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Les diagrammas suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 MICROCOPY RESOLUTIOf TEST CHART NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS STANDARD REFERENCE MATERIAL 1010a (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) CANADIAN SENTIMENT FOK CANADA, THE REFUBUC AND GKEAT BMTAIN. AN ADDRESS E W. THOMSON •n Attthor aad Jfotmulis^ Spedal Co n apo nd cot Boiton Trttiaaipt, OtUwa» Out. DEtlVESED BSrORE The Intercolonial Qub of Boston MAY I, 1905, AsmI AAittsMKM in Re^onse by Messn. W. J. ODONNELL, H0IRY J. CUNNINGHAM, CHARLES H. MdNTYRE, W. BENNETT MUNRO, Ph.D. ^^^^ .<«: Canadian Skniimkni for Canada, R niH KKl'L'HLK", AND IjRKAI ORITAIN c Bi Canadian Sentiment for Canada, the Republic, and Great Britain. ADDRESS BY E. W. THOMSON. Mr. JG N A. CAMPBELL, I'l. 1(1. iit .if 111.' Iiu.Tiu .iiiial ( ' ill. ill iiiiiu.liic iiiK Mr. ■IJi.iin.sun. j^poUo ill imrt .•!» t'iilliiw<; I'l ll.iw -iiii'iiiliii-i Mild (Jiu'sis: l*ur»ii,iiii III til., policy ,ii .)iii- ( Irh m iiivlt.' l.MiliT.s In th,. viirious walk.>( if lifr to acldiiv* us at our moiitlily jiatlirrlimsi. wp liavr lor our |irjii(l|ial s|MMk,.r mid j-"''*! mi ihw ocasli.ii a neiit I. '1111111 who liolls a hiuli pill, (• ill 111,. ii,.|,' ,if liilfriiali.iii.il jniiiiiRlisni. .die who hy h\< coii- trlliiiiiiiii- til t;i,' pn— ■ of ilii.^ .iiiiiiiry ha.- ilmn' iniuh to pacr ilic so.-ial Hiid loiitlial roiiditiiiiis 11! (Miiada in .1 prop. 1 lii;|it licf.irc ihr .\in rlciii piihlic and to ciratf ,1 iMit.r und.'isi.indlnu l)"i\vft>n th.' two i'..iintrit>8, iitii; who. hy his pn-cniiiicni fairin'ss. ,-, tiii;i,.s to jj;ivf u>. tlic Ix'st and most irusiw.irthy account of th.' political I'.cvcl.ipincnts in ran.-nlaio hf fiiuiid in the .iirrcnt prcsc. 1 li.ivc iniii h idia^ii-'e In l.itroluciiiK to .>'iiu Mr. !•;. W. Thomson, the 'iitawa ■ orifspoiul.'iit if the Boston Trans- cript, who is 111 «pi.ak iipun '•< '.madian Si'iitliiit>nt for I'anad.i, the K.'piilili.'. and i;r.;it nrilain." Mr. THOMSCN iln^n sp,,k.. m.s follows: Mr. f're.sidcnt and ticntlciiH-n: — In the note liy whUh .\Ir. ODoniiell, your treasurer, save me your .kind invitation to appear here this evening, he mentioned that the Inti'i-colonial Club is made up of .American citizens who ivere formerly Canadians. That fa.t puts me in the situation of the man vlio <'arries ciial to Newcastle, or leather to Boston. It (h)es so liecause I mean to discourse of Canadian sentiment toward the Dominion and toward the Ueptiblic. thoiiKh you niu.st nU know that seniimeiit as well ,is I do. That Is not saying that any of us know all about it. for political senti- inp^t In a very flimlv*' lomllilon of niiiin«*. )t Im not i-any tor any man t<> contraillrtory neniln.entH Hlnniltaneoimly In i»inh nialtern. How niiich more ort«, and reHiiecthm political coiirHeH that may be open to ihemttelveH If CanaillanM were all of ime race ami creed It woiilil (ttlll l>e difficult to specify their steiiti-.nentK towards Canada and towards the States, for the Kntsllsh-speakinK Protestants are of various minds In this nspcct. divided amonK themselves. Just ns the French and the Scoti h and Irish Catholics are. The census of I'.ttil showrt ihB' Canada Is n country of If.'i relljjions. and thirty different breeds of itier and women. Substantially all the wrown-up men have votes, and arc in that sense Canadians. They are all on a l)asis of political equailty. for one vote Is as uood as another. Kvcry clewer of each to make his own si-ntlments prevail Is lim- ited only by his ability In persuasion and by his courage in employin« that abiiltv. Canadians themselves do not Invariably remember this. Some of us are apt to talk and write us If the sentiments of their par- ticular breed, class or ( reed wcie somehow peculiarly entitled to para- mountcy. For Instance, a lew days lieii re 1 left Ottawa a ilevcr dally paper there aliened that the sentiment of Canadians. In respeit of a measure proposed by the (Jovernnient. wfi.t correctly evlnc< ,1 b- a re- cent eleclhm in the 'good city of Toronto where the people i.ostly of British orlKin and I'rotestant persuasion. The pap r we.it on to declare that Canadian sentiment would not be evinced in a pendinj! eleititn in the prairie West, because seventy-two per cent, of the pecpe piitilUMi to v.ilc in ih.ii Western eerlioii are Scaiidiuavlaii>. Uu>i--iaiis, (Jermans. Austrians. Fiench. or ha' -breeds, and a very large propor- ti.in of them are Bomaii nr C.reeli Catholics Yet those constituen.ies are equally Canadian in the eye i>r the law. and ecpially powerful in Parliament. In the Province of Quebec one may be told that the sen- timents of the French-Canadians arc those of Canada. The ctmstitu tion of the countiy i)rovides such a democracy that th' political senti- ment of the Dominion e expressed cer- tainly I was put to these truisn.s by necessity < •' avoiding the appear- an.e'of imputing to Canailian.s certain s«ntinu .vhiih I may express here. My wish is to be understood as one ti ^ to disclose Canadian Kentimonr on Inrlfpt-ndfiic*' ami anio-xatlon. u 'nly rrmn coiiHlilt-ratliin of the publlr coiirHf of Caiiaila. anil luit frtu > lnH|»><'ttaM ,{entU>mi-n pn-Ht-nt ha\inK aHstcmMi'il here tliU pv:'nlnK. You are Amt>rl<'an cirl/.onH fvlndnK ruiitlniifd lnt»T<>st In fhe roiintO' of yimr birth. Canada. Hj-cbuhp that !>. dfar, I hi>in' Mr ()'I)onn<'ll may not think nif dlxioiirtfoiiH in ravlllitiK a lltth- at IiIh apidlratlon of th«' term ■'fortnerly CanaillanH. " to the Cliilt. Is It imim- hIIiIh for men to jji't their early nn-morleH of Hc^neH, playmateH, parents, teaihers— Is If piiHslhle to Ket the atoms of natal sol! out of their btines and blood? No. there Is a prMioiiml truth In th. Ie^'end that the first man was made of the clay of his native earth, and that Is as true for the present men as for the first. Yr)U, jrentlemen lnter<'oloiilals, are itoubtless loyal American citizens who w.-re formerly Canan •*. but are villi not Canadians still? .Myself. 1 have twice chanKed re>iidence froi;i one country to the other. As I had In my yimth the koimI forture to li.^ar arms for both. In active service. I feel entitled to regard myse.f as at home In either. When I lived here I called myself Canadiaii. a- ' perhaps boasted It. When 1 returned to Canada ' did not forsake ■)•' fection for the Ftepubilc. To some In thi' Dimilnlon t' • sf ins a Impropriety in siu'h a way of ihlnkinK. They inmulne ■. 'eililnn 'n the nature of an essential. Ineradic 'e unfrlendlliH ss or e«en hostllit.- lift ween the two countries. Hut surely a belter \ lew Is that, to use the phrase ot Home's Imperial saKe. the two countries were made for co-iiperation. like the rows of teeth. It Is permitted to a native of tJreat Hritain to regard with sympathy and even affection ev»'ry colony and every nation of his kin. Why should the native of Canada more had, as were t" invent the agriculture. We hear today of how those Ameri- <.ans and Canadians who are practiced in northern prairie farming get almg mm blaster in the Canadian West than do those of like der.va- H m wh are sreen to the work, to say nothing of English tenderteet. We"l Sir the earlier American monarchists who went to Canada were a 1 tenderteet there and they were unassisted by the exaniple ot any who knew how. . l.ey were plucky and laborious, but they had to mak.' a bluff at clearing and farming, rather than set about it well pre- nare.1 To them came gradually, slowly, from across the seas, squads and companies of the disinherited classes <.f England. Scotland and Ire- land a fine, industrious people, but tenderteet to a degree beyond the Kreenness of the American monarchists already on the ground. A con- «i.l..rable proportion of gentry, half-pay offl.^ers. younger sons^ and so on came to... from the old countries, people ot manners, refinement, and often of pretensions incompatible with struggle in the New World These people were, in the first, and often in the less educated second generation frequently somewhat useless, but they were ot good slraln, an.l transmitted some ideas of value to their descendants and the conntrv With these sorts of people, mostly without money, no matter what their social status, there were politically associated the habitants and vovag.'urs. descendants of habitants and voyagenrs who had been pinndeied to the bone under the French regime, and who were, for a ,s long time afterward, held down to poverty and ignorance by the inept, well-nii'aning offlrial l)liindering of the English conquerors. These various sort cf Canadians, the founders of the present Domin- ion, generally tacked cash, lacked credit, lacked experience in business, and lacked aptitude for industrial organization, except as this is com- mon to people of European derivation. They had to hew from the timber, and burn from the potash kettle, and plough from the stumpy clearing, and haul out of the thronged water, and excavate from the quarry and the gypsum bed. every means to enlarged enterprise. They had to show that they could pay interest before they coulil borrow abroad. They had to contend against the enormous disadvantage of commercial separation from their natural customers on this side of the boundary. Their industrial progress was hampered by the need of many of their men of light and leading to devote much time and thought and energy to the extremely difflciilt political task of devising Blowly. tentatively, experimentally, institutions that would secure equal liberty and justice to the two main diverse elements of race and creed. They had to vindicate and establish their common cause, their self- governing power, against Great Britain, whose authorities often acted in the spirit of George l.anigan's affectionate elephant that sat on a deserted brood of fledgling birds in order to make them feel that they still had a mother. They had a wholesome rebellion, and some civil war. before they got into a fair way of ridding themselves of the amia- able. injurious meddling of Downing street i)oliticians. who have not quite ddUe meddling yet. it being so hard for them to get it coniplete'.y through their collective skull that people can he properly governed by themselves or by any concern except a Downing street. They had to endure a great deal of heckling and liindrance l)y the meaner elements that occasionally give the great Republic the appearance of intending \infriendliness to Canada. Gentlemen, it was a long, hard struggle for our Canadian fathers and grandsires. first for bare existence, then for comfort, and credit, and ca|)ital and industrial organization, and ways and means to develop the resources of their country. But they were not defeated. And that is what gives their children the right to con- tinue the policy of their fathers. If you consult the map i>f Canada, with partioilar reference to its railways and canals, yiui shall see a most distinct, practical expression of Canadian sentiment. Those works, whether completed, in course of construction, or seriously projected, constitute a great system of trans- portation obviously based on the idea that Canadians must be enabled to conduct their commerce with complete indei)endence of the Tnited Stales. If my memory does not err. these works imply an expendittire of more than $4et make such a rough house of the Iiomiiiliiii that iiniiexatloii may c-ome of the bedevilnieiit and weari- ness which they create. Much feai is in Young Canada. I said — l)ut the fear is not of a very dreadful kind. All Canadians ! consider how It may l)e modi- fled so as to afford a great security for i>ermanen( e." (You may find what I am ipiotlng set out more fully on page H;i of the Conlemporai. Kevlew for ISltn. ) The report proceeds; •It has been proposed to establish a council of the Empire, whose ad- vice mi ' be taKen liefore war was declared. But the measure Is so forelRr. i) the genius and tradition of the British constitution, and presuppMses so large an abandonment r)f its functions by the House of Commons, that we dismiss It from ((msideration. There remains, how- ever, we think, more than one method by which the anomaly of the present system may be cured. It Is a maxim of internaiional law that a sovereign State cannot be Involveil in war without its own consent, and that, when two or more States are sui.Ject to the same crown, and are allies in peace, they are not. therefore, necessarily associated in war, If one is not depen.lent on the other.' Here the report cites Vattel, Wheatrm. and others, on international law. It goes on; •if the Queen were authorized t>y the Imperial Parliament to ccm- cede to thi- greater cohmies the right to make treaties, it is c(mtended tiiai they would fulfil the conditi(ms constituting a sovereign State h> as full and periect a sense as any ol the smaller States cited by public jurists to illustrate the rul.> of limited responsil)ility," The report then argues that other States world recognl/e neutrality of such indepen- flencies. Then it says; •Nor would the recognition of the neuirallty of the self-governing robmles deprive them of the power of aiding the mother country in any just and necessary war. On the contrary. It would enable them to aid her with more dignity and effect: as a sovereign State co\ild. of Its own free will, and at whatever period it thought prui>er. elect to be- come a party to the war. ' It might be wrong to leave nn impression thai Sir Gavan Duffy ad- vocated that scheme quite unmodified to his life's end. When the Idea of Imperial Federation came up. he grew to rather like it. because it seemed to implv a federation of England, Scotland. Ireland, and Wales, and as m\ich Independence for Ireland as for the others, B\it Imperial federation is one pair of sleeves for the Australian Commonwealth, •which has m. powerfu! kindred nation alongside and quite another 1« pair for Canada, who».- imraniount IntereHt Ih and fver mwt In- t<> re- main on K'ood tprnm with the U.imiIiIIc. It 1b l)rtaiiH»' the Dominion, ir IndPiM-ndent of the VVextmlnHtfr Hoiisfg, but Htlll In the realms of the ancl.nt Crown, totild enter Into any wtrt of relatlonn with the States thai would be posslbl.- to any other Boxerelun State, that Cana dlan lnetual eom- mer.e and amity with the H.pul.ll.- woulil mean a peace leaKue of North Amerl.a. Canada could not ko to war with either relation, but wouUl be free to join either In war. Indepentleni politically of both, she would yet be lirmly united with both, and sur.-ly a link between tliem. It i» worth notluK now clearly thlw was pen^eived by great American mer- cantile interests, at the time Sir C.avan Duffy's ccminilssion reported. His scheme was then tjenerally discussed In the British and American countries and as Canada then s. emed lllight 10 be treated as people with whom i.leasant relations are peculiarly profit- able. iM.th morally and financially. Mr. Blaim- entertained the princi- ple, unless I mistake the meaning of his moves in favor of reHprocltv among all American countries. Were it announced by \\a8hinKt(.n, were it acted on in the large spirit which desires to give genenmsly, not 17 morHy l...«..He that 1» a tJt .•.nir.e for the Kr«te«t an.l *-»»hl*mt mi be,-^»le the iH.U.y at glv.- Implle* .he reward of Retting much from th« voluntary n- o.l wtll of the pref.-rred countrle.. then we .houl.l Boon le^ all America unlte.l hy commerce, ami far more firmly than ever It can hf by mere political Ixmils. Ah to Imperial Ke«leratlon it appearis to me that the greater «uiea- Dieu b'lleve In Mime positUinH that may l)e thus Htated. , „ ,, ^ 1 There can be no us.-fHl or safe union of the majority o. hngllih- . waking count. leg unless that union virtually, however tacitly. InC.uU^B tiif nlted St»(eH. Clearlv evinced Inlted States good will to mrh union \>t n.ce-»ary to Its Inlf tlon and its p.-rmanencp. ;; That H.,ch union. If a.-nnged In any spirit of Jealousy or of guarding against the predestlne.l paramount Influen.e ot le Republic, would probably s.Min bring our t>liow countries, all over the world, to the brink of a conflict resembling that b.-twe.n Rome and Carthage, a .•onfllc. in w... cen- trail/atlon. and as the English-speaking power has thrived by decen- tralizatl.m, we s.-ould lioldly follow the course that has pa d so well, and which is ih. prop4.r and natural expression of the political genius of that be-i Kiigland-tlu- Kuglairl of Ilampd.n. iiud I'yni. and ihatluim. !.nd Hurkc nn<\ WMshingtuii. and l.iu.olu. and Cladatoiip. and Briglil — wliiih we all levere. ,, , ^ ,,„k We English-speaking men. whatever <.ur origin, be It English, hcotoh IrWh (Jerir.an. French. Yankee, Austialian-we cannot agree fn-ely and pleasantly and tisefully unless as Independencies, Individual or of .ocal conimunltl.s or nations. We are so made that we cannot reluxjuish n any distant suiierior power, even if we ourselves create It In some hasiy moment, the c w- fore the Knglish-^peakiiig world at a critical tim.-. The picturing ot it bv enthusia-.ts, servd nobly. It impressed the concerned peoi.le more sfronu'lv with the .sentiment foi standing heartily togeth.-r und.-r the ancient" crown. It promoted the feeling wlii.h is itself union. Ihus It ett-cct..d iis rssential purpose, and ivnde..;! sunerflucus the formal bonds wl.bb it proi>..sed. Those bond., might but embarn.ss. and so tend to disunit... tb.. various .-ommittees which are more il-e y a a< t toceth.r cheerfully, when common action may seem cxpedi.'iit in pro- Stu". to .heir independency. In.ieed. the very assumption of cer tain mpcrlal r..'/''''''V!i " rLn we Hball In- able to prove ,,,.1 to .ee «. .H '7 ";'^™':;;JS"e.* whether our houU ha., truly wh. ,..er our heart* a"^* "^^y*" ^ ^Utory in only a« a half- ,,U.,i or nv..l, whether he n.em..r> <' ''\;«7^;„,.^ nerloimly en.lanKere.J. f„r«..tten tale, an.l whether, hat ol Ian 1 < ,,,,^ ,n,...pen. w.. are not the Htron«.r an.l 'h'' r'"' 'j; ^^ *;, ., navlen to the ^reai a.„,.y. our '''^'hrlKht- H.ronKer an. 2'J„^^^ „,,,, , «, navv. an"n.''«''^*'''-.* 'TK.Unburr rumbliUB with rnntl- ,,i„,„.k. Hell ^.: .he '""""Cr^loni CnUi-ohIW nental art m.ry. an.l cant leHiyarl-one ^j^^. ^^^ m Hplke.l helmets! An.l New J^''^' ""; , j^elr Be.urltleH an.l tne won.lerln« what will j^apin-n to h«.,r trarte ana t^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^,^,„„., women <.f their own kin! Njn r^ Ne ^ „ .,,.h,..h «eems fall .-rmanently un.ler tae away of that ™"a ^n„r„,„us .lomlnation. ,om. >meH to .I..Blre that lor ' ^^ /h. 'e h^^J'^ \'^ ^ny ,„- of the ea ,b. and M''--'"n\""f"'l7;;\:i'ir;r';,.!:::, me ... «lKnlty 'hat Cana.la Of c.mrse. nobody here nah """,,,, „,at "^ ,^, ,.„mplete aut.m- ex.ept a «ll«ht a.celeratlon ..f tha slow nu ^.^^^,^^^,, ,o„,UtU.n omy. or in.lependen.-e, which has ''^^n "^ ,,„Uti.s, sal.l nisraeii. ever sin.'e mi. But th..re Is n ^^.^^ '",^^,J,\;,„' „, , „.a.,B.. a.ul . ir...-n. Klih.rtl...ln.perlallNMor:'tl.M.pi.-^r.m^« "^ ,,.>adl.Kk In the Do- J their .lispute became in.urable. ml«n n-ea1e a ^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^ minion and a publl.. .lespair 'ha ;^"'^'^^^,^* ,' ,,ee„ .,• nishts. n...hinK publi.-. When the >'««:"""«';,;■•" „^~ Canadian intentl.m. When oan be mor.. absent than annexa >"''" „inH lians wlM come .-..llecttvely .mly when .iians feel so much at h"™^- ^ana Hans wll com ^^^ ^^ their .ountry g.-ts into f^h a state ' ^ « political life In It some now unforeseen crisis ^'-ough jlng^^^^^^ ^.,„ ^^.^^ ,,rinK will be very difficult. ;'"'f,;:\\lVtlL7of Canada is t.. ..mtlnue U.ya Canada to that pass. I think the ']^f^\''> "[ ,.^ great Britain, linked io the Ancient Crown, linked th'-"\'«»^. ,^ "". „;!;.^, [,s. link..d ,imi ally with the U.'publi.-. Mud tbn..sh '"'l^l";" ;■"; ''^.';;^a God bless our na- to all the other Independencies of our race, .ana m. 10 tlvo land, may yet be glorious in history as a prime motor to that general union of English-spealeing forced ui)on them, that Canada's ))otential wealth of mine and forest, of land and sea. is cai)al)le of supporting millions in comfort and prosperity. Yet it is not alone because of her va.'^t undevoioped resources that shf is now attracting attention. She has given proof of a vitality in the development of her great North- west that has never lieen surjiassed, if. indeed, ever enualled elsewhere. What a (luarter of a century ago was a great, lone land, a silent, unin- hal)ited plain, the haunt of elk and deei- and Ijuffalo, is now fast be coming the granary of the world. When the Canadian Pacific Railroad was planned, there was not a town from Lake Superior to the Pacific sloi)e — today towns and ear towards each other or to 21 thf miithci- country in this if.idjiistmcii! liow mucli of the Iftii-; 'Uve fumfioiis wiis til ill- i-csi'ivi'il to tile Coloiiips: Imw iniirli to lit- tlii-owu into thf hotch-potch Mt \\ f^tniinstfr: whetlicr the Colonics ai'c to :i(ivaiict" one step or to recede two sti'ps in the pi.in of readjustment. The pliiii was. I bejeve. an expedient of ;in adroit imperial stnteimaii Willi lias never heen re}.':nde.l ;|S stronir either in his knowledge of the oast or in his consistency in relntion to the present, to distnict jitteu- tion from his slnifllinjr in another .luarter of the >.'|olie. It did have some enthusiastic advocates in tlu' p;ist luu iliere .ire now none so poor ;is to do it reverence. Kut is ("anad.i likely to remain indetinitely a Colonial di'peiideiipy? Kveti though her sons miiy he pretty well content with their present measure of independence, .-ire they likely to continue satistied with it? I trust not. .\Tid gentlemen, if I may be permitted to induliie the ex- pression of a fond hope, it is to see C:in,id:i take her place as one at the council baard of the family of nations. The commercial supremacy of the old world is rapidly yielding to the new and the highway of the World's future irattic is quickly shifting from the .\tlanti ■ I > the Pariti-. If Canada is to have h« r sliare in the development of the trade of the ori.-nt. she must be in a position to treat for iierself untrammel'tKl by the tortuous diplomacy of Itownin« Street. Moreover, she must he in a position to hold out something better than colonialism if she is to attract the best and brightest that are leaving the older countries to ■■>•<■]< better opportunities in the newer. Hut more than all that, her own chillren will never reach their best development, will nev.'r display their transcendent abilitii's till tl bligatioiis and re- sponsibilities of n.itionality rest u| on their own shoulders. Now in all thi.s. 1 do not intimate that there i.s any substantial cause of cDmplainf at Hritain's present treatment of her colony. Kut even with that con- cession, there are gentlemen, and perhaps some abcmt this board, whose pro-Hritish proclivities are so acute that they protest against any inti- mation of Canad.iV assuming the obligations of nationalitv. since that ste|) would involve, as they believe, a lessening of Britain's imperial power. They are willing to deny them-elves greater opportunities that other; may thrive upon tlieir dependence. Their -eiisitiveiiess upon this point is but a symptom of a pronouiired provincialism which one taste of what Hums calls "The g'orioii- i)rivi!ege of being indepi'iideiit" Would promptly cure. I ilu Hot know how others may have felt when th.^v assum.'d the obli- giitionsof .\merican citi/.eiishi,); but for myself. I can truthfullv sav that when I repudiated the allegi.ince to the .•miii<>iit position which he occupies today among the pul>'.. • writfi-s of l)otli Caiiaiia and the New Kiigl.'ind States. In the tii'st pl.-n-e, he has inherited a goo(i constitution, a fertile l)rain. a sturdy, indus- trious nattire, and a character which is distinctively broad and cour- ageous. Born in Canada, of a mixture of Scotch and Irish stock, he was, at the age of less than sixteen, a soldier in the army of the North in that pathetic conflict which resulted in preserving the inteurity of this great Republic, and banishing from this hemisphere tlie entire system of slavery as a legalized institution. After an extended resi- dence among us as one of our honored citizens, he returned to the country ot nis l)irth to pursue the occupation of journalism, in which profession he had already gained prominence here. His natural inde- pendence of character and experii.'in'e among the public men of this country made it easy for him to assume a point of view on the ques- tion ol moment at the Canadian opital which won for him the admira- tion and interest, not only ot Canadians, but of Americans of various political, social and economic tendencies. As a result of a set of quali- fications which have made him of such value to us this evening, he has earned the reputation, through the columns of the Boston Trans- cript, as its (Mt;lW;i (Ollespondent. of being one ..f the keenest and most impartial observers oi Canadian public questions who is today contributing to the press of either country. In the won's of Lord Ma- cauiey, "He is tenacious of his own views and tolerant towards those of others, I ha\e little t(j say regarding the sentiments which Mr, Thomson has expressed this evening, except it be to endorse them practically in to'o. 1 was iiarticularly impressed with ills views regarding the future of Canada. I thinu his objections to an Imperial Federation are both logical and timely, Canada is today in a stage ot development which demands that sue cultnat. a system of commercial iuiercoursc with the outside world which will draw her closer to the mother country and through the mother country to the other colonies of the British Empire, or one which will afford her an opportunity to develop her own indiud- uality, thus laying the toundation of that almost absolute indei)endence which is so lervently desired by so many of her best citizens today. As for myselt. I see nothin,!i for Canada in an Imperial Federation, On the contrary. I see much in Mr. Thomson's theory that Canada, be cause of her geographical situation, can, by developing a co-operative system of commerce with her neighbor, the United States, increase in influence and population without incurring the the sc' iroposed for our consideration. Is it feasil)le.' I ani •. It simply menns in the last analysis that the so-called indepeni; anada would i -.e independent, but a mere annex to the Cnited S. a.es. Having thn.»n oft her connection with Great Britain, she would becom - at once a seccmd Cuba with a string to her. .She would be under the domination of the Republic from first to last, and the moment she attempted to show her independence, it would be gone. The .\Ioiinie Hoctrhie won d be no defence to Canada, except when it suited the foiei-n policy of the fiiited State:^, When that policy ran (ouiiier 10 the wishes of raiiail;! her snpi)o^e;l protection would inst.mtly dis:ipi)e!ir. , ,, . , •Today in Cuba." savs Warden Allan Curtis, the well informed corres- pondent'of the Boston Trans<'ript, 'thi' American Peril is the one most Important thought in the puhllf mind." The Spanish families have heen rooted out and •Americans have tallg sticiv will deal the little repul)llc a coup de grace, Americans who look curiously when not contemptuously on the native. To the Spaniard, with his air of ownership and being of the ruling race, has succeeded the American Not only his speech, but his very walk, indicates a belief that Cuba is a subject land. The Cuban sees American pioneers raising AmerLan towns in tne wihlerness. he sees American capitalists Imying the culti- vated lands and the natives mere helots on their estates. He sees the seat of government itself made an American winter resort, witli the imminent relegation of native society to that humble, lielow-stairs posi tion wnich resident society occupies in any winter or summer resort." However pleasing it may l)e to enumerate the l)enefits which the United States has conferred on Cuba, there is no question that the little republic exists by sufferance of its giant neighbor. So it would be ex- actly with an imlependent Canada under the Crown. Let those Cana- dians who think that they are now hampered under the British rule, try the new experiment and see. Suppose that she undertook to negotiate a commercial treat v with a foreign nation, the terms of which discriminated against the Republic. How long do you think the Americans would permit such a c(mdition of affairs to lust? No matter how good the reasons might appear to Canadians for such a treaty, it could not be successfully carried out. Or, let us suppose that Canada had a Ijoundary or fisheries dispute with I'nde Sam. If the latter declined to arbitrate it— as he would be very apt to do- -what would Canada do then? How much better would she fare than i. associated with Great Britain? Or. suppose again, that Canadians resented the paternal influence of the Monroe doctrine over their affairs, and started to build a navy for their own defence How long do you think it would be allowed to grow? To what extent could Canada deal independently with Newfoundland? In short, conceive of any Canadian policy which did not run parallel with American wishes, and you at once create a situation whi-.'h means collision, sharp and fundamental. To .i.iiceive it is to condemn it. for (•.•in.id.i would no longer have the i)restige and the power to back up her demands Her [wasted independence would be l)Ut a name. These suppositions are not imaginary, but are liable to become real conditions anv day. Mr. Thomson is no doubt since: p, but his proposal is simply a half-way house to annexation, it has not been thought out to its logical conse- quences. It is a dangerous and impossible scheme. The link of an in- dependent Canada to the Crown is a figment of the imagination. If Canadians went thus far, they would undoubtedly go farther and cut the painter entirely. There is no middle ground between genuine alle- giance and at)solute independence. Again, the experience of other nations who have tried this plan is not satisfactorj-. The best examples of dual-monarchies are those of Sweden and Norway and Austro-Hungary. In the former we have two sovereign countries united tinder one Crown with separate legisla- ttires. For ninety years there has been constant friction between them, and at the present moment they are quarreling over the consular ser- viie and other features of national life. Notwithstanding the indus- trioiiB and law-al)i«linK qualities of tli.' Scandinavian people, tlieir ex- periment has not been a suicss. Tlie .■xi)erience of Austro-HiinKary has been even less satist'actorv. One emperor over two independent (•ouiitrie- ha-s not reconcile 1 their inml)!es. I'rictlon and mis- uiidcrsiaiidinn bonleriuK ti l' their iiiiinn under one fmwii. Their ani- mosities have l)ecome chronic. It is all very pretty to picture out Canada as the beautiful and independent young lountry of North America. But her position beside a great and powerful rival forever forbids it. She is not \U<.e Belgium or Switzerland, protected by the mutual jealousy of the great powers. She must recognize her circum- stances and the decrees of fate. If we believe in annexation to the Kepublic, let us say so, instead of approaching it by a process of indi- rection. Is the proiHisal of .Mr. Thomson desirable? I likewise answer No. Where is the pra<'tical grievance today under which the Canadian people live? It may be said that appeals to the Privy Council have caused a bungling of Canadian laws, or that Canada should frame her own treaties. But the.sc appeals can be limited without any such scheme of independence, and as for the negotiation of treaties. Canada has always be.'n re|)re.sente(l. and during recent years she has had a predominant voice. There is no question but what her wishes are the decisive factor in any treaty which i)rimarily affects her . .Mr. Thomson believes that "we are so made that we cannot relinquish to any distant superior power, even if we ourselves create it in some mad moment, the center of any important part of our individual, local or national affairs." This I altogether deny. On the ccmtrary. I affirm that the history of the American I'nion is a complete refutation of thi.-i doctrine. The Continental Congress proved to be a failure, and so was the Confederation jirior to the adop- tion i>f the Ciiiistiiutiou In the early stu.ues of their develupmeut, the coloiiiei; le.iMcd hard on State rights and refused to surrendi'r their privilege<. They quarreled with eaih other over their public lands, ;ind even in filce of ho-illle forces were slow to submit to the I'ederal I'nion. Hut it tin.-illy cime. :ind the Civil War cemented it as one and iiisepar.ible. Kaili .state, of ne. essity. had to i:ive up certain ,i«pira- lions for the common good. So it h.is been with the Canadian Confed- ernlion. No Sl.-ite or ri'ovince is free to do ;is It likes. There is iind must be !in org.-inic rninn whiiii i* -supreme ovei' .-ill loe.-il and provincia' all'air-^. So it is with Ini))erial I'nion or Federation. I'roi)erl.\ understood it need not infringe in the slightest de.gree upon the local autonomy of Canada. But wnile I believe in the principle of local freedom. I believe also in the desiraliility — nay. the necessity, of some form of Imperial I'nion for great and siipriiue purposes. There is a sane, as well as an insane. Imperialism, and I decline to aecejjt a cooked-ij]) set of objec- tions which have no application lo the case. I say that ther" is a leasihle and sensil)le union of the various parts of the British Kmpire that in the course of tinit can be effected. The people inhal)iting those «reat regions oi the earth have ever.vthing to work witli. and if they throw away those immense resources and o|)p(U'tunities by allowing tlieni to dissolve into a set of Utile, separatist and clashing states, they will prove a race of intellectual and moral pooh-bahs unfit for Domin- ion or tlie government of the finest patrimony which Coii has couferrtd up in men. iVith regard to Mr. Thomson's main argument that Imperial Feder- ati n would bring Canada more quickly into collision with tlie Cnited St .es. I am still unconvinced, of lonrse. if you start with tlie as 'imp- tion that I'ncle Sam nnist be gratified in any event, there is litii. use in iliscussing the -*. I rt-Kret to *i't' ii luck <>( constructive ideas. The whcile temlency of his proposal is towards dislnteRration. "The very assumption of the Imperial Federationisf," he says, is a sort of insult to the many EuRlands rising and arisen in the world." Why so? Where is their genuine freedom and hap|)infss to be curtailed? In what respect will their civic and intellectual life tie impaired? "In uni(m there is strength," is an old maxim, and it is Just as true of the British Empf'' as of any other <'oilection of States. Its free and unhampered Tnion is not an impossibility. If its statesmen are possessed with great and ex|)ansiv.> ideas, the progress of time will liring us nearer to it every year. Steam and electri<-ity have annilii- lated space. The various parts of th" Empire are visibly growing up with a common intenst in tlieir destiny. Who can say what the womli of the future will bring forth? Let us not be too hasty or unduly dis couraged. I believe tliere is something good as well as mighty in the combination of British possessions over the globe. I lielieve that their union can be wrought out alo.:g lines of freedom, mutual respect and good will. I believe that their intimate comiiination is no menace to the liiitfd Siiites. The best iiitc rests of the .\iiieilctin I'niiiU will be dear to a 1 Ibiir i;iiglish-spe;ill pidii;. .-il. s:)e;;i| iMiil ('riiiioiHJi' i iil4'ic .|< r:iii lii> served "Illy thniilKll the m.lilllelljlli.e of tlie •entente . ildiille" with the lliited States It is in niiitiiality of interests that the best basis of permanent friendship are laid: other liases are ,ipt to be transit. ny ,,iily. That Canada should have passed the greater period of her history with a strong iinderiiirrent ..f unfriendly feelini,' towards her ponderous neiKhbor may now be deplored: her doinK so was. however, not without e.xplanation or reason. It must be borne in mind that the two eountries spent their early yeiirs hi the bittere-t of hostilities: the herelitary enmity of tJaiil and Saxon was leprodiieed on this side of the Atlantic in liie border striiKKles of New France and New Kn^land. The French Caii.idi.iii .pf the old rei;ime |e;iiiie(! lo hati> the New l-jiuliiiiiler ;is the iMsti;;;llo|- of all Ille di tli'lllt les emolllileied by bis |;|,i. in its eiiileji v.ir to create a Hourbon and Catholi.' einiiire beyond the seas. For the ex- liulsion of France from North America his resentment was direeted nor so much anainsT Kurfland herself as anainst the American off- spring of KuKland for wh>ise direct benetii the concpiest of New France had been undertaken and acconiplished. It Is no marvel, therefore, that the Il.ibiiaiii. diiriim the Kev.iiiiiiiiii.ny War. shnwed linl,. desire to link his fortunes with traditional enemies. The niiKration of the Loyalists moreover, added to the population of Canada a larpe and infliuntial body of men who had little reason to . iptiTt.iiii lri«iidl.\ leeliii-s towards the | pie ,,{ \U,- land ulii.li they had just left. .Many of these transmitted to their sons and mand.sons a leuacy of bitterness and supiilied a leaven of animosity wliich served very distinctly to i;iould public opinion more particularly in I'pper Canada durini; the earlier years of the nineteenth century. Then the War of 1M2-1SI."> served to unite tlie various provinces in a defensive and, to Canadians, an unjust war. The war served to crystal- lize and to intensify the traditional antipathy of both sections of the Canadian peopb' towards the Americans. Students of history have not always sufficiently re.osnized that one of the chief bonds between the French anil English |iopiilations of Canada durinj; the first (piarter of the nineteenth century was their common animosity towards the Cnited States. A little later when the two races can.e into political broils, each raised asainst the other the boney of American intervention as a means of enforcing its demands. i!<» But the laMt tnree or four Kenpratlons havp Ht-ei; a markPfl (leparture from thp old si-ntlment: the historical uroiinilH of entrannement are bwonilnR fornotten. There hax I en a reoaHtlnK of Canadian feeling lowanlrt thi- mniher cuiniiry (liirliin thN period n* weP. The IioiiiIh of sentimental attachment to PZnKland have been supplanted by the much stronger ties of common political, social and economic interests. These latier. too, have served to bridKe the (dd gulf between Canada and her nearest nelnhhor. From an economic standpolni. the present political |>osltion of the Dominion is a very desirable one; she receives the maximum of protec- tion, security and freedom of action at the minimum of cost. So long as the economic motive Is dominant In the minils of men, those who wotild convince Canadians of the advisability of any change In the p<. Itic 1 status of the Dominion may reasonably hope for success only III !*ii far H.' ilipy ■■nil present i herewith .-iitiiie ecuiiiMuie ariaiiKi'iiieiit more favorable than that wh'ih Canada now enjoys. To do this will not lie easy: mid until it Is dune, sihemes looking townrds altered ixill- tlcal relations either with KnKland or the I'nlted States will come In for little serious oonslderatUm. 31 i .1 The Intercolonial Club of Boston was organijed under the laws of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts August 22, A. D. 190). J^ ^ Jk Its membership b nude up of persons born In the Marttime Provinces, and their scms, irrespective of birthplace, residing in Massachusetts, and who are citizens of the United States, or who have declared their fcoiia Me mtenticm of becoming citizens. The objects of the Club are social and educational work among its members, and the inculcation of a spirit of broad and disinterested civic duty in the community. The Qub owns the property situate at 214-216 Dudley Street, Boston, on which a commodious hall and finely equipped club house is to be erected. The Officers and Board of Directors are as follows : John A. Campbell, President ; A. C Chishohn, 1st Vice-President ; Joseph Fortune, 2d Vice- President; W. J. O'Donnell, Treasurer; D. J. Chisholm, Secretary; W. D. MacDonald, Financial Se,:retary ; Neil McNeil, Henry J. Cunningham, Thomas E. Johns, R. J. McCormack, M. D., D. A. McDonald, and H. Judson Smith. All communications should be addressed to D. J. Chisholm, Secretary, Stoughton, Mass. PtkMM OF ■DWARO DUNN. TEH tTATB STRCKT. MtTON