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MOHAWK AND SENECA 
 SET RIGHT 
 
 l'.\ IHI Ml' or A l.KAUNMi iill.f)N;\l i,()VKKNOK, 
 
 \ 
 
 T. POWNALL. 
 
 A PAPER 
 
 <EA1) AfRIl. 3, 1894, BEFORE THE TIONEER AND HISTORICAI SOCrKT\ OF 
 THE COlS~\ CF 'iORK, tJNTAMo, r.\ 1 HE 
 
 Rev, Henry Scadding, d,d. 
 
 ^^y>,;rc^' 
 
 
 * 
 
 KKIKINIKII FROM ' 1 HK WEEK. 
 

MOHAWK AND SENECA. 
 
 The nanif's of a uumlu'r of ("olonial 
 Governors of ProvinceH prior to the cBtab- 
 liwhrneut of lii'ltijiendt'iicc, are stiii ntncni- 
 bfred by Anieiichn writ-rs uml r^ adtTH on 
 account of admini.urativc capacity, beat'vo- 
 lence of dispohition ai.d tart ; amongHt others 
 ai«' those of Ogl<'thorpe, W'inthrop, 1>('1- 
 ancy, Sir W, Phippt, Sir Edmund Andtos, 
 Lord Baltimore, etc ; but nut one of theiu 
 ie 80 dtcidedly recalled on account of liter- 
 ary Hkill and Hcholarly pursuits as iH that 
 of ThoniaK Pownall, Governor of Maasa- 
 otusettB froiu 17."iG to 1703. I posHess a 
 volume dattd London, 1782, containing a 
 collection of papers from Governor Pow- 
 nall's pen, which fully support a reputation 
 of this kind. He di-^'-naHPS, for example, 
 such HubiectH as the following ; Analysis of 
 the ( lenientB of Speech, as applicable to 
 etymoloity ; a Treai-ise on Pit lure-writing, 
 Hiero-Glyphio and Elementary Writing ; 
 On the Ships of the Ani:i"nt Romans, 
 Triremen, Quadritemes, Guinqueremes, etc., 
 and their war chariots. The whole dedi- 
 cate 1 to the Presidtnt, (.'ouncil and Fellows 
 of the Society of Antiquaries of England, 
 a copy of whose oeal is prefixed to the dedi- 
 cation. Other writings by Governor Pow- 
 nall were the following A Letter to Adam 
 Smi'h, on his W;'altli of Nations; Prin- 
 cipals of Polity ; Aflairs of thii East Indies 
 in 1773, Drainage aiid Navigation, Hy- 
 draulic and Nautica' Observations on the 
 currents in the Atlantic Ocean ; Intellec- 
 tual Physics, etc. Numerous artistic 
 sketches from nature by his hand have also 
 been engrave. I. But on the present occa 
 
4 
 
 niou 1 (JeHire to direi;t attfntion solely or 
 chiefly U) that suLdivihinn of the Treatise on 
 thf Study of Antiquiti'^h already referred 
 to which relatfs to the IndianH of North 
 Anmricft, and that of tho TartarB of the 
 north-f'astern purta of Asia. Governor 
 Pownall wa,s, as has been obaervod, a man 
 of high culture and one who had indulged 
 in the study of comparative philology. He 
 conae^juonth noted vith great intereat the 
 dialectH of the Indiana with whom he found 
 hiinaelf surrounded in the Province of Maaaa 
 chuaettrt, and waa enabled to detect Huch 
 atriking coincidences between uaagea in 
 their lang\iage and those of tho languagea 
 of the Tartara of eaalern Aaia aa to induce 
 him to believe in tho identity of tho two 
 races. In regard to thia latter point, Ban- 
 croft, in hia history of the United Statea, 
 vol. 3, p. 318, informa ua that the Connecti- 
 cut explorer, Jolm Ledyard, aa he atood in 
 Siberia with men of the Mongolian race 
 before him, and compared them with the 
 Indians who had been hia playmates ut 
 Dartmouth, declared deliberately that uni- 
 versally and circumatantially they resemble 
 the aborigiuea of America. On the Con- 
 necticut river and the Oby he 8b\w but one 
 race. 
 
 Governor Pownall in the courae of hia 
 obaervationa on the identity of the native 
 raceH inhabiting North America and the 
 north east of Asia, throws light on a cer- 
 tain difficulty which uiuat have presented 
 itaelf incidentally to everyone who may 
 have been engaged in the study of worka 
 relating to the aborigines of our country, 
 and in particular of worka relating to the 
 famous confederation, commonly known aa 
 the aix nations of the Iroquois. The diffi- 
 culty or rath(T peculiarity is this : In the 
 list of the names of the several cantons or 
 members of the confederation, when we come 
 to tho Mohawka and Senecas, we are in- 
 formed by the autboritiea that these two 
 nations bore other names, which by some 
 
 
B 
 
 lutianH se.Mii to have dropped out of common 
 U8«', and to have been superseded by th« 
 i-urretit. nanv«?8 whicli aro ho familiar to us, 
 nnnu'ly, MohtwkH and St-necas. 
 
 Horatio Hi\le, in hin Iroquois Hook of 
 Ritefi, pp. 9 ant) 10, Philadelphia oditiou, 
 18S3, givfs the namos of the six nationH in 
 order thus; 1, Mohawks ; 2, Oneidas , 3, 
 Onoudagaa , t, Ou/ugas ; 5, SenecaH ; fi, 
 TuscaroraH. School raft in his " Notes on 
 the Iroquois," Albany, 1847, coincides with 
 Hale in this enumeration ; i>ul then we are 
 assured in Iial«'s account that the proper 
 appellation of the Mohawks was Cauiengas, 
 " people at the head of men,'' that is to say of 
 the confederacy, and that the Benecas were 
 more correctly styled Sonontoiians, " people 
 on or beyond the mountains," and no ade- 
 quate reason is <?ivon for the fact that in 
 practice one name superseded the other, 
 that the ('aniengas were universally spoken 
 of as Moliawks.and the Sonontouans as .Sene- 
 cae. 
 
 It ie precisely at this point that Pow- 
 nall's oljservalions afford some help , accord 
 ing to him Mohawk is not the name in par 
 ticular of one of the cantons of the Iroquois 
 League, but a term simply implying the 
 position of the group of aborigines so called, 
 relative to tribes dwelling nearer to the At- 
 lantic seaVjoard, and the name Seneca, like- 
 wise, JH to be understood in a similar manner. 
 We iiiuHt imagine ourselves for the mom- 
 ent .standing away down south of the Mo- 
 hawk valley, in the old Dutch settlements 
 around the modern New York, or in one of 
 the New England States among the abori- 
 gines of Massachusetts, near the sea-coast, 
 where the terms Mohawk and Seneca were 
 tirst hiard Governor Pownall, fkilfulphilo 
 logi.^t as he was, gathered from ihese natives 
 that it was a custom of their language to pre- 
 tix particleh which indicated the nearer or 
 more remote position of an object. Thus, for 
 example, the particle ma or mo prefixed indi- 
 cated comparative nearnesB to the speaker, 
 
6 
 
 and Homc t*uch partit'o sh hp or apu indicHtod 
 reniotfiH'tiK. Now wt; arr to imagine soine 
 Hucli hrifi word hm uka or a(>a, having the 
 Bitfituation of peoplt* or region ; th»>n Mo 
 aka or Mo aga wcuiM Hij^nit'y a people; or 
 region iii^tir to the speaker, lind 8' n aka or 
 Sen-aga a people or ref(ion at aoiuf; distance, 
 from hitn ; and tlieH" wordH were uHually 
 accompanied, Pownali say.s, by a motion of 
 the hand or arm towards th« Hpeaker if 
 nearnesB, and away from the Hpeaker if re- 
 motenesH were implied Hither and farther 
 would well expreHB what is intended Mo- 
 aga would he the hither trit)e, Sen ogn the 
 farthf r trilje , with thin UHage we may com 
 pare oar own employment of CIk an<i tran, 
 in CiH-aipine, Trans aipine, Oi.s atlantic, 
 Trans-atlantic, etc. They were names evi- 
 dently intended for outsiders and not to be 
 employt d by the peopb; themselves. I 
 would say at once that in the teruiK used, there 
 is the gn aleat variety of orthography, as 
 was the case with Indian terms generally. 
 Mo atfft, Monkft, Ma a!<a, for Mohawk, and 
 Sen-aga, Sen aka. Sen aca, for Seneca. This 
 irregularity arose from the ditTerent ways 
 in which the sounds in the Fndian word.s were 
 expressed by Frencbraen, Dutchmen, Ger- 
 mans and Englishmen. The form Seneca 
 suited the English because it was already 
 well known to them as the name of a Latin 
 writer on morals, tutor to the rather infam- 
 ous Nero, and Mohawk perhajis struck their 
 fancy timply because the syllable hawk was 
 so familiar to them as denoting a bird of 
 prey. Possibly tomahawk, the name by 
 which a well known Indian weapon is 
 known in English, was similarly evolved. 
 
 It is curious to observe from the very be- 
 ginning what blundering there has been in 
 regard to native Indian nomenclature The 
 term Indian itt^elf .as we all know, criirinated 
 in a mistake. Co'umbud imagined that he 
 had reached the coast of Asia, somewhere 
 in the neighbourhood of Hindostan or India. 
 The people whom he found dwelling on the 
 
I 
 
 Hliortf he aconrdinfjiy Htyl"(.l IndiatiH. Evfii 
 thf! nftiiic IroijuoiH \H a convfiitiotiftl French 
 f'xpr»'fiHion and not a nativf Inilian (juf, 
 that was the Honicwhat formidalilu appnlla- 
 livf! Kanonsionni, th»' people of the ex- 
 tended houHO, Iro or liiro waH heard aa 
 a frof|uent ('oncluding form for spi echeH in 
 council and kouc » ia an utterance uf ap- 
 proliatioH. Ac:c'ordiia[lyi an epithet with a 
 proper grammatical tennination was con 
 Btructrd, glancing at these peculiaritiea, 
 prohahly in a humorouH mood Huron in 
 like n)anner, is nothing tuore than u French 
 Boiibri((uet or nickname, which hurt now per 
 manent! y dinpiiicofl the aativr name Wyan 
 dot. ' AgnicfH, Lambkino, for Mohawkn, 
 was perhaps a word of the same cUhs. I n 
 the ilays of Good l^ueen Anne, certain peats 
 of th(i streets of London, HometinieH foot- 
 pads and sonietimeH simply practical jokers, 
 Htylfd themselves Mohocks, one more .levia 
 tion from the primitive ush and meaning of 
 th<- word. Another instance of permanent 
 misplacement of names, is that of the Lenni- 
 Leimppe Indians, who inhahitint; the shores 
 of the Delaware River and Delaware Bay, 
 came to he known as Dela wares, just as our 
 own Mis?a.sHae;a3 acquired their name from 
 the river Missassaga, on the north shore of 
 Lake Huron ; the first Ijands of these fn 
 dians encmmered i^y P^uropeans on the 
 north shore of Lake Ontario, having strayed 
 down southwards from that quarter. Thiy 
 ■were really Oohipways, the term Missawsaga 
 signifying nothing n ore than river with a 
 big outlet — Michi-saugeen. 
 
 • Formed from Hiire, which Fioyer thiib de- 
 fines :--"Tete dun .sani,'lier il'un imr.s, dun 
 loup et (I'un hrochet- the ht-ad cf a wild huar, or a 
 liear, wolf i«.nd of a ^rreat |)ik»."' I'lit Bi'vei adJi* a 
 fill ther M;eaiiin(,' of Hure. which ptohalily contains 
 the coniiiarifion referred to in l.he French nickname 
 a.i descriptive of the hair on the head of an iinkt-mpt 
 Wyandot :—" Tete mal [leiirnoe, cheveiix riides et 
 mal en ordro, clotted, matted hair, a n.'i.xty head ot 
 hair." I'ossihly Horace's jiicitire of the witch Sag- 
 ana, wa.s in the Frenchinan'- mind. 
 
 " Horret capillis ut rnarinus at([K>riw 
 Kchinu- aiit currens aper " —Kpode .">, 27,28. 
 
Govf^rnor Pow nail's HtudirH in rompara 
 tiv« philology have thuH holped uh to a uiorc 
 intolligent un(ier8tttnding of iioni'« familiar 
 Indian expr»»finion8 than wit conUl have de 
 rived from tho writingH of Schoolcraft, Hor 
 atio Halp, Stone, Bancroft and even Park 
 man, who, while full onough on the Kubjtict 
 of MohawkH and Senucas, do not happen 
 to have recorded the origin .iml otymologica' 
 meaning of the two exprtmuionH themsnlveri, 
 and this muHt bo my juHtiticatioii foi hav- 
 ing ventured to recall on tho prepont ocja 
 aion, the ni*ni»! and reputation of aa old 
 colonial « lovernor long since paaKed away. 
 It only remains to add that Governor 
 Pownail, after returning from America in 
 1761, became a man of considerable note 
 in British Hocintyand was returned aH mem- 
 ber of parlia.^ent for Tregony, Cornwall, in 
 1768 Hia na). '^ in thiH capacity figureg in 
 the debate on '"itt'H celebrated Quebec Bill, 
 which gave a constitution to Canada He 
 died at Bath, in 1805. A portrait of Gov 
 ernor Pownail iH preserved iu the rooms of 
 the Hiatorinal Society at Boston, and a 
 pleasing woodcut of the same personage is 
 to be seen in Appleton'd Cyclopedia of 
 American Biography, attached to a com- 
 plete and very interesting memoir. Two 
 places in the United States bear the name of 
 Pownail, one in Maine, the other in Ver- 
 mont.