IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^o :/. :/j «J 1.0 I.I 1.25 i^'lM Sir M^ M 1.8 M- 116 v^ <^ /] % 'a / B /A •<>> ^^^ Li? C?^ CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CiHM/iCMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut canadien de microreproductions historiques vV Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notas techniques et bibiiographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. D D D D n D Coloured covers/ Couverture de couleur □ Covers damaged/ Cc Couverture <)ndommag6e Covers restored and/or laminated/ Cou';erture restaurde et/ou pellicul6e □ Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque I I Coloured maps/ Cartes gdographiques on couleur Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) I I Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ D Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ Reli6 aver d'autres documents Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ La reliure serr^e peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distortion le long de la marge int6rieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut qmprnssion Includes supplementary materii Comprend du materiel suppldmentaire I — I Pages damaged/ I I Pages restored and/or laminated/ I I Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ I I Pages Jetached/ r~pr Showthiough/ [~7| Quality of print varies/ I I Includes supplementary material/ D D Only edition available/ Seule Edition disponible Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have beer^ ref limed to ensure the best podsilile image/ Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc., ont 6t6 filmdes d nouveau de fa9on it obtenir la meilleure image possible. This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est filmi au taux de reduction indiqu6 ci-dessous. 10X 14X 18X 22X 26X 30X 12X 16X 20X 24X 28X 32X The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: Morisset Library University of Ottawa L'exemplaire filrn^ fut reproduit grdce d la g6n6rosit6 de: Bibliotheque IVIorisset University d'Ottawa The images appearing here jre the be^t quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Les images suivantes orit 6x6 reproduites avec le plus grand soin, compile tenu de la condition et de la nettetd de l'exemplaire filmd, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impras- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. Les exemplairas originaux dont la couvsrture en papier est imprim6e sont film^s en commenpant par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la dernidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second plat, selon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont fiimds en commenpant par la premidre nage qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernidre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol — ♦- (meaning "CON- TINUED "), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Un des lymboles suivants apparaitra sue la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, seion le cas: le symbole —»- signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbole V signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Las cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmds 6 des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clich6, il est film6 d partir de Tangle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 A si 1 . QUEBEC : iS IT WAS, AND AS IT IS. ^ t A :.',^:*:^-\:' r J i 1 A ftj oi K'fM QUEBEC: AS IT WAS, AND AS IT IS, OR, / ' A BRIEF HISTORY OF T^ THE OIDEST CITY IN CANADA, FROM ITS FOUNDATION TO THE PRESENT TIME WITH A GUIDE FOR STRANGERS, TO THE DIFFERENT PLACES OF INTEREST WITHIN THE CITY, AND ADJACENT THERETO. ftj FIFTH EDITION. BY CHAS. ROaER, PRINTED FOR THE PROPRIETOR. 1867. > ■» ; » ,1 < t: ''i % ' V / « ;<. I J .■ ••;,:'v'" 'f^l^-*MT1i-v. ..Mor^aaa wp&% FC .^^5 ;;:;■;,;■■■■:;' (g^67 ,^ i •)' '-.,-.ut^,- PREFACE. ! Tlio compiler of Ibis little work offers no avulogy for its publication, lie believes, or ratber, be knows tbat it is wanted, and tbat tlie residents as well as tbe visitors wbo are attracted to Quei)ec by its liistoric fame and its unequalled scenery, will find it well wortb a perusal. Quebec is no ordinary or common-place city, for tbough like otlier large communities It carries on trade, commerce and manufactures ; cultivates arts, science and literalur. ; abounds in cbarities, and pro- fesses special regard to tbe amenities of social life, it claims particular attention as being a strikingly unique old place, tbe strong-bold of Canada, and, in fact, tbe key of tbe Province. Viewed from any one of its approaclics, it impresses tbe stranger witb tbe conviction of strengtb and permanency. Tbe reader of American bistory on entering its gates, or wander- ing over its squares, ramparts and battle-fields, puts bimself at once in communion witb the illustrious dead. Tbe acbievements of daring mariners, tbe labours of self-sacrificing missionaries of tbe cross, and tbe conflicts of military heroes, wbo bled and died in tbe assault and defence of its walls, are here re-read with ten-fold interest. Then the lover of nature in her grandest and most ruggea, as in her gentle and most smiling forms, will find in and around it an affluence of sublime and beautiful objects. Tbe man vi THE PUKFACE. of science too may be equally gratified, for liere the great forces of nature and her secret ahUiymy may be studied with advantage. Quebec can never be a tann; or insipid place, and with modei-ate opportunities for ad\ancenient, it must become one of the greatest cities of tlie new world in respect of learning, arts, com- mei'ce and manufactures. Tliat it is fast, tliougli perhaps noiselessly, progressing towards industrial groi'vtness, no one who looks at the continually increas- ing number of tall chimneys towering above the surrounding houses in the suburbs will doubt, and the lime cannot be far distant when it will move in this direction with greatly accelerated steps. The book, though not without interest to residents, is chiefly designed for visitors, who through its pages, will be directed to the most remarkable objects in the city and its environs. It has been too much the custom with travellers seeking for instructive, plea- surable and healthful recreation, to hurry through this old Cabinet of Curiosities in one or tw^o days, when, in fact, they have hardly commenced to appre- ciate its contents, and, therefore, if by putting this little book in their hands they are induced hereafter to give it a more interested attention, the compiler will be abundantly rewarded for his labour of love. No special credit is claimed in the way of originality or arrangement of material, the author liaving freely availed himself of the w^orks of previous writers, but he trusts that the contents will be found to be pertinent and accurate. Jiu.ssiiLL's Hou.se, Quebec, May, 1807. . ;' I ^ ,i; ' • ,,.i. •■ii'iJ CONTENTS. Chapter I. Formor extent of British Dominion in America — Growth ol' C'anada and United States — Efl'ect of the Conquest of llf)^.* — Discovery ol" the St. Ijawronce by Cartier — Foundation of (Quebec — Progress of the Colony — Champlain surrenders Canada to the Enghsh — ^Tlie ( 'ountry looked upon as worth- less, returned to France — Seminary and Convent established at Quebec — Massacre at Sillery — First Bishop — Sir Hoven- den Walker's fleet lost in the St. I^awrence — Population of Quebec — Visit of Professor Kalm — Appearance of Quebec and neighborhood in 1749 — Present condition of the Forti- fications — Former and present aj)pearance of the Harbour — Interior of a Convent — Reception of a new Governor in 1749 — Dog Carts — Shipbuilding— The Habitants—The Ladies of Quebec — And what is to follow. Chapter II. Remarkable i)eriotls in Canadian History — Increase of Popula- tion — View from Durham Terrace — Consul General a ^- drews on Quebec — General Wolfe and Admiral Saunders — British Fleet and Army opposite Quebec — ^The Bombanl- ment — The Assault at Montmorency — Cook the Navigator — Wolfe and the Poet Gi-ay — ^The Landing — Ascent to the Plains of Abraham — Battle of Quebec — Death of Wolfe and Monument — Death of Montcalm — Surrender of the Town — Sailing of the Fleet — Exultation of the English ** at home " and in America. Chapter III. The Capitulation — The Cession to Great Britain — Tlie Quebec Act — ^The American Revolution — ^Montgomery's Invasion — General Arnold — Arnold's character — ^The Expedition through the Wilderness — ^The Order of March — A fatiguing Journey — ^The Flag-staff Mountain — Sickness of the Troops — Encampment on Lake Megantic — Descent of the Chau- diere — ^Washington's Manifesto — Arrival at Point Levy — Oossing of the River — Arnold on Plains of Abraham — Arrival of Montgomery — The Siege — British Force in Quebec— The Assault -Skirmish at Pr Us- d€Ville--F fill of Montgomery — Arnold's Attack — Sortie of the Garrison — Loss of the Americans — A Disinterment — Remarks on the Invasion — 1812. via r.ONTKXTS. C'ha.Mtei' IV. The Robollion— Attack upon Fort jMaMon— Tlio Tompti\tlou— Fncldcnts of tho Escnpo— The Alarm— Tho Aocidonts— An jMicountor in Town— IfousoH of Ifoliigo — Wrath of tho Coninmiidiint— ThoU('r's^'i('^v• of (iuo»)(.*c— Th«^ t'onflagra- liouH of ;Mu.y ami Juno, 1845— The (Jovornniont Hi(hng School Hm-nt. ,. ■• m,^* ,• j, ,^ ,■:■;., . €lin|>ter V. ' ' ; A Drive— Tho CVmetory— Marino Hospital— ''Chion T>'()r"— Churelios— < 'Jiurchos of England— Proshytorian Churchor.— W(^slovnn, Congrog-itional, and I'.aptist Churohos— St. ratriok's Clnu-ch— Koman Catholic Cathedral— University • of Laval— Water Works— Tlio Music Hall- The Court House— Parliament House— Hotels— Literary Institutions —yho Chaudiert — Lake St. ( 'harlcs— St. Anne. CImpter VI. ., ' Pleasures of tho Trip— The St. Lawrence ond the watering ])laces— Island of Oilcans- Crane Island- Kaniourasica— . Cacouna— Entrance of the Saguenay— Price & Co— Lake St. Jolm— The Crops— Mode of Travelling— The Pcnkol.a ' —Russell's Report on tho Snguenay Country. Vj M c^ .' ■ t ii *. , 5 J .. ,t ,..* { . .5-' !".;♦• I ^ s '%' nt!-' K 'J, ir' J I 5 ; . . . I .\ i •'-i<-; * ' i " t,' . •a- QUEBEC: AS IT WAS, AND AS IT IS. ty lit lis ^g ke I 111 chapte:!! f. Former extent of British Dominion in America — Growth of Cnnnda and United States— Effect of the Conquest of i 759— Discovery of the St. Lawrence by Cartier — Foundation of Quebec — Progress of the Colony — Champlain surrenders Canada to the English— The Country, looked upon as worthless, returned to France — Seminnry and Convent estab- lished at Quebec — Massacre at Siilery — First Bishop— Sir Hovenden Walker's fleet lost in the St. Lawrence — Population of Quebec — Visit of Professor Kalm — Appearances of Quebec and neighbourhoovhile. Great Britain held dominion over tliat vast extent of territory, from the mouth to the headwaters of the St. Lawrence, and from the source of the Mis- sissippi to the Gulf of Mexico, — which already the Jesuit Fathers had studded with churches, and French Commanders had, if not wisely governed, at least judiciously fortified, — and over all that land which the pious zeal of the Pilgrim Fathers, had set- A 2 Q CANADA AND THE iJNITED STATES, tied and improved, Dulch adventurers liad reclaimed from a wilderness, the London or South Virginia Com- pany had colonized, or which had heen simply granted to some pet lord of a rather privileged king, as a proprietory government — a totality of empire in North America from Hudson's Bay to the mouths of the Mississippi. A. few years, however, after this event, the old English (iolonies of America obtained an independent existence, and Canada, Newfoundland, New Brunswick and No^a Scotia, remained to Great Britain, asylums for United Er^pire loyalists, and the cherished home of those whose peculiar institutions the British people had consented to protect and main- tain. Since then, Canada has rapidly advanced in wealth and population, and Quebec has grown with the Province to great importance as a mi]ila'."y posi tion, and as a seaport and place of business. The comparative growth of Canada and the Ignited States, since the former has been a Province of Great Britain and the latter a nation, may be gathered from the fact that immediately preceding that event, or in 1753, the English Colonies of New England, Connec- ticut, New York, tl e Jerseys, Pennsylvania, Mary- land, Virginia, North and South Carolina and Georgia contained, with the 5,000 English inhabitants of Nova Scotia, 1,051,000, while the French Colonies of Canada and Louisiana contained only 52,000 people, 7,000 of whom were inhabitants of the latter. ImmediaLely after the conquest of Canada, and especially after the independence of the old English Colonies, the growth and advancement of the latter, compared with the progress in Canada, was very great. The conquest deprived Lower Canada of an accession of new people from Europe. It was a country inhabited by French- EFFECT OF THE CONQUEST. 3 men, under the protectorate of Great Britain, and besides the military, such Englishmen as resided at Quebec, Montreal, or Three Rivers, were only factors for the Liverpool or London merchants, and bore no closer relationship to the colonist than the English resident at Canton does to the Chinese. The thirteen United. States, on the other hand, had all become, not personal proprietaries u& Pennsylvania and Maryland were, not the property of personal proprietors, with the government and jurisdiction in the Crown, as in the Garolinas and Jerseys formerly, not plantations the property and government of which rested with the Crown, as in Virginia, New York, and New Hamp- shire, not a property in the people and their represen- tatives, the government being with the Grown, as in Massachusetts Bay, but the property and government in the freemen of the colony as it was in Rhode Island and Connecticut They had secured to themselves in 1783, that which Canada only obtained in 1840, and saw perfectea, with some trilling exceptions, in 1853, a government wholly responsible to the people, and thereby a credit in the London Money Market, alTord- hig the ability of making roads and canals, improving rivers and harbours, and of bringing by artificial means, places when unimi)roved, a far way off, in close proximity to each other. It is impossible either for an Englishman or an American not to feel an interest in Quebec, long the the chief, and yet the most notable and curious city in Canada. The site of the city was first visit d by Jacques Carticr, the celebrated navigator of St. Malo,in France, who, in 1535, being in search of a north-west passage to China, entered the St. La\yrence and made his way 4 QUEBEC FOUNDED. to Stadacoiia, a mere collection of Indian huts upon the river St. Charles, below, and to the northward of the promontory on which Quebec now stands. Quebec was founded by Ghamplain in 1608, the agent of a company of merchants who had determined upon mak- ing settlements in Canada. On the 3rd July in that year, Ghamplain selected the base of the promontory of Gape Diamond as the site of a town ; erected huts for shelter ; established a magazine for stores and provi- sions, and formed barracks for the soldiery, not on the hig]iest point of the headland but nearly on the site of the recently destroyed Paj-liament buildings. Hav- ing aflerwai'ds surveyed the lake which bears his name, Ghamplain returned to France to obtain more money and more men, and found a partner in the person of the Gount de Soisson who had been appointed Governor of the new country. De Soisson, however, soon after receiving his appointment died, and the Vice royalty of Ganada was conferred upon the Prince de Gonde, through whose influence Ghamplain was again enabled to sail for Ganada, with some Roman Gatholic Missionaries, who on their arrival, set themselves vigorously to the work of chris- tianizing the heathen. Indeed, churches were soon established from the head waters of the Saguenay to Lake Nepissim. In 1621, the first European was born at Quebec, now a fortified town, and there were more than fifty Europeans in New France ! Six years later, eighteen Huguenots or l-'rench protestants were brought to Quebec by De Gaen ; but Gardinal Richelieu immediately afterwards established the "Hundred Associates," not only to colonize New France, but amply to supply the colonists with necessaries, to send a large number of : I SEMINARY. 5 clergymen, to be supported by the Associates for fifteen years, and to have glebe or reserved lands assigned to them for sufficient future support. This latter plan of settlement was, however, roughly interfered with by the declaration by England of war against France in 1628, when Sir David Kirk pro- ceeded to the St. Lawrence, burned the Village of Tadousac, and obtained from Ghamplain the surrender of the Fort of Quebec, carrying with him to England all the European inhabitants of Canada. In 1631, Ghamplain was re-appointed Governor of Canada, the country being considered worthless by the people of England ; and colonization was systematically undertaken by the Jesuits. After the death of Champl'.in, which occurred in 1635, the Seminary was founded at Quebec, and the Ursulinc Nunnery established through the instrumentality of the Duchess d'Aiguillon. Next year a very melancholy affair oc- curred at Sillery, which is situated about four miles above Quebec, en the north bank of the St. Law. rence. Four hundred Huron families, men, women^ and children, were massacred by the Iroquois, during service in ihe church. The French were at this period literally confined at Quebec, Three Rivers^ and Montreal ; but, nevertheless, made considerable pro- gress. In 1659, the Bishop of Petrca arrived at Quebec, to preside over the Catholic Church, and was appointed to the Si3e of Quebec by Pope Clement X, in 1664. Francois de Laval united the Seminary of Quebec with that of Du Bac, in Paris, in 1796, and did his best for the spread of education, and not a little for the extension of leligion, by obtaining four hundred additional soldiers from France for tlio Garrison of t^uebec, to keep the natives in orde;\ Soon after these I c EARTHQUAKE — POPULATION. events a rather fabulous earthquake occurred, which filled Quebec with terror, and which is carefully narrated by Charlevoix ; and two years after that occurrence, a Monsieur JoUyet accompanied the Reverend Pere Marquette to the Mississippi, the mouths of which river La Salle afterwards discovered. In 1710, New England, being plagued by the Canadians, who allowed their Indians to perpetrate unheard of atrocities, resolved to defebd herself, and asked Queen Anne for assistance. It was intended to send an expe- dition from Boston to attack Quebec. Sir Hovenden Walker, accordingly, sailed for Boston, and there being manned and provisioned by the colonists, sailed for the St. Lawrence, where the lleet was nearly wholly destroyed. About midnight, on the 22nd of August, a part of the lleet was driven among islands and rocks on the north shore, eight or nine transports were cast away, and nearly 1,000 soldiers ^vere drowned, the consequence being that the intended attack upon Quebec was abandoned. Quebec had now 7,000 inliabi- tants, and the banks below the city were laid out in seigniories, the farms being tolerably well cultivated. Professor Kalm, of Aobo, in Swedish I^'indlanu, visited Quebec, in August, 1749, and gives a very interesting account of the then condition and appear- ance of the town and its surroundings. Speaking of the St. Lawrence, he says:— "The river has always (( been a very good defence for the country. An « enemy, and one that is not acquainted with it, cannot (( go upwards, without being ruined ; for in the neigii- « borhood of Quebec^ it abounds with hujdkn hocks, and ,(( has strong currents in some places, whicli oblige the « ships to make many windings." And aft«;r alluding to the supposed origin of the name " Quebec," from Jf>>.,. pnoFEssoR kalm's visit. Liie Norman " Quel-bec ? " what a promontory or beak, or from the Indian word Quehego — ITow narrow ? (expressive of the sudden narrowness of the river, Professor Kalm says : " The prospect near Quebec is (( very lively from the river. The town lies very high, « and all the churches, and other buildings appear « very conspicuous. The ships in the river below (( ornament the landscape on that side. The powder « magazine, which stands on the summit of tlie moun- <( tain on which the town is built, towers above all '< the other buildings.)) « The country we passed by ailbrded a no less « charming sight. The river St. Lawrence flows nearly H from south to north here ; on botli rides of it are « cultivated fields, but more on the west side than on « the east side. The hills on both shores are gteep and <( high. A number of fine hills separated from each (( other, large fields which looked quite white from « tlie corn with which they are covered, and excellent « woods of deciduous trees made the country around « look very pleasant. Now and then we saw a church « of stone, and in several places brooks fell from the « hills into the I'iver. Where tlie brooks are con- it siderable, there thev have made saw mills and water 7 t> « mills. » « After rowing for the space of a French mile and a « half, we come to the Isle of Orleans which is a large « island, near seven French miles and a half long, and « almost two of those miles broad, in the widest part. « It lies in the middle of the river St. Lawrence, is « very high, has steep and very woody shores. Ther^ « are some places without trees, which have farm « houses below, quite close to the shore. The isle itself is well cultivated, and within but five houses of stone 8 PROFESSOR KALM's VISIT « large cornfields, meadows, pastures, woods of de- « ciduous trees, and some clmrches, built of stone, are « to he seen on it. » Mr. Kalm visits Bay St. Paul, and with the eye of science examines the earth. He conjectures that all the flat ground at St. Paul was formerly the bottom of a river, as a great part of the jilants which are to bo met with, are marine, such as glass wort, sea-milk wort, and seaside pease ; but when he asked the in- habitants w'hether they found shells in the ground by digging for wells, they always answered in the nega- tive. He received the same answer from those who lived in tlie low fields, directly north of Quebec. Now the worthy and learned professor had been ill in- formed, as from the Montmorency to nearly the source of the St. Charles, there is now to be seen layer upon layer of such shells, to the great astonishment of every stranger at all geologically interested either by study or by profession. At Mount Lilac, in Beau- port, and at Marl Farm, in Lorette, marine shells are obtainable in cartloads. Kalm more particularly describes the town of Que- bec thus : — The chief city of Canada lies on the western shore of the river St. Lawrence, close to the water's edge, on a neck of land bounded by that river on the east side, and by the river St. Charles on the north side ; the mountain on which the tovv^n is built, rises still higher on the south side, and behind it begin great pastures ; and the mountain likewise extends a good way westward. The city is distinguished into the Lower and the Upper. The lower lies on the river eastward of the upper. The neck of land mentioned before, was formed by the dirt and filth, which had from time to time been accumulated there and by a TO QUEBEC IN 1749. — THE PALACE. 9 rock which lay that way, not by any graoual dimmu- tion of the water. The upper city lies above the other on a high hill, and takes up five or six times the space of the lower, though it is not quite so populous. The mountain on which the upper city is situated, reaches above the houses of the lower city. Notwithstanding, the latter are three or four stories high, and the view, from the palace, of the lower city, (part of which is immediately under it,) is enough to cause swimming of the head. There is only one easy way of getting to the upper city, and there part of the mountain has been blown up. The road is very steep notwithstanding it is winding and serpentine. However they go up and down it in carriages and with waggons. All the other roads up the mountain are so steep that it is very difficult to climb to the top of them. Most of the mer- chants live in the lower city where the houses are built very close together. The streets in it are narrow, very rugged, and almost always wet. There is like- wise a church and a small market-place. The upper city is inhabited by people of quality, by several i:)er- sons belonging to the different officers, by tradesmen, and others. In this part are the chief buildings of the town, among which the following are w'orthy of par- ticular notice. I. The Palace is situated on the west or steepest side of the mountain, just above the lower city. It is not properly a palace, but a large building of stone, two stories high, extending north and south. On the west side of it is a courtyard, surrounded partly with a wall and partly with houses'. On the east side, or towards the river is a gallery as long as the whole building, and about two fathoms broad, paved with smooth flags, and inclosed on the outsides by iron rails, la THE CHURCHES. from whence the city and the river exhibit a charming prospect. The gallery serves as a very agreable walk after dhnier, and those who come to speak with the Governor General wait here till he is at leasure. The palace is the lodging of the Governor General of Canada, and a nnmber of soldiers mount the guard before it, both at the gate and in the courtyard ; and when the Governor, or the Bishop, comes in jr goes out, they must all appear in arms and beat the drum. The Governor General has his own chapel where he hears prayers ; however, he often goes to mass at the church of the Recolkls^ (a kind of Franciscan Friars, called Ordo SlL Francisci striclioris obscrvaiillop^) which is very near the palace. II. The Churches in this town are seven or eight in number, and all built of btone. The Cathedral Church is on the right hand, coming from the lower to the upper city, somewhat beyond the Bishop's house. The people are at present em- ployed in ornamenting it. On its next side is a round steeple, with two divisions, in the lower of which are some bells. The puli^it and some other parts within the church are gilt. The seats arc very fine. The Jesuits' Church is built in the form of a cross, and has a round steeple. This is the only church that has a clock, and I shall mention it more particularly below. The Recollets' Church is opposite the Gate of the Palace, on the west side, looks well, and has a pretty high pointed steeple, with a division below for the bells. The Church of the Ursulines has a round spire/iLil The Church of the Hospital. .Hm^' The Bishop's Chapel. .oimibftt-:- ■H:^.-!:^,-:- LE S^MINAIRE. U The Church hi the Lower City was built in 1 GOO, after the town had been deUvered from the English and is called Notre Dame de la Victoin. It has a small steeple in the middle of the roof, square at the boltoni, and round at the top. ' The little chapel of the Governor General may like- wise be ranked among the churches. III. The Bishop's house is the first, on the right hand, coming from the Lower to the Upper Town. It is a fine large building, surrounded by an extensive court-yard and kitchen-garden on one side, and by a wall on the other. IV. The College of the Jesuits, which I will describe more particularly. It has a much more noble appear- ance, in regard to its size and architecture, than the palace itself, and would be proper for a palace if it had a more advantageous situation. It is about four times as large as the palace, and is the finest building in the town. It stands on the north side of a market, on the south side of which is the Cathedral. V. The House of the Regollets lies to the west, near the palace and directly over against it, and consists of a spacious building, with a long orchard, and kitchen- garden. The house is two stories high. In each story is a narrow gallery with rooms and halls on one or both sides. VI. The HoTEL-DiEu, where the sick arc taken care of, shall be described in the sequel. The nuns that serve the sick, are of the Augustine Order. 'VII. The house of the Clergy, Le Seminaire, is a lar^-e biiilding, on the north-east side of the Cathe- dral. Here is on one side a spacious court, and on the other, towards the river, a great orchard, and kitchen- garden. Of all the buildings in the town, none has 12 INTENDANT's HOL'SE. so fine a prospect as that in tho garden belonging to this house, which lies on the hiqh shore and looks a good way down the river. The .lesuits, on the other hand, liavc the worst, and hardly any prospect at all from their college ; nor have the RccoUcts any fine view from their house. In this building all the clergy of Qucb(?c lodge with their Superior. They have large pieces of land in several parts of Canada, i)re- sented to them by the Government, from which they derive a plentiful income. ., VIII. The Convent of the Ursuline Nuns shall be mentioned in the sequel. These are all the chief buildings in the town, but to the northwest, just before the town, is : IX. The house of the Intendant, a public building, whose size makes it fit for a palace. It is covered with tin, and stands in a second lower town, situated northward upon the River St. Charles. It has a large and flue garden on its north side (now the Gove' - ment wood-yard). In this house all the deliberations concerning the Province are held ; and the gentlemen who have the management of the Police and the civil I)ower, meet here, and the Intendant generally pre- sides. In affairs of great consequence, the Governor General is likewise here. On one side of this house is the store-house of the Crown, and on the other the prison. With the exception of the Bishop's palace to the right of Prescott Gate, and on which the ruins of the Parliament buildings built in 1852, and destroyed by fire in the spring of 1 854, now stand ; the house of the IntendaiiL the remains of which were swept over by the great lire of 1845, which destroyed the whole of the suburb of St. Roch ; the Church and residence of THE HOUSES. 13 llio Hecolels, on llie ruins of which stand tlie present Cathedral of the Church of England and the Coiirt House ; and the palace of the Governor General or Chateau St. Louis, destroyed by fire on the 23rd January, 1834, when occupied by the Governor in Chief, General Lord Aylmer, all the churches, chapels, and public buildings, so minutely described by Pro- fessor Kalm, are still extant, and, with the exception of the Jesuits' College now occupied as a barracks by the Queen's troops, still devoted to the purposes for which, before the conqu(;st, they were intended. It is interesting to know how -(Quebec, in other rospects, appeared a hundred and seven years ago, and Professor Kalm tells us. « Most of the houses, he says, are built of stone, and in the upper city, they arc generally but one story high, the public buildings excepted. I saw a few wooden houses in the town, but they must uot be rebuil' when decayed. The houses and churches in the city are not built of bricks, but of the black lime slates of which the mountain consists, whereon Quebec stands. « When these lime slates are broken at a good depth in the mountain, they look very compact at first, and appear to have no shivers, or lamcllx^ at all, but after being exposed a while to the air, they separate into thin leaves. These slates are soft, and, easily cut ; and the city walls, together with the garden walls, consist chiefly of them. The roofs of the public buildings are covered with common slates, which are brought from France, because there are none in Canada, (a mistake by the way, as has since been discovered.) « The slated roofs have for years withstood the changes of air and weather, without suffering any b2 li THE STREETS. (l.'im.ign. Tlio private houses have roofs or boards, whicli are laid parallel to the spars, and soiiietiines !o the eaves, or sometimes obliquely. The coriKirs of houses are made of grey small grained lime stone which lias a strong smell, like the stinkstone [nitrum suiUitm^ or lapis sidllus prismatlcus, and tiie windows an; generally encased with it. The outside of the houses are generally w'hitewashed. The window's are placed on the inner side of the walls ; for they have sometimes donble windows in winter. The middle roof has two, or at most three spars, covered with boards only. The rooms are warmed in winter by small iron stoves, which are removed in summer. Thi' floors arc very dirty in every house^ and have the appearance of being cleaned but once every year ! « The Powder Magazine stands on the svuninit of the mountain on which the city is built, and south ward of the palace. <( The streets in the upper city have a sutficient breadth, but are very rugged, on account of ^1:6 rock on which it lies ; and this renders them very disa- greeable to foot passengers and carriages. The black lime stones basset out and project everywhere into sharp angles, and are very crooked. « The many great orchards and kitchen gardens, near the house of the Jesuits, and other public and private buildings, make the town appear very large though the number of houses it contains is not very considerable Its extent from south to north is said to be about six hundred toises, and from the shore of the river along tlie lower town, to thv. western wall, between three hundred and fifty and four hundred toises. It must be observed that this space is not yet wholly inhabited ; for on the west and south sides. FORTIFICATIONS. 15 along the town walls, are largo pieces of land without any buildings on them, and destined to Im; l)uilt upon in future times, when the nuinher of inhabitants will be increased in Quebec. II The town is surrounded on all sides bv a high wall, and jspeciall> towards the land. It was not quite completed when I was there, and they were very busy in finishing it. It is built of the ab'ove mentioned black lime slate, and of a dark grey sand- stone. For the comers of the gates they have em- ployed a grey lime stone. TUey have not made any walls towards the water side, but nature seems to have worked for them, by placing a rock there, which it is impossible to ascend. All the rising land there- about, is likewise so well planted with cannon, that it seems impossible for an enemy's ships or boats to come to the town, without running into inmiinent danger of being sunk. On the land side the town is likewise guarded, by high mountains, so that nature and art have combined to fortify it. » So says the professor. The same French walls which were then building still exist, the same scarp and counterscap, with some addition made in Sir James Craig's time outside of Lewis gate, while on the summit of the mountain, where stood the Powder Magazine in 1749, stands one of the most solid, inge- nious, and impregnable of modern fortifications in the world — the Citadel of Quebec. Indeed, the whole town is now most strongly fortified and heavily armed. In front of the Seminary garden, where a street of buildings, 80 or 90 feet in height, are at present erecting for Laval University, the Seminary established by Francjois de Laval, Bishop of Petrea, having been raised to the dignity of a University by Queen Victoria in 16 THE GUNS. 1854, there is a grand battery of thirty-two pounders, on iroa traversing platforms, a curtain of the largest sized morturs, sixty-eight pounders in Imlf moons, and carronades at the angle, facing the mouth of the St. Charles. On the north side upon the steep over the Palais, there are block houses at the gates, half moons of thirty-two pounders on traversing jilatforms at intervals, and bastions literally load?d with long heavy guns, supported by bomb proof magazines, ready for service, situated inmiediately in rear; the Artillery barracks above St. Rocks, are studded with gunports, and the ramparts, curtains, and bastions facing the Glacis of Gallows Hill grin with long heavy guns, while down and up St. John and St. Lewis streets, carronades are pointed so as completely to sweep them, if need be, and the ditcbes of the old French line of works newly and strongly faced with the mosts durable cut stone are protected by thirty two pounders and even heavier guns without number. The Bishop, whose See was in Quebec, was then the only Bishop in Canada (now, in 1857, there are eight or nine, an Archibishop and a Bishop Coadjutor in Quebec, a Bishop in Three Rivers, a Bishop and Coadjutor in Montreal, a Bishop in Bytown, a Bishop in Kingston, and a Bishop in Toronto,) and his diocese extended to Louisiana, in the Mexican Gulf northward, and to the south seas westv/ard. When Mr. Kalni visited Quebec, it was the seaport and trading town in all Canada. There were thirteen great and small vessels in the harbour, and « they expected jioie in.)» But no other than French ships could come into the harbour. Now, Russian, Prussian, Norwegi.in, Ihemen, Portuguese, French, American and British Hags can iluUer and have ilutlerecl tJ tbe : THE HARDOrR. 17 breeze together in the harbour of Quebec ; and only two years ago there was in the port, a French bark from St. Malo, the birth place of Jacques Gartier, the discoverer of Canada, and His Majesty the Emperor of tlie French's Corvette the Capriclcusc lay under the guns of the citadel, for more than a month, while her commander, the Capitaine de Belveze, made a tour tlirough the country, everywhere meeting with that kind attention, which was extendid by the French Governors and Lheir officials, to distinguished strangers in the days of Kalm. Nay, American vessels of war have passed from the great lakes through the St. Lawrence canals to the ocean, their officers ^)eing fclcd by the garrison, while the ships lay opposite the town making necessary repairs for sea. Times have much changed since then. Quebec, yet as beautiful and imposing as she ever was, does buciuess with the whole world, dealing not in peltries only, but in every possible description o-' goods, wares, and merchandize. Instead of thirteen great and small vessels being only to be seen opposite the city, three or four hundred crafts, many of which are upwards of 2,000 tons, may be seen during the business session so thickly packed together in the stream as to form almost a floating, or rather a number of lloating bridges, from one side of the river to the other: — steamships from the ocean, floating steam palaces for river navigation, and propellers from the inland seas of the Far West — the sound of the railway whistle heard above the roar of the mid-day gun. The Swedish professor was permitted by the Bishop to visit the largest Nunnery in Quebec, at the solicitation of the Governor General. « The cells of the nuns, he &ays, arc in the highest slgre, o« both si(lcs of tliC 18 A NUNNERY. gallery, and are but small, not painted in the inside, but hung with small pictures of saints, and of our Saviour on the cross. A bed with curtains and good bed clothes, a little narrow desk, and a chair or two, is tlie whole furniture of a cell. They have fires in winter, and the nuns are forced to lie in the cold cells. On the gallery Is a stove which is heated in winter, and as all the rooms are left open, some warmth can by this means come into them. In the middle story are the rooms where they pass the day together. One of these is the room where tliev are at work : and has an iron stove. Here they were at their needle-work, embroi- dering, gilding, and making flowers of silk, which bear a great similarity to the natural ones. In a word, they were all employed in such nice works, as were suitable to ladies of their rank in life. In another hall they assemble to hold their juntos. Another apartment con- tains those who are indisposed ; but such as are dange- rously ill, have rooms to themselves. The novices and new comers are taught in another hall. Another is destined for the refectory, or dining room, in which are tables on all sides; on one side of it is a small desk, on which is laid a French book, concerning the life of those saints who are mentioned in the New Testament. When they dine, all are silent, one of the eldest gets into the desk, and reads a part of the book before mentioned ; and when they are gone through it, Ihjy read some other religious book. During the meal they sii, on that side of the table which is turned towards the wall. Almost in every room is a gilt table, on which are placed candles, together with the picture of Our Saviour on the cross, and of some saints : before these tables they say their prayers. On one side is the churcJi^ and near it is a large gallery, divided from the tl THE RECEPTION OF A GOVERNOR IN 1749. 19 church by rails, so that the nuns could only look into it. Tn this gallery they remain during divine service, and the clergyman is in church, where the nuns reach him his sacerdotal robes through a hole, for they are not allowed to go into the same vestry, and to be in the same room with the priest. This convent contains about fifty nuns, most of them advanced in years. i( The hospital makes a part of the convent. It con- sists of two large halls, and some rooms near the apothecary's shop. In the hall are two rows of beds on each side, within each other. The beds next to the v/all are furnished with curtains, the outer ones are without them. In each bed are fine bed clothes with clean double sheets. » Those gentlemen, who came to Quebec from Bos- ton and New York, on an international visit in 1850 or 1851, when they were attended by the Mayor and City Council, and shown through the Citadel and Hutel Dieu, will recognize^ in regard to the latter, the accuracy of Kalm's description. The reception of a Governor in the time of the French, was marvellously like similar receptions at the present time. « At half an liour after eight, r.:iys Kalm, the new Governor General went from the ship into a barge, covered with red cloth, upon which a signal with canons was given from the ramparts ; for all the bells in the town to be set a ringing. All the people of distinction went dow^n to the shore to salute the Governor, who, on alighting from the barge war received by (the former Governor) the Marquis de la Gallisoniere. After they had saluted each other, the Commandant of the town addressed the rew Governor General in a very elegant speech, which he answered very concisely ; after which all the cannons on the 20 THE RECEPTION OF A GOVERNOR IN 1749. ramparts gave a general salute. The wh( ^e street, up to the cathedal, was lined with men in arms, chiefly drawn out from among the burgesses. The Governor General then walked towards the cathedral, dressed in a suit of red, with abundance of gold lace. His servants went before him in gr^^en, carrying fire-arms on their shoulders. On his arrival at the cathedral, he was received by the Bishop of Canada, and the clergy assembled. The Bishop was arrayed in his pontifical robos, and a long gilt tiara on his head, and a great crozier of massive silver in his hands. After the Bishop had addressed a short speech to the Go- vernor General, a priest brought a silver crucifix on a long stick (two priests with lighted tapers on each side of it) to be kissed by the Governor. The bishop and ihe priests then went tlirough the long- walk up to the choir. The servants of the Governor General followed with their hats on, and arms on their shoulders. At last came the Governor General and his suite, and after them a crowd of x>'^ople. At the beginning of the choir, the Governor General and the General de la Gallisoniere stopped before a chair covered with red cloth, and stood thei-e during the whole time of the celebration of the mass, which was celebrated by the bishop himself. From the church he went to the palace, where the gentlemen of note in the town went to pay their respects to him. The religious of the different orders with tiieir respec- tive superiors like^\dse came to him, to testify their joy on his happy arrival Among the number that came to visit him, none staid to dine but those that were invited beforehand, among which I had the honour to be. The entertainment lasted very long, and was as elegant as the occasion required. DOG-CARTS — SHIP-BUILDINr.. 21 I The Governor General, Marquis de la Jonquiere, was very tall and at that time something aho^e sixty- years old. He had fought a great naval battle with the English in the last war, but had been obliged to sur- render, the English being, as it was told^ vastly suj)e- rior in the number of ships and men. On this occasion he was wounded by a ball, which entered one side of nis shoulders and came out at the other. He was verv complaisant, but knew how to preserve his dignity when he bestowed favor.)) . .^ , , . ,, DOG-CAUTS. ' • : ; , It is only very recently since the use of dogs in the City of Quebec, as beasts of burthen, was prohibited by the City Council. Even yet, some poor people aie allowed to use them in draw'ing wood and w^ater. When Kalm, visited Quebec, he saw two grea' dogs put before a little cart, one before the other. They had neat harness like horses, and bits in their mouths. In the cart was a barrel. The dogs were directed by a boy who ran behind the cart. As soon as the dogs came to the river, they jumped in of their own accord, and when the boy, had filled the barrel, the dogs drew the burden up the hill again, to the house they be- longed to. 1 had seen them bring not only water, but wood, milk, and other things. -ti-.Mii.j.f ! SHn>-BUILDING. 'f. iiAJ:!v4trfi.i4-;iti:J Quebec is now celebrated for the size, synnnetry, and excellent sailing qualities of her ships. Forty or fifty vessels, varying from five hundred to two thousand tons burthen, are annually built here, be- sides steamers and small crafts. In 1748, shipbuilding was, considering the siz'^ of the place, rather exten- sively carried on. Even ships of w'ar were built for 22 THE HABITANTS. the French navy ; but an order had arrived from France prohibiting the further building of ships of war, except those which were ah-eady on the stocks ; be- cause they had found that the ships built of American oak did not last so long as those of European oak. The shipbuilders were compelled to bring their oak timber from those parts of Canada that bordered upo^ New England, because the oak near Quebec was found very small and unfit for use. That which was used was brought from the confines of New England, in floats or rafts on the rivers near those ports, and near the Lake St. Peter which fell into the great River St. Lawrence. THE HABITANTS, ., , The common people in the country seemed to bo very poor. They had the necessaries of life, but little else. They were content with meats of dry bread and water, bringing all otlier provisions, such as butter, cheese, flesh, poultry, eggs, &c., to town in order to get money for them, with which they bought clothes and brandy for themselves, and dresses for their women; but notwithstanding their poverty, they always appeared cheerful and in high sinrits. Even yet, the same may be said of the habitants ; but there are many farmers in exceedingly comfortable circumsionces, and nowhere in the country is squalid poverty to be met with. They are saving in their habits, but they are, generally speaking, well housed and clad. Between Montreal and Quebec, the coun- try people, on the whole, are in good circumstances, and live certainly much better than the peasants of most European pountries, retaining, nevertheless many of the habits of their forefathers. Strangers visiting THE LADIES OF QUEBEC. 23 Lorette, the Falls of the Montmorenci, the Ghaudiere, St. Foy, Ancienne Lorette, Gharlesbourg, or any of the many beautifully situated villas in the neighbourhood of Quebec, will easily ascertain this for themselves. The exami)le set them by immigrants from the United Kingdom, has not been altogether lost ui^on the habi- tants and the Railroads, now jjenetrating into their midst, will have the elfect of adding to their sk)ck of knowledge, and of arousing them to activity and enter- prise. He who would see yet some remains of French Canada, must take an early opportunity, not of visiting the modernized town of Quebec only, but the people as well as the remarkable and highly interesting places in its vicinity. • :, • 1, THE FRENCH LADIES OF QUEBEC. The Quebec ladies are equal to the French in good breeding. At one time, they were in the habit of dressing their heads too assiduously, and they are as they were, rather fond of showy dresses and trinkets. The Svvedish professor says of them : The Frenciimen, who considered things in their true light complained very much that a great part of the ladies in Canada had got into the pernicious custom of taking too much care of their dress, and squandering all their fortunes and more upon it, instead of sjDaring something for future times. « They are no less attentive to know the newest fashions; and they laugh at each other, when they are not dressed to each other's fancy.)) He adds, "The ladies at Quebec are not very industrious. A girl of eighteen is reckoned very poorly off, if she cannot enumerate at least twenty love^v These young ladies, especially those of a higher rank, get up at seven and dress till nine, drinking their coflee at the same time. When they are dressed, they 24 WHAT NEXT. if' if place themselves near a window that opens into the street, take up some needle work, and sew a stitch now and then ; but turn their eyes into the street most of the time. When a your.g fellow comes in, whether they are acquainted with him or not, they imme- diately set aside their work, sit down by him, and begin to chat, laugh, joke, and invent doilbles cntcn- les : and this is i-eckoned very witty.)) The Profes- sor is nearly as severe as the Honorable Amelia Murray with her "Quebec MufTnis,)) Tlie Professor, however, admits that the daughters of people of all ranks, without exception, go to the market and carry home what they have bought, rise soon, and go to bed as late as any people in the town, l^e adds, and bear this in mind, <(the girls of Montreal are very much displeased that those of Quebec get husbands sooner than they !» Bidding adieu to the ladies, wo may be excused for drawing attention to what others, since Kalm, have said of Quebec, afterwards we shall describe the battle of Quebec; the siege of Quebec by the American General Montgomery ; the state of Quebec during the Rebellion in connection with the almost miraculous escape of Theller and Dodge from the Citadel; the nature, character, and number of objects worthy of being seen in Quebec as it is ; and the majestic sights, about and below the city, far surpassing anything of a similar nature elsewhere. i^ -'::'/-l-'ff'^.,f'.^:<: ft'->5v<'^< ''^'^ ;;■'}«■ f ,•';-'■■■ ■:Cit>r' ^* ;•;*''■ ^-t^-J^^'il^JXy^'i •'V'.-'i-t r^m' i.M . - J „ .,u- ■ '^.V^ 'i: > / ' :,; ' : CIIAPXF.K II. llemarkable periods in C)»nailian History— Increase of Population— View from Durham Terrace — Consul General Andrews on Quebec — General Wolfe and Admiral Saunders — British Fleet and Army opposite Que- bec—The Bombaidment— The Assault at Montmorency— Cook, the Navigator— Wolfe and the Poet Gray— The Landing— Assent to the Plains of Abraham — Battle of Quebec— Death of Wolfe and Monu- ment — Death of Montcalm — Surrender of the T' 'm — Sailing of the Fleet — Exultation of the English " at home " an- in America. , „, There have been five remarkable periods when the affairs of Canada liave engaged the attention of the BritiJi Parliament, viz: — 1774, after the Conquest; 1791, when the country was divided into two Provin- ces ; 1828, when the people of Lower Canada presented an Address, signed by 87,000 persons, complaining of the partial distribution of Patronage, the illegal appli cation of the public Money uiid of the Trade Act of the Imperial Parliament; 1839, when rebellion had secured Responsible Government; and in 1849, when the British inhabitants, aroused to anger by Lord Elgin's sanction of the Rebellion Losses Bill, burned the Parliament buildings, and made a demand for a peaceable separation from the Mother Country. In 1774, Lower Canada contained only 80,000 inhabitants — 1,200 of whom only were British, Upper Canada being a wilderness. In 1791, Lower Canada contained 120,000 people, and Upper Canada 10,000; in 1822, Lower Canada had 450,000 inhabitants, and Upper Canada 130,000; in 1839, Lower Canada con- tained 700,000 souls, and Upper Canada nearly 500,000, •2C INCREASE OF POPULATION while in IS")!, Lower Canada liad 800,2(H inlia- -in all, 1,842,- 4 •2,000 bitants, and Upper Canada 952,004- 2G5, the City of Qnebec alone containing- souls, or nearly as many persons as there were in the whole country when it was cedcnl to great liritain. — The increase has been chiefly in the newly settled Townships of Lower Canada, and in that part oi" the Province which remained a wilderness long after Quebec had become celebrated in history. (»)nebcc has grown and continues to grow wonderfully ; but its growth has been impeded by the increase and foun- dation of other towns. The external tri.de of the Province is no longer confined to a few Rochelle merchants, who had their warehouses and factors at Quebec ; but is shared by other towns, having extensive back countries, and which, obtaining their imports direct, export in the same manner. Quebec has not, however, as some imagine, been injured by this progress. The only convenient seaport for tluj largest sized ships, her increase of population will bo more rapid in the future than it has been in the past As the land becomes fully settled in the neighborhood of Toronto, and such other places as have doubled their previous population in ten years, the growth of Quebec will certainly not be slower than that ot towns having neither her advantages as a seai)ort, nor her facilities for manufactures, a town yet :"etaining and likely to retain much of her ancient picturesque- ness, while gradually stretching herself from the Church of Notre Dame de la Victoire, in the Lower Town, to Sillery, on the one side, and from the Heights of Abraham, across the River St. Charles, to the Flats of Beauport, on the other. Quebec is worthy of a visit from the intelligent stranger as niuch VIEW FI\OM DUIIIIAM TKRHACi:. 27 for what slio is, as for what sho has been. It is not only that a view, the most magnificent on which man (3ver gazed, is to be had from Dnrham Terrace — the aya bringing together smiling fields, and the intcrmi- nalde primeval forest, the impregnable fortress, and the signs of peaceful industry — grouping, to use the language of Warburton, mountain and plain, sinuous river and broad tran([uil waters, stately sliip and tiny boat, gentle hill and shady valley, bold headland and rich fruitful fields, frowning battlement and cheerful villa, glittering dome and rural spire, flowery garden and sombre forest. — Nor that she is the city from which Ghamplain designed to save souls, the salvation of one of which was, in his opinion, of more value than the conquest of an empire, and ujion which his Most Christian Majesty designed to raise another France to contend with, and keep the increasing wealth and power of England in check ; but because of her position as a place of business. No intelligent stranger can view the number of ships contained in the Port of Quebec, moored at the wharves, at anchor in the stream, or taking in timber at the coves, during the season of navigation, without being struck with the importance of the situation — and in connection with present and future railroads and ocean steamships, without arriving at some idea of the ultimate great- ness of that city, purchased by England with the blood of Wolfe, for the extension of her Anglo-Saxon and Celtic races, her laws and institutions, her manners and her customs, modified by place and circum- stances. '-^ ..;^.;.»^.^,«?r.#j:4'-''4'-v;Ti . .^''■•"'■.'';>K <^H'-'-'' !''.r'' ■ Mr. Israel 1). Andrews, Consul of the United States for Canada and New Brunswi(;k, thus speaks of the Harbour of Quebec ;— «The Harbour of Quebec is not 28 ANDREWS ON THE HARnOLR. 4h unlike that of New York, the Island of Orleans serves as a barrier from the north-east sea, and like Long Island, allbrding two channels of appi oach. A portage of about tlfteen miles on both sides of the river not only affords the necessary wharves, but coves of suffi- cient magnitude to float some tlurty or forty millions of cubic feet of deals, besides staves, lathwood, cic. A fresh water tide, rising eighteen feet at ' springs,' offers no impediment to the shipment of timber the great business of the port, the vessels so engaged being anchored in the stream (which affords good holding ground) where the cargoes are floated to Ihem at every tide.)) It was into this Harbour that Admiral Saunders, on the '2Gtli June, 1751), with a largo fleet entered. He had with him the army of a man, whom the able American historian Bancroft thus describes : « His nature, at once atlectionate and aspiring, mingled the kindliest gentleness with an impetuous courage, which was never exhausted or appalled. He loved letters, and wrote well ; he had studied the science of war profoundly , joining to experience a creative mind ; and the vehement passion for immortal glory overcame his motives to repose.)) That man was General Wolfe. The army consisted of eight regiments, two battalions of Royal Americans, three companies of Rangers, Artillery, and a brigade of p]ngineers, in all about eight thousand men : the fleet under Saunders had two and twenty ships of the line, and as many frigates and armed vessels ; on board of one of the shii)s being Jervis, afterwards Earl St. Vincent, and as master of another, James Cook, the navigator, who was destined to explore and reveal the unknown paths and tl|0iiS4ad ]sles of the Pacilic. Tl^e ^re^t- ^vo^FE anl thi: ir.EET. 29 Pill had resolvofl lliat lh«; boiiiulJess north ol" the Aino- ricau continent should be a conquest for his country and without regard to seniority of rank, he selected such officers for his purpose as seemed best qualified to carry if out. Wolfe had done high service at Minden and Louisbourg, and the Government of Great Britain had the fuUesL confidence in his energy and capacity, "^''.r^ fleet had scarce anchored in the basin opposite tho -wn before Wolfe; took possession of the Island of Orleans, and occupied Point Levy with a detachment. His prospects were not however encouraging. His able opponent, Montcalm, had cn- irenched the western or rather soulhem bank of the Montmorency, and had thrown up many redoubts be- tween that river and the St. Charles. The stronghold on the promontory of Gape Diamond bristled with cannon ; the population was bitterly hostile ; evei-y man that could bear arms was in actual service, none; but old men, women, and children being left to labor in the fields. Above the city steep banks rendered landing almost impossible. Montcalm, to protcn-t the guardian Citadel of New France, had of regular troops no more than six wasted battalions, but the Canadian militia gave him the superiority in numbers and for nine miles or more above the city, as far as Cape Rouge, every landing place was entrenched and protected. The French, during a furious storm of wind, sent down fire ships among the English ship- ping, which being towed clear of the fleet did no harm, and in the night of the 20lh of June, Wolfe being master of the river, ordered Monckton, who commanded the Brigade of Grenadiers, to Point Levy, where he constructed batteries of mortars and cannon, and bombarded the town,— batteries, the remains of 30 Tin: nOMBAUDMENT. which can now scarcely be traced in the rising and prosporons village which, in a. few years, will be looked upon as a suburb of Quebec. By llio dis- charge of red hot balls and shells, fifty houses were set on fire in a night, and soon the lowei* town was demolished, and the upper seriously injured. The citadel was however beyond their reacn, and every avenue from the river to the cliff was too strongly en- trenched for an assault. No real progress had as yet been made, and Wolfe naturally very sensitive, fret- ted about the matter. He wj>g eager for a battle; ejiger for anything that would relieve him from what, at a distance, might be looked upon as inactivity. He reconnoitered tlie Montmorency, saw that the eastern bank was higher than liiat opposite occupied by Montcalm, landed and encamped, but there was no way of crossing a stream which though not wide boiled impetuously over rocks, whirled in eddies, or precipitated itself down rapids. Three miles higher up tnere was a ford, bnt the bank opposite was steep, thickly wooded, and it had been carefully intrenched. He embarked his men again, and next with Admiral Saunders examined the shore above the town. Sailing along the well defended bank, from the Montmorency to the St. Charles, he passed the deep and spacious harbour, which at four hundred miles from the sea can shelter a hundred ships of the line, and marked the outline of the precipitous cliffs of Gape Diamond. Everywhere he beheld a natural fastness, vigilantly defended, entrenchments, cannoiu boats, and floating ■ batteries guarding every access.* There appeared to be no chance of effecting a landing anywhere. * Bancroll. ASSAULT AT MONTMOUli.NCX 31 MeanlMiie, at mid-night, oa the twenty-eighth of July, the French sent down another raft of fire ships, which did no more harm than those sent down a month before. Wolfe returned to Montmorencv, resolved on an engagement there, at whatever risk. Immediately below the Falls of that river, which tlow over a perpendicular rock, two hundred and fifty feet high, amidst clouds of spray and rainbow glories, there is a ford at low water ii(\ar the junction of the Montmorency with the St. Lawrence, and it w'as planned that two brigades should pass the ford at the proper time of the tide, while Monckton's regiments should cross the St. Lawrence from Point Levy at slack tide. The signal was made, the boats crossed from Point Levy, and Wolfe selected a landing place ; but some of the boats from Point Levy grounded upon a ledge of rocks that runs out into the river, and while they were being got off the enemy kept up an incessant fire of shot and shells. Nevertheless the attack was l)egun. Thirteen companies of Grenadiers, and two hundred of the second battalion of tlie Royal Americans, getting first ashore, ran hastily tow'ards the entrenchments, and were repulsed in such disorder " that they could not again form into line, though Monckton's regiments had arrived and had formed with the coolness of invincible valor. A storm was approaching, night was near, and the tide was rapidly vising when Wolfe considered it expedient to retreat, after four hundred lives had been lost. This hap- pened on the last day of July. Soon after Brigadier Murray was sent with twelve hiwidred men .'ibove the town to destroy the French ships and open a comniu- nicatiou with General Amherst who, at the head of a large force, was expected to invade Canada l)y way of 32 ILLNESS OF WOLrii, #1 ■'irl Lake Champlaiii and form a junction with Wolfe. Murray only was able to effect a landing at Descham- bault, a village situated half way between Quebec and Three Rivers, and there learned that Niagara had sur- rendered, and that the French had abandonned, re- treating before Amherst, Ticonderoga and Grown Point; i)UL although only opposed by three thousand men, Amherst loitered at Grown Point, and not even a messenger from him arrived. It was thus when the feeble frame of Wolfe sank under the energy of his restless spirit. Yet disabled by fever, he laid before Brigadiers three several and equally desperate methods of attacking Montcalm at Beauport ; but they were all opposed as promising little chances of success; and Wolfe wrote to Pitt, the Prime Minister of Eng- land, in a spirit of such despondency, that England read the dispatch with dismay, and feared to hear further tidings. " My constitution," wrote the General to a friend, ••' is entirely ruined, without the consola- tion of having done any considerable service to the state, and without any prosf ect of it." But the hope- lessnr ^ of Wolfe's position did not reduce him to in activ Securing the posts in the Isle of Orleans and oppos - r lebec, he marched with the army on the lifth and » \th of September from Point Levy, to which place he had transferred all the troops from Montmo- rency, and embarked them in transports that had pas- sed the town for the purpose. Admiral Holmes with some ships ascended the river to amuse Bougainville, whom Montcalm had sent up the north shore to watch the movements of *the British armj and prevent a landing. DeLevy was sent to Montreal to i)rotect it? and Nouvelle France began to feel that, it being late in the autumn, the worst was over, as the invading fleet COOK, THE NAVIGATOR. — THE POET GRAY. 33 must soon withdraw from the river. But Wolfe, intently recoanoitering, discovered the cove, which now bears his name, where the bending promontories almost form a basin with a very narrow margin, over which the hill rises precipitously, and saw a path that wound up the steep so narrow that two men could hardly march in it abreast. There were only a few tents on the summit, and he knew, by counting their number, that the post which guarded the path could not exceed a hundred men. A landing at this point was instantly resolved upon. Cook, the great Navigator, was sent to sound the water off Beauport, and plant buoys as if an attack were intended in that quarter, while the troops were kept afloat far above the town. It was a bright even- ing in autumn, that of the 12th of.September, when the heroic Wolfe visited his stations to make his final inspection, and utter his last words of encouragement. As he passed from ship to ship, he spoke to those in the boat with him, of tne Poet Gray, and the Elegy in a country Church Yard. « I, » said he, « would pre- fer being the author of that poem to the glory of beating the French to-morrow ; » and while the oars struck, as it rippled in the silence of the night air, un- der the flowing tide, he repeated : — <, j^, ^,,;js* ■: ■; 'ii; " The boast of heraldry, the pomp of power, ; . :< h . i ' And all that beauty, all that wealth e'er gave, ,, „ ' j Await alike the inevitable hour ; u,;* . ,i K Tlie paths of glory lead but to the grave." On the thirteenth of September, * one hour after * Bancroft, in a foot note, acknowledges that he derived his information of this incident from the late Dr. John Charlton Fisher, of Quebec, to whom the Picture of Qnel)ec, published by Mr. Hawkins, in 1834, is in- del)«ed for much of its liistorical value. , The late Andrew Stuart, Esquire, contributed very much of historical value to Hawkins' Picture of Quelwc 34 THE LAl^DING. — THE PLAINS OF ABllAHAM. m h\ midnight, Wolfe with Monckton and Murray, and about iialf the forces, set off in boats, and without sail or oars, ghded down the river with the tide, followed by the ships, having previously issued a « General Order » from on board Her Majesty's ship Sutherland^ giving an idea of his plan of attack, and of his arran- gements to secure the landing place after a landing had been effected. In three quarters of an hour the ships followed, and though the night had become dark, aided by the rapid ebb tide, they reached the cove, just in time to cover the landing. The troops leaped on shore. The light infantry, who found themselves borne by the current a little below the intrenched path, clam- bered up the steep hill, staying themselves by the roots and boughs of the maple and spruce and ash trees that covered the precipitous declivity, and after a little firing dispersed the gp.ard at the top, commanded by Captain DeVergor, when the rest ascended, without molestation, the patiiway already alluded to. Only one light six-pounder gun was brought up the preci- pice by some English sailors ; a battery of other guns on the left was abandoned to Colonel Howe. When Townsend's division disembarked, the English had already gained one of the roads to Quebec, and advancing in front of the forest, Wolfe stood at Jay-break, with his invincible battalions, on the Plains of Abraham, the battle field of empire.* Montcalm was amazed bevond measure, when the news first reached him. He imagined that only a detachment had landed, done some mischief, and retreated. Bougainville's upward movement, while the English troops were going downwards, had not * Bnncroil, pnge 33.1, Ki)' BATTLE OF QUEBEC. 35 occurred to him. He was unwilling to believe in the possibility of a landing having been effected, for as far as a pitched battle was concerned, it was his weak side. He might have taken shelter behind the walls of Quebec, and it might have been found impos- sible even for Wolfe to have carried the works. It is, besides, doubtful ihat any benefit would have accrued to the English from such a landing so late in the year had Montcalm done nothing but abandon his intrench^ ments on the Montmoioncy and St. Charles, and have concentrated his whole strength in Quebec ; but Mont- calm did not do so. He at once prepared to aitack Wolfe, and hope to be enabled to drive him into the river again before mid-day. It was with this latter view that he hastily crossed the valley of St. Charles, and before ten in the forenoon, the two armies, one being composed of less than five thousand men stood opposite each other. The English were all regulars ; the French partly regulars, partly colonial corps, partly burghers of Quebec, and partly Indians. For nearly an hour the two armies cannonaded each other. Montcalm having the advantage of position, his army being posted in a crescent shape from what is now the St. Charles road, along the line of the present Martello towers. The French had three field pieces and the English only one. Montcalm sent messages for De Vaudreuil and Bougainville to come up ; bufwithout waiting for their arrival, at last led the French army impetuously to the attack. The French bioken by their precipitation, and by the unevenness of the ground, fired by pla. toons, irregularly, while the English, especially the forty-third and forty-seventh, where Monckton stood, received the shock with calmness : and after having, at Wolfe's command, reserved their fire till the enemy 36 DEATH OF WOLFE, I was within forty yards, their lii)o began a regular, rapid, and exact discharge of musketry. Montcalm rushed from point to point, cheering by his example and enco'siraging by his. presence his men, many of whom, unaccustomed to military discipline, could with diflicuity be kept together. He was wounded, and his second in command, De Sennezergues, an associate in glory at Ticonderoga, had been killed. The Canadians at '?ngth, under a hot fire in the open field, began to waver, which Wolfe perceiving, placed himself at the head of the twenty-eighth, and the Louisbourg grenadiers, gave the word to charge, and the French fled before the British bayonet in wild dis' order. Colonel Guy Carleton was injured ; Wolfe's Adjutant General Barre, had lost an eye ; Wolfe him- self had been wounded in the wrist, and as he pushed forward with tht grenadiers, received a second wound, and just as the fortune of the day was decided, a third ball struck him mortally in the breast, Monckton had been shot through the lungs. , , . ^ It was while in the agonies of death that Wolfe heard the cry of « they flee,)) and on being told that it was the French who fled, exclaimed, «now God be praised, I die happy.)) ., ,; ^, . . . These were the last words of one concerning whom it is our boast, that « Chatham's language was his mother tongue.)) At the early age of thirty-two Wolfe lay dead upon the battle field of the Plains of Abra- ham, where a Monument, containing the simple in- scription. HERli!, DIED .. j W^OLFE, VICTORIOUS. ~f¥y a monument twice erected — first by Lord Ayhner ill DKATH OF MONTCALM. 3' when Governor in Chief, in 1835, which was carriod away by visitors, piecemeal; and secondly a more imposing anrl very chaste, Anted colnmn, with the same inscription, erected at the suggestion of Sir Benjamin D'Urban, Commander of the Forces in 1849, by ihe Officers of the army in Canada, — may now be seen, and the battle field traced ont as distinctly as a hundred years ago. ,.f?^\v Wolfe being dead, and Monckton wounded, the command of the English army devolved upon Towns- hend, brave but not sagacious, and who when De Bougainville appeared in view, declined a contest with a fresh enemy. Montcahn was no more to turn such an incident to account. In attempting to rally a body of fugitive Canadians, in a copse near St. John's Gate, he was mortally wounded. Assured by his surgeon that he would survive for twelve hours, he called a Council of War, and showed that within that time, all the French troops near at hand might be concentrated, and the attack renewed before the English were in- trenched; and when De Ramsay who commanded the garrison, asked his advice about defending the city, he simply replied, «to your keeping I commend « the honour of France. As for me, I must pass the « night with God, and prepare myself for death.)* The day of battle had scarcely passed, when Do Vaudreuil, who had no capacity for war, wrote to De Ramsay, at Quebec, not to wait for an assault, but, as soon as his provisions were exhausted, to hoist the white flag of surrender. On the 17th of September, De Ramsay capitulated. Montcalm died on the i4th of September- and was buried within the precincts of the Ursuline Convent. In 1335, His Excellency, General Lord Aylmer, Gov- c3 38 MONUMENT TO WOLFE AND MONTllALM. - Sit ernor-in-Gliief of Canada, caused a marble slab, having the following inscription : HONNEUR i , :' MONTCALM! - .i'^^'^-'- -. Lb destin en lui derobant • t » La ViCTOiRB, i '.' ' . ' L' A RECOMPENSE PAR •H ' ' • '< Une Mort Glorieuse ! ■-' i iic'M yjiTi .i?ii^-' L ^'. J' I.' I' to be placed in the Ursuline Chapel, to the memory of this brave but unfortunate soldier, whose skull, by the way, was dug up ten or twelve years ago, and placed in a glass case, where the curious in relics may see it by applying to the Chaplain of the convent. ' Lord Dalhousie, in 1827, raised an Obelisk in the Governor's Garden, which is very conspicuously sit- uated under the Citadel, and not far from the site of the residence of the Governors General of New France, and of their successors, the English Governors-in- Chief of Canada, to both the victor and the vanquished. It bears this inscription : • ■' >:^ . '■■: t; Mortem, virtus, communem. Famam. Historia. ■ monumentum. posteritas. Dedit. and the reader who understands the Latin tongue is further informed by the following additional inscrip- tion, that this monument in honor of these illustrious men — Wolfe and Montcalm — -was erected by George Earl of Dalhousie, Captain General of British North "I EXULTATION. 39 America, on the 15th November, 1827, during the Reign of George IV : — HUJUSCR IIONUMENTI IN VIUORUM ILLUSTRIUM, WOLFE ET MONTCALM, fundamentum, p, c. Georoius Comes de Dalhousie ; . ' , In SePTENTRIONALIS AMERICiB PARTlBUa SUMMAM ReRUM ADMINISTRANS ; OrUS PER MU1>T0S ANNOS PRAETERMISSUM, ' Quid DUCI EOREGIO CONVENTIUS? AUCTORITATE PROMOVENS, EXEMPLO STIMULANS » '^ MUNIFICENTIA FOVENS . , > ,,,,,, , - ■ Die Novembris XV. i .' .>-^ ■. . . A. D. MDCCCXXVIL, ■■-■ - - . Georoio IV. Britanniarum Eege. The remains of Wolfe were conveyed to England in the Royal William, an 84 gun ship; and were buried there in a vault, in the parish Church of Greenwich, where his mother, Henrietta, who did not die until 1765, lies, and also the remains of his father, the Hon- orable Lieutenant-General Edward Wolfe, who, at the age of 74, had died only in the previous spring March, 1759. When Quebec fell, " America rang with exultation ; the hills glared with bonfires ; legislatures, the puljjit, the press echoed the general joy ; provinces and fami- lies gave thanks to God. England too, which had shared the despondency of Wolfe, triumphed at his victory, and wept for his death. Joy, grief, curiosity, amazement, were on every countenance."* ♦ Bancroft's History of ihe United Slates. illAPTKR III. The ('apitulation — Tho Cession to Great Britnin — The Quebec Act — The American Kevoiulion-^Monljiomery's Invasion — General Arnold — Arnold's Churauler — The expedition through the wilderness — Alatieu- injf journey — The Flag-slafl' Mountain — Sickness of the troops — Enc-unipment oil Lake Megantic — -Descent of the Chaudiere — Wash- ington's Manilesto — Arrival at Point Levi— Cro^sing of the river — Arnold on the plains of Abraham — Arrival ol Montgomery — The Siepe — British Forces in Quebec — The assault skirmish at Pris-de- Ville — Fall of Montgomery — Arnold's attack — Sortie of the Garrison — Loss of the Americans— A disinterment — Remarks on the Invasion — 1812. Cii By the capitulation, which suffered the Garrison of Quehec to march out with honors of war, the inhabi- tants of the country were permitted the free exercise of their reUgion ; and afterwards in 1 774, the Roman Catholic Church establishment was recognized ; and disputes concerning landed and real property were to be settled by the Coulumc. de Paris. In criminal cases only was the Law of England to apply. Admiral Saunders, with all the fleet, except two ships, sailed for England, on the 18th of October, Quebec being left to the care of General Murray and about 3,000 men. After the fleet had sailed, several attempts were made upon the British outposts at Point Levy, Cape Rouge and St. Foy, unsuccessfully. Win- ter came and the suflerings of the conquered were dreadful. The Eraser Highlanders wore their kilts notwithstanding the extreme cold, and provisions were so scarce and dear that many of the inhabitants died of starvation. The Marquis de Vaudreuil, the Governor THE CESSION TO GREAT UniTAIN. il General of His Most Christian Majesty, busied himself at Montreal with preparations for the recovery of Quebec in the Spring. In April ho sent the Genqj-al De Levi, with an army of 10,000 men to etVect that object. Di; Levi arrived within three miles of Quebec on the 28th, and defeated General Murray's force of 2,200 men imprudently sent to meet him. The city was again besie^:ed, but this time by the Fn^nch. Indeed it was only on the reappearance of the British ships, about the middle of May, that the siege was raised, and De Levi retreated to Jacqnes Gartier. Montcalm, who was not only a general but a states- man, is said to have expressed himself to the effect, that the conquest of Canada by England would endan- ger her retention of the New England Colonies, and nltimately prove injnrions to her interests on this con- tinent. Canada, not subject to France, would be no source of uneasiness or annoyance to the English Colonists, who already were becoming politically im- portant, and somewhat impatient of restraint. How far such an opinion was justifiable, is to be gathered from the condition of Canada and the Colonies of Great Britain in America, at this hour. Canada was, in 1763, ceded by His Most Christian Majesty, the King of France, to his Britannic Majesty King George the Second. Emigration from the United Kingdom to Canada was encouraged — not to Canada only but to Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. By the treaty of 17C3, signed at Paris, Nova Scotia, Canada, the Island of Cape Breton, and all the other Islands in the Gulf and River St. Lawrence, were ceded to the British Crown.* ) ■ x f > * Roger's Canada, page 66, 42 THK QUEBEC ACT. Four districts and separate Provincfs were ceded : — Quebec, East Florida, West Florida, and Grenada. The new Government of Quebec as "(bounded on the "Labrador coast by tie River St. John, and from « thence, by a line drawn from the head of that river, « through the Lake Nipissing ; from whence the said " hno, crossing the River St. Lawrence and Lake (( Ghamplain, in forty five degrees of north latitude, « passes along the highlands which divide the rivers « that empty themselves into the said River St. Law- « rence, from those that fall into the sea, and also « along the north coast of the Baie des Chaleurs, and « Ihe coast of the Gulf of St. Lawrence to Gape Rosiers ; « and from thence, crossing the mouth of the River St. « Lawrence, by the West end of the Island of Anticosti, « terminates at the aforesaid River St. John." For some years after the conquest, the form of Gov- ernment was purely military. It was, indeed, only in 1774, that two acts were passed by the British Govern- ment, one with the view of providing a Revenue for the Civil Government of the Province of Quebec, as the whole of Canada was then termed, the other called « The Quebec Act," defining the boundaries of the Province, setting aside all the provisions of the Royal Proclamation of 1763, and appointing a gov- erning Council of not more than twenty-three, nor less than seventeen persons. And whatever may have been the motive for this almost unlooked for liberality on the part of the mothl^r country, it is not a little singular that only a year later, England's great diffi- culty with her old Colonies occurred. « The Quebec Act," was in itself a cause of oftence to them. On the 21st of October, 1774, the following language was made use of by the Congress, in refer- TIIK AMKHICAN llliVOl.lJTIUN. 43 ence to that Act, in an Address to tho people of Great Britain :— « Nor can we snppress our astonishment, « that a British Parliament should ever consent to «( establish in that coimtry, a religion that has deluged « your Island in blood, and dispersed impiety, bigotry, « persecution, murder, and rebellion through every « part of the world. And that we think the Legislature « of Great Britain is not authorized by the Gonstitu- « tion to establish a religion fraught with sanguinary « and impious tenets." The attack was of a twofold nature. Both the sword and the pen were brought into requisition. It was supposed by the discontented old colonists, that the boundary of the lakes and rivers which emptied themselves into the Gulf of St. Law- rence, and had formed the natural barrier between two nations, mitil the peace of Paris of 1763, when Canada passed from the dominion of France to that of the British Crown, formed no boundary to British rule, as the sway of the Anglo Saxon race was now fully established over the whole of the northern part of the continent ; and it was further sujiposed, that it was, therefore, proper to detract, if possible, from the power of Great Britain, to harm the revolutionary colonists on the great watery highway of the lakes and rivers, or to prevent such a united force of Colonial and Provin- vial inhabitants as might counterbalance, in a great measure, the pertinacious loyalists who were to dis- countenance American appeals for justice, — the war- lare, before the declaration of American Independence, being "neither against the throne nor the laws of (( England, but against a reckless and oppressive « ministry.))* Efforts were, for such reasons, made to * See ll;e Journal of Charles Carroll, of Caroiton, published by the Moryland Historical Society, Baltimore— page 9. 44 NfONTCOMERY S INVASION.— GKNKRAl- AHNOI-D. lilti obtain posspssion of the keys of the Lakes, of the St. Lawrence at Quebec and Montreal. The old colonists wore to make a war of political propagandism on Canada, and they resolved upon the employment of both force and persuasion. Generals Montgomery, Arnold, and Allen, invaded Canada, and to a certain point, with complete success. After the success of the two latter ofTicers at Ticonderoga and Grown Point, Arnold pushed on towards Quebec, through the wilder- ness, and had ascended the heights of Abraham before Montgomery, who had proceeded towards Quebec from Montreal, had arrived. Under these circumstances, Arnold retired about twenty miles above Quebec, to wait for Montgomery. Meanwhile the Governor of Canada, Sir Guy Carleton, had escaped through Mont- gomery's army, in the dead of night, in an open boat, rowed with muffled oars, guided by Captain Bouchette of the Royal Navy, and was now safely lodged in the chief Fortress of America.* , ; r .: ^ ,v^ The manner in which the afterwards celebrated or rather notorious Arnold accomplished his perilous march through the wilderness, up the Kennebec and Dead River, through Lake Megantic and down the Chaudiere to Quebec, is highly interesting. The route was now altogether a new one, and the time may come wiien a near water communication for steamers instead of only for canoes and bateaux from Quebec to the Atlantic, may be opened up, the more especially as remunerative gold and copper mines have within the last ten years, been discovered in the neighbour- hood of where the Chaudiere issues from Lake Megan- tic. In 1753, Governor Shirley, of Massachusetts, had 1^ * Koger's Canada. GENRRAL AnNOLD. 45 acquired intolligenco tliat the French had greatly increased their settlements upon each side of the River Ohaudiere, which falls into the St. Lawrence a very few miles ahovc Quebec, and that they were proceeding to make settlements at about thirty miles distance, upon the carrying place that separates tJie liead of the Chaudierc from the Kennebec, this latter mentioned river affording the French a shorter pas. sage by Quebec for making descents upon the Pro- vinces of Massachusetts Bay, and New Hampshire, than any other route; and from which, during the war between them and New England in 1723 and 1724, the Indians made all their incursions and ravages upon the eastern part of Massachusetts Bay. Indeed, in the follovving war, having been told that the Arres- igunnticook, Norridgwalk, and Penobscot Indians wore upon the point of breaking out into hostilities against the English, the same Governor informed the Assembly of Massachusetts, of these several matters, and recommended the construction of a Fort near the head of the Kennebec, and the settlement by English colonists of its neighbourliood to prevent the French from taking possession, and two Forts were conse- quently built, one called Fort Weston, about thirty- seven miles from the mouth of the Kennebec ; and the other. Fort Halifax, about hfty-four. ■ ^ ■■' ' ^ - ^ Indeed Mr. Jan^d Sparks, the talented biograi)her of Benedict Arnold, very candidly admits that the Com- mander of the American expedition was not ignorant of the obstacles with which he had to contend, as colonel Montressor, an oihcer in the British a 'J 7 passed over the game route, fifteen yeai's before, and written a journal of his tour, an imperfect copy of whicli had fallen into the hand^ of Arnold. Montressor 19 ARNOLD S CHAKACTEH. came from Quebec, ascending the Rivers Chandiere and des Loups, crossing the highlands near the head waters of the Penobscot, pursuing his way through Moose-head Lake, and entering the Kennebec by its eastern branch. He returned up the western branch, or Dead River, and through Lake Megan tic, and this latter was the route taken by Arnold. The expedition through the eastern 'vilderness to Quebec, was devised by General George Wishington in August, 1775, he being then in command of the Continental army at Cambridge. He knew of none better fitted for the command of such an expedition than the bold and reckless, energetic, and ready-plan- ning Colonel Arnold, a man of an imperious tempera- ment, dashing, brave, and talented, envied by his equals in rank, lauded by those who knew Ins worth, petted by Washington, as just as he was able, victim- ized by spite, selfish and spendthrift by nature, revenge- ful from the consciousness of neglect, and ultimately, a deserter and traitor almost from necessity, certainly from wounded pride — an able officer, self h, yet im- pulsively generous, a clever man without the ability to keep a friend. About eleven hundred men, being ten companies of musketmen from New England, and three companies riflemen from Virginia and Pennsylvania, were placed by the Continental Congress under the command of Arnold. The Field Officers under him were Lieut- Colonel Christopher Green, afterwards the hero of the Red Bank, Lieutenant-Colonel Roger Enos, and Majors Bigelow and Meigs. At the head of the riflemen was Captain Daniel Morgan, renowned in the subsequent annals of the war. These troops marched from Cambridge to Newbury THE WILDERNESS. 47 Port, where they embarked on board of eleven trans- ports, on the 18th of September, saiUng the next day for the mouth of the Kennebec. Two davs after leav- ing Newbury Port all the transports had entered the Kennebec, and sailed up the river to Gardiner Town, or rather at Pittstown, situated on the opposite bank, where a company of carpenters had several days before been despatched from Cambridge to construct two hundred bateaux. These being in readiness, the troops and provisions were transferred to them from the shipping, and soon they all rendezvoused at Fort Western. «Here, says Sparks, the hard struggles, « sufferings, and dangers were to begin. Eleven hun- « dred men with arms, ammunition, and all the « apparatus of war, burdened with the provisions for ({ their sustenance, and clothing to protect them from « the inclemency of the weather, were to pass through « a region uninhabited, wild, and desolate, forcing « their bateaux against a swift current, and carrying « them and their contents on their shoulders around « rapids and cataracts, over craggy precipices^ and « through morasses, till they should reach the French « settlements on the Canada frontiers, a distance of « more than two hundred miles.» A party of six or seven men were at this place sent forward in two birch canoes, under the command of Lieutenant Steele, with orders to go as far as Lake Megantic, or Chaudiere Pond, as it was sometimes called, and procure such intelligence as they could from the Indians; and another party, under Lieutenant Church, who was accompanied by a surveyor, was sent on to take the exact courses and distances of the Dead River. Then the army set off' in four divisions, each setting off a day before the other, and thus allowing sufficient ORDER OF MARCH. III space between them to prevent any interference in passing up the rapids and around the falls. Morgan went ahead with the riflemen ; then came Greene and Bigelow with the three companies of musketeers ; these were followed by Meigs with four others ; and last of all was Enos, who brought up the rear, with the three remaining companies. Arnold followed in a birch canoe, and pushing forward, passed the whole line at different points, overtaking Morgan's advanced party on the third day at Norridgewock Falls, immediately belo^ which, on the eastern bank of the river, was a wide and beautiful plain, once tlie site of an Indian village, belonging to a tribe callec^ Norridgewalk, and on which were the ruins of a catholic church, where an already extinct race of savages had bowed the knee to the great creator and protector of the human race At the Falls all the bateaux were taken and transported a mile and a quarter by land, a rather difhcult task as the banks on each side were uneven and rocky. Before they were launched again, it was discovered that the boats, having been hastily and therefore im- perfectly made, had become leaky, and much of the provisions, particularly the bread, thereby damaged ; but the leakage may have been caused by the frequent accidents that had occurred in navigating them. The carpenters were set to work to repair damages, which caused a detention of seven days. As soon as the last bateau was launched again, Arnold betook himself to his birch canoe with his Indian guide, quickly shot ahead of the rear division, passed the portage a;t the Carratunc Falls, and in two days arrived at the great carrying place, twelve miles below the junction of the Dead River with the eastern branch of the Kennebec, where he found the two first divisions of the arm v. b( ii A Fatiguing journey. 49 Up to this time, althongli tlie fatigue was very great, only one man had died ; hut desertion was frequent, and there was considerable sickness. The whole num- ber of effective men did not now exceed nine hundred and fifty. The men oftentimes hud to wade and force the bateaux up the rapid current, so much so that Ar- nold wrote to Washington that his men might have been taken for amphibious, "aS they were great part (( of the time under water. » With only twenty-five days provisions for the whole detachment, he expected to reach the Ghaudiere in } or 10 days ; but was dis- appointed. He had 15 miles to travel, in passing over the great Carrying Place, and with incredible toil the bateaux, provisions, and baggage, which had to be car- ried over the shoulders of the men, were taken from the waters of the Kennebec and transported along an ascending, rugged, and precipitous path for more than three miles to the first of three ponds, which inter- vened, where they were again put afloat ; and thus it was by alternate water and land carriage through lakes, creeks, morasses, and craggy ravines, they reached the Dead River. The men however feasted on delicious sal- mon trout, which the ponds alTord in prodigious quan- tities. For many miles, the Dead River, presented a smooth surface and gentle current, interrupted here and there by falls of short descent, at w liich were carry- ing places. As the bateaux moved along the stream a bold and lofty mountain appeared in the distance, whose summit was whitened with snow. The river, as they approached the mountain, was discovered to pursue a very meandering course, near its base, and the progress was consequently slow. In the vicinity of this moun- tain Arnold encamped for three days and raised the American flag over his tent. There is now a hamlet m SIflKNESS OF THE TflOOrS. ic on its top called the Flagstaff. Major Bigelow, whose name the mountain bears, is asserted to have ascended to its summit with the hope of discovering the hills of Canada, and the spires of Quebec. However, a party of ninety men was sent back to the rear from his camp for provisions, which were beginning to get scarce, and it had a somewhat awkward effect. Morgan and his rifles were in front, and Arnold followed with the second division. For three days it rained incessantly, every man and all the baggage being drenched with water, and one night while they were endeavouring to take a little repose on the bank, the men were suddenly aroused by the freshet which came rushing upon them in a torrent, and hardly allowed them time to escape before the ground, on which they had lain down, was overflowed. In nine hours the river rose perpendicularly eight feet, and em- barrassments thickened at every step. The current was everywhere rapid ; the stream had spread itself over the low grounds, exposing the bateaux to be entangled in the drift wood and bushes ; sometimes they were led away from the main stream into branches and obliged to retrace their co"r and they were further delayed by portages which became more frequent as they advanced. To make matters worse, by the tur- bulence of the waters seven bateaux were upset and a.; their contents lost. The greater quantity of the previously remaining provisions was lost and the bravest consequently began to despond, especially as they were yet thirty miles from the head of the Ghaudiere. A council of war was held, at which it was decided that the sick or feeble should be sent back, and the others press forward ; and accordingly, Arnold wrote to Greene and Colonel LAKE MEG ANTIC. 5^1 Enos, who were in the rear, ordering them to select such a number of their strongest men as they could sui)r>ly, with fifteen days provisions, and to come on with them, leaving the others to return to Norridgewalk.^ Enos misconstrued the order, retreated with his three coHH)anies, and marched back to Cambridge. Arnold himself hastened onward with about sixty men intend- ing to proceed as soon as possible lo the inhabitants of the Ghaudiere, and send back provisions to meet the main forces ; and now the rain changed into snow, which fell two inches deep, thus adding the sufferings of cold to thoso of hunger and fatigue. Ice formed on the surface of the water in which the men were obliged to wade and drag the boats. Finally, the highlands separating the eastern waters from those falling into the St. Lawrence, were reached. A string of small lakes, choked with logs and other obstructions, had been passed through, near the sources of tiie Dead River, and seventeen falls had been encountered in ascending its whole distance, around which were por- tages. The carrying place over the highlands was a little more than four miles, at the termination of which a small stream presented itself, which conducted the boats by a very crooked course into the Lake Me- gantic, the great fountain head of the Ghaudiere river, a sheet of water thirteen miles long, three or four broad, and surrounded by high mountains. Here, Lieutenants Steel and Ghurch were met, and a person named Jakins, who informed Arnold that the Cana- dians were friendly, and rejoiced at the approach of the army. Arnold and his party, encamped in a large Indian wigwam that night on the eastern shore of the Lake in tolerably good spirits. Next morning he i?ent back instructions to the advancing troops, and 52 THE CHAUDIERE. Cm,. Mil c II ordering Captain Himchet and fifty-five men to march by land along the margin of the Lake, embarked with Captain Oswald and Lieutenants Steel and Church, with thirteen men in five bateaux and a birch canoe with the view of speedily reaching the French inhabitants that he might be enabled to send back provisions to meet the army. In three hours the northern extremity of the Lake was reached, and the Chaudiere entered, the river carrying them with prodigious rapidity on its tide of waters boiling and foaming over a rocky bottom. The baggage -was lashed to the boats, and the danger was doubly threatening as they had no guides. They fell at length among rapids, when three of the boats were capsized, dashed to pieces against the rocks, and all their contents swal lowed up in the foaming flood. Fortunately for the party no lives were lost although six men struggled for some time in the water and were with difficulty saved. This calamity Arnold ascribed to "a kind interposition " of Providence, for no sooner had the men dried their " clothes and re-embarked, than one of them who had " gone forward called out a fall a head," which had not been previouslydiscovered, and by which the whole party would, only for this accident, have been hurried to inevitable destruction. • After this they were more cautious, but rapids and falls succeeding each other at short intervals, the birch canoe met with the fate of the three bateaux by running upon a rock. Through its whole extent the stream, raised by the late rains, was rough, rapid, and dangerous ; but the party was fortunate in losing no lives and in advancing quickly. On the third day after leaving Lake Megan tic, being the thirtieth of October. Arnold arrived at what Sparks calls Serti^an, WASHINGTON S MANIFESTO. 53 but which is now called Touffe des Pins^ fho first French settlement, four milles below the junction of the Riviere des Loups with the Ghaudiere, and seventy miles from the lake by the course of the stream. Arnold instantly sent several Canadians and In- dians back with flour and cattle. The troops were met marching through the woods near the banks of the river, all their boats having been destroyed by the violence of the rapids. The whole army arrived within four or five days, emerging from the forest in small, detached parties, and greeting once more, with joy unspeakable, the habitations of civilized men. They were received with kindness by the inhabitants, yet hardly reconciled to their British conquerors. The army had suffered terribly with hunger. So ex- treme was the famine that on the last four or five davs of the march dogs w^ere killed and greedily devoured. Arnold assiduously courted the good wishes of the habitants, and distributed a manifesto, signed by General Washington, explaining the grounds of the contest between Great Britain and America, and encou- raging them to join their neighbours in a common cause, by rallying around the standard of liberty, Arnold produced a rather favourable impression, if it be true, that old men to this day recount to ther chil- dren the story of the « descent of the Bostonians, » as the only great public event that has ever occurred to vary the monotonous incidents of the sequestered and beautiful valley of the Ghaudiere. Ten days after reaching 'he now, and it must have been so then, beautifully^ situated village of St. Mary, which is some fifteen miles below Tou/fe des Pins, Arnold had arrived at Point Levy. His troops followed, and w^ere all with him at that place on the 1 3th November. Forty Indians 54 POINTE LEVY. c c were with them, who had joined at Toufj'c des Pwi.s, (Sertigau) and on the march below. But his approach had been made known at Quebec by a Savage, and all the boats on the south, or rather eastern side of the St. Lawrence — the river opposite Quebec being due north and sou til — were withdrawn to prevent his crossing. But Arnold collected some thirty or forty birch canoes and resolved to cross at once. At nine in the even- ing he crossed one party, landing them at Wolfe's Gove, and in the darkness eluded a frigate and sloop stationed in the St. Lawrence, for the purpose of inter- cepting them. The canoes returned, and by four in the morning, five hundred men had passed over, at three separate times, and rendezvoused at Wolfe's Gove. The last party had only landed when they were discovered by one of the British gun-boats, into which they fired and killed three men. It was not safe to return again, and about one hundred and fifty men were left at Pointe Levy. > Without a moment's delay, Arnold and his, it is but justice to say, gallant five hundred, clambered up the precipice, where Wolfe, sixteen years before, had conducted his army to the field of carnage and victory. But although, Arnold paraded his troops upon the plains, challenged the Lieutenant Governor Gramahe to surrender or comie out and fight him at once, Gra- mahe did not play the part of Montcalm, but sent repeated discharges of cannon through the embrasures on the walls, and required him to come in, if he could. The garrison of Quebec had no idea, at first, of Arnold's numbers, and no sooner ascertained them than a sortie was determined upon, and the men, at Point Levy^. having crossed the river and joined him, Arnold wisely resolved upon retreating to Pointe aux Trembles, from THE CROSSING. 55 which place ho despatched a messsenger to General Montgomery And it was on the same day that Ar- nold left, that Governor Carle ton arrived at Quebec. The Americains had gained command of the river above Quebec ; and as all the British posts in Canada had been taken except the Capital, this was the grand object to be attained. i vr • ^. ^; ;mi Montgomery made all haste to join Arnold for that purpose ; and, leaving a small garrison at Montreal, he embarked about three hundred men, several mor- tars, and Captain Lamb's company of Artillery, on board some of the armed vessel taken at Sorel, and went down the river to Pointe aux Trembles. The command now devolved on General Mont- gomery and the two detachments marched immediately, to the Heights of Abraham, where they arrived on the 4th of December. ^ The effective force of the Americans was only 1,000 men, yet it was resolved to hazard an assault. Montgomery occupied Holland House, now in the possession of Robert Cassells, Esq., the present mansion having been erected by George O'Kill Stuart, Esq., Queen's Counsel, and formerly Mayor of Quebec, and which is situated on the Saint Foy road. Arnold took up his quarter in a house near Scott's Bridge. The following minute account of the siege, assault, death of Montgomery, retreat of the Americans, and the burial and exhumation of the body of a gallant but unfortunate officer, is from Hawkins' Picture of Quebec : The arrival of the Governor on the 19th November had infused the Dest spirit among the inhabitants of Quebec. On the 1st December, the motley garrison amounted to eighteen hundred men — all, however, full 5G THE GARRISON. {C c m of zeal in the cause of their King and conn fry, and well supplied with provisions for eight months. They were under the inunediate commaud of Colonel Allan Maclean, of the 84th regiment or Royal Kmi';rants, composed principally of those of the gallant Fraser Highlanders, who had settled in Canada, and was thus made up. s)»ij.;. '1;* 70 Royal Fusileers, or 7th Regimeut. 230 Royal Emigrants, or 84th Regiment. M 22 Royal Artillery. 330 British Militia, under Lt. Col. Caldwell. 543 Canadians, under Colonel Dupre. 400 Seamen, under Captains Hamilton and Mac- ■■l kenzie. ,' 50 Masters and Mates. 35 Marines. f-„.r"v..:',.'\^i'^ >^- 120 Artificers. ;f^^;^ - - 1800 Total bearing arms. The Seige, or rather the blockade, was maintained during the whole month of December, although the incidents were few and of little interest. The Ameri- cans were established in every house near the walls, more particularly in the Suburb of St. Roch, near the Intendent's Palace. . .* , During this anxious period the gentry and inhabit- tants of the city bore arms, and cheerfully performed the duties of soldiers. The British Militia were con- spic\ious for zeal and loyalty, under the command of Major Henry Caldwell, who had the Provincial rank of Lieutenant Colonel. He had served as Deputy Quarter Master General with the army, under General Wolfe, and had settled in the Province after the con- quest. The Canadian Militia within the town was THli AHSAlJI/r. 57 commanded by Colonel LeComte Dupr6, an ofHccr of groat zeal and ability, who rendered great services during the whole siege. General Montgomery, des pairing to reduce the place by a regular siege, resolved on a night attack, in the hoxe of either taking it by storm, or of finding the garrison unprepared in some point. In this design he was encouraged by Arnold, whose local knowledge of Quebec was accurate, having acquired it in frequent visits, for the purpose of buying up Canadian horses. — The intention of Montgomery soon became known to the garrison, and General Carleton made every preparation to prevent surprise, and to defeat the assault of the enemy. For several days the Governor, with the officers and gentle- men off duty, had taken up their quarters in the RecoUet Convent, where they slept in their clothes. At last, early in the morning of the 31st December, and during a violent snow storm, Montgomery, at the head of the New York troops, advanced to the attack of the Lower Town, from its western extremity, along a road between the base of Cape diamond and the river. Arnold, at the same time, advanced from the General Hospital by way of St. Charles Street. The two parties v/ere to meet at the lower end of Mountain Street, and when united were to force Prescott Gate. Two feint attacks in the meantime on the side towards the west, were to distract the attention of the garrison. Such is the outline of this daring plan, the obstacles to the accomplishment of which do not seem to have entered into the contem- plation of the American officers, who reckoned too much upon their own fortune and the weakness of the garrison. When, at the head of seven hundred men, Monl- o8 THE PRES DE VILLE. r Jill gomcry had advanced a short distance, he came to a narrow d.^file, with a precipice towards the river on the onf ^de, and the scarped rock above him on the other. This place is known by the name of Pres-de-Ville. Here all further approach to the Lower Town was intercepted, and commanded by a battery of three pounders placed in a hangar on the south pass. Tho Post was entrusted to a Gjiptain of Canadian Militia, whose force consisted of thirty Canadian and eight British militiamen with nine British seamen to work the guns as artillery men, under Captain Barns- farm, Master of a transport, laid up in the harbour during the winter. At day-break, some of the guard, being at the look-out, discovered through the imperfect light, a body of troops in full march from Wolfe's Cove upon the Post. The men had been kept under arms waiting with the utmost steadiness for the attack, which they had reason to expect, from the reports of deserters ; and in pursuance of judicious arrangements which had been previously concerted, the enemy was allowed to approach unmolested within a small dis- tance. They halted at about fifty yards from the barrier ; and as the guard remained perfectly still, it was probably concluded that they were not on the alert. To ascertain this an officer was seen to ap- proach quite near to the barrier. After listening a moment or two, he returned to the body; and they instantly dashed forward at a double quick time to the Post. — This is what the guard expected : the artillery- men stood by with lighted matches, and Captain Barnsfarm at the critical moment giving the word, the fire of the guns and musketry was directed with deadly precision against the advancing column. The consequence was a precipitate retreat — the enemy DEATH OF MONTGOMERY. 59 was scattered in every direction — the groans of the wounded and of the dying were heard, but nothing certain being known, the pass continued to be swept by the cannon and musketry for the space of ten minutes. The enemy having retired, thirteen bodies were found in the snow, and Montgomery's Orderly Serjeant, desperately wounded but yet alive, was brought into the guard room. — On being asked if the General himself had been killed, the Serjeant evaded the question, by replying, that he had not seen him for some time, although he could not but have known the fact. This fai^.hful Serjeant died in about an hour afterwards. It was not ascertained that the American General had been killed, until some hours afterwards, when General Garleton, being anxious to ascertain the truth, sent an Aide-de-Gamp to the Seminary, to en- quire if any of the American officers, then prisoners, would identify the body. A field officer of Arnold's division, who had been made prisoner near Sault-au- Matelot barrier, consenting, accompanied the Aide-de- Gamp to the Prhs-de-Villr guard, and pointed it out among the other bodies, at the same time pronouncing, in accents of grief, a glowing eulogium on Montgo- mery's bravery and worth. Besides that of the General,the bodies of his two Aides-de-Gamp were recognized among the slain. The defeat of Mont- gomery's force was complete, Golonel Gampboll, his second in command, immediately relinquished the undertaking, and led back his men with the utmost precipitation, » ^ ■ The exact spot where the barrier was erected before which Montgomery fell, may be described as crossing the narrow road under the mountain, immediately opposite to the west end of a building ,s, 60 ARNOLDS ATTACK. I which stands on the south, and was formerly occupied as a brev/ery. The battery extended to the south, and nearly to the river. We have caused an inscription commemorating the event to be placed upon the oppo- site rock at Pres-de-ViUe. Soon after the repulse of the enemy before the post at Pres-de-ViUe, information was given to the officer in command there, that Arnold's party from the General Hospital, advancing along the St. Charles had captured the barrier at the SauU-au-Matelot^ and that he intended an attack upon that of Prh-de-ViUe^ by taking it in the rear. Immediate preparations were made for the defence of the post against such an attack by turning some of the guns of an inner barrier towards the town ; and although the intelligence proved false — Arnold having been wounded and his division captured — yet the in- cident deserves to be commemorated as affording a satisfactory contradiction to some accounts which have appeared in print, representing the guard at Pres-de- Ville as having been paralized by fear, — the post and barrier " deserted," — and the fire which killed Mont- gomery merely " accidental." On the contrary, the cir- cumstances we have related, being authentic, prove that the conduct of th' Pres-dc-Ville guard was firm and collected in the hour r danger ; and that by their coolness and steadiness loy mainly contributed to the safety of the city. Both - olonel Maclean and General Carleton rendered every justice to their meritorious behaviour on the occasion. i ,, . . In the meantime the attack by Arnold on the north- eastern side of the Lower Town was made with despe- rate resolution. It was fortunately equally unsuccess- ful, although the contest was more protracted, and at one time the city was in no small danger, Arnold led SORTIE OF THE GARRISON. Gl \ his men by files along the river St. Charles, until he came to the SauU-mi-Matr.'ot^ where there was a^barrier with two guns mounted. It must be unrlei-stood that St. Paul street did not then exist, the tide coming up nearly to the base of the rock, and the only path between the rock and the beach was the narrow alley which now exists in the rear of St. Paul street, under the preci- pice itself. Here the curious visitor will find a jutting rock, where was the first barrier. The whole of the street went by tne name of SauU-auMatelot^ fropi the most artcient times. Arnold took the command of the forlorn hope, and was leading the attack upon the barrier, when he received a musket wound in the Jf.nee which disabled him, and he was carried back to the Genen^l Hospital. His troops, however, persevered, and having soon made themselves mxasters of the bar- rier, pressed on through the narrow street to the attack of the second, near the eastern extremity of SauU-au- Matelot street. This was n battery which protected the ends of the two streets called St. Peter street and SauU- au-Matelot^ extending by means of hangars mounted with cannon, from the rock to the river. The old Custom House, then a private house, had cannon projecting from the end windows, as had the house at the end of Saultau-MateloL street. The enemy took shelter in the houses on each side, and in the narrow pass leading round the base of the cliff towards Hope Gate, where they were secured by the angle of the rock from the fire of the guns at the barrier. Here the enemvmet with a determined resistance, which it was impossible to overcome, and General Carleton having ordered a sortie from Palace Gate under Captain Laws, in order to take them in the rear — and their rear guard under Captain Dearborn, having already sur- o2 62 LOSS OF THE AMERICANS. m i rendered, the division of Arnold demanded quarter, and wei»e brought prisoners to the Upper Town. The officers were confined in the seminary. The contest continued for upwards of two hours, and the bravery of the assailants was indisputable. Through the freez- ing cold, and the pelting of the storm, they maintained the attack until all hopes of success were lost, when they surrendered to a generous enemy, who treated the wounded and prisoners with humanity. The,Americans lost in the attack about one hundred killed and w^ounded, and six officers of Arnold'^ party, exclusive of the loss at Pres-de-Ville. The British lost one officer, Lieut. Anderson of the Royal Navy, and seventeen killed and wounded. The following is a, statement of the force which surrendered : •?; ■f-i ;■:',? /^^^ 1 Lieutenant-Colonel, ^ 2 Majors, 8 Captains, ■■■"-i:f\->. 15 Lieutenants, 1 Adjutant, 1 Quarter-Master, 4 Volunteers, i' : ■ 367 Rank and file. 44 Officers and soldiers,'wounded. r.o.rt'r*; ■{■■'»-{\ mi'iH J ♦. Not wounded. ihi ':\-x- at, ■ 426 Total surrendered. ■t I By the death of Montgomery the command devolved upon Arnold, who had received the rank of Brigadier General. In a letter dated 14th January, 1776, he com- plains of the great difficulty he had in keeping his remaining troops together so disheartened were they by their disasters on the 31st December. The seige now resumed its former character of a blockade, without any event of importance, until the month of March, when the enemy received reinforce- THE DISINTERMENT. — AFFIDAVIT. ments tliat increased their numbers to near two thou- sand men. A Council of War was called on the 15tli of Ma^-, and it was determined to raise the seige at once, and to retire to Montreal. The following facts relating to the interment and dis- interment of the body of General Montgomery may be relied upon as authentic : — In the year 1818, a request having been made to the Governor-in-chief, Sir John Sherbrooke, for leave to disinter the remains of General Montgomery, in order that they might be conveyed to New York, and there reinterred, His Excellency acceeded to the request, which came to him on the part of Mrs Montgomery, the widow of the General. Mr. Thompson gave the following affidavit of the facts in order to satisfy the surviving relations and friends of General Mont- gomery, that the remains which had been so disin- terred after the lapse of forty two years by the same hand that had interred them, were really those of the late General. Mr. Thompson belonged to the army ofWolfe, inl759. " I, James Thompson, of Quebec, in the Province " of Lower Canada, do testify and declare — that I " served in the capacity of an Assistant Engineer " during the siege of this city, invaded during the " years 1775 and 1776 by the American forces under " command of the late Major General Richard Mont- " gomery. That in an attack made by the American " troops under the immediate command of General " Montgomery, in the night of the 31st December, " 1775, on a British post at the southernmost ex- " tremity of the city, near Pres-dc-Vilk^ the General " received a mortal wound, and with him were killed 64 AFFIDAVIT. C I " his two Aides-de-Gamp, McPherson and Gheesemaii, " who were found in the morning of the 1st January, "^1776, ahnost covered with snow. That Mrs. Prentice " who kept an Hotel, at Quebec, and with whom Ge- " neral Montgomery had previou.sly bouided, was " brought to view the body alter it was placed in the " Guard Room, and which she recognized by a parti- '^ cular mark, which he had on the side of his head, " to be the general's. That the body was then con- " veyed to a house, (Gobert's * ) by order of Mr. Gra- " malie, who provided a genteel coffin for the General's " body, which was lined inside with flannel, and out- " side of it with black clock. That in the night of the " 4th January, it was conveyed by me from Gobert's " house and was interred six feet in front of the gate, " within a wall that surrounded a powder magazine '• near the remparts bounding on St. Lewis Gate. That *' the funeral service was performed at the grave by " the Revd. Mr. de Montmolin, then Chaplain of the " garrison. That his two Aides-de-Camp were buried " in their clothes without any coffins, and that no " person was buried within twenty five yards of the " General. That I am positive and can testify and " declare, that the coffin of the late General Montgo- " mery, taken up on the morning of the 15th of the "present month of June 1818, is the identical coffin " deposited by me on the day of his burial, and that " the present coffin contains the remains of the late " General. I do further testify and declare that subscr " quent to the finding of General Montgomery's body " I wore his sword, being lighter than my own, and * Goherl's house was at the torner of St. Lewis and St. Ursule streetSj opposite the City Hall, St. Lewia Street. REMARKS. 63 " on going to the Seminary, where the American *' officers were lodged, they recognized the sword, *' which affected them so much that numbers of them " wept, in consequence of which I have never worn " the sword since. , " Given under my hand, at the city of Quebec, *' Province of Lower Canada, 19Lh June, 1818. '""*■'"•"'•**"'""*"'■"'*' James TnoMPSon." ^''^'" Over the spot where the brave American breathed his last, the late Alfred Hawkins, Esquire, placed this inscription on the Rock of Gape Diamond : ,. , HERE MONTGOMERY FELL. ... December, 31st, 1775. •I ^ 'i- it 'ii'* I »t'* What the effect on the peculiar institutions and social habits of those who were so well disposed to the « Old Colonists " of England, had they suc- ceeded in obtaining full possession of Canada, would have been 80 or 90 years afterwards, or now, can only be a matter of conjecture, but it is more than probable that they would have been still more quickly displaced for, or amalgamated with a more energetic and enterprising race, and that few of the monu- ments of former times would now have remained in Quebec. The acknowledgment of American inde- pendence, and the peace which subsequently ensued, had the effect of settling Upper Canada and of placing into that section of the country, a race of men, neither blind to their personal interests, nor to the general interests of the country, and some of whose descendants have concocted and assisted in carrying out those vast 66 1812. iC schemes in the way of internal improvements of which we can now so proudly boast. A second attempt was made to obtain possession of Canada after the declaration of war between the United States and England in 1812 ; but that was even less successful than the earlier attempt had been. No portion of Canada then fell into the hands of the people and government of the United States, although their exploits on the great lakes were creditable to their entreprise, energy, and bravery, and to their race, a race with which they had chiefly to contend. Operations, on the British side, were then conducted by orders from the Governor-in-Chief, at Quebec, General Sir George Prevost, who afterwards disgraced the British army at Plattsburg. ■ 5 , : . , A * i, ' ^: '\; .-}> CHAPTER IT. The Rebellion — Attack upon Fort Maiden — The Temptation—Incidents of the e8cape — The Escape — The Alarm — ^The Accidents— An En- counter in Town — Houses of Refuge — Wrath of the Commandant — Theller*3 view of Quebec— The Conflagrations of May and June^ 1845— The Government Riding School Burnt. After the conclusion of this unhappy contest between kindred peoples, Canada began to grow as an English Colony. Immigration was encouraged, and there was a general disposition to cultivate the arts of peace ; but legislation in a new country by men without real representative strength, or fettered in the use of it, as especially were the parliamentary representatives of Lower Canada, could not be otherwise than discon- ti3nted, the more particularly as the official class, who cculd scarcely be called even English colonists, were over-bearing, and presumptuously treated, not only the conquered inhabitants, but such old country peo- ple as were not largely e.igaged in business, or had no government employmei. t. Quebec was then, and for years had been, the h jadquarters of discontent, the place where the talented, and it may be, patriotic L. J. Papineau, declaimed ; where the brilliant Andrew Stuart eloquently defended the rights of Englishmen, and upheld the character of the British people ; where his brother, the late Sir James Stuart, who died Chief Justice of the province, thundered against the tyranny of a privilged bureaucracy ; where the slern and wise John Neilson sought justice without attempting to produce 08 THELLER. k I i rebellion ; and whero men of lesser mark stirred up the passions of the inhabitants of the Richelieu District until that rebellion was prodnccd, whicli led to another remarkable occurrence at Quebec. After the afifair of St. Denis ; the murder of Lieutenant Weir; the matter of St. Charles ; the storm and capture of the church of St. Eustache; and the battle of Toronto, there were fiUibustering attempts to invade Canada, neither recognized by the government of the United States nor by the bulk of the people, but indulged in by a party sentimental with regard to liberty, and by others to whom plunder and excitement was congenial. In one of these fiUibustering expeditions "General » Suther- land, "Brigadier General)) Theller, Colonel Dodge, Messrs. Brophy, Thayer and other residents, if not citizens of the United States, sailed from Detroit in the schooner «Anne)) for Bois Blanc, which having been « settled,)) an attack was made upon Fort Maiden on the 8th of January, 1838, terminating in the cap- ture of Theller, Dodge, Brophy and some others, General Sntherland having been afterwards captured on the ice, at the mouth of the river Detroit by Colonel John Prince of the Canadian Militia. ' - The prisoners, after having been for a time in gaol at Toronto, were transferred, some to Fort Henry at Kingston, and others, among whom were Sutherland, Theller, and Dodge, to the Citadel of Quebec, which was then occupied by a Battalion of the Guards and there imprisoned, but treated with consideration and courtesy. It was not, however, unnatural that they should endeavour to escape They were taken out of- their prison house daily, for an airing, in charge of a guard, and as it would appear, were not altogether denied the opportunity of conversing with persons THK KSGAPE. ()0 who wero frieit&ly to thorn. Theller, in an account of the Rebellion in Canada, edited, it is said, by General Roberts, of Detroit, himself minutely details the nature and manner of his intercourse with a Mr. P. S. Grace, while under the charge of the military in Cape Diamond, how he succeeded in bribing soldiers' wives and in cultivating the friendship of officers, non-commissioned ofhcers, and men of the guards, much of which is exaggerated, and some of which is evidently untrue. Some of the Serjeants for small presents, Theller asserts, did whatever he required, in the way of bringing books and newspapers from town and articles of food and drink from the canteen, which is undoubtedly true, but no man in the regi- ment either directly or indirectly connived at the escape. It was the result of clever management on the part of Theller, Dodge, and his companions, and of unsuspecting stupidity on the part of the sentry who guarded the door of the prison, and indeed of all who seemed to have had intercourse with the prisoners, the escape was thus effected. On a dark rainy night, late in October, 1838, an iron bar having been previously cut through with a file given them from without,— the sawing having been effected during performances on the shrill fife of one of the flfers of the garrison, which a prisoner had borrowed for the purpose of passing away the time and keeping up the spirits of his companions in misfortune, some of whom were despondent. Theller's conversation seduced a sentry into conversation, next to smoke a pipe, then to drink a tumbler of London porter, drugged with rather more than "three times sixty drops » of laudanum. The sentry struggled hard to prevent the drowsiness that was stealing over him ; he spoke thick and mut- 70. BTUPBFACTION. c: Ic ( terred that he had never before drunk anything so good or strong. lie walked about in the rain to keep himself awake, and staggered a little. Galled again to the window by the "General,)) he said «ay — yes certainly)) and staggered over. He said he was «well, Sir — fine Sir — right well, never was better,)) andTheller while his companions were getting ready to squeeze themselves through the iron wiudow which had lost a bar, talked to the man of the virtues of strong drink, and particularly of London porter; but added that French brandy was still better. The soldier was not so sure of that, and hiccuped negatively. The great dose of laudanum in porter had not yet produced stupefac- tion, if Theller is to be credited, and half a tumbler of brandy in addition was administered to the simple fellow, who was so fond of all the good things of* life, which " nearly choked him. In a friendly way, Theller then passed his arm through the gratings of one window round the stupified sentry's neck while Dodge passed through, then Thayer held the sentry, while Theller was positively squeezed out by Par- tridge, who immediately afterwards followed, together with another person named Parker. The rain had ceased, but the water pouring down into the tubs which had been placed to catch it from the conduc- tors, and the wind, made noise sufficient to drown the sound of footsteps. One by one they slowly moved along, and got behind a small cook-house that was near. The last man, in getting round to the cooking establishment, unfortunately stumbled over a large tin pail that had been placed to catch water from a spout. The noise aroused the attention of a sentry on the ramparts formed by the roof of the casemates, who looked down, but apparently could see nothing. At THE 8BNT1UKS. 71 that moment a sentry, further on, challenf,'ecl, calling out « who goes there ? » and was answ(M'ed by tlie relief in the usual manner, which satisfied the first sentry as to the first noise. Theller and his companions crouched down as the relief passed. They went on and relieved the post ; tiien relieved the man above and descended. As they again passed, Theller and the others again crouched down, the whereabouts of the relief being indicated by a lantern, carried by an accom- panying drummer boy. Even the features oi the sol- diers were discernible. As the escaping party knelt, Theller covered with the skirt of his coat a bundle of clothes, tied up in a white handkerchief, carried by one of his party, le^t it might attract nrl^ce. Passing a third time, they went forward to relieve the sentry outside of the enclosure. At this time, says Theller, we could distinctly hear the man, whom we had left at the window, pulling in the sheet from over the fence, the noise he made, and the whispering of the other person at the window, arousing the stupified sentry. The guard relief did not hear, being muffled up, and, not suspecting anything, intent only upon their ordinary duty. The opening of the door of the enclosure and the challenge of the other sentinel partially aroused the inner sentry from his stupor, who loudly challenged as they approached. After the usual forms of relief had been gone through, the Cor- poral said to the relieving sentry "go in,)) that was inside of the enclosure, he himself remaining outside. As the relieved sentry came out, the door of the enclo- sure, or wooden paling, round the prison house was again locked. Oar « friend, » says Theller, was the last file, and luckily was it as he rather staggered than marched, and carried his musket in a most indepen- 7v THE SLEEP. i dent mapner. As soon as the sentry got to the guard room, he threw himself on the bed, his condition being unnoticed, where he slept for sixteen hours, and might have slept forever had not the surgeon and the stomach pump been brought into requisition. The escaping party moved cautiously forward at respectable distances from each other, along the can- teen, and then got out into the middle of the great square to elude the sentry at the ma'^'izine. While there a serjeant came rushing from the guard room towards the officers' quarters, the red, or as they appeared, dark stripes being visible on a white undress jacket. .It seemed to be an alarm. There were only three sentinels between the escaping party and the llagstaff, where the descent was intended. Ahead was one whose duty was to guard the back part of the magazine and a pile of firewood, which was there corded up, and also to prevent soldiers from going to the canteen. Another stood opposite the door of the officers' mess room. There was room enough i i the darkness to pass three sentinels, and Theller and his companions, no longer crawled bi^t walked upwright, one by one, quietly, but passing along as quickly as possible. Parker, however, after the sergeant passed, Decame much excited and terribly nervous, and lost his way. He made some noise and a sentry challenged, but without answering, the rest hurried towards the half-moon battery where the flagstaff is. Passing round the old telegraph post on the right side, near the stabling attached to the otficers' quarters, a sentinel there with side arms only or as he is technically termed '-a flying Dick," challenged, and Theller asserts he promptly answered "officer of the guard," when the countersiga been demanded, he muttered TF!E COUNTERSIGN. — THE LEAP. 73 near I —"teen," having learned during the confinement, that the countersign of the guards ordinarly ended so : — seventeen, eighteen, nineteen or such like, and the sentry fancying from the cap with a gold lace-band on it, which having undone his cloak, Theller placed upon his head, that he was one of the officers, >nffer<'d him to pass. Porker iiad got among the firewood and was making a noise. Dodge was running about on the top of the wall, m.aking signals for Grace and other friends who were to be outside, but could see no one there. The haulyards of the flagstaff were then jiartially cut down with a penknife. An alarm was now given by an officer of the garrison, who acciden- tally came upon Culver, one of the escaping p^irty, and in a moment the drums beat and the guard turned out. Th(^ officers rushed out of the mess-room ; an Artille- ry mm detected Parker, and the cry arose that the Americnn prisoners were loose and escaping. Some immediately ran towards the prison, while others dnigged Parker to the guard room, and yet others began to search about for the "General, » Colonel J)odge, Culver, and Hall, whom Parker intimated in reply to a question put to him by an officer, had only come out. There was no alternative, but to jump from the wall to the flat part of the precipice below, on which the wall is built, which Theller first did. For an instant he hung by his hands, then dropped and alighted on his feet on the solid rock, fallifii; back on his head. He was stunned, and lay a minuie or two unconscious. When he came to himself, he heard Dodge inquiring if he was hart, and replied in the negative, telling him to throw dowr. the bundle of cloaks, and leap upon them, Thel!r,r had broken the outer bone of his leg and dislocated his right ankle joint, 74 THE niTRH. *'} I, C but had been so stiiniiBd llint lie scarcely felt any pain. Culver descended next niu] was stunned, tlje blood gushing from his noso nnd inoiitfi ; be bad, it is said also fractured his leg. flulver was more fortunale as he alighted on the top of a pile of cloaks and was little, if at all, hurt. Dodge then throwing down the piece of rope which he bad cut from the haulyards, to be used in the next descent, also slipped down the wall upon the pile of cloakx and was unhurt. The second descent was made with the aid of the rope, the end of which was held by two of the party, while Theller, with his wounded leg, slipped down over a piece of cedar post which had been accidentally placed against the wall of the ditch ; Culver followed, then Hall held the rope alone for Dodge, and afterwards descended himself as all had done on the first leap, caught as he came to the ground, however, by the rest of the party. Dodge, in saving Hall from falling after or as he leaped, sprained his wrist. The whole party, however, managed to crawl up the outer wall of the ditch, which was faced with dry stone, by in- serting their hands into the interstices and using their feet as well as they could. They rested on the summit of the glacis for a moment, and saw the search that was being made for them inside by the lights that were flashing about in every nook and cranny. Thel- ler, as quickly as he could, bound his cravat as tightly as he could round his ankle, and got up. Hall carried Culver, and Theller leaning on Dodge's shoulder hopped along down the sloping glacis to Des Carrieres street. Their Hall and Culver were helped O' er into the lower Governor's garden, to wait until friends could be sent for them, as a crippling party of four, hobbling through \\w t^tvt^uts .4 the town at that hour FRANKNESS. 75 of the night, might be looked upon with suspicion. There friends were to whistle a particular tune, and receive for answer the word « Canada.)) Theller and Dodge found themselves opposite the residence of the ((Receiver General;)) (possibly the residence of Mr. Jeffrey Hale,) then passed the sentry, stationed near Wolfe and Montcalm's monument, when the sentry mistaking them in their semi-military costume and in the darkness, for British officers, carried arms. They had turned the corner of a street near the residence of Major Perrault, and when near the residence of Sir John Colborijo, which was then in Mount Garmel street, they knocked at the door of several houses which they supposed were occupied by the French Canadians, in whom they thought trust could be placed ; but no door was opened, and they hopped along. Dodge hearing the sound of voices went on a little in advance and said there were two persons up Haldimand street ; and before they got to the head of that street, the party, two gentleman and a lady came ap, whom Theller accosti them as far as the residence of a Mr. Hunter, outside of the walls, and Michel, who was well known was to pass through the gates and conduct Hall and Culver to Grace's home in Couillard street, within the gates. Theller was left behind, with his friend's wife, who bathed his feet, which were then so swollen that his stockings had to be cut off. His broken leg was I M Sm JAMES MACDONELL. was very painful. About, two hours afterwards, the hus- band came back without Dodge, who had been left behind in care of Messrs. Hunter and Grace, who had taken him to a place where he would be safe. Culver and Hall were shortly afterwards retaken in a tavern into which they had gone, and reconducted to their old quarters in the citadel. Theller was taken off from Michel's house in St. Rochs, in a cart, to a barn behind a house situated to the north of Scott's bridge, and lay there for the night among hay ; from thence after his wounded limb had been dressed by a patriot surgeon, he was transported to Beauport, dressed as a habitant. Afterwards he and Dodge were placed together in a hole dug under a stable, in St. John suburbs. On the Srd of November, disguised as priests, they succeeded in crossing to Point Levy, and from thence reached the lines on horseback, scarcely halting until they were in the town of Augusta, Maine. General Sir James McDonell, who commanded the Brigade of Guards, was furiously angry when in- formed of the escape of the prisoners. The nunneries and many private houses were searched; rewards were olTf^red, and the different roads leading to the city were guarded. The Serjeant of the citadel guard was reduced to the ranks for gross neglect of duty, and the sentry, who had suffered himself to be made stupified, flogged. To the grandeur of the prospect from the citadel, Theller bears the following testimony : — « The town-major had chosen the most agreable part « of the works for us to walk, and where we could "have the most pleasant prospect; indeed, I believe « there could not be found, on the continent of America, <( a more delightful view, nor a more romantic scenery E 78 A GLIMPSE. 11^ ( I? « than could be seen from that spot, which was marked « out for the limits of our walk. From it we could '( view the city, as it were Leneath our feet, men busy « about the usual vocations of life, and bustling about « like so many ants, whom, in size from the vast height, « they somewhat resembled ; the beautiful St. haw- « rence before us, which, for miles, we could see filled (( with large vessels of war, frigates and steamships, as « well as those destined for commerce. Opposite us, « on the other shore of the river, was Point Levy, and « below that was the Island of Orleans, with its fertile (( fields and beautiful green verdure and neatly white- « washed cottages, showing that neatness and comfort « was the lot of its inhabitants; and at a far distance '« were the mountains of Maine, to us, although the « past winter's snow had not left their bleak tops, yet « a more beautiful sight, for there dwelt the people of « our country, who lived in freedom and in peace, (( under the protection of the stripes and stars of the « American banner. The mist arising from the falls (< of Montmorency, only nine miles down the river, « with the noise of its cataract, in the calmness of a « summer evening, blending with the hum of the busy « men of the city beneath, and the noise of the mariner, <( as he loaded or unloaded his bark at the wharves '< below, mingled together, cieating a sound far from « unpleasant. Quebec, from that height, and at that '( time, to us, was peculiarly interesting. The quaiiit « and foreign style of its architecture ; the massy and « compact material of which its houses were built ; « its numerous churches and glittering spires ; its « population — their looks, their manners, and their « language — seemed not to belong to America. Nor « did its wall-environed city, defended by numerous THE ALARM. 79 US, ^ < canons and garrisoned by troops, having the disci- « plino, the arms, and the gorgeous costume of Europe — « foreign in language, features, and in origin, from the « great mass of the people whom they have been sent, « not to defend, but to oppress ; the red-cross flag of « Britain flying above our heads, showed, had we « before been ignorant of the matter, what power « held it in subjection. The numerous vessels unlad- « ing troops and military stores, were pointed out to us « in one place, while at another, accompanied by mar- « tial music, whose strains could be distinctly heard, « we could see detachments of the red-coat regulars « embarking for the upper country, to again crush an tt attempt at insurrection, which the Governor of Upper « Canada feared was about to take place. Pleased at « the sight we had seen, and struck with its beauty, « the half hour destined for our exercise soon slipped « past, and we had to return to our lone dark room, to « await for the next twenty-four hours, the time again « to come, that we might enjoy the same prospect.)) THE GREAT FIRES. Seven years after the escape of Theller and Dodge, when the country had become politically quiet, and all the ((patriots)) had been either hanged or appointed to office, Quebec again became a place of note. On the 28th of May, 1845, the day being scorchingly hot, witli a high wind and clouds of dust i ashing along the roads, the bells of the clmrches of St. Roch rang out the well known alarm of fire. A large tannery, in St. Vallier street, was in a blaze, and the roofs of the adjoining houses, covered with shingles, heated almost to the point of ignition by the sun, the immediate application of the fire to make them also burn was 80 THE GREAT FIRES. — L03S OF LIFE. C Ic r scarcely necessary. For nearly an liour the fire was confined to the tannery; but about mid-day, the wind increased and carried the burning embers far and wide. The houses on the cliff above caught ; below in the suburb of St. Roch several houses, situated much apart from each other, simultaneously began to burn ; the lieat and the wind more and more increased ; the nar- row streets were filled with people rushing madly to and fro, removing articles of furniture to some sup- posed place of safety; fire-engines were being hurled along from place to place as fast as horses could gallop ; carts rattled about, loaded and unloaded; vehicles of all descriptions were mixed up witli men, women, and cliildren ; soldiers were tearing down houses, if pos- sible to arrest the progress of the devouring element ; but still, lifted up by the wind, the fire leaped into other streets, and far away to leeward the red plague was seen bursting up through the wooden roofs and the planked roads ; overhead and on every side there was fire. It was only arrested at six in the evening, by the blowing up of two houses in the Hue Ganc- terie, near Hope Gate ; the whole of the populous suburb of St. Roch having been destroyed. Nearly for a mile was one mass of flames. Churches, ship- yards, everything, had been burnt over. Next day, many half consumed bodies lay about, and also the carcases of a great number of horses and cattle. This was surely a calamitous enough occurrence for one year ; but Providence had ordained it otherwise. On the same day of the following month of June, at midnight, the cry of fire again arose. In a house not far from St. John's Gate, a conflagration had begun, which was not to be ended until the whole of St. John suburb met the fate which St. Roch liad already LOSS OF LIFE. 81 experienced. The weather was still hot, and simul- taneously through the houses or from roots the flames rose high into the air, sweeping up, as far as the toll gate, one side of St. John street, and the whole of George Mid the other streets to the Gime du Gap, above St. Roch, then spreading slowly upwards towards St. Lewis suburb, by daylireak, in spite of the repeated blowing up of houses with gun-powder, scarce a vestige of the suburb remained, except the chi.nnies of what once ^\ere houses. The very tomb- stones in the church-yard were defaced and the head- boards destroyed. In these two fires sixteen thousand people were burned out ; £560,000 worth of property destroyed, and upwards of forty human beings perished. Insu- rance had been elFected to the amount of JG 125,000 or $500,000. A Relief Gommittee was promptly formed. The Merchants and some of the public institutions subscribed largely towards the relief of the sufferers : and appeals were made to England, the United States, and indeed to the world, for aid, which was promptly afforded, upwards of £100,000 having been subscribed. The Queen caused charity sermons to be preached throughout the United Kingdom, and sliowed an example herself by munificently subscribing towards the relief fund. In a very short time, the suburbs "were rebuilt in a more substantial manner, and the streets widened and otherwise improved ; bricks and stones were used in building instead of wood, and two suburbs have arisen upon the ruins of the former ones, pleasant to look upon. In June of the following year, the riding school, attached to the Chateau ^^t. Louis, wlu'h had been IC ( 82 THE HfDINC. SCHOOL. converted into a Theatre, was aestroyed by fire duuiig the exhibiliou ot Harrison's Diorama, and no less than 45 persons, many of whom were peoi.lo of good stand- ing in society, lost their lives. :.-•(* '■ yrt .K-f >'. ' i t PART II. THE TOURIST'S GUIDE. CHAPTER V. A Drive—The Cemetery— Marine Hospital—" Chien d'Or "— rhurcbes— Church of England— Presbyterian Churches— Wesieynn, Congrega- tional and Baptist Churches— St. Patrick's Church— Roman Catholic Cathedral— University of Laval— Water-Woiks-The Music Hall— The Court House — Parliament House — Hotels- Literary Institutions — ?\Iontmorenci — Lunatic Aivlum at Beauport— Lorette — The Chaudiere — Lake St. Charles— Ste. Anne. The stranger, on arriving in Quebec, will take care to visit first the Citadel ; then Gap Rouge, taking by the way, a glimpse of the old French fortifications, outside of the citadel glacis, a glance at the shipping from the brink of the precipice ; examine one of the Martello towers on the left as he passes, then wander down to Bonner's field and there see the spot where Wolfe died, and the monument raised to commemorate the circumstance and place ; see the well, not far dis- tant, from which he last drank, enter Marchmont, the residence of John Gilmour, Esquire, on the site of the redoubt that guarded the pass by which Wolfe's army ascended the Plains of Abraham, formerly the pro- perty of Major General Sir John Harvey, who served as Adjutant General of the Forces during the American war; see Spencer Wood, the residence of the Governor General ; Woodfield, the seat of James Gibb, Esquire ; IMAGE EVALUAT:0N TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^ K 1.0 I.I 1.25 " lis iiiiiio 1.8 U ill 1.6 vl (^ /i .*' d*' %- ^^ >^ o^ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STHEET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14590 (716) 873-4503 \ ^ 84 THE CEMETERY. Ic r and then stroll through one of the most picturesque, as it is one of the most extensive cemeteries in the world, " Mount Hermon," laid out by an American gentleman— Major Douglas— 32 acres in extent, and com- manding at every turn of its paths a distinct and mag- nihcent view. In this " City of Silence " lies the bones of the once celebrated John Wilson, the Scottish vocalist, and the Reverend Daniel Wilkie, LL.D., one of the ablest preceptors of youth this country has ever known, and to whom monuments have been erected by subscription. At Point a Pizeau a road leads down to Sillery Gove, where the massacre occurred. Near by, is an old stone house, formerly occupied by the heroine of " Emily Montague," near which are the ruins of v/hat was once a large stone chapel. Opposite the cemetery — we had almost forgotten to mention it — there is a church of the Church of England, built of stone, ana of rather an agreeable exterior. It was consecrated in 1856, by His Lordship the Bishop of Frederickton. A mile beyond, is the villa of Kilgrastin, formerly the property of the Rev. Dr. Mills, chaplain to the garrison. Let the ride then be continued towards the church of St. Foy, from which may be obtained one of the most beautiful panoramic landscape views anywhere to be met v/ith. At a glance may be seen the villages of Ancienne Lorette, Indian LoreLte, Gharlesbourg, Beau- port and the Island of Orleans, with the river St. Charles, meandering through a fertile valley, whose sides rise gradually to the wood-covered mountains. As the town is approached, the General Hospital and the Marine Hospital will come into view. Charlevoix considered the first mentioned as the finest house in Canada, and one that would bo no disparagement to MARINE HOSPITAL. 8.1 the largest house in France. One hundred thousand crowns were expended by M. da St. Vallier, Bishop of of Quebec, wlio bought the ground on which it stands from tli9 RecoUet Fathers, on the building, furniture and foundations. Tlie Marine Hospital was erected lor the reception of sailors and others landin- in Quebec, afflicted with disease. It stands upon a bend of the river St. Charles, near where Jacques Gartie.' wintered in 1535, and held conversatio.i with Don- nacana, the Indian Lord of Canada. The foundation stone was laid by Lord Ay liner, in 1832, and the building which cost ;e-23,0()0, or $92,000, was opened HI I8d4. A wing has since been added, and the struc- ture is one of tlio most admirably situated-except in m a sanitary point of view-andone of the most hand- some of the many public edifices in the city. The exterior is of the Ionic order of architecture, the pro- portions being taken from the Temple of the Muse« near Athens. It contains catholic and protestant chapels, and it contains apartments for the officiating clergymen, the matron, steward and nurses, and wards for about G20 patients besides having kitchen, store rooms and baths. There is a wide entrance hall, a number of examining rooms for the use of the pln4i. cians ; an operating theatre, and a museum ; and ample promenade grounds encircled by a stone wall and iron railing, for convalescents. The entire pre- ■ mises contains an area of six acres. . The resident surgeon is Dr. Roi. The institution is supported by a tax of one penny a ton levied on each vessel arriving from sea, and a proportion of the tax upon emigration. After this ride, the excursionist will do well to take a walk on Durham Terrace, greatly improved and - 86 THE «GHIEN DOR.)) c: Ic r enlarged by the late Honorable Mr. Justice Ghabot, when that gentleman held the situation oi Chief Commissioner of Public Works. The nature of the prospect may be gathered from the fact that the « plat- form » stands on the side of what formerlv was the Chateau St. Louis, destroyed by fire in 1834, and for centuries the residence of the Governors ol Canada. Close to this walk is the « Chien d'Or, » or Golden Dog, over the door of the Post Office, immediately above the steps leading from the Upper to the Lower Town. It is the representation of a dog in relievo, gnawing a bone, under which are the following lines : — " Je svis vn chien qvi ronge mon os En lo rongeant, je prends mon repos, Vn jovr viendra qvi A'est pas encote venv, Ov je mordrai celvi qvi jn'aVi'a mordv." It is said that this house was built by a Mr. Philbert, who had formerly been a merchant in Bordeaux, and who lived in Quebec in 1712 when Bigot was Inten- dant. Bigot was exceedingly avaricious, and made exorbitant drafts on the Treasurv of his native country, until one of the Queens of France began to suspect that the walls of Quebec were being not indirectly but directly built of gold. The figure of the dog and the inscription were aimed by Philbert at Bigot, and so exasperated liim that, it is said, he procured a person to assassinate Philbert. At all events, an officer of the garrson, stabbed the author of the lampoon as he was in the act of descending the Lower Town steps, who was pursued by Philbert's brother to Pondicherry in the East Indies, and there slain in turn. This story the late Mr. Christie, in a note to his history of Canada, asserts to be fabulous on the authority of Mr. Viger who had investigated the matter. s CHURCHES. 87 once To the west of Hope Gate, is the building occupied by Montcalm. CHURCHES. There are now in Quebec five churches of the Church of England, the Cathedral Church near the Place d'Armcs, opposite Durham Terrace ; Trinity Chapel in St. Stanislas Street, near Hie Artillery Bar- racks ; St. Malhev:s Chapel, at the Burying Ground, St. John Street, suburbs ; St. Peter's Church, in Vallier Street, St. Roch ; and the Mariner's Church, Champlain Street ; one in St. Anne Street, in connection with the Church of Scotland, and Chalmer's, or the Free Church, in Ursule Street ; one Methodist Church in St. Sta' nislas Street, near the gaol; one Congregational Church ia Palace Street ; one Baptist Church in St. Helen Street; one Jewish Synagogue in Garden Street ; and about 10 Roman Catholic Churches ; the Parish Church or Cathedral in the Market Place, Upper Town ; the Seminary Chapel, the Ursuline Chapel, the Hotel Dieu Chapel, St. Patrick's Church ; the Church in the Lower Town of Notre Dame des Victoires ; the Ch jrch in St. Roch Suburbs, the Church at Boisseauville ; the Congregational Church, Espla- nade ; and the Church at the Cholera Burying Ground. THE CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND. This edifice is one oi the most perfect and pleasing specimens of Canadian architecture. Although not much ornamented, the keeping is correct. Buift upon an elevated spot, the steeple, which is of considerable height, being covered with tin, is a very consijicuous mark, and one of the objects most prominent in eveiy ^,^!^H"^^^® ^^6^^ of the city. The giand entrance is on c Ic 88 CHURCHES. the west ; and the interior is neat and commodious, having extensive galleries on the front and sides. It is furnished with a powerful organ of sweet and melo- dious tune. • To an ohserver, the whole situation appears light and graceful, which is increased hy the glittering roof and spire. The walls are of grey sandstone. In length, it extends forty-five yards, by twenty-five yards in breadth ; including a considerable interstice for the altar, and a capacious vestibule. The chief front, with a spacious area is in Garden Street. The church was consecrated in 1804. The commu- nion plate which is very magnificent, was presented by George III, as well as the books for divine service and the altar clotli. Within the altar, beneath which are the remains of the Duke of Richmond, a former Governor General who died of hydrophobia, are two marble monuments, one to the late Dr. Mountain, first Bishop of Quebec, and the other to the Honorable and Right Reverend Dr. Stewart, his successor. There are besides a few other handsome monuments around the church, The Rectory to which a small chapel is attached is within the enclosure, and, formerly occupied by His Lordship the Bishop of Quebec, a man of great lei,rniiig and of exemplary piety, is now occupied by the Rector of Quebec, the Rev. Mr. Housman. Morning service begins at half-past ten o'clock, as well in this as in all the other churches of the Church of England in Quebec. , / , , . _ THE CHURCH OF SCOTLAND. '■k«- ;*>• The pulpit of this church is at present occupied by one of the most learned, talented, and eloquent % CHUnCHES. 89 It preachers of the Gospel in this city, the Reverend John Goolt, D. D. A Church of Scotland has existed in Quebec since 1759 ; but it was not until the sum of £1,547 having been subscribed, a church was built in St. Anne street, and set apart fur the ordinances of christian worship on the 30th November, 1810, by the late Reverend Dr. Spark, who was succeeded by the late Dr. Harkness. It accommodates about 1500 sitters. In 1821, it was enlarged. chalmer's, or the free church. This is a very beautiful specimen of church archi tecture, built in 1852, and situated in St. Ursule street. It was the scene of the Gavazzi riot. The pulpit is at present ably filled by the pious and learned Reverend William Clark. The church accommodates about 900 sitters. In the Presbyterian Churches, and indeed in all protestant churches, the church of England excepted, service begins simultaneously. THE WESLEYAN CHURCH Is a very imposing and large edifice of cut stone, with gothic pinnacles in St. Stanislas street, adjoining the jail. The Wesleyan Methodic ts had a chapel formerly in St. Anne street, and one in the Lower Town for the edification of seamen, the former being erected in 1816, but it was not until 1850 that means were found to build the present fine building, and procure an excellent organ with which to praise the Lord of Hoots! It accommodates over 1600 people, and the pulpit is at present filled by the Reverend Mr. Young. , ,. CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH. '- =. This is a neat, but externally unpretending building in Palace street, nearly opposite Russell's Hotel. In- 90 CHURCHES. C Ic r ternally, it has been comfortably furnished after the manner of the New York churches, and the command- ments and texts of Scripture are painted on the walls. BAPTIST CHURCH. This church is situated at the upper gate leading to the barracks of the Royal Artillery, near St. John's Gate. It was erected iu 1854 by an earnest but not by any means a wealthy ox numerous Congregation. The pulpit is, however, most respectably filled by a scholar and sincere christian, as he is a pleasing and instructive preacher. — the Rev. David Marsh. ST. Patrick's church. The Irish Catholics of Quebec, with the aid of their Protestant follow citizens built the Church which is situated in St. Helen street, in 1832. It was dedicated in 1833, amid the hearty rejoicings and the thanks- givings of a generous people. It is a fine substantial building, and originally covered an area of 136 by (52 feet ; but has been twice enlarged since then. The Congregation have very recently erected a large and externally handsome Presbytery or Parsonage house for their parish priests, in St. Stanislas street. THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CATHEDRAL. . The largest and internally the most magnificent of all the Cliurches in the city, is that which stands in the Upper Town Market Place, 216 feet long and about 180 broad, called «The Church of the Immaculate Conception,)) when consecrated by the first Bishop of Quebec in 1666. It is divided into a nave and two aisles. At the upper end is the grand altar ; and in the side aisles are four chapels dedicated to different saints. ^ ^j. .-:.^:-,.i. -i-^^^.,r.^.-~^---.- --^---^.--^ I li"">: -M ;;,«M •■>-<,.' PAINTINGS. 91 During the siege of Quebec in 1759, this Gliurcli -vas set on fire by shells, which were discliarged from the batteries on Point Levi, and all its Paintings and other ornaments were consumed, except the first mentioned in the following catalogue, but which was, when found among the ruins, so essentially injured, tliat the labor of the artist was found necessary to restore the parts that have been mutilated :— 1. The Altar piece, pourtraying*th3 Conception. 2. On the north is a representation of Paul, in his estatic vision— by Carlo Maratti. 0. On the opposite wall, is a design— The Saviour ministered unto by angels — by Restoul. 4. The painting above the altar in the south nave, is a copy of the middle painting over the altar of the Seminary Chapel, 5. On the pillar above the pulpit is a delineation of tho Redeemer on the Cross— by Vandyke. 6. On the opposite pillar is— The Nativity of Christ. 7. The Saviour under the contumelious outrages of the sol- diers — by Flavet. 8. The day of Pentecost— by Vignon. 9. The Holy family— by Blanohon. . 'fn Tliere are, besides, other paintings of less interest and value. :; • ; All the catholic churches deserve a visit from the intelligent stranger, but the painter or connoisseur in paintings, except in the Seminary and Hotel Dieu Chapels, will find little to interest him elsewhere than in the Cathedral, the other churches of Quebec in which there was anything old having unfortunately been also purified by fire. ' '* " THE UNIVERSITY OF LAVAL. ' ' '' This institution named after its founder, was raised from the status of a seminary to that of a University 92 LAVAL. C Ic r ill 18G4 by Queen Victoria. It adjoins the Seminary, and has a largo garden in front, and a spacions play ground in the roar or town side of the Seminary. Collegiate buildings are in course of erection on a very magnilicont scale, the medical and other colleges being finished. Formerly, the institution was divided into two branches, distinguished as the <( Grand Seminaire » and the Petit Seminaire. The Grand Seminaire is now the Collegiate Institutioa, in which Latin, French, Mathematics, Bollos-Lettrcs, Moral Philosophy, Natural Philosophy, Astronomy, Chemistry, Drawing, Ana- tomy, Physiology, and a host of other «ophies») and « elegies » are taught. The Archbishop used to reside in the Seminary, as did Laval himself for the last twenty years of his earthly existence; but since then, a new palace has been raised and His Grace and his coadjutor enjoy themselves in a palatial edifice in rear of the Cathedral, built in 1849, which has also accom- modations for upwards of 100 clergymen, and contains besides the portraits of some dozen (baker's or other- wise) of his predecessor's portraits, the best collection of paintings, by eminent painters, to be found in the countrv. But to return to the Seminary. It was founded by Monseigneur do Laval de Montmorency, in 163G, during whose lifetime the buildings were twice burned. Originally intended only for the education of catholic clergymen, it now educates all who are sent to it, even in the higher branches of education, for the very moderate sum of £12 10s. a year if boarded, and for only 5s. or 10s. if not. The teachers, who are ecclesiastics, receive no re- muneration for their services ; but the medical and other professors are of course paid. " . k -, ,,. > ,^ ,;, J ! WATER WORKS, &C, 93 Tho library of tliis institution contains 9,000 volumes and IS, It IS needless to say, very interesting. ' In the museum there is a valuable collection of philosophical inst-uments, besides fossils, minerals Indian curiosities, kc. ' WATER WORKS. Quebec is amply supplied with good water for all purposes, from the Lake St. Charles, above the cata- ract at Lorette, through an 18 inch iron pipe. The capacious reservoir, which is situated about a mile above tJie Indian village, merits inspection. The drainage of the town is excellent, and indeed some hundreds of thousands of pounds have, since 1854, been expended on water and sewerage. A healthier city is not now to be found on the whole continent of America. THE MUSIC HALL. This is a very large and handsome stone l)uilding, used as a theatre, a concert room, or ball I'oom, and situated in St. Lewis street. After the destruction of tlie Parliament buildings, in 1854, it was used as the place of meeting for the Legislative Assembly, and the voice of William Lyon Mackenzie has been reverbe- rated against its walls, as well as the rather sweeter voice of Madame Anna Bishop and the " Black Swan." THE COURT HOUSE Stands upon the ground on which the RecoUets' church partly stood, in St. Lewis street. It is a plain and not too commodious a building for the purpose intended, which is therein to bring all civil and criminal suits of the district. Its length is forty-five yards, and its breadth as many feet ; but it 91 6CH00LS. C f was added to in 1853, and in tho Court of Appeals room sat the Legislative Council of Upper House of Parliament. PAHLIAMENT HOUSE. A large new building on the site of the palace of the French Bishop, stands immediately inside of Prescott Gate. Within these walls the whole collective v/isdom of the province is now assembled. The walls, however, are only brick, tho building being erected by a gentle- man from Upper Canada, altogether insensible, it would seem, to the beauty of tlie site. When the Government removes to Ottawa it is to be used as a Post Ofjce. EDUCATIONAL AND LITERARY INSTITUTIONS. HIGH SCHOOL — MORRIN COLLEGE. One of the best educational institutions in Canada is the High School of Quebec. It owes its origin to the Reverend Dr. Cook of St. Andrew's Church, who has been the Chairman of the Directors since its com- mencement, and has taken a warm and active interest in whatever could conduce to its elTiciency and suc- cess. We must not omit to mention Morrin College, in St. Lewis street, a bequest from Dr. Morrin, formerly Mayor of Quebec, and of which the very Reverend John Cook, D.D., is principal. Morrin Col- lege is affiliated with McGill College, Montreal. The first Rector of the High School, was the late Reverend Daniel Wilkie, L.L. D., who died in 1852, and the present Rector is the Reverend Edwin Hatch, an excellent classical scholar, and an earnest and per- severing teacher. The other teachers are Mr. Wilkie, nephew of the former Rector, an able and attentive teacher and well-informed man ; the Revere...a John LITET\,VIIY AND HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 95 Thompson, teacher of mathematics ; W. A. G. L. Frew, classical master ; Mr. Millar, teacher of French and German ; and W. Doarnally, drill master. There are altogether 19 schools, public and private, boys and girls. The first school in Canada was kept by Father Lejcune, at Quebec, in 1032. The pupils were any- thing but numerous, when tlie establishment was first opened. There was only a Negro lad and an Indian boy to be taught the rudiments of French, and to be initiated in the art of putting language upon paper with the pen. Lejeuu'^ was not, liowever, disheartened by the unpromising aspect of a first attempt in a new world to instruct the ignorant. On the contrary, he wrote to some friends in France, concerning liis school, in very hopeful terms. A chair in Du Bac at Paris, would not have tempted him to have relin- quished his project of imparting tlie most elementary knowledge to the most primitive child of nature. He was enthusiastic and he succeeded. Next year he had twenty pupils, and his school was the foundation of the famous Jesuits' College, a school of learning, which, when suppressed in 177G, and the buildings converted into soldiers' barracks, was numerously attended, in which the course of study had been similar to that of the college of Louis-le-Grand, in Paris, and which had produced several men of note. LITERARY AND HISTORICAL SOCIETY. This Society was founded by Lord Dalhousie in 1824, and united in 1829 to that for the promotion of Arts and Sciences, contained the most valuable ornithological, mineralogical and botanical specimens of any institution in the province, and has a most 96 LIBRARIES. — MONTMORENCI. C c I Hi", JK excellent library ; but it suffered loss during the fire which consumed tho late Parliament Building, in which the Museum and Uie Library were in 1854, and it again suffered from fire in 1862, when many valuable books and manuscript were lost. The Library, Museum, &c., are now in the Masonic Hall, opposite the St. Lewis Hotel, corner of Garden and St. Lewis streets. There is an exceedingly fine library in the posses- sion of the '' Quebec, Library Association," founded so early as 1779, by Genertll Haldimand, and which now contains at least six thousand volumes. Tne rooms are in St. Anne street, opposite the Church of England Cathedral. If all these places are visited in one day, the stranger, 0"^ the next, may visit the following places in the vicinity of Quebec ; or as many of them as he conve- niently can: • ■, MONTMORENCI. _, The justly celebrated Falls of Montmorenci consti- tute an object of inspection with every visitor of Quebec. In clear weather, much enjoyment is realized from the ride, as an opportunity is afforded to examine the soil, modes of agriculture and habits of life of the Canadian farmers ; and also of viewing Quebec and its environs, in a novel aspect. It is generally conceded that the Fall? when the river is full, is the mo:t mag- nificent object in the Province — being replete with beauty and sublime grandeur. The breadth of the stream at the brink is about twenty-five yards, and the velocity of the water in its descent is increased by a continual declivity from some distance above. With the exception of a large rock near the middle of the NATURAL STEPS. 97 bed, the whole is one compact sheet of foam, which is discharged, almost perpendicularly, at the def.th of nearly eighty yards, into a reservoir among tlic rocks below. The prodigious depth of their descent, the brightness and volubility of their course, the swiftness of move- ment from the basin swelling with incessant agitation from the weight of the dashing waters, forcibly rivet the attention, and highly elevate the mind of the spec- tator. From the same spot there is a lucid and beau- teous jjrospect of Quebec, with its encircling scenery ; and with an ordinary magnifying glass, the observer can discern all the prominent objects — the steeples, towers, fortifi-cations, principal edifnies, the shipping, the course of the St. Lawrence until it is lost among tlie hills, Point Levi and its vicinity — the north side of the Island of Orleans, the point of Ange Gardien and the shores of the river as far as Gap Tourment. Some vestages of General Wolfe's hattery still remain. See Duncanson's picture. At a considerable distance above the Falls, the channel of the river is contracted between high ver- tical rocks, and the water rushes with proportionate velocity. In one part, at about five miles from the bridge, cascades of three and four yards in depth are adjacent to two fine geological curiosities, familiarly denominated the "Natural Steps,» which appear to have been formed by the attrition of the stream occasioned by the melting of the snows, and ihe augm.ented rapidity of the flood Many of these steps are so regular, that they almost develope the process of human art. The perpendicular attitude of the rocks on the east side — the tree crowned summit, the uniformity of appearance, resembling an ancient castle wall in ruins, the preci- 98 DEAUPORT. C Ic f fclly. »'"lll pices on the western bank, and the foaming noisy'cur- rent pourtray a romantic \Vildness which is very attrac- tive. Observers are amply remunerated for their walk, as conjoined with this interesting object, they witness the continuous descent and the accelerating force and celerity with which the river is propelled to the point whence it is precipitated into the St. Lawrence. The Mansion House, which is situated close to the Fall — exactly over which an elegant suspension bridge, at the height of some 80 or 90 feet, hung like a spider's •web, but the towers of which now only remain, as it gave way in the spring of 1856, when a man and a woman in a cart, and a boy walking, were upon it, who were all precipitated into the cauldron — was built by General Haldimand, the last Governor of the Pro- vince of Quebec. It was afterwards occupied by His Royal Highness, Prince Edward Duke of Kent, the father of the Queen, and the room in which he slept can yet be pointed out. The house is at present in the possession of G. B. Hall, Esquire, the proprietor of the extensive saw mills at the foot of the Falls. THE BEALPORT ASYLUM FOR THE INSANE. This Asylum, lighted by gas, and having a gas cook- ing apparatus, contained in 1859, 80 male nnd 73 female patients. The following notice of it is from Warburton's « Hochelaga, or England in the New World. )) The Lunatic Asylum for Lower Canada has been for some time established at Beauport, five miles from, Quebec. Three eminent medical men of the city, have undertaken it, under charter from the Provin- cial Government, whicii makes an annual allowance for the support of the public patients. LORETTE. 99 Tlie establishment consists of a large house occupied by the able Superintendent and his family, where as a reward for good conduct some of the convales- cents are occasionally admitted. Behind this is a range of buildings forming two sides of a square, the remaining enclosure of the space being made with high palings. These structures stand in a command- ing situation, with a beautiful view of Quebec, and the broad basin of the river. A farm of a hundred and sixty acres is attached to them. The system of this excellent institution is founded on kindness. No force or coertion of any kind is employed ; the patients are allowed to mix freely, work, or pursue whatever may be the bent of their inclinations. They dine together at a well supplied table. On one side of the dining hall are the apart- ments of the female patients, on the other those of the males. They each consist of a large well ventilated room, scrupulously clean, with a number of sleeping wai'ds off it J over head is also a large sleeping apart- ment. • , LORETTE. One of the most agreeable excursions in the vicinity of Quebec, is that to the Indian village and Lake St. Charles. The driver should be directed to change his route on the return, so as to pass by the eastern bank of the river, and thus the varying scenery is partially changed. After a considerable ascent, at four miles distance from Quebec, the traveller arrives at Charlesbourg, a very conspicuous village, comprising about 90 houses, thence the western route conducts to Lorettc, and 100 THE CHAUDIERE. C Ic f the easterly course to Lake Beauport, the ride to wliich is amply compensated by the diversified landscape. The Indian village is about eight miles from the city, built upon an elevated situation, whence there is an extensively vaj'ied and agreeable landscape, in many points similar to that from Gape Diamond, but also including some attractive novelties of outline. It exhibits a bold and beautiful view of Quebec and its suburbs, and in the extent, it is bounded solely by the distant southern mountains. At this village is a charming view of the river St. Charles, tumbling and foaming over the rocks and ledges to a great depth, near which is a Paper Mill, &c. The rugged and perpendicularly elevated cliffs, in connection with the impetuous rush of the waters, although circumscribed in extent, and therefore affording no expanded prospect in the immediate front, yet, as seen from the Saw Mills, and from the bank and bridge at the head of the dell, in its different posi- tions and aspects, constitute an object, which, when contrasted with the more majestic cataracts of Mont- morenci, and the Ghaudiere, or recollected in combi- nation with them, furnishes in memorial, an addition to the varieties, which those stupendous natural curio- sities embody. A poetic observer standing on the margin of the river near the Falls, might easily transmute the Gre- cian imagery chanted by the Roman into actual scene before him ; and can almost fancy without any pecu- liar and visionary flights of the imagination, that he beholds around him the principal and most solitary dell of the ancient immortalized Tempe. m THE TUBULAR BniDOE, 101 *• Est nemus Huemoniae prcprupta undiquG claucUt .- " Silva ; vocant Tempo. Per qmv: Peneus ab iiuo , " Effusus Pindo, spumosis volvitur uiidia . " Dejectuqiie, gravi tenues agitantia fumos, " Nubila, conducit summasque aspergino sylvas " Inpluit ; et sonitu plusquam vicina facigat." . The river at the Cascade is much compressed, being only about 400 feet across ; and the depth in the Pot, as it is usually termed, is nearly 45 yards. Many rocks divide the stream, precisely at the Fall, into three chief currents, of which the westerly is the largest— these partially re-unite before their broken and agitated wav3s are received into the basin, where each dashing against the other maintains a turbulent whirpool. The form of the rock forces a part of the waters into an oblique direction, advancing them beyond the line of the precipice, while the cavities of the rocks increase the foaming fury of the revolving waters in their des- cent, displaying globular figures of brilliant whiteness, while the ascending spray developesallthe varietie'^>of the colored cloudy arch, and enlivens the beauty of the landscape. The wild diversity of rocks, the foliage of the overhanging woods, the rapid motion, the cJDfuIgent brightness, and the deeply solemn sound of the cataracts, all combine to present a rich assemblage of objects highly attractive, especially when the visitor emerging from the wood, is instantaneously surprised by the dehghtful scene. Below, the view is greatly changed, and Falls produce an additionally strong and vivid impression. The railway tubular bridge, about a mile above the Falls, is a very fine one, and worth inspection. ^ LAKE ST. CHARLES. r The distance from Lorette to the Lake h nearly six 102 LAKE ST. CHARLES CSIl Ic r miles, and speedily after leaving the villages the grand prospect and the traces of civilization and human exis- tence become comparatively « faint, and few and far between.)) On the return from the Lake, the effect is instantaneous. Emerging at once by the turn of the hill, from deep solitude and a compact forest, into all the expanse of the extended variegated landscape, discernible at the foot of the exterior mountain, the traveller is enraptured with a display of aboriginal and cultivated drapery, to which memory ever delights to recur. , - . The Lake is an enchanting picture ; anrl those who have beheld some of the more renowned European inland waters, have asserted, that it developes imagery, little inferior in natural beauty and creative decoration to those reservoirs which history and poetry have conseoi'ated to perennial remembrance. Upon a calm summer's day, when in the season the forest displays its numberless lights and shades, and the mountain, wood and waters all repose in undisturbed calmness, the quietude of the scene exactly harmonizes with the ' placidness of a good conscience. If the beholder there recalled Henry Kirk White to his memory, he might justly and feelingly soliloquize in the strains of the lamented bard : " And oh! how sweet this scene o'erliung with woQd, " That winds the margin of the solemn flood? ^ ■"" " AVliat rm-al objects steal upon the sight — a, *-lf,' - " What varied views prolong the calm delight! '-5'jp,i"''' ' " Above, below, where'er I turn my eyes, ' ■'* t>!(«r.' ■ ' " Rocks, waters, woods, in grand succession rise!'' vifT In outhne. Lake St. Charles is very irregular — it is rather more than four miles in length ; but its greatest breadth does not exceed one mile : and it is subdivided ST. ANXE. 103 lie I)} a narrow slrait, into nearly equal portions. Embo- somed between elevated hills, its shores are clothed with that density of wood and diversified foliage, which are so universal in North America ; and thepeal\sand tops of some of the more distant northern mountains are singularly varied in their configurations, and from. their height are exhibited in a very imposing aspect. The points of land which occasionally stretch into the lake are covered with shrubs and a species of trees ; while abrupt rocky bluffs and smaU swampy bays alternately present to the amateur and man of science a rich display of ornament, and materials for geological and botanical research. ST. ANNE. V'i^om Montmorenci, the ride proceeds to Chateau Richer, or the ruins of a Franciscan Monastery, ])uilt about one hundred and thirty years since. About two miles from Chateau Richer, the visitor should halt, and walk a short distance to the Sank i\ la Puce, a small stream descending through a mountainous and woody country, comprises some very romantic falls, where the stream is precipitated in three declivities in succession, and the banks are rich in profusion of sylvan ornaments, and especially when the autumnal foliage displays its multiplied variety of beauteous tints. Thence the route leads to Ste. Anne ; and two miles beyond the village, at twenty-eight miles distance from Quebec, the traveller proceeds to visit those interesting Falls. The road ascends a part of the way up the moimtain — there are seen splendid prospects of Quebec and the adjacent country— but without a glass, from the distance, the scenery in the back ground is I lOi, THE PRIESTS FAR if. Cli rallier indistinct. Having attained a level, a rough paMi for nearly a mile and a half conducts the visitor, after a sudden descent into a most solitary vale of rocks and trees, almost a natural grotto, through the centre of which the stream rushes until it escapes by a narrow channel hotween the rocks, and continues roaring and tumbling with augmenting velocity. From below, there is a striking view of the cataract, which, combined with the natural widness and extraordinary features of the scenery, baffle description ; the jjainter alone could convey to the mind the representation with effect. The scenery around the Priests' Farm, near Gape Tourment, is very attractive, and the site of the Valley and Falls of Fereole will compensate for the fatigue experienced in descending to them. To complete the excursion, the visitor should arrange, if possible, to stand on Gap Tourment in the morning, there to behold the sun emerging from the horizon. From this bold bluff, nearly six hundred yards above the river St. LawTcnce, to the east, soutli, and west is presented a versified landscape, which includes every variety that the painter can embody. — Mountain and valley, wild- erness and cultivation, land and water, w^ith their ai)purtenances and ornaments. VK./.« ;.-\M'rJ >-^: ■•(>:? ^^^Jsr^' i)t: ■^iW^i-" r j^^sv* ' ^mi- ' K'- '' l'\ CHAPTER VI. Pleasures of the Trip— Tlie St. Lawrence and the watering places— [slant! of Orleans— Crane Island -Kamouraskn—Cacotina— Entrance of the Sagiienay— Price & Co— Lake St. John— The Crops— Mode of •'^'*^®'''"8^~'^^^*' Perikoba— Russell's Report of the Saguenay Country. THE LOWER ST. LAWRENCE. ' THE SAGUENAY. '• "" To the mere pleasure seeker or the man of science there can he nothing more refreshing and delightful, nothing affording more food for reflection or scientific observation, than a trip to that most wonderful of rivers, the Saguenay. On the way thither, the scenery of the Lower St. Lawrence is extraordinarily pic- turesque. A broad expanse of water interspersed with rugged soUtary islets, highly cultivated islands, and islands covered with trees to the water's edge, hemmed in by lofty and precipitous mountains, on the one side, and by a continuous street of houses, relieved by beautifully situated villages, the spires of whose tin- covered churches glitter in the sunshine, cultivated fields and lowing herds belaud, and the forest-clad mountain range, which divides the waters flowing into the St. John from those that flow into the St. Lawrence, visible, in the distance, on the other, affords a prospect so enchanting that were nothing else to be seen the tourist would be well repaid for the inconsiderable expenditure in time and money, wdilch the trip to the lower St. Lawrence involves ; but when, in addition 106 A LANDSCAPE. gorge sight to all this the tourist suddenly passes from a landscape unsurpassed for beauty into a region of priniitivo grandeur, where art has done nothing and nature everything — vvlien, at a single bound, civilisation is left behind and nature stares him in the face, in naked majesty — when he sees alps on alps arise — when he lloats over unfathoma])lo depths, through a mountain —the sublime entirely overwhelms the sense of and fascinates the imagination. The change produced upon the thinking part of man, in passing from the broad St. Lawrence into the seemingly narrow and awfully deep Saguenay, whose waters lave the sides of the towering mountains, which almost shut out the very light of heaven, and from thence again into an ancient settlement, where the piety and zeal of the Jesuit Fathers, ages ago, first planted the cross, and gave Christianity to the Indians, is such as no pen can paint nor tongue describe. An American gentleman says : — « The greater part « of American tourists make a great mistake in omit- « ting the Saguenay River. The fare on board the « boat is of excellent quality, and the berths large and « comfortable.)) Another gentleman says : — « Before I left Rochester, « on an excursion through Lake Ontario, and down « the St. Lawrence, I was advised not to let slip a « favourable opportunity, if one should offer, after my « arrival in Quebec, for milking a visit to the Saguenay, « and looking for myself upon the bold, rugged, and « very remarkable scenery along its rock-bound shores. « Such an opportunity fortunately was not wanting ; « and after I had spent five days in Quebec — days of « great interest to me — visiting places most deserving « attention in and about that wonderful city — famous THE ST, lAWIlENCK. 107 « ill the worlcVs liistory, about which I liad road, with « tlirilliiii^ interest, wlien I was yet a boy, and of « Wolfe climbing the heights of Abraliam, to flght and a conquer, and die — ' The Gibraltar of the western « continent,' and the capital of the Britisli American « provinces ; learning that the Steamer Sagucnai/^ « Captain Simard, would leave next morning on a « pleasure excursion dowji the St. Lawrence and up « the Saguenay, of which I had heard so much, and « from which the good steamer received very appro- « priately her name, 1 lost no time in making arrafige- " ments for the trip, and through the courtesy of the « agent John Laird, Esquire, and of Captain Simard, « and others, both on the boat and elsewhere, I have « made the trip with great comfort and pleasure.;/ THE ST. LAWRENCE AND WATERING PLACES. On the south side of the St. Lawrence, a ridge con; mences nearly one hundred miles below Quebec, which taking a south-west direction and passing opposite that city, crosses the boundary line between Canada and the United States, and continues until it meets with the Hudson River. Beyond this ridge at about the distance of 50 miles is another and a higher one, commencing at Cape Rosier, the bold headland at the mouth of the Saint-Lawrence, on the south, or in a military point of view, left bank of the river, which runs in a direction nearly parallel with the river, and with the other chain, terminating upon the eastern branch of the river Connecticut, after a course of nearly four hundred miles. This is the ridge which divides Canada from the United States, and the waters that flow into the Atlantic from those that fall into the St. Lawrence. -» ■ "yvt|:v rj-.vi-;;i?,;, 108 TUn LAURENTINE MOUNTAINS. c f Upon Iho uortliern slioros of tlic St. Lawrence, Canada is bounded by the rugged steeps, called by Sir W. Logan, the Laurentine mountains, running close to the river, and forming its banks for upwards of 100 miles. The most remarkable of these heights is Cape Tourment, situated only about twenty-five miles below Quebec. This ridge from Gape TOurment, takes a west south-west direction for 300 miles, terminating on the river Ottawa, about 120 miles above its confluence with the St. Lawrence. Beyond this ridge is another and a higher, dividing the waters that flow into the St. Lawrence from those that find their way to Hudson's Bay. This last mentioned ridge is a hundred miles, or thereabouts, north of Quebec. -' ' •« ^ This is the wilderness region, which to the north- w'ard meets the eye of the traveller as he leaves Quebec for the Saguenay, bidding " Adieu to cui-sed streets of staiivs." The Falls of Montmorenci gradually appear, and are distinctly visible in their usual ^ji'^ndeur, and the voice of the mingling waters scarcely dies upon the ear when leaving Quebec, with her imposing ci tadel 350 feet high, and tin covered cupolas and roofs, the eye rests upon a new harbour to the right filled with vessels of the largest tonnage, chiefly Uie property of a single mercantile firm, distinguished for enterprise and industry. The river about five miles below Que- bec is divided into the north and south channels by the Isle of Orleans, twcnty-o)ie miles long and five, broad, celebrated for its apples, plums, and pears, and originally called the Isle of Bacchus by Jacques Gar- tier, on account of the number of wild vines which in 1535 he saw upon it. This island has good roads, contains live parishes, three behig on the south side, on LEANS. lUl) pick [ads, - side. and lh(» cluuchos aiid tidy villages of St. Lanrenl aiul St. Jean being closo to tlio shoro. Patrick's Ho'.<', wliorc two mammoth vossols wore bnilt twiMilv or more yoaro ago, is a well sholtcrcd cove, wlun'c outwanl I'Onnd vessels como to anchor and await sailing orders, and over which is the highest point of the islar.d. A villa has now been laid out on the point of the island, some neat residences erected, and a steamboat com- munication maintained between the villa and Quebec. On the north side of the highest point of land on the island, the second of a chain of thirteen telegraphs, erected during the last American war, and extending from Quebec to Green Island opposite the mouth of the Saguenay, remains. The electric wire has, however, completely superseded the old mode of Hag and ball telegraphing on land. :i ■< ' The Island of Orleans forms part of the county of Montmorenci, there being three counties on the north shore of the St. Lawrence, the county of Quebec, the county of Montmorenci, and the county of Saguenay, and four on the south, Bellechasse, L'Islet, Kamou- raska and Rimouski. . ;.< - \ Both sides of the river are covered with houses of stone, covered w^th tin ; and a parish church of no inconsiderable architectural pretension presents itself at every five miles. A few miles below Patrick's Hole, on the south shore, are the churches of St. Michel and St. Valier ; and immediately below the island of Orleans, the river widens to eleven or twelve miles, and numerous smaller islands exhibit them- selves, while Gap Tourment towers eighteen hundred feet into the sky. A few miles farther down — say 40 from Quebec — Gross Isle, the Quar-'^^^tine establish- ment, appears, on which ten or twenty thousand immi- f2 . 110 ST. THOMAS. !C r "Hit ■'III I grants lie buricl, and immediately opposite on the southern bank, is the thriving village or rather lown of St. Tliomas, one of the stations of the Grand Trunk Railway in I^ower Canada. St. Thomas lies upon the Riviere du Sud, which meanders through one of the most beautiful, highly cultivated, and most productive tracts of country in all Canada. Over the river is a very pretty bridge. ■ ' =■ > s .y. ^ -: Lower down, Crane and Little Goose Islands appear. r*roperly speaking, tliere is but one island, as at low water a connecting isthmus can be crossed in vehicles or on foot. About 12 miles in length, they are exceed- ingly well cultivated, and produce more than the inha- bitants can consume, so that the value of the exports exceeds that of tlie imports, and the people are not only comfortable br t rich and happy. Tiiey are some times called " McPherson's Island," after the Seigneur or Seigneurs, whose residence is at the north-east end of the islands. The church and village are on the north side of the island. - -' ,..,,.... ,.: _,,,,,;. The Ghrrch of L'Islet de St. Jean next appears on the south shore. It is somewhat romantically situated, being completely isolated at high water from the main- land. The river is here thirteen miles in width, and divided into north, middle, and south channels by a series of islands, connected together by rocky or sandy formations, and not unlike the rich vallev of the south shore of the St. Lawrence, which is intersected by ridges of graywacke and slate, not very high, while the granitic mountains of the north there in seme parts exceed an elevation of 2,000 feet above the river. This circumstance, and that of shoals stretching out from the southern shore, narrow the deep water and forms what is called "The Traverse,'* in which the THE QUELLE. Ill iile cme iver. out and the tide runs at the rate of seven or eight knots, 55 miles below Quebec. . . ,.. i ..i^n. ,'x. I> . • ^.- .^.r - . . Goudres Island — we take what follows from the Quebec Guide Book, published by Mr. Sinclair in 1851 — is the largest below Quebec except Orleans. It was settled at a very early psriod, forms a parish by itself, and has a church. It is tolerably fertile, but requires its produce for its own population. It belongs to the ecclesiastics of the Seminary of Quebec, to whom it was granted in 1087. After passing the traverse, the settlements on St. Paul's Bay on the north shore, enclosed within an amphitheatre of mountains, present themselves to view. Here commences the county of Kamouraska, which fronts the river for thirty miles. The track of country watered by the Quelle is very productive, and regularly transports to Quebec many marketable articles. Near the entrance of Quelle into the Sl Lawrence a porpoise fishery is carried on to a considerable extent. The village of Kamouraska is, in summer, much enlivened by visitants, who resort to it for sea-bathing. It has the reputation of being one of the healthiest spots in the Lower Province. The islands of Kamouraska are of little value, being almost bare rocks. They afford shelter, however, in stormy weather, to numbers of small vessels that are continu- ally passing hereabouts. The general aspect of the country here deserves the attention of the geological observer. From the bank of the liver a very level tract stretches almost to the foot of the mountahious range behind. The even surface of this tract is in various parts regularly embossed with abrupt masses of granite, varying from twenty to thirty yards of per- pendicular height, and embracing a circumference of three or four acres and upwards. They arc destitute 112 KAMOimASKA. — CACOUNA. C«i 111 IV r of anything like a covering of soil, and produce only dwarf pine trees and creeping shrubs. On reflecting that the bed of the river is almost dry between the Kamouraska Islands and the shore at low water, and contrasting the position, appearance and striking resemblance of these isolated mounds on terra firma with the adjoining islands, the geologist is naturally led to the conclusion that this level tract was at some period submerged beneath the more widely spreading of « the mighty Si. Lawrence,)) and that the elevations in question formed islands exposed to the action of its waters. Between Kamouraska and River du Loup, a distance of a dozen miles, lie the Pilgrims, a groupe of five islands. At low water carts can pass from 'Me mainland to this group, and the Kamouraska one. Riviere du Loup contains about 100 inhabitants, there being a larger proportion of English and Scotch than is usually found in the smaller towns of Canada east. There is an Episcopal Church here, perhaps the only one eastward of Quebec. About a mile in the rear is a picturesque waterfall of about 80 or 100 feet. To this place and Cacouna, which lies about ten miles below, many families resort foy the benefit of sea- batiung. Cacouna is a rocky peninsula, three hundred and fifty feet high, being connected with the mainland by a marshy isthmus. At Riviere du Loup commences the Grand Portage road which leads to Lake Temis- couata, a distance of 36 miles. Hence is the route wa the Rivers Madawaska and St. John to New Brunswick, and Halifax. The situation of Du Loup is more romantic, but Cacouna lias the advantages of purer and stronger water. Both command an extensive prospect of the St. Lawrence, which is here upwards of twenty miles wide, studded with islands, and bounded on the THE WHAnrs. 113 nty the opposite shore hy lofty and rugged mountains. The sojourner is enUvened by tho sight of numerous large vessels constantly navigating the broad expanse. Green Island lies off Gacouna, and has a light-house sixty feet above the sea. The light is fixed, and can be seen at the distance of from twelve to seventeen miles according to the height of the observer's eye from ten to sixty feet. The light is shown from sunset to sunrise, between the 15th of April and tlie 10th of December. Fr:m this lighthouse to the light-vessels at the Traverse is fifty-four miles; and for the first thirty miles above, the river is divided into the north and south channels by numerous islets, with banks and reefs attached to tlipm. Among these we may mention Hare Island, which is seven miles long in the direction of the River^ and the Brandy Pots, off which vessels bound down, and waiting for a wind or the tide, usually rendez- voused. ■•r'''^i';.'"> ff' ::h^f :^-fia- ' ;'^•rt.<,■;^', .^^iV^::; ;>f.^. The recently erected wharfs, on both sides of the Lower St, Lawrence, are very solidly constructed. The one of Berthier is 535 feet long, 30 wide, 38 high, and has 16 to 17 feet of water when the tide is at the lowest. Dovetailed timber is filled up with boulders of no small magiatude ; the top filled up with shingle ; an excellent side walk of boards and a number of useful mooring posts. -i'n;:, .'llU^ ".If ■•2rftt^::i' ?ir:.-::iCJ*' If^ -o^rrt ^rf'-'"?'^ Tiie next at ITslet is 1200 feet long, 30 wide, 30 high, and affords a depth of 8 feet at low water. '-•?-- -jrA'ui^. At Riviere Ouelle the wharf is 16 feet long, 30 wide, 37 high, and 16 feet of water is to be found at low tide. At River du Loup, an L shaped wharf, like those already mentioned, affords visitors the opportunity of stepping upon terra firma from a steamer's gangway. It is 1650 i'eet in length, 30 in breadth, 38 feet high, 114 TADOUSAC. c and has 16 feet of water when the tide is at the lowest. u, .i.t;^'i'* * *»?'',' ". ■.»<_'•') There are also wharfs at Malbaie and at Les Eboule- ments. .^>j.,. ,..;;.,' n;: =: But we must enter the Saguenay, the cliffs on either side of which ave of clay. Capes Basque, Dogs, Salmon, and Eagle are described in succession. Between Points Vaclies and Alouettes, where is the junction with the St. Lawrence, the Saguenay is two and a half miles broad, and while the St. Lawrence is only 250 feet deep, the Saguenay is a thousand. Tadousac, the first settlement of the French in Canada, is situated at the mouth of the Saguenay, on a semi-circular terrace at the top of a beautiful bay, with a sandy beach, and was the principal trading post of the Hudson's Bay Company. Here, a hotel for the accommodation of visitors to this most romantic spot has been established, by an association of gentlemen, resident in Quebec, Mont- real, Tadousac, and Chicoatimi And there is, possibly, no more desirable summer retreat for families, any- where to be met with. The view of the broad St. Lawrence, on the one hand, the lofty hills around, and on the other, the wild and rugged banks of the deeply rolling Saguenay, the fine beach and the etherially bright ripple of waters laving it ; the facilities for shooting and for fishing, which the neighbourhood affords, give Tadousac a character and advantages peculiar to itself. The hotel too, built this year by Messrs. S. & G. Peters, is most commodious. It is situated with its front to the St. Lavvrence, and only a very short distance from the fine bay called « Ansc de la Coupe ITslet,)) where sea bathing, in water very_ salt, brilliantly clear and accessible at all hours of tlioS, K^PBI TADOUSAC. 115 tide, may be iiKliil';-ed in,— in close proximity to a very curions relic of other days, a chapel bnilt by the Jesuits, three centuries ago, and whi :h no admirer of the zealous industry of the members of the Company of Jesus, for tlie conversion of the heathen, omits to visit. The hotel consists of a spacious dining room, drawing room, parlours, lofty and airy bed-room, a billiard room, bowling alley and every thing indeed, which modern taste has adapted to a first class house ; ma- naged by a gentleman of known experience in the hotel line, Mr. Pope, formerly of the Donegana hotel, Montreal. It may be added that several of the leading citizens of Quebec ai'e here erecting for themselves summer residences; and the intention exists of restor- ing the old chapel, in which the religion of Christ was first taught on this continent, to its original condition and appearance. In the journal of the Pere Coquart, S. J., who ministered to the Montagnais at Tadousac and at Chicoutimi in 1746, we find the following notice of the commencement of this church ; a previous building having been burnt down : Le 21 de Mars, Blanchard est parti pour alter ecarrir la nouvelle Eglise a Tadousac selon I'engagement par ecrit que j'ay avec lui. Le 1 6 Mai j'ai benie la place de la nouvelle eglise et coigne la premiere clieville. NoTA. — Monsieur Hocquart Tntendant de la Nou- velle France a accorde toutes les planches, madriers, bardeaux et tons les clous necessaires pour la batisse et je me suis engage pour moi et mes successeurs a dire pour lui la messe de Ste. Anne tandis que I'eglise subsistera pour reconnaitre sa liberalite. To return to the hotel, it may be mora particularly ■p^ no ETERNITIi. Ic r stated that it contains G5 double bedded rooms, tlius aftbrding accommodation to a large number of families, tliat it consists of three stories, and is 120 feet in length by fifty in depth, with wide corridors and two Ijalco- nies, running the whole length of the building. On the 20th of September last not a single piece of scant- ling, window frame or anything else was made ; in November all was prepared and sent down ; and on 15111 of May last the hotel was finished to the great credit of the enterprising contractors, Messrs. S, and G. Peters of Quebec. The rugged grandeur of the scenery increases at every turn. Gape after cape exhibits itself in naked majesty, towering into the sky, and white porpoises gamble through the inky flood below, or sleep calmly upon its surface. In a few hours, the St. Marguerite, a tributary of the Saguenay, famed for its salmon, about 15 miles up on the right bank, as the Saguenay is ascended, is passed ; and then, assuredly, Alps on Alps, arise. The Petit Saguenay, Avhere Messrs. Price & Go. have a lumbering establishment, soon appears on the left ; that wonderful boulder, the Saguenay Island, resting in 200 fathoms of water, is before us ; the river or lake, for it is as certainly a lake as Lake Oniario or Lake Huron is, swells out to a breadth of 9 miles, and capes Eternite and Trinite, the two promontories of a bay, the one 1500 and the other 1200 feet above the surface of the water, are visible. It is not long before the steamer is placed close under Eternite, when unsuccessful attempts are made to throw pennies upon the rock, and then the steamer's head is turned into the Bay, until the bowsprit seems to touch the oppo- site cape, which like a baie wall, stands up from the water, and touches the very clouds — stone enough in i;ii LAKE ST. JOHN. 117 one lump to build such a city as New York. Now, however, the height of the land, on both sides of the river, as it is ascended, begins to diminish, and occa- sional cultivated spots present themselves. Afterwards Grand Bay opens to view ; the Saguenay river proper, that is to say, the discharge of the Lake St. Jean, on which lies the new town of ChicoutiiHi, is passed ; and the extensive lumber establishment of Messrs. W. Price & Co. is soon reached. ^'- =^-"' -'' ' ' ■ ¥ • LAKE ST. JOHN Lies directly north of L'Islet, or about 40 miles lower down than Quebec, is 50 miles broad and 50 miles long, or nearly round, the diameter being about 150 miles, the water deep in some parts and shallow in others, the bottom and beaches composed of shifting sands ; the opposite land being quite invisible from any one point, and having waves 15 feet high, during an easterly wind, rolling in upon the shore. Along this lake, which abounds with every variety of fish, and which is fed by numerous and very extensive tributaries, wild peas grow in extraordinary abundance, and even the wild grape, which does not ripen how- ever ; and there are raspberries, blue berries, and cherries Avithout end. Kuspaganish Point is the east bank of the moutliof the Belle Riviere, flowing into the Lake, the ascent, from the summit level of the Saguenay mountains, being here 500 yards. ^ - . w. , V I THE ROUTE TO LAKE ST. JOHN. 7L 1! c '7 ' From Grand Baic to Gruw.! lirulo the distance is nine miles, in a north-west direction. Grand Brule has its church, its river and saw mill ; the land is level and very fertile, and it is inhabited by about 150 families, chiefly French Canadians. From Grand Brule 118 LAKE ST. JOHN. C r to Potto's Falls, or, as it has been sometimes called, the Portage des Rochers, the distance is 3^ miles, and from Petto's Falls to the head of Lake Kinogomi, which is as wide as the Saguenay, and has well wooded and lofty banks, 18 miles ; and form a perfect gem of a Lake, the Puikoui, a small sheet of water covering only 8 or 10 acres, the distance to Bean Portage is 6 miles and the length of the portage 1 mile, which brings the traveller to the Perikoba, a very rapid river that falls into the Kinogomi, or as its Indian name implies, Long Lake, and from thence to the Lake Kinogomishish, 6 miles in length and very deep ; and separated from it only by a tongue of land, 15 yards wide, is Lac Vert. From Kinogomishish a short portage brings the traveller to Riviere des Aulnets, a meandering stream of 6 miles in length which falls into the Belle Riviere and Falls, on the left bank of which is the colony of the Reverend Mr. Boucher,^ numbering about 36 souls. The Belle Riviere is 1*2 miles long, and on which there are portages to the Lake St. John. RECAPITULATION OF PORTAGES. ' " ''"' There are three portages from Ghicoutimi to Petto's Falls ; one portage to the Riviere des Aulnets ; and three portages along the Belle Riviere to Lake St. John. THE CROPS. The fertility of the country in the neighbourhood of Lake St. John may be gathered from the fact that at Ghicoutimi a farmer has eaten barley of this year's growth made into bread ; while our imformant dined with Mr. Boucher, at Belle Riviere, on new potatoes, green peas and young beans, and saw barley there 6 feet 2 inches in height ; wheat upwards of 5 feet in height ; and capital crops of oats and turnips. TRIBUTARIES. 119 MODE .OF TRAVELLING. .,, , ^ Our informant was accompanied in his travels ])y two Indians, one of whom carried the birch canoe bottom up, upon his liead, the edges of the canoe resting upon his shoulders, with a band over his forehead, much after the same manner as fisher-women carry their creels, and the other carrying in the '^ame manner, valises, blankets, &c., piled up to a wonderful extent and very heavy. At night, the Indians stuck four poles into the ground, crossed two together at each end, placed a pole across the top, over which a tarpaulin was spread out, and kept down with stones upon the ground, the inside of the tent thus made bemg confortably and carefully strewed with leaves or small branches of trees, while the traveller fished for the supper of the whole partv. In Kinogomi thore are smelts j pike four feet in length ; and trout in abundance. THE TRIBUTARIES OF LAKE ST. JOHN. We have already alluded to Kuspaganisli Point, and travelling from left to right round the Lake, we may explain that Kuspagan is 4J miles from Kuspanish, which is 4J miles from the Hudson's Bay Post at St. Jean, and situated on the Metabetchuan River, 12 miles further west of which is Pointe Blue, 3 miles beyond which is Ouiatshuan River, 3i additional miles, bringing the traveller to Ouiatshuanish river, where a Mr. liudon has planted a colony consisting of 7 or 8 habitants, and two mills, the one a grist and the other a saw mill. Still further on is the Shupnashuan river and point, a very short distance from which is— THE EXTRAORDINARY RIVER PERIKOBA. The Perikoba is one of the most extraordinary rivers 120 nUSSELL S REPORT. C Ic r on this continent. At its mouth there arc a multitude of islands ; for thirty miles its depth is equal to that of the Saguenay ; and its shores though not quite so high as some parts of the Saguenay, are extraordina^ rily high and beautifully wooded. iV.l.' ■„i'>"-' , « ' ) ,, ,,: ,.;i, , , THE SAGUENAY. ., v ,.;,-, . ,;;, .•:•!. . These great waters all flow into the Saguenay, and it is therefore no wonder that the latter has overflowed Into the St. Lawrence. ' V '"'.'' / CHARACTER OF THE SAGT'ENAY COUNTRY AS DESCRIBED BY ALEXANDER RUSSELL, ESQUIRE, OF THE CROWN LANDS DEPARTMENT. , ^■--••■(^■■«l!>';.'"-l';>K From the Quebec Observer^ October \Oth^ 1854. ' ' C. Roger, Editor and Proprietor. Notwithstanding its rocky and mountainous charac- ter, the inner Saguenay country contains much good land well adapted for settlement ; and the formation of the country, and the peculiar character and distribu- tion of that proportion of the land which is good, are such as to give it almost the greatest possible value its extent admits, so as to compensate in a great degree, in this manner, and by the extreme richness of soil, for the difference there may be in climate compared with warmer parts of the province. , j .,,' The good land, as far as I had the ojjportunity Of observing, occurs in blocks, sufficiently lai-ge to make extensive and at the same time compact settlements ; which for the purpose of organization for religious, educational, and other social objects, and for the maintenance of roads, present advantages that can THE LAND. 121 4 never be enjoyed in localities wliero the land fit lor cultivation is scattered in small fragments. Not only does the arable land occur in largo blocks, but it \a thoroughly good, with very little exception, and entirely free from stones, which greatly diminishes the labor and consequently increases the profit of cultivation. Even in the vicinity of Grand Bale, where the country begins to be fit for cultivation, this characteristic is strikingly noticeable. On the summits and steep slopes of the lofty and broken bluffs, several hundreds of feet in height, where the high plateau behind breaks down to the -River St. John, the soil is deep, fertile, loam. With the exception of the Grand Brul6 (where the soil is sandy) the land continues of a similar character, back to the rocky hills near the post of Lake Keno- gami. Through from Grand Bale to Ghicoutimi it is at least equally fertile ; and though, near the bay, .it is broken into romantic irregularity, the intensity of the vegetation bears witness to the rankncss of the soil. Behind Ghicoutimi, where the plateau has an eleva- tion of about three hundred feet, the laud for the distance of eight miles towards Lake Kenogami is exceedingly fertile, even, and arable, — equal in quality to the best land that can be found in any part of the province. Near Lake Kenogami it suddenly changes in character. Barren and rocky hills encompass the Lake, with the exception of one fine tract of four miles in length near the head of it, on ihe north side, along the River Casconia. • From the head of Lake Kenogami, traversing the valley of the Riviere des Aulnets and that of Belle Riviere, ^nto which it falls, to the shore of Lake St. John, there is a tract of eighteen miles in length, 122 METAUETCIIOUAN. Ic f with a varial)le wiiUli, tlio soil of wliicli is generally exceedingly fertile and free from stones ; all of a deep alluvial formation — pi-esonting iiself atthe commence- ment as a high plateau with deep water courses, and terminating on the f-hore of the Lake, in extensive Hats, subject to inundation in the spring, which tliough partly unfit for growing grain on these accounts, will yield continually heavy crops of hay. Following the shore of the Lake, at three miles, a little beyond the mouth of the Kushpaganish, the land rises gently in fertile slopes, and the shore becomes a terrace, of about fifty feet in height, with a rich soil free from stones. Three miles further at the mouth of the Metabet- chouan, (the most beautiful spot probably in the Pro- vince,) the mountains approach to within half a league of the shore, which becomes less favorable for settle- ment ; but, from high grounds rising from the east shore of the Lake, there can be seen, far in the distance, l)pyond Metabctchouan, a beautiful tract of gently sloping land richly wooded, projecting into the Lake, apparently about nine miles in length and breadth, which those who have visited it describe as very arable rich land. Of the couii'ry on the northern shore of the Lake I am unabla ■ o express an opinion, not having visited it ; nor could I obtain any distinct information respect- ing it. It is evident, however that it must be a compa- ratively low and level country, for a great distanco back from the shore. Looking over the Lake from high grounds on the south-east shore, no land on the other side is visible ; but if there were mountains within twenty miles of the shore, or hills sfi half the distance, they would be distinctly seen. We are LEVEL. 123 obliged to believe, Jiowever, that there must be a region of stratiDed limestone, and consequently good land, in that direction, to some considerable extent ; for where the waters of the Lake have cut the high alluvial banks on its south-east shore, their bases exhibit a riass of water, — borne fragments of rocks and stones, chiefly stratilied limestone, and the beacli is covered with them. As they cannot have been brought from the elevated ranges of primitive forma- tion to the south-oast, we must look for their original site to the north and west ; and it is difhcult to say how important the result might be of a geological investigation, prosecuted in that almost unknown region. '''■*; Stjf,,; ■h'-!'i'f fi i My examination of their interior was limited to an excursion of about ninety miles, of which the pro- ITortion of land, fit for settlement, is I think sufficient to form six parishes. As it might seem presumptuous to express an opinion on an examination so limited, I b3g to explain that it was performed with the greatest care. It may be unnecessary to say that Mr. Dalian tyne, who surveyed the greater part of the townships in the Saguenay Territory, has had opportunities of forming an opinion much superior to mine. 7 r ^^i v^- v.u; Not having made any exploration on the north-cast side of the Saguenay, I can express no opinion of the countrv behind the front settlements on that side. A very commanding view of it can be obtained from the high grounds behind Ghicoutimi, embracing a great portion of the east end of the great basin of the inner Saguenay, in the centre of which Lake St. John is situated. Far to the right and left, and far to the northeast is seen stretching -m extensive undulating or.hilly plateau, apparently from four to seven liun- 124 ST. MARGlJEr.ITE MOUNTAINS. — CLIMATE. I ^^™»'ti, r dred feet in height, presenting in many places indica. tions of good land, such as is said to be found there in considerable tracts, and behind rises the range of the St. Marguerite Mountains ; like a gigantic wall ; appa- rently thirty miles distant, and three thousand feet in height. From the best information I could obtain, combined with personal observation, I am led to believe that a proportion, equal on an average to one third part on the surveyed townships, is good arable land ; and when the prevailing richness of the arable, and its freeness from stones, are taken into consideration, practical men will at once see that the value of that proportion of the land which is arable, is much greater than it would be were the soil as poor and stoney as in several parts of tbe Lower Province already settled or being so. In some of the back con- cessions of the parishes below Quebec, much valuable labor is lost in improving land (inferior in richness to that of the Saguenay country) owing to the quantity of stones to be removed, and that afterwards occupy part of the land in heaps. When it is considered that these localities have no advantage in climate over the Saguenay, the superiority of the latter, as a site for settlement, will present itself more as a self-evident fact than a^ subject of opinion. In respect of a freeness from stones, the land fit for cultivation, of the inner Saguenay, has decidedly the advantage over a great part of the District of Quebec and Eastern Townships, the settlements in some parts' north of Montreal, and much of the Ottawa country. With ordinary cultivation on good land, in the Township of Ghicoutimi, as much as sixteen and a half bushels to one, sown of wheat, has been obtained, CLIMATE 12^ !cupy vc no iority itself nioii. t for the jebec parts ry. 1 the half inedy thirty to one of barley, and from eighteen to twentv- live to one, of oats ; showing two bushels of the latter to the acre and one of the former. Wheat crops have sometimes failed with some of .he settlers, but only when too late sown ; wheat having been sown sometimes as late as the end of June, by settlers late with their The climate admits of sowing being sufTiciently early. In the new settlements, in the Township of Labarre, wheat sowing began in 1851 on .the 8th of May, in 1852 on the 4th, and in 1853 on the 7th of that month. Lying in the same latitude as »he thriving settlement of the County of Rimouski, where grain' of all kinds is successfully cultivated, the climate of the inner Sague- nay con Id not be supposed to be less favourable. Compared with the exterior settlements of Lhe County of Saguenay, on tJie Si. Lawrence, the climate of the inner Saguenay country is no doubt superior, as the testimony of intelligent persons and careful observa- tions takcii of the temperature indicate. This difference can be explained by a little consideration of the forma- tion of the country, with the assistance of the recognized principles of physical geography. The settlements in parts of the parishes of IjCs Eboii- lements, Ghemin du Caps, &c., are twelve hundred feet above the level of the St, Lawrence. Li iliis country four hundred and fifty feet of elevation is equal to a degree of northing in latitude. The i)lateau of Chicou- timi is one degree north of LesEboulemenis, butithas nine hundred feet less ofelevation above the sea, which being equal to two degrees of southiiig in latitude gives it an advantage in climate over Les Eboiilements equal to one degree of latitude. The flat lands around Lake St. Jahn are low«i.' than, the plateau oIGUicoutimi, and 12G THE GREAT VALLEY.— HAY. c the influence which that great body of water must have in keeping off late and early frosts, and moderating the coldness of the climate, is too evident to persons of experience to need remark ; and accounts lor the climate being said to be milder there than at Ghicoutimi. The great elevation of the regions that surrond the basin of the inner Saguenay must, by enhancing its depression, increase the warmth of the valley. ,,.,^,„ Such a great valley presenting so much alluvial soil, with the features of nature arranged as much as possible in its favor, with the vast basin of the Saguenay as a stupendous ship canal, peneti'ating fairly into it through the broad barrier of mountain c ^'Utry, cannot remain long unimportant. I intended to have said something of the extraor- dinary suitableness of the Saguenay country for the growth of flax and hemp, and the advantage of pro secuting it now that improvements in manufacture liave increased the value of the former, and foreign waj' that of the latter, and of the employment in win- ter which their preparation might afford ; and also of the superiority of the Saguenay as a hay growing country, and how advantageous the settlement of it would be for the supplying of beef, cattle for the shi ping and emigrants arriving at Quebec, and its inhfli tants, now tliat the supply formerly derived from the Eastern Townships is drawn away to other markets. I Had 1 not already trespassed so far on your atien-* tion, and were it not exceeding the subject referred to me, I might have stated the advantages of a railroad in connecting important localities, where the interven tion of an extensive barren region precludes the poiji-^ lulity of forming such intermediate settlcmenl }}s would be necessary for the maintenance of communi- NORWAY. |g7 ration by a common road ; and I might also liave pointed out the certainty of a railroad being reqtiired to the inner Saguenay, as soon as the popuhition there increases as much in proportion as it has done during the last ten years. By the most moderate estimates the inner Saguenay territory contains more land fit for cultivation than there is in the kingdom of Norway, wliich has a popu- lation ot upwards of twelve hundred thousand souls; and lest the comparison with Norway should seem to imply anything disadvantageous with reference to the Saguenay, it may be necessary to add that the Norwe- gian peasantry are much better educated, and live iar more independently, and are richer in property than the majority of agricultural labourers in Great Britain. ., t 4 1 1 129 KENFREW & MARCOU, .? ^^^'^^ HENDEJRSON, KENFREW & CO.,) 20, BUADE STREET. IN ALL THE NEWEST STYLES, ENGLISH, FRENCH & AMERICAN, ' FllOM THE BEST MAKEliS. OF THE BEST QUALITIES AND LATEST SHAPES, FOR LADIES' AiSD GENTLEMEN'S WEAK VIGTORINES, . COLLARS, MUFFS, GOATS, SLEIGH ROBES, GAPS, &c., &c. /5- t I Barkwork, Snow /Shoes, Moccasins, Toboggans. A LARGE DISCOUNT MADE TO UEALERS FOR CASH. HIGHEST PRIGES PAID FOR RAW FURS. 130 r GLOVER & FRY, Ml IMPORTERS, -# ESTABLISHED 1842. ^' ' To Traveller§ and Straiis^cr§ vi§iUng Quebec. 20, FABRIQUE STREET. We wish to call the attention of Strangers visiting this City, to one of the Icrgest and finest Dry Goods Establi>hments in this Province, where Will be found at all seasons a large and choice selection of general Dry Goods ; and we call particular attention to the following Special Depart- ments, which surpass any in this Province : SIE.K ©EPAUT^EI^T. Black Silks in Moire Antique, Gros Grain, Armure, Princess Cord, Gros de Suez, Glaces, &c.. Colored Moire Antique, in all the new colors, Gros de Suez, Glaceg, Irish Poplins, and the latest novelties in Fancy Silks. ]IIAi^TI.K I>E:PARX]VIEr\T. In this Department we pay particular attention to have the latest novelties direct ti-om London and Pan's. Gros Grain Jackets, newest styles and textures in Tweed Jackets, Waterproof Tweetl Tourists' Mantlet, very useful for Ladies travelling. Mantles mnde on the premises^ under the superintendence ot an experienced person. IfIII.L.II^i:Rlf DEPAHTTIEilrT. Paris Fashions in Trimmed Bonnets and Hats ; Uutrimmed Bonnets and Hats in great variety ; Flowers, Feathers, Head Dresses, &c. CI^OXIlIilk& ]>EPAR1\liei\T. Always on hand a large stock of Gentlemen's Clothing, in all the new .styles and textures, which for price, style and workma»>phip cannot be surpassed. Black Cloth Suits, Tweed Suits, Over Coats, suitable for nil seasons, Pea .lackets, Blanket Coats, Boy's Clothing of all sizes and styles. Clothing made to order on the premises, under the superintendence of a first class cutter. All orders executed witi-. great care and despatch. eE]\XI.E]»IEI^'jS OOOI>^. White Dress Shirts, Fancy Flannel Shirts, Underclothing, Hosiery, Handkerchiefs, Ties, Collars, Braces, Studs, Collar Links, Valises, Carpet BagSj Gents. Wrapping Shawls, Railway Wrappers. 14, FABRIQUE STREET. FURI^ENIIIMO 000»S. I' A large assortment of Furnishing Goods of every description, at prices lower than any other store. Brussels, Tapestry and Scotch Carpels, Silk and Worsted Damasks, for curtains, Floor Oil Cloths, in all widths, Bedsteads, Matrasses, Looking Glasses, Mirrors, &c. The Atllest Taliic siren tor American Currency. 131 '' Cmivriff k" & One of tlie most largely circulated French Newspapers and the best advertising medium for all American i^ manufactures saleable in Canada vs.? Published three times a week^ Monday, llednesday and Friday. Proprietor LEGER BROUSSEAU, QUEBEC, C. E. .f ' LEGER BROUSSEAU. jk? Importer of Teas and Wines, i. BOOK AN^ JOB Steam Press Printing Establishment, ■ :Sfo, r, Buade iStrect, " Fancy Cards, Business, Visiting and Ball Cards, Bills; Plain and Fancy Printing, OF EVERY DESCRIPTION. i |^o(jli-§intrin(j in all its toancljfs, BXECUTED WITH DEifPATCH AND AT MODERATE PRICES. 132 r Ivciil THE OLD STAND,* No. 9, .Tolui Street— EHtnbUshed 1S86. . B^ GEORGE HALL & CO., n WHOLESALE AND RETAIL, Grocers, Wine and Spirit Merchants, Have on hand one ol' ihe finest and most extensive assortments of Groceries, VVines, Liquors, &c., ever offered in this city. THE FOLLOWING M'll.L BE FOUND IN STOCK : I'eas, Coffees, Chocolates, Cocoas, Sugars and Syrups ; also. Potted and Preserved Meats. &c. IV I N E S. SHERRY" — Doniecque's, Pemartin's, Kingston & Sons', Ysasi & Co.'s, J. de Paul, Dufl', Gordon & Co., and Burden's. CURIOUS WINES— Vino De Pasto, Amontillado, verj' \ :\e, very particular, of the finest quality. PORT WINE— Sanderman's, Graham's, Taylor's, of various qualities, and of the highest grades imported. Burg^indy Port, Common Port and Spanish Red Wines, Sweet Malaga for Medical purposes. C H A HI P A O N E S . Moet & Chandon's, Iroy's, Ruinhart ; Imperial Cabinet, Crescent and Anchor Brands. RHENISH WINES. Sparkling Hock, Still Hock, Sparkling Mozelle and Hochenheimer. BRANBIES. Hennessey & Co., Ottard, Dupuy & Co., Pinet, Castillon & Co., Planet 5c Co., Jules Robin & Co., Vineyard Proprietors. Dularq, Bellamy Ac Co., Vine Growers. Chaloupin & Co., a few cases very old. Ca."ies Liqueurs, Curacoa, Marasehmo, Noyau, Anisette, Huile de Rose, Scubac, Parfait Amour. Barrels of London Porter, Quarts and Pmts. Barrels of Ale, Quarts and Pints — Younger's, Allsopp's, Bass & Kewney & Co.'s. Gin— John DeKuyper & Son's, in Hhds. and Cases, Cordial Gin, Old Tom, and a variety of Cordials. Fine Old Jamaica Rum and Jamaica Shrub. High Wines, Puncheons, Hhds. and Casks. Scotch and Irish Mall Whisky, Old Rye and Toddy, Family Proof, pure and low price. Cheese — English, Queen's Arms, Chedder, Stilton, Berkley, Truckles and American. Butter — Crane Island, Frampton and Megantic. Prime Cincinnati Hams. Flour — Superfine, Extra and Double Extra, finest quality for family use. The above goods are ail of a very choice quality, and selected for FAMILY USE, and warranted as good as represented. Orders for Fishing or Pic-Nic parties supplied toith the utmost despatch* 133 W. MARSDEM, M. D., Ex. President and Governor of the College of Pliys. and Sur. Lower Canada ; Hon. Fel. Med. Bot. ' * Society London ; Cor. Fel. Med. Soc. London ; ^;. Hon. Pel. Mont. Pathological Soc. ; lloii. ^'U0}^ ..Pel. Berks. Med. Soc. and Lvcenm' ' ;.4 ' ^'^t. His. ; Hon. Fel. Medico- Chirurgical Soc. New York ; &^c., i^c, &c. '. PLACE D'ARMES, QUEBEC. ' .m .':H^ e The most extensive and best selected stock of ■ ^._f iSliii f iiiii lo'i IN CANADA. t SALMON RODS AND FLIES, TROUT RODS AND FLIES OF ALL DESCRIPTION, Fishing Baskets, Silk Lines, ^c Per Sale at ^ - !. BELANGER & GARIEPY, Hardware, ^ ^ Fabrique street, Upper Town. m^ ut T 134 b r /'SHEFFIELD HOUSE, f No. 8, Fabrlaue Street, i^webec. HENRY SMEATON & CO., DIRECT IMPORTERS FROM THE MANtlFACTI'RERS OF idler anti (^Mxa |Iatclr (ilan\ GOLD A\D SILVER WATCHES, CLOCKS, TIMEPIECES, if., JEWELLERY, Fishing Tackle, Cabinet Goods, Toys, Soaps and Perfumery, Archery, Cricketing materials, English, French and German Fancy Goods, Table and Pocket Cutlery, Spoons, Forks, ike, WHOLESALE AND RETAIL. i DEPOT FOR STEREOSCOPIC VIEWS. HOUGH'S LIVERY STABLES AND C/imiAGE MANUFAOTORT. Saddle Horses, Single and Double Teams, with or without drivers. Always in readiness. APPLY AT OFFICE, ST. LOUIS HOTEL. 135 W. B. VALLEAU k Co," Sailors anir Jrapcrs, , jh . -,^ I Mmn Jint'iw •ii»»*t0r*' ,Bft - T': No. 9,^BUADE STREKT, i' S . » < .*.»,- . Ii«> .^ f< ^--rt^ll-^atf^i ^ QUE BEC.f MILLINERY AND DRESS-MAKING ESTABLISHMENT,,,, Importers of all Novelties of the Season, COMPRISING MOIRE ANTIQUES, And all sorts of Real Laces and Trimmings, &c. ESTABLISHED IN 1819. 7 ' ' Mrs. H. JACOBS, Collin Street. 130 i •I , , . p. I'OULIN 4 SON, (' «att| Italitrs anlr |tl»tlltis, No. 33, ST. JOHN STREET, f . . Corner of Jail Hill. Depot for the Sale of Homoeopathic Medicines, Estabiislied in 1857. 10 r H W. DRUM'S Cliair and Cabinet Steam xdctory, FURxNITURE SHOW ROOMS, 103, at, Paul and 9, St, Charles Strceli, QUEBEC. Has constaiilly on hand a very largo and oxcellcnt V assortment of all classes of Furniture, Drawing . Room Sets, Mahogany, Rosewood, Black Walnut, Oak, Dining-room, Bed-room and Parlor Sots, and other Furniture of the newest designs and best workmanship. Terms liberal , and every article sold for what it really is. THE TRADE SUPPLIED. 137 CHAS. M^^DONALD & SON. DEALERS IN PAPER HANGINGS, fiiif Si iLiSii eiiSi fti ALSO, COAL OIL, LAMPS, &c., UPPJCR TOWrV 9IARICKT Pf^ACE, Opposite French Cathedral. T. LAIDLAW & CO., No, 23, St. JTotaii Street, IMPORTERS OF »i| ^fa|It anir #nfg**irg ioolii F Vet; 138 E. C. BARROW, EXCHANGE BROKER, No. 6, Buade Street, OPPOSITE THE POOT OFFICE. AMERICAN CURRENCY EXCHANGED ON BEST TERMS. SILVER FOR SxlLE. English and American Gold always on hand. STERLING EXCHANGE NEGOGIATED. Uiicnrveiit Coin!>i 1>oiig^1it stnd ho1<1, &c., hc.^ he- APOTPxECARIES' HALL, BUADE STREET, Oppo»«itc lite »i<3e ol* tl»e Frciicli Cutltedral. JOHN S. BOWEN, PROPRrElX3R, Has coiistaiilly on hand a complete and well selected stock of Toilet Articles, Perfumery, Fancy Soaps, Combs, Brushes, Spon^ios, &c. Agent in Quebec for the genuine J. M. Farina's Eau de Cologne, and Piesse and Lubin's Perfumes. ALSO, A complete stock of the principal Ar 3rican, English and French I'atent Medicines of repute, which are guaranteed as being genuine. Soda Water and Nectar from the Fountain, with Cream Syrups of every flavor. Presciiptions accurately dispensed and with as much despatch as is consistent with attention and their proper preparation. ,