IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) V /. // Qjc W< '/J. '^ W ! / 1.0 I.I 1.25 IIM IIIM illlM jm li^i) II 2.0 1.8 U IIIIII.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4S03 i\ 'S< <> ^ ^' <^ 6^ %^ .i2 square miles,— 39;>,9y(J square miles larger than the United States. Of this immense area, nearly equalling in extent the <'(intinent of Europe, About 700,000 square miles are covered with water. The total aggregate area of land and inland waters in the four provinces of Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick is equal to 330,183 square statute miles. The lineal e.xtent of sea coast, not taking into the calculation the indentations of the land, is com- puted at 1,164 statute miles for Quebec ; at 545 statute miles for New Brunswick ; and at 2,170 statute miles for Nova Scotia. Total 1,879 statute miles. The area of the Canadian part of the fron- tier waters of the St. Lawrence and its large lakes is estimated at 2 7,09 i miles ; that of the mouth of the St. Lawrence, from Point des Monts to Anticosti. at 9,201 square miles ; that of the Gulf washing the shores of the Provinces of Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and Newfound- land, and the small French colony of Miqnelon, at 78,300 square miles; that of the Bale des Chaleurs between the provinces of Quebec and New Bruns- wick at 1.923 square miles ; and that of the Bay of Fundy, between the provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick at 5,403 square miles. The coast line of British Columbia is estimated at 10,000 miles ; that of the North West Territo- ries it is impossible to estimate, so little of it is as yet kuown. It may not be out of i)lace to give the area of the countries comprising the contment of Europe, and of the United States, in c< parison with that of this great Douiinion : Countries. BQ. miles Great Krituiii and Ireland \22,K*i Fiaiici' 313,3&0 llU!5-in in EuroiH> 2,088»00() Aiistria 24(1,000 I'ruswia iai6,704 Italy 1'28;064 Spain 1761955 Norway and Sweden 29W&0 Turkey in Kuropo 203*800 Ilollnnd 13fS3a rx'lKium 11/410 Portugal 35,270 liavaria 28,440 Denmark 14,800 Siixony 6,777 tswitzorland 15,285 ( irence 20,150 Ducliies and leaser States 80,000 Total area of Europe 3,921,935^ Unitud States 2,9gR166 Domhiion of Canada 3,380,162 Face of the country, — It is but natu- ral to suppose that in such a vast extent of country there is every variety of sur- face — mountain, plateau and valley. Beginning at the Atlantic frontier of Nova Scotia a range of highlands skirts the seab(mrd and extends inland for 15 or 20 miles. This dislocated range of mctamorphic hills nowhere assumes th« heiglit of mountains. Sixty miles in- land from this seaboard, and nearly parallel thereto, the Cobeqnid Moun- tains, . some of which are 1,100 feet high, traverse Nova Scotia, from the Bay of Fundy to the Strait of Canso. Tina range is clothed with a large growth of timber, to its summit, where agricul- tural products grow luxuriantly. Be- tween the Atlantic and Cobequid ranges is a wide and fertile valley, em- bracing the entire length of Nova Sco- tia proper. The third mountainous range, of moderate elevations, traverses the boundary between Quebec and New \'U- DOMINION OP TANADA. Brunswick, from the State of Maine to the (ill If of St. Lawrence. Hetween this range and the Cobuqiiid Mountains, with which it runs parallel, is an ex- tensive plateau of fertile lands embrac- ing nearly the whole of New Bruns- wick and a large part of Nova Scotia. The coast of Labrador is mountainous. The mountain formations of the coun- try lying between the Gulf of St. Law- rence and the Rocky Mountains assume a different direction from the lower mountain ranges above referred to. The country presents a terraced charac- ter; the navigation of the principal streams is oostructed by numerous falls and rapids, the result of convul- sions of no ordinary nature. The principal part of the mountainous dis- tricts runs in the direction of the great rivers and lakes lying between the Gu'' if St. Lawrence and the Rocky Jiiountains. On cither side of the valley of the estuary of the St. Lawrence is a range of mountainous country. That on the north is called the Laurentides. It terminates easterly at the coast of Labrador and extends up the N. side of the Ottawa for 100 miles, then sweeps round to tlic Thou- sand Islands near Kingston, then gains the southern extremity of Georgian Bay, continues alonj^ the eastern and northern shores of Lake Huron and Lake Superior, and ultimately reaclies the Arctic Ocean ; its whole course is about 3,500 miles. This chain varies from hills of 200 feet to that of moun- tains, culminating near Lake Superior to a height of 2,100 feet. It gives the water shed separating the tributaries of the St. Lawrence from those of Hud- son's Bay ; but beyond the basin of the St. Lawrence it is traversed by t.vo affluents of this bay, the Saskatchewan and the Churchill, the former taking its source in the Rocky Mountains ; while, still farther on, the range be- comes the limit of Hudson's Bay rivers, dividing their sources and those of the Back river and other streams^ for 800 miles, from the Mackenzie river. In the valleys and lower parts of the Lau- rentian region there are considerable areas of good land, having a deep, rich soil, and bearing heavy timber. In the higher parts the rigor of the climate scarcely permits the cultivation of the cereals. The southern range (called Notre Dame Moiiulains) \^ a spur of the Allcghauics, which, commencing at the Gulf of St. Lawrence, forms a pro- longed chain of mountains through the States as far ns Virginia. In its course through Canada it runs nearly parallel to the River St. Lawrence at from 20 to 50 miles distance ; and passes south of Lake Chanii)lnin. Its greatest eleva- tion on the Canadian side (the Shick- sliock Mountains on the Gasno penin- sula,) is about 4,0C0 feet. The Blue Mountains on the S. side of Georgian Bay attain a height of 1,900 feet above the level of Lake Huron. The country lying betAveen Lake Superior and the Rocky Mountains is intersected bv numerous chains of mountains, with extensive valleys of fertile lands inter- vening. The Rocky Mountains, the dominant ridge of the continent, stretch from Alaska to California. Some f)eaks on Canadian territory attain a leight of 15,000 feet. Between these mountains and the Pacific coast, are the Selkirk Mountains, the Gold Range, the great central hilly plateau or table land, and the Coast or Cascade Itange. All these mountain chains as well as the central plateau have a general N.W. and S.E. course. The Cascade Range is the northward extension of the Sierra Nevada ; the central plateau bears a similar relation to the groat vkI- canic arid and hilly table land of the State of Nevada ; and the Selkirk and Gold Ranges may be parallelled with the Bitter Root Mountains between Mon- tana and Idaho. The highest points of the Cascade Mountains do not ex- ceed 7,000 feet. The central plateau has an average elevation of from 1,000 to H,000 feet. Tlie Selkirk Mountains, towaids the north, in the vicinity of Cariboo and about the sources of the North Thompson, have a somewhat greater average elevation than the Cascades. The highest known summits of the Rocky Mountains are Mount Murchison, Mount Hooper and Mount Brown, estimated at from 12,000 to 15,000 feet. They have never been ascended. Of the principal part of the territory lying around Iludson's Bay little is yet known. Minerals. — The Dominion of Canada contains within its limits almost every variety of mineral wealth. The gold deposits of British Columbia and Nova Dominion op canada. Scotia arc anionp; the riduMt existing on the globft. The gold area of Nova Scotia is known to spread over an ex- tent of at least 0,000 square miles. The lodes arc regular in structure and pre- serve their richness to depths of 200 and 300 feet. The gold extracted from ?uartz rock is remarkably fine and pure, n British Columbia the precious metal is not confined to any one section It is found all along the Fraser and Thompson rivers, again in the north along the Peace and Omineca rivers, and on Germansen Creek and on Van- couver Island. From the United States frontier to the 53rd degree of latitude, and for a width of from 1 to 200 miles, gold is found nearly everywhere. Pro- fitable gold mines are worked in the county of Beauce, Quebec. Gold is also found in the county of Hastings, Ontario ; on the banks of the Shikte- hawk, a tributary ol '^e River St. John. (New Brunswick) ; on the Athabasca, McLeod and Pembina rivers, which flow into the Arctic ocean ; and on the North Saskatchewan, Red Deer and Bow rivers, flowing into the Lake Winnipeg. The Blackfeet Indians have been so hostile to miners in the Saskatchewan country that it was only in the neighborhood of the Hudson's Bay Company's forts that continued washing for gold could be carried on. In the neighborhood of Fort Edmunton from $3 to $12 worth of gold has frequently been washed in a day by one man. Miners who have visited the gold fields of the North West Territories proclaim them to be enormously rich. Extraordinary depo- sits of silver ore are found in several islands on the N. shore of Lake Supe- rior ; also in numerous veins of argenti- ferous galena scattered over that portion Cif Quebec to the south of the St. Law- rence. Silver is also found in Nova Scotia, and in the Fraser valley in British Columbia. Copper is abundant in everv portion of the Dominion — in British Columbia, the North West Ter- ritories, Ontario, Quebec, Now Bruns- wick and Nova Scotia. The copper mines of Ontario are very valuable. On the shores of Lake Huron and Superior copper is found in large quantities. In the province of Quebec extensive and exceedingly productive mining operations are carried on in the Eastern Townships, at the Harvey, Il.irtford, Huntington, Capel and IveB mines. The Copper Mountains of «,the North West Territories are extraordina- rily rich, but diilicult of access. Ljad occurs in many places in the Lauren- tian range. A mine in rear of King|£oni Out., has exposed a deposit of remark- able richness and extent. Lead is also found on the N. shore of Lake Superior, often rich in silver, on the shore of Gasp^, in the Eastern Town- ships, and in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Veins of lead traverse the rocks of Coronation Gulf. Iron occurs in prodigious quantities in the Lauren- tian range. At Hull, near Ottawa, there is a bed about no feet in thickness containing not less than 250,000.000 tons of iron ; on the Rideau canal tnere is a bed 200 feet thick containing double the above amount ; and at Marmora there are live beds which are computed to contain an aggregate of 1,000,000,000 tons. These extraor- dinary deposits are of the magnetic species, yielding 60 to 70 per cent, of pure iron, and occur in the same geological formation from which the celebrated Swedish iron is made. Extensive beds of good iron occur in the Eastern Townships, also in the neighborhood of Lake Nipissing ; and at various localities along the N. shore of the St. Lawrence considerable quan- tities of bog iron ore are found. Near Three Rivers, cast and wrought iron of a very superior quality has been pro- duced from this ore for upwards of a century. At the mouth of the Moisic river, about 300 miles be- low Quebec, there is a vast deposit of magnetite, estimated to contain about 20,000,000 tons of iron. It lies on the Surface in the shape of black sand, per- fectly free from sulphur or phosphorous, and the iron manufactured is of superior quality and peculiarly suited to the manufacture of the tmest steel, edge tools, &c. Iron is also found in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and in the Saskatchewan valley. In the former province it is melted and manufactured on a large scale on the Cobequid Mountains. Chromic iron, a mineral which is highly prized f^r the man- ufacture of the chromates of potash and lead, and for the production of many beautiful red, yellow, and greea S,'.' ^mmmm 8 DOMINION OP CANADA. colors, is found in considorahlft qimnti- tifii in the Eastern Townsliiin of Que- bec, and in tiie 8bick9liock .MouiitjiiuH. Iron ocbrc3 arc distributed in many pSFts of Canad» and chietty in associa- tiSh with the bog iron ores. Sonio of these beds have been partially worked and^suppl^ an excellent material, of a great variety of shades of color. The iron ochres of Canada arc equal to those of France. Nickel and Cobalt arc found in several localities in (hitc occurs in workable quantities near Ottawa, in rear of Kingston, and near St. Jonn, N.B. Sul- phate of barytes, soapstone, lithoj^ra- phic stone, tin, zinc, bismuth, antimony, magnesia, and manganese arc found iu sevef^l parts of the Dominion. iMica is found in great abundance and of extreme purity in Grenvillc, on the Ottawa river, and in the township of Norlh Burgess, near the Rideau canal. There are very large deposits of i)ho3- phate of lime oehind Brockvillc and at other places in Ontario. Large (juan- titieg of iron pyrites are found near these deposits. The conditions are therefore favorable for the manufac- ture of sulphuric acid, and tor convert- ing the phosphate of lime into super- ph osp hate for manure. Beautiful ser- f)entrae and vcrd antique marbles are bund in different parts of Quebec, and in Cape Brenon there is a marble mountain which contains some of the finest specimens of white and colored marble. Springs of petroleum or mineral oil occur in several locali- ties in the S.W. part of Ontario, and frdm the numerous wells already sunk millions of gallons have been talcen. The oil bearing rock (Lower Devonian limestone,) extends over a la^e.portion of the western peninsula ; ana'though one part after another may be exhausted and abandont i, and the exhaustion of the whole region is but a m'STter of time, it will probably be long b^ore oil boring has travelled over the wfiole productive district. On the Gaspe peninsula natural springs yield- ing^ small amounts of petroleum are foond over a considerable area. The oil in this region occurs in the upper Silurian rocks. There are no less than 60,000 acres of peat lands in Quebec, not including the groat bod in the Island of Anticosti, wliinh contains a3 many more, and at least 30,000 acres iu Ontario. In many of the bojjs tho puat attains a depth of 10 and 20 feet, and even more. It is compressed and used for various puri)0Hes, with success, instead of coal. Of the other minerals coal is the most important. It is found in Nova Scotia, in New Brunswick, in British Columbia, and in the North West Territories. The coal fields of Nova Scotia arc of vast extent and value,, and have been worked more or less since tho first settlement of the colony by the British. The most im- portant mines are at I'ictou and Sydney, C.B. They contain a sutficient quan- tity to BU[>ply the whole steam mivy of Great Britain for m"ny centuries to come, and also to m-i-'. "tply the de- mands of the other Norm American colonies bordering on the Alltmtic. The coal mines of British Columbia aro cvenmore valuable than the^old. Bitu- minous coal IS found on Vancouver Island in several places, esi»ecially along the East coast. The coal is of fair quality, superior to the Scotch, but not equal to the Welsh. Veins of coal have been found in other parts of tho Province. Anthracite coal, very ex- cellent in quality, is found on Queen Charlotte's Island. The coal fields of New Brunswick cover an area of about 10,000 square miles. The Albert coal is one of the m'>st beautiful of all car- boniferous products; it is jet black, brilliant and lustrous, with a conchoi- dal fracture, and is extremely brittle. It is chiefly used in the manufacture of illuminating oils (of which it yields, by distillation, a large per centage, and of the very best quality.) and gas. The coal mined at (irand Lake is of an excellent quality, being hard, rather lustrous, giving out much heat in burn- ing, and lasting longer than most other coal. The great coal bed of the North West Territories commences 150 miles East of the Rocky Mountains. It is 300 miles in width, and extends over IS degrees of latitude, to the Arctic Ocean. There are no coal mines in Ontario or Quebec. Salt springs, strongly saturat- ed, are numerous in New Brunswick, and salt wells of great richness aro worked in the counties of Ontario bor- dering on Lake Huron. Agates, jaspers, POMINION OF CANADA. 9 diamonds, rubies, pearls, feldspar, uuicthysts, cftrneliuris, clmlcodoiiios. cuirugurras, porphyries, &c., are fouiiu in several parts of the Dominion. GnlJ\ Ba}i», Jiivfru, Lakes^ J(c. — The coast.4 of the Dominion have numerous indentations, the most rcmarkabk- of which are Hudson's Bay — one of the most extensive inland seas on the globe — the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and the Gulf of Georgia. The hydrographical basin of the St. Lawrence and its es- tuory comprises an area of about 530,- 000 square miles. In form it presents an irregular parallplogram running nearly 8.W. for about 1)00 miles, with a pretty uniform breadth of 2r)0 miles; the southern side in its farther progress sweeping round in a wide semi-circle, the diameter of which extends about 900 miles to the N.W. The Great Lakes into which the river expands — Superior, Huron, Michigan^ St. Clair, Erie and Ontario, — with its estuary, have an area of about 1.30,000 square miles, leaving for the lands drained by the river an area of 400,000 square miles. At least 330,000 square miles of these belong to Canada, the remain- der constitutes a part of the United States. With the excejition of about 50,000 square miles (including the whole of the Gaspe peninsula) in the eastern part of Quebec, the Canadian portion lies AvhoUv on the N. sitle of the river, while tlio only part of the United States which does so is situated at the west end of Lake Superior. Tlie Erincipal rivers flowing into the St. awrence are the Ottawa, 800 miles long, with many large tributaries ; the St. Maurice, 400 miles long ; the Batis- can, the Chaudiere, the Richelieu, the St. Francis, the Hamilton, the Moisic, the Romaine, the Ste. Anne, and the mighty Saguenay. The other chief rivers in the Dommion arc the Saskat- chewan, which rise& in the Rocky Moun- tains, traverses 15'' of longitude, or a distance of at least 900 miles, and falls into the Great Lake Winnipeg in lat. .'55^ N. This lake is connected with Hudson's Bay by the Nelson river, about 500 miles in length. Lake Athabasca situated about lat. 59^ N.. and lou 110° W., receives, among others, the Peac» River and tne Atha- basca, a large stream rising in the Rocky Mountains near the source of the Columbia. The Frascr river, the golden stream of British Columbia, rises in the Rockv Mountains and en- tors the PaciJic after a course of about 7(H) miles. The Columbia, 1200 miles long, also rises in the Hocky Mountains. The Mackenzie, entering the Arctic Ocean, is one of the largest rivers on the globo. Blast of it, and also flowing into the Arctic, are the Coppermine and Fish rivers. The Gatineau, the Keepa- wa, the Mutawan, the ^listassini, the Ciiurchill^ the Dumoine, the Miramiclii, the Restigouchc, the St. John, the Avon, the Clyde, the Grand, the Trent and the Nipigon are all important rivers, and the Great Bear, Great Slave, Manitoba, Lake of tlie Woods, Mistas- sini, St. John, Nipigon and Nipissing are all magniticcnt lakes, but they are so fully described among the rivers and lakes that it is unnecessary to rei)eat them here. The rivers and lakes of the Dominion number several thousands. Of these descriptions of over 1500, which include all the most im|)ortant, are given in another part of this work. Vlimate. — Tl cs climate of Canada is nearly the same as that of Norway, Sweden, St. Petersburg, and the S. of Iceland. Both the heat of summer and the cold of winter are much greater than in the corresponding latitudes of Kurope. The climate of Nova Scotia is extremely temperate, considering its northern latitude. In Halifax and the eastern counties the mercury seldom rises in summer above 86" in the sh.'ide, and in winter it is not often down to zero. In the interior the winter is about the same, but the sum- mer is considerably warmer. The climate of New Brunswick is .subject to great extremes of heat and cold : the thermometer sometimes rising to 100^ during the day and falling in the forest during the night of the same day to SO''. Still the climate is ex- ceedingly healthy and favorable for agricultural operations. The climate of Prince Edward Island is much mild- er than that of Nova Scotia or New Brunswick, and is remarkably salubri- ous. The winter is long and cold, but the summer is eminently fitted for the growth of all ordinary cereals. The waiters of Quebec are cold and the summers somewhat similar to those of h lit' ■ft V :;■. -.4«S.f#V f*i«S Ion goods, steam en- gines au' [ locom oti ves.sewing machines, wooden 'vare of p11 aescriptions. agri- cultural implemencs, etc.; in New Bruns- wick and Novf, £cotia, sawn lumber, ships, cotton and .voollen goods, boots ana shoes, furniture, leather, nails, machinery, gunpowder, paper, steam engines, locomcoives, etc. The manu- factures of Prince Edward Island are chiefly fo/ domestic purposes. In British Columbia, the manufactures are very few ii number, but water power is every vhere abundant. The latter re- mark applies generally to the whole Dominion. Internal Jn.provements. — The canals of Canada are among its most impor- tant fublic works. The most easterly is St. Peters canal leading into the Bras d'Or, Cape Breton ; distance 2,300 feet. Next the Shubenacadie caual connecting Halifax with the Bay of Fundy. The St. Lawrence navigation is 2,385 miles long, and eight canals, m 12 DOMINION OB' CANADA. one of which is American (the Sault Ste. Marie), have been built to make it practicable for all its length. The Ottawa and Rideau canals complete a second (interior) line of communication from Montreal to Kingston ; their unit- ed length is 143J miles. The St. Ours lock and the Chambly canal connect the St. Lawrence and the Hudson, via the Richelieu river and Lake Chnm- plain. Distance from Montreal to New York 45G miles. The following canals are projected : Bay Verte,Caughnawaga, Ottawa and Georgian Bay, Toronto and Georgian Bay, Trenton and Geor- 6ian Bay, and Hamilton and Lake [uron. The railway system of Canada is fast assuming extensive proportions. The lirat railway was begun in 18.35. It was a line 16 miles in length, from L^prairie on the St. Lawrence to St. Johns. The road was opened with horses in 1836, and (irst worked with locomotives in 1837. The first railway in Ontario,between Queenstown and Chip- pewa, was opened with horses in 1839. tip to the close of 1872 there had been constructed in the Dominion 3,454 miles of raihvay, and in 1873, 1,576 additional miles were opened, making a total of 5,030 miles of railway in operation, under 32 corporations. The following are the railways of the Dominion : Jiailways. niLun Brockville and Ottawa, main lino 87 " " " branch 12 Canada Central 28 Canada Southern, main line 220 " " branches 98 Carillon andGrenville 12 Cobourg, Peterboro' and Marmora 25 E. andN. A. Consolidated Kingston and Pembroke 18 Loudon and Port Stanley 26 Massaw^ppi Valley 34 Midland, main liuo 87 " branch 22 Montreal and Vermont Junction 20 Montreal, Chambly and Sorel 35 New Brunswick and Canada, main line 94 " " ** branches.. 27 Northern, main line 116 " branch 237 /faiVwaj/s.— Continued. Mir.KM Prince Edward Island, main line 147 " " " branches.... 53 Quebec and Gosford 27 l.MviiTC du Loup 20 South Kastorn 65 Stanstead, ShefTord and Clianibly 42 St. I.,awrence and Ottawa 54 St. Lawrence and Industry 12 Toronto, Grey and Bruce, main lino. 113 branch... 71 Toronto and Niwissing 88 VVolland ? 25 Wellington.Grey and Itruce, main line. 129 " south, cxt. m Whitby and Port Perry 19 Windsor and Auuapulis IIC Total 5.030 Besides the above, charters Lnve been granted, since Confederution, to over fifty new railway companies, the most important of which are tlie Canada Pacific, length 2,500 miles; Kingston and Pembroke, 140 miles ; Northern Colonization, 142 miles ; North Shore, 192 miles ; Sault Ste. Mai-ie and Brace- bridge, 280 miles ; Ontario and Quebec : Riviere du Loup, miles ; Montreal and Ottawa Junction, 81 miles ; Lon- don, Huron and Bruce, 105 miles ; Levis & Kennebec, 82 miles ; St. Francis and Lake Megantic, 65 miles; Richelieu and Druinmondville, 60 miles ; Ottawa and Gatineau, 120 miles ; and Brantford and PortBurwell, 45 miles. Tdegraphs — There were six telegraph companies in the Dominion in 1.S73— the Montreal, the Dominion, the New York, Newfoundland and London, the New Brunswick, the Nova Scotia, and the Fredericton and St. Jolin. Tlie lines of the three latter are leased and worked by the Western Union Tele- graph Company. The Montreal is the leading telegraph company in the Do- minion. It was incorporated in 1847, three years after the first line was opened in the United States, and has now 19,000 miles of line, and lO.'iO offices, including branches. It connects with all parts of the United States and Mari- time Provinces, and with cables to Cuba and Europe, and transmits messages to any of its stations at 25 cents for 10 words, or 15 cents between places not more than 12 miles apart. The Do- minion Company extends from the city of Quebec to Sarnia, and the ^^w York, Newfoundland and London com- pany connects with the Atlantic cable at Heart's Content. DOMINION OF CANADA. 13 Postal Service.— C&ntida. enjoys the great advantage of cheap postage and uu excellent system of postal commu- nication. In 1851, the nrst great step towards cheap postage was taken by the introduction of a uniform postage rate of five cents. But it was not until 18G8 that the nearest approach to the British penny post that can be expected was made by the establishment of a uniform rate of three cents. The result has been highly satisfactory and en- couraging. In Dr. Hodgins' "School History of Canada," ^published by Mr. John Lovell, in 1866,) it is stated that "in 1766, when the celebrated Benja- min Franklin was Deputy Postmaster General of British Norln America, there were only three post offices in Canada, and 180 miles of post route, from Mon- treal to Quebec. In 1791 there were ten post offices and 600 miles of post route; in 1830 there were 150 post offices and 2,500 miles of post route ; in 1840 the number of offices had been increased to 405, and miles of post route to 5,737." Since the vear 1840 the progressional growth of tne depart- ment has continued until, by the report of the Postmaster General for 1872, we find that there were in that year 4,155 post offices, and 33,415 miles of post route, including British Columbia and Manitoba, The estimat- ed number of letters by post in the year 1872 was 30,600,000 ; gross postal re- venue, 5>1,193,062 ; postal expenditure, $1,369,163. J^utentfi. — A new Patent Act was passed by the Dominion Parliament in 1872, which opened to all inventors, whether foreigners or residents of Onnada, the privilege of taking out patents in Canada, on condition that the articles patented shall be manufac- tured in Canada. The opening of the Canadian Patent Office to foreigners has already led to many applications for patents by them ; and it is believed that the result will prove to be highly advantageous to the public, and par- ticularly to the manufacturing inter- ests of the Dominion. The Act permits the patent to be issued for periods of five, ten or fifteen years at the option of the inventor. About 7 per cent, of the patents issued are for ten years ; about 10 per cent, for fifteen years ; and 83 percent, for five years. The following table exhibits the proceedings of the Patent Office of Canada since Confeder- ation, July 1, 1867: 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 369 218 193 6 64 670 646 337 6 32 34 781 680 60 470 12 60 62 626 666 132 431 24 66 19J 279 612 161 446 22 106 116 106 762 670 184 327 17 103 87 64 11 Applications for Patents Fatents grantd Caveats Transfers Re- ) gistcrcd.... J Designs Ro- ) gistered. ... ) Trade Uarlcs i Registered. J Copyriglits TiiiiDcr 3[arlc8. Assignments ofTrade Marks Fees received in 1867, $8,110; in 1868, $11,062; in 1869, 'ijil4,214.14; in 1870, $14,640.07: in 1871, $14,097; in 1872, 819,678.66. Fisheries. — The fisheries of the Do- minion are the finest in the world ; they are almost illimitable, and they are inexhaustible. The great variety and superior quality of the fish are as remarkable as the multitudes in which they are found, and supply a wealth that makes full amends for any rigor of climate or defects of soil on any of the coasts in their vicinity. As res- pects salmon there is a fishing line on the N. shore of the St. Lawrence of over a thousand miles in length, into which very numerous tributaries flow. On the S. shore, taking In the coasts of the Maritime Provmccs, it is of greater length. In British Columbia salmon are very abundant and of ex- cellent quality. The actual value of the produce of the fisheries of the Do- minion for the season of 1872, for purposes of trade, was $9,570,1 16, being an excess over ttiat of tlie preceding year of $114,893. About 1,500 decked vessels and 17,000 oi)en boats are en- gaged in the fisheries of the Dominion, employing some 42,000 men. The esti- mated number of persons supported almost entirely, by this industry, in the various fishing communities, exceeds 200,000 souls. The collections from Fish- ing Rents, License Fees, Fines, &c., for the fiscal year of 1872, amounted to $10,498, and the expenditure of the branch was $43,683. Under the Treaty of Washington, Art. 18, United States citizens have liberty of fishing, except shell fish, in common with British sub- 14 DOMINION OF CANADA* jecta, and of drying their nets and curing their fish on the coasts, &c., of Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island, provided they do not interfere witn private property or with British fishermen. This liberty applies solely to the sea fishery, the salmon, shad, and all other fisheries in rivers and mouths of rivers being reserved exclusively for British fishermen. Article 19 of the Treaty gives British subjects the same privi- leges on the eastern shores of the United States, north of the 39th j)arallcl. Commerce. — According to the last report of the Minister of Customjs the gross value of goods imported into the Dominion of Canada, for the fiscal year ending 30th June, 1872, was $111,430,527; the goods entered for consumption during the same period $107,709,110 ; and the value of exports $82,639,063, giving a gross aggregate sum of $194,070,190 as the value of the trade of the Dominion with countries outside its boundaries. This increase in the inward and out- ward trade, as compared with previous years, is observable under all the various classifications of the TaritF, a certain indication of the commercial pro- gress of Canada. The following figures show the immense increase of the trade of the Dominion since Confederation: Years. Total Trade. 1866-67 « 94,701,860 1867-68 119,797,879 1868-69 130,fi89,946 1869-70 148,387,829 1870-71 17i ),2(i6.f)89 1871-72 194,070,190 The increase alone of the last three years is almost as large as the total trade in 1850 ($29,703,497.) The chief items of expoi is for the last fiscal year, 1871-72, exclusive of British Columbia and Manitoba, were : Produce of the Mine $ 3,930,608 " " Fisheries 4,348,508 " " Forest 23,68r),382 Animals and their products 12,416,613 Agriculture 13.378,562 Manufectures 2,389,435 It thus appears that the product of the forest is the largest item of exports of the Dominion ; and it will probably be a growing one for many years to come. The values of the principal articles, the growth, produce and manufacture of the Dominion, exported during the last two years show a general increase : 1S70-71. 1871-72. Produce of the Mine.. . . fR3i2l,4r,l $3,936,608 " Fisheries 3,994.275 4„'548,r.03 " Forest... 22,352,211 23,685,382 Animals and their products 12.582,925 12.416,613 Agricultural products.. 9,853.146 13,.37S.562 Manufactures 2,201 ,a3 1 2,389,435 The value of goods entered for con- sumption from Great Britain increased from $49,108,170 in 1870-71, to $01,900,- 702 in 1871-72, and the amount entered for consumption from the United States during the same periods respectively was $29,022,387 (1870-71), and $34 - 217,909(1871-72.) The value of Cana- dian exports to Great Britain increased from $M,173,224 in 1870-71, to $25,G37,- 996 in 1871-72 ; and to the United States from $30,975,042 in 1870-71, to $31,896,816 in 1871-72. The ship- ping returns exhibit a considerable increase in the tonnage, both British and Foreign, engaged in the carrying trade with countries outside of the Dominion, both by sea and upon its inland waters, the total aggregate ton- nage so employed being, for 1869-70, 11,415,870 ; for 1870-71, 13,126,028 ; and for 1871-72, 12,54'^,600, exclusive of British Columbia. The following is an exhibit of the total number and ton- nage of vessels built in the Dominion of Canada, and also of those registered in Canada, for each fiscal year since Confederation : Built. Registered. No. Tons. No. Tons. 1863 355 81,230 539 118 692 1869 336 9G.3;39 526 124,4 8 1870 329 93,166 494 110,752 1871 389 106,101 540 121,724 1872 414 114.065 663 127,371 1,822 497,001 2,663 599,047 From this it will be seen that the shipbuilding trade has been steadily progressive, the tonnage of 1872 having been more than 27,000 tons greater than the tonnage of 1808, and that, with the exception of 1870, each year has shown an increase in the ton- nage of vessels built over the year which preceded it. The following table shows the per centage of to.inage con- tributed by each Province of the vessels ■9,096 tons. The Dominion of Can- Jiila is, therefore, the fourth maritime potver in the wor'u. hut, in proportion to population, she ow is more ton- inge than any country -n the world. Education. — Canada has no national system of education. In Ontario the sihool system is a partial adaptation of 1 lie best features or the systems of New ^ ork, Massachusetts, Ireland and Gcr- nianyj blended and modified to suit '':e circumstances of the country, but ('.ifering also in several points of im- |) )rtance from all other school systems. tSame of the chief points of difl'erence :ue : 1. Religious instruction is provided. 2. The chief executive is a non-poli- tical and permanent officer. 3. It jirohibits the use of foreign books in the English branches of instruction, except by special permission, thus i)re- vcnting heterogenous text books and tliose inimical to our institutions. 4. It provides for the supply of maps, school apparatus, prize and library books, to all the schools, direct from tl e department, and grants 100 per cent, on local appropriations for such purposes. 5. It provides for the pen- sioning of superannuated or worn out teachers. 6. It provides for taking and recording meteorological observa- tions at ten selected county grammar schools, results being published per- iodically. In 1871 the Legislature of Ontario made all common schools in tliat province free, to be supported by Provincial grants and local taxes, and made the education of children com- pulsorv on parents and guardians. Tiie educational institutions of Ontario comprise 4,rj98 public schools, 102 grammar schools, 298 private sc)>' jIs and academies, 20 colleges and uni- versities, a college of technology, and a provincial model farm, with a school or college of ngriculture. The edu- cational institutions of Quebec are divided into Superior, Secondary, Nor- mal, Special, and Primary schools. The first division comprises tlie univer- sities and school.s of theology, hnv and medicine. The second classical colleges, industrial colleges and acade- mies. Under the head Special come the deaf and dumb asylums,the agricul- tural colleges, and boards of arts and manufactures ; and under the head Primary all the elementary and model school's. The Protestant minor- ity were in a very unfavorable position, as far as their educational interests were concerned, until 1808, when a very satisfactory act was passed grant- ing them separate schools. In 1871 there were 4,028 schools of all kinds in the Province of Quebec. Education in Nova Scotia is not compulsory but it is free to all classes. Tliere is a Provincial Normal school for the training of teachers, and there are also academies, colleges and com- mon schools. The academies and common schools are under the control of the Government ; the colleges aro sectarian. There are nearly 1,600 public schools in the province having nearly 100,000 pupils in daily attend- ance. In New Brunswick, a new School Act was jiassed in 1871. By it school trustees of eaeh district are bound to provide school accommodation for all persons therein, between the ages of 5 and 20, free of charge. In addition to the provincial grant, a tax is levied in each county equal to 30 cents per head, and a local fund sufficient for the purpose of carrying out the law (including a poll-tax of $1 per head) is raised by the localities. Serious objection has been raised to this act by the Roman Catho- lic population, who desire to use their own taxes for schools under their own management, and not subject to the government inspection, examination of teachers, regulations respecting text books, &c. The educational institu- tions supported by law are a Provincial ■!.;;■■■ % 1" 16 DOMINION OP CANADA. University, a Training or Normal school for teachers, and a system of common schools ranging from the pri- mary to the crammar or high school department. The common schools are non-sectarian and free to all. The schools of Prince Edward Island are free to all. Excellent school systems have been provided for Manitoba and British Columbia. Religious instruction forms part of the common schoo. system of each section of the Dominion. Religious Denomiiuitions. — There is no State Ileligion in tlie Dominion of Canada, all denominations being re- garded equally by tlie Government. The clergy depend for subsistence upon the voluntary contributions of their congregations or uj)on funds ap- propriated for this purpose. The prin- cipal sects are the Episcopalians, Ro- man Catholics, Presbyterians, Metho- dists, Baptists and Congrcgationalists. There are 15 Church of England dio- ceses in Canada, viz : theMetrojioliticuI diocese of Montreal, and the dioceses of Nova Scotia, Fredcricton, Quebec, Ontario, Toronto, Western Toronto, Huron, Algoma, Rupert's Land, British Columbia, and four recently lorme(i in the North West Territorie's. There are 19 Roman Catholic dioceses, viz : the archdioceses of Halifax, Quebec, Toronto and St. Boniface, (MHniti)i)a), and the dioceses of Montreal, Rimoutiki, Three Rivers, Sherbrooke, St. Ilyacint he, Ol'nwa, Kingston, Hamilton, London, Arohat, St. John, (N iJ.,) Chatham, (N.B.,) Cliarlottetown (P.E.I ,) Satala, (Red River,) and Anemour, (Maclconzie River.) Tlie following table, taken from the census of 1871, shows the various religious denominations and the number of their communicants in the provinc' s of Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick : Church of England 494,049 Church of Itome l,4'J2,02t> Church of Scotland I(i7,2ul) Presbyterians » 437,43S> Baptists... 239,343 Wesleyan Methodists 378.i;43 £piscopai Metliodists 93,0o8 New Cfonnexion Methodists 32,430 Congregationalists 21,829 Bible Christians 18,rj44 Unitarians 2,275 Other Denominations 144,122 Jews 1,115 Without Creed, &o 22,020 Total 8,485,716 Public Works.— The public works of the Dominion consist of a canal and railway system, together with certain public buildings. The canal system was devised to overcome the impedi- ments to navigation found in the St. Lawri'nce, and connect with the Great Lakes and Great We.^t. The canals of the Dominion are as follows : ^'ame. milks i St. Peters Chambly St. Ours Lachine Beauhnruois Cornwall Wiliamsburg Wolland Burlington Bay. .. Kidoau 126; Ottawa Canals 12 11 11. 121 27, Total 219i The Dominion Government works 712 miles of railway in the provinces of Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, and 200 miles in Prince Edward Island, and has i ontracted for the construction of a railway from Lake Nii)i?sing to the Pacific, through Bri- tish territory ; length 2,500 miles. The public buildings maintained by the Dominion are the Houses of Parliament and Governor's residence at Ottawa; and all custom houses, post offices, drill sheds, barracks, &c., also a geolo- gical museum, observatories, and all lighthouses in the Dominion. It also maintains harbours of refuge, public roads, and slides and booms. It has 3 sea-going and 2 river steamers, and 6 marine police schooners, employed in protecting the fisheries. Divisions. — The Dominion of Canada is composed of seven Provinces and the North West Territories. The area of the several provinces with their popula- tion, in 18GI and 1871, is shown in tho following table : Province. Onttii io (jui'bec Nova Scotia New Brunswiclc. British Columbia P. E. Island Alanitoba N.W. Territories Area sq. miles. 107,780 1 193.355 1 21.731 27,322 213,500 2.134 14,340 2,750,000 Population. 1861 1871 ,39(5,0911,620,851 ,1115661,191,516 830,857 337,8(0 262,047 34,816 80,861 285,594 50,000 94,021 11,953 28,700 3,330,162 3,206,2283,650,485 DOMINION OP CANADA. 1 Citiex. — The following are the cities of the Dominion of Canada, and their population in 1871 : Montreal 117,225 Ouebec G'J.tiyO Toronto 58,l)(»2 Halifax 29J>H'i St. John 28.S0r> Hiimilton 26,716 Ottawa / 21,545 London 15.826 KiiigHton 12,407 7'hrt'O Kivors 7,570 Charlottctown 7.5tiO Fredcricton 6,(K'6 Victoria 4.540 St. Ilyacinthe 8.746 Winnipeg 3,000 Immigration. — The number of immi- grants wlio have arrived and settled in Canada is niueh less than the minibcr who have hitherto gone to the United States; but the probiibility is that within the next fifty years tiie balance will be redressed, from the fact that the United States have alre.'idy disposed of their large tracts of fertile lands, while Canada is opening up im- mense f.id fertile territories for the set- tler. The really cultivable area of the United States is conGned within much smaller limits than is generally sup- posed, from the fact that immense and wide deserts are found in place of cul- tivable territory, with comparatively very little exception, over all the region west of the 100th degree of we.st longi- tude, to the base of the Rocky Moun- tains. Canada, on the other hand, has yet an iiuraense extent of fertile terri- tory unsettled, which can absorb many millions of settlers. As regards the land system of the Dominion it may be stated that in the provinces of Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and British Columbia, with the excep- tion of a tract in the last named Pro- vince ceded to the Dominion for the purpose of the Pacific railway, the lands are held by the several Provincial gov- ernments. In several of the provinces free grants arc given to immigrants, and in almost all cases in which gov- ernment land is for sale, it is offered at prices which are merely nominal. The lands in the province of Manitoba and the North West Territories are held by the Dominion Government, which at present gives free grants of 160 acres in Manitoba on condition of settlement. Dominion lands are also sold for $1 per aore. The total area ofhinds, the i)roperty of the Dominion, exclusive of Labrador and the Island.^ in the Arctic sea, is computed to be 2,207,72r) sijuare miles, or 1,412,304,000 acres. Of this :]2,000,000 aeres are mostly imfit for cultivation, 7t3,800,0(iO acres are prairie lauds with occasional groves or belts of timber, 298,384,000 aeres are timber lands with oceasional prairies, all of it suitable for the growth of wheat and other cereals, 594,O4H,0CO acres suital>li^ for the cultivation of barley, jxttatue.-^ and the grasses, ami with sutlicieut timber, and 411,U72,0u0 aeres rock and swamp, in which the tnnber grtwlh di.sapi)ears, and which may be consid- ered as the fur-bearing rej^ion. Sur- veys of the whole of this iuinieuse tract are being i)roseciited. Tlie number of iimuijTnuitd who arrived in Cmada from 1851 to 1871 was 1,124,844, of whom ouly 44(J,G88 setlleil in Canada, the rest gt)ing to the United Ssates. The total number of arrivals in 1871 was (35,722, of whom only 27,773 re- mained in Canada. During the lirst 9 months of 1872 there arrived G8,()58 immigrants, 37,041 of whom settled in this country. (joveniinent. — The system of Govern- ment of the Dominion of Canada is monarchical in its most popular form. The Executive consists of a Governor (Jeneral (who represents the Queen), a Privy Council c( mjtosed of 13 members, a Senate of 80 memhers, appointed for life, and a House of Commons of 20(5 rejiresentatives, elected every 5 years. No bill can become law unless sanc- tioned by the three branches. Tlie Governor General is Commander in Chief of the army and militia, and of the navy in British North American waters ; and has the sole ])ardoning power. The Dominion is divided into 12 military districts. The law re- quires that every able bodied man be enrolled for its defence. An enrolment takes place each year in February. Judiciary. — The laws and forms of judicial procednre are not alike through- out the Dominion. The law of Quebec is derived in great part from French sources. At the time of the conquest it consisted, for the most part, of the Coutume de Paris, and the Edicts and Ordinances of the French kings. Where these were silent the Civil Iv 18 r)OMINION OP CANADA. '■ (Roman) liaw was appealed to, as fur- nishing rules of written reason. In certain matters the Canon Law was also in force. Upon the acquisition of the country by Great Britain, the English Constitutional and Criminal Laws were introduced, the Knglish form of wills allowed, and English rules respecting evidence in commercial cases establish- ed. All these lawr have from time to time been modified by the Imi)erial and Canadian Parliaments. The Code Cioil de Quebec now supersedes all but the English and Statutory Criminal Law. In 1791, the French Canadian Law was repealed in Ontario (then Upper Can- ada) and in its place was substituted the laws of England. The common law of England is the law of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and British Columbia. The laws of Alanitoba are the same as those of Quebec. The Courts of Justice in Ontario are a Court of Error and Appeal, Court of Queen's Bench, Court of Common Pleas, Court of Chancery, Court of Impeaciniient. Court of Quarter Sessions, Practice Court, Heir and Devisee Court, County Courts, Division Courts and Recorders' Courts. Those in Quebec are a Court of (iueen*s ]{onch, Superior Court, Cir- cuit Court, Court of Vice Admiralty, Court of Quarter Sessions, Court of Special Sessions, and Recorder's Court. Those in New Brunswick are a Sup- reme Court, Court of Vice Admiralty, Court for the trial and punishment of Piracy, Probate Court, (]ourt of Mar- riage and Divorce, Inferior Court of Common Pleas and General Sessions of the Peace, and Justice Courts, Those in Nova Scotia are a Supreme Court, Court of Vice Admiralty, (Jourt of Error, Court of Probate, Court of Mar- riage and Divorce, Court of General Sessions of the Peace, and Justice Courts. Those in Prince Edward Island are a Supreme Court of Chancery, (■ourt of Vice Admiralty, Court oi Marriage and Divorce, Court of Probate and Wills, and Insolvent Court. In Manitoba there is a Court of Queen's I) Mich composed of 1 chief and 2 assis- tant justices ; and in British Columbia a Supreme Court with 1 chief and 2 assistant justices. The Supreme Courts and Courts of Queen's Bench are the highest in the Dominion. An appeal lies from their decisions in certain cases to the Privy (council in England. Tliere are in Ontario 3 chief justices, 1 chancellor, 5 puisne judges, 2 vice chan- cellors, and 37 county judges ; in (Quebec, 2 chief justices and 24 puisne judg3s; in New Brunswick, 1 chief justice, 4 puisne judges, and 5 county judges; in Nova Scotia, 1 chief justice and 6 puisne judges ; and ii Prince Edward Island, 1 chief justice and 3 puisne judgL's. Salaries. — The Governor General of the Duminion of Ca lada receives '$\1,- 517.55 per annum.au I is provided with a residence at the capitolalso with secretaries, aides-de-camp, cbrks and messengers. The Lieutenant Governors of Ontario and Quebec rec(Mve $10,000 per annum, and those of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, ]^Ianitoba and British Columbia, iip8,000 Iter annum. The cliief justices of the >ominion receive $,j,000 per annum, and the puisne judges $4,000; Senators and Commoners, !i?H a day or li>1000 each session ; members of the Privy Council, $7,000 i»er annum, except the premier, who receives $H,000 ; Adjutant General of Militia, $3,000 per annum. Revenue. — The revenue of the Domin- ion is derived from imports on foreign merchandise, excise, public works (in- cluding railways), post offices and bill stamps. The >"«^venue of the Dominion for the lisca. year ending June 3()th, 1872, was $20,714,813; the expendi- ture for the same period $17,589,468, leaving a surplus of $3,125,345. We subjoin a comparison of the items of Revenue for 3 years : 1869-70. 1870-71. 1871-72. Customs.. .$9,334,212 $11,841,104 $12,787,982 Excise 3,619,622 I'ostOflice. Public I Works ( Bill stamps Miscella- 1 neons 573,505 1,006,844 134,047 848,035 4,295,944 612,630 1,146,240 183,319 1,256,323 4,73r),(;M 692,374 1,211,729 191,918 1,096,159 Totals.. 15,512,225 19,335 ,,560 20,714,813 An examination of these figures shows the gratifying fact of progres- sive increase under every head, with one very trifling exception. The debt of the Dominion on the 1st of July, 1872, was $122,400,179 incurred in the construc- tion of public workSjCanals,railway8,&c. Total assets of the Dominion, $40,213,- 179, net debt, $82,187,072. There were 33 noMFNION OP CANADA. 10 'i<> :»-> 1 auks in operation in the Dominion o i llie 31st July, 1873,with a paid ujtcupi- liil of $50,1 ((1,059. The amount of notos in circulation was i?29,5 1(5,016, and discounts, $122,077,754. The deposits of t!ie chartored banks showed an iiniount of $<;8,G77,737, and the Post Ollice Savinps banks, $3,41(),9S0.25. There were of Dominion notes in circu- liition on the 31st July, 1873, $ll,oi;2,- ".'S><.23. The chartered banks havi> ai^i-nciea and brandies in every impor- tant jdace in the Dominion. /nilhns — The Indians in the Domin- ii>n of Canada are under the superinten- dence of the Minister of the Interior, who i^ the Superintendent General of Indian A flairs, and as such haf« the control ami inaitaifement of the lands and projterty of Indians. Th»^ persons deemed Indians nre : 1. All persons of Indian blood, ro- ]tuted to belo'ig to tlie i)articnlar tribe, band or body of Indians interested in piii^h lands or immovable i)roperty, and tlieir descendants. 2. All iSersonsresid- incc among such Indians, whose parents were, or are, or either of them was or is, descended on either side from Indians or an Indian reputed to belong to the jtarlicular tribe interested in suc'i lands, and the descendants of all such persona. 3. All women lawfully married to any of the persons included in the above. rl.isses, the children, issue of such mar- lages, and their descendants. None but persons deemed Indians are permit- tv>d to settle on Indian lands. From the statement of population contiiined in the last official report (1872) it ap- jears that the Indian tribes of Ontario number 12,886; of Quebec, 8,657; of Nova Scotia, 1,8.35 ; of New Brunswick, 1 ,324 ; of BritishColnmbia,28,520 : and of the North West Territories, 50,000. The most populous tribes in Ontario are the {Six Nation Indians, who, in 1870, were (stimated at 2,86S ; the Chip])ewas of Lake Huron, estimated at 1,846 ; the (]hippewas of Lake Superior, estim- ated at 1,502; and the Manitonlin Inland Indians estimated at 1,(504. The Iroquois, or Six Nation Indians of Ontario, are chiefly descendants of the Iroquois who adhered to the royal cause during the American Revo- lution, and who settled in Upper Can- ada when the American colonies established their independence. They obtained a large grant of land on the r.rand Kivir. In the province of Que- Ir'c, I lie iai),fi.st bi)tiierf are the Nasqua- pecs of the Lower St. Lawrence, uuni- lerin^ 2,H(;o, anil the Iro(|uuis of Sault St. Loiii.'^, numbering ],<;.'")0. In New Brunswick, at Indian Villnt'e, Indian Point, opposite Fredericton, is located a body niinibering about 3ii0. Tiiere are al.-!o al)out 4',»0 in Northumberland and 2i;.'> in Kent. In Xova Scotia, tlurenrea f 'W in every county. The aboriginal in- habitants of the country lying between lied River and the Rocky Mountains are divided into two great classes, the Prairie Indians and Thick wood Indians — the first comprising the Black- foet with their kindred tribes of Bloods, Lurcees, and Peagins ; as also the Crees i)f the Saskatchewan and the Assini- boines t)f the Qti'Appelle ; and the last composed of the Roeky Mountain Stonies, the Swampy Crccs, and the Saulteaux of the country lying between Manitoba and Fort Ellice. The Praine Indians live on bulfalo, and in large camp-, and are warlike ; the Thickwood Indians live on deer, &c., in small par- lies, a'ld are peaceable. The Blackfeet occupy the immense tract of country between the Saskatchewan and tiie frontier, a large portion of which is arid and sandy, being a true extension of the great American desert, which extends from tlie fertile belt of the Saskatche- wa'i to the bordei-s of Texas. It thus happens that the ra«)St active trading relations of the Blackfeet are more easily carried (m with the Americans on the Upper Missouri, and the i)roductof their rubes, &c., generally finds its way down the waters of the Missouri In British Columbia Indiana are found over the whole ])rovinee. They are generally (|uiet, peaceable, and very intelligent, with great natural jtower of observation. A largt^ number of them are instructed by Anglican and Roman Catholic missionaries. Tfiere are about fifty schools for Indian children established in the Dominion, pilncipally in the Provinces of Ontario and Quebec. Some of the teachers are paid out of the Indian fund ; others are supported by various societies. The number of pupils is about two thousand. Among the functions of the Indian Dei»artment are the distribution of seed and agricultural implements ; the erection of Bchool houses ; the relief of the aged and infirm; V. Vt. 20 1)omi?nI()\ of* oanada. iind oilier like acts of charity and assis- tivnco. ///ston/.— Canada has its name from Iho lro((iioi9 word Kanatu, signit'yiii^; a collection of lints, and which the early Kitropean discoverers mistook for the name of the conntry. It was first dis- covered, in 1497, by Sebastian Cabot, and partly explored by Jacques Carlier between Ut^iCt and 154.'{ ; but the first settlement made by Kuropeans was in 1(505, at Port Royal, Aca(lia, (now Annapolis, Nova Scotia,) by de Monts, H Frenchman. In 1008 a permnnent settlement was made by Chumpliiin upon the present site of Quebec, Cana- da beinprthen called New France. The mode of colonization was sem* -reli- gions. Bands of Jesuit and Recollet mir)3ionaries penetrated the conntry in all directions, endeavoring to convert the Indians to the Christian faith. (Jarrisoned forts were erected at all the prominent points, and the ensuing century was chequered by contests with the Indians, especially the Iro- quois, a fierce tribe wliich continually harassed the French, the latter being aided by the less powerful Ilurons. Be- tween 1(514 and 1713 Acadia was several times taken by the British and restored to France, but in the last named year it finally became a British possession, together with Newfoundland. The French then erected strong fortifica- tions at Lonisbourg, Cape Breton, but these were also taken by the British. The first Legislature of Nova Scotia met in 1758. In the following year the illustrious Wolfe captured Quebec, and three years later French power in this quarter of the globe ceased. After the taking of Quebec the country was placed under military rule. The French Canadians were guaranteed the free use of their religion, and their clergy remained in the enjoyment of their former rights. The ancient criminal law was, however, superseded by the Criminal Law of England. In 1774 a Legislative Council, composed of 23 members, was appointed to assist the governor. The American revolutioii soon after convulsed the continent, and Canada was again the theatre of contending hosts. The American army of invasion advanced without mucli difficulty over large tracts of the country, but received a check at Que- bec, where Montgomery fell in 1775. In 17H4 the present limits of Now Brunswick were divided from those of Nova Scotia, and erected into a sepa- rate Province by a special coustitutioiiul charter, the administration of which was confided to Colonel Carleton. Thu first Legislature of Now Brunswick met in 1785. In 171U Quebec was divided info two provinces, and representative goveninient introduced, an event which, though far from satisfy iiig the French Canadian party, was, iicvi-rthe- less, a step in that direction. The first Legislature of Lower Canada met in 171>). that of Upper Canada in 179'2. In 18K. Canada was again disturbed by the war between Great Britain and the United States, but at its close tiie colony still remained in close connec- tion with the mother country. In 1822 a project for re-uniting Upper and Lower Canada was started. At- tempts were made to render the advisers of the Governors responsible to the popular branch of the Legisla- ture. For some time these efibrts were unsuccessful, and the fierceness of the struggle greatly excited the colony. In 1837 the agitation was fanned into open violence, and several engage- ments ensued between the insurgents and royalists. Bui the yeara 1840 and 1841 restored tranquillity, the two Caiiadas being re-united iil 1840, hy an Imperial Act, under one administra- tion, and responsible government being definitely established in 1841. The E.^cocutive consisted of a legislative council, to which flu elective principle was applied, a legislative assembly composed of 130 members, G5 from ea;itario are tiie tributaries of the (Mlawa; thi' Frcrnh, the Maganctawan, the Severn, and tiie Not ta\vasa},'a lalluitf into (icor^'iaii l!ny ; the Sail j.'een, the Maillaiiil, and 'he Aux Sables, tallmjj into l/ake Huron; the Thames, runninix S.W. into Lake St. Clair, the (fraud, ll(twin|,'S.K. iiil(» Lake Krie ; the Trent, in pail of ils course called the Otonabce, and the Moira, Howiiig S.M. into the May (d' Qiiinte; and the Nia<^aru, talliiijf into Lake Ontario The iiii!.,'lity St. Law- rence sweeps through the eastcin jiart of the province, i'roin Kiiigstmi, and the Ottawa turins part itf its N.K. boundary. The lakes of Ontario are numerous and niaj;niliigon, Simcoe, Nipissing, and those in the counties north of Lake Ontario, and in the Ottawa and the St. Lawrence rivers, The principal bays arc the Georgian, Nottawasaga, Owen Sound, Long Point, Burlington and Qiiinte. The mineral wealth of the country is ,not surpassed, if indeed it be equalled, by any other in variety and richness. Iron is found in large quantities a short distance back of Lake Ontario, in the country between Georgian Bay and the Ottawa ; also, in the same region, copper, lead, plumbago, antimony, arsenic, manganese, gyi»sum, marble of the finest quality, and building stone. Gold has also been found in the same re- gion. On the north shore of Lake II urnUirio, to avoid the Niagara Falls : the Ridean, between Kingston and Ottawa: and the St. liawrencc canals, rendered necessary by the rapids of tliat river. Two other;, have been for some time contemplated, but their construction is doubtful, one to connect Georgian Hay with Lake Ontario ; the other to connect Georgian Bay with the Ottawa river. The school system of Ontario is admirable. It atfords the children of I lie rich and poor alike the means of free education. It is under the control of a (Jhief Superintendent, and extends over the whole province. The schools are supported by a tax on property, with some assistance from the Legislature, and are free to all. Each Township is divided into school sections, with a Hoard of School Trustees, composed of ;{ persons, to each section. This Hoard employs the teacher and controls the school. There are 53 inspectors of schools for the entire province, but no Inspector has the supervision of more than 120 or less than 50 schools. They are paid partly by the Council and part- ly by the Government. These gentle- men visit their respective schools twice a year, examine into the state of educa- tional matters and send an elaborate Report to the Chief Superintendent of the result of their inspection, and the exact standing of the schools. Roman Catholics may, if they think proper, establish separate schools, and are in such cases exempted from supporting public schools, and receive a separate grant from the Government. In 1872 there were 4,598 public schools, (of which IGO were Roman Catholic sepa- rate schools,) with 44t»,.'^2«> pupils altendiiig tliem. The amount of money expended in their support was $I,H14,- 82 1. The School Act of 1871 has given an immense impetus to public school education, and it is confidently bc- lieveil that the year immediately fol- lowing its passage will show a much greater increase in educational statis- tics than has yet been known. The high (formerly grammar) schools of Ontario number 102, with 7,490 pupils. They are princi])ally confined to cities, • owns and villages. Pupils enter them from the i)ublic schools, and thence to college and the university. The Nor- mal School at Toronto is designed to perfect teachers in their profession, and to show them the bestmethod of teach- ing. Upwards of 300 voung men and women attend it annuaflj/'. The svstem of Teacher's Certificate is as follows : There is a Central Board of Examiners at Toronto, which issues 1st class certificates alone. Each County has a hical Board of Examiners for the grant- ing of 2n«l and 3rd class certihcates. There are two examinations per annum, the papers being got up by the Central Board and sent sealed up to the local Boards. Any candidate who fancies justice has not been done to him may appeal to the PMucation Department. Of late ^ears the status of teaching Quali- fications has greatly increased. There are 17 Protestant universities and colleges, and 3 Roman Catholic col- leges in Ontario. Private schools are few, and generallv in cities and large towns. Tlie total number of Educa- tional Institutions in Ontario, in 1872, was 5,004, with 4fi3,057 pupils, and a total amount available for educational purposes of $2,029,570. The municipal system of Ontario ia among the most perfect in the world. AH religions are free without State pro- ferei e. There arc numerous public institu- tions throughout the province, chiefly under control of the Government. Of these are the Lunatic Asylums at King- ston, Toronto, London, Amherstburg and Orillia ; the Reformatory Prison at Penetanguishene ; the Asylum for the Blind at Brantford ; the Deaf and Dumb Asylum at Belleville; the Normal School, University College,audOsgoodo 24 DOMINION OP CANADA. Hall, Toronto. Otbcr public buildings are in course of construction. The public affairs of the province are administered by a Lieutenant Gov- ernor, an Executive Council of 5 mem- bers, and a Legislative Assembly of 88 members, elected every 4 years. The laws and the mode of administer- ing them are mainly the same as in Eng- land ; the practice, however, is simpler and far less expensive. The Courts are tiitt Queen's Bench, Common Pleas and Chancery, each presided over by a (Jhief Justice and two assistants, and a Court of Error and Appeal, composed of a President and the Judges of Superior Courts of Law and Equity. In each county there is a County Court, presided over by a County Judge. The Judges of the Superior Court (who are all ai)pointedby the Dominion Govern- ment) go circuit to each county through- out the province twice a year, to hold assizes for the trial of civil and criminal cases. The judges of the Court of Chancery also hold their courts in various counties as well as at Osgoode Hall. Ontario is divided into the following counties (which are sub-divided into 88 electoral districts), viz : Counties. Pop. Coiinfy Town. Addington 21,312 .. Napaneo. Algoma District. 7,018 . . Sault S. Marie. Kottiwcll 20.701 .. Sarnia. Brant 32,259 .. Brantford. Bruce 48,515 .. Walkerton. Card well 16,500 . . Brampton Carleton 43,284 .. Ottawa. Dundas 18,777 .. Cornwall. Durham 37,380 .. CobourK. Elgin 33,666 .. 8t. Thomas. i<^8ex 32,697 .. Sandwich. Frsntenac 28,717 .. Kingston. (lirey 59,395 .. Owen Sound. Ualdimand 20,091 .. Cayuga. Ualton 22,606 .. Milton. Hastings 48,364 .. Belleville. Huron 66,165 .. Goderich. Kent 26,836 .. Chatham. Lambton 31,994 .. Sarnia. Lanark 33,020 . . rerth.. Leeds&Grenville 57.918 .. Brockville. Lennox 16,396 .. Napaneo. Lincoln 20,672 .. St. Catharines. Middlesex 82,595 ., London. Monck 15,130 .. Niagara. Muskoka Dist. . . 5,400 .. Bracebridge. Niagara 3,693 .. Niagara. Nipiseing Dist. . . 1,791 .. Bracebridge. Norfolk 30,760 .. Simcoe. Northumberland 39,086 .. Cobourg. Ontario 45,893 .. Whitby. Oxford 48,237 .. Woodstock. Counties. Tarry Sound. . . , Peel Perth Peterboro Prcscott Prince Edward.. Renfrew UuMsell Simcoe Stonuont ..... Glengarry Victoria Waterloo , Welland Wellington , Wontworth York , Pop. 1,519 16,369 46,536 30.473 . 17,647 20,336 27,977 . 18,344 57,389 11,873 20,524 80,200 40,251 20,572 63,289 67,599 115,974 County Town. Parry Sound. Brampton. Stratford. Peterboro . . L'Orignal. Pioton. Pembroke. L'Orignal. Barrie. Cornwall. Cornwall. Lindsay, Berlin. Welland. Guelph. Hamilton. Toronto, Total 1,620,851 Total area of the above counties, 66,097,- 643 acres. The prevailing religion of Ontario is Methodist, liext Presbyterian, then that of the Charch of England. The dioceses of thi latter are five in number,viz.: Toronto, Western Toronto, Ontario, Huron and Algoma. The Roman Catholic dioceses are five in number, viz. : the archdiocese of Tor- onto, and the dioceses of Ottawa, Kingston, Hamilton and London. Ac- cording to the census of 1871, the reli- gious denominations in the province were as follows : Methodists : Wesleyan 286,911 Episcopal 92,198 New Connexion 30,889 Primitive 24,045 Bible Christians 18,225 Other Methodists 14,518 466,786 Presbyterians: Canada 293,275 Kirk 63,167 Church of England. . . Church of Rome Baptists Lutherans Congregationalists. . . , Miscellaneous creeds. Jews Of no religion No creed stated 356,442 330,996 274,162 86.630 32,399 12,858 41,304 518 4,908 13,849 Total 1,620,851 The largest, and in every respect the most important, city is Toronto, the capital of Ontario. This city has a pop- ulation of over 56,000 ; it is well situated on Lake Ontario, very handsomely built, and contains a large number of fine It Q«j Wil upl nit Ini ar(| on| dc( th(| I'lf ■ .~j!rn.. .. w id. DOMINION OF CANAHA. 25 1 '.v. 55,097,- ario is then «?l , The ivo in oronto, ,. The five in )f Tor- Ottawa, a. Ac- the reli- (rovince - 466,786 356,442 330,995 274,162 86.630 32,399 12,858 41,304 518 4,908 13,849 1^^0361 espect the •onto, the hasapop- \\ aituated mely built, er of fine l)uililinp;s. Ottawa is the cajiital of the Doiniiiion, atid is beautifiiU)' situated on tlie river of the same name. It contains tlic Parliament Building?, one of the noblest structures on the American con- tinent. Kingston is a well built and fortiliod city, beautifully situated at the oiillet of Lake Ontario. Hamilton is a tine commercinl city, at the liead of navi- giition on Lake Ontario. London is a iiiindsonie inland city, in the centre of tlio western peninsula. According to late retur is, the total value of the imports of tiie province from all foreign countries in 1872 amounted to $;'.7,523,334, of which $1(3,- 25H,(>;.U were from Great i^.ritain, and $1!>,5r)l, 778 from the United States. The exports for the same period amounted to $jr),r)(;(),410. The imports for Toronto Hlone amounted to $13,0f-^,133. The ti.diories of Ontario yieldod, in 1871, 28,500^ brls., valued "at Sr 185,074. The province of Ontario c( ntainsmany objects of interest to the tourist. Not to speak of its beautiful cities,theThousand Islands of the St. Lawrence, ana the unrivalled scenery on the Great Lakes, there are the world-renowued Falls of Niagara,a never failingsource of attrac- tion, and the Falls of Kaka-ikki. on the River Kanunistiquia, 30 miles from its outlet into the head of Lake Suiierior. Tlie scenery surrounding this fail, although less extensive, vie-: in grandeur and sublimity witli that of Niagara. In hoiiolding it, the spectator is inspired with equal awe, the priucii)ul features are equally striking, while the deei) in- tonation is more sensible Hum that of its rival, and has a nearer resendjlance to t ho roar of distant thupder and the rumblings of an earthquake. Tiie existence of Upper Canada as a distinct province can be dated only from the year 17itl, previous to which it formed part of the old Province of Quebec. Major General J. G. Simcoe Wiis the first Lieutenant Governor ap])ointed, and the first Parliament met at Niagara on Septemi)er 17, 1792. In 1820, dissensions of a political nature arose in Lower Canada, which went on increasing in intensity year bv year, deei)Pned by the national })rejudice of the French and English colonists to each other, u\itil, in 1834, it extended to Upper Canada, and finally terminated in insurrections in both provinces in 1837. These were, however, quickly suppressed. Tlie result of these pro- ceedings was the reuniting of tlie provinces, which took phice in 1840. In 18f)7, under the .\ct of Confede- ration, Upper Canada was en cted a i)roviuce, under the name of Ontario. It is the most populous province in the Dominion,having a jtopulation, accord- ing to the census of 1871, of l,H20,85l. Tlie Indians in Ontario, as far as known, number about 13,000. A work was published in 1863, en- titled " Eighty Years' Progress of British North America," In which an exceedingly interesting article from the pen of T. C. Kecfer, C.E., describes in lively and animated languaj/e the aspect Upper Canada presented • i 1777, only 14 years before it was ereci d into a Province. Ujjper Canada was at that period in possession of the Northern Iroquois, a confederation of the most warlike of the native tribes ; and there are those yet living who remember when — save the few tiamilies around the precincts of the old French forts — not a white man could be found over all the vast area of Canada West. Toronto was then an Indian village, whose warriors speared the salt water salmon in her harbor, or chased the deer through the cotmty of York ; and their squaws then paddled canoes among the rice beds of the smaller lakes, and threshed out the wild grains over the gunwales of their canoes. In the Western peninsula the noble elk herded upon the prairies of St. Clair, or roamed over the oak forests, untroubled by the sound of the settler's axe, and swam the waters where paddle and screw, barque and brig now plow their busy way. Myriads of wihl pigeons from the Soiith annually in- vaded the beech woods and bore down the branches by their weight ; thou- sands of black stjuirrels from the East swam the broad Niagara, and marcl - ed westward in extended line ; while flocks of gorgeously clad turkeys and plump breasted quails stalked solemnly along the wild pathways of the forest, undisturbed by the hoarse roar of the locomotive. In every narrow valley and upon every liTing streamlet the labo- rious beavers arrested the rich alluvion ;•!< I ., B 26 D03IINI0N OP CANADA. and prepared rich meadows for the flocks and herds of the red man's suc- cessors. The hunter and the hunted have exterminated each othev." An erroneous impression prevails, not only on the continent of Europe, but in Great Britain, that the British North American Colonies recently confeder- ated have been completely eclii»sed in growth of population and material re- sources by other conimimities similarly cir(3umstanced ; nevertheless it can be demonstrated with almost the accuracy of a mathematical problem that in their aggregate character these colonies have maintained the highest standard of progress, while in one instance, that of the Province of Ontario, historical re- cords and census returns can be addu- ced to prove beyond contradiction tliat she has kept juxce with the most am- bitious and succesrifnl of lier coniiieti- tors, and can compare favorably with the most prosperous States m the Anierican Union. A statist who draws his inferences from accumulated data, liiids himself fortiiied in his conclusions when depict- ing a country in the possession of a salubrious climate and a grateful soil — inhabited by a poi>ulation indusli'ious and enterprising, proud of their colon- ial connection, needing no army for tiieir ])rotection, only asking time and opportunity to concjuer the wilderness, and with a firm belief in tlieir glorious tlestiny. He takes up their statistical re- turns and finds that Ontario has grown from 120,000 in 1851 to 1,020,851 in 1871, ilms repeating lierself twelve times in fifty years; and looking into the future, yees no obstacle to prevent her attain- ing a population of ten millions before the close of another century. This anticipation is not extravagant, because it is based on the assumption of an annual increase of two per cent., whereas the results for the two last decades exceed that ratio, as the follow- ing figures demonstrate : Population in 1851 952,004 «' " 18(il 1,3'J(),095 « " 1871 1,020,851 Whereas, had the incivase of popula- tion been restricted to 2 per cent, per an- num, the figures would then have been : Population in 1851 952,004 •< " 1801 1,1:12,404 « " 1871 1,370,884 Thus while according t« the census .he actual population in 1S71 was 1,620,851, yet had the increase been but 2 per cent, per annum, the return L-hould have been 249,967 less. Ninety one years ago the entire popa- lation of Upper Canada did not exceed 10,000 inhabitants. There are unmistakable signa that a prolonged period of unexampled pros- l)erity is dawning on Ontario, and It uuiy fairly be assumed that her growth and poi>uIatit>n must for several decen- nial stages equal, if not exceed, tboa* recorded in tne past. Amongst othor reasons for arriving at these conclusions the following are suggestive : The mi- gration of the native born from Ontario has almost ceased, while numbers of American citizens, farmers, manufac- turers, miners, or lumber merckants are niaking that ppovince their home. Emigration from the Eurojjean con- tinent and Great Britain is encouraged by reduced rales of passage money and free grants of 100 acres to actual settlers. The Legislature moreover votes large funds lor the construction of national colonization roads, extending into the unoccupied nublic domain. Railways liberally subsidized, either under con- struction or projected, and intersecting every district, connect every section of the province with that great railway artery of the Dominion, the Grand Trunk, thus affording facilities for the conveyance of emigrants to public lands, enhancing the value of farm pro- duce and real estate, and calling into activity long dormant manufacturing and mining industries. Tile financial statement of the Ontario Treasurer on the l.Sih February, 187;?, revealed a condition of prosperity rarely reached, and is a testimony of the ju-ud- ence antl economy of the i)eopleaiul their aptitude for public allairs. The revenue for 187:5 amounts to ii|i3,098,40 1 ; the exj)enditure, conducted oh a liberal scale, $2,090,94:3. The surplus savings acciunulated since 1867,and invested in interest-bearing securities^ exceed four millions and a quarter, with a further sum of $352,991 cash in bank, besides enormous assets in real estate, pine for- ests and mineral lands. J'rom the 1st July, 18G7,to the l8tJanuary,1873, 1,484 miles of railway have been constructed, or were in course of construction, at an .«j.»,-g^^ *«- w Ame- rican citizens who reported themselves to the emigrant agents as having iter- manently removed to that rrovince. 1 15,075 acres were given away to actual settlers, besides a bonus of ijffJ by the (lovernment to each adult emigrant who entered and resided three months in that Province, and arrangements have been made to turn the tide of Scandi- navian migration towards the vast unoccupied forest lands around Nipis- sing, Georgian I3ay, and the shores of Lakes Huron and Superior, Avherc a brighter sun and more grateful soil will banisii the regrets of the emigrants, and i-eward their industry. No language can convey so vivid a picture of the |)rodigions strides in pop- ulation and civilization of counties, a few years since wild and untenanted, like the present Nipissing region, as the passionless figures of the census. In 1827 the Huron country was an unbro- l,71« Kinpston ll,()97 12,407 Ottawa 7,7r)0 21,646 London 7.035 l5,S2ti lirautford 3.877 8,107 lJ.!lIeville Um 7.316 Chatham 2,070 6,873 Tort Hope 2.471$ 6,114 Brockville 3.2.3)1 5,102 St. Catharines 4,3t)8 7,804 (iuelpli 1,800 6,878 QUEBEC, a province of the Domin- ion of Canada, bounded on the N. by Labrador and Hudson's Bay; on the E. by Labrador and the Gulf pf St. Lawrence ; on the vS. by Baie de.s ('haleurs, New Brunswick and tb ; State of Maine ; on the S.E. by the Slates of New Hampshire, Vermont and New York; and on the S.W. by the Biver Ottawa and the Province of Ontario. Lengtii froi < Lake Temisca- mintiue to Anse an Blanc Sulilon, in the Straits of Belle Isle, about 1,000 miles on a due east and west comse, and from the above named hike to Cape Gasjie, about 700 miles; breadth about 300 miles. The total territorial superficies comprises, land and inland waters, 12,3,747,140 acres, or " statute miles, or 500,079 193,355 square square kilo- metres. The surface of the country is varied and grand, consisting of boundless forests, magnificent rivers and lakes, extensive prairies, bold, rocky heights and foaming cata- racts, diversified by cultivated fields, pretty villages an»l settlements, some stretching up along moinitains, fertile isliinds, rich pastures, and well fed tlocks. Tiie principal monntiiin ranges stretch from S.W. to N.E. and lie nearly })arullel to each otiier. They consist of the Notre Dame or Green Mountains, so culled from the fine forests that cover their slopes, which, fnmi the latitude of the city of Quebec, follow nearly the whole course of the St. Lawrence, on the S. side of which they are situated, and terminate on the Gulf of the same name, between Baie des ('haleurs and (Jaspe Point. On the N. side of the river is the Laurentian range, which forms undulating ridges of about 1,000 feet in elevation ; the Mealy mount^iins stretching from al)out lat. 75" W. to Sandwich Bay. computed to be about 1,500 feet higli, and always covered with snow ; and the Wotchish moun- tains, a short range, of crescent form, between the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Hudson's Bay. The rocky masses connected with the mountain chains that It the St. Lawrence advance in I • places close to the stream, formii.^ precipitous cliffs, frequently 200 and 300 feet high. The banks of the St. Lawrence are in many places composed of schist^ in a decaying or moiildering condition ; and in every quarter granite is found, more or less inclined, but nevtr parallel to the Uoti- 28 DOMINION OP CANADA. zon. In the Gaape district numerous and beaMtifiil specimens of (jiiarlz liave been obtained ; indications of coal have also been traced. The limestone for- mation extends over 80,000 square miles ; the dip is moderate and the strata of limestone generally undisturbed. Along the shores of the estuary and Gulf of 8t. Lawrence horizontal banks of shells appear at various heights from 10 to 100 feet above high water mark, and inland beaches of sand and shingle, with simi- lar shells; as also elevated limestone rocks, scooped out by the waves, and showing lines of lithodomous perfora- tions—all indicating the successive up- heaving of the land since the sea was inhabited by the existing species of testacea. Earthquakes have been very frequent in the province, and some of them of considerable violence. The province of Quebec is richly endowed with mines of gold, copper, iron and other ores. Gold is found chiefly on the banks of the Cliau- diire. Cop])er is found in large quan- tities in the Eastern townships. Iron is found almost everywhere, and is of superior quality. Lead, silver, zinc, platinum, &c., also occur in various sections. The great River St. Lawrence flows through the Province. Just above Montreal it receives from the N. W. the Ottawa, a river 800 miles long, and in no degree inferior to it in inter- est. Below Montreal it receives, on the right, the Richelieu riverj Laving its source in Lake Champlam ; the St. Francis, rising in Lake Memphrema- Eog ; and the baud lore, the outlet of ake Megan tic ; and, on the left, the St. Maurice, the Batiscan and the Saguenay rivers, from 200 to 400 miles in length. The latter is the outlet of the large and beautiful Lake St. John. The climate of Quebec, though similar to that of Ontario,is colder in winter and warmer in summer. Spring bursts forth in great beauty, and vegetation is rapid. In winter the cold is generally steady ; and the atmosphere is clear and bracmg, which renders the sleighing very agree- able and pleasant. Winter generally begins the latter end of November and lasts until the end of March. During the winter months the trees are often- times covered with frost. Nothing can be imagined more beautiful and brilliant Ihiin the eflt'ct of sunshine on a calm day on the frozen boughs, where every l)urticle of the icy crystals sparkles, and nature seems decked in diamonds. The soil is generally rich and adapted to the growth of cereals, hay and green crops. Apples and plums grow in abundance. The greater portion of the province is covertd by forests consisting chiefly of while and red pine. Large quantities of this timber are annually shipped to England and the United States. The other kinds of timber are ash, birch, beech, elm, hickory,black walnut,maple, cherry, butternut, basswood, spruce, fir, &c. On the 30th June, 1872, there were 5,894,018 acres of Crown Lands survey- ed and ready to be disposed of, and over 100,000,000 acres yet unsurveyed. The revenue from timber diies,ground rents, &c., from July 1st, r-67, to June 30th, 1872, amounted to $1,740,908. The lumber regions of Canada must, under judicious management, long re- main a fruitful source of revenue to th' provinces of Quebec and Ontario. Tht auguicntiug and progressive demand in Great Britain and the United States, the West Indies and South America for rough and manufactured timber has given an enormous value within the last decade to timber limits ; and, as a natural result, explorations have been pushed far into the interior, and regions long neglected have acquired a com- mercial value. If we examine the record of the Crown Lands Department for the Province of Quebec we find evidence to show that large areas have bc^en acquir- ed at prices far beyond the rates of forni- erdays. Thus in 1807, when the British North America {)rovinces wore confed- erated, and each province invested with the control of the forest lands within its limits, rough surveys had been made of 192,000 square miles, though only a small portion had been following tables will explain Number uf 8(|uaro miles under li- cense in 1808 25,000 Do do vacant.... 167,000 Total income in 1808 ^$196,116 Number of fquare miles under li- censcinlS72 42.399 Do do vacant 149,601 leased, as the Total income in 1872 9444,762 DOMINION OP CANADA. 29 25,000 167,000 42.399 149,601 Thus 25,00(1 milos in 1868 yielded a roveuiic of $195,115 AVliilc 42.3'Jl) inilcH in 1872 yielded a rovcnueof. f444,7&2 For many years past skilled explorers and surveyors have been employed in tlie interior, making themselves thor- oughly' ao(piainled with tlie nature of tiie soil^ and the quantity and character of the forests. Messrs. Ilussell, Syt.ies and Casgrain were eniidoyed ascertaining the value of the forest lands on tiie l^pper Ottawa above Quinze river, between l^akes Vic- toria antl Expanse, included in latitudes 47' and 48' and longitudes 7tJ' to 7'J\ They were engaged on this duty at inter- v.ils during the years 1800 to 1871 ; and Messrs. W. Wagnor, Lindsay Rus- sell, Duncan Sinclair and Labere, between tlie years 18G5 and 1870 made e.vhaustive explorations of the country around the head waters of the (Jatincaii, ijiiivre and Rouge, but more especial- ly witliin latitudes 4(5' and 47' and longitudes 74 ' and 7iV\ Tiie great ini- jiediment in the path of the lumber mer- chant who acquires distant timber limits is, the enormous cost of clearing out the smaller streams from their in- cumbrances so that logs can be floated ; and also constructing slides to over- come heavy rapids and falls. Humlreds of thousands of d(dlar3 must often be laid out in preliminary works of this character before a single saw log or piece of square timber can be brought to market. These reasons will explain partly why such large areas of forest land do not enjoy a high commercial value, and why the following limits yet await purchasers : M 1 1.Kfl. St. Maiirice territory, limits yot vacant 6.000 Ciatiiieau do do 1,0('0 Upper Ottawa ; somewhat analogous the civil authorities order the civil erection of municipnl corporations. The town- shi|»sare of 10nji;lirih orifjin. After the cession oft^anada to (ireatljritain, the Knglish land system of iioldincf in free and connnon soccaji^e was instituted for the feudal system uponalKJrowu Ijunds, and then the township took tiio place of the seifiniory. The rep;tdiir limits of a townsiiij> are ten miles square, or 100 superlicuil miles. Such townships as are not suli-divided into jtarishes pre- serve for all municipal or other ]>urpose3 their legal limits. The counties were established for the purposes of represen- tation, each county having the right to send one member to the House of Com- mons every live years, and one to the liocal Legislature every four yeai'S. In addition to this each county forms a registration division for registration of niortgages,»1fc. The parish and towushiit municipalities comprised in a county form what is called a county municipal- ity. The ]n"ovince is divided int») 05 electoral districts, viz : Comifics. Pop. (\>inifij Town. Arpenteuil 12,800 . . Lnchnte Arthiibaskii... . 17,tU2 .. St. Clirntophe JURot l!>,4i)l . St. Ilupuos IJeauoo 27.'253 . . St. Francois Uenuharnois.. . 14,757 .. HeauliarnoiH Bellecliasso.... 17.077 •• St, Michel Jicrthier 19.804 .. Hertliier Honaventure... 15,923 .. Now Carlisle Uromo 1.3,757 .. Knowlton Cliamblv 10.498 .. LiinKiieiiil Champliiin.... 22.052 .. IJatiscan Charlevoix.... 15,011 .. St. I'aul's Hay CliateauKuay. . 16,160 .. St. IMartine Chicoutinii .... 17,493 .. Cliicoutinii Compton 13,605 .. Coukshire J)orcneatpr .... 17,779 .. St. Heiirdine Driimmond . . . 14,281 .. Drumiiiondviilo Gasp* 18,731 .. IVrce Hochela^a 26,040 .. JA>nKUP Tointe Huntingdon... 16,304 .. iluntingilun Iberville 16,413 .. St. Atlianase .facquo-s Carticr 11,179 .. Polnto clairo Jolietto 23,075 . . .hiliette Kamournska.. 21,254 .. KainoHra.<»ka Laprairie 11,861 . . J.aprairie L'Assontption. 15.473 .. L'Assoniption J.aval 9.472 . . Sto. Koso Levis 24.8.31 .. Levis L'lslet 13,617 .. St. Jean Port Joli Lotbinicre 20,600 .. Lotbinii're Maskinouj^^.. . 15,079 .. Uivii>re Uu Loup M<'puitic 18.879 .. Leeds Missisquoi 16.922 .. Freiighsburg Montcalm 12,742 .. St. Julienne Montinagny... 13,556 .. St. Thoina.'* Montmorency . 12,085 . Chateau l{lch»>r Montreal, (!... 2ii9i»3 .. Montreal .Montreal. K... 40,291 .. " Montreal. W.. 37,021 .. Nai)ii'rville. ... 11,088 .. Napierville Kicolct 23,202 .. JJ.'cancour Ottawa Co .38,629 .. Hull I'ontiac 25.810 .. llryson I'ortm'uf 22.6t;9 .. Cap Sunt t' tinebec, C... . 18,188 ,. Quebec (iuebt'c, K 28,;j(l5 .. (^uebfc, \V .... 13,200 .. " tJiU'bt'C Co 19,tM't7 . Cb.arle.'^bourg Ikicbmond 11,213 .. KIcbniond NVolfp 8,823 . . Dudswoll HicbelitMi 2ii,048 .. Sorel l{imou.ski 27,418 .. Rimouski Kouville 17,0;i4 . . Marioville Saguonay 4,887 . . Tadousac St. llyaciuthc. 18.310 . St. Ilyacinthc St. Johns 12,122 . . St. Jolms .'^t. Maurice .. . 11,144 .. Yaniachicbe Stan.stead 13.138 .. Stanstcad Sbeflbrd 19,077 .. Waterloo .Shorbrooke ... S.-TIO . . Sberbrooke Soulanges 10,808 Coteau Landing Tenn.scoiiata... 22.;>91 .. Isle Verto Tt'irelMunte.... 19,591 .. St. Jerome Three Rivers. . 8,414 . . Three Rivers Two Mountains 16,t)15 .. Ste. Schohustiquo Vaudreuil ll,tKt3 .. Vandreuil Verclu'-ivs 12,717 .. Vercliores Yaniaska l(i,310 .. St. Fran's, du Lac Total 1,191,610 Total area of the above counties 120,018,964 acres. Land surveyetl in 1800, 29,528 .square miles. For judicial piu'poses the province is divided into 20 districts, each judicial district having ample and equal juris- diction in all nuitters, except as to re- vision and ap|>eal. The Superior Court sits in revision only at Montreal and Quebec ; the Uotirt of Appeal also sits only at Montreal and Quebec. Piiblic instruction is under the control and direction of the Provincial Secreta- tary, who is also called the Minister of Public Instruction, and who is assisted by a Council of 21 members, appointed by the Lieutenant Governor, 14 of whom are Roman Catholics and 7 Protestants. Primary education is so far compul- sory that every citizen is bound to coii- tribute a moderate tax assessed on his property. In municipalities where there are ditterent religious denomina- DOMINION OP CANADA. 31 ir tions the school cominl3sionors of the iiitijorily (fovcrn The sohoolg of the minority are called dissentient schools, whose trustees aro invested with the same authority a? the commissioners of schools of the majority. In tlie cities of Montreal and Quebec there are separate boards of coirimissioiiers for the Protestant rnd Roman Catholic schools. Teache's are train<'d in Nor- mal schools, stipj jrted at the expense of the Province, la 1871 there were in the province 3,fi:i'J elementary schools, 227 model schools, 147 aj^riciiltural, commercial and special schools, and 15 classical collepjes and seminaries. The Protestant Univcisitics.'ire McCJill Col- lege, at Montreal, founded in 1H27, and Bishop's Collofje, Lenuoxville, founded in 184;?. Tiie Roman ('atholic Univer- sity of Laval was founded by the Que- bec Siminary in 1^52. The prevailing religion is that of the Churcli of Rome. The Roman ('atho- iic Dioceses are .~ix in number, viz: the Archdiocese of Quebec, and the Dioceses of Montreal, Tin-ee Rivers, St. Jfvacinthe, Sherbrooke and Rimouski. The Protestant Dioceses are two in number : Montreal, the Metropolitical See, and Quebec. According to the census of 1871, the religious denomi- nations in the province were as follows : Ctiiirch of England.. . Cliurcli of Kume Cliurch of Scotland. . Presby terianH Wt'sleyaii Metliod'sts. Other Methodkits iiaptifltH Cungref^Htionalist^. . . UnitarianB Misccllanoous Cri'ods. .lewa Of no reliKiou No cra'd stated 02,419 33,142 •2(3.737 7.'-'r)!t s,(iS(; 5,240 1 ,()!t8 ll,(i(>7 420 1.4(il Total 1,11>1.610 There arc four cities in the province : Montreal, population 107,225 ; Quebec, 59,669; Three Rivers 7,570; and St. Hyacinthc, 3,746. The principal niann- facturea are cloth, linen, furniture, leather, sawn lumber, flax, hardware, paper, chemicals, soap, boots and shoes, cotton and woollen goods, steam engines and locomotfves, wooden ware of all descriptions, agricultural imple- ments, ships, Ac. The facilities for manuf.icturing afforded by abundant water power are excellent. The public affairs of the province arc administered by a Lieutenant Governor, an Kxccutive Council of 7 members, a Legislative ('ouncil of 24 members, ap- pointed for life, and a Legislative As- send)!y of (;.'■> members. The judicial de- partment comprises a Court of (.Queen's nench, with a Chief Justice and 4 assis- tants; a Superior Court, with Chief JiLs- tice and 2() assistants ; a Court of vico Admiralty ; ('Ourts of Quarter Sessions ; and Courts for the summary trial of small ciiu.ses. According to late returns the total value of the imiHU'ts from all foreign cduntries in 1872 amounted to .'549,;!70,17(;, of which !t;8,97l ,(;58 were from the Uinled Stales, and i?:{:{,7:{l,()14 from (Jreat Britain. The exjiorts for the same pei-iod amounted to Iji 1 1,823,470. The imports for Montreal alone amounled to §40.088 (UiS, and e.xjiorts 5r;i8,171,;!,S4. The chief articles exported were j)Ot and pearl a.^he.s, flour, wheat, oats, barley, butter, ciieese, copper, wool, and bnuber. In 1872 there arrived at the several ports of the pio- vince 1,608 vessels with an aggregate burthen of 1,334,086 tons. During the same period there cleared 1,660 ves.sels ; tons l,13r),7l5. The commerce of the province is greatly facilitated by several canals which avoid the most violent rapids of the St. Lawrence. These are the Lachine canal, extendingfrom Montreal to Lake St. Louis ; the Heauharnois canal, uniting Lakes St. Francis and St. Louis; the Cliambly canal, tniiting Lake ('hamplaiu with the Richelieu river; and the Carillon and tilrenvillo canal. The province contains many grand and beautiful objects of interest to the tourist. The Ottawa and its tributaries abound in falls and rapids of an exceedingly picturesque character. Ascending this stream a little above lligaud you have Carillon Falls, a series of rapids 12 miles in length. Near Ottawa city a branch, called the Ridean, pours its waters down a per- pendicular bed of blue limestone. 50 feet, into the Ottawa. The Chauai^ro Falls, (the Indian name of which is Kanajo, " the Boiling Pot,") in the same DOMINION OF CANADA. I ■ vicinity, are wild and grand. The Fall in no place exceeds 40 I'eet, but the rapids extend 6 miles, and the water foams, tosses, and tumbles among rocks of every shape, in perpetual variety, and in such a manner as never to weary the eye, ajjpearing like a mul- titude of different streams " struggling for a passage." An excellent view of the whole is had from a fine suspension bridge over the Ottawa. One portion of the river is separated from the main stream, and falls into a subterranean passage. When this part of Canada was an unbroken wilderness, an enter- prising American named Pliilemon Wright established himself at tlie falls, selecting the mouth or Hull side as his residence. His descendants include the present Common's Members for the counties of Pontiac and Oltawa. The late Philemon Wright had his attention early attracted to the strange pheuora- enon of a considerable portion of the Cliaudiiire Falls descending into a rocky basin without any apparent outlet. Having built the first saw mill ever erected on the Ottawa rivor, at that part of the falls immediately above the lost channel, and being curious to know its outlet, he followed the course of the river downwards for sixty miles, examining the shore line on each side, but he was unable to discover the slightest trace of the saw dust or saw mill debris daily cast into the lost channel, and to this day the enigma has baffled curiosity and science,and the out- let is a mystery. At these and the other falls are timber slides constructed at great expense. Les Cliats,another series of falls or rapids, 30 miles farther up, are formed by the river breaking, at, high water, over the rocks in 33 distinct shoots, spreading across the river to a width of 4 miles. Some of these sepa- rate shoots would, in many places, be called large rivers and are very remarkable falls, and well worthy the attention of the tourist. At Calumet there is another rapid of scarcely less interest; a fall of 120 feet in the Keepawa branch ; besides, a number of inferior falls and rapids, studded with saw mills, and the banks in many places wild and rugged ; while the river often expands into beautiful lakes. The well known Falls of Mont- morency, 7 uiilc.i bulow (^>ii(ber, with a. perpendicular do.sci'ut »)f 240 feet ; the Falls of the Oliaudicre, on the S. side of the 8t. Lawrence, 10 miles above Quebec, with a perpendicular pitch of 125 feet down a deep chasm ; the beau- tiful Falls of the St. Anne, on the N. shore of the St. Lawrence, 2J miles below Quebec; and the Long Siuit, Cedars and Lachine rapids are all on the fashionable route ot tourists. But the grandest river scenery is to be scv-u nv 1 whit on the Sagueuay river, which enters the St. Lawrence abont 120 mih's bilow Quebec. The lastlJO miles of its courjc are exceedin<:ly sublime. The bunks, varying in h-^ight from 500 to 1,500 feet, are not only often perpeudiculiir, but absolutelv ovorhan^^ing the dark, deep river below " as if to gaze at its own rugged features." The precipi- tancy continn?s below as well na above the water, which has been found as deep within 5 feet of the shore as in liie middle; and lear its mouth a line of 3,000 feet fii ^ d to reach the bottom. The depth in other parts varies from 100 to 1,000 feet. The upper part of the Saguena • abounds in falls and rapids. Exc irsions are made from Montreal and Quebec to this river ia steamboats. The scenery on the N. bank of the St. Lawrence alone is worth the trip. The Indian population of the province of Quebec in 1871 was 8,ori7— Nipis- sings, Algonrjiiins, Abenakis, Hurun.^^, Amalicites, Micmacs, Montagnais and Nasquapees. The provin.'o is said to have been discovered by Sebastian Cabot in 1497; but the first sodlement made by Euro- peans was in 1541, near Quebec, by Jacques Car'ier, a French navig.i- tor, who sailed up the St. Lawrence, to which he gave its present name. In 1008, a permanent settlement was made by the French upon the present site of the city of Quebec. From this period till 17;)0 the French conti uied to occupy the country, though much harassed by various tribes of Indiana, particularly the Iroquois ; but in the year last named an English army, under General Wolfe, captured Quebec ; and by September 8, 1700, all other jtlaces within the government of Cana- da were surrendered to the British, and r bOMlNION OP CANADA. 3d ^ii' the French powci' entirely anni- hilated. In 1792 the urovinco was divided into Upper and Lower Can- ada, but in 1840, after serioua political dissensions, they were reunited under the name of the United Provinces of Canada. In 18G7, they were again separated, and under the names respec- tively of Ontario and Quebec, form the two most important provinces in the Dominion of Canada. NOVA SCOTIA, (originally ACA- DIA.) a province of the Dominion of Canada, lying between ^3'' 25 and 47^ N. lat., and between 59' 40 and 66^ 25 W. Ion. It consists of a long, narrow peninsula called Nova Scotia proper, and the Island of Cape Breton, which is separated from the mainland by the Strait of Canso. It is bounded N. by Northumberland Strait (which separates it from Prince Edward Island) and by the Gulf of St. Lawrence ; N.E., S. and S.E., by the A.lantic Ocean ; W. by the Bay of Fundy ; and N, by New Brunswick, with which it is con- nected by an isthmus only 11 miles wide, separating the Bay of Fundy from Northumberland Strait. Greatest length from S. W. to N. E., 350 miles ; greatest breadth, about 120 miles ; area 21,731 square miles, equal to 13,382,003 acres. The country is beautifully varie- gated by ranges of lofty liills and broad valleys.both of which run longitudinally througn the province. Its Atlantic fron- tier, for 5 to 10 miles inland, is com- posed chiefly of a poor soil, though rich in gold and other minerals. The Cobequid range of mountains, as they are called, run through the interior of the Province. The summits of a few of the conical mounts of this range ascend 1,100 feet and are cultivable nearly to their tops. On each side of these mountains are two extensive ranges of rich arable lands, where agricultural operations are carried on extensively and with profit. From Briar Island, at the extremity of Digby Neck, and Capes Split and Blomedon, a dis- tance of 130 miles along the Bay of Fundy, extends a ridge of mural *pre- cipices,in many places presenting over- hanging masses of trap rocks from 100 to 600 feet in height. These frowning crags, with their crowded forests of fir, are first seen by the mariner in crossing the Bay of Fundy; their height servos to protect the interior from the driving fogs of the bay. Beyond this barrier lies the rich and beautiful valley of the Annapolis. The south eastern coast of Nova Scotia is remarkable for the number of its capacious harbors, there being no fewer than 12 ports capable of receiving ships of the line, and 14 of sufficient depth for merchantmen, between Hali- fax and Cape Canso, a distance of not more than 110 miles. There arc also some excellent harbors on the S. VV. coast and on the N. side of the province. The Island of Cape Breton is second only to Nova Scotia proper in the num- ber and capacity of its harbors. The Big Bras d'Or is one grand harbor, while around the coast and in the Strait of Canso there are many fine harbors. Nova Scotia is beautifully diversified with rivers iind lakes, covering an area estimated at 3,000 square miles. The largest lake in Nova Scotia proper is Lake Rossignol, being twenty miles in length ; the next largest is Ship Harbor Lake, 15 miles long; Grand Lake, dis- charging its waters northward through Shubenacadie river to Cobequid Bay ; and College Lake, in the eastern part of the peninsula. The lakes of Cfapc Breton are much larger and more im- portant. The principal of these, how- ever, are inland seas, rather than lakes. The great Bras d'Or Lake is a magnifi- cent expanse of water, of great depth, about 50 miles in length, and abounding with the best (luality of fish. Of the rivers of Nova Scotia 15 flow into Nor- thumberland Strait; four into St. George's Bay ; 17 into the Atlantic, and 24 into the Bay of Fundy. The most important are the Shubenacadie, the Avon and the Annapolis, flowing into the Bay of Fundy ; the St. Mary's, Mus- quodoboit. La Have and Liverpool, flowing into the Atlantic. All the rivers are, with few exceptions, naviga- ble for coasting vessels for distances varying from two to twenty miles. The most remarkable body of water in the province is Minas Basin, the east arm of the Bay of Fundy, penetrating 60 miles inland and terminating in Cobequid Bay. The tides here rush in with great f^ ■ ■ I .. ■Aw>-.j-.-.triKJ»-^'HHN fj Mi j ^ ^tt^ . j^aa'^^ ,.,,j^^ ^1 34 bOMINION OF CANADA. impctuoaity, and form what is called the bore. At the equinoxea they have been known to rise from 40 to 60 feet, while in Halifax harbor, on the opposite coast, the spring tides rise only from <3 to 8 feet. The other principal bays are Ht. George's Bay and Chedabiicto Jolis county, for instance, the mercury in the coldrst winters rarely lialls below zero. The coldest season is from the last week in December until the first week of March. The springs are tedious, the summer heats being for a brief season excessive ; vegetation is singularly ranid, and the autumn is delightful. Dense fogs are at cer- tain seasons prevalent along the Atlantic coast. Wheat, rye, oats, barley, buckwheat, Indian corn, potatoes, turnips, mangel '^urlzel, tomatoes and other grains and roots grow in abundance and perfection. Apples, pears, plums, cherries and other garden fruits attain the utmost perfec- tion. In some sections of the country peaches and grapes rii)en in the open air. The apple orchards of Annaftolis and King's counties are very productive, and extend along the roadsides in uu un- broken line for 50 miles. The manufactures of Nova Scotia are yet but very limited. Coarse cloths, called "homespuns" are made by the pea- santry, and are generally worn by that class. Coarse flannels, bod linen, blan- kets, carpets and tweeds, are also manu- factured. Tanning is carried on to some extent ; and in the towns and villages, boots, sh"" , saddlery, harness, house- hold furniture and agricultural imple- ments are made in large quantities. In the neighborhood ot Halifax, tobacco, printing and wrapping paper, machin- ery, nails, pails, fuse, gunpowder, car- ■I »Mm ewr- DOMINION OF CANADA. 35 naj^es, and some other articles are mniiufacturud. The goographieal position of Nova SJcotia id highly favorable to coniimir- cial pursuit8,and as the natiiralresoiirct's becomo more fully dcvflopcd there is no doubt horcoinmcrce will very largely in- crease. The imports of the i)rovinco for 1872 amounted to $12,433,747, of vvhi(th $(1,113,204 were from England, and $3,- 01)0,501 from the United Stales. The exports during the same period amount- ed to $7,538,401. The largest portion of the exports were drr,*vu from the lish- ing and mining into ests. If wo ex- cept Newfoundland. .* va Scotia may be said to possess the hncst lisheries in the world. There is no part of its const of 1,000 miles where a profitable hshory may not be jiursued. Its bays and harbors, and inland lakes and rivers, teem with salmon, cod, halibut, had- dock, nmckerel, herring, shad, lobsters, &c. The value ofliyh caught in LSTl amounted to $5,101,030 ; number of men employed in the fisheries, 20,:!13. Shipbuilding is very extensively en- gaged in in Nova Scotia. Ill 1872, 188 vessels were built, with an aggrej:;ate burthen of 52,882 tons. There are 300 miles of railway in operation in the i>rovince. The Inter- colonial proceeds trom tlalifax to Amherst, 138 miles, and thence to St. John, N.IJ. ; and from Truro to Pictou 52 miles. The Windsor and Anna]u)iis proceeds from Windsor Junction to Annapolis, 110 miles. Tiie extension of the latter road to Yarmouth is projected. Another line, to run from New Glasgow to Louisburg, is also })rojected. Louisbourg is one of tlie inest harbors in the Island of Cai)o Breton. It is oi>en all the year round, and admirabl}' adapted as a winter port. There are two canals in the pro- vince — one from Halifax to Cobeqiiid Bay, and the other connecting St. Peter's Bay, on the Atlantic coast of Cape Breton Island, with Bras d'Or Lake ; length 2,300 feet. The Electric Telegraph is established all over the province, and extends through all the other provinces. A message may be sent from Halifax di- rect to California. The Atlantic Cable gives Nova Scotia telegraphic commu- nication with Europe. The public affairs of the Province are admiuifltered by a Lieutenant Gov- ernor, an E.\ecntive Council of 9 mem- bers, a Legislative Council of 21 mem- bers, appointed for life, and a Legis- lative Assembly of 38 members, elected every four years. The laws are dispensed by a Supreme Court, cimiposedof a Chief and JTaasistantiug- tices, a Court of Error, of Viee- Admi- ralty, and of Marriage and Divorce. In each county there is a Court of Probate, which has control of the property ol deceased persons. The following table shows the coun- ties of Nova Scotia and Cajie Breton, with the capitals and population of each in Ks71 : l',r>12 . . Aiitigouiijh. Ciipe Itrt'toii.. 20,454 Sydney. ('ulcliest4>r '2iiM',U .. Truro. Cuuiberluud... 2o,r>IS .. Anilierst. Ditihv 17,(«7 .. Digby. (iuy.sbomuf;]!.. lG,f»{j5 .. (iiivsborougli. llaliliix WJ.IMW .. llalilux. lluntw 2l.im .. WliulHor. inveriieH8 2^,41& .. I'urtllood. Kings 21,r)l(t .. Kentville. liUn«>nburg 2.'},S;}1 . . Liuitinburj,;. rictou......... fi2,ll4 .. I'ictou. Qiieonn 10,554 .. JJvei^iool, Kiclimond 14,2()S .. Arichat. SholbiiriK' 12,417 .. Hhelburue. Victoria 11,346 .. Haddeclt. Yarmoutli 18,550 .. Yannoulh. Total 387,800 Total area of tlio above counties lo,;iH2,020 acres. llaiifa.x is the chief city in Nova Scotia. Its harbor is the finest in America, and protected by a fortress armed with powerful batteries of three and six hundred pounders Armstrong rifled guns. Small towns and villages arc scattered over the province, which are accessible from the most remote districts by railway or steamboat, or good carriage roads. Education is free to the children of all classes in Nova Scotia. There are numerous public schools and academies, besides a normal and model school, several convents, and 6 colleges, viz : Dalhousie College and University, St. Mary's College, (R.C.,) and the Presby- terian College, Halifax; Acadia Col- lege, (Baptist,) Wolfville ; St. Francia .'i... T iia ai a aa aaOTniiii i Y i i i r ii , jj i um mw h 36 DOMINION or CANADA. College, (R.U.,)Antigonish; nnd King's College and University, Windsor. Tli« latter, belonging to tliu Church of Eng- land, was founded in 1787. There are two Roman Catholic Dio- ceses in the province — the Arch- diocese of Halifax, and the dioceao of Arichat; and one Chiirch of Eng- land — Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island. The following table, taken from the census returns of 1871, shows the various religious denominations and the number of their adherents : Church of Knglnnd 55,124 Church ufUome 102,0U1 Church of Scotland 21,5.0 I'rt'Hbytorlttns 82,000 linptiHtri 73,430 WoHh'van Methodists 38,U83 Ot hor Mothodists 2,U94 Congrogatiniialists 2,538 Otliur Douoniinations 0,822 Jews Ofno religion 116 No creed stated 1,353 Total 387,800 Nova Scotia was iirsl visited by John Cabot and his son Sebastian in 1497, but was not colonized by Europeans until 1604. when De Monts, a French- man, and nis followers, and some Je- suits, attempted for 8 years to form settlements in Port Royal, St. Croix, &c., but were finally expelled from the country by the English governor and colonists of Virginia, who claimed the country by right of the dis- covery of the Cabots. In 1G21, Sir William Alexander applied for and obtained from James I., a grant of the whole country, which t ^ proposed to colonize on an extensive scale, and in 1623 the attemi)t was made ; but the proposed colonists finding the various points where they wished to establish themselves thronged by foreign adven- turers, did not think it prudent to at- tempt a settlement, and therefore re- turned to England. During the reign of Charles I., the Nova Scotia baronets were created, and their patents ratified in Parliament ; they were to contribute their aid to the settlement, and to have portions of land allotted to them ; their number was not to exceed 150. In 1654,Cromwell sent an armed force and took possession of the country, which remained with the English till 1667, when it was ceded to France by the Treaty of Breda. Hut the Eiigliah from time lo time attacked the French colo- ni.sts at various p(>iiit.«>, till 171.'^ when the country was finally ced«Ml to Kng- laiul. In 1703 the Island ot Cape Bret«)n was annexed lo Nova Scotia. In 1784, the province of Now Hruii.swick uii.s created ; and in 18i>7. Nova Scotia be- came a member of tlie Dominion of Canada. NEW BRUNSWICK, a j)roviiu'e ol the Dominion ot Canada, iMJniided on the N. W. by the province of Quebec, from which It is separiiled by the River Restigouclie ; N. by Bale Clialeurs ; E. by the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Northum- berland Strait, tlie latter separating it from Prince Edward I=tland; S. by the Bay of Fundy and part of Nova Scotia ; and on the W. liy the State of Miiine, from which it is separated by the St. Croix and St. John rivers ; extending from hit. 45^ 5 to 48 40 N., Ion. 63 50 to 68 W.; greatest length from N. to S. 230 mile.; ; btvudth 190 miles ; area 27,322 .square miles, equal to 17,486,280 acres. Its coast line is about 500 miles iu length, inter- rupted only at the point of junction with Nova Scotiji, where an isthmus of not more than 11 miles iu breadth con- nects the two territories and separates the waters of Northumberland Strait from those of the Bay of Fundy, and which it is uroposed to unite by means of a canal, called the Bay Verte Canal. The surface of the country is gen- erally fiat or undulating. Tliere are some hills skirting tlie Bay of Fundy and the Rivers St. John and Restigouclie, but they nowhere assume mountain summits. The shores of the Gulf of St. Lawrciiceand Northumber- land Strait abound in fine ship harbors (each at the mouth of a considerable river) from which is exported much fine timber. For about 12 miles inland the country is low and skirted with marshes. The face of the province is tra- versed in all directions by naviga- ble rivers, chief of which is the St. John, 450 miles in length. It is navi- gable for vessels of 100 tons to Freder- icton, 90 miles from the sea. Above this point smaller steamers ascend 65 -i'l: ■f.,i liOMINION OI' rANAI>A. St i* ■:ir* 11' milofl, to Wooilritock, and occnsionlly nmku trips us fur ii8 tlio Tohicnie. 75 mik'S fiirtlior up, anrtion of the surface is covered with dense forests of pine, hackmatac, spruce, cedar, &c., &c., which provide immense quantities of timber both for export and shipbuild- ing. All kinds of cereals and fruits (except peaches) ripen perfectly and are of excellent quality. The potatoes raised in this province are the best in the world. Turnips, peas, beans, and other leguminous plants thrive admirably. A most proiitablc crop is grass, which occupies about four- fifths of the land on every large farm. Agriculture, however, has made but slow progress, and the demand for food is far beyond the supply raised on the soil. The inhabitants generally find it more profitable to follow the lumbering business. The rivers, lakes and sea coast ot New Brunswick abound with fish of almost every variety. In Baie des Chaleurs immonse shoals are seen, darkening the s 'irface of the water. The- .3ay of F'uirly ••.ds long been celebrated for ts f".'* ^i'"3. The yield from its wa{?r-. iu iSu; . as val- ued at $270,239. In l^U there were 5,161 men employed in the New Bruns- wick fisheries, and the total value of fish caught was estimated at $1,185,033. The salmon fisheries of New Brunswick are among the finest in the world. The Buctoucbe, Oaraquette and Cocagne oyster beds are as prolific as they are famous, and the finest lobsters are found in profusion. Ship-building is extensively prosecut- ed in the province, more especially at St. John and on the Miramichi. Vessels are also built at St. Andrews, a^ various coves and harbors on the Bay of Fundy. along the banks of the St. John and Petitcodiac; and at Cocague, Richi- bucto, Bathurst, Dalhousie, Campbell- ton, and other ports on the north shore. The total number of vessels built in 1871 was 108, with an aggregate bur- then of 33,353 tons ; in 1872, 93 vessels were built (tons 36,464.) The principal articles manufactured in New Brunswick are sawn lumber, leather, cotton and woollen goods, wooden ware of all descriptions, paper, iron castings, nails, mill machinery, lo- comotives, steam engines, &c. The nmmber of saw mills in the province is very large. The great extent of sea coast, with its numerous bays and navigable rivers flowing into them, furuisn admirable facilities tor commerce. The principal exi)orts are fish, timber and lumber, iron, coal, gy|)suni, shooks, hay, &c. The chief imjiorts are wlieat. Hour, and cornmeal, corn and other grain, salted meats, coffee, sugar, tea, molasses, to- bacco, woollen, cotton and silk manu- factures, fruits, &c. The total value of the imports for 1872 amounted to $9,364,652, of which $5,738,439 were from Great Britain, and $2,599,811 from the United States. The exports for the same period amounted to $5,719,734. The imports for St. John alone amount- ed to$7,354,099, and exports $3,650,181. There are five railways in the i>ro- vince, two of which are still under con- struction—the Intercolonial aud tlie New Brunswick. The completed part of the Intercolonial runs from St. John to Halifax, with branch to Shediac, and from Moncton to the Miramichi. The head offices are at Moncton. lu 1875, the whole of this important road will be in working order. The European and North American railway (consolidated) run from St. John westward to the State of Maine, connecting at Fredericton Junction with the Fredericton Branch railway, at McAdam with the New Brunswick and Canada railway, and at Bangor with the railway system of the United States. It is intended that this road shall form a connection with the St. Francis and Lake Megautic later- n , JIJe f -"^-"- ■ 5 bOMINlOJf OP CANADA. 39 national railway, now in course of con- struction from Sherbrooke eastward. When this road is built the distance by rail, between Montreal and St. John, will be reduced to 430 miles. (By the Intercolonial the distance is 7(33 miles). The New Brunswick and Can- ada railway (the oldest railway in the province) proceeds from St. Andrews to Woodstock, with branches to St. Stephen, and Houlton, Me. At Wood- stock it connects with a branch of the Riv. du Loup railway. This line is run- ning between Predericton and Wood- sto«^ and Hartland. From the latter place it is being built to Riv. du Loup. Telegraph wires connect New Brunswick with the United States and the western provinces of the Dominion on the one hand; and with Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, New- foundland and Europe on the other. The province is divided into 14 counties, the names of which, and pop- ulation in 1871, with their capitals, are exhibited in the following table: Counties. Pop. County Toton. All)ert 10,r)72 .. Hopewell Carleton 19,9;i8 .. Woodstock Charlotte 25,882 .. St. Androws Gloucester 18.810 .. Bathurst Kent 19,101 .. Richibucto Kings 24,953 .. Hampton Northumberland . 20.116 . . Newcastle Queens 13,847 .. Gagetown Kestiffouche 5,575 .. Dalhousie St. John 52.303 .. St. John Suubury 6,824 .. Oromocto Victoria 11,641 .. (i rand Falls Westmorland 29,336 .. D^icliostor York 27.140 . . F.edoricton Total 285,594 Total area of the above counties, 17,393.- 410 acres. There are two Roman Catholic dioceses in the province — St. John and Chatham; and one Church of England, Fredericton. The fol- lowing~table, taken from the census returns of 1871, shows the various reli- gious denominations and the number of their adherents : Church of England 45,481 Church of Home 90.016 Church of Scotland 9,530 Presbyterians 29,322 Baptists 70,597 Wesleyan Methodiste 2K.212 Other Methodists 3,623 Congregationalists 1.1^ Other Denominations 3,149 Of no religion 131 No creed titated 392 Jews 48 Total 285,594 New Brunswick devotes annually out of the Provincia? revenue $120,000 to educational objects. The educational institutions supported by law are a Provincial University, a Training or Normal school for teachers, and a system of common schools ranging from the primary to the grammar or high school department The common schools ATe/ree to all, being supported from tlie Provincial revenue, and by rate upon the entire property of the country. The chief part of the inhabitants are emigrants from Great Britain, and their descendants. There are a number of French Acadians, settled chiefly in the counties on the north shore and in the valley of the Madawaska, and there are also a small number of Micmacs, Meli- cites, and utiier Indians in the northern part of the province, and on the St. John river. The number of Indians in New Brunswick in 1871 was 1,403. The affairs of the province are ad- ministered by a Lieutenant Governor, aided by an Executive Council of 9 members, a Legislative Council of 18 members, appointed for life, and a House of Assembly of 41 represenUitives. elected every 4 years. T' . judicial department comprises a Sup eme Court, with a chief and 4 puisne judges having Law and Equity jurisdiction; one of Marriage and Divorce, a Vice Admiralty Court, and a County Court for each county in the Province. The provincial legislature meets at Fredericton. New Brunswick was first settled by the French in 1039. It continued to form part, with Nova Scotia, of Acadia, or New France^ till it fell into the hands of the British, after the conquest of Quebec. The first British settlers in the province emigrated from Scotland to the Miramichi m 1764; and in 1784, New Brunswick was separated from Nova Scotia and erected into a sepa- rate province. In 1875, ttie standing timber in the district around Miramichi Bay took fire, and enveloped an area of 6,000 square miles in flames, consuming two thriving towns, many large yesacls lying in Miramichi river, and destroying i\ r\ 40 DOMINION OF CANADA. 500 human beings. In 18u7, this pro- vince united with Ontario, Quebec and Nova Scotia in forming the Canadian Confederation, and is the fourth largest Province, as regards population, in the Dominion. PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND for- merly called ST. JOHN'S ISLAND, a Province of the Dominion of Canada, situated in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, between 46-" and 47 ' 7 N. lat., and G2^ and 64' 27 W. Ion. It is washed by the Gulf on tlie N., and separated by Northumberland Strait from New Brunswick on the E. and Nova Scotia on the S. Greatest length 130 miles ; breadth, 34 miles — in its narrowest part, near the centre, it is only 4 miles wide. Area, 2,134 miles, or 1,365,760 acres. The coast line i)re- sonts a remarkable succession of large bays and projecting headlands. Of the latter the most prominent are North Cape on the N.W., West Cape on the S.W., and East Cape on the N.E. ; the largest bays are those of Richmond on the N.'W., Egmont on the S.W., Hillsborough on the S., and Cardigan on the E. These bays, by penetrating into the land from opposite directions, form narrow istlimuses which make a natural division of the Island into three distinct peninsulas. This natural division has been adopted as the basis of a nearly corresponding civil division into Prince's county in the W., Queen's county in the centre, and King's county in the E. The surface of Prince Edward Island undulates gently, nowhere rising so high as to become mountainous or sinking so low as to form a monotonous flat. At one time the whole Island was covered with a dense forest of beech, birch, maple, poplar, spruce, fir, hemlock^ larch and cedar ; and though destructive fires, lumbering and cul- tivation have Duide large gaps in it, a considerable part of the original forest still remains. The whole Island is eminently agricultural and pastoral. The soil consists generally of a light reddish loam, sometimes ap))roaching to a strong clay, but more frequently of a light and sandy texture. The Krevailing rock is a reddish sandstone, ut a large part of the surface is allu- vial and entirely free from stone. No minerals of the least consequence have yet been discovered, and even lime- stone and gypsum appear to be want- ing. The climate is much milder than that of the adjoining continent, and the air, generally free from the fogs which spread along the shores of Nova Scotia, is remarkably salubrious. The winter is long and cold ; but the sum- mer, without being oppressively hot, is eminently fitted to promote the growth and maturity of all the ordinary cereals. The principal crops are wheat, barley and oats, all uf these abundant and of excellent quality; pease and beans are equally good, and potatoes and turnips are nowhere surpassed. The land not cultivable consists of soft, spongy turf, or a deep layer of wet, black mould, which may prove valuable for fuel. The fisheries are very valuable, especial- ly on the north coast, which is much frequenied by mackerel and cod. The mauufiicturcs are chieHy for domestic use. Shipbuilding is prosecuted with considerable enterprise. The public affairs of Prince Edward Island are administered by a Lieutenant Governor, an Executive Council of 9 members, a Legislative Council of 13 members, and a Legislative Assembly of 30 representatives. Justice is adminis- tered according to the laws of England, The total population of the Island in 1871 was 94,021, an increase of 13,160 since 1861, and of 89,921 since it first became a British possession (1758.) The following table shows the coun- ties, with the capital of each : Counties. CapitcU. Queena Charlottfitown . Kings Geoi'gutuwn. Prince 8uiiunoriiido. These counties are divided into 67 townships and three royalties. The inhabitants consist of descendants of Scottish, Irish, Acadian, French, Eng- lish, and other settlers. The free school system was intro- duced in 1853. The'ro are about 375 district schools, 15 grammar schools, various private schools, a normal and model school, and two colleges,— Prince of Wales (Protestant),and St. Dunstan's (Roman Catholic.) It is the law of the Island that the Bible be read in tlie public schools. li^ T No I have " lime- ^ant- than and fogs Nova The sum- lOt, \s •owth reals. »ailey md of IS arc irnips id not r turf, aould, fuel. )ecial- inuch The mestic I with ■T;,i.i-iV.»iiir.iiii In DOMINION OF CANADA. 41 The Lord I'.i.sliop of Nova Scolia fXLTcitfcs Episcoiiiil authority ovor the Isliind. The Konian Ciitholics have Olio Diocese, Charlottotown. The religious denomiuatious in the province, according to the census of 1871, are as follows : Churcli of England 7,220 tMuirch of Uomc 40,7(56 Pr('Hbyt(^ri'.i lis 2!).r>79 AVi'sh'vnn Mothodi.-ts 8,3iil UaptistH. 4,371 Hiblc Christians 2,7()!» ( itluM- I'rotestaiits 1,008 \.i uakors 8 Total ftl.021 Prince Edward Island has tclcgrajihic communication with ilie continent of America and Europe by means of a sub- niaiiiie cable, 11 miles iu length, con- uectiiig the Island with New Brunswick. In 1872 the building of a railway to connect Charlottetown with the prin- cipal places on the Island was com- nuMiced. Tliis railway is 200 miles in leuglh, viz. : Trunk line, from Cas- cumpeque to Georgetown, 147 miles ; Western ex ension, from Cascumpeque to Tignish, 1?> miles ; Eastern branch, from Mount Stewart to Souris, 40 miles. Tlie gauge is 3 ft. G in. It tra- verses nearly the wliole length of the Island from Tignish on the nortli to Georgetown and Souris on the east, connecting also with Summerside (I5e- deipie harbor) and Charlottetown on the south. iSummerside is about 3h hours' run by steamer from Point du Cliene, the northern terminus of the New Brunswick railways. Cliarlotte- town is about GO nules or 5 hours' run by steamer froi.i Pictou, the northern terminus of tlie Nova Scotia railways. Tignish and Cascumpeque are depots of the Gulf fisheries. Georgetown an VViiiiiipt'K 215 St. John 326 Kildonan 343 St. Paul's 3r>4 St. AndrewH (south) 6^/i St. Andrews (north) 832 St. elements 447 St. r^'t.TM KIS Scauterbury 17 St. Anne 323 St. James and Fort 448 ilondiugly ^ 332 St. Krativois \avier.... 1,837 St. PaurH 6 St. Cliarlos 335 White Mud Portage I , ■ . AVcst dome Mission ) "** Hipth Bluir. 275 Poplar Point 512 Oak Point 142 I^ake Manitoba 145 St. Paul's in Bay 316 J^ong Lake 93 Total 11,953 In 1872, telegraphic communication Avas established between Manitoba and the United States. There are no railway's in the pro- vince, bnt several are projected. One from Fort Oarry to Pembina will con- nect Manitoba with the railway system of tlie United States. It is a branch of the Canada Pacilic. The Canada Pacific, when built, will add immensely' to the growth and prosperity of the Province. Steamers jdy on Red River, between Port Garry and Moorhead, Minnesota, a station of the Northern Pacilic Railway. Fort Gany is now reached by way of St. Paul, Moorhead and Pembina; also by the Dawson or Canadian route from the head of Lake Superior. Distant frr -. Montreal 1,586 miles. When the Canada Pacific Railway is built this distance will be reduced to 1,'2G0 miles. Every Ao»f?-y?(/^ settler receives a home- sti'Oil or a free grant of IGO acres of land. The total value of imports for 1872 was !ig942,'247 ; exports $841. This section of North America was first visited by the French. Chevalier de la Verandrye built a fort at the month of the A.ssiniboinc in 1731. The French continued to trade there alone for many j'ears, but in 1767 the first English traders visited it, and soon several rival companies were in opera- tion. These finally dwindled into the famous North West Company, which in its turn was absorbed by the Hud- son's Bay Company, chartered by King Charles IF in 1670. The latter company having sold a tract of land to the Hon. Thomas Douglas, Earl of Selkirk, on both sides of tne Assiniboine and of the Red River, his lordship planted there, in 1812, a colony known by the name ot Selkirk Settlement, Red River Settle- ment, or also Assiniboia. In 1836 the Hudson's Bay ('ompany repurchased from the iieirsof Lord Selkirk the same tract of land ceded to his lordship in 1811, and continued to exercise author- ity over that portion of Rupert's Land by the appointment of the Governor and Council of Assiniboia, which, in course of time, especially after the set- tlers had declared independence of trade in 184!), formed a rather independent administration for the local affairs in the colony, the limits of which extended but fifty miles around Fort Garry. It is that colony that now forms the great- est ])art of the new province of Manitoba. Tlio Hudson's Bay Company never claimed any proprietary rights on the North West Territories proper. These territories formerly included nothing but tile lands east of the Rocky Moun- tains, watered by the rivers running towards the Arctic Sea. The Charter of tile Company merely included Rupert's Land, i.e., the lands watered by the tributaries of Hudson's Ray. These two immense portions of coun- try outside of the province of Manitoba are now known by the same name of North West Territories. In March, 1869, the Hudson's Bay Company agreed to hand to the Im- perial Government their territorial rights and governing responsibilities, and on the 16th of July, 1870, England banded the whole to the Canadian gov- ernment. It was during that period that the Red River troubles took ulace. The transactions between England and Canada, as well as the Hudson's Bay Company, having been made without consulting and even payi. ^ aoy atten- tion to the government and people of fWHii ■ »ilii«i' ftia»rgl»U>M »l. At tiic time of the Conquest the Catholic missions were abandoned ; they were resumed in 1818 by tiie Revs. J. N. Provencher and S. J. N. Dinnoidin, from Quebec. The Rev. J. N, Provenelier was consecrated bisliop of Juliopolis in 1H2"J, and afterwards nominated bisiiop of Si. Honiface. That see was created an Archbisliopric in 1871, and is now oc- cui»ied by the Most Rev. Alexandre Tacho, D.D. A Church of England Vnshopric was created in 1S4D. Rev. David Anderson, was the first bishoj* of Rupert's Land, and wag succeede4^ miles ; breadth about 400 miles. Area 350,000 square miles. The ct)ast line is dcejily indented. The northern part of the colony is diversified with n)ountaiu, lake and river ; is of extraordinary fer- tility, producing all Canadian cereals and vegetables, and iruits in larger measure than any part of even Ontario, and with a mining region (Omineca,) at the head waters of the Peace, Skeena, and Eraser rivers, which, though very imperfectly explored, (owing to their inaccessibility to general travel) gives indications of being very rich in gold and silver. The southern and middle part includes the rich gold valley of Eraser river, and is well adajtted for pasturage, and also, with irrigation, for agricidture; stmie parts, however, such as the Cliilcotin plains, and the great and beautiful valley of the Okan- agon, re(piire no artificial irrigation, nor does any part of the seaboard. Throughout the whole extent of the province there is an abundance of forest land, the timlier on wliich is of the most valuable descriptiim. One kind especially, the Douglas pine, yields spars from i>0 to 100 feet in length, and from 20 to 24 inches in diameter. The tree is very often from 150 to 300 feet in lengthy without knots or branch- es, and the dmmeter varies from six to ten feet, and in quality is about twice Hi strong as Canadian red i>ine, and being more gummy, is more diu-ableatid takes a belter hold. At Burrard Inlet, 1) miles frt)m New Westminster, there are pine trees 27 to 30 feet in ammeter. The yearly exports of timber amoinit to about ^250,000, but the vast forests have hardly been touched. The mineral resources of British Columbia are very great. G(dd is found all along the Eraser and Thomp- son rivers, and in great abundance in the Cariboo district, the yield in that one locality exceeding, in 1870, one million dollars, while the yield of the entire province for the past ten years has exceeded twenty-two million dol- lars. Silver and copper are also to be had in abundance, but the mines have not as yet been very largely worked. The true wealth of the province, how- ever, is its coal fields, which are inex- haustible, easy of access and easily worked. Bituminous coal is found on the mainlandandon Vancouver Island ; and anthracite coal on Queen Charlotte Island. The latter has been sold in San Francisco for $20 per ton. The fisheries, which will some day prove a source of national wealth, are amongst the most valuable known. The climate t)f British Columbia is mild and favor- able enough to allow animals to live in the open air throughout the winter, and in many parts the plaius and bills are covered with an herb called bunch If ■^ DOMINION OF CANADA. 45 M grass, which | o.-i.soascshijjhl^ niitritioui^ qiiiilitics and keeps cattle in oxcellcnt condition during the wh«)le winter. Winter hists from November till March ; hut snow seldom remains long on the gronnd. The prevailing winds are from the N. in summer, and from the S. and W. in winter. The area of the land fit for agricultu- ral settlement is estin\ated at 250,000 srovince, and the seat of the see of the Lord Bisliop of British Columbia. It is situated on a narrow inlet, which, completely landlocked, gives accommodation to all vessels whose draught of water does not exceed 18 feet. It is rapidly rising into a large city. The number of arrivals in 1872 was 292 (tons Kn,f)i)G,) and the clearances 285 (tons 12»,8()4.) Total valueof imports !|PI,790,:?52; exports $1,712,107. Mails from Canada to British Colum- bia and oicr versa are conveyed between San Francisco and Victoria by the steamer Prince Alfred^ an iron steam- shii) of 900 tons. The service is per- formed twice a month. Some mails are also conveyed by land to Portland or Olympia and thence reach Victoria by anotlier steamer. The Vancouver Island postal service is performed from Victoria by the steamer Sir James Douylas^ which conveys the mails along the eastern coastasfarasComox, 130 miles from Victoria, stopping at Cowichan, Maple Bay, Chemainus, Nan- aimo and Comox. Cowichan is a flour- ishing place. It possesses good schools, r, i; •■ '■ M \[-- %f fi 46 D03IINI0N OP CANADA. the only stone church in the Pro- vince, and a convent at which the Nuns (who are Canadians) teach trades to Indian and half-breed girls. Nanaimo is also a flourishing town, with bright f)ro8pect8 for the future. There are lardly any settlements on the western coast, and there is in consequence no postal service. The service to Comox 18 efficient and regular, and is performed with every possible regard to economy. The mails for the mainland are de- spatched from Victoria. Some, of but little importance, are conveyed by the /Sir James Douglas, as far as Nanaimo, where the steamer Otler, belonging to the Hudson's Bay Company, receives the mails for the River Skeena. The other mails which are by far the most important, are conveyed from Victoria lo New Westminster, thence to Yale, and from Yale to Barkerville. The ser- vice from Victoria to New Westminster is performed by the steamer Knlerprisc, belonging to the Hudson's Bay Com- pany. From New Westminster to Yale, on the Eraser, the mails are conveyed, in summer, by the steamer Lillouet. From Yale to Barkerville, the service is performed by means of stages drawn by four or six horses. Upon the Cariboo route, between Soda Creek and the mouth of the Quesnel, the Fiaser is navigable, and the Victoria makes the trip promptly and safely, and affords to travellers every comfort that can be desired. A steamboat has recently been placed on Lake Tatla, to provide miners with facilities for reaching the mines of the District of Ominica more speedily, more safely, and with less fatigue. Telegraph lines extend from Swin- omish, in Washington Territory, (United States) to Barkerville, at the extremity of the Cariboo road. There is, besides, a branch line from Matsqui to Burrara Inlet via New Westminster, in addition to a right of way over the line belonging to the Western Union Telegraph Company, from Swinomish to Victoria, which comprises two sub- marine cables. This line of telegraph, which by the act completing the union of Columbia with Canada, oecame the { property of the Dominion, is 569 miles ong, in addition to the submarine por- tion which is a mile and a quarter in length. The following is a list of tht» telegraph stations and tarilT for 10 words from Vicloriii : Schome S;0 50 Matcqiii () 50 N. Westminster 75 l»>n-niifl Inlet. 76 Cliiliikweyuk... i) 75 llopo (» 75 Valo 1 00 I'ytton 1 00 Speiico's liridgo 1 20 <'Iintoii 1 20 S;j-Mile House.. 1 *25 Soda Creek l 55 Quesnel i f,5 liarkerville 2 00 British Columbia is divided into 5 electoral districts for Dominion elec- tions, viz., New W\'sfminstt'r, Cariboo Yale, Victoria, and Vancouver, eacll of which, except Victoria, rctiuns 1 member to the House of Commons ■ Victoria returns 2 members. It is f'ur- tlior subdivided into 12 electoral dis- tricts for Provincial jturjwses. British Columbia occupies a com- manding position not only with regard to the trade of the western part of America and the Pacifier Islands but also with respect to China, Ja])an,' and other Asiatic countries, and ti.e Auh- tralian colonies. Along the whole coast line of at least 10,000 miles (fol- lowing indents,) a j)erfect labyrinth of islands exists, giving innumerable har- bors, inlets and channels, teeming, as well as the rivers that empty into tiiem with salmon, sturgeon, mackerel, cod' herring, halibut, oulaehans and whales' Except the whale fishery, these vast fisheries are altogether undeveloped This colony was first established in 1858, and has since made remarkable progress. The t-' 1 population last year w .s 10,586, ..vclusive of Indians, riiis total comprised 8,576 whites 462 negroes and 1,548 Chinese. The num- ber of Indians is large, supposed to bo about 50,000. Some tribes have gathered together in villages, and considerable progress has been made in the education of their children The construction of the Canada Pacific railway cannot fail to develop the untold resources of this province, and add greatly to the wealth and general prosperity of the Dominion, llie dis- tance from Montreal to Victoria is 3,000 miles, which can now be accom- pbshed in 11 or 12 days, by the San Francisco route; but by the future Canada Pacific railway, the distance will be reduced to 2,800 miles We are indebted to M. McLeod, DOMINION OF CANADA. 47 (K) 20 20 1 2ft f.ft 2 00 hut. district iiiagistrnte. Aylmer, P. Q., (son ot'tlio liitc Ohiof '1 rader John McLeod. Bt'ii., of the llodson's Hay Company, ana autlior of "Peace [{iver," &c.,) for the following information, as to the fertility ot Northern British Columbia: •' At Fort St. James, about lat. 54" 30 N., i.oeo feet above the sea, the first barley (five quarts) sown produced five uushols, say about 84 bushels per acre. Tliis was about 50 miles west of McLeod's Fort, which last is the highest Post on the Rocky Mountains. " At Fort Fraser, still further west, on the slope of the Cascade, the first l)Otatoes planted, about a bushel, pro- duced forty-fold." Mr. McLeod estimates the total area of British Columbia at 350,000 square miles, and the wheat area at 150,000 square miles, or 96,000,000 acres, being all south of lat. 55 N., (although there are fine wheat valleys far beyond, N.) islands included. The grass, barley and vegetable area north of the above —that is, from lat. 55^ to 60° N., (northern boundary line of British Columbia) and from Ion. 120=' W. to American boundary, 141' W., Mr. McLeod estimates at 100,000 square miles, or, (54,000,000 acres. A consider- able portion, say one-sixth, of these areas, is covered with lakes, numerous and, like all the rivers, abounding with wholesome fish — fish, iu fact, is the native staple food. Mr. McLeod further estimates the coast line of British Columbia at 10,000 miles, a predicate on that of Norway : the latter, on actual measurement, having been found to have in its indent- ed line thirteen times the length of its coast in a straight line. In point of fact, the British Columbia coast is much more, and more deeply indented than that of Norway, some of the inlets run- ning iu upwards of fifty miles. The inlets are full of salmon and other fish. NEWFOUNDLAND, or TERRE- NEUVE, a large island in the Atlantic Ocean, at the mouth of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, between lat. 46^^ 38' and 51° 40' N., and Ion. 52° 35 and 59 35 W. It is separated on the N.W. from Canada by the Gulf; its S.W. point approaches Cape Breton ; N. and N,E. are the shores of Labrador, from which it is divided by the Straits of Belleisle ; and on its eastern side expands the open ocean. It lies nearer to Europe than any part of America. It is about 1,200 miles in circumferenie ; its width, at the very widest part, between Capes Ray and Bonavista, is about 300 miles; and its extreme length, from Cape Race to Griguet Bay, about 419 miles, measured on a curve. Its form is somewhat triangular, but exceedingly irregular, owing to its being indented with deep bays, the most remarkable of which are Hiire, White, and Notre Dame Bays, Bay of Exploits. Bonavista, Trinity, and Con- ception Bays on the B. coast ; St. Mary's Bay, Fortune and Placentia Bay, on the S. coast ; and St. George's Bay and Bay of Islands on the W. There are besides these smaller bays and harbors. Many of these are extensive, commodious and well sheltered, with numerous rivulets running into them, while most of the harbors have complete anchorages, with clear and good channels. The interior of the Island has never been thoroughly explored, but from the reports of Air. Murray, the geologist, who has been for many years past and is still engaged in its exploration, there is reason to believe that its resources, both agricultural and mineral, are of very considerable importance. The greater portion, however, appears to be rocky, with numerous tracts of moss, much intersected by rivers and lakes, and but thinly wooded, except on the banks of the rivers. Great boulders, or loose rocks, scattered over the country, increase its general rough- ness. Hills and valleys continually succeed each other, the former never rising into mountains (the highest not exceeding 1,500 feet) and the latter rarely expanding into plains. The " barrens " of Newfoundland are those districts which occupy the summits of the hills and ridges, and other elevated and exposed tracts. They are covered with a thin and scrubby vegetation, consisting of berry-bearing plants and dwarf bushes, of various kinds. Bare patches of gravel and boulders, and crumbliBg fragments of rock, are fre- quently met with on the " barrens," which are generally destitute of vege- table soil. The sea clifi's are, for the 1*.;- 48 Dominion of oa>.\iouudri to tlie cubic fathom, or little over A a ton. The total amount rtmal up to 1868 was about 2,350 tons of ore. Since then but little has been done. Tiiere have been a good many licenses of search taken out these years back, but no work of any importaiice has been commenced. The climate, being insular, is nut liable to so great changes in teini)era- ture as that of the neighboring con- tinental Provinces, the winter being much milder aiul tiie summer not nearly so warm. Tiie avcnigc tempe- rature of February, the coldest month, is 22 ', of July, the hottest, 60\ and ot the year W. Tiie winter lasts from December till Ajiril. The summer is short and warm. In May ami be- ginning of June dense fogs prevail on the ..anks and neighljoring shores, but they do not appear to be in the least prejudicial to health. The principal trees of Newfound- land are sjtruce, birch, birch, willow, ash and fir ; but they do not attain to a large size. Recumbent and standing evergreens are to be met in great varie- ty; berry-growing bushes abound in every swamp. European and American grasses, also red and white clover, are abundant. In several sections of the Island agriculture can be carried on with profit. In the neigliborhood of many of the lakes and rivers there are valuable alluvia. Potatoes yield well DOMINION OF CANADA. 49 •I' Island iod on irliood of there are ield well and arc of oxceUcnt quality j green crops thrive well in mnvy districts. Wiioiit has been known to yield 30 biiali- eKs jM-racre. AppleSj plums and cherries have been raised with success ; goose- lie rriea, strawberries, and raspberries, i)f very good quality, are grown. Tlie limber lands, amounting to near- ly one million of acres, and situated principally on the western side of the Lsliind, and by the chief lakei^ and rivers, arc wlioUy unsettled, and ungranted, though they are of high .mjiortance witli a view to settlement. W hat may be the extent and nature o*' the lands of the interior it is impossible to say, as liioy have never been surveyed. No lauds are let for lumbering purposes— Uie laws provide that they shall be dis- jiosed of for settlement alone. With 1 he exception of the grant to the New York, Newfoundland and London Telegraph Company, whicli consists of one hundred square miles, in blocks (»t three miles each, no land has been given to any purchasers in quantities exceeding 200 acres, save in very few instances. Tiie only animal peculiar to the Island is tlic Newfoundland dog, famous the world over. Among the wild animals iiiiiy be enumerated the deer, the wolf, the' bear, the beaver, the marten and wild cat. Land and aquatic birds are numerous. Seals are numerous on the coarits, as are also whales, grampuses and porpoises ; while for fish there is 110 place in the world comparable with Newfoundland, especially for cod. Tlhe famous Grand Banks swarm with cod and every other variety of fi.jh. These hanks form the most extensive sub- marine elevation on the face of the fjflobe ; in their full extent they occupy (■> of Ion., and nearly 1( "" of lat., heing over (JOO miles in lengib and 300 miles in breadth, with a depth of water varying from 10 to 160 fathoms. The mean depth is estimated at 40 fathoms. The prosecution of the fishery on the Grand Banks has of late years been left exclusively in the hands of foreigners, ;irincipally French, whilst the shore fishery, which, with less risk, is more eonvenient, is depended upon by the fishermen of the Island for their sup- port. The cod fishery opens in June lud lasts till the middle of Norember, jj* and may bo said to form the chief oc- cupation of the inhabitants of the Island. The seal fishery is next in im- portance. In 1872, 19G vessels, with an aggregate burthen of 29,796 tons, and manned by 9,196 men, were engaged in this fishery. The sailing fleet of New- foundland now includes 20 steam vessels, 5,759 tons, carrying 3,511 men. During 1872. 12.53 vessels were entered at the Port of St. John's, and 993 ves- sels cleared. The revenue of Newfound- land for 1872 amounted to $813,000, and the expenditure to $830,300, but there being a balance from 1871 of $132,000, after paving all the expenditure of that year, left a balance at the end of 1872, of $1 15,000. The debt of the colony on the 31st of December, 1872, was $1,- 151,676. The imports of Newfoundland con- sist of all articles used for food and clothing as well as for domestic and fishine purposes. The principal •xports arc fish and fish oils, seal oil and slcing. Total value of imports and exports of the colony of Newfoundland from and to each country in the year 1872 ; Countries. ItnjMtrta. Exports. United Kin«dom. .f2,6!i4,667 $1,742,111 Jersey 43,632 14,782 Canada 825,442 60,430 Nova Scotia 55«.163 197,218 New Brunswick... 16,720 r. Edward iHlund.. 66,561 3,279 Hritish W. Indies. . 28JJ.352 370,371 Sweden 7,617 Hamburg 140,289 Malta 20,180 France 6,409 Spain 61,147 742,998 Portugal 50,400 924.400 Italy 632 126,408 Sicily 7,065 ''t-iQ Saj Harbor (.irace 12,740 u .2 I Cai ttoiicar fj.H'iS *- ^ Hay tic Vonls 7.(»r)7 Trinity liay ],'},« 17 itoiiHvista |{ay ll/jOt) Twilliii«atcaiul Fopo 13.i«i7 Fcrrylanil 5.;)!>1 I'laci'iitia and .St. Mary's... 8,7!t4 liuiin 6,731 I'ortuiK! Kay. 5.'i'J3 Uurgeo uiiil l.a I'oile .... 5,lli) Total of Electoral Di.'^tricts JSHfilO Freiicli Shore 5.887 Labrador.... 2,479 Total 146,5.{ti Tliere are two Roman Catl olic Dioceses in Newfoiuidland— St. Join's and Harbor Orace ; ind one of the Church of EnghuKi, with a coadjutor Bishop. The religi uis dcuonii nations, tv t !?.' DOMINION OF CANADA. M Pop. 17, '204 n.tiu; (i,Gl'2 T.nw 12,740 fi.("« 7.057 i;?,si7 ii,f)(« 18,0(!7 r),'.)!»i 8,7!t4 6.731 5.'2;i3 5,111) a<'<'()r'ling to the ciitsiis of 18C0, arc ns follows: ( hurcli ofKiiglaiitl rr.,1«» t'liiirnh <>1 ItoHK' )il.(i40 VVi'Hlt'VBiiH •^>>."'K> nuirch of Scutlaiid... 401 KivoKiik IT.) CoiigroffutiunnliHtrt • S'lH lJii|)tist« 10 Totftl. U(!,57(5 PliiccH of" worsliii' : — Cliurcli of Eiij?- Itmd HI; ChtiiTli of Womo f.l) ; Wes- leyiiii Melho'list 42 ; all other diMiom- iiiiitioiis (j. Nt;\vlbiii»il!ixiHl IS siipiiosiid to liavo been dif!Covert'd hy Noriliincii iiboiit tlii^ yeiir lOoo. It wns re-di-icovcird I)} Sir J(»lin Ciibot uud liirf sou Hcbtis- tiiiiiou till" 124tli .Itii'.t-, li;»7. A Hi'Ule- iiu'iit wiirt siib-i('(|iict)ily firmed \ty some i'drliii'iicsc iidvi'iit iTi-«, who wcro in tniii cxiH'llfil hy »S r Kriiiifis |)riik(', ill till- rci^ii of Qiu'i'ii KlizjiliL'th. Aflci tills |ifriod niim(M'oii.s Kii8 wri' I'Stiiblislu'd fioui liiiu' to tiniu iiloiig the oiistern coast, and several ]''reiich along die jontliern, in thu I>ay of I'lacentia. For a long series of years llie colony existed merely as a lisldiig seltlemeiit, anil was miieli disturbed by tie l''reiu'li, until, in 17i.'{, it was de- clared by tlu! Tri'iify of Utrecht to belong wholly to (ireat iJiiiain, the Ficiich 'Tserviiig a right to Ksh on certain parts of the coast; the rocky islets of St. Pierre and Miqnelon being also assigned to Ihem on condition that they should not be nseil for mili- tary jturposes. Till lir.5t Gov-'rnor of the' Island was appointed in 17'28, and the first Legislativ< Assemldy met on the first of January, 17:^:1 Tlie most noteworthy town on the Island is St. John's, the cai ital. It has tele- graphic communication with (Canada, the United States aai Europe, and the most important places on the Island. Newfoundland is the only portion of British North America not yet incor- porated in the Dominion of Canada. NORTH WEST TERRITORIES.— This large possession of the Dominion of Canada includes all that portion of British Nor'.h America outside the Pro- vinces of Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Manitoba, British Co- lumbia, and Prince Edward Island, and the island of Newfoundland. Tt is hounded on the N. by the Arctic ( >eean, «)U the E. by the Atlantic, on the W. by the Pacilic, and on the S. by parts of the Dominion of ('anada and the United Slates. Area estimated at 2,7r)0,()OO stpiare miles. This immense district wa^, until IS70, known as the Hudson's Bay Territory, so named after Henry Hudson, who iliscov' red the Bay in ItilO, and perisiied on its shores. It was govern- ed by the Hudson's Ihiy Com|)any, by wfioiii itwas divided into foiu- large departments «ir regions, subdivided into :i[i districts, including I't,'") posts. The government was adnunistered by a Ciiief (lovernor and CtaiiuMl ; and the various deparlnients by Chief Factors and Ciiief Traders. Th'eNorlli- ern deparlUK iil, wiiieh included all the establishments in the far north and fro/.en region, eomprised the valley of the .\laekeu/,ie river, and the country between that sl«rile re^itui and the Koeky Mountains, north of Lake Atha- basca. The Soul hern department e.^tendeil on ln)th sides ol' James' Bay, audiiloug the south shores of Hudson's Bay, as far ntuMli as Cape Cliuiehill, and inland to lh<' ridge which form.-i the northern boundary of ((Miebee anti On- tario, ami to the Lakes Winnipeg, Deer ami Wollas'on. The Montreal department iiududed the country in the neij;hborho(Hl of Montreal, up the Ottawa river, and along the north shore ol' the Si. Lawrence ti) Es(|ui- uiaux Hay ; ami the ('olumbia depart- uuMit, comprehended all that immense I'xtciit of eounlry to the west of tlie lloeUy Mounlaiii.s, now the province of I'rilish Cidumbia. The eounlry on the 10. side of Hud.sou's Bay, forniin'i:, the ]teninsula of Labrador, was called East .Main ; that on the south-west. New South Wales. In 1870 the North West Territories came into the possession of the Domi- nion of Canada. Out of the Southern department the province of Manitoba was created. The territories now outside Manitoba and British Columbia are governed by the Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba, who is styled " Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba and North West Territories," 'X. ir- 52 DOMINION OF CANADA. ■• r and by a Council of 11 members. Fort Garry ia th.'^ seat, of (government. The North West Territories are water- ed by numerous lakes and rivers. The principal rivers are the Churchill, Nel- son, Severn, Albany, Abbitibbi, East Main, and Great Whale rivers, flowing into Hudson's Bay; the Mackenzie, Cop- permine, and Great Fish rivers, flowing mto the Arctic Ocean ; the Saskatche- wan, Assiniboine and Red rivers, fall- ing into Lake Winnipeg ; and the Cania- puscaw (or Koksoak) and Natwakame rivers falling into Hudson's Straits. Tl.e Mackenzie is one of the greatest rivers in the world. It is 2,500 miles long, and flows through a fertile and finely wooded country SKirted by metal- liferous bills, and with coal measures cropping out near the surface through- out three fourths of the area drained by it. According to the best computation, it drains an area of 443,000 square miles. The Coppermine river is very rich in copper ore and galena. The Saskat- chewan, 1,300 miles long, and its tribu- taries, drain an area of 3G3,000 square miles. The principal lakes are the Great Bear, Great Slave, Athabasca, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Lake of the Woods, Winuipegoos, Clear Water, Nelson, Deer, Wollaston, North Lined, Mistassini and Abbitibbi. Great Bear Lake is 250 miles long and about as wide. Great Slave Lake is 300 miles long and 50 wide. Lake Athabasca is 200 miles long and 20 to 40 wide. Lake Winnipeg is 280 miles long and 5 to 57 miles wide ; Lake of the Woods 75 miles long by GO miles wide, and Lake Mistassini about the size of Lake On- tario. The agricultural capabilities of at least 600,000 square miles of the North West Territories are very great. The fertile belt of the Saskatchewan alone contains an area of G4,400 square miles, in one continu- ous strip 800 miles long, and, on an average, 80 miles broad. But the best and largest wheat area is beyond the Saskatchewan, viz : the valleys of the Athabasca ana Peace rivers to the very western (the Pacific) slope of the Rocky Mountains, along the Peace River pass to lat. 60^^ N., near the foot of the Rocky Mountains, an area of three hundred million acres beyond the sup- Sosed limit of the ft-rtilti belt of tlie orth West. (Authorities on this point. Archbishop Taehc, Harmotj and Jlc- Lcod.) The Saskatchewan was for- merly a wooded country, but successive fires partially cleared its forest growth ; it, however, abounds witli the most beautiful herbage, and generally pos- sesses a deep and rich soil of vegetable mould. This extraordinary belt, more than one-third of which is at onco available for the purposes of the nj^ri- culturalist, is capable of sustaining a population of 90,000,000. This region in winter is not more severe than tlmt experienced in Ontario; and in the western districts, which are reniovt'd from the influence of the great lakes, the spring rommcnccs about a niontli earlier tuaa on the shores of Lake Superior, wliich is five degrees of lati- tude farthe ■ to the south. The depth of snow is never excessive ; while iu the richest tpacts the natural pastur- age is so abundant that horses and cattle may be left to obtain their food during the greater nart of the winter: in fact up p 'cu to lat. J36^ N., (l)unvegan on the i'eace R.ver,) the horses winter out the whole season. Travellers who have visited this rogiou describe it as magni- ficent, and tlie late Sir George Simpson, who had beta for over thirty years Go- vernor of the Hudson's Bay Company, speaks of himself and fellow travellers, " brushing t!ie luxuriant grass with our knees, and the hard ground of tlie surface was beautifully diversified with a variety of flowers, such as the rose, the hyacintli and the tiger lily ;" and again he describes it as "a beautiful country, witii lofty hills, rolling prai- ries, sylvan lakes, bright green sward, uninterrupted profusion of roses and blue bells, softest vales and panoramas of hanging .,>opses." The Mackenzie river country is well wooded, and the soil well adapted for cultivation. The rivers and lakes west of Lake Superior arc bordered by rich prairies anu luxuriant woods, and the splendid stream, (Rainy river, 100 miles long), which empties Lac la Pluie into Lake of the Woods, is crowned in many places with a pkntitul growth of birch, 5>opIar, beech, elm and oak. Sir George Simpson thus concludes his remarks on (■■! toOillNlON OF CANADA. &d ■t: ) .. I. this beautiful stream : " Is it too much for the eye of philanthropy to discern through the vista of futurity, this noble stream, connecting as it does the fertile shores of two spacious lakes, with crowded steamboats on its bosom, and populous towns on its borders ?" On Peace river groves of poplars and pine woods in every shape vary the scene, and their intervals are enlivened with vast herds of elks and buffaloes. About 100 miles east of the Rocky Mountains the great coal bed com- mences. 80 far as has been ascertained it ia over 300 miles in width, and extends continuously over 16 degrees of latitude, to the Arctic Ocean. The lignite (or tertiary coal; formation is still more extensively tleveloped. At the junction of the Mackenzie and Bear Lake rivers, the formation is best ex- posed ; it there consists of a series of beds, the thickest of which exceed three yards, separated hy layers of travel and sand, alternating with a ue-grained, friable sandstone, aid sometimes with thick beds of clay, the interposing layer being often dark, from the dissemination of bituminous matter. The coal, when recently extracted from the bed, is massive and most generally shows the woody structure distinctly. Beds of coal also crop up to the sur- face on various parts of tiic Arctic coast. The Hudson's Bay C()m])any were chartered by King Clmrles II. in 1G70. {Since that period they have used this country as hunting grounds from which to obtain supplies of furs for all ijiarkets in the world. There are probably upwards of 20 ditferent kinds, the most valuable of wliich is that of the black fox. Tlie other arti- cles of coimuorce are oils, dried an«l salted tish, feathers, quills, and walrus ivory. About 18,000 seals are annually taken on the Labrador Peninsula. The Canada Pacilic railway will run through the great JSaskatcliewau country, crossing the liocky Moun- tains througii the Yellow Head Pass, and opening up one of the richest countries on the globe. This railway will be tlie great highway between Oriental countries and Western Europe. It will be G33 miles shorter than the American PaciGc railroad, the distance from New Westmmster to Mon- treal being 2,730 miles, as against 3,3G3 miles from San Francisco to New York city. On its construction depends the rapid growth and prosperity of this rich inheritance of the Dominion of Canada, now peopled principally by Indians, but desMned before many years to become the t.>ppy home of millions of inliabitants. Malcolm McLeod, Esq., Advocate, Aylmer, Que., son of the late Chief Trader John McLeod, senior, Hon. Hud- son's Bay Company, and author of "Peace River," &c., has kindly furnished the following estimate as to Dominion lauds in the Nort h West Territories aud Rupert's Land : Wheat area 370,000 square miles. General boundaries : From Lac Seul (say Ion. 92° W., lat. 60^ N.,) to foot of Rocky Mountains, lat. 60^ N., thence along base of Rocky Mountains lat. 60° N., thence to the south bend of Moose River, thence to the Lake of the Woods, lat. 41)' N., thence along Rainy river, and thence to Lac Seul. This area, un- broken by mountains or rocks to any material extent, with streams and snijill lakes which but fertiliee, may be stated at 320,000 square miles. Beyond it, northwards, however, are also areas of richest vegetable mould (humus) on warm Silurian and Devonian, bitumi- nous, aud with marly clays of utmost fertility. They are to be found on the lower reaches of llie Rivers Peace, Hay aud Aux Liards, an aggregate say of at least 50,000 square miles. Total wheat area 370,000 square miles or 230,800,- 000 acres. Vegetable and grass (economic) areas beyond (and not included in) the above, aud with sullicieut timber, &c. : Sq. miles. 1. Hudson's Bay Basin (por- tion Silurian, so far as known, ami fairly i>redic- able,) east side (K. of meri- dian 80' W.) 100,000 sq. miles west side (W. of • meridian 8^ W.) 300,000 sq. m •.- 400,000 2. Winnipeg Basin, east side, from English river to Nel- son river 80,000 '^1 PI'- ;• k t:<; fr;^ S4^ 54 DOMINION OF CANADA. .1 I - 1 3. Beaver River (middle and lower parts) 4. Methy Lake & river, Clear Water riven and Atha- basca river from Clear W. river to Athabasca Lake, east side 5. West of McKenzie river (Devonian with coal mea- sures) to wheat line as above stated, and from Fort Chipeweyan to Fort Reso- lution, on the Great Slave Lake G. East side of McKenzie river to Fort Good Hope, or say lat.68°N 7. West of McKenzie river to American (late Russian) boundary. Ion. 141° W. and American Pacific shore strip, viz. : all north of lat. 60° N 8. Rocky Mountain slope beyond wheat line 50,000 30,000 10,000 100,000 160,000 30,000 9. Outlying areas, amongst others, the extensive but undefined ones between the Hudson's Bay Silurian, and the northern rivers of the St. Lawrence valley, say from Lake Mistassini to Lake Nipigon 10. Add also the, by some called, "American Desert " of our latitudes, say between 49° and 50° N., where maize well grows, buffaloes fatten, and Indians ever hunt, "a happy hunting ground.".... 100,000 40,000 Total area 1,000,000 Acres 640,000,0000 The Barley area of the above may be stated at two thirds. The rest of our North West and Rupert's Lands, including the immense "Ban-en Grounds" of our Laurentian Labrador Rocks, of our Western Ru- pert's Land, and the ^reat wilds and islands of our Arctic, with their whales, may be fairly estimated at another million square miles. THE ISLAXD OF ANTICOSTL Itos directly in the mouth of the St. Law- rence; between the 49th and 50th degrees of latitude, nearly the same as that of the north of trance, and contains an area of 2,460,000 acres of land of the best qualityj similar, says Sir William Logan, tlie eminent Canadian geologist, to tiu; fine arable soil of Canada West, and tiie Genesee County, New York State ; it possesses over 300 miles of sea coast, is about 140 miles long, and 35 miles broad in the widest part, with an average breadth of 27^ miles. Anticosti is made mention of so long ago as 1660, in the geographical folio work of the celebrated loyalist Dr. Peter Heylyn, known as " Cosmographia." He says that the proper name for the island is Natiscotee, which it is supposed was corrupted by the Spaniards, who fished in and off the St. Lawrence at that period, to its present appellaiion. He reports that the island was then held by a tribe of Indians, who were exceedingly kind and friendly to such mariners as landed there. The fief of the island was granted by Loui3 XIV, about 1680, to Sieur Louis Joliet, as a recompense for his discovery of the mouths of the Mississippi and the Illinois, and other services rendered to his Government ; and it seems to have been held of so little account in its primitive state that here Charlevoi.x, writing about 1722, in his "Histoiredii Canada," says that Joliet " would, per- haps, have preferred one of the smullest lordships in France." In La Houtati's " History of Canada," is a chart of the St. Lawrence, and a plan of tlie island, showing Joliet's Fort on the western flank. La Houtan was a French marine officer, and he mentions that Joliet was captured in his boat off the- Island by the English expedition against Quebec, in 1690, under Admiral Phips, but re. leased after the failure of that expe- dition. Mr. T. Aubury, who sailed with General Burgoyne's army in 1756, de- votes three pages of his work, "In- terior Travels through America," to the seal fisheries of Anticosti, and the method of catching these animals be- tween the continent and the adjacent islands. So much for the early records of Anticosti. When the feudal system DOMINION OP CANADA. 55 it became iibolished, which had long pre- vailed under the French domination of Canada, there being no tenants on the island, theseigneur,orlordof his manor, became possessed of the whole soil in lee simple, since which time it has been held jointly by a variety of i)er3ons, chief amongst whom are the Forsyth family. The title to this immense l)osse8sion seems to have been fully acknowledged by the Parliament of Ca- nada, as an act was passed during the last session (in the spring of 1873) in- corporating a company to develop the resources of the island. Anticosti slopes gradually from its elevated northern coast to the grassy savannas which skirt the southern shore, and thus, in a great measure, the fertile jiortions of the country are pro- tected from severe winter winds. Its climate is very healthy, and it certo^'.^y is not severer than that of the jtheV maritime provinces. The atmoiiphere is pure and clear, and free from fogs which are so frequent on and around Newfoundland. The winter's cold is considerably tempered by the waters of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and the heat of summer is, to a certain extent, mode- rated by the same influence. Vegetation jjrogresses very rapidly, and crops come to perfection iu good season. The soil is of good quality, being a rich loam intermixed with limestone ; valuable forests are to be found on the greater l>art of the island, and although the timber generally is not of the largest size, it is of a superior quality, and well adapted for ship-building. The fisheries around the island, which have been hitherto comparatively neg- lected, are valuable and important. Speaking of them Commander Lavoie, of 7/(7, Canailienne^ in his report, in 1870, to the Dominion Government, says : " This island is begiiming to be frequent- ed and settled by hardy fishermen, ieuii>ted by the desire of participating ill its rich fisheries, which up to the last few years were, comparatively, unex- l>lored. . . . The imjtortance and value of its fisheries have increased along with the number of fishermen. The waters bordering on Anticosti are stocked with the same kinds as are to be met with on the south and north coast of the St. Lawrence. " In his report for last year (1872) Com- mander Lavoie says, ** Large shoals of herrings visit its shores about the same time they repair to Pleasant Bay, Mag- dalen Islands. A schooner, from Prince Edward Island, caught last spring with the seine 1,100 barrels of herrings in one day." He goes on to sajr, " The whole of Anticosti abounds with fish of all sorts, but harbors are scarce, even for fishing boats. Codfish on this coast are all large, and no finer arc seen even on the Miscou and Orphan Banks." The number of fishermen frequenting its banks increases every year. Even when codfish was a failure everywhere else in the Gull, it did not fail at Anticosti. Halibut arc so plentiful that 199 barrels were taken in one day. The seal fishery, 'which could be carried on here as well in winter as in summer, might be turned to profitable account, large numbers of tliese animals being visible during the former season, and thousands of them being observed in the summer and autumn at the entrance of almost all the bays and rivers,where they remain comparatively unmolested. Hunting on the island is of consider- able value, though of far less import- ance than its fisneries. The animals, whose skins are of marketable value, which are found on the island, are black bears, which are very abundant, otters, martens, and the silver, grey, red, black, and, sometimes, the white fox. Great quantities of ducks, geese, and other wild fowl resort to the lakes and the bays of the island. There arc numerous natural harbors round the coast, which are compara- tively safe in all winds — Ellis Bay and Fox Bay being e8|K?cially so. The former is distant about eight miles from West End Lighthouse on the south side, the latter is fifteen miles from Heath Point Lighthouse on the north side. Ellis Bay is two miles in breadth, with deep water three-fourths of a uule from shore, but only with from three to four fathoms in shore. Fox Bay is smaller, the distance across its mouth is only one mile and a half, with deep water in the centre, extending up the bay nine-tenths of a mile, but shoaling near the shores of it; the whole length of the bay being one mile and two- I..-., ^1- ii'' \l 56 DOMINION OF CANADA. tenths. Mr. Gamachc, who has resided at Ellis Bay for upwards of tweaty-five years, states the harbor to be perfectly secure in all winds and at all periods. A gentlemen from England, in 1853, a member of Lloyd'8,who visited the island to inspect a vessel which had been wrecked on the coast, declared be con- sidered the harbor a " most excellent one," so much so that he should, on hia return to England, make it es{>ecially known at Lloyd^s, and added further, that there are many places in England, and other countries, carrying on large maritime commerce, which have not got so deep, so spacious or so safe a harbor as Ellis Bay. This gentleman had been three times round the world as captain of an East Indiaman. The excellent position of Anticosti in regard to ships, commerce, &c., is easily seen, when we remember that every vessel must take one or other of the channels formed by the islaud, whether having passed from the Atlantic, or in- tending to pass to the ocean through the straits of Belle Isle, through the more frequented passage between New- foundland and Gape Breton, or through the Gut of Canso, or whether running between Quebec and those portions of Canada and of the maritime provinces lying on the Gulf of iSt. Lawrence. Vessels taking either of the channels formed by the position of the island must pass close to the island in con- sequence of the comparative narrowness of the northern one, and of the strung southeast current which always runs along the southern channel. To avoid this, and the risk of being driven on the rock -bound coast of the soutli shore uf the Gulf and river, vessels generally stand out till they make the West I'uint of Anticosti, close to Ellis Ihiy. The inner auchorage of this bay has a depth of from three to four fathoms at low water, with very excellent holding ground ^gravel and mud) ; the outer portion or the anchorage cuuld be ma- terially improved at a tritling expense,so as to be able to contain in safety, during all winds, almost any number of vessels of the largest size. If docks were con- structed at Ellis' Bav, with a patent slip, it would be an admirable position for the repair of vessels stranded or dam- aged throughout the Lower St. Law- rence, many of which are now broken up by the sea or dismantled by wreckers before assistance can be obtained from Quebec. For steam tugs employed for the relief of vessels in distress, this might be made an excellent station ; here, also, a few steamers or gunboats could command the two entrances to the river, or send out from this con- venient and central spot cruisers to any part of the Gulf. The establishment of depots of coal at Ellis Bay and Fox River would be an advantage the importance of which it would be hard to estimate, coal being easv procurable from Nova Scotia, and laid down at either harbor at a cost not exceeding from $3.50 to $4 per ton. Considenng the fact that upwards of 2,000 vessels annually arrive from Europe in the season^ besides a large fleet of coasting and hshing vessels, all of which must pass within sight of the island, some idea can be formed of the importance to be attached to the posi- tion and capabilities uf these harbors for commercial purposes. The company which has been formed for the purpose of colonizing the island of Anticosti, and for working and de- veloping its resources, propose to lay out town sites at Ellis Bay, Fox Bay, and at the South West Point. The chief town will be at Ellis Bay, where the principal place of business will be establislied. ^ The beautiful situa- tion of the first of these places, with its bracing sea-air, must eventu- ally make it a resort for thou- sands of pleasure-seekers, since sea- bathing could there be combined with many other summer sports and amuse- ments. The capital uf the company is $2,500,000, divided into 25,000 shares of $100 each. The island is to be divided into twenty counties, of about 120,00(> acres each, sub-divided into live town- ships. It is further proposed to lay a submarine telegraph cable to couuect the island with the mainland ; to build suw-mills and grist-mills, establish a bank and a general hospital, churches and schools, and to establish, moreover, five fishing stations, in different partd of the island, where temporary buildings are to be erected for curing and drying tish. Oi)erations and improvements of such DOMINION or CANADA. 5t The a kind luivo ovorywliere had the most beneficial result Upon tlie industry, wealth and progress of the country in which they were attempted, and with the great resources and favorable geographical jtosition of the Island of Auticosti, there is no reason to doubt that they will be attended there with similar results. Sir William E. Logan, in his Geo- graphical Reportof Canada, after refcr- ing to deposits of ]»eat, or peat-bogs, in dlHerent parts of Canada, says: " The most extensive peat deposits in Canada ore found in Anticosti, along the low laud on the coast of the island from Heath Point to within eight or nine miles of South West Point. Tlie thick- ness of the p(?at, as observed on the coast, was from three to ton feet, and it appears to be of an excellent quality. Tlie heigiitof this plain may be, on an average, fifteen feet above high water mark, and it can be easily drained and worked, lietween South West Point and the west end of the Island there are many )»eat-bogs, varying in super- ficies Iroi'n lot) to 1,000 acres." Near South West Point there are sovenil largo salt ponds, which, if labor was abuiulant, might be turned to a Itrolitable account in the manufactnre of salt, a manufacture which would bocomo of some value to a great part of our North American fisheries, which, as well as tiie greater part of Canada, are now supplied with salt from the Haha- mas, and from England or the United Slates ; and for curing fish and provisions, bay salt, formed from the sea and from snlt ponds, is the most valuabi In consequence of there not having i»een a sulliciont supply of salt upon the island, an mimcnse quantity of fish caught at Anticosti a yoar or two ago wore rendered useless. This was alluded to by Commander liavoio, of " La Canadienne," in his report for 1871, where he says that " tishing was abundant this season, the yield being reckoned at 9,r)00 quintals of cod, . . . but the greatest tlrawback arose from the difficulty oxporioncod in curing fish, from the want of salt." Some of the Bahama Islands are retained merely on account of the salt ])<»ud3 which they contain, and in Ceylon a large revenue is derived from tlie salt works carried on in that island. In Commander Lavoie's report for 1872, quoted from before, he says that geolo- gists and others who have visited the interior of the island, agree in stating that its soil is rich, and that more than one million acres can be cultivated with advantage. Clearances have already been made at Gamache (Ellis' Bay), at South West and at West Point, where vegetables and grains of the district of Montreal and Quebec flourish. Stories, however, of the numerous wrecks that have occurred on the shore of Anticosti have sjiroad such terror that up to 18(51 nobody had thought of settling there. The reefs of flat limestone, extending, in some parts, to one railear<^ a quarter from the shore ; the want of anchorage of a great portion of the coast, and, above all, the frequent fogs justify this belief, in part, but not in so great a degree as to render reasonable the dread with which they^seem to have been regarded, and which can only have arisen from the natural tendency to magnify danger, of which we have no ])reci8e knowledge. Four lighthouses are erected on An- ticosti ; one on Heath Point, at the east end of the island ; another at South West Point, the third on West Point ; and the fourth at South Point,at Bagot's Bluff. That on Heath Point is a round tower, built of a grayish white lime- stone, quarried on the island, and is ninety feet high. It shows, at an elevation of 110 feet above the level of high water, a fixed white light, which in clear weather should be visible from a distance of fifteen miles. The light- house on South West Point is built of the same stone as the previous one, quarried on the spot, is seventy-five feet high, and of the usual conical form, exhibits a white light, which revolves every three minutes, and is visible at fifteen miles, with the eye ten feet above the sea ; with the eye at fifty feet, it can fie seen nineteen and a hfttf miles, and with the eye at an elevation of 100 feet, it will be visible about twen- ty-three miles. The third lighthouse erected on the West Point of Anticosti, is a circular stone tower, faced with fire brick, 10J> feet in height. It exhibits at 112 feet al)ove higli water mark, a h ^ ji. 58 DOMINION OP CANADA. , I 1 : ; - I < l:-: fixed white lif^ht, visible from a distance of fifteen miles. A gun is tired every hour during fug and snow-storms. The lighthouse at South Point is acompar- ativelv new building, the light having been first exhibited in August, 1870. It is a hexagonal tower, painted white, seventy-five feet above high-water mark, with a revolving white flash light every twenty seconds. It should be seen at from fourteen to eighteen miles distance, and is visible from all points of approach. A powerful steam fog- whistle is also stationed there, about 300 feet east of the lighthouse. In foggy weather, and during snow-storms, this is sounded ten seconds in every minute, thus making an interval of fifty seconds between each blast, which can be heard in calm weather, or with the wind, from nine to fifteen miles dis- tance, and in stormy weather, or against the wind, from three to eij^lit miles. The liglits are exhibited from the Ist of April to the 20th of December of each year. Provision depots are also established on the isl.ind lor the relief of wrecked crews. Tiie first of those is at Ellis Bay, the second at theliglithouse at the South West Point; the third which was formerly at Shalloj) Oreek (Ju])iter River), was this year removed to South Point, where tlie new lighthouse and steam fog-whistle have been located, and the fourth at the lighthouse on Heath Point. Direction boards are erected on the shore, or nailed to trees, from which the branches have been lopped off, near the beach, and on various points of the coa-?t. These boards are intended to point out to shipwrecked persons the way to the provision posts. Vessels are more frequently lost on Anticosti in the bad weather, at the close of navigation, than at any other time, and their crews wotdd perish from want and the rigors of a Cana- dian winter, if it were not for this humane provision, made by Govern- ment, in the absence of settlements on the island. As, however, the popula- tion begin to increase, and dwellings become scattered about, there will be the less urgent need for these depots. The currents around the Island of Anticosti are very variable and uncer- tain, and to this cause may be attribu* ted many of the shipwrecks that have from time to time occurred there. At the north point of the island there is a cur- rent almost always setting over to the north-east, being turned in that direc- tion by the west end of the island. Con- fined as it is, within a narrow channel, it is very strong. All along the south coast, between the south-west and west ]>oints, the swell and the current both set in shore, and the bottom being of clean flat limestone, will not bold an anchor. It is also by no means uncom- mon in summer for the breeze to die away suddenly to a calm. The tide around the island only rises from four to seven feet. It not uufrecjuently happens that when the current fioiritlie northward is running, another from W.N.W. comes along the soulh coast, in which case they meet at a reef off Heath Point, and cause a great rijtplo or irregular break- ing sea. This takes place when a frerih breeze is blowing along the land on either side of the island. A winti has been observed on the north si«le from N. or N.K., whilst that on the south side was W.N.W., and yet never meet- ing round the east eu(l of the island. Between the two winds there is usually a triangidar S[iacc of calm, and light bailling airs, extending fnmj five to eight miles, lu the space between the winds there is often observed a high cross sea, and constantly changing liglit airs, wiiich would leave a vessel at the merey of the current, and in great danger of being set on the Heath Point reef. Streams of excellent water descend to the sea on every part of the coasts of Anticosti. They are for the most part too small to admit boats, becom- ing rapid immediately within their entrances, and even the largest of them are barred with sand, excepting for short intervals of time, after the spring floods, or after continued heavy rains. Had the island been thrown open for settlement years ago, it would be in a very different position, commercially speaking, from what it now is ; but once opened, and found to be equally productive with the maritime provinces and Prince Edward I.-land, there is no reason why in a few decades it should r- DOMINION OF CANADA. 59 rises not rival the latter. For long neglect- ed and discarded, Antlcosti now has a chance of prominence, and the Domin- ion will hail the advent of another link in her chain, which, though it may never assume the title now borne by Prince Edward Ishind, "the Gem of the Gulf," may yet prove as vahiable a jewel in the diadem of Confederation. ..ABRADOR, an extensive peninsula on the K. coast of British North Ameri- ca, lat. from 50- to 65"^ N., and Ion. 56^ to 78" W., bounded on the south-east and east by the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Atlantic; on the north and west by Hudson's Strait and Hudson'g Bay ; and on the south-west by Rupert's River, Lake Mistassini and Betsiamites river. Extreme length 1,100 miles; breadth 470 miles. Area estimated at 4r)0,000 s(piare miles ; or about equal to the Britlish Islands, France and Prussia c«)nibincd. Blanc Sablon, near the mouth of the North M'est river, is the eastern bounduryof the Canadian part of this great peninsula, which includes the whole area draining into the river and (tulf of St. Lawrence. The portion belonging to Newfoundland is roughly defined as that which is drained by rivers flowing into the Atlantic. The remaining area, draining into Hudson's Bay is called East Main, and is included in the North West Terriiories of the Dominion of Canada. The interior of Labrador is very imperfectly known. Professor Hind, who explored it, describes it thus: "The table-land is 2,240 feet about the ocean at the sources of the east branch of the iMoisic. It is pre-eminently sterile, and where the country is not burned cariboo ni()t8 of Naskapees,Mistassiui and Montagnais !■? W ly •WS" 60 DOMINION OF CANADA. I » Indiiins iire thinly scafUTod over the interior. The exports, which are chiefly tliroiigh Newfoundland, are codfish, Halnion, seal and whale oil and furs. Once llie country was ricli in furbear- inf? animals and cariboo or reindeer, but these arc now greatly reduced in numbers. Of the eastern side hardly anything is known beyond the coast which has been carefully surveyed by ('apt. Havfield. Heforo his day it was on this bleak and dangerous coast that the great navigator, Captain Cook, first disimiyed those talents as a marine surveyor which gained for him the patronage of Sir Hugh Palliser, and drew public attention to his extraor- dinary enterprise. His charts of New- foundland, Labrador, and the Straits of Ikileisle are, to this day, a convincing prot)f of his fidelity, genius and dis- cernment. The Indians who inhabit the interior of Ijabrador are all tribes of the once groat AlgotKpiin race, whose domains extended, before the arrival of the "pale-faces," from the Rocky Mountains to Newfoundland, and from Labrador to the Carolinas. The aborigines of Newfoundland belonged to this wide spread race of red men. The Montag- nais, or Mountaineers as they are com- monly called, occupied the country along the lower St. Lawrence and the Gulf: the Scoffis, Naskapees and Mis- taBsini are the Algonqnins of Labrador ?Toper, and coterminons with the Esquimaux. The Mountaineers, or " Hunting Indians " of Labrador, once formed a " great nation," and could bring into the field a thousand warriors to repel the incursions of the Esquimaux with whom they were constantly at war, and for whom they have still a bitter hatred and contempt. They are slothful when not excited by war or the chase, cruel, revengeful and superstitious. Nearly all of them, like the Micmacs of Nova Scotia, pro- fess the Roman Catholic faith; but they have imbibed little of the spirit of Christianity. They bring down furs to the settlements on the coast, and exchange them for ammunition and clothing. In the use of firearms they are very expert ; but they are frequently compelled, oy a scarcity of ammunition, ^0 recur for support to their original weapons, the bow iind arrow, iiuil with these they can kill a flying partridge at forty yards distance. Their canoes are made of birch-bark, and their sledges of a thin birch board, shod with slips of bone. The Mou'itainecrs draw their own sledges, as their dogs arc but small and used only for the purpose of hunting. The Esipiiniaux of Labrador live almost entirely by litiliiiig. They iire l)artially Christianized and civilizeil through the praiseworthy exertions of Moravian missionaries. They exchange furSjOil and whalebone foraninmnition, guns and clothing at the Kuropean settlements. They are mild, hospitable and honest. They are well provided with a peculiar breed of dogs, vora- cious and fierce^ and so like wolves that they might easily be mistaken for these animals. In winter the Estiuimaux travel with these dogs over the snow at the rate of from six to ten miles an hour ; each sledge is drawn by ten or twelve dogs yoked two and two, a ])air of the most sagacious being placed in front as leaders, and the whole guideil by a long whii), without reins, tfie lash extending to the foremost dogs. Their huts arc, in winter, embanked with tmf and moss, excepting a, small casement of oiled seal skin at the top. Without any fire but a lamp, these inhabitants are as warm as an oven. The i)assion- ate attachment of the Esquimaux to their frozen seas and icy plains is won- derful. They infinitely jtrefer their storm-beaten shores to the gentle waves and cerulean skies of more temperate regions. It is clear that they are a totally diflerent race from the Red Indians of America. The Esquimaux are stunted in stature and essentially Mongolian in physiognomy, having a flattened nose, prominent profile and copper-colored skin. It is remarkable that the Jlsquimaux is the only family common to the Old World and the New. During the brief Labrador summer the whole coast, for five hundred miles north of the Straits of Belleisle, swarms with fishermen from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Quebec, and the United States. They are engaged in the cap- ture and cure of cod, salmon and her- ring. The total value of these fisheries is not less tbun a million sterling. Most ■i' DOMINF'N OP CANADA. 61 of the fishermen who frequent Labrador in summer are from Newfoundland. They proceed to the various fishing stations alons the coast, in small ves- sels, often taking their families along witn them, and reside nshore in tem- porary huts. They arrive about the end of June, when the ice is pretty well cleared away from the coast, and re- main till the first or second week in October. A considerable part of the cod, salmon and herring is shipped by the supplying merchants direct from Labrador to foreign ports, but more of it is taken to St. John's, Harbor Grace and other places, where it is stored to be shipped according to the demand of foreign markets. Bleak and savage as are the shores of Labrador, yet their appearance or as- pect is often picturesque and grand, and sometimes strangely beautiful. At Cape Chateau is a series of basal- tic columns, wrought into the shape of an ancient castle (hence its name) the turrets, arches, loop-holes and keeps all beautifully represented. Here are materials for an artist not lees attractive than the renowned Cave of Fingal. The famous Labrador feldspar is well known, and is abundant near the Euro- pean settlements on the southern por- tion of the peninsula of Labrador. Labrador was discovered by Cabot in 1497 ; and re-discovered by Hudson in IGIO. The European settlements, all on the east coast, consist of Forteau and Bradore Bays, Anse Le Blanc, and the Moravian stations Main, Okhak, Hopcdale and Hebron. The Hudson's Bay Company Lave several settlements in Labraaor,and receive many valuable furs from it. The total population is supposed to be about 5,000, APPENDIX. — Information for Intending Emigrants. Most Under the old regime emigration to Canada was not encouraged, and conse- quently few of the many hundreds who landed on its shores made it their home. But since Confederation the liberal policy instituted by the Mac^onald- Cartier Government, and further de- veloped by the Mackenzie Government, has bad a most beneficial effect. Already the number of immigrants who have settled in the several provinces of the Dominion can be numbered by hundreds of thousands, and yet they are but a tithe of those who are certain to make Ca lada the country of their adoption. The Dominion and Provincial Agents have been and are very active in their exertions to awaken and enlighten the people in the overcrowded countries of the old world as to the advantages which Canada offers as a home for the intending immigrant, by pointing out its vast undeveloped resources; by show- ing the field it offers for agricultural and other laborers; the channels it opens for artisans ; and the demands for labor that will arise from the immense public works under construction and about to be undertaken, the labor for which must come, for the most part, from be- yond the seas, the Dominion not having nearly sufficient, at present, tor the supply of its own ordinary wants. They have also pointed out the exist- ence of millions of unsettled acres of prairie lands in Manitoba and the North West Territories, of the richest produc- tive capacity, — lands lohich are probably more favorable for the growth of wheat in greater abundance and perfection than those of ^ any other country in the world; and which at no distant day it is believ- ed and hoped will become the homes of millions of people from the old world. With reference to the class of immi- grants of whom Canada is most in need, the Minister of Agriculture has placed the following memorandum before the Imperial Government; "The classes of laborers whose labor is most in demand, are the agricultural, agriculture being, at present, the chief in- terest of the Dominion. But there is also a very large demand for the classes of com- mon able-Dodied laborers, arising from the numerous and extensive public works and buildings everywhere in progress in the Dominion, and this demand will be largely increased by oth' large public works pro- jected,— notably le Canada Facilic Kail- way and the Canadian Canal System. " The handicrafts and trades generally, which are, so to speak, of universal appli- cation, can also always absorb a large number of artisans and Journeymen. "There is everywhere, in town and coun- try, a large demand for female domestic servants of good character. "Children of ei'her sex, respectably vouched lor, and watched over upon their C ■ i>- ■'!''' 62 APPENDIX. .) .i;fi ■!'[■! 11 \4 ¥ arrival, by parties who bring them out, may be ubsorbed in very considerable numbers. " The various manuracturcf incident to a oomparatively now country, constitute an important ana rapidly increasing branch of industry; and tlicy cause a large demand for Immigrant labor. "The getting out of timber from the forests and its manufacture, form a leading industry of the Dominion ; but not one to be mucli relied on for newly arrived immi- grants, the various descriptions of labor whicl' It requires being best performed by pers( as who have had special training in this country. The various industries, how* ever, which have immediate sympathy with it, malie a large demand for Immigrant labor. " The Fisheries of the Dominion, both on the Atlantic and racific coant, are of almost unlimited ext«nt, and afford a field for the particular kind of labor adapted to them. " The Dominion possesses very extensive raining resources of almost every kind. These offer a wide field for explorationc, and hold out much promise for tne future. Their present state of development calls for a considerable amount of laoor, which it is expected will be increased to a very lar>;e extent, in the immediate future. " It may be remarked thtit the classes which should not be induced to emigrate to Canada, unless upon recommendation of private friends, and with a view to places specially available, are professional or liter- ary pers'ons. As a rule there is a tendency towards an over supply of applicants for these callings from with'in the Dominion it- self and unknown or unfriended immigrants seeking employment in them, might en- counter painflil disappointments. " The number of^ immigrants which might be absorbed by the immense agri- cultural and other requirements of the Dominion are practically unlimited. It is a fact that more than treble the number of the ordinary yearly arrivals of immigrants could be absorbed without making any glut in the labor market." As regards the land aystem of the Dominion, it may be stated that in the Provinces of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and British Columbia, with the exception of a tract in the last-named Province, ceded to the Dominion for the purpose of the Pacific Railway, the lands are held by the several Provincial Qovernments. In all of the Provinces free grants are given to immigrants, and in almost all cases in which Government land is for sale, it is offered at prices which are merely nominal, and wnich really only amount to settlement duties. The lands in the Province of Mani- toba and the North West Territory are held by the Dominion Qovernments, which at present gives free grants of 160 acres in Manitoba on the condition of settlement. Dominion lands are also sold fur 43. 2d. sterling per acre. The Dominion lands are surveyed in blocks of 12 miles square, and these blocks are subdivided into four Town- ships of six miles square each ; these again into 36 sections of one mile square, or 640 acres each ; and each section into quarters of 160 acres each. The Legislature of Ontario has set apart a larae area of country north of Toronto wnere the emigrant can ob- tain, free of charge, a farm of one hun- dred acres ; and agents are specially engaged to conduct the emigrant to those lands and assist them in making a selection of a farm. These lands are protected from seizure for any debt in- curred before the issue of the Patent, and for 20 years after its issue by a " Homestead Exemption Act." The Province of Ontario furthermore allows .$6 (£l 4s. fid stg.) towards de- fraying the passage money of every adult emigrant who becomes a resident in that Province. The Legislatures of Quebec, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, also active- ly promote the interests of emigrants, and offer solid advantages to induce them to settle in those Provinces. The Dominion Government has this year voted a large sum of money in aid of emigration. Numerous agents have been sent to Great Britain and the continent of Europe^ supplied with maps and pamphlets furnishing the fullest information as to rates of labor, cost of food and clothing ; where mechanics and laborers are most in demand; where the best agricultural hands can be obtained ; and with de- tailed estimates of the cost of moving from Europe toany partof the Dominion. The ocean steamers from Europe land em 'rants at Levis, a town facing the city of Quebec. Roomy and com- modious quarters, free of charge, are Erovided for the emigrants about one undred yards from the landing stage, where the passenger cars of the Grand Trunk railway run alongside. These quarters are clean and airy, amply pro- vided with facilities for washing and cooking, and provisions of all kinds can be bought, either cooked or un- cooked, at reasonable rates. The Gov- ernment agent in charge at Levis, Ci Ci M P P P APPENDIX. 63 la preserves order nmongat theenngrauta, protects them from imposition, sees that they procure wholesome food at moderate rates, takes charge of the sick and destitute, and furnishes all enquirers with full and reliable infor- mation as to railway and steamboat fares and the best routes to reach their destination. The Minister of Agricul- ture, who has had long experience as to the requirements of emigrants, and thoroughly understands how they can best be assisted, has also placed trust- worthy and intelligent agents at Mon- treal, and other important stations along the main line of travel ; hence the emigrant who appeals to any of the Government agents at any station in the Dominion For advice or assistance, may feel confident that he will be pro- tected from imposition, and aided in reaching his destination. The sober, honest, and industrious emigrant, in the enjoyment of good health, can at once command wages more than sufficient to house, clothe and feed his family ; and if he be pru- dent and place his spare wages in the Government Savings bank, where he will receive 5 per cent, interest on depo- sits, he must in a few years become inde- pendent. The climate of the Dominion IS as healthy as that of England, and longevity eaually common, though those who inaulge in the whisky bottle in Canada are doomed to an early grave. One special advantage the emigrant can command in almost every part of the old settled Provinces, name- ly, an excellent education for his chil- dren, free of cost. Average Wages Paid in Canada. Currency. Stg. Blacksmiths, per day $1 60 . . :£0 6 Bakers, " 1 60 .. 6 Brickmakers, *' 150.. 6 Bricklayers, " 2 75.. OHO Carpenters, " 175.. 70 CabiBetmakers, " 176.. 70 Laborers, " 125.. 50 Millwrights, " 200.. 80 Masons, " 2 75 . . 11 Painters, " 1 75 .. 7 Plasterers, " 175.. 70 Printers, " 1 50 .. ^ 6 Stonecutters, " 2 75 . . 11 Shoemakers, " 150.. 60 Tailors, " 1 75 .. 7 Watchmakers, " 150.. 60 Farm laborers, per) i? aa q a a month, and board) 17 w •• » » o Servant Maids, " 6 00.. 1 40 Currtncfj, Stg. Lumbermen, com-) mon liaiidi^, purj 25 00 .. 5 mouth, and board) It is to be observed in connection with this table that manv mechanics and skilled artisans work by the pieco, and conseq^uently earn much higher wages. Printers, forexample, wording by the piece, earn from $15 to $20 per week. Likewise stonecutters, masons, bricklayers, brickmakers, carpenters, quarrymen, &c. The hours of labor in Canada are generally from 7 a.m. to 6 p.m. in sum- mer, and 7j a m. to 6J p.m. in winter, 10 hours. In a few large establishments 9 hours constitute a day's labor ; in some others the workmen are granted a half holiday on Saturdays. Saturday is the usual pay day. It may be stated in connection with the rate of wages that food is plentiful and cheap in Canada: and the Domin- ion is, therefore, a clieap country to live in. The following are average £ rices in the provinces of Ontario, Que- ec, Xova Scotia, and New Bruuswick : Currency. Stg. Bread, .3 lb. loaf. $0 12 £0 6 Butter, per lb., salt 20 lo Beef.perlb 10 7 Cheese, per lb 15 7 Coffee, per lb 30 13 Flour, per brl. of 200 lbs... 6 60 16 Firewood, per cord 5 iX) 10 Ham.perlb 12 6 Herrings, per brl 6 00 10 Oatmeal, per 200 lbs 5 75 13 Mutton, per lb 12 6 Pork, per lb 10 5 Potatoes, per bushel 30 13 Soap, yellow, per lb 05 3 8ugar, brown, per lb 10 Tea, per lb 50 2 2 Tobacco 30 15 •• Native grown 20 The purchasing power of the dollar in Canada is much greater than in other parts of America, especially in those things which go to maKe the cost of living, and this fact should always be kent in mind, in making compari- sons between the rates of wages paid in Canada and the United States. Emigrants to Canada are strongly advised to take the St. Lawrence route. It is 448 miles shorter than that by way of New York, and possesses the advan- tage of smooth water — of inland navi- I ■ ' '■■■(. ( .. 64 APPENDIX. I ih ;!| Sation for about one-tbird of the whole istance. It may be added that the scenery of the St. Lawrence is amongst the finest in the world, — a fact which possesses many charms for those who trarel. The distance from Liverpool to New York is 3097 miles, fare £Q 6s. stg. ; from Liverpool to Quebec, by the route taken by the Ocean steamer, 2649 miles, fare £4 15s. stg., or with special warrant, £2 6s. stg. iMSIIORATIOlf TO CAIfADA. Ths appointment of an Aeent Gene- ral of Canada in London and the estab- lishment of Immigration Bureaus in the chief cities of the United Kingdom and Europe, together with the liberal policy of the Dominion and Provmcial Governments, has tended largely to turn the tide of immigration to our shores and to induce thousands to settle. There is no doubt that Canada oflfers the best field in the world for immigration. Her resources are vast and her means of communication by land or water unexcelled. Agricultur- ists, mechanics and laborers will find in Canada more than suflScient for their several callings. Canada is computed to be at least three and a half millions of square miles, and embraces some of the richest landscape scenery in the world ; is here and there adorned with beau- tiful cities, towns and villages ; is tra- versed in almost every direction with railways; and is governed by that monarchical system which has made England the greatest of nations. Reli- gious liberty prevails in all its parts ; the highest education is afforded to the most humble— free ; and such laws are from time to time enacted by its legis- lators as may prove beneficial and tend to increase its prosneritv. Canadians are noted for their loyalty to the Bri- tish Crown. They have a deep love and reverence for the noble Queen who now reigns over them, and should occasion offer there is not one but would be willing to sacrifice his life for her and for bis country. We might enlarge on the many advantages which Canada offers for settlement, but the reader will find in the descriptions in this work such a full amount of information that it is un- necessary to repeat the substance here. The following table shows the total number of immigrants that have enter^ ed the Dominion annually since Con- federation, the numbers that have passed through to the United States, and the numbers that have permanently settled in Canada : Arrivali, 1868 71,448 1868 74,866 1870 69,019 1871 66,722 1872 89,186 1878 99,109 1S74 60,022 648,871 Passed through. Settled 68,683 13,766 67,202 18,680 44,818 24,706 87,949 27,778 62,608 86^78 49,069 60,060 40.649 89,873 340,468 209,8*76 This table sbowa a steady increase ujp to the clese of 1878, but a falllnff off in 1874. caused by the depression of trade in tbe United States; the surplus supply of labor there ; and tbe sharp competition of Mew Zealand and tbe Australian Colonies. Mo less than 63,968 emigrants sailed for Great Britain for tbe Antipodes in 1874. The bulk of the immigration of 1874 was of tbe agricultural class, a class fur which there is a demand far in excess of the supply. The total number of arrivals in Canada A-om 1861 to the close of 1874 was 1,808,426. Of this number 672,684 settled In Canada and 780,742 went to the United States. The total expenditure of the Government of Canada for 1874, for Immigration pur> poses, was $281,413, the several provinces showing an aggregate expenditure for tbe same object of 9287,828, making a total of $629,286. The sum of $61,269 was spent in tree passages firom Quebec to tbe West in 1874. With the well organized system of immi> gration service now in force, and the assi- duous means put forth to Induce and asrist immigrants to settle in Canada, there ap- pears every encouragement to hope that a large popalation will annually settle in someporttonof our immense territory. The following are tbe names and address- es ot tbe Immigration Agents of Canada in tbe United Kingdom and Europe: Edward Jenkins, M.P„ Agent General, Canada Government buildings, King st., Westminster, London. John Dyke. London office. C. Foy, 11 Claremont st.. Belfast, Ireland. G. T. Haigh. Liverpool, England. R. Murdoch, Glasgow, Scotland. H. J. Larkin, South of Ireland. H. J. Bicbards, Channel Islands. F. De Cazes, 12 Avenue Lamothe Piquet, Paris. O. Bossange. 16 Sue du Quatre Septembre, Paris. H. Uatheson, Gottenberg, Sweden. Richard Bems, 82 Marohg au Cheveux» Antwerp. C. Brown, Havre. P. Rommell k Co., and A. Zwilchenhart, Bale, Switzerland. < 'fA uj I I. >' ill ,iii-