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THE KHITAN LANGUAGES;

THE AZTEC AND ITS RELATIONS.

BY JOHN CAMPBELL, M. A.

Profeggor of Church History, £c., Presbyterian College, Montreal.

Jf'

■ai

THE KHITAN LANGUAGES;

THE AZTEC AND ITS RELATIONS.

BY JOHN CAMPBELL, M. A.,
PrcfftMor of Church HUtory, &c., Pruhyterian Colltge, Montreal.

My translation of the Hittite Inscriptions found at Hamath and
Jerabis, in Syria, is the only one yet published with an explanation
of the pr»M;fiss by which it was accomplished. The Rev. Dunbar I.
Heath has sent me cof)ie8 of his papers in which the Hamath
inscriptions are trnuslated as Chaldee orders for musical services, but
no process is hinted at by the learned author. In the discussion
which followed the reading of one of these papers, a well-known
Semitic scholar remarked, " that so long as no principle was laid
down and explained as to the system by which the characters had
been tranalitcratcd, it would be impossible to express an opinion on
the value of the jiroposed reading." Whatever may be the merits of
my translation, it does not make default in this respect. The pro-
cess is simi)le and evident. Tlu; i)honcfcic values of the Aztec hiero-
glyphic system are tmnsferred to corresponding hieroglyphic charac-
ters in the Hittite inscriptions. Common Hittite symbols are the
arm, the leg, the shoe, the ho^se, the eagle, the fish. Tliese ai'e also
found as Mexican hieroglyphics. There is nothing to tell us what
their phonetic values are in Hittite, because hardly any other remains
of the Hittite language have survived. But in Aztec we know that
these values are the first syllables of the words they represent. Thus
an arm being called neitl, gives the phonetic value ne for the hiero-
glyphic representing an arm. A leg being called iiteztli, furnishes
me. A shoe gives ca from cactli ; a house, also, ca from calli ; an
eagle, qua from quauhli ; and a fish, ini from michin. But the
question has been raised, " What possible connection can there be
between the Hittites or Kliitii of ancient Syria and the Aztecs of
Mexico?" As well might we ask what connection can there be
between Indian Bmhmins and Englishmen ; between European
Osmanli and Siberian Yakuts. Geographical separation in such case,
is simply the result of a movement that ha« been going on from early
ages. Men are not plants nor mere animals to be restricted to floral
and faunal centre^.. The student of history, who has followed the
Hunnic and Mongolian hordes in their devastating course across two
2

continentH, will not be surpriseil to liiid tliat well-known IroquoiH
8cliolai', the AbW Cuoq, suggostiiij,' tlm rtilutionahip of the Iroquoin
with tho waiuliiriiig and barbarouH AlaiiH aiul Iliins. Still loss sur-
priHo shuuld be exjMiriencod when tho nioi'e cultured Aztecs of Mexico
are connected with an ancient Old World civilization, Aztec history
does not begin till the 11th century of our era, and even that of the
Toltecs, who preceded the Aztecs, and wei-e of the saute or of an
allied ratie, goes no faither back than the 8th. TJie period of their
connection with Old Woi'ld history as a displaced Asiatic people is
thus too early to be accounted for by tlu^ invasions of the Mongols,
but coincides with the eastern niovennnits of the Khitan, who, after
centuries of warfare on the l)ord(frs of Siberia, disiippeared from the
historian's view in 1123. ft is certainly ;» coincidence that the
Aztecs should claim to be of the noble race of the Citin, and that citli,
the hare, or, in the plural, vitin, should be the totem or heraldic
device of their nation.

Since I wrote tho article on the Khitan Languages, in which I
traced the Chinese Khitan backwards to central Siberia about the
sources of the Yenisei, where, according to Malte Brun, the Tartars
called their mounds Li Katei, or the tombs of the Cathayans, I have
received from Mr. VI. Youferoff, of the Imperial Society of Geo-
graphy at St. Petersburg, copies of the chief inscriptions from that
region. These triumphantly confirmed my supposition that the
Katei and the Khita or Hittites were the same people, by presenting
characters occupying a somewhat intermediate position in form
between the Hittite hieroglyphics and the more cursive script of our
Mound Builders. The rude representations of animals and other
natural objects accompanying some of the inscriptions are precisely
of the type furnished by the Davenport 3tone. One inscription,
which 1 deci[)hered and the translation of which is now before the
Imperial Society of Geography, relates the victory of Sekata, a
Khitan monarch, the Sheketang of the Chinese hostorians, over two
revolted princes or chiefs dwelling at Uta or Utasa in Siberia. As
in the case of the Syrian Hittite inscriptions, I have translated the
Siberian one by means of the Japanese, using the Basque, the Aztec,
and other languages of the Khitan family, for confirmation. What-
ever foreign influences may have done to modify the physical features,
the character, language, religion, and arts of the Japanese, and, in
lesser measure, of the Coreans, tlmre can be no doubt that these are

l«|^

at, Uusis ITittite or Khitan. Alrnsuly :.c tlin commoncement of my
Hittitti studies I had noted tlio iit;rnninpnt of many charactfirs in the
Corean alphabet with those of Hamath and Jeralua on tlie one hand,
au<l, on the other, with those on our motind tablets. The Rev. John
Kdwards of Atoka with great kindness procured for me, from a mem-
ber of the Japanese Imperial Household at Tokio, a work on the
ancient writing of the Japanese, One of the forms of writing exhi-
bited in this work and occupying much s^tace is very similiir to the
Corean, and is undeniably of the same origin. I have not yet had
time to investigate the volumes thoroughly, but as they appear to
contain samples of ancient alphabets with guesses at their significa-
tion rather than complete inscriptions, little progress may be antici-
pated by means of them. Nevertlieless the existence in Japan of a
syllabary of so Hittite a tyi)e as the Corean in ancient times is con-
firmatoiy of the Khitan origin of the Japanese. As for the relations
of American civilizations, such as those of the Mexicans, Muyscas^
and Peruvians, with that of Jajian, I need only refer to the writings
of so accurate and judicious an observer as Humboldt.

Returning to the Hittites of Syria, who figure so largely in the
victorious annals of the Egyptian Phai'aohs and Assyrian kings, and
whose empire came to an end towards the close of the 8th century
B.C., we find that, although apart from my own conclusions no defi-
nite opinion has been reached regarding their language beyond the
mere fact that it was Turanian, guesses have been made by scholars
whose hy|)otheses even are worthy of consideration. Professor Sayce
believes the Hittite language to have ))een akin to that furnished by
the ancient Vannic inscriptions of Armenia. The Vannic language,
according to Ijenormant, belongs to the Alarodian family, of which
the best known living example is the Georgian of the Caucasus.
Now it is the Caucasus that I have made the starting point of llit-
tiie migration, which terminated at Biscay in the west, and in the
east, reaching the ntmost bounds of Northern Asia, overflowed into
America. Not only the Geoi'gians, I unhesitatingly assert, but most
of the other Caucasian families, the Circassians, Lesghians, and
Mizjeji at least, should be classed as Alarodians, or better still as
Khitan. So far I have found no evidence from ancient Caucasian
inscriptions, though such T ])eliove have been discovered ; but an
evidence as conclusive is furnished by the languages of the Caucasian
families I have named as compared with those which are presum-

ably of Hittite origin in the Old World and in the New. In the
remaindtn- of this jmjior, I propose chiefly to set forth the relations of
the Aztoc Iiinj»uiig(f, l»y means of which I transliterated the Hittite
inscriptions, with the Caucasian tongues, which of all Khitan forms
of speech are in closest geographical propinquity to the ancient habi-
tat of the Hittite nation. Before doing so T may set forth the prin-
cipal memb(5rs of the Khitan family at the present day.

THE KHITAN FAMILY.

1. Old World Division.
Basque.

Caucasian ^ Georgian, Lesghian, Circassian, Mizjeji.

Siberian = Yeniseiau, Yukahirian, Koriak, Tchuktchi, Kaintchadale.

Jai)aiiusc :^ Japanese, LooChoo, Aino, Corean.

2. American Division.
Dacotah.

Huron-Irociuois inoluiling Cherokee.

Choctaw-Muskogee including Natchez.

Pawnee including Ricaree and Caddo.

Paduca =Shoshonese, Comanche, Ute, &c,

Yuma =Yuma, Cuchan, Maricopa.

Pueblos =Zuni, Tequa, 4;c.

Sonora = Opata, Cora, Tarahumara, ftc.

Aztec including Niquirian.

Lenca =Guajiquiro, Opatoro, Intibuca.

Chibcha or Muysca.

Peruvian == Quichua, Aymara, Cayubaba, Sapibocouo, Atacameno, &c.

Chileno = Araucanian, Patagonian, Fuegian, &c.

The Nahuatl, or language of the Aztecs, as distinguished from
other tribes of diverse speech inhabiting Mexico, has long been a
subject of no little difficulty to philologists. It is not that its gram-
matical construction is peculiar, but because its vocabulary exhibits
combinations of letters or sounds that have come to be regarded as its
almost peculiar property. The most important of these is the sound
represented by tl, whether it be initial, medial or final. The Aztecs
of Nicaragua drop the tl altogether or reduce it to t ; hence some
writers have supposed tlieirs to be the true form of the language, and
the literary tongue of Mexico a corruption. Upon this an argument
has been founded for the southern origin of the Nahua race. But,
as Dr. Buschmann and others have shewn, a mere casual survey of
the languages of more northern peoples, the Sonora and Pueblo
tribes, and the great Paduca family, j-eveals the fact that they con-

tain a considerable proportion of Aztec words, and that in them, as in
the Nahuatl of Nicaragua, the Aztec tl disappears or is convei*tcd into
t, d, k, 8, r or I. Here therefore it is claimed by others is an argu-
ment for the northern derivation of the Mexicans. •• * > •

If we cany forward the work of comparison, hav ng regard to cer-
tain laws of phonetic change, we shall find, as I profess to have done,
that the vocabulary, and to a large extent the grammar, of the Aztecs
are those of all the greater families in point of culture and warlike
character of the N orthern and Southern Continents. Nor do the
Aztec and its related American languages form a family by them-
selves. They have their countei*parts, as I have indicated, in many
regions of the Old World. If my classification of these languages
be just, there should, among a thousand other subjects of interest, be
found some explanation of the great peculiarity of Aztec speech to
which I have referred.

The Aztec combination tl appears, although to no very great ex-
tent, in the Koriak, Tchuktchi, and Kamtchatdale dialects. It has
no place in Corean, Japanese, or Aino, and only isolated instances of
its use are found in the Yukahirian and Yeniseian languages. Of
the four Caucasian tongues which pertain to the Kliitan family, two,
the Georgian, and Mizjeji, are almost as destitute of such a sound as
the Corean and Japanese ; while the Circassian and Lesghian vocabu-
laries, by their frequent employment of tl, reproduce in great measure
the characteristic feature of the Nahuatl. It is altogether wanting
in the Basque, and is a combination foreign to the genius of that
language. Yet there is no simpler task in comparative philology
than to show the radical unity of the Basque and Lesghian forms of
speech. Such a comparison, as well as one of the Lesghian dialects
among themselves and with the other Caucasian languages, will en-
able us to decide whether the tl of the Lesghian and Circassian forms
part of an original phonetic system, or is an expedient, naturally
adopted by speakei-s whose relaxed vocal organs made some other
sound difficult or impossible, to stave off the process of phonetic decay
by substituting for such sound the nearest equivalent of which they
were capable.

In order first of all to exhibit the common origin of the Basque

and the Lesghian, I submit the following comparison of forms, the

relations of which are apparent to the most casual observer. The

Lesghian vocabulary is that of Klaproth, contained in his Asia Poly-

glotta ; the Basque ia derived from the dictionaries of Van Eys and
Lecluse. It will be observed that the Lesghian almost invariably
differs from the Basque : —

1. In substituting m for initial h.

2. In dispensing with initial vowels ; or, when they cannot be dis-

pensed with, in prefixing to them h or p^ t or d.

3. In generally rendering the Basque aspirate, together with ch and

g, by the con'espondingly harder forms g, k and q.

4. In occasionally adding final I or r.

(The last named letters I and r are interchangeable in the Khitan
as they are in all other families of speech.)

r-M

COMPARISON OF BASQUE AND LESGHIAN.

RJLB 1. Bnolibh.

beard

bead

nail

back

to-morrow
B»U5 2, o flkin

band

river

thunder

hair

cold

left hand

milk

star

day
Rule 2, h. deer

clothes

child

stone
Rule 8. great

house

bail

smoke

tooth

leaf

finger
Rule 4. rain

son

great

The following, though generally agreeing, present same exceptions
to the above rules.

Basqub.

Lesohiait.

bizar

mussur, muzal

bnru

mier, maar

behatz

maats

bizkhar

machol, michal

bibar

miehar (Georgian)

achala

quli

ahurra

kuer

uharre

chyare, uor

ehurzuria, cnrciria

gurgur

ileak

ras

otzo

zoto

ezquerra, ezker

kuzal, kisU

eznea

sink

izarra

suri

eguna

kini

oreina

bumi

aldar

)altar
aurrha

aurra

arri, barri

tsheru, gul

handi

kundi

eche

akko

barri

gore

bortz

kui

kertscbl

orri

kere

erhi

kilisb

uria

kural

seme

chimir

zabala

chvallal

Kroliih.
heaven
bird
red

blue, green
death
old

throat
white
wood
leg
tree
fire
high
tongue

A comparison of the Basque with the other Caucasian languages,
Georgian, Circassian, and Mizjeji, would display siriilar relations
with some modification of the laws of phonetic change.

If now we ask what the Basque does with the Lesghian tl, we shall
find that it represents that sound chiefly by the letters r and I.
This equivalency of tl, and sometimes of ntl, to r and I also appears
in comparing the Lesghian dialects among themselves or with other
Caucasian languages.

BAggtTi.

LUOHIAN.

ceru

s«r

chort

zur

gorl, gorrl

hlrl

urdln

crdjln

horlotze

haratz

agure, zar, calur

herau, otshru

clnzur

seker

churla, curia

tchalasa

zura

zul

aztal

uttur

zuhatsa

giiet, hueta

gan

okanne

mla

mas

COMPARISON OF LESGHIAN FORMS IN tl WITH OTHER CAU-
CASIAN AND BASQUE FORMS.

Emolish.

Lbsohian.

Other Forms.

hair

tlozi

ras, Lesghian,

bone

tlusa

rekka

wood

thludl

redu-kazu "

tomorrow

shishatia

shile

night

retlo

rahle

sheep

betl

b;ira

maize

zoroto-roodl

tzozal-lora "

goat

antle

arle

Blx

antlko

ureekul

nail

matl

mare, Mizjeji

low

tlukHr

lochun "

eight

bitlno

bar, barl "

sun

mitll

malch

" beri, Legghian,

marra, Circantian,

flesh

ytl

glli

forehead

tlokva

illech

easy

intlauga

Ulesu

erreeha, Basque.

loins

tlono

erraioac "

water

htli

butter

yetl

tlozi

guri "
Seao

hair

earth

r«U

lurra, laur "

i i

Pit

EN0LI8H.

Lksohian.

yellow
day
horn
knee

tlelii
tlyal
(l«r
tloB

...:\

, The following represent the exceptions to the rule both in form
and in numerical proportion : ~ .„ .fj/"

Otiuui Forms.
dula, Jjtsghian.
thyal, tchzal "
I adar, Basque.

belaun "

From the preceding examples it appears that the Lesghian sounds
represented by tl, thl, ntl, are the equivalents of r and I generally^
and sometimes of (f or t. The latter exception probably finds its
explanation in Basque, for in the dialects of that language an occa-
sional permutation of r and ' into t and d takes place. Thus ideki
to take away, becomes ireki, and iduzki the sun, becomes iruzki,
while elur snow, sometimes assumes the form edur, and belar grass^
that of bedar. The last exception cited, that in which the Lesghian
tloH is compared with the Basque belaun, is really no exception, for
elaun is the true representation of tlon, the initial b being prosthetic
to the root, as is frequently the case in Basque. Among many
examples that might be given, I may simply cite belar the ear, as
compared with the Jtizjeji lerk.

Turning now to the Aztec, on the supposition that it is related to
the Basque and Caucasian languages, we naturally expect to find on
comparison a coincidence of roots and even of words following upon
the recognition of tl and ntl as the equivalents of r and I in these
forms of speech. The fact that the Aztec alphabet is deficient in
the letter r favours such an expectation. But our comparison must
be cade with due caution. Any one who has examined a Mexican
dictionary, such as that of Molina, must have been struck with the
remarkable preponderance of words commencing with the letter t
over those beginning with any other letter of the alphabet. These
words comprise considerably more than one third of the whole lexi-
con. A certain explanation of this is found in the fact that the two
particles te and tla possess, the former an indefinite personal, and the
latter a substantive, signification, and thus enter largely into the
stnicture of compound words. Whatever its gi'ammatical value in
Azticc, however, it appears, on compai'ing the Aztec vocabulary with
its related forms of speech, that initial t or te, which leaving tl out of
account stili occupies one fifth of the lexicon, is frequently prosthetic
to the root.

The following are some of the chief laws of phoiietic change derived

from a comparison of the Aztec and Lesghian languages. These
may be found operating to almost as great an extent in the Lesghian
dialects among themselves : —

1. The Aztec combinations tl, ntl, are either rendered in Lesghian by

the same soynds, or by r or L In some cases in which phonetic
decay has set in, the Aztec tl is either omitted or represented by
a dental. The Lesghian occasionally rexiders the Aztec I and
U by tl.

2. The interchange of p and m, which appeared in comparing the

Basque and the Lesghian, for the Aztec is deficient in the sound
of b, characterizes a comparison of the Aztec with the Caucasian
languages.

3. A similar interchange of n and I, or the ordinary equivalents of 1,

such as marked the Iroquois in comparison with the Basque,
occasionally characterizes the relations of the Aztec and Caucas-
ian tongues.

4. The Ijesghian, as already indicated, persists in the rejection of

initial vowels, and the same is genemlly true of reduplications
and medial aspirates.

5. As in many Aztec words initial t forms no part of the root, but is

a prosthetic particle, it finds no place in such cases in the corres-
ponding Lesghian term,

6. The Lesghian occasionally strengthens a word by the insertion of

medial r before a guttural, for which of course there can be no

provision in Aztec.
I have not thought it desirable to burden this paper with laws
relating to other changes, as the relation of the compared words will
be sufficiently apparent ; but, for the purpose of illustration, I have
added corresponding terms from other Khitan languages exempli-
fying the rules set forth.

S I

COMPARISON OF AZTEC AND LESGHIAN FORMS.

Emolisk.

AiTKC.

Pkomktig Ch\nob.

Lbsghian.

water

atl

ar al

htli

low

tlatzintli

latzili, latziri

tlukur

tlauatli

lacali, lacari

tlyal, djekul

tlanquaitl

lancail, lancair

tlon

4Mr

mn^atl

mazal, inazar

mltli

earth

tlalli

ralli, larrl

rati

night

tlalli

<< It

retlo, rahle

yestei-day
Ice

yalhua
cetl

alhua
eel, cer

hutl
zer, zar

wind

ehecatl

ehecal, ehccur

churl

•heep

ichcatl

ichcal, iehuar

klr

Illustrations. "-
ur, Basque
liuchtliu, Koriak
allochal, teluehtat, Koriak
zangar, Basque
cconcor, QutcA.ua
mool, Yuma
lurra, Basqfte
ueillhe, Choctaw
hooriz, Dacotah
kori, Japanese .,.■}

gyg.'tlkei, Koriak
achuri, Basque
cchon, A ymara

ii it-

Enolish.

Atzbc.

mud

stone

dust

grass

star

hair

skm

eye

wood

soquitl

tetl

.euhtli

quilitl

citlalli

tzontli

cnatl

ixtli

quauitl

foot

year

god

clothes

cold

mountain

moon

leg

hand

honey

icxitl

xiuitl

teotl

tlatqtl

cecuiztli

tepetl

metztli

maitl

necutli

bread

tlaxualli

copper

tepuztli

mouth

camatl

belly
feather
rain
woman

xillantli
ybuitl
quiahuitl
cihup.tl

bird
name

to-totl
to-caitl

beard
river
throat
back

te-nchalli
at-oyatl
t-uzquitl
to-puztli

son

to-natiuh

evening
snow

te-otlac
cepayauit!

man

maceualli

small

tlocoton, t

sand

shoulders

son

xalli

acoUi

tepil-tzin

woman, wife

fish

to-day

tenamifi

michiu

axcan

give

stone

bkck

hard

old

maca

topecat

caputztic

tepitztic

veue

green

great
«

dog

quiltic

yzaohi

yzachipul

chichi

amo

than

ye, yehua

Phokbtic Cranob.
zokil, zokir
tel, ter
teuhli, teuhri
kilil kirir
cUalli, cirarri
tzoli, tzori
cual, Guar
ishli, ishri
kauil, kauir
kauit

icshil, icshir
shiuil, shiuir
tool, teor
ratkl, latkr
cecuizli, cecuizri
tepel, taper

metzli, metzri
II If

mail, mair
neculi, necuri

Lesohian.
zchur
tsheru
chur

Cher, guln
suri
tshara
quli
chuli
zul

guet, hueta
kash
thahel
saal, zalla
paltar, retelkum
chuatzala
dubura
moots, bars
maho
ku-mur
nHtzi, nuzo

kshcalli, rashealli zulha

tepuzU, tepuzri

carnal, camar

shillal, shiUar
ywil, ywir
kiavil, kiavir
cival, civar

tol, tor
call, cair

nchalli, ncharri
oynl, oyar
uzkil, uzkir
puzh, puzri

natiuk

olak, orak
payauil, payauir

maceualli

shalli, sharri
acolli, acorri
tepil, tepir

tenamic

michin

ashcan

maca

topecat ;
capulztic
tepitztic '
veue

kiltie

izachi

izachipul

chichi

uno

dupsi

sumun, moli

siarad
bel, pala
gvaral
tshaba

adjari, zur
zyer, zar

muzul, mussur
uor, chyare
seker
machol

adtit

sarrach, Mi^eji
marchala

murgul

cliitina

keru
hiro
timir, chimir

ganabi

migul, besuro
djeliul

beckish

teb

kaba

debchase

vochor

sholdisa
zekko
ohvallal
Choi

he, heua

dni

heich

Illcstrationb

chulu, Cortan

tol " ' ■

turo, Quichua

kyrau, Yeniseian

zirari, Aino

thorok, Corean

ccara, Quichua

akahra, Iroquois

kuUu, Quichna

zuhaitz, Basque

ochsita, Iroquois

ogera, "

chail, koil, r^tkahiri

aldarri, aldagarri, Hasque

hutseelo, xetcbur, Ywna

neit-tippel, Koriak

muarr, Shoshonese

onitsa, Iroquois

masseer, Shoshonese

miski, Quichua

mitzi, Japanese

lagul, Yukahiri

rajali, Yeniseian

tup, thep, Yeniseian

tetiopulgun, Kamtehatdalt

simi, Quichua

homal-galgen, Koriak

kolid, Kamtchatdak

pum, Quichua

kufll-kishen, Koriak

sipi, Corean

sungwal, Shoshonese

tori, Japatuse

chareigtsh, Kamtchatdale

teguala, Honora

hannockquell, Shoshonese

hahuiri, Ayinara

eztarri, Basque

bizkhar, "

kaptcher, Koriak

nituhi, Japatuse

inti, QuichMa

sonrek, Iroquois

pukoolli, Yukahiri

pagolkd, Koriak

birklijarjat, Yeniseian

roailik, Pujuni

cikadang, Dakotah

iskitini, Choctaw

challa, Aymara

callachi, "

comerse, Yuma

tiperic, Sunora

kanafe, Corean

mughat, pughutsi, Shoshonete

hichuru, Aymara

tachan, Migjeji

eman, emak, Baaqxu

tipi, iihoshonese

shupitkat, Dacoiah

kil)i(;hii, Japanese

vucha, Araucanian

apaclii, Aymara

sherecat, Ducotah

hashka, "

zabnl, Basqtie

cocochi, Sonora

ama, Quichua

ni, Basque

na, Aymara

zu, Basque

ta, Aymara

hau, Basque

uca, Aytnara

'ni

The Georgian does not exhibit the Aztec tl, but, as it is regarded
by Professor Sayce as the living language mosL likely to represent
the speech of the ancient Hittites, a brief comparison of its forms
with those of the Aztec may not be out of place. Like the Lesghian
it is impatient of initial vowels, and it generally agrees with that
language in the laws of phonetic change, adding, however, this pecu-
liarity, the occasional insertion of v before I. The v seems generally
to represent u, or some similar vowel sound, and is probably such a
corruption of the original as appears in the Samivel of Pickwick
compared with the orthodox Samuel.

COMPARISON OF AZTEC AND GEORGIAN FORMS.

English.

AZTBC.

Phonetic Ch/inob.

OeoROIAN.

fowl

tototl

totol, totor

dedali

red

chichiltic

Uiteli

blood

eztli

ezli, ezri

sischli

house

calli

sachli

mountain

quautla

kaula, kaura

gora

horn

quaquauitl

kakaul, kakaur

akra

sheep
wine

ichcatl

ichcal, icbcar

tschchu:i

ehecatl

ehecal, ehecar

kari

heart

yullotl

yullol, yuUor

gulu

dog

oouel

ocuel

okurza, kali

yzcuintli

izkUi, izkirl

dzagli, djogori

nose

yacatl

hacal, hacar

zchviri

hair

tzontli

tzoli, tzori

tzvere (beard)

moon

metztii

metzli, metzri

mtvare

silver

teo-quitlatl

kilal, kilar

kvartshili

shoulder

te-puztli

puzli, puzri

mchari

tomorrow

muztii

mnzli, muzri

inichnr

leg

metztii

metzli, metzri

muchli

tokiU

niiclia

miclia

mokVili

mother

nantli

nali, nari

nana

snow

uepayauitl

cepayauil, cepayauir
coval, covar

tovli

snake

cohuatl

gvell

boy
lightning

tepit-tzin

tepil

shvUi

tlapetlani

lapelani

elvai

leaf

iatla-pallo

iala-pallo, iala-parro

lur-zeli
catou

small

tzocoton

tzucoton

man

oquichtli

okichli, okichri

ankodj

oiakotsh, Koriak
guru, Aino

Illustrations.

totolin, Sonora
tsatsal, Kamtchatdak
odol, Batqut
ehri, Dacotah
can. caliki, Sonora
kkoilu, Aynu ~
quajra, "
ccaora, "
helcala, Sonora
gullugu, KatntchatdaU
okulosoha, Choctaw
suhari, Shoshones*
surra, Basque
cher. Pueblos
tsheron, Kamtchatdak
muarr, Shoahonue
cilarra, Basque
buhun, Lesghian
mayyokal, Yuma
ametche, "
wakerio, eukerio, Iroquois
nourha, Iroquois
repaliki, Sonora
toeweroe, Shoshonese
tiperic, Sonora
illappa, Quichua
wilhyap, Yuina
bll-tlel, Knmtchatdale
cikadang, Dacotah
oonquich, Iroquois
aycootoh, Yuma
ccari, Quichua

The Circassian language abounds in labials, and thus finds its best
American representatives among the Dacotah dialects. Neverthe-
less it presents many words which come under the same general laws
in relation to the Aztec that have characterized the Lesghian and
Georgian.

COMPARISON OF AZTEO AND CIRCASSIAN FORMS.

English.

AZTKC.

Phunbtic Chanob.

OlRCARSlAN.

IlXTOTIUTIOira. (

hand

inapipi

mapipi

meppe

nape, Davotah
mash pa, SkoshotUM

bUck

caputztic

kvatsha

shupitcat, Dacntah
yupikha, Shoihonese

heavy

etic

oDdogh

tekay, tekash, Dacotah

lister

teicu

tsheeyakh

itaku, itakisa, "

tshakyhetcli, Koriak

«<

tepi, tecluapo

tepl

tabcha, tsheebk

cuhnba, Muysea

shoulder

tepuxtli

tepuzli

daniasha

tapsut, Aiiw
gepuca, Mvysea '
ibusu, Japanese

smoke

poctli

pocli, pocri

bacha

lip

tenxi-palli

uku-fari

kuchi-liiiu, Japaneie

meat

nacatl

uacal, nacar

mikel

niku, Japanei*

easy

velehiu-aliztli

velchiu

plane, illesu

raku,

crrecha, Biisque
arrangya, Yukahiri
jacuel, Yuma

child

aoatl

acal, acar

. kaala

hoy, sou

tepil-tzin

tepil

tshvalye, chvalay

akwal-nesuta, Natehe*

Uacatl

lacal

. tie

kelgola, Kamtchatdale
odol, Ba»pie

blood

eztli

ezli, ezri

tleh, kleh

huila, .fymara

dog

chichi

chhah

kahi, Cnrmn

quixmo

kishino

ekesima

hetschen, Lesghian

summer

xupan

shupan

gapne (spring)

tofah, Choctaw

As things which are equal to the same thing are equal to one an-
other, it follows that, by the application of the same law of phonetic
change, the vocabulary of the Aztec must coincide with that of the
Basque, in spite of the fact that these two tongues have main-
tained a separate existence for some 2500 or 3000 years. No-
thing can moi-e convincingly prove the indestructibility of human
speech, not only in mere thought-forms but in the ipsissima verbuy
than a comparison of the two vocabularies.

COMPARISON OF AZTEC AND BASQUE FORMS.

English. Aztrc. Intbrhkdiate Forhs. Basqur.

sheep ichcatl kir, Lesghian ; <jcaora, Aynutra achuri

nose yacatl zchviri, Georgian ; cher, sodomah, PuebZoi sur, sudur

rain quiavitl gvaral, Lesghian ; furi, Japanese euri

star fitlalli z\ym\, Aino; san, Lesghion izar

water atl htli, Lesghian ; ul, ur, Veniseian ur

worm ocuiloa kiliigir, Aino ; ktiru, Quichua chicharla

bad aquallotica wliaTicli, Yuma ; achali, Koriak char, nharto

mountain quautla gora, Georgian ; kar, Veniseian zerra

stone ttti tol, Corean ; kell, Yukahiri harri

ice cell zer, Lesghian ; chilcn, Jfwj^t karroln

flsh atlau ennen, A'oriaA ; olloga, FufcaAtri arrain

wood salli ; , zul, Lenghian ; kullu, Quic/iua zura

bird tntotl '' ' adjari, zur, Lesghian ; gariolia, Iroquois cliori

dog yzoiiintli aghwal. schiiri, iS'Ao«/ion«8e ; tkari, ATii^'e^i zacur

throat tuzquitl seker, Z,esgr/iian; iakwal, Araucan eztar

old veue vochor " hachuoli.CAoctoto agure

evening teotlac sarrach, Mizjeji ; sonrek, Iroquois arrax, arrats

axe tlatecnni adaganu, Koriak; atacarte. Yuma aizkor

bread tiaxcalli lagul, I'ufcaAm; tikaru, SftosftoTiese hazkurri

bow tlaoitolli ratla, Koriak ; gahlotrahde, Cherokee uztadirra

thunder tlaquaqualaca yekllkegie, urgirgerkin, Koriak ehurzuri

river atoyatl uor, chyare, Lesghian ; hahuiri, Ayvuxra uharre

earth tlalli delchal, Koriak; rati, Lesghian lur

child acatl Jacuel, Yuma; jali, Yeniseian aur

clothes tlatqtl retelkum, paltar, Lesghian aldagarri, aldarri

knee tlanquaitl cconcor, Quichua ; hizanosara, Japaneie zangar

Intermf.dutk Forms. Basque.

illeHU, Circa* : arranRya, Yukahiri errecha

telpilgin, tHnhilpit. Koriak sorbalUa

colaque. Aymini ; kvartaohiK, Georgian cilarra

raton, /,w/«ow; aru«i, Aymara erran, erraitea

iii. QuichiM ; hiinasu, Javaneie mintsa

ini)lKin, Koriak ; iiiarqui, Sonora bortz

niari, Araticnn ; i>eeragn, Dacotah amar

shahemo, shaciini, Dacotah aizpi
hannockquell, Shoahonese ; musur, Lughiun bizar

mayyokal, Yuma ; niichar, Georgian bihar

kaptcher, Koriak ; irianhol, Lesghian bizkhar

hapar, Yeniseian ; sobira, Japanese guibel

pulantijaha, Yeniseian ; puriy, Quiehua Tbilcea

tlch, kleh, Circngsian ; hiiila, Aymara odnl

tar, Mvfjeji; teyga, Yeniteiun thilia

tshiiloh, Kesghittn; tRhnl. Yukahiri azal, achal

oocheelali, Irotjuois ; onzshil, Yukahiri atzazal

kayra, Quiehua ; kaynni, Japanese iguela

ela, Choctaw ; or, Corean. el. hel

oboloo, ahoshonese; chvnllal, f.esghian ziibal

kotar, " gii'^t, hueta, Le$ghian zuhaitz

wakum, Arancan; tachan. Mitjeji eguii

iziUt, Shoshonese ; ecUta, Circassian ozt

hutoeclo, xetchur, Yuma otubero

hailpit, Yuma ; bikh-Jal, Yeninian mut-il

dahab, tkivisa, Lesghian tipia

tipcrii', Sonnrn ; timir, nhiinir. Lesghian seme

kuitliibiru, Japanese ; uku-fari, Circassian ez-pana

chojashin, koriak ; liaaHing, Adahi giznii
achacollo,a(;hacn, Aymara; dsugoh, Cireosa. sagu

stmi, Quichtui ; khni|)i, Atacama auba

zar, Lesghian; cliinna, Iroquois Izen, Icen
tsheebk, &hiip(;Ii. Circass. ; culinba, Muysca nizpa

niillh, Yuma ; sliawagare, Shoshonese beltz

acate, /Sonora; nhekin, " aicea

hoahcasse, Dacotah ; eb/^hk, Cirrassian guci

toka, " taicyok, Corenn etsaya

mny-Bcna, Muysca ; beckish, Lesghian enian, eiiiak

ccotas, Atacatna ; joatsh, Yukahiri gaicho, gaitz

nah, Puehlo; na, Aymara; na, Lesghian ni

too, " ta, " de, Dacotah zu

ihih, " uca, " eeah, " hau

Thanks to the survival of Lesgliian forms in tl, the disguise of the
Aztec has been i)enetrated, and we are thus enabled to assert, first
•of all, that the apparently widely diverg«nt Peruvian dialects, the
'Quiehua, Aymara, Atacameno, «kc., are really its near relations.
There is therefore every reason to believe that the Peruvians were
the Toltecs, who preceded the Aztecs as rulers of Mexico, and who,
under their king, Topiltzin Acxitl, withdrew to the south in 1062,
and there founded the kingdom of the Sun. The Peruvian annals
place the accession of their first historical monarch, Sinchi Rocca, in
the same year. Passing over the intermediate kingdom of Bogota,
the home of the Chibchas or Muyscas, which was distinctively Peru-
vian in character, and another Toltec remnant, the Lencas of Hon-
duras, we come to the north of the Aztec country, where the Sonora,
Pueblos, and Paduca tribes dwell, who have already been associated
with the Aztecs by several writei-s. To these I would add the com-
paratively small but philologically important Yuma and Pujuni fami-

Enoi.ibh.

AzTBc:.

•easy

veiohlu-aliztli

shoulder

cuitla tantli

silver

t.eoqu tlatl

speak

tiatoa

notza

five

inacuiUi

ten

niatlactli

seven

cbicome

beard

tenchalli

-to-moiTow

miiztli

bank

MpllZtli

walk

malquiua

blo(Jd

eztli

breast

teloliiquiuh

skin

cuatl

nail

yztetl

frog

cueyatl

come

vallauh

i 5reat
;ree

yzachipnl
quauitl

to-day

axuan

cold

yztic.

cecuiztli

child

tetel-puch

small

tepiton

boy, son

tepil-tzin

lip

tenxipalli
oquichtli

man

mouse

vecacotl

mouth

cauiatl

name

tocnitl

sister

tpoinapo

black

yapall

wind

ehecati

all

ixquich

«nemy

teyaouh

give

maoa

sick

cocoxqui

thou

'^ I

lies. In all of these tribes we may recognize the barbarous Chichi-
mecs through whom the Aztecs passed on their way to empire. But
of the same race are the central stocks, the Dacotah and Pawnee ;.
and to no other belong the eastern families of the Huron-Cherokees,
and the Choctaw-Muskogees. The Algonquins of the north, like the
Maya^Quich^s of Central America, are of a totally distinct branch of
the Great Turanian division. The samples of Mound Builder lan-
guage furnished by the Davenport, the Grave Creek, and the Brush.
Creek Stones add their evidence to that of the written charactera in
favour of a connection of the Mound Builders with the Azi ics and
related tribes. The Dacotah Mandans, the Choctaws, the Natchez,
and the Aztecs, have been severally set forth as the Mound Buildei*s..
The true Mound Builders may have been none of these, but a distinct
tribe of AUighewi or Alleghenies, for whqm we must look elsewhere,
still, however, to find them a portion of the same great family.
Ancient traces of this tribe appear in the Hittite country of the
Nairi in Mesopotamia, where Elisansu was situated ; in the Alazonus
river of Albania in the Caucasus ; in the nation of the Halizoni of
Pontus mentioned by Homer ; in the Scythic Alazonians of Herodo-
tus ; and in Alzania, a mountain region of the Basques. It is not at
all improbable that the ancient name survives in those of the Alasar
and AUakaweah, sub-tribes of the Dacotahs, but this on'y tends to-
prove that a people of the same race as the Dacotahs, and not neces-
sarily the Dacotahs themselves, were the Mound Builders.

There is abundant reason for believing the tradition of most of the
American tribes I have mentioned to the effect that their ancestora
passed over the sea or great river and traversed a region of intense
cold before arriving at their destination in more hospitable climates.
Kamtchatka must have been their point of departure from the Old
World, whether they reached that point from the Siberian Desert or
journeyed thitherward from Corea and Japan by the Kurile Islands.
There they set foot on the Aleutian chain which earned them safely
over to the coast of Alaska. In Kamtchatdale there are many Aztec
traces, and some which exhibit an exaggeration of the peculiarity of
Aztec speech with which this paper is mainly occupied. Such is the
rendering of the Aztec verb tlacotla, to love, by the elongated but dis-
tinctly recognizable form taUochtelasin. And, with the Kamtchatdale^
the Aztec connection, which has been illustrated by comparative
vocabularies, embraces all the hitherto unclassified languages of Nor-

11-
ut

them Asia and Europe. The same forms that prevail over a great
part of the American continent, somewhat disguised yet easily recog-
nizable, are found in Japan and in Siberia, in the Caucasus and in.
Biscay.

Some time ago I alluded to a passage in the Paschal Chronicle in'
which the Dardanians of the Troad are referred to as Hittites, and
since then Professor Sayce has seen reason for connecting the whole
Trojan family with that ancient and illustrious people. Strabo tells
us that at Hamaxitus in the Troad the Teucri, near relations of the
Dardani, consecrated a temple to Apollo Smintheus as a memorial of
the destruction of their bow-strings and other leathern ai-ticles by an
army of rats or mice. The same story is told by Herodotus of the
Assyrian army, opposed by the Egyptian Sethos, whose name, being
the equivalent of Sheth, is truly Hittite. This same story lives in
America among the Utes of the Paduca or Shoshonese family, as
related by Professor Powell, and among the Muskogees, as told by
Dr. Brinton. Hamaxitus, the Trojan town where the legend was
localized, was in all probability a transported Hittite Hamath, for in
the form Hamaxia it occurs in the peculiarly Hittite country Cilicia,
whei-e Cetii dwelt in ancient times, and where Hittite kings held
limited sway in the days of Rome's supremacy. The Scythic Ham-
axoeci very probably bore no closer relation to the chariot or Hamaxa
than the Muskogees do to musk. These words Hamaxitus, Hamaxia,
and Ham axoeci designated a tribe, sub-tribe or caste, which originally
had its chief representatives in the Syrian Hamath. They were
scribes, the most likely people to preserve and hand down traditions
of the past, the Amoxoaquis of the Mexicans, and the Amautas of the
Peruvians. Through them this legend, and manv others which recall
old world stories, have found a resting-place on the American conti-
nent. Many writers on comparative mythology have been led to-
connect American tribes with Aryans and Semites by failing to recog-
nize what Accadian studies have fully established, that the Turanians-
were the instructors in mythology and in many other things of these
more highly favoured divisions of the human race.

The decipherment of the Hittite and Siberian inscriptions by the
Aztec is but the first step in the solution of problems relating to-
ancient Old World populations, which are supposed either to have-
been exterminated or to have lost their independent existence. And.
the superior purity of the Aztec language as preserved by a literaryr

'people, spite of its dialectic peculiarities, will enable the philologist
to shed light on many points of etymology and construction in the
languages of Europe and Asia to which it is related. Take, for in-
stance, the world totolh-tetl, an egg. Its meaning is clear, for i<^lh is
totoU a fowl, and tetl denotes a stone. By a simple {lostposition of
the nominative, therefore, the Aztec word for egg means the stone of
the bird. In Yukahirian the word used is nont«nrdavX. Now nonda
means a bird in Yukahirian, a form doubtless of the Lesghian onotsh,
and the Japanese ondori, a fowl ; but daul, which is just the Aztec
tetl, does not now designate a stone in that language. The form has
undergone change and is now kell, but there can be no doubt that
daul or tol was once the Yukahirian name for stone, as it now is the
Mizjeji, Corean and Choctaw form. The Basque word, which I have
not found any explanation of among the Basque etymologists, is
arrolchia or arroltz. Here the order of the Aztec and the Yukahir-
ian is inverted, for arri denotes a stone, and oUo or oUo, a fowl. The
final chi or zi before the article a, is the mark of the genitive which
is now aco or eco. Hence, literally translated, arrolchia is " stone
fowl of the." The Iroquois has entirely lost the etymology of his
word onhonchia, in which the Basque r and I have been replaced by
n ; and the same is the case with the Peruvian, who, by following his
usual practice, like the Lesghian, of removing the initial vowel, and
simply changing the I to n, makes the word runto. The Circassian
kutarr is probably of the same composition, for hit should represent
kuttei/, fowl, and arr, though not now a Circassian word, was so at
the time when Circassians and Basques were one people, and derived
their respective tribal and local names, Chapsuch and Guipuzcoa,
from the Hittite land of Kbupuscai. It is interesting to note, as
exhibiting the vicissitudes of language, that the Corean, who calls a
stone tol or tor, retains arr, the primitive terra, to denote an egg,
just as the Aztecs frequently employed tetl to express the same with-
out any prefix.

There is a Basqiie word, the derivation of which puzzles the lexi-
cographers, although some have ventured to derive the only Basque
term denoting a boy from the Latin. It is mutil, or with the article
mutilla. In Lesghian, motshi is a boy, in Japanese, musuko, in
Sonoro, te-machi ; but, as a rule, the m of these languages is replaced
in othera of the Khitan family by an ordinary labial. A similar
difficulty in Basque attends the connected word iUoba, which may

?g.

mean a nephew or niece, or a grandchild. I am disposed to see in-
these terms the same word aa the Aztec tetelpueh, which appears to-
mean *' the offspring of somebody," or *' of a pei-son," for tetech, which
in composition becomes tetel, denotes personality. The Aztec puch,
offspring, would thus be the same as the Basque ba, and mut. That
the mut of mutil corresponds with the mua of the Japanese mvsuko,
appears from the comparison of another Basque word of similar form,
mutchitu, mouldy. This answera to the Japanese equivalent viuseta,
as mutil does to musuko. The Aztec word for mouldy is poxcauhqui,
and, although there can be no connection between mustiness and off-
spring, answera in form to puch, a-s mutchitu to mutU and mv^eta to
musuko. The ba of iUoba is l)ut an abbreviated form of puch, such
as appears in the Aino po, the Yeniseian puwo, and the Circassian
ippa. The Basque word for child iinerabea, norhabe, which connects
with nor, norbait, somebody, just as the LooChoo worrabi, also mean-
ing child, shows its relation to waru, the Japanese aru, likewise de-
noting " somebody." It appears therefore that " somebody's wean "
is a thoroughly Khitan conception. In Georgian, boshi which may
be taken as the root word, means " child," and in Lesghian vaaJisho.
But the Aino vaa-asso and bog-otchi seem to be compound terms, like
the Cho ^w poos-koos and the Dacotah wah-cfteesh and bak-katte.
Similar forms are the Iroquois wocca-naune, and the inverted Muys-
can guasgua-jucha. The abbreviation of boahi or puch to ba, be or bi
as in the Basque and LooChoo, finds its parallel in the Yeniseian
dul-bo, a doubly apocopated tetel-puch. The Yuma hail-pit seems
almost to reproduce the Basque form, which inverted would read
il-mut. One of the Sonora dialects, as we have seen, gives te-muchi
for boy ; one of the Iroquois, ihiha-wog ; the Choctaw, chop-pootche ;
and the Shoshonese, ah-pats. In the Old World, the Corean fur-
nishes tung-poki ; the Kamtchatdale, kam^anapatch, a long form as
in the Dacotah m^narkbetse ; and the Yeniseian, pigge-dvlb and bikh-
jal. But the Yeniseian and Kamtchatdale also designate a son by
the simple word for offspring, bit, and petsch in the respective
languages. In the Georgiaii, Circassian, and Peruvian Aymara, this
simple form seems to be reserved for the girls, for daughter in these
languages is bozo, pchu, and ppucha. The Aztec preiixes to the word
offspring pu^h, one of its terms denoting woman, female, the whole
being teich-puch. This is the tahide-petch of the Kamtchatdale, and,
with inversion of paits, the bai-tctg,. of the Yukahiri. Other correa-

ponding Khitan forms for girl, daughter, are the Circassian piis-pa,
the Yeniseian bikh-jalja, the Koriak gna-fiku and goe-behkak, the
KamtchatdaJe uchtshi-petch, the Corean bao-zie, and the Japanese
muau-me ; and, in America, the Paduca or Shoshonese wi/a-pichi, the
Dacotah weet-achnong, and the Iroquois kaunuh-ioukh and echrqjeha-
wak. The Basque word for girl, ala-ba, ala-bichi, is in harmony with
iUoba, nerabea, and the inverted mut-illa, and corresponds with the
Yeniseian, bikh-jalja. Besides these more conspicuous forms there are
many others which exhibit a common formation. Among the Yuma
words denoting boy, and the equivalents of hail-pit in other dialects,
occur her-mai and yle-moi, in which the Basque mut and Japanese
musu are abbreviated into niai and moi. Of the same structure are
the Peruvian Quichua huar-ma and the Circassian ar-ps. Two other
words for boy, the Japanese bo-san, and the Araucanian bo-tum, be-
long to the same category ; and thei-e are many other forms, such as
the Adahi talla-hache, in which the labial of boahi or puch has been
converted into an aspirate, to which I need refer no farther. The
Aztec tetel-puch and teich-puch are the types of the many terms men-
tioned, which exhibit the singular agreement, with phonetic varia-
tions, of the Khitan languages in the formation of these compounds.
A very common ehiment in compound Aztec words is palli, which,
besides denoting colour as in ya-pcdli, black, and quil-paUi, green,
appears to have the meaning of "contents, belonging to," just as the
Japanese iro means colour, and iru, to hold or contain. So in
Basque, bal is a root denoting colour in the abstract, and bar, a cor-
•responding root signifying contents. In Aztec tenod-palli means lip,
but its derivation is only apparent in Japanese, in which language
the word for lip is kwM-biru. Now kuchi is the mouth, and biru is
the original of im, to hold, contain or enter. The Aztec tenoci does
not appear in the dictionaries as a word for mouth, camatl being the
term employed ', but the related Shoshonese family furnishes atongin,
tungin, and the Adahi, teifianat. The Circassian lip is uku-fari,
plainly the same word as the Japanese and Aztec, although uku is
not the present Circassian term for mouth. The Corean form is
ipai-oor, in which ipsi represents the Corean ipkoo, the mouth, and
oor, the Japanese iru or biru. So also the Natchez adds er to heche
the mouth; and calls the lip ehec-er. The Araucanian, from a primi-
tive word ia, like the Dacotah ea, the Yuma yu, the Circassian ^e, ja,
.the Corean ii and the Basque oho, all meaning mouth, forms, with

the equivalent of palli, biru »'nd /dri, iorpelk, lip. The Circassian
alone retains the sound of iiaft*, utsha for mouth, which appears in
the inverted Lesghian mnv-tachi, and Mizjeji har-<laah, their equival-
enti for uku-fari. In Iroquois the lip is oak-wenta. By the conver-
sion of r and I into n, which characterizes the Iroquois in comparison
with most of the other Khitan languages, wenta represents an original
bar, pel, berta or palta. The double meaning of this root which has
appeared in the Azteo palli, the Japanese iro and iru^ and the Basque
bel and bar, holds good in the case of the Iroquois, for colour is wen-
sera, in which wen is the radical, and iowente means " accompanying
or belonging to." The form wen is by no means so common in Iro-
quois as to make this a chance coincidence. The first part of the
word osk-wenta is an abbrevation of a common form denoting the
mouth. In the Basque we are warranted in rejecting Van Eys's deri-
vation of ezpana, the lip, from the root es, to shut, inasmuch as the
same root in eztarri, the throat, would be manifestly out of place. In
•ez therefore we detect the ancient form for mouth which the Circas-
sian gives as itaha, and the Natchez as heclie. And in pana, when it
is remembered that the change of 2 to n is not uncommon in the
Basque dialects, there is no difficulty in seeing an archaic pala, even
if the Iroquois wen did not justify the connection. The Aztec tenxi-
jpaUi has derived its enxi, for the t is prosthetic, from such a strength-
ened form of the ez, eche, mouth, as is found in the Yukahiri anga,
angya, and in the Lenca ingh. The following table will set more
clearly before the eye these relations of the Khitan languages in the
Old World and in the New : —

I !

FORMS OF THE AZTEC palli.

COLUVR.

CONTBNTS, PIRTAININO TO

Lip.

Aztec

palli

tenxi-palH

Japanese

iro biro

iru, biru

kuchi-biru

In>quoi8

tcenaera,

iowente

osk-wenta

Basque

bel

bar

ez-pana

A somewhat similar instance is aflPorded in the Aztec word for leaf,
icUla-pcUlo or quauhatla-paUi, of which the fii'st part is the word
denoting a tree. The same is the case with eatcha in the correspond-
ing Yuma term eatchorberbetaen. But the Uel of the inverted Kamt-
chatdale bil-tlel, the djitaha of the Yukahiri pal-djitaha, and the zeli of
the Georgian pv/r-zeli, no longer mean tree in these tongues. The
Kamtchatdale now uses utha and uuda, diminished forma of the

Lesghian hu^ta and the Basqup zuaitz. The Yukahiri has oonfonne<f
to the Lesghian dxul in tahal ; and the Qeorgian, with its che, tka^
and tcheka, more nearly approaches the Yuma and other American
forms. Still tlel, djitaha and zeli are thoroughly Khitan in character,
answering to the Circassian sda, the Basque zuhatna, and the Lesghian
dzul and Yukahiri tahaL Such examples suffice to show how diffi-
cult it must be to gain a thorough acquaintance with the structure of
our American languages, without having referanco to the stock from
which they are ilerived, as well as the paramount value of these
languages in all matters affecting the construction of the Basque and
Caucasian, the Siberian and Japanese tongues.

Whether the Aztec tl was an original element in Hittite speech, or
a corruption arising after the disiiersion in 717 B.C., we shall not
know definitely until the inscriptions of Syria and Asia Minor, of
India, Siberia, and Japan, yield a vocabulary of sufficient extent to-
enable us to judge. It is very probable that it existed as a substi-
tute for r in certain Khitan tribes from a very early period, since, in
the land of the Nairi, the Assyrian inscriptions mention a town Cit-
lalli, in which we recognize the Aztec word for star, the equivalents-
for which in Araucanian, Atacameno, Shoshonese, Aino, Lesghian '
and Basque are achcUda, luUar, ahul, zirari, auri, and izarra. The-
land of the Nairi or Nahri, the NaJmrina of the Egyptian records^
has been generally regarded as a form of the Semitic Naharaim, the
rivers, whence the designation Mesopotamia. But the word is purely
Turanian, and designates primarily a people, not a country. Th&
Egyytian form is the most perfect, as it preserves the medial aspirate-
and retains the Hittite plural in n. It is just the Aztec national
designation Nahuatl, Nauatl, or Na/vcUl, which, by the application of
the law of phonetic ihange, becomes Nahttar, Nauar or Navar. The
Aztec word means " that which is well-sounding, or a fluent speaker,"
but most of the words derived ivom. the same root have either the
meaning of law or meaaure or of interpretation. The fluent speaker
probably was looked upon as one who spoke with regard to the laws
of language and in measured tones, and the interpreter as one who
converted the idiom of barbarians into the well-regulated language of
the Aztecs. The Japanese preserve the word in two forms, noriy
meaning law or measure, and noori, translation. In Basque it is
represented by neurri, measir.e. and this in all probability is the
same woixi as Navarre, a Br -^que province. As Khupuscai and the

lain! of tlio Nahri are tuiited in tlio AHsyrian inscnptionR, ho, in
BASfpie jjf('Of»rapliy, an* (iuipnzcoa and Navarro. Tho Hcytliic Noiiri
of HcrtHlotiiH w<M'o |)r()hal>ly ninrnlKMH of tho wuno family. Tlio
NupiiranH. who are Aztecs, Hefctled in Nicaraj^iia, preserve the ancient
name but have hardened tlie aspirate into a guttural.

More tlian tliirty years ago that vett^ran ethnologist Dr. Latham,
wrote tho following : " The Kamskadale, tho Koriak, the Aino-
Japanese, and the Korean, are the Asiatic languiiges most like those
of America. (Afterwards he includes the Yiikahiri and elsewhere
connects that language with tho Yeniseian.) Unhesitatingly as I
make this assoi-tion - an assertion for which I have numerous tabu-
lated vocabularies as proof — T am })y no means prepared to say that
one-tenth part of the necessary work has been done for the parts in
({uestion ; indeed it is my impressioti that it is eiusier to connect
America witli the Kurile Ishmds and Japan, &c., than it is to make
Japan and the Kurile Islands, Ac, Asiatic." Nothing can be
truer than the above statement made l)y one whose name should carry
the greatest weight with all his scientific utterances to the minds of
8choIai-s. It is therefore simply incomprehensible how a writer on
philological subjects of such high standing as Mr. Horatio Hale could
be led to say, " Philologists are well aware tliat there is nothing in
the languages of the American Indians to favour the conjectui*e (for
it is nothing else) which derives the race from Eastern Asia." I
venture on the contrary to assert that there is no philologist worthy
of the name who, having carefully studied the languages of the New
World and the Old witli which this paper deals, has come to any
other 'conclusion than that reached by Dr. Latham and myself. And
if Mr. Hale will simply follow up the relations of the Basque, which
he wisely connects with our American aboriginal languages, he will
soon find himself among those very peoples of Eastern Asia whom he
so summarily dismisses. Dr. Latham's Peninsular Mongolidae, in-
cluding the Yeniseians, and the Americans, are neither Mongolic,
Tungusic, (with the exception of the Tinneh , Finno-Samoyedic, Dra-
vidian, or Monosyllabic. 'J'hey have relations in India among the
aboriginal northern peoples, and the Kadun or it-: I K.-uiens ut Bir
mail belong to the same race. But, with these except inns, the Khitau
do not connect with the Asiatic populations. Not till we reach the
confines of Europe and Asia in the Caucasus, where another unclassi-
fied group of languages makes its appearance, do we find the relatives

of the colonizers of America, and tlirough them effect, what Mr. Hale
would do per saltum across the Atlantic, a union with the Basques.

From these general considerations I turn to the special work set
forth in this paper, that namely vvliich exhibits the relation of the
Aztecs to the Khitan family in general, and in particular with those
branches of it which are found in the neighborhood of the ancient
Hittite civilizjition. The meagreness of my vocabularies of the Cau-
casian languages compelled me to illustrate their connection by the
closely related Basque in the case of the Hittite inscriptions which I
recently translated. Some examples of the relation of the Hittite
language spoken in Syria and Mesopotamia in the 8th and preceding
centuries B.C., may fitly close the argument in favour of the Hittite
or Khitan origin of these and their related languages.

COMPARISON OF HITTITE FORMS EROM THE MONUMENTS.

Enolish.

Hittite.

Basque.

Japanfsb.

Aztec.

dependence

kakala

kiitalo

kakari

cacalic, cetilia

incite

kasakaka

kitzikatu, kilikatu

keshikake

cocolquitia

oppose

kakeka

jivuki

giyaku

ixquaqua

desirous

manene

iiiiu

mune

mayanani

beseech

neka

IlilStu

negau

notza

modest

simaka

/iiuiko

tsume

temociui

country

kane

guno

kuni

cana

out

kara

zilhotzo

kiru

xeloa

liura, ban

are

small

sasa

uhiki

sasai

xocoa

put

tai'a

eziirri

ateru

tlalia

Hght

tiketi

zehatu, etsaigo

tekitai

teyaotia

between

ueke

nas, uahas

naka

netech

hastily

sakasakasa

takataka

sekaseka

iciuhcayotica

destroy

kasa

chikitu

kachi

cacayaca_

lay waste

susane

zuzi

susami

xixinia

accord

kane

on-guiio

kauai

ecu

come

el, hel

. iru, kuru

vallauh

house

taku

tegi

taku

techau

within

tata

ta, hetau

tate

titoch

gau

oku

an, n

nebala
kika
basa
tineba

uaburi
kiki

uavallachia

vex
hear
ruler
friend

CiUJUl

pachoa
tenamic

tomobitu

From these examples it appears that the best living representative
of ancient Hittite speech is the Japanese, which, with the Aztec
down to the time of Spanish conquest, has never ceased to b(j a liter-
ary language. Standing mi.! way l)(;tween the long-foigotUni Hittito

ale

set
the

ose
ent

au-

fche

ti I

iite

ing

tite

tilia

ica

;

civilization of Syria and the now extinct native civilization of Mex-
ico, Japan aflfords the most satisfactory starting point for the investi-
gation of problems of world-wide interest that find their centre in the
Khitan name. In its name Yamato it shows a closer connection
with Hamath than with the land of the Nahri in Mesopotamia. As
the home, therefore, of the scribes, whom the Peruvians called Amau-
tas and the Aztecs Amoxoaquis, literature naturally flourished in
its islands ; and the believer in Holy Writ will see in Japanese cul-
ture and prosperity the result of the blessing of Him who is gover-
nor among the nations upon the Kenite " scribes that came of Ham-
ath, the father of Betl Rehob," Hittites indeed, but nobler than their
fellows.

,tive
ztec
iter-

ttite