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Les diegrammes suivsnts illustrent le mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 MKiocorv msounoN tbt chart (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) |2£ ta HA 1^ yg IK U |M 1^ KltJ. 11.8 1.25 III 1.4 1 1.6 ^ >^PPLIED IN/HGE Inc BT^ 'SS3 Eost Main SIrMt rj; RochMt«r. N«w Yord 1460 J USA ^g (716) 482 -0300- Phone ^B (716) 288 - S989 - Fo> 1 ANTHROPOLOGICAL PAPERS OP THE American Museum of Natui History. Vol. VI. PartAl. ^/^%1 'MMon GN 2. V.6 PT.2 THF PREHISTORIC ETHNOLOGY OFj KENTUCKY SITE. HARi.AN I. SMITH. ANTHROPOLOGICAL PAPERS OF THE American riuseum of Natural History. Vol. VI, Part II. THE PREHISTORIC ETHNOLOGY OF A KENTUCKY SITE. BY HARLAN I. SMITH. NEW YORK: Published by Order of the Trustees. 1910. ANTHROPOLOGICAL PAPERS or THE American Museum of Natural History Vol. VI, Part H. THK FKKHF.STOKIC ETHXOIXXJY OF A KKNTIC KV SITE. Mv Harlax I. Smith. nxliK COXTKNTS. IXTHODITTION .... Kesoi RcKs IN Ammai. AM) Plant Matkkiam FixhI Matcriiilx f.>r .Mamifiii-tim', MinoniLs, Stonr, M li<»IH' Ant lor Ti-cth ... •'^•"•11 ...... I'latit Mal«>riiils .... .*»K< iRix(i Food Huntini{, Fi.sliinn, OatheriiiK Wild Plant P I'oinis chipjHMl out of Stono Maniifarturc of Points chipptHl out of Stoi Points nibbiMl out of Ant! r -MainifiMturc of Points nihlxHl out of Antl Snai^-w, lto,..s, Calls, an.l Chamis Fish S|M'aiN • • . . . Fish H(M>ks Nets ■■.'.'.'. (iathcrini; Pl.ant Fo- Manufartun- of Pottprj- . Stnincrs . . . . S|)oons tals, ' , and .Wtri' "lit md Clav Pmw. 177 179 179 181 181 182 182 18:i 18:} ik:{ ih:) 1^4 IM 185 18.5 IMS ml 189 189 m» *» I'.m 173 1<4 AnIkrviMAogiail I'aptr* Amfrimn Mumum »/ \:n 1^4 C«'ltn iiiiuic of 8lonc Hjj-, Ccltd inadv of Anth'r DNi Miinufiu-tun> of C«'I»h niacic »f Antler 19(( HiiftinK uimI I'w \yi\ IIuniiiierNtonrK \y^\ PiilfHl S(()ii<>H 197 \\ hctsionPH , . jj)7 Arn)w-i!lmft SmfK^hon* KDn v'hiH«>l!i of Hon*' 1{IS Pin* and Cylindi'm of Anlitr and Bono 19K Knivi'fi nHuii' of H4'av<'r Tm'IIi t9H ("liipiM-d KlakcH \\y^ Chipix'd Drill I'oiniN 1«> TOOIJ* fSKI) HV WftMK.N 20(J .SorN made of Bone , . 201 AwIh 2(H Ni-*-*!!!'."* ............. 2()4 Muniifact lire of Needles 2(M SpinnhiK and WVavinn 20.') Fintter Xails and Tifx* 20.% I'mM'KHHKf* OF Maxitaitikk 20."> UiihbinK 20.") t'uttinit -iOt) DrillinK 20() FiincliinK J(H) C'liippiiiK 207 P'laking 207 I'eekinK 207 Mcnlelinic 207 Inipn-ssioK ; . . 2()S Twist inn 20S KiiittiiiK 2()S Paint in(£ 20K History OK .Mantfa«ti-rkd OiUKfTs 20S (Iamks. RKi.KiKHs OBJF.rxH, Pipes, AND .\mi-8Eme\ts 209 Tulx's and Cylinders 20!» Dice 200 Hin(j and I'in Game 2(K» Manufacltire of Phalanx Bone Ob.ieets 210 Disps 210 Manufiietiire of Discs made of Ston.> 210 lino. I Smith, I'rrhiniorir KtHfurkif, 175 MniHifurtiin' of l)iwM iim tntiii Polxlienli Kuttl«>N (•i>ntflrl Munururtiiri' »f Whiitlkv Mttniifui-iim- of PIim-h huuIo of 8toru> AiiiiiM'ini'ntN Wakkark DkKHH AM» AD4IK\MKNT . ClothiiiK Mutcriiilx . MlN-CUNitW liair Spn'wIiTH Combs i'<>nllan<>ouH DmiuiicntH Akt .... Inji'rieh a.nd Diheankh . S-alp Cuts Arrow WoiinilN KittctiirPK DixoiiMHi indiviiluulH Itoiien I)im>u8<> 22t) 2») 230 •231 231 234 XVII-XIX. XX-XXI. XXII. XXIII. XXIV-XXX. XXXI-XXXIII. XXXIV-XXXV. Il.LrSTRATlONS. Platks. Rcsoiirci's. Implonienls for .securing Foorraine and Utica of the New York .series. The Eden consists of shale and thin limestones, the latter of which tend to slip out on the surface of the steep hillsides under the action of frost and rain. Many of these are carrie«l by water some distance down stream, antl in places are depositetl in such a way as to resemble a pavement, each piece standing on edge, but leaning er» A„^ric„n \t„>^eum of Satuml llMonj. \\n\. VI, characterizing the culture of the people who fonnerlv lived there Speci- mens have been collected on the surface of this site, especialh l.v Mr Gerard Fowke and by Col. Frederick H. Bierlmwer of Mavsville as well as l)y casual visitors to the place. A considerable collec-tion from this site may be seen in the Museum of the Public Librarv at Maysville During June, July, an.l August. 1895. I made a .series of exploratif.ns on the Fo.x Farm and a reconnoissanc-e of the ^•ieinitv for the American Museum of Natural History. Pr<.fess.)r Frederick W. Putnam at that time Curator of Anthropology in the Museum, planned for me to continue these explorations during the suksequent year and to complete them, but no appropriation was made the next year for continuing the work and the American archaeological work of the Jesup \<,rth Pacific Expediti.)n engaged my attention during the following years. We have a verv large and judging from the artifacts usually found in the Ohio Vallev. a rather complete collection from this place.' There is consideral,le literature regarding the archaeology of the general region and for this reason we may omit a detailetl report on this work and attempt a characterization of the culture of the prehistoric inhabitants, especially for comparison with the results of later work in Ohio in a similar culture, earrieear, •leer, elk, wolf, gray fox, beaver, raccoon, mountain lion, wild cat. Indian dog, muskrat. ground hog, opossum, rabbit, mink, squirrel, wiH turkey, wild goose, trumpeter swan, great horned owl, fresh water drum and mus- sels.2 The remains of .seventeen different animals were found in the adja- cent Gartner village site among liich were the elk, Virginia deer, which constitute.1 about half the large imal Imnes. black bear, grav wolf, gray fox. mountain lion, wil.l cat, bea er. raccoon, opossum, mink, muskrat. rabbit, skunk, groim.l hog. otter, Indian dog, wild turkev which made up ' Mills, (a), pp. 12. 20. 2:i, 2.5. -Mills, (h). pp. S, IM, 28. IW Anthropological Papers American Museum of Xalural History. (Vol. \I, eighty per cent of the bird bones, trumpeter swan, wihj goose, great hornw! owl, bald eagle, bittern, fish, box turtle, and mussel. That fish were used for food here in Kentucky is also suggested by the fish hooks made of bone which were frequently found (p. 187. Plate xxi. Figs. 11-13) and by the impressions of netting on potterv (Plate xxi' Fjg. 15). Bones and scales of fish were found by Mills in the refuse pit^ m the Gartner site.' We dug up shells of several species of fresh water dams (Plate xix. Figs. 4. 5). Mussels were apparently much used for food by the prehistoric people of the Gartner village site,^ and lm\s of them probably kitchen refuse, like little shell heaps, were found in the cache holes, used as refuse pits. The charred remains of corn and com cobs, l)eans, hickorv nuts, and walnuts (Plate xix, Figs. 6-10), were also secured on the Fox Farm The corn cobs were small but Iwre eight and twelve rows of corn while at the Baum site Mills found cobs of eight and ten rows." Some pottery bearing impressions such as probably coulJ be made with the large end of a peach pit (Plate lv. Fig. 11) was found here. Mr. H. P. Gould, pomolo- gist in charge of fruit district investigations, of the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture informs me that the Department has no historical evidence indicating the existence of the peach in Kentucky ih pre-f'olum- bian times, in fact that the species Prunu^ pcrsica to which the peach be- longs is not indigenous to this countrv and. so far as he is aware, all of the closely related species to which the apricots, almonds, etc., l,elong are also mtroduceil species and were brought to this country, so far as we have any mformation. in comparatively recent times. He also states that none of the plums they know anx thing about have large rough pits and in fact, that the native plums, whioli alone of the plum family could have figured in the pre- white occupation of Kentucky, must have possessed relatively small and com- paratively smooth pits as judgecl by the characteri.stics of the native plums of the present time. He states that if there was anything in the wav of a plum having a large rough pit which could have been u.sed to make the markings on this pottery, it must have been something now lost and un- known even historically, so far as the horticultural varieties and types of plums are concerned. It thus seems that the markings were either not made with a peach pit or that the pottery was made since the discoverv of America an.l the introduction of the peach, but in this case it seems strange that no other evidences of white contact were found. In the Gartn-.- village site corn on the c-ob. shelled corn, beans, hickory nuts of three kinds, and wal- I Mills, (b). p. FiU. 'Mills, (b). pp. 20-:«). "Mills, (c!. p. Ml. I!»10.| Smith, Prehistorie Kentucky. 181 nuts wm- found in a charm! state ' hut there chestnuts ami seeds of tlie pawpaw, l)utteniuts. hazel nuts, ami the seeds of the wild plutr. all in a charrefl condition were also found. Matrriakfor Munufmtun', Mhurals, Stone. MtiaU, am/ Clai,. For raw inaterial to make twJs an.l other ohjects, they depended upt.n stone, clay. Iwne, antler, tt^eth, shell, and plant sul)stances. Chert, chalcedony, and jasper were used for chipped points to arrows, spears, kni^es, .Irills, and scrapers, as shown by objects made of those materials. Jasper was also chipiKHl into celts (Plate xx.xi, FiR. 9). Limestone was chipped into discs (Plate XXII, Fig. 2), pecked into pitte-14) Part of the metacarpal bone of the . er was foun.l In Mqls in the Idena Mound of Ohio.' I^rge thick lH>nes furnishene of the raccoon (Plate xu. Figs 4, 5. and Plate u. Figs. 10, 11). Bone furnishe,l the material for fish hooks (Plate X.X,, Hgs. 11-13. and Plate xxx.x. Figs. 1-10), and a numln-r of objects of unknown use. Phalanx bones of elk and deer were cut at the large en.l and perforated through the opposite articular surface for use in a game similar to "ring and pin." or as pendants on clothing (Plate xli„ Hgs. 4-. ). The astragalus Inine of the deer (Plate xu„. Fig. 8) was frel quently found and may haxe In^n use,l in gambling or as a buzz. Hollow light l)ones of birds were made into fifes or whistles (Plate li Figs 13-14) perhaps sometimes us«l as animal calls. Some of them and a few small bones of other animals were cut off in .sections for makin.- tubes (Plate xx, Hgs. 8-10). and In^ads (Plate xlv,„. Fig. 2). Fragn. ts of turtle shell' were also found in which a perforation ha.l been made (Plate xxxv,, I-ig. 10). The claw core, or terminal phalan.x of an eagle was incised (Plate xv,„ tig. •>). Anikr The tips of antlers were made into arrow jK>ints (Plate xx,. l-igs 1-5). .\ntler was u.sed for making cylinders. lH>th long and short (Plate X,.,,,. Jigs 1, 2. and Plate xxx,„, Figs. 8-10). an.l a species of celt-hke objects (Plate xxxi. Fig. 10. and Plate xxxix, Figs 11-14) Some large pieces of antler were perforated at one end (Plate xxxvii Fig. 11). Tcdh Bear teeth were made into pendants l»th by perforating through the tip of the root, and by grooving around it (Plate XL,x, Figs 1.5-18) Teeth of the elk. deer (Plate x,.,x, Fig. 10) and wolf (Plate xux. Fig m' were also made into pendants by perforation. Beaver teeth were cut off at the back and across the rcK)t for use as knives (Plate xxx,,,, Fi^s 11-14). Bear teeth were --ut off at the end of the enamel, for some, at present, unknown purpose (Plate u. Figs. 7, 8). 'MilN. (a). i>. 10. I»10.1 Sm.. frihinlorir Kihliirky. IW Shrll fhe shell of seN oral spt^if. „f fresh water clams furnishe. I). Shells, at least of Olirella, Umiimn, and Margin, lln apirina from the Atlantic or (Julf ( Vmsts secur«l cither fro.n neiKhlmring triln-s hy l.arter or warfare or l,v expeditions t.. the sea were found t.. have U-en made into iK-a.ls ( Plate' xiaiii Figs 1:.-1S). pendants (Plate xux, Fi^s. im-lio), disc-s. perforat«l discs '(Plate '-. Mks 8-14). and pins (Plate i.. Fi^r. l(i). Small mean shells were found >n the Adena M,.und ' and pieces of mean shells in the (iartner Mound = I mt MaUrmU The use ..f plant material, other than f..r f.KKl which Has been mention .1. and for fuel as in.licate.1 l.y finds ..f char«»al an.l wofKl ashes. ,s mdicated l.y the impressions of cord (Plate xxiv. Fig (i and Plate xxv. FiK- 3) ami netting (Plate xxi. FiK. l.'.. and Plate xv,' '•'K|*. 1. 1), upon the outer surface of jK>ttery. Implements f,r the Kathern.^ of the vcKctahle fiber usenjwever |K>ne ..f these ..bjects. which may p.,.ssibly have been use.l in .ligging an.l meing. bear signs of fK.lishe.1 clges cause.! by use in cultivating the soil It will Ik. remember...! that the large agricultural implements from Illinois Arkansas, and the a.ljacent country are ..ften highlv polishe.1 .,n the edg,' from use ,n contact with san.ly s.,il. Possibly all agricultural w.,rk an.l digging was acomplishe.1 in this regi.)n with .ligging sticks. Of <„urs.., ' Mllfs. ia). |). :.><». -' Mills, (h). p. u. IH4 Anlhro/mltiffinil I'liimm Atmriiuii Miimum of Sntiiml lliiilory. (Vol. VI, many of tho points for spears, arrows, an«l knives, may lunt- l>een used from limestone, chipptHl |)el)liles (Plate XXXII, Fig. 1), and hammerstones (Plate xxxii, Fi»r. 4), some or all of each class may have .servwl occasionallx' for or s<»lely as axes or club heads us«««l in hunting or warfare. \o groovetl cluli heads or axes were found here (p. 105). Some of the objects considerer even a.s spear points (Plate xxxii. Fig. 14); large pieces of antler as clubs used in hunting or in war. I^rge pieces of antler perforate*! at one end (Plate xxxvii. Fig. 11), may have l>een used as slung shots. PoinfH rhipimi out of Sloni'. For hunting, points f«)r arrows, spears, and knives, chipped out of chert, chalcedony, quartzite am! jasper were foun«l. No points groun«l out of stone were seen, although |x>ints for arrows made by rubbing and drilling tlie tips of antler were fr«H|uent. The irious styles of chippef the .leer are cmmon in tlu- Gartner Milage site.^ The spatulate objects shown in Plate i.i, Fig 10 an.J th.- I>..mts appan-ntly broken from similar objects shown in Plate xx'i. Figs T, (>, were possil)ly use.l as spear points. yinuufacfurr of Point. rulM out of .\„thr. The manufacture ..f p.>ints mbbcl out ot antler is al.so suggested by .specimens foun.l ' (Plate xxxvii, I-.KS. S-21). Prongs (Plate xxxviii. Fig. 8), broken fr.>m antlers wer,' .|u.te common. Some .>f the prongs broken off ha.l iH...n .ut aroun.l or part way «roun.l (Plate xxxvni. Figs. 10, 11) apparently with a flake of stone (Plate xxxvni. Fig. 9), i„ order that the tip out .»f which to inak.- an arrow point might be rea.lily broken off. Pieces, fr.nn each of ' Wlllou!?hl).v. pp. 4:u 2 Mills. f«). p. 27. "Mills, (b). p. 41. ' Mills. (Id. p. 41. ^(T WlllouKhby. -4:i7; cr. Skinner, pp. 14, 21. im AnthmiMiltiviml I'iiimtk Amirinin .Mii-mni of Siiliiml IliMory. \\»\. W, I which a tip hu«l l»een removt-d by KKMiving himI hn>ukinK. wert' numt-nw.s. They wew irrepilarly hr«)krn i)ff fn»ni the untltT at thi'ir larjjt' end and show nijcns of the RWiove amund th«'ir smaller end where the tip ha«l l»een hniken off after lieinK tut an>und. Such piw-es (lower part i)f Fig. 1-, Plate xxxvill) were naturally more numerous than the tips lm>ken from them; but tips (upper part of Fi((. 12. Plate xxxviii) were also foun«l and showtnl at their Imses where they ha. More of them, however, had l>een whitth-*! with a stone flake (Plate xxxviii. Fig. «> an«l sharpened or smootheil (Plate xxxviii, Fij?. l.'>) appan-ntly upon u c-oarse piwr of sttmlst«me (Plate xxxviii, Fijf. 14). Still others (Plate xxxviii, FiKs. 17, 18), the greater numlier of the tips foumi, ha«l l)een i-ompletwl by Initli sharpening and drilling. Sometimes the pn>nK was sharpeneefore In-injc Kr«)ove«l for brtakinn- The finished point at one si«le was somewhat longer than at the other ami this side of the base Wing slightly pointwl serve«l as u barb (Plate xxxviii. Fig. IH; Plate xxi. Figs. l-.J). At the Ga-tner village site every stage of manufacture was represent«>d. even caches of the antler tips wer,- found. Then-, thwe were (lrilleh.te XXX.X. Fi^. 9) have incisions aroun.l the,!' to the hsh hne. iMsh h,K,ks ,na.h. of |>o„e wer,- foun.l in the (Jartner M..nn. ; and less than twelve whole and n.ore than twentv l,„,ken. .some «nH.v« for the atta.h,nent of a line, in the a.ijaee,., site. Thev c. ,nZ ^.vorahl.v w.th thosefo.jn.l at the Han.n village site • One-netluniof n,aT- «.t.m. of such h.sh hooks was .l.-scrilKHl ,nany years ap. hy Prof. Frederiek U In nan, ...I-.s paper entitU.I. "Th.- Way Rone Fishh.n.ks were made m the L.ttle M.an.i Xalley." > The n.eth.Hls of n.annfaeture of the.se hrk' |pr:;:;;~i'";r'"'"' """ "^" -""^'^ ''-'-'"' ""-- ^^^^ ^-^ S-veral sfK-ci-nens of what app^-ar to Ik- the hun.erii of tnrkevs were . n,l (Plate xxx.x. Ki,.. I , ont of one side of each of which a soinewha, nctan^nlar ol.lon^r p,,.,.,. |„„| |^^„ ,.„j ,p,^^j^. ^^^^^ ^,.^^ .^ ^^ ^ ot such thin iH.„e of the size an.l sha.H- of the alH.ve-n.entiond p.Wes were occas,onally found (Plate xxx.x. Fi«. :.,; .so„„.n„.es these were drilled a .7,r 'i T '"'•;:'-^^'^V '»"'•/ ' '" -'*•■• '<> facilitate cnttin, ont the mid.lle p..r .on and mak.nK each en.l the shape of a hook. Son.e of the fish hlate xxx.x. Fi^. N). The second n.ethod is ustra ..d i.y st.ll other fish hooks which show that they wee n.ade fron. the outer surface of a hollow cylindrical Inme (Plate xxx.x. Figs 5-0) apparc-ntly hy sHc-inu rather than I.y drilling. On.- pic-c-e of In^ne or' antler fPlate xxx.x. F,K. 10) is rounded at the- .,ul, has a scrapcn! ^rcmve with a -' Mills. (I) I. p. 4s. ' Mills. (t)i. pp. .s, .-.«»: ici. p. 70. • ^Fills. (hi. p. ri2. ' Putnam, (a), p. .^si. 188 AHlhrit/KtUtifiiiil I'tifirrn Amtrirttti MuM-um of .S'nhiml llinlinii. \\\A. \'I, ar thut ftitl. It i.s ptitwilily in priNtit!! ' nianii- fwtun' into a Hnh hfMtk. PiewH of Ume in every staiie of nianiifaotiire into fish hoolct wer« fiMinil in the c-ren:atio ■ whes of the Gartner nuHimi and the villaite .site.' Tlie f)nHt>Hs * although s«)n)ewhat similar was fliflfen>nt from the two u.sene was diiK out instead of la-inK remov«>d hy drillinK or l».v slieipK off part of a cylindrical l»one. Sonie of the Ume ohjects considercti as awls (Plate xx.xiv, Figs. !>-ll i, amonK them especially the sharpenem deer leg Iwnes may have lieen useil as hiM>ks or Imrlw for h»»oks f.,r hshinK, and «>hje<'ts cimsidered as pendants such as the perforate*! i -ur teeth (Plate xux, FiKM. I.VIS), shiny shells (Plate xi.viii, Fij{. IK), and the shell ohject shown in Plate i„ V\. i\, may have serve«l for artificial fi.sii liait, possibly on trolling lines. Srh. Fish were probalily caught in nets as is suKKested by the impres- sion of netting on frapnents of pottery (Piute xxi, FIk. l-i). ulthoufch the mesh of the netting here impressed is very .small. ThefrHjtnient of a iMm*- «)bject (Plate i,m, Fig. 4) (.insMereil as possib'y ii scra|)er may have l>een u mesh measure. Pebbles iiot'-he«l ■ Kro«>ve4i on two jnlffes and without battere«l ends and j-onsider*-*! by Mills to In- net sinkers wen' foumi at the (lartner villat;e site.' Gnthrriiig Ph:»* F(mmL Celts, |)ecke) are somewhat different from such comuKm shell hoes as I have .setsn in Ohio and apparently were not u.sel». 'Mills, (b), KlK. X\. ' .Mills, (hi. p. 40. < .Mills. ll>i. p. 411. ' Mills, (hi. p. 40: (c), p. ntt. ' Mills, lai. p. IJ. IIHO.I Smtlh, I'rrhmlnrir Krnlnrku. 180 I'kkpakation or Kiioo, Kmr,„. Siiitahly iii.>iint(-tshc.r.!s (Plates xxiv-xxx and Plates lev ux) f,.,nd. most of which .seem to parts of l.roken cs rather than of eeremonial or water jars. Many of these fragments of p<,ttery have .seen done in pottery vessels or even in Imskets or Imxes by adding hot stones. Howevc-r, thev are probablv the stones used as j^t props or the results of baking roots or vegetables cov- ered with leaves by building a fire on top of them. This process, of course burns the pebbles nearby. ■ Mills., (b). p. 49. 'Milk, ib), p. 34. 'Mills. (b).p. 3.5. 190 Anthroitological Papem Anierican Museum of Xalural HMory. (Vol. VI, Potirn/. One whole bowl of pottery and many fragments Were found. Most of the ware was of u brownish color but a few pieces were coated with a reddish layer which is thicker on the outside. A verv few pieces were polished. Pottery was found by Mills in tlie Adena Mound ' and was common in the Gartner site.- A pottery jar was found in the Gartner Mound.' Manufarftirc of PotUry. Tlie manufacture of pottery is .somewhat illus- trated by the specimens shown in Plates .\xiv-xxx. The dav was probably obtained in the neighlwrhood. For tempering material, fragments «)f shell were used. The piece of pottery shown in Plate xxiv, Fig. 1, has been split and exhil)its the fragments of shell u.sed in tempering it. The particles of stone found in the pottery- were apparently accidentally taken up with the clay and not addinl as tempering material. The little ball of burned clay or lottery showing finger nail impressions, illustrated in Plate '.V, Fig. 2, may be a bit of the raw material for pottery-making which was accidentally or purposely fired. Pottery found in the Gartner village site ' was tempereil with crushed shells, quartz, quartzite, and pebbles, (lay mi.xed with broken quartz pel)bles and broken shell ready to be made into pottery was sometimes found in a niche in a gra\e near the head of the skeleton in the Gartner Mound * where in sexeral instances a large mu.ssel shell and sometimes an awl, in others, small river pebbles varving in diam- eter from two to three inches, were found with the clay. The ne.xt specimen shows how some of the uare was cracked in firing. l,ut most of it. as max- Ih- seen (Plate xxiv. Fig. 2) by a reference to the other specimens, was more successfully firinl. Fragments of charcoal (Plate xxiii. Fig. 1) were fre- (luently found. Some of these may be the results of fires .ised in firing the pottery. Burned patches of ground were also discovered which mav ha\e l)een the sites of this process. That the pottery was fired in moreor less open fires is suggested l)y the mottled „r irregularly burned surface of the ware. The C|uality of the ware varied somewhat from that of a rather fine surface to some of rough finisii (Plate xxiv. Fig. 3). Many of the fragments found are portions of rims. The sjjecimen shown Ml Plate XXIV, Fig. 4, illustrates such a rim with a punched perforation prol)ably nuide to facilitate suspending the pot. The perforation in the ne.xt .specunen, also a fragment of a rim. was drilled while the perforation through whicii the folowing fragment was broken is larger ami was appar- ently modeled. '.Mills, (a I. p. 11. ». Mills, (b). p. ;j4. 'Mills, (b), p. 10. ' Mills, (h), p. 3.V 'Mills, (h). p. 10. 1910.1 Smilh, Pnhixlorir Kinliicki/. v.n Traces of tlie iiu'thml of shaping pottery are shown in the specimens illustratefl in Plate xxv. The first liears impressions of fine netting which was perhaps wound on a paefore the \es,sel was fircfl. The ne.xt fragment shows lines, apparently modeled on the clay to represent cord markings; while Fig. of this plate shows the impressions of a carveeiow a level with the lower part of the rim. If this type of lug is still further .leveloped It becines a horizontal ear like that .»n the fragment of rim shown in 1 late xxviii. Pig. -.1 In this case, the lug is slightly below the top of the rim while in the next figure it is level with the rim and seems to Ik- dec-orated with a httlc knob on the top. Specialized lugs of this tvpe are shown in the reaming figures on this plate. One represented bv Fig. :, has an inci- sion down Its mi that it f..rins almost a .s..mi-c-ir.le. to whi.-h tlu- IkkIv .,f tlu- 'Cr. MIIIk, (hi, KIk. 'M»a. lOlO.J Smilh, I'rrhixlorir Krnlucky. 103 jar would Ik- a diameter. Fig. 3 of the same plate shows a lug which is much wider at the top than at the Iwttom and the rim is markwl by trans- \erse incisefl lines or notches. While the rim al)ove the lug in the last figure in this plate may be considered as developed fnim such notches it shows large even smf strainers made of pottery were found. In some of these (Plate xxiii, Fi,<. 3) the perforations ha\e been made by punching from the inside before the vessel was fired; in other cas«'s (Plate yxiii. Fig. 4) the holes have been drille«l from without after sun drying or firing. It will be remembered that both punched an«l drilled perforated pottery strii'ii rs are found in the clifF-»tery *lishes. I have seen modern Imlians at Victoria. Mritish ('olumi)ia, using one foun Mills, (b). p. 47 1»4 A„lhro,M,loffical P„,^r, American M„>^um of \„tuml HiMory. [V..1. \ I, S«rco/««A Charred masses of a mixture of com and beans were often found and th.8 suggests that these two foods may have \^n prepare*! as succotash (Plate xix, Figs. (i. 8). Habitations. No remains of habitations were discovered. The sexeral oblong or rectanguar depressions nuntioned on p. 177 were natural sink I.oles the resu ts of the caving of the earth above caverns formed by the solution of the limestone below. The village refuse in and near them was much less plentihil than in other places. It seems altogether likely that the habita- tions used by these people were such as to leave no very marked depressions or signs other than the great abundance of village refu.se in certain places as compared with the usual amount which was found scattered alx^ut the surface of the farm. It is true tl ^ in several places this refuse was col- ected to form the mounds which i did not consider the remains of habita- tions, but rather simple co\ erings to a number of gra^ es. Cnchrs. Caches of implements ' n.ughly chippe.1 from chalcedoin an.l jasper were numerous in the Gartner village site and caches of antler tips ^■ were also found there. It seems probably accidental that we found no such caches here. Mat. Mats for shelters and beds, floor mats, an.l f.KHl mats were per- haps ma.le by weaving or sewing together cat tail stalks or tulies. although no long needles suitable for sewing .such material were foi.ml. It is ouite fmssible. however, that needles were made of wood and l.mg since .lisinte- gratcHl or that some of the awls were used for that purp«.se, the threa.l or tw..s^« loord su. . a.s ,s shown by the impres.sions on th.. pottery. In-ing pushed through by the fingers. TOOUS ISKI) uv Mf.\. \ nu.Ml„.r of artifacts c-onsidercl to be tools were found. Among these celts Immmerstones, whetston.>s. arrow-.shaft smoothers made of stone .hisel-like bone objects, antler pins, and cylinders, lH.aver-t,M>th knives, chippc.1 kn.ves, flakes, and drill points are considered as having probabh been used bv men. ^ • ' Mills, (hi, p. 39. ■•' -Mills. (I», |), 42. 1910.1 Smilh, Prihintorir Knihirk-j/. IPS Cfltn nittdr of Stoii,'. Stone celts were iKxasionully foiiiKl. Tlie forms of these are shown on Plate xxxi, Fi^s. 1-9. All were of the general types common to the Mi.ssi.ssippi \alley. The celts shown in Plate xxxi, FiKs. 2, and o 7 are Imiader at the edge than at the poll. The side edges and poll of some of these tend to he more or less flat. The surfaces of the sides and the outline of the ciittinK edge are ct)nve.\. Some (Plate xxxi. Figs. I-.}. 7-8) are symmetrical, that is. sharpened alnait e(iually from each side; others (Plat.- xxxi. Figs. 4 <>) are sharpemnl from one' side more than from tlu other. A few (Plate xxxi, Figs. .V (i) seem to have slight notches in tlu- sid,' edges. ix)ssil)ly made to facilitate hafting or cau.sed by hafting them. Most of the celts were macked. The polishing was not sufficient in .some cases to obscure the marks of pecking (Plate xxxi. Figs. 2, 8). Some of the celts, however, were made of ja.sper and chipped into form. One of these shown in Plate xxxi. Fig. 9, is double e«lg»-d or double l)itted and has a more or less straight asymmetrical cutting edge. Part of the lower cutting edge has been forme«l by grimling and polishing and the side edges are mh\m\ smooth. Tho.se celts formed by chipping and grinding are much more scare- than those formed by pt-cking and polishing, not onl\ on this farm, but if not in the whole Mi.ssissippi \alley, at !v-ast in the greater part of it! One of the double bitted ground celts made of yellowish sand.stone is very small anillage sit.-. One found in a grave was fin.Iy |K)lish«-.l. .Mthough none w.-re gro.)ved. many w.-re peck.-.l for tlu- attach- ment ..f a handle." A.cor.ling to Mills, they wen- found there in all stages of manufactur.'. In some cas.-s pecking had been b.-gun only on a small surface of a pebiile of suifal)le form, in others it had be.-n complet.-d. The same was true of the sub.swiuent grinding. \o gr.H)ved ax.-s «-.-re f.>uiid l)y us cm this K.-ntncky site an.l Mills found only two at the Baum site.= Some of the thin oblong piec.-s of limestone chippt-d on the edges (Platt- XXII, Fig. 4), and in fact, the numer.)us flat discs of limestone, roughly chipp«-d to a cutting edge anmnd their entire circumf.-rence (Plate xxii, Fig. 2) may linv.- b.-.-n us.-.l as celts, but th.-y show no |K)lish<-fl or worn edges. I Mills, ihi. |)i> i:{. .«». (12. ' Mills, (r) . p. 42. HMM^ UH} AiithroiHtliiiiiml hi/ier* American Mimeum of \atumt History. (Vol. VI, Celts made of Antler. Celts made of a slab of antler and asymmetriral. I»eing sharpened rather more from the inner si«le than from the natund surface (Plate xxxi, Fij?. 10), were found. They are broader towards the cutting edge than at the poll. Munufaciun: of Celts made of Antler. The history,- of the manufactun- of the.se celts is suggestefl by a numlK>r of specimens, several pieces of antler (Plate XXXIX, Fig. 12) were found which had lieen cut along the sides in such a way as to form a \'-sliaped grscure all signs of the grooving (Plate xxxix, Fig. 14); but the celt shown in Plate xxxi. Fig. 10, has grcMives on each si«le edge apparently by means of which it was cut out. I^irge celts ma«le of elk antler were found at the (Jartner village site.' Mills also mentions scrajHTs in a way indicat- ing this cla.ss of objects. He states that few ".scrapers" made from the antler of the elk were found in \arious parts of the site; some were sharpened at l)oth ends and these were longer than those sharpentnl only at one end which latttT were probably pro\ ided with a handle. A few «>f these have notches cut on the side edges.' Xo notched celts were found b\- us on the Fox Farm. Scrapers made from the liea\y metapodial of the elk were found in the (Jartner village site.-' According to Mills, the\ were made like the scrapers of antler and w«Te probably hafte«l in wooden handles (p. 19S). Ilnftiiifi and I'sr. These various celts were probably hafted and used ill carpenter work as axes and adzes, but they may have been ii.sed in stn-ur- ing f, inio.i Smith, /'■ hitorir Kmliirkij. 197 Imniinerstones t-onsist of pel,- c .r iims-ses of nnk 8h«.winK niore or less «xtpnsively hatttrefl and sometimes chipped surfaces on their enth poll and ed^'e are verv lilunt. The pitted hanunerstones consist of pebl.les or hicxks of somewhat wat«r worn stone which were more or less p«Hkethers rm lioth. PiftntStoms. Pieces r)f limestrmc or sanrlstrme liearing rme (Plate XXXII. Fig. 7) r)r se\eral pits were rKcasionally founrl. The pits arr- usually almut an inch anri a half to twr) inches in rliameter l)y perhaps three r|uarters of an inch rleep and appear to have In-en jM-ckerl into fr>rm. The use of pitterl stones has long been cr)njectural. .\ largr> piece of sanrl- stone with pits on lK)th sirles was founrl by Mills in the .Vrlena Mrnmd.^ WhitMoiun. Fragments r)f sanrlstr)ne anrI even r)f gritty limestone wr»rn Hat r)r cr»iicave upr>n one side were fr>unrl (Plate xxxiii. Fig. 1). These were evirlently whetstrmes ir)r shaping anrI sharpening varir)us tof)Is. Tn- rlrmbterlly the stone cr-Its were sharpenr-rl by rubbing then, upon such grmdtTs. Wry likely the.\- wr>re u.sed in sharpr-ning animal br)nr-s anrl antler that were tr) l)e user! fr)r awls. arrr)W points, anrl for similar purrM)ses. In fact, thr'y may have i)een u.serl in grinding anrl siiaping some r>f the smru.th anrl flat r)bjects marie of shell. One (Plate XXXIII. Fig. 2) is r)f celt shape. Other grinrlers have one or more V-shapr-rl grrmvr-s extenrling arrr>ss them Thr'.sr> (Platr' xxxiii, Fig. 4) werr- appar.-ntly also us.-.l f.,r sharpening the tips of arrow joints marie r)f antlr-r. awls rnarlr- r)f [M>ne. etr., althr.ugb some r)f the cuts in the stone are rather trM> sharp to havr- been sr) fr)rme(l. Whetstones of fine grained sanrlstone. some finger-sliafwrl pieces userl upon I Mlllx. ihi. p. 40. ' Mills, la). p. (». IQR AtUhro/mloifual Pa item American Mimeum of \alnral UiMory. [Vol. VI, all sicirs, others symmetrically cut with wlgcs and sides snn)othes, have one or more grooves semicircular in cross sittion. These (Plate xxxill, Figs. :}, «)) were prolwbly used in smoothing and straightening arrow-shafts, or in smoothing the Inine an. Possibly tlie cylinders may have l)een flakers. The large s«' found in 1884 at the Turner Group ' in the Little Miami \'alle\. Ohio," which is not far from Mason County. Kentucky. In the interior of British Columbia antler knife handles are sonu'times boiltnl to soften tficm so that the knife blade may be *lriven in easil.. after wliicli tii.- antler l)e- coincs as hard as ever.' Knircs nmir of Bnitrr Trdh. The lower incisor of the beaver is some- times cut off across the l)ase by grooving and i)reaking. and a jKirtion of the inner surface is grof)vew.-v.r wliilr tli.- Kox Farm remains are of the Kort .\n«'U'nt Culture. See p. 2.{:t. • Putnam, (h). Klas. S. '.). p. i.'jj ■ Smith. «•), p. ItMi. n»io.| Smith. I'rrhiHioric Kenlitrky. IW or cut off flat (Piute xxxiii, Vig. 14). Two of th.«- last were found. The first two hu\e the left aide of the cutting edge broken away as if to narrow it. The lust has a groove aciv. s the l«se. All these may huve l)een used as points for knives suitable for wcxxl curving. Such knives haftetl in wooden handles are used as chis«'ls in making snowsho«'s and al-so as crooke|.* sup|X)s«l tf. have \y^n uswl hy women other than th.>se emplovwl Ml the preparation of lood are shown on Plates xxxiv-xxxv. 'liev include serap«'rs, awls, and nee«lles. Sc-aiMr^ rhipiHd out nf Sionr. \ few of the less acute chipp«-). may have l)een inserted in th • -f.lit end of a stick and usone i^f the «leer (Plate xxxiv. Fig. 2) were fnquently found. The middle portDii of the posterior surface of this Umi. was groove*] out almost to the end. Xmnfs. cut through to the mar- rev canal in such a wa\ that along aiKiut one thirrl of the length of the l)on«' at the nn.ldle a sharp edge is formed where the grooving cuts off the outer part of the sides of the lume. This portion of the implement would serve as a skin scraper. Such scrapers are found in the Thompson River region - and I have seen the Thompson River Indians snape skin with part of an old scythe Made about the length .>f one of the.s«> skin scrapers. The ends of the scythe blade were woun«l with rags to protect the hands and to f.)rm convenient handles. Similar objects ^ m;.de of horse ribs, wound at the «'nds with .sagebnish and rags and used for the same purpose were collected from these Indians l)y Mr. James Teit. The fragment of a lM>ne object with little pits d in „ne end (p. 18S, Plate un. Fig. 4) may have l)een use, (ill: (hi kIk. ;j.j(i. ' Ttit. Ki!r:<. V2fi.. IL'1> ' Mills, (h), |). s. KMO.l Smith, PrrhiMnfir Krnhtrky. 2IM 1 1 few of them iii the m-nmtion a.she«. S(ru|MTs riiwh- i.f the shoiihhr hlu.h' o the deer wen- (HraHionall.v found in the (Jartner villaK.. site* and some made from the shoulder hiad.- of the elk wen- found Init th. unwork.-.! Um.^ were rarely seen.' 'Hie ci-lt-like .»l,j«.ts made of antler mentiom.l on p. MNi (Plate xxxi. Fix. 10; Plate xxxiv. Fix. U). may have iK^-n u.s«l hv the won.en in seraping skins, as also may the lione chisel shown in Plate xxxiii, FiK. 7. Ma,iuf,uiurv of Srm,>,r, „i,ul, „f Bo,„, The history of the manufae- tnre of one of th€~«; s.ra|)ers is ilhistrat.nl hy s<,me of the speeimens. The natural metatarsal and m.-taearpal (Plate xi.. FiK- I) Um.-s of the deer were f.iuml. The Kroovin^ was perhaps done with flakes of strme or ehipp«Ml stone knives. This is suKjtested l>y numenujs sciallv the long ones may have Imh-u ustnl as spt-ar jK.ints or .iaggers in hunting <.r warfare an.l the smaller specunens may have served as fish hooks or barbs for large liooks. It IS possible that the notches consi.lered to be for .lecorative purposes were inten.lcl to facilitate fastening these poiiifnl Im.ucs to sonu- sort of handle or fish h.K>k. The points of some of then, are p<,lishe,l bv use, others are polished throughout their entire surface probablv bv long liandling. ' * One of the most numerous types is shown in Plate xxxv. These awls are ma.le of the proximal en.l of an ulna, or in the case of the ..ne shown in nate xxxv. Fig. 4. are shapt^l .s<, that they resemble other awls made of that lK»ne. The articular end or the part shape.! like it forms a convenient ■ Mills. (t)i, p. 4:». 'Mills, (l». p. 4:j. 203 AiUkrtifinUtgifal t'apera AmericaH MunrHrn of Xuluml HiiUory. |Vul. VI, handle. ¥\g. 1 illustrate;* one made «>f the ulnu of u ^oudk elk which has simply l)e(>n sharpem'd at the slenderer end. An awl nia«le fn>m the ulnu <>f an elk but with the expamled portions removed was found in the Gartner village site.' Vig. 2 illustrates one of this type of awl made of the ulna of u deer, the animal whose ulna was most fre({uentl.\- used, and it resendtles in every way the awls made of the eorrespimdinn Ume of the elk just «l«'- seriiMHl. FIk. 3 illustrates one which has not only l)een sharpened, hut has lost the epyphysis and the sutural surface has l>een ruhl>ed smooth. This prolwhly is the ca.s«- only in awls made fntm lM>nes li.she4l. .\wls, always with acute points, made of the ulna of the ih-er wen* found in e\ery part of the (iartner village site.* .Sometimes these lN>nes in their natural condition without having In-en sharpenem that such u natural Ume could Ih> made into an awl (Plate \t. Fig. S) in a few moments hy roughly ndihing it into shape on a gnN)ved p\n-v of sandstone (Plate xi., Fig. ii) such as were frequently found. Fig. 4, Plate xi„ illustrates one of this typ«', not made of an ulnu, hut shape*! like an ulna. It is cut out of the pubic l)one of a black l»ear. The ulnae of the black In'ar (Plate xxxv, Fig. ,'j) and lynx (Plate xxxv, Fig. (») were also made into awls. Perhaps the most numemus typ«' of awl is thut shown in Plate xxxiv. Fig. 3, mude fnnn the proximal part of the tursometutarsus Inme of the wild turkey. The articular encl of this l)one was use«l as a handle, the other end being cut off across the marrow canal and shurpemHi. .S)metinu's this type of awl was .,;/tche«l apparently for decorative purposes (Plate xxxiv. Fig. 4). Awls made from the tursometutarsus of the wild turkey were perhaps the most frecfuently found implements in the (iurtner Mound und in the viliuge site, where they were found in the gruves, refu.se pits, and tip! sites. Some of them are ornamented with notches.'' We found specimens illustrating the methml of manufacture of this typ*- of Imne awl (Piute xi.. Figs. 2, t>, 9-11). This series l)egins with a natural tursometutarsus from u mule wild turkev (Piute xi., Fig. 9) bearing a -!)ur, and includes a flake (Plate XL, Fig. 2) or a chippe MilLs. (hi. !>. 4<'>. •MIIIn. (I». p. 4ti ' yiUU. (h). p. 47. ' Milh, (1)1, p. S. lOIO.I Smith, PnhiMorir Ktntmky. 303 were neari.v as numwMiH as thi- pnxiousl.v nuntioned tvpe. Somr (Plate XXXIV. Fig. :,) an. in«.le fr.,„, the .listal part, perhaps a greater number «f the pn.xin.ul ,mrt (Plate xxxiv. Fik. «. .S»me of the latter are de«.rat«l l.y notches (Plate xxxiv. Fig. 7). One has a k.,uk«I ,x.rf„n.- lon near the l,u«. p,«sil,ly for suspension. Th.- arti.i.lar emis usnallv forn, the hamlle. I.ut often in th«.s,. made iron, the pn.xinml part this surfaee IS eiit awa>'. The history of the inaiuiia.tiire of tlu^s.- two types of «,„„,„,„ uwU fn.ni lus lH,ne IS suKKested by the s,MTimens found. .s<„„e of which are shown in I late XI Ihe natural tibi.Marsus U.ne. a rather small one, pn.bablv of H female bml. is shown in Fig. ll>. Fig. 14 illustrates an awl n.a.le from the distal en.l while Fijr. \\\ shows one made fn.m the prr.ximal end. « flake siuh as may have Un-n »s,hI in cutting the l»one. and a grindston.- sueli as was probably us«..l to snuKith it are shown by Figs. 2 an.l nes which were fused tc»gether to make it were separated again and one or lH)tli parts were made into awls by sharpc-ning (Plate xxxiv. Fig 1.3- Plate XI.. Fig. .5). Whether made of an entire or of half an end. the articu-' lar surface usually served as a hamlle. An awl made of half of the distal enc of the metapodial lH,ne of the deer was found at the Gartner village site ami Mills considers that it may have lH.en ma.le from a brc»ken scraper - In a few castas, however. (Plate xxxiv. Fig. 14) the awl was made of the proximal end which was cut away and smcxithed. Thc-^life history of these awls is also suggested by objects found in this site The natural lK,ne (Plate xi.. Fig. 1) was seldom foun.l. but flakes of stom. Plate xi.. Fig. ■') such as could have lH.en usc'd to cut it and grind- stones Plate XL. Fig. fi) on which it could be groun.l to shape-, as well as fini-shed awls of In^tJI. styles (Plate x... Figs. 4. .-,) were frec) may be needles in process of manufacture; as too may be the piece of bone or antler partly drilled at one end (Plate xxxix, Fig. 10), all of which were found here. The bone object shown in Plate i.i. Fig. 16, may possibly but not prol>- ably have been u.sed as a large netting needle. It is made from the wall of a large long bone of some animal, and has a lanceolate point, cylindrical shaft, and a perforation through its irregular base. Fragments of what may have been the same kind of an object are shown in Plate xxi. Figs. 6, 7, the groove aroiiud the broken basal end of the latter may have been to facilitate attaching a thread or cord in an attempt to jise it after it was broken. Needles made of bone were only occasionally fouiul, but broken pieces of them were numerous in the Gartner site all of whicli had a circular eye in the largest end.^ One made of bone was found by Mills in the Adena Mound.^ Mani(f(icfiirc '^ Xirdlr/t. The history of the manufacture of this object is suggested by a few of the specimens found here. Plate xi,il. Fig. 4, shows the natural penis bone of the raccoon; the next specimen is perfo- rated vertically through the tip and the articular knobs of the base have been cut off. The perforating could have been done with a drill jwint chipped from stone (Plate xlii. Fig. 3) by continuing the drilling until ■Mills, (b), p. 10. 'Mills, (l);, 1). IS •Mills. (b1, p. 48 < Mills, (a), pp. II, 24. 1010.1 Smith, I'lrhislorir Kne so as not to form a conoi.l or hic„noi,l perforation. Some of the long hone tubes may huNe I.een nee.Ile eases.' 1 he bone objeet shown in Phite lui, Fig. ;i, eut out of the shoul.ler blade of a «leer and pt-rforated with fourteen no tube or bead as a spreader for roac-hed hair (p Ho) Spinmng audWeaving. While .some of the perforated dises of stone (Plate XXXV., F.g 1; Plate x,.,; Plate xuv), of pottery (Plate xxxvn. Fig. 3 , and of shell (Plate xxxvn. Fig. 4; Plate i., Figs. 9-13), mav h. e served as spmdie whorls it ,loes not seem probable on account of the sn, ,11 perforation m .some and tlu- biconcave surfaces in manv, that thev were mmie for adjustment to a shaft and used in this manner. Some of them bear gt^metne designs, one a realistic pictograph. These are further mentioned on p. LIO No other objects .supix,se,l to have .served in spinning or weav- ing were found and the only evidence of .spinning is the impres.sions on pottery of twisted cord which may have been made without the use of a w^^>r (Plate xxrv. FV G; Plate xxv, Fig. 3). The netting (Plate xxr. Fig. 15; Plate XXV. Figs. 1-2) shown by such impressions is the neares; approach to evidences of wea\ing. Finger y„U. and Ti,.. The finger nails and tips .seem sometimes to have served m the place of tools in forming, or at least in .lecorating. potterv as indicated by the impressions on Ncssels (Plate lv, Figs. 1-10). Processes of ]\rAM'FArTi re. oJA^ ^7r"" T'^?'"'^ '" "'"'^•"^' *''^ ^""""^ "''i^^^t^ f«'""l o-- indi- cated b.v finds on this farm comprise: rubbing, cutting, drilling, punching Piu-E' Ti "' '"^''"'^'' """''""^'' '"'^^^^^'^^'"^' '^'^^^' ^^-^' -d painting These processes may each be illustrated by a .series of specimens .selected from the objects found. ^^""ens .Jf7"\^T^t'' "'".P"'''^'^'"^ ^^"^ the process by means of which practically all the objects formed by pecking and .some of those formed bv ehippmg were finished, also by means of which many objects were mad^ Ihe rough grinding was no doubt done with coarse grin.lstnnos, like those ' Cf. Hoa.s, KIk. 234, p. 4.3.3. 206 Atilhro/iolonintl I'nprrx Aniirican htmrum of Xaliiral Hixtory. (Vol. VI, (Ie3cril>e«l cm p. 197 and shown in Piute xxxvi, Vig. I. The finer Krimling or poUshinj; was prohahly done with finer grinding stones and perhaps hy rubbing with the hand or some fine materials, the nature of which is only conjectural. The results of this process are shown in objects made of stone (Plate XXXVI, Fig. 2), pottery (Plate xxxvi, Fig. -i), bone (Plate xxxvi. Fig. 5), antler (Plate xxxvi. Fig. 4), teeth (Plate xlix. Fig. 18), and shell (Plate XXXVI, Fig. 0). Ciittitig. Cutting is illustrated by the flake of stone, ijossibly a flake- knife, shown in Plate xxxvi, Fig. 7, and the lieaver tooth knives shown in Plate XXXIII, Figs. 11-14 both of which artifacts may have been used for cutting. The refuse from the prcK-ess was probably Uw minute to l)e dis- covered; at least we found nothing which we recognized as such, but the products of this pnxess are shown by cuts on objects of the following mate- rials: stone (Plate XXXVI, Fig. S), pottery (Plate xxxvi. Fig. 9), shell (Plate xxxvi, Fijts. 10-11), bone (Plate xxxvi, Figs. 12-lH), eagle claw (Plate xviii. Fig. .')), antler (Plate xxxvi, Figs. 10-21), and teeth (Plate XXXVI, Figs. 17-18). The history of the manufacture of arrow tips of antler and fish hooks of Ixrne in which this process was used has been de- scribefl on pp. 185 and 187 and is illustrate*! in Plate xxxviii. Figs. 8-21, and Plate xxxix, Figs. 1-10. Drilling. Drilling is illustrated by drills chipped from stone which were ilescribed rm p. 199, and shown in Plate xxxvii. Fig. 12. Drilling with a chippers. l-.j. Fhdinr,. Flakinj; to finish .some chippe. The finished l)roduct. the result of flaking, is shown in Plate xxxviii, Fiu- 7, and also by part of the work on the chipped points (Plate xx), an.l p..ssibly bv some .)» the work .m tiic limestone .liscs and obl.mj; (Plate xxii. Fi^s. 2, 4), while the history .)f nuinufacture by means of Haking is .U.scribe.l on p' 1S.I ami illustrate.1 by the series of specimens sh.)wn in Plat.- xxxviii, ^ IRS. 4-7. Short cylin.K.s of antler, flat, l.attere.1, an.l splintere.l on on.' .•n.l, but convex on the oth.T. perhaps flakers. an.l if .so pr..bal)lv us.-.l with percussion .>n the .-n.l instea.l .>f with lateral pressure as the L.uk cvliu.lers were^ probably us...l. were fouml by Mills' in the Haum site. Prdinf,. The pr.)cess of pecking is illustrat.-.l hv .s.)me of the speei- mens fo.m.l, n.>tably by the celts, st.me .lis.s, an.l pipes fPla..- xxxvii ^.K. I.: Plate xxxi, Figs. 18; Plate xuii. Fig. ](); Plate xi.vi. Fig 7)! Ihese sh.,w th.' peck marks .•au.s,>.l by striking the st.)ne with a p,!,!.!,. or hammcrstone. The refu.s.-, fin. st, from this pr.,cess is to., minut.- to I,.- toun.l. .Uter p.-.-king the .)bjects int.. shape they were ..ften finish.-.l hv grin.lmjr and polishing which effa.-...l part ..f the pe.k marks .,r all .,f th.-.'n It .•..ntmucd l..ng en,.ugh. Finishe.I obj,.cts ma.le bv this pr...rss ar.> shown m s,.me of the figun-s in Plat.'s xxxi, xi.iii, xi.vi. The meth.,.l ..f mami- acture ..f celts, .hscs. an.l pipes by this pr...v.ss has been menti..n.-d .„, pp. I9.>, JiO. and 2i;i ^ JfoMim,. Mo,l,.li„g was us.-.l in making the rims and han.ll.-s ..f p,.ts ami in makmg pipes. The tools u.se.l in modeling have not be..„ .-ertainlv 1. entihe.1. They may have been nm.le of woo,l, but it is p.,ssible th.it some ..t the bone ..bj.Tts n.>tably th.).s,. mentione.1 on p. 201 an.l shown in Plate XXXIV, F >gs. 3-L> were used for that purp.,se. Signs of the use ..f th.. fing,-rs 'Mills, (c). p. tw. 208 Anthroiioloffical I'aiurs Amtrican Muiiium of Sntuml Hixtoru. [\ol. VI, and finger nails in modeling liave lieen mentioned on p. 205. The finished products of modeling are shown in Plates xxvi-xxx; Plate XLViii, Fig. 1; Plate u. Figs. I, 2, 4-6; and Plates uv-Lix. Impressing. Impressing upon pottery, liefore firing, with twisted cords and net work or cord and net covered paddles (Plate xxv, Fig. 1), carved paddles (Plate xxv. Fig. (>) and what may lie a fruit pit (Plate lv, Fig. 11) seems to ha\e In-en an intentional process of manufacture, at least in some cases. Some of the impressions may have been accidental or a by- product, as it were, of the manufacture of pottery dishes. Twisting. The process of cord-making is known to have existed through tlie impressions on pottery previously descriljed and shown in Plate xxv, Fig. 3. ("ord was probably twisted with the fingers or upon the thigh and was no doubt made from vegetable material, possibly bass wood bark, as among modern Indians inhabiting the same linguistic area. No tools or waste from this process have been recognized as such among the finds made here. Knitfing. Tliat net-making existed as a process, we know from the impressions of netting on pottery frequently mentionene on p. 212 (Plate xi.ii. FiK3. i-3); perforated penis Iwnes of the raccoon on p. 2W (Plate XLii, Figs. 3-r,); beads made of Imne of various kinds and of various animals on p. 210 (Plate XLii, Figs. 10-14; 15-17); and pipes made of stone on p. 213 (Plates XLVi and xi.vii). ;* •# Gamks, REur.ioLs Objects, Pipks, and Amu.sements. A numl)».r of objects which were probalily used in games and some of which were possibly so employed were found. They are shown in Plates xuii and xi.iv. Tithc.'^ find CyUnikrx. The Imne tubes mentione*! on p. ISU (Plate xxi, Figj. S-10), the cylinun(l in abumlance in the refuse pil^, but none have been foun.l in the graves of the (Jartner site.' None of the..- hones foun.l here by us were shape.l for use as arrow ,K,ints like some of those described by Mills.= Some of the Ume awls described on p. 201 (Plate xi.iii. Fig. 3) mav have been used in connection with these toe Imnes for the pin. The phalanx bone or boiu-s representing the ring may have 1. . tosstnl up angical I'lipem Amvriean .Xtunrum of \iilurul Hinhry. (Vol. VI, m head, found by Mills in the Gartner site ' may possibly have lieen use«l as the ring rather than for the attachment of rattles as mentione1().| Smith, I'rrhintorir Keutwkjf. 21! -« Manufacture of Disc^ madr from Po(j,hrrd». The nmnufatture of (lk-3 matle of potsherds may also lie illustratwJ. The series consists of a pot- sherd (Plate xu, FiK. 11). a stone that may have been iise.1 for chipping potsherds (Plate xu. Fi^. (i). a .liso ehippeular pijx-s were found on tilt' Fox Farm by us; hut one of human form mad«' of clay was found by Mills in the Adcna Mound.' Some of the pipes found here in Kentucky Ix-ar inciseil geometric de- signs, others realistic sketches, amouR which the human face appears. Stilt another is sculptun-d to represent a human ftHJt (Plate xlv, Fijj. 9). The pottery pipe hears a nuxlelwl geometric tiesign. These attempts at decoration or symlM)lism are •.* mar the bowl an.l stem, holes of which shajH- could lia\e been made with it drill point chipped from stone (Cf. Plate xxxiii. Fig. 19), whih- the one illustrated in Fig. 12 has drillings of cylindrical form such as are made by drilling with a hollow drill resembling the mcMlern dianumd drill, possibly a hollow reed revolved l)etween the palms or between a palm and a thigh wa.s .iscd, probably with .some abrasive such as sand with water. Such a drill leaves a core like the one shown in the illustration. The speci- mens shown in Plate xi.vii are all unfinished pipes of the ell)ow tvpe, the third of reddish sandstone, the fourth of limestone, and the others of yellow- ish limestone, all of which were roughly pecked into form. The first is marked for the ject shown in Plate Li, Fig. 3, is possibly but not prolmbly un unfinishe«I pipe. The unfinished pipes of the Gartner site show that they were jnacle first by pet'kinK and then by rubbinK, and that the IkiwI was di-illed first.' It is possible that some of the l>eads (Plate xi.viii) and (M-ndants (Plate xi.ix) nmy have l)een attached to the pipes. Amtuemniin. The astragalus lione of the deer nientiomnl on p. 209 (Plate XLiii, FiR. S) as possibly a die may have l)een uswl as a buzz, and the thin perforatetl object mentionefl on p. 209 (Plate i,iii, Fig. 3) may pos- sibly have been part of a puzzle. The whistles mentionetl een us»'d for anmsement. W.\HF.\KK. A numl)er of objects were mentioned on p. 184 as having; possibly or pn)l)ably l)een used in Iwth warfare and hmitinK. It is quite |H)ssible that some of the objects considere«l as articles of persoth fresh water and ocean shell. Under miscellaneous ornaments we consider evidences of car and nose ornaments, necklaces, cut animal skulls, bracelets, rings, and pins. .\ few of the objects here considered may have bwn charms and w:{. lUIOI Smith, I'rrhiidorir Kriilurky. 21." rtl, uimI pttik (.r w*mkI rat iiia.v havo fiirnishwl t\u- inatcriai f«r clotliinK The i'HuU; owl. Krtat l>lii.- |«Ton. wil.l turkry, an.i .luck ma.v hav.- supplied feathers f»r wwtuiiM^ and even the turtle may have ei>ntril>ut«l useful material (p. 211). The impressions ..f nettiuK an.l eor.1 upon the |K.tterv shown m Ilttte xxv. Figs. 1-3. an.i easts taken of the impn-ssions whie'h show still mon- clearly that thee..r.l was twistwi. prove that filn-rs. pn)lmhlv veKetahle. were spun (p. iW,) and it is possible that thev were woven inti> dress fahnes although it s«H,ns pmMAv that the skins of animals furnish,-.l the material for most of the .lothinjf. Impn^-ions of eh.th show on a pot ' f.)und in the (Jartner Moun.l. Fra^'ments of churml fahries woven fnm veKetai.le KIht were foun.l at the Gartner site where impressions of such fabrics app<'ar upon almost every fragment of potterv.-' (loth of own twine weave was found in the Adena Mound.' Little was found to imiicat.- the «»stume worn here, there- In-ing m such find as that of the sculptur > human form » use«l as a tubular pip*-, found in the .\dena Mound. pniUblv indicatmK the style of costume in that region. We found no mica here biit that mineral used for a hemldress was found by Mills in the .Vdena M.iund • The somewhat lenticular piece of shell shown in Plate r., Fig. (i. with a per- foration in each end. may hax.- Ikh-u ustn! as an ornament fa.s'tenen the costume. M(>rc(m„». Moccasins were probably made fr.)m the skins of the deer and elk an«l pos.sibly some of the other animals alwve mentioned Tlie sculpture shown in Plate i.n. Fig. 1.^. apparently represents at least one of the types of moccasins worn here. The turning up and puckering ..f the toe IS shown, while the gathering of the buckskin over the instep is at least suggested by the two concentric lines in that region. It will be rememlK-red that certain tri!)es of Indians, for instance, the Ojibway of Michigan, haxr marie moccasins in this particular way down to within a decade Hair Sprmdrrs. The i>one object descril»ed on p. 20.-, and shown in Plate 1.111, F.g. :i, may have Innn used with a short Imne tube as a sprearler for reached hair. Mills considers that the larger double pointed awls ma.le of bone and antler found on the Gartner site and in graves may have been used as hair pins, since in burials they were invariably foumi directlv l,elow the skulls ' ' Mills, (b). p. 22 » Mills, (b). p. M 'Mills, (a), p. II. ' Mills, (a), p. 2S. 'Mills. (8). p. II. •Mills, (b). p. 48. J 216 .l«Mri»/x>/»»ffir»i/ I'ti/trrn Amrrirfin Mui-iim of Xiiluml UUUtrv. (Vol. VI, Comlu. AlthouKh we f«iunil n«> ohjwt certainly uswil «h a «iml>, the cut piece of antler nhimn in Plate xxxvi, Fi^. -M. may Im- a frannunt of one. Two (-onilv^haiMHl ohjwfs ' each with six teeth ami nuijle "f rih l>one, presumably of the elk. were foumi l»y Mills, in the Ailena Mouml si.le by side as if forming a twelve tooth c-onih. Beaih. A small numlM'r of the Inails are matle of pottery (Plate xi.vill, Fig. 1). Tliey vary somewhat in size, hut apimri'ntly were inten«letl to l»e spheriral in form. The\ were nuxleletl in smh a way as tf» form the \wTio- rations, rather than ma«le hy |K>rforatinK the sphere of soft elay, or by (IrillinK after it was fired. fylimlriral «»l>jefts made of seetiims of bini lM>nes (Plate xi.viii, Fips. 2-11)' were probably usetl for lM>ads. St.me are no lonjter than they are thick, others are at least four times us lonj: as thick. Especially iimong the shorter Inme Inuds we find the ends roundee were small disc-sba{H-d U-ads' niade of l)one. Heads ma«ic of the win»c Inmes of birds esp«-;e birtls were found in the site.' Tlie history of manufa«-ture of one of these l>one beads is su^rKcsted by some of the sp«'cimens found h«-re, a few of which are shown in Plate m.ii, Fijjs. in 17. Tlu- first illustrates the natural tibia of a small mammal representative of many slender \wiws of mammals and birds found here; the last illustrates a chip|X'd point made of jasper such as may have been used for cutting' these bones and is representative of many such points chip])c.l from st«me found on this farm. The siK'cimeH .shown in Fij:. 11 of this plate is the same as the til»ia at the first of the .series but the distal end has been cut off. The ne.xt illustrates a piece of a long Ikiuc, and the next the end of the long l>one of a quadruped from l)Oth of which the lower end has l)een cut like the preceding bui these are also incised around a short distance al)ov«> the end in process of rcmo\:n<.' the distal section for a bead. Fig. Vi shows the distal end of a humenis and Fig. 16 that of the nietatar- ' Mills, (a), p. 24 ! Mills, (a), p. I.-.. 'MlUs. fa!, u. 20. •Mills, (h). pp. 17-lS. .-,0 •Mills, (b). p. lit. 1010. 1 Sitiith, I'lihiilonr Ki iiliuky. 217 sua of a (JtHT from Uttli of wliitli u M'itum pn.lml.l\ for u Umi.I lia.s iMtn cut. FiK. 14 shows suth u »irfuips that th«- trills muy have Ih-*-!! tuMm-cI sm.Kjth in some «a.s«-s on u Kritst(»ne or worn smooth hy actual us*'. Tln' winj; iKinv i>f the trump- eter swan from which the KH'utcr part haii Imh-u « iit awa.\ was found in the Gartner site.' Some of the shell ImjmIs were eylimlrieal (Phitc xi.viii, Kius. I;.' I8i. -V few (Plate xi.viii, Tig. 14) were ilisc-shniHHl and some w.re nuide of hirKe pi.ics of «HeHn shell. .Sonn'tiines, as in the «ase of those shown in Figs. 19 I'O and 1'4 of this plate, whole sIh-IIs wi-re us«hI and w«re not much (•hanRtHl from the natural form. JKinjf merely |M'rforat»-«l for susjM'nsion. Shell heads were very abundant in the (lartntr sit*-, sometime seven to eight hundnfl hcing found with a skeleton. M.)st of them were made from ocean shells.- n«a«ls made of iKcan shells^ were also found in the (Jartn.r Mound. In the former at least they were fnim large shells. Shell beads were found in the .\dena Mound.' SnudI iKtan shells, natural except pienwl with a hole for attachment (Plate xi.viii. Fig. 24) were foumi here as in the (Jartner site." .\ {x-arl Ix-ad (Plate i,. Fig. 5) was fouml. P«-arl heads wer«- also founss the upper surface near this broken end and on the reverse there is a perforation In-gun op|K)site this incision. The next is of lozenge shape, slightly convex on the reverse. This siM-cimen has been ix-rforatcd by drilling from each si. 16. •Mills, (b). p. M. •Mills, Itt), p. 28. M 218 ArUhroptilogicul Fapern American Muneum of Nalunil Hi*lory. [Vol. V'l, families of small camivora (Plate xlix, ¥'\^. 9), the incisors of the elk (Plate XLix, Fijj. 10), ami the canines of the wolf (Plate xlix, Fig. 11), by perforating them through the rocU for suspension, .'y.me of the wolf tooth pendants l»ear incised lines (Plate xlix, Fig. 11; Plate liii, Fig. 5). Pend- ants, each made by perforating the canine tooth of a mountain lion were found by Mills in the Adena Mound,' and as a necklace in the Gartner Mound.* Perforated canine teeth of the gray wolf use Mills, (b). pp. 10. 21. •Mills, (b). pp. 10. 18. 21. «MUU. (b), pp. 20. 5« > Mills, (b). p. .•>(). •Mills. (bK p. .IT. 'Mills, (b). p. .If). •Mills, (a), p. 2«. 1910.1 Smith, Prehistoric Kentucky. 219 made o nu,s.el shells were found at the neck of a skeleton in the Gartner Mound an"t little more than the columella. The last figure in this plate shows a spoon-sha^ pendant made of thin shell perforated at the narrow end. PenTnts m^ ^om large ocean shells and of long strips or triangles, cut out of Mh fresh .at r and oc-ean she Is but mostly from fresh water mus.sel shells were fou'd m the Gartner site.' The slate gorget (Plate l, Fig. 1) mentioned on p. 212 mav have been a personal ornament rather than a religious object. The next 'specimen i" a stone disc perforata! at one ergia, Missouri, and also in Mexico. Gorgets made from large ocean shells wt're founrl in the Gartner site and Mills states that he found gorgets in the .\ Mills (h), p. .'i4. 'Mills, (b). pp. «. 23. 'Mills, vh), p. IN. ■'HHlmes, (a), p. 97; (c). Plates LXI-I.XVI: l,.\XI-I.XXV. •Mills, (b). p. .'>4: (a), pp. 14. is. 1910.1 Smith, I'nhitlorir Kmliu-kij. 221 ornaments, or Im-iuIs may have serveil as bait in i'onsidenil as jx-ndant^ Kshing (p. ISS). MmrUmiroux Ormmndx. The fragments of ,K>tterN- ol.jtvts of spuol shape, shown in Phite li. FiRs. 1-2, resemble tlie eopper ear ornaments eomnion in Southern Ohio. Kar ornaments were prol)abIv worn in the viemity of the Ailena Mound as they are imlieate.! .>n the seulptured human form u.se«l as a tubular pip<. f„„n.l by Mills and as spool-shapether parts of the Seiot.. A alley." The antler. lK>ne. and shell oylimlers shown in Plates XLin, IMJCS. \ -'V, LI. Fijr. I'l; I., Pis. Hi, may have l)een ear or nose ornaments or made into ehest shields of the form made up of long biconieal shell tubes sueh as have recently been used by the Dakota Indians. Necklaces were probably made here of bone and shell beads with pendants of canine teeth »ind mcisors of the elk as all these objects were found here and such neck- laces were found in the (iartner site.-! Part of the jaw of a bear, cut off through the roots of the teeth (Plate u. Fig. 7) was foun.l near the legs of keleton ttl m mound 2 and another (Plate u. Fig. 8) was fo.md near the skull of the same skeleton. Cut bear teeth were found in the Gartner mound.' The cut left ramus of the deer which Mills believes to be an ornament m process of manufacture but which mav have l)een a corn scraper found in the Gartner site and cut jaws of the gn , wolf, which he believed were also used as ornaments were found throughout that site but not m the graves. The cut ramus of a wild cat was also found there. The cut skull of a dog with the top and jaws notched possiblv to fasten them tr)gether was found in the Gartner site but none were found in the graves A cut skull of a mink with the top „f the skull ami jaws notche.1 possiblv to fasten them together was found in the Gartner village site. Such cut skulls were not found in the graves.* No copper bracelets were recognimi here although some of the beads may have been strung as bracelets and it will be remembered that Mills secured copper bracelets^ in the Aflena Moun.l and with an adult male skeleton m the same mound a bracelet made of bone beads was f.»und « No ftnger nngs were found here but copper rings were found bv Mills in the Adena Moun.l.' Double pointed objects consi.lere.p. 17. •Mills, !h-., ,, .■«; ip),|,. 78. ■^ Mills, (a), pp. 10, 13. "Mills, (a), p. 1.5. 'MIIIk. (a), p. II. 'Mills, (1)), p. 48. 222 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Xatural Hiatory. (Vol. \'I, Art. The {graphic and plastic- art of the prehistoric people of the Fox Farm is illustrated by many objects (Plates lii-liv), some of stone, bone, shell and pottery, and consists of engraving, notching, modeling, impressing, sculp- turing, and painting. There are many engravings on stone (Plate lii. Figs. 1-13) One speci- men of yellowish gra\' sandstone bears parallel incisions on one side and two sets of such incisions form diamond-shaped hachure on the other. Incised lines occur on a platform pipe of greenish argillite found in the Gartner site ' and on a stone pipe found in the Mound.* A few of the bone objects (Plate Liii, Fig. 2), several teeth (Plate xux. Fig. 18; Plate Liii, Figs. 5-7), and shell pen Mills, (b), p. 47. 1910.1 Smith, PnhiKloric. Kentucky. 21'3 intendeil to heautify the pottery althougli the hitter purpose may have Ihh-ii partly or wholly in the mind of the maker. Dots were peeked info the soft Hay of the fiehl hearing the senlptnre of an animal (Plate Liv. Fig. 0) and into the animal's hack, as well as to indicate its eyes, hefore the day was fired for pottery. Decorations consisting of indentations of a iihint tool and others made with a reed or hollow instrument were seen on the ordi- nary potsherds and invariahly on the handles of the larger vessels fo.md at the Gartner village site.' A piece of yellowish sandstone bearing grooves on th • reverse was sculp- tured to represent the human face (Plate ui, Fig. 14) and another piece (Plate Lii, Fig. 15) represents a mcKcasin (p. 213). We found no .sculpture.! pieces of hone and shell, but a sculptured fox head forming the basal en.l of a large awl was found in the Gartner Mound « and a sculptured figure of a raccoon made of shell was found in the Adena Mound.^ Modelee considered as conven- tional. Of pictographi<- markings there are the incised animal forms and scratches An stone (Plate lii. Kip. 8). AnKmjt jteometric forms there are the incise«l lines and lines arranged with dots on the stone discs (Plate Ul, FlK. Dfwlnns on CVrtaln Stone and Pottfry Olijwts. J nat. «lzo. Fijts. 4-(i), and the incised designs (Plates iaii-ijx), the regularly arrange*! nipples (Plate lAi. Figs. li~4, 7; Plate i.iv. Fig. 1), pressed notches (Plate LVi, Figs. 1-2). and notches incised in ridges (Plate LVi, Figs. 5-7) all on the pottery as well as impres.setl clepressions (Plate i.v) and .scrolls (Plate lAi, Figs. S-IO) on the same material. Incised lines in the form of a scroll decorateil and encircled the uppw wounds were found. Two lum- bar xertebrae from skeleton 17one of skeleton 132 has iml)edded in it a fragment (.f a slender arrow point chipped out of chert. The arrow point had l)een shot m from the rear and broken off so that the projecting part was not discoN-- ered until the bone was washed. Fractures. A unique example of the fracture and repair of the middle of the shaft of the left ulna and a new joint formation between the head of the radius and the distal end of the humerus was found in skeleton 185, probably of an adult, and has been described by Hrdlii'ka.i The hook«i proximal end of the ulna probably held that bone in place at the elliow and caused it to break when it received the injury that brought al)out this condition, while the head of the radius l>eing more easily dislocatetl was torn out of position and consequently the shaft was not broken. As repair took place, the proximity of the fractured t ninal segment of the ulna to the adjacent portion of the radius which was prol>ably injured by it, caused the union of the broken parts of the ulna and a bridge connecting this junction with the adjacent part of the radius. This would prevent the turning of the left foreanri. A new free joint-formation took place between the head of the dislocated radius and a bony process probably an ossified attachment projecting from above the articular suilace of the distal end of the apparently normal and unmjured humerus. The process ends in an articular socket. Its distal two thirds are free from the humerus. Hrdlifka states that the process no doubt was covered with synovium. The head of the radius underwent no change unless it may have been a very slight lengthening. This supports the probability that the bones at the time of fracture and dislocation were those of a fully developed adult. The cause of the new process was prob- ably a moderate injury either to the ligaments or the periosteum of the distal end of the humenis. This could only have taken place while the elbow was held comparatively motionless and resulted in the practical immobility of the elbow joint. HrdliCka states that such formations are extremely rare in man and that he has been unable to find a similar case described. Regeneration of bone, to which the process is related, is much more fi xiuent in lower animals than in man. Another example of repaired fractur- may be seen in the right clavicle of skeleton 132 found in mound 3. > Urdticka, p. 560. 1910] Smith, I'rehinloric Ktntwky. 227 3 9 7 16 15 27 + 31 + % /() T)isea>,ed I„dmduah. Xinety-nine wdl-preserved and nearly complete skeletons out of those found in the two hundretl and eight graves explore.1 were selecteil for examination with..ut reganl for their normal or pathologi- cal character. Tlie missing bones of incomplete skeletons might or might not l,e pathological and consec|uently incomplete skeletons were not uscl m obtaming the following results: '9 or 19 + f'/i of the 99 were pathological. 24 children were pathological. 20 youths were pathological. 33 men were pathological. 22 women were pathological. 29 % " " 55 adults were pathological. Bones DUea^ed. The portion of the Innly most affected is indicated by the followmg table: '' Out of 20 pathological individuals the skull in 4 or 20^ of the cases was pathological. An arm bone in 9 or 45% of the cases was pathological. The humerus in 5 or 2.'>% of the cases was pathological. The lower arm in 4 or 20% of the cases was pathological A leg bone or bones in 12 or 00% of the cases was pathological The femur in 4 or 20% of the cases was pathological. The lower leg in 11 or 55% of the cases was pathological. A vertebrae in 6 or 30% of the cases was pathological. h„/tw !l!'' ;* '' T" *^"* '^^ pathological condition is widely distribute.1 but that the lower leg presents the most frequent and extensive cases. U .• 1^' *!f 7 rVf. *^' P**h°'°*^^«l ^^^ i" the bodies of the individuals IS mdicated by the following statement: Out of twenty individuals, all pathological. 9 or 45% were affected in one region of the bodv onlv 6 or 30^^ '' " "two regions of the body only. 2 or 10% " " " three regions of the body only 2°"'1?% " '[ " four regions of the body only. lor 5% " " "five regions of the bodv onlv. Not T£^n *^'"*' **•" """"' '^'''"''^ '" '^' ^'^'•^^^rae only, out 5 or 30% were affected in one region of the body only. 6 or 36% " " " two regions of the body onlv. T fit>n that the nunilM*r of ineen sug- gested that these lesions may Im» tuliercular, rheumatic, or syphilitic hut, in an endeavor t«) ascertain if they might not l)e due to some other cause, suggesteeing afTecte ••^•' Hihlf that thf\ w • n- ill iiioHiiils. InriK sinif nHiiiccil hv iiHin.v SA-ars of culti- I vation. Sk.l.ti.iis wit.- foiimi at variniw d.-pths in the A.Unli Moiinil un.l rude MpiililuTs iiia of unhewn Iok^* ww iiuiirMt<-il from whi
  • een dep<.siter was hurn«l to the consistency of soft hriek for .some distance around the hasin which was filled with ashes. A similar " altar " was foumI in the camp trench. Grarrs. Some of the skeletons Iwth in and out of the mounds were simply in the pround covered with refuse and soil (Plate i.xi, Fijr. 1). others had limestone slabs laid crosswise over them at a distance aNera^injt per- haps one foot above the skeleton and one foot l)elow the surface of the soil (Plate I.XH. Fig. 1). except in the mounds, where the depth was often RTeater (Plate lxi, Fig. 2). Still other skeletons in addition to having these flat covering slabs had slabs along the sides and ends (Plate lxui Jig. 1) and one skeleton (Plate LXlii. Fig. 2) also had a pavement of these stones below it. In some cases where there were side and end stones, there were no covering slal^,. but this was probably due to the fact that plowing had disturbed them. A grave with stone slabs at the head and foot sup- porting a longitudinal cover of logs indicated by molds in the soil was found by Mills in the Adena Momul. A layer of bark was found covering the iKjttom ,if a grave in the same mound and bark was found covering some of the burials.* Burials of the Gartner village were similar in everv re- spect to those of the Baum site. Each family apparentlv had its" own buna! place near its home.^ ' Mills, fa), pp. 7. 20. 'Mills, (a), p. 2.5. ' MIUs. fb), p. a. ' Mills, lb), pp. «. 10. »MUl8. (b). p. 62. •Mills, (a), pp. 16. 21. 'Mills, (h). p. 60. Anlkrop,Uoihrt,l I'nptn America MwirHm of Xaluml lli»lory. (Vol. IV, Po«7,o,. o/ ihr Skeldo,.. Thrre seem, to have Iwn no portioular ,K«i. tjon for bumi, for the skeletons were fouml lymg i» different directions (I late LXI, Fir. 2). Tluy wer,. all plaeeH upon the Uck. licmtver, Mm^. times with the arms alon^ the sides (Mate i.xii. Fijf. 2: Plate lxiii. Fig 2) Often the legs were flexwl. usually to the rixht or left (Plate i.xi. Fi^. 2), but In one ease they were found with the kne,^ elevate«l. Thi/ suKgeJts' that possibly all of the Hexe,! burials wn . made in this position and during the decay of the bcnlv the knees fell to one side or the other. In one case, as shown in tb- mifhlie skeleton in Plate i.xi, Fig. 1, the fore- arms were flexe«l so that th,. harols were at the shouhlers. At the Baum and Gartner sites the majority ..f the skeletons were foun Mills, (b), p. 61. •Mllte, (b). pp. 25. 61. •Mills, (b), p 17. «M1U», (b). p. 61. « MIUs, (a), p. 14. •Mills, (a), p. 2.'>. 'Milk. (a), p. 16. •Milk. (b). p. 61. •Mills, (c), p. 84. 1910.) Sunlh, I'rrhiHinric Krutitcky. 231 ronKtHl as in n l>uriul at the Aclena M..uimI ' and in Home of the douhir burials found here in Kontucky. AHif.,ci» in Gruce». Olyetts w.ri- neariy ulwayn foumi with the akeliv tons. ()rnHnient8 and lieiuin only were with !»onie of tho skeletons of chil- dren. Artifacts were m \er\- numenius in the villaKe site and mounds that .some of them were found in the soil of the graves. This may account for the presf-nce of objects with some of the skeletons. A pottery liowl with a unio shell, concave side down, in the U.ttom was f.)und in gi-ave 205 on the left chwt of the skeleton of a child. Artifacts were found with some and net with other burials in the Adena Mouml.» Mills «msiders some of the animal Umes found in this nu>und to be the remains of a .sacrifice made near a grave and afterw ards d.posit«tl over it.» I mplements and ornaments were place«l with ihe Inxlies iMirieil at full length in the Baum and (iartner site.s * and objects were found with some skeletons and not with others in the Gartner mound.* roXCLLMON. ■4 The material cultnr. of this prehistoric site in Kentucky mav here l>e briefly characterized. A variety of the am'mals and pla.i . s of the reKi.)n were usefl for food. Some of these animals though hi.storically known in the .-tate are now extinct in the vicinity. liones, antler, teeth, shell, and vegetable substances were used as material for wea,x>ns, tools, and other manufactures. Among objects us.^J in securing Uhh\ bv means of hunting an. I fishmg. projectile p<,ints were made by chipping stone ami bv shaping h(M.ks of 1m)ih- and nets were made. I.ocal shells were aniifp tips. I used ill a wa. fat stnthe«l and sharpened the edge. Chipped discs of lim.>t„,H. w.re common. Among tools supposed to have been used bv men wer.' iiianx ,lts jxcked .ind polish.*! from stone but a few were chippcnl from stone and .s, .^ .ral were cut out of antler. There were hammerstones .ade of p,.l,hles and whetstones of sandstone. The pitted stone also ..•curr.^1 here. Bea er teeth suppose*! to have l^^n used for knife points .ven. t,,und, knives and drills were .hipije*! out of stcme. and the hollow . yl,„.!rical drill is known to have l>eeii ii.sed. .Kmong Ux>k t' -, have Ik. n employ.'.! by women are .scrapers cliippefl from stor 1 Mills, I a), p. 10. ' ^fflls. -a), p. s. 'Mills, (»), p. 2.1. •Mills, (b), p. HI. •Mills. (I)), p. 21 232 AnthroiH>U}gicul l'ninrx Anurkan MiiMum of \iilural llwUinj. [\ol. VI, l)one, and awls, many of them made of ulnae of various animals and of turkey bones. A few needles were also found. The people worked l)y rubbing or grindinK. polishinjt, cuttinR, drillini;, punching, chipping, flak- injj, pecking. mtHleling, impressing, twi.sting, knitting, and painting. Many discs made of stone and potsherds, most of them l)eing perforateil in the center, that may have l)een u.sed in games were found. Fragments of pottery showeeads were nmde of pottery. The pottery found here belongs to the Ohio Vallev group and differs from some of that of Western Kentuck.N- which l>elongs to the middle Mississippi \'alley group.' It was decorated in various ways, especially with incised designs, impressions, and sculpturene of pottery was found. The people were fond of personal adornment and useHtTy h UtMUl t-vtti fiirlhiT 1910.1 Sinilh, I'ri'hiiilnric Kfittiieky. 2'X\ will Im" reniemlMTtHl that Mills states that the Bauiii site differs from tlie Gartner site only in the absence of shell creseents.' The material culture of this site in Kentucky resembles that of the Adena Mound, Baum * and (lartner sites, the main or early part of the Kol)ert Harness Mound, and the Oregonia, Fort Ancient, and Madison ville sites of Ohio. It iM'longs to what Mills has f -nie the Turner, Hopewell (North Fork or Clark) and the Edwin Harness groups an«l Siep Mound.* There are many remains both on the surface and in the soil of the village site, mounds, and graves while in the sites of Hopewell culture remains are comparatively .scarce until a deposit is found. The pottery is of the poor type which Holmes has stated belongs to the archaic northern division of the art, rather than to the more highly tlevelopeil southern pot- tery.* Although the pottery found here an Mills, (d). p. Ki: Holmi-s. (b). p. 1S2. • Holmes, (b). p. \9^. ' Mills, (e). p. 58. Holmes, d)), pp. 183. 180. " Vr. Holmes, (b). p. 1S7. » Moon-head, p. 143. 234 Anthropoloifical Papers American Museum of Natural UiMory. [Vol. VI, BIBLIOGRAPHY. Boas, Fbanz. The Eskimo of Baffin Land and Hudson Bay. (Bulletin, American Museum of Xatural History, Vol. 15, Parts 1 and 2, New York, 1907). CuuN, Stewart. Games of the North .\merioan Indians. (24th Annual Report, Biu^au of American Ethnologj-, 1902-3, pp. 5-846, Washington, 1907). Holmes, W. H. (a) Shell Ornaments from Kentucky and Mexico. (Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Quarterly Issue, Vol. 45, Washington, 1903). (b) Aboriginal Pottery of the Eastern United States. (20th Annual Report, Bureau of American Ethnolog}-, 1898-99, Washington, 1903). (c) Art in Shell of the Ancient Americans. (2nd Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology, 1880-81, pp. 179-305, Washing- ton, 1883). Hromcka, Ales. A New Joint-Formation. (American Anthropologist, N. S., Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 550-551, July, 1899). Mills, Willia.m C. (a) Excavations of the Adena Mound. Certain Mounds and Village Sites in Ohio, Vol. 1, Part. 1. (Reprint from the Ohio Archaeological a«d Historical Quarterly, Vol. X, No. 4, Columbus, 1902). (b) Explorations of the Gartner Mound and Village Site. Certain Mounds and Village Sites in Ohio, Vol. 1, Part 2. (Reprint from the Ohio Archaeological and Historical (iuarterly. Vol. XIII, No. 2, ColumbuK, 1904). (c) Explorations of the Baum Prehistoric Village Site. Cer- tain Mounds and Village Sites in Ohio. Vol. 1, Part 3. (Reprint from the Ohio An-haeological and Historical Quarterly, Vol. XV, No. 1, Columbus, 1906). (d) Exploration.s of the Edwin Harness Mound. Certain Mound.s and Village Sit<>s in Ohio, Vol. 1, Part 4. (Reprint from the Ohio .Vrchaeological and His- torical Quarterly, Vol. XVI, No. 2, Columbus. 1907). (e) Explorations of the Seip Mound. Certain Moimds and Village Sites in Ohio, Vol. 2, Part 1, Columbus, 1909. MooREHEAD, Warren K. A Study of Primitive Culture in Ohio. Putnam Anniversary- Volume, p. 1:J7, New York, 1909. Putnam F. W. (a) The Way Bone Fishhooks were nuuie in the Little Miami Valley, (20th Report Pealnxly Mu!=pum, 1886, Vol 3, No. 7, p. .iSl. Ciimbridgp. 1887). 1910.1 Smith, PrehiMoric Kentucky. 2.3.5 (b) The Marriott Mound Xo. 1 and its Cc' ents. Explorations in Ohio. (18th and 19th Annual Report, Peabody Museum, Vol. 3, Nos. 5 and 6, pp. 449-46»i, Cam- bridge, 1886). Skinner, .Ai.ansi»\. The Lenap* Indians of Staten Island. (Anthm|K.logical Papers, American Museum fif Natural History, \'ol. 3, pp. 3-62). SMiTri, Harlan I. (a) The Archaeolony of Lytton, British Columbia. (Memoir, American Museum of Natural Historj-, \ol. 2. Part 3. New York, 1899). (b) Archaeology of the Tho-.npson River Region. (Memoir, American Museum of Natural HiKtorv, \'ol. 2, Part 6, New York, 1900). (c) Shell-Heaps of the Lower Fraser River. (Memoir, American Museum of Natural History, Vol. 4, Part 4, New York, 1903). (d) Archiieologj- of the Gulf of Georgia anil Puget Sound. (Memoir, American Maseum of Natural Hi.tlory, Vol. 4, Part 6, New York, 1907). ((•) The Ethnological Arrangement of Archaeological Material. (Rejwrt, Museums Association of the I'nited King- dom for 1898, Glasgow, 1899). (f) Certain Shamanistic Ci'remonies among the ()jil)way.s. (American .Antiquarian, Vol. 18, pp. 282-284, S«'|)- tember, 1896). Swan, Jame8 G. Indians of Cape Flatter>'. (Smithsonian Contributions to Knowl- e5. .\Kriculfiin', iinplcnM'nt.-* used in, 1S3, UM). .Vlitimuni CnH'k, 10. Algonkin, linuuislic area, 177. ••Altars," •2'29. Amulet.s, 211. .\niiiHcm»'nts. 214. .Vntlcr, arrow jwintu, 182; co.sttunf'd human fimm', 100-105; rylindors, lOH; figure, r28; knife handle, 198; manufacture of, 185; |x>ints niblx-d out of, !85; quill-flat tener, r29. .Vnhacolonical, finds, age of, 7; siti's, 11 -'20. Arnyle, Albert A., 8. .Vrrow-head, 24. .\rrow jmints. 25-20, 09, 182. 184, 197, '209. .\rro\v-shafi, polisher, 73; smoothers. 09, 198. •Vrt, 30, 117-13S, •2'22-2'25; resemblance to coiist art, 13(>-138. .Vwls. 184. 188, 193, 194; of bone, •201- •204, 209, 215: nibbe.1 ron, bone, 71-72; of stone, 25, fit! .\xes, prooveil, 195. Hait. for fi.sh, 18,S, 221. H.xsketry, 35-30; coiled, :«>; fuimels. 37, 39. Bauin vilhifte site, ISO. 188. 195, 207. 225, -229, '230, 231. Ha.salt, use of, 21, ^23. Hea!inz. 41. Hody. ))osition of in burial. 142. Boilinit, of food, 51. Bolas, 180. Bones, animal, use of '22, 181; In-ads made of, 216; |Mjints rubbed out of, 27-29. Bows, 29. Bracelets, 99-100, 2 Hi, 221. Burial, in domes of volcanic ash, 13H- 139, 141; methwl of, 138-143, '2^2H- •231; plural and bumlle, '230-231. Caches, lij, '23, 51, .57, »>1, 184. 194. Calls, animal, 186, 212. "Canoe smashers," 31, 32, 70. Car\'inKs, on pipes, lUi. Ca.scade Muimtains, 7. Celts, of antier, 19«>; of jiuleite, 03; of stone, <)2, 64, 195. 197. Charms, 186,211. Cherry Creek, graves near, 8. 9, "25. Chinook, .54; clothing of, 104. Chipping. 207. Chips, for ehippid implements, 16; material for, '20. Chisels, of bone, 198. Clealum, 7, 8, 9; remains found at. 11 Clearwater River, shell heaps on, 35. ClifT--138. Collections, from Maysville, 178. Combs, of antler, 87-88, 216. Communal dwellings. .55. Comox, 26. CfM>kine, methwisof. 189, 1-1()4; in War, 82. Cotton, J, S., '29, .54. Cowiche Creek, 10. pictographs at, 119. 238 Anthropological Papern American Xfiuteum of .\alural Hiatory. [Vol. VI, Crab Crw, Bpecimeiui found at, 20. Civmation, circlm, 54, 142, 144; rw- tanglr, 105; remaimt of, 7, 15. Cutting, 206. Cylinders, of antler and bom-, UW, 207. Cyst, stone, lUtt. Dakota, 119, 120, 121, r29. Davidson, Mrs. J. B., 25. DiM'oration, on piix>, 110, 111. Decorative art, 118. Deformation, of ttkulK ia5. DesignH, rircle and dot, tWi, li;i, 117, 11«, 120, 122, 12H, 1:J0-132; floral, 117-118; Keometric, 211, 213, 225. 232; incised, 124-130; inlaid, 115, 118; Dire, of astragalus bone, 209; of ttTth, im. Digging sticks. 35, 41, 134, 183. Discs, 61, 92-93, 189, 195, 200, 207, 210, 211,219,231. Di8easereparation of. .36-51, 189-194, 196; securing of, 23-36, 183. Forks, 193. Fort .\ncient culture, similaritv to, 225, 2a3. Fortifications, 82. Fowke, Mr. Gerard. 177. Fox Farm, prehistoric elhnolog>- of, 177-2;«. "Fox's Fort," 177. Fractures, 226. Eraser Delta, 24, 26. Gambling, tubes used in, ia5, 209, 210. Game, manner of hunting, 30. Games, ia5-106; 209-211. Gartner mound, 178, 179, 180, 183, 184, 187, 190, 201, '202, 210,211,214.215, 218, 220, 222, 223, 225, 229, 231. Gartner village site, 187, 188, 189, 193. 194, 195, 203, 209, 214, 215, 216, 219, '221, 22.5, -229. (ieographical description, of archaeo- logical sites, 10. Gorgets, of shell, 220; of slate, 212, 219. CJraves, 18, 19, 38, .57, 82, 83, 84, 94, 145, 1.52-171. 177. '228-230; antiquity of, 139; artifacts in, 131; rock-slide, 7. 8, i:i-1.5, 20. 23, 29, 99, 104, ia5, 117, 139-142. Grooves, designs made by pecking, 132. Habitations, 51-.57; 194. Haida. pi|N>s of, 1 16. Hair pins, 215. Hair spreaders, 21.5. Hammers. 30. Hammerstones, r,H-6'2, 184, XM, 195. 196, 207. Hand-adze, (W-65, 81. Handles, metho of antler. 1'28; on petroglyphs, 119, 121. Head Scratchers, 87. Hindshaw, Mr. W. H., 142. Hinman, Mrs. O., 9. :«, 45. Hoes. 188. Hopewell Culture, similarity to, '225, 233. Houses, mat, .56. 1910.) Index. 2m HuuM> Kilitt, Mcmi-Hiibti-iTaiU'un, 15, H», 18, 20, 34. 51-55, 5«-57, 181. Hrdlii'ka, A, 22«. Human ii|cun>, cuHtiinio!. i()0-l()5, 118, 127-128. Hunting, objr«-t!' umhI in, 23, 184. Implrnipntx, aKricullunil, 183, ItHi; used in prnouring food, 183. InluyinK, with mptal, 115, 118, 135. InriHing, on dontalia, 91: on piiH*, 115: on |K>ttory viiwels, 193: on stone, 222. .Iiinerk, Mr. Iamm O., 8, 35. Kulupuya. method of huriul of, 1.39. KamloopH, 29. (iS, tW. Kenncwick, 7, 10; ubimilanci^ of upov'x- mens at, 11; Rraves at, 18, 30; liammerMtone fmm, 59; sperimenM from, 152. Klamath, hoJiws of, 54. Knitting. 208. Knife handle, 60; fioint, 24. Knivew, 51. 68; of heaver UvXU, (Wi, 82, 189, 198-199. 201, 2()(), 231. Lewis and Clark. 11. 18, ;}5, 5.3, 55, 5t\, 107, 108. Ixxige, .56; .skin, .54; sites, ."JS; summer. 11. iMfp, ty|)es of, 191-193. Lynch. Mrs. Jay, 9, 18. Lytton, typical pestles of, ^3. Madisonville Prehistoric Cemetery-, 225. Manufacture, material for, 181; proc- esses of, 74, 20.5-208. .Manufactured objects, history of. 74-75, 208-209. Mason, Otis 'P.. S5. Mat pres.ser, of stone, 7.3-74. 117; in- cising on, 124. Matting, Ki. Mats, 194. Maul, groovetl stone, ()2. McCandles-s. Frank N., .<<, 106, Metz, Dr. Charles I... 178, 225. Mills, William C, 178. Mim<, Hon. .Austin, 9, :<(), 61. Mocrasins, 215; painting on. 121. McMleling. 207. Mortars, :i6-;{9, 1.34, 189. .Mounds. 177; burial in, 228-229. Mountain Snakes, houses of, 55. Naches River, 27; graves near, 7; nn-k- slide iif'ar, 14. Narcotics. 106-117. Nwklace, 216, 217, '221; of eopix-r, 1:«>. Needles, 72-73, 194, •204-2f)5. Netting, impressions of, on iK»tter>', 191, 194, 2a5, 208, 215. '222; ne«'«lie8 for, -W. Nets, use of, 32, 188. Net sinkers, 18,30.61, 119. Nez Perce, 12, 21, 22, 23, 24, 27. 29, 34, ;W, 41, 43, 47. .50. 51, .54, .58. «1. 63. (Hi, 82, 89, 95, 102, 104, 107, 113, 11.5, 116. 118, 121, 1'22, 127, i:J0, 131, 140, 142. .North Yakima, graves near. 7; situa- tion of. 10; specimens from. 1.52-1(>3. Nose omament.s, 221. Notches, on stone and bone, 130. Ornaments, 87; attache. 22; rubbinl into designs. 120-121. 127, 131; use«l, 87. Paintings, 119-121. 208, 223; on face anil bos, grooved, ' >; r.-i vorked. :{2; water-worn. Ki. Pecking. 207; designs mm!, by, 132. Pendant.s 92-99, 186, 214^ 217-221; incising on. 127, 222; of teeth, 182. 188, 218. Petroglyphs, 7. 8, 1.3. 20, 21, 101, 117. 118, 119. 121-124. 132. Pestles, .39-47, .58, SO, 124, i:«-i;M, 13(). 189. Phalanx Imjuc objects, manufactun- of. 210. 24() A,„hro„oloffieal l'„„r» Amerir,,,, M,u.um of Xalural Hufory. [Xol VI. l'i«l<>KmpJw. 17. 21, 101. 117, 118. 11», I'ilH^. JU, 21-.' 214. 2:«: ,.arv«l. 110. !••«. VHS; firrlp ami dot <|(>Mi,(i, „„. 131; fragniont i)f. !«>; indwiiK "n. rr., 13(); ly|K*(.f, lOlJ-117; unHniMh.".!. 74. I'<»int», chippeil out «.f sUmv, Xi-'M, 184; nibbwl out of wtono. 2«- 27. Port Hammond, 2»>. Pottpr>-, ISO, iHi, \H^m, 2(W, 2:«: dwcH of. 210; dec()rationH on. 22:<; nion foiiml at. 27. PiiW't Sountl. arrh:it>ol<»(i>- of. 7n, 78; f^ltn found at. ()2. Funrhinn. 20«. Putnam. Pn)f. Fnili-rick \V.. I7S. 1S7 (iuarricH foimd. 23. (iuill fiattoni-r. of anth-r, 110. 121. 120. Rallies, 210. 211-212. UcliKiouH objiH-ts. 211. Rc-soun-fs. 21-2:J: a„i,„.,l and plant inatcrial. 170-18.J. Hi'lout, .Mr. C. (i.. (•>;{. .so. Hinit and pin name. 200. KiiiK«, of popiM-r. 221. Uock-slidc jtravcH, 1.3-14. 10, I7. \s Hollers. 47~rA). K0. lOti. 221: .hipiMd fr sKme, •><»-71. -200; tnmie of |,on<-. 200-201; rublHHl from Ijono. 71: sap, 3.5. S-7«; KnM)vesition of. 2;J0. Skins, used as elothinn. S^J. 214-21.5. Skin seraper. 70. Skulls, out. 221; deformation of. I(fc5. "Slav»>-killors.' :"), 6.5, 80-82. Snake River, grave on. 27. Snar««s, 2.5-")7. Tattooiisi;. IM). Teeth, pendunt.-i of. 182. 221. Teit, Mr. .I.inies. 21. 20, 32. X), Til lo| 108, 120, 200. Thomas, Prof. Cyrus, 177. Thompson River region, 12, 23, 20, 20. .32, 3.5, .50, .51. .54. .5.5. fil. fi«5, 7.5, 82 8.5 80.01. 100, io:{, 1Q.5, no. 2(X). Tlinsit. pipe»cfrom. 114. Tomahawk pipe. llfi. Tools, used by men, .57-4iO, 104-1{>0; by women, 69-74, 200-2a5. 1910. Index. 241 Totpin piiU-s, lift. u-.. -p u.i 1 .••.,• ... "'"' '•>->*2; bonnet, iihp of. 82 13II- """'"'"• ""'•"«'' --■ •*-^' W-Hrfan.. i„.,;i.w„t« umd in, 76, 184 19({ 214 ' ln.l..rKn.iin.l houH*^, n-nminH of, 1 1, 17, WmvinK, H.5-8«J, 194. 20.i I iiion Cap. l.Mlg,.s n..ur, .-kl; nM-k-sli,!,. Wodw^, of antler, .'57-.V< " Krav.^. at, 8. WhHstonrH, tWM«5, 131. 107-108. I P|>pr (,ap, mrk-«lul.' Krav.s at, U-l.-V. Whisthv., 106, 212. 214. v„ .. ... Willimnhby, ChttrU>s C, 77. \ ilhw Hit,., pn.hwton<-, m- of, 178. \Vi«„lrr. Dr. Clark, 12vaoB* — Animal MAniMALs. of nwiind 1. n|. 1 (90-aSO). LaftbatfofOieloiNrJkwofftblMkbMr. ng. S (10-098). Right Iwlf of the lower )»w or AVIrstate Flf. 3 (90-390). Right h»ir or Um lower J»w of •aatt. Fig. 4 (30-906). SkoO of • ncoooa. Fig. S (aO-«M). Skuil or » rad Am. ...r^^-.^.ataaM.-..»^^^^^^^. ..- S M . m ■■i:^f^• ■:.U>:HU'Hi *>t"t«^- -^t; rewHSswi Platu XVIII. RsaoracM — Amiial Matuial*. Fig. 1 (ao-117«). Lower mMidible of a gnmt bhie beron. Prom cMap trmeh. Fig. a (80-380). Right taraomeUtwmis of » wild lurtoy. From general rtig nt-g . of momd 1. ng. 3 (30-74Q). lUum of • ducir. From genei-al diggings of mound 2. Fig. 4 (30-872). Clavicle of an owl. Fromgeneraldlgginff of mound 1. Fig. s (20-396). Phaiaaz of an eagle bearing IndMd Smm. From genersi dlggingi of mound 1. Fig. « (ao-74«). I^eft half or the lower jaw of a lyns or wUd cM. From goMnd rtlgglnw of mound 2. Fig. 7 (20-306) . Right half of the lower law of an o| of oMiund 1. From gmeral ""gg'-' g - Fig. 8 (20-307). iJghthalfof theloweriawofa wooddiuelc. From at monn4 I. Fig. 9 (20-696). Left half of the lower Jaw of a beaver. FMm mound 2. Fig. 10 (ao-l203a). Left halfof thelowerJawofaredorfMiquiRel. FitMualotof 178 such half Jaws at pelvis of skeleton 190. in teld. Fig. 11 r»-796). SkuU of • pack or wood rat. From left mound 2. 63. Fig. 12 (20-1298). Right half of the lower Jaw of a ariak. Ftom the left pelvis of skpioton 193, in Held. Fig. 13 (20-746). 8kuU of a weaari. FroM gencMl tfggings of mound 2. ■■I I X t m X ■J 5! f- U ^ ^M 1 luuiit^ih l#*«i n. titamtm tit . K1«. 1 ormauad i. Fl«. i mound 1. Fl«. 3 Pi*. 4 P%. A ■ink hole. rig. 7 Kig. 8 stole iiole. Fig. 9 Kig. 10 Hlnlc hole. Plate XIX. Ruovbcb* — Animal and Plant Matbuals. (ao-302a). Rckr portion of tlieplMtron of a tmx turtle. Prom general diggtawi (aa-303). Portion of tlw cM»|)«ce of • turtle. From gmcwal digilnv of (30-4(M). Vertelir* of » Aah. Worn geoerml diggings of mound I. (30-4M»). I.Mge unio fiieU. Prom general digglngi of mound 1. (ao-4aob). Hniail unio ahell. Prom general triggin g" of mound I. (ao-l303a). Charred com. Prom pelvb of ulceletcm t»4. embankment or (20-437). Charred com cob. Prom general digglngi of mound 1. (aO-1303b). Charred beans. Prom pelvis of skeleton 104, embankment of (20-474). Charred hkdiary nut. Prom skeleton 32, mound 1. (30-1310). Charred walnut. PVora pelvh of skeleton 194, embanluneat of C- sU' UCTlnsa nai of lent or lent uf leat of iro a X ■< 2 _ 7. ^ u 30 ■A t I; J J PtATB XX. iMMntBars roa Bmoitmtw Foob — 9otwn vmnna raoM •«•■«. dl- . poalMir a ralMi. Vtaat ni. 1 (afr-lU6a). OnaMr ehlppad point or I nf^(ao-Ma). Chtpped pofat or yrtowWi gnjr rtialaaaoiiy ftir an«w. »•«• or From aorlkM of tern. ^^ ..-..Tt JImL**"!!!!!' <^'^'^y*"* «* »«*««» »«« •«« ««>wii eUalwdoDy fbr arraw. •Dear, or knifv. Pran ftmrral iWniliipi of mooBd 1. "^ 4 OO-AMa). cUpiMd point or giar dMtoMkMr. far airow. •pMu-. or knilto. boiti iui mincrai (HmmH. Pram iBMnl dimaai af movad 3. ^^ ri« ft (3-N^«) Chipped point of Nght browiUih srar chakicdaar bMrinc mlnaral deposit, for arrow or drlU. Pram mtrikea of term, Praaentad by Ool. PrMWIck H. Bier- Chipped point of dark gray diakiedany tor anx>». Ohipttftd point of yelkiwiah dwl-'edony for arrow. Prom ceBorai Prom mirfaoe ho _. Fte. 7 (ai>-751.. dtadiuei of mound 2. Pig. 8 (2fK44b). or num. Pte 9 (ao-l8fla), Cntdely wsrratad cIdppMi point of line grained quartxitr, for arrow irom iPiMval dtgginci of mound l . P«g. lO (aa-l»Bb). .Serrau-.! iinuly chipped point of yelktwliih chert tor arrow Prom Keneral dlwdngii or mound I. Pig. 1 1 (20-.M6a). CMppotl |H>int of mottled red and yeUow Jaqw ror arrow or spear The edge oT the notcbe* an-l«8c). Chipped point or gray chakxidony. Prom general dborinaa of Pig. Ill f;.'0-i88d). Chipped pp»nt or banded chaksedony ror arrow, knife, or ipear bearing a mlnoral dpporit. Prom general digging of mound 1. Pig. 17 (2»-83a). Chipped point or a banded brown Jaaper ror arrow, ipear, or knire Prom the turtoce or fhrm. Prenunted by Col. Prederick H. Blerbower. Pig. 18 (20-4Sb). Chipped point of mottled blue chert for arrow, spear, or knire The edge of the baae la rubbed amooth. Prom (h« aurnuie of f\rm. Pig. 18 (ao-83b). Chipped point of Ught gray Impure cliak»daay ror arrow, apear or knlfc. Prom the aiirface of Item. Prwmted by Col. Prederick H. Bhirbower. Fig. 20 (20-.58Bb). Chipped point of fine gralnnd gray quartdte. The tang la broken off. iiVom general diggings or mound 2. AnTHiior. Pur. \ M. N. H. Vol. VI.Pi.ATi XX. MM 10 15 If |4« 11 12 13 1^ 15 16 17 16 1^ 20 Impi.kmknts k(.k Sk< chin.; K)M.r) MKXOCOPy RiSOlUTION TBT CHART (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) Li 12.8 y. |22 |2^ ^ -APPLIED IIVHGF BJ; 1653 East Main Street '■a; r7°fri"!t'i '*•* '"'"' 1*609 us* B ("6) 482-0^00 -Phone SS (716) 288 -5989 -Fa. .-...- - ni ip Plats XXI. Implements roa ■ecounq Food — Points or Antlek and Bonk, Fish Hooks or Bone, Impression or NETrtNO, etc. ng. Klg. jng. Klg. Fig. Fig. (20-33ea). (20-32«b). (20-640a). (2&-326C). (20-977a). (2&-1173). Potnt made of antler, for arrow. Point made of antler, for arrow. Point made of antler, for arrow. Point made of antler for arrow. Point made of antlo* for arrow. From general diggings of mound 1 . From general diggings of mound 1 . From genwal diggings of mound 2. From general diggings of mound 1 . Prom general diggings of mound 3. diggings of camp trench. Fig. 7 (2(>-t03a). around tli? lower end. of mound I. Fig. 8 (20-405a). IKMslbly .-t of a snare. FlF J (20-712a). geno^ i.igglngs of mrund 2. Fragment of a spatulate object made of bone. From general Fragment of a spatulate object made of bone with an Incision There is mineral depooit on the fragment. From general diggings Section cut from a whole bono the edges of which are polished. From general diggings of m jid 1. Section cut from a whole bo"< . pofisibl^ part of a snare. From Fig. 10 (2«>-407a). possibly part of a snare. Fig. 11 (20-730a). mound 2. Fig. 12 (20-898). Fig. 13 (20-1175). of camp trench. Fig. 14 (20-741). Sharpened splint from deer leg. possibly used as a fish hook. From general diggings of moimd 2. Fig. 16 (20-250). Fragment of pottery showing impression of net such as may have Ijeen used for flahing. Prom general diggings of mound 1. Section cut from a whole bone the edges of which are polished. From general diggings of mound t. Grooved flsh hook made of bone. From general diggings of Fish hook made of bone. From left pelvis of skeleton 105, mound 2. Grooved or incised flsh hook made of bone. From general diggings AVTHHIII'. I»ip. A M \ II Vc.l.. VI, I'l.ATK XXI. Fish und 1. und 1. and 2. imd 1. imd3. eneni dsion Ished. From iahed, gs of ind2. From have 1 JJJ II 12 13 8 I 10 1+ Imi'I.kmk.\ts fou Sku hi\.; Foo iPaKf I.S5> H il Imhi.hi- dteSoiiS^T '^'"» ""'*«"*«"' "«''t«'»y Chert. po«ib.y.ta,re. P™™ ^er.1 »enJ?diiS; oVlund?'^ "^ °' """•"'"'• '"-'"^ « '«'"*' " '"^ ««per. K™™ \NTHHOP. |»AP A. >l. X. H. v.. I.. VI. I' I «Tr XXII. I >ONa. leral 'roin inift :nir« Mit. twn 1 I.MPI.EMKNTS I SKI, rx FnKiVMUN,; F..OI). ' PaKf iH'.i, Pl^M XXIIf. OBiK*. D.ED IX FlarABIKQ FooD - C.A-COAL AKO PoTTMT. n«. 1 ao~aa^). CtemMl. mm gmenl dlntan or mooiMt I doo« of- o.2^^' J!l!T^* fj^!^ •*•** •«** •«• ««««ta« that oooidiic w« ooae over opm Orai. FMoi ganena diali«i of mound I —~-» w«« dl.irtSor^J'Sl*.''''"^* Of pomry .to^ W.U. ddl« hota. ,r,«n *MIII »»,!• \ M \ II \ •! * I V< y,t Will l:r !:i: i i 1 <)liJK(TS ISKU IX I'KKI>.\Ul.\U. 4 -i' PlaTK XXIV. POTTKKT — TbHPIBINO AND MaKUFACTDBB. From general Potsherd abowlng shell tempering material. Potsherd showioK cracked surface. From general OlggingB of Portion of a pot rim of rough ware. Prom general diggings of Fig. 1 (20-247a). diggings of mound 1. Fig. 2 r20-«04a). mound 2. Pig. 3 (20-238a). mound 1. Fig. 4 (2&-240a). Portion of a pot rim with punched perforation probably tOr sus- pension. From general dii^Kings of mound 1. Fig. 5 (20-26«a). Portion of a pot rim showing drilled perforation probably for suspension. From general diggings of raoimd I . Fig. 6 (20-2S6b). Portion of a pot rim showing large modeled perforation probably for suspension. Prom general diggings of mound 1. Fig. 7 (2(>-630a). Pot handle showing method of attachment. From general diggings of mound 2 °° " Fig. 8 (20-612a). Portion of a pot rim showing fold of day and small lug. From general diggings of mound 2. Fig. 9 (20-53a). PorUon of a pot rim showing small lug. From surface of ffcrm Pig. 10 (20-227). Fragment of pot rim showing lug made up of two horizontal ridges. From general diggings of mound 1. Fig. 11 (20-fl30b). Fragment of a pot rim. From general diggings of mound 2. .\\TiiKi)|.. I'm., a. M. \. If. V.M. VI. I" 1 »TK XXIV, OTTKHV TkMI>KHI.\<; AM) MAMFAfTt RE. I - i '* iyjiil. I 1- ii Pl^TB XXV. PoTTBBt — SlOWpia TbaCU Of MAMCrACTUmB. Fig. 1 (30-616). PoUherd Bhowtag Imprewlon of line Mtttog. From iwier»l dlgfli Fig. 2 (ao-342b). Potriwrd ibowliig ImpreMlon of nettiiig. From geneni dlggli of mound 1. . . .• ni. Fig. 3 (ao-240b). Potirtiert ahowlng ImpreHlon of cord wrapped pMldle. mr generkl diggings of mound 1. , Pig. 4 (20-243C). PoUherd showing impreMton of cord wrapped paddle p»i smoothed down befure firing. From genenJ digging' of mound 1. Fig. 6 (2O-601B). Potsherd showing line* .greatly modded to represent c markings. Prom general diggings of mound 2. Fig. 6 (20-801b). PotJrtierd showing impression of carved paddle. From gene iiigglng« of mound 2. enl dlggins* enJ dlcgin«a iddle. Prom tddle partly present cord from general ANTHRor. Pir. .\. M. N. H. V<>i.. VI. l»u»T»: XXV. POTTERV - ShoWINc; Tka.Es „k MaXIFACTIKK. (Page 191) i i Platb XXVI. PoTTHT — Rims with Lvoa. Fig 1 (ao-«14). Prom ■enenl dinliisii of mound 3. PIC- 2 (ao-aita). Prom gcacnl dlgglini of mound I. Pig. 3 (ao-aao). Pram laaanl dlggfaici of mound 1. Pig. 4 (ai>-S13»). . Pram geoenU digging! at mound 3. Pig. S (ao-«13b). Prom genana dlgglnga of mound 3. Pig. e (30-1 late). Prom geoeral digging! of enrnp trench. Pig. 7 (30-1047»). Pram gcoer*! dlgghigi of mound S. Pig. 8 (30-331). Pram gvncnl digglngi of mound 1. Asrmn' Pm>. .\ M N. H. Vi.«Tr XXVI. -=5 i I'OTTKKV — Kims with J.KiS. 'I'aitc 101) I i in I I M SI I m n 1 [ ! : j ^ - ! 1 ' ' Plats XXVII. Pottbbt — Rii» with Luqs. FIR. 1 Ftg. 2 Fig. 3 Fig. 4 Fig 5 Fig. 6 Fig. 7 Fig. 8 (ao-aiSa). From goieral dlgglngg of mound 1. (20-1 12Ab) Fnm general digging* of camp trencb. (20-21Sb). From general diggings of mound 1 (20-261a). From general dlgglngg of mound 1. (20-223a^. From general diggings of mound 1. (20-1 126c). From general diggings of camp trench. (20-1126d). From general diggings of camp trencb. (20-214a). Prom genera] diggings of mound ) AVTHHOI' I'M' A M \ II. V..1.. VI, I'HTK XXVII. J FoTTKHY - HiMs WITH l.riiS. - 1!)2) In ^H: . S -* » I 11 I !■*. Fig. Fig. Ffg. Fig. Fig. tig. 6 Fig. 7 Fig. 8 Platb XXVin. PoTTKar— BiMB with Lcob. (20-1224). (20-1308a). (20-224a). (20-226). (20-611). (20-225). (20-610a). (2O-609a). From general diggings among blllside graves. From over grave 194. embankment of sink hole. From general diggings of mound t. From general dlg^gs of mound 1. From general diggings of mound 2. From general diggings of mound 1. From general diggings of mound 2. li^om general diggings of mound 2. Anthh. |. |>,i.. X M X II. \ "I.. VI. f\\,f XXVIII. j^^r: 4'' I'lrnKHV HiM.s will, I,, <;s. if ; *! In ♦ fii lii .-it-'l Plats XXIX. Pottbbt — Hamdlm. Vlg. I (20-194). Prom gananl '''W'tp of mound 1. Fig. 2 (2&-199*). Prom gaaorml dlggliici of mound 1. Pig. 3 (20-207). Prom lenerml digginai ot mound 1. Pig. 4 (20-300). Pram gHMral digging! ot mound 1. Anthnop J', IV A M N H \»i VI, I'l ,r. XXIX. I'oTTKRY — HaNDLKS. I Page 192) I PI: i S| ■ i PlaTB XXX. POTTEIT— Hanole*. rig- 1 (no-mi). rig. 2 (20-8Q3a). Fig. 3 (20-21 !•) FJg. 4 (20-2Ub). Fig. S (20-261 b). Fig. 6 (20-213). Fig. 7 (20-214m) From gwwrml diggings of mound 2. From gencrml dinlnci of mound 2. From gmierai digging! of mound 1. From general digging! of mound 1. From general digging! of mound 1. From generki digging! of mound 1. From »r*'ner»l digging* of mound I. .\%tM»"l-. I'lf \ M \ II. * "1 VI I'l ,r» X.XX. r>>ITKKV IIaNDI.KS cv-i' i!t:i) f^ll PtATB XXXI. Tools csed bt Mem — Celts. «e, eSTdlgii'^orroun/J"^''^"' •*'* "'"" "' *"»'*'« '-•*»'' '^- '^-^^- Fton. ..ow2p^.^^;^''^.„^^rras.T^^^^^ •-''■^- -•>-• --"• •- mound 2. ' ''^•''*''^- ''^"'«"^*'»« «=•"* 8«>»n°"»«''««" «=«'» 8r6und out of stone. F„,n, general digging, of 80. id^!""'**"'- ^^^"""■^''*«" «=«'» S-und out Of diabase. From right of skeleton sente^bySorF^'eHckTBr.^tr"''*'"^''"''^- «'«'- ^^-urface of fann. Pre- deposU^- ^^S^ diSgrormTunr^ ""' °^ "^^ '"^'' °' •^'•'-^ •--"« "--" mlne^de^r^L'^ J^^t^T^r'^^.r'''' ""'' '-""'' °"* °" "- dlgg'^ofVotd"?!- "'^^'^^'^' ->» «'«'>•-* out Of brown jasper. Fr. al ofmS^d'r"^""^- ^^•»«'««*'<*lt or adze made Of antler. From genial diggings AxTHHiii'. I'ac. a M. X II v.. I VI. P I >TK XXXI. From also gs of gs of leton Pre- leral Mng al ings 'I'nui.s rsKI) liv .Mk\. ' I'ucf p.ir.i if ii 'I ill Platb XXXII. Tools dibo bt Mbn — Hammbbs akb Pittbd SToid*. Fig. 1 (20-1092*). Pebble cblpped and battered ftom use M » tMunmer. From general dlgglngB of camp trench. Fig. 2 (20-S59a). Pebble chipped and battered from use aa a hammer, bearing mineral deposit. From general diggings of mound 2. Fig. 3 (ao-688a). Pebble battered in facets, from use as a hammer. From general diggings of mound 2. Fig. 4 (20-533a). Hammerrtone slightly pitted on each side. From general diggings of mound 2. Hg. 6 (20-1090a). Hammerstone deeply pitted on each side. From general diggings of camp trrach. Fig. 6 (20-6). Hammnstone having double pita on each side Prom surface of farm. Fig. 7 (2&-18). Fragment of limestone bearing pecked pit. From surttee of farm. A.NTHR.IP. PaI-. a. M. X. H. Vol.. VI. l'i,AT»: XXXII. Tools iskd «v Mk.v. iPb(i<> 190) ^ A !^,: iMaaMHMMaaiM Plats XXXIII. Tools dmd mi Man — Wibtctoiim, Obootio 8tomm, Kmivu. Dmlm, are. J- i BitriMd wtaatatoM nuule of gk1t«tone. From general dlgginiis of WheutoiM of eeit ahape made ot gray Muuiitone. From gMipral for Fig. 1 (90-M7*). moawl 2. Fig- 2 (20~966). *"ff*tr of mouiid 3. Fig. 3 (20-27a). OrooT«d flragmat of light brown Muutotone, prob«blr nn arrow •h»n «mootlMr. Ftom •urflMse of term. Fig. 4 (20-100*). InolMd flragment of light brown MUdstone. probkbly umd •hariMiUng boo* awta and dmllar objeeti. From 'general digglngi of mound 1 . Fig. S (20-S64). Fragment of gray Umertone of cub-trUngulM: pyramidal form bearing a longitudinal groove In one tide, poMlbly an arraw-ahaft smoother or for sharponlcg bone awli and similar objects. FVom general Higytng. of mound 2. Fig. 6 (20-28). Fragment of purplish brown sandstone resembling one end of an arrow-shaft smoother of seml-cyllndricat form with rounded ends and having a longitudinal groove in the middle of the flat side. From surface of fkrm. Fig. 7 (20-7a5). Fragment of a chisel made of the meUtarsus of a doer. From below south top stone of grave tO. mound 2. Fig. 8 (20-I14A). Cylindrical object with pointed end made of antler. From general diggings of camp trench. Fig. 9 (20-654S). Cylindrical object of antlor, posriMy a flaker. From general diggings of mound 2. Fig. 10 (20-053). Section of antler with ends rounded and ridge scraped smooth, possibly a flaker or onftnished ImUto handle. From general Mfgtvtgm of mound 2. Fig. 11 (20-389a). Ix>wer Incisor of a beaver with the base cut off by grooving and breaking and the Inner surface gouged out, probably used as a knlfb. From general diggings of mound 1. Fig. 12 (20-38tfb). Ix>wer Incisor of a beaver with the base cut off by grooving and breaking and the inner surface gouged out, probably used as a knife. From general diggings of mound 1. Fig. 13 (20-707a). I»wer incisor of a beaver with the base cut off by grooving and breaking, the inner surface gouged out and the othw surfaces highly polished fh>m use, probably as a knife. From general diggings of mound 2. Fig. 14 (20-706). The exterior portton of the cutting edge of a beaver tooth cut out along the sides and base, probably used as a knlfb. From general dlgginga of mound 2. Fig. IS (20-fi83b). Point chipped ftom yeUowlsb chert, the end of which is rubbed smooth possibly trom use as a knife. From general diggings of mound 2. Fig. 16 (20-12l9a). Chip of chalcedony such as was probably used in cutting. Prom among general diggings of the hillside graves. Fig. 17 (20-igOa). Point for a drill chipped from mottled gray and yellowish chalce- dony. Ftom general diggings of mound 1. Fig. 18 (2O-807). Point for a drill chipped from gray chert. From general diggings of mound 2. Fig. 19 (20-lOOb). Point for driU chipped ftom pink chalcedony. From general diggings of mound 1. Amiih..!' I'>r AM N M V..1 \ I, I'l ,1, X.WIM 18 J9 Toill-S I SKI) HV Mk\. Mil it III If .• V ! HI P1.AT1: XXXIV. Tools uskd bt Wombm — ScBAraBs, Awlr, amo Nbiolbh. riK. 1 (2CH*Sc). SymmetrlcBl chipped point of pinkish ch»lc«lony rubbed smooth probably from use w a slda scraper. From surface of fcrm. KiB 2 (20-31.5). sltln scraper made of the metatarsus of a deer. From general dininss of mound 1. Fig. 3 (20-348a). Awl made of the proximal part of the Ursometatarsus of a wild turkey. From general digglniis of mound 1. Fig. 4 (20-681). Awl made of the proximal part of the tarsometatarsus of a wild turkey ornamented with six notches and highly polished trom use. From general diinin«i of mound 2. Fig. 6 (20-«75). Awl with highly polished point made of the distal part of the tlblo- tarsus of a wild turkey. From general digghigs of mound 2. (See Plate xl. Fig. 14.) Fig. a (20-364a). Awl. highly polished trom use, made of the proximal part of the tibio-tarsua of a wild turkey. From general diggings of mound 1. Fig. 7 (20-676). Awl. highly polished from use. made of the proximal part of the tlbio-tarsus of t wild turkey, and ornamented with eight notches. From general diggings of mound 2. Fig. 8 (20-722a). Awl made of a n-agment of a long bone of a quadruped. From general diggings of mound 2. Fig. g (20-3e0a). Awl or unflnished needle made of a fragment of the tong bone of a bird, bearing mineral deposit. From i J Hi ! ;■ • i-'f isj III • ] '■ .i ■ i . i f Pl-AT. XXXVI. P«„c.«IM or M4II0FACTD.. - R„,>«„ A,„ CirTTI»0. c»«p'"frJh!'*'""^'- ^""^ '*^**^" "^"^ •^•- *^ "^"-^ ««««»«. Of r^-^dilTof ^o'uni^ "-"" "' ' '^«» "^ •»»»-> with ,p«u«, ed^Xi; pom "^.^'S^'^aJiril?! '^'^*' -^ "' •-" "»- «" • --• '•»- «-«' FronnHm^l'SSS or I'JT.:'""' '*^'** "''•' "' "^ •^' '"»" •"-«• - — «^-- Fte 12 ^7^, f^ ^ K 5 "^"^ «^'*' <»lK"ta«» of mound 1. ^^^-^iiTc^M^S'? ""•" ^'"'^"« ^^«- -«» •°'«"«««»*' «""^- From moun'?*!." ^'^'°*'- «««•"««•"• P««» «" out of bone. F«.m genenU dl„in»i of of moil 3. ^'*^'°~^- "•" °' '"'• ■"""^"« "'»•'"' -'^ •- ™» "« ^-"- ««•- • dl«hi*. dU»So7n!^*'- ^'^'' ^"' °' * "^^ »''-'"« -' «-»v,««. Kron. genera. ^^^^ 18 (20-384). T.P cut from canine tooth of a bear. F.x.m general dtaging, of of ni" ^**"*^^ '^°' °' '"*'" '*°*'^ trHn,ven« citing. F«,m general digging. r nuxiiui 3. Fig. « (MV-asft). Caataie tooth of ■ black be*r ■howing drllUng Prom guwral dlggingB of mound 2 Pig. 7 (20-aU3m). Caalnt tuoth of • anwil camlror ahowiiiK -90U). P'Jnt for drill made of yeilowl»h chalcedony. From general diggingi of mound a. Fig. la (2O-40a). Longitudinal fragmt-nt of tlmeittonc pipt Hliowing cores left by holk>w drill. Pram surfkce of fhrm. {.Hve Plate xlvi. Fig. !i.) Fig. 14 (20-51a). Pragment of pottery showing punched holm. Prom Hurfaoe of farm. Fig. 15 CJtH.'iSac). Leaf-shaped object of -halcedoiiysljowinB chipping. From general diggings of miiimd ■?. Fig. 16 (20-97la). Disc of pottery showing chipping. Prom general diggings of mound 3. Fig. 17 i2(>-12:ia). Poll of celt showing pecltlng. From general digging!) of mound 1. ANtHN-p. I»»c \ M N H. \"i VI I'l »r» XX.W II. 7 ^8 ^ W I I'UlM KSSKS OK MaMKMTI KK. m m HI 1 ■ 1 ■ f ^ - u. t i ! I 1 PbATC XXXVIII. MANVrACTUMB — 1' MKTS CaiPFBD OUT OF StORB AND PoiMTS BUBBKO uvT or Ahtlbb. Vic- 1 (ao-A79»). Fngment of chaloedonjr from which piecm have been chipped. I'rom senersl Afnjnti of mound 2. Fig. 3 (30-iao*). Hunmer, poaribly uaed in ciilpirfnK. From (cnenl disgin^ of mound 1. Pll. » (20-42b. c). ChlpB. F)rom wrftMse of tmrm. Pll. 4 (20-581B). VnllniBhed object made by chipping with • hammer pebble such aa waa flnlahed by Haking. From general diggingw of mound 2. Fig. 5 (20-416a). Cylinder i^ antler poaaibly uaed aa a llaker. From general digging!) of mound 1. Fig. (a0-4ad, e). FUOcea. Fran surfkce of term. Fig. 7 (aO-lSBc). FInialMd aenated point for an arrow made of gray chalcedony by chlpiring and flaking. From general diggings of mound 1. Fig. 8 (SM>-327a). Prong broken hnm antler. Prom general diggings of mound 1. Fig. 9 CilMSSOa). Flake of chert such as may have been uaed for cutting antler. From KenenU digglnsi of mound 2. Kig. 10 (20-82S). Prong broken from antler, with transverse cut started. From eighteen indies above skeleton 70, moimd 2. Fig. 11 (20-334a) Tip of antkr showing transvene cutting. From gen««l diggings of mound I. Fig. 12 (20-320a, 680). Prong of antler and tip removed by transverse cutting and breaking. From general diggings of mounds 1 and 2. Fig. 13 (20-637). Tip cut and broken from prong of deer .itler. From general diggings of moimd 3. Fig. 14 (20-M6). diggings of mound 2. Fig. 15 (20-638). Tip cut and broken fhim antler and sharpened on sandstone or by scraping with a stone flake. From general diggings of mound 2. Fig. 16 (30-688a). Drill point chipped ftam chatoedony such as was used in driUing hole in base of antler tip. From general diggings of mound 2. Fig. 17 (ao-077b). Tip of antler cut and broken ftom pnmg sharpened on sandstone and drilled in base for the reception of an arrow-shaft. FrtMn general diggings of mound 3. Fig. 18 (20-1 142a). Finished arrow point made of antler and cut around the ba-se with stone flake to form barb. From general rtiggfaig* of camp trench. Fig. 19 (a0-1143b). Tip of antler showing whittUng with such an object as a flake of stone. From general diggings of camp trench. Fig. 20 (20-1142C). Tip of antler showing whittling with such an object as a flake of stone. From general diggings of camp trench. Fig. 21 (20-1142d). Tip of antler showing wtriattons of a drill. From general diggings of camp trench. Sandstone such as was tised for sharpening antler. From general AsTHROF. Pav. a. M. X, H. Vol. VI, Pi.ATe XXXVm. of ilCll OKS by ter. om ngs tnd ml ml by ing me of Of IgS 'Si iia 1-1 MAMKAITrKK. m I !|i ■« ' m Plat* XXXIX. Mancpactubc — Pibr Books of Bowc and Celt* o» Ahtlei. VUs. 1 (aO-749a). Humonu of a turtce}-. From Kenend dinlnsR of mound 2. Fig. 2 (ao-18a»). Chip of chert nich m m«y have been uaed for cuttUtg bone of a turkey. From general dlgglnga of mound 1. Pig. 3 (20-aA5a). Humenia of a turkey firom whteh rectangular piece has been cut From general dlgglnga of mound 1. Fig. 4 (2(>-3. Drill point chipped from chert, such as may have bera used for drilling bone. Prran general diggings ot mound 1. Pig. 7 (20-738a). Fragment of bone showing where ends have been drilled. Prom general diggings of mound 2. Pig 8 (2fr-730b). Pish hook made ofplece of bone by driUIng holes !n ends and cutting From general diggings of mound 2. Pig. 9 (20-730C). Pish hook made of piece of bone by cutting out Interior. Prom fcraeral diggings of mound 2. Pig. 10 (20-366). Piece of bone or antler rounded at the end with drilled pit In the center near this end and a scraped groove, poeslbly In process of manulkcture into a flsh hook. From general diggings of mound 1. Fig. H (20-580b). Chlpofchakndony such as may have been used for cutting antlor. From general diggings of mound 2. Fig. 12 (20-298). Piece of antler grooved longltudinaUy, probably with a chipped stone. From general diggings of mound 1. Fig. 13 (20-138a). Piece of light brown sandstone possibly used for grindlnit antler. From general diggings of mound 1. Fig. 14 (20-31 lb). Finished celt cut longitudinally from a piece of antler and ground mn«"" I"- or iiuhumI 2. AXTHKOP. |»AP. A. M. X. II. V.ll.. VI. I'HTK Xl.l. 1 Mav I K\'TI KM il'aKi' Jllii s I PLATK XlAl. MANUrAC'TlBE WhISTLE*. BkaDK, ETC., MADE 0» BoXE. Mb. Klg cutting. rorating. Hg. Bbtl bone with pwls broken off. Prom fcenerBl diggings of moimd 2 WiiisUti made of bird Ixme. Krom gnneral diggings of mound 1, Drill point cliipped from atone. From general diggings of moumi U. Penis bone of rmccoon. From gcnenU diggings of mound 2. Penis bone of raccoon with base cut off and tip perforated. Krom l^iS 1 (2«>-713a). 2 (20-413). 3 (20-9610 4 (ao-Odfia). 6 (20-1106). general diggings of camp trencti. Jig. 6(20-719*1. Piiaianx of det>r. From RunersI diggings of mound 2. 7 (20-42fn Fragment of point chipped tram chalcedony such as was used for Krom Hurfacx* of Ikrm. 8 (20-»61b). Drill point chipped from chalcedony such as was used for per- From geoCTal digging" of iiiuund 3. 9 (2f>-721ai. Phalanx or deer with proximal end cut off and distal end perforated for use in ring UMl pin game. Krom general diggings of mound 2 Klg. 10 (20-3B71. Tibia of small mammal. Krom general diggings of mound 1. Kig. 11 12<)-;JB8) . Tll)la of small mammal from which end has been cut. Krom general diggings of mound 1 Iflg. 12 (20-7 of long bone from which end has been cut, incised around in order to remove section for a tiead. From general dimlngs of mound 2. l-lg. 13 (20-410a). End of long bone of a quadruped ffom which end has been cut. incised around in order to cut soction for a bead. Pix>m general diggings of mound 1 . Fig. 14 (2O-t07b). Bead made ofsection cut from a bird bone. Krom general diggings of mound 1. Fig. 15 (20- Jlla) Distal end of a humerus fh)m which section has been cut. Krom gciirral diggings of mound 1 . Klg. 16 f20-3I7). Distal end of roetaUrsus of deer from which section has lieen cut. Krom general diggings of mound 1 K!k. 17 (2O-9fl0h). ('hipped polni made of jhsfter. such as may have been used for cutting bone. l''pom general diggings of moimd 3. Antbroh. P»i' \ M. X. H. v.. I.. VI, P,.^^^. XLII. t 6 8 10 u M\\{ FACTIIU; 11 PlatbXUII Oahu Fig. I (20-4038). rut. 2 (a0-417») H*. 3 (ao-am») Fl«. 4 (aO-37ta) Kig. 5 (ao-37»a) Klg. e (90-37M» FJf. 7 (aO-379c). KJ«. 8 (ao-^76«>. KIg. (aO-IKMb) Ftg. 10 (30-232b) Fig. U (aO-23»a) Fig. 12 (2O-S40C). inouad 2. Fig. 13 (20-547) From geoerml (UggtogB Fig 14 (aO-l44b). mound 1. Fig. 16 (20-156). diggingn or moimd 1 . Fig. 16 (20-643). Fig. 17 (20-S42). of mound 2. OaHIW — CtUMOBM, RiMO AMD PiM, AsTKAOALU*, AMD DlSC* or PoTTCKI AMD 8TOMM. CyUnderofMlUer. CyUiider of wtier. Awl msde of bone. PhalMix of mn eik. Pbalanz of a deor. Phalutx of % den. Phalanx of a deer. Astragalua of a deer. From general dlnbigi of mound 1 From general diggtaigi of mound 1. From general digginga of mound 1. Prom general diggings of mound 1 From geoerat diggingi of mound 1. From general digging! of mound 1. From general digging* of mound 1. From general dlggingn of mound 1. Uiac made of pottery. From general diggings of mound 2. Diac made of pottery. From general digging* of mound 1. DIrc made of pottery. From general digginga of mound 1 . Disc made of yellowiah sandstone. From general diggings of Disc made uf yeUowlsh sandstone pecked ooncavely on tbe reverse, of mound 2. Disc chipped ftom gray llmestonn. From general diggings of DImc mude of limestone, convex on tlio revcnuv From general Utitc made of limestone having hollow In the oenu-r ami i>elng From general dlgginits of mound 2. Disc made of stone, convex on tlie reverse. Krom gi'^eral diggings A^«THll..p. Vsr. .\. M. X. H. Vol.. VI. I'nTt. Xl.lll. lllfe I or efae. » or i«ral elDK 4^ 12 f?.S?C m 15 6 10 II t !A.Mh>. I'ttKi' 200) r i MKXOCOPV ICSOUniON TiST CHART (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) A /APPLIED IIVHGE 1653 East Main Street Rochester. Ne» Vorl< 14609 USA (716) 482 -0300- Ptione (716) 288-S989 -Fax Platb XLIV. Gaheh — Dikcb hade or Stune. Fig. 1 (2O-003a). Yellowish sandstone. Pl«. 2 (20-76). YeUowlsh sandstone. Frederick H. Bierbower. From general diggings of mound 3. Prom surfkce of fkrm. Presented by Col Wg. Fig Fig. Fig Fig. Fig. FlK. Frederick Fig. (20-964). Yellowish sandstone. (20-!i49tL). Yellowish sandstone (20-562a) . Yellowish sandstone. (20-1086a). (20-.M9b). From general diggings of mound 3. From general diggings of momid 2. From general diggings of mound 2. Yellowish sandstone. From general diggings of camp trmich. Limestone. Fri>m general diggings of mound 2. Col. (20-551). Yellowish sandstone. Prom general diggings of mound 2. (2O-K0). Reddish sandstone. From surface of fbrm. Presented by Bierbower. (See Plate lii. Fig. 3.) (20-77). YellowLth sandstone. From surface of hrm. Presented by Col Frederick H. Bierbower. (See Plate lii, Fig. 4.) Fig. 11 (20-556). Gray sandstone. From general diggings of mound 2. (See Plate LII, Pig. 6.) Fig. i: Fig. Fig Fig fig. Plate ui. Pis. Plate xLi (20-162). 13 (20-545a). 14 (20-157b). 15 '20-541) 16 (20-540b). Fig. 2.) 17 (20-5.53b). . Pig. 4.) Gray sandstone. From general diggings of mound 1. Reddish sandstone. From general diggings of mound 2. Yellow sandstone. From gmeral diggings of mound 1. Gray sandstone. From general diggings of mound 2 Reddish sandstone. From general diggings of mound Yellow sandstone. Fig. 18 (20-160). YeUow sandstone. From general diggings of mound 2. From general diggings of mound 1. (See (See Anthhup. Pap. A. M. N. H. Vol.. VI. Pi..tTK XMV. u Games. (Page 210) Ill Plat« XI.V. Piub. Fig. 1 (20-1332). Yellow Mmdstone. Prom general diggliigs over grove 198, in fleld. Fig. 2 (2»-771). YeUow sandstone bearing Incised face. Prom near feet of skeleton 61, mound 2 (See Plate lii. Fig. 11.) Fig. Plate LII, Fig. Fig. Pig. Fig. Pig. Plate uv Fig. MI, 3 (20-1109) Fig. 1.) 4 (2O-1110). 5 (20-.'i72a). 6 (20-1111). 7 (20-«7l). 8 (20-1207). Fig. 12.) 9 (20-178). Fig. 15.) Fig. 10 (20-176). Yellow sandstone. From generel diggings of camp trench (See Llmestonv. Prom general diggings of camp tronch. Yellow sandstone. Prom general diggings of mound 2. Limestone. Prom general diggings of camp trench. Y^ow sandstone. Prom general diggings of moimd 2. Limestone. Prom right hand of skeleton 193. in fleld. (See Yeltow sandstone. lwI. r rom generv diionnK* of mound 1 .«r«vrnifl.m^^d*"'' *'''"'^** °^ yeltowUI. s.nd.t„no. FToni wneral diK«lng« ovt-r «« J!?;i.^ (20-173). B,xldtoh «nd«tonp. undriUed. bearinx JncUcI huma, fucf. Krt.m twneral dignbiRa of mound 1 . (See Plate lii, Klg. 12.) «s- ^^\J (a>-38). Conoid form pecked from Uni.^tone with drilUnK for bowl b<«un From surface of farm. Fig. H (2(>-7«2). Monitor form, iindrillwl. jH^-k.^l from limestone. Kn.m northwest com'* of stone covers of skeleton .TO, mound 2. noruiwesi Fig. « (20-172) Monlu>r form, undrilled, pecked from limestone. Krom general diggings of mound 1 Fig. 7 (20-670). diggings of mound 2. Fig. 8 (20-127»>. human form on base. (See Plate ui. Pig. 13.) «g. 9 (20-«72b). Pte. 10 (20-177). P«g. 11 (20-«0b). Fig. 12 (20-40C). Ume»U)nc. broken in nrocens of manuftwture. Krom xmeral Monitor form, undrlltat, of yeltowish sandstone Untring indwil From general diggings over grave 177. embankment of sink hole. . Oray limeNtonc. From general diggings of mound J. YcUowish sandstone. ii"rom general diggings of mound I. Yellowish sandstone. From surface of farm. Umestone pipe. From surfttco of ftirm. (See Piute xxxvii, Kig. i:j.) Anthhop l»«f. A. M. X. II Vi.i VI. l»i.,T» XIA I. ^^L 6 iiil 11 I ij I ii I ^i7 n II Pipes — rsFiMsHKD and Hkokk.n. iPaKC 212) r Plate XLVII. Pipes — Ui-660). ReddMi sandstone with driUing begun for both bowl and stem From general diggings of mound 2. Fig. 4 (2(>-39). IJmestonp In whteh a bowl has been begun, apparently by pecktng From surface of farm. Fig. .li (20-170) Yellowish sandstone. From general diggings of mound 1. Fig. fi (20-37). Yellowish sandstone showing marks of pecking. From surfkce of Atnn. Anthii'ip. Tap. A. M. N. H. Vol.. Vt, PHTK XI.VII. r5i I'll-KS r\HMS||KI). t I ! Platb XLTIII. Peuohal Adobnhbiit — Bbads or Pottbbt. Bomb, ahd Srbll, and PBMDANTa or Shbll. Fig. 1 Frederick H. Fig. 2 mound 2. Fig. 3 Fig. 4 Fig. ft Pig. (20-Mb). Beada of pottery. From aurtkce of fluni. PreMOted by Col. Blarbower. (20-796). Bead made of bone. From near the left hand of akeieton (13, (20.0^007). (20-1159*). (20.0^908). Bead made of bone. Bead made of bone. Bead made of bone. 6 (20-1291). Bead made of bone ■keteton 190, in field. (See Plate liii. Fig. 2.) Fig. 7 (20-~«)7b). Bead made of bone. Fig. 8 (20-95a). Bead made of bono. Frederick H. Bierbower. Fig. 9 (20-9Sb). Bead made of hone. Frederick H. Bierixtwer. Fig. 10 (20-06C). Bead made of bone. Frederick H. Bierbower. Fig. 11 (20-119b) Fig. 12 (20-924) Fig. 13 (20-404). From farm. From general digging* of camp trendi. From fkrm. witb indaed marks. From under pelvis of From general digging! of mound 1 . From aurfkoe of farm. Pnwented by Col. From surflMse of fturm. Presented by Col. From siufkce of fhrm. Presented by Col. Bead made of bone. From general rtlgglnK« of mound 1. Cylindrical beadx made of shell. From neck of skeleton 121, mound 2. Disc-shaped beads made of shell. From gmeral diggings of mound 1 . Disc-shaped beads made of shell. From near neck of skeleton 1 1, Cylindrical beads made of shell. From right elbow of skeleton 74, Beads made of marine shell. From neck of skeleton 194, embank- Bead made of the ooiumella of the busycon. From general diggings Fig. 14 (20-t46). mound 1. Fig. m (20-8:«). mound 2. Fig. 16 (20-1304) mem of sink hole. Fig. 17 (20-944>. of mound 2. Fig. 18 (20-1158). Bead nuide of the columella of the biisycon. Prom surface of farm. Presented by Col. Frederick H. Bierbower. Fig. 10 (20-867a). Bead made of olivella. From waist of skeleton 91, mound 2. Fig. 20 (20-867b). Bead made of olivella. From waUt of skeleton 91, mound 2. Pig. 21 (20-867C). Bead made of olivella. From watet of skeleton 91, mound 2. Fig. 22 (20-1267a). Pendant made of olivella. From breast of skeleton 178, hillside. Fig. 23 (20-1267b). Pendant made of olivella. From breast of skeleton 178, hillside. Fig. 24 (20-1020a). Heads made of marginella apicina. From neck of skeleton 132, mound 3. Anthkiih. P.»h. .V. M. N. II. Vol.. VI. I'l.v.K xi.viir f ± 1 35 iil' P, ll i 1 I Platb XUX. PaaaoBAi. ABoaNiiBm — Pbnmmw mab^ or Gabai. Ouau Bomb, Tbbtb, abb Bbbu. Bt but with Prmb •urfhee of flwni. From (urntce Fyom neck of akelelon From aurfhce of (krm. From ■urikoe of t*na. Fig. Kg. (20-431). (20-386*). ng. 1 (90-A76). OhkW-dMpad abfttt ntBde of eauBl eoid. driUlag Btartad oa iwtrae. Fram gMMrBl dicgingi of moaad 3. Fig. a (aO-W). LOBWlgW rtlBPWl pgWUnt nMMlB of CMIBt COBl. PnBWtad br Ool. Fiwteric k H. Btarbowcr. Fig. 3 (ao-«5). PendBRt mBde oT cbiibI oobI with flBtteiMd reverae. of Item. PraMntcd by Ooi. Fradaridi H. Btarbowcr. Fig. 4 (ao-«a«lB). Tooth-BbBpcd pendBnt mBde of obobI oobI. 30, maand 1. Fig. fi (aO-SOb). Tootb^hBped pendBot made of cbobI oobI. Prcaented bx Col. Frederidc H. Blerbower. Fig. A (20-8aB). Tootb-BhBped pen^But made of cbdbI cobI. Preaeoted by Col. Frederidc H. BIcrbowar. Fig. 7 (ao-87). Tooth-abBiMd pendBnt made of canal coal, with omamental dou. From lurfBoe of (tern. Preaeoted bjr Col. Frederldi H. Blerbower. Fig. 8 (ao-1174). Pendant (f) made of a tbin piece of bone with drilled or gouged perforatimia. From general digginga of camp trench. (See Plate liii. Fig. 3.) Fig. 9 (2(Mi07). Peodanta of canine teeth of at leaat three rhmlUea of amall carnlvon. From neck of alieleton lOS. momd 2. Fig. 10 (ao-30Sb). Pendant made (rfinciaor of elk. From general digginga of mound I. Fig. 11 (20-105). Pendant made of canine of wolf bearing taidaed IIXIT. From suritee of farm. Preinnted by Cul. Frederidc H. Blerbower. (8«e Plate liii. Fig. «.) Fig. 12 (2O-038B). Pendant made of shell. Fnnn general diggings of mound 2. Fig. 13 (20-1032). Claw-ahaped pendant made of shell. From feet of skeleton 137, mound 3. Pendant made of shell. From general diggings of mound I. Perforated pendant made of a canine tooth of a bear. From general diggings of mound 1. Fig. 16 (20-38ftb). Grooved canine tooth of a bear. Fi.n general diggings of mound 1. Fig. 17 (20-108). Pendant made of a canipn tooth of a bear. From surface of farm. Premnted by Col. Frederick H. Bierlmwer. Fig. 18 (20-387). Pendant made of canine tooth of a bear, with one side flattened and the other bearing zigzag taidsed Unes. Fnmi general diggings of mound 1. Fig. 10 (20-~l71). Creaoent-ahapnd pendant made of ahdl. From neck of skeleton 30, mound 1. Fig. 20 (20-111). Pendant made of shell. From surface of farm. Presented by Col. Frederick H. Blerbower. Fig. 21 (20-427). Pendant made of shell. From general diggings of moimd 1. Fig. 22 (20-897). Pendant made of shell. From left breast of skdeton 105, mound 2. Fig. 23 (20-434a). Tooth-shaped pendant made of shell. From general diggings of mound 1. Fig. 24 (2O-^09a). Pendant made of shell, possibly intended to rapresent a canine tooth of an elk. From neck of skeleton 30, mound 1. Fig. 25 (20-434b) . Oblong pendant made of shell. From general diggings of mound 1 . Pig. 26 (20- 109a). Circular pendant made of shell. From surface of fkrm. Pre- sented by Col. Frederick H. Blerbower. Fig. 27 (20-864a). Tooth-shaped pendant made of shell. From neck of skeleton 89, mound 2. Fig. 28 (20-864b). Tooth-shaped pendant made of shell with Incised Unes and drlllc«l doU. From neck of skeleton 89, mound 2. (See Plate liii. Fig. 10.) Fig. 29 (20-884C). Pendant made of shell with longitudinal incised Unes. From neck of skeleton 89, mound 2. (See Plate liii. Fig. 9.) Fig. 30 (20-1326a). Tooth-shaped pendant made of shell with transverse perforation. From neck of skeleton 195, in Held. Pig. 31 (20-1070a). Pendant made of shell. From mound 6. Fig. 32 (2O-1078a). P«idant made of shell. From neck of skeleton 150, mound 6. Fig. 33 (20-470). Pendant made of busyoon sheU. From left of Jaw of skeleton 34, mound 1. Fig. 34 (20-874). Pendant made of the oolumeUa of the busycon sheU with groove for suspension, h'nm skuU of skeleton 95, mound 2. Fig. 35 (20^937a). Pep'tant made of shdl. From general diggings of mound 2. AwTHRiii-. I'm- a. M. X, II. Vi.i.. VI, Pi ATt; XI.I.V. 0«#Mf i I Personal Adohxmext. (Page 21"] e.m,'t„;h.'*'"""' "-— t «" • .-ni-t m^e „f ...M,. From .en«I .,«ri^ „, b"w«T. ■™'- "«"'nn>n by Col. Pn>dcv1ck U. Bhr- .n, ,^. t.r Tr^. ^^'Zi^zz^r "'"'' "*"' ••" '-''•-"- - •-- In Held. KiK. .•h.*l of Hk..|,u,n IM, mound « *" ""• •^"""on- «»* .t»penidon. Prom n..k of HKeU^urLu^T;!'"' """"- """"■" "»'> '*» P-ror.U„„, for-u-pen^n. K..m or .kelo,oi"a5rmrd e"" """'" "' ■""""• '^"'^ ' »•- °™«-«- ^".m -eft .houlder AVTMRIIP. PtP. .\. M. \. H. v.. I.. VI. PtOK I.. ,^r ^- w 13 I Personal Adornment. (Page 219) 1 h I f i li 1 1 Plate LI. Mi»c«lia!«»oo» 0»j«ct». FJg. 1 (i»-277). Fragment of » pottery object. po»lbly of spool .hape. From genenO^dtegl^of mound^l^^^ of . pottery obj«,t. po«,lbIy of spool shape. From "*'"'S,"''f^°7irpS'obJect .a«le of UmesU,ne. ,K.ss.bly ^ unflnlshed pipe. From^^er^dte^^of^mound 1^^^^^^ pott..y object of spoon shape. From genera. .IlKKlnw °f °|^ ]^ MhUature pottery dishes. From skeleton U. mound 1. m. 6 !^134a. b). small pieces of pottery. From general diggings of camp '"""Fig 7(20-778). Part ofthe upper Jaw of a bear cut o« through the roou of the teeth. ''"*" rsTat^mr^Art'orSaw of a bear cut o« thn,ugh the roots of the teeth. *'""Kir'»°'^S)"''CroVantler perforated at one end. From genera, diggings of ■"""fV 10 (20-309). Perforated penis bone of a nw^coon. From general diggings of """"wg.^ll (20H186). Tr«nsversely perforate.1 penis bone of a raccoon. From general digging "/^"J^J^). C yUnder formed of antler, possibly an untolshed knife handle. Krom near .eftm... Of ;•;«•«- ,^,^^— „«,„„,, ,._ ,„era. dU^glngs of motmd ■. ml 14 (2a^ll«t). Bone whistle or flute with one perforation on the reverse. From ^•""■^rff^rLr cSer of bone gr.x.ved around and broken off at each end. Fr.m. "•■'"i'lf'^'asTroWect „,a. Incised lines and drlile). .Notches In object made of stone. From general diggings of mound I . Fig. 8 (20-181). In(is<>d plctngraph on slate i>ebblc. From general diggings of mound 1. Fig. 9 (20-l)«5). Incised anhnal form (m fragment of disc mam general diggings cf moimd 2. Fig. l."> (20-178). Sculptured moccasin on fragment of a pi|Ht. From general diggings of mound 1. (See Plate xlv. Fig. !).) Amhhoi'. V\p. a. M. N. II. V(.i.. VI. Pi ATI: I.II. * -J ] AhT — In(I,sKI) AM) S< I I.PII KKI> ,'^ToNK. 11 1 PI.ATI1 Lll!. AiiT— iRciaco. NoTCHitv. amd Drilled. Bomk, lvo«r, and Smrii.. Kta. I (20-352). Till iMXcbw on twi inMlt> of tarMnnelatanuii of • wild turki-y From senwml dintno of roound 1. Kl«. 2 (a»-l»l). Inciaed b«wl dimIp of bone. Knmi under pWvbi of ikekttan IWl In Iteid. (Hee Piste xi vm, Flic, fl.) Vis. 3 (20-1174). Drilled or soused perforations In pendant made of bone. From Ktmtral dlgginKa of camp trench. 'See Plate xlix. Klg. 8. i Fig. 4 (20-727.) Nolchei and drilled pits on frainnent of xpatulate object made of Iwnc From general digglngH of mound 2. Fig. ft (2(H338). Indued XIII X on pendant made of ranine tooth of a wolf. From general diggingg over grave 106. In fleld. Fig. (20-lOS). Inciaed IIXII on pendant maile of canine tooth of a wolf. From Kurfacc of farm. Pnaented by Col. Frederick H. Bierbower. (See PUte xnx. Fig. 11.) Fig. 7(20-1178). Inciaed IIIXIII on pendant made of canine tooth Ufa bear. From geniTal digging* of camp trench. '.'"■g. 8 (20-932). Notchai in edge of uido ahell. From general diggings of mound 2. Fig. i) (20-H64P). Indued longitudinal Une on pendant made of shell. From neck of skeleton SB. mound 2. (See Plate xlix. Fig. 29.) Fig. 10 (20-8a4b). Incised line and drilled plu on ciaw-shaped pendant made of shell. I-Yiim nock of skeleton 89, mound 2. (See Platw xlix, Fig. 28.) Anthikii-. INf. A M N. H. v.. I.. VI. I»i.n. Mil .1.. irkfy. t IWI, From id« of From From .) From nd :>. ck of xholi. I Am IvirsKi). NoTciiKi). and Dkillkd. I'aur L'-Jl'i i J'l.ATK T,IV. Art — Modelcd and Painted on Pottehv, Sculptireu in Htonk. VifC. 1 (20-228a). Modeled row of points on rim of |>ot. From general digging!! of mound 1 . Fig. 2 (20-11241)). Modeled knob «1lh central deprension on fragment of pottery. From general diggings of camp trench. Fig. :* (20-91). Modeled bird head from rhn of ixit. Front surface of fUrm. Pr»-- sented by Col. Fnxlerick H. Pierbower. Fig. 4 (20-272). Modek^i blrtl head from rini of iHit. From Kcneral digglnits of mound 1. Fig. 5 (20-">.'>). Modeled bird hrad I'mm rim of t>ot. From surface of farm. Fig. « (20-92). Mmleleri bird head from rim of i>ot. From surface of farm. Pre- 8eutit. From general dig;dngs of mound 2. Fig. h i20 1127). Modelwl human face on rim of pot. Frcmi general diggings of cainp trench. Fig. '.» (20-(m)). Modol«l li/,ani-llke form in ismery. Frtim gentTal diggings ol' mound 2. Fig. 10 (20-«2:j). Modekxl llsh-iike form in p<»ttery. From general diggings of nioimd 2. Fig. 11 (20-270). Line diwign painletl in Ijrown on (lottery. From general diggings of mound 1. Fig. 12 (20-1297b). Pipe of stone of artistic shape. From right hand of skeleton 193, in Held. (See Plate xlv, Fig. .s.) An'Thniip. J»m'. a. M. X. H. Vol.. VI, I'lATK 1,1V. '^^t fy^i ]? Art. ■^•s Plate LV. Aht— Decoiia »N« ON POTTERT DEBIVED FKOM PROCESSES OF MaNC- rACTCRE. Fig. mound 2. Fig. mound 2. Fig. 1 (20-624C). Rows of finger impressions on potKry 2 (20-591). Finger nail Impressions on ix)tt«ry. From general diggings of From general diggings of :i yrora tip and nail impn-swlons on necic of pot. From general ..„e«rH.™.„^i!'*""r "'■ ^r "^ ""*•* "*" impressions on rim and neclc of pot. general diggings of mound 2. Fig. 4 (20-24611). Fing diggings of mound 1. .,«-. L** '' '?I^"^*!l- '■'""^ "^ ''"*■ '" '""^ '^'" """Wing row of finger tip and nail Im- presstons "l"«'^»P«ced to Press fold Into place. From general dlggings^lf camp trench Fig. « (20-254a). Fold of clay to form rim of pot showing row of flnger tip impr«^ slons «,u«lly spa«,d U. press fold Into place. From general dlggT^ of mouTl. "^ "^ fln«er tins ' i^^'^^l'^^'J:^""' "/ '"° "' ^^ "^""^"^ "»* «' impr«»loa, resembllmj nnger tips. I-Yom general diggings of mound 1. FronflfeneL'^iinlfr ^'*'""^^ "' ^"> "' P°' ""owing flnger tip and nail lmpr««,lons. jt bearing ridge Incised before firing into notches. From general diggings of mound 1 . Fig. 7 (20-11266). Fragment of rim of pot bearing row of modeled points. Fr«>m general diggings of camp trench. Fig. 8 (20-600b). Fragment of rim of pot bearing design apparently drawn In the clay with the Anger or a blunt implement. From general diggings of mound 2. (.See Fig. Ig.) Fig 9 (20-618). Fragment »f rim of pot bearing design apparently drawn In the Way with I he finger or a blunt implement . From general diggings of mound 2. (.See Fig. I f.) Fig. 10 (20-967). Pipe made of pottery bearing two encircling g-ooves between which are five dots all apparently made by drawing and pressing in the clay w.h a blimt implement, rnmi general diggings of mound 3. (See Plati- xlv, Fig. 11.) AsTHKiii-. INh. a. M. X. H. Vi.i. VI. l»i.Ar». I. VI. Art. Pig 1 (j(>-24a»). 2 (aO-237»). Ktg. 3 (a(V-245b). Ptg. 4 (20-U2ftr) ilK. S (30-346b). ng. a (ao-si48b). FK. 7 (aO-fl02b). FlB- K (aO-330). PI.ATB LVII. AbT— l!«CI«BO PoTT««T. K-oin Benerml digging* of mouml 1. Kixm gtmerml diggings of mound 1. Kroin goMnl diggings of mound 1. From genermi digging! of cwnp trtmch. From general diggings of mound I. From geMnl diggings of mound 1. From genenl diggings of mound 2. From ttenenX diggings of mound I. ANriiM..,. I'w A M \. II \'-< VI I'l ,if I. Ml Aim' -I\mgeaer..dtegU«»ofn««"^^l; StSL) Xm general digging* of camP trencl». ;^^? Fwrn g^Ter-l digging- of mound I. (See Fig. IP.) AvTHMi.l'. I»«M. A M. X li. v.. I. VI. I'l »rK MX. AiiT — Inciski) I'dttkky. ■^.-,-^..t-; Pi.AtB LX. Methob or Bubial-Moi kb. to rteht; B 4 beyond cmu^^tj^^^""- ''• '" '""*"•' '-'•'•"^-d: B .. n.*r TuC *U,..N„..=.700(.79.Hao,. A.Ur..„K.und,. Pnnn the w«». Anthhoi'. Pah A. M. N II. v.. I.. VI PL«Tt I.X. <' T . :'^'^^^ mi ^- -4. ^ * ' V'^4 ' ^HH^^^ 1 :-, . '--i # ^^.- MkTIKII) ok HlHlAI. — M(HM). I Pane JJHi Platk I^I. Method or Blbial — SKet-ETonii m Mocnd*. Pig. 1 Ncg. 4270« (185, niK I, XI. MktiiiiI) iiK !ii HiAi. Ski;i,ktu\s in Mill \i)> 5*^t9*t_tM- I Plate LXII. Mbthod of Btbiai. — Stose Ohaveh. Fig. 1 Neg. 42742 (222, 911). Oravt; 188. From the northeut. Stake '.' shows in liaclcground. Mound 6 outaide of grave beyond top of grave 188. Fig. 2 Neg. 42743 (223. 912). Skeieuw « length in grave 188. Fnmi the north north- ewl. ANTiiKiir I'Af, A M \ II Vol Vi. Pi %TK I.XII. MkTHod llK HlKIAI, — ST(I.\K (;HAVK^ i 4 ^ I P I * f ll I Pl»t« LXIII. Method or Bubial — gvoMc QuAyn. Anthkmi' I'u' a M. N. II. Vol.. VI. IM.ATK I.XIII. >:-*^-:. 1 Mktiioi) iiK Urm.M, — Sto.nk (Ihwk.- -I- ^ Plat« LXIV. Mktmciu i>r BmiAi. — DoraLc Bout. m. 1 Seg. 42716 (195. 8JJ0). Slcekjton 70. partly covemi with boon* of »ltel«ton 77. Krom the wMt. Htalce marking grave 71 ihoira near knife. Pig. 2 Neg. 42717 (19A. iWI). Hame aa Pig. I after bonea of ukrieton 77 had bran removed. Fn>ni the west. Antumop P«f \ M N II Vol VI Pi«r» I.XIV. rton 77. td bran Methoi' ok Hi KIM, — Doriii.K Hi hial.