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HlfiH SCHOOL HELPS SERIES
GREEK HISTORY IN BRIEF
BY
CHAS. FORFAR, B.A.
'I'tiU'lii r i,f Ui:<ti)iii ill JIaihnnI Stmf ( 'ij/i i;iiiti Jiistitnti , 'J'nrniiln.
TOKON 11) :
THK KlUi A 1 InNAl, IT 1U,IS11 IN<i (<>., I.IMITKI*
19<10
i^ ' ^ — »
335
FV/
r'nterci^ afTnrdiii!^ to Act t^f tlw T'ur!i;iin('iit of Caiiiidii, i'ti V.w. yi'sirono
Ihrusaiiil iiiiK' Iniiidivi. 1>\ 'I'm: i:i>rrATioN.\i. 1M:;i,isi:in<; CoMrANY, attlu^
DojMirtniciil of A^rricultnif.
'.
PREFACE
'J'his work is a ccjinpilation from notes used by
the writer in the actual teaching of history. It forms
a crisp compendium of the History of Greece as pre-
scribed for ])ei)artmental and University Examin-
ations. It is intended to be a guide to the student
of history, and cannot wholly take the place of tlie
prescribed High School text-books. No claim is
made to originality; the little work is a simple,
definite, systematic arrangement of tlie vital features
of the nation's life.
PROVINCIAL LIBRARY
VICTORIA, B. C.
GRKKK IIISTOKY IN IIRIEF.
A.-LH(iKNI)AKY PHKIon.
I. Extent:
From the immiKration of the Ilollem-s into Ilellas (about
2000 B.C. ) to the times of vSoloii ^6«> H.C.).
II. The Origin of the Greek People ;
I . The Aryan Family :
I
.>:\^'.
.<r^
Kfltic
Aryan Knniily
liiiroiK'im ^\
'^v;
ov^
2, Hellas:
[a) luiro])ean Greece, or Greece Proper.
{/)) Asiatic Greece, or Greece of Asia Minor.
3. Ancestry of the Hellenes :
Deucalion and I'yrrha (saved from theflosid).
HclU'ii
//.
"/.>
Duriis
Aeolus
Xutluis
I
Aiiipliictyoii
tm
Achseus
t (iRICKK IIISTnkV IN IIRFKK.
(a) Imujk (iKKAT HiCM.KNic Racjcs :
y{i) Dorians: Representative of iiortlieru inouii-
tain tribes.
(2) .ltv/i(ip/s : ) Thii l)nlk of tlie Hellenes from
. (3) Acfitrans: J Thessaly to Tienaruni.
J4) fonians: Of the islan<ls and coast-land of
Greece.
4. Pelasgians : I'nlcnown ])re-Iiellenic races in (^.reece.
Italy, Asia Minor ; the suppo.se<l orij^inal inhabitants
an<l of Asiatic origin. Vast walls, barrows, hill-altars,
mark their c>cciij)ation.
5. Barbarians iliarbaioi, '•the nnintellij^ible people" ) :
Other nations than Oreeks.
6. Hellenic ties : [a) I'ellowship of blood and lan}<naj.(e ;
(/>) Common relij^ion, art, )^ames, festivals; (<) Mke
customs, dispositions, institutions.
Ill Foreign Heroes in Greece :
^ I. Danaus, from PlKenicia, foun<ler of the Achaian vState
/^ r of Arj^os ; introduced tlie use of the horse an«l chariot,
^ " and hewn masonry.
2. CecropS (1555) from PluLMiicia or I'<j^'ypt, founder of the
Acropolis of Athens, introduced the worship of Posei-
don and Athene.
3. Cadmus (1550) from Pluenicia, founder of Thebes,
pioneer in the introduction of letters, music, mininj^
and metal workin*^.
4. Pelops (1283) from Phrygia, fouiuler of Mycenie. Ivx-
pidsion of the Heraclidie ( Dorians) from the I'elopon-
nesus ; settlement of the Dorians in Doris.
IV. The Phoenicians in the Days of Homer :
I. State of Civilization : Skilled in letters, mining, metal-
working (copper, iron, silver), ship-building, naviga-
tion, dyeing. A great commercial nation with numerous
Mediterranean colonies.
3-
«;ki:i;k imstdrv in huii,!'. ^
Trade with Greece : I"'xchan^'e of j^^oods for Crci-k
^niin, \v<j()l, iiiiiK'tals, slaves. I'ortificd posts on Crcok
islaiKls and prottioiilorics.
Besults to the Greeks : lutrodiution of IMKLMiioian
alphabet, weiglits, iiieasiircs, jewelrv, '* bronze utensils
and armor, vases and terra cotta 'figures," style of
ships, deities.
The Heroic Age as shown in the Homeric
Poems:
1. Political System:
{(I) Homeric kin^tlonis: '* Patriarchal monarchies with
wel l-( lefi ne( 1 pren >j^ati ves. ' '
(/') Kin^ or chief: Claim of n il descent trom the
gods. Not strictly hen ditary. Revenue from
public lands, lix'-d dues and payments. Arinv-
leader, priest, judge.
(r) Council of princes, chiefs, or eldtis, as advisers :V
Tile landowners of the state. *^.
(d) A.ssemhly of the freemen citizens in I lie Agora
or inarket-i)lace to hear the king's decrees or the
views of the nobles. No political privilege except
a .shout of approval or dissent by silenc*-.
2. Social System :
{a) The People : The ?iol)lcs. The Tuain body of frcf-
tncu, small landowners. 77i(^lt-s or landless "class
working for hire on others' estates. The profes-
sional class, including the bard, seer, physician.
Slaves.
(/>) IVIorality : Atimeof war, plunder, piracy, homicide*
human sacrifices, slavery. Filial res])ect, high ideal
of female virtue, universal monogamy.
(/) The Army : Every citizen of a certain age to .serve /
in war. ^
3. Colonization :
Chiefly in Asia Minor.
CRKKK HISTORY IN BRrKK.
VI. Legends of the Heroic Age :
w I. Theseus, "the national hero of Attica"; the true
'^ founder and first King of Athens (1230). Union of the
twelve tribes of Attica into a single state.
2. Hercules ( Herakles) : The mythical giant-god and
ancestor of the Heraclidae (Dorians).
3. Minos : King of Crete, " a just and powerful ruler of all
w the Greek seas and islands, who put an end to piracy,
' establishing peace and safety." "Made by the gods'a
judge oyer the souls of the dead."
4. Argonautic Expedition to Colchis on the Euxine for
the Golden Fleece. Jason, the leader.
5. Tlie Seven against Tliebes : The story of Oedipus and
Antigone.
6. Trojan War, 1 194 -i 184 :
(a) Cause : The theft by Paris (son of King Priam of
Troy) of Helen (wife of Menelaus, King of Sparta).
)^(/0 Greek leaders: Agamemnon, Menelaus, Nestor,
Achilles, Ajax, Ulysses.
(c) Capture and destruction of Troy by the Greeks.
VII. Great Authors of the Legendary Period :
1. Homer (about 950) : " l/iai/r story of the Trojan War ;
" CA/k?50'," slory of the twenty years' wanderings and
adyentures of Ulysses (Odysseus) after the siege of
Troy.
2. Hesiod (about 850) : " IVorks iVulDavsr' " Thcoironv''
or theory of the uniyeise. "Homer and Ilesiod are
credited with haying collected and codified in their
^ works the religious system of the Hellenes."
VIII. Great Migrations :
1. Thessaiian: Reduction of the Aeolians in Tliessaly by
the Heraclidai.
2. Aeolian: From Thessaly into Bieotia, 11 24.
3. Dorian : Return of the Heraclidte from Doris ; conquests
in the Peloponnesus, 1 104.
GKHICK HISTORY IN HKIKF. $
IX. Colonial Greece :
1. Colonies in Asia, 1100-900 :
{a) Akoijan : " From the Hellespont to the Ilernuis,
a loose confederacy of eleven cities."
(5) Ionian : " Between the Ilennus and the jVIeander,
a powerful confederacy of twelve cities."
{(■) Dorian: " vSix Cities of Asia Minor, with Crete,
Cyprus, Rhodes."
2. Era of Colonization, 700-500 :
(<0 Causks : Greek spirit of adventure, maritime spirit,
connntrcial enterprise, civil troubles in the mother
state, attacks of enemies, over-abundant popula-
tion.
{/)) A Grekk Coi.onv : "A city on the sea on the
model of the molhtr city, containing temples,
gymnasium, council-house, market-place, theatre ;
a regular political body having the sanction of the
mother state and of the Delphic oracle, and having
a founder with power to settle its size and constit-
ution."
(c) RKI.ATIONS TO THK MoTHKR STATK : "Politic-
ally indepeiulent, yet with bonds of filial affection,
common religious rites, and a conmion constitu-
tion ; colonial representatives and offerings at the
festivals and games of the mother state ; nuitual
support in emergencies."
(d) CmiiF MkdiTicrrankan Coi.ONiKS: By Messenia:
Rhegium, Mes.saua ; by Corinth : vSyracuse, Cor-
cvra, Fotidiea ; by Achaia : vSybaris, Croton ; by
Sparta: Tarentum, Cyrene ; l)y Phocis : Massilia ;
scattered colonies : Cunue, Cyzicus, Sinope, Tra-
pe/.us, Chalcis, Eretria.
X. Ancient Greek Institutions :
I. Greek Religion :
{a) Tribal deities ; (b) Nature Worship ; (>) Hero Wor-
ship or deification of ancestors ;
i
rrKLCKK IIISTOKV IN URIKF.
{(l) Oracles :
( 1 ) Of Zeus at Dodona in fvjji'rus.
(2) Of Apollo at Delphi on Mount Paniassus in
Pliocis. '
{e) Amphictyonic Council, " a semi-religious, nati-
onal confederacy of 12 Greek states."
( 1 ) Namk : From Ampliictyon, the mythical son
of Hellen.
(2) Objects : To worship Apollo at Delphi, care
for the Delphic temple and treasures, and act
as arbiter for the members of the league.
(3) Mkktings : Deputies from each state met in
Uie spring at Delphi, in the autumn at the
Temple of Amphictyon, Thermopyhe.
2. Greek Games :
{a) Olympic, held at Olympia (EHs) from -^76 B C
to 400 A.D. every 4th year for 5 days. Contests in
athletics, literature, art.
{f>) Pythian, held once in 3 years near Delphi Con-
^thi^^" "^"^^^' P^*^^^y' ^*^t, oratory, philosophy,
(r) Nemean, held the ist and 3r(l year of each Olym-
piad, at Nemea in Argolis.
{d) Isthmian, held the ist and 3rd year of each Olym-
piad, on the Isthmus of Corinth'
{e) Rewards : Wreath of sacred wild-oliye Prizes
honors, statues, by the victor's own city or state.'
(/) Chief results of the games :
(i) A source of common national unity.
(2) Physical discipline and perfection.'
(3) Incentive to Greek ambition.
(4) vStimulus to lyiterature, JVIusic, Art, etc.
^. Court of the Areopag*us :
{a) MiSMRERS : Ex-Archons, members for life.
{h) Jurisdiction: "General superiority over magis-
trates, popular assembly and citizens; charge of
religious observances and public morals ; judicial
power in murder, robbery, ar.son, poisoning
treason." **
GRKEK HISTORY IN BRIEK. 7
XI. Character of the Greeks as a Race :
1 . Influence of Physical Features : Adventurous, enter-
prising, ambitious, independent, freedom - loving ;
impulsive, passionate, jealous, ostentatious, selfish,
fickle, unscrupulous.
2. Other General Characteristics : Fondness for order
and refinement ; imagination ; sense of the beautiful in
literature and art ; thirst for knowledge ; love of
philosophy ; patriotism or loyalty to native city ; love
of athletic sports and physical attainments ; skill in the
theory of law-making and self-government.
3. Political Effects of Locality : Natural mountain de-
fences, or barriers between states, hence freedom from
invasion, yet isolation oif sections or fractions of Greece ;
political disunion ; separate autonomy of states, each
complete and independent, a political unit apart from
the rest, with its own laws, government, army ; no
acquirement of property, no legal marriage, no legal
protection beyond a Greek's native city or state.
4.
5.
Examination Questions on the Legendary Period.
Show to what extent the physical features of the country
moulded the character of the Greeks. Describe the gen-
eral characteristics of the Greeks as a race. 1S73.
Show by a diagram the members of the Aryan family of
races and their separations from the original speech. 1874.
Write an article on the religion of the Greeks under the
following heads :
(a) Nature worship, (d) Hero worship, (r) Tribal deities,
(d) Oracles, (e) Amphictyonic Council. 1877.
Describe the Greek national games with respect to the fol-
lowing : (rt) Chief games held, (d) Nature of the con-
tests, (c) Prizes and honors, {d) Chief results of the
games. 1882.
Enumerate and specify the location of the territories of the
ancient world that were inhabited by populations which
may be described as l)eing of Greek origin. 1893.
8 GRIiKK HISTORY IN HRIKF.
6. Give a brief account of the political and social condition of
the Greeks during the Heroic Age, as described in the
Homeric poems. 1897,
7. Describe briefly the colonial system of the Greeks with re-
gard to (r?) Causes of colonization, (^) Principal colonies
established, (c) Difference between a Greek and a modern
English colony, (d) Relations to the mother state. 1897.
8. Give a brief description of the general physical character-
istics of Greece. 1899.
B.— THK AGP: of TYRANTvS.
I. Extent: 676-500.
II. The Tsnrants of Corinth :
2. Cypselus, tyrant 655-625.
(a) Overthrow of the oligarchs and anarchy by Cypse-
lus at the head of the people.
{d) His popular rule.
2. Periander (son), tyrant 625-585 :
(a) Character of his rule : Violent, oppressive, cruel.
' ' A hard master to the Corinthians. " Erection of
a fortress-palace ; maintenance of a body-guard of
foreign mercenaries ; levy of arbitrary taxes •
interference with private life by a spv-system •
exile or death of rivals. ' ' '
(d) "The Lorenzo" of Corinth : Lavish magnificence
of Periander's court ; encouragement of literature
and art ; Periander, one of the Seven Sages of
Greece.
(f) Expansion of Corinth : Conquest of Epidaurus and
^gina ; recovery of Corcyra ; foundation of colon-
ies ; extension of Corinthian trade.
3. Psammetichus (son and successor). Murder of the
tyrant within a year. Fall of the tyranny at Corinth.
of
le
e-
n
7.
r-
r.RKRK HISTORY IN BRIEF.
f
III. The Tsrrants of Sicyon :
1. Overthrow of the oligarchical government of the nobles
(Dorians) by the common people (lonians) under
Orthagoras.
2. Tyranny of Orthagoras and descendants, 660-550.
IV. The Tyrants Of Megrara :
I. Theagenes, tyrant (620) : Abolition of distinction
between Dorians and lonians. Overthrow of Theagenes;
conflicts between nobles and commons.
V. Changres in the Athenian Constitution :
1. Abolition of the Monarchy, 1045 : Codrus, last King
of Athens.
2. Establishment of Archons or Chief Magistrates :
(a) Archon : At first practically king for life ; then for
a time an hereditary king ; then by election for ten
years ; finally for one year. After 587 the office
was filled by lot only.
(b) Changes in the Archonship, 752-683 : Election of
nine Archons :
(i) The Chief Archon, or head of the state.
(2) The King-Archon, or religious head.
(3) The Polemarch, or army head.
(4) Six Thesmothetae, or legislators.
(c) Abolition of Archons, 560.
3. Laws of Draco, 624 :
(a) A written criminal code, instead of the arbitrary
sentence of the archons.
(d) Universal death-penalty for crimes.
4. Solon, the great Athenian Lawgiver, 638-558 :
{a) Rarity Carerr :
(i) Ancestry : Descendant of Codrus, last King of
Athens.
10
OREKK HISTORY IN BRITCF.
(2) War of Athens and Megara, 610-600: Capture
of Salaniis by Athenian expedition under
Solon ; success of Athens through Solon and
the arbitration of Sparta.
(d) Character and abii^ity : Practical good sense,
genuine sympathy with the masses and their well-
being." "A man of just and liberal soul," patri-
otic, far-sighted, and skilled in statesmanship.
"One of the best men of his age." In literary
skill and wisdom noted as one of the Seven Sages
of Greece. Archon of Athens 594.
(c) CoNSTiTUTiONAi, REFORMS, ' ' the starting point of
all political liberty in Athens " :
(i) Property (jualification, not birth, for Athenian
citizenship.
(2) Admission of foreigners to citizenship.
(3) Disfranchisement of political neutrals.
(4) Re-admission of disfranchised debtors.
(5) Abolition of Slavery .for debt, and of oppressive
rates of interest and mortgages. Cancellation
of arrears of taxes or fines.
(6) New law for theft : fourfold restoration.
(7) Repeal of Draco's laws, except that relating
to nmrder.
(8) Provision for a periodical revision of the laws.
(9) Establishment of a Timocracy (rule of the
wealthy) or power in proportion to wealth :
the rights, honors, offices of the state measur-
ed out to citizens according to the assessed
property of each: —
Nobles, alone eligible for the archonship and
all commands.
Knights, eligible to minor offices ; the cavalry
of the state troops.
Yeomen (Zeugitae), eligible to minor offices,
the heavy-armed infantry.
Thetes, free-hired labourers or artisans, exempt
from taxation ; the light-armed troops.
GRKKK HIST()RV IX RRIP:F.
II
(to) Institution of the Senate of the 400 or
Boule. Elected annually by the people. To
preside in the Assembly, to consider all ques-
tions to be laid before the Assembly, to execute
the laws, to receive embassies, to guide home
and foreign policies, to make an annual report
to the Assembly. [Cf. the Roman Senate].
(ii) Institution of the General Assembly or Ee-
clesia (the Agora of Homeric times) of the
freeborn citizens of Attica, having "an effect-
ive but indirect control over the whole mach-
inery of government." To reject or pass
measures from the Senate, to elect archons and
senators, to make treaties, peace or war, " to
call magistrates to account for what they had
done while in office. "
(12) Re-organization of the Areopagus as the
High Court of Athens with censorial powers :
Veto power over any law ; moral supervision
of the state, power to inflict fines and forfei-
tures, and to punish profligacy, insolence, idle-
ness ; control of public and private life. [Cf.
Roman Censorship].
(cf) Economic and Social Reforms :
(i) Reform of the coinage: Kstablishment of a
permanent money-standard, interchangeable
with Ionic neighbors.
(2) Foundation of the Attic navy (48 galleys).
(3) Encouragement of trade and commerce by spe-
cial privileges to foreigners.
(4) Provision for the public recital of the Homeric
poems.
(5) State awards to Olympic victors.
(6) Provision for the distribution of property by
will, instead of its passing to the tribe.
(7) Regulation of private and social life : Prohibi-
tion of the sale or pawning of children, and of
slander of the dead or living.
(8) Relief measures for the poor.
musM
13 GRRRK HISrORV IN BRIEF. ^
(^)vSolon's travels in Egypt, Cyprus, Asia Minor; at
the court of King Croesus of I.ydia.
(/) Return to Attica; Solon's restraining influence
over his ambitious kinsman, Peisistratus. Death
of Solon, 558.
5- Peisistratus, the first Tyrant of Athens :
(a) Kari,y carekr :
(i) Politics : The champion of the poor though of
an oligarchic family.
(2) Peisistratus and vSolon : Assistance to Solon in
Athen's war with Megara, and in the taking of
Salamis.
(3) Character: Able, wise, energetic, liberal, amb-
itious ; skilled in war and oratory.
(If) Risk of Peisistratus :
(i) Rivalry among the Parties of the Plains (rich
Eupatrid landowners), the Highlands (demo-
cratic herdsmen), the rudest and poorest class
under Peisistratus as leader, and the Coast
(fishermen and merchants) under Megacles
(2) The Assembly's vote of a body-guard to
Peisistratus ; his seizure of the Acropolis or
citadel of Athens.
(c) Peisistratus, Tyrant of Athens, 560 :
(i) His administration: Marked by ability and
moderation.
(2) Alliance of the Plains under Lycurgus and the
coast under Megacles ; exile of Peisistratus
(3) Marriage of Peisistratus and Megacles' daugh-
ter. Return of Peisistratus to Athens : rein-
statement by stratagem, 553.
(d) Tyrant of Athens a second time, 553-545 :
(i) Quarrel with Megacles and the Alcnifeonidte.
Second alliance of Megacles and Lycurgus-
second exile of Peisistratus, 545-535. '
(2) Defeat of Megacles and Lycurgus'; banishment
of the Alcmceonidai.
J •'
ORHKK UISTOKV IN URIKK.
1$
J.
(rj TVKANT OF ATIIKNS A THIRD TIMK. 535-527 :
(i) Mviintenance of power by a Ixxly-j^ruard of nier-
ct'iiaries.
(2) Maintenance of the laws of vSolon.
(3) Increase of tlie Athenian navy.
(4) Purification of the sacred island of Delos,
(5) Sup])ort to the state Veligion : estal)lishnient of
(6)
(7)
(«)
(9)
(10)
^reat festivals.
Ivrection of nia^Miificent public buildini's •
Temples to Apollo and Zeus, Lyceum, etc.
Patronage of Literature and Art: "Collection
of full and correct coi)ies of the Homeric
poems " ; first ])ublic lilmiry in Athens.
System of city water-supjily bv aqueduct from
the fountain of Callirlioe.
Relief meiisures for the poor : Taxation of the
rich only, by inco!ne-tax ; rural occupations
tor the ])u(.)r.
Preservation of ])eace ; formation of foreign
alliances.
(/) His sons axi) si'cckssoks, ITippias and Hip-
parch is :
(1) IVIunlerof Hii)parchus. Cruel and oppressive
rule of Hippias.
(2) Return of the banished Alcnueonidfc with the
aid of vSparta, "the executor of the Delphic
oracle." Expulsion of Hi])pias, 51 1.
(3) Intrigues of Hippias in the court of Darius.
Death of Hippias at Marathon, 490.
6. Cleisthenes:
(a) Triumph of Dicmocracv :
(i) Rivahy of the oligarchs under I.sagoras, aided
by the 8])artan Cleomenes, and the populace
under Cleisllienes, son of Megacles.
14
(;ki<;i-;k histhrv in huikf.
(2) Isaj^or.'is iti rotilrol ris aiclioii (C'lfistlKiies in
exile 5(i<S) : lianisliiiieiit of democrals, dissol-
ution of the Senate, substitution of 3(x) olig-
archs. Arrogance of Cleonienes ; insurrection
of the people ; capitulation of oligarchs and
Si)artans ; banishment of Isadoras and olig-
archs.
(3) Restoration of Cleisthenes ; triuni])h of the
democrats.
{/)) Rm^H OK CmcisThhnks "the real founder of the
Athenian democracy " :
(i) Redistribution of Attic tribes : 10 instead of 4
tribes, each tribe subdivided into ten <lemi
(townships or parishes). The break-u])of old
clans and parties.
{2) Autonomy or local self-government for each
demos.
(3) Enrolment of the freemen of iS years of age in
each demos. Kxtension of the franchise to
aliens and others having the property qualific-
ation.
(4) Increase of the Senate from 400 to 500, or 50
representatives fn^m each tribe. "The Parlia-
ment of Athens."
(5) Increase of the power of the Assembly so as to
make it the supreme authority :
(i) Political functions (Ecdcsia) : "Maker and
judge of the chief magistrates." Made
new laws or special decrees — had t!ie right
of free speech — distributed honc^rs and re-
wards to deserving citizens or strangers.
(ii) Judicial functions {Hclicca) : Division of
the Assembly into courts or juries (dicast-
eries) instead of Archons or Areopagus.
(iii) Financial functions : Full authority in
revenue and taxation.
(iv) Foreign functions: Heard ambassadors,
decided on questions of war, peace, al-
liance, treatj'.
(.kKKK JIISTORV IX imiKF.
»5
(6) Re-orxaui/alion of the War DcpartiiUMil : Inst-
itutioii of a Strategus or mineral for each
(hstrict to superintend military matters, eaeh
to hold command in turn for a day. In time
the Slrategi took the place of the archons,
forming a kind of ministry with the manage-
ment of the chief departments of state.
(7) Introduction of Ostracism or lo years' honor-
a])le banishment by plebiscite of 6000 votes
{ostraka). It entailed no disfranchisement, no
confiscation of property, and could be revoked
at any time. In use about a century.
(r) Ostracism of Cleisthenes.
{(i) I vfTects of the New Constitution :
( 1 ) " The commencement of Athenian greatness. "
(2) Responsible government: The people's con-
trol of the magistrates, the judiciary, the
finances and foreign affairs.
(3) Athens' great naval and military power.
(4) "Outburst of literary and artistic energy.
Athens the intellectual and conmiercial centre
of the Hellenic race."
VI. How Tyrannies Were Established :
1. Stages in Political Development : Kings, Archons
Oligarchs, Tyrants, Democratic leaders. *
2. Reasons for the Institution of Tyrants : The selfish-
ness, insolence, lawlessness, oppression and misgovern-
ment of oligarchs.
3. The Term "■ Tyrant" : A leader or ruler with absolute
power. ** A ruler whose power was above the laws or
contrary to the laws." ''Sometimes a military adven-
turer, or ambitious aristocrat, still more frequently a
party leader or champion of the people ground down
by an oppressive oligarchy. "
4. Results of the Rule of Tyrants :
{a) Rise of the Commons— popular liberty— l)reak-up
of the nobles.
rW
"
l6 ORKKK HISTOHV IN URIKl-.
(/)) Splendid religious festivals for the jjeople.
{(■) I'^inploytneiit of the jxior on ^reat ])ul)lic works.
(t/) I'^ncoura^^enient of letters and art.
(r) Closer relations with foreij^n powers.
(/) Kxj)ansion of connnerce.
{^) Sometimes crnel opi)ression at the hands of extra-
vaj^ant or corrupt despots.
Examination Questions on Tlie Age of Tyrants.
1. Give an account of the Age of Cleisthenes under the follow-
ing heads :
{a) His political re-distribution of the i>eoj)U'.
(/>) His measures for local government.
(t) His extension of the franchise.
{d) His changes in the military system.
(^) His changes in the Senate and in the Assembly.
(/) His changes in the judiciary.
(i,' ) His introduction of ostracism. 1876.
2. Tell what you know of Peisistratus, with special reference to
[a) His struggles for power,
{h) His chief measures. 1885.
3. Rxidain the early Greek system of government by Archons,
and show how Athens passed from a monarchical to a
democratic government. 1890.
4. Rnumerate the social, constitutional, and other reforms in-
troduced by Solon, the Athenian law-giver. 1S90.
5. Trace the growth of the Athenian constitution under Solon,
Peisistratus, and Cleisthenes. 1894.
6. Write explanatory notes on Archon, Ecclesia, Helots, O.strac-
ism. 1899.
ORKICK JriSTORV IN nKIKl'.
17
C.-THIv I'I'RSIAN WARS.
I. Growth of the Persian Empire :
r. Under Cyrus :
(a) Rise of five great Eastern Kmpires (620-5201 •
Assyria, Media, Babylon, Lydia, Kgypt.
(d) Destruction of Ninevah ( about 610) and coiKiuest of
Assyria by xMedes and Babylonians (6o6j.
{c) Union of Persia and Media, 559.
(d) Conquest of the Ionic colonies in Asia Minor, by
Lydia, under Crcesus, 550.
(e) Conquest of Asia Minor, including Lydia and Ionic
colonies, by the Persians, 546-544- Exaction of
annual tribute and arnied contingents from the
Asiatic Greeks ; their internal governnients un-
molested.
(y) Defeat of the Babylonians and destruction of Baby-
lon by Cyrus, on the night of Belshazzar 's feast , 53S
Conquest of ChaUkea, Mesopotamia and vSyria.
(^'•) Death of Cyrus, 529. In character "brave, per-
severing, resourceful. " A great oriental conqueror,
but an inferior administrator.
2. Under Cambyses, 529-521 :
(a) Conquest of Egypt and its dependencies.
{d) Subjugation of Phoenicia, Cyprus, Ivibya, including
the Greek colonies of Cyrene and Barca.
(c) Establishment of a naval power by the addition of
Phoenicians and lonians.
(^/) General revolt against Cambyses; Lis suicide. "A
cruel, reckless, strong-handed tyrant."
3. Under Darius, 521-486 :
{(i) Darius, "a man of genius— greater than Cyrus
himself."
r
tB
grp:kk history in brief
(f)) Re-organization of the Persian Empire :
( i) Continuance of tyrants in Ionian cities.
(2) Division into twenty-three satrapies or provinces
with a satrap or civil governor having full
authority except with the troops, a military
commander, and a royal .secretary for each.
(3) Measurement of all the land of the empire,
with a fixed tribute for each satrapy.
(4) Susa the capital. Construction of military
roads from Susa to all parts of the empire.
(5) Establishment of a standard coinage.
{c) Failure of an expedition against the Scythians
(along the Danube), 512.
((/) Subjugation of Thrace, Macedonia, Samos. Con-
quest of the Punjaub.
(f ) Attempted conquest of Greece, 492-490.
II. The Persian Wars :
I. Causes:
(a) Remote :
(i) Persian extension of empire.
(2) Persian conquests of Greek colonies in A. Minor
and in Africa.
(3) European expedition of Darius : Conquest of
Greek towns on the coast of Thrace and Mace-
donia, and on the Bosporus.
(4) Subjugation of Thrace and Macedonia.
(d) Immediate :
(i) Revolt of the Ionian cities in Asia Minor under
the plots of Hif3tiyeus and Aristagoras, 499.
Alliance of Aeolian, Dorian colonies, and Cy-
prus.
(2) Expedition with aid from Athens. Sack of
Sardis by the Athenians. Their retreat to the
coast and homeward, 499.
GUKEK HISTORY IN BRIKF.
19
(3) Naval battle of Lade (Miletus), 496 : Defeat of
the loniaiis by the Persians. Sack of Miletus
495. Reduction of Sanios, Chios, Mitylene. '
(4) Instigations of Hippias, the Athenian exile at
the court of Darius.
2. First Persian Expedition, under Mardonius, ,92 :
(a) Re-conquest of Thrace and Macedonia, by Persian
land forces. -^
(d) Wreck of the Persian fleet (300 vessels) off Ht.
Atnos ; loss of 20,000 men.
(V) Defeat and retreat of the army in Thrace.
3. Second Persian Expedition, under Datis, Artaphernes
Mardonms, 490 : ^ ^^"«,
(^/) Persian forc-s: 600 vessels, 110,000 men, from
thirty-six nations. Hippias the guide.
(/5) Capture of Naxos. Betrayal of Eretria (in Ruboea)
by malcon tents to the Persians.
ic) Battle of Maratlion. 490 : Victory of the Athen-
lans (10,000) and Plataeans (i.ooo), under Miltiades,
Anstides, Callimachus. " The birthday of Athen^
lan greatness. ' '
4. 1 hird Persian Expedition, under Xerxes and Mar-
donms, 480-479:
(a) Delays through an insurrection of Egypt, 487, and
tlie death of Darius, 486. bJi , ^ /,
{^>) Cxreek Congress at Corinth, 481 : All states repre-
sented except Argos and Thebes.
{c) Persian forces: 4,300 vessels, 1,700,000 men from
rorty-six nations. Division into land and sea forces.
Ul) Junction of the army and fleet at Therma (Thessal
lonica). ^
(<?) Submission of Thessaly to the Persians.
(/) Destruction to the Persian fleet, by a three-davs'
storm oft" Cape Sepias. "^
20
ORKICK HISTORY TX BRIEF.
U^) Naval encounter off Cape Artemisium, 480 : In-
decisive victory of the Greeks, under the Spartan
Eurybiades and the Athenian Themistocles.
(//) Battle of the Pass of Thermopylae, 480 : Destruc-
tion of its Greek defenders (4,000), under Leonidas.
(/) Persian attack on Delphi and its treasures ; flight
of the Persians owing to an earthquake.
(/) Retreat of the Greek fleet to vSalamis Bay. Evacu-
ation of Athens and Attica. Flight of inhabitants
to Aegina, Salamis, Troe/.eu. Destruction of Athens
by the Persians.
(/t) Battle of Salamis, 480: Victory of the Greek
fleet under Themistocles and Aristides. Return of
Xerxes to Asia, by land, leaving Mardonius in
Thcssaly with 3(X),ooo Persians.
(/) First re-building of .Vthens. Return of Mardonius
to Attica. Second destruction of Athens.
(;«) Battle of Plataea, 479: Victory of the Greeks,
under the Spartan Pausanias and the Athenian
Aristides ; capture of the Persian camp ; death of
Mardonius. Thebes deprived of her pre.sidency
of the Boeotian League, for giving aid to the
Persians.
in) Battle of Mycale (near Miletus), 479: Victorv of
the Greeks under Leotychides (Spartan) and Xan-
thippus (Athenian). " End of Persian dominion in
Ionia.''
(o) Siege and capture of Sestos, by Xanthippus, 479.
Capture of Byzantium, by the confederate Greek
fleet, under Pausanias, Aristides and Cimon, 478.
(/>) Treaty of peace between Persia and Athens :
(i) Persia's recognition of the independence of the
Asiatic Greeks.
(2) Persia's agreement not to navigate the Aegean,
and not to march troops within three days'
journey of the coast. »
GKKKK HISTORY IN BRI1<;k.
31
Influence of Greek success :
(a) Development anion- tlie Greeks of tlie spirit of in-
dependence, freedom, unity, ambition.
(/>) True value of Greek military tactics : Triun.ph of
the disciphned few over the unorganized many.
(r) Development of Greek self-confidence : Complete
overthrow of the hitherto irresistible, invincible
Persians.
{(f) Rise of Athens to power and influence ; the foun-
dation of the future greatness of Greece.
((') Safety of Greece and Europe, with its future civili-
zation, from the tide of Asiatic barbarism.
(/) Reinotely, the conquest of Persia, by Alexander
the Great.
Examination Questions on the Persian War.
1. Describe the growth of the Persian Empire under the swav
ot Lyrus, Cambyses, and Darius. 1873.
2. Write a sketch of the struggle of the Greeks against Darius
and Xerxes. 1876.
3. Give a brief account of the causes which led to the Persian
invasion of Greece and a succinct narrative of the war
down to the battle of Salamis. 1878.
4. Relate the story of Xerxes' Invasion of Greece 480-470
vShow the influence of the defeat of the Persians on subse-
quent Greek History. 187c,.
5. Give a detailed account of the different invasions of Greece
by the Persians in the 5th Century, B.C. 1881.
6. Sketch the history of the Persian invasion under Xerxes
4S0, describing more particularly the achievements of the
Greeks at Thermopykt and Salamis. Sketch briefly the
military operations of the Persians and the Greeks during
the year 479, and state your oi)inion as to the general
influence of the invasion upon tlie subsequent history of
the Grecian states. 1891.
21
GRKKK HISTOKV IN HKIi;!'.
7. Describe briefly the influence on the character of the
Athenians of their victories over the Persians, i S93.
8. Tell briefly the story of the Persian invasion of Greece, 480-
479, describing the chief engagements by land and sea.
1896.
9. Explain in what w^ay the Persians and the Greeks came into
direct conflict, and give an acconnt of the campaign of
which the battle of Marathon was the central event. 1897.
D.— ATHENIAN SUPRKMACY
I. Extent : From the Persian Wars to the close of Pelopon-
nesian War, or 479 to 404.
II. Confederacy of Delos, 479:—
1. Projectors: Aristides, Cinion.
2. Members of the League: States, islands, cities (246 in
all in 445 B.C.) from Athens to Byzantium, including
the Cyclades, Chalcidian colonies, Ionian and Aeolian
colonies of Asia Minor.
3. Patriotic and fraternal objects of the League :
(a) To protect the Aegean against foreign maritime
forces and lawless piracy.
{d) To establish a conmion fleet against a connnon
enemy.
U) To defend Greece against Persian attacks, release
the Asiatic Greek cities from Persian control, and
expel the Persians from Europe.
4. Terms of the Treaty of Union :
(a) The states or cities to furnish men, shij)s, money;
collections to be made once a 3'ear.
(d) No state to withdraw from the Union without the
permission of the Confederacy.
(c) The seat of the general council and treasury to be
on the sacred island of Delos.
r,RKHK iriSTORV IN IJKIFI.-
{(f) Dele^rates to meet at the teinnlp ,.f v n ,
once a year. "' ^^"'P'e of Apollo, Ddos,
(e) Athens to be leader and executor of fi tt •
'■ ''sS?li'r79°449''^ Confederacy against the Per-
(o) Expulsion of the Persians fr,.r., n
of the Aegean, 1^ aJ^^^:^^"'^;''-"'^
states to the Union. "-'-<=>'^'<"' ot the hberate.l
6. Bemoval of the Delian Treasure »„rf c
Court to Athens, 459, ■'™*»"'^y aid Supreme
III. MUtiades : -
I. Withdrawal of Miltiadea from At»,„„ .
assassination at the hands of H^pias ^^""^
' ""o^trare'e^^ liir'^ *'''«'•— «. "ndacaptain
*i" «a^Sto^^tt"i^r!'i;°i4'^5,^™^-'"f ^'■■'-
Danubeand en" off h "s%et"e.f h,ti'"f " ""T '•'"=
saved by the counsel nf ^lllf '° •■^•'"*- Darius
Flight o"^ Mnrde:t°ifhe,,?"^' '•"^"' °f Miletns.
3. Miltiades and the Persian War :
{(i) Battle of Marathon Aon • Afiu^o i , • .
Athenian «enera.s"; -^^rLT^foTi^^^^rl'''-'' '"
4. Downfall of Miltiades :
(a) Failure of an expedition atrainst Paro^ u.
private grudge. ^liltiades^Cmled ^'^"^>'^
(/'>) Miltiades in disgrace • Fini^ of r^ ♦ i ^ r
ing public fundus and a^Cng publ ^ c^nfidr^'"
Imprisonment for non-oavmenf n .i r "'-"^^•
ades in prison PavmeK n"S. ^^^P' ^^ M'^^i-
Cimon, his son. ^^>^°^^"^ «^ ^^e fine afterwards by
34
GKKKK HISTORY IN HKIKI*.
IV. Themistocles 514-460 (?):-
1 . Rivalry with Aristides :
(a) Charjjje of eiiibez/lemetit against Theinistocles \iy
Aristides, leader of the Aristocratic party.
(/>) Success of the former as leader of the Democratic
party : Archon 483.
{(•) Ostracism of Aristides, 483.
2. Maritime Policy of Themistocles :
(a) lu:)uiider of Athenian fleet (xx) vessels) ; fortifica-
tion of the Peirnjus, Athens' naval arsenal.
(d) Overthrow of Aegina's navy. "The maritime
supremacy of Atiiens, the most brilliant era in
Greek history."
(c) Kncouragenient of trade by sea.
3. Themistocles and the Persian War :
(a) Greek victorv off Cape Artemisiuni, 480, under the
commanders Themistocles and Eury])iades.
(/;) Themistocles, the hero of Salamis, 480 ; destruc-
tion of " the Persian Armada." "Greece mistress
of the sea."
4. Athenian Defences : •
{a) Re-building of Athens under the direction of
Themistocles ; fortification by the I^ong Walls,
Periteus, Phalerum.
{d) Increase of the navy with public revenues from
Laurium silver mines.
(r) Development of "the new maritime Athens."
" Themistocles the first man in Greece."
5. Downfall of Themistocles :
(a) Arbitrary, corrupt practices ; decline in influence
and popularity.
(d) Ostracism, 471 ; retirement to Argos.
(c) Treasonable correspondence with Pausanias ; col-
lusion with Persia.
GREEK IIISTORV IN nRIEF,
ag
id) vSparla's charge of treason against ThemistocleS ;
his escape to Corcyra. thence to Persia. Athens'
proscription of Theniistocles as a traitor ; confisca-
tion of his property.
6, In Asia Minor :
{a) Theniistocles a favorite at the court of Artaxerxes,
the Persian king.
(^;i His commanding influence and position as tyrant
of Magnesia.
(c) His schemes for the subjugation of Greece for
Persia.
7. Character :
Selfish, vain, extravagant, corrupt, unprincipled, avar-
icious, ingenious, sagacious, far-sighted, energetic,
ambitious, brave. "He set money and power
above justice and love of country Reproduced
in their highest possil)le development all the
features, good and bad alike, of the Athenian dis-
position Unrivalled political genius and dar-
ing The cleverest man of his time An un-
scrupulous adventurer."
V. Aristides the Just:—
1 . Character :
Cool-headed, unselfish, straightforward, pure, noble,
just, honorable, patriotic, incorruptibly honest.
The Greek "Cato." " Athens never saw his like
again. A man who combined in such a degree the
spirit of honor and self-abnegation with the highest
practical utility."
2. Politics :
Champion of the conservative aristocrats. " The op])o-
nent of naval expansion."
3. Aristides the Archon, 489 :
{(i) His reputation for justice and patriotism.
id) Opening of the archonship to all Athenian citizens.
T
26
(*.rki:k history in nRiKr
4. Rivalry with Themistocles : Ostracism of Aristides,
483. Recall from banishment on the eve of the battle
of Salamis, 480.
5. Aristides and the Persian Wars :
(a) Battle of Marathon, 490 : Aristides one of the ten
generals, second inconunand to Miltiades.
(b) Battle of Salamis, 4S0 : Aristides one of the leaders
in the liberation of Greece.
(c) Battle of Platuea, 479 : Aristides and Pausanias, the
Greek commanders.
(il) Naval expedition against Persia, 479 : Aristides and
Cimon, admirals of the confederate Greek fleet,
under Pausanias :
(i) Re-capture of Aegean Islands from Persia.
(2) Capture of Sestos and Byzantium.
(3) Treachery of Pausanias : Loss of Sparta's leader-
ship ; estrangement of Athens and Sparta.
(4) Organization of the Delian Confederacy, by
Artistides and Cimon, 479, with the supreme
control of Athens. Aristides, commander of
the new Delian allied fleet. Death of Aris-
tides, 468.
VI. Cimon :—
1. Character :
Brave, honorable, tactful, generous, hospitable, faithful,
patriotic; "blunt, jovial, free-handed." More
soldier than statesman. Lack of taste for literature,
learning, art. " His talents, manners, address,
made him popular with the masses, though leader
of the aristocrats. ' '
2. Policy ;
[a] To strengthen Athens' position in the Delian Con-
federacy.
i^) To extend Athens' maritime power.
{(•) To attack Persia at every opportunity.
(</) To make Athens the useful ally of Sparta.
HRICRK nrSTORV IN- JXRTV.P.
27
I-
5.
6,
8.
l^') To assist Sparta in maintaining her supremacy on
(/) To aid the oligarchic system of goverimiont.
Cimon and the Persian Wars :
(u) A leader in the battle of Platiea, 479.
{/>) One of the admirals in the confederated (ireek
expedition to Asia Minor, 479.
(r) Organization of the Delian Confederacy by Arist-
ides and Cinion, 479. ^ ^^ii&i
id) Conquest of the piratical island of Scyros, 470
W) LaiKl and sea victory of the Greeks under Cimon
atEurymedon 466: Last of the Asiatic Greek
cities free from Persian control; break-up of Persia's
naval power,
Cimon in the Aegean :
^''^ ,^.^.'^"?.^\^» «f ^\^f «ece.ling islands. Naxos, Thasos,
466 : Athens the mistress and tyrant of her con-
lederates." •
[d) Commutation of Delian quota to money payment
Cimon's increase of Athens' fortifications.
Cimon and Sparta :
(a) Destruction of vSparta by earthquake, 464: Revolt
of the Helots- Athenian aid (4c^) to Sparta ; faU-
ure of Cimon's plans to assist Sparta ; despatch of
the contingent to Athens without thanks.
(d) Cimon in disgrace at Athens. His ostracism, 461
through the influence of Pericles and Ephialtes '
(r) Recall of Cimon by Pericles, 456.
Cimon and the Boeotian War :
{a) Battle of Oenophyta, 456 : Victory of the Athen-
ians under Myronides, Pericles,' Cimon, over
Spartans and Bceotians. Five years' truce r)etween
Sparta and Athens.
Death of Cimon in the siege of CItlum (Cyprus) a
1 hcemcian part of the Persian empire, 449-
2.S
r.KiCKK iirsToRs' IN iM<n:r.
VII. Pericles, 494-429 -
1 . Ancestry :
Son of Xanthippus, (the accuser of Miltiades and com-
mander at Mycale, 479), and a relative of Cleisthenes
tlirough his mother.
2. Politics :
"Champion of the democratic or progressive party in
opposition to Cimon the leader of the aristocratic
or conservative i)arty."
3. Policy:
(a) Foreign :
(i) To strengthen and enlarge the Delian Confed-
eracy and treat Athenian allies as subjects.
(2) "To extend Athenian naval power and her
maritime ascendency.''
(3) "To harass Sparta, by weakening her influence
and by forming alliances with her enemies."
{/y) Domestic :
(i) To make supreme the rule of the people,
through the Ecclesia in political and the Dikas-
teries in judicial matters.
(2) To strengthen and ornament Athens ; to develop
to the full Athenian activity.
(3) To provide temples, religious olTerings, festivals,
pageants, works of art.
(4) " To educate and improve the people ; to give a
love for knowledge, poetry and art."
(5) " To make Athens the centre of Grecian feel-
ing, the stimulus of Grecian intellect, the type
of a strong democratic patriotism, combined
with full liberty of individual taste and aspira-
tion."
4. Administration of Pericles, "Prime Minister of
Athens," 465-429> the Oolden Age of Atiiens :
(a) CONSTITUTIONAI, CHANGES :
(i) Government by Plebiscite : all officCvS under
citizen control.
CRKEK HISTORY IN KRIKK
29
(2) Re-enactment of Solon's laws in general.
(3) Openin^r of the archonship to all classes of
citizens.
(/') JuniciAi. Changes :
(1) Deprival of the irresponsible Areopagus' cen-
sorial and veto privileges; authority only in
cases of homicide.
(2) Reduction of the power of magistrates ; author-
ity only to impose a small fine.
(3) New judicial system : Craation of a court of
salaried jurors, or dicasts, by Tericles an I
Ephialtes his leading auxiliary. Assassination
ot the latter by the aristocrats.
(4) Appointment of seven I.aw-Guardians, with
general supervision over magistrates and the
assembly.
(5) Transfer to Athens of the Delian Supreme
Court and Treasury.
(r) SociAi, Changes :
(1) Development of trade, commerce, private in-
industry, public citizenship.
(2) Payment of citizens for military services.
(3) Public aid to the poor and unemployed: Festi-
vals, corporation work on public works, coloni-
zation schemes, etc. Distribution of state funds.
(4) "Religious festivals, frequent, splendid, musi-
cal, poetical.'* ♦
(5) Improvements in agriculture in Attica.
{d) Goi,DKN Age of IvITErature, Learning, Art •
" the Milky Way " of great men : [See section I.j
(i) Dramatists: Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides
Aristophanes. *
(2) Philosophers: Anaxagoras, Zeno, Protagoras
Damon, Socrates. *
(3) Artists: Phidias, Polyclitus, Myron, Mnesicles
Ictinus, Praxiteles.
30
ORKI'.K HISTORY I.V imilU'"
(4) //islorians : Ilcnxlotus, Tlmcydidis, XtiH)-
plU)!!,
(5) /.yrii IWi : Pindar.
(6) Oralors: Pericles, Thuoydides, Lyvsias, Iso-
crates.
(7) Ktiihellishineiit of Athens nnder the direction
of Phidias, architect, sculptor, painter, "the
Michael Anj^elo of Antiquity": The Parthe-
non or Tetnple of Athena, Krechtheuni (a
Temple of Athena), Odeum or Music Hall,
PropyUca, or entrance halls of the citadel,
statui'S of Athena, harbors, docks, arsenal,
parks, gardens, villas, etc.
(8) Defences of Athens : Strenj^thening of the
Kong Walls, Phalerum, Piraeus, into one vast
fortress.
{c) Colonization :
(i) Exjjeditions for colonial purposes into the
Aegean, the liuxine — Omquest of Sino])e.
(a) I'^stablishment of colonies : Amphipolis, Thnrii
(Syl)aris^ the home of Ivysias and Herodotus.
(/} PkricIvKvS and Cimon :
( 1 ) Rivalry between these leaders of the Progres-
sive, the Conservative party.
(2) Ostracism of Cimon, 461 ; recall by Pericles,
456.
(,ir) PKRTCtRS AND THTTCYDrDRS, the SUCCeSSOr tO
Cimon, as leader of the Aristocrats :
( J ) Thucydides : Orator, st.it'sman, historian,
general.
(2) Thucydides, the political opponent of Pericles.
Bitter party conflict.
( 3 ) Charges of Thucydides against Pericles : ' ' Paci-
fic policy towards the Persians, expenditure
of Delian funds on Athens, non-reduction of
the Delian tribute." Ostracism of Thucvdides
440 (?).
ORKKK HISTORV IN IJKIKl.. 3,
(4) Hxile of Thucy(li<U.s, 424, for failure to relicvf
Aiiii)liii)olis, when iiivt'stfd by ]{rasi(las tlu-
bparUiii.
(//) Wars with Orkick Statics (IMo-Spartaiij :
II j General causes : Athens' alliances with Ar«os
and Ihessaly ivSi)arta's enemies i, with Meijara
(at war with Corinth), with the Democratic
party in Ikjeotia, and with Plata-a.
(2) War with Corinth, Ikeotia, Aegina (an old
enemy of Athens), 456-5 : Ca])ture of Aegina.
(3) War with vSparta and IJ(eotia : Indecisive vic-
tory of the Spartans at Tanagra, 457 ; truce
with Sparta for five years. Athenian victory
over the Ihebans at Oenophyta, 456 : Iheak-
up of IJreotian I.ea^^nie ; loss of Tliehan inllu-
eiice ; establishment of Democracies.
Settlement of Naupactus by exiled Messenians
as an Athenian outpost, 455.
(4) \yar with Boeotia. Victory of tlie Ikcotians
at Coronea, 447: Loss of Athens' control
over Bceotia. Restoration of the oligarchy
and Iheban supremacy.
(5) Successful revolt of Megara, Lesbos, Chios.
(6) Revolt and subjugation of Samos, Byzantium
(7) "Thirty Years' Peace" with Sparta. 445
(broken in 14 years) : Recognition of Sparta'k
supremacy in Peloponnesus, of Athens' su-
premacy ill the Deliaii Confederacy.
(8) The Peloponnesian War, 431-404: Pericles'
advice of alliance of Athens and Corcyra
against Corinth. Election of Pericles as ccmi-
mander of the forces. The three years' plague
at Athens : death of Pericles, 420. "an irre-
parable loss to Athens. "
5. Character and ability of Pericles :
^^'^Z\ulll^'7'^.ul'T\ ^'^""^^'^y ' studious, generous,
honest, faithful, brave, patriotic. " A man of
grave and noble presence ; reserved and stately in
6^
GRKEK HISTORY IN BRIEF.
i #
manncx, impressively eloquent, of majestic intel-
ligence, masterful in tact and discretion." "Or-
ator, scholar, general, philosopher, politician,
statesman, patriot An admirable combination
of civil qualities : uprightness, firmness, caution,
diligence, judgment, eloquence, economy, and
power of guiding partisans A popular leader
with ideas of progress and culture, which he under-
took to convert into political and social realities ....
He possessed splendid powers of thought, speech,
action ; of competence, civil and military One
of the most remarkable men of antiquity
Without a parallel throughout the whole course of
Grecian history."
Examination Questions on Atlienian Supremacy.
1. Describe the part played in Greek history by Miltiades,
Themistocles, and Pericles, comparing them as statesman,
orators and generals. 1878.
2. Write brief notes on the Battle of Marathon, Pericles,
^schylus. 1 88 1.
3. Sketch the history of Athens under Pericles. 1881.
4. Tell all you know of the life, character and influence of
Socrates. 1882.
5. Sketch briefly the Constitution of Athens, in the time of
Pericles. 1882.
6. Sketch the part taken in Grecian history, by Miltiades,
Themistocles, Cimon, Pericles, Phidias, Brasidas. 1883.
7. Sketch the life of Aristides, showing his influence on Greek
history. 1886.
8. Sketch the political career of Cimon, or write a biographi-
cal sketch of Socrates. 1890.
9. (a) Give an account of the character and life of Pericles.
{b) Describe succinctly the supremacy of Athens, as to:
(i) Political power, (2) Trade and Commerce, (3)
I
GRKKK HISTORY IN BRIEF ,.
Literature and Art, during the so-called " Age of Peri-
cles (465-429). Enumerate the great Athenians that
flourished during this period, and briefly mention what
they Qid to make the Age of Pericles one of the most
bnlliant epochs in the world's history.
^""^ o™""? briefly the causes which, after Pericles' death
TAti'ens X"^ ^^"' ^ '^P^^ ^^^""^ ^" thegreatness
"• altariVerict:^^^^^^^^^^^ ^'^ ^^"-^^^^ ^"^ characters of
II. Under what circumstances was the Confederacy of Delos
aSce' ?8'9^."'^' '''°^"' "' '^^ "^^"^^ ^"^ tUsof th^
Sketch the character and career of Pericles, and institute a
bnef comparison between the Periclean Age and that
period of English history to which, in your opinion it bears
the greatest resemblance. 1896. "'^ "pmion, it Dears
'^* MeTsT ""'^^ "^'^^'^ ^° P"'"^"^^ character and political
(«) Themistocles and Robert Walpole or
{d) Pericles and the elder Pitt. 1897.
Give a brief account of the life and work of the followintr
tTme'-'lT'" '^/"^S"'^"^ of each on the httor" oThis
18^. ^^^^^«^*^^1^«' Socrates. Demosthenes, Epaminondas
15. Sketch briefly the Ue ■ :.^ work of Pericles and of Sulla.
12
14.
34 GRKKK HIvSTORV IN BRIEF
K.— THK PKLOPONNKSIAN WAR, 431-404.
I. Causes:—
1. Remote :
(a) Rivalry of Dorian and Ionian races.
{f}) Rivalry of oligarchic and democratic institutions.
(f ) Jealousy of Sparta ovsr the growing wealth, power,
and influence of Athens.
{(i) Discontent of the Delian allies of Athens at being
treated as her subjects, and at the expenditure of
Delian funds for Athenian purposes.
(e) Athens' harsh treatment of Megara, and the expul-
sion of Aeginetans to Argolis.
(J) Athens' recent supremacy in Eoeotia and enmity
towards Thebes.
2. Immediate :
(a) Thh Corcyrean affair, 432 :
(i) Corcyra, the enemy-rival of Corinth the
mother-city.
(2) Trouble between the oligarchs and democrats
of Epidamnus (Dyrrhachium), Corey ra's colony
in Illyria ; appeal of the democrats first to
Corcyra, then to Corinth ; Corinth's aid to the
democrats.
(3) War between Corcyra and Corinth, 435. Al-
liance of Athens and Corcyra.
(4) Defeat of the Corcyreans at Sybota, 432. In-
terference of Athens. Protest of Corinth, an
ally of Sparta.
(/;) Revoi^T of PoTiDAEA, a Corinthian colony and
member of the Delian League, 432 :
(i) Assistance from Corinth against Athens' block-
ade of Potidaja.
(2) Assistance from Perdiccas, King of Macedonia,
an enemy of Athens.
^o4.
titutions.
th, power,
> at being-
id iture of
he expul-
d eimiitv
ith the
emocrats
's colony
first to
id to the
35. Al-
32. In-
iith, an
»y and
block-
idon
la,
GREEK HISTORY IN BRIEF *e
(.-) CuNaREss AT Sparta of Peloponncsiau allies,
Megara, Thebes :
(I) Demands against Athens: That her decrees
aganist Megara should be repealed ; that autol
noniy should be restored to Aegina ; that the
blockade of Potidiea should be raised. Rejec-
tion of demands by Athens. Declaration of
War against Athens, 431.
II. Contestants in the strugrgle for supremacy :-~
1. Allies of Athens :
^^^^ut iS^T^'^^k ^r^'^'''^' Zacynthus, Acarnania ;
the islands of the Aegean ; the Ionian cities of Asia
Minor, fhrace, Macedonia.
2. Allies of Sparta :
Peloponnesus (except Argos. Acliaia), Megara, B(eo-
tia, Phocis, Ivocris, vSyracuse.
Ill Relative positions of the contestants :
1. Athens : Magnificent fleet, well-filled treasury, but scat-
tered and half-hearted allies.
2. Sparta : A small Corinthian fleet, lack of funds but
with a strong land force and enthusiastic allies.
Utr L'-wse of the War :—
T. o the Peace of Nicias, 421 :
^""^ damuf ''''" ""^ ^"'''^' ^'^ ^^'^ Spartan King Archi-
(A) Three years' plague at Athens : Loss of one-fourth
of the population ; death of Pericles, 429, the turn-
ing point ill the war.
(r) Surrender of Potidtea to Athens, 4:?o.
(d) Sparta's destruction of the garrison and city of
Plataea, 427. -^
(e) Victories of the Athenian navy, under Phormion,
near Naupactus, 429. '
(/) Descent of Brasidas the Spartan on Salamis, 429.
36
GRIiEK IIISTORV IN BRIEF.
{£■) Revolt of Lesbos from the Athenian alliance. Fall
of Mitylene and reduction of the island.
(A) Success of the Athenians, under Demosthenes and
Cleon. Occupation of Py los (MeSvSenia) and block-
ade of Sphacteria Is.; surrender of Spartan forces.
Sparta's rejection of Athens' humiliating terms of
peace, 425.
(?) Seizure of Cythera Island, by the Athenian Nicias,
424.
(7) Athenian invasion of Boeotia : Victory of the Boeo-
tians at Delium, 424,
(k) Brasidas in Thrace : Alliance with Macedonia.
Siege an. . are of Amphlpolis, 423. Exile of
Thucydideo, irui Athenian admiral, for failure to
relieve the city. Battle of Amphipolis, 422 : De-
feat of Cleon, the Athenian leader ; death of Cleou
and Brasidas.
(/) Peace of Nicias, 421, " an unratified armistice"
for fifty years.
2. Tlie Sicilian Expedition, 416-413 :
(a) Defensive alliance of Athens, Argos, Elis, Mantinea,
Chalcidice. Defeat of the allies at Mantinea,
418 ; break-up of the Argive lycague.
(d) Embassy from Egesta (Sicily) to Athens, for help
against Syracuse, 416. Leaders of the Athenian
armament to aid Egesta : Alcibiades, Lamachus,
Nicias.
(c) Mutilation of the Hermae and profanation of the
sacred Elusinian Mysteries : Recall of Alcibiades,
on a charge of sacrilege ; his escape to Sparta.
(^) Siege of Syracuse, 414-413 :
(i) Blockade of the city by land and sea. Death
of I^amachus.
(2) Arrival of Gylippus with Spartan reinforce-
ments.
(3) Arrival of Demosthenes with Athenian aid.
CRKKK HISTORY IN BRIEF.
liance. Fall
sthenes and
i) and block-
irtaii forces,
ig terms of
nian Nicias,
►f theBceo-
Macedonia,
^xile of
failure to
422: Do-
ll of Cleon
innistice"
Mantinea,
lantlnea»
for help
Athenian
amachus,
n of the
cibiades,
irta.
Death
inforce-
aid.
37
I
(4) Defeat of the Athenian fleet. Retreat of the
army (40,000) inland. Disasters of tlie retreat.
Annihiliation of the Athenian army and its
leaders.
(<?) Sparta's seizure of Decelea in Attica.
3. The Fall of Athens :
(a) Exhaustion of Athens : "Crippled and becrsared "
in men, ships, money.
{d) Disaffection of Athenian allies : Revolt of Chios
Samos, Lesbos, Rhodes, Miletus, Clazomeme'
Euboea.
{c) Sparto-Persian Treaty : In return for ^^old, Persia
to control Asiatic-Greek cities. Flight of Alci-
biades to TissaphcruLS at Sardis.
(d) Battle of Miletus : Defeat of Peloponnesian and
Persian fleets. Alcibiades at Athenian headquarters
at Samos.
e) Revolution at Athens : Establishment of the rule
of the 400 oligarchs. Its overthrow by Thrasy-
bulus and Thrasyllus. Exile of the oligarchs.
(/) Athenian victories under Thrasybulus, Thrasyllus
Theramenes, Alcibiades: Cynossema, 411 • Aby-
dos, 4U ; Cyzicus (land and sea) 410. Re-con-
quest of Byzantium and Chalcedon. Rejection
of Sparta's peace proposals.
{£■) Return of Alcibiades to Athens, 408 : Commander
of the Athenian fleet.
W Battle of Notium, 407: Victory of the Spartan
fleet under Lysander over Alcibiades' lieutenant
Deposition of Alcibiades.
(/) Battleof Arginus® (near Lesbos), 406: Conon's
naval victory over the Spartan leader Callicratidas.
Impeachment and execution of Pericles (son of
Pericles), Thrasyllus and four others on a charge
of neglect.
(/) Battle of Aegfospotami, 405: Capture of the
Athenian fleet by Lysander.
1;^
I:
38 CRKKK ITISTORY IX RRTKF.
(k) Blockade of Athens b}' Lystnider, 404. Terms of
surrender :
( 1 ) Destruction of the Pineus, Phalerum, Long
Walls.
(2) Limitation of Athens' authority to Attica.
(3) Limitation of her fleet to 12 ships.
(4) Athens the subject-ally of Sparta.
(5) Restoration by Athens of oligarchic exiles.
(6) Recognition of the independence of Athenian
allies.
(/) lireak-up of the Delian Confederacy, and Athenian
Su'^'eniacy, 404.
IV. Nicias:—
1. Characv r una Politics:
Upright, generous, affable, unambitious, brave ; always
behind hand, vacillating, short-sighted, obstinate.
*' An oligarch by taste, sentimeni, j)osition of
wealth and family. Leader of the aristocratic
element."
2. His Policy :
{a) Peace of Nicias, 421 : Sacrifice of Athenian inter-
ests.
(0) Opposition to the expedition against Sphacteria
and to the Sicilian expedition,
3. Nicias and the "War :
{a) A general under Pericles.
( ^) ) Chief commander at the siege of Syracuse.
[r) Failure of the siege, due to Nicias' petty triflmg,
])resu!n])tuous neglecl, lamentable mismanagement
and gross incompetejicy.
{(/) Ignominious destruction of Athens' greatest arma-
ment, including the leaders Nicias and Demos-
thenes: "the turning-point in the struggle with
Sparta."
!i
GRKKK IirSTORv IN- rJRlKF.
If
V. Cleon "the Tanner :-
I. Character :
('^) On the death of Pericles /t^n i«o i r .,
crats and the war-part^'' '^ ^' ^^'''^''' ''^ ^^'^ Memo-
s' Cleon and the War :
(-0 Massacre of :«» rebels of Mity.ene, on Ceon's
^"' &::!^t'- "- I»"->'1 "f -Sphacteria a„„ ehe
''' douWed'""^"'' '"^ ^"'^'■■^' a'H— their tri„„te
{^/) P»"osecution and exile f>frhi,o,wi; 1 r r .
relieve Amphipolis^"''-'^''^^'' ^^" ^^'^"^^' ^'^
VI. Alcibiades, 450-404 : -
I. Early Career :
**' fd°eT4|l""'" "' *'" ^^■"'"'''^•' ^"^""-'-' «t Pot-
*'' Hut'4t4!' '^""'^ °' •^°"«'- '■" "- ''"'tie of l,e-
(^) Appointnieiit of Alcihiades as general
• "^ """'^""^ ""f *^« «'"»- Expedition, 416-413 •
(") Commander-,n-cI,ief of the Expedition
40
GRKKK HISTORY IN BRIEF.
{/>) Ilis recall from Sicily on a charj^e of sacrilege and
treason.
{c) His escape to Sparta from the state galley at Thurii,
415.
{d) Athens' sentence of death ; confiscation of his
property.
Alcibiades at Sparta :
{a) Chief adviser of Sparta against Athens ; advocacy of
(i) A powerfiil Sp.'irtan fleet to dispute Athens'
control of the sea.
(2) Spartan assistance to Syracuse, under the com-
mand of Gylippiis.
(3) The sei/Aire and fortification of Decelea in
Attica.
(4) A Spartan alliance with Persia.
(5) Spartan aid to revolting louians.
{d) Loss of Sparta's confidence in Alcibiades. King
Agis' denunciation c;f Alcibiades as a traitor ; sen-
tence of death. Pyscaj^e to the court of Tissa-
pliernes, a Per:jian governor in Asia Minor, 411.
Alcibiades at Sardis :
{a} His endeavor to break up the Perso-Spartan al-
liance.
{/)) Plis bid for restoration to Athens : Persian alliance,
Persian gold and the establishment of an oligarchy
at Athens.
Alcibiades at Samos :
[ii) His conspiracy with Athenian oligarchic officers at
Samos : His oiler of return with Tissa]ihernes as
ally on the overthrow of the democratic govern-
ment at Athens.
(d) Athens' reluctant acceptance of Peisander's pro-
positions : Establishment of an oligarchy, alliance
with Tissaphernes, and restoration of Alcibiades.
(r) Sparta's third treaty with Persia. Failure of Alci-
biades to fulfil his promise to Athens.
mmmm
fiRl<:i:K HISTORY IN IJRIICK.
41
crilege an<l
iy al Thurii,
ion of his
advocacy of
ite Athens'
er the coni-
Decelea in
les. King
•aitor ; seii-
: of Tissa-
lor, 411.
partan al-
m alliance,
1 oligarchy
: officers at
phernes as
ic govern-
ider's pro-
y, alliance
cibiades.
re of Alci-
S.
{d) Oligarchic conspiracy at Athens. Rule of the 4tx).
Kxpulsion of Senate and Ivcclesia.
Restoration of Alcibiad.es :
{a) Democratic declarations of the Athenian armament
at Sauios. Alcibiades' alliance with the democratic
leaders. His renewed promises of Persian aid. His
election as colleague of Thrasybuliisand Thrasyllus.
{d) Overthrow of the 400 at Athens by Thrasybulus ;
restoration of democracy.
{c) Defeat of Spartans and Persians at Cynossema and
Abydos, 411.
{(i) Seizure of Alcibiades by Tissaphernes : A prisoner
in Sardis. His escape.
(<?) Capture of the Spartan fleet at Cy/.icus, 410. Re-
covery of Byzantium and Chalcedon. Athenian
occupation of the Bosporus and the Hellespont.
(/^ x\lcibiades' triumphant return to Athens : Revoc-
ation of his death-sentence ; restoration of his civil
rights ; re-appointment as connnander, 407.
Fall of Alcibiades :
(a) Battle of Notium, 407 : Defeat of Alcibiades' lien-
tenant by Lysajider. Deposition of Alcibiades.
Appointment of Conon as connnander. Retire-
ment of Alcibiades to the Hellespont.
(d) Sparta's pursuit of Alcibiades. His flight to the
court of Pharnabazus in Phrygia. Assassination of
Alcibiades, 404.
Character and Ability :
Self-willed, capricious, ])assionate, extravagant, un-
principled, overljearing, selfish, vain, treacherous,
frivolous, reckless, dissolute, insolent. " An in-
ordinate love of personal enjoyment, luxury, osten-
tation." Unsurpassed in daring, energy, readiness,
decision, enterprise, and)ition, genius, capacity.
'* Never once defeated by land or sea . . . Kminent
capacities for action and connnand, combined with
bad moral qualities The spoilt child of the
people The chief evil genius of Athens."
[
4a
gri<:kk history in hkip;i<\
i
Examination Questions on Tlie Peloponnesian War :
1. Sketch the histc^ry of the Pelopoiniesian War from the forti-
fication of Pylos to the Peace of Nicias. 1H77.
2. Describe the Constitution of Athens at the beginning of the
Peloponnesian War. 1877.
What were the relations of Athens with the other members
of the Confederacy of which slie was the head, originally,
and at the beginning of the Peloponnesian War. 1S77,
Give a brief account of the origin, progress and result of the
war between Athens and Syracuse. 1.S7.S.
3-
4-
5-
6.
Write brief notes on Cimon, Pericles, Cleon, Sophocles,
Socrates, Phidias. 1879.
Describe fully the causes of the Peloponnesian War aud
name the chief engagements. 1S80.
7. Trace the causes, innnediate and remote of the Peloponnes-
ian War ; analyse the moral, social and ])olitical elements
that were brought iiito collision, and give a list of the
principal allies of each parly. 18S1.
8. Contrast Athens and Sparta as to their form of government,
their literary and their political iniluence, at the lime of
the Peloponufsian War. 1882.
9. Show the part taken in Grecian history, b}- Cleon, Alcibi-
ades, Nicias, Gylippus, Demosthenes, Brasidas, Thrasybulus,
Lysauder, Conon. 1883.
10. Trace the leading events in the Peloponnesian War. 1885.
11. {a) l^xamine at length into the causes that led to the Pelo-
ponnesian War.
(/;) JMenlion the states that took part in it on either side.
{c) Trace the course of the war from the Sicilian Expe<li-
tion to the close of the war, mentioning names and
dates where possible. 1886.
12. Relate the story of the Sicilian Expedition, and trace the
elTects of its failure on the subsequent history of Athens and
Sparta. 1889. •
iU
15-
l6.
CKKHK llISTdRV IN IIFJIKI'. ,,
loies t|,,,t ackiiowlfdf;,-,! tlie riik- or If.-i.lcTsliii, „r • in
i'^^TA"'"^ °^ ""^ P«=''>r«>""esus a,„l „,ark on u the „l,vsi
cal features, provuices and chief towns. ,894 ' ' '"
f^irt\.^Sstr:.'tSrof%re"A:L:rir'.;rn"f„:'''^
cuse, tothedowufallof Athens! "s95. '""""' '" ^^'"-
"'• Wct'^f„!"'''',°M'"?^'''"I'°""^^"''""'i<='""'g tl.e chief dis
19. vStatethe causes, iniiiiediate and remote of fl„. p i
Athe„ss„rren:,e^eV:^he\';n^,SrJrth^^^':r5'",^^f''
"• War' 'X^: "" "'""■" ■'"'" "^"'"^ "f "'^- P'''"^— ian
21. What were the causes of the PeloDotn.e^i-,,, au d r^•
summary of its results. ,899 '^^I'^"""^'^" ^^^"^ ? Oive a
I
44
(;khkk mistokv ix HRIKI^
F.-Sl'AR'l'AN vSrrklCMACV
I. Extent : I't-om the fall of Athens, 404, to 379.
II. Rise of Sparta :—
I. Lycurgus, the great Spartan Lawjjiver :
{a) His travels in Crete, Asia Minor, Iv^ypt, l«il)ya,
India, Iberia.
(/>) His collection of the Homeric poems.
(r) His return to Sparta ; the city in a state of anarchy^
[(/) His System of Government, 825 :
(i) 7k'o A'inirs (Cf. Roman Consuls), co-existent
. and co-ordinate heads of the state, the army,
the judiciary and religion.
(2) Five /ip/iors or Jlfagistrates (Cf. Roman
Tribunes): "An Kxecr.live Council to supe»--
intend police and fore'gn afTairs, to conve
and preside in the General Assem'oly, to 1<
troops and taxes, to conduct elections, to make
war or ])eace. " Elected annually ])y the
people in Assembly. Controlled all Spartans,
even the kings. Proposed all laws. " Five
irresponsible despots Finally the virtual
rulers of the state."
(3) Senate or Gcrousia (" Assembly of the Elders),
of twenty-eight citizens and the two kings.
Minimum age of sixty. Duties: "To pre-
l)are measures for the ])ublic assembly, to
govern the country, to act as a supreme court."
(4) General Assembly or Apella. Members: All
Spartan citizens over thirty years of age.
Duties : To meet once a month in the Agora at
the call of the Ephors, to accei)t or reject
measures without amendment, to vote only by
acclamation, to elect ephors, senators and state
priests." Powers : "An inoperative forma-
lity with no open discussion or debate, except
by special leave from the Ephors, ' '
M
(.ui:i:k nisT(»u\- ix ituii:i'.
41
)t, l.il)ya,
F anarchy^
o-existent
the army,
. Roman
to supe*--
> convc
y, to 1(
;, to make-
by the
Spartans,
. " Five
e virtual
i^ Elders),
vo kinj^s.
•To pre-
mbly, to
le court."
bers : All
of age.
Agora at
or reject
e only by
and state
e forma-
e, except
(t') His Social and Political Diviaious of the
Spartan People :
(i) /h>ri,ii/s or Spartans pioptr (IleracHdiL- ) :
" Till- liill-i)rivik'>^e(l citi/.ciis of vSparta, ow iiiiig
tlie I)e.st of thelaiid. ])ayiii^ao llu' piihlio tallies,
and alone elij.;il)lc for lionors or public offices.
(2) Firnna7i citi-fus {\\'\'uvv\, " <lvvcll-rs around "
Sparla) : " Native frecuK-n and owners of laud ;
themerchants.metal-workers.artisans, fanners ;
the hoplites of the stale artny ; jiaying tribute
to the state, but with no political lij^hts."
Marriage with the vSpartans forbidden. In
number, three times as many as the vSpartans.
(3) Slaves or ffelofs ("Prisoners") : Native con--
quered Aehicans and former owners of the soil,
paying rent in C(^rn, wine, oil, to those whose
farms they worked." Coiulition <^f absolute
serfdom, yet not subject to sale or removal.
The light-armed state trooj)s.
\/) His System of Discipline :
(i) State .system of military and gymnastic train-
ing, in the vState trainiiig-hou.se from the age
7 t-o 18, in the barracks from rS to 60. "'a
hateful and relentless military machine, that
made good soldiers, hard in body, but callous
in mind."
(2) Contests in choral music, dancing, running,
wrestliim.
(3) vState regulation of private life : Restrictions on
individual freedom, destructive of home ties.
(4) Preclu.sion of Spartans from anv in<lustrial
occui)atioii or from leaving Sparta without
license.
(5) Jealous exclusion of strangers from Sparta.
(6) Discipline in habits of obedience, hardihood,
self-denial, military aptitude.
r
il
46 GREEK HISTORY IN BRIEF.
2. Messenlan Wars :
(a) 1st War, 743-724 :
(i) Cause: Sparta's greed of domination.
(2) Sparta's capture of Ithonie ; i)rave resistance
of Aristodemus, the Messenian leader.
(3) Messenian refugee colonies: Tarentuni, Mess-
ana.
(4) Spartan tax of half the produce of the con-
quered land.
{d) 2nd War, 685-668 :
(i) Revolt of the Messenians under Aristomenes.
Alliance of Messenia, Argos, Arcadia.
(2) War with Argos and Arcadia : Break-up of the
Argive Confederacy. Sparta mistress of the
Peloponnesus, 560.
3. The Peloponnesian War : Overthrow of Athens, 404 ;
Sparta mistress of the Hellenic world.
III. Pausanias :—
1. Pausanias the Hero :
(a) Victor of Plata^a, 479 : Defeat of the Persians under
Mardonius.
{^) Commander of the Confederate Greek fleet : Re-
covery of the islands of the Aegean, and Byzant-
ium from the Persians.
2. Pausanias the Traitor :
{a) Character: Proud, selfish, arrogant, treasonably
ani1)itious ; brave, skilful.
(/;) His release of Persian prisoners at Byzantium for a
bribe.
{c) Traitorous correspondence with Persia : " His offer
to Xerxes of the vassalage of Greece for the hand
of the king's daughter."
GKKKK HISTORY IN BRIKF.
47
{d) Mutiny of the Greek fleet against Pausanias. Kl-
ection of Aristiles as connnander. Recall of Paus-
anias to Sparta on a charge of treason. Loss to
Sparta of the Greek leadership. iHuniation of the
Confederacy of Delos.
{e) Treasonable correspondence of Pausanias with
Theniistocles.
(/) Sparta's withdrawal from the general Greek con-
federacy. Her formation of a I'eloponnesian
'<eague,
3. Fall of Pausanias :
{a) Acquittal of Pausanias of the charge of treason.
{b) Pausanias in Asia Minor : Secret intrigues with the
Persian governors ; his expulsion from Byzantium
])y the Athenians. "A social and political out-
cast.''
(r) Discovery of his negotiations for a Helot insurr','c-
tion. His flight to the temple of Athena ; immured
alive, 469.
IV. Brasidas: -
I . Brasidas and the Peloponnesian War :
[a) Relief of Methone against an Athenian attack,
431-
{b) Daring attack on Salamis ; destruction of Athenian
property.
{c) At Sphacteria : Brasidas, a distinguished officer,
wounded at Pylos, 425.
{d) Relief of Megara, 424.
{e) Brasidas in Thrace :
(i) Kxpedition through Thessaly, Macedonia,
Thrace, to attack Athenian allies.
{2) Alliance with Perdiccas, King of Macedonia.
(3) Conquest of Athenian allies ; fall of Amphi-
polis.
(4) Victory of the Spartans in the battle of Amphi-
polis, 422 ; death of both Brasidas and Cleon.
w
48 GRIDRK HISTORY IN BRIEF.
2. Character and ability :
Generous, tactful, kindly, courteous, skilful, daring,
courageous. " A reputation for justice, liberality,
wivsdoni .... The only Spartan general whose
character displays nobility and grandeur .... The
.savior of Sparta in the early period of the war."
V Gylippus:—
1. Commander of a Spartan relief expedition ^or Syracuse.
2. His successful defence of Syracuse.
3. His annihilation of the Athenian besieging forces and
their leaders.
VI. Lysander :—
I- Lysander and the Peloponnesian War:
(a) His skilful diplomacy with Cyrus the Younger for
Persian aid.
(d) Lysander, admiral of the Spartan fleet ; defeat of
the Athenians at Notium, 407.
(c) Defeat of Lysander 's successor, Callicratidas, at Ar-
ginusie, 406. Lysander's re-appointment, 405 :
Capture of the Athenian fleet at Aegospotami ;
Sparta in possession of the key to the Euxine and
the Hellespont ; annihilation of the Athenian Em-
pire.
{d) Siege and capitulation of Athens. Lysander's
humiliation of Sparta's rival. Sparta mistress of
the Grecian world.
2. Lysander the Despot:
{a) Appointment of Spartan governors {Hannosts)
with body-guards, in the cities of Ionia and the
Hellespont.
{b) Establishment of olii^archical systems and Spartan
garrisons. Rule of the Thirty Tyrants at Athens.
(r) Relegation of Asiatic Greek cities to Persian slavery.
[d) Creation of a Spartan despotism more tyrannical
than the Athenian.
grkp:k insTORv ix briki",
49
(/') Jealousy at vS])arta. Decline of LysaiuUr's jxnver
and influence. I)is,^raceof Lysander l)y the Ivphois.
His recall to Sparta.
(/) Restoration of Athenian democracy, by Pausanias,
King of Sparta.
3. Lysander and Agesilaus, King of Sparta :
(a) Agesilaus' campaign again.st Persia ; I.ysander,
chief of the king's staff of thirty.
{d) Officionsness and presumption of T.ysander ; his
revolutionary schemes ; dismissal in disgrace by
Agesilaus ; his return to Sparta.
4. Lysander and the Corinthian War :
(a) Defeatanddeathof Lysander, at Ilaliartus (Ii(cotia)>
395-
5. Character and Ability ;
Haughty, .selfish, unscrupulous, cruel, treacherous,
rapacious, ambitious, energetic, forceful, self-con-
trolled, talented. " An excellent officer, with love
of command and influence, but of insulting harsh-
ness and arrogance I^ast of the trio of eminent
Spartans: Brasidas, Gylippus, Lysander The
most remarkable man Sparta had proiluced for a
century The lea ling vSpartan spirit at the close
of the Peloponncsian War .... Sparta's ablest
general."
VII. The 30 Tyrants of Athens, 404-403 :—
1. Lysander's Establishment of Olig'archic Govorii-
nient at Athens : Destruction of popular government.
2. Misrule of the 39 : A reign of terror ; an era of
cruelties, confiscations, and plunder. Murder of Alci-
biades, Theramenes and others ; exile of Thras\'buhis
and others; seizure of Lysias, the orator; plunder of
the Democrats, etc.
3. Downfall of the 30 :
(rt) Condition of Athens : "No emjiire, n<j tribute, no
fleet, no walls, no fortified posts. "
i.i
5(1 GREKK HISTORV IN URIKF.
(/)) Return of Thrasybuliis and 700 other exiles. Over-
throw of the 30. Death of the leader, Critias,
(t) Re-estahlishment of the old constitution and restora-
tion to exiles of property and civil rights.
{d) Rv^acuation of Athens and Attica by the Spartans
under Pausanias.
VIII. Retreat of the 10,000 Greeks : -
T. Civil war between Artaxerxes II. and Cyrus his brother.
2. Spartan and Athenian troops under the pay of Cyrus
and leadership of the Spartan Clearchus.
3. March of Cyrus towards Babylon. Battle of Cunaxa,
401 (in Mesopotamia) : Victory of the Greeks over
the Persians ; death of Cyrus.
4. Retreat of the Greeks, 401-400 :
{a) Difficulties of the Greeks : Change of route back
to the coast ; without trustworthy guides ; without
knowledge of roads, distances or country ; lack of
supplies ; in a hostile country ; without boats or
cavalry ; in the winter.
{b) Treacherous seizure and execution of the Greek
generals by the Persians.
{c) Selection of new generals ; Xenophon, the real
leader.
{d) Successful march to Trapezus on the Ruxine sea ;
unparalleled bravery, endurance, and organization.
{e) March from Trapezus to Byzantium. Stranded in
Thrace in a desperate and starving condition. In
the service of a Thracian Prince ; their dismissal
without pay.
{/) Xenophon's conduct of the Greeks to Perganuis ;
incorporation with the main Greek force.
IX- War between Persia and Sparta:— ^
I. Sparta's declining position :
I^ysander's influence, arrogance, ambition ; Sparta in
a state of curruption and discontent ; growing
hostility of Grecian states towards her high-handed
despotism.
nRKP:K HISTORY IV RKIKF.
SI
2. Accession of Ag^esilaus as King of vSpurla.
3. Agesilaus' invasion of Asia Minor. Refnsal of Tliel.es
Corinth, Athens, Argos, to join in the war.
4. Bribery of Greek states by Persia to rise against Sparta
Recall of Agesilaus on account of the Corinthian War •
Persia safe for 50 years. *
X. The Corinthian War. 395-387 :-
1. Rise of Corinth, Thebes, Athens, Argos, against vSparta.
2. Repulse and death of Lysander at Haliartus, 395.
3. Battle of Corinth (Nemea), 394 : Defeat of the allies •
recall of Agesilaus. " *
4. Battle of Cnidus, 394 : A naval victory of Athenians
under Conon and Persians under Pharnabazns. Over-
throw of Spartan rule in Asia Minor and her insular
empire.
5. Battle of Coronea, 394 : Indecisive : withdrawal of
Agesilaus to Peloponnesus.
6. Restoration by Conon (with Persian aid) of the I/.nir
Walls of Athens, and an Athenian fleet.
7. Success of Iphicrates, an Athenian general. Introduc-
tion of his new military tactics with light-armed troops
(peltasts). ^
8. Acquisitions of Thrasybukis in the Aegean, Hellespont
Bosporus. His death at Aspendus, 390, while levyinir
a contribution. "
9. vSuccess of the Spartan Antalcidas at the Persian court •
subservience of Sparta to Persia.
TO. Peace of Antalcidas, the dictation of Ihe Persian
King, 387. Terms:
(a) Recognition of the supremacy of Athens at sea, of
vSparta in Peloponnesus.
{/)) Termination of the Perso-Athenian alliance,
(r) Sparta's surrender to Persia of (;reek Asiatic col-
onies.
((/) Surrender of Thelu-s' control of Hieotian states.
{e) Universal autonomy to Greek states.
PROVINCIAL LIBRARV
VICTORIA, R r
52
GRICKK HISTORY IX UKIKF.
XI. Sparta and the Olynthian Confederacy : -
1. The Confederacy or Clialcidian leaj^ue of 32 states, a
Grecian bulwark against Macedonian aggression.
2. Sparta's overthrow of the League, 379. Enrohncnt of
its members as allies of Sparta.
XII. Character of the Spartans :—
*' A rude, savage ])eo])le, half-starved in childhood, hard in
body, cfdlous in mind Good soldiers, with stoic in-
sensibility to pain, inculcated by contiinial floggings,
tortures, privations. . . .I'ntlinching in courage, irresis-
tible in war. . . . Kducated only in ru<lest choral music
and martial poetry .... Spartan maidens were buxom,
coarse-minded hoydens. .. .Spartan women possesse<i
physical beauty, vigor, courage, Init were utterly desti-
tute of all modesty and womanly feoliug."
Examination Questions on Spartan Supremacy.
1. Sketch ])riefly the histor}' of vSparta, from the beginning of
the Messenian Wars to the Peace of Antalcidas. 1876,
2. Describe the political constitution which Lycurgus gave to
Sparta, also his .social divisions of the ])eople and hissystem
of discipline and military training. 1878.
3. Show the policy of Sparta toward the Greek states as exer-
cised during her period of supremacy, noting specially {a)
The rule of the thirty Tyrants at Athens, {/') The reasons
for the decline of Sparta's power and influence. 1S78.
4. Relate the .story of "The Retreat cf the 10,000 Greeks."
1S79.
5. Describe the chief events of the Corinthian War. State the
position of the (rreek states, as determined by the Peace of
Antalcidas. 1880.
6. Sketch the character, career, and influence of Pausania.s,
Lysander, and Agesilaus. 1881.
I fl
GRKEK HISTORY IN BR IKK.
53
7. Specify very hriefly what was noble or heroic in the hves
and careers of the followin- : Aristides, Theinistocles Bra-
sKlas, Gyhppus, Kpaininondas. 1893.
8. Tell what you know of the character of the vSpartans their
government, institutions and discipline. 1S96.
9. vSketch the period of Spartan Supremacy in Cxreece, after
the close of the Peloponnesian War. What were the causes
that led to the loss of this supremacy ? 1S9S.
G.-THKBAN SIPRKMACV.
I. Extent: During the careers of Pelopidas and Ki^amin-
ondas, or about 379-361.
II. Theban War, 379-361 :-
1. Causes:
(a) The Corinthian War and Peace of Antalcidas.
(d) Sparta's alliance with Persia, vSyracuse, Macedonia,
to crush Thebes.
(r) Sparta's organization of anti-Theban oligarchies in
BcEotian cities.
{(i) Treacherous seizure and occupation of Thebes by a
Spartan garrison. Banishment of leading Thebans.
Establishment of a cruel, oppressive, rapacious olil
garchic government.
(e) Sparta's attack on Athens, a Theban ally.
2. Rise of Thebes, 38J-378:
(a) Conspiracy and Revolution at Thebes, 382 :
(i) Return of exiled Thebans under Pelopidas.
Massacre of the Spartan leaders. Capitulation
<^f the garrison to Pelopidas and Epaminondas.
(2) Military re-organization of Thebes by Epamin-
ondas. The Sacred Band of 3(X) Thebans.
(3) Election of Pelo]ndas and Epaminondas as
Boeotarchs or chief magistrates.
54
GRKKK HISTORY IN BKIKF.
V .
y
3. The War, 379-361 :
{(i) Abortive invasions of Bceotia, by Agesilaus, 378-377.
(/;) Success of a naval league against Sparta : Defeat of
her fleet off Naxos, 376, by the Athenians under
Chabrias. The enemy swept out of the Aegean.
Extension of Athens' maritime confederacy.
{() Victory of Pelopidas at Tegyra, 375 : Restoration
of Thebes as head of the Boeotian League. Expul-
sion of the Spartans from Boeotia.
(//) Thebes' attack on Phocis, a vSpartan ally.
{e) Athens' financial difficulties ; her jealousy towards
Thebes. Treaty of peace with Sparta, 371 : Assign-
ment of Grecian leadership to Athensonthe sea, to
Sparta on land ; recognition of universal autonomy.
(/) Peace congress at Sparta, 371 ! Epaminondas'
denunciation of Sparta's ascendancy and unjust
I)reteiisions. -
(i,') Battle of Leuctra, 371 : Victory of Epaminondas
and Pelopidas over the Spartans. Chief results :
(i) Loss of Sparta's military prestige and Suprem-
acy in Greece.
(2) Thebes, the recognized head of the Grecian
states.
(3) Consolidation of Thebes' position, by alliances
with Pheriu, Phocis, Locris, Eubcea, Aetolia,
Acarnania.
(4^ Alliance of Athens and Sparta.
( 5 ) A death-blow to the old military sy.stem.
(//) Thebes and Thessaly ;
( 1 ) Rise of the Thessaliaii League of 30 cities under
Jason of Pliene.
(2) Assassination of Jason, the ruler of Thessaly,
370. Thebaii ascendaiuy over ThessaU' and
Macedonia ; 30 Macedonian hostages (includ-
ing Phibp) taken to Thebes.
(3) Mission of Pelopidas to »Susa, Persia. Persia's
recognition (^f Thebes' suj^emacy, 367.
GRFCI'K HISTORY IN HKiKi.'.
55
(4) Alliance of Athens and Alexander of I'hcne.
(5) Pelopidas, ambassador in Tlicssaly. to secure
recognition of Theban control. Sei/.ure a [d
imprisonment of Pelopidas by Alexander Is
rescue by Epaniinondas, 36S.
^^' Th^t ""^ ^y"?? <^«PhalaB, 364 : Victorv of
Thebans; death of Pelopidas. Thessalv's
recognition of Theban headship. ^
(/) Thebes and Peloponnesus:
^'^ Ftvl^-T^'^^f" invasion of Peloponnesus by
npaminontlas, 370. -^
Pan-Arcadian Union against Sparta; inde-
pendence of Messenia ; founding of keffal-
opohs and Messene. Theban hi vasioTi!^!
fnS^'Ju: ^^ '^^^^"^^- ^"-- of Athens
(2) Second Theban invasion. 369 : Ravages in
Peloponnesus ; capture of Sicyon. Reverses
Battt^-"v"i%""^^ ^;Ti"'^^- ^^''^ ^^^-r^--
Arc^ians.'^^''"'^'"''^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^ nmrlV"^?^^'^" invasion, 367: Enrolment of
' ^ more Peloponnesian allies.
(4) Fourth Theban invasion, 362. Battle of Man--
tinea : Victory of the Thebans ; death of
Kpaminondas. End of Theban pre-eminence.
(5) Treaty of peace, 361.
III. Pelopidas :-
Of ari illustrious and wealthy Theban familv. An inti-
mate friend of Kpaminondas who once saved Ws life'
3«5. .V excellent cavalry officer, full of dash darinji
enterprise, and unselfish devotion to his nativ^ c i y ^
Patriot, general, and statesman. ^" ~
CRKKK HISTORY IN lUUKr.
IV. Epaminondas : -
of a ])oor family. Modest, unatnhitioiis, prudent, upright,
honorable, patriotic. A leader of rarest excellence, a
pre-eminent tactician with marvellous military skill.
A character exhibiting daring military genius, compre-
hensive foresight, excellent discipline, and intellectual
accomplishments.
** As a general, he revolutionized the art of war Asa
statesman, his breadth of view, and honesty of purpose
and action, placed him high above the most illustrious
of Greeks.,.. A man of high and original genius,
above every other Greek, antecedent or contempor-
ary.... Of transcendent strategic genius, conspicuous
eloquence, constant vigilance and prudence Thebes'
great orator, counsellor, minister of war and connnan-
der-in-chief The first general of his age The best
man that B(EOtia ever reared ... If Pelopii. 's was the
right hand of Thebes, Epaminondas was her brain."
Examination Questions on Tiieban Supremacy.
1. Sketch the character, career and influence of Agesilaus,
Pelopidas, Epaminondas. 1875.
2. Give a concise account of : (a) The Rise of Thebes, (d) The
Supremacy of Thebes. 1877.
3. Write as full notes as you can on the following names ;
Aeschylus, Pericles, Cleon, Agesilaus, Epaminondas. 1878,
4. Specify very briefly, what was noble or heroic in the lives
and careers of the following: Aristides, Themistocles, Bra-
sidas, Gylippus, Epaminondas. 1893.
5. Give a brief account of the Hfe and work of the following,
and estimate the influence of each on the history of his
time : Themistocles, Demosthenes, Socrates, Epaminondas.
J 898.
6. Give and account of the career of Epaminondas. 1899,
iii',
II. MACl<;i)()NIAN vS[Ji>rj.;maCV.
57
I. Rise of Macedonia : —
1. Under Archelaus, 413-399 :
{(i) Extension of dominions
2. Under Philip, 369-336 :
education in Greek civilization, laws, culture mil
itary tactics "The foundation of lis fut e
Pelop;;L^^^^ ''''''' ^^^'" %aminon.lai"and
(^)Kxtension and fortification of Macedonian frontiers
(c) Re-orKani/.ation of the government of Mace Ion h'
^ ^ MTnT''-'''''T i"^ ^^^^ ^"">' ' introduction ot'ie
Macedonian phalanx.
II. Conquest of Greece : -
1. Philip's sei7Aire of Ampliipolis, Pydna, Potid^a Call
Mhenian possessions), 357- Founding of PhiUpi]
2. First Sacred War, 356-339 :
{(i) Caijshs:
(0 ^1^^ charge of sacrilege against the
^'^ S^.dl. ''' '''"""" '^' ''" Amphictvonic
^^^ Phocians''^ ^^'"^ I^lphic treasures by the
(4) Declaration of War by the Council, Thebes
Locris Thessaly, Macedonia, against Phods
and allies, Phene, Athens, Sparta, Persia ^
5'^
r.Ki':i;K mistokv in- hkiick.
4.
^■f
{/>) TiiK War :
(i) riiilip's «k'stnicti()n of IMiociaii towns; siih-
tiiission of Phocis. IMaoedoni.-i in the j)lacc of
IMiocis ill the Amphictyonic Council ; IMiilip'fJ
election as the Council's coniniander-in-chief.
(2) Orations of Deinosthenes.'ijjjaiiist Philip ( "/%/7-
ip/f/rs ") ; defence of Philip's action by his
rival, the orator Aeschines. Coalition of Greek
states a;.^'linst IMiilip.
(3) Philip's conquest of Thrace, Thessaly, lllyr-
icum, Epirus.
(1) Philip's seizure of Olyilthus, 348 : Destruc-
tion of 32 Crreek cities of the Olynthian Con-
federacy ; transportation of the inhabitants.
{5) Phili])'s attack on Byzantium ; relief by the
Athenian admiral Phocion, 339. Peace with
Athens.
Second Sacred War, 339-338 :
{a) Cause : Charge of sacrilege against Aniphissa (in
Locris), by the Council.
(70 The War :
(i) I'hilip's march into Central Greece. Alliance
of Athens, Thebes, Corinth, against Philip.
(2) Battle of Chseronea, 33^ ' Defeat of the
Greeks by Phili]). Downfall of Greece.
(3) b)stablishment of Macedonian garrisons in
Greek cities.
Congress at Corinth, 338 :
{(i) l"'ormati(>n of " Greece into one great federal state,
under Macedonian presidency."
{d) " Fvstablishment of a federal council to aid l _.c
King in administering the land."
(r) Philip's scheme : Expedition against Per- > lil)-
erate the Asiatic Greeks and avenge thi 'trsian
invasion of Greece.
{(i) Election of Philip as supreme commander of the
confederate forces. Refusal of Sparta to recognize
Philip's headship.
f
fVRlCJCK niSToKV I\ liKlii.'
5 Assassination of Philip 33G in i
6. Character and Ability of Philip :
A politician, statesman t-c-ntMil • -. ,i i .
uu.L eiO(|nence, tMU'my atK L'-c-niiu- •• i^ .n
"•■''-ilion, ina,.f,ui^.al,fc%erso„f ..ivi.y i^ a"'',?
-Uimncc, a.Ive„turous couraKo, pn I c c n.; t ,.'
Urocan ao..o„,,,li,i„„enis -f rl,ct ,ric an Ic-tu'rs
Kare ta n.t, ],„I,tical a,„l ...ili.arv .. . .T i Xover
III. Causes of the Downfall of Greece -
energy, an.hilio,, a„,l p„l,l!o .spirit "'"■-■ ^""^'''"''
2. Lack of any great lea.l.-rs, Dcnu.s.hcnc.s cxcc-pt.,!
'• 'or^errril'.""--"-""^-^- "•"'"»'• -f-iors„Lutu.ysfor
4. I'etty interstate jealousies and wars.
5. Ivack of unity among the Greeks
'■ ^^Ji^eeS'"' ''"^^^^^^^^^-' short-si^ht..! character of the
7. The ahihty and ambitious character of Philip.
'V' Alexander the Great TCino. ^f ^v. -m-
Empire, 336-323 :-_' ^ ^^^ Macedonian
I. Accession of Alexander :
(a) Election of Alexande^ as successor; to Philip.
(/O Rise of Ihebes against Alexan.ler. IVstrt.ction of
. J^^^J^^^«- /^^l"ct,on of Thrace an<llllvric,un
Asiatic Expedition, -a crusade of ' Hellenism
against Barbarism " : -n-eiienism
(a) Forces: 3o,ocx3 foot, 4,50C)horse. Naders- ^lexan
der, Parnienio, Philotas. veaiicrs . Altxan-
id) Battle of the Qranicus (near Propontis I 334 • Con
quest of Asia Minor. ;.*Jd4.^on-
2.
6()
GKKlvK HISTOUY TM BRIKK.
old
(.) CuttiiiK the Gonlion Knot at Gordlum, the
capital of Phrygia, 333-
(./) Battle of 1»8US (Syria), 333 : Los« «/ SJ^ "j
Darius Ill's forces. Siege and capture ot iyr„
332. Conquest of Phcenicia.
{,) Conquest of Egypt. Founding of Alexandria,
332. • I \
( n Battle of Arbela or Qaugamela (near Nineveh)
^^^ 33« Defeat of i, a «,ocx3 Persians with^ a oss of
4cfo(X). Submission of Babylon. Sacc of Susa
tlv of Persia), and of Persepolis, ( he iiat ve
i:^:!. capitai), 330: Massacre of in^^— j
i7o,tK« talents in booty. Collapse ot the lersian
Empire. .
(.) Expedition to India: Founding of Alexandria
^" Arion ( Herat). Murder of Parnienio and his son
PhZas Conquest of the Punjaub from Porus
,27 Mutiny of the Macedonia^is. Voyage of
^jjarchus froin the Indus to the ^"P^^^f f«- LT
of H ^>f Alexander's force m the Gedrosian Desert,
Beloocliistan, 326.
(h) Alexander's schemes of Hellenizing the Orient.
(/) INIutiny of the Greeks at Opis ner.r Babylon, 324.
( /) Death of Alexander at Babylon, 323.
7 Character of Alexander :
Hot-tempered, headstrong, conceited, unscrupulous,
CO sciencdess, cruel; ambitious, enthusiastic,
brave adventurous, determined. A military gen-
ius ; above all things a cavalry general.
4. The Macedonian Empire after the death of Alex
ander *
( ,0 T )ivision of the East amongst Alexander's generals.
( /A Philip of Macedou's alliance ^^'itll Carthage aganist
^ ' Roml His defeat at Cynosceplialae. .97. Loss
of Macedonia's control over Greece. Macedonia
a Roman province, 146.
(c) Achcean League against Rome: Peloponnesus
(except Sparta), Athens, Aegina.
grki':k nisTokv ix hrikf.
ex
Aftolian League in AlHaiioe with Rome : Civvvk
states north of Corinthian CUilf. Capture and
sack of Corinth by the Romans ; Greece a
Roman province called Achaia, 146.
V. Demosthenes, 384-322 : -
r. His statesmanship:
His struggle for the restoration of Athens' maritime
su])reniacy, and tiie co-oi)eration of Cireek states
, against Macedonian aggression. '-The embodied
energy of Athens The ardent patriot, the far-
seeing statesman, united with the consunnnate
and unapproachable artist. . .. The ablest cham-
pion of Greek freedom in its declining days."
2. liis policy: —
{(I) "To re-establish the Pan-IIellenic influence of
Athens"; to organize and develop Athenian
resources ; to reform her navy and her ad-
ministration.
" To rouse Athens from her easy-gcMug improvi-
dence and lack of public spirit ; to (juicken her
sense of honor as the last hope of Greece."
To resist Philip's aggression,
3. Demosthenes and Philip :
(a) Demosthenes' " Phil!pf>i(s " : Kxposition of
Philip's designs against Greece. His attemj)t to
rouse the Greeks to resist his encroachments.
(/>) Demosthenes* '' Olyjif/nacs '' : Denunciation of
Philip's attack on the Olyuthian Confederacy.
(r) Defeiiceof Philip at Athens, by Aeschines, "the
craftiest e:iemy of ( rreek freedom. ' '
{d) Demosthenes' visit to Peloponnesus to countera'^t
Macedonian intrigue.
{e) Failure of Philip's attack on By/antium, through
the vigilance of Demosthenes Mud Phoci< n.
{./") fuMuence of Demosthenes at Thebes, for a new alli-
ance with Athei^s.
{f>)
('
62
GKKKK HISTORY IN RKIKK.
tie
4. Demosthenes after Chseronea, 338 :
(a) Mis measures of public relief for Athens durinj^ a
famine.
(d) His resistance to Alexander : Orations for a renewal
of the struggle for freedom.
(c) His immortal oration " On the Croivn^''' on the
occasion of an offer to Demosthenes of a golden
crown for his services to his country. " The most
finished, the most splendid, the most pathetic work
of ancient eloquence."
{d) Exile of Demosthenes from Athens, on a false
charge of corruption.
{/) Death of Alexander, 323. Demosthenes, again
leader of a general Greek revolt. PI is Vlefeat by
Antipater. Sentence of death against the orator.
His flight to Aegina. vSuicide by poison, 322.
5. Demosthenes the Orator :
" Kloquence of earnest and simpie vStrength . . . . The
austere dignity of Anti])hon, the plain eloquence of
I.ysias, the smooth and balanced finish of Isocrates.
He surpasses the school of Antiphon in i)erspicuity,
of Lysias in nerve, of Isocrates in variety, felicity,
symmetry, pathos and power." Cicero regarded
him as the standard of perfection in oratory.
6. Character :
A man of noblest coiiceptiojis, loftiest ideals, and artistic
genius ; ''of moral and mental greatness, fire, self-
devotion, insight and veisatile ])erfeciion of skill.''
IndoniitHl)le vigor, grent-souled purposes, hatred
of dishonesty ; sincerity, unselfish patriotism, are
among the characteristics of Demosthenes.
Bxamination Questions on Hacedonian Supremacy.
1. Describe the downfall of Oreece under the following heads :
(«) The Sacred Wars, (/>) Philip's interference with Greek
affairs, (t") The battle of CluLM-ont-a. 1877.
GRKKK iriSTORV IN I5RI1CK.
,
63
5-
Tell what you can of the career of each of the following-
Iphicrates, Demosthenes, Aeschines, Philip. 18S4. '^ '
Sketch the career of Philip of Macedon and' ^ive some ac-
count of the resistance offered to hisaml)iti(m by Demos-
thenes. Give your estimate of the influence of PhiliiV's
successes upon the development of political freedom in the
ancient world. 1891.
Sketch briefly and cotnpare the careers and characters of
1 )eniosthenes and Cicero. 1893.
Describe the rise and jrrowth of the Macedonian ],<,wer and
briefly detai the events leadin.^• up to the battle of CluLro-
iiea How did that victory affect the fortunes of Greece ^
I090.
Give an account, with dates, of the life and work of each of
the following : Plnhp of Macedon, Demosthenes, Phocion.
1090.
Draw a map to indicate the position of Macedonia Name
on your map the adjoining districts and locate the follow-
ing places : Amphipolis, Olynthus Thessalonica. 1S9S
I.— c;ri':ivk cui/ruRu.
I. Poetry :-
3. Epic:
(a) Homer (about 95..): " The father of Epic poetrv "
yizad.iAory of the siege of Trov. ch/^'lsrv the
w-andenngs and adventures of ITlv.sses (Odysseus)
after the destruction of Troy. ' ' "
(/;) Hesiod (about 850) : JForA's and Days, Thcwronv
or theory of the universe. ' '
Lyric:
{a) TyrtaBUS(7th Century): Battle-lyrics.
{^b) Sappho (6th Century) : IvOve-lyrics.
{c) Anacreon (5th Century) : Lvrlcs of luxurv
abandonment, artificial love and life
64
GKKKK HISTORY IN 15KIKK.
{(l) Simonides (5th Century) : vSong of praise to
the heroes wlio fell at Marathon.
(6') Pindar (5th Century) : " The Theban Kagle " ;
the greatest of Greek lyric poets.
3. Dramatic :
{a ) Tkagkdv :
(i) Aeschylus (525-456) : " Father of Attic
tragedy." Perscc, or Persian Wars ; Oresteia^
the murder of Agamemnon and consequences.
{2) SophocXts {^^^-406) : AJa.v, Oedipus, Antigouc.
(3) Euripides (4S0-406) : JAv/iV?, a story of passion
and revenge.
{b) CoMKUY :
(i) Aristopiianes (452-375) : Clouds, an attack on
philosophers, particularly Socrates ; Birds, an
exposition of the folly of the Sicilian expedi-
tion ; IVaspK, an attack on Athenian lawyers ;
Frogs, an attack on Kuripides.
IL Philosophy:—
1. Thales (6th Century) : Founder of the Ionic philoso-
phers, who taught that Water was the origin of things
in Nature. ■
2. Pytliagoras (5th Century) : Taught that all things in
Nature had their origin in Number, and that a trans-
migration of the soul took place at death.
3. Socrates (469-399) : "The loftiest genius of the pagan
world . . . .The great exponent of morality, virtue, per-
sonal worth .... Breadth an<l profundity of understand-
ing, sturdy defence of truth, masterful grasp of the
greatest themes, honest assaults on error, pungent
dramatic method of setting forth aphorisms His
themes were ])ractical morals, human conduct, virtue
as the vSource of happiness." Having been accused by
jealous, narrow-minded bigots, of neglecting the wor-
ship of the Gods, of introducing new duties and of cor-
rupting the 3'outh of the city, he was sentenced to
drink the fatal hemlock.
ORKEK HISTORY IX BRIKF. ^5
4. Xenophon (429-357). a disciple of Socrates ; Mcuioiahi-
ha of Socrates : the life and teachings of that philoso-
pher.
5- Plato (427-357), a disciple of Socrates, '"the father of
idealism " Apology, Crito, Plurdo, relate to Socrates
and his teaching ; Republic, an ideal community.
6. Aristotle (384-322), the disciple of Plato ; the greatest
of Greek speculative philosophers ; the founder of tlie
sciences of Natural Philosophy, Natural History,
Mechanics, Physiology.
III. History:—
1. Herodotus (484-429), " the father of historv " : rcrsian
Wars.
2. Thucydides (471-400) : Pt'lopon>icsia}i War.
3. Xenophon (420-357): Anabasis or "Retreat of the
10,000 Greeks.
IV. Oratory : -
r. Lycias (458-37^).
2. Pericles (464-429).
3. Isocrates (436-338).
4. Demosthenes (3S4-322).
5. Aeschines (389-314).
V. Art:-
I . Architecture : *
{a ) Great Architects : Phidias, ictinus, Mnesicles.
{b) Representative Greek cities : Athens, Corinth,
Kphesus.
[c] Chief architectural glories of Athens : Acro]K)lis
Parthenon, Propyla.'a, Theseum, Krechthemn
Painted Porch, Temples, Theatres, Agora, Villas'
Docks, etc. ' '
2. Sculpture : Phidias, Praxiteles, flyron, Polyclitus.
3. Painting : Xeuxis, Parrhasius, Apelles.
fri
^^ GREKK HISTORY IN imiKF.
Examination Questions on Greek Culture.
4. Write notes on Herodotus, Thucvdides. Socrates 1879 '
5. Discuss very briefly the teachiii^rs of the followiiiir with
tSr' 188a'''"' '''''^'""' "^"'^^"^ ^ ^^ocraterPlalo^ W
^' oo' aiiT/rt "' iss" ^'''' ^"^^^^'^°^^"^« «^ the Greeks in Orat-
^' '^Socrats/''^^^^^^^^^ character, and influence of
<S " The period of the Peloponnesiati War may be called the
most flounshin^^ season of the Golden Age' of Attic liter
Ss! ^^-t^--tl--oftl»«Periocf with the^ dlS
^" '^I'fi^;' t^;^ "«%«f the Attic Drama, both Tragedy and Com-
ed}-. Name the greatest Greek writers of e.ncli. 1883
•OK HIGH SCHOOL AND IIFIH CLASS
OF PUBLIC SCHOOL
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