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THE KHITAN LANGUAGES; 
 
 THE AZTEC AND ITS RELATIONS. 
 
 BY JOHN CAMPBELL, M. A. 
 
 Profeggor of Church History, £c., Presbyterian College, Montreal. 
 
 \o 
 
 Jf' 
 
ll 
 
 ■ai 
 
THE KHITAN LANGUAGES; 
 
 THE AZTEC AND ITS RELATIONS. 
 
 BY JOHN CAMPBELL, M. A., 
 PrcfftMor of Church HUtory, &c., Pruhyterian Colltge, Montreal. 
 
 My translation of the Hittite Inscriptions found at Hamath and 
 Jerabis, in Syria, is the only one yet published with an explanation 
 of the pr»M;fiss by which it was accomplished. The Rev. Dunbar I. 
 Heath has sent me cof)ie8 of his papers in which the Hamath 
 inscriptions are trnuslated as Chaldee orders for musical services, but 
 no process is hinted at by the learned author. In the discussion 
 which followed the reading of one of these papers, a well-known 
 Semitic scholar remarked, " that so long as no principle was laid 
 down and explained as to the system by which the characters had 
 been tranalitcratcd, it would be impossible to express an opinion on 
 the value of the jiroposed reading." Whatever may be the merits of 
 my translation, it does not make default in this respect. The pro- 
 cess is simi)le and evident. Tlu; i)honcfcic values of the Aztec hiero- 
 glyphic system are tmnsferred to corresponding hieroglyphic charac- 
 ters in the Hittite inscriptions. Common Hittite symbols are the 
 arm, the leg, the shoe, the ho^se, the eagle, the fish. Tliese ai'e also 
 found as Mexican hieroglyphics. There is nothing to tell us what 
 their phonetic values are in Hittite, because hardly any other remains 
 of the Hittite language have survived. But in Aztec we know that 
 these values are the first syllables of the words they represent. Thus 
 an arm being called neitl, gives the phonetic value ne for the hiero- 
 glyphic representing an arm. A leg being called iiteztli, furnishes 
 me. A shoe gives ca from cactli ; a house, also, ca from calli ; an 
 eagle, qua from quauhli ; and a fish, ini from michin. But the 
 question has been raised, " What possible connection can there be 
 between the Hittites or Kliitii of ancient Syria and the Aztecs of 
 Mexico?" As well might we ask what connection can there be 
 between Indian Bmhmins and Englishmen ; between European 
 Osmanli and Siberian Yakuts. Geographical separation in such case, 
 is simply the result of a movement that ha« been going on from early 
 ages. Men are not plants nor mere animals to be restricted to floral 
 and faunal centre^.. The student of history, who has followed the 
 Hunnic and Mongolian hordes in their devastating course across two 
 2 
 
continentH, will not be surpriseil to liiid tliat well-known IroquoiH 
 8cliolai', the AbW Cuoq, suggostiiij,' tlm rtilutionahip of the Iroquoin 
 with tho waiuliiriiig and barbarouH AlaiiH aiul Iliins. Still loss sur- 
 priHo shuuld be exjMiriencod when tho nioi'e cultured Aztecs of Mexico 
 are connected with an ancient Old World civilization, Aztec history 
 does not begin till the 11th century of our era, and even that of the 
 Toltecs, who preceded the Aztecs, and wei-e of the saute or of an 
 allied ratie, goes no faither back than the 8th. TJie period of their 
 connection with Old Woi'ld history as a displaced Asiatic people is 
 thus too early to be accounted for by tlu^ invasions of the Mongols, 
 but coincides with the eastern niovennnits of the Khitan, who, after 
 centuries of warfare on the l)ord(frs of Siberia, disiippeared from the 
 historian's view in 1123. ft is certainly ;» coincidence that the 
 Aztecs should claim to be of the noble race of the Citin, and that citli, 
 the hare, or, in the plural, vitin, should be the totem or heraldic 
 device of their nation. 
 
 Since I wrote tho article on the Khitan Languages, in which I 
 traced the Chinese Khitan backwards to central Siberia about the 
 sources of the Yenisei, where, according to Malte Brun, the Tartars 
 called their mounds Li Katei, or the tombs of the Cathayans, I have 
 received from Mr. VI. Youferoff, of the Imperial Society of Geo- 
 graphy at St. Petersburg, copies of the chief inscriptions from that 
 region. These triumphantly confirmed my supposition that the 
 Katei and the Khita or Hittites were the same people, by presenting 
 characters occupying a somewhat intermediate position in form 
 between the Hittite hieroglyphics and the more cursive script of our 
 Mound Builders. The rude representations of animals and other 
 natural objects accompanying some of the inscriptions are precisely 
 of the type furnished by the Davenport 3tone. One inscription, 
 which 1 deci[)hered and the translation of which is now before the 
 Imperial Society of Geography, relates the victory of Sekata, a 
 Khitan monarch, the Sheketang of the Chinese hostorians, over two 
 revolted princes or chiefs dwelling at Uta or Utasa in Siberia. As 
 in the case of the Syrian Hittite inscriptions, I have translated the 
 Siberian one by means of the Japanese, using the Basque, the Aztec, 
 and other languages of the Khitan family, for confirmation. What- 
 ever foreign influences may have done to modify the physical features, 
 the character, language, religion, and arts of the Japanese, and, in 
 lesser measure, of the Coreans, tlmre can be no doubt that these are 
 
 l«|^ 
 
 I 
 
r 
 
 at, Uusis ITittite or Khitan. Alrnsuly :.c tlin commoncement of my 
 Hittitti studies I had noted tlio iit;rnninpnt of many charactfirs in the 
 Corean alphabet with those of Hamath and Jeralua on tlie one hand, 
 au<l, on the other, with those on our motind tablets. The Rev. John 
 Kdwards of Atoka with great kindness procured for me, from a mem- 
 ber of the Japanese Imperial Household at Tokio, a work on the 
 ancient writing of the Japanese, One of the forms of writing exhi- 
 bited in this work and occupying much s^tace is very similiir to the 
 Corean, and is undeniably of the same origin. I have not yet had 
 time to investigate the volumes thoroughly, but as they appear to 
 contain samples of ancient alphabets with guesses at their significa- 
 tion rather than complete inscriptions, little progress may be antici- 
 pated by means of them. Nevertlieless the existence in Japan of a 
 syllabary of so Hittite a tyi)e as the Corean in ancient times is con- 
 firmatoiy of the Khitan origin of the Japanese. As for the relations 
 of American civilizations, such as those of the Mexicans, Muyscas^ 
 and Peruvians, with that of Jajian, I need only refer to the writings 
 of so accurate and judicious an observer as Humboldt. 
 
 Returning to the Hittites of Syria, who figure so largely in the 
 victorious annals of the Egyptian Phai'aohs and Assyrian kings, and 
 whose empire came to an end towards the close of the 8th century 
 B.C., we find that, although apart from my own conclusions no defi- 
 nite opinion has been reached regarding their language beyond the 
 mere fact that it was Turanian, guesses have been made by scholars 
 whose hy|)otheses even are worthy of consideration. Professor Sayce 
 believes the Hittite language to have ))een akin to that furnished by 
 the ancient Vannic inscriptions of Armenia. The Vannic language, 
 according to Ijenormant, belongs to the Alarodian family, of which 
 the best known living example is the Georgian of the Caucasus. 
 Now it is the Caucasus that I have made the starting point of llit- 
 tiie migration, which terminated at Biscay in the west, and in the 
 east, reaching the ntmost bounds of Northern Asia, overflowed into 
 America. Not only the Geoi'gians, I unhesitatingly assert, but most 
 of the other Caucasian families, the Circassians, Lesghians, and 
 Mizjeji at least, should be classed as Alarodians, or better still as 
 Khitan. So far I have found no evidence from ancient Caucasian 
 inscriptions, though such T ])eliove have been discovered ; but an 
 evidence as conclusive is furnished by the languages of the Caucasian 
 families I have named as compared with those which are presum- 
 
ably of Hittite origin in the Old World and in the New. In the 
 remaindtn- of this jmjior, I propose chiefly to set forth the relations of 
 the Aztoc Iiinj»uiig(f, l»y means of which I transliterated the Hittite 
 inscriptions, with the Caucasian tongues, which of all Khitan forms 
 of speech are in closest geographical propinquity to the ancient habi- 
 tat of the Hittite nation. Before doing so T may set forth the prin- 
 cipal memb(5rs of the Khitan family at the present day. 
 
 THE KHITAN FAMILY. 
 
 1. Old World Division. 
 Basque. 
 
 Caucasian ^ Georgian, Lesghian, Circassian, Mizjeji. 
 
 Siberian = Yeniseiau, Yukahirian, Koriak, Tchuktchi, Kaintchadale. 
 
 Jai)aiiusc :^ Japanese, LooChoo, Aino, Corean. 
 
 2. American Division. 
 Dacotah. 
 
 Huron-Irociuois inoluiling Cherokee. 
 
 Choctaw-Muskogee including Natchez. 
 
 Pawnee including Ricaree and Caddo. 
 
 Paduca =Shoshonese, Comanche, Ute, &c, 
 
 Yuma =Yuma, Cuchan, Maricopa. 
 
 Pueblos =Zuni, Tequa, 4;c. 
 
 Sonora = Opata, Cora, Tarahumara, ftc. 
 
 Aztec including Niquirian. 
 
 Lenca =Guajiquiro, Opatoro, Intibuca. 
 
 Chibcha or Muysca. 
 
 Peruvian == Quichua, Aymara, Cayubaba, Sapibocouo, Atacameno, &c. 
 
 Chileno = Araucanian, Patagonian, Fuegian, &c. 
 
 The Nahuatl, or language of the Aztecs, as distinguished from 
 other tribes of diverse speech inhabiting Mexico, has long been a 
 subject of no little difficulty to philologists. It is not that its gram- 
 matical construction is peculiar, but because its vocabulary exhibits 
 combinations of letters or sounds that have come to be regarded as its 
 almost peculiar property. The most important of these is the sound 
 represented by tl, whether it be initial, medial or final. The Aztecs 
 of Nicaragua drop the tl altogether or reduce it to t ; hence some 
 writers have supposed tlieirs to be the true form of the language, and 
 the literary tongue of Mexico a corruption. Upon this an argument 
 has been founded for the southern origin of the Nahua race. But, 
 as Dr. Buschmann and others have shewn, a mere casual survey of 
 the languages of more northern peoples, the Sonora and Pueblo 
 tribes, and the great Paduca family, j-eveals the fact that they con- 
 
tain a considerable proportion of Aztec words, and that in them, as in 
 the Nahuatl of Nicaragua, the Aztec tl disappears or is convei*tcd into 
 t, d, k, 8, r or I. Here therefore it is claimed by others is an argu- 
 ment for the northern derivation of the Mexicans. •• * > • 
 
 If we cany forward the work of comparison, hav ng regard to cer- 
 tain laws of phonetic change, we shall find, as I profess to have done, 
 that the vocabulary, and to a large extent the grammar, of the Aztecs 
 are those of all the greater families in point of culture and warlike 
 character of the N orthern and Southern Continents. Nor do the 
 Aztec and its related American languages form a family by them- 
 selves. They have their countei*parts, as I have indicated, in many 
 regions of the Old World. If my classification of these languages 
 be just, there should, among a thousand other subjects of interest, be 
 found some explanation of the great peculiarity of Aztec speech to 
 which I have referred. 
 
 The Aztec combination tl appears, although to no very great ex- 
 tent, in the Koriak, Tchuktchi, and Kamtchatdale dialects. It has 
 no place in Corean, Japanese, or Aino, and only isolated instances of 
 its use are found in the Yukahirian and Yeniseian languages. Of 
 the four Caucasian tongues which pertain to the Kliitan family, two, 
 the Georgian, and Mizjeji, are almost as destitute of such a sound as 
 the Corean and Japanese ; while the Circassian and Lesghian vocabu- 
 laries, by their frequent employment of tl, reproduce in great measure 
 the characteristic feature of the Nahuatl. It is altogether wanting 
 in the Basque, and is a combination foreign to the genius of that 
 language. Yet there is no simpler task in comparative philology 
 than to show the radical unity of the Basque and Lesghian forms of 
 speech. Such a comparison, as well as one of the Lesghian dialects 
 among themselves and with the other Caucasian languages, will en- 
 able us to decide whether the tl of the Lesghian and Circassian forms 
 part of an original phonetic system, or is an expedient, naturally 
 adopted by speakei-s whose relaxed vocal organs made some other 
 sound difficult or impossible, to stave off the process of phonetic decay 
 by substituting for such sound the nearest equivalent of which they 
 were capable. 
 
 In order first of all to exhibit the common origin of the Basque 
 
 and the Lesghian, I submit the following comparison of forms, the 
 
 relations of which are apparent to the most casual observer. The 
 
 Lesghian vocabulary is that of Klaproth, contained in his Asia Poly- 
 
 3 
 
glotta ; the Basque ia derived from the dictionaries of Van Eys and 
 Lecluse. It will be observed that the Lesghian almost invariably 
 differs from the Basque : — 
 
 1. In substituting m for initial h. 
 
 2. In dispensing with initial vowels ; or, when they cannot be dis- 
 
 pensed with, in prefixing to them h or p^ t or d. 
 
 3. In generally rendering the Basque aspirate, together with ch and 
 
 g, by the con'espondingly harder forms g, k and q. 
 
 4. In occasionally adding final I or r. 
 
 (The last named letters I and r are interchangeable in the Khitan 
 as they are in all other families of speech.) 
 
 
 r-M 
 
 COMPARISON OF BASQUE AND LESGHIAN. 
 
 RJLB 1. Bnolibh. 
 
 beard 
 
 bead 
 
 nail 
 
 back 
 
 to-morrow 
 B»U5 2, o flkin 
 
 band 
 
 river 
 
 thunder 
 
 hair 
 
 cold 
 
 no 
 
 left hand 
 
 milk 
 
 star 
 
 day 
 Rule 2, h. deer 
 
 clothes 
 
 child 
 
 stone 
 Rule 8. great 
 
 house 
 
 bail 
 
 smoke 
 
 tooth 
 
 leaf 
 
 finger 
 Rule 4. rain 
 
 son 
 
 great 
 
 The following, though generally agreeing, present same exceptions 
 to the above rules. 
 
 Basqub. 
 
 Lesohiait. 
 
 bizar 
 
 mussur, muzal 
 
 bnru 
 
 mier, maar 
 
 behatz 
 
 maats 
 
 bizkhar 
 
 machol, michal 
 
 bibar 
 
 miehar (Georgian) 
 
 achala 
 
 quli 
 
 ahurra 
 
 kuer 
 
 uharre 
 
 chyare, uor 
 
 ehurzuria, cnrciria 
 
 gurgur 
 
 ileak 
 
 ras 
 
 otzo 
 
 zoto 
 
 ez 
 
 zu 
 
 ezquerra, ezker 
 
 kuzal, kisU 
 
 eznea 
 
 sink 
 
 izarra 
 
 suri 
 
 eguna 
 
 kini 
 
 oreina 
 
 bumi 
 
 aldar 
 
 )altar 
 aurrha 
 
 aurra 
 
 arri, barri 
 
 tsheru, gul 
 
 handi 
 
 kundi 
 
 eche 
 
 akko 
 
 barri 
 
 gore 
 
 bortz 
 
 kui 
 
 kertscbl 
 
 orri 
 
 kere 
 
 erhi 
 
 kilisb 
 
 uria 
 
 kural 
 
 seme 
 
 chimir 
 
 zabala 
 
 chvallal 
 
Kroliih. 
 heaven 
 bird 
 red 
 
 blue, green 
 death 
 old 
 
 throat 
 white 
 wood 
 leg 
 tree 
 fire 
 high 
 tongue 
 
 A comparison of the Basque with the other Caucasian languages, 
 Georgian, Circassian, and Mizjeji, would display siriilar relations 
 with some modification of the laws of phonetic change. 
 
 If now we ask what the Basque does with the Lesghian tl, we shall 
 find that it represents that sound chiefly by the letters r and I. 
 This equivalency of tl, and sometimes of ntl, to r and I also appears 
 in comparing the Lesghian dialects among themselves or with other 
 Caucasian languages. 
 
 BAggtTi. 
 
 LUOHIAN. 
 
 ceru 
 
 s«r 
 
 chort 
 
 zur 
 
 gorl, gorrl 
 
 hlrl 
 
 urdln 
 
 crdjln 
 
 horlotze 
 
 haratz 
 
 agure, zar, calur 
 
 herau, otshru 
 
 clnzur 
 
 seker 
 
 churla, curia 
 
 tchalasa 
 
 zura 
 
 zul 
 
 aztal 
 
 uttur 
 
 zuhatsa 
 
 giiet, hueta 
 
 su 
 
 zo 
 
 gan 
 
 okanne 
 
 mla 
 
 mas 
 
 COMPARISON OF LESGHIAN FORMS IN tl WITH OTHER CAU- 
 CASIAN AND BASQUE FORMS. 
 
 IS 
 
 Emolish. 
 
 Lbsohian. 
 
 Other Forms. 
 
 hair 
 
 tlozi 
 
 ras, Lesghian, 
 
 bone 
 
 tlusa 
 
 rekka 
 
 wood 
 
 thludl 
 
 redu-kazu " 
 
 tomorrow 
 
 shishatia 
 
 shile 
 
 night 
 
 retlo 
 
 rahle 
 
 sheep 
 
 betl 
 
 b;ira 
 
 maize 
 
 zoroto-roodl 
 
 tzozal-lora " 
 
 goat 
 
 antle 
 
 arle 
 
 Blx 
 
 antlko 
 
 ureekul 
 
 nail 
 
 matl 
 
 mare, Mizjeji 
 
 low 
 
 tlukHr 
 
 lochun " 
 
 eight 
 
 bitlno 
 
 bar, barl " 
 
 sun 
 
 mitll 
 
 malch 
 
 if 
 
 " beri, Legghian, 
 
 marra, Circantian, 
 
 flesh 
 
 ytl 
 
 glli 
 
 forehead 
 
 tlokva 
 
 illech 
 
 easy 
 
 intlauga 
 
 Ulesu 
 
 (1 
 
 i< 
 
 erreeha, Basque. 
 
 loins 
 
 tlono 
 
 erraioac " 
 
 water 
 
 htli 
 
 ur 
 
 butter 
 
 yetl 
 
 tlozi 
 
 guri " 
 Seao 
 
 hair 
 
 earth 
 
 r«U 
 
 lurra, laur " 
 
 i i 
 
Pit 
 
 m 
 
 ^h 
 
 EN0LI8H. 
 
 Lksohian. 
 
 yellow 
 day 
 horn 
 knee 
 
 tlelii 
 tlyal 
 (l«r 
 tloB 
 
 ...:\ 
 
 10 
 
 , The following represent the exceptions to the rule both in form 
 and in numerical proportion : ~ .„ .fj/" 
 
 Otiuui Forms. 
 dula, Jjtsghian. 
 thyal, tchzal " 
 I adar, Basque. 
 
 belaun " 
 
 From the preceding examples it appears that the Lesghian sounds 
 represented by tl, thl, ntl, are the equivalents of r and I generally^ 
 and sometimes of (f or t. The latter exception probably finds its 
 explanation in Basque, for in the dialects of that language an occa- 
 sional permutation of r and ' into t and d takes place. Thus ideki 
 to take away, becomes ireki, and iduzki the sun, becomes iruzki, 
 while elur snow, sometimes assumes the form edur, and belar grass^ 
 that of bedar. The last exception cited, that in which the Lesghian 
 tloH is compared with the Basque belaun, is really no exception, for 
 elaun is the true representation of tlon, the initial b being prosthetic 
 to the root, as is frequently the case in Basque. Among many 
 examples that might be given, I may simply cite belar the ear, as 
 compared with the Jtizjeji lerk. 
 
 Turning now to the Aztec, on the supposition that it is related to 
 the Basque and Caucasian languages, we naturally expect to find on 
 comparison a coincidence of roots and even of words following upon 
 the recognition of tl and ntl as the equivalents of r and I in these 
 forms of speech. The fact that the Aztec alphabet is deficient in 
 the letter r favours such an expectation. But our comparison must 
 be cade with due caution. Any one who has examined a Mexican 
 dictionary, such as that of Molina, must have been struck with the 
 remarkable preponderance of words commencing with the letter t 
 over those beginning with any other letter of the alphabet. These 
 words comprise considerably more than one third of the whole lexi- 
 con. A certain explanation of this is found in the fact that the two 
 particles te and tla possess, the former an indefinite personal, and the 
 latter a substantive, signification, and thus enter largely into the 
 stnicture of compound words. Whatever its gi'ammatical value in 
 Azticc, however, it appears, on compai'ing the Aztec vocabulary with 
 its related forms of speech, that initial t or te, which leaving tl out of 
 account stili occupies one fifth of the lexicon, is frequently prosthetic 
 to the root. 
 
 The following are some of the chief laws of phoiietic change derived 
 
 
11 
 
 from a comparison of the Aztec and Lesghian languages. These 
 may be found operating to almost as great an extent in the Lesghian 
 dialects among themselves : — 
 
 1. The Aztec combinations tl, ntl, are either rendered in Lesghian by 
 
 the same soynds, or by r or L In some cases in which phonetic 
 decay has set in, the Aztec tl is either omitted or represented by 
 a dental. The Lesghian occasionally rexiders the Aztec I and 
 U by tl. 
 
 2. The interchange of p and m, which appeared in comparing the 
 
 Basque and the Lesghian, for the Aztec is deficient in the sound 
 of b, characterizes a comparison of the Aztec with the Caucasian 
 languages. 
 
 3. A similar interchange of n and I, or the ordinary equivalents of 1, 
 
 such as marked the Iroquois in comparison with the Basque, 
 occasionally characterizes the relations of the Aztec and Caucas- 
 ian tongues. 
 
 4. The Ijesghian, as already indicated, persists in the rejection of 
 
 initial vowels, and the same is genemlly true of reduplications 
 and medial aspirates. 
 
 5. As in many Aztec words initial t forms no part of the root, but is 
 
 a prosthetic particle, it finds no place in such cases in the corres- 
 ponding Lesghian term, 
 
 6. The Lesghian occasionally strengthens a word by the insertion of 
 
 medial r before a guttural, for which of course there can be no 
 
 provision in Aztec. 
 I have not thought it desirable to burden this paper with laws 
 relating to other changes, as the relation of the compared words will 
 be sufficiently apparent ; but, for the purpose of illustration, I have 
 added corresponding terms from other Khitan languages exempli- 
 fying the rules set forth. 
 
 S I 
 
 COMPARISON OF AZTEC AND LESGHIAN FORMS. 
 
 Emolisk. 
 
 AiTKC. 
 
 Pkomktig Ch\nob. 
 
 Lbsghian. 
 
 water 
 
 atl 
 
 ar al 
 
 htli 
 
 low 
 
 tlatzintli 
 
 latzili, latziri 
 
 tlukur 
 
 & 
 
 tlauatli 
 
 lacali, lacari 
 
 tlyal, djekul 
 
 tlanquaitl 
 
 lancail, lancair 
 
 tlon 
 
 4Mr 
 
 mn^atl 
 
 mazal, inazar 
 
 mltli 
 
 earth 
 
 tlalli 
 
 ralli, larrl 
 
 rati 
 
 night 
 
 tlalli 
 
 << It 
 
 retlo, rahle 
 
 yestei-day 
 Ice 
 
 yalhua 
 cetl 
 
 alhua 
 eel, cer 
 
 hutl 
 zer, zar 
 
 wind 
 
 ehecatl 
 
 ehecal, ehccur 
 
 churl 
 
 •heep 
 
 ichcatl 
 
 ichcal, iehuar 
 
 klr 
 
 Illustrations. "- 
 ur, Basque 
 liuchtliu, Koriak 
 allochal, teluehtat, Koriak 
 zangar, Basque 
 cconcor, QutcA.ua 
 mool, Yuma 
 lurra, Basqfte 
 ueillhe, Choctaw 
 hooriz, Dacotah 
 kori, Japanese .,.■} 
 
 gyg.'tlkei, Koriak 
 achuri, Basque 
 cchon, A ymara 
 
in 
 
 ii it- 
 
 Enolish. 
 
 Atzbc. 
 
 mud 
 
 stone 
 
 dust 
 
 grass 
 
 star 
 
 hair 
 
 skm 
 
 eye 
 
 wood 
 
 << 
 
 soquitl 
 
 tetl 
 
 .euhtli 
 
 quilitl 
 
 citlalli 
 
 tzontli 
 
 cnatl 
 
 ixtli 
 
 quauitl 
 
 foot 
 
 year 
 
 god 
 
 clothes 
 
 cold 
 
 mountain 
 
 moon 
 
 leg 
 
 hand 
 
 honey 
 
 icxitl 
 
 xiuitl 
 
 teotl 
 
 tlatqtl 
 
 cecuiztli 
 
 tepetl 
 
 metztli 
 
 metztli 
 
 maitl 
 
 necutli 
 
 bread 
 
 tlaxualli 
 
 copper 
 
 tepuztli 
 
 mouth 
 
 camatl 
 
 belly 
 feather 
 rain 
 woman 
 
 xillantli 
 ybuitl 
 quiahuitl 
 cihup.tl 
 
 bird 
 name 
 
 to-totl 
 to-caitl 
 
 beard 
 river 
 throat 
 back 
 
 te-nchalli 
 at-oyatl 
 t-uzquitl 
 to-puztli 
 
 son 
 
 to-natiuh 
 
 evening 
 snow 
 
 te-otlac 
 cepayauit! 
 
 man 
 
 maceualli 
 
 small 
 
 tlocoton, t 
 
 sand 
 
 shoulders 
 
 son 
 
 xalli 
 
 acoUi 
 
 tepil-tzin 
 
 woman, wife 
 
 fish 
 
 to-day 
 
 tenamifi 
 
 michiu 
 
 axcan 
 
 give 
 
 stone 
 
 bkck 
 
 hard 
 
 old 
 
 maca 
 
 topecat 
 
 caputztic 
 
 tepitztic 
 
 veue 
 
 green 
 
 great 
 « 
 
 dog 
 
 BO 
 
 I 
 
 quiltic 
 
 yzaohi 
 
 yzachipul 
 
 chichi 
 
 amo 
 
 ne 
 
 than 
 
 te 
 
 ha 
 
 ye, yehua 
 
 Phokbtic Cranob. 
 zokil, zokir 
 tel, ter 
 teuhli, teuhri 
 kilil kirir 
 cUalli, cirarri 
 tzoli, tzori 
 cual, Guar 
 ishli, ishri 
 kauil, kauir 
 kauit 
 
 icshil, icshir 
 shiuil, shiuir 
 tool, teor 
 ratkl, latkr 
 cecuizli, cecuizri 
 tepel, taper 
 
 metzli, metzri 
 II If 
 
 mail, mair 
 neculi, necuri 
 
 Lesohian. 
 zchur 
 tsheru 
 chur 
 
 Cher, guln 
 suri 
 tshara 
 quli 
 chuli 
 zul 
 
 guet, hueta 
 kash 
 thahel 
 saal, zalla 
 paltar, retelkum 
 chuatzala 
 dubura 
 moots, bars 
 maho 
 ku-mur 
 nHtzi, nuzo 
 
 kshcalli, rashealli zulha 
 
 tepuzU, tepuzri 
 
 carnal, camar 
 
 shillal, shiUar 
 ywil, ywir 
 kiavil, kiavir 
 cival, civar 
 
 tol, tor 
 call, cair 
 
 nchalli, ncharri 
 oynl, oyar 
 uzkil, uzkir 
 puzh, puzri 
 
 natiuk 
 
 olak, orak 
 payauil, payauir 
 
 maceualli 
 
 shalli, sharri 
 acolli, acorri 
 tepil, tepir 
 
 tenamic 
 
 michin 
 
 ashcan 
 
 maca 
 
 topecat ; 
 capulztic 
 tepitztic ' 
 veue 
 
 kiltie 
 
 izachi 
 
 izachipul 
 
 chichi 
 
 uno 
 
 ne 
 
 dupsi 
 
 sumun, moli 
 
 siarad 
 bel, pala 
 gvaral 
 tshaba 
 
 adjari, zur 
 zyer, zar 
 
 muzul, mussur 
 uor, chyare 
 seker 
 machol 
 
 adtit 
 
 sarrach, Mi^eji 
 marchala 
 
 murgul 
 
 cliitina 
 
 keru 
 hiro 
 timir, chimir 
 
 ganabi 
 
 migul, besuro 
 djeliul 
 
 beckish 
 
 teb 
 
 kaba 
 
 debchase 
 
 vochor 
 
 sholdisa 
 zekko 
 ohvallal 
 Choi 
 
 he, heua 
 
 dni 
 
 heich 
 
 Illcstrationb 
 
 chulu, Cortan 
 
 tol " ' ■ 
 
 turo, Quichua 
 
 kyrau, Yeniseian 
 
 zirari, Aino 
 
 thorok, Corean 
 
 ccara, Quichua 
 
 akahra, Iroquois 
 
 kuUu, Quichna 
 
 zuhaitz, Basque 
 
 ochsita, Iroquois 
 
 ogera, " 
 
 chail, koil, r^tkahiri 
 
 aldarri, aldagarri, Hasque 
 
 hutseelo, xetcbur, Ywna 
 
 neit-tippel, Koriak 
 
 muarr, Shoshonese 
 
 onitsa, Iroquois 
 
 masseer, Shoshonese 
 
 miski, Quichua 
 
 mitzi, Japanese 
 
 lagul, Yukahiri 
 
 rajali, Yeniseian 
 
 tup, thep, Yeniseian 
 
 tetiopulgun, Kamtehatdalt 
 
 simi, Quichua 
 
 homal-galgen, Koriak 
 
 kolid, Kamtchatdak 
 
 pum, Quichua 
 
 kufll-kishen, Koriak 
 
 sipi, Corean 
 
 sungwal, Shoshonese 
 
 tori, Japatuse 
 
 chareigtsh, Kamtchatdale 
 
 teguala, Honora 
 
 hannockquell, Shoshonese 
 
 hahuiri, Ayinara 
 
 eztarri, Basque 
 
 bizkhar, " 
 
 kaptcher, Koriak 
 
 nituhi, Japatuse 
 
 inti, QuichMa 
 
 sonrek, Iroquois 
 
 pukoolli, Yukahiri 
 
 pagolkd, Koriak 
 
 birklijarjat, Yeniseian 
 
 roailik, Pujuni 
 
 cikadang, Dakotah 
 
 iskitini, Choctaw 
 
 challa, Aymara 
 
 callachi, " 
 
 comerse, Yuma 
 
 tiperic, Sunora 
 
 kanafe, Corean 
 
 mughat, pughutsi, Shoshonete 
 
 hichuru, Aymara 
 
 tachan, Migjeji 
 
 eman, emak, Baaqxu 
 
 tipi, iihoshonese 
 
 shupitkat, Dacoiah 
 
 kil)i(;hii, Japanese 
 
 vucha, Araucanian 
 
 apaclii, Aymara 
 
 sherecat, Ducotah 
 
 hashka, " 
 
 zabnl, Basqtie 
 
 cocochi, Sonora 
 
 ama, Quichua 
 
 ni, Basque 
 
 na, Aymara 
 
 zu, Basque 
 
 ta, Aymara 
 
 hau, Basque 
 
 uca, Aytnara 
 
 'ni 
 
18 
 
 The Georgian does not exhibit the Aztec tl, but, as it is regarded 
 by Professor Sayce as the living language mosL likely to represent 
 the speech of the ancient Hittites, a brief comparison of its forms 
 with those of the Aztec may not be out of place. Like the Lesghian 
 it is impatient of initial vowels, and it generally agrees with that 
 language in the laws of phonetic change, adding, however, this pecu- 
 liarity, the occasional insertion of v before I. The v seems generally 
 to represent u, or some similar vowel sound, and is probably such a 
 corruption of the original as appears in the Samivel of Pickwick 
 compared with the orthodox Samuel. 
 
 COMPARISON OF AZTEC AND GEORGIAN FORMS. 
 
 English. 
 
 AZTBC. 
 
 Phonetic Ch/inob. 
 
 OeoROIAN. 
 
 fowl 
 
 tototl 
 
 totol, totor 
 
 dedali 
 
 red 
 
 chichiltic 
 
 chichiltic 
 
 Uiteli 
 
 blood 
 
 eztli 
 
 ezli, ezri 
 
 sischli 
 
 house 
 
 calli 
 
 calli 
 
 sachli 
 
 mountain 
 
 quautla 
 
 kaula, kaura 
 
 gora 
 
 horn 
 
 quaquauitl 
 
 kakaul, kakaur 
 
 akra 
 
 sheep 
 wine 
 
 ichcatl 
 
 ichcal, icbcar 
 
 tschchu:i 
 
 ehecatl 
 
 ehecal, ehecar 
 
 kari 
 
 heart 
 
 yullotl 
 
 yullol, yuUor 
 
 gulu 
 
 dog 
 
 oouel 
 
 ocuel 
 
 okurza, kali 
 
 yzcuintli 
 
 izkUi, izkirl 
 
 dzagli, djogori 
 
 nose 
 
 yacatl 
 
 hacal, hacar 
 
 zchviri 
 
 hair 
 
 tzontli 
 
 tzoli, tzori 
 
 tzvere (beard) 
 
 moon 
 
 metztii 
 
 metzli, metzri 
 
 mtvare 
 
 silver 
 
 teo-quitlatl 
 
 kilal, kilar 
 
 kvartshili 
 
 shoulder 
 
 te-puztli 
 
 puzli, puzri 
 
 mchari 
 
 tomorrow 
 
 muztii 
 
 mnzli, muzri 
 
 inichnr 
 
 leg 
 
 metztii 
 
 metzli, metzri 
 
 muchli 
 
 tokiU 
 
 niiclia 
 
 miclia 
 
 mokVili 
 
 mother 
 
 nantli 
 
 nali, nari 
 
 nana 
 
 snow 
 
 uepayauitl 
 
 cepayauil, cepayauir 
 coval, covar 
 
 tovli 
 
 snake 
 
 cohuatl 
 
 gvell 
 
 boy 
 lightning 
 
 tepit-tzin 
 
 tepil 
 
 shvUi 
 
 tlapetlani 
 
 lapelani 
 
 elvai 
 
 leaf 
 
 iatla-pallo 
 
 iala-pallo, iala-parro 
 
 lur-zeli 
 catou 
 
 small 
 
 tzocoton 
 
 tzucoton 
 
 man 
 
 oquichtli 
 
 okichli, okichri 
 
 ankodj 
 
 oiakotsh, Koriak 
 guru, Aino 
 
 Illustrations. 
 
 totolin, Sonora 
 tsatsal, Kamtchatdak 
 odol, Batqut 
 ehri, Dacotah 
 can. caliki, Sonora 
 kkoilu, Aynu ~ 
 quajra, " 
 ccaora, " 
 helcala, Sonora 
 gullugu, KatntchatdaU 
 okulosoha, Choctaw 
 suhari, Shoshones* 
 surra, Basque 
 cher. Pueblos 
 tsheron, Kamtchatdak 
 muarr, Shoahonue 
 cilarra, Basque 
 buhun, Lesghian 
 mayyokal, Yuma 
 ametche, " 
 wakerio, eukerio, Iroquois 
 nourha, Iroquois 
 repaliki, Sonora 
 toeweroe, Shoshonese 
 tiperic, Sonora 
 illappa, Quichua 
 wilhyap, Yuina 
 bll-tlel, Knmtchatdale 
 cikadang, Dacotah 
 oonquich, Iroquois 
 aycootoh, Yuma 
 ccari, Quichua 
 
 The Circassian language abounds in labials, and thus finds its best 
 American representatives among the Dacotah dialects. Neverthe- 
 less it presents many words which come under the same general laws 
 in relation to the Aztec that have characterized the Lesghian and 
 Georgian. 
 
u 
 
 COMPARISON OF AZTEO AND CIRCASSIAN FORMS. 
 
 English. 
 
 AZTKC. 
 
 Phunbtic Chanob. 
 
 OlRCARSlAN. 
 
 IlXTOTIUTIOira. ( 
 
 hand 
 
 inapipi 
 
 mapipi 
 
 meppe 
 
 nape, Davotah 
 mash pa, SkoshotUM 
 
 bUck 
 
 caputztic 
 
 caputztic 
 
 kvatsha 
 
 shupitcat, Dacntah 
 yupikha, Shoihonese 
 
 heavy 
 
 etic 
 
 etic 
 
 oDdogh 
 
 tekay, tekash, Dacotah 
 
 lister 
 
 teicu 
 
 teicu 
 
 tsheeyakh 
 
 itaku, itakisa, " 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 
 tshakyhetcli, Koriak 
 
 «< 
 
 tepi, tecluapo 
 
 tepl 
 
 tabcha, tsheebk 
 
 cuhnba, Muysea 
 
 shoulder 
 
 tepuxtli 
 
 tepuzli 
 
 daniasha 
 
 tapsut, Aiiw 
 gepuca, Mvysea ' 
 ibusu, Japanese 
 
 smoke 
 
 poctli 
 
 pocli, pocri 
 
 bacha 
 
 lip 
 
 tenxi-palli 
 
 tenxi-palli 
 
 uku-fari 
 
 kuchi-liiiu, Japaneie 
 
 meat 
 
 nacatl 
 
 uacal, nacar 
 
 mikel 
 
 niku, Japanei* 
 
 easy 
 
 velehiu-aliztli 
 
 velchiu 
 
 plane, illesu 
 
 raku, 
 
 crrecha, Biisque 
 arrangya, Yukahiri 
 jacuel, Yuma 
 
 child 
 
 aoatl 
 
 acal, acar 
 
 . kaala 
 
 hoy, sou 
 
 tepil-tzin 
 
 tepil 
 
 tshvalye, chvalay 
 
 akwal-nesuta, Natehe* 
 
 
 Uacatl 
 
 lacal 
 
 . tie 
 
 kelgola, Kamtchatdale 
 odol, Ba»pie 
 
 blood 
 
 eztli 
 
 ezli, ezri 
 
 tleh, kleh 
 
 
 
 
 
 huila, .fymara 
 
 dog 
 
 chichi 
 
 chichi 
 
 chhah 
 
 kahi, Cnrmn 
 
 no 
 
 quixmo 
 
 kishino 
 
 ekesima 
 
 hetschen, Lesghian 
 
 summer 
 
 xupan 
 
 shupan 
 
 gapne (spring) 
 
 tofah, Choctaw 
 
 As things which are equal to the same thing are equal to one an- 
 other, it follows that, by the application of the same law of phonetic 
 change, the vocabulary of the Aztec must coincide with that of the 
 Basque, in spite of the fact that these two tongues have main- 
 tained a separate existence for some 2500 or 3000 years. No- 
 thing can moi-e convincingly prove the indestructibility of human 
 speech, not only in mere thought-forms but in the ipsissima verbuy 
 than a comparison of the two vocabularies. 
 
 COMPARISON OF AZTEC AND BASQUE FORMS. 
 
 English. Aztrc. Intbrhkdiate Forhs. Basqur. 
 
 sheep ichcatl kir, Lesghian ; <jcaora, Aynutra achuri 
 
 nose yacatl zchviri, Georgian ; cher, sodomah, PuebZoi sur, sudur 
 
 rain quiavitl gvaral, Lesghian ; furi, Japanese euri 
 
 star fitlalli z\ym\, Aino; san, Lesghion izar 
 
 water atl htli, Lesghian ; ul, ur, Veniseian ur 
 
 worm ocuiloa kiliigir, Aino ; ktiru, Quichua chicharla 
 
 bad aquallotica wliaTicli, Yuma ; achali, Koriak char, nharto 
 
 mountain quautla gora, Georgian ; kar, Veniseian zerra 
 
 stone ttti tol, Corean ; kell, Yukahiri harri 
 
 ice cell zer, Lesghian ; chilcn, Jfwj^t karroln 
 
 flsh atlau ennen, A'oriaA ; olloga, FufcaAtri arrain 
 
 wood salli ; , zul, Lenghian ; kullu, Quic/iua zura 
 
 bird tntotl '' ' adjari, zur, Lesghian ; gariolia, Iroquois cliori 
 
 dog yzoiiintli aghwal. schiiri, iS'Ao«/ion«8e ; tkari, ATii^'e^i zacur 
 
 throat tuzquitl seker, Z,esgr/iian; iakwal, Araucan eztar 
 
 old veue vochor " hachuoli.CAoctoto agure 
 
 evening teotlac sarrach, Mizjeji ; sonrek, Iroquois arrax, arrats 
 
 axe tlatecnni adaganu, Koriak; atacarte. Yuma aizkor 
 
 bread tiaxcalli lagul, I'ufcaAm; tikaru, SftosftoTiese hazkurri 
 
 bow tlaoitolli ratla, Koriak ; gahlotrahde, Cherokee uztadirra 
 
 thunder tlaquaqualaca yekllkegie, urgirgerkin, Koriak ehurzuri 
 
 river atoyatl uor, chyare, Lesghian ; hahuiri, Ayvuxra uharre 
 
 earth tlalli delchal, Koriak; rati, Lesghian lur 
 
 child acatl Jacuel, Yuma; jali, Yeniseian aur 
 
 clothes tlatqtl retelkum, paltar, Lesghian aldagarri, aldarri 
 
 knee tlanquaitl cconcor, Quichua ; hizanosara, Japaneie zangar 
 
 
 \ 
 
15 
 
 Intermf.dutk Forms. Basque. 
 
 illeHU, Circa* : arranRya, Yukahiri errecha 
 
 telpilgin, tHnhilpit. Koriak sorbalUa 
 
 colaque. Aymini ; kvartaohiK, Georgian cilarra 
 
 raton, /,w/«ow; aru«i, Aymara erran, erraitea 
 
 iii. QuichiM ; hiinasu, Javaneie mintsa 
 
 ini)lKin, Koriak ; iiiarqui, Sonora bortz 
 
 niari, Araticnn ; i>eeragn, Dacotah amar 
 
 shahemo, shaciini, Dacotah aizpi 
 hannockquell, Shoahonese ; musur, Lughiun bizar 
 
 mayyokal, Yuma ; niichar, Georgian bihar 
 
 kaptcher, Koriak ; irianhol, Lesghian bizkhar 
 
 hapar, Yeniseian ; sobira, Japanese guibel 
 
 pulantijaha, Yeniseian ; puriy, Quiehua Tbilcea 
 
 tlch, kleh, Circngsian ; hiiila, Aymara odnl 
 
 tar, Mvfjeji; teyga, Yeniteiun thilia 
 
 tshiiloh, Kesghittn; tRhnl. Yukahiri azal, achal 
 
 oocheelali, Irotjuois ; onzshil, Yukahiri atzazal 
 
 kayra, Quiehua ; kaynni, Japanese iguela 
 
 ela, Choctaw ; or, Corean. el. hel 
 
 oboloo, ahoshonese; chvnllal, f.esghian ziibal 
 
 kotar, " gii'^t, hueta, Le$ghian zuhaitz 
 
 wakum, Arancan; tachan. Mitjeji eguii 
 
 iziUt, Shoshonese ; ecUta, Circassian ozt 
 
 hutoeclo, xetchur, Yuma otubero 
 
 hailpit, Yuma ; bikh-Jal, Yeninian mut-il 
 
 dahab, tkivisa, Lesghian tipia 
 
 tipcrii', Sonnrn ; timir, nhiinir. Lesghian seme 
 
 kuitliibiru, Japanese ; uku-fari, Circassian ez-pana 
 
 chojashin, koriak ; liaaHing, Adahi giznii 
 achacollo,a(;hacn, Aymara; dsugoh, Cireosa. sagu 
 
 stmi, Quichtui ; khni|)i, Atacama auba 
 
 zar, Lesghian; cliinna, Iroquois Izen, Icen 
 tsheebk, &hiip(;Ii. Circass. ; culinba, Muysca nizpa 
 
 niillh, Yuma ; sliawagare, Shoshonese beltz 
 
 acate, /Sonora; nhekin, " aicea 
 
 hoahcasse, Dacotah ; eb/^hk, Cirrassian guci 
 
 toka, " taicyok, Corenn etsaya 
 
 mny-Bcna, Muysca ; beckish, Lesghian enian, eiiiak 
 
 ccotas, Atacatna ; joatsh, Yukahiri gaicho, gaitz 
 
 nah, Puehlo; na, Aymara; na, Lesghian ni 
 
 too, " ta, " de, Dacotah zu 
 
 ihih, " uca, " eeah, " hau 
 
 Thanks to the survival of Lesgliian forms in tl, the disguise of the 
 Aztec has been i)enetrated, and we are thus enabled to assert, first 
 •of all, that the apparently widely diverg«nt Peruvian dialects, the 
 'Quiehua, Aymara, Atacameno, «kc., are really its near relations. 
 There is therefore every reason to believe that the Peruvians were 
 the Toltecs, who preceded the Aztecs as rulers of Mexico, and who, 
 under their king, Topiltzin Acxitl, withdrew to the south in 1062, 
 and there founded the kingdom of the Sun. The Peruvian annals 
 place the accession of their first historical monarch, Sinchi Rocca, in 
 the same year. Passing over the intermediate kingdom of Bogota, 
 the home of the Chibchas or Muyscas, which was distinctively Peru- 
 vian in character, and another Toltec remnant, the Lencas of Hon- 
 duras, we come to the north of the Aztec country, where the Sonora, 
 Pueblos, and Paduca tribes dwell, who have already been associated 
 with the Aztecs by several writei-s. To these I would add the com- 
 paratively small but philologically important Yuma and Pujuni fami- 
 
 Enoi.ibh. 
 
 AzTBc:. 
 
 •easy 
 
 veiohlu-aliztli 
 
 shoulder 
 
 cuitla tantli 
 
 silver 
 
 t.eoqu tlatl 
 
 speak 
 
 tiatoa 
 
 11 
 
 notza 
 
 five 
 
 inacuiUi 
 
 ten 
 
 niatlactli 
 
 seven 
 
 cbicome 
 
 beard 
 
 tenchalli 
 
 -to-moiTow 
 
 miiztli 
 
 bank 
 
 MpllZtli 
 
 walk 
 
 malquiua 
 
 blo(Jd 
 
 eztli 
 
 breast 
 
 teloliiquiuh 
 
 skin 
 
 cuatl 
 
 nail 
 
 yztetl 
 
 frog 
 
 cueyatl 
 
 come 
 
 vallauh 
 
 i 5reat 
 ;ree 
 
 yzachipnl 
 quauitl 
 
 to-day 
 
 axuan 
 
 cold 
 
 yztic. 
 
 <f 
 
 cecuiztli 
 
 child 
 
 tetel-puch 
 
 small 
 
 tepiton 
 
 boy, son 
 
 tepil-tzin 
 
 lip 
 
 tenxipalli 
 oquichtli 
 
 man 
 
 mouse 
 
 vecacotl 
 
 mouth 
 
 cauiatl 
 
 name 
 
 tocnitl 
 
 sister 
 
 tpoinapo 
 
 black 
 
 yapall 
 
 wind 
 
 ehecati 
 
 all 
 
 ixquich 
 
 «nemy 
 
 teyaouh 
 
 give 
 
 maoa 
 
 sick 
 
 cocoxqui 
 
 I 
 
 ne 
 
 thou 
 
 te 
 
 he 
 
 ye 
 
 X 
 
 '^ I 
 
16 
 
 lies. In all of these tribes we may recognize the barbarous Chichi- 
 mecs through whom the Aztecs passed on their way to empire. But 
 of the same race are the central stocks, the Dacotah and Pawnee ;. 
 and to no other belong the eastern families of the Huron-Cherokees, 
 and the Choctaw-Muskogees. The Algonquins of the north, like the 
 Maya^Quich^s of Central America, are of a totally distinct branch of 
 the Great Turanian division. The samples of Mound Builder lan- 
 guage furnished by the Davenport, the Grave Creek, and the Brush. 
 Creek Stones add their evidence to that of the written charactera in 
 favour of a connection of the Mound Builders with the Azi ics and 
 related tribes. The Dacotah Mandans, the Choctaws, the Natchez, 
 and the Aztecs, have been severally set forth as the Mound Buildei*s.. 
 The true Mound Builders may have been none of these, but a distinct 
 tribe of AUighewi or Alleghenies, for whqm we must look elsewhere, 
 still, however, to find them a portion of the same great family. 
 Ancient traces of this tribe appear in the Hittite country of the 
 Nairi in Mesopotamia, where Elisansu was situated ; in the Alazonus 
 river of Albania in the Caucasus ; in the nation of the Halizoni of 
 Pontus mentioned by Homer ; in the Scythic Alazonians of Herodo- 
 tus ; and in Alzania, a mountain region of the Basques. It is not at 
 all improbable that the ancient name survives in those of the Alasar 
 and AUakaweah, sub-tribes of the Dacotahs, but this on'y tends to- 
 prove that a people of the same race as the Dacotahs, and not neces- 
 sarily the Dacotahs themselves, were the Mound Builders. 
 
 There is abundant reason for believing the tradition of most of the 
 American tribes I have mentioned to the effect that their ancestora 
 passed over the sea or great river and traversed a region of intense 
 cold before arriving at their destination in more hospitable climates. 
 Kamtchatka must have been their point of departure from the Old 
 World, whether they reached that point from the Siberian Desert or 
 journeyed thitherward from Corea and Japan by the Kurile Islands. 
 There they set foot on the Aleutian chain which earned them safely 
 over to the coast of Alaska. In Kamtchatdale there are many Aztec 
 traces, and some which exhibit an exaggeration of the peculiarity of 
 Aztec speech with which this paper is mainly occupied. Such is the 
 rendering of the Aztec verb tlacotla, to love, by the elongated but dis- 
 tinctly recognizable form taUochtelasin. And, with the Kamtchatdale^ 
 the Aztec connection, which has been illustrated by comparative 
 vocabularies, embraces all the hitherto unclassified languages of Nor- 
 
17 
 
 11- 
 ut 
 
 them Asia and Europe. The same forms that prevail over a great 
 part of the American continent, somewhat disguised yet easily recog- 
 nizable, are found in Japan and in Siberia, in the Caucasus and in. 
 Biscay. 
 
 Some time ago I alluded to a passage in the Paschal Chronicle in' 
 which the Dardanians of the Troad are referred to as Hittites, and 
 since then Professor Sayce has seen reason for connecting the whole 
 Trojan family with that ancient and illustrious people. Strabo tells 
 us that at Hamaxitus in the Troad the Teucri, near relations of the 
 Dardani, consecrated a temple to Apollo Smintheus as a memorial of 
 the destruction of their bow-strings and other leathern ai-ticles by an 
 army of rats or mice. The same story is told by Herodotus of the 
 Assyrian army, opposed by the Egyptian Sethos, whose name, being 
 the equivalent of Sheth, is truly Hittite. This same story lives in 
 America among the Utes of the Paduca or Shoshonese family, as 
 related by Professor Powell, and among the Muskogees, as told by 
 Dr. Brinton. Hamaxitus, the Trojan town where the legend was 
 localized, was in all probability a transported Hittite Hamath, for in 
 the form Hamaxia it occurs in the peculiarly Hittite country Cilicia, 
 whei-e Cetii dwelt in ancient times, and where Hittite kings held 
 limited sway in the days of Rome's supremacy. The Scythic Ham- 
 axoeci very probably bore no closer relation to the chariot or Hamaxa 
 than the Muskogees do to musk. These words Hamaxitus, Hamaxia, 
 and Ham axoeci designated a tribe, sub-tribe or caste, which originally 
 had its chief representatives in the Syrian Hamath. They were 
 scribes, the most likely people to preserve and hand down traditions 
 of the past, the Amoxoaquis of the Mexicans, and the Amautas of the 
 Peruvians. Through them this legend, and manv others which recall 
 old world stories, have found a resting-place on the American conti- 
 nent. Many writers on comparative mythology have been led to- 
 connect American tribes with Aryans and Semites by failing to recog- 
 nize what Accadian studies have fully established, that the Turanians- 
 were the instructors in mythology and in many other things of these 
 more highly favoured divisions of the human race. 
 
 The decipherment of the Hittite and Siberian inscriptions by the 
 Aztec is but the first step in the solution of problems relating to- 
 ancient Old World populations, which are supposed either to have- 
 been exterminated or to have lost their independent existence. And. 
 the superior purity of the Aztec language as preserved by a literaryr 
 
 i 
 
18 
 
 'people, spite of its dialectic peculiarities, will enable the philologist 
 to shed light on many points of etymology and construction in the 
 languages of Europe and Asia to which it is related. Take, for in- 
 stance, the world totolh-tetl, an egg. Its meaning is clear, for i<^lh is 
 totoU a fowl, and tetl denotes a stone. By a simple {lostposition of 
 the nominative, therefore, the Aztec word for egg means the stone of 
 the bird. In Yukahirian the word used is nont«nrdavX. Now nonda 
 means a bird in Yukahirian, a form doubtless of the Lesghian onotsh, 
 and the Japanese ondori, a fowl ; but daul, which is just the Aztec 
 tetl, does not now designate a stone in that language. The form has 
 undergone change and is now kell, but there can be no doubt that 
 daul or tol was once the Yukahirian name for stone, as it now is the 
 Mizjeji, Corean and Choctaw form. The Basque word, which I have 
 not found any explanation of among the Basque etymologists, is 
 arrolchia or arroltz. Here the order of the Aztec and the Yukahir- 
 ian is inverted, for arri denotes a stone, and oUo or oUo, a fowl. The 
 final chi or zi before the article a, is the mark of the genitive which 
 is now aco or eco. Hence, literally translated, arrolchia is " stone 
 fowl of the." The Iroquois has entirely lost the etymology of his 
 word onhonchia, in which the Basque r and I have been replaced by 
 n ; and the same is the case with the Peruvian, who, by following his 
 usual practice, like the Lesghian, of removing the initial vowel, and 
 simply changing the I to n, makes the word runto. The Circassian 
 kutarr is probably of the same composition, for hit should represent 
 kuttei/, fowl, and arr, though not now a Circassian word, was so at 
 the time when Circassians and Basques were one people, and derived 
 their respective tribal and local names, Chapsuch and Guipuzcoa, 
 from the Hittite land of Kbupuscai. It is interesting to note, as 
 exhibiting the vicissitudes of language, that the Corean, who calls a 
 stone tol or tor, retains arr, the primitive terra, to denote an egg, 
 just as the Aztecs frequently employed tetl to express the same with- 
 out any prefix. 
 
 There is a Basqiie word, the derivation of which puzzles the lexi- 
 cographers, although some have ventured to derive the only Basque 
 term denoting a boy from the Latin. It is mutil, or with the article 
 mutilla. In Lesghian, motshi is a boy, in Japanese, musuko, in 
 Sonoro, te-machi ; but, as a rule, the m of these languages is replaced 
 in othera of the Khitan family by an ordinary labial. A similar 
 difficulty in Basque attends the connected word iUoba, which may 
 
?g. 
 
 mean a nephew or niece, or a grandchild. I am disposed to see in- 
 these terms the same word aa the Aztec tetelpueh, which appears to- 
 mean *' the offspring of somebody," or *' of a pei-son," for tetech, which 
 in composition becomes tetel, denotes personality. The Aztec puch, 
 offspring, would thus be the same as the Basque ba, and mut. That 
 the mut of mutil corresponds with the mua of the Japanese mvsuko, 
 appears from the comparison of another Basque word of similar form, 
 mutchitu, mouldy. This answera to the Japanese equivalent viuseta, 
 as mutil does to musuko. The Aztec word for mouldy is poxcauhqui, 
 and, although there can be no connection between mustiness and off- 
 spring, answera in form to puch, a-s mutchitu to mutU and mv^eta to 
 musuko. The ba of iUoba is l)ut an abbreviated form of puch, such 
 as appears in the Aino po, the Yeniseian puwo, and the Circassian 
 ippa. The Basque word for child iinerabea, norhabe, which connects 
 with nor, norbait, somebody, just as the LooChoo worrabi, also mean- 
 ing child, shows its relation to waru, the Japanese aru, likewise de- 
 noting " somebody." It appears therefore that " somebody's wean " 
 is a thoroughly Khitan conception. In Georgian, boshi which may 
 be taken as the root word, means " child," and in Lesghian vaaJisho. 
 But the Aino vaa-asso and bog-otchi seem to be compound terms, like 
 the Cho ^w poos-koos and the Dacotah wah-cfteesh and bak-katte. 
 Similar forms are the Iroquois wocca-naune, and the inverted Muys- 
 can guasgua-jucha. The abbreviation of boahi or puch to ba, be or bi 
 as in the Basque and LooChoo, finds its parallel in the Yeniseian 
 dul-bo, a doubly apocopated tetel-puch. The Yuma hail-pit seems 
 almost to reproduce the Basque form, which inverted would read 
 il-mut. One of the Sonora dialects, as we have seen, gives te-muchi 
 for boy ; one of the Iroquois, ihiha-wog ; the Choctaw, chop-pootche ; 
 and the Shoshonese, ah-pats. In the Old World, the Corean fur- 
 nishes tung-poki ; the Kamtchatdale, kam^anapatch, a long form as 
 in the Dacotah m^narkbetse ; and the Yeniseian, pigge-dvlb and bikh- 
 jal. But the Yeniseian and Kamtchatdale also designate a son by 
 the simple word for offspring, bit, and petsch in the respective 
 languages. In the Georgiaii, Circassian, and Peruvian Aymara, this 
 simple form seems to be reserved for the girls, for daughter in these 
 languages is bozo, pchu, and ppucha. The Aztec preiixes to the word 
 offspring pu^h, one of its terms denoting woman, female, the whole 
 being teich-puch. This is the tahide-petch of the Kamtchatdale, and, 
 with inversion of paits, the bai-tctg,. of the Yukahiri. Other correa- 
 
20 
 
 ponding Khitan forms for girl, daughter, are the Circassian piis-pa, 
 the Yeniseian bikh-jalja, the Koriak gna-fiku and goe-behkak, the 
 KamtchatdaJe uchtshi-petch, the Corean bao-zie, and the Japanese 
 muau-me ; and, in America, the Paduca or Shoshonese wi/a-pichi, the 
 Dacotah weet-achnong, and the Iroquois kaunuh-ioukh and echrqjeha- 
 wak. The Basque word for girl, ala-ba, ala-bichi, is in harmony with 
 iUoba, nerabea, and the inverted mut-illa, and corresponds with the 
 Yeniseian, bikh-jalja. Besides these more conspicuous forms there are 
 many others which exhibit a common formation. Among the Yuma 
 words denoting boy, and the equivalents of hail-pit in other dialects, 
 occur her-mai and yle-moi, in which the Basque mut and Japanese 
 musu are abbreviated into niai and moi. Of the same structure are 
 the Peruvian Quichua huar-ma and the Circassian ar-ps. Two other 
 words for boy, the Japanese bo-san, and the Araucanian bo-tum, be- 
 long to the same category ; and thei-e are many other forms, such as 
 the Adahi talla-hache, in which the labial of boahi or puch has been 
 converted into an aspirate, to which I need refer no farther. The 
 Aztec tetel-puch and teich-puch are the types of the many terms men- 
 tioned, which exhibit the singular agreement, with phonetic varia- 
 tions, of the Khitan languages in the formation of these compounds. 
 A very common ehiment in compound Aztec words is palli, which, 
 besides denoting colour as in ya-pcdli, black, and quil-paUi, green, 
 appears to have the meaning of "contents, belonging to," just as the 
 Japanese iro means colour, and iru, to hold or contain. So in 
 Basque, bal is a root denoting colour in the abstract, and bar, a cor- 
 •responding root signifying contents. In Aztec tenod-palli means lip, 
 but its derivation is only apparent in Japanese, in which language 
 the word for lip is kwM-biru. Now kuchi is the mouth, and biru is 
 the original of im, to hold, contain or enter. The Aztec tenoci does 
 not appear in the dictionaries as a word for mouth, camatl being the 
 term employed ', but the related Shoshonese family furnishes atongin, 
 tungin, and the Adahi, teifianat. The Circassian lip is uku-fari, 
 plainly the same word as the Japanese and Aztec, although uku is 
 not the present Circassian term for mouth. The Corean form is 
 ipai-oor, in which ipsi represents the Corean ipkoo, the mouth, and 
 oor, the Japanese iru or biru. So also the Natchez adds er to heche 
 the mouth; and calls the lip ehec-er. The Araucanian, from a primi- 
 tive word ia, like the Dacotah ea, the Yuma yu, the Circassian ^e, ja, 
 .the Corean ii and the Basque oho, all meaning mouth, forms, with 
 
II 
 
 ' 
 
 SI 
 
 the equivalent of palli, biru »'nd /dri, iorpelk, lip. The Circassian 
 alone retains the sound of iiaft*, utsha for mouth, which appears in 
 the inverted Lesghian mnv-tachi, and Mizjeji har-<laah, their equival- 
 enti for uku-fari. In Iroquois the lip is oak-wenta. By the conver- 
 sion of r and I into n, which characterizes the Iroquois in comparison 
 with most of the other Khitan languages, wenta represents an original 
 bar, pel, berta or palta. The double meaning of this root which has 
 appeared in the Azteo palli, the Japanese iro and iru^ and the Basque 
 bel and bar, holds good in the case of the Iroquois, for colour is wen- 
 sera, in which wen is the radical, and iowente means " accompanying 
 or belonging to." The form wen is by no means so common in Iro- 
 quois as to make this a chance coincidence. The first part of the 
 word osk-wenta is an abbrevation of a common form denoting the 
 mouth. In the Basque we are warranted in rejecting Van Eys's deri- 
 vation of ezpana, the lip, from the root es, to shut, inasmuch as the 
 same root in eztarri, the throat, would be manifestly out of place. In 
 •ez therefore we detect the ancient form for mouth which the Circas- 
 sian gives as itaha, and the Natchez as heclie. And in pana, when it 
 is remembered that the change of 2 to n is not uncommon in the 
 Basque dialects, there is no difficulty in seeing an archaic pala, even 
 if the Iroquois wen did not justify the connection. The Aztec tenxi- 
 jpaUi has derived its enxi, for the t is prosthetic, from such a strength- 
 ened form of the ez, eche, mouth, as is found in the Yukahiri anga, 
 angya, and in the Lenca ingh. The following table will set more 
 clearly before the eye these relations of the Khitan languages in the 
 Old World and in the New : — 
 
 I ! 
 
 1 
 
 FORMS OF THE AZTEC palli. 
 
 
 COLUVR. 
 
 CONTBNTS, PIRTAININO TO 
 
 Lip. 
 
 Aztec 
 
 palli 
 
 palli 
 
 tenxi-palH 
 
 Japanese 
 
 iro biro 
 
 iru, biru 
 
 kuchi-biru 
 
 In>quoi8 
 
 tcenaera, 
 
 iowente 
 
 osk-wenta 
 
 Basque 
 
 bel 
 
 bar 
 
 ez-pana 
 
 A somewhat similar instance is aflPorded in the Aztec word for leaf, 
 icUla-pcUlo or quauhatla-paUi, of which the fii'st part is the word 
 denoting a tree. The same is the case with eatcha in the correspond- 
 ing Yuma term eatchorberbetaen. But the Uel of the inverted Kamt- 
 chatdale bil-tlel, the djitaha of the Yukahiri pal-djitaha, and the zeli of 
 the Georgian pv/r-zeli, no longer mean tree in these tongues. The 
 Kamtchatdale now uses utha and uuda, diminished forma of the 
 
22 
 
 Lesghian hu^ta and the Basqup zuaitz. The Yukahiri has oonfonne<f 
 to the Lesghian dxul in tahal ; and the Qeorgian, with its che, tka^ 
 and tcheka, more nearly approaches the Yuma and other American 
 forms. Still tlel, djitaha and zeli are thoroughly Khitan in character, 
 answering to the Circassian sda, the Basque zuhatna, and the Lesghian 
 dzul and Yukahiri tahaL Such examples suffice to show how diffi- 
 cult it must be to gain a thorough acquaintance with the structure of 
 our American languages, without having referanco to the stock from 
 which they are ilerived, as well as the paramount value of these 
 languages in all matters affecting the construction of the Basque and 
 Caucasian, the Siberian and Japanese tongues. 
 
 Whether the Aztec tl was an original element in Hittite speech, or 
 a corruption arising after the disiiersion in 717 B.C., we shall not 
 know definitely until the inscriptions of Syria and Asia Minor, of 
 India, Siberia, and Japan, yield a vocabulary of sufficient extent to- 
 enable us to judge. It is very probable that it existed as a substi- 
 tute for r in certain Khitan tribes from a very early period, since, in 
 the land of the Nairi, the Assyrian inscriptions mention a town Cit- 
 lalli, in which we recognize the Aztec word for star, the equivalents- 
 for which in Araucanian, Atacameno, Shoshonese, Aino, Lesghian ' 
 and Basque are achcUda, luUar, ahul, zirari, auri, and izarra. The- 
 land of the Nairi or Nahri, the NaJmrina of the Egyptian records^ 
 has been generally regarded as a form of the Semitic Naharaim, the 
 rivers, whence the designation Mesopotamia. But the word is purely 
 Turanian, and designates primarily a people, not a country. Th& 
 Egyytian form is the most perfect, as it preserves the medial aspirate- 
 and retains the Hittite plural in n. It is just the Aztec national 
 designation Nahuatl, Nauatl, or Na/vcUl, which, by the application of 
 the law of phonetic ihange, becomes Nahttar, Nauar or Navar. The 
 Aztec word means " that which is well-sounding, or a fluent speaker," 
 but most of the words derived ivom. the same root have either the 
 meaning of law or meaaure or of interpretation. The fluent speaker 
 probably was looked upon as one who spoke with regard to the laws 
 of language and in measured tones, and the interpreter as one who 
 converted the idiom of barbarians into the well-regulated language of 
 the Aztecs. The Japanese preserve the word in two forms, noriy 
 meaning law or measure, and noori, translation. In Basque it is 
 represented by neurri, measir.e. and this in all probability is the 
 same woixi as Navarre, a Br -^que province. As Khupuscai and the 
 
» 
 
 lain! of tlio Nahri are tuiited in tlio AHsyrian inscnptionR, ho, in 
 BASfpie jjf('Of»rapliy, an* (iuipnzcoa and Navarro. Tho Hcytliic Noiiri 
 of HcrtHlotiiH w<M'o |)r()hal>ly ninrnlKMH of tho wuno family. Tlio 
 NupiiranH. who are Aztecs, Hefctled in Nicaraj^iia, preserve the ancient 
 name but have hardened tlie aspirate into a guttural. 
 
 More tlian tliirty years ago that vett^ran ethnologist Dr. Latham, 
 wrote tho following : " The Kamskadale, tho Koriak, the Aino- 
 Japanese, and the Korean, are the Asiatic languiiges most like those 
 of America. (Afterwards he includes the Yiikahiri and elsewhere 
 connects that language with tho Yeniseian.) Unhesitatingly as I 
 make this assoi-tion - an assertion for which I have numerous tabu- 
 lated vocabularies as proof — T am })y no means prepared to say that 
 one-tenth part of the necessary work has been done for the parts in 
 ({uestion ; indeed it is my impressioti that it is eiusier to connect 
 America witli the Kurile Ishmds and Japan, &c., than it is to make 
 Japan and the Kurile Islands, Ac, Asiatic." Nothing can be 
 truer than the above statement made l)y one whose name should carry 
 the greatest weight with all his scientific utterances to the minds of 
 8choIai-s. It is therefore simply incomprehensible how a writer on 
 philological subjects of such high standing as Mr. Horatio Hale could 
 be led to say, " Philologists are well aware tliat there is nothing in 
 the languages of the American Indians to favour the conjectui*e (for 
 it is nothing else) which derives the race from Eastern Asia." I 
 venture on the contrary to assert that there is no philologist worthy 
 of the name who, having carefully studied the languages of the New 
 World and the Old witli which this paper deals, has come to any 
 other 'conclusion than that reached by Dr. Latham and myself. And 
 if Mr. Hale will simply follow up the relations of the Basque, which 
 he wisely connects with our American aboriginal languages, he will 
 soon find himself among those very peoples of Eastern Asia whom he 
 so summarily dismisses. Dr. Latham's Peninsular Mongolidae, in- 
 cluding the Yeniseians, and the Americans, are neither Mongolic, 
 Tungusic, (with the exception of the Tinneh , Finno-Samoyedic, Dra- 
 vidian, or Monosyllabic. 'J'hey have relations in India among the 
 aboriginal northern peoples, and the Kadun or it-: I K.-uiens ut Bir 
 mail belong to the same race. But, with these except inns, the Khitau 
 do not connect with the Asiatic populations. Not till we reach the 
 confines of Europe and Asia in the Caucasus, where another unclassi- 
 fied group of languages makes its appearance, do we find the relatives 
 
 1 
 
24 
 
 of the colonizers of America, and tlirough them effect, what Mr. Hale 
 would do per saltum across the Atlantic, a union with the Basques. 
 
 From these general considerations I turn to the special work set 
 forth in this paper, that namely vvliich exhibits the relation of the 
 Aztecs to the Khitan family in general, and in particular with those 
 branches of it which are found in the neighborhood of the ancient 
 Hittite civilizjition. The meagreness of my vocabularies of the Cau- 
 casian languages compelled me to illustrate their connection by the 
 closely related Basque in the case of the Hittite inscriptions which I 
 recently translated. Some examples of the relation of the Hittite 
 language spoken in Syria and Mesopotamia in the 8th and preceding 
 centuries B.C., may fitly close the argument in favour of the Hittite 
 or Khitan origin of these and their related languages. 
 
 '- 
 
 COMPARISON OF HITTITE FORMS EROM THE MONUMENTS. 
 
 Enolish. 
 
 Hittite. 
 
 Basque. 
 
 Japanfsb. 
 
 Aztec. 
 
 dependence 
 
 kakala 
 
 kiitalo 
 
 kakari 
 
 cacalic, cetilia 
 
 incite 
 
 kasakaka 
 
 kitzikatu, kilikatu 
 
 keshikake 
 
 cocolquitia 
 
 oppose 
 
 kakeka 
 
 jivuki 
 
 giyaku 
 
 ixquaqua 
 
 desirous 
 
 manene 
 
 iiiiu 
 
 mune 
 
 mayanani 
 
 beseech 
 
 neka 
 
 IlilStu 
 
 negau 
 
 notza 
 
 modest 
 
 simaka 
 
 /iiuiko 
 
 tsume 
 
 temociui 
 
 country 
 
 kane 
 
 guno 
 
 kuni 
 
 cana 
 
 out 
 
 kara 
 
 zilhotzo 
 
 kiru 
 
 xeloa 
 
 he 
 
 ra 
 
 liura, ban 
 
 are 
 
 ye 
 
 small 
 
 sasa 
 
 uhiki 
 
 sasai 
 
 xocoa 
 
 put 
 
 tai'a 
 
 eziirri 
 
 ateru 
 
 tlalia 
 
 Hght 
 
 tiketi 
 
 zehatu, etsaigo 
 
 tekitai 
 
 teyaotia 
 
 between 
 
 ueke 
 
 nas, uahas 
 
 naka 
 
 netech 
 
 hastily 
 
 sakasakasa 
 
 takataka 
 
 sekaseka 
 
 iciuhcayotica 
 
 destroy 
 
 kasa 
 
 chikitu 
 
 kachi 
 
 cacayaca_ 
 
 lay waste 
 
 susane 
 
 zuzi 
 
 susami 
 
 xixinia 
 
 accord 
 
 kane 
 
 on-guiio 
 
 kauai 
 
 ecu 
 
 come 
 
 al 
 
 el, hel 
 
 . iru, kuru 
 
 vallauh 
 
 house 
 
 taku 
 
 tegi 
 
 taku 
 
 techau 
 
 I 
 
 ne 
 
 ni 
 
 mi 
 
 ne 
 
 within 
 
 tata 
 
 ta, hetau 
 
 tate 
 
 titoch 
 
 at 
 
 ka 
 
 gau 
 
 oku 
 
 00 
 
 in 
 
 ue 
 
 an, n 
 
 ni 
 
 
 
 nebala 
 kika 
 basa 
 tineba 
 
 
 uaburi 
 kiki 
 
 uavallachia 
 
 vex 
 hear 
 ruler 
 friend 
 
 
 
 CiUJUl 
 
 pachoa 
 tenamic 
 
 
 tomobitu 
 
 From these examples it appears that the best living representative 
 of ancient Hittite speech is the Japanese, which, with the Aztec 
 down to the time of Spanish conquest, has never ceased to b(j a liter- 
 ary language. Standing mi.! way l)(;tween the long-foigotUni Hittito 
 
ale 
 
 set 
 the 
 
 
 ose 
 ent 
 
 4 
 
 au- 
 
 
 fche 
 
 
 ti I 
 
 
 iite 
 
 
 ing 
 
 
 tite 
 
 
 tilia 
 
 ica 
 
 ; 
 
 : 
 
 civilization of Syria and the now extinct native civilization of Mex- 
 ico, Japan aflfords the most satisfactory starting point for the investi- 
 gation of problems of world-wide interest that find their centre in the 
 Khitan name. In its name Yamato it shows a closer connection 
 with Hamath than with the land of the Nahri in Mesopotamia. As 
 the home, therefore, of the scribes, whom the Peruvians called Amau- 
 tas and the Aztecs Amoxoaquis, literature naturally flourished in 
 its islands ; and the believer in Holy Writ will see in Japanese cul- 
 ture and prosperity the result of the blessing of Him who is gover- 
 nor among the nations upon the Kenite " scribes that came of Ham- 
 ath, the father of Betl Rehob," Hittites indeed, but nobler than their 
 fellows. 
 
 ,tive 
 ztec 
 iter- 
 
 ttite