other obstructions, had
been passed through, near the sources of tiie Dead
River, and seventeen falls had been encountered in
ascending its whole distance, around which were por-
tages. The carrying place over the highlands was a
little more than four miles, at the termination of which
a small stream presented itself, which conducted the
boats by a very crooked course into the Lake Me-
gantic, the great fountain head of the Ghaudiere river,
a sheet of water thirteen miles long, three or four
broad, and surrounded by high mountains. Here,
Lieutenants Steel and Ghurch were met, and a person
named Jakins, who informed Arnold that the Cana-
dians were friendly, and rejoiced at the approach of
the army. Arnold and his party, encamped in a
large Indian wigwam that night on the eastern shore
of the Lake in tolerably good spirits. Next morning
he i?ent back instructions to the advancing troops, and

THE CHAUDIERE.

Cm,.
Mil

ordering Captain Himchet and fifty-five men to march
by land along the margin of the Lake, embarked
with Captain Oswald and Lieutenants Steel and
Church, with thirteen men in five bateaux and a
birch canoe with the view of speedily reaching the
French inhabitants that he might be enabled to send
back provisions to meet the army. In three hours
the northern extremity of the Lake was reached, and
the Chaudiere entered, the river carrying them with
prodigious rapidity on its tide of waters boiling and
foaming over a rocky bottom. The baggage -was lashed
to the boats, and the danger was doubly threatening
as they had no guides. They fell at length among
rapids, when three of the boats were capsized, dashed
to pieces against the rocks, and all their contents swal
lowed up in the foaming flood. Fortunately for the
party no lives were lost although six men struggled for
some time in the water and were with difficulty saved.
This calamity Arnold ascribed to "a kind interposition
" of Providence, for no sooner had the men dried their
" clothes and re-embarked, than one of them who had
" gone forward called out a fall a head," which had
not been previouslydiscovered, and by which the whole
party would, only for this accident, have been hurried
to inevitable destruction.

• After this they were more cautious, but rapids and
falls succeeding each other at short intervals, the
birch canoe met with the fate of the three bateaux
by running upon a rock. Through its whole extent
the stream, raised by the late rains, was rough, rapid,
and dangerous ; but the party was fortunate in losing
no lives and in advancing quickly. On the third day
after leaving Lake Megan tic, being the thirtieth of
October. Arnold arrived at what Sparks calls Serti^an,

WASHINGTON S MANIFESTO.

but which is now called Touffe des Pins^ fho first
French settlement, four milles below the junction of
the Riviere des Loups with the Ghaudiere, and seventy
miles from the lake by the course of the stream.

Arnold instantly sent several Canadians and In-
dians back with flour and cattle. The troops were
met marching through the woods near the banks of
the river, all their boats having been destroyed by the
violence of the rapids. The whole army arrived
within four or five days, emerging from the forest in
small, detached parties, and greeting once more, with
joy unspeakable, the habitations of civilized men.
They were received with kindness by the inhabitants,
yet hardly reconciled to their British conquerors.
The army had suffered terribly with hunger. So ex-
treme was the famine that on the last four or five davs
of the march dogs w^ere killed and greedily devoured.

Arnold assiduously courted the good wishes of the
habitants, and distributed a manifesto, signed by
General Washington, explaining the grounds of the
contest between Great Britain and America, and encou-
raging them to join their neighbours in a common
cause, by rallying around the standard of liberty,
Arnold produced a rather favourable impression, if it
be true, that old men to this day recount to ther chil-
dren the story of the « descent of the Bostonians, »
as the only great public event that has ever occurred
to vary the monotonous incidents of the sequestered
and beautiful valley of the Ghaudiere. Ten days after
reaching 'he now, and it must have been so then,
beautifully^ situated village of St. Mary, which is some
fifteen miles below Tou/fe des Pins, Arnold had arrived
at Point Levy. His troops followed, and w^ere all with
him at that place on the 1 3th November. Forty Indians

POINTE LEVY.

were with them, who had joined at Toufj'c des Pwi.s,
(Sertigau) and on the march below. But his approach
had been made known at Quebec by a Savage, and all
the boats on the south, or rather eastern side of the St.
Lawrence — the river opposite Quebec being due north
and sou til — were withdrawn to prevent his crossing.
But Arnold collected some thirty or forty birch canoes
and resolved to cross at once. At nine in the even-
ing he crossed one party, landing them at Wolfe's
Gove, and in the darkness eluded a frigate and sloop
stationed in the St. Lawrence, for the purpose of inter-
cepting them. The canoes returned, and by four in
the morning, five hundred men had passed over, at
three separate times, and rendezvoused at Wolfe's
Gove. The last party had only landed when they were
discovered by one of the British gun-boats, into which
they fired and killed three men. It was not safe to
return again, and about one hundred and fifty men
were left at Pointe Levy.

> Without a moment's delay, Arnold and his, it is but
justice to say, gallant five hundred, clambered up
the precipice, where Wolfe, sixteen years before, had
conducted his army to the field of carnage and victory.
But although, Arnold paraded his troops upon the
plains, challenged the Lieutenant Governor Gramahe
to surrender or comie out and fight him at once, Gra-
mahe did not play the part of Montcalm, but sent
repeated discharges of cannon through the embrasures
on the walls, and required him to come in, if he could.
The garrison of Quebec had no idea, at first, of Arnold's
numbers, and no sooner ascertained them than a sortie
was determined upon, and the men, at Point Levy^.
having crossed the river and joined him, Arnold wisely
resolved upon retreating to Pointe aux Trembles, from

THE CROSSING.

which place ho despatched a messsenger to General
Montgomery And it was on the same day that Ar-
nold left, that Governor Carle ton arrived at Quebec.
The Americains had gained command of the river
above Quebec ; and as all the British posts in Canada
had been taken except the Capital, this was the grand
object to be attained. i vr • ^. ^; ;mi

Montgomery made all haste to join Arnold for that
purpose ; and, leaving a small garrison at Montreal,
he embarked about three hundred men, several mor-
tars, and Captain Lamb's company of Artillery, on
board some of the armed vessel taken at Sorel, and
went down the river to Pointe aux Trembles.

The command now devolved on General Mont-
gomery and the two detachments marched immediately,
to the Heights of Abraham, where they arrived on the
4th of December. ^

The effective force of the Americans was only 1,000
men, yet it was resolved to hazard an assault.

Montgomery occupied Holland House, now in the
possession of Robert Cassells, Esq., the present mansion
having been erected by George O'Kill Stuart, Esq.,
Queen's Counsel, and formerly Mayor of Quebec, and
which is situated on the Saint Foy road. Arnold
took up his quarter in a house near Scott's Bridge.

The following minute account of the siege, assault,
death of Montgomery, retreat of the Americans, and
the burial and exhumation of the body of a gallant
but unfortunate officer, is from Hawkins' Picture of
Quebec :

The arrival of the Governor on the 19th November
had infused the Dest spirit among the inhabitants of
Quebec. On the 1st December, the motley garrison
amounted to eighteen hundred men — all, however, full

THE GARRISON.

of zeal in the cause of their King and conn fry, and
well supplied with provisions for eight months. They
were under the inunediate commaud of Colonel Allan
Maclean, of the 84th regiment or Royal Kmi';rants,
composed principally of those of the gallant Fraser
Highlanders, who had settled in Canada, and was
thus made up. s)»ij.;. '1;*

70 Royal Fusileers, or 7th Regimeut.

230 Royal Emigrants, or 84th Regiment.
M 22 Royal Artillery.

330 British Militia, under Lt. Col. Caldwell.

543 Canadians, under Colonel Dupre.

400 Seamen, under Captains Hamilton and Mac-
■■l kenzie.

,' 50 Masters and Mates.

35 Marines. f-„.r"v..:',.'\^i'^ >^-

120 Artificers. ;f^^;^ - -

1800 Total bearing arms.

The Seige, or rather the blockade, was maintained
during the whole month of December, although the
incidents were few and of little interest. The Ameri-
cans were established in every house near the walls,
more particularly in the Suburb of St. Roch, near the
Intendent's Palace. . .*

, During this anxious period the gentry and inhabit-
tants of the city bore arms, and cheerfully performed
the duties of soldiers. The British Militia were con-
spic\ious for zeal and loyalty, under the command of
Major Henry Caldwell, who had the Provincial rank
of Lieutenant Colonel. He had served as Deputy
Quarter Master General with the army, under General
Wolfe, and had settled in the Province after the con-
quest. The Canadian Militia within the town was

THli AHSAlJI/r.

commanded by Colonel LeComte Dupr6, an ofHccr of
groat zeal and ability, who rendered great services
during the whole siege. General Montgomery, des
pairing to reduce the place by a regular siege, resolved
on a night attack, in the hoxe of either taking it by
storm, or of finding the garrison unprepared in some
point. In this design he was encouraged by Arnold,
whose local knowledge of Quebec was accurate,
having acquired it in frequent visits, for the purpose
of buying up Canadian horses. — The intention of
Montgomery soon became known to the garrison, and
General Carleton made every preparation to prevent
surprise, and to defeat the assault of the enemy. For
several days the Governor, with the officers and gentle-
men off duty, had taken up their quarters in the
RecoUet Convent, where they slept in their clothes.
At last, early in the morning of the 31st December,
and during a violent snow storm, Montgomery, at
the head of the New York troops, advanced to the
attack of the Lower Town, from its western extremity,
along a road between the base of Cape diamond and
the river. Arnold, at the same time, advanced from
the General Hospital by way of St. Charles Street.
The two parties v/ere to meet at the lower end of
Mountain Street, and when united were to force
Prescott Gate. Two feint attacks in the meantime
on the side towards the west, were to distract the
attention of the garrison. Such is the outline of this
daring plan, the obstacles to the accomplishment of
which do not seem to have entered into the contem-
plation of the American officers, who reckoned too
much upon their own fortune and the weakness of the
garrison.
When, at the head of seven hundred men, Monl-

THE PRES DE VILLE.

Jill

gomcry had advanced a short distance, he came to
a narrow d.^file, with a precipice towards the river
on the onf ^de, and the scarped rock above him on
the other. This place is known by the name of
Pres-de-Ville. Here all further approach to the Lower
Town was intercepted, and commanded by a battery of
three pounders placed in a hangar on the south pass.
Tho Post was entrusted to a Gjiptain of Canadian
Militia, whose force consisted of thirty Canadian and
eight British militiamen with nine British seamen to
work the guns as artillery men, under Captain Barns-
farm, Master of a transport, laid up in the harbour
during the winter. At day-break, some of the guard,
being at the look-out, discovered through the imperfect
light, a body of troops in full march from Wolfe's
Cove upon the Post. The men had been kept under
arms waiting with the utmost steadiness for the attack,
which they had reason to expect, from the reports of
deserters ; and in pursuance of judicious arrangements
which had been previously concerted, the enemy was
allowed to approach unmolested within a small dis-
tance. They halted at about fifty yards from the
barrier ; and as the guard remained perfectly still, it
was probably concluded that they were not on the
alert. To ascertain this an officer was seen to ap-
proach quite near to the barrier. After listening a
moment or two, he returned to the body; and they
instantly dashed forward at a double quick time to the
Post. — This is what the guard expected : the artillery-
men stood by with lighted matches, and Captain
Barnsfarm at the critical moment giving the word,
the fire of the guns and musketry was directed with
deadly precision against the advancing column. The
consequence was a precipitate retreat — the enemy

DEATH OF MONTGOMERY.

was scattered in every direction — the groans of the
wounded and of the dying were heard, but nothing
certain being known, the pass continued to be swept
by the cannon and musketry for the space of ten
minutes. The enemy having retired, thirteen bodies
were found in the snow, and Montgomery's Orderly
Serjeant, desperately wounded but yet alive, was
brought into the guard room. — On being asked if the
General himself had been killed, the Serjeant evaded
the question, by replying, that he had not seen him
for some time, although he could not but have known
the fact. This fai^.hful Serjeant died in about an hour
afterwards. It was not ascertained that the American
General had been killed, until some hours afterwards,
when General Garleton, being anxious to ascertain the
truth, sent an Aide-de-Gamp to the Seminary, to en-
quire if any of the American officers, then prisoners,
would identify the body. A field officer of Arnold's
division, who had been made prisoner near Sault-au-
Matelot barrier, consenting, accompanied the Aide-de-
Gamp to the Prhs-de-Villr guard, and pointed it out
among the other bodies, at the same time pronouncing,
in accents of grief, a glowing eulogium on Montgo-
mery's bravery and worth. Besides that of the
General,the bodies of his two Aides-de-Gamp were
recognized among the slain. The defeat of Mont-
gomery's force was complete, Golonel Gampboll, his
second in command, immediately relinquished the
undertaking, and led back his men with the utmost
precipitation, » ^ ■

The exact spot where the barrier was erected
before which Montgomery fell, may be described
as crossing the narrow road under the mountain,
immediately opposite to the west end of a building

,s,

ARNOLDS ATTACK.

which stands on the south, and was formerly occupied
as a brev/ery. The battery extended to the south, and
nearly to the river. We have caused an inscription
commemorating the event to be placed upon the oppo-
site rock at Pres-de-ViUe.

Soon after the repulse of the enemy before the post
at Pres-de-ViUe, information was given to the officer in
command there, that Arnold's party from the General
Hospital, advancing along the St. Charles had captured
the barrier at the SauU-au-Matelot^ and that he intended
an attack upon that of Prh-de-ViUe^ by taking it in the
rear. Immediate preparations were made for the defence
of the post against such an attack by turning some of
the guns of an inner barrier towards the town ; and
although the intelligence proved false — Arnold having
been wounded and his division captured — yet the in-
cident deserves to be commemorated as affording a
satisfactory contradiction to some accounts which have
appeared in print, representing the guard at Pres-de-
Ville as having been paralized by fear, — the post and
barrier " deserted," — and the fire which killed Mont-
gomery merely " accidental." On the contrary, the cir-
cumstances we have related, being authentic, prove
that the conduct of th' Pres-dc-Ville guard was firm and
collected in the hour r danger ; and that by their
coolness and steadiness loy mainly contributed to the
safety of the city. Both - olonel Maclean and General
Carleton rendered every justice to their meritorious
behaviour on the occasion. i ,, . .

In the meantime the attack by Arnold on the north-
eastern side of the Lower Town was made with despe-
rate resolution. It was fortunately equally unsuccess-
ful, although the contest was more protracted, and at
one time the city was in no small danger, Arnold led

SORTIE OF THE GARRISON.

his men by files along the river St. Charles, until he
came to the SauU-mi-Matr.'ot^ where there was a^barrier
with two guns mounted. It must be unrlei-stood that St.
Paul street did not then exist, the tide coming up nearly
to the base of the rock, and the only path between the
rock and the beach was the narrow alley which now
exists in the rear of St. Paul street, under the preci-
pice itself. Here the curious visitor will find a jutting
rock, where was the first barrier. The whole of the
street went by tne name of SauU-auMatelot^ fropi the
most artcient times. Arnold took the command of the
forlorn hope, and was leading the attack upon the
barrier, when he received a musket wound in the
Jf.nee which disabled him, and he was carried back to
the Genen^l Hospital. His troops, however, persevered,
and having soon made themselves mxasters of the bar-
rier, pressed on through the narrow street to the attack
of the second, near the eastern extremity of SauU-au-
Matelot street. This was n battery which protected the
ends of the two streets called St. Peter street and SauU-
au-Matelot^ extending by means of hangars mounted
with cannon, from the rock to the river. The old
Custom House, then a private house, had cannon
projecting from the end windows, as had the house
at the end of Saultau-MateloL street. The enemy took
shelter in the houses on each side, and in the narrow
pass leading round the base of the cliff towards Hope
Gate, where they were secured by the angle of the
rock from the fire of the guns at the barrier. Here the
enemvmet with a determined resistance, which it was
impossible to overcome, and General Carleton having
ordered a sortie from Palace Gate under Captain Laws,
in order to take them in the rear — and their rear
guard under Captain Dearborn, having already sur-
o2

LOSS OF THE AMERICANS.

rendered, the division of Arnold demanded quarter,
and wei»e brought prisoners to the Upper Town. The
officers were confined in the seminary. The contest
continued for upwards of two hours, and the bravery
of the assailants was indisputable. Through the freez-
ing cold, and the pelting of the storm, they maintained
the attack until all hopes of success were lost, when
they surrendered to a generous enemy, who treated
the wounded and prisoners with humanity.

The,Americans lost in the attack about one hundred
killed and w^ounded, and six officers of Arnold'^ party,
exclusive of the loss at Pres-de-Ville. The British lost
one officer, Lieut. Anderson of the Royal Navy, and
seventeen killed and wounded. The following is a,
statement of the force which surrendered : •?;

■f-i ;■:',? /^^^

1 Lieutenant-Colonel, ^

2 Majors,
8 Captains, ■■■"-i:f\->.

15 Lieutenants,
1 Adjutant,
1 Quarter-Master,
4 Volunteers, i' : ■
367 Rank and file.
44 Officers and soldiers,'wounded.

r.o.rt'r*;

■{■■'»-{\

mi'iH

J ♦.

Not wounded.

ihi

':\-x-

at, ■

426 Total surrendered.

■t I

By the death of Montgomery the command devolved
upon Arnold, who had received the rank of Brigadier
General. In a letter dated 14th January, 1776, he com-
plains of the great difficulty he had in keeping his
remaining troops together so disheartened were they
by their disasters on the 31st December.

The seige now resumed its former character of a
blockade, without any event of importance, until the
month of March, when the enemy received reinforce-

THE DISINTERMENT. — AFFIDAVIT.

ments tliat increased their numbers to near two thou-
sand men.

A Council of War was called on the 15tli of Ma^-,
and it was determined to raise the seige at once, and
to retire to Montreal.

The following facts relating to the interment and dis-
interment of the body of General Montgomery may be
relied upon as authentic : —

In the year 1818, a request having been made to the
Governor-in-chief, Sir John Sherbrooke, for leave to
disinter the remains of General Montgomery, in order
that they might be conveyed to New York, and there
reinterred, His Excellency acceeded to the request,
which came to him on the part of Mrs Montgomery,
the widow of the General. Mr. Thompson gave the
following affidavit of the facts in order to satisfy
the surviving relations and friends of General Mont-
gomery, that the remains which had been so disin-
terred after the lapse of forty two years by the same
hand that had interred them, were really those of the
late General. Mr. Thompson belonged to the army
ofWolfe, inl759.

" I, James Thompson, of Quebec, in the Province
" of Lower Canada, do testify and declare — that I
" served in the capacity of an Assistant Engineer
" during the siege of this city, invaded during the
" years 1775 and 1776 by the American forces under
" command of the late Major General Richard Mont-
" gomery. That in an attack made by the American
" troops under the immediate command of General
" Montgomery, in the night of the 31st December,
" 1775, on a British post at the southernmost ex-
" tremity of the city, near Pres-dc-Vilk^ the General
" received a mortal wound, and with him were killed

AFFIDAVIT.

C
I

" his two Aides-de-Gamp, McPherson and Gheesemaii,
" who were found in the morning of the 1st January,
"^1776, ahnost covered with snow. That Mrs. Prentice
" who kept an Hotel, at Quebec, and with whom Ge-
" neral Montgomery had previou.sly bouided, was
" brought to view the body alter it was placed in the
" Guard Room, and which she recognized by a parti-
'^ cular mark, which he had on the side of his head,
" to be the general's. That the body was then con-
" veyed to a house, (Gobert's * ) by order of Mr. Gra-
" malie, who provided a genteel coffin for the General's
" body, which was lined inside with flannel, and out-
" side of it with black clock. That in the night of the
" 4th January, it was conveyed by me from Gobert's
" house and was interred six feet in front of the gate,
" within a wall that surrounded a powder magazine
'• near the remparts bounding on St. Lewis Gate. That
*' the funeral service was performed at the grave by
" the Revd. Mr. de Montmolin, then Chaplain of the
" garrison. That his two Aides-de-Camp were buried
" in their clothes without any coffins, and that no
" person was buried within twenty five yards of the
" General. That I am positive and can testify and
" declare, that the coffin of the late General Montgo-
" mery, taken up on the morning of the 15th of the
"present month of June 1818, is the identical coffin
" deposited by me on the day of his burial, and that
" the present coffin contains the remains of the late
" General. I do further testify and declare that subscr
" quent to the finding of General Montgomery's body
" I wore his sword, being lighter than my own, and

* Goherl's house was at the torner of St. Lewis and St. Ursule streetSj
opposite the City Hall, St. Lewia Street.

REMARKS.

" on going to the Seminary, where the American
*' officers were lodged, they recognized the sword,
*' which affected them so much that numbers of them
" wept, in consequence of which I have never worn
" the sword since. ,

" Given under my hand, at the city of Quebec,
*' Province of Lower Canada, 19Lh June, 1818.

'""*■'"•"'•**"'""*"'■"'*' James TnoMPSon." ^''^'"

Over the spot where the brave American breathed
his last, the late Alfred Hawkins, Esquire, placed
this inscription on the Rock of Gape Diamond : ,. ,

HERE MONTGOMERY FELL.
... December, 31st, 1775.

•I ^

'i-

it 'ii'*

»t'*

What the effect on the peculiar institutions and
social habits of those who were so well disposed
to the « Old Colonists " of England, had they suc-
ceeded in obtaining full possession of Canada, would
have been 80 or 90 years afterwards, or now, can
only be a matter of conjecture, but it is more than
probable that they would have been still more quickly
displaced for, or amalgamated with a more energetic
and enterprising race, and that few of the monu-
ments of former times would now have remained in
Quebec. The acknowledgment of American inde-
pendence, and the peace which subsequently ensued,
had the effect of settling Upper Canada and of placing
into that section of the country, a race of men, neither
blind to their personal interests, nor to the general
interests of the country, and some of whose descendants
have concocted and assisted in carrying out those vast

1812.

schemes in the way of internal improvements of
which we can now so proudly boast.

A second attempt was made to obtain possession
of Canada after the declaration of war between the
United States and England in 1812 ; but that was
even less successful than the earlier attempt had
been. No portion of Canada then fell into the hands
of the people and government of the United States,
although their exploits on the great lakes were
creditable to their entreprise, energy, and bravery,
and to their race, a race with which they had chiefly

to contend.

Operations, on the British side, were then conducted
by orders from the Governor-in-Chief, at Quebec,
General Sir George Prevost, who afterwards disgraced
the British army at Plattsburg.

■ 5 , : . , A * i, '

'\; .-}>

CHAPTER IT.

The Rebellion — Attack upon Fort Maiden — The Temptation—Incidents
of the e8cape — The Escape — The Alarm — ^The Accidents— An En-
counter in Town — Houses of Refuge — Wrath of the Commandant —
Theller*3 view of Quebec— The Conflagrations of May and June^
1845— The Government Riding School Burnt.

After the conclusion of this unhappy contest between
kindred peoples, Canada began to grow as an English
Colony. Immigration was encouraged, and there was
a general disposition to cultivate the arts of peace ; but
legislation in a new country by men without real
representative strength, or fettered in the use of it, as
especially were the parliamentary representatives of
Lower Canada, could not be otherwise than discon-
ti3nted, the more particularly as the official class, who
cculd scarcely be called even English colonists, were
over-bearing, and presumptuously treated, not only
the conquered inhabitants, but such old country peo-
ple as were not largely e.igaged in business, or had
no government employmei. t. Quebec was then, and
for years had been, the h jadquarters of discontent,
the place where the talented, and it may be, patriotic
L. J. Papineau, declaimed ; where the brilliant Andrew
Stuart eloquently defended the rights of Englishmen,
and upheld the character of the British people ; where
his brother, the late Sir James Stuart, who died Chief
Justice of the province, thundered against the tyranny of
a privilged bureaucracy ; where the slern and wise John
Neilson sought justice without attempting to produce

THELLER.

I i

rebellion ; and whero men of lesser mark stirred up
the passions of the inhabitants of the Richelieu District
until that rebellion was prodnccd, whicli led to another
remarkable occurrence at Quebec. After the afifair of
St. Denis ; the murder of Lieutenant Weir; the matter
of St. Charles ; the storm and capture of the church of
St. Eustache; and the battle of Toronto, there were
fiUibustering attempts to invade Canada, neither
recognized by the government of the United States nor
by the bulk of the people, but indulged in by a party
sentimental with regard to liberty, and by others to
whom plunder and excitement was congenial. In one
of these fiUibustering expeditions "General » Suther-
land, "Brigadier General)) Theller, Colonel Dodge,
Messrs. Brophy, Thayer and other residents, if not
citizens of the United States, sailed from Detroit in
the schooner «Anne)) for Bois Blanc, which having
been « settled,)) an attack was made upon Fort Maiden
on the 8th of January, 1838, terminating in the cap-
ture of Theller, Dodge, Brophy and some others,
General Sntherland having been afterwards captured
on the ice, at the mouth of the river Detroit by Colonel
John Prince of the Canadian Militia. ' -

The prisoners, after having been for a time in gaol
at Toronto, were transferred, some to Fort Henry at
Kingston, and others, among whom were Sutherland,
Theller, and Dodge, to the Citadel of Quebec, which
was then occupied by a Battalion of the Guards and
there imprisoned, but treated with consideration and
courtesy. It was not, however, unnatural that they
should endeavour to escape They were taken out of-
their prison house daily, for an airing, in charge of a
guard, and as it would appear, were not altogether
denied the opportunity of conversing with persons

THK KSGAPE.

()0

who wero frieit&ly to thorn. Theller, in an account
of the Rebellion in Canada, edited, it is said, by
General Roberts, of Detroit, himself minutely details
the nature and manner of his intercourse with a Mr.
P. S. Grace, while under the charge of the military in
Cape Diamond, how he succeeded in bribing soldiers'
wives and in cultivating the friendship of officers,
non-commissioned ofhcers, and men of the guards,
much of which is exaggerated, and some of which is
evidently untrue. Some of the Serjeants for small
presents, Theller asserts, did whatever he required, in
the way of bringing books and newspapers from town
and articles of food and drink from the canteen,
which is undoubtedly true, but no man in the regi-
ment either directly or indirectly connived at the
escape. It was the result of clever management on
the part of Theller, Dodge, and his companions, and
of unsuspecting stupidity on the part of the sentry
who guarded the door of the prison, and indeed of
all who seemed to have had intercourse with the
prisoners, the escape was thus effected. On a dark
rainy night, late in October, 1838, an iron bar having
been previously cut through with a file given them
from without,— the sawing having been effected during
performances on the shrill fife of one of the flfers of
the garrison, which a prisoner had borrowed for the
purpose of passing away the time and keeping up the
spirits of his companions in misfortune, some of whom
were despondent. Theller's conversation seduced a
sentry into conversation, next to smoke a pipe, then to
drink a tumbler of London porter, drugged with rather
more than "three times sixty drops » of laudanum.
The sentry struggled hard to prevent the drowsiness
that was stealing over him ; he spoke thick and mut-

70.

BTUPBFACTION.

(

terred that he had never before drunk anything so
good or strong. lie walked about in the rain to keep
himself awake, and staggered a little. Galled again
to the window by the "General,)) he said «ay — yes
certainly)) and staggered over. He said he was «well,
Sir — fine Sir — right well, never was better,)) andTheller
while his companions were getting ready to squeeze
themselves through the iron wiudow which had lost a
bar, talked to the man of the virtues of strong drink,
and particularly of London porter; but added that
French brandy was still better. The soldier was not so
sure of that, and hiccuped negatively. The great dose
of laudanum in porter had not yet produced stupefac-
tion, if Theller is to be credited, and half a tumbler
of brandy in addition was administered to the simple
fellow, who was so fond of all the good things of* life,
which " nearly choked him. In a friendly way,
Theller then passed his arm through the gratings of
one window round the stupified sentry's neck while
Dodge passed through, then Thayer held the sentry,
while Theller was positively squeezed out by Par-
tridge, who immediately afterwards followed, together
with another person named Parker. The rain had
ceased, but the water pouring down into the tubs
which had been placed to catch it from the conduc-
tors, and the wind, made noise sufficient to drown
the sound of footsteps. One by one they slowly moved
along, and got behind a small cook-house that was
near. The last man, in getting round to the cooking
establishment, unfortunately stumbled over a large tin
pail that had been placed to catch water from a spout.
The noise aroused the attention of a sentry on the
ramparts formed by the roof of the casemates, who
looked down, but apparently could see nothing. At

THE 8BNT1UKS.

that moment a sentry, further on, challenf,'ecl, calling
out « who goes there ? » and was answ(M'ed by tlie relief
in the usual manner, which satisfied the first sentry
as to the first noise. Theller and his companions
crouched down as the relief passed. They went on and
relieved the post ; tiien relieved the man above and
descended. As they again passed, Theller and the others
again crouched down, the whereabouts of the relief
being indicated by a lantern, carried by an accom-
panying drummer boy. Even the features oi the sol-
diers were discernible. As the escaping party knelt,
Theller covered with the skirt of his coat a bundle of
clothes, tied up in a white handkerchief, carried by
one of his party, le^t it might attract nrl^ce. Passing
a third time, they went forward to relieve the sentry
outside of the enclosure. At this time, says Theller,
we could distinctly hear the man, whom we had left
at the window, pulling in the sheet from over the
fence, the noise he made, and the whispering of the
other person at the window, arousing the stupified
sentry. The guard relief did not hear, being muffled
up, and, not suspecting anything, intent only upon
their ordinary duty. The opening of the door of the
enclosure and the challenge of the other sentinel
partially aroused the inner sentry from his stupor,
who loudly challenged as they approached. After the
usual forms of relief had been gone through, the Cor-
poral said to the relieving sentry "go in,)) that was
inside of the enclosure, he himself remaining outside.
As the relieved sentry came out, the door of the enclo-
sure, or wooden paling, round the prison house was
again locked. Oar « friend, » says Theller, was the
last file, and luckily was it as he rather staggered than
marched, and carried his musket in a most indepen-

THE SLEEP.

dent mapner. As soon as the sentry got to the guard
room, he threw himself on the bed, his condition being
unnoticed, where he slept for sixteen hours, and might
have slept forever had not the surgeon and the stomach
pump been brought into requisition.

The escaping party moved cautiously forward at
respectable distances from each other, along the can-
teen, and then got out into the middle of the great
square to elude the sentry at the ma'^'izine. While
there a serjeant came rushing from the guard room
towards the officers' quarters, the red, or as they
appeared, dark stripes being visible on a white undress
jacket. .It seemed to be an alarm. There were only
three sentinels between the escaping party and the
llagstaff, where the descent was intended. Ahead was
one whose duty was to guard the back part of the
magazine and a pile of firewood, which was there
corded up, and also to prevent soldiers from going to
the canteen. Another stood opposite the door of the
officers' mess room. There was room enough i i the
darkness to pass three sentinels, and Theller and his
companions, no longer crawled bi^t walked upwright,
one by one, quietly, but passing along as quickly as
possible. Parker, however, after the sergeant passed,
Decame much excited and terribly nervous, and lost
his way. He made some noise and a sentry challenged,
but without answering, the rest hurried towards the
half-moon battery where the flagstaff is. Passing
round the old telegraph post on the right side, near
the stabling attached to the otficers' quarters, a
sentinel there with side arms only or as he is technically
termed '-a flying Dick," challenged, and Theller
asserts he promptly answered "officer of the guard,"
when the countersiga been demanded, he muttered

TF!E COUNTERSIGN. — THE LEAP.

near

—"teen," having learned during the confinement, that
the countersign of the guards ordinarly ended so : —
seventeen, eighteen, nineteen or such like, and the
sentry fancying from the cap with a gold lace-band on
it, which having undone his cloak, Theller placed
upon his head, that he was one of the officers, >nffer<'d
him to pass. Porker iiad got among the firewood
and was making a noise. Dodge was running about
on the top of the wall, m.aking signals for Grace and
other friends who were to be outside, but could see no
one there. The haulyards of the flagstaff were then
jiartially cut down with a penknife. An alarm was
now given by an officer of the garrison, who acciden-
tally came upon Culver, one of the escaping p^irty, and
in a moment the drums beat and the guard turned out.
Th(^ officers rushed out of the mess-room ; an Artille-
ry mm detected Parker, and the cry arose that the
Americnn prisoners were loose and escaping. Some
immediately ran towards the prison, while others
dnigged Parker to the guard room, and yet others
began to search about for the "General, » Colonel
J)odge, Culver, and Hall, whom Parker intimated in
reply to a question put to him by an officer, had only
come out. There was no alternative, but to jump from
the wall to the flat part of the precipice below, on
which the wall is built, which Theller first did. For
an instant he hung by his hands, then dropped and
alighted on his feet on the solid rock, fallifii; back on
his head. He was stunned, and lay a minuie or two
unconscious. When he came to himself, he heard
Dodge inquiring if he was hart, and replied in the
negative, telling him to throw dowr. the bundle of
cloaks, and leap upon them, Thel!r,r had broken the
outer bone of his leg and dislocated his right ankle joint,

THE niTRH.

*'} I,

but had been so stiiniiBd llint lie scarcely felt any pain.
Culver descended next niu] was stunned, tlje blood
gushing from his noso nnd inoiitfi ; be bad, it is said
also fractured his leg. flulver was more fortunale as
he alighted on the top of a pile of cloaks and was
little, if at all, hurt. Dodge then throwing down the
piece of rope which he bad cut from the haulyards,
to be used in the next descent, also slipped down the
wall upon the pile of cloakx and was unhurt. The
second descent was made with the aid of the rope,
the end of which was held by two of the party, while
Theller, with his wounded leg, slipped down over a
piece of cedar post which had been accidentally placed
against the wall of the ditch ; Culver followed, then
Hall held the rope alone for Dodge, and afterwards
descended himself as all had done on the first leap,
caught as he came to the ground, however, by the
rest of the party. Dodge, in saving Hall from falling
after or as he leaped, sprained his wrist. The whole
party, however, managed to crawl up the outer wall
of the ditch, which was faced with dry stone, by in-
serting their hands into the interstices and using their
feet as well as they could. They rested on the summit
of the glacis for a moment, and saw the search that
was being made for them inside by the lights that
were flashing about in every nook and cranny. Thel-
ler, as quickly as he could, bound his cravat as tightly
as he could round his ankle, and got up. Hall carried
Culver, and Theller leaning on Dodge's shoulder
hopped along down the sloping glacis to Des Carrieres
street. Their Hall and Culver were helped O' er into
the lower Governor's garden, to wait until friends
could be sent for them, as a crippling party of four,
hobbling through \\w t^tvt^uts .4 the town at that hour

FRANKNESS.

of the night, might be looked upon with suspicion.
There friends were to whistle a particular tune, and
receive for answer the word « Canada.)) Theller and
Dodge found themselves opposite the residence of the
((Receiver General;)) (possibly the residence of Mr.
Jeffrey Hale,) then passed the sentry, stationed near
Wolfe and Montcalm's monument, when the sentry
mistaking them in their semi-military costume and in
the darkness, for British officers, carried arms. They
had turned the corner of a street near the residence of
Major Perrault, and when near the residence of Sir
John Colborijo, which was then in Mount Garmel
street, they knocked at the door of several houses
which they supposed were occupied by the French
Canadians, in whom they thought trust could be
placed ; but no door was opened, and they hopped
along. Dodge hearing the sound of voices went on a
little in advance and said there were two persons up
Haldimand street ; and before they got to the head of
that street, the party, two gentleman and a lady came
ap, whom Theller accost<?d in French, asking what
o'clock it was. The answer was, nearly one o'clock.
One of the gentlemen had a lantern in his hand, and,
Theller says, examined his features, when making a
virtue of necessity, he told them his name. The lady
seemed frightened, the other gentleman started for-
ward to look at him, saying, « Mon dieu ! how did you
('escape from the citadal?)) The reply was, « jumped
« the wall. » « Good heaven, » exclaimed the gentleman,
((are you not hurt?)) «My leg, I believe, is broken,))
responded Dodge, who requested to be directed for-
ward to his friends. Being asked who they were,
Theller said that every Canadian ought to be a friend
to them, but the gentleman said he was no patriot and

THE STREET.

! J

(

must apprehend and commit him. Whereupon Thel-
ler asserts he put his hand into his bosom as if to draw
a weapon, when the gentleman said, «Well, as you
«havft been so fvniik witli me, 1 will let you pass and
"will give no alarm.);

After this, they passed something like a nunnery
but before getting there, passed a sentry at the door of
some officer, ns they supposed, who challenged, but
mistook them for drunken officers. They crossed the
upper market place, passed down Hope street, and got
out through the wicket of Hope gate. The guard was
immediately afterwards turned out and Theller alleges,
orders given to prevent the egress of the persons who
had escaped from the citadel. At or near Lepper's
Brewery in Paul street they sat down to rest upon a
log of wood outside of a fence which inclosed a ship-
yard but did not remain there long. They next met a
French Canadian, whose name was Michel, and who,
on being informed who they were and what they had
done, embraced them. The Canadian took Thelli r on
his back and trotted off with him to the house of their
friend nearly a mile off in the suburb of St. Roch,
Dodge keeping up as well as he could. The friend
opened his door and took them in. Theller then sent
off word to one of his other friends, either Grace or
Hunter, to go for Hall and Culver, left behind in the
Governor's garden, and bring them to a place of safety.
Dodge went wit>i them as far as the residence of a Mr.
Hunter, outside of the walls, and Michel, who was well
known was to pass through the gates and conduct Hall
and Culver to Grace's home in Couillard street, within
the gates. Theller was left behind, with his friend's
wife, who bathed his feet, which were then so swollen
that his stockings had to be cut off. His broken leg was

Sm JAMES MACDONELL.

was

very painful. About, two hours afterwards, the hus-
band came back without Dodge, who had been left
behind in care of Messrs. Hunter and Grace, who had
taken him to a place where he would be safe. Culver
and Hall were shortly afterwards retaken in a tavern
into which they had gone, and reconducted to their
old quarters in the citadel. Theller was taken off from
Michel's house in St. Rochs, in a cart, to a barn behind
a house situated to the north of Scott's bridge, and lay
there for the night among hay ; from thence after his
wounded limb had been dressed by a patriot surgeon,
he was transported to Beauport, dressed as a habitant.
Afterwards he and Dodge were placed together in a
hole dug under a stable, in St. John suburbs. On the
Srd of November, disguised as priests, they succeeded
in crossing to Point Levy, and from thence reached the
lines on horseback, scarcely halting until they were
in the town of Augusta, Maine.

General Sir James McDonell, who commanded the
Brigade of Guards, was furiously angry when in-
formed of the escape of the prisoners. The nunneries
and many private houses were searched; rewards
were olTf^red, and the different roads leading to the
city were guarded.

The Serjeant of the citadel guard was reduced to the
ranks for gross neglect of duty, and the sentry, who
had suffered himself to be made stupified, flogged.

To the grandeur of the prospect from the citadel,
Theller bears the following testimony : —

« The town-major had chosen the most agreable part
« of the works for us to walk, and where we could
"have the most pleasant prospect; indeed, I believe
« there could not be found, on the continent of America,
<( a more delightful view, nor a more romantic scenery

A GLIMPSE.

11^

(

« than could be seen from that spot, which was marked
« out for the limits of our walk. From it we could
'( view the city, as it were Leneath our feet, men busy
« about the usual vocations of life, and bustling about
« like so many ants, whom, in size from the vast height,
« they somewhat resembled ; the beautiful St. haw-
« rence before us, which, for miles, we could see filled
(( with large vessels of war, frigates and steamships, as
« well as those destined for commerce. Opposite us,
« on the other shore of the river, was Point Levy, and
« below that was the Island of Orleans, with its fertile
(( fields and beautiful green verdure and neatly white-
« washed cottages, showing that neatness and comfort
« was the lot of its inhabitants; and at a far distance
'« were the mountains of Maine, to us, although the
« past winter's snow had not left their bleak tops, yet
« a more beautiful sight, for there dwelt the people of
« our country, who lived in freedom and in peace,
(( under the protection of the stripes and stars of the
« American banner. The mist arising from the falls
(< of Montmorency, only nine miles down the river,
« with the noise of its cataract, in the calmness of a
« summer evening, blending with the hum of the busy
« men of the city beneath, and the noise of the mariner,
<( as he loaded or unloaded his bark at the wharves
'< below, mingled together, cieating a sound far from
« unpleasant. Quebec, from that height, and at that
'( time, to us, was peculiarly interesting. The quaiiit
« and foreign style of its architecture ; the massy and
« compact material of which its houses were built ;
« its numerous churches and glittering spires ; its
« population — their looks, their manners, and their
« language — seemed not to belong to America. Nor
« did its wall-environed city, defended by numerous

THE ALARM.

US,

< canons and garrisoned by troops, having the disci-
« plino, the arms, and the gorgeous costume of Europe —
« foreign in language, features, and in origin, from the
« great mass of the people whom they have been sent,
« not to defend, but to oppress ; the red-cross flag of
« Britain flying above our heads, showed, had we
« before been ignorant of the matter, what power
« held it in subjection. The numerous vessels unlad-
« ing troops and military stores, were pointed out to us
« in one place, while at another, accompanied by mar-
« tial music, whose strains could be distinctly heard,
« we could see detachments of the red-coat regulars
« embarking for the upper country, to again crush an
tt attempt at insurrection, which the Governor of Upper
« Canada feared was about to take place. Pleased at
« the sight we had seen, and struck with its beauty,
« the half hour destined for our exercise soon slipped
« past, and we had to return to our lone dark room, to
« await for the next twenty-four hours, the time again
« to come, that we might enjoy the same prospect.))

THE GREAT FIRES.

Seven years after the escape of Theller and Dodge,
when the country had become politically quiet, and
all the ((patriots)) had been either hanged or appointed
to office, Quebec again became a place of note. On
the 28th of May, 1845, the day being scorchingly hot,
witli a high wind and clouds of dust i ashing along the
roads, the bells of the clmrches of St. Roch rang out
the well known alarm of fire. A large tannery, in St.
Vallier street, was in a blaze, and the roofs of the
adjoining houses, covered with shingles, heated almost
to the point of ignition by the sun, the immediate
application of the fire to make them also burn was

THE GREAT FIRES. — L03S OF LIFE.

scarcely necessary. For nearly an liour the fire was
confined to the tannery; but about mid-day, the wind
increased and carried the burning embers far and wide.
The houses on the cliff above caught ; below in the
suburb of St. Roch several houses, situated much apart
from each other, simultaneously began to burn ; the
lieat and the wind more and more increased ; the nar-
row streets were filled with people rushing madly to
and fro, removing articles of furniture to some sup-
posed place of safety; fire-engines were being hurled
along from place to place as fast as horses could gallop ;
carts rattled about, loaded and unloaded; vehicles of
all descriptions were mixed up witli men, women, and
cliildren ; soldiers were tearing down houses, if pos-
sible to arrest the progress of the devouring element ;
but still, lifted up by the wind, the fire leaped into
other streets, and far away to leeward the red plague
was seen bursting up through the wooden roofs and
the planked roads ; overhead and on every side there
was fire. It was only arrested at six in the evening,
by the blowing up of two houses in the Hue Ganc-
terie, near Hope Gate ; the whole of the populous
suburb of St. Roch having been destroyed. Nearly
for a mile was one mass of flames. Churches, ship-
yards, everything, had been burnt over. Next day,
many half consumed bodies lay about, and also the
carcases of a great number of horses and cattle.
This was surely a calamitous enough occurrence for
one year ; but Providence had ordained it otherwise.
On the same day of the following month of June, at
midnight, the cry of fire again arose. In a house not
far from St. John's Gate, a conflagration had begun,
which was not to be ended until the whole of St.
John suburb met the fate which St. Roch liad already

LOSS OF LIFE.

experienced. The weather was still hot, and simul-
taneously through the houses or from roots the flames
rose high into the air, sweeping up, as far as the toll
gate, one side of St. John street, and the whole of
George Mid the other streets to the Gime du Gap,
above St. Roch, then spreading slowly upwards
towards St. Lewis suburb, by daylireak, in spite of
the repeated blowing up of houses with gun-powder,
scarce a vestige of the suburb remained, except the
chi.nnies of what once ^\ere houses. The very tomb-
stones in the church-yard were defaced and the head-
boards destroyed.

In these two fires sixteen thousand people were
burned out ; £560,000 worth of property destroyed,
and upwards of forty human beings perished. Insu-
rance had been elFected to the amount of JG 125,000 or
$500,000. A Relief Gommittee was promptly formed.
The Merchants and some of the public institutions
subscribed largely towards the relief of the sufferers :
and appeals were made to England, the United States,
and indeed to the world, for aid, which was promptly
afforded, upwards of £100,000 having been subscribed.
The Queen caused charity sermons to be preached
throughout the United Kingdom, and sliowed an
example herself by munificently subscribing towards
the relief fund. In a very short time, the suburbs
"were rebuilt in a more substantial manner, and the
streets widened and otherwise improved ; bricks and
stones were used in building instead of wood, and two
suburbs have arisen upon the ruins of the former
ones, pleasant to look upon.

In June of the following year, the riding school,
attached to the Chateau ^^t. Louis, wlu'h had been

IC
(

THE HfDINC. SCHOOL.

converted into a Theatre, was aestroyed by fire duuiig
the exhibiliou ot Harrison's Diorama, and no less than
45 persons, many of whom were peoi.lo of good stand-
ing in society, lost their lives.

:.-•(* '■ yrt

.K-f >'. '

i t

PART II.

THE TOURIST'S GUIDE.

CHAPTER V.

A Drive—The Cemetery— Marine Hospital—" Chien d'Or "— rhurcbes—
Church of England— Presbyterian Churches— Wesieynn, Congrega-
tional and Baptist Churches— St. Patrick's Church— Roman Catholic
Cathedral— University of Laval— Water-Woiks-The Music Hall—
The Court House — Parliament House — Hotels- Literary Institutions —
?\Iontmorenci — Lunatic Aivlum at Beauport— Lorette — The Chaudiere
— Lake St. Charles— Ste. Anne.

The stranger, on arriving in Quebec, will take care
to visit first the Citadel ; then Gap Rouge, taking by
the way, a glimpse of the old French fortifications,
outside of the citadel glacis, a glance at the shipping
from the brink of the precipice ; examine one of the
Martello towers on the left as he passes, then wander
down to Bonner's field and there see the spot where
Wolfe died, and the monument raised to commemorate
the circumstance and place ; see the well, not far dis-
tant, from which he last drank, enter Marchmont, the
residence of John Gilmour, Esquire, on the site of the
redoubt that guarded the pass by which Wolfe's army
ascended the Plains of Abraham, formerly the pro-
perty of Major General Sir John Harvey, who served
as Adjutant General of the Forces during the American
war; see Spencer Wood, the residence of the Governor
General ; Woodfield, the seat of James Gibb, Esquire ;

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Photographic

Sciences
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23 WEST MAIN STHEET

WEBSTER, N.Y. 14590

(716) 873-4503

THE CEMETERY.

and then stroll through one of the most picturesque,
as it is one of the most extensive cemeteries in the
world, " Mount Hermon," laid out by an American
gentleman— Major Douglas— 32 acres in extent, and com-
manding at every turn of its paths a distinct and mag-
nihcent view. In this " City of Silence " lies the bones
of the once celebrated John Wilson, the Scottish
vocalist, and the Reverend Daniel Wilkie, LL.D., one
of the ablest preceptors of youth this country has ever
known, and to whom monuments have been erected
by subscription.

At Point a Pizeau a road leads down to Sillery
Gove, where the massacre occurred. Near by, is an
old stone house, formerly occupied by the heroine of
" Emily Montague," near which are the ruins of v/hat
was once a large stone chapel. Opposite the cemetery —
we had almost forgotten to mention it — there is a
church of the Church of England, built of stone, ana
of rather an agreeable exterior. It was consecrated in
1856, by His Lordship the Bishop of Frederickton. A
mile beyond, is the villa of Kilgrastin, formerly the
property of the Rev. Dr. Mills, chaplain to the garrison.
Let the ride then be continued towards the church of
St. Foy, from which may be obtained one of the most
beautiful panoramic landscape views anywhere to be
met v/ith. At a glance may be seen the villages of
Ancienne Lorette, Indian LoreLte, Gharlesbourg, Beau-
port and the Island of Orleans, with the river St.
Charles, meandering through a fertile valley, whose
sides rise gradually to the wood-covered mountains.
As the town is approached, the General Hospital and
the Marine Hospital will come into view. Charlevoix
considered the first mentioned as the finest house in
Canada, and one that would bo no disparagement to

MARINE HOSPITAL.

8.1

the largest house in France. One hundred thousand
crowns were expended by M. da St. Vallier, Bishop of
of Quebec, wlio bought the ground on which it stands
from tli9 RecoUet Fathers, on the building, furniture
and foundations. Tlie Marine Hospital was erected
lor the reception of sailors and others landin- in
Quebec, afflicted with disease. It stands upon a bend
of the river St. Charles, near where Jacques Gartie.'
wintered in 1535, and held conversatio.i with Don-
nacana, the Indian Lord of Canada. The foundation
stone was laid by Lord Ay liner, in 1832, and the
building which cost ;e-23,0()0, or $92,000, was opened
HI I8d4. A wing has since been added, and the struc-
ture is one of tlio most admirably situated-except in
m a sanitary point of view-andone of the most hand-
some of the many public edifices in the city. The
exterior is of the Ionic order of architecture, the pro-
portions being taken from the Temple of the Muse«
near Athens. It contains catholic and protestant
chapels, and it contains apartments for the officiating
clergymen, the matron, steward and nurses, and wards
for about G20 patients besides having kitchen, store
rooms and baths. There is a wide entrance hall, a
number of examining rooms for the use of the pln4i.
cians ; an operating theatre, and a museum ; and
ample promenade grounds encircled by a stone wall
and iron railing, for convalescents. The entire pre- ■
mises contains an area of six acres.
. The resident surgeon is Dr. Roi.

The institution is supported by a tax of one penny
a ton levied on each vessel arriving from sea, and a
proportion of the tax upon emigration.

After this ride, the excursionist will do well to take
a walk on Durham Terrace, greatly improved and -

THE «GHIEN DOR.))

enlarged by the late Honorable Mr. Justice Ghabot,
when that gentleman held the situation oi Chief
Commissioner of Public Works. The nature of the
prospect may be gathered from the fact that the « plat-
form » stands on the side of what formerlv was the
Chateau St. Louis, destroyed by fire in 1834, and for
centuries the residence of the Governors ol Canada.

Close to this walk is the « Chien d'Or, » or Golden
Dog, over the door of the Post Office, immediately
above the steps leading from the Upper to the Lower
Town. It is the representation of a dog in relievo,
gnawing a bone, under which are the following
lines : —

" Je svis vn chien qvi ronge mon os
En lo rongeant, je prends mon repos,
Vn jovr viendra qvi A'est pas encote venv,
Ov je mordrai celvi qvi jn'aVi'a mordv."

It is said that this house was built by a Mr. Philbert,
who had formerly been a merchant in Bordeaux, and
who lived in Quebec in 1712 when Bigot was Inten-
dant. Bigot was exceedingly avaricious, and made
exorbitant drafts on the Treasurv of his native country,
until one of the Queens of France began to suspect
that the walls of Quebec were being not indirectly but
directly built of gold. The figure of the dog and the
inscription were aimed by Philbert at Bigot, and so
exasperated liim that, it is said, he procured a person
to assassinate Philbert. At all events, an officer of the
garrson, stabbed the author of the lampoon as he was
in the act of descending the Lower Town steps, who
was pursued by Philbert's brother to Pondicherry in the
East Indies, and there slain in turn. This story the
late Mr. Christie, in a note to his history of Canada,
asserts to be fabulous on the authority of Mr. Viger
who had investigated the matter.

CHURCHES.

once

To the west of Hope Gate, is the building
occupied by Montcalm.

CHURCHES.

There are now in Quebec five churches of the
Church of England, the Cathedral Church near the
Place d'Armcs, opposite Durham Terrace ; Trinity
Chapel in St. Stanislas Street, near Hie Artillery Bar-
racks ; St. Malhev:s Chapel, at the Burying Ground,
St. John Street, suburbs ; St. Peter's Church, in Vallier
Street, St. Roch ; and the Mariner's Church, Champlain
Street ; one in St. Anne Street, in connection with the
Church of Scotland, and Chalmer's, or the Free Church,
in Ursule Street ; one Methodist Church in St. Sta'
nislas Street, near the gaol; one Congregational
Church ia Palace Street ; one Baptist Church in St.
Helen Street; one Jewish Synagogue in Garden
Street ; and about 10 Roman Catholic Churches ; the
Parish Church or Cathedral in the Market Place,
Upper Town ; the Seminary Chapel, the Ursuline
Chapel, the Hotel Dieu Chapel, St. Patrick's Church ;
the Church in the Lower Town of Notre Dame des
Victoires ; the Ch jrch in St. Roch Suburbs, the Church
at Boisseauville ; the Congregational Church, Espla-
nade ; and the Church at the Cholera Burying Ground.

THE CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF THE CHURCH OF

ENGLAND.

This edifice is one oi the most perfect and pleasing
specimens of Canadian architecture. Although not
much ornamented, the keeping is correct. Buift upon
an elevated spot, the steeple, which is of considerable
height, being covered with tin, is a very consijicuous
mark, and one of the objects most prominent in eveiy
^,^!^H"^^^® ^^6^^ of the city. The giand entrance is on

CHURCHES.

the west ; and the interior is neat and commodious,
having extensive galleries on the front and sides. It
is furnished with a powerful organ of sweet and melo-
dious tune. •

To an ohserver, the whole situation appears light
and graceful, which is increased hy the glittering roof
and spire. The walls are of grey sandstone. In
length, it extends forty-five yards, by twenty-five
yards in breadth ; including a considerable interstice
for the altar, and a capacious vestibule. The chief
front, with a spacious area is in Garden Street.

The church was consecrated in 1804. The commu-
nion plate which is very magnificent, was presented
by George III, as well as the books for divine service
and the altar clotli. Within the altar, beneath which
are the remains of the Duke of Richmond, a former
Governor General who died of hydrophobia, are two
marble monuments, one to the late Dr. Mountain, first
Bishop of Quebec, and the other to the Honorable and
Right Reverend Dr. Stewart, his successor. There are
besides a few other handsome monuments around the
church,

The Rectory to which a small chapel is attached is
within the enclosure, and, formerly occupied by
His Lordship the Bishop of Quebec, a man of great
lei,rniiig and of exemplary piety, is now occupied by
the Rector of Quebec, the Rev. Mr. Housman.

Morning service begins at half-past ten o'clock, as
well in this as in all the other churches of the Church
of England in Quebec. , / , , . _

THE CHURCH OF SCOTLAND.

'■k«-

;*>•

The pulpit of this church is at present occupied
by one of the most learned, talented, and eloquent

CHUnCHES.

preachers of the Gospel in this city, the Reverend
John Goolt, D. D. A Church of Scotland has existed
in Quebec since 1759 ; but it was not until the sum
of £1,547 having been subscribed, a church was built
in St. Anne street, and set apart fur the ordinances of
christian worship on the 30th November, 1810, by
the late Reverend Dr. Spark, who was succeeded by
the late Dr. Harkness. It accommodates about 1500
sitters. In 1821, it was enlarged.

chalmer's, or the free church.
This is a very beautiful specimen of church archi
tecture, built in 1852, and situated in St. Ursule street.
It was the scene of the Gavazzi riot. The pulpit is at
present ably filled by the pious and learned Reverend
William Clark. The church accommodates about
900 sitters.

In the Presbyterian Churches, and indeed in all
protestant churches, the church of England excepted,
service begins simultaneously.

THE WESLEYAN CHURCH

Is a very imposing and large edifice of cut stone, with
gothic pinnacles in St. Stanislas street, adjoining the
jail. The Wesleyan Methodic ts had a chapel formerly
in St. Anne street, and one in the Lower Town for the
edification of seamen, the former being erected in
1816, but it was not until 1850 that means were found
to build the present fine building, and procure an
excellent organ with which to praise the Lord of Hoots!
It accommodates over 1600 people, and the pulpit is at
present filled by the Reverend Mr. Young.

, ,. CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH. '-

=. This is a neat, but externally unpretending building
in Palace street, nearly opposite Russell's Hotel. In-

CHURCHES.

ternally, it has been comfortably furnished after the
manner of the New York churches, and the command-
ments and texts of Scripture are painted on the walls.

BAPTIST CHURCH.

This church is situated at the upper gate leading to
the barracks of the Royal Artillery, near St. John's
Gate. It was erected iu 1854 by an earnest but not
by any means a wealthy ox numerous Congregation.
The pulpit is, however, most respectably filled by a
scholar and sincere christian, as he is a pleasing and
instructive preacher. — the Rev. David Marsh.

ST. Patrick's church.

The Irish Catholics of Quebec, with the aid of their
Protestant follow citizens built the Church which is
situated in St. Helen street, in 1832. It was dedicated
in 1833, amid the hearty rejoicings and the thanks-
givings of a generous people.

It is a fine substantial building, and originally
covered an area of 136 by (52 feet ; but has been twice
enlarged since then. The Congregation have very
recently erected a large and externally handsome
Presbytery or Parsonage house for their parish priests,
in St. Stanislas street.

THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CATHEDRAL. .

The largest and internally the most magnificent of

all the Cliurches in the city, is that which stands in

the Upper Town Market Place, 216 feet long and about

180 broad, called «The Church of the Immaculate

Conception,)) when consecrated by the first Bishop of

Quebec in 1666. It is divided into a nave and two

aisles. At the upper end is the grand altar ; and in

the side aisles are four chapels dedicated to different
saints. ^ ^j. .-:.^:-,.i. -i-^^^.,r.^.-~^---.- --^---^.--^

li"">: -M

;;,«M •■>-<,.'

PAINTINGS.

During the siege of Quebec in 1759, this Gliurcli -vas
set on fire by shells, which were discliarged from the
batteries on Point Levi, and all its Paintings and other
ornaments were consumed, except the first mentioned
in the following catalogue, but which was, when found
among the ruins, so essentially injured, tliat the labor
of the artist was found necessary to restore the parts
that have been mutilated :—

1. The Altar piece, pourtraying*th3 Conception.

2. On the north is a representation of Paul, in his estatic

vision— by Carlo Maratti.
0. On the opposite wall, is a design— The Saviour ministered
unto by angels — by Restoul.

4. The painting above the altar in the south nave, is a copy

of the middle painting over the altar of the Seminary
Chapel,

5. On the pillar above the pulpit is a delineation of tho

Redeemer on the Cross— by Vandyke.

6. On the opposite pillar is— The Nativity of Christ.

7. The Saviour under the contumelious outrages of the sol-

diers — by Flavet.

8. The day of Pentecost— by Vignon.

9. The Holy family— by Blanohon. . 'fn

Tliere are, besides, other paintings of less interest
and value. :; • ;

All the catholic churches deserve a visit from the
intelligent stranger, but the painter or connoisseur
in paintings, except in the Seminary and Hotel Dieu
Chapels, will find little to interest him elsewhere than
in the Cathedral, the other churches of Quebec in
which there was anything old having unfortunately
been also purified by fire. '

'* " THE UNIVERSITY OF LAVAL. ' ' ''

This institution named after its founder, was raised
from the status of a seminary to that of a University

LAVAL.

ill 18G4 by Queen Victoria. It adjoins the Seminary,
and has a largo garden in front, and a spacions play
ground in the roar or town side of the Seminary.
Collegiate buildings are in course of erection on a very
magnilicont scale, the medical and other colleges being
finished. Formerly, the institution was divided into
two branches, distinguished as the <( Grand Seminaire »
and the Petit Seminaire. The Grand Seminaire is now
the Collegiate Institutioa, in which Latin, French,
Mathematics, Bollos-Lettrcs, Moral Philosophy, Natural
Philosophy, Astronomy, Chemistry, Drawing, Ana-
tomy, Physiology, and a host of other «ophies») and
« elegies » are taught. The Archbishop used to reside
in the Seminary, as did Laval himself for the last
twenty years of his earthly existence; but since then,
a new palace has been raised and His Grace and his
coadjutor enjoy themselves in a palatial edifice in rear
of the Cathedral, built in 1849, which has also accom-
modations for upwards of 100 clergymen, and contains
besides the portraits of some dozen (baker's or other-
wise) of his predecessor's portraits, the best collection
of paintings, by eminent painters, to be found in the
countrv.

But to return to the Seminary. It was founded by
Monseigneur do Laval de Montmorency, in 163G, during
whose lifetime the buildings were twice burned.
Originally intended only for the education of catholic
clergymen, it now educates all who are sent to it,
even in the higher branches of education, for the very
moderate sum of £12 10s. a year if boarded, and for
only 5s. or 10s. if not.

The teachers, who are ecclesiastics, receive no re-
muneration for their services ; but the medical and
other professors are of course paid. " . k -, ,,. > ,^ ,;,

WATER WORKS, &C, 93

Tho library of tliis institution contains 9,000 volumes
and IS, It IS needless to say, very interesting. '

In the museum there is a valuable collection of
philosophical inst-uments, besides fossils, minerals
Indian curiosities, kc. '

WATER WORKS.

Quebec is amply supplied with good water for all
purposes, from the Lake St. Charles, above the cata-
ract at Lorette, through an 18 inch iron pipe. The
capacious reservoir, which is situated about a mile
above tJie Indian village, merits inspection.

The drainage of the town is excellent, and indeed
some hundreds of thousands of pounds have, since
1854, been expended on water and sewerage.

A healthier city is not now to be found on the whole
continent of America.

THE MUSIC HALL.

This is a very large and handsome stone l)uilding,
used as a theatre, a concert room, or ball I'oom, and
situated in St. Lewis street. After the destruction of
tlie Parliament buildings, in 1854, it was used as the
place of meeting for the Legislative Assembly, and the
voice of William Lyon Mackenzie has been reverbe-
rated against its walls, as well as the rather sweeter
voice of Madame Anna Bishop and the " Black Swan."

THE COURT HOUSE

Stands upon the ground on which the RecoUets'
church partly stood, in St. Lewis street.

It is a plain and not too commodious a building for
the purpose intended, which is therein to bring all
civil and criminal suits of the district. Its length is
forty-five yards, and its breadth as many feet ; but it

6CH00LS.

C
f

was added to in 1853, and in tho Court of Appeals
room sat the Legislative Council of Upper House of
Parliament.

PAHLIAMENT HOUSE.

A large new building on the site of the palace of the
French Bishop, stands immediately inside of Prescott
Gate. Within these walls the whole collective v/isdom
of the province is now assembled. The walls, however,
are only brick, tho building being erected by a gentle-
man from Upper Canada, altogether insensible, it
would seem, to the beauty of tlie site. When the
Government removes to Ottawa it is to be used as a
Post Ofjce.

EDUCATIONAL AND LITERARY INSTITUTIONS.

HIGH SCHOOL — MORRIN COLLEGE.

One of the best educational institutions in Canada
is the High School of Quebec. It owes its origin to
the Reverend Dr. Cook of St. Andrew's Church, who
has been the Chairman of the Directors since its com-
mencement, and has taken a warm and active interest
in whatever could conduce to its elTiciency and suc-
cess. We must not omit to mention Morrin College,
in St. Lewis street, a bequest from Dr. Morrin,
formerly Mayor of Quebec, and of which the very
Reverend John Cook, D.D., is principal. Morrin Col-
lege is affiliated with McGill College, Montreal.

The first Rector of the High School, was the late
Reverend Daniel Wilkie, L.L. D., who died in 1852,
and the present Rector is the Reverend Edwin Hatch,
an excellent classical scholar, and an earnest and per-
severing teacher. The other teachers are Mr. Wilkie,
nephew of the former Rector, an able and attentive
teacher and well-informed man ; the Revere...a John

LITET\,VIIY AND HISTORICAL SOCIETY.

Thompson, teacher of mathematics ; W. A. G. L. Frew,
classical master ; Mr. Millar, teacher of French and
German ; and W. Doarnally, drill master.

There are altogether 19 schools, public and private,
boys and girls.

The first school in Canada was kept by Father
Lejcune, at Quebec, in 1032. The pupils were any-
thing but numerous, when tlie establishment was first
opened. There was only a Negro lad and an Indian
boy to be taught the rudiments of French, and to be
initiated in the art of putting language upon paper
with the pen. Lejeuu'^ was not, liowever, disheartened
by the unpromising aspect of a first attempt in a new
world to instruct the ignorant. On the contrary, he
wrote to some friends in France, concerning liis
school, in very hopeful terms. A chair in Du Bac at
Paris, would not have tempted him to have relin-
quished his project of imparting tlie most elementary
knowledge to the most primitive child of nature. He
was enthusiastic and he succeeded. Next year he had
twenty pupils, and his school was the foundation of
the famous Jesuits' College, a school of learning,
which, when suppressed in 177G, and the buildings
converted into soldiers' barracks, was numerously
attended, in which the course of study had been
similar to that of the college of Louis-le-Grand, in
Paris, and which had produced several men of note.

LITERARY AND HISTORICAL SOCIETY.

This Society was founded by Lord Dalhousie in
1824, and united in 1829 to that for the promotion of
Arts and Sciences, contained the most valuable
ornithological, mineralogical and botanical specimens
of any institution in the province, and has a most

LIBRARIES. — MONTMORENCI.

I Hi",

excellent library ; but it suffered loss during the fire
which consumed tho late Parliament Building, in
which the Museum and Uie Library were in 1854,
and it again suffered from fire in 1862, when many
valuable books and manuscript were lost.

The Library, Museum, &c., are now in the Masonic
Hall, opposite the St. Lewis Hotel, corner of Garden
and St. Lewis streets.

There is an exceedingly fine library in the posses-
sion of the '' Quebec, Library Association," founded so
early as 1779, by Genertll Haldimand, and which now
contains at least six thousand volumes. Tne rooms
are in St. Anne street, opposite the Church of England
Cathedral.

If all these places are visited in one day, the stranger,
0"^ the next, may visit the following places in the
vicinity of Quebec ; or as many of them as he conve-
niently can: • ■,

MONTMORENCI. _,

The justly celebrated Falls of Montmorenci consti-
tute an object of inspection with every visitor of
Quebec. In clear weather, much enjoyment is realized
from the ride, as an opportunity is afforded to examine
the soil, modes of agriculture and habits of life of the
Canadian farmers ; and also of viewing Quebec and its
environs, in a novel aspect. It is generally conceded
that the Fall? when the river is full, is the mo:t mag-
nificent object in the Province — being replete with
beauty and sublime grandeur. The breadth of the
stream at the brink is about twenty-five yards, and the
velocity of the water in its descent is increased by a
continual declivity from some distance above. With
the exception of a large rock near the middle of the

NATURAL STEPS.

bed, the whole is one compact sheet of foam, which is
discharged, almost perpendicularly, at the def.th of
nearly eighty yards, into a reservoir among tlic rocks
below.

The prodigious depth of their descent, the brightness
and volubility of their course, the swiftness of move-
ment from the basin swelling with incessant agitation
from the weight of the dashing waters, forcibly rivet
the attention, and highly elevate the mind of the spec-
tator. From the same spot there is a lucid and beau-
teous jjrospect of Quebec, with its encircling scenery ;
and with an ordinary magnifying glass, the observer
can discern all the prominent objects — the steeples,
towers, fortifi-cations, principal edifnies, the shipping,
the course of the St. Lawrence until it is lost among
tlie hills, Point Levi and its vicinity — the north side of
the Island of Orleans, the point of Ange Gardien and
the shores of the river as far as Gap Tourment. Some
vestages of General Wolfe's hattery still remain. See
Duncanson's picture.

At a considerable distance above the Falls, the
channel of the river is contracted between high ver-
tical rocks, and the water rushes with proportionate
velocity. In one part, at about five miles from the
bridge, cascades of three and four yards in depth are
adjacent to two fine geological curiosities, familiarly
denominated the "Natural Steps,» which appear to have
been formed by the attrition of the stream occasioned by
the melting of the snows, and ihe augm.ented rapidity
of the flood Many of these steps are so regular, that
they almost develope the process of human art. The
perpendicular attitude of the rocks on the east side —
the tree crowned summit, the uniformity of appearance,
resembling an ancient castle wall in ruins, the preci-

DEAUPORT.

fclly.

»'"lll

pices on the western bank, and the foaming noisy'cur-
rent pourtray a romantic \Vildness which is very attrac-
tive. Observers are amply remunerated for their walk,
as conjoined with this interesting object, they witness
the continuous descent and the accelerating force and
celerity with which the river is propelled to the point
whence it is precipitated into the St. Lawrence.

The Mansion House, which is situated close to the
Fall — exactly over which an elegant suspension bridge,
at the height of some 80 or 90 feet, hung like a spider's
•web, but the towers of which now only remain, as it
gave way in the spring of 1856, when a man and a
woman in a cart, and a boy walking, were upon it,
who were all precipitated into the cauldron — was built
by General Haldimand, the last Governor of the Pro-
vince of Quebec. It was afterwards occupied by His
Royal Highness, Prince Edward Duke of Kent, the
father of the Queen, and the room in which he slept
can yet be pointed out. The house is at present in the
possession of G. B. Hall, Esquire, the proprietor of the
extensive saw mills at the foot of the Falls.

THE BEALPORT ASYLUM FOR THE INSANE.

This Asylum, lighted by gas, and having a gas cook-
ing apparatus, contained in 1859, 80 male nnd 73
female patients. The following notice of it is from
Warburton's « Hochelaga, or England in the New
World. ))

The Lunatic Asylum for Lower Canada has been
for some time established at Beauport, five miles from,
Quebec. Three eminent medical men of the city,
have undertaken it, under charter from the Provin-
cial Government, whicii makes an annual allowance
for the support of the public patients.

LORETTE.

Tlie establishment consists of a large house occupied
by the able Superintendent and his family, where
as a reward for good conduct some of the convales-
cents are occasionally admitted. Behind this is a
range of buildings forming two sides of a square, the
remaining enclosure of the space being made with
high palings. These structures stand in a command-
ing situation, with a beautiful view of Quebec, and
the broad basin of the river.

A farm of a hundred and sixty acres is attached
to them.

The system of this excellent institution is founded
on kindness. No force or coertion of any kind is
employed ; the patients are allowed to mix freely,
work, or pursue whatever may be the bent of their
inclinations. They dine together at a well supplied
table. On one side of the dining hall are the apart-
ments of the female patients, on the other those of
the males. They each consist of a large well ventilated
room, scrupulously clean, with a number of sleeping
wai'ds off it J over head is also a large sleeping apart-
ment. • ,

LORETTE.

One of the most agreeable excursions in the vicinity
of Quebec, is that to the Indian village and Lake
St. Charles. The driver should be directed to change
his route on the return, so as to pass by the eastern
bank of the river, and thus the varying scenery is
partially changed.

After a considerable ascent, at four miles distance
from Quebec, the traveller arrives at Charlesbourg, a
very conspicuous village, comprising about 90 houses,
thence the western route conducts to Lorettc, and

100

THE CHAUDIERE.

the easterly course to Lake Beauport, the ride to wliich
is amply compensated by the diversified landscape.

The Indian village is about eight miles from the
city, built upon an elevated situation, whence there
is an extensively vaj'ied and agreeable landscape, in
many points similar to that from Gape Diamond, but
also including some attractive novelties of outline.
It exhibits a bold and beautiful view of Quebec and
its suburbs, and in the extent, it is bounded solely
by the distant southern mountains.

At this village is a charming view of the river St.
Charles, tumbling and foaming over the rocks and
ledges to a great depth, near which is a Paper Mill,
&c. The rugged and perpendicularly elevated cliffs,
in connection with the impetuous rush of the waters,
although circumscribed in extent, and therefore
affording no expanded prospect in the immediate front,
yet, as seen from the Saw Mills, and from the bank
and bridge at the head of the dell, in its different posi-
tions and aspects, constitute an object, which, when
contrasted with the more majestic cataracts of Mont-
morenci, and the Ghaudiere, or recollected in combi-
nation with them, furnishes in memorial, an addition
to the varieties, which those stupendous natural curio-
sities embody.

A poetic observer standing on the margin of the
river near the Falls, might easily transmute the Gre-
cian imagery chanted by the Roman into actual scene
before him ; and can almost fancy without any pecu-
liar and visionary flights of the imagination, that he
beholds around him the principal and most solitary
dell of the ancient immortalized Tempe.

THE TUBULAR BniDOE,

101

*• Est nemus Huemoniae prcprupta undiquG claucUt .-
" Silva ; vocant Tempo. Per qmv: Peneus ab iiuo ,
" Effusus Pindo, spumosis volvitur uiidia
. " Dejectuqiie, gravi tenues agitantia fumos,
" Nubila, conducit summasque aspergino sylvas
" Inpluit ; et sonitu plusquam vicina facigat." .

The river at the Cascade is much compressed, being
only about 400 feet across ; and the depth in the Pot,
as it is usually termed, is nearly 45 yards. Many rocks
divide the stream, precisely at the Fall, into three chief
currents, of which the westerly is the largest— these
partially re-unite before their broken and agitated
wav3s are received into the basin, where each dashing
against the other maintains a turbulent whirpool. The
form of the rock forces a part of the waters into an
oblique direction, advancing them beyond the line of
the precipice, while the cavities of the rocks increase
the foaming fury of the revolving waters in their des-
cent, displaying globular figures of brilliant whiteness,
while the ascending spray developesallthe varietie'^>of
the colored cloudy arch, and enlivens the beauty of
the landscape. The wild diversity of rocks, the foliage
of the overhanging woods, the rapid motion, the
cJDfuIgent brightness, and the deeply solemn sound of
the cataracts, all combine to present a rich assemblage
of objects highly attractive, especially when the visitor
emerging from the wood, is instantaneously surprised
by the dehghtful scene. Below, the view is greatly
changed, and Falls produce an additionally strong and
vivid impression.

The railway tubular bridge, about a mile above the
Falls, is a very fine one, and worth inspection. ^

LAKE ST. CHARLES. r

The distance from Lorette to the Lake h nearly six

102

LAKE ST. CHARLES

CSIl

miles, and speedily after leaving the villages the grand
prospect and the traces of civilization and human exis-
tence become comparatively « faint, and few and far
between.)) On the return from the Lake, the effect is
instantaneous. Emerging at once by the turn of the
hill, from deep solitude and a compact forest, into all
the expanse of the extended variegated landscape,
discernible at the foot of the exterior mountain, the
traveller is enraptured with a display of aboriginal and
cultivated drapery, to which memory ever delights to
recur. , - .

The Lake is an enchanting picture ; anrl those who
have beheld some of the more renowned European
inland waters, have asserted, that it developes imagery,
little inferior in natural beauty and creative decoration
to those reservoirs which history and poetry have
conseoi'ated to perennial remembrance. Upon a calm
summer's day, when in the season the forest displays
its numberless lights and shades, and the mountain,
wood and waters all repose in undisturbed calmness,
the quietude of the scene exactly harmonizes with the '
placidness of a good conscience. If the beholder there
recalled Henry Kirk White to his memory, he might
justly and feelingly soliloquize in the strains of the
lamented bard :

" And oh! how sweet this scene o'erliung with woQd,
" That winds the margin of the solemn flood? ^ ■""
" AVliat rm-al objects steal upon the sight — a, *-lf,' -

" What varied views prolong the calm delight! '-5'jp,i"''' '
" Above, below, where'er I turn my eyes, ' ■'* t>!(«r.'

■ ' " Rocks, waters, woods, in grand succession rise!'' vifT

In outhne. Lake St. Charles is very irregular — it is
rather more than four miles in length ; but its greatest
breadth does not exceed one mile : and it is subdivided

ST. ANXE.

103

lie

I)} a narrow slrait, into nearly equal portions. Embo-
somed between elevated hills, its shores are clothed
with that density of wood and diversified foliage, which
are so universal in North America ; and thepeal\sand
tops of some of the more distant northern mountains
are singularly varied in their configurations, and from.
their height are exhibited in a very imposing aspect.
The points of land which occasionally stretch into the
lake are covered with shrubs and a species of trees ;
while abrupt rocky bluffs and smaU swampy bays
alternately present to the amateur and man of science
a rich display of ornament, and materials for geological
and botanical research.

ST. ANNE.

V'i^om Montmorenci, the ride proceeds to Chateau
Richer, or the ruins of a Franciscan Monastery, ])uilt
about one hundred and thirty years since.

About two miles from Chateau Richer, the visitor
should halt, and walk a short distance to the Sank i\ la
Puce, a small stream descending through a mountainous
and woody country, comprises some very romantic
falls, where the stream is precipitated in three declivities
in succession, and the banks are rich in profusion of
sylvan ornaments, and especially when the autumnal
foliage displays its multiplied variety of beauteous
tints.

Thence the route leads to Ste. Anne ; and two miles
beyond the village, at twenty-eight miles distance
from Quebec, the traveller proceeds to visit those
interesting Falls. The road ascends a part of the way
up the moimtain — there are seen splendid prospects of
Quebec and the adjacent country— but without a glass,
from the distance, the scenery in the back ground is

lOi,

THE PRIESTS FAR if.

Cli

rallier indistinct. Having attained a level, a rough
paMi for nearly a mile and a half conducts the visitor,
after a sudden descent into a most solitary vale of rocks
and trees, almost a natural grotto, through the centre
of which the stream rushes until it escapes by a narrow
channel hotween the rocks, and continues roaring and
tumbling with augmenting velocity. From below,
there is a striking view of the cataract, which, combined
with the natural widness and extraordinary features of
the scenery, baffle description ; the jjainter alone could
convey to the mind the representation with effect.

The scenery around the Priests' Farm, near Gape
Tourment, is very attractive, and the site of the Valley
and Falls of Fereole will compensate for the fatigue
experienced in descending to them. To complete the
excursion, the visitor should arrange, if possible, to
stand on Gap Tourment in the morning, there to behold
the sun emerging from the horizon. From this bold
bluff, nearly six hundred yards above the river St.
LawTcnce, to the east, soutli, and west is presented a
versified landscape, which includes every variety that
the painter can embody. — Mountain and valley, wild-
erness and cultivation, land and water, w^ith their
ai)purtenances and ornaments.

VK./.« ;.-\M'rJ

>-^: ■•(>:? ^^^Jsr^' i)t:

■^iW^i-" r j^^sv*

' ^mi-

' K'- '' l'\

CHAPTER VI.

Pleasures of the Trip— Tlie St. Lawrence and the watering places— [slant!
of Orleans— Crane Island -Kamouraskn—Cacotina— Entrance of the
Sagiienay— Price & Co— Lake St. John— The Crops— Mode of
•'^'*^®'''"8^~'^^^*' Perikoba— Russell's Report of the Saguenay Country.

THE LOWER ST. LAWRENCE.

' THE SAGUENAY. '• ""

To the mere pleasure seeker or the man of science
there can he nothing more refreshing and delightful,
nothing affording more food for reflection or scientific
observation, than a trip to that most wonderful of
rivers, the Saguenay. On the way thither, the scenery
of the Lower St. Lawrence is extraordinarily pic-
turesque. A broad expanse of water interspersed with
rugged soUtary islets, highly cultivated islands, and
islands covered with trees to the water's edge, hemmed
in by lofty and precipitous mountains, on the one
side, and by a continuous street of houses, relieved by
beautifully situated villages, the spires of whose tin-
covered churches glitter in the sunshine, cultivated
fields and lowing herds belaud, and the forest-clad
mountain range, which divides the waters flowing into
the St. John from those that flow into the St. Lawrence,
visible, in the distance, on the other, affords a prospect
so enchanting that were nothing else to be seen the
tourist would be well repaid for the inconsiderable
expenditure in time and money, wdilch the trip to the
lower St. Lawrence involves ; but when, in addition

106

A LANDSCAPE.

gorge
sight

to all this the tourist suddenly passes from a landscape
unsurpassed for beauty into a region of priniitivo
grandeur, where art has done nothing and nature
everything — vvlien, at a single bound, civilisation is
left behind and nature stares him in the face, in naked
majesty — when he sees alps on alps arise — when he
lloats over unfathoma])lo depths, through a mountain
—the sublime entirely overwhelms the sense of
and fascinates the imagination. The change
produced upon the thinking part of man, in passing
from the broad St. Lawrence into the seemingly narrow
and awfully deep Saguenay, whose waters lave the
sides of the towering mountains, which almost shut
out the very light of heaven, and from thence again
into an ancient settlement, where the piety and zeal of
the Jesuit Fathers, ages ago, first planted the cross,
and gave Christianity to the Indians, is such as no pen
can paint nor tongue describe.

An American gentleman says : — « The greater part
« of American tourists make a great mistake in omit-
« ting the Saguenay River. The fare on board the
« boat is of excellent quality, and the berths large and
« comfortable.))

Another gentleman says : — « Before I left Rochester,
« on an excursion through Lake Ontario, and down
« the St. Lawrence, I was advised not to let slip a
« favourable opportunity, if one should offer, after my
« arrival in Quebec, for milking a visit to the Saguenay,
« and looking for myself upon the bold, rugged, and
« very remarkable scenery along its rock-bound shores.
« Such an opportunity fortunately was not wanting ;
« and after I had spent five days in Quebec — days of
« great interest to me — visiting places most deserving
« attention in and about that wonderful city — famous

THE ST, lAWIlENCK.

107

« ill the worlcVs liistory, about which I liad road, with
« tlirilliiii^ interest, wlien I was yet a boy, and of
« Wolfe climbing the heights of Abraliam, to flght and
a conquer, and die — ' The Gibraltar of the western
« continent,' and the capital of the Britisli American
« provinces ; learning that the Steamer Sagucnai/^
« Captain Simard, would leave next morning on a
« pleasure excursion dowji the St. Lawrence and up
« the Saguenay, of which I had heard so much, and
« from which the good steamer received very appro-
« priately her name, 1 lost no time in making arrafige-
" ments for the trip, and through the courtesy of the
« agent John Laird, Esquire, and of Captain Simard,
« and others, both on the boat and elsewhere, I have
« made the trip with great comfort and pleasure.;/

THE ST. LAWRENCE AND WATERING PLACES.

On the south side of the St. Lawrence, a ridge con;
mences nearly one hundred miles below Quebec, which
taking a south-west direction and passing opposite
that city, crosses the boundary line between Canada
and the United States, and continues until it meets
with the Hudson River. Beyond this ridge at about
the distance of 50 miles is another and a higher one,
commencing at Cape Rosier, the bold headland at the
mouth of the Saint-Lawrence, on the south, or in a
military point of view, left bank of the river, which
runs in a direction nearly parallel with the river, and
with the other chain, terminating upon the eastern
branch of the river Connecticut, after a course of
nearly four hundred miles. This is the ridge which
divides Canada from the United States, and the waters
that flow into the Atlantic from those that fall into the
St. Lawrence. -» ■ "yvt|:v rj-.vi-;;i?,;,

108

TUn LAURENTINE MOUNTAINS.

Upon Iho uortliern slioros of tlic St. Lawrence,
Canada is bounded by the rugged steeps, called by Sir
W. Logan, the Laurentine mountains, running close
to the river, and forming its banks for upwards of 100
miles. The most remarkable of these heights is Cape
Tourment, situated only about twenty-five miles below
Quebec. This ridge from Gape TOurment, takes a west
south-west direction for 300 miles, terminating on the
river Ottawa, about 120 miles above its confluence
with the St. Lawrence. Beyond this ridge is another
and a higher, dividing the waters that flow into the
St. Lawrence from those that find their way to Hudson's
Bay. This last mentioned ridge is a hundred miles,
or thereabouts, north of Quebec. -' ' •« ^

This is the wilderness region, which to the north-
w'ard meets the eye of the traveller as he leaves
Quebec for the Saguenay, bidding

" Adieu to cui-sed streets of staiivs."

The Falls of Montmorenci gradually appear, and
are distinctly visible in their usual ^ji'^ndeur, and the
voice of the mingling waters scarcely dies upon the
ear when leaving Quebec, with her imposing ci tadel
350 feet high, and tin covered cupolas and roofs, the
eye rests upon a new harbour to the right filled with
vessels of the largest tonnage, chiefly Uie property of
a single mercantile firm, distinguished for enterprise
and industry. The river about five miles below Que-
bec is divided into the north and south channels by
the Isle of Orleans, twcnty-o)ie miles long and five,
broad, celebrated for its apples, plums, and pears, and
originally called the Isle of Bacchus by Jacques Gar-
tier, on account of the number of wild vines which
in 1535 he saw upon it. This island has good roads,
contains live parishes, three behig on the south side,

on LEANS.

lUl)

pick

[ads, -
side.

and lh(» cluuchos aiid tidy villages of St. Lanrenl aiul
St. Jean being closo to tlio shoro. Patrick's Ho'.<',
wliorc two mammoth vossols wore bnilt twiMilv or
more yoaro ago, is a well sholtcrcd cove, wlun'c outwanl
I'Onnd vessels como to anchor and await sailing orders,
and over which is the highest point of the islar.d. A
villa has now been laid out on the point of the island,
some neat residences erected, and a steamboat com-
munication maintained between the villa and Quebec.
On the north side of the highest point of land on the
island, the second of a chain of thirteen telegraphs,
erected during the last American war, and extending
from Quebec to Green Island opposite the mouth of the
Saguenay, remains. The electric wire has, however,
completely superseded the old mode of Hag and ball
telegraphing on land. :i ■< '

The Island of Orleans forms part of the county of
Montmorenci, there being three counties on the north
shore of the St. Lawrence, the county of Quebec, the
county of Montmorenci, and the county of Saguenay,
and four on the south, Bellechasse, L'Islet, Kamou-
raska and Rimouski. . ;.< - \

Both sides of the river are covered with houses of
stone, covered w^th tin ; and a parish church of no
inconsiderable architectural pretension presents itself
at every five miles. A few miles below Patrick's
Hole, on the south shore, are the churches of St.
Michel and St. Valier ; and immediately below the
island of Orleans, the river widens to eleven or twelve
miles, and numerous smaller islands exhibit them-
selves, while Gap Tourment towers eighteen hundred
feet into the sky. A few miles farther down — say 40
from Quebec — Gross Isle, the Quar-'^^^tine establish-
ment, appears, on which ten or twenty thousand immi-
f2 .

110

ST. THOMAS.

"Hit

■'III I

grants lie buricl, and immediately opposite on the
southern bank, is the thriving village or rather lown
of St. Tliomas, one of the stations of the Grand Trunk
Railway in I^ower Canada. St. Thomas lies upon the
Riviere du Sud, which meanders through one of the
most beautiful, highly cultivated, and most productive
tracts of country in all Canada. Over the river is a
very pretty bridge. ■ ' =■ > s .y. ^ -:

Lower down, Crane and Little Goose Islands appear.
r*roperly speaking, tliere is but one island, as at low
water a connecting isthmus can be crossed in vehicles
or on foot. About 12 miles in length, they are exceed-
ingly well cultivated, and produce more than the inha-
bitants can consume, so that the value of the exports
exceeds that of tlie imports, and the people are not
only comfortable br t rich and happy. Tiiey are some
times called " McPherson's Island," after the Seigneur
or Seigneurs, whose residence is at the north-east end
of the islands. The church and village are on the north
side of the island. - -' ,..,,.... ,.: _,,,,,;.

The Ghrrch of L'Islet de St. Jean next appears on
the south shore. It is somewhat romantically situated,
being completely isolated at high water from the main-
land. The river is here thirteen miles in width, and
divided into north, middle, and south channels by a
series of islands, connected together by rocky or sandy
formations, and not unlike the rich vallev of the south
shore of the St. Lawrence, which is intersected by
ridges of graywacke and slate, not very high, while
the granitic mountains of the north there in seme
parts exceed an elevation of 2,000 feet above the river.
This circumstance, and that of shoals stretching out
from the southern shore, narrow the deep water and
forms what is called "The Traverse,'* in which the

THE QUELLE.

Ill

iile

cme

iver.

out

and

the

tide runs at the rate of seven or eight knots, 55 miles
below Quebec. . . ,.. i ..i^n. ,'x. I> . • ^.- .^.r - . .
Goudres Island — we take what follows from the
Quebec Guide Book, published by Mr. Sinclair in 1851
— is the largest below Quebec except Orleans. It was
settled at a very early psriod, forms a parish by itself,
and has a church. It is tolerably fertile, but requires
its produce for its own population. It belongs to the
ecclesiastics of the Seminary of Quebec, to whom it
was granted in 1087. After passing the traverse, the
settlements on St. Paul's Bay on the north shore,
enclosed within an amphitheatre of mountains, present
themselves to view. Here commences the county of
Kamouraska, which fronts the river for thirty miles.
The track of country watered by the Quelle is very
productive, and regularly transports to Quebec many
marketable articles. Near the entrance of Quelle into
the Sl Lawrence a porpoise fishery is carried on to a
considerable extent. The village of Kamouraska is, in
summer, much enlivened by visitants, who resort to it
for sea-bathing. It has the reputation of being one of
the healthiest spots in the Lower Province. The islands
of Kamouraska are of little value, being almost bare
rocks. They afford shelter, however, in stormy
weather, to numbers of small vessels that are continu-
ally passing hereabouts. The general aspect of the
country here deserves the attention of the geological
observer. From the bank of the liver a very level
tract stretches almost to the foot of the mountahious
range behind. The even surface of this tract is in
various parts regularly embossed with abrupt masses
of granite, varying from twenty to thirty yards of per-
pendicular height, and embracing a circumference of
three or four acres and upwards. They arc destitute

112

KAMOimASKA. — CACOUNA.

C«i
111

of anything like a covering of soil, and produce only
dwarf pine trees and creeping shrubs. On reflecting
that the bed of the river is almost dry between the
Kamouraska Islands and the shore at low water, and
contrasting the position, appearance and striking
resemblance of these isolated mounds on terra firma
with the adjoining islands, the geologist is naturally
led to the conclusion that this level tract was at
some period submerged beneath the more widely
spreading of « the mighty Si. Lawrence,)) and that the
elevations in question formed islands exposed to the
action of its waters. Between Kamouraska and River
du Loup, a distance of a dozen miles, lie the Pilgrims,
a groupe of five islands. At low water carts can pass
from 'Me mainland to this group, and the Kamouraska
one. Riviere du Loup contains about 100 inhabitants,
there being a larger proportion of English and Scotch
than is usually found in the smaller towns of Canada
east. There is an Episcopal Church here, perhaps the
only one eastward of Quebec. About a mile in the
rear is a picturesque waterfall of about 80 or 100 feet.
To this place and Cacouna, which lies about ten miles
below, many families resort foy the benefit of sea-
batiung. Cacouna is a rocky peninsula, three hundred
and fifty feet high, being connected with the mainland
by a marshy isthmus. At Riviere du Loup commences
the Grand Portage road which leads to Lake Temis-
couata, a distance of 36 miles. Hence is the route wa
the Rivers Madawaska and St. John to New Brunswick,
and Halifax. The situation of Du Loup is more
romantic, but Cacouna lias the advantages of purer and
stronger water. Both command an extensive prospect
of the St. Lawrence, which is here upwards of twenty
miles wide, studded with islands, and bounded on the

THE WHAnrs.

113

nty
the

opposite shore hy lofty and rugged mountains. The

sojourner is enUvened by tho sight of numerous large

vessels constantly navigating the broad expanse. Green

Island lies off Gacouna, and has a light-house sixty

feet above the sea. The light is fixed, and can be seen

at the distance of from twelve to seventeen miles

according to the height of the observer's eye from ten

to sixty feet. The light is shown from sunset to sunrise,

between the 15th of April and tlie 10th of December.

Fr:m this lighthouse to the light-vessels at the Traverse

is fifty-four miles; and for the first thirty miles above,

the river is divided into the north and south channels

by numerous islets, with banks and reefs attached to

tlipm. Among these we may mention Hare Island,

which is seven miles long in the direction of the River^

and the Brandy Pots, off which vessels bound down,

and waiting for a wind or the tide, usually rendez-
voused. ■•r'''^i';.'"> ff<!'-'>' ::h^f :^-fia- ' ;'^•rt.<,■;^', .^^iV^::; ;>f.^.

The recently erected wharfs, on both sides of the
Lower St, Lawrence, are very solidly constructed. The
one of Berthier is 535 feet long, 30 wide, 38 high, and
has 16 to 17 feet of water when the tide is at the lowest.
Dovetailed timber is filled up with boulders of no small
magiatude ; the top filled up with shingle ; an excellent
side walk of boards and a number of useful mooring

posts. -i'n;:, .'llU^ ".If ■•2rftt^::i' ?ir:.-::iCJ*' If^ -o^rrt ^rf'-'"?'^

Tiie next at ITslet is 1200 feet long, 30 wide, 30 high,
and affords a depth of 8 feet at low water. '-•?-- -jrA'ui^.

At Riviere Ouelle the wharf is 16 feet long, 30 wide,
37 high, and 16 feet of water is to be found at low tide.

At River du Loup, an L shaped wharf, like those
already mentioned, affords visitors the opportunity of
stepping upon terra firma from a steamer's gangway.
It is 1650 i'eet in length, 30 in breadth, 38 feet high,

114

TADOUSAC.

and has 16 feet of water when the tide is at the
lowest. u, .i.t;^'i'* * *»?'',' ". ■.»<_'•')

There are also wharfs at Malbaie and at Les Eboule-
ments. .^>j.,. ,..;;.,' n;: =:

But we must enter the Saguenay, the cliffs on
either side of which ave of clay. Capes Basque, Dogs,
Salmon, and Eagle are described in succession. Between
Points Vaclies and Alouettes, where is the junction
with the St. Lawrence, the Saguenay is two and a half
miles broad, and while the St. Lawrence is only 250
feet deep, the Saguenay is a thousand.

Tadousac, the first settlement of the French in
Canada, is situated at the mouth of the Saguenay, on
a semi-circular terrace at the top of a beautiful bay,
with a sandy beach, and was the principal trading
post of the Hudson's Bay Company.

Here, a hotel for the accommodation of visitors to
this most romantic spot has been established, by an
association of gentlemen, resident in Quebec, Mont-
real, Tadousac, and Chicoatimi And there is, possibly,
no more desirable summer retreat for families, any-
where to be met with. The view of the broad St.
Lawrence, on the one hand, the lofty hills around, and
on the other, the wild and rugged banks of the deeply
rolling Saguenay, the fine beach and the etherially
bright ripple of waters laving it ; the facilities for
shooting and for fishing, which the neighbourhood
affords, give Tadousac a character and advantages
peculiar to itself. The hotel too, built this year by
Messrs. S. & G. Peters, is most commodious. It is
situated with its front to the St. Lavvrence, and only
a very short distance from the fine bay called « Ansc
de la Coupe ITslet,)) where sea bathing, in water very_
salt, brilliantly clear and accessible at all hours of tlioS,

K^PBI

TADOUSAC.

115

tide, may be iiKliil';-ed in,— in close proximity to a very
curions relic of other days, a chapel bnilt by the
Jesuits, three centuries ago, and whi :h no admirer of
the zealous industry of the members of the Company
of Jesus, for tlie conversion of the heathen, omits to
visit.

The hotel consists of a spacious dining room, drawing
room, parlours, lofty and airy bed-room, a billiard
room, bowling alley and every thing indeed, which
modern taste has adapted to a first class house ; ma-
naged by a gentleman of known experience in the
hotel line, Mr. Pope, formerly of the Donegana hotel,
Montreal. It may be added that several of the leading
citizens of Quebec ai'e here erecting for themselves
summer residences; and the intention exists of restor-
ing the old chapel, in which the religion of Christ was
first taught on this continent, to its original condition
and appearance. In the journal of the Pere Coquart,
S. J., who ministered to the Montagnais at Tadousac
and at Chicoutimi in 1746, we find the following notice
of the commencement of this church ; a previous
building having been burnt down :

Le 21 de Mars, Blanchard est parti pour alter ecarrir
la nouvelle Eglise a Tadousac selon I'engagement par
ecrit que j'ay avec lui.

Le 1 6 Mai j'ai benie la place de la nouvelle eglise
et coigne la premiere clieville.

NoTA. — Monsieur Hocquart Tntendant de la Nou-
velle France a accorde toutes les planches, madriers,
bardeaux et tons les clous necessaires pour la batisse
et je me suis engage pour moi et mes successeurs a
dire pour lui la messe de Ste. Anne tandis que I'eglise
subsistera pour reconnaitre sa liberalite.

To return to the hotel, it may be mora particularly

■p^

ETERNITIi.

stated that it contains G5 double bedded rooms, tlius
aftbrding accommodation to a large number of families,
tliat it consists of three stories, and is 120 feet in length
by fifty in depth, with wide corridors and two Ijalco-
nies, running the whole length of the building. On
the 20th of September last not a single piece of scant-
ling, window frame or anything else was made ; in
November all was prepared and sent down ; and on
15111 of May last the hotel was finished to the great
credit of the enterprising contractors, Messrs. S, and
G. Peters of Quebec.

The rugged grandeur of the scenery increases at every
turn. Gape after cape exhibits itself in naked majesty,
towering into the sky, and white porpoises gamble
through the inky flood below, or sleep calmly upon its
surface. In a few hours, the St. Marguerite, a tributary
of the Saguenay, famed for its salmon, about 15 miles
up on the right bank, as the Saguenay is ascended, is
passed ; and then, assuredly, Alps on Alps, arise. The
Petit Saguenay, Avhere Messrs. Price & Go. have a
lumbering establishment, soon appears on the left ;
that wonderful boulder, the Saguenay Island, resting
in 200 fathoms of water, is before us ; the river or
lake, for it is as certainly a lake as Lake Oniario or
Lake Huron is, swells out to a breadth of 9 miles, and
capes Eternite and Trinite, the two promontories of a
bay, the one 1500 and the other 1200 feet above the
surface of the water, are visible. It is not long before
the steamer is placed close under Eternite, when
unsuccessful attempts are made to throw pennies upon
the rock, and then the steamer's head is turned into
the Bay, until the bowsprit seems to touch the oppo-
site cape, which like a baie wall, stands up from the
water, and touches the very clouds — stone enough in

i;ii

LAKE ST. JOHN.

117

one lump to build such a city as New York. Now,
however, the height of the land, on both sides of the
river, as it is ascended, begins to diminish, and occa-
sional cultivated spots present themselves. Afterwards
Grand Bay opens to view ; the Saguenay river proper,
that is to say, the discharge of the Lake St. Jean, on
which lies the new town of ChicoutiiHi, is passed ;
and the extensive lumber establishment of Messrs.
W. Price & Co. is soon reached. ^'- =^-"' -'' ' ' ■ ¥ •

LAKE ST. JOHN

Lies directly north of L'Islet, or about 40 miles
lower down than Quebec, is 50 miles broad and 50
miles long, or nearly round, the diameter being about
150 miles, the water deep in some parts and shallow
in others, the bottom and beaches composed of
shifting sands ; the opposite land being quite invisible
from any one point, and having waves 15 feet high,
during an easterly wind, rolling in upon the shore.
Along this lake, which abounds with every variety of
fish, and which is fed by numerous and very extensive
tributaries, wild peas grow in extraordinary abundance,
and even the wild grape, which does not ripen how-
ever ; and there are raspberries, blue berries, and
cherries Avithout end. Kuspaganish Point is the east
bank of the moutliof the Belle Riviere, flowing into
the Lake, the ascent, from the summit level of the
Saguenay mountains, being here 500 yards. ^

- . w. , V I THE ROUTE TO LAKE ST. JOHN. 7L 1! c '7 '

From Grand Baic to Gruw.! lirulo the distance is
nine miles, in a north-west direction. Grand Brule
has its church, its river and saw mill ; the land is
level and very fertile, and it is inhabited by about 150
families, chiefly French Canadians. From Grand Brule

118

LAKE ST. JOHN.

to Potto's Falls, or, as it has been sometimes called,
the Portage des Rochers, the distance is 3^ miles, and
from Petto's Falls to the head of Lake Kinogomi,
which is as wide as the Saguenay, and has well wooded
and lofty banks, 18 miles ; and form a perfect gem of
a Lake, the Puikoui, a small sheet of water covering
only 8 or 10 acres, the distance to Bean Portage is 6
miles and the length of the portage 1 mile, which
brings the traveller to the Perikoba, a very rapid river
that falls into the Kinogomi, or as its Indian name
implies, Long Lake, and from thence to the Lake
Kinogomishish, 6 miles in length and very deep ; and
separated from it only by a tongue of land, 15 yards
wide, is Lac Vert. From Kinogomishish a short
portage brings the traveller to Riviere des Aulnets, a
meandering stream of 6 miles in length which falls
into the Belle Riviere and Falls, on the left bank of
which is the colony of the Reverend Mr. Boucher,^
numbering about 36 souls. The Belle Riviere is 1*2
miles long, and on which there are portages to the
Lake St. John.

RECAPITULATION OF PORTAGES. ' " ''"'

There are three portages from Ghicoutimi to Petto's
Falls ; one portage to the Riviere des Aulnets ; and
three portages along the Belle Riviere to Lake St. John.

THE CROPS.

The fertility of the country in the neighbourhood
of Lake St. John may be gathered from the fact that
at Ghicoutimi a farmer has eaten barley of this year's
growth made into bread ; while our imformant dined
with Mr. Boucher, at Belle Riviere, on new potatoes,
green peas and young beans, and saw barley there 6
feet 2 inches in height ; wheat upwards of 5 feet in
height ; and capital crops of oats and turnips.

TRIBUTARIES.

119

MODE .OF TRAVELLING. .,, , ^

Our informant was accompanied in his travels ])y
two Indians, one of whom carried the birch canoe
bottom up, upon his liead, the edges of the canoe
resting upon his shoulders, with a band over his
forehead, much after the same manner as fisher-women
carry their creels, and the other carrying in the '^ame
manner, valises, blankets, &c., piled up to a wonderful
extent and very heavy. At night, the Indians stuck
four poles into the ground, crossed two together at
each end, placed a pole across the top, over which a
tarpaulin was spread out, and kept down with stones
upon the ground, the inside of the tent thus made
bemg confortably and carefully strewed with leaves
or small branches of trees, while the traveller fished
for the supper of the whole partv. In Kinogomi
thore are smelts j pike four feet in length ; and trout
in abundance.

THE TRIBUTARIES OF LAKE ST. JOHN.

We have already alluded to Kuspaganisli Point, and
travelling from left to right round the Lake, we may
explain that Kuspagan is 4J miles from Kuspanish,
which is 4J miles from the Hudson's Bay Post at St.
Jean, and situated on the Metabetchuan River, 12
miles further west of which is Pointe Blue, 3 miles
beyond which is Ouiatshuan River, 3i additional
miles, bringing the traveller to Ouiatshuanish river,
where a Mr. liudon has planted a colony consisting of
7 or 8 habitants, and two mills, the one a grist and the
other a saw mill. Still further on is the Shupnashuan
river and point, a very short distance from which is—

THE EXTRAORDINARY RIVER PERIKOBA.

The Perikoba is one of the most extraordinary rivers

120

nUSSELL S REPORT.

on this continent. At its mouth there arc a multitude
of islands ; for thirty miles its depth is equal to that
of the Saguenay ; and its shores though not quite so
high as some parts of the Saguenay, are extraordina^
rily high and beautifully wooded.

iV.l.'

■„i'>"-'

, « ' )

,, ,,: ,.;i, , , THE SAGUENAY. ., v ,.;,-, . ,;;, .•:•!. .

These great waters all flow into the Saguenay, and
it is therefore no wonder that the latter has overflowed
Into the St. Lawrence. ' V '"'.'' /

CHARACTER OF THE SAGT'ENAY COUNTRY AS DESCRIBED BY
ALEXANDER RUSSELL, ESQUIRE, OF THE CROWN LANDS

DEPARTMENT. ,

^■--••■(^■■«l!>';.'"-l';>K

From the Quebec Observer^ October \Oth^ 1854. ' '
C. Roger, Editor and Proprietor.

Notwithstanding its rocky and mountainous charac-
ter, the inner Saguenay country contains much good
land well adapted for settlement ; and the formation
of the country, and the peculiar character and distribu-
tion of that proportion of the land which is good, are
such as to give it almost the greatest possible value its
extent admits, so as to compensate in a great degree,
in this manner, and by the extreme richness of soil,
for the difference there may be in climate compared
with warmer parts of the province. , j .,,'

The good land, as far as I had the ojjportunity Of
observing, occurs in blocks, sufficiently lai-ge to make
extensive and at the same time compact settlements ;
which for the purpose of organization for religious,
educational, and other social objects, and for the
maintenance of roads, present advantages that can

THE LAND.

121

never be enjoyed in localities wliero the land fit lor
cultivation is scattered in small fragments. Not only
does the arable land occur in largo blocks, but it \a
thoroughly good, with very little exception, and
entirely free from stones, which greatly diminishes
the labor and consequently increases the profit of
cultivation. Even in the vicinity of Grand Bale,
where the country begins to be fit for cultivation, this
characteristic is strikingly noticeable. On the summits
and steep slopes of the lofty and broken bluffs, several
hundreds of feet in height, where the high plateau
behind breaks down to the -River St. John, the soil is
deep, fertile, loam.

With the exception of the Grand Brul6 (where the
soil is sandy) the land continues of a similar character,
back to the rocky hills near the post of Lake Keno-
gami. Through from Grand Bale to Ghicoutimi it is
at least equally fertile ; and though, near the bay, .it
is broken into romantic irregularity, the intensity of
the vegetation bears witness to the rankncss of the soil.

Behind Ghicoutimi, where the plateau has an eleva-
tion of about three hundred feet, the laud for the
distance of eight miles towards Lake Kenogami is
exceedingly fertile, even, and arable, — equal in quality
to the best land that can be found in any part of the
province. Near Lake Kenogami it suddenly changes
in character. Barren and rocky hills encompass the
Lake, with the exception of one fine tract of four
miles in length near the head of it, on ihe north side,
along the River Casconia. •

From the head of Lake Kenogami, traversing the
valley of the Riviere des Aulnets and that of Belle
Riviere, ^nto which it falls, to the shore of Lake St.
John, there is a tract of eighteen miles in length,

122

METAUETCIIOUAN.

with a varial)le wiiUli, tlio soil of wliicli is generally
exceedingly fertile and free from stones ; all of a deep
alluvial formation — pi-esonting iiself atthe commence-
ment as a high plateau with deep water courses, and
terminating on the f-hore of the Lake, in extensive
Hats, subject to inundation in the spring, which
tliough partly unfit for growing grain on these
accounts, will yield continually heavy crops of hay.

Following the shore of the Lake, at three miles, a
little beyond the mouth of the Kushpaganish, the
land rises gently in fertile slopes, and the shore
becomes a terrace, of about fifty feet in height, with a
rich soil free from stones.

Three miles further at the mouth of the Metabet-
chouan, (the most beautiful spot probably in the Pro-
vince,) the mountains approach to within half a league
of the shore, which becomes less favorable for settle-
ment ; but, from high grounds rising from the east
shore of the Lake, there can be seen, far in the
distance, l)pyond Metabctchouan, a beautiful tract of
gently sloping land richly wooded, projecting into the
Lake, apparently about nine miles in length and
breadth, which those who have visited it describe as
very arable rich land.

Of the couii'ry on the northern shore of the Lake
I am unabla ■ o express an opinion, not having visited
it ; nor could I obtain any distinct information respect-
ing it. It is evident, however that it must be a compa-
ratively low and level country, for a great distanco
back from the shore. Looking over the Lake from
high grounds on the south-east shore, no land on the
other side is visible ; but if there were mountains
within twenty miles of the shore, or hills sfi half the
distance, they would be distinctly seen. We are

LEVEL.

123

obliged to believe, Jiowever, that there must be a
region of stratiDed limestone, and consequently good
land, in that direction, to some considerable extent ;
for where the waters of the Lake have cut the high
alluvial banks on its south-east shore, their bases
exhibit a riass of water, — borne fragments of rocks
and stones, chiefly stratilied limestone, and the beacli
is covered with them. As they cannot have been
brought from the elevated ranges of primitive forma-
tion to the south-oast, we must look for their original
site to the north and west ; and it is difhcult to say
how important the result might be of a geological
investigation, prosecuted in that almost unknown

region.

'''■*;

Stjf,,;

■h'-!'i'f

fi i

My examination of their interior was limited to an
excursion of about ninety miles, of which the pro-
ITortion of land, fit for settlement, is I think sufficient
to form six parishes. As it might seem presumptuous
to express an opinion on an examination so limited, I
b3g to explain that it was performed with the greatest
care. It may be unnecessary to say that Mr. Dalian tyne,
who surveyed the greater part of the townships in the
Saguenay Territory, has had opportunities of forming
an opinion much superior to mine. 7 r ^^i v^- v.u;

Not having made any exploration on the north-cast
side of the Saguenay, I can express no opinion of the
countrv behind the front settlements on that side. A
very commanding view of it can be obtained from the
high grounds behind Ghicoutimi, embracing a great
portion of the east end of the great basin of the inner
Saguenay, in the centre of which Lake St. John is
situated. Far to the right and left, and far to the
northeast is seen stretching -m extensive undulating
or.hilly plateau, apparently from four to seven liun-

124

ST. MARGlJEr.ITE MOUNTAINS. — CLIMATE.

I ^^™»'ti,

dred feet in height, presenting in many places indica.
tions of good land, such as is said to be found there in
considerable tracts, and behind rises the range of the
St. Marguerite Mountains ; like a gigantic wall ; appa-
rently thirty miles distant, and three thousand feet in
height.

From the best information I could obtain, combined
with personal observation, I am led to believe that
a proportion, equal on an average to one third part
on the surveyed townships, is good arable land ; and
when the prevailing richness of the arable, and its
freeness from stones, are taken into consideration,
practical men will at once see that the value of that
proportion of the land which is arable, is much
greater than it would be were the soil as poor and
stoney as in several parts of tbe Lower Province
already settled or being so. In some of the back con-
cessions of the parishes below Quebec, much valuable
labor is lost in improving land (inferior in richness to
that of the Saguenay country) owing to the quantity
of stones to be removed, and that afterwards occupy
part of the land in heaps.

When it is considered that these localities have no
advantage in climate over the Saguenay, the superiority
of the latter, as a site for settlement, will present itself
more as a self-evident fact than a^ subject of opinion.
In respect of a freeness from stones, the land fit for
cultivation, of the inner Saguenay, has decidedly the
advantage over a great part of the District of Quebec
and Eastern Townships, the settlements in some parts'
north of Montreal, and much of the Ottawa country.

With ordinary cultivation on good land, in the
Township of Ghicoutimi, as much as sixteen and a half
bushels to one, sown of wheat, has been obtained,

CLIMATE

12^

!cupy

vc no
iority
itself
nioii.
t for
the
jebec
parts
ry. 1
the
half
inedy

thirty to one of barley, and from eighteen to twentv-
live to one, of oats ; showing two bushels of the latter
to the acre and one of the former. Wheat crops have
sometimes failed with some of .he settlers, but only
when too late sown ; wheat having been sown sometimes
as late as the end of June, by settlers late with their

The climate admits of sowing being sufTiciently early.
In the new settlements, in the Township of Labarre,
wheat sowing began in 1851 on .the 8th of May, in 1852
on the 4th, and in 1853 on the 7th of that month.
Lying in the same latitude as »he thriving settlement
of the County of Rimouski, where grain' of all kinds is
successfully cultivated, the climate of the inner Sague-
nay con Id not be supposed to be less favourable.

Compared with the exterior settlements of Lhe County
of Saguenay, on tJie Si. Lawrence, the climate of the
inner Saguenay country is no doubt superior, as the
testimony of intelligent persons and careful observa-
tions takcii of the temperature indicate. This difference
can be explained by a little consideration of the forma-
tion of the country, with the assistance of the recognized
principles of physical geography.

The settlements in parts of the parishes of IjCs Eboii-
lements, Ghemin du Caps, &c., are twelve hundred feet
above the level of the St, Lawrence. Li iliis country
four hundred and fifty feet of elevation is equal to a
degree of northing in latitude. The i)lateau of Chicou-
timi is one degree north of LesEboulemenis, butithas
nine hundred feet less ofelevation above the sea, which
being equal to two degrees of southiiig in latitude gives
it an advantage in climate over Les Eboiilements equal
to one degree of latitude. The flat lands around Lake
St. Jahn are low«i.' than, the plateau oIGUicoutimi, and

12G

THE GREAT VALLEY.— HAY.

the influence which that great body of water must have
in keeping off late and early frosts, and moderating the
coldness of the climate, is too evident to persons of
experience to need remark ; and accounts lor the climate
being said to be milder there than at Ghicoutimi. The
great elevation of the regions that surrond the basin of
the inner Saguenay must, by enhancing its depression,
increase the warmth of the valley. ,,.,^,„

Such a great valley presenting so much alluvial
soil, with the features of nature arranged as much
as possible in its favor, with the vast basin of the
Saguenay as a stupendous ship canal, peneti'ating fairly
into it through the broad barrier of mountain c ^'Utry,
cannot remain long unimportant.

I intended to have said something of the extraor-
dinary suitableness of the Saguenay country for the
growth of flax and hemp, and the advantage of pro
secuting it now that improvements in manufacture
liave increased the value of the former, and foreign
waj' that of the latter, and of the employment in win-
ter which their preparation might afford ; and also of
the superiority of the Saguenay as a hay growing
country, and how advantageous the settlement of it
would be for the supplying of beef, cattle for the shi
ping and emigrants arriving at Quebec, and its inhfli
tants, now tliat the supply formerly derived from the
Eastern Townships is drawn away to other markets. I

Had 1 not already trespassed so far on your atien-*
tion, and were it not exceeding the subject referred to
me, I might have stated the advantages of a railroad
in connecting important localities, where the interven
tion of an extensive barren region precludes the poiji-^
lulity of forming such intermediate settlcmenl }}s
would be necessary for the maintenance of communi-

NORWAY. |g7

ration by a common road ; and I might also liave
pointed out the certainty of a railroad being reqtiired
to the inner Saguenay, as soon as the popuhition there
increases as much in proportion as it has done during
the last ten years.

By the most moderate estimates the inner Saguenay
territory contains more land fit for cultivation than
there is in the kingdom of Norway, wliich has a popu-
lation ot upwards of twelve hundred thousand souls;
and lest the comparison with Norway should seem to
imply anything disadvantageous with reference to the
Saguenay, it may be necessary to add that the Norwe-
gian peasantry are much better educated, and live
iar more independently, and are richer in property
than the majority of agricultural labourers in Great
Britain. .,

t 4

1 1

129

KENFREW & MARCOU,

.? ^^^'^^ HENDEJRSON, KENFREW & CO.,)

20, BUADE STREET.

IN ALL THE NEWEST STYLES,

ENGLISH, FRENCH & AMERICAN,

' FllOM THE BEST MAKEliS.

OF THE BEST QUALITIES AND LATEST SHAPES,

FOR LADIES' AiSD GENTLEMEN'S WEAK

VIGTORINES, .

COLLARS,

MUFFS,

GOATS,

SLEIGH ROBES,

GAPS, &c., &c.
/5-

Barkwork, Snow /Shoes, Moccasins, Toboggans.

A LARGE DISCOUNT MADE TO UEALERS FOR CASH.

HIGHEST PRIGES PAID FOR RAW FURS.

130

GLOVER & FRY, Ml

IMPORTERS,

-# ESTABLISHED 1842. ^' '

To Traveller§ and Straiis^cr§ vi§iUng Quebec.

20, FABRIQUE STREET.

We wish to call the attention of Strangers visiting this City, to one of
the Icrgest and finest Dry Goods Establi>hments in this Province, where
Will be found at all seasons a large and choice selection of general Dry
Goods ; and we call particular attention to the following Special Depart-
ments, which surpass any in this Province :

Black Silks in Moire Antique, Gros Grain, Armure, Princess Cord,
Gros de Suez, Glaces, &c.. Colored Moire Antique, in all the new colors,
Gros de Suez, Glaceg, Irish Poplins, and the latest novelties in Fancy
Silks.

]IIAi^TI.K I>E:PARX]VIEr\T.

In this Department we pay particular attention to have the latest
novelties direct ti-om London and Pan's.

Gros Grain Jackets, newest styles and textures in Tweed Jackets,
Waterproof Tweetl Tourists' Mantlet, very useful for Ladies travelling.

Mantles mnde on the premises^ under the superintendence ot an
experienced person.

IfIII.L.II^i:Rlf DEPAHTTIEilrT.

Paris Fashions in Trimmed Bonnets and Hats ; Uutrimmed Bonnets
and Hats in great variety ; Flowers, Feathers, Head Dresses, &c.

CI^OXIlIilk& ]>EPAR1\liei\T.

Always on hand a large stock of Gentlemen's Clothing, in all the new
.styles and textures, which for price, style and workma»>phip cannot be
surpassed.

Black Cloth Suits, Tweed Suits, Over Coats, suitable for nil seasons,
Pea .lackets, Blanket Coats, Boy's Clothing of all sizes and styles.

Clothing made to order on the premises, under the superintendence of
a first class cutter. All orders executed witi-. great care and despatch.

eE]\XI.E]»IEI^'jS OOOI>^.

White Dress Shirts, Fancy Flannel Shirts, Underclothing, Hosiery,
Handkerchiefs, Ties, Collars, Braces, Studs, Collar Links, Valises, Carpet
BagSj Gents. Wrapping Shawls, Railway Wrappers.

14, FABRIQUE STREET.
FURI^ENIIIMO 000»S.

A large assortment of Furnishing Goods of every description, at prices
lower than any other store.

Brussels, Tapestry and Scotch Carpels, Silk and Worsted Damasks,
for curtains, Floor Oil Cloths, in all widths, Bedsteads, Matrasses, Looking
Glasses, Mirrors, &c.

The Atllest Taliic siren tor American Currency.

131

'' Cmivriff k" &

One of tlie most largely circulated French Newspapers

and the best advertising medium for all American
i^ manufactures saleable in Canada

vs.? Published three times a week^

Monday, llednesday and Friday.

Proprietor LEGER BROUSSEAU,

QUEBEC, C. E.

.f '

LEGER BROUSSEAU.

jk? Importer of Teas and Wines, i.

BOOK AN^ JOB

Steam Press Printing Establishment, ■

:Sfo, r, Buade iStrect, "

Fancy Cards, Business, Visiting and Ball Cards, Bills;
Plain and Fancy Printing,

OF EVERY DESCRIPTION. i

|^o(jli-§intrin(j in all its toancljfs,

BXECUTED WITH DEifPATCH AND AT

MODERATE PRICES.

132

Ivciil

THE OLD STAND,*

No. 9, .Tolui Street— EHtnbUshed 1S86.

. B^ GEORGE HALL & CO., n

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL,

Grocers, Wine and Spirit Merchants,

Have on hand one ol' ihe finest and most extensive assortments of
Groceries, VVines, Liquors, &c., ever offered in this city.

THE FOLLOWING M'll.L BE FOUND IN STOCK :

I'eas, Coffees, Chocolates, Cocoas, Sugars and Syrups ; also.
Potted and Preserved Meats. &c.

IV I N E S.

SHERRY" — Doniecque's, Pemartin's, Kingston & Sons', Ysasi & Co.'s,

J. de Paul, Dufl', Gordon & Co., and Burden's.
CURIOUS WINES— Vino De Pasto, Amontillado, verj' \ :\e, very

particular, of the finest quality.
PORT WINE— Sanderman's, Graham's, Taylor's, of various qualities,

and of the highest grades imported.
Burg^indy Port, Common Port and Spanish Red Wines, Sweet Malaga

for Medical purposes.

C H A HI P A O N E S .

Moet & Chandon's, Iroy's, Ruinhart ; Imperial Cabinet, Crescent and
Anchor Brands.

RHENISH WINES.

Sparkling Hock, Still Hock, Sparkling Mozelle and Hochenheimer.

BRANBIES.

Hennessey & Co., Ottard, Dupuy & Co., Pinet, Castillon & Co., Planet 5c

Co., Jules Robin & Co., Vineyard Proprietors.
Dularq, Bellamy Ac Co., Vine Growers.
Chaloupin & Co., a few cases very old.
Ca."ies Liqueurs, Curacoa, Marasehmo, Noyau, Anisette, Huile de Rose,

Scubac, Parfait Amour.
Barrels of London Porter, Quarts and Pmts.
Barrels of Ale, Quarts and Pints — Younger's, Allsopp's, Bass & Kewney

& Co.'s.
Gin— John DeKuyper & Son's, in Hhds. and Cases, Cordial Gin, Old Tom,

and a variety of Cordials.
Fine Old Jamaica Rum and Jamaica Shrub.
High Wines, Puncheons, Hhds. and Casks.
Scotch and Irish Mall Whisky, Old Rye and Toddy, Family Proof, pure

and low price.
Cheese — English, Queen's Arms, Chedder, Stilton, Berkley, Truckles and

American.
Butter — Crane Island, Frampton and Megantic.
Prime Cincinnati Hams.

Flour — Superfine, Extra and Double Extra, finest quality for family use.

The above goods are ail of a very choice quality, and selected for

FAMILY USE, and warranted as good as represented.

Orders for Fishing or Pic-Nic parties supplied toith the utmost despatch*

133

W. MARSDEM, M. D.,

Ex. President and Governor of the College of Pliys.

and Sur. Lower Canada ; Hon. Fel. Med. Bot.

' * Society London ; Cor. Fel. Med. Soc. London ;

^;. Hon. Pel. Mont. Pathological Soc. ; lloii.

^'U0}^ ..Pel. Berks. Med. Soc. and Lvcenm'

' ;.4 ' ^'^t. His. ; Hon. Fel. Medico-

Chirurgical Soc. New York ;
&^c., i^c, &c.
'. PLACE D'ARMES, QUEBEC. '

.':H^ e

The most extensive and best selected stock of

■ ^._f iSliii f iiiii lo'i

IN CANADA.

t SALMON RODS AND FLIES,

TROUT RODS AND FLIES OF ALL DESCRIPTION,
Fishing Baskets, Silk Lines, ^c

Per Sale at ^ - !.

BELANGER & GARIEPY,

Hardware,
^ ^ Fabrique street, Upper Town.

m^ ut

134

/'SHEFFIELD HOUSE, f

No. 8, Fabrlaue Street, i^webec.

HENRY SMEATON & CO.,

DIRECT IMPORTERS FROM THE MANtlFACTI'RERS OF

idler anti (^Mxa |Iatclr (ilan\

GOLD A\D SILVER WATCHES, CLOCKS, TIMEPIECES, if.,

JEWELLERY,

Fishing Tackle, Cabinet Goods, Toys, Soaps and
Perfumery, Archery, Cricketing materials, English,
French and German Fancy Goods, Table and
Pocket Cutlery, Spoons, Forks, ike,

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL. i

DEPOT FOR STEREOSCOPIC VIEWS.

HOUGH'S LIVERY STABLES

AND

C/imiAGE MANUFAOTORT.

Saddle Horses, Single and Double Teams, with or
without drivers. Always in readiness.

APPLY AT OFFICE, ST. LOUIS HOTEL.

135

W. B. VALLEAU k Co,"
Sailors anir Jrapcrs, ,

jh . -,^ I

Mmn Jint'iw •ii»»*t0r*'

,Bft

- T':

No. 9,^BUADE STREKT,

i' S

. » <

.*.»,- . Ii«>

.^ f< ^--rt^ll-^atf^i ^

QUE BEC.f

MILLINERY AND DRESS-MAKING

ESTABLISHMENT,,,,

Importers of all Novelties of the Season,

COMPRISING

MOIRE ANTIQUES,

And all sorts of Real Laces and Trimmings, &c.

ESTABLISHED IN 1819.

7 ' ' Mrs. H. JACOBS,

Collin Street.

130

•I

, , . p. I'OULIN 4 SON, ('
«att| Italitrs anlr |tl»tlltis,

No. 33, ST. JOHN STREET, f . .
Corner of Jail Hill.

Depot for the Sale of Homoeopathic Medicines,
Estabiislied in 1857.

10
r

W. DRUM'S

Cliair and Cabinet Steam xdctory,

FURxNITURE SHOW ROOMS,
103, at, Paul and 9, St, Charles Strceli,

QUEBEC.

Has constaiilly on hand a very largo and oxcellcnt

V assortment of all classes of Furniture, Drawing

. Room Sets, Mahogany, Rosewood, Black

Walnut, Oak, Dining-room, Bed-room

and Parlor Sots, and other Furniture

of the newest designs and best

workmanship.

Terms liberal , and every article sold for what it really is.

THE TRADE SUPPLIED.

137

CHAS. M^^DONALD & SON.

DEALERS IN

PAPER HANGINGS,

fiiif Si iLiSii eiiSi fti

ALSO,

COAL OIL, LAMPS, &c.,

UPPJCR TOWrV 9IARICKT Pf^ACE,

Opposite French Cathedral.

T. LAIDLAW & CO.,

No, 23, St. JTotaii Street,

IMPORTERS OF

»i|

^fa|It anir #nfg**irg ioolii

Vet;

138

E. C. BARROW,

EXCHANGE BROKER,

No. 6, Buade Street,
OPPOSITE THE POOT OFFICE.

AMERICAN CURRENCY EXCHANGED ON BEST TERMS.

SILVER FOR SxlLE.

English and American Gold always on hand.

STERLING EXCHANGE NEGOGIATED.
Uiicnrveiit Coin!>i 1>oiig^1it stnd ho1<1,

&c., hc.^ he-

APOTPxECARIES' HALL,

BUADE STREET,
Oppo»«itc lite »i<3e ol* tl»e Frciicli Cutltedral.

JOHN S. BOWEN,

PROPRrElX3R,

Has coiistaiilly on hand a complete and well selected
stock of Toilet Articles, Perfumery, Fancy Soaps,
Combs, Brushes, Spon^ios, &c.

Agent in Quebec for the genuine J. M. Farina's Eau de
Cologne, and Piesse and Lubin's Perfumes.

ALSO,

A complete stock of the principal Ar 3rican, English and
French I'atent Medicines of repute, which are guaranteed as
being genuine.

Soda Water and Nectar from the Fountain, with Cream
Syrups of every flavor.

Presciiptions accurately dispensed and with as much
despatch as is consistent with attention and their proper
preparation. ,