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6
James Fletcher.
EVIDENCE OF Mr. JAME8 FLETCHER
KXI'().M()L()(;[S'|' AM) I'.OTAMsT
llKKdHK THK
SELECT standint; committee of the house of commons
ON
AGRICULTURE AND COLONIZATrON
Session ol' 18J)3
riilNTEh liY OltDER OF PAHLIAMENT
nr. 05 5?
^m t CafMdH du Canada
s\>\*' W//
•'//,/, ♦ \A^
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Canada
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CONTEOTS.
•i»*-
PAGE
5
fi
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10
12
13
Fodder grasses
Valuable native grassen
Stage at <vliich to cut grass
A valuable European grass
Fall Wheat and Chess, not homogeneous
Native Lawn gi'asses—iniiwsition by dealers
An economic mixture of grasses
Western Quack grass and Kye grass as fodders
How best to eradicate Quack grass . ,
Summer pasture grasses
Duration of hay cropjnng ...
Potato blight, iHithology and remedy
Bordeaux mixture-how to make and apply it
The source of Potato rot demonstrated
The cattle Horn-fly
A warning to farmers
Most economical and l)est remedy for Horn-fly—how to make and api)ly it 21
Life hi.story of the cattle Horn-fly no
Erroneous reports and theories on the Horn-fly o .
14
15
15
16
18
20
21
1*
Committee Room No. 4fi, House op Cojimons,
Friday, March 10th, 1893.
Tho Select Standing Committee on Agriculture and Colonization mot this day at
10.30 a.m.. Dr. Sproulo, chairman, presiding.
The Chairm.\n : — Mr. Fletcher, the entomologist and botanist of tho experimental
farms is before us this morning to give us information as to what is being done in
his department. Tho question was raised at the last meeting about grasses, Mr.
Fletcher has some specimens with him here. Perhaps it will be well to dispose of
that subject before ho makes a statement.
Mr. Fletcher: — Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen: T am very glad of this oppor-
tunity to again appear before the Committee on Agriculture, as I believe it affords
me an excellent opportunity of getting into touch and into correspondence with
farmers throughout tho country, through their representatives in Parliament, who
come to Ottawa annually, and then are able to advise their constituents where to
apply to for help whenever outbreaks of agricultural pests occur, and also to let
them know of thowork which is being done here. In attending meetings of Farmers'
Institutes in different parts of the country, we find that, although ihe Dominion
experimental fiinns are being carried on at large expense, for tho benefit of the
farmers, many are entirely ignorant, and others know very little indeed, of the
nature of the work we are doing.
When, however, we can got ftirmers to visit the experimental farms, as a rule,
thej' are satisfied with what is being done, and that what we are doing is for their
benefit. Thoy then take an interest in tho work, which helps it very much. We
ot'tcn get suggestions from practical men as to important and useful lines of
work, and wo are always glad to receive suggestio.is trom them.
fodder grasses.
Without further inti'oduction, sir, I shall i^w go straight to my subject, and
shall, first of idl, direct your attention to the sub, .if grasses, as I understand some
gentlemen who arc anxious to leave to catch the tra n, are desirous of hearing some-
thing about these important plants. First, with regard to the fodder grasses which
are being grown at the farm, 1 will make the bare statement, which may surprise
some of ihe members of the eommittee, that we have here at our Central Experi-
mental Farm at Ottawa, the best grass garden in North America. This is acknow-
ledged to be the case by specialists who have taken up this work. I need not waste
time, sir, in explaining to the committee how important a place grass crops hold
among farm crops, nor to tho fact that we should paj- great attention to this subject
in our experimental work. The daiiy industry is now being developed to such an
extent in all partsof Canada, and has become of such magnitude, that it is necessary
for all scientific agriculturists to do what they can to help on so important an indus-
try, an industry which, 1 think, has boon developed more during tho last ten years
than ever before. This being the case, the discovery of tho best and cheapest foods
for cattle becomes a matter of groat moment; therefore, the necessity is shown of
finding out as soon as possible the most suitable varieties of grass to grow in ditter-
ent districts and the best way to cultivate them.
Wo know now the great advantage to farmers of growing corn and feeding it
as ensilage. In many diatricls, however, corn caiinul bo grown to advantage, and it
is therefore desirable to pay more attention to tho growth of grasses. In prosecut-
ing this part of tho work at the experimental farm, I have endeavoured to tost all
the different kinds of grasses that were available. Seeds were procured of all the
varieties mentioned in seedmon's catalogues on this continent and in Euroiie, besides
a few from India. Those have all been tested. Moreover, whenever possible, I have
6
MR. JAMKS FLETCHER, ENTOMOLOfilST AND liOTANIST.
collected or obtained from our own mountains, prairicH and fields, the wild gi'asses
of Canada. These have been grown carefully, and from them wo have got some
very satisfactory results. What led to this ciitical study of our native grasses was
the conviction that many of the grasses imported from Europe and put into the
expensive permanent pasture mixtures, which are otfored for sale, are quite unsuited
for cultivation in the Dominion. A vei-y large percentage of these mixtures is made
up of one particular kind of grass which in this part of Canada, at any rate, is
utterly useless. That is the Perennial Kye grass. For this jiait of the Dominion
the sooner we get rid of this grass the better, because it nearly always dies out the
verj' first winter. It seems at first sight surprising that seedsmen here should sup-
ply and our farmers grow this grass; but it is the one chiefly supplied to them.
Seedsmen would by far prefer to sell to their customers what would satisfy, but they
cannot get anything belter, because the demand for other grasses has not yet been
sufficient to create the supply. Directly we can show that Perennial Eye and some
other grasses are unsuited to our refpiirements, something else and something better
■will be found to take their place.
VALUABLE NATIVE (UtASSES.
I think we shall find among our native grasses some kinds better suited to our
requirements than many we now get from Europe, because they will be better suited
to the climate, which is a very important mattei'. By this, I do nr)t refer to the
intensity of cold oidy, for few native plants are affected by the severity of the cold,
if at all. In the majority of cases it is of little importance to plants covered with
snow, whether the temperature in winter is 100 below or at zero. With introtluced
exotics, however, this is not the case, and the peach tree is a notable example.
It is gcnerall}' believed that, if the thermometer drops to 15° below zero in the
peach-growing districts, the peach trees are seriously injuied.
With regard to the grasses imported from
Europe, we know now that our climate is far
3j » less suited to their cultivation than to that of
^ ■ m the native grasses. We have, too, among our
300 kinds of native grasses some from which
wo have obtained very good results. I am
sorry that I could not bring a better collection
with me, than that which I have to-day. Most
of my specimens have been sent to Cliicago to
the World's Fair Kxhibit. I have liore Vilh
me, however, a few which 1 think will be of
interest to the members of the committee.
Here is a grass which seems to mo to possess
all the requirements of a good hay grass. It is
very leafy from the bottom to the top, and
although the seed iloes not form a large portion
of the gra>s, a large quantity of seed is pro-
duced, because it is exceedingly small. It is
\ SMM f/'''=*S^3S^'\ ^^^ Wood Drop-seed grass (Muhlenberyia syl-
\ W //fl'^^M^r vatica) {¥ip^. V]. That grass sown in the early
///^/,/-*iJKR«lBK'i spring will produce liay the fir.-t year in
August. The spring grasses are gone by that
time, and the aftermath is not ready, so that
an abundance of green food in August is a very
valuable adjunct to tlie farmers' foddei' supply.
There are ihice of tliOHc gra«"0« which are ex-
tremely hardy and indigenous to Canada, and
will grow from the Atlantic to the Pacific.
The seed of the first one, which I have shown
.to the committee, I got in the woods near
Ottawa. I have also received seeds of the others from Brandon and Indian Head.
•'^
Fig. 1.— W?«jn:i)K(»H^KB)» Ui»a*w.
( MiihUnh'-riiiii iilonu ratii. )
FARM AND GARDEN.
same
e
By Mr. Carpenter :
Q. Have you tested its feeding qualities? Do the animals like it?— A. Yes the
animals Iiko it very much. Hero are specimens of two other grasses of the sam
family which are i)robably of equal quality with the first one. This is called th
Satin (jrrass {Muhlenbercjia Mexicana.)
By Mr. Hughes :
_ Q. Will you give us the name of the first one?— A. It has not an Hnglish niune.
It 18 named Miihlcnburgia after a German botanist. The species is called syloatica
and it may be called Wood Drop-seed grass. '
By Mr. Carpenter :
Q. How does it winter? Does it heave with the frost?— A. >Jotatall. It grows
on the top of the ground and spreads out its roots like a bird's claws ou the surface.
By Mr. McMillan (Huron) :
Q. Does it form bunches or does it grow in a heavy mass ? — A. It forms a solid
mass of fodder.
Q. Where does it grow?— A. On rather low huul or in woods in a state of
nature; but I have it growing on well drained soil.
Q. I suppose where you tested it, the soil was pretty well manured?— A N"ot
particularly well; but it is good land.
By Mr. Semple .
Q. Is there any danger of not being able to remove it at all, if it is introduce
— A. No, sir. The peculiar habit of growth on the top of the soil allows of its ea
removal when necessary.
uced ?
easy
By Mr. McDonald (Huron)
Q. Does it always grow as high as the sample we have here?— A. I have only
grown it for two years and on both occasions it attained that height. The other
two grasses of the same family lo not grow so high. Satin Grass and Wild Timothy,
both of which have been grown and the fodder is of great value. Wild Timothy
(M. (jlomerata) was first brought to notice in Iowa about ten years ago. The botanist-
at the Govern P;' Experimental Farm in that state found that the livery stable
keepers went oi,c on the prairies and cut this grass in preference to any other. On
analysing and e.Kamiiiing it, he found it an exceedingly valuable grass. It does not
produce such a heavy crop as Timothy but its nutritive qualities are very high, and
I think it will bo a very valuable grass for this country in districts where Timothy
Avlll not grow well.
^
Fift. 2.— SpiKK,
of 71/. i/lotiKrat;!.
MR. JAMES FLETCHER, ENTOMOLOGIST AND BOTANIST.
By Mr. ilughes :
Q. When do llieso ^rrusses ripen ?— A. They flower in Antrnst
an. are ready for cutting then, b«t%f courne the^- fZZ longt Se
to Mpon their seeds. The next of the native graie. to Avhif h I w7n
ail t :^.u'.Mrr"" f the committee, are two co'mmon ine! tl.at g^ow
al h ough Canada. Those are the Canadian and the NortI
Blue Joint which grow in wet land.
[Figuroi^ 2-anti 3.] Thoy are often
deei
ern
called Beaver Hay. J 'found last
year that both in good and
poor Hoii thoy djtl veiy well in-
For one or two years they
will .Kucceed very well on dry land
In my last year's report 1 called
attention to them at some length.
During the past season thoy" at-
tracted the attention of many
visitors. They make capital hay.
But public opinion is not ripe yet
to accept hay made of native
grasses, at its proper value. It is
called " wild hay," and such will
not sell. If a load of "wild liay"
goes on the market, the price
offtied for it is far less than that
which can be readily obtained for
hay made from old over-ripe
Timothy which is really worth
far less.
Fl(i. a-CANAl)|AN ]5m K-.IOI.NT.
(Dcimiu-iu Ciinadimis.)
STAGE AT WHICH TO CUT GRASS.
—Reed Canaiiv
'Jrass.
iruntihuicm. )
This IS one of the points of ignorance on the i)art of our
formers upon which we hope to enlighten ihom, for thev lose
money ,n buying Timothy, when, perhaps wild hay can bo
more readily obtained, and it is far more v/iluablo than Timothy
left uncut, as is frequently the case, until the seed is almost
X,: ih f? P'"P"" *""' ^^ ^"* "" y'-^^^^^ f"r hay is soon
after the flowering stage. As soon as the seed is formed the
mitritious .pi'iiic.ples are transferred from the stems to the
eed, and if Timothy or other hay is left standing too long
when cut and dried the seed drops out and the goml const u-
ents are gone, leaving nothing but dry weedy stems. The
exce lent qualities of well made Timothy hay are well known
and this gives a special value to all Timoth/; it pa' farmers
to grow It because they can always get a ready market Tit
ihey can se almost a worthless over-ripe Timothy when other
good hay will not sell at all. Timothv is popuhu- and ircon
venient to handle The hay is easily hLlled You know
what itwill sel for; again, the seed is easily liand led and
always meets with a ready sale; for this reason it wil always
some of those other native grasses when better known -iro
going to pay farmers well too. There is another gms t it
grows in wet land the Eeed Canary Grass (Phaltr^nrS'.
racea.) Li'J«.-l-J H- belongs to the same family as the Canarv
seed {Phalansdanarienm). This on the 3rd of June was "tni
nches higher than Spring Rye. and the crop was much htar.
It was also a much more succulent grass, and a bettor sprint^
fodder grass for that season. The seed is not easily obtai ab f
yet in the market, but it will be in time as t^he dem^d
nioreases. We cut twice and gpt good crops both times
FARM AND GARDEN.
A VALUAIJI.E EUROPEAN GRASS.
9
(Broiiiu*
imrmiu, I
I Will now (iruw your jittcntion to a European
grass Of all the importod i;-raH8o.s this is undoubt-
edly the moHt viiluablo one wo have ever imported.
It js calk'd the Ai4»Ic8h Bromo grans (Bromu's
inermis. Fig. 5). It was imported five or six years
ago from Germany. Wo arc now getting enou<rh
to distribute smali ([uantities all over Canada,
home of our seedsmen are also now nupplying it
t() 'iustomors. It grows a beavy cr.jp, four feet
ugh IS succulent very early in the spring and
lias a heavy aftermath. It is the one grass above
all others reported uj)0h favourai)ly and iiniformlv
from the North-west Territories. 1 sent out last
spring, by mail, over 2,000 small packets of seed
grasses for testing and it was spoken of must
highly by every person who sent in a report
Ihcse reports show that it is of value in the
West and the experience of •■. in Ontario, Quebec
and m the Maritime Provinces is no less favour-
ubio. It is an extremely lioavy and uniflrm
cropper. It is also succulent and palatable as
stock oat it readily ; further, the chemical analysis
shows that its ratio of useful constituents is well
above the average. It has gi'own best on low rich
land, but has done well in the West on dry land
1 1 belongs to the same family as Chess grass of
which I have specimens here. '
-• FALL WHEAT AND CHESS, NOT^HOMWtfiNEOCS;
I will first mention briefly that I have be, n carrying out during the last two
whatever with fiiU wheat. It is a good grass and is now largely L'rown as f! Ide ■
nom the fact that it wil grow in alkaline soil where timothy will not suci-eed One
^n, In'' ,V" "^""? '^ "^f "'•'-'^^ ''^ '' '^"^^''^^l «-^-'"". tl'atitis a cross between wS
and some other grams and tlierefore will not produce seed at all. The fact that It
mveTn?!;^;?'? H •;"'^'"'' '" W-^lnngton State'shows that it will ^row from sel 1 I
have myse f had it growing from the seed year after year for six year. There -iro
^^Zarr''''':r "«^'\-«-.>"y whidi make it 'difficult for'f^irmersi H.der!
m'rst of 1 J I "'"•'= "• ^'^ '^'^'' *"" ^'''^"''^- The circumstance, are (hat it is
most often found growing amongst fall wheat; but this only means that it is Urass
the same nature as fall wheat, and to flower the next spring it mu t bo sowm fn
of 1 OS 1 ^^'^'"•^''^'•^"'•^""o or two instances on record in which a head
?i. rru "-'*"' ,""'^'-°'^ ^° ''^''° "^^c" *'^»"d growing out of an ear of
of which ^r-n"'^' ''"^'^^'r- "" •"'•^•"'^^^- ^T'>^^''« ^^^'« <>"« ^^'«" l<"own insfance
wh^e U etS wS'lft 't T'"' ^T"^ '^'' •" '''° ^'^'"''''' ^^'^'"^^'^ ^^ London
wneie the eai of wheat had a heao of chess appai^ently giowiiiir from the base It
vas found tli.jt the wheat head held a head o/ihess mec-hanically by mea-s of the
scales of chaft which had been broken off its own stem in i)i?dcimr H This vvis
Havi\JJtl!.L/r 1 f'''"^T""^ ' '"'^^•'^ '"'"'^ '^ mistake about it. ••
f I ?and So ol ^ ^'^'l ''. 'r" "'■ V^'"'*^ witnesses, the wheat head was bent sideways
?he two It l, T- 'r^,^''«PP°'^ "'.''• There was no connection whatever between
ti^etwo. It was piainly shown that it was a mistake. Very frequontlv the two
plants afo claimed lo grow together from the samo root. The fine^nit of gras es
10
MR. JAMES FLETCHER, ENTOMOLOGIST AND BOTANIST.
frequent y grow so c bse y topcether, that it is difficult to separate them I am fre
quen ly told hy poop o that they have actually found the two g rnvhr'toietl^r on
the same root but I ahvays «ay " [ dont doubt your word at all; b.i^t K a on[
your Hpecmens and we will examine them together.' I havc^ ad t uoe of tl o f
brought to UK,, and although to the botanist, o? course, the ^dea is u e,Ty lbs urd
at^thoy can bo jomed together, to the ordinary observer thatl m.t he c-a 'o Bv
Y^h.ng out the roots ,n water, in every instance the plants separalcnl eas ly w h
tall whca and chess, they will undoubtedly grow together; and the roots wiliinter
twine^bu there ,s no closer relation whatever betwe\)n the\duJand U whea
Xow(ly,only.mportanceofthisquestionisthis,agroatdealoftine f^^^^^^
wasted at banners' Institute meetings discussing this question, an.l I wil i t men
turn tins for the beneht of the gentlemen present, that it you ever tin,7 I e inte es
.1 farmers meetings lagging and the people in attendance get ti...^ tire yoti c , nuU
them togelher in just about tive seconds' by standing up and say n^ faU whta C
notbini, to do with chess-they will jump up immcHatdy all o 4r tho meeriZ and
3 ou u-,11 have no more lack of interest for that session at any rate c .1. w 11 v?;,; o
give his expenences. 1 have tried it and know the renJarl able n e v Th ' t ^
;™r ^:jr,;!;5,;;'j;;;;i-;:::,;rts';LSi«ir -^ ""^^ ^^ -'"^^
One ot my correspondents, through a member of parliament wrote to me and
aske,l rno to try to solve the proble.n. I said [ would try any expeWment he won
suggest. We wrote several letters to each other on tho^ Hui;^ect h' a II I sa
1 will send you the seed of fall wheat and chess and you ca i ,lo anytl in ?you I e
and 100 ot tall wheat [ took a witness and jilante.! them myselt aiul out a i.ickot
Ml with each grain They wereall sown last /u.tunin and came u ' o e vin er e
o mm ll'^.i; I ."/" ''m'"";;'' "'",r !'■" "'•"^"""""". ^-^ 'lie next Jprlng .Vj; ,okl'
so mueh alike I could hardly tell them apart when they began to gr.Tw The fU
next r"i ' I'lef'.r" 1 "'" I^'""'-' '"i''« "'■"•■"" -ul calne u^ the s^une season, he
nn^ ,'^l I'i ''^'* ' ,"'V «''"w went otf and when the thermon etur was below zero I
uncovered half ol the bed. After the snow melted, water lay for three wUks i uhe
k,wer part of the bed Some of, he fall wheat was drowned out, bu \"'ry it le of ho
chess waslnjured. J, ,s claime.l by the advocates of the transniulatio.Uheory In^
free/.ing out or .Irownmg out " will turn fall wheat to chess. Ano I rc«
toie togne all tie adverse circumstances possible, early in the sprin.' I wilk..l
oxpeiiment I threw all my weight on to the poor fall wheat seodlini-s and sf.mned
hem ,iown mto ,he gnmnd as lar as I could and left them so. D ectl ley 1^ an
g -S 7 wMd;'";' Tr *""' "^"^"^^' ^"'^^ •"■ ••""•ti.opiants^H^ l;;\ho
ground llereMilf vis that every seed of cness sown produced cho^s and evorv
gran, ot tall wheat which grew produced fall wheat. S y fnend sa d he c ,1 n ft
mm. fhnn • on . ♦•'"V"- experiment was important for this reason. We had
ZIV ' IT'" r'"' '.*'"'" '" "'"''"'■'" '"«^ V'u-.nndal, hough some of tin
re(u>od to acluiowledge that they were convinced, many others were and a few of
ho most positive have acknowledged they were wrong. If we can get'o" y Z of
these men believe ,t, it is going to do some good, for thev will convince ihorsu
Jors*i!i;ro';"iu rirl;:;,:;;'''^''-'--^''-^'- ^'-■' -'-- '-y^:';- whicil
NATIVE I,.\WN oaASHBS— tMmaiTfON BY DBAf,BR».
will "^i"""'"'" '''''"'''''"'"" ^'""' ''■"" "■'"'' ^'''"' '•«Kftr«l In grasses WHH in connoolion
w h the unnecessary waste which comes from im,H,rtinir h^Ih.Is ot'~H Haw^^^^
All through our (arming .li«trict., f«rmor« and ,thorH want aiiUirpk-co o wri
1
FARM AND QAEDEN.
11
..
about their houses. A farmer generally goes to town and buys 50 cents' worth of
some lawn mixture, gives it to his wife or daughters, and says to thorn : " Attend to
It as you like." Now, as a rule, this lawn is a nuisance to them. Unless a lawn is
properly cr^'ed for, a farmer might just as well, or.better, do without it for a badly
kept lawn is not an ornament to a housi'. To one who knows what a "•ood lawn is
and that our wild June grass, which grows wild by every roadside, is the voi'v best
variely tor a lawn, the (luestion naturally presents itself: Why should they spend
50 cents tor a thing that they can get far better for themselves along the sides of
the roads at the end of June? Why, as a man is coming from church, he could
pick enough seed to enable him to sow a splendid lawn. Careful experiments were
tried last year to see which were the bost grasses for lawns, at Ottawa. We procured
all the grasses advertised as lawn grasses, and several Of the mixtures for the
purpose of testing them. Different grasses vary just as much in colour as thev do
in appearance.
A feature of much importance in a lawn is that it should be of a bri-dit and
uniform colour. In order to demonstrate the unadvisability of havin.-- several
varieties mixed together in a lawn, I chose some varieties which differed most in
colour, and sowed the seed so as to form a grass .Mosaic, in the pattern of the Union
I ^. J'"''f' f^'ii'^f the St. (ieorge's Cross was sown
Ilk W* "''^'^ the Hard Fescue, which is a doo|» blue
/ (Iff Ji •£ . gi'cen. Across this was now sown 8t. Andrew's
cross of the yellowish green Sheep's Fescue.
Both of these have hair-iike leaves, and are
very much in use on lawns. They are not
very suitable, however, because in the hot
weather they turn to a dull colour. Then
there were left eight triangular |»atches
between the limbs of these crosses, an<l I was
able to separate eight grasses of distinct
colours, which could be told easily by sight.
The seeds took well and the figure was very
conspicuous; it attracted much attention.
When I asked vis. tors whiidi grass had the
best appearance for a lawn, in every instance
they pointed to ono grass, and that one is
the one [ have mentioned, our wild .Funo
grass {Poa pratensis, fig. tl), which sometimes
we cull Kentucky iJlue (Irass (when we want
to pay a high price for it). The "Spear
grash," or "June grass," of Canadians, and
the '-Kentucky blue grass," are identically
the same thing. Lately f have learned that
this seed is being shipped from western
Ontario to Kentucky, whence we shall prol)-
ably buy some of it biick again at two or
three times the pi'ico. Our .Fiine grass is not
only one of the best pasture grasses {>{' the
country, but absolutely the best lawn grass
nearly all over the world; it is certainly so in
Groat Britain and the north of hliirope. It
., . ,. . ,„ '« indigenous to our country, and grows from
the Arctic regions to Texas, so that any one who wants a good lawn can easily tret
the best see<i for 81.25 or «1.50 a bushel. "^
It shoiiid he sown at the niltx.f three busiielH or more to liio acre, and with that
• luantily there sJK.uld be put in two quarts of white clover seed. This will give
about the best lawn mixture that can be made. When we go to the seedsmen and
got ono of their lawn mixturos, we got ten, twelve or fourteen kindn of grasses
ItioHO only Hwell the price, and area great disadvantage. A« soon as vou get rid of'
all the varieties but June grass, you are going to have a good lawn, but not till tlien.
Fill. <>. .TrsK (inASN.
( PiHi pr'itinniii. )
12
MR. JAMES FLETCHER, ENTOMOLOGIST AND BOTANIST.
AN ECONOMIO MIXTURE OF GRASSES.
Grasses are required for different aspects
bomolimes a man may have a moist farm and
want the best grass for such a farm to mix
with hi.s timothy. The best that he can get is
i think, Red Top {Arigpstis vulgaris, Fig. 7)!
it ho has a dry farm he should mix June •'ras'^
with his timothy. This gives him a good
stocky bottom. Ked Top is bettor for lowhmds
(ban uplands. . It is a well-known perennial
native grass, which grows in wot bottom lands
and flowers about tiie same time as timothy
It gives from one to two tons of hay to the acre"
soft and of good quality. Eed Top will grow
well on marsh land, too wot for some of' the
belter varieties, and forms a Ihick matted
swaid, which prevents the foot of cattle from
pouching. It is generally considered a good
grass in this country, but in iMigland is li<rhtly
estoomod. It is just possible \hat the grass
they have there under the name of /U/rostis
vulgaris may have decidedly ditforent character-
istics from ours.
By Mr. Carpenter :
--j^-^:-^^ -rvJT- n ^^' ^'*"PP"^®y''*'^ recommend Kentucky Blue
/^ — ^-^^h^ V^ ""*"" "** ''^° ^^*^^ *'*^ permanent pasture?—
.^ H^C A. I do for the basis of it. I think you might
also grow with it Meadow Fescue, which is an
oxceodingly valuable grass. I would suggest
«lnnr,.., uf 11.1 ,, ^^1*^'"'"^\' ■"'('^^'»«. ^''il'iird grass and Kentucky
od tl no [in^'''';\vrV7M^ >"" " ''"<'H' three clovorMhat is, Mammoth
i^n mixtures \MHte (.'lover and some Lucerne, which has succeeded well
Vui. 7.-IU Tor.
( Atifontin vitlihirif. )
FABM AND GARDEN.
By Mr. Moome :
13
Q. Would they mature so as to mako good hay ?— A They
matured sufficiently near enough to one another to mako good
Bij Mr. Carpenter ,
Fk
Q. The clovers with us won't remain in the ground more than
two yoare?— A. I suppose so. Most of the clovers are biennials
If you can grow Kentucky Blue Grass, I do not think there is
a better grass in the worl.i for pasture. It grows spontaneously
all through Canada, but seems to be very little thou'rht of. I
think that this may be so for this reason, "it flowers in Juno '-ind
gives a small crop of hay; but it is not hay thai you want from it
It IS pasture. After flowering it sends out runners all throuirh
the soil and makes a tiiick mat of tender leaves. On I'ock pastures
the Canadian Blue grass or Wire grass (Poa compressa fi.r 8)
makes an extremely rich, heavy hay which is of high nutrUive
value. \ery closely allied to the Artless Bromo grass (fi,, 5)
which I passed around, Is the Kockv Mountain Brome grass which
18 finer, in the sense ot being a thinner and more .•-lender grass. It
is not such a heavy yielder nor so^valuiiblo.
It is one of our native grasses and grows"
naturally over a wide area in the NorthTwest.
Here is another grass which is called White
Top, White Bent or Water Grass; it is some-
times used for seeding down wet pastures. It
IS, however, too small for a pasture grass and
oven for lawns. It is of rathor too thin a
texture to bo of great value; the leaves are
all small and of a pule yellow, and it dries up
very easily unless well supplied with water
8,— Can.aiu Bllk (iu.vss.
(Ptxt comprcim.J
WESTEHN QUACK ORASS AND RYE ORASS AS FODDERS.
The grass to which I will now call your attention is a western form of what
farmers hero know very well as Quack grass. It is claimed to be par excellence the
very bos grass which grows for hay. This opinion is also .Midorsed by Dr Goml
Vasey. the eminent^ botanist of the Department of Agriculture at Wa;hington and
1 IS supported I,y the best of all evidence, chemical unalvsis. It is however a v«rv
close relative ol (iuack grass, and as such must be introduced into cultivation with
the greatest CM u I ion if you examine tho specimen sent round you will observe
how closely it^rosembles (^uack grassin appearance. It is, however, a better << ddor
grass, having finer loaves and more of thorn. This is the grass that ibovo all hers
of ournat.ve species hiis been the support of the western cattle ranches. It grows
hrough Manitoba and tho North-west, but is w..n.lorfully improved by cultivate m
Ltuml'l ' *"' ''"'*'''^"^*^^' '"'^^ ^" *■"'•'"''••«. «^-^^"i" districts where it grows
Another valuable grass of the same family is the Wosfern Ryo-grnss (Aaroiwrum
tenerum). This has given excellent results but has not tho same running^ffitTf
growth, R8 It forms tufts. •■■■uiife uaoio or
By Mr. Roome :
Q Is tho Western Quack grass doing well horo?-A. Ves, «p„n the oxt>eri
menta arm. Such a grass, however, is not required in this par otCn la a afwo
have fltliors which wi invn II lw,n.M«.. /,..„.. ,.r l.„.. 1 . .ni F . vy""nii», UH wo
1 „ ,, ... ...j' ." ' •; ."•> • ■ ■■■" •V.4..11V.1 III uiis part or unnaita as wn
have others which will give a heavier oi-op of hay and will not give so much t'rouldl
toorad.cato. Somo o, tho Blue-joints wilU'.ow'on the same iLd and product S^
14
moi'o hay.
MR. JAMES FLETCHER, ENTOMOLOGIST AND BOTANIST.
y. A\ e must not, however, make the mistake about our Eastern Quack -rrass
ol suppc^img that it has no good qualities. It is a nutritious grass and if we find that a
tiold which can be used for pasture, has become, overrun' by it, we need not take
much trouble to eradicate the quack as it will form a useful'addition to the pasture
mixture; and when the field is broken up, it will not give more trouble than the other
gcasBOs. ^
HOW BEST TO ERADICATE QUACK GRASS.
.Thci-e is not, as I say, miuh trouble in getting Quack grass out of land if its
habit ot giowth IS observed, for the reason that it dops not root deep. As a general
thing, when a fanner wants to clean land of Quack grass he ploughs as deeply as he
can; but this is the worst thing he can do for it only plants it a little deeper and
gives It a bettor chunco. You must plough shallow to destroy Quack "•rass Plough
shallow m the autumn; harrow or cross-plough in the spring, keep plou.rhing shallo^v
and the surface rough and you will get Quack grass ...it of the land without much
trouble.
SUMMER PASTURE GRASSES.
Bij Mr. Hughes :
Q. Are there any grasses or combinations of gras-ses that would be good for
ordinary rolling dry lands in summer months when as a rule our pastures are now
very bare i" In the .Tuly, August and September months there is usually very poor
pasture on dry ground. It would be a great advantage could some combination or
grass alone, be found giving good pasture results for any seasons.— A. Of course
that 18 the greatest difHc.illy in the grass problem, mul is the contiiiLrencv
^ I^m^/""®'','^''!'' '-^" ""'' "^ ensilage. We have found that iunong
the dOO difieront kinds of native grasses there are some which will grovv
in dry districts. There arc some which grow actually in pure sand. Of these dry
land grasses a few occur to me now. Sheep's Fescue is" one. The Canada Blue cn-as.s
or Wire grass (Poa compressa) is a very rich gi-ass; species of Andropogon and
bporobolus are others. None of these dry land grasses produce a heavy crop of hay •
but bheops Fescue and Canada Blue grass with a much smaller amount
of foliage will give the same amount of nourishment, and the cattle
will get at. on them. On the western plains the true Buffalo grass (Buchloe
(iactyloides) does not grow more than two or three inches high, but it is so thick
that you can sleep on it like a bed. It is so palatable to stock that drovers briiiLrin.^
their cattle up from the south, find if they strike a patch of this grass, they can
hardly drive the cattle off it, till it has been eaten down to the ground. This grass
IS essentially a dry ground species, and grows in patches from about as big as this
room to 30 or 40 feet in diameter. It spreads from a central point as though all
liad started from one seed originally. Some kinds of Drop seed grasses are also
dry land grasses in the west. We have wild Timothy grass in the benches in the
west, one ol the Miililenbergias already mentioned. By careful cullivalioii and
study of these grasses we shall, I think, discover before long those most suitable for
the different soils and districts. Some grasses may be of value for special character-
istics, as lias been ascertained with regard to the habits of Chess. I ha-'e a letter
from the botanist of the Oregon station in which he savs Chess is there worth $8 a
ton, while 1 iraothy is worth $10. The hay is thus of" almost the same value It
IS a rich and heavy grass, and has a special value, from the fact that it will irrow on
alkaline land where Timothy will not succeed.
By Mr. McMillan :
This ,
plots of
Q. lliivo you succeeded with any of these grown in large quantities ?— A
year wo are going to have one-eighth of un acre plots. We have had au far
"' one square rod.
FARM AND GARDEN.
16
By Mr. McMillan {Huron) :
Q. I think it would be well if you went info finW^ n.,^
would experiment ?— A Results -iro nh^T .u ""^ experiment as a fai'mor
the edges of a plot whtre vou lAv'e euf^vnl t '" ^^" ''"^'- ^^'^ '^""^ ^^at around
the centre. Allowance Hm^loS^r f h "^ ^'"' "''^"^''^ ^""^ " '^''"«'- ^'''OP than in
off ana take the h's 5e inT Ls i; " ; ""^ ou.-weights. We take that piece
cultivation does no in\o J're witl ou^c.lo'^1?-'^"" 'V.^'^ '^'''' "^ '^'^' »"^-"<J«
from the square rod. In tl e uTi tod ^tZl f T' ^he tigu-^es arc calculated
of each kiSd, and it was ^ v^^^^^^'^^'^^T^f^'^ «" •>' - ^Vnn: yard
estimate from a yard that we -idonfAl h! ■ ■ ^'*" ^^"'"^ "''t get a true
about double the^area oftll fable l lh.nl T "" "^l"'""" '■'^''- ^ '•"^' ^^•'>»'J t'«
species thoi^oughly^uHj to nrriv .t I f-n. o r ■'^'T' '<^ "'•^'°,'^"«".y'' Ft^'h to tost a
been kept gro^,^g on ttlT^mV^j;/ ^tr" V^e^lV'^^^h^.rr.T'"""
put on It until last spriuii when it hnd n i.ri,f ^t V \ ''"^«, ''ad no manure
Farmers do not, of coirse "s-i rule k^n h ^^ «P dressing of stable manure,
time. ' ' '''"'''• ''*^*'P ^''«"' ''^»^' >n pasture for that length of
DURATION OK HAY CRorPINO.
twoyea^'ruJni^lTio ZJZ t^he" mo^f'^'V';^'-^ '"">' ."'^-"^ ^<^ -^ "-- than
sometimes for coiwenicM ce s tl e c L of . ! T''' ''"""'• P^ *^""'''^*^' '^ *« ''«»«
imtures it is well to manu e tL .?nd bv t ' "'' "'"'' ''' '"^"'^^tead. In such
Passing on from Tr " O"- I i' „-' ' ''^ "' '^^ "'^ '» 1^«*'P »l> tbe yield,
jnaking a '^pecial Z^^^e .^"Ij":^; SS^^Ii^n^'T"'' ''"' ^ '^^^ '^-'
three general rules for the eradication of weeds wlSf^^^^^ ""?■ """• *"'<* «'"
country should know about There is now Tl . "'' '''''?'>' ^"'■"'•^'" '" the
for an agricultural educat on in thV n IA T »'''"V?.'''*^' ^^O'^'i'l^-'al'lo agitati<.n
book recently publi Ke a d .1 1 In f '.."^ "^"'n'""- '^''^''^ ''^^^ litt'«
worth far more than that' fo eve y m<fwl , z'^^^^^^ ^'",f!"«'. 'r'"" "f ^^ cents, it is
tion of Professors Mills and Sh' w of t „/',:. n n '" ''"^' '"'"'' ''^ thoproduo-
character that any one w ha^a y [n ere^-? ' U^ ","'' '' '^;''■ ^"«'' '^ "««f"l
ble. This book is worth its wei ht in I'old \o fi 1 "gnc.lture w.U find it invalua-
find in it. " ^"^'^ ^° farmoi's tor the information they will
Q. What is it called ?-A. The Principles of Agriculture.
Ontn!.io^ublU"XoTs '" ""'"' ''"^''' ''^ ^'^ ^"^^»-^-n i^epartment for the
ples but a man or b^ wl o w il o?d i? w il "'°'?'^' '""'"'°' ^'"^ ^^^^^"t'«' "•''"='-
wi>d, to know more. ItTs a splendid il„ I Z' .^^■' '"""■''' «^^"'^''"«d, and will
good oi.por.unityof ,ne lion g ifi^L^^ ^ ^'""'^ this is a
out of pface. ^ ' *^"-"""«" »t might seem to home to bo a little
By Mr. Kaulbach :
Q. Where are they to be had ?-A. Any bookseller will get them for you.
POTATO HLlaUT, PATHOLOGY AND REMEDY.
I H"iJp;^e'inrn;it,:;?;^a!i;:^o 'r^^^ t'"""" '"""^^^ '? ^''^ ^''^''^ -""^-y.
the potatoes g,„wn i.. fl^ wo M arc L rnv? H 1" '"7°"'.' °"''"''""'*^ *^'''>'P^"" ^«"t of
which l.,.H „,.«, ...;.:;.,, 1 .,,"!_ "'" ^lo^-troyed by the d.soa.o known as pola.n.rnt
disease wlTich7hirtV or forVv v^nr""''"'''" ^''"'^the potato is grown. It is the Mime'
irightful famine ,dfcyeri^nCd.nTwri'.V'''"'''°^ '^''"' '"'""^- ^'"' '"*'« ^•"•'•^" '>'' t^^^o
our of eight millio,,s pe'r fte If'o^M "C" ^^'«« '"'"'""«
out, f.r potato.rot is a d.si«.^ ^d f li'lll^CobllJti t^^ell^l'^r r;^:^
16
MR. JAMES FLETCHER, ENTOMOLOGIST AND BOTANIST.
crop, yot, beneficial .■e«ultH, wLh'w Sro tS n"vZ u,7 ^" .«'^^^' '^'^^'^ ^^'^«'«
labour, will follow fro.n the troutmont which I ..SeS H?,..«P-' "T?,"' .^"'^ ^^'^
'nary pota. ,, of the variety Ilolborn's Abunda S'^ f v Jl?^ '\^."/''''^ ^^ ''" ^^'d"
great immunity from this diwease Of thnuvn ni ^' t , ^ ''^'^'' b'*^ «^io^vn a
together in the same row. Ce wa? r ''ued aif ,'l o L'"'^ '" '"^ ''""^' ^«^'> S''^^'
practically dead for six weel<« wl b t e othe ui ll„n "^ ""^r ""*• '^^"^ ^''^ "^^'^-^
dimply because it was treated wth a o^ ion wZh'^^"'? ^^'V^ ^'''''^ '^'*^-««.
trouble and at very Utile expense '"'" ^° ""''^^ ^^'^'^""'^ "^'"ch
BORDEAUX MIXTURE-HOW TO MAKE AND APPLY IT.
and iTmcT. '^tv^^und'^o^'uSlt tl/^^ "^' '^ ' "^'^'"^ "^ -'P^ate of copper
is the fresh limrand tLy I^ , ^^ ^..^^^^Vr V^'' for thSfarmers telnet
lime. ItaidTiotoccurtomethauLmwonLlb?. V ? ^^'•'V'^''"''" ^^ey can Jet
got slalced lime without mu It u lb it sV'vS' '?/,^'''''^ T''^'^' ««'^
have found, however, that if one on rtS more o II f' '^^:''. ""^'^ked. We
It will do almost aa ^ood work a ^ ho f/e h ;" Thn ™f " '''•'''"'^ '"^ ^*^<^ '"^-^^"''^
of sulphate of copper and 4 lbs of ime idded to Jll^?'"'^''? '' composed of (J lbs.
of copper, of coi'irse, dissolves b the limol J i'""''^ ''"''''•• The sulphate
whole is mixed together, it is spnlvSote^tKH ™^'«'>^,'" suspension, when the
that the potato keeps the gil 'Sives foi six vveH ^l.f '^" 'r'"'"?^' '^'^^ ^'^^'''t *«
It does without treatment? It niearth it t fo .o^^^^^^^^^ thus treated, than
time, and that the leaves are p -e "rvei L^ kopt growing all the
of laying up a supply of nourwlm^nri'i t^" Srs "^''' '" P^'''^'''" '''''' ^'""«*'°»«
By Mr. Carpenter ;
Q- How much of slaked lime do you use?— A Ono «„■. f
lime. u . ^ou use r— a. One quarter more than of fresh
Q. Is it mentioned in tho committee's -ennrt? A i k ]• r .
last year. I tried eight different mixturpS in'^ I i.. ^^1'7" ^ '"^^'^'^l to it
which I suggested to^he co^Zt to 1 " / nn^el a "s-ui V '^ '""'"^"^^ ""^
This IS made as follows: Dissolve « lbs of Vuinnil i . ^"^'"'"^ "^ ""^ other,
throw this into a barrel which w I hold Vlal o'rf T ''^"1 ' '" ^? ^^^'^''^''^ "^ ^^'-ite'- i
foctly fresh lime in (> gallo ^ o7 vie mien all ,1 T'^'-'' 1"^ '^:'^'' ^ "^«- ^^^ P^^^:
through a strainer into the copp^i Sution Too ,«! "" " "'*'}'^'°''' P"'"' '' «'»'^'y
of the barrel answers well for I'iis n i o o' Trl ^TZT"^^ ^'''^ ''''^' ^he head
top with water, which wi 1 mal^e 'IKd oi.h '.'Th "/'^^ ^r'"'^ "P ^« t^'«
use. It is best to use powde.xnl cc.pper^sulpiTate '*^"'-""«'>'^' ""^^^ '^" '^^ ready for
Bi/ Mr. McDonald {Huron) :
n Hpray pump. ' " •'""'^ '"^^ ^^'th loss expense by means of
By Mr. Dawson :
Q. How often should the plants be enraved y A Tfk;„i i ...
:. rule, sufficient. I tried it last ye ir beSSi billiV/f nf i' ''''""* ^"^'"^ '^"' t*"' »«
was a week too late. I would say hat U tii^^ IZ of August, but I think that
the last week in July. ^ " ^'"^ spraying here should bo done ahoub
By Mr. Roovie :
woulj ^^'" "''"'^ -commend it whether the potatoes are affected or not?-A I
By Mr. McDonald {Huron)
FARM AND QAKDEN.
17
By Mr. Kaulbach :
Q. What would you considor tn h,. n,
fowir-'^p'-^- ^" ^^^^^ sr^ouatsr//""''"-^^'''^'^^^
owed in Franco is to .spray when tho Z-fT '\'^" '""• ^ ^'""l^ the rule fol
think It IS safe to lay down a h^p ti '''^'»^'*«' '^''o "l>'>itt a fo .t l,i,W. but In ,A
observation in each district '^ '^'^^ P^''^^"'" ^''"« '""«t bo diseovered by ctefuf
By Air. Dawson :
^^^Xi^v:zz:s^L^.!^--r''^^^ --'^ -^o .at. to
and 8ome do not show any blossoms at all ^^ ^ """'^ '" ^'^^ «'»« «^" blossoming^
By Mr. Carpenter .-
loca.!?ySr Stiri;:S^:Sr;?'' "V"' applioatio,.?-A. m every
J-..Ht on tho leaves. They <?an smdl i i thi%rM '«' •"'*l "'''en it shows i self ?«
i^la.r, our suporintondent at tliT'v u L lA^wn f 'i' ^ ^'"l"'^ ^" ^^'"'^ Scotia Col
owards the end of August. Here ^ t 'o Vf^l / '''^ T ^^''^ '^ """''Hj app'ea ej
do 3^r:i:-'\^"*'"''«' ^ ?*^«"ld think it wouinroi;if T ^^'^'."""•'^ -^f thatTo^h
lo not think It would be well to delay th^- fir "^ • "^ ^''^ ''^^^' ■" J^'v I
than the middle of July. '"'"'y ^'^^ ^'^^^ spraying in western Ontario later
By the Chairman :
B, Mr. nZT: """■"" "'■ "'°"' '"" ™ "-" -»"»•
Q. You claim the disease is a narasif^? a rr j , ,.
to a parasitie fungus which lives iESheTitit \t"'''°'^'^- ^' '^ =' ^'««««« ^l»e
f'OW the potatoes in the spring the ,U^L\7; ^- ■', , ^""^ '^ o'lrsolves. When wn
most approved method of pSu„.f™' '"'•''' "'"-'^^^ '^"^'^^^ '''« '^'T ro l^o
01 tting uj) larger tubers, and for this re-.J.n u ' '•ecommon.l the old plan of
wheter theyan, aftcc'tedvvitlith^^^^^^^^^^
pvo an opportunity for discarding all such s.hH nnf I ''''''''"' ^^ "^'opted, it will
If you plant affected potatoes, it fs obvious W In ""'' "/ '"'" ^''''"^' ^" ^>*-' d «eare
parasKe grows up iusi'.io the stems " n H 1 1, i ri^'^- ^'^^'^'^^ ^''« '''"^^''s^". Tho
week in August in the shane of it/i > " ''^«'i'"y 't shows itself al.Mutth« fi,..f
^or Hced-liko bodies which ,...„ I..!-.',';'';.' '"'•., * here are now pro.lucod little
plH-.ts so that tho disease spreads Lm L?'" ''" ''^''^''^ P'''*"^^ to the o he
wn^hod down into the g.ou^icf w^r'J.fi: l;; P|::!!^.-<J -'"o of tho sporefa^
washed down into tho ground who e"^om. n P'^'"/-*'"^«^'"" «t' tho spo'es are
'>•■< - Hie open air for a dal'<^ ^r^Z.:.;,!^.;;;'-'-;-^- , 't is botUw trf lea;f tl^m
plants which are washed di
tlHSUOH, Tlig
ly dried. The
>)vn into the soil uttnok tho t,,bers
tiii7h;p<.;S,StrL.::'"'v::.^!:-"-''''i'i'ti
*poros from tho diseased
pentHiate their
^nsto gro. on the Xr ll^l^ruiS- S;!!;^-''-.^"-'-!
•noisture and warmth, rot may up, ar in th
arodii.<r or nf(«.. ti. L .._ . •' ''.PPt^'ir in ih
ig or after they are housed
nderfavoiiral...
same autumn, either bofoi
•le condit
ions of
'« the potatoes
18
MR. JAMES KLKTCirER, ENTOMOLOGIST AND BOTANIST.
By Mr. McLean
the So^r /nS ^::;;v ' it ^S lt''-\ ^T'r ^'^ '-veHit<ie«t..oy«
attacking other loavos^^' '" ""' spread of the disease by preventing its
By Mr. McDonald {Huron):
do not think it would hi Z^^l-Lif fhol w T-^TI^V^ '''''"^'-^ '* ^^""'^' but 1
By leaving then, out a clay to d y ^i wo,l5 IZolTft ^''''' '^'^\r'' I'"^ '^^^"y-
growing as they must have mc.isi^uVe ^S waSh*;"' '^"'■'' "" ''^' ""'^'^'" *'"'"
% 3/r. Cochrane ,-
devoI^p^Cuhe^S'SJ^rX ;^;;;'et\r ^'^"^ ^'^^^^ ^^'^^^^ ^^' ^^ey are
Yes, experiments wore i i ,^1 t'w 7^"^^^' '^y operation on the seed ?_A.
potato, they cannot l\;;iodA\:.,f;";t ^ m "'"'"^'^ '^^''"-'^' '"«"'« ^''«
than an eighth of an ind nt Vtho s. b u c^^ ofT^ sometimes axter.d more
outside only a little depression! '"'^«'»"^« ^t the potato, but you can see on the
By Mr. Jioome ;
put ,?way'Ji:A. ^K "'"' ''" ''""'" "''' ^"•^l^"^-^^ '" ^^o potatoes after they are
By Air. McMillan (Huron) .-
dries'ihe?:p'Xrlee'\'lr;t\he n.l'T ""^'^ "' ^'"T^-^- ^^ i« " good plan. It
it at once, for yo e^n sn?„i ' 1 ^y^^^^^'i"'"''^?? by rust- and yoifcan te
if I g'o near infested tlold _ ( 1« d Vi' m«^^^ "' '°"''*^ ^ '^"" ^^'««^ '^ directly,
cannot market or use thorn' s.^iid led ? 1 1 '^ !^ J'"^'''"'« ''^ onco, and if you
to leave them in tl.eg nli 'wi ' ro . i w^r''''>"''°V ^'V« '« •'^ ^^^r better plan than
the rapidity with which Id case cm llH"''''rK'^^: J "''" ^'^^ "" ■■"«f«"«« of
Ottawa, and there was a Ic 7, ota o J wn ^^T^ ^^' ^^'^' «^' ^"^"""^ ^ '«^^
I intended to have sprayed he, CaiouJZ T. "t"'." '''' '" ^ ^''^'•^^«" ^" Stewarton.
had to go ofi; and I ' sal(l to m vl If • T ^' ^' ■' ^ ^"''^'^'^ *" ^ring the pump'. I
I really^noW, howove at tl ^t^ ne ihntT:^" ""^ ^'" '^'^ "" ''^^' <"' " ^««k.''
myself, I sho'uld say. ' I ca ne Z md il « w\ I'""?";" "" ^''''^ '•'^'^- ^ ^h''^^'!
started just at one little co "r S ;;« 1 o iT^t h' ?\"'^"-''^>''"'^''- ^ho disease
corner and the pest had spread from (I nmn l •" f^"^ ^T" '"f"^'^'*^'* P'''nt« i" one
dig them, and starting iv!, " ho Zd v " 'e wriv. '' "'''n' ^ ^'^''^ ''^'^ ^'^^'^«"«'- *«
^ve found there wore more rotted t. le s tl oro .m f " "l" '?"' •" ^^' ^''^ P'«^'o
tdl wo reached the other end , f i,e atoi T ' f ^'t ""'"''^'' ''''^''"'^ '"^^^ a"d loss
crop of potatoes was virt.udly n,ino!l '^ ^" "^"'*' ^>' *"^" ^^"'^k'.s neglect a good
By Mr. Semple :
potag;s'cS;^f t;^;.S;^;^:,'ll:'^^,J.!:i;i't ^^ '« ?« -r-- ^'-^'^ p'""^ed
weather set in, and they had far e^s rot h^n H ''!'"^'^, "'"" "^■"'" ^^^'^'^'^ '''« ''ry
other places in my noi^h u. u lu d w , 'T,,*''?'" ^"'^ V'""^'"'' ''^^'^''- There wo.e
well Off and the potattn. e Hmnll I ?/ ' r 'f ^'"' «'tten the potatoes pretty
where the tops were fullv dovoU" d In f I i /?' "°* ''"I """'" '^« '"'"'h 'rot as
It is quite possible in sonuoHl oX iVJ v«H^?-'' ?' 'T''^''^ ^''«'^- '"" "i^^'— A.
the crop before the disease develops! '' ""''' "" ^^""^ "^ ^ ''vourite, to socur
TIIK 800HCK ov I'OTATO ROT DEMONSTRATED
■'X
FARM AND GARDEN.
19
roy.s
' its
infe8t either the leaves o{ oX^^^^^ /'" "''"'.'I?. ""^'*^^" ''^vouriiifr cm.diti,.„,s,
tubers. The pre'c ce oL Un ^cn ^i^'^ "'' Z""'",^' '" ''"^ -'•"""^'' '"^^^^ the
logical conditions o the season \m7w 1 .1 't 'fu^'*'^ ?"''^'^"^^ ^'^ ^^^ "^^teoro-
<li^eases, but the season .Cs not pToduTe the d " se'Tt'on ^ "•" "'.l' '" '?»«"«
necessary for its development nrovi.led IL tlT ' ^ ^'"'^•' ^^^ conditions
these are there, the rit cannoroccu This ' V" '*'' P'T°"^' '""^ ""''^^^
advocating the use of preve tivo t.ou^ ^^'^' ^ ^''^^ b°«"
crops agaPnst their fun.Xencn os wha ^^^^^^^^^^ ''"''" P'j^^cct fruit and other
the greater doveionmei?to^hodr..n ^''■'''"l "^'^-^ ^«- ^ith regard to
am not prepared to .Jvy whether Ih ^hlT, '^"''' ^'^^'^71 g''Ovvth of foliage, I
due (o the sumo vZZi^Tc^^^^^^^^
<ionsely populated peaces, whe^^ ;gR. c'l!;;;;^ ^^'ule^P l"' ^
properly I'egulated. Jt.'^-mi' conmuons and the food supply are not
By^ Mr. Semple :
frealtirlTL^^baTZ^he^^^'^ri^'r 7^- TT^'^ '^"^ ''^'-^- ^'-t ^^
when there is none in adiacc t fieklV^ Tn L? '""^^''^'^'^ ,^^^^ it will often develop
pay, though it is not aSlly the c . e tl a H IvT^'l '''"'''"' ''"^'"^' ^'^^^''^'^^^^ ^^is,
Mr PnrifnAKTr. miT •', ^ '^'''^?' tnat clay lands cause potato rot
about the disease d^XZ^ under co;;;jf?on?f''^''"' IV'^ 7^"* Mr. Fletcher said
not a sign of rot wheroCnotis wo .0^,1 "^"T^ > "^ moisture. There was
they wL into vessels tKre-^cTd'o ro'^^^^ ^'^'^ ^"-"""^ ^ but as soon as
we tS in:Tare-;;;fa';'th: t^rm ''thld ''" T7' f "''^'"^"' «^ ^ "-^1---^
head and extending (^u^-owj "to a field Th '''"'' "^ P,"^'"'"'^' ^^ ^^^"^ "'^''««« 'he
were spniyed with°six dZrent mix^nlo" v^' "^T V^'" '"''^^'^ ^^ ^^^^ ««1J. '^^^'^
could s'ee that plot n thfh Id Jrd sthu.t i-T '';\^'«ta'.co of nearly a mile we
around it whiU had not 'b^n^p ; S^^^^^^^
were also marked. Where the Ie-ivJh,i i j no effects upon the crop
potatoes were better and ahnost nt Sh'j'eerm^'S" The ^"^ '''' application, th'e
greater than would navfor the -mnl 'ntinn !?,i k . ^.' ^^^ improvement was far
four cents u poun.l, mid the '; Sirthrii;;^^^ costs only
from the point at' rhicri L projSce r?J\l?"'"^^^
gallons of the mixture to ti'ea t e «^^ nlo^^^^^ It took about 60
and it certainly paid. Tl!: Sf^ZX L^^^^^
By Mr. Bowers :
Hir ; ?'tS m.rXrdSlf tht^SSirf"h '" '""' "" "l" P'^"^^"^" ^«. ^
bad ellects on the plants. ^ ^ have recommended and it had no
By Mr. McMillan (Huron)
^i,.^m7ZZait\t:\" «F"yP«^«^««'^with Paris green to destroy
^7i T ij T ! I '^ l^arisgieen a' >ng with vour solution?
b"
well
purple.
the potato
—A. (^uite
20
MR. JAMES FLETCHER, ENTOMOLOOIST AND nOTANIST.
whore it is ,.o.o«sa!y to spray tVu trees v!iti; l.l . f , "^^ ^''"■^' '« "^« f^«t that
mixing twi.e the ;imonnt of Uo\l mSrl v I ' h''"^'" ^'^'^ ^'^^^ ^'■^^^> ^Y
now actuallv spray poach iro s m'i i hvv ' l^^u 7,0^1 > l' r'''^^'^^^"^*^' ^o ean
make the Paris green so weak that it had no 0^1/ , '^''^"''*'- ^^^"'"^ ^^'« had to
tw CO the weight of lime with P H n 'nWo of ""^ ''' •"''''^'- ^'^^^' ^y "">^i"ff
and peach trees without injury. " ^ """ 'P'^^ '' «" '^n'^^r plum, cherry
By Mr. Roome :
poisonous properties of arsenic imtr'in.r i;'l„ • •*'. • . ' '* *^°°''' "o^ a^cct the
We found ti,at' the results ..^^1^ ^^riHr^' i'./ ."''^ '"l^"^^^ '*? '■'^"^^i^itX.
most satisfactory. ^ ^"^"^ ^'°''" '" ^''c Bordeaux mixture were
By Mr. Roome :
PaJ,^^l ^H 'tUtii;!;^";t? ;^ ;'ir-f --tic elects of the
B that Paris greon can bo^^^^^ . do^ble'^t l" A In'" ''':''''' T' '''' ''-"t
twice as much lime as Paris <rreen P m's IvJ ^ ^ mixtures which contain
Q. It makes an inHoluble nVixtuv ^ f V '' "" "'>'^^V""''''''''t« «fco^^^^^
effect of destroying fungi wSoutTnj.iWnVtt plant^'"'"''"^' '"" "^'" '' ^'''^ ^''«
By Mr. Macdonald (Huron) .•
Buffl^nS:e^;h?.-f"it,f";;tiXuir7'^^^^ ^-'^'^ ^eof
take a very huge quun Uy o i at to'nul o . •„ ^ ^T "'''' ''''"^ '' ^'"'' '^' ^vould
found that it is'troublesome o mix the mHk of n' 7' "' •^^':"'.'^«"'^"M>., hut I have
80 completely slake.l Ihat i: i.^vUkZZL^^^^^^^^
water with all the iime precipitaledrCe;: S^S^d out ^^^^^^^^^^ ^^'^'^ "'-
THE CATTLE HOBN-FLY,
It ^^^'^:.:iA:Zl^^ ^ ^-^".^^en,,. U. committee,
during the pa.st season. This is a ^ the o rSin o? wfel l" """.'' '"'''^ '"^" ^''"'"^'•^.
Europe. It came to North America iomefivf.-'' ^''' ''^'" ^''^^^^ l^'^^^ to
•luring July, I received the h^^s c4S^ '"^So and last summer
I have brouirht specimens wir if ^^ ""'"'• *''®'^ ^^^^'« ^^ntfrom Oshawa
Highttothomen^bersKl "omnUee tT^'T'^.r 't '"'^^' ^° known by
ious. From reliable datn I Hm .1 . .. ,""'" '""'^^^ ^ut extremely injur-
to cattle ,s such as o red 'co the o L ri^7^''ll^''^'t'^^^ ."^ '^ ''P'^^' of laZg
by 50 per cent, (battle that ver^St d b, i 'nfm ^^'^''/-'''T "'i '" ^""^« '■"^^''^"^"^
of, only put on the same amoun<o flesh In thre^mrtlf'H^ ''"'' ^ ^^^''^
have put on in two. You will observe th^ tit is ?? ' ^''" "^berwise they should
the size of the house fly. Alanv S rennw h i °''^ "Vf" fl^'-'^l^out one-third
into the horns of caltie. T I is •^. hS^^- ec itdt'' ^f!." P"^"±°^ ''''''"' '^« Coring
did a very good thing; it th,>rorgl ly w'w [o 'dThr/ '^^ "^' iF'V'^ '■'P'^''t' J>"^^«ver,
and induced them to take som.V'Z! ■f,™^^'^^^
takes farmers three or four vears To '..et stirred m.T'f t^ '"■'•'■•^' Greneraily'it
pest, but in this particular case ac u-dlv bofo.n tl?^;! ^f^ f^"""'"^ '' "^^ >'"«ect
month they were' all awake an^'apS- Tr^llt "':1¥„'L".1'^.''«V" ^''« ^o.'^-try a
ake and appl,i,;g remedies ■■^::.u,;:j;;;r^?C
ap-
FARM AND GARDEN.
plied rernodio-s which were unsuitable or nnnoccssarily oxnct.sivo One wa«
^U^o u.nmulH wUh Uu; which got them into a hornllo nZ a^d d^d mo^
21
(3iie was smoar-
rniK'.h
A WARNINa TO FARMERH.
hodv who has to n ■,. tt Of '^, • '• "^^''"-"^ considorable cxpouso to evorv-
-now TO MAKE AND APPLY IT.
MOST ECONOMICAL AND BEST REMEDY FOR HORN-FLY-
ro8uiTH'''-K<.r..?''r,'i''?'''''°''^''"'^''^'"' ^^'^ cheapest romcdy to lhvo Iho host
Hoap 8u<i8 which vvo .. I r^n 1 1 , ^^ animalH, is a mixture of coal oil ui.d
committoo iS.t yi™ Whjnfj' Z,, .i,,,f L J, '"='i;'°".«' ">» P'»P«'»li"n to ti,,;
If not wanted ft,,- mmctii tc n°o tTin k , ' ""^'■■» y»''y ""'"y with wator.
when it i« ,e,,ui,oJ fo mim, VL,; ,1,^1^ -''"'u™ i"" '!?," ''".'' "'« »''"<"■ "d""'
By Senator Bead :
anim„l, liokin;, .Lonii^vc. o"' tl,„ f<i„ "^ • the ,?l I'iZZ:," TTT' •'""" ''' "•»
W mM. JAMBS PLBTf;(rf?R, BNTOMOLOaiST AND BOTANIST.
Fiff lO-Cow-hoin HlinwiiiK ring c.f rosting horn-flies-mluced.
-B^/ -^'■. Dawson :
and t . ..- rta.nly a grout injury to the animal, and in no way a si,r„ ot'^oKa th
tolri nf^:r *".'J,^"'-'"«'' ^ho allows his animals to be thu/torm^med^ fo • I^c r,"
got r.d of them w.th comparatively little trouble and to his own ™< '
% Jlfr. Carpenter
»dvf>,ntage.
Q. I supj ose
I avoided givi;i ■ '
Bulletin 11. '^
.^ i qn-i-ng it more fully in this year's report ?-A. L:istycar
iJ^'inev when speaking because they could be got in print in
By M,: Kaulb,.ih .-
,u ^' '^o^^ ^^'^^^ ^^"^ ""^ *^° ordinary black fly which is a post in the sm-inT nt
PAllM AND QAiiUEN.
LIFE Ill.STOHY OP THE TATTLE HOEN-PLT.
23
marUL
]X)SltlOIl
tion-lilnlarged "^''''- "' ^''^ '' "' ''''''"" ' '' •""""•""" ' ''• '■'''" "^ '» ^'i^ing
and lay their ogge on the surface. Prom these eggs in 24 hom-K tl... maffL'ofs hatol.
and in about a week they have gone through all their stages, and ey ate rc-Kh- o
eave the dung, which by that time is almost dry. They can live ?^i? onlv wli
It 18 moist. By the end of a week they burrow into The In can, in 17^ u
the other stages. They take altogcthef about 7 f'rJnig tS pa rofgh dTtS
r S;« -^"^^ ™fr' ']}'''^r' by which wo can reduce that mamu to a-Sry sta e
lenders It unsuitable for the maggots (o live in. This can be don ■ by rolMng o?
bnigh-harrowing tl.e droppings. Thrush harrow is not'ofti^n sTen'i; thl' cSrv'
inade of boughs of trees. In England, it is macle
but as its name implies, it is
of hawthorn from tlJ hedge. a,;dTci;;g2;:f ^^^e; t^^;;;.^.^?;^;;^^:^ Sl
}hVv .^'?^ ''^^ '"'? "" implement would break manure'pats, so that r ho weathT;
they would soon dry up, or be washed away in wet weather ^1^ rain
If this or a similar treatment were practised, the m.mure woul I no be onV n i
condition tor those insects to live in it. One difficulty arises from t ?■ . of H ^f ?i,
cattle are allowed to run on the roads or are turned ho iVl, . 'ict that the
United Stateswhere cattle are infected wi.' utle ticks. It is now InZei tb.t
the L-atiio licK has50i„e subLie connectio, ih Texas fever jind irhnaT^
posed to keep cattle out of large wooded pastu..s a^^n sml er c Lure unt l^^ev
have been cleared of those parasites. Similarly wo sh-ill h Jn tn L21 ""''' ''^y
24
MR. JAMES FLETCHER, ENTOMOLOGIST AND BOTANIST.
Bulletin 14 on the subjeel! '"'""'"'"^ "' ^^'^« ^^>th th,« object that I prepared
5y ^Ifr. Eoome :
,Q- ^oes that fly affect the sheep as well as thn pnff In 9 a at •. . ,
the hoi'nod cuttle, not even horses. cattle ?-A. No, it attacks only
By the Chairman :
%v-^A"?hars/?rLr'o;;i^r ;^Jz::i:^i 'r^' ^™"^'^'^ ^'^'^ ^•^^ »'--
it on the neck ofa horse whe,^ rSin J th.o^/ir I f "'I"' ^{■^.'«'»^^f'i^^"y. I put
effect of keepinij the flies from iTtin.rH^ the forest and it certainly had the
well. There !s ^ol^U^2.^Zj£:^J^Zn!:;L L'T" '''t \' ""^'^ '"^ '''''>'
does not hurt the skin arall nor the iri , Pa / V *" f' ^ ^'V ''^^-'-^^J: it
bettor appearance than the' other. T ley h'd ■ f r;;°.,^'"^^'^ ''' }r '"'^ ^
they were treated with the usual tobacco ilu on for li e '^PP^'"'''^"^" ^^^"^ ^^'>«"
-6^/ ilfr. Girouard {Two Mountains) :
Q. I would take the liberty of askinif vou to renf...^ *t..,< .. • .r > .
of boiled Hoap; boil with one Kalian "ff^watc am uT "alf a ,)o„nd
quantity of coal oil ?_A. It must^e mixed ^.yVi^o tSre Th^ ''"\ ' '!''"''''
not be brought near the Are. ^ • ■'"*^ •^'"^' o'' '""«t
Q. And then you must add nine times as much witcr? A Y„ • u
cnulsion is made, yon take one part by measure and'^irit wi;r;tine\"kah'rva,e;-
By Mr. Baicson :
Q. How often will it bo necessary to snrav the p.if(l,> «,:ti »i.-
offthehornflyy A. It appeared J O.t wf 1 ^ ,me h.e'^rtU
applied the emulsion three imes and 1 found th- 1 flw n ■ ''° ^«'i«""- 1
tin,e. The flrst application kept th m " o^' 'bout tZ ZV 3' "V''" '' '"'t
It, and the effect of this apj.licUon lasted l.)n.4 I „„;/;;' 'Vk'.' ^'''""'«''
that brought ns to the end of the seZr but l\h ,rth . n\' ''"'''^ Ome, and
will probably luKt for a long time even e'l i^ r in )> "'• /our applications
found out next year. ' '" ^^^'^ ««'»'^"" I but this has to be
Q. If the cuttle were out in the rain would it wash olf? A V-.. c^
the tobacco dust and the tobacco solution, because it Ts an .,!ly mitlu^e *"'"'' ""
cattle. Wo l^st several cUtl^i^ our,;:^hboSH^ "Lm S^S^ 7 '-/r'^-' '""•
tho_horn. My own exnerienco was tLt r^.n! '..."'" ':'^?^ ''^'««l'^''' "l^^'i't
the
CO
w
1" I'orn. My own cxperienco was that ^^n^^^^^^^^^
'•'I<l n.b thei? heads on'.he brush w re 1 a d lut'oTu i! l" '""'' ^J'7." ^''">'
«'re affecte.1, and ha<l it not been for r b li , 1 1 ix, .",,'" "'"? "*"' '.''"•>'
icm, I am saliMiod we w„„l,l l,,.vn I,.., ,.,..".." '"•^'"•^' "' '"'• ami coal oil „n
tlK... I am sa.i.tied we would ha;; o , H ?V . w I"" vei" S v ,
"- offcct of that fly, and it was altogether about the l;rnd\.u;d"hor;r"'
died from
KKllONEUH HEPOIITS ANI. THRORIES ON TUB IIORN-Pr.
Mr Fi.KTciiKH.— I Hiiould like to aKl{. sir if
were told of it, /or I received probably 15 or 20 lettor^< fr
you nclually naw tl
out
lis or m«(rely
people miying that Ihuy
I hope from its
meantime, it in
atin^ it in the
liat I prepared
t attacks only
with the horse
ticallj-. I put
tainly jiad the
voiiid do very
e advised : it
ior lice had a
CO than when
l[al('a j)oiind
hat a doiihie
coal oil must
oh; when the
)frain water.
ttiiro to keep
10 season. 1
'll'for a lonuf
< I repouteil
•d lime, and
applications
his has to be
so mnch as
I'ectod nhout
innoyc'd our
;otlior about
where they
I field they
coal oil on
' died from
s or merely
I,' that thoy
FARM AND GARDEN.
25
had lost cattle. I wrote immediately to them, asking: " Did you see the dead
rnZS r'^ ''" ^""^ *'^\'"f ^^"^^'y ^^«^ they werf affected r^nndneveS
J the TlnUed'^'Cf ' "^T ^'T^'-f "^ ^ •"'^^ ''"^ '^^' ^''^« ^^' ^een the experieni
2 the United States entomologists as well for four or five years: " It was not I
who saw It ; I heard of it ; it was Mr. So-and-so. Somebody else told me " &c I
S7al.Mrh„'rf '' '" •'"' M Pm^'^^''V"^^""'^« '" ^^''"h l°«"ld find the man wbi
on fhn hn ^ /" T?u^ ^'•"^'^ ^y ^^° ^'««- W« "^"^^ this, that they do cluster
on the horns and make thoni in a very dirty mess with their excrement-a condition
W the iriTjt'^^' ""^ 1^''^. ^^' S'""" •••«« ^« ^he idea that they were bored
&fl! ?• ' ^ ^T "u^T ^''""^ ^ «'"^''® instance whore there was even severe
.nflammat.on around the horns. One ingenious theory was advanced that the
?•" rrer'wh'o Tol l" "^7^ ■'"''^ '.T"' corrugated ; but as^I pointed out to a vfs t ng
heirtol «;m' Tf'^'' at the experimental farm, about half of our cows had
th,"r«i 1 ! •i^.'"'''Tu^- My contention is that the flies will settle where
liX basTofrhe'tail! ^ " animal dislodging them, and this is on the horns and
see iUui^^eir^'^'' :-0f course, what I say was only what I was told. I did not
By Mr. Cochrane :
' Q. Do the flies lay eggs all the time ?— A. Some insects lav eees from a few
laTr."s withi'n IT ^^%r""^' ''tP^'?^* ''^''- I" *h'« insta^efhey certainly
lay eggs within a day. These eggs hatch within 24 hours ; the maggot stage lasts
andThe in " ^;"'«,?«:T' }^' P»P'^.l «t«g° as short a time as four daysThot wea he r'
and the insects will attain maturity in about 15 to 17 days. I have already pub
Ssh {'ldl"h/ iT^'*^' T *'"' ^"^J^''^' ^^'^^ '« •^^"'^d both in FrenchCd
J^^nglish. I shal bo glad to send copies to anyone who may desire them It is a
rn?heTi?" V^ing that we should iackle this'^pest at once, Ju its fi.^t appei ance
m the spring, before they begin to propagate. ^'^
By Mr. Bowers :
Q. This fly has not got down to the Eastern Provinces yet ?— A. Not vet In
cone usion, I may say that I am very much obliged to you, gentlemen, for aftbrdinS
me this opportunity of appearing before you. As I hfvo stated on previou?
occasions 1 am always glad trt be of service to you or your constituents whenever
out ot about 100 ot the worst posts that attack farm produc s every year wo can
nSlffr"'''^'? *"■ «7«r'"' .r'"^ information about at least 86 of thom'so as tS
enable farmers to ward off or alleviate their attacks. '
By Mr. McMillan (Huron) :
from^nnJnnVl" ^^"/'*'™'*" '" ""7 constituency who discovered in the milk given
iromoneofhmcows two or three little, white, hair-like worms Have voiVaiiv
Idea what hat would be? I never knew'of anything of the kind bofb e-A No^
I am afraid I do not recognize the species from your description. I hould have
ked much to see the specimens. There are some maggots which might occaS
?rrhf;mnked"f;omtLr1'""'.i '"* ^ '^"'^" "'■ '""- ii-i"K been iiiLnn mdk
ireshly milked f.om the teats. Specimens wore sent to me from Now Brunswick
ast year of maggots taken from tho flosh of sheep that had been blown and he
youTe;;ti;n '"'" '^' fle»hofthe sheep, bit I never hoard of such a el a!
HsTing read tho procoding tiauscript of my evidence, I ttnd it correct.
JAMES FLETCHKR,
Entomologist and Botanist to Dominion Experimental Farms
8