w \r i^ -¥^ ■V .■ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-ijL « ^' ,^ m w .■ Canadian Inktitute for Historical IMicroreproductions / Institut Canadian de microraproductions historiquas Technical and Bibliographk-Notes / Notas tachniquas at bibliographiquas the Institute has attempted to obtain the bast original copy available for filming.' Features of this copy whkb may ba Mbliogriphically uni '>- □ Coloured pages/ Pages de couleur □ Pages damaged/ Pages endommagtes . •. ■' «*'-^ □ Pages restored and/or laminated/ Pages restauries et/ou pellicultos # Th ■---,-.— to : * ■ .. K ■ y 1 ■ ^--^ i / P® !/ of U fill" f i □ Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque □ Coloured maps/ Cartas gtegraphiquel en couleur □ Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or Mack)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noi^e) . . * ' ■ ,' ■ □ Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ Relii a vac d'ailrtns documents '■ ■ . Tight binding may causa shadows or distortion alortg interior margin/ La reliure serr^ peut causer de I'ombre ou de l» distprsion le long de la marge intfrieure □ Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajoutfas tors d'une reslauration apparaissent dans le texta. mais, lorsqua cela itait possible, ces pages n'ont / pas M filmtes. D Additional comments:/ Commentairas supplAmantaires: r This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est film* au taux de reduction indiqu* ci-dessous. ^OX 14X 18X J J2)L JfJt >Sm 20X a#" Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ Pages dicolortes, tachetto ou piquees □ Pages detached/ Pages ditachtes 0Showthrough/ ^ transparanoe. W r~^ Quality of print varies/ Qualite intgale de I'impreision • .: Continuous pagination/ J&.- Pagination continue n A I Includes index(es)/ i I Comprend un (des) index Title on header taken from:/ Le titre de I'en-tite provient: □ Title page of issue/ Page de titre de la livraison I I Caption of i«sue/ D Titre de depart de la livraison Masthead/ Ginirk|ue (piriodiques) de la liirraison .^ 22k 26X 30X 24X 28X >/" 32r -• ■,"'-"'. s Tha^opv filmad Kara has baan raproducad jthanks to fna ganarosity of : ■ Societe du Husae du SSafnalrade Quebec L'axamplaira filri)* fut raproduit grica i la g4riAr(|tit«.da: SofcfeteAi Nusee ^ ' 'dil Sorinaf re de Quebec. Tha imagas appaarihji Hara ara ttia bast quality possibta eonaidaring Itha condition f nd lagibiiity of tha original copy and in kjaaping with tha filming contract ap^acificatiotii. Original copiaa in printad papar eovara ara fllmad baginning wFth tfia front coyar and aiiding oh' tha last paga with a printad or illuatratad imwat- . aion. or tha back covar whan appropriotai. All othar original cpi^iaa ara filmad baginning on tha firat paga with a printad or illuatratad impraa> aion. and anding on tha laat pa;Ba..with a printad or jlluatratad impraaaion. fmna on mm •yrhbol — ^> i Tha laat racordad f^ma on aach microficha ahall contain tha ayrhbol —^ (moaning "CON- TINUED"), or tha aymboi ▼ (moaning "IND^'K whichavar appliaa. Mapa. piataa, charta, ate. may ba filmad at diffarant raduction. ratios. Thosa too larga to ba antiraly 4ncludad in ona axpoaura ara filmad baginning in tha uppar iaft hand cbmar. laft to right and top to bottom, as many framas as raquirad. Tha following diagrama illusttata tha mathod: Las imiges suivantas ont Ati raproduitas avac la . plus grand soin. compta tanu da la condition at da la nattat* da l'axamplaira film*, at an > conformity avac.las conditions du contrat da filmagt.. Las axamplairas origlnaux dont la couvartura mn pa.piar ast imprim4^«bnt filmAs an cdmihancant par la pramiar^lilt at an tarminant soft par la darniAra paga qui comporta una ampralnta d'imprassion ou d'illustration. soit par la sacond plat, salon la cas. Toiia las autraaavomplairas originatMTkont film^s an commandant par la 'pramiAra paga qui comporta ifna amprainta d'imprassion'ou d'illustration at an tarminant par la darnlAra paga qui comporta una talla amprainta. ^^^ . — * ■ ^ . ■ ..■"'''■ Un das symbolas suivants apparaltra sur la darniAra imaga da chaqiia microfiche, salon la ^ cas: la symbola -» signifia "A SUivRE". la symbols ▼ signifia "FIN". Las cartas, planchas. tablaaux, ate. pauvant «tra fflm«s i das taux da rMuction diff«ranti. : Lorsqua la document ast trap grand pour.iltra raproduit an un saul clich*. il ast film A A partir da I'angla supAriaur gaucha. da gauche A droitf . at da haut an bas. an prenant la nombra d'imagas n^cessaira. Las diagrammes s|iivants illustrant la mAthoda. I 1 2 3 Xk X ■ I '■* L .^ '^.^ii'i^ ', ' -/ * 'J J*'*- /■ ' *• s ns. , , J Sittln nf 9sti0tist jifrhtfirl S^^l^« I'V FOURTH BOOK •V LESS N S, «0R THE USE OF SC Authorized by the Cou tion for Upper Li'L. ♦ I i CHARLES G . D^ G G (LATE THOMAS CAMPBELL fc :}z,. xha^ tmf: ■■-♦ii^iftw*-*--.*-!**^^- . '^ '^■f J m\ ''•■?.s ...-t. -i^s Hi 5> ..< « * •|- ;-■■ i x« '/a -n \ * t,t-t a*; im\ -^^ hixk *K -4 ♦ *^%'. i.'...ft <^'j I I J.- V 4 «l €) ^'; a O H ^i' J Jl t. H :> '^ <.'>.-) 4 .^[.jg'n^^D '•!A.f/'<;i.'t ar^jj i?- .b^r ■,^- >--^' ^iJC" ri * % 4 '' [■ Ji -' i> ■( .:\ / ; ! 1/^ __ Pou»TH Boob ow Lwuhm bRriaar been eonpiled on the same principles ns the Firet, Srftond, and Third, Teacherd are re- commended to parsue the samWrnetbods in uAins it. Their Pupilg •hottld b« made to spdl, wKhoAt the book, all the diiBcnIt words in erery Lesson; and, thoacW it is expeeted that Oramtnar and Geography be now taught trdm textbooki, ytt Teachers shonld ccDtinue.to put occasional onestiona oo both these bl>ancbes of education. ID the com se of AUe ordinary ezuoJnAtionti Any sen- - tence can be madman exercis^ in Orammsr ; and there is a wbola Section of Lessons devoted td subjects tonnected with Oeoerapby. which ought to be explained/from Maps. The Section of Le8«DiM on;8oriptttre Histonr will aid Teachers in commnnleiitins' to their Pupils an accurate knowledge of the historkal parts dfihe Bible. Wljen an object deacnbedAn any Lesson, or a^ plate or drawinc*^ of It c»n be pnMsured^ the/ obiect itself, or the ilrawiBir, ouKht tS . be shown to the Pupih; aM the Teacher should rcqnira them to explain, not only what ii« iiaid of it in ttie texi-bmdc, but all its , iuK'!51I"'*'"i«^ P.TP?'!'**^' *«!• «« those which it basio ^omrooo #ith other objecti of the *me kind. After bavini been exiimiiied "•1 •J'?^"' **i^ •hould Also be made to state, Inlheir own worda. all that they bare learnfcd from it. Maatera will dMve coni^! deraMe .assistance in tofiching, and PnpUa io leamitif the Let' < sons. fn>«n ">• hat of Jiatin and Greek roo«a in the ^Lppeadis. Those in the Firsl; Sjwtijn have been t arranged acooidiii«*to t£ "° "' V9^ oecnr, and bare jMtfi mUmi at the page^frwdiiig. II will J. ofaSrantag" . ^- .w*!*^* Section britreteribW for etxh Las. sjitv^ paoiB to be spelled; read, and explaiaed, ft^Vht robta to b« ' r » '*^ J"" •*? '?'*?«>.^»<» examine tbelf PapHa on tba formatioit I SSf^'^fr** ^'".7 *.•"""• "^y J«L»i»« prea*ea, a«itas4and otbar l*^^mple» in the bodk, as many Engl sh words fomed Item the •*»•«»» "^ey cai recollect Throbj^t of tWsTxewise is to accustom yo^tf pe^n* to habits of combibation and analvilS. ■ as well as tojtife tiein » eoamiand of ex|»i«ssibB8 in tbeif own I^*r*^.i^^'^S^*J?'»^.'^ " ^««»»"»»««» tlw«eadlt^ Lei- V Lessons in which they t»Ui of sis root* to bach tnarefbre, to toaoh thai .their dorf^iitft them to do thill Latin and Ol^k been ntfiitid in, Ai«b-Less4«lettt!h liteison^c^tbe fSir^liedtioW bavk^ Italien in tb« oorr9sMlndln|rS;«l!Sl^^ to de^ notjKMi^ Jl tbftr^^M^ W^d«dWT ill i > IT N, learned: ^Sl^U^Tu^^*^! J'J't °' *^.** S***^^" ^a. be". , this, they ViU DrocZr^ Si S J^a^^^^ °''*"**"»- Having done eontaioiog only thoie adSn^ln^™^ ''^r?*^ ^*"'^' ^W«l>. in the FiMtSeJSWno! h«i £^"'**T 'V*^*''* *<* "»* occ«' will use their^X"retiJn^"^'!;!«***" ''""''"^ T«»«hers ^ for a leeeon ; but thTlSu ukL L« L '*'"i''''.^°.*'' prescribed Some of theeeSreflSJTSii il^**' *^*"*''*'' *»<* Fifth SecUon^ Joined ^^^fT^^^^VTZl'"''^''''^ "^y '"^^ -"^ mended to i^iiMghC ™xJ^ ■ f^ ® Leasons are reoom- ^^i^J^STSh^iVC^ oharacteri.ee and •nd theZiSrra^lr*"^' P^ •°*'°»». th* Tegetable! •^dwS^S^LS^^^*^ P"P«: PWnnciation, ^enL •wA'nittliiffwSI iSJ!*^!!- S^^J.^i'tiatw «)oti# to iMft«.tf fJ^ftf ^CT^J^ *'^' ^^»* " *•»• first affix added -^^ J ■ ONTENTS. I.-~IfATUIIAL mSTOil^ illibal atJcl fige^iile lifWMAvom •• t— mm0*mk •*•••••«» •«••< On the Miilt^ude and \[ariet7 of LiTing 1 3raa* M r a» Amniom S The Natu^ and ^^,\At»l of Quadruped*- Qoumiotk .„ f / The Instidet of-^rde— ADDi80H...i..'......L...„.^ ........ «*....*. 10 The Covering of Animals— Paudt ^....•.«a..m^.«...^..^. |8 The Sagacity of ^iseetM-KimBT a*d anmm.^.i,^.^^^»...Jlli The Insfeinet of Fibhes-pBooK Of NavokA ;.um^. ..^... ......... 19 The Dees o^ AnidalB-^iaL.......„.........i„....„. „.,.,., .„„„,. 21 Clothing from AmmaI«-->AiKiii i...i^...».4« J...... „.«......„.. « Jtl On the Adi|lptaUal Kingdqih: 8tone»4-fiiaouT^.^^>».'„ ...<»«.../ 4^ Balta; C6mb|i8tibW>t»ttf .......V — ..*.*.» ««-.>«^...«^* ../*», .«• Met •f- T '«•»•;>•••*«' )4«n«»M»Mk«(l f<*«*f^ n.-^-^lOGttAPBT. notes On Aurope>«»^««««.r.»<^afa«if, .•••(•••••^••••'•••••^^•/••••M>M*M 84 British Empire— M. Drpw 1...... .V«,^/^«..„„...< M The Rmns of Hercillaneum — KonaBoa.. ...... ;...^......m. ...... in Mont Blanc— Clakkb's Wondxb8. *.. ..J,.„^,^.^ ...... M Rnsaia; Wirtembwg; Tyrol-^BBi:.!.'! OBOOBArHT. ............ 57 Oenaany; Denmark — tftuf /.^ M 8weden-^0XB....j.., ..,......«,,,..4,.*.»i,...«.lW Kiolen Mottntaint^VoK Bpch •»..»........^M..<.k.<.>.....^ld8 Boiling Fountains of Ieeland—HB»PBnioi|.....L^.» ........... JiM Notes on Asin. ......';.. «....«...-.«..«. .«^;......l«i Mot^t of OUTes-*>DB. CijutK«.. »..».......4i«*.««.».«««i.....ll2 Arabia: Persia; Hindostan— Bbu's GB00BAl!fnr».«.......,»..114 China— EiioToi.oriiDiA Bbitahxioa. ,.,. ..ji^f^,,,,^, .,.' ft ens on Ainea>f.... Monai^k.f*.. •••••« Mt«M.Mj Tk% P/JMnida-^DB. Olabkx.^^ ^•..••tZ«»«*Mii»*M«M..f.MM< -/■"I r «s. \/Siinda: Pern* rlini n.JT ''**■<**•'*'•' un * , ine Llanos, or PUiii> nfftn«*u """""^P"* 140 . . «^««7.fu..A,r^LX","-s,i;:;^r;."rr ••■•11. ni.-BMJGI0U8 AND MOJIAL L«880N». '" TheJoanieyingofUieI«ra«Ht<« ai^-j j- Ik f/."'^*?'"* **' *• ittiirfiV^i'in plwl": •••«•• • ... m tt;tri2i^^«»«*^'»^**^«*H^^^^^^ iji Wkl vl u' • Saviour announoed--Mooi»f« *®^ f J»e Taaobwg ana Character of 7eiiMrkl?.V'"A-— '"^OO Oa the tieath and Sac'rVfioeof crri-V**^n.* ' ...201 tte CluriaUwi SalTation-JawVcS '^^^ 20^ I "" •••••• •'•••••.•.!..-20ft IV.-POUTICAL KONOMT AND USEFUL ABTg; 2T6 218 220 224 291 t«tt!ngaiidliiri;r;33 ••••;•••••• ...287-»ld::248 fetHng and HMni (oontlnu;dT" "*" ' ' • 24« Mtingand Hiring continuS :■'"*-""•" —••••'•.-.. .247 PfvlBiQn Of Labour^MiTH " * "- "S*! g;Mng^ooiitimied)-iW| '•- • ••.... ....2M Ttm^TUti MinKif-Wa^-CfcAMiI'ii* w«»Ur-" ' •••..."268 ♦ \\ ■.■■;.. 1 n, , -tFT' 1*1(1 ! ' I*, - ^ rt Y.-*MINnL4iri0in UllONt. .;;<•■ ••^,. ft- [Comj^lftint of the Dying Tear— Hbxd^bsoii.... ^.. 2l WMtmioster Abbey — Spkotatos ?''? Mr. Pitt's Reply to Horace Walpole J« War — Chalmkrs y.,..,:. .....28l On InfideUty — Aniisbw Thomho^ ...,.•••• f^M Insignifieanco of this world — Chalnhs «..2d6i The Vision of Mirsa, exhibiting apieture of hnmui liiiK- Spbctatob. .....' ,..„..„„„ 292 Account of the Principal Heathen Qods — Bai.0wm 299 Why nn Apple fnlls— ETR.HiNog at Homb....^. .......808 Account of the Erincipal Heathen Ooddessee— '1)ALDWiir...,..8O0 Of the Therniometer and Barometer i, .» .t.... ,813 Ou the Microscope— PtATT... , .............816 Why the £arth mores rtuud the Sun — Evbmuios at libMB...8l8 VI. — ^POSTRT. Flying Fowl and G^ejiiiiJ Things! htrilgi ye the Lord— Watts „. 72 Qod, the Author of Nature->wpMB. ».... 78 All creatures called on to praise Qod— iOaiLviB......\........... 74 On Oruelty^o Animnls— Cowpke ...:..... „....,.v*m. 76 Vetaelied Pieces, firom Bbattib* Himbis, snd Mutoh. ..«,•«*- 17 A Poet's Noblest Theme— Baeton ..i... .. 78 Omnipresence of Ood — Anoji ........*».............»..........•.,... itH Itope beyond the Orave—BBATtiB 81 l|h» Heavenly Rest— W. B. Tappav...».. ....«.„„. 88 Cfn Staffa— Blackwood's Maoazibb ...........,....«»«.••••• "•»*149 4ddress to the Mummy in Belzoni's ^hiMttoBH-flBfloMTH- ' J IT Maoabinb ........;.;...;;;A....;.;.;^....«.;;;.!i^..».;,....lM Jerusalem— MooBB. ......... .;. ...^:. ..;;.. „. ... .;..;. ...... .;. ... .'., ^.^162 The Falls of liiagara—BnAiNABD...... ...... .....;...;..^....^.....;;1H (>n the Downfall of Poland — Caiipbbi.l .\........ ..».. IM Pompeii— Ltrioai. Obmw.,.^. ....,\^,,....*%'».... .166 Thunderstorm among the Alps— Btbob...i,. ....;. .t.!^., 167 ▲ Voyage round the World— MoKTaoNBET..l ^.,,...^^1(18 Detached Pieces from W^etox, Mallbt, TatOMspir, BoqByi^ , Jerusidem hofote the $.i^ge—MiuiA]i. ......... ....... ......^^k ifrWi, Christ's Second Coming— Hbbee .^.1....'.^»I»..J. ^..'»...^.....»..2lQ The Saviour— MosTQoxEET ..',... v.,., 211 The IncAruation— MiLNAN ..^.218 ** nat 18 time T^^AiABBDBN. ...... ••..•.••..•.......»••• ••.... ...... ......^i 1 Oeeui — Btbom , ,. 276 Detached Pieces flrom YoirHa, Abmbteoiio, Cowpeb, l^fc- yrt.''-%*'m«ry- ■Ni; I .4 ' •••• *oa --^Tjd.no.^;^/^*««. «.-Pdrt....:...:.:... 535 S^r 2f!Kstii^:::::r:::::::::::-^ '• vr."»-".-......,... ^ *' :. ..^... I, APPENDIX ^i ^A tTv.: 17 'ft I ! *^?,i^V•^■ .,■.,:.:, .,.v#- ■. - r ■■ ■.■ '■,':.-. ,,'.-.,..,*'■ '■ ^ i l^J-^tWS^,'"' ',. > , ♦" •/ ;n •' FOURTH BOOK. .. •, ■. ■■■-';, . ■ \. -^ SECTION L ■ 1 1 ...... ■■. . LESSON I. »> . *> ilr ANl» 'Vt^fti>AteBs ttfl. f :M lowini^ manner j— ^A'Stones grow J vegetables groir and hve ;• animals ffrow, livejjiEffid fefel?* ' Thesd distinguiuiin^ f^operties are, indeed, keW adapted to exhibit the 4nteh4^ idea,f in a popttlar way ; but it ^ihat be :^nie«tiotted whetiid^ they bo phthtophieaUy juAt. To ^f^; live, '*rid * feel, are only toe passive pro{>ertie8 <6f anrinaUi; they possess, in general, tfcettw poireoni of idiotibii) instinct and a kind of /inteUeetinl. 'to^rgnr, wlridh isiaUi . them many degrees above vejtimolei, and iiifinUely above mmerals; Trhilt) the dfjfiri^ Wit- portioi^ of dodlity^ OF sagaqity, irith wbliBh th^ are endowed, ^ihently diitingoish/thtf klij^eilC tribes of tfbimated nature from each pther, M.irett ill frdin inanimate matter. ^';iBfjttry jinimal, frotn th« higheirt; tb llie loiWi 116^ It iBhabled, by ium h»Mmi itoiif^l^ « ^ •I m >. ■ r' Hit •^ ■» ■# ■■& I K^v. ' d.ries betWeen atfS«f'.*r""'?»*<' 'he Boon! PosMM 80 many cwr^innJ' '''•.'!'' 'W ioth animal hfo comment .^^ '* P^noMce when •Iwlitest touch, seema £1. ^ '"^•'' »'"■''''» from the plant fiihiBhes a 8tDj-moM>i«S^j- ^"^ "»"'« of vegetable motion ^'"?l??^*°'"*''°"7eM»iplo «>«t"J2?oi^f ffi"^_^IJ.w«^^ have both Wovewentwd.dec^ ^^ "-^ '»•'"%. of In. »P<1 J>»ye tlieir JEiiv. % ^^« their kind, *Wek •j^r?»^T'^^' f ••*> a^ the anitoS. '%v^'m£m of iiil. f jT •""»»'» assimilatinir lotrer, thftt even the inpect and reptfle tribe* ao^ onire an extraordinary sixe.. The earth-woim of I the tropical climateB iii Aiiierito is often a yard long, and as thick as a walking-stick ;< the boiguaci^^ or ox-serpent, reaches to ,the length o^ forty feet; tl^e bats are^ larger than our dpmetHc fowls; and the 'Riders may vie in siee with thefrdgs And toads of temperate regions. On the eontrary, within the arctic < circle, where vegetation is impeded by the tigour of the climate, animal life, ^ through ^ita various classes, sensibly partakes in thr diminML^^ 'Again, if we eontemplate the 'animals and v^ge^ tables peculiar to 'the watery world, we shall a^ fiil to find new corTespohdinoes^ and to r«ebgniie how well the nature' of the ;>ne 19 isdapud ttr tic neeessitieS'Of^the^ other.' " ■ '»iviTrf-?;. -'.ill ^'.\,-mM/ Thus it ia evident that aninudb im^ vejj^stdMiel hate an tendeiMy to approsimafe towi^ ««^ oilier^ It may W observed, howei^^i'thie thi mtfre perfect rttbes reeede the ftitliiMti INte vM^ Mble lB%u ribrity of the miiiualj the affi^ <^ tht'b«o'^baici il perceptibly nearer. Btan, the nobM itti mm perftot of animiOe, - appears to be leasi' aibeteA hf the diversity ^i ohmMe, oi^ ii^^neecl by 'lb# aliments oAWhiofi lie subsisto. From fhdpMl regionrtotlM burning -sands of the ^^tMtttfrJhe' wififi «rttr^ with mere or IMS ease, the meais^^ ml^ slstence *i ' he^ is ^neither cit^eUnHteHbut by Mlftet, ikw wnfned to terr&oriit, but eziste iA «tei^l i^Hcv,,^^ yMn '^^iHun \'jn -ni i>/jii I • .''.v-fC/i.T*:^ J!*''" .yM'»'r.(if ,i.Ji£i_u"iT .'Vna.-i^i; - , j • ^i.-.ti^ipiil odS iJil ih ;«i»i"v5<>ft ?-r»/iv iijih i-p* pjif /?' i^yiiJqo;^^ 1'" / % ' V >^»** -iJ i tL ^/*. ^4^/ ♦«h*r Iwidi irVe lodk ;n2^!k^ ^mtfov^, Om tht •P«««W in lui orwSm^mrr j*^ therefow, •*»7 .5»ii^ of S "^ It* ."* "«i «-.- -y ' 1 V 1 "' *^ > mv^/ 1 *' ' '^»^>Vi^> 1 ' -' * B them { • *» «MirfcJ« [• <^ Oif vpwtoaC i^ teemuiff »»M. ^ iriiM(i.tii4 HM8te,iU|4 ^ih& of '® speoiet|; > em'oyed' therefore, of Kfe. >bam Of ^tMTM Uads of brMtiir«B, sritUig one ore^ iiiotli^ by rodi a gentle aod easy aweni, that the little kraikntioiis akid deriations from one species to another are almost insensible. This intermediate space is so well husbanded and managed, that Wiere is scarcely a degree of perception which does aot appfar in some one part of the world of «i? Now, if the scale of being rises, by socb" a tegttlar progress, so high aa man, we may, by Ji Mittv of reason, tt^i^pots that it still proeu^ TrmdwUly throng those beings^ which afte of a snpww n«fttr#^to him; leaving still, however an mfinite gap or ehasm between the highest JJ«ated being and the Power which prodoced mm in this BvBtiem of being, there is noicwai, tnre^BO wonderfol in its na^tr^, and whi;;ji • '>- -^-i, *k4.-.'4,^f,i^,, j7^ jt;. •I* , * * »!)'!■ ..» *tti 'iTATiftui difr EtannM or ^HiAvwtax^ \A .■< «=^tini gteaMt animal, are Mde for inoiensivi -t-^-p^s -■%-- 1 • V 7 a.:' / ped,, nor yet attack them. Naw' t„*f gnmim. T™^' «»■.''''•' *«»*<««.» mighTJoJ eLS, and cnnnin/ Thl r ' ^ "J «feat«r aotiri^ them by .toJri^^'S.lr'""'"^? WP iipni P^l9^« hound from aolne InrlmAnli^T^ij ieeaort, hunger. Combats between the Don and the horse are common enough in I^W .k they are both enclosed in » kind of i^nV^f * »tre fitted for that Wnose Afv '''^'^Y^'^ ^^^.^^ S^WlJ^e tr^^^ *jBtt lus hinder Iflm to, ,th« , anemy. The & "win. ir"L«<'^„'T'' "3 roU .SS 5S V ,^^ ■■-^-- •tanMd Mid struck motionless by the Mow, than that hr effects his jump between the horse's should- ers.'^If the hon is stunned, and left sprawliiiir, ^e hbrse escapes, without attempting to improve ' his,vio^ry; but if the lion succeeds, he sticks io bis prey, and tears the horse in i pieces in a^ very short fame.'-- '■>. ''^•-- -^ -X^fi ;■ •/■ ■ . ■/ . f . ■ :■ ^ But it is not among the Jarg^r ahimals of the forest alone, that theSe hogtilities Me carried^x>n Ihere IS a mmute and a still more/treacheroui cofi- test between the lower ranks ofhtiadrupedtl The panther hunts for the sheep ./lid the goaJ; the mountain cat for the hare or tfeb rabbit f and the wild cat for the squirrel or-' the mouse. li pro^ portion as each carntvorou9. ani&al wants stiJngth,' it^ses all the Oitittanee pt patieneey aiiiduitv, arftt cunnmg. However, the arts of th«e 4b pur- sue are not so great as the tricks of thwr prey to es<»per s^ that the power dP destruction k^onS dass IS inferior to the pow0r of safety in thcTotherj Were this otherwise, the/ fofest would sboA be Aspeopled 6f th0 feebler rases of animak an^ Iwasts of prey themselves would want at pie th^ that wbtUtence which diey hvishly destroyed: li another." /■ •■■ :v;v (>■''■ ■•■.w-t ^ J^w wild animals se^ their prey in lie dayi time; they are then ifenerally deterred by their , fears of nian in the inhahited countries, ind by the excessive hea> of/ the. sui ia those ktmtivel fbreste that lie toWd the>>uth, and iiTwhioh they reign the indi^uted tynmts. AsTLtoa a«i the morning, therefore, appears^ the tavSkornm anmials^refare to their dens; mm^ the elephfcnt, tb# horse, the deer; andi all thehare kiad^ th<5eiBoffett^ IM^Ii.^ Ncftfaiag msk %*imm \ ■y t^'. . •cent, «,d bartof like » i^^.,.'"r^°« "^ ««•/ then begin their c™ and «i^ ** "^""^ "M mnoh louder «,mS/S,'„^ J ??'.'^»M ^^^^^ in a morning. V^^f"f »»» bn-d> in ««, gro.' induce 'the^'*to7^ WbTT ^T "^ '■"P' i; th6 deer or the bom ' tl,^'^'*'*?^ «e,k #e; that »<»m n»de to^^i?^ '"™'"» oreaTore. either P*»T,r «r^^"\„»?»7- ^W «, •greeaWe repaat to SST^!! ""'^ thJ^mort -J»»l „eth«^ -» -^h'"the'ia;n£r ?«** hide and crouch near some iS^ ""T* " *» »fc»tthe>haTrmoS^t?r„ f"*" '»/«"*^3i Theh. iawaf^nneoW ;?'"''■¥ * "^pV that i, not verf ewflv L^^Si ^"?" T '»'» "nd ■ by it. iwifinew^ TXtTh "^ T^Pi-B *eOi «»*««»». But ther^ J. ^JZ!^,^ r*" o^n maU a*™ rfjj<*« „X.^ "» «eny^d which it b •oimab of this Und Sm«n7i^»T^''*'*'? **« »» *e eyagtah, the w,l^ and ^k^J^ -ef"?" they pursue with' matauTtSK^ ^t • *» k™*; W th*y 'keep on 2JS f/ '**r" **" •"Wn*; «^«riiBwhti.rp^»n»Z ^'^?^ .1 ^j^. t^ ^ **-)t 8om0 find pratectumm holei» i^ which nature has directed th« to bury themselyea; some find safety by •wiftnesa; and siieh' as are poi»etsed of neither of ^ese advantages^ generally herd together, and mi- deavov to repel fiiva«t<»i» hj umed force. The Tery sheep, which to as seem so defenceless, are by iiaBliean8soina«ftrtcofnature. They are furnished With arms of defence, «nd fcy^y great degree of •Wiftness- But Oiey are stiU furthet assisted by their 8i»int of mutual defence ; the females faU into the centre ;;and the mUes fonning a ring r^und tbeiii, oppose their horns to the asaaiknts. . Some ammata, that feed i^Hm ^uito which are tQ^beifimnddilya* one time of the;^ar, fiU their holes with sevena aorta of phints, which enable them to to amoealed dunng the hard frost^of. the winter, contented with their prison, since it affohi^ them plenty und-oropeetion. These holes are dug with so much art, that th«re seems the design pf an ar- chitect in the formation. There are nsually two apertures, by one of which the little- inhabitants can idwaya «8cwe iphe^. the efifmy is in »<«ww^ of the other. Many creatures are.cjPWU8h «wh as ha^e negltoM thov '** '"" ' ' ifai of the coaMMwuafgL i^ •M « p«rt - IcfeBnot Iw imttatioD, for though lunoer a hen, and never let it wi itf own kind, the nest it maken - — ^, rto' the laying of a itick, with all the^BToT the ime spcores. It cannot be reason, for, were ani- ials, endued with it to as great a degree as man, their buildings would be as different as ours, ac- F^rding to the different conveniences that they , irould propose to themselves. Is it not wonderful, that the love of the parent should be so violent /while It lasts, and that it should last no longer than ris necessary for the preficrvatiori of the young? So Isoon^as the wants, of the latter cease, the mother withdraws her fondness, and leaves them to provide for themselves; and, what is a very remarkable circumstance in this part of instinct, Wto find that the. love of the parent may be il^ngthened out beyond Its usual time, if the preservation of the species require It; as wer'may see in birds that drive away their young, as spon as they are able to get their IiveUhood, but continue to feed them, if they ar^ tied to the nest, or confined within a cage, or by any other means appear to be out of a condition of siyplymg their own necessities. Yet how ,wici« » difference i» there between human reason and animal mstinet! Reason shows itself Mn all the oeeurrencea of life; whereas the brute makes no ;z«covery of such a talent, but what immediatelg regards his own preservation, or the continuance of ' his species. Animals in thei^generatipn f^re wiser than the sonsof men, but their wisdom is confined to a few particulars, and lies in a very harrow eompajs. Take a brute out of his instinct, 4n4 you find, him wholly deprived of understandinff. IH) use an ^ instance that often comes under obser- vation:— ^with. what concern does the hen provide }iU 7 ! M '^"''" ".^^?^ in places n n frft(|npnfi>H i»ni1 fr'^^frftm J^^il^ m 9^ mi dittt^ia^ WS she h« hMp 't i4 i=-- - * V" ,•»•«•<• ftfJt, mi in tudb that If .^^ Uer tliat she <»n COT*' them they have iiine to cooM L ^' '*"" return before giving herself heater frLf'' '""T^' ^""^ ^^ her for aive twoCu!:;^ fc\Ww^^^ the rigour of the season w!«m? " yfinter, when •nd stars awav bat' half » i><.7-_: ..,/ ""enaanoe, nicety i„d attem on dot ^Z\ ^''^ '«"' ■»•«" break its prison ' no? m . v *® .''*'P ">• el«<* to it from ZTiuZ Tt S;.' ""'T »' l"*' «<"«™« proper nonrishS ."d wr"-*'' 1"»^*»« » »or to mention Cfo™.lrJ!;"»K 8 " "> ""'P i«^>f !- B-e, « the «^ S the fe^..:" ???•»«»«•• •eettini' ini»nn^ "™e, the ,hen that hag ij] ti,;, witi.o«tter^i„~'ir^H '-^.^^ ";d W npon it in the sfrnTmln^.^/"' *"! •88'' fme of knr iherMau /» ??."'"»'>'>«» ; she is Ouen. W oW ah/those of t^„r ik "•^ -. ^^ _U "" ! Ul," ' I ' ^i,j«^,-\t,7 .1^ "-K u tt covfT them, em frequently, wW Warmth! her necessary return before you find her tting her y the Tonng p attendance, th how mach the chick to her covering providing it [ help itself;, if the young appearance, has ail ^ia re»pget9^ is » or common- for an egg/ ne IS tn$en* > number of Bh between and, when a bird, will cumstances ^rd to the > is Ajvery thing mor^ n animate^ s ratirely' \y-f. ,.j - ;,, , .» ,» •: -J t ■ ■ ^>V' .' ^i4i-^ • uim-r^A ' ""5«"-'t::^':x ,"| ■A ■LESSON V. t:-'''.; ;■■>' '" ■■•:■ ■ - "■■■.■ ■* c; ' ^yH» cx>VEaiNa of animals. Thb covering of diflferent ariimals is ag much \a I be admired as any part of their structure, both for hts variety and its suitablenesi to their several na- ture. We have bristles, hair, wool, furs, feathers, quills, prickles, scales; yet in this divereity, both [of material and' form, we cannot change one, ani- jmal's coat for another, without evidently changing it for the worse; taking care, however, to remark, that these coverings are, in many cases, armour as well as clothing, intended for protection as well aa ^warmth. The human animal is the only one which ifl^naked, and the only one which can clothe Itself. This is 6ne of the properties which renders man an animal of all climates and of all seasottfe-- He can adapt the warmth or lightness of hia cover- ing to the temperature of his, habitation. ^ Had hei been bom with a fleece upon „ hia back, ahhoogh he might have been «omfort«d by its Imrmtii in cold cbmateS) it would have oppfestmt his by kmmmAM and hea*, as die species nnread tf the «a9M canity pad; the same desi gny^giat #00! ^ muhoM ^^ajunfri i^«s it|s ^jf^BdyibiitiWinith^^ia^ - \ ^w ''■f *" WhiBifc on the cor I* "W^ " .^ •fce polar regions, i/ h."^J ■ '• '" *• >«tur«I«t.h.verem„krdl.?7>* '•«fe"ed, what ■ve.. Which do nTtob; 5>. **?"' r''«»' W nuchthieker upon the bfrtVL "V*^' ''•''« 'N fiir ■n the be.v,,,ri. thitkl''r.'''*'«"yi»ie««^ U.0 feather, ,i„ waeer!foS TA' ^'^r,»B^e "^.°'*:!!e:^^^ri^--'.»r'^-«-'' the ov3.ppi„g'^J,i~^»» "bout «'»ir^m 2S"»y of oolon„C ei^^/a *» mention their ">»fy, » beautify ^^'J^'^^'"?^«»« for the »Uoh the animal i« to k J*"??*** *» ^o ««• ri-ojM. h»re had bo oohieSS ''"•'' i ^^ we JWfguie »ny thini more !!f ^t* """" "W noi (irhM ig piabr onlTi^ ^* "« wppoae ? ijBoked 4pha,«B?_^*7^«^^^^^ with IwW rwutaoee to the ^ .S .W".*^ "* V «f«.eJ.;.«ivin, it ir4 r'^.*i Ji«'"" '"' ■ O^oiir M^S^I '*^'***» 'Pw *now, is the w^J!!^ .'.SSPS^S^^^ <•, \/ i« KKat iHnn^ fi^ the lidirl and eircQiation of^the Mood. li 18 further likewise remarkable, tliat this Mi hot found in •' ... - ... .» •«- a i>ea8on the cold sent, 14" I* 1 ..I -^ . ; -♦• If • ffK[ » III-.- , ,r* birds: for. which there is also r'jare much more exposed to jnes ; lorasmuch as they pre- )!0 their bulk^ a much target 'I .- , vU 1 ■'V * *i- fcif V t 1 t Vj , ./ ; fc'. . Kf TBI ■AOAorrr or insiots. .. Tm parental instinet (jf ^n^eef is Wll worthy \& »tteiitipil.; Not; only do ihese minute crei^ iS^^ ***^'"^®'80 M severe pfrwtf&mt as Wl^rgest quadiNipeds in nourishmg their offiit>rittff, tod «xpos6 Ihem^JiHBs to tw m-eat^ &k i^ defendhS Jhjttiti biit, m th0 verjrlirtrofe of diea^^^ th^ e^ hi^ «*: mueh 9niM% ^ ttiefr plWttr^tio&?^^ ^ 'l^g^. P*oj^rti^ to «• *^ire^^g^^ feito %jdirten©e; bttt t^eM^ ^iMK^0^^ P*'*^^ itf *»'»*«»• cireuinttanoeB, etii]^th«&: last (jflTdrts ilk Vo^roprii«^ Vf Providence y h^ ^ . 'I. r %^ fN' « o 4 \ *f ■r, m8t, she recognises the desired plaiTthe mome!j^ she apjjroaches it, and upon tliL Bhe ^^7^ caution of a%ewtaxn%ng that it is not pre-occuS Si^'LtSlhrr ^^^> '^^ o&tacle a of S^^r^T^ ^>Wr, however threat- ^mg, can divert W, the Affectionate moUiep . : .^e d^ iAafe^y of the aip^^^^a^^^ 4)0B|a? not exist in water* ir«f ;« *i^^ i *^ wp«,- thi, pTO,«, ^a d>« C — -' . A ♦. ^i ^rhieli he can rraeli |i^(»bi of tlie hSrae'i booy wliV his tongue: what, 7011 luk, becomes of the ^ggs depositeid in 6ther |>i.rts? I inll tell ^u hoir the gad-fly avoids thb dilemma; and I wiU then ask jou if she does not disco w a provident fore^ thought, a depth of instincit which almost casts into shade the boast^ reason of map. She places her eggs only on.those parts 0I: the skin which the horse is. able to reach with his liongue: nay, she confines ttiem almost fxclmively to the knee or the shoulder whiQhi he is seen to lick. WhatV could the most refined reason, the most preciu adaptatidn of means to an end, do more ? \ ' Not less admirable is the parental instinct of that vast tribe. of msecrfs known by the name of ichneumons, whi>de younjr Are destined to feed upon the \vnas bodies of i^i^er imeei^,' You 'see this animal alight upon the plants^ %her^ the caterpillar (which is the appropriate food of hel^ youns) is to be met with; nm quickly over them, ciarerailj examining every leaf j and having fbund the unfortunate object ^1* her yeareh,..tiis(^ h^^ sting into its flesh, and there deposit an egg. Iir vain her viotitn, as it eohieuuu^ of its fate, #lrii^6i its body, spits out an um fluid, Mid birik^ iifii iotion all the orgatis of defittiee with wU^ it W Provided. The active jofaneifqfMi brav^ iiviii7 anger) aiid doM not desist until' her eonra|^ anifr addtess have insured subsistence for one of 'hifr future progeny. Perhaps » however, she disOOvier* that she has been foresttlled by some preetirsor of her own tribe, that hiir already buried no. egg hot' the caterpillar she is ^ikamining. : In this oaM she leaves it, aware that it i^ould hot suiBee- ^ the support of tiro, anid proceeds ih ieahjh of some other yet unoccopied. The prJ6eas i» ^f to«nr«e v#1id^in the case ^) 6f those ijftiniife •3^ --■«?' S««3'^''7^^W^?f^p r' s » ««• body " ft.^S^.JiJe't*"" '"-^'^ M-«r»wth™^t^,t^''^ "T* '*"»'^'* their i^i»ra,4bat itg «»„ Ti-l?^ ^-""^ <>''gaiMi, as if •<»^«»v to,»,t to S: »S^ *** ^t^jaiw: ;§!"i*^f* "'^ ^"^5oS"Sirt 4' ,,* ■ :../" ''•xtramiij' of bar bodj. Nerer adser diiitg- to 1b» treasnite with more tenaeto^ 8olicitade> than ikam f{»der to" bar bag. THongh \ apparently! »considMH able incumbranoe,. sbe carries it iritb ber every^' wbere. Jf you d^tnve^ her \)i itj she make» the most ertnrenuoQseffbrwxfor its i^oovery ; aod no pev» sonal danger can force her to ^uit tbe jM-ee^otM load;, Are her efforts ineffectual,— >i| stupefying melan- choly s^nas to seize her, and, when deprimd of tbe firbt jPmft of her cares, exist^de itself seems to hav^lo^lts eharms. Tf she suc|ceeds in regiiinilig he^lS|^%rif you restore it to ^er^ her actions de- jiaonstrate the exc^ of her joy. \ She eagerly seizes it, and, with the utmost a^ilitT, ronsoff with it to a ^iace of security. Nor is the. attachment of this fj^BTeetionate mother confined to herWgs. After the young spiders are hatched j 'thev\ make their way > out of the bag by an orifice, wbicb ishe is careful to open for tjiern^ and without wbieh ,t|iey could^ never escape; and then,^ l&e the young ^ the* Borinam toadj th^ attach thenpeWes in dusters to her bade, belly,^head, and even legs; and, initte^situatloai where they present » verv singidar'a^mearMice,'ibe oarnes them aboutiwitb her, and 'fiMMbtbttiii until their, first monit^ when they^aii» bi|p:«noi^ ti»iiro<>» vide their owii subsistenoeu' ^< .. :i!"; lorn;.'^' u',j .* - ■?• ' '■>' :;■" •' •* [Ernn mtd Spksqe, « 'A -?'-•! -. 'iJ4-> .4 ', ■;?,■ r» *;> "' ' LESSON ViL *• (' ^ ' tmt tHwmwr- ow wiBWUk''- '>'■' f^'P^-' ^> JIbuih, it is B*kl, iippear taiftaridr to bMirti^ |igd%in ao u^iu ^viig imt iiop f s4u>d. iii attain the current is wemJcJ! P ^* *'*® bottom, where a^'a^hersetfofT^,:^*;^^^^^^ «^« returkJ^^IS '^ejl^its iurfece. ' '^«*^ *^ *^« ^P ¥ swiimniiJg ^J»«a pfcnp and in JZn ^ '*"»«ft» that it U •re^htJnetincSlX^^"^ . oreeks, whUe they rfS,f to IkT^ ^«^ »>»y« and tbc ocean when iaS ^m?? T^^'^^'tP'^rts of tbese creatures 67^^ thr?*"^*. ''^o bids, puiar writer, "and^^^.^^/ ,t^^ ^^^ * Po- qnarters, when they bEoml *^^?«f^^es into all for W service? fe« IT ^^^^^'ew arfd unfit ^wwpKned va^«f- '^^^^^ »^<* i-ecalls the n^ f Ottr ambushto l^^?^** **»« veiysceneit ^^«^«^«o that they cl^^'l-r'^'f 4^ ren! — ,-j _ i r^ •nmmoiiB issfa^d, and the point of reunion settled by a Providence ever indulgent to mankind ; ever studious to treat us mih dainties, and load us. with ^benefitsJ' . 4 ' At' the time the land crabs ^ the West Indies arrive upon the coast to deposit their eggs, nume- rous fishes of different kinds puQjctually attend, as if advised of the e;xact period when they might expect their annual supply. The lamprey makes holes ipi the gravelly bottom of the river previous to depositing jEer ova. A curious circumstance has been observed relative to young sharks, that, when pursued, they will, oil the appearance of ^danger, take refuge in the belly of the mother. The ink- fish seems to be well-informed of the use she ought to make of her natural bottle, and, when pursued, discharges it» contents in the way of her foe. There is a species of star-fish, which, like the spider, spreads frat its net tp enj^angle its unwary t^tctsm. And the little tiiresher, p^ (qrder to get the better .of his formidable antagonist, tumbles head over tail, and falls down with astonishing force on the back of the whale, while his ally, theLBWordpfish, wounds him from ondemeath. < i >' ,> ,.' fitrii. £. :' :^ *^f f- n Booh of Nature^ - 'V , ct .; I ,'t I'm '<:'{\> ) »,. , S? A ;'» ' / ,t* «,., LESSON Vm. -**' '^^ '•'^^ '''■ "*r. J ' ^ -) > {'. li'fi;'''. V, -''..I ■ t'^a .THE VSK8 OF ANIMAUI. ^^\ '.^( QxJApRUPGDS. — The uses of Qaadrnpeds are !«0 various, that we must content oureeives with naiping only a few of them. Of what great utility J6)ff .;thc purpm^oB -^f o4 their flesh, '^h?*!!?"' ''"'*«■'. «nd feid- /fcowe; the cow, (^^ee^^^'. *« l^ of «b« *• l-plwder. 33,4 Sr rf .fc ^n-deer ig to; «e»n bdiun make «n,jTi. *°* ^'"h Asm- = -of^burden, and dm™ ^.^ J^"' " • »>«<<« J«^^.d on Kt^^^-ena* h«n^ t^ Ae ivory rf <»»«««w.m^ *'"•'' "»«**• •Ptte™ of imreiBittiDff bibiSa- T ^ ^wearied »»d^'«* oonWori ,2^ thlr^^ J¥^" guides » the, Al-in,^" "•,«>•' "««W breed tSun^ ' be»i^de«/ traydS. In? Sy,I!«>^»"» tolhe *«J»*««fe «onr«,tV' T/>f i™ >tepB to the fredafon would our gtLI„ ? '"'°'''» «f *- ' •t not for that Zy^^^Z^^ ^'^'^ »"* "*V ^' fchnoomon fa^ t1^ p"^*.'"'™' the the weasel kind furnfeh ^^rt "• ■**™»1» of »r'.,wi^ •• m^Wot^^ e^ »»« the -^ <*» of th. %er"4,roti^ "^L *^ ""•'"aU V , '8^< "■•^■'jrA .\--. k€|»i!d,& miieh ■relisheul bjr the AlricJan; fttid the UoBir ev^ the lion, the ilving tonib^ of so many creatucesy Ib at Ijisj^ frequentlj eaten hy the' ne- . itil'iiU hn,:'RJij.: f;'K; t ; BiBDS.^^The QselB of the poultry kind, edpecially of such as are domesticated, are too oltviotu to lie enumei^tied : . it m^, hower^r, be remarked, that\ the copnnon hen, if weH supplied with food and) 1ratev^/iii-*8aid to lay sometimes two hundred eggs ki 1^ §)ear ; and 1^ fecundity of the pigeon^ in its doj^estic statO) is so great, that from a ringle^pair nearly fifteen thousand may be ' produ.ced in four years. The. flesh of the grouse kind is esteemed £o(r its delicaoy. The petaootik, pi some coimtries is considered aM/Zucmci^* It is ib a great Measure for its nngidar plumage that nian has been tempted to <£D3k)# the ostrich in its desert retreiKt^; but some of the African tribes are also very fond' of its flesh, and its strength and swiftness seem to rebder it v^ecy it *&# the pttrpoees -e^ trair^llinff ind carrying burdens^ If, in the fevthery tribe^ Bottle appear to be formed to pltiase us with' thp beauly of their pflumage^ as Ui0 gbldi^nch^ the bulfinch,* and the faummittg^bii^ )< imiars^ <«»^^ the thrush, the hiiackbird^ and the camteury, delight us with ^e mdody of their song^ The lark soan i^oft and salntefi the ney->boni' day with Im cheerfid ^notesi The iiightingale sobtbes the i^eary iafoonrer, ias he returns from his daily tdil, by its Casiqupiating strains.' The little robins in r«tam lior^the' iirotection our ' feiHses haye afforded hk% ^•rts Mmself to render the hedges vmo/ in sofb and ' ^nder melody, -The = swallow^ as if setaittble of the undisturbed possession* she has been allowed to take o£ our windows and roofa, of >^her n»6 t nitBa^ ■\''% Itw wing A multitude of, flies, gM^ittiit'' - k.^^ ,**^p h « the rook ud Die lin^ i f / '*™»»'l- B&dg of LH*" "W' to'dCver hfT'',"«»<"w» »• Rrmoipri object wS Z^, '!? »». '''''•'•. tkrt j^^to .how C'«,i:^te•'r'« -p"^ » no UBali degree, to thJ ^^ '^ oo-triiute, nded witi, Worea'of CJ / ^' " »« Pi^ «• jpaanig, firoa the e»Jr^i.?? "",. ?"»••>«« us, in wuf n»teri.b fo,^^;»^^toth^eeping,i» oent. ^Tlio ottthwidea IvTi ?"'«»% ra^ ^ , J "Bd th.«o.Z,ff7^. »«'«|i.^U /s is I .'f ' inferior order, «we must certainly [allow that thcrjT are wonderfully adapted for the purpose.' This, then, is^one very important iise which they serve: besides helping to nd the earth of a vast number of the smaller o^oa^nms vermin, they find their way, with the greatest ease, into the most seereL j:ecewie8 ^ putrefaciioi^f and de»teoy those noisome carcases, to which the other large animals of similar tastes could notj by the peculiar structure of their bodies, have had access. The use of the leech, another of the reptile tribe, is i^ well known to need description. - i *^' Fishes.^— Some or'^the tribes of fishes may serve the same purpose i^ the water, that the earriOn* devourers do on 'land.. But it is chiefly as an ar- t^k of fbod that the tenants of the ocean are to be grized; and it is matter of thankfulness t&at the enefits which they impart are most extensively diffused. While our. lakes, rivers, and streams^ abound "^ith these living creatures, the ocean coii- veys them in myriads to the ends of the earth, and present* the bounties of an indulgent Pwent to his numerous children, however scattered among the isles of the* sea. The turbot has been styled the 'pheasant of the waters^ on 'aocount of its exquisite relish; the sturgeon has been dmomi- 41 ■Ki ^m held ill vmeli fsteem by the greati the in^^llMi I -^^W /'»' "it ■ ocean; and for *». . ^ *re drawn frn« *? ««"» Imuti, inT^'J?,'**>"°«» with .^^ ^•v<» better kn^t"' ^^ '"^ ^K *™*ed larreh of "i,":«2?\ frM«L**^; the aweetest o{ pZ^.^^^'^^i and ambere^ ».'". %Wm»L^'»^«?l»o frequently fS W»o4.'7S^S^^~B of their food to th. and Imury of th„ k. ""* subeistenoe, comfiS? ^?«W«1 "■"Aboxes'ST^llf • t'"'^""' "i"^" ihe green turtle u « „?, ^railiets are formed tZJr^ W Come i""" "i'^ %Wrdt "■ *>'*m^m mM ^ttit I' S'^TZ'' ' •ITf.fi^ -;i"-«R5fT/S»;'0''' '^'lW'''t^,'' ■■■,/'■ ■■-, . ■■-.■■■' jti^tinXti fitted Qp with conrenienee^ for impoHh^ them alitef. Among the shelKfish on the WateHTora cojUrt, the mturex, which yielded the Tjrrian purple, is said to ^xist. The oyster is much prized for the delicacy of its flavOnr; in one species of it is ali^o fonnd that beautiful substance called piiiar]:. Thel pearl is searched for by divers, who sometimes descend from fifty tb sixty feet, each bifinging up a netful of oyctterjii. The j^earl is most commonly aittabhed to the inside of the shell, but is most peHect when found in the animal itself. ' ■^'yi\ Book of NatMlrt, '" i<» A S*"'''' ,!<,.'! LBSSOIf IX. i ^ OLOTHT^O FROM ANIMALS. t ' J In the hide of an 'sJiSmar the. hair imd skin are two eintirely dS^inbt thing^ and mnst be cofiside^ sejdaratbty as materials for clothing. The hur of quadfupedt differ$ muc/h in fineness: It ia^ehlefir the smaller speeds whieh a^e provided with ihim. eo% thick, glpssycoterin^ that bear the naa^^ ;df' iyir, and they are found in the ^eatest p^ifeblJH^ii where they are most wanted, thiat il( in theb^ld,- est conntriesi Thby form, indeed, thi^' riches of those drbary wastes which prodnb^' ii^hing eliiei for human use. The animals ia^t% 0Mb&^ t6r their fiir are of the weabel kind ; ihe^^^lftoii, 'iHe^ marten, the sabl^, and the ennine.' I^ Is M6ith^lt^ used ^.owing to thb skin, or sepiaratbd fir6m it. ;lti Its dmched itate^ it is usually employed iii^'ihakmj^ 41 stiiff ciitted felt. The j^feafes of tfe hair are bS di£n>bsed, that t{%^ makb tb^st^nce'to drawifi ftlffl M febiii th&;^rboi i i Du fkb^' bilr caU^^a^^rdug^ett «id iriiistin^' W C^ •Jr \^.. ^■-v* ■' - iff ■ J! ^^^ = PropertiM it owe. »^ * dupowd to curl. * T?"" fcli,*^*' »kole wool, as St'/ '«P*">*«<» from way. M called » flg^" tST.'™'" ""« MuiDal" 3»aergoes i, that of^fav^i"* opemtion this Afferent ki„B, ,r wZ^^^^V'e into tt '»y means of iron »S ^ *•>« wool-oomber i.l.„ • 3^ worsted, tho tt ■,!*''• Sl'"> twisted Mnffi made whoUy or ^^ J^- ^e Sfeds of «^ «» work of th. w^» '''^t««', ft^. « •® mpoaed to cohere into a at* that felt- used for this M>i^ anJthe ^oing more "url These '^tuotity, or •rated frpa he animal's 'ration this g into the , , composed, and stains, ess. The 'rf>er, who, ' out the wa*es,the e spinner, ^hich^u-e, nufaeture 9 1 twisted *mds of xtVemely o^them, ^7 other fian our utility, tt it are on the , ► that jY ^nainjl . »! , ■'■,: ^ * r vtf^'tfppj,'^ ^ '•ppMri to here b«An «!.. a^^ ' ' ■ . of .the web e^n ^"he rtfti* ~'"*^ « »«• <». / which in it,'perf^,**'/'*:f<>™-/Th»crt.tnr hatehed. from iTe^ i^t^, 1 ' '"S"' "^ ""< fa and paMe. from^K *^^™ */ » caterpill'ar, «hry*tlis, and of a wiZ!i^^""'*'^> 'hose of » ?!«»', it eat, ^4i':Sf?' '»"««• Whfle a c^ food beihg the }ZTU tlT^*' *'"' ^""-"rite mnlboiry. By this d»t V • **«■«« species of b»t » enableJ t V IVjf .""l' •»'»i»hi| hody, formed forthe n»^' "''*Pt«ole« within ita 8H WWW. haa the S^ of^t'^>^''^ •B It coirinto the^^^'^'^^ne « "oon, maturiffpl spins i^l?: J?™ »■"»«!■ at foil ?»tter,3ri,hinairfa S. uf-rf'^^**" «C ■motion.e8« state of a ow2f? *«.''»lpIeM and yob ia an on,I b.« tnld?^ '^^ dikworm', ™« from lieht rt*I^ , • *"^"» o' »hwnrr 'x^'i^e of a S fe *• *n ylIow,^d {;»»<^-o'^e tomS?. Jwanr?"* ~"^^^ Taring; The thread i. .~^ '"* ™I»Bit» cooZ agolden fmit .a^r^he*l^''"'e''^it »hines X the east, ft isstoi iXed S I"" T"^«» <>^ bom gathered from th^ /L^'iS- *''« «x>o»n« *n>nWe. But, in iL rt. ^ ^^^ fi^ther when the worms are liM^ Jt ^I'*'*'" ™ •pn'W. roaring of them in the Z»^ •**£?' paiXtS'- *<««fi>r,, in irarm^bS^'lZ;. "^f^ «« kepV .V. ^A CO ^ C^/"^ ;( \ I m jtdvantageouslj b6 reared in <^d climates. During ibeir growth, they seVeral tiWes shed their skin, and many die under this oteation. At leng4;li they become so full 6f the dilfcy matter, that it gives them a yellowish tinge, \ and they cease to eat. Twigs are then Ipresented to them ori little stages of wicker-work, on which^ they iipmediately t>e^in to form their neha. When the cocoons are finished, a small number; reserved for breeding, are suffered to eat their way out in their butterfly state ; r and the rest are^killed in the chrysalis state, by exposing the ^ocQons to the Wtbf an oven. The next business iis to wind off tie silk. After sepa- rating a downy matter from the outside of the cocoon, called floss,, they are thrown into warm water ; and the ends of the threads being found, several are joined together, and wound in a single one upon a reel, ^his is the silk in its natural state, ^ called raw siBc. It next undergoes dotiie operations to cleanse and render it more supple; after which it is made into what i| :i»lled organdne or thrown silk, being tmsted into threads of such different degrees of fineness as are wanted in the different manufactures, This k done in the large way by mills of curious construction, which turn at once a vast number of spindles, and perform at the flame time the processes of unwinding, twisting, reeling, &c. The largest and most complicated ^taachine for thfs purpose, in tjngland, is at Derby, the model of which was clande»ttnely brought from Italy, where all the. branches t)f the sift manu- facture have long flourished, piie excellence of «lk^ as a material for clothing, consists in 'its strength, lightness, lustre, and readiness in taking dyes. When Ujtle known in Europe, it was highly. . „ .. — raf^ji It I S _^naw esteemed for its rear beauty a^td other valuable Qualities. As it «ift nevw be prodtKied in great abundanee, it muil •Jiff -M *»^ 'hioh the; flowers .^ of ' tK, ' *''«r ^«^^T{ « fl8o » common mSl ? "'*^ "ibmds ft H" f »gth. SiS, ?a & l'"*** ?PPro«hi4 iJ nonty among olJthin„^'J* ^?" *''!» ""ne BJoe- among metag; jr^S "^temfa a., g«M 'jl^ wherever if fa'empC Z^^^"'^ rfrichne« ^ren the refuse oT^r.v^ '*J''^'» » »'e«l valuf raw «ll, undergoes, areT„™*^t„'" *« "Poratione d?^ ^^tl,^t^ Of •»;„.,.: K *"■ *^«"»"» i-'^tfJ if'™"', however. ;n>preguate i^ witfi a^'t^?;. m" "eeeMary to* ^ ' from Putre&ction, and « rhr?""' -"^ Preserrfng » a state of floiihili*, " j ""* '»»'« time to keen S » effeetea, theX"^l,''a— • ^CX'^^^ the highest utility, „ jT^ if*?-. » "nhstanoe of "US other purp^C^'^^" ^^'k-ng as for nuJi ■ / ^e fabriet ^ all devoted ^ thickness et, the pile ■m as fm:. K manufao. damask,' of 6 with the ' difference flowers of bread, are >ands. It »8> gloves, *7 almost ed for the aching it n>e supe- old does richness »I value.- ■ted, and bout 00- erations thread, ^o; and be best mimals I© skin 'wever^ »»7 to . ■ erving ceep it ^ n this i^^ ice of lumfr- w> in taken off with ^«e care by the skinner, h first thrown into a pit with water alone, in order to free it frcHn dirt. ■ After lying a day or two, it is placed upon a solid half-cylinder of stone, called a beam, when it is cleared of | any adhering fat or flesh. It is then put into a pit containing a mixture of lime and water, in which it is kept about a fortnight. The intent of this is to swell and thicken, the hide, and to loosen the hair. Being now replaced upon the beam, the hair is scraped olf, and it is next com- mitted to the mastering pit. /^The contents of this are isome animal dang (pigeon's is preferred) and water, and its operation is to reduce that thickening which the lime had given. After this is effected, it is again cleansed on the j beam, and' is then put into the proper tanning liquor, called ooze, which is an infusion of coarsely-powdered oak-bark in water^The bark of the |0ak,/as wetf as every otheir part of it, abounds in strongly astringent matp ter; and it is the thorough iujifpregnation with tjiis which preserves the hide nov/k .d0cay or putrefac- tion. When at length it is thought to have imbibed enough of the attrinffent mslttA, the hide is taken^^^ out and liung upon a pole to dram; after which it is * put upon a piece of wood With a convex siirface culled a horse, • on which ft is stretched and kept Bmo0h and eten. Finally it us taken to the drying- housO) a covered building with apertures for the free admission of air ; ajefd it m there hung up till it bveomes completelv drt^ and thus the process of tanning is finished. — Fram the tanner the hide or skin IS ewmgned to the currier, whose art is further necessarv in order to make, it perfect leather. He first soaks it thoroughly^^n water, land then places it upon a beam made of hard wood,%ith one side ' slopmg and polished. He lays it with the grain ^«^^ which th e hair grow> inwttrd» and TthA fleih-side outward. £[# then, with « br^ -•-f ' >^ It MtW differently trTat^ ^*H:^«** <^^^ *o be blackened n^ o* ^rested, acowdioff as It » «^^ into ^;v,Ti ®*^ stained, or nof u^^l " ™eant mtonuhut^partj J - u^ '^r , Without entorih* J»»ed board. Wl.«i, i .i™ "'' AwodoBs haT '""■^ for tt|nM„B^ «fcy «^ praetiayd n^^ fk ^^,- & >rder to get rid of the hair and gr^se. It is then softened m wann water and hran, and stretched out to dry, whidi renders it transparent. The preserva- tive liquor is next applied, which is here nota var ;etable- eutrmgent, but a Soldtion of alum and com- tmon salt. With this^it is impregnated ^o as to [admit, of keeping in. that state for several months. hnie next operation is to wash out the superfluous salts with .waim water, which must be done with [great nicety. Afterwatd it is moderately driied, l^nd thrown into a tub in which yolks of eggs have Ibeen weH mixed by heatinj^. The skins are trodden pin l^is, till all the egg is incorpwreaed with their sub- stance, iijiich is thereby rclndered more solid, and^ at lihe same tilde soft a»id pliable. 'Blood is some- times, for cheapness, lised instesid of eggs; but it commmiioates > oolour winch' cannot entirety be discharged. The Iskins ate then dried again, when they become fit dtherfdr taking a dye, or for being glossed, if preserved white. The modo of prefpar- -ing goat'dkins fM! ^he Oelebrated nMMTOcoo leal^r, resembles this: but the thickening matter, in whieh the skins. aire trodden, is a bath of whlt« figs with .water. " •■':-—■ .■.^.Ajei».h ' /■ ^' !lti( i "' i i i iT i 'i ii i iiiii i' w ^fiui' i W ii ' ti i i» » i i ii'.i i "r'n ij va ; '- 1. ^ "f'-«f3^ , ,;>s'i . j>i.i:<>f> /.■ UJSSON X. : -H^- ON IBS' AOAPTATtON Of, HiANTS TO THklft lUBSPKOTfVt .:, ^f/l^.', COUNTRIBS.' . ^* A htindred thousand species ef plants upon die Bttrfiice of the earth !" i^ou emlcdm' Yes, and^ what is more surprismg still, 'every one t>f thelse epe-" oies hto its native eoufttry, sotaie particulM' region, " « r spo t , . w i tlib Bii r faee of the g lobe , to wmli^ i^ its ^KMMtittttic^ Mid fomatioiii it is f«e«- -^- %lj adapted; Somi^ . v thbHA „. 'P'°« solitudes ; hiif ?k ^'^^ ^^^^J^ air 'T attempt to m-i ' ^* ^ould be ««„ n^^^'^^^^arl •*nts of ike S "'"r* Of ^«'nbvTn/!^l%''^"'^ be to to make tLmT ^"^^ theirSff^^^J inhabit- ' ' ?.^«7 wland, root «^5 ^"*^J««*ing foJfaJf'i*,* ^^^^ tropics, disDkv !k • °^ sand^banJc hf S!!/ *^''o«* effect? Wb^J^ .*^®''" eoolin/? sS ^®?r*« the » «k »!«£,:, --.:i$i^U ^l^^d "to blush 1 tne (lesert air " '^^« not one of ot ^ts particular! equalljr vain to ' ^^W forms g^«?*^ change ® &injr inhabit- '™«^t, ia order comfort amonff <»e Wisdom an J ?ss manifested m the curious ?e wonderful ^^^^/^ plants. f ^««e ^^bods, y« niore ap- »6,delightflj ^ter placed? natural tt^ overshadow ^go>/ almost "?W«in the ""h better 'derful ez^ ^«it-tiee, >kv "I#a m9« as Jibe natives of our less temperate climate . in do, by ploughing in jkhe winter^ qold, and ^n^iiig -iii t^e summer's' neat, as often as these [(asons return :"-^where, t say, can this exuhe- Ein&6.be more, beneficially manifested, thak in those »gions where '*the same [glowing beams of the an*. that raises the pknt int| a shrub, and the shrub ito ft tree,*^ render the glo(»ri ofi the forest, and the itervening screen of tne pverhanging -foliage so lesiratble, Whei^e t^he least eWtjon becomes oppres* 've, and coolness and ease may be said to conSti- ite the principal wants of the inhabitants ? And here, it may be further inquired, could those itti- ense fields, upon which are raised our yari^us ps of com, b^ better made to expand their ex- nsive surfaces, and lay opeii their treasiires to the iflucnce of tiie sUn, than in those temperate re^ ions of the globe, where, instead of being hurtftil, moderftte degree M labour iS conducive, to healtbv. nd the agricultural labourer goes forth td his work [n the morning, and returns m the evenmg,' Esther 'nvigoraied) than exhausted, by , the- ordinary oceu>> jations of the day? If we extend etir views much farther to the nortjb, we may in vainldok for the' spontaneous'luxuriance of the toirid zoiie^ or the- golden-Goloured- fidds ol the intervempg dimatesr but here we shall fiMr what is at oiioe move Aqi^ble to the climate and fhe wailts of its inhabitants,' a^ plentiful supply o^ the* reindeer^Uofaen, which l^ng formed by nature to t)«^eto^e benesth the; snow/ ki there found out, in re^isite ahundanoe,' by that useful creature the name of which it bears,'' and which is of itself a treasture to the iHhabiti^ntB of those regicmsi The nc^fmt piroi»ertli« of loeland- ffloss ape now begihnmg) to 1^ better understood; andvin what part of the habitable wv^rld eould ihis „ fen *mor0-3^RW!7" «#M^ Mtd |i;Mi«^ abovitid^ llMui in Unt ' H •, v- m , V' pj^tl^ « t^?^*« ««"?»««;f Mj.^^^ S!;!,"^ *»^^ tU, t^ fc''^*!' i» the ^ im- fenrflliaped letuvw y -^be '^|>raiiches appear * dfy and deiid ; > but,' when an ^cuuon is made in the tjninky ssireetandr'niitvitiliQS I milk flows from it. It is at the rising- of tfa^ Bttn that thevegetabh li^^v^ runs most annndtuitij^ then the natives and n^ groes are seen to eotne from all parts, provideqt: inth vessels to I ceeuTe the milk, which becomes yellow, and thickens at the surfaoe. Soilie empty ihcir vessels uipider the same tree; others carry tiiem home to^ their children. It is like a shephem distributing to Ms fataiily the milk of , his flock. If those who possess these precious trees near their habitation^ drmk with so much pleasure their beneficent juuSe, wiUk whati ddight will the tra^ veller, who pittietrates these mountains, appease withit his hunger aadtbir6tP'V The few instances heriBi 'recicnrded mayr serve aa general specimens of that wise ordination, universally to be observed, if duly, attended to, in the ^^graphieal arrangement id distribution of vegetables. } T »t.' ^•; y !< \';'^^wi Popular PhUotophy, ' ^1 .« i TBCtoi^Lis. '*^ , y^'«f^ r TRBj^i.7^Tiii«iH»ri|itif^#n<^^ of creative fowei^m^^ n<«* tIkeijF, wi4#-ex^«ftded roots, nor lijft tbeir l>««d'fr«it.tra* Rorid., the tlto^"f ^„,"S'«5e-tre. of E«t of Americ, the Mff^t^T^i"" *W»^»»«Pl^tre» , ^ ««« trees 8catter«l overTkTT '"?"!"* fn-it-bew. tribate to ouT w«ta 1 »S *f "^ *■"• 8'»K eon. , fountain-tree Jn^*„fV^n*»"» °f food. Mm, by Toyagers to fo^,^X^C•»"7 Wand, is snd • Ocean and the ootton^hiSh .Ti •*'" Sonthem mth materials fweS- "^Sf"'*'' !>«•»>'•• »» • "yrtlo preset Ar inhatev ^t """"^be"?^ "nWtate foTani^ Stw^ "^ f "*!» with '. yields a daily snml,. ^ J" ^' "••t-tree of Chili Some trees yield a niZm,. K i ™'5"' w****"* of ; ironnd. /feme a'^Si. J^-^^ *> ^«^ . "•«>: and others ^v»^7iJL*T^'^r '"^ Nor are trees serXabk oJ^lS '"'' '"«' 8™* By the «Bistanoe rf Zt ^, S ' °'*™^ •'•'e. hoBst. to prolw^Z, fe^"S~?^ .^"Teteed into ■or the purposes of ta,sUb.T. f 7""^*^ » turam j«jky BierchMiSsS t^^=2r*°»*'"? *^*w .% »* eamT^tSM'Swf' «' »■ '^gioitei vf u '. ,^T^^^^»- w»^ remotest ■ 'SHiitmis.-,4foei,^ that' f.k-'^vJ ^ '■/^^■'^^^•■^■-^ ■■^%:*i^-?-.' - to «hrttbtf^ lot Xfc°*^"*<*» a«y »W» be imifietf 41 fblneefs to man. The first of th^e is their stature, the second their greater pliability, and the third the pricklj armour with which many of them are covered. Some shrubs, as the gooseberry, the rasp, and the currant bushes, so common m our. SKdenSy gratify the palate, and* temper the bloodi uring the summer months, with agreeable and cooling fruit ; others, as the rose, delight and please^ the eye by the beauty of their flowers, or, as the sweet-scented brier, regale the ol/aotoru nervet •with the ft'agrance of their purfumes. But how could these- several ends have been accomplished, if, by a more exalted exposure, the fruit-bearing bushes had placed their t%asure8 beyond our reach, the rose, with its back turned to us, had been <*bora to blush unseen," and each aromatk .shrub, re- moved far above the sense of smelling, had UUtfdlhi been left /V ■ ♦♦To w^to its sweetoMitni Mm d«s«rt alr^ i With regard to that considerable share o^ pliant elasticity possessed by some, how easily does it admit the branches to be turned aside, and to re- 9ume their former position, in gathering the fniit pr flowers! and how serviceable does ^ property? enable us to make some of them in the form of hoops, baskets, or wi.pointed prickles with which they are jirmed, not only serve as w^pons of defence to themselves, but furnish us with ohe«p and secure fences Against the inroads of straggUng cattle, and the unwelcome intrutum of the unprincipled fo* grant, r HgtB9.— These, in an especial manner, nay be said to oonstitute the food of man ^d beast, jis ^„i^^^i y^y .fr^ assistance in a n infiMJiy V^ ~ 1 I *.' ' > X5 -. ^ **([ ' ^^: fonhf in what nnmeroM bands they apneitr r Yonder a field of golden-eared wheat preZa to the view a most prolific crop of what forms th^ chief part of the staflT of life. Here a feT ai^!! th^' ;«n ""*'>'^^'^^• On thp right hand, stend the talLgrowing and slender oats and the floweriim potatoes to revive and nourish the hopes of thf . poor ; while on the left, the heiklaclKaS, Itl to fatT.'lT'^P'^^ r*^^'* len^hlned files, vegitTte *J^ furnish povender forourTio^kes; or the flobu! • ^^ ^F ''»^'T"%^^ r"^»« ^""r, to lav ?p ?or ^the tlVSf^'^l^^V^^J" ^^' softer^^^a^J of winter Whi?^'*' "^^ '^' canffealing TpowiJ. WkI^I i ** * spontaneous crop of luxuriant Cedn^"^---* a profusion of wfiSesome Cr ^^^^"^'^ ^^«^« *>^ »^««P aad cattle Joam! Whether they frequent the solitary holm JtAiv' •'*i?r*^5'>or?ange the patS st^pl Mvnads of grassy tufts spring up oil every ^ie SK; «2 -^^ A«-Aa Kie upright nhiloaipher of the land of Ua, and y devout ad nureif of the works of nature, I>ev«L to^ «r luael^ buth toek iK&monWo^^ar^^ X^ ■' „ » • » ' ; .' ^ " . ' » .V ^ 4 a i: \ ' n ' *. u • \: , x «pre^e^W^a««'„,X oft S'lf'^S « being We one of these fading beautie,- IE toil not, neitCtr^ p^^.tVl^ g-'ow: thejr yoD, that Solomra in S hU iw ' ' ^ "*' "'''» / \ Sook(^ Satun. M ;,; ' ■ vi'» - * n -i^M. peWtH^ raOM VEOETABtllS. t ^ , ?^» vegetable matters employed fbr cIotKin* .i jhiefly of two kinds; the /m of points 3 Tk! Ptof, LI'S* Se W« ^i «Te tt'^'i' W fibre. „e held tJgShfr br »WtJ^*""^^'- forming . net-work. 4men J'l.?f^J? J"~_ •»«^ . ,le TT <• The plants selected in Europe for the pnrpoM of making; thread and cloth from their fibres are chiefly flax and hemp. Flax (in Latin Ztnum^ whence the "w^ord linen,) is an annual plant, risms on a single stalk to a moderate height^ and crQirnea vrith handsome blue flowers, succeeded by globulalr seed-vessels. It is srufiered to grow till the seeds are ripe, and is then plucked up by the hand, laid in little bundles to dry, deprived of its seed-vessels, and then put in 'pits of water to rot. The purpose of this part of the process is to dissolve a mucilar ginoiis matter, which holds the fibres together ;^nd il|; is the most disagreeable part of tlie management of flax, as the smell arising from it while rotting isl extremely offensive, and prejudicial to the health, ^hen the flax has Iain long enough, it is t^en washed, dried, then Beaten with mallets, ou combed, .and by various other operations ' so pre« pared that the long fibres are -got by themselves^ cleiip and loose, in which state they are called flax ; the, shorter and coarser fibres, separated by the comb, are called tow. The opijration of Miijpioning, which it next nndergoes, consists in drawing out, with the fingers, several of the fibres togetiier, and twisting them. The product of sjjpnning i^ thretES, which IS mere or less fine aecmrdins to the dex- terity of the spinner and the nature of^ material/ Some thread, cfoser twisted than the rej|1(^is ked^ for needlework) but the greater part is made .tip lid bundles, called linen-yarn, «nd committed to the weaver, Weaving may be regarded as a finer kind of matting. To perform it, the threads, )Nrhich form the length of a piece of cleth^ are fiiiit dis- posed^ in ofder, and strained by wei^hto to a proper tightness; tHiS is called the warp. These threads are divided by an instrum^t oaUed a reed^ mtd two sets, each composed of evexy other thmd; nod whik by the working of a treidld,. eftck #fl jp '©■■ «* %5>^ t'- -w bT meiuM nf. iSrt ^'^^ • '»»e"««l between them. • £'HSbr "-f^^^ and kir -{.fc r •»!><»'««•« to the Mtion of the sun ekill and indmtr?. "* •dnur.t.on of h«n«, fl« ""ft "l,.'. """•*■ »^ «M rtronger phuit th«» ifJ^Vk ******** *^o sendinir off branclipa; we»»i.-T^. K • " , ■* •*'» eonsigned to tho^ •"WS^^rMfW f^i^ VrT,<^^ m Vioileitce'H ToSb io tmdeijge IS^nn Btohm tind* teni- peste; and it is equally important to naviffotiony from Its use in making cordage; for which purpose it is taken entirely in a. raw state, and twisted into coarsoL twine, which is afteryraid united to make rope. •<' While the inhahitant of the northern and tem- perate regions is obliged to exercite mneh labour and contrivance in procuring l^is vegetable clothing from the^ stalks of plants, the nTativeof the fruitfiS south eujdyq the benefit of ^o^aterinl presented in greater abundance, and m mtate requiring much less preparation before^i^ fitted for the manu- facturer. This is cotjAKbrhite woolly substance contained iu the seei^^'w^ a family of plants, some of trhioh are annual and herbaeeons, others perennial and shrubbv/ Th^ pods, when ripe, open of themselves, anfd |Jie cotton is plucked rM«n<£ stuffs of till ^degrees of fineness, from the transparent* muslin of a robe, or a turbfin; to the thick plush an3 warm bed-quilt. The* comMerce of ureat Britain has, of late years, been peculiarly indebUd to the cotton maniuapture, which j^rodocM doth- ■ ■».. ■ • vr^^fT' ^/-^lyw'j'-wp' '■^ • m9 pi tnep^ froK fxeelhnce in the material iin;i . wwkiHen,^thoiigh made with ver? .imole ' tai ' am.p«.n ManufMtu«. The ..tiy* *^ 3 to «ronnd, which make, the cotton hold toeether m "„^ ^"r,?'« «» •'■e thinneet thriad, ; «„d thS *|ft»nd d that of Earopeam. It is mfAaOk tfc.t : leeps the flkm dry/and comfortable* The woolH att^t i^^ '?^'S V^^* *•*» **»« touch, but apUo bfwl^^ tli^^^*"' ^^T^^'^^ '^^ oy passin| tbeiy between heated ' crlindere wiTh ^ the comhuktthb^y^ of cottOn, must be V Veiy ScS o^ration. J; ^-i AXEDT. ■• ^\ f-\ i ). s • u *»|r- i- .f '•V.t#' lESSOIf.XliL : ^iw J ' Thb .mineral kingdom is the thira aiid, last granfl ^divisioiKof all bodies int nature^ comprehending under it every substanee not inclufled inj the animal and vegotahle kingdoms. It is jeoenilly d&irided into four classes, viz., earths, SMts, bjymbostibles, and metals. Earthy 'minerals are desliiiute of taste andr smell; as olay, stones, flint, stod^ crystal, jttpar, gvpr sum; alabaster, chalk, and preciouflj stones. Sdlme tninej^al^have&/)un4^en^ taste f as jtudt, nitre, alum, hMorax. "Oombjostible or inj9amma|»]e uinerala ai^e lighter than the earthy and $aliniSf i^d neye¥^feel >oold io the touehr; at bitumen^ sidphur, blac{c4ead, aHlibbr,! and- obals* . ' Kfetallio ~ niinerals aref' eold, malleable, and, fusible, a,nd some of them are dlisjiiii- guished by their freight; -a* platini^^ol^ sil^erf oopper,arQn^ lead^ &o. h'\ ^ / • *' ■ • v ^^f * Stones— Stones are divided: '^into* two Lj^asses, earthy and ioline. ^f ^e' former, diaftiond,^aartE;^ rei^stal^ flint, ai^d Several othei^^ iriU scratch j^liss ; elay, clay-idate, micaj- and talc , irill not. ' liimcis a ¥a2tn{8 stone. The difuttoad, or adamsnt of:'the anoientia, is ^e most valuable of .gifti^sj und the hardest of aU knoim bodies/ liVlien pure, it, is perfectly- transparent ; |^d though for the - most . part MNx:1^ss, it^is sometiibes foupd greeny blue, blackish, or roi^e-cc(loured. The bo^ |M»rcelain. After having heap hiirnt and reduced tlo powder, it is sometimes mixed /with olav, and •fbrined into - bricks for the «ons|UteotioB ol glass Aimaoest these are>capable of ^resisting the. inteaaa lieat whieh is requsite in the j^io^ of glasik > Ju-- Y Boek Oryttai is an extremely heairtiful kind of Wtarts, sometimes perfectly transparent, and some- 'Ifaimes shaded with gray, yellow, green, brown, or vred. It oocmrs in the form of crystals witb six ^iodes, ea^ end terminated bj a sixHsidedi' prism. itFhe name of this sidsetance was oqaisideTed by the ianciehts to g^gnify ieis, or water cpjrstaUised; and llbey imaf^ed that was ^^oduoed from a IMmgelation of water. Its uses are numerous. /It 'k cnt itttOKfosM^ Ztcstret, and snnff^boxe^; mid many kinds of toys of extremely beautiful appear- ance are niade of. it. When pure and perfectly .^transparenty it is in much request ij cfftieianftf mho . rmake jof it thoi^ passes for fpectacbs whichi :«ra iialied pebblesyiaad «iho lAe St forivanolis kiitd» of IcgifttfaZ instrotnents. . T\fs best ci#italv is impoded' . dtjeouL firuil and Madagascar, inl)leek^ n|it wifi^ :^ f ')>•!*•■ bSnmnai-SC, tiSL'^°™*^ ""• "•* "•iUt ud thr^l-n' "»'>/"q»e''"y overwhelm ud dSf inL- T ""j-"'"*' »«'«»*»!« require them to enter these dreu-r realma fl.»j u nm Wk.. ^.Zi . '""• "■"o n«» numeroui fflmaa* wtii't^ -ITji v • P<>»»J>- »* » formed into In •«io«ltpw,.M»id is ™«J h. >.,'»_' ■"*'I»^ / Ml ciajey soils, as it mmHt^rm ♦!»-. -»:i ^^JK^ Md opo, thM it ,onld othSwi.eri2ra «nd, for this purpose i».th.t which i. J,htd tS »in. froBi rQ«b or hill., o, rt.r»£,TT'~.¥ W the. beds of rivers. Tliere is alcind of ^nd ' ^ I. wturiJly. mixed with ohij*^hL^. J«g>^ed^a the formation of moulds taist^ - -^^f :r-'-> :. ■■'*■' S^tVi-" •iM-i'/r) *•,;•, passing ^kT i" •'"'y « »«ter, Md wh2n teotT^^ •■"WW «m«w»v,ft.^^|wy,,«^Bm in wmuX, ■>. ^ s. ijiHi of England, generallj among chalk, aitanged , ill • kind of strata, or beds, and in pieces that art ror tlie most part either rounded or tubercular: Tfte property which flint possesses of yieldinir •parks, when struck against steel, has ren«!ei«d it an article of indispensable utility in the system of modern warfare. To^his substance the sportsman atoo 18 indebted for a means of obtaining his iinimd. Flint IS empldyed in the manufacture of porcelain •od ^lass. For this ourpose it is heated red-hot, and m that state is thrown into cold water. It is then of a white colour, and capable, without diffi- culty, of being reduced to powder, either in » mortwr or by a mill. Aftejctfils powder has been passed through fine sieveMome aquafortU is poured upon it, to dissolve apy particles of- iron which it may, have acquired in the grinding. The powder is then several times washed i^ hot water, and , afterward dp«d for use. The ghus that is n^nu. factUTed frt)m this aabstaace is perfectly transparent yChnmon elay, which isr foirtid hi jiearly every country iii th6 world,, is Bometimes white, has » btaef or yellowish titige,,or is brown or reddish. " If M the peculiar quality df this substance io be* cojne so hard that it wfll evem strike firtf witK steel The^ dutftilrty of day. and Its, prcmerty o^ thus hao'detting m the fire, have rendered it an article, of >inditt)ensabte utility to mankind^ in all civilized countries. ' It is formed into eatjiigtvessels of ilmost evwr description; plates, dishes, cups, liasins, tgWls, and; flans for keeping provisions in. | For theie altoort! an^ kind' of day may be adv^tage- ?ou%-o8ed« Imt it is necessary to mk it mth sand, ftfr the purpose of rendering the vessels thikt are . made of it mqre firm and strain. Those that are •A > ..^- ' V reqvkiU for them not to b« •re covered with a fjfUsing. ' This glatlng, Uf coanie wtre, it somedinee made with lead, and ■omeUmes by throwing a certain portion of aajt int<^the furnace. In the formation of the better kinds of earthenware, the day is made into a paste with water, moulded int6 the requisite shape apod an horisontal wheel, the inside being forroea bj one hand of the potter, and the outside bj the other, as the wheel turns rotmd. When the piecea We been baked, thejr are dipped into a glaiing mixture, oo;isi»ting of white lead, ground flints, and water, and are exposed a second time to the fire, the different colour^ of earthenware are obtained by means of various kjnda, of metallic caddet. The coarser kinds of olay are manufaofiured into brioks Jor the building of houses^ and tiles for the cover- pig and flooring of them. These are fo^ned in 4noulds of the requisite shajpe, afterward dried lor tome time in the sun, and finally pUed in kilns, and then baked to a proper degree of hardness. f The earth for brioks ought to be sufficiently fine, free from pebbles^ imd not to9 «aiidy, which would render them heavy and brittle; nor ought it to be entirely free from sand, /» this would make them firaok m diring, Olay is a substance of inestimable talae for forming the bottoms of ponds, andth*^ jbottoms and sides of canals and reservoirs, to pr^ vent water from draining •wi^y. It also ooio^poses, m a great measure, tihose tenacious earths oalled urableyoil^. Wba^^is .peculiarly denominated «l»y land is known by its holding \fnter»W»d. not soon drying when wetted. Such land requires much labour from the. hasbi^ndmaA befo^ it can be suffi- ciently |n«/irm9«^, or brought to a fit state for bmng |)rodw}t»ve^ corn. lOr grass. •>. - «f ,:? ^ ' I* • * * I- ^ I/. i?^V *"1^ **^ • JK»y»«»»» Waok, brown, grewi^ or it "'* It breaks into iplinters, does not adhere to the tongu*^, yields generalfy • clear soaod when struck, and is nearly twice as heavy as water. Vast and cxtens ire beds of slate occur in diiHrent parts of the world : and this mineral soipotLrnes constitutes even a principal portion of mountains. The uses of slate are numerous and important; but its principal use is for the roofing of houses. The kinds which are preferred for this purpose are such as have ;the smoothest surface, and split into the thinnest plates. ^Dark-colom-ed, compact, and solid slates are mannifactured into writing slates. In the preparation of these, the slate after it is split of tf proper thickness, is smoothed with an iron instrument. It > then ffromid with sandstone, ■lightly p -» '■«■ wwfwJion ilfJM is a infn«ra] iubstance of a foliated textnm, which ii capable of being divided into ex- Vtremcly thin loavee that have a aonsiblo elnHtidty - ^'1 aw transparent. The colour of mica ia green, ishj^inetimes nearly black, reddish, brown, yellow, or silvery .^hite, with occasionally a metallic lustre on the surface. Mica is so soft, as easily to bo Wratohed; and, when divided acrpss the plates, seems ■ rather to tear than to break. It is one of the most ^bjindant mineral substances that is known. It not only occurs in a massive arid orystallijsod state, but It enters into the composition of many rof^ks; nnd is found filling up their fissures, or cryatalliised in the cavities of the vains which traverse them. In seme ' countries, as in Siberia, it is an article of commerce, and IS obtained frommiDps like other, riiinerals. *rom these It is extracted by Kiimiriers and chisels.' It 18 then washed, to free it from the impurities which adhere to it ; split into thin leaves or pieces ; and aasorted into different kinds according to their goodness, purity, and size. Thin plates of mica are used, m many narts of Siberia and Muscovy, and also in Peru, Mpxioo, and Pennsylvania, to supply ttie place of glass for windows. In the shipping of Russia it^is considered preferable to glass, as the concuuion produced by the firing of ^e guns do^s not shatter it. It may be advantageously substituted for horn in lanterns, as it is not only more transpa- rent, but is not susceptible of iniurv from the flame of a candle. It has, however, the inconvenience of soon becoming dirty, and of having its transparency destroyed by long exposure to the air. So plentiful 18 this substance in Bengal, that, for the value of- five shillings, as much of it may be purchased as will yield a dozen^ panes, each measuring about twelve inches in length and nine in breadth, and so clear SjS to allow of ordinary objects being seen through them at th« distancf of twentjjr « tbjjrty jArda. : 3^'jii^j^ f"""P""^T A folitted t into ex- einfiticttj is grcen- i, yellow, lie luHtre ily to bo IPS, seems the raost r- 'It not itAte, hut i; nnd is id in tho In Bdme >mmerce, thincrnls. [ chisels." npnrities r pieces ; to their mica are ovy, and 5 supply pping of i, as the una do^ bstittited transpa- he flame ience of iparency plentiful -^alue of. i as will t twelve so clear through / men AthulM {% iptetM df talc) ft a grtetiflh or ttlmry white minorsl, of a fibrous textore, which is found in many mountainoiis countries. Its name is derived from the Greek language, and signifies that which i« iDOonsumable. This mineral, andparticularfv a silky variety of it, in long ^Xewder jilamentt called ominii- thns, was well known to the ancionlH. Tlm^.,mado it into an incombustible kind of oloth, in burned the bodies of their dead, and by thev were enabled to collect and preset, without mixture. In the manufacture of they were not able to weave the asbestqs in the loom were obliged to join with it woollen threads, which were afterward burned away. Cloth made of amianthus, when greased, or otherwise contaminated with dirt, may be cleansed by throwing it into a bright fire. In this process the stains' are burned out, and the cloth is restored to a dazzling white colour. Plinv, the Roman naturalist, informs Q» that he himself had seen tablecloths, towels, and napkins of amianthus taken from th(| table of a great feast, thrown into the fire, and bunied befoi'e the com- pany ; and by this operation, he says, they became oetter cleansed than if they had been washed. The ^4nhabitant8 of some, puts of Siberia manufacture f loves, caps, and purses of amianthus ; and in the 'yrences, it is wrought into girdles, ribbons, jind other articles. The finest girdles are mode by weaving i the most beautiful and sUky filamentt with silver wire^ The shorter fibres of aimanthus have sometimes been manufactured into paper ; but it is too hard for use, and, at any rate, would be of little service for pre- serving valuable documents, unless we at the same time possessed fire-proof ink. Lime, after it has been freed from eztraneooa matter by burning, is a mineral T>f a whiti^ ooloiiv^. and of ft|>Mn^0nty acrid, and caustic taste. It has thi ■ ' . . • • •• .. ItAMif m C:V & 0) 0»S «K property of ch»nging Vegdtablv Hue doloorfl ^o green, and of corroding and destroying animal sob*, stances. The process of purifying lime is by bm^i^ mg It m a large kind of furnace, called a kiln, where the limestone ani fuel are heaped in alternate layers. After It has^ undergone this process it is called qmckhme. The uses of this mineral are numerous and important; The principar\)f these is in forma- tion of mortar or ceinent for buildings. For this pur- pose It 18 first slaked by having water poured upon It ; a viofent heat is there% excited, and the lime falls into powder; it is thert formed into a kind of paste by working it with watV and sand. Lime is' also^used m agriculture as a mj^nure. It is employed m thj refining of sugar, in the manufacture of soap, and by tanners, m a state of solution, for dissolviniJ the gelatinous parts of skiris, and removing the hair from them. ^The manufacturers of glue ma it with tliat article for the purpose of adding to it strenirtk and preventing its becoming flexible by the absorb tlon of mofflture. Lime, if swallowed or inhaled, is^i ^virulent poison: notwithstanding which it is of con- siaerable use m medicin9« : ; ft ^; Marble is a compact and dose-graiinea^ kind of limestone, so hard as to admit of being polished. It if this quality which distinguishes it froi other col- €areou» substances. The principal use of marble is for ornamental ardhOecture and sculpture; yet nearly all the numerous kinds of it may be burned, and thus converted into quicklime. It was assigned as one ot the reasons for the removal of what are commonly called the J)lgm Marbles from Athens to London that the Turks were rapidly destroying them fof- that pur{)b8e. Marble has been known from a very early period. The book of Esther, in the Old Tegtament, describea the pulaoe of AhwuneniB to have had "piilaw of marble," and tiie pavemtat to fr x M N have Keen " red, and bine and* white, and black marble." . , ^ ..■•»,.•■- • '?, , Calcareouf Alahast^ is another species of limestone deserving of notice on account of its formation. The water which oozes through the crevices of liiuestone roCks becomes strongly impregnated' with minute particles of lime. This water, when: It has^ reached the roof or side of a cavern, is generally suspended for a considerable time, before a drop of sufficient' size to fall by^its own weight is formed. In the in- terval which thus elaptes, some of the particles of lime are separated from the water, and adhere to the, roof. In this manner sucessive particles are attached to eaph other, until what is called a stalact^ej ti&Y" ing something the||ppearanoe of an icicle, is formed. 'If the water collecrto and dr(^ too rapidly to allow time for the formation of a stalactite, it ntlls upon the floor, and t^here forms an irregular lump ot ala- baster, which has the name of gtalagmite. In some caverns, the separation of the eaibareout matter takes place both at the roof, and on the floor: and, in^ course q{ time, the substance upon each increannff, they meet, and form pillars, solnetimes of great magnitude^ The kind of limestone formed in this manner is what the ancients generally denominated alabaster. It was employed Inr theiti for the siame purpr^e as marble, being cut mto tables, columns, vases, and even statues. They also.used it ih the ma- nufacture of bo^es for contaming unguents; It is supposed to have been a vessel formed of this stone that is mentioned in the Gospel of St. Matthew, where it is said that there came 4mto our Saviour **a worn v\ having an alabaster box of precious ointment." J>- LESSON XIV. SALTS-^COMBUSITBLES. ,, Soda. — The |oda of commerce is obtained from Bea-water, «nd from the ashes of different kinds of plants that grow on the sea-shore, particularly from that called aalaoda, which is found in great abun- dance on the coasts of fche southern part of Europe, . and from which it has its name. It is sometimes called bariUay from the salsoda being so denominated in Spain. This fcubstance is of essential use in the arts. When melted with flint or, sand, it forms glass, and answers much better for this purpose than potash. In conjunetimi with oil and lime it is employed in the msuiufacture of soap; and it is used as a substitute for if in the cleaning and bleaching of linen, flannels, and worsted goods, it a weak Bolution of soda be poured mto foul bottles, or casks in which wine has been dong kept, it will cleanse them*' It mu^ also be successfully used for washing vessels in which milk has become acid. Saddles, bndles, and boot-tops may be efiectually cleaned by means of this liquor, and restored; to nearly their original colour and appearances Common SaUy though found in some countries in a solid and massive state, is for the most part an artificial preparation from sea-water, or from the water of salt lakes and brine springs. Scarcely any other production is in so much request. , It is used by the inhabitants of nearly all countries for cor- recting the insipidity of food. When applied in small quantities, it accelerates the putrid fermenta- tion ; and in this case is considered to aid digestion by promoting tho ^lewi *' ' ' ■,Tv ned from kinds of arly from )at abun- ' Europe, ometimes ominated ie m the it forms purpose iimeit is it is used >leachin, a wea or csasks i cleanse washing Saddles, cleaned rlj theur , . * -. ■-*• - ntries in part an rom the 3ely any is used for cor- plicd in rmenta- igestion ttmentfi' «t %■•»<- In largei* quantities it haft a contrary effedt, an3 tends to preserve organic substances froin corrup- tion.*' Sd,lt is used for glazing the surface of coarse earthenware: and is employed in several processes of dyeing. ^IVlien this substance is dug dftt of the earth, It has the appellation tif rock salt: |i,tid im- mense masses of it are found in different countries |)f the wor|d. The most considerable, as well as the most celebrated salt mines, with which we are a^o- quainted, are those about §ve mileS from Cracow, in Poland, On descending to the bottOta of these mines, a stranger is astonished to find- ik kind ^flsubterra- nean republic, consisting of many famjlies/who have theii- own peculiar laws and polity. . Here Are pub- lic roads and carriages, horses being employed to draw the salt to the mouths of the mines, wherlni; is taken up by engines. Many of thfe people &re born there, and never stir out; but others have <)eca- sional opportunities of breathing the fresh, air in the fields, and enjoying the light of the sun. The sub« terraneous passages or galleries are very spacioui ; and, in many of them, chapels are hewn out of thtf salt. In the year 1780, the greatest depth to whiolf the workmen had penetrated was about 320 yards, and the mass of salt was cdnsiddred to be iii some places more than 240 yards thick, and to exten|^ at least th^ee leagues. -• ^ «i <*i ..■■ : . •> ,,■ b.- ^ Nitre is usually observed in the form of fine capillary crystals, though it is sometimes found in a massive state. In ^me parts of India, Africa, and Spain, it is found incrusted on the surface of the earth, and in such abundance as tp admit of being swept ofi", at Certain seasons of the year, twice or three times a week. Immense quantities of nitre are annually require^ for the purposes of tiuit 8ttb^^ce9 in thfi compflji fbimd M^|Mai7 to ^dopt artificial modes ) of producing it. Ifl several parts of the East Indies, there^ are places called saltpetre grounds.' . From these large quantities of the earth Ire dug, and pufmto cavit,^ *^^^°g^ ^i»«h^ater is m^e L^! Vk T'»«,^"»g« away -with it the salt which ' ttJT^ T**'^'' ^^ ''^''^ " afterward. sepal rated from the water by boiling. Tl^ discovery of / fflP'''''^%u^*' completely changed the moder/ arte of war The earliest notice of the use j,f this arti^ de in Europe ,8 about the year 1373, when^it wm employed in the wars of Germany. li is said, W Z\«r;or ^t!'^^"^^ '» China long anterior to that period. Its component parts are nitre, char- . coal, and sulphur, m the, proportion of seveity-six. ^teen, and nine part^ in every hundred, these jn^edientearj. first reduced to i fiire powder sepa! ^tely, and th^anijed with water, so is to fonS a thick paste^^fter this has* dried a little, it is placed upon a kml of sieve fuU of small holes, tlWu^h Which It IS forced. Sy this process it i dividf d into grams, the sise of which depends of course ^on the width of the holes through which itT^ beenjciueezed. It afterward undergoes some other oper^lons before it is ready for usef jNitre is fr^ quently administered in medicine: and it is used very ext«wively in different arts. • ^^"*?^'*.'?. ^^ ^^ « ^«»"y composed of charcoal and bitumen, with a small portion of clay. It IS generally of a slaty structure and foliated tei ^ ture^ and, when burnt, cakes more or less during the great wealth of Great Britain to the eoals which w-e produced m many parts of ihe island in such •^^^«*T •y^^^/^^ ^'^^^^^ in a very .«.n«,a/ •degree, \ieariy al l it n n umt-^--^ "^ - v . erf itly ue i means of proH^ting^itiT^SBamtt^ ''W ial modes th»: East grounds. are dug, * is m%de lit which krd sepa* iovery of* >dern an^ tlj^s arti- >n it iraa aid, how- terior to •e, char- isnty-six, These ler sepa- > forma" is placed through divided ' coui^e I it has le other I is fre- 18 used? >sed of ►f clay, bed tex- durins «cribea 9 whicli«^ in such" omerco • f ♦ / ftior An detent which is p08»»sed by fewotihcar cotintrieft. . All . the g^at manafiicturing towps, Bitmingham^ .Sheffieldf^ Leeds, Glasgow, &c., are situated either in the midst of coal districts, or in places io which coals can be cOnVeyed with little expense. In England, coals^ are principally ob> *tained from the neighbourhood of Newcastle-upon- Tyne, Sunderland, and Whitehaven. At Newcastle there is a. coal-pit nearly 80d feet in depth, and . which is wrought horizontally, - quite across, and beneath the bed of th»^ river Tyne, and tinder tli^ adjacent part of 'the county of Durham. At White^ haven the mines are of great depth, and are eX'* teni^ed even mdeY the SQa, to places where there la above them iiuflScient dc^nib of water fcnr ships of great burden, and in wnichr ^e mine^ are some* times ahle to hear the roaring of the waves. On the contrary, in some parts of Durham, the coal lie^ io near the surface of the earth that the wheels of carriages lay it open, in sach^ qudntUiea as to be sufficient for the use of the neighbourhood. In Eeral the entrance to coal mines is by. perpen- liar shafts, and the workmen and coals are wn up by maehinery. As the mines frequently extend to great distances horizontally bp«ath the surface of the earth, peculiar dire is nJwB^aiy to keep them continually veniUaUd with currents of fre^n air, for the purpose of affording to the work- men a constuit supply of that vital fluid) and att|^ of expelling from the mines certain noxious exhaSk tion» which are sometimes produced^n them. Onf^ of these, denominated firetdamp, &cplode» with great violence, on the approach of » lignted eaadle, or any otho' flame, and hat, at different times, oc- casioned the los» of niany valuable lives. It ia a singular ckronnuitaBce, that although it is set on firo by a flMno» yet it cannot he kindl e d ^ ^^ •^ k>t 119% nor by vfwtlu prodaoed &em tlw .it^"" f: ^> ♦ , fr .# M of flini; and steel. Hen#a m .sufficiJMlit light tor t%|^ ^^ry o! their^^ i^ pkcetf where tbe'M^e ^fp^mdle woal4wi9ucd 4tplo9i(m, Bat^ .^^ifety^M^riiL* . lUze . , has the st^ mill; eh|^|iiil; that/whi l^llreyents the sur- jig With the lamp so ^^^ IS exhahxtian. in coal Nl ».* h^ if la stices' it to :as ^ .,..^ ^_ ^^ PJ^^^'^^^iSpiW"^ '^ the* property of 1 mfiamii»bl0»i^f»^j|B^ifcp the uj[)per parts: but this, ^^ on acconii%joMtj^ w%h|,« occupies principally the '^ parts ||1fche ntfa0s,,and occasions death by ;4tf»0n^ thwh it is by iio means so fatal as th€( '«?•<• *Tl>e Ipes of, coal ^^v fuel are too well V ^^^^ any observatidna. By distmin^ %% «t{ m/pfnable g9a is produced, which of lat6' has 1>^^l'»o3^ipe9, from the ireservoir in which lit is collected, tK? great'distances^ and the liglit ifech it yields is peculiarly. briili&at and beautiful. It was at ^ foundic^^loriging to Messrs. Boulton imd Watt, at Birmingham, that the first d^lay of eas lights was ^•^sJti'the year 1802^ on the occasion of, the re- joicnj^ for peace. ' r _ . • r Atnber is a substance usually of a Eolden fellow C<^oar, temirtrantpamu aud^of % shmSig and soi what rgstwwn lustre* ThWkin of it is uiiknon ^ut from the %pito\ trnjUEer insects which ' frequently cpntwn^ there ean ba/' no doubt that has once been in a fluid state. The a nmflnt^^ among wuoiipqit vki m piU mpM, otllwl it * I I . 4 A>* 11; taty^wbili "fi the 8ur- > lamp 80 .^' it in coal 1 perty of but this, >ally the leath by a^as tb€( too well •tiling i% latd'has 'actbriell, it all the iOQveyed olleqtecl,. yields is I at %tt Wtktt^ at ^ht8 was, the re- ai«d il ir 10 moiUy ImtA m i^oimM utd «w.,.-»««,-«,-^ oti • tlie wwrth coiwt of* Ao Baltic, ^ dkp eSSi ioires of S&gland) and, in »»iM\ ludttit^ oift#ii08e «f Sicily and ^« Adriatie-, sni ^«# 8ufaitiiiijL|r«^tIt rasemUiiig it is occMiotaaUy ' foniiMm^l-pitB nMu* Londod. The only tunes %ji£i&lKil«re8ent known aire in Prtosia. These M t>e nanal way, by shafts and gaHe* ^ ^ d«^h of KK^feet. 13ie ainl>er is i»* iMidaed in a stratmn of jStfawood, and <»cw8 fc^ i»i $nd when Jmr^ i# mo|^%l||t* heavier than water. Its W Idso one <»pb^Bi|rdest and most difficult to#e >b«M|^ BW'b*!^**''^ ire^ imd ittost powelrfil* aoids hairfng/tearfceiy.. w eflfeeiiipcn it ^t k not fosilk |p^ *«t^ l>^^ fmie, but rb^^res eitber tho wtimtrti^ed' n^. of Om smi in kburtiiii|[ nnr^or, the gslvaaio e|eG|j|^Oi^# m v. V' '4 - '•J'jf &. It ia found in various T^*ZT^^ "* gj-ams, stoaU w«fo«, and.ci«>ilhiry, or m fflnril braaches. It cannot be diss3ved m J^y *J?d except aqua regia, and id more than nine, n!!l "?!l fJ".®' *^ ^**«'- <^oW abounds iii many of the Afijcan rivers, and is very common b i^eral distncts both of South America and Ma^ - ^S^''^t^''^^^.''^''^'''' those of S?^* J^?^^ ^^ ^*®° *^^^ i^ Norway and Sweden, and m various parts of EnoIanZ Ireland aiid Scotland. The n^o^K of^raSS^tK^^ ^ite ore « W redudng |t to a fine iS^d^,Q mmnff this powder with quicksilver. The quick- 1 «amlavnig^the.iuaUty of Viting with itsdf ^V W^rthe precious metal, but bejng inoapabi \ ^JMuon with the other substances, extrSjts it even «^^^^t;p^on^^^^^ The quicksUver . 2Jk? ^« <»ff>y >nei«i8 of heat. Coinage, or !!f ^SL!"^ opnsists ii ,iiJ4 i; '". ■ ■ •igl The the BOm the '^ Mo( ,* : i-' r-. ^" ' < Cir''^ *! •^ met wat iirc S^ >.l"^' •A '. ^ •iffhteen parts of gold, and six parts of-'COpper. Tne coinage gold of Portugal and America is of the same standard as our own; that of France is somewhat inferior; and Spanish gold is inferior to the French. The Dutch ducats and some of the Moorish coins are of gold unalloyed. Silver is a white, brilliant, «onorotM, and ductile metal, scmewhitt more than ten times heavier than water. It melts at a bright red-heat. It is found in different states. Of these the principal is deno- minated' native silver, from its being nearly iii i stskte of purity. Native silver sometimes occurs in small lumps, sometimes in a crystallized form, and somc»times in leaves, threads, or wire. In many instances the latter are so connected with each other as to resemble the branches of trees, in which case the ore 1% called dendritic. 'There are also several /)res of silver, in which this metal is combined with lead, antimony, arsenic, sulphur, and other suIh> stances. lake gold, silver is coined into money, and is manufi^ctured intd various kinds of utensils, which have thb general appellation of eolver plate. For these purposes it is alloyed with copper, whlcAr does not affect its whiWess.^ Our* standard silvoi^. is composed^ of about \l2| parts of pure nietil and one' part 6f coppeiv| and Jhe metal of '■this standard is used both for silver plate and m the coinsge%.,,;-^:: : - - ^.. ■ .-^-^ ^\-iC, Mercury y (n its dative state, is called quicKsilverji and is found in small globules of a shinins, silvery appearance, scattl^ed through (^fierent Mnds of atones, day, and ores. I t J BtearlY fourteen timei heavier tjian water. The (H^^al ore of mercui^; and thaf froiii which thd metal is chiefly obtainc«l, 1$ cinnabar. This is of. a red colour, and consist! of mercu ry mineralized, wj|h suluhur^ This mgUl ~m^ ■*■■■" '. .~,t': ■;»'*,' 'ki / ^41% f r A. / • ^ »K» porta of moroBiTjuid one of aulphnn ^,X^J^ heat Ttk fnn.^ ^ ' * cnerjy-i^ or dull white n«»t. It M found under a great v&i»ty of f<»a, S„'S,^ir??^^"^»^^^^^ substances, IMirticulJy sulkur T^,3nf s^bs^nces, SSS a»d important. .^Bftii, rolled ^ ftheetrfttr heawm h^e iron cylinderf^iB emnlol^ S^ISf oo^nug of houses, 4eathin^lS Sffi^; |«d foi^ngrari,^ upon, JbcT As cZSI^S' Btol^eW^^' • ^«t«*'»^''P''epMtioii8 of cop. SS^ HKJ/^^"^'^*^ externlly and inte^^ » the ao«t JimeeptaMe of aUoy. Brass, m-j^a t| stale are?-, mets are allo^ elasi weig seld< abui a si coff'b in B< 00 hre Stee Kan] darl lU bloc aad irhi suff c^n c6ii #8* ^%0t Woi mt< cesi bar dm ear are nes qtu 4r- -*- — -^^^■-^■jft-yf^^- ' ^ .i-'-^ ^ * •' ire of th« solid, and, ir and ex- iest o f all ^erSy as a , And as aids, it is oombina- led amal- tbe sub- looking- of mer- [ colour, ' togetl^er Bklj about be most con, the lU ^ite t u^^ stano0|, are nu* *. filheets^ fwythe ' ' «s%at, sufesti- iplojred ■>* ttf cop- inter- 5opper, iing it copper lince'a j-^^-myr- raalet iW' pinchbeck, and Dnteh gold « Datih mttal are all* alloys of copper and zinc. Bronze, U» metal of ^hich 'cannons are made, and bell metal, are alloys of copper and tin. White copper is an alloy of equal parts of copper iMid artenw.^ v ^ v«n Iron is a«\;al of a liyid grayish colour, hard, and Mastic, and capable of receiving a Wgb polish. ^*' ItA weight is nearly eight times that of ^^^^^^^ ^^ ^ seldom found in a truly native state, bu^occurt abundantly in a%ost every country of the world, im a state of oxide,^and mmeralized with snlphnnea covrhoniQy and other acids. Iron is found in plants, in severai* kinds of coloured stones^ and even in the jlbood of ani%ls. With us iron is employed iij three states, *|ely, dast iroii^ wrought iron, 9XjA Steel. ' Cast, ird^ps so hard as to resist botk the hammer\.and the i^; es^remely lonttla and (tf * dark grky colourip^ie process of eonvwting eaol J%i into wrought or.jmalleable iron, is callod blooming;^ The cast imm thrown intto a fiiniajo^ and kept melted by m flame of oombuat^ Which is made to play upon its Baifiace. Hereit « suffered to continue about two hoars, a wotrkmait eenstantly stirring it, litotii; notfithstandiiig the c6htinuance of the heati \% gradually •oqww^oBJwj* ^steady, and congeals. It is then taken out walei w4iot, and violently beaten with a krge hamtiME '" worked by machinery. In this state it is wrbnghl into bars for sale. Stf^^^is usuaUy made by at prol cess called c^entation.jThia consists an keepi^ bars of iron in cowtmet'^^\k powdered ohawoja^ during a state of ignition, for several. :hoiur8^^ ill earthen troughs or cntciblea, the mouths of whwrn are stlditatwy^ife^«<^ quired extremenbardnessT'Tho inui prooared fhm '•? % T» / •^' * ^JS?" " **"*°"^ ^' !^ ^ *^ vm>«&ctan of ^n is a white metal, somewhat like silver in appearance, but is considerably lighter7and makes a crackhng noise wlJen bent. It is very softand always found either in a state of oxide or in com! I^C'Sm^^lfP'"'* ^^ copper, and'i:\?rt Mven^ times as hearjr as water. It melts at 440°. a^is an essential ingredient in bell metal, bronze pewter, and various other compounds. ' Uv^'^ ^ * 1^®^"^? °***''^ **»*" *>»» of a pale and D^re ^v«Jvt'V^'^ .^^^^"' -^^^ UoroL when pttr|, very flexible, and' so soft that it may be marked with the nail. It stains paper or the fi^ew of a bimsh flplo^, and is about eleven timTSS ilate Tn wv J*, "ir^^ f ^^^°- The mosrcomm^ ISbhi^I^^'^ ''•^i'" ^"""^^ ^ ^ combination with KiSif 1. i ' '™'^ P^^^«" cf sUver. This ore is tt forn?^f\\Tt '^ galen^^nii is freq^nt'/^ ^ form of blackish cubical crystals. Lead is also quan^tieevof lead are iis^d for the iakin« of «hX ikmorebritde,and to render the grains more7S ^toy of lead and^^tm forms the solder whioh is W by plumbers. The types that are used by prini^ S I^ J"*!? V*y**^" are sometimes comp<^ with tm m the manufaeture of pewter. taetnre of silver in nd makes soft and > metal ia in oom- js about ai 440°. 1) bronze. pale and us when may be e fingers I heavielr common ibn with is ore is entl/in lis also Great »f sh0. 'rentier e round >. An issued )rinters tnposed 10 used d, is a ipA> F of malleabiUty and ductility, except under certain circumstances. It melts at about 680«. This metal is never found in a pure state; and the principal ores from which it is procured are known by the .names of calamine and blende. In China, zinc is used as a current coin of the countrv* It is employed in the manufacture of brass, pinchbeck, and bronze, all of which consist of this metal mopmbmation with different proportions of copper. -:'^^:^^'r^^:^--''-i^':::^::; Arsenic \b a metal of a steel-blue colour, wd considerable brilliancy ; it > remarkably Jjr^tla^ and somewhat more than eight times heavier ;>ti^ water. This metal and all it& compoui^dsrare WJ* lent-pmona. Its vapour has a very strong Bmall, resembling garlic. It is found nearly |mirein, differ- ent parts of Germany. The arsenic «6ld In- the shops is an oxide or rather an acid of thia^ metal artificially prepared* The m«Mrfi0tviw frequently employ the oxidee 6f w«emom fabrioaUcj of that article. Arsepio is used in theproceaeeB of dying and calico pritttingj and lor the ^partiM « different artificial sbade|. and ^tewfH to fur«^ r I* >•- also used in the maiwfaoture of maXk shot, m W dicitie it is occasional use4rtJ«>*#w»^^^^^^ . smaUdoseB. ^.h^'..-- v. •':--, '.^r^v'-yM-'' Antimoni/iB » metal of a briHiant *n4 4yWf bluish white colour, destitute- of duiBtiUty,^«iid^»^' . seven times heavier th*n waAer. 'I*2^fJ***^** silver, and so b^rittle that it(may ea^|J^^w** # powder, in a moitw. s W» metal Sfii^^^fllW W several medicinal preparitioni. : t _^ *?? i r > taste^ 1 ra^ei 1 1 1 I- ■■.■■•■ » ■ - ' -. **■ ' . ' ; J • . t 1 uitgres 1 ■ .;. - -: ■■ .«fliV^. ■. ^y • -/■m'^ • , T r n '.X V*', './•■ rUYim ffiHTLf AND OBEEPINO RHINOS, ' MW).— ./Wm cxWii, i«r*j ' ' ■ ■ . '■■'■/■ ts ?aiF"T,flocM #^086 soft enameWd winir ' ' S?Sr**^° 8®"*^7 cleaves the sky ;/ - Wfcoae ohamiBg notes address tto sprinr- » WitkanvtlesshariQottT; f , ^ * > ^Jel7«nin«^l8as^} ,;■ And hlunts-his ^pointed fury ; in its. case, ^ V V* Russe^ and ru4e, fiplds up the tender germ, .'' . j , *\ tJmnjured/ with ^unitable art; - ^ > * ^^^^ ■" And, ere one flow^^ season fades and 4i^ - Designs t^e blodmin^ wonders of thc^next. , * t T^ Lord of % hi*If Arough aU cUffiised,|::^vf . Su8taiiiS|an4% the life df all that livoB. , ^ j, ' Nature is 4ia^ naA^^ for an eiffect, ' ^^v, >i'j Whose^a^iSfflfe^od. ! One spirit— -His ,, ..^r. , '^ , \ "Who Wore {tflP|nted thorns with bleeding birowi^ i ' Rules universal^ture ! Not a flower But shows some touch, in frefiikle, strei^.or sti^ii^ f Of his uriTivall'd pencil. He inspire , ;^ ;-^'i,.',.t^^0i .Their baWy odours, and imparts their lineSi >. « j^ , jAnd bathes tKeir eyes witti nectar, and^includo^ ^ .,{>. In grains as.countless as the seaiwdesandsr^ '--^i * *^'V The forms witlj wh)fih he sprinkles all the efurthJ ^,j^ \ Happy who- waj^thtlit him! whom, wljat he finds ^^ . Qf flayotfr, or OT SQ^iitj'm ^roit, or flowe%s' >t^ ,V; .^^ Or wli%t he views of beautifol or grand -f>!^ '• rjf In Nature, from the' broad inaljestle oak I"* . ! ' * To t'he green blade that twinkles in the sun, v' ^^v- Promptjs with r|membrano« of a ittMent QodJ ^^^ V *'^ .■*#:: A :4 -It S'lx- nrmi '«'*^;i^x**^v'^^^-''^*''^^^* ■ ,*ifv' , ^1 • i* 'I ' 1- ^.*^ n-»- f» V ^ ••" •-> liEssoN xvm. AlXi -OBlATUBSS GALLED OS TO FRAISB GOD. Be&H^, n«f fod, tjb* exalted lay ! Let each^bn^tured thought ohej, ^ > And praise the' Almighty's name : Lo ! heaven and earth, and seas and skies. In one ineiodious concert rise, / • To swell th' inspiring themfe^- 1 i ;^^^^ f Jpin, ye loijid spheres, the vocal choir; ^OHiou dazzling orb of, liquid fire, • f*. ' iSie^ mi^ty ah()ru8 aid : , Soonls gray evening gilds the plainy Thoa, moon, protract the melting strain^' And^praipe him in the shade. ^ Let evetY dleitoent rejoi . And ask in ^ngeFs l^e. f "\' (^1 I,; ' . -If : ,.,. ^ .iiss(^xix.."'-v-:-> '■•^' oiiVoEiriiMT TO' animals:' :^' :■"•':"';• '■ ■.'.''• ■':•••■*, ' . :' , ' .'■■■.■■;!• '^ . !l wouLp not enter on mv list of friends ^^' ' ' (Tho* graced i^it|i polish- d m^nuers and fijBte 8eiMMt» Yet wanting fteiiwili^lil^yXt^^ . -.. ■Who^llMdlewly »^ footiipoii a worm. M i. iJf >n»dT«rtent step may crush the snail ^^at crawls at evening in the public path ; Bi^t he that has humanity, forewam'd, ». , Will step asi(|e, andiet the reptile live. Th^ creeping vermin, loathsome to the sights And charged with vefiiB), that intrudes, , •: A visitQ^ linweicome, into scenes, Saored #iieatne^ and repose, the bower, :;^h€Q!hamber, 01* the hall, may die : ♦ A necessary act incurs no blame. Not so, when held within their proper bounds. And guiltless of bffence, ihey range the aii^, , Or take then- pastiibe in the spacious field : ' There they'^are priviteged. And he that hurts Ur harms them there is guilty of a wrdng ; Disturbs th' economy of mture's fealm, mio when she formed design'd the9i an abode. The sum 19 thist< if man's cenvenience, health, - Or isafety interfere, his Hghts and claims ^ ^® paramount, and must extinguish theirs. Else they are ali--the meanest mngs that are, / As free to live, and to enjoy that life, ^ ^Ood was free to form them at the fir^ Who in his sovereign wisdom jnade th^ ^. t Ye, therefore, who love mercy, teach jotur sons < To love it too. The spring tmie of yiur*year8 U so .dishonour;d and defiled, in most^ ^ * By budding ills, that adc a prudent \md ' To check themK. But alas ! none sooner shooti. If unrestrain'd, into luxuriant growth, Than cruelty, most deviUsh of them aU. \' Mercy^ to him that shows it, is the rule And righteous limitation of its act. By which heaven moves, in pard'ning guilty niaii. And he that shows none, being ripe in yeu% And conscious of the outrage he commits, W ShaU seek it— and ikH; find it m return; V -i^ t^' v^* .\ * ', * ■ •r' ^^. ;:Ag^ rvi > .A. \:.>r:;- :^ 'I.' " f. . ' '■> \'v .f •:%V :-■■ ^ ^fe- ^ tT; , ,' ' : ' ■ 'v ' V LBSSON XX. DETAOHED ^CE8. ,:-^ HOW caiiBt thon renoraioie the boundless store ^ Of charms which Nfttjire to her Votartes yields ? * ThO|Warblitig woodlan^^ the resonndiiig shoi'e, Tne pomp of groyes and. garnititre of fields ; / AH that the genial ray. dCmoming gilds, , ■ And idl that echoes to the song of even : ^ • lAU that the xni^iintaih's sheltering bosom shields, - Andallthedre&d magnificence of heaven, * Oh how oamayb thou renounce, and hope to-be for given? Jbaith. ; -It wins my ad^oiration To view the structure of that little work-^ A bird's ncBt. Mark it well witfiin, without^; ^^ No tool had he that Wrought; no knife to cutf v. No nail to fis:; no bodkin to insert ; ; ' , > No ^ue to join ; his little beak wiis all ; And yet how nicely finish'd. What nice hand| With every implement and means of art. And twenty years' a^renticeship to boot, Ooidd make me such another ? HuRDlB. The sounds and seas, each qreek and ba;^. With fry innumerable swarm, and shoaw Of fish that, with their fins and shining scales, Glide under the green wftve, in 8cul)9 thiit oft Bank the mid sea : p»rt sijagle or with mate ^ ?^Oraz#the sea-weedi their pasture, and thro* groyes '' Of cSaX stray, or spoitipg wil^ quick glwice Show to th9 0ii|n their waved coats dropt with ^oW,^ Or, in their pearly sl^ellis at ease, attend Moist nourishment, or under ropka their food- ' Jn jointed armour w^tch ;, p«r| huge of biJk^;' Wallowing unwieldjj'^onnoua in their gait, Vlempe»t3i0dee»?i» \^i Uujso^, 1--V* ^fV^ '^ _!^%*ifl,' -.■■:y / ». LESSON i POBT*S NOBUEST THXm. -J?i: ''}*'-, .'■,•<>' '■X •,e "■■--'^^:/fi.V' Ana jfistljment praise; . sf 4K Atto«gIi awhile they charm the mgfat^ ' ^ j!f That ic^ami in time decays : '^ i6"sciilptor'B, Dainty's, poet's akiil,-* The art of mind> crea^Bve irill, III varions modes may teem.; - i : □it no&e I of thi^e, however rare. . ? Or exquisite^ can truth declare- ^ A poet^^ noblest them«, ; .r v:, f **• ««• 4 ,"^ <» ' 'l' I A. ';?*■< The SUA, uprising, may 4^play Nffis glory to iai jr^ man toaehihg tfi^^*' '• ^ The silent njgM may. cheer, 1 U "And shed o'er mtoy a ilonely |>lace ' 7*' ' ^ i « .. , . A ciharm to feekn^ c^rj - .'i- i/*' h ^|!be ootnttess stsbr >Wch gi»tt^ A. voicelesBi but k lovely train, , With brilliant/ light may gleam ; '^ ^ •• < ^ ' But she, nor thfy, though Sir to see, ' ,- And fottii'd ^ love, can never be A |»(iet'i noblest the|De The T : The ^ Call A But Tho Th« Th« 1^ Hei Aia , C Wh Yet • 'Ma '. 1 Trt Ma *i ^ To Th. gpo I To ■> \ ' V Te V . The y^dSf ^o§e vame to the eatr TOh'that of art ma-y Vie ; TSii^yr loud^ awakening awe and fear, Th^n soft as pity's sigh; ! . The mighty oce(in s ample breast, , Gahn or convolsed, in wrath or rest, A glorious sight may seem } — But neithetvwinds, nor .boundless sea. Though beaimful or grand, can be ^ A poet's noblest theme. ' . - * The earth, our own dear nadve ei^rth ! . Has charms all hearts may own ; ,. ^ They cling .around us frcm oiir Mrth;— . More loved as longer known.; Her's are the lovely viUes, the wild j • * Aied^hless forests, mountains piled - On-high, and many a stream, ^ / Whose beauteous banks the he^ ila»y love^ Yet none of these can truth, approve--^"^ , A poet'tf noblest theme. .^ • ; The virtues which our fallen esijito With foolish pride would claim. May, in themselves, be good and gre4t,— ' •'. To us an «npty name. ' ,; Truth, justice, mercy, patience, 16v«, . May seem witii man on earth to rov% *And yet may onkf M^n; j ' To none of these, u* man't^ dare I* The title of my verse apply— A poet's nobl^ thtnue; I ) To God alone, whose power ditine Created all' thfct Jive ; To God alone can «rath assign This pro8dprerogatif«:— 1 /' ..^. '.-i. . :•/, ->% i ^ \ ' . '■' -.'m^^irjs^f'' .i- ■■''': But how .sun. man attempt His praiw, wd^re to smg iuf mortal lays * OMNIPOTENT! j^UPKBMB !^ . ^ -, : ' Whenl seraph-choirs, in heaven aWei ' ' Proclaim His gloryand His love Iheir noblest, si^eetest theme^ ThMiksbeto God! His^pc^liaa shown V How smful man on earth Ma^ join the songs which roUnd His throne . tnve endless praises hirth: - He gave His Son for man to dieF ""T^" ^® sent His Spirit from on high' . To consummate the scheme : Oh be that consummation blest ! An •* ^ 'lAj. > ••S^kiT^', 1 fWRi^y 'TwM thus, by th« glare of false '«% iv ^>i^i /I V » n 1,— rard to frcf& •.•^'. m dri -«■/.> r dftnflt 11. mding, les are b! TIB. : :■■-'■ ■ \ There is s libtne for iv'eai^. bv»«., B J sin and sorrow ariven ; When tost on life's tempestuous shoals. Where storms arise and 6cean rolls, " And all is drear- — but heaven! There faith lifts up the te^Eirful eye, The heart with anguish riven ; And views the tempest passing by, The evening shadows quickly fly, > And all serene in heaven ! The fragrant flowers immortal bloom, ' , V And joys supreme are given ; There rays divine disperse the gloom ; Beyond the confines of tKe tdnu> Appears the dawn of heaven! W. B. Tappah." ,-»v?- V » ^ X ; ■ --..,' •4-' V ..*.■' .6 y ■I.--./' ■"UX' . ■• (!■ if „v'''.6' ' y ■■ ■ ,■,.'■«■'.■.*■■.■.... >*/.;■ 'V uK '•« ■■'■■■ :::■:■•"':: ;'V. 1 (V * (I (. ' " ' ii'. »' .'\. . .c?,:iO S> . .:.. ' .*"■■■!," ■; ..■■■,!.' ;. : if'*; '.. ■ "■■■,;■' ' ■ ■-*!,'' ^'.".."Vvf . #-,S„' ;;?!:■ v.'-'? ■ •■.:.« -: -■'*.; :^;r ■-■ii-O- ' ,-^/-»\, -v''' ■: . '■''*'■ ".";; '," \ r;,",;';:;' «. ■H- : ,.■ V',.. . s ■r ■ V . _■ ' ■■': ij. - * ' , .,■:■''■■"■ : ..""•' "^ ,) /,■■■ ' ■■' ■ . >. IV, . tV ..■■;!■" "i/^',' ■'■■ ■■■■ " ■'';.■ ■';. 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'^''' ^ "■„ '"i^-i"-"!"" ^ ^^ *^ ■ ■■ "..11 ' n ■■ ■.;.-■■%.;. _ '" ..." ,. ■' / ■"'■■'""v." .'.' ; ■ ■■ ■ * ' " ■ ■ "'"■"■''■ ,^ ",'•" - / \ . ' ■ '" ■ ■ ■ ' ■ ' '.'■' '■-'■■■ . " *\ ■ ' ' > " ■■ . -.y. ■■■■■■ ;:52i^-,- ■■ ■ ■ - ' ■ - *^.^' ■ . IP '. ' .iT ^ < ■"up ■# ., A ^- •> * IMAGE EVALUATJON TEST TARGET WT-3) ■f-* 1.0 1.1 11.25 ■m m S LI 120 I2£ M t-4 1 1.6 6" t / rf*' ^_ >^-. ' ^a. ■-^f: '^4^ a>^ <^ 4?^^ . .Sdaioes ' .CorparaticiD 39 WBT MAM STRHT WmTK.N.Y. IMM (714) 17^4303 v\ k ^ i -^ ^,- ■-^.^ >^i >:-a.- ^: • ». V, -.i* ^_ ■" i A > ^- /. . ^> • \ o^ k ^ / M. "%■ ./ .*.? ^«l^ .-. « M -■f-^ ■r SECTION II. JE' ^■. -^ LESSON L "■^ V ^ NOTES ON EUEOPl. ^ The Brituh Empire consists of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, with ex- tensive cdonifes in America, the East, and West Indies, and Africa. The government is a mixed or limited monarchy, the legislative power being vested in the King and the two houses of Pifrlia- ment, and the executive in the King nlone. Epis- copacy is the established religion in England and Irehmd, and Presbytery in Scttland; but a great proportion of the inhabitants of Ireland are Roman Catholics. The commerce and manufactures of the pnited Kingdom exceed those of any other country in ancient or modern times. Trade is carried .on with every part of the world, particularly with the East and West Indies, and the United States of America. Some of the principal manufactures are t^ose 4)f cotton goods, the centre of which Is Man- chester; of woollens, the centre of which is Leeds; of hardware, the chief seats of which are Birmingham and Sheffield; and of pottery, which is principally est^lished in Staffordshire. The tin mines of Cort^wall give emplojrment to 100,000 men; and many are employed in various parts of England, Lrelaiid, and Scotland, in collieries, and in iron, load* and other mines. / .Fra'kee has always been one of thp most powers ful states of modem Europe. At one time it poe-- eessed numerous ^cgl^pfiff in different parts of the gov< grea ^^ .Cat] '" and and T- -tare , /"ri'T-* - - ^•f \. 85 7 i*. woiW; but most of them have l^een lost in the wars with Great Britain. Since the yeara814, the ' government has been a limited monarchy. The great majority of the people are of the Roman Catholic Religion; but all other sects are tolerated^ - and all Frenchmen are equally admissible to civil and military employments. ' The chief manufac- tures of France are woollens, silks, laces, hard-.' ware, cotton goods and porcelain. It produces different kinds of grain, and excellent wines: it is also rich in minerals, particularly lead, coal, and iron. Many parts of the country are fertile; and the climate, especially in the piiddle'^nd south, is genial and healthy. Spain has lost much of its form^ power and Wealth ^since its colonies in America declared them- selves independent. Before the late war, the mo- narchy was absolute: at present it can scarcely be considered as settled. The established, and only tolerated religion is the Roman -n Catholic. Spain is a warni country, and the soil, in many places, is rich and fertile, producing excellent wh^t, barley, and other kinds of grain, besides fruit, oil, and wine. It is remarkable for its excellent breed of hors^ilbid sheep; and it contains various mines of gold, silver^ copper, lead, and tin., ;:.".> ;;.;,.,: .; ,, >,nm^.--) ■. -^.m^. Portugal yrB» formerly one df the principal . Jl<^ M A JnhabitaBtti^p**! » %'■■ ' ■ ■ ■ ■ ' ■ '•' ' xj *hv ^ (:"-\ M fees /the Roman Catholic reU^on; and the govern* mcnt is limited monarchy, /iong ago, the FlepiDgsJ with their nei^boors the/Dutch, were the greatest merchants and manufacnirers in Europe ; and they are still i^emarkable f<^ industry and^t^bve of gain, and for habits of order, neatness, and^anliness. ffolland is a femarkably level cMiMiff^ was^v^i^r formidable to the leist of Europe, during the ninth,0ibenth, and eleventh cen- turies, when it was constan% sending forth ^hds of purates, to plunder and destroy wh^eveii they came; but it has occupied a very inconsiderable pUf^ in the h^tory of later times. The govern- ment it absQlute in prinoi}de, though it is fair from being unlimited in practice. The/ establbh^ reli- gion it Littheranism : but there is toleration for all Other denominations^ The pri^eipal products of^ ^muak aro ooin, hones» an^ oattle. ^ere vn * / . . ... / ,•^■f!r,w^^ "1 ^ it rhich re of and ley tble > •earceljr any manufactures except for home con- somption. . .: SfDeden and JVorway have formed one kingdom since the year 1814. The government is a limited monarchy; and the greater part of the inhabitants of both countries profesS' Lutheranism, which is the established religion. sThe climate is cold, and very little of the land is fit for cidlivation ; but the mines are numerous and yaluable, especially those of iron and copper. Norway ^o exports great quantities' of timber, pitch, and tar, ; f y _ The north of Sweden and the adjoining part of ^nssia are called Laplandy whiJjh, though of no po- litical importance, presents many interesting pecu- ,liarities. Neither the climate nor the soil is weU adapted for vegetation.; but when com can be sown, the gi^)wth is so rapid, that what is planted in the end of May is often reaped before the begm- ning of August. In winter, on the other hand, water is often frozen in the vessel, as theperson is in th^act of drinking it; and even spirits of wine are sometimes converted into ice. ^> protect them from the cold, the inhabitants generally wear clothes made with sheepskin, with the wo^l turned toward the body, andy above these, outer garments, made of the; skins of re^n-deer, with the hairy side out. They place the fires in the middle of their hutd, and cover the^floors with skins, on which they both sit and sleep. Thev live, for ,the most part, on flesh, fish, and the milk of the rein-deer. This animal m . invaluable to the Laplanders. During its lifo it draws theni aBoiJft, over the frozen surface of the snow, in dedges made of birch ; and after ita death it yields them almost every necessaiy of iife. Ti!» Laplanders are a harmless, inoffensive |)eophB!J^''^'>'' ■:■-■-■ '^- ■ / •fme Buttim Empire is by far tiie greatest in er* liHIi^ irhich hat d?ar exif ted m the world ; only about ■^ r \ 4 J^ one-fourth of it is in Europe. Th4 goyemment if an absolute 'monarchy, uncontrolled by aigr tlung but the customa ana habits of the people, which have sometimes provel^troneer than the pow^r of the emperor. The religion of the state, andW the freat mass pf the people, is that of the Greek ^urdu 'he exports of Russui are com^ ^®°*]^ ^^ tidlow, iron, furs, and: timber; its imports arc qotton and woollen goods, tea, sugar, coffee, frui%aQd wme. Pruiaia is, for the most part, a col4#nd moi^fe'., country, abounding in forests and mannas. Its" chief productions are timber, com, and, ^jiber ; its manufactures are linen and bnMfd-qlothr* Persona of all creeds arc^ eli^ih^e to every bffice in the state ; the ffovemment is simple mlpfr^y* The Austrian Empire is verr extensive, compre- hending parts of Germany, PoWd, and Italy, with Hungary, and several smaller provinces. ^The power of the emperor is limited omy by established UWB and customs; the religion of the state is tho Roman Catholic. In severtd parts of the Ao^triaa dominions there ^are manufactures (^ woollens, linens, silks, and viMiGos other articles; there w» jl^gQ valnaUe minei^ jMortioularly of auiekalv«r..^H < ^k JPoka^d was formerly a powerful and wirluM state 1^ but it was dismemberecl ItfWard thfi.eDd «f the last century, and its tei^toriiBS/SttijBid %; 1^^ Prussia, and .^istria. .► ^, ? J^knize^ioMd is the lushest and most mountainous ,oo«ntry tn^Europe, and is celebrated for its bold ai^d «ublime scenery. The principal mountains are the Alps, ifhioh occupy the greater part of the south and east of the country. Many of these are td^m covered with sAow, and between their •mBmits:£» the glaciers or fields of ice. The snow sometimef rolk down in great masses called*ava2a9u;iSi0«,^, which overwhelm catUe, houses, and even, whole viuagetf. ^i4fKwlandit,dWi4«d pll IW^Ply^m W^ r * of wl laws: whicb ,.berS of thi and i linen, and 2 sold i ; m ..prodi Overji tempi lowei a 8p< -italii nattti musi< ieirea * ever ber % whic taim whej and, man leatl fry ] gov* or 8 The neai the C erec (ect i ..i.Vl A Aw "L / •/ ¥ \ '«> 1 '/ r of irhich has a separate goyekiment and distinct laws : Jind the whole are united\into one Republic ; which is administered bv a. Diet, flfrecce, in the south of Turkey, has lately b«en erected into an independent state, under the pro- <^%»i of England, france, and Busaiiu _ *• <• f ) ', ■ I ' t i 1 ;'C ft '**" ''' :'' '. / ^, v.* iij"- ■''■I- ■ v^' — ^ • ^ i- ■Mi mammdtm^ma nn i^M ^t^k^^m s^ ©.? ' ' 1 iiialWHW|lHIIII / :-^. ■'/v ) m al pole, hlias ^he very Cape of Portugu< \ceived and at tbe point possesaed itself of Storms. — ^Where tl thought only of sft^uring a p( touch at— where/the Dutch ties beyond those of a planti blishing the coloitiy of a second . . . , uniting !^nglish/ activity with Batavian patience, at this moment? it is extending, around the (Cape ther*^ boundaries m 4 settlement which will increase in the _ south of j(.fri(^a to the size of those stattt^ which it has founded (n the north of America. J'rorai this new fo^s of action and of conquest, it castS^its eyes totward India ; it discovers, it toizes the stations of most importance to its commercial progress. ' Ftoally-fAs much dreaded in the Persian Gnlf, andthe Erythrean~ Sea, as in the Piicific Ocean aim Indian Archipelagc^the British ;!|lmpiirej the possessor/ of the finest countries of the earth, be- holds it^ factors reign over eighty mi|Ii(nis of sub- ', yjects, /The conquests of its merchants in Asia begin •#here /those of Alexander ceased, and where the terminus of the Romans could never reach. At this moment, from the banks of the Indus to the frontiers of China — ^from the Ganges to the mountains of . Thibet — all acknowledge the swaj of a mereantile company shut up in a nap'ow street in the City ot London. / M. DuPW. % Ml 'j; 1 1 I- ■ f; ; f LBSSONin, THE BITIN8 OF HEBOULANEUM. Ah inexhaustible mine of ancient ' cmioMlujs exists in the ruiiis of Herculaneuin, a city lying be- ri^^ /iA - \ \ •; -■ ■-■.■■ .» ■•i~ '■ ' ' f; ' . ■ 1 ; J :.\ ■ '- ' '"^ r ■'"*■, rt; ' >.'' ■-XV " ]f . s) '■'jv^-i.'v'' l" ■ ■..si^S^SsSBti'S'. # \ \,; ■ • '■■X -M . - -y ■. . . '.^F« 1^^ -M ill. -. 7-^m -I ■ I bf.iSSL'^*u '"^ "^L^*""' ^*« overwhelmed by • stream of lay* from ife neighbonring volcano. ^Ltll "S^t^X"^. » consistency which fenders h extwnSly ilifficalMo be removed; being composed ^and vitnfied substances, which altogether form a -close and ponderous mas^. * lorra a ui^ ™ 'T'^i*'**? ''^ '"""y *«^«» *^« "Po* it stood T^J entirely Wotten ; but in the year 1713 whr^nT*^- ^ discovered by some labourerS^ d^Z f i "^ ***®**'^^ ^^^^^'^ curiosities were smfnTa^ r "T *^*l^«"ce, but the search was X1,2^S°T^^^^°^ H^rculaneum remained in obscmnty tiU the j^r 1736, when the Kinff of IJaples employed men to dig p^pendicul^trly eilhty «eet deep; whereupon not onlf the citr made its X::!^T^''^ '^' ^'"^ *^ *^« rivifwWch r^ ^^ ^Ple of Jupiter were found a stitue of SS^ tb« '°^P*'«\t>t decorated the great TrjLt^ ^*?°^^- ^Many cm-ious appenigea Lv£S^. .'S? ^?^'yhave since been discovered ^rri""^ ,**^ ^V'S^^ *^^ ^«^« arranged in I M»^^1 SSI ' ">^»lt»r8 ; domestic, musical, and TJSS^JT^T^ *T^^,^J^^ors of polished ^tfLm^ *fc-*K^^^^ * ^*^>^'« *^iH furnished with oombi, thimbles, rings, ear-rings, &c. &c. amnni*T ^^"^t**/ o^, °»aiinscripts was also found e"te?L^^ Jil^'fK' 1*"^ ^l^'T ««^»guine hopes were entertained by the learned, that many works of th^ «cient« wouli be restored' to light, aWat / new «d of ifjS^v^ nnrolling the burnt parchments «4 of de«gteriiig the obscure letters, has proved * i^UW%'-ji%Sf *.-*' The streets of Herculane«m seem to havlp la^tn perfectly straight and reg;iilar ; the houses well built, and generally uniform ; and the rooms paved either, with large Roman bricks, mosaic work, or 6hlved in the same dreadful catastrophe, but was not 4iscovered tilt near forty years after the discovery of Herculaneum, ' Few skeletons were found in the. .streets of Pompeii ; but in the houses there were n^any, hot situation's which plainly proVed that they were endeavouring • 'to escape when 'the ^tremendoii^ showers of ashes intercepted their retreat..^ ICOTSEfiBUB*^*^ ■ * ^xy'ff ^\'- LESSON W' MONT BLAVi I. ■■ Thib mouniiiin» so nameH^iaecotpitof its whitf .aspect, belongs to the gi*eat /central cbaip of thd^ Alps. It is truly gigantic^ a^d is the most elovated mountain in Europe, rising ^oless thf^ 15,872 fee^ somewhat more than three mill(%\abov^ the level of the sea. It is encompasse4 bj those wonderful collections of snow and ice called gl^pidrs, two of the principal of which are called |ilont Polent and Triolet. The highest part of Mc ■t\ie Dromedary^ is* in the shape ■hemisphere. From that: point it and presents a kind of concave ih^ midst of which is a small pyr»inid VC icQ> It tJbb9Y^ It Bl^nC) iMuncic -i- i. M rises Into a itoeond hemisphere, which is named the Middle Dome ; and thence^ descends into anothe? - concave, . surface, terminating* in ^-*:pBiit, which, amon^ ot^ler names bestowed u^on it bv the Savoy- ards, li styled Ddmo de Goutd, and may\e regarded as the inferior dome. \ ^ The first Successful attempt t6 reach the^fhnmit of Mont Blanc was made in Atigust,- ^P^* ^7 Poctor Paccard, a physician of C^mouni; He w^s led to make the attempt by a guide named Balma, who, in searching for crystals, had discovered thfe only, bracticable Touie by which so arduous an Mndertaking could be accomplished. The ascent occupied fifteen hours, and the descent five, under circumstances of the greatest difficulty ; ,the sight of *he Doctor and that of his guide, Balma, being so affected by the snow and wind as to render them almost blind, ,9t the same time that the faq/of each Vas excoriatet, and the lips exceedingly swelled. On the 1st of August, of the following year, 178T, the celebrated naturalist, M. de Saussure, set out accompanied by a servant and eighteen guides, who> cairied a tent and mattrasses, and various instru- ments of experiment^ philosophy. The first night they passed under the tent,' on the summit of the mountain: bf. La Cdte. The journey thither was exempt -fnom trouble or danger, as the ascent is al- ways over turf, or on the som rock;- but above this place it is wholly over ice ox snow. Early nex€ morhinff they traversed the glacier of La Cdte, to gain the foot of a jmall chaifa of ,|-ocks, ittcloisei^ in the snows of Mont Blanc. The glacier is ini^rscibted^ by wide, deep, irregu]ar chasms which fr^^ntly can be pass^ed only by bridges of snow, W^rl^ suspended aVerthe abyss. After react" iiHg tod ridge *f rodcs, the track winds along a hol- teWi^ valley, filled with snow, l^ich'extends nerth itttt foat^, ^ the £^t x>f the highest sommit, and is \ Jr ' / •■*; ' -i ■ -• " • , ,: i_ ' ■.; At- 'J, ♦ -J ■ • \ ■ .=>!-" ■ ^ ■ 3^-' U Wm ■'J:f^ south, "its 'high ste the Dome ^e Gout^ 'appears. It is and on the /hi / dirided at intervals by enormons crevices. These show the snow to be disposed in horizontal beds, each of .which a»8wers to a year; "and notwithstand- ing the vidth of the fissures, the depth can in no part be roeasiircd. At four in ^hc aftetnoo.i, the party reached the secontl of the three gfeat' platforms of Bi^ok they had to traverse,, and here they encamped at tH^eight of 12,768 feetyhearly two miles and a half, abbve the level of tha«ea. * I From the centre olr)tnis platform, enclosea be- tween the farthest siiinrait of Mont Blanc oh the r terraces. on the east^ and onl the west, nothing but/ snow ite plire, of. a dazzling whiteness,^ , „^ _ sumnjits presents a singular con- trast with tWsky, whiih, in these: elevated /egions, is almost black. Here-^uo living 1)eingKi to be seen; nOyj^pearancc of vegetation ; it is tne, abode of cold /and silence. "When," observes M^, de Saussure, "I represent to myself \Dr. Paccai^, and^apies Balma finst arriving,, on t|ie decline of day; in <|iese deserts, without rfielter, T^thout as- tance, and even/withoUt the Q^tainty'tjbat men ^ould live in the places which they proposed to reach, and still pursuing their career with unshaken in,- trepidity, it^s impossible to admire* too much theit ^strength of nnnd and thW courage." , ■ » * The company departed at seven tii0 liext mottl- ing, to, traverse th^rthird and last platform, the slope of which is extremely steepj being in some places thirty-nine dejkrees. It termjnates in precipiceff oa 4II side? ; ana the surface of the ^n'ow was so hard, that those who went fdremost were obliged to cut jplaces folf the feet with h^chets. TJie tast{ islope of all presents too danger ; but the^ air possesses ^§6 hiffh a 46gree of rarity, that ^e^ strength is s|Heedi)y ejuaioB^ and- on approaclim^^the J>immit,^tt^^i^ honi. neeeiBary to Btojp every , fifteen w* ' ^^ -.:JI E*^ ■nS|'^ ^' :> .^p^te^lfP^Peath. ^^ devea th^r reached the top of the mo^tam, where they contipued fouf hours and a hi>lf, during which time M. de Saussure enjoyed, with rapture and astonishment, a view the most expensive as well as the most rugged and sublime m nature, and .made those observations ■* Ul h '^^^^^ '^"^ ^^Pedition important to ^X. light vapour, 8ua)ended m the lower regions of the air, concealed from the sight the lowest and pi<^t^renttpte objects, suoh as the plains of France Wd Lojibar^y; but the whole surrounding assem- SW 9f high sunimits appeared with the greatest distinctness. ^ \ , ^ ■ '. M. do Saussure descended with his p^rty, and ttiOext morning reached Chamouni, withut 5d *o be 5p extremehr piercing as it war te^if^ by &, Paccard. S/experimeni^ made with ^e hygrometer on the summit of the moun^ Jam, the air ii^^s found to contain a sixth portion - oirly of the humidity of that of Geneva ; and to tS dryness o^ fhe aSr M. de St^ussure imputes Z ^uipii^g jhiwt which he ntfd his companions ex- ' perienced. It required half an hour to Wke water ^l^Jr^;?* ^^^'''' fifjeen or sixteen minutes 5Sf«f fu"^ *!;^!? ''"* *^**'«^P »t *t« seaside, ppe of the party discovered the smaUest difference in th« ta^t^ or smell of bread, wine, meat, fruits, or liq«<|r^,i^- some travellers h^^ve pretended is the «!!!!w*^T* ¥%^^^'' !>»* sounds vere, of coursJ J^^akwied Jom the want of olyects ofr^ aecHon. Qf aftheorgans, that of resjirj^tion w2 WtSJf J^^f^t^V^ of one of the ^Z m^^y ^« JiiMred ima twdre, jmd tfiaCofik. dj •r I, 1 fcV . V'lr'S^S^J^if if - .. ^ . . '' -■- ft . ■ • f Sanssure one hundred and one ; while «t Cham(rtini the pulsations respectively were forty-ninft, sixtYi and seventy-two, A few days afterward, Mr. Bean-^ foy, an English gentleman^ succeeded in ^ similiir attempt, although it was attended with greater diffi- culty, fiising from enlargements in the ohasms in the ice. . : , V Claekb's Wondert, m .Uu. 1 ■ : \'\ ^. ■ ' , ^ .;:'..■■. ■ , ■ ' >■■'■. ', v:.. . p- ' ' , BUSSIA— WIRTBMBEEQ— OTlOLi iluM«».^The diveiyified soil, dinuKto, and su^ fkce of^ Russia enable it to support a vast variety <^ vegetable productions. In an agricultural point 6t view, the whole polar district Is Ji^jio v^e wh^t^ ever; a few firs and junipers^ with aomen^Btol and a few grasses^ being tto eole produce of the soil. IThe districts watered by the Volga are tpb* rably fertile as far as the steppes .near Ajstracan. The most fertile part of European Russia ia the tract watered by the Dni<^r and Don rivers, oiUIed the Ukrane, and the government of YoroQesoh^ . In these extensive plains, as wdl aa on the lowe^ shores of the Volga, the soil is a ri^, Uaoh ifiotd^ V strongljr impregnated with nkre, and formed from flucoessive layers of Testable remaiitf* In iJ^vonia the soil is excellent. The plaiBa on (he I|oii aro too rich for being manured. The sOvth^mmoet t>art8^ of Finland are well cultivated by Hie^eiotM and industrious Eins. The fact ia^ tbiit tl£utraete conquered at different p^eds awee IhO ^tim of jPeter the Great, frorii Turkey, fiwedemj ■K-^^:r^--'^'^:rir Ik.ii'f^.. ■tif^_ ' Wirtemhergj^^-^A hw small traets excepted, "Wir- tembtt'g is one of the most fertile atid w^U-watered vbuntries in OermanY. It generally consists of champaign lands, and pleasant vales abounding in every necessary of life. Its fertility ia such, that much more grain is raised than suffices for internal Consumption, , and h«toe considerable quaiitities are exported^. Flax and hemp are also cultivated, ^he valleys, which are some of them eight miles in length, are almost covered with forests of fruit* trees, wluch are also abundant in other parts of the coi^ntriipik) thait cider and penry are the liquors dru^k oy the peasaiils when wine happens to be scarce and deitr. The mountains are rich in niinerals and bovered with vines. The wines •are jpaJbtafcie and wholesome, and are generally ienouiiftateii Neekar wines. Ohehries are ^own hi gr^t qnnnticies ii^, the districts of the Alb and Black A JPoiirtt. ' Game and poultry are abun- dini^ a^ large herds of homed cattle are reared jtt f iiioM^ it>ai Ue«i»fi^thiM^*ippUf»44^ aOJU 'm mi^ % I I nd in a )d to a ite has pers in 'aurida^ Volga. Forests mes in 'aurida, ^stnuts, 3n the btion of of the pon the ood in a, Wir- watered ists of iing in h, that' nternal aiitities tiyated. b miles f fruit» > of the liquors to be ioh in wines inerally grown Lib and abun- reared i - ■ n boorhood of Ulnif a particular branchy of Jndtti- try is the feeding of snails: millions of these ani- mals are fattened here and sent to Vienna and Italy. _ . •■ ^, '.'i .■■ n3^rol.-^The Tyrolese mountains present' every aspect, from the ever-blooming vcardure of perpe- tual sprmg, to the dreary sterility of the frigid zone. Though their summits are always covered with snow, yet their sides are clothed, with the finest woods, abounding in every variety of forest- trees, and sheltering numerous species of game* Their valleys, though rocky in soil, have rich anj extensive fields of corn, flax, and tobacco, t On the eminences which crown these fertile vales^ various sorts of fruit are grown, as also «mall^oods'Vo| chestnut-trees ; the vine is reared as far as Brixen^ The rugged aspect of this elevated country, con- trasted with the beauty and fertility of its vales^ gave rise to a saying of the emperor Maiimiliaii| M that the Tj^^ol was like a peasant's firock^-cMurse indeed, but right warm.'* , , , . 'I'M* ' ', . !' 'iM •$; ' ' j» ISON Vt 'M.< <7«rfRany.<;^No country in the world has ond^- JMne a greater transformation in respect of climate thsii Germany, and nowhere have the striking effects of civflization been more clearly iliianifestM. €n perusing the aicOunts which the Romans have ^V^n us respei^gi the olimatei, soil, and produce of Germany, in then: days, one would nnaeina 14 'J.> ".<•.* '^/ 100 df^0attfiils.' Aecoraikg t(v them, t&e climsto ^ iwly cold, the /OOliBtry burren^ nnoiiltiyatecl, an^ covered with dreaafial forests ancl hideotis manihas, at| once offensive/ to the senses and deleterious to thW hiynah conWitution. That the climate was not altdget1|ienr bo had as they affirmed, is innbTed by the experience of che Romans themselves, who intro- dt|lced the dnltivation of the vine into the Roman pTthces of /the Upper Rhine and the Moselle, it it requirc^d the Upse of mi^j centuries of civi- ttlion to overcome the natural asperities of this ttitry. Germany oecapiea the mi^e degrees of e hoiiiher^ temperate zone; hot the climate is ery irarioos OA account oif'the diff^'etit elevations hoye the /sea, and the more or less mountainoui iiatttre of /the distriists ; koweVer, it isjon the whole teioaipniite arid healthy* Tfab finest and mildest part of 0eniiany is the ee&tfal fegion of tlw coon^ try, ext^ding »iom 48** to 31°; in the mcHre soutlir ertt pi^vinceS) the high ^taoimtams create a mide cold elhiif^, ahhougfa the plaMir and valleys enjoy i very warm temperature andf an almost Ita^n; dime^ The northern prbvinipes are colder and more damp and unhealthy. The seamns in Germany are faf from fayourahie for bring4ig the grape to full ma|> turity, yet the vine ,growW to a considerable extent in /the fifty-first jiii'alM Qti the most southern po^t of the Tyrol^ and on the coast in the Gulf of Venice, some olives and ^het ihiits of the south ripen. Chestnuts and almonds are found at the bhine. PelMihea «ld ajprioots are abundant mlder le fiftieth andfift]jr^«eooQdpand]«k, and are fenad ftmaller (^ntttiea nkrtfaer to the nortili. The iifferent kindB df ^Rhfaie wine are irell known in ti^is country, under ihe/name of Soek* lodJand moas 'ha« been saceessftdly/ reared on some ef' the high mouiitainjfi* • / y *-f^ i^ ticularly of the Elands !similar dimuitationa have repeatedly «ceun^ k i •. ^ ^ £,' J?^-^, ■r% .». ?)<. lot LESSON vn. c . SWEDEN/ > 'DuRnr^ s journey through Sweden I had fre^ quent opportunities of obserying the customs, manners, and food of the peasants. Upon entering a oottage, I isuallj found all the family employea in carding flax, spinning thread, and in weaving coarse line% aiid sometimes clgth. The peasants are ^cellent contrivers, and ^ploy the coarsest materials to some useful purpose^ They twist ropes from swine'ajbriatleei horses* mines, and bark of treesy and use eel-skins for bridles. Their food principally consists of salted (flesh. and fish, eggs, B^k) and hard bread. At Michaehnas they usaaffly kill liheir cattle and salt them for tlie ehsuing. winter and spnngw Twice in the year they bake their bread in large round cakes, which , are sthiii^ iipcm files of sticks, and suspended <4oa9 to the vmagi of the cottages. They are so hard as to be oecadonally brok^ with a hatchet^ but $re not unpleasant^' The peasants use beer for their coittmon drink, and are much addicted?)*^ malt spirits. In ihe districts tdward the westeni coasts and at no great distance^ uila&d, tea and oofiSae ak« not unusuidly fiimid in the Swedish coJH tftgcs, which ire procured in great plenty, and at » " cheap rate, from Gottenborgw The pe^nts ar# aU w^]} dad in starong- doth olf tiieir own weaving. Their botta^ei^ though bnik^of wpod^ andv^y d one stcry» at^e comfortable and cenanodious. The roooi in which the fAmil^ deep k provided with fwii^of bed».i]itier»-^if Imay so expvwsmysdll --<^^dbove the «therf i «|>on the weode& tei^rs of 'the tbeds in which the wdman; < Ha r a»e plaeed lothsTi for thft reception, of: tfaemen, to whidi^^ their - • . * . '*? :M^:f ".-A- •^^1Sl^ip^i^'7-- ^7:.,'ff^ff:, , j-ffT.^ ' -'-« just quitted Germany, and been accustomed to tolerable inns, tbe Swedish cottages may, perhaps,^ appear miserable hovels; to me, Who had been long used to places of far inferior accommodation, they seemed almost palaces. The traveller is able to procure many conveniences, and particularly a separate room from that inhabited by the fanuly, which could seldom be obtained in the Polish and Russian villages. During my course through these two countries, a bed was a phenomenon which ^ seldom occurred, excepting in the large towns, and even then not always completely equipped; but the poorest huts of Sweden were never deficient in this article of comfort ; an evid«nt proof that theP Swedish peasants are more civilized than thoie o^ Poland and Russia. After having witnessed th§ slavery of the peasants in those two countries^ it ^ was a pleasing •satisfaction to find myself a|^in among freemen, in a kingdom where there !» a more equal division of property; where there is no vassahige; where the lower orders enjoy a s^ri^ of their pwsons and property ; and where the »d?\ vantages resulting from this right are visible to the commonest observer. - .. ^ t GoxB^ I * if*" u< f . T^< ^: LESSON vm. 'KIOLKN MOUNTAINS. It is interesting to mark the changes that occur in the great and rapidly ascc^nding heights of the Kiolen mountains. The Lapland vegetation, with which we are femiliar in the^valleyi,! gradually disappears under our feet. The^S^tch fir sopn leaves us ; theit the birches becomr^hriveiled ; new they wholly disappear, and between the baihet of BWMitiiin wiUw w t »i>d dwarf *' ' '**''^ *^ * *"""' \\ i i 1^ ^ Yii ^' i^fy lE ^ . '^ . ''*^iWliVi ?^i^? y^ r ■ • ■ : 104 :■ - \' . merable dusters of berry-bearing shhibs hare room to spread,— blackberries on the dry heights, and mountains brambles on the marshy grounds. We at last rise above them; the blackberries no longer bear; they appear singly, with few leaves, and no ' longer m a bushy form. At last they disappear, and they are feoon followed by the mountain will , lows. Ihe dwarf bh-ch alone braves the height -^and the cold, but at last itf also yields, before reaohing the limit of perpetual snow ; and there is a broad border before reaching this limit, on which, besides mosses, a few i^g^ts only subsist with great d^culty,* Even th^' reiir-dewmoss: which vies m the woodplrith the blackberry in luxuriance . of growth, 18 veiry unfirequent on such heights. On the top x>f the iuouBtams> which la almost a table- tend, there 18 ho ice, it/istrao^nofe glaciers, but the .snow nevirl^eaves t^ese heights ; and a few single poMit8&n|d spots abpre this level are alone- clear of snow for a few Weeks: ;i[ei% the iLap- lAtkdien seldom or never cofaie with their rem-deer, except m descending to the valleys. It is a melaaw choly prospect; nothing in life is to be seen any longer, except, perhaps, occasionally an eagle m his flight over the mountains from one fiord to another. The view is more grateful as we descend, as It 18 a return from wUdernees and"; solitude to cultivation and society. Von Buch . ^ * i/ xr \ "Ji BOILING FOUNTAINS OF lOSUlND. ■4" 1 *5,-ii ^- f > ' Mil v^ Though surrounded by a great multiplicity U ftoilmg Bprmgs and steaming aperlilres tiio ma^ iiikok' fifcAWe w Juig^. i^^ ^.'^ '^^t»|i ^ ^^;?^#igt ff , y T jB-'^p -7j'} -'iffT^'t«7g; ^| y : ^ , r-T ^^■ "'i^ n. iiy^'S ^^ r, -*?^ ^^'^'^ thing W9 liad ever «eea before^ we (eh at no k>sB in determininff on which of them to C^ast our wonder* ing ey^s. Xfear the northern extremity of the tract rose a large circular mound, formed by the depo- «itions of the fountain, justly distinguished by the appellation of the Cfreat Geyser y from the middle of which a great degree of evaporation was visible. Ascending the rampart, we had the spacious basin at our feet more than half filled with the most beau- tiful hot crystalline water, which was but just moved by a gentle ebullition, occasioned by the escape of, steam from a cylindrical p^ or funnel in the cen5* tre. This pipe I ascertained, by admeasurement, to be seventh-eight feet of perpendicular depth ; its diameter. is in general' froin eight to ten feet; but near the month it gradually, widens, and opens ' aloaost imperceptjibly into the basin, jthe inside of which ejfhibits a whitish surf ace, consisting of i sili- ceous incrustation^ Mrfiifih nas been "lendered ahnost perfectly smooth by the incessant action of lie boil* ing water. The diameter of the basik, is fiftynaix feet in one direction^ and forty-six in and^her ; and, when fiill, it measures about four feet in depth from the surface of thg; yr^r to the commenceip0nt of the pipe. .^, ^.. ^ ' - ., ^v, \ , * On leaving, the mound, the hoi water pisaes through a turfy kind of soil, an^ by acting on the peat, mosses, and grass, convert? them entirely into stone, and furnishes the carious traveller with ^ma of the finest speciofl^s of petrifaction. Having stood jaome tim^ in silent admiration of the magI^£icent spectacle which this matchless fountain, even in <^ state of inactivity, presents to the view, as there were no indications of an imme- , diate eruption, ve returned to the spot where we <^^ ^^t our horses; and as it formed a small ' ,fi!m|jg| > fie » i tbff >i i| e ftf thft hill, fmj '^yM^ Mfi 1 t ^ew of^e wholje traptf W fi«^9n it m tW '.: vv?«)rf^?»^; Bite of our tents. Abont thirty-eiglit minutefl past five we were apprized, by low repoHs and a flight concussion of the ground, that an eruption was about to, take place, but onl^ a few small jets were thrown up, and the w&ter in the basin did not rise above the surface of the outlets. Not being willing to miss the very first symptoms of the pheno- Jnenon, we kept walking about in the vicinity of - the spring, now siu*veying some of the other cavities, and now collecting elegant speciniens of petrified wood, leaves, i^c, on the rising ground oetween the Geyser ai^d fhe base of the hill. At fifteen minutes past eight we counted "five or six repor:ts, that shook the mound on whic^ we stood, but no remarkable jet followed:, the water only boiled with great violence, anlt by its heavings caused a number of small waves to flow toward the maVg^i of the liiasin, which, at the «ame time, received in ^ addition to its contents, twenty-five minutes past nine, m I returned from the neiglibouring hiU, I heard reports^ whiiph were both louder and n^pre liumerous thaa ariy of the preceding, alidc exactly resembled the distant disdiarso of a park of artillery, poncluding fronf tlfitee circumstances that the long-expected wonders were about to com- mence, I ran to the mound, which shook violehtlv^ under my feet, and I had scarcely time to look / into the basin when the fountain exploded, and ihstantly compelled me to retire to a respectful dis- tance on the windward^de. The water rushed jip ^ out of the pipe with amaritig velocity, and was pro* jected by irregular j^ts into the atniosphere, " sur- X^ rounded by immense volumes of steam, which, in a great measure, hid the coluniii frdm the view, . ■The first four or five jets were inconsiderable, not 'exceeding fifteen or tw^^rity feet in height; these w^re fildlowed by one abont fifty ftetj which waa suet'' Hided Iby twJ the water over the highest part of the brim, behind which I Was standing. The great body of the coiumn (at least ten feet in diameter) rose per- pendicularly, but was divided into a number of the most superb curvated ramifications ; and several , small spoutings were severed from it, and projecteds in oblique directions, to the no small danger of the spectator, who is apt to get scalded, ere he is aware, by th>3 falling jet. On the cessation of the eruption the water instantly sunk into the pipe, but rose ttgain immediately to about half a foot above the oi'ifice, where it remained stationary. All being again in a state of tranquillity, ^d the clouds of steam having left the basin, I entered it, and pro- ceeded within reach of the water, which l^fbnnd^to , he 183° of Fahrenheit, a temperature of more thali twenty degrees less than at any jperiod while the basin was filling, and occasioned, i suppose, by the cooling of the water during its projection into the air. -:};^' j- ■■■■■ ■' -' > , The whole scene was indescribably astoniishing ; but what interested us most, was the circumstance, that the strohgest jet camec last, as if the gey t^ hud summoned all her powers in order to show ns the r , gre^tne^ of her energy, and to make'a grand finish ibefbre retiring into ^e subterrane % \% led. Wo now wishp^l to hare it in onr power . la inspect the mechanism of this mighty ongino,i^nd obtain a view of the springs by which it is ^t in motion ;. but the wish was in vainf for they lie in "a track which no fowl knoweth, and which thp vul- ture's eye hath not seeh;"— which n^an, with all his boasted powers, Cjpinnot and . dare not approach. While the jets wei^ rushing up toward |ieaven with* the velocitvpf^an arrow, my mind wat^forcibly^^ bornf alojjg^ith them to the contemplation of the g^f'MiLjaid omn^potent^ Jehovah, whose almighty; command spake Jthe universe into being, and at whosfi^aovereigii; £at the whole faJbric might be re- duced in an instant to its original nothing. ,\r - i Henderson. ■ ' , • . ■& .,Vf . LESSON X. ,'/ NOTiS ON ASIA. .^^v :MAnatte Thtrkt^ comprehends several dEtriots of country, which, in-aneient times, were the prin9ipal %eat8 of civilization and refinement ; but* though it continues to possess great naturiil adyantagea, t^eso are very imperfectly cultivated by its pres bitants. The chief mam^lieturea aire ca and e<^tton goods, with Angora Btaffs, n n hi^ir of a particular kind of goats found in no other jpaijt of the. world. It also exptxrts rhubarb and 'uMi&m- drags, for which it receives in exchange the and produce of jSurope,. partioulaky i-'^hoiiiestablished religion is Mohiuii* d thfe^oonntry if governed by paobai Ttti^PH^'JBmperor. ^ ia an. jnterestiag coaptry, bcth ^rgn its inoidirt ud i&'.,! *> ' ■lij v/ ■>yj m -^^ r power e in "a hp vul- all his proach. en with' rorcibly^^ of the ' Imighty; and at ) be re> LSON. lets of in9ipal mgh it a other i>b and ige the [oham- paobas ttiE^ Abraham, settled in the northern parts of it and from him are probably descended the Bedouins or wandermg Arabs. The cvstoms and manners of these »>n*|;^be8 still bear a striking resemblance Ik 2mSlM'" *'*^ writings of Moses; and Kl2fRfiro"HLLr® f "Sel of the Lord is remarka- vIjBl *" , P *^" ^*^^"S against every man^ id -fevei^ mans^hand agai»st them." Arabia is lebrat^d m modern history as the native country jyifthymmed or Mahomet, who wab born at Mec- ca, in the year of our Lord 569. Propagating his opmions by moans of the sword, this extraordinary man sooa spread his religion all over ^he adjoining i : p&rts of Arabia, from which it was carried by hw followers ipto Africa, Spain, and Turkey in Europe, in all these^countrjes, with the exception of Spam. " It 18 stdj the prevailing religion. The northern parts ot Arabia are very barren, consisting of little else than extensive deserts of sand; but several distnctsjn the south are very fertile, producmff pat abundance i>f coffee, grain, drugs, and per- tumes. The horses, camels,-and asses of Arabia ar#' the finest m the. world. ^ ;^ P«r«o waa the principal seat of on*! ^fe>^»n ; *iid there are miiia of copper, Mib and silver. The government is despotic, and the rehgion Mohammeda^m, though th« Persian* are<^ a difiereiit sect from the Turks. ■ - India deserves to be regarded as one of the mos^ important countries m the world, whether w»> con- sider ite extent, its riches, or its connection with ?TP*; I* con*»»i» » population of neftriy two. hundred millions, about a fifth of whom are llioham- medjnl^jand the greater part of the remainder of the -->-, ^ no tabid mcold ia, in many of the plains aud^valleya, six feet d§ep, and yields two harvests iy the year. In some of the higher regions, howevei^ the soil is ijarren, and the dimate temperate x)r cold. The^ productions of India are timber of various kmds, medicimd plants, cotton, silk, n^, dye-stuffs, and fi-uits. It is also very rich in minerals, proiduding gold, silv^ copper, iron, &c., besides diamonds and other pr0oious stones. T^f^rmav^fA animals are horses, i^s, bl4cl^ttle,>heep, camels, elephants, rhinocerois, ape^j monkeys, and almost all the f?- tocious antaials except /the lion. The Bengal tiger is of greafsiae and Strength, and is one of the most d^adM lanimliUj atoy where to be foitod. The Hindoos ate divid^ into four eattes: the Brahmina or priest?; thf^Rajas or soldiers ; the Vaisyas or husbandri»en;/4nd the Sudras or labourers. Each of th'fese difltes is governed by its own laws, and no person isjSowed to change from that to which he Beloi^s by birth. The Enj^sh began to trade wHh India i^; the, reign of Elizabeth, and the East India Cowipiny^M established in 1600, since which pe- rio^^ts possessions have been gradually extending, tifi^tfilr now comprehend the greater part of Hin- iQ^tKOii^r ■ ■■•■■K' '■-' _. '■■ ■■ -. . indta heyond the Ganget r^embles Hindostan m climate, soil, and productions. Th» principal state is* the Bnrman Empire, the government of which is despotic, and the religion buddhism. . j. Thibet is the Switzerland of Asia, and contaiiw the highest mountains in the world. It wiis formerly Sovemed by a Lama, who is still wwrshipped as the eity of the country, and who is believed never to die, the soul of the preceding Lama passing, at his dissolution, into the body of his successor. Thibet is now subject to China, ^d is eoverned by laws rfl f^iqb l^g thoae^of^JBiodo B tan. It prttaUCM W a ftwi- peaii iM^y) vA various kinds of Ifi^ „Qiom if remo Can ^tute some black goatc the -^-i: ^. w^ ftlto found bQtfa m mines and rivers ; and tinkal or l)orax, w! the cottntry, is procured in all crystallized Thibet is also famous for its beafitiful shawls* which are made of the undermost hair-^ Qhina is thought to.i»Ye « present state than any other country in the world; but its history is very little known. The soil is generally fertile, and the climate genial. It yields most of the vegetable productions of EuropO):^ besides tea, and several, other plants, which are peculiar' to itsdf. There are also manufactures of silk, cotton, woollen goods, and porcelain: for the manufacture of the last article the Cliiinese have long been fa- mous, their superiority b^i^ partly owing to the excellence of uieir mate^ai^fr. . The government is despotic, and is administered, under the Emperor, by officers calleddMandarins.., The religion is idola- try, divided into a great nii&iber of different sects. The chief curios^y of Chma. is the Great Wall, erected to prevent tlvs incursions of ihe Tartars, which is about 1500 miles long, from fifteen to thirty feet high, an^ vo broad that, in maii^ places, six ° horsemen may ride abreast on the top. Tartar^ comprehends, all the- ooktntry which was' ' known, in ancient times, by the name of Scythia ; and ^ the inhabitants ara 9unposedj to hate under- gone very little change in their customs and man- ner of hving. They generally Uve in jtents, and remove from one place to another, according as they lOan find pasture for their flocks. These \ consti- tute /^Imost their whole wealth, a rich Tartai^ beins sometimes kuo^n to/po8(#iiui 10,000 horses,! 4000 black cattlcy and 20/000 sheep, besides camels and goatCk The Tartars are idolaters in ielieipn ; , and, the government is patriarchal, each ,tnbe h«Vi^ m l fld >y it » own khan m chief. All iU oaatSrft \' h^yim /■v/ Z]f^m^:ii'::fp;,jM-\ m'tJ/'-'i ,gi:if;;.i|tEl' i part" of Tartary difns a nottii^ai sii!)jectfc«i tdyl^« emperor of China. - %ja^xj iS'iftena is a cold and !)arr6n coiftitriir, snlj^td the emperor of Buask; but it coiltaiilB many talu- able mines of gold, layer, copper, lead, and iron. The inhabitants are rude and unciviliaed ; those m the south resembling the Tartars, and those m the north being like tjie Laplanders in their cnstotiw and habits. ^ , , . - .•:, The islands of Asia are also deserving of notice. Cei/lon produces cinnamon, cocoa-nuts, sagO, nee, oranges, bamboos, sugar-canes, and tdbicfeo: it.a also uncommonly rich in gems, such as amethyst, topa*, garnet, pearls, &c. ; iind rt aboilttds wit^ elephants and other qf^drupeds, besides a jreat Wiety of beautiful and useftd burds. ^The Sunda - Islands fcre famotiS for theit dpices. Austtal-AM comprehends New HoUand and many oth^ islangj in the southreast, which are remarkable for the large quantities of gold recently found in th^^ W Japan Islands we formed, into iti.mpire,^irlM<|B bears a, strong resembknce to that of China. ' tC "*'' '• D^r ■ ><■■■ .'t H-.-i,«ib^ '^^: -' ■^^ :)»i. [ot^iiT Of diivis. ' um^y^ t '^y V / Lbavikg the mountain, tod regaining the ro4d which conducts toward th« east into the valley of Jehoshaphat, we passed tU FauMam £««»» »»2 hence ascended to the siiminit ol the Momffl^* .OtivBs; passing in ow way a ^^^.f^^^^ tombs. The Arabs otIi the top of tfcrt at^guttj are toi be approaehoi i t ith i cwtiftmy itia^JM^ gtrong guard. Here^ |ndeed, W6 itood tifir m^ Bona medj jr^sp intei u tl jthat the /the ' DIOSI ii^^*;;//^arcli ^-^4 fort I' Mov I driv rh son gmi ot i ;> ing gav "A OU cov tha and eve Bvib, pai mo] thii sen of iti.i ^«fi«ti^p?ri'- r??' m' ' > .- / ; >. ' ''^^f gtin« to this emineiwe to present a 1^ offensive sJicrifice, ,^hat a scene does the sublime, though nmpll^ de- soriptibn given by tlie prophet, picture to tn© iniRr dnation -of every one who has felt , the inflnencH} of filial piety, but espedally of the trafeller stand. Ihg upon the very q»t where the ^ged monari^ gave to Heaven the offering 08TAl^. J!. '•■(.' l'i.fi> * : - jlraiMi.~-Arabia presents, in general, a large flat and desert^ interspersed with a few fertile spots or N oases, and some, mountainis of considerafole Iwighti among w i9.^4iHiiid many VttUep^ W-" / Irfiuct ponder*' atiures, id and of UQ* here a the '»,• rcnDen, 8, Le- yea of by the )i the irarks, irspee^ 1 lofty e con- in the of the it: this ption; easily be and ) cha- lese » KB. 7 ,,;A- ■/;■'•■»:.' ■■ large spots >rafale Hleyf" of deli|;htfiil luzmianoe. The contrast betifeen the desolation of the desert and the beauty and fertility of those valleys has given rise to a diversity of die- scription regarding this country. Some hav^ repre- sented it as exclusively the habitation of poverty and wretchedness, and quite unable to Support its miserable inhabitants : others, who have been top- tunate enough to visit the verdant hills of Yemen and the spicy mountains of Hadramaut, have spoken in raptures of its fertility and salubrity^ and repre- sented it as abounding not only in the necessades bqit the luxuries of life. B6th descriptions, if re- lating to particular districts, are correct ; but neither of them so, if applied to the country gene- rally. ^ r5^ Eappy ArahiOy which was applied in ancitot times to the southern {Evinces, ha^been supposed to have ori^nated in the contrast that ex- isted between them and the surrounding desert: 'but it is unfair, amid So ninch authority, to doubt the former riches of Arabia Felix; and even at this day no spot in the same latitude <»ii oompare with it, either in fertility of soil or mildness of c^ mate. It is also still famed for its fruikinoense vSfi spices^' .\ i^UtiJi-'i'. ifQ ■ : Per«Mf.-»-The general charaeteristie of Persia is that of a great' and elevated filateiu, or upland, studded with innumerable mountains, with ithdr corresponding valleys and immense desert plains. That it is very elevated 'is pr<^Ved from the greUt abundance of snow which rests on the summits of the mountains, although these, for the most part, are bikt Of^ modei^te elevation above the plains. In fact, Persia is a country of mountains, but they seem not /to have any generaY dir^ibn, ilor tli form any continual chain. They ex tfend, w ii*^"^" _____ j^ __ __________ - ". _____-*___— "•^ \ order, in all directions, and are '^hea|>ed upon ^ fiiotii«r^ as if thrown together at random. Chronps, which seem to form the commencement of chains, are suddenly, interrupted by smooth, extensive and very elevated plains. The interior mountains are everywhere bare, arid, and forbidding. The plains areequally unattractive, consisting chiefly of. gravel washed down from the mountain tops. Water is ^^most a ph^omenon in this arid region, but when -it occurs, whe'ther in t^e valleys or the plains^ ren- der them so much more pleasing and fertile, by their contrast to the naked rocks and sandy saline plain?. There are, however, some exceptions to * be found to the general picture—^ome favoured spots t4 relieve the eve. si sided ^ the sei The3f shore, laves otton.— tTwo sides of the irregular /6up- -ure which Hindostan forms, are washed by and thfi otiher two are bounded by land, of Bengal, which washes the southeastern hot so broad' as the Arabian Sea^ which )0 south-west side; but the countries on the latter dea, especially toward the north, are more wrid arid sterile than those which lie along the formor.l The hnd boundai^ on the north-west, toward the sea, is flat and desert ; as it recedes inland, the elevation increases and the scenery im- prov«|. ThovreiQiaining, or north-east side of Uiis cottiitry,^fr€n!D the terminalaon of the low and iwampy grotmds near the Bay of Bengal, is formed by mountains of prodigious elevation. From this yast chain the two great rivers of India have their sources, und^flow to opposite points of the conti- nont The oeuntries on the Indus — the central desert, as it is called— «nd the valley of the Ganges, comprise the whole of India north of a linfe drawn ^m the Gulf of dutch eastward of the mouth of, *he Jhidns, to il^e mputhfof the Ganges. All the l^tw«s~i>f ^lis ooBttnentti poftionwlncUa are barrW gets the name of Balaghaut, or the country ** above the gates,'' m oppolitioii to th^ PugMnffhoMt, or count jry ** b^w the gates. " The nami^ of .3ala« fhaut is' givieii 4o the whole upland co«ntryv^^ from lape OoiUM^ 1.0 the Ganges. From Gape Oo- morin another mt^ontain-lMUfii^ ravp parallel to the western shoare^ for an extent of abent nine hundred miles. li i3 nearer to the eoaat, loftier^ atnd less interrupted than ^the> other, aiMl is oailed the Western Ghauts. '£i» termiimtibii toward lite north is near the Gidf ot Oambay ; and herOi for a short: distance, the genera) cdope cf the oouiitiryis toward the west, where the -r alley of NerbmMah is .formed. ' Under the thirteeuhth' paraliisl, the eapt^ em and western Ghauts are coitnecteil by tt< Serosa ridge, and the country does not iaun^t&ttely i^pe down to the norl^ and south of ihdi ttansveite ndge^' but forms ~% table-land of oensidenJble esleht.^-^ North (^ the Gulf of Oambay, tiie peninsula of Guzerat, beautifully diversified with hw and dale, eoctends toward the> Gulf of Oufceh^ , ' ^ ' .. : 'Bellas Chosffaphy, •?1t 1?l ^mr^ ■w"' 4". '-■,41^4;. 5*«<|tr| ,;£6Mi*icji>-ji ■%-' -lU;*- <*':•* ■,"■>, J --^f, LESSON xin. CHINA. \ .1 ' I ■ ■ . ■ ' : Wmisf ft European first sets his foot in China, he Wfll find the appearance of the coantry, the buildings, and the people, so totally different from any thing he had before seen, that he might fancy himself to be transported into a new world, in the l(mg line ojr int^nal navigation between the capital and Cai^ton of 1200 miles, with but one short, interruption, he will observe each variety of surface, biit disposed in a very remarkable manner in great masses : for many days he will see nothing but one uniform extended plain, without the smallest variety; again, for a^ many days, he will be hemmed in between precipitous mountains of the^ same naked charaotei*; and as unvaried in their appear- ance as the plains; and, lastly, a ten or twelve davs' sail among lakes, swamps, and morasses, will complete the catalogue of monotonous uni- foi^ty ; but whether he crosses the dry plains of Petchelee and Shauntxmg, abounding witjbk cotton and all va^eties of grain and pulse-T*the more varied surface of Kiang-nan, fertile in yellow cot- ton, in fruits, in the staple commodity of grain, and, inevevy thing that constitutes the lux^aries, the comforts^ /and the necessariea of the people— the di^eiry swamps, morasses, and extensive lakes of the northern part of Kiang-see, where men subsist bjr fishing — ror its Oiaked ahd picturesque monn^ tains to the southward, famous for its porcelain inaijiufactories — or whether he descend to the fertile- plains of Quan>tung,i in which almost all the yege? table produce of the East may be said to be ccMfi-o opntrated, the grand characteristic feature ui still r e dundant po p ula t ioii* Every wlnyi V j^i^^^0i wif^jr (yK^Mc::*\. 2Si he meets with large masses of people, but moefly of one sex; thousands of men in a single groups without a single woman mixing among 4^ thcm-p- whose long gowns and petticoats give them meUi the appearance of the softer sex, while these are sparingly seen at a distance in the back-ground, peeping^, over the mud walk, or partially hid behind . trees and bushes; whose short jacket and trowsert would make them pass for men^ among strangers, if their braided hair, stuck full of flowersji^imd their little cramped and bandaged feet, did iMt betray their sex. He will be pleased with the unequivo^ cal marks of good humour which prevail in every crowd, uninterrupted and unconcerned by the bawling of some Unhappy victim suffering under th6 lash of magisterial correction; and he will be amused at the awkward exertions of the softer sot to hobble Otttr of ^ when taken by surprise;, but hJB slumbers will be interrupted on the nighti of the full moon by the noeturnal iorgies of squibs and crackers, gongs and trumpets, and other ai^ companiments of boisterous mirt^^ j# 'n-h „ ., i , A constant succession of ^l^e/viUages, tOwnii^ and citieSj with high wi^ lotl;^ sates, and mor« ]<^y pagodas, kree navigable rivers, communicating by artificial canals, crowded^with both barges for passengers, and< barks for burden^^His different from each otkjer, >in eVery river and evctry ^njgil, as they are all different from < any tMng of the kind in th« rest of the world-r-will present to the traveller aH animated picture of activity, industry, and com^ merce. > He will behold, in the lakes and morasses^ levery little islet crowded with villagest «nd sand hovels. He will obsKsrve birds (the leutse or coi& mbfant) catching fish; and 'men in the water, ^ith jars on their beads, fishing for bu^. He will see shoals of dnoks iaeuing. from ^ floating ha^^^ 9Ndunt io ^e seimd of « ^ whwtle fifearta. tm Im ..«^?^sa?s§^- •--. ^. * ". / ^ m / I»D<1, driven by the wind ; and barges on the watery mdving ^y wheels, like those recently Inyented in Eui^pe for propelling the steam-boats. Among other strange objects he will i^bscrve, at every ten or twelve miles, small military guard-houseSy with a few soldiers fantastically dressed in paper h^metS, and quilted ^tticoats, making use of the'fim if the weather be warm ; and falling on their knees, if an officer of rank should pass them. He will observe 'that the meanest hut^ with •f clay, and a roof of thatch, is built^on the jilan, and of the same shape, with the viceroy, constructed of blue bricks, \ roof supported! on pillars. He will noti^ luxury of glass \s wanting in the windon and that idiile one admits a free passage the oUier but imp^ectly resists the^ea «a imperfectly admits, the light, wh||ke^ «iled paper, silk gauie; pearl«shell, or Ifqiru' Nothing, p^haps, will more forcibly ar attention of the traveller than the general ness of the country^ as to trees and hedge-ro which the latier have no existence, and the i axisi only ii^ > cjimips near the dweBings c SibliO; officers^ or the temples of Fo, or Ti f^em meadows will meet his eye; no enliv^i the seeye ; the only herbage is o narrow ridgeS niiich divide the plots of gra brown fallow, ai^ in the common fidds of £n The terraced hills he wiU probably observe terminated i^ith a clump of trees, or a pagoda, the imly objects in the diistance that catch the eye. But the bridges on the canals, of every variety of riiape^^ citciuav; elliptical^ horse-shoe, Gothic -^ i^ht and unstable as they are, are objects that, by lihei]^ novelty and varietyv^ must attraet notice ;r na^ttbt mbmuneatal arimtecture, whieh adorns tha \ sh va an siz / an the of ler R^ 4 1 Hi.. / shaped dwellings to the loftiest eolonin— 4I1Q elii^ ■ vated terraces, supported by semicironlar ^' - curve4.overhanging roofs, uninterrupted by a single / chimney, the pillars, poles, flags, and streamdrs to ^^ have. got into the midst of a large] encampment. The glitter arising j^rom the gilding, tpe vamishicg, and the painting, in vivid colours, that, adorn the front of the shops, and/ in particular, thegaiiy^ fainted lanterns of horn,^ muslin, silk, and paper; the busy multitude all/ in motion, and all of one 'Sex: the painted and /gilded inscrip^ioBs that, ui announcing the articles dealt in, assifre passengers that "they don't dheat here;" the don^sed >oie6 of tinkers, cobblers, ajid blaoksmithsyjin their port* able workshops ; thr buying, selling, jbartering, and bawling of differont wares ; the proceissions of men, carrying hoin^heir new-married wives, with a long train c^ mr^nts, and squally and noisy mnsic, ■ *■ ■ or carrying to thcj grave. some deiwased relati(Hi, with /Bvost lamentable bowlings ; [the mirth and bursjp^f laughter oiccasioned by jueglens oonjuren^ jn^nintebanks, quack doctors, mosioianii, and come- ans ; in the midst of all which is ooiwtantly heard a strange twanging noise from the barber's tweesers, lik% t^e jarring sound of a. cracked Jew's harp; the magistrates apd officeilB, attended by their li^rs, and a numerous retinue, bearing flags, nmbretfai^ painted lanterns, and other strange insignia of thinr rank ^nd office; all these present to the eywiaii «ui Of « itrtni^ ft am «&# SntMiiliAig djpiMiiB^^^ ^■^. The noiM uid Vustle of tkis busy multitiide menoe with, day-light^ and cease only with the Mi> ting of the sun ; after which searoely a whiaper la h other, in soil, climate, Und productions, as well as in the manners and habits of their inhabitants. Many . parts of Barbary, especially along the sea-coajst, are tincommonly ferttte ; but most o^fae interior is co^ ▼ered with barren deserts. Tm chief productions' .are wheat, barley, Indiam corn, rice, hemp, flax, cotton, tobacco, sugar-^ane,' and olii^es. The reli» gion is Mohammedanism ; and all the governments are despotic. The states of Barbary have hwa, long noted Ibr^ their piracies, for which they have been several times severely punished > by some of llie nations of Europe. ' „ :^-',:\>*",5tt l-i/*-^ ■■, The Sahara or Great J>etert, which lies to the south of Barbary, extends from Egypt to the At^ luitio Ocean, and ii#in, some places nearly a thoa- sand miles broad. The greater part of this^ extes^ **-l \. Sana mues oroaa. xne greater part oi tnis excif* i tl l^^ p fet ^ sottotry is co v ered With teosfrsa afaiit litl^ bnt ihprtj thtiiDS, brambl^ anA Jtles. Oecationally, bowever,^ tray«lkto meet "iritb fertile and veraant spots, called ^^9, wbich abound witb tbemost luxuriant productions' of tro* pical climates.. Many parts of tbe desert are in- fested by lions, pantbers, abd serp^ts^f extraordi- nary, size ; "and by bands of. Arab Mooib, scarcely less ^vage. Mercntots, pilgfims, and Others who have occasion to cross the Sahara, travel in consi- derable numbers iipon camels, sometimes attended by- a guaitl of horsemen; the whole cavalcade thus ^ormel being eidled a caravan* ^^7 '^^^ o^^i^ ^^* posed to thd ^atest distress from the excessive . beoi, from the simoon, and especially from want of water, whi(^ sometimes compels the people to kill their came)s for the sake 'of the liquid which these animals rc^hi hi their stomachs. \ Guineay generally divided into tipper and Lower, eomprehends ^1 the western coast of Africa from the river Senegal to the twelfith degree of southern la^tude. This is the hottest bountry in the world ; but it is, nevertheleaOBi, exoeedhii^y rich in vegetable ItrodtietionJB, yielding riieeyJIndiMKcorn, pine-apples, ti^aoeo, aromatic phints^ gnmJ^iimigo, lusd various kin^ quantities. Guinea is divided into ^ great number of states, governed by kings or. chieftii Jiost of whom exercise absolute powelr. In the niortheni states, the inhabitants are generklly HolyuiiinedaiiMr^ but, in the south,^the greater number are l^laterl. Nearly the whote population of this ....; ■> * "■■■ .^ With what amazement did we survey, the vast surface that was presented to us when we arrived at this stupendous monument, which seemed to reach the clouds ! Here and there appeared some Arab guides u^on the immense masses above us, like so inany pigmies> waiting to show the way to ^ the summit. Now and then we thought we heard voices, and listened ; but it wag the wind in powers ful gusts sweeping the immense rwttges of stone. Abeady some of our party had begun the ascent, ^nd were pausing at the tremendous depth which ihey saw below. One of our militanr ocnnpanions^ aUter having surmounted the most difficult part of the undertaking, became giddy in ooiM^uenee of loolung down from the elevation he llad attainedl and being compelledl'^to abandon the project, h« toed an Arab to assist him in Ceding his deiioemtt "" ■ " ire aixjustomed 10 1& busmeu V ^ . 1 •■J 1 . \ # \ ' an \ WJ f ■V be ■■ ■ \ -tic 1; : fr-:. . ■\nc \ \m \ V St r*' ■ bi "l ' ■ to «timbing heightfl^^th many a halt C(ff iMi^intiiMi^ ■J jL^ ome ,■'■ Ufl,, "i^ r to u£r. ■ '•rd^ f- 1^* m '• and many an exclamation of wonder, pnraaed onr way toward the summit. > The 'mode of ascent has been frequently described : and yet, from the ^wo*- \ tions which are often proposed to travellers, it does \ not appear to be generally understood. The reader may imagine himself to be upon a staircwe, every Step of which, to a man «f middle stature, iia nearly fcreastAigh; and the breadth of each st^ is equtd , ^ its height; consequetotly, the footing is secure; and, although a retrospect^ in going upj be Bome*^^ times fearful to persons unaccustomed to look down from any considerable elevation, yet there is little danger of falling. In some {daces, indeed, wtte^re the stones are decayed, caution may be nequiwla; and an Arab guide is always necessary, to avoid a total interruption; but, upon the whole, the means of ascent are such that almost every one may ao- ' complish it. Our progress was impeded by otlwr causes. We carried witB us a few instruments, such as our boat-compass, a thermometer, a tele- scope, &c. ; these could not be tnisted in the hands of the Arabs, and they were liable to be broken every instant. At length we reached the topn^wt tier, to the grea^elight and satisfaction of all the party. Here we fo!Und a platform, thirty-two feet square, consisting of nine large stones, each of ^ wtiich inight weigh aboutatdn; although they are much i|iferior in size to some of the stones used in the/construction of this pyramid. Tratellers of aH a|;es, and of yamous nations, have here inscribed their names. Soiae are written in Greek, many in French, a few in Arabic, one or two in English, and others in Latin. We were as desirous as our pre- decessors to leave a memorial of ddfeBg:th»in8cnpt i iftrt >E. CiiAiiai^'^^ m ^ESSON XVI. 'AraiOAlU DESERTS. !'•,'■< The most striking feature of ^frica consists of the immense deserts- which pe)rvadfr^itssurf{|,ce, and which are supposed to comprise . one^half of its whole extent. The chief of tt^ese is, by way of .eminence, called Saharah, or} the Desiert. It stretches from the shores of th0 A^tlantic, with few interruptions, to the confines o| Egypt, a space of pore than forty-five degrees, o^ twenty-seven hun- ^ dred geographical mijes, by a breadth of twelve degrees, or seven hundred and twenty geographical : mileeu It is one prodigious eSspanse of red sand, Slid sand-stone rock, of the granulations of whio^i^^ the red sand consists. It is, in truth, an empire of ■ sand which seems to defy every exertion of human power or industry, ftlthoiigh it is interspersed inrtth Tarious islands, and feHile and cultivated spots of different sizes, of which Fezzan is the chief o^ those ^ which have been hitherto explored. • Nearly in the centre of this sandy ocean, and nearly inidway between th^ Mediterranean Sea and the coast of Guinea, rise the walls of Timbuctoo, the ea^i^ of the very interestiiig empire of Bambarra «^ city .which constitutes tie • great ;«aart for the conkmercb <)f the interior of Africa. To maintain ihis comm«rce is the laborious Vork of the dkkflbaar^ or caravans, which cross this <^normous desert from almost ever^art of the African coast Tti& mode in which it is traversed is highly curious. The caravans consist of several hundred loaded c§mele, accompanied by the Airabs who let them vOUt to ^ mwr o ha nfai fp f thrtp wi^r ttrf their guwh» DwaDg.th^eir route, they ar0 ^ften ezpoied t0;.4|# I- .*' . f X. •■Si ikfitMlsi of ihft roTit^ Arabs 0t the Sahara, who generally eoniQiit their depredationa on the approach to the confines of the des^.. In this tiresome journey, the caravans do not proceed to the place of their destination, in a direct line across the track- less desert, hut/ turn occasionally eastward or west- ward, acc(^ing 4o the situation of certain fertile, inhabited, and cultivated, spots, called oages, inter- spersed in variow parts of the Sahara, like islands in the ocean. JPheee serve as watering places to thft wen, as well as to feed, refresh, and replenish the hardy and patient camel. ^ At each of these eultivated spots, the caravan sojourns about sever' days, and then' proceeds on its journey, until j reaches anothe? spot of the same description. In the intermediate journeys, the hot winds, denomi- nated W^atvie or wnoow, are often so violent J as considerably, if not entirely, to exhale the water carried in skins by the camels for the u?e of /"the passengers and drivers. On these occasions Jit is affirmed by the Arabs, that five hundred d^larg haveheen freqnei|1jy given for jfc draught of jfater, and\that ten or twenty dollars are commonly paid, when a partial exhalation has occurred. J In 1805, a caravan proceedmg from Timbiietoo to Tafileii was diwippoiated in noi: Sliding Water at one of the usual watering-placeB^ fhj^ ^<^rribl# to rela,t^ the whole of th» persons h«l^*g*^it> two thousand in numbw, bettdes one thoiMMid eight hundred oato^, perished of thirst I Ac<»P«»*» o? this nature account lor the vast quantities M homaa luaid other boned wMcji are ftmnd heaped together in, various pairts of the dssert. j > The l&^ofHng is this general route of tlub oartTan* in eroising, the deftBrt;-TH«nng left tl(a City jf J^ thfli w^ital per i»t one or two at most. . The difference bet^^een eatest heat of siimpier, and the greatest cold^ Sgybjt,.is about 30": The thermometer n»gef immer fAm 90** to 92** ; and in winter from 6S^ »o Frost is 'very rare.^BULi/s Geod*»phy* \e present state of the'hknd pf Egypt is a woft- ««,.4 testimony to the genuineness of the Bible as a revkation from God.^ It i^as foretold by the pro- phet Zet b^--:----- basest of kingdoois : that it should not exalt itself- any more above the nations, nor rule over the na- tions any more." And how exactly has all this been accomplished since the days of these prophets ! The kingdom of Egypt had been onf^f the most power- ful kingdoms in the world. It was for ages the chief seat of arts and sciences, and there are monuments of the power and magnificence of its l^gs still in existence^ that are the wonder of the whole world. And the principal part of these prophecies must have been accomplished subsequently to the time of the pmphets Ezekiel and Zechariah; for it was not 4eiH:ived of an independent prince till a feW years before the Christian era, and long after the, Old Testament Scriptures were translated into Greek, when it was reduced to the state of a Roman pro- yince. For several centuries previously, indeed, it had been undear the government of a foreign dynasty of kings, but still it was an independent state. Since the conquest of it by the Bomans, ^eighteen centuries ago^ it has never been freed from a foreign Yoke, ajid> at this day, it is indeed, & base—the basest of kingdoms. In ancieiM^ tiqies its land was preverbiaUy fertile^ and. it was for ages the granary of ..B^nie ; now it scarcely .^rnishes ibod for a thifily-scattered popula^tion. }t is not only tributary to a foreign state,. but the nativea are vm^v the fapximous, dominion of a kind of ,milita;ry banditti; i^o themselves are tributary to the Turkish em- pire. v,$hu% they are literally servants of servant^ --Oarlile on the Divine Origin of the Bible. ' ; ' h, a "-iyt h ■t' 'W'-^ 'jt.- V ,* < -i> f / '/ '?• ' J — or ( 14£ fitti on :/ •>i >-^ -i*iii£i j^-».j^^' 4** ■fi .mJi iApyil: ..i 3kiU -"'.'.iH^'i'' '/ \ :. •J* I . . ■ LESSON xviij. *NOTXS. ON AMISBICA'. .>ff- •- f \> :/ AmeIiica was discovered by Christopher Oolon, or Columbus, a native of Crenoar, who,, .in the year 1492/ steered across the Atlahtic with three vedsela fitted out by Isabella, -Queen of Spain, and landed^ on Guanahani, one of the Bahama Islaft^s. This ^discovery gave an impul»8 to the exertioqs.ol'x Spain, Portugal, England, and France, all of whichk'stati^ soon acquired extensive possessions on the ne^ con- tinent. But, in th^ course of the wars which thesd countries carried on with one another, many M tho American settlements often chai^d masters, tilL about the middle of the Ijast centiiry, when ^ani^ greater part of North Ajnerica became the nndis^ puted property of the English and Spaniards, ail South America had been, from its di»Bovery, that of the Spaniards and Portiuguese. Jlf:::---^ .In the year 1788, the inhabitants of the «cliitral part of North America threw o^ the j^dse of 0reak Blitain, and formed themselves into an independ* eoi Tepablio, called the United States. The nutti* her of these states is thirty '•one, each of whleh| besides having a local legislature tqupondnct its in- ternal government, is repr^ABnted by dekgates fil the general Congress. AH xeligious sects ara tole- rated, and ate allowed to support their own n^^rgy, no public provision being m^e for the mitkisteri of religion; but great attention is paid to the edi»> 6atbn of youth, th^ being noi fewer than thflrty universides within tne Uniom The inha^tants aro distiiiguished for their independence, %teUigence, and activity, and f o r the Koal with whioh they h>vo pei I - ^^#ed tbetnaelves to every qiedes ^ iraprovekBeiil* 3»jq!j=a,iE|53- * The climate, a« in the other temperate regions of the globe, is variable; and the soil is generally fer- tile, producmg Indian com, and other kinds of grain, with fine pasturage. The countries lying to the norlh of the United States still acknowledge the supremacy of Great Britain y but their inteHial affairs are managed by local legislatures. Throughout the greater part of BrUi»h Amertea, the heat in summer, and the cold in winter, are excessive. The principal productions •re grain, timber, and tobacfi):^' .^nd among the animals- are the beaver, otter,*^' margin, &c., which iltB valuaWe for their furs. «. ; >*^ •ye^t ,'■ Hr.. • Mexico before its Bubjugatipn by the Spaniards, about' the beginning of th6 sixteenth century, en- joyed a r^iular government, under an empeiror; and the people were considerably advanced in civi- lization : their religi i^ogany, (md indigo, with co0oa and . varicHis other ^Biiides the^^Jnited Stat^, British America, and i^dbo^ thwe are .'large tFMts of this extensive con<^ ^uient whidb still continue/in the possession of the liatives. The settlementf of tlie whites, however, a|^ gradualljr enoroacfaliig upon these tei^tories, •nd attDC^V^ distant/period, will probabjyWeupy IheOQ. iilt«q|retlier, the, aborigiBfi^; 'linh being dooittf i> iSie^ ilnost /d^ plogeiutors^ to bond- ikgftoiri jBjgkfif^iikfttkNi^ The North American Indians are Jct^flaHliiaiiad by many striking a^^d ^mm^' 'm l^fU T^p^^p^^pi^^ vindiotiTe Ui , tlon, whic)i oertaitily has not hitherto bqen improved, bj their intercours© with the whites. In South America, Columbia^ Peru„ CkiUy and Buimoi Ayre9f formerly belonged to Spain, and Brazil to rortvgal; but all these countries are now independent, the first four having been established into republi<» by the SpiuiiBh colonists^ and the Bra- silians owning only a nominal subjection to the in- ^''' fant son of their late emperor.. The^nhabitants of all the South American states are Roman Catholics. Their principal productions are grain of various kinds, sugar, fruits, and cattle; they are also rich in minerds, especially gold and silver; diamonda are found in Brazil. The prinsipid islands of America belong to the ;group callea the West Ind^s, the greater > fart of -which belong to Great Britain, Spain, Frano^, and Denmark. The chief productions of these islands ai^e sugar, Goffeei and^BpttQn. tA* m'mmmimlfmtm-tm^'^ -f*.' LESSON XIX. . ^ ' 'TsE form oif the. Niagara Falls is that of an imf- guliar 8(toi<»role, about three qvaHers of j^ mSleii^ extent. This is divided into two distitiot easoad^ by the interitfiticm of €^ Isktiltl^ tlie extren^ of which k I j|irp«idi<»^ aadrli^a linie with j>refiq^ice oyir w)^ the ?water is pri^ected* ieatariet on the Cana^' side ciCihe n^ J» '.tiielHorseBhoe, or Great Faff; fr<^m ito pi6iiliarii»rm -^and tliat next the United States die Aiiieric^ ^Mf --j..;^ '::^'':' -^^'^ y:':"-'r'''I'lf\-L^ - - =Sr> :fe*- k.,'? ^ -pr k t P °> • €:■ -, i ■"« .' Niagara may be contemplated in all tbeir grandevr, lies on an exact level with the eclge of the cataraol on the, Canada ifide, and, indeed, forms a part of the precipice over which thibr m^ter gushes. It derives Its name from the oiri^amstitnce o£ its projecting ;t)cyond the cBffs that '«upport it like the leaf of a 'table« At this point a magnificent amphitheatre of cataracts burst upon rnVview, irith appalling «id- denness and migestj// However, in a moment the scene was concealed ifrom my eytes by a dens cloiid'of spray, which involyed me so eompletelj that I did not dare to extricate inyselfe^A mingle and thundering ruajhing filled my ears. I could see nothing excfept when the wind m1scttnty^the Jmoldiis S<^^ tb^ were precipitated into its bos^m. At^m the sky was obscured by clouds, but after a fejw minutes the sun burst fbtth, and til^e t^reeKe subsiciing at the same time, permitted the s]^ray to asceiid perpen-, dicularly. A host^ of pyramidM^^slcmds rose majes- tica^y, one after anotW, from the abyss at^the mU torn of the fallfaiid eajcli, wiMiQ it had i^scended » *Httle above the edge of die eataraot, -t(lint^> rainbow, whieh in a fb# Aradnally tranalbnvd into tlw bosom' 'Siat immediately «uoeeed^ The si Great Fail had extended itself space <£rectly.of«c me, and, reoeivii^ flniace U ike wni eadiib^ed a ItuiiiBoas yed a tet was dbnd of the a wide ftOl m- and inignifi- raii^Qiw, ^tkaek oo^tinnod to OToranft attd tke iqMt on i»ye described. The noise made by the Horseshoe Fall, though ▼6ry great, is less tlum might be expected. Whett the weather is clear and frosty, it mav be dittltiMly heard. «t the dutanee often or twelve viiles: bm .much f|uther when there is a steady breeie. After leaving the Table Roek, the traveller may |Mroeeed down the river nearly half a inil6, where he will come to a small chasm in the bank, in whic^there is a spiral staircase enclosed in a wooden bliil^l;^ Ipy desisetiding the stair, which \is seventy or eighty feet perpMidicnlar height, lie w^*find jbiteself under 'thei preoqpice on the top of wMoh he fmpierlf walked A lush but sloping baelt ext^idt from its base to tl^ ed^ of the river rimdon^ the nuQiBBit of thii there is a liarrpirllipttery paili, epvered iHth 'friigiientB of^odt, wiuli leads ib the j6r«*t and (nrlGi&wood; 1 I I' '^ff mifk ' to yibi^te with tlir thQ^rn of tli« ifsAgof^^ &■ aonie places thej rise abrpptty to the height iOiC one l^undred feet, and cUsplAy upon their sucf;^!^ fossil^ fhfiUj^ and t^e organic remunsof a formei^ IForfcl; Ihii' SftbUmeiy teiM^ t^e ii^in4 to cof^teWT; l^lato ^ convulliiioiM} l^h^pjbi ixatti^e . \^, undergooA nnco J^ ; creatioii)i(OI^ tjbua tri^yeller, ; ad,Tanceff, hiei Jyi frightfolly stun^p^a by the ,app^#ng noise ; clouda ^oiy epr^ spmi^tain^s Ofi^elope h^, and suddenly ilieick ms f»ltering«t<^B ; rattle^nal^es start from the QaTitiiii of thoi roo]cf) 4Ad the scream of eagles soar- pig ftmong the whirlvfijads of eddying Tapour which. <■ ohsji^e thd^f. of tibye «ataraot) at intervals an« V noopeo that the ragjl^g waters have, hurled^some he^primered luminal over the precipice. After sorate* ^lUng amo^ pilies of ^ huge rocloei that obstruct his lifpy, the trayellor gains the bottcnn of the Fall, ifheM th^ soul ci^n be susceptible only of one emotioii •!<^that o^unooptrolihlhle terror. It was not until I had, by frequent excursions to t^i^^allf, ip son^e mpasn^^ {SuniHariaed my mind j4#t their •nblunjiti^s, that t ventured to explore the Mi«^^ Gatwract. The pre ||ie,Maol|^«])|ff ^tretphod itself into t^ gigantic froh ^.«il9y«iny hei4, and on the othor, tbe den^fiijaiid ^^)i(p|>^,^;Vv.-;..^ ^^, ■ -■;- ■• ^ v. ^---.^ai. r;:^^.;;: . !M ",;:•.: ^>:-';-. Xt is iiot ea8y% detormine jtoit ftf might advance between the^^ slbeet' of water and the rock; "but were it eyen /j^ossifale ta'eipkire the recess to its utmost ext3remity» scarcely any one, I believe, would have courage to attempt an expec^ tion of the kind. A little way below the Great Fall, the river is, Comparatively speaking, so ^tranquil .that a ferry<* boat plies between the Canada and Araerioan shores, for the convenience of travelliersi Wh«l I ■first crossed, the heaving flood tossed about the skiff withfa violence that seemed very alarmmg; but as soon i&s we gained the middle of the river, my attention was altogether engaged by the sni^- passing grandeur of the scene before m^. I was now within the area of a semicircle of cataracts, more than three thousand feet in e^U^lt, and floated on the surfac#) of a gulf, raging, fathomless, and interminable, Migestio d^ spliandii vXainlMirs, lofty trees> aitd oolunms of; if^ajp^iinnreuthejm geous deoeratjbnA of this theaMl^> ol %ondera; wnOe a^ daejiling sua shed refnlgoAtglpriMupDni every spot of the scene. Surrounded with tAawAti t^ va* pour, «ud stunned into « state of confusion and teams t>y the hideous noise, I looked upward to Uieheiglit of one hundred and fifty feet, and jfaw'^irait itoodi^ dense, awful, and stupendous, vehementlv bArstbig over the preoipie^ and rolling down, «s if thewsnt dowsof heaven were opened to pour juiolherdelafle upon the eai^ Loud sounds^ rasembliiig < die* cnarges of ai?tiUery or volcanic ^^thhiomy 'were now diati ngBighahie amidBt the wnjtery irived «t the summit of ^ reek, the eye suddenly takes in a sheet of feioi eitendine a whole mile^ Enormous massed ^ eton^ hlaok ae iron, issue from ite bosom. WMie «v« oaiNi gronned in pairs, like bjssaltic hills i W pepf grouped f ee em bie^ioi^wir «tW»i Miteiili¥%i^»i^ strong eastleSj^uid i^nei .M#i0i, Their i^oomy tint coatraete inlfa the A I • •ilTery Bpkttdpnc of the foam. Btjn^' r9flc^ ^fv«l^ islet, ia covered with yigoroos trees, eoUected iii cksterSi At the foot pf those paps, far as the m can reacd^ a thick yapoBt is suspended oyer toe river, and through this whitish £ogvthe tops of tb# lofty pahn-trees shooJ^ up. Tms migestio plants the trunk of which la more than eighty feet high, has a leafy plnmage of a hrilliant lustre, whi^h r^ almost straight toward the sky. At a^ery hour oC^^ the day, the sheet of foam displays different aspeots^^ Sometimes tlie hilly islands and thi^palmrtrees pi;ch jecttl^^ii|Mows; sometimes the raysr of ^ settinMHl^are refracted in the humid cIomMIui^ shrouHPI' cataract; Coloured arcs r ,are^riDe(li, and yanish and appjear again alternately ; l^ht sport 0f the air^ their | images wave a^hoye um plun, Such is the character pf, thp, l&ndscape diaooyerecl from th^ topi of the mountain ^animi* I 4^ p^ hesitate to repeat, that neither -time, nor the View of the Oordilleras, nor my aho^ in the temperate yalleys of Mexico, haye effaced firom my mind the powerful impression of the aspect of the cataracts. When I read a description of those places in India that are embellished by runningwaters and a vigo- 4rous vegetation, my ioiaginatidn rebaces a sea of ibam^ and palm-trees, the tops of irfooh ir^.^^ve « stratum ^ vapour. ; !t]be majeslio fieenifs -of nar ture,.like the< sublime ii^orks of poetry and the.iurts, leave remembrances that are incessfiiUy afj^Jcei^iig, and through the, whole of life tning^e with all OUT feeBngs of what is grand and beaii^fi^, l!)^ njilW of the atmosphere, and the tpnii^li^ q^Wum^ of the wa^rs, produce, a coiilrast peoi^liaff % tiiif fione. Hence: no bfi^eath of wpid .^ver jagitates t^ foliage, no doud veils the spleadowfof ^i^e wntis 4y»ult . of heaven ; # a. great, m^ oif light is di "* Itt; the i#i; onJ*e wMrth, s|tifeWii, i|^ gUp ^ I. '. », < i# n ^c|e<^ "iij^^f* kihe «5f«.c»tt i^ttch;-^' i*fe nffwit^ :an<^ sM^s ii i^rene^ in the north of So^ tope. ^ Th^ id©a^n.^i:tb]^<)^ the miea.. O^e Undsea^of the trofHiiP' in^^ ihci^ W' re^^ the ocintintot has a p4|,^^^ te^ greatn«se and Wos<^; immli' pTMInftl^ even when ornis of th^ ^i^ietitti #^^ intincShle d)ifeaele8. Tfi^ tlie''^^ '^umiea^es and t^pests b^lo^g ttf Islaiids 61% % desej^ denatute of phmts, and l&tjise ij^ Pb^& pt^rt» \^ thl> atmosphere repose «ti»dn mMi '&bm whieh^^^^^ radiation of heat ii ^ihr«iffer©aii'^Ti<^' «! "'^ ^ . 'Huhbolot; ' 'VMH^^'J^^ '^ ?f^r M irn'Cfai P pi ilr^''tiet)$hMlr' h ' * 4 n 'k.^caBda the^wmter willi i^iqidck and liMpif^^^ Villon; aiul in imjjisummer the heats kre liitle Utt iwenWi thanthccold iniwintlr; ; ' ' . ^ . i ^ > ^ ;P«rttv«i-Perii tnayibe said tp have loiirclimateBi nmineliwtliat of the Coiaty m J4OW Vehk^ oohstai^tiy dry and tempei^te; tha$:of lihe Sierrasi niii^, Inodet- ratdy humid 'and" Tariahle ji iJiat of 1 Ihe' A»d(as> piercing . bold; and' t^ai of tJb ' PaAtnlB^^warni klld MEcessively hnmid.. The ixo^ssite hnnndit^ of^hefk^- ^tt^r joined yMh' the immef^sii trie^ of cbun^ watered l^ the Maranoii aTid'its-sixbiidilary ttreajqwi opntriVntes to render thi^'Marazion mv^h ^^a inigh^ ^33fre Peruvians^ like the ;M^xiq«ii% jftwi', top^ ijolbured* Aooording;; to HttdihoMt, •ims^lsoloitr is .pecaltar v.td the' whote Americ^tn ra«e4 fro^iit Lft^ . hradwio ^0 Straits of Maj^llan ; i4tid j.clittw^y h* «ffirifiSi to haT« ne pereetiU%fMii%i^i|fr; lihii^ ^^^%, |nitl«ty» IB ^^epeiad^ of ^ditnafei^^'a^^ tlte Bio Nigro^itM div^ker^i^^hwe «rf^ t)l!tmfliei:% are tribel of a V^y lig|f( ^ttfpi|#kv Mit^nk^di^ hY rammer, on the 2l8t of iDo- cember; and winteir -on the summer sohitieej or 2l8t of June/ From the commencement of spring to tbft middle of antamn, the sky is oonstantly •Jrene between 24<» and Se**^ S.ltft., it being rare Uiat rain falls during that period. The raiiis begin in the middle of April, and eontinne, iritb' greater or less intervals^ till ^e end of Aneuat. Littie nain laUs in tlm noritihem provinbes"; tSere are three or four days' rain alternating with fifteen or twentj drj days { in^ me southern provinces, the rain 8pme>> times continues nine or ien days uninteifrnptedlyv Iii the nortlldm provinces, the comoarative want of rain ia compensated by very MipioiS dews. Srtow, except on the Andoi, is Yetj uncommon ; it is entirely unknown on the coast; and liioagh it some- tittle, falte in the middle districts, it ofte^ ipelts ere it Keaohea tho ground, and is seldom known to lie pkoifi me day. On the Andes, however, from April to Notemb!M>^wbich is the rainy season oA the i^aiAs-Hinow falls «o abundantly^ i^ to render the passes wholly impractieaUo for the greater^jpart of the year. No river is ever frosen in ChiUi Thmnder is unknown, except amid the Andes. Bsll's <7^rapAy. -- .-V, '; \««t ■ V' '"the ' -.■•,■ - V An t. '• -..:■, ,\ the ■ r\lan^ ■■, *^ I sell ^^ ■ ":::..Vci dm fac i Mn froi "' ■ ' '- * Be] \'--^-.' 4 Eu \- ■ ■ Lk . "V ■ ■ ' pki ,A vat co^ '-■ \ ma .. ■ \ aii( \ of tin i fe B** "rn LESSON xxn. :h Ui THB UiAttOS, OR FLAINf Or 80UTB AimiCJUL - ■ -,•' ■ -r' ■' ;- ' - ■■ ■ - •';;.;';».;.■,.■: Thbbb is something awful, but sad and gloomy^ ^ ihi itoifffrair aqpedt^f these steppes. Every ihipg iwwui fuuuunlwi. i Scaycflly dftM t rvmsO f tlkilri^^ i .\ 1^- Mf ftttttft. ^ I know noft whether the first' Mpeot^ the 'LtAno$ excites }t>6& aBtoniiihment than that of i Andes. MountiMnPUS countries; whatever ma] the atiolute etevataon of the highest summitsyhave \ an 'analogoiis phy^gnomy ; but we, abcus^m om^ selves wth diflSculty to the view of the iMnoit ^ VeiieaUela ' and Casanare, the .Pauyww op^ Buenos Ayres, and -(^aco^ which continually reoi^ to mind* during journeys <|f 20jQr SO days, the ^ooth s«r- fiMse of the elcean. I had seen ^^^aitts of L*^ Miuioha hi Spftin, and the real stepped that extend from J#land, through Luneberg an^ Weetphali%!lto ■ Belgii^n f hut the plains of tl^e W;^ aad aorth^ Europe present but a feeble image of the immenM Lhnoa g( SouHi Amerie4. ^M around is» ^e phkins seemed to< ascend towai^^ the sinr; and thift vast and pr^ound solitude a^ared like an pceab covered with tfn^weedsl Abeonting to the unequal mass of vapours^ diffused] through the atmospheie^ and the various- temperatilres of the' different strata of air, the horison wa8^;in some pa^ dear and dis- tmct ; in other parts undulating, dinuous, and as if striped^ The earth li^as there oonfooiided.wi^ ilii sky. Through th^ dry fog and strata of vapour, the trunks of palni-trees were 'discerned at a great, distance. Stripped of their foliage and their ver- dant tops, these trunks iippear like the masts of ships discovered at the horison. . The XZanM ancl the' Pampat of South America , are real steppes. ThejTdisiday a beautiful verdure in the rwny season, butin the time of great ,drought assume the aspect*^ a desert. The grasa is then deduced to pdwder, the earth cracks^ ilieallij^r and the gir^at serpente remain, buried in Uie dried mud^ ^9 a^Waken^d from their^k^ ^t aii^we^ of spring. Theie phenomena are oIn* '^ - f>f 6 o t '*'* ' ''~ »■ ^i^BJ^ij^^^^^ / livflni);; fop, oh ike bordon of riynlefd^ and avmnid little ^pookof stagDant water^ the traveUer finds at certain diataneee, even during the period of the great droughts, thickets of manritia-^a palm, |he Maves €€ .which spread out jt^ke a fan — ^preservci a hrilliant terduro. 7 The chief elutfaoteristic of ihe sarannafl, or step- Itos, of South (America, it the absolute want of hills and ineqnalities-^the perfect level of every pairt of the 8o£ :Ao0ordin|^y, the Spanish conquerors, wha first penbtitated from Ooro. to the banks of the Apni^, ' did> tk>i < • balk them deserts, > or savannas, or meadows, itnt fihmafiXkmoil Often, in a space of 80 square llMg^neQ^diere is net -an eminence of a foot hi|hi '.l^os ttfsemblance ;to iJie surface of the MmL stnkes the imaginatien most powi»foliv, w^e Ae plains .IM^e; altogether dcBtitnte of paKirtrees, and where the jneimtaiBs oC the shore and ^ the Orenpeo are aor distant that tikey cannot be seexi. A persQir would be tempted to tdie the . altitiide qf tiie sun with a ^piadrant» if the AertcMi of the land were not 'ConstaBtly mklT^, o^^iscount of variable display of rJB&aetion. -Jm^:-' HumbohWv,- i' "' h'H{ ,( fitl. itl? ( i r .LESSON xxia «fn/ x^ JtF we were surprised, delighted, aad sometimes !nti^^dated, by our near approach to the varidus.\ jsreatures bp^ by hmA «nd water ; if we gazedl iiith ' admiration oii the beaiitify pjbmage of ^ the birds as w» pawe^ iq»^ the Orok¥)eo, how much wtiiB^ fef ag|6omshmettt Wd even, terror^ joinad wdth a y ' finds M d of the >aliii, |he , or step- t of bills f paiii of iquerors, bai of the jpuoAf, or space of tieet of a e of the ¥, i^iere Uiirtrees, i <^ the be^seen. iCude qf tJie land varie,hle . } .'ir • '*• metiuies ¥arious.\ )' gazed I 0^^ oh woiiit- v\ /. i^feW «ld iii • ni^iAericar pi'dpdHloA. tj l^hi* ^ had before seAtt or inttgiiied? I sbonltt dSr^ad to describe ^hdt I saw J fourteen ^M sliteen feet loAg,* irete btotiiig on the Hedges nieat th»d tir be li ti^^ WhifehlwM pijib*^^ i yitjfiew 6f tl^# l^rtjird^^th^^i ctf tM ^^st^^'"**^^ "* **"* ^^tftw liuiierottli flo *o««»<4 **^ *^* ^^ the flpdat S) tii'd^gioii^ ait ibiwltately to sM^ doriiig *^ ^ t^tval 6? theii' jM^ge, the t«p of ttee »un fre« i Sottth Afriisa, whert |t is ms^ the mtet^. What with bii^ds', b^iii^ ^ ^itftotls antriiil^ f^%j fttid rej^les, the^ eye ^'^t Itogtb tire4"titli 'tfi6 everliijrfiilig Biid<^8i»ilnv^*«ma »tS^yfra^^ii^M*#iitaifa^^iio longer; The mocking- " ' pati?e /of ^eM immesM foxeitPi (»▼• w 4 L£t/^p » f -I ft '* . -.\ • » rf^ i ' \ moK^ d^idud proof of iU powers of ntf^co, tad 4to ^«*pabaity of articulating two or more syllable^^ With such cleamess'^ of gonad and expredsioa aa to astonish all who heard it. To none of the parrot tribe do I yield a prpferwice; nor did I ever h^ one of them repeat words and pronounce them so distinctly as to creatt a doubt whether or not they were uttered ]by the. voice of mi^n^ , |y^ On ascending the ^pwi, our people had^ a« usual, landed to cook their suppiBrs, and to pro, pare food for |»>nsnmption on the following day* The.wght^l^ boen whpljy sp«jii^ OH shore by both officers ^m meij, : The hammock on which I slept Wa8,|^M>eii4^ between, two Urge tijees, at some height from the ^prpnnd, and .to windward of th% fires. At 4»J:^j^t, vben 1 awoke^ having occaftioji to speak to one of the officers, and not seeing ^j jt near m«, I o^Oed alpuid on his I|anle^ I caSed i^' seopnd Ijme, %hen | wiw toM he was gpno doim tt op boat In a few seconds after, I heard a yoipe^^^ snnilar to m;^ o^ PPfJating equally loud, ** Denis! Penis! Penis! Denis!" with th6 usual pause b©<^ tlireej. !piif cpjl, Captain Denis himself distiuctly;^^ Mard,. thought it ipine,; and answered that he wouli be witlv me directly ; and, .from the constant repen titipii, he liiiagined that the nature of mj busifiesi^ mat be uirgent, and huwied himsetf^ accordingly^ Seym^ of the i^on-c(^i^|on^ officers, who alio heard the call, directed others to " pass the word' fw Captain Denis, as* the Colonel wanted him." Our e^ and ears being at length dfi^^id~^ the . ^spoVJ^ dwcoverpd that mjr obliging, attentive anci wpte%gfrie^dwM sitting in the form of a bird on the upper branch ofi, a small tree near me, from whence he soon took- his flight, mal^g the f ery wpods resound with 1^ name of Denis. ' r ' » '^■•'■'^■'l / - h!#j "ST" •^■■■■'' :■■",:, ' ', ^ -^J^ Bri : An ■ Pk As Ha Rai Ha An Th( V Stfe Bei No No No No Bu Hs Ye Wf^' m %f,.y.V. ' \l||^^^^'^'' *^'-.r^Vx^ i 4 E A *t '? V u LESSON xxrv. OH WAIVAI ■I fc > J] .r ■'(^rA. '--a ^^ple of th^ deep, As if e'en now some wui^'s demon hand . Had bade eaeh piUar rise, eaoh arch expand—^ Raised by his spell, behold, yon wondrous caye 'Has bridged with hollow span the pathless wavoj And bidmng proud detanoe to tilie sea, The wall has heayed its untaught masonry^l Stism in thy bteuty 1 Nature's warmer smile^ rr Beams not for thee, thou rude and lonely IsIq; No twining lidken wrea^es thy s^^ drest; ' No wild-flower b^Mtoara from thy rocky breast^ No wiiying'feHage wooi the smnmer gale. No streaimet lends its freshness to the yide ; But o'er «a«h whiten'^ oli|^ the wintry blast Has howl'd, felp aye,|i#^ as it pass'd. ''-^ Yet art thou beauteous! o'er the earth and sea^ Wh«|;«Althiit spoi wlm^iall compttr^Hltth thMt Thy^tnystb hall, wM Thy columns' dustttniig form, whotMTeyory part ' Se«ms bmH lit Na^bre^JBockery of i^^ V^ Ohi may not fan6y^|ff6mpt the plealfiiig'dreaiti, ' - That Qenius stole frdfei thee his earliest theme ? To the^ we ow#^eaoh oirte mwiastic pite, • f ; ^'^ To ihee^e «^cikthedfilV Gothic iiide r^^'^^"^^^^^^^ From thy prubeyd arddteoture'rose \,^ Each labour^ chami that iseieiiDe ttill beetoNMI^ - ' ^ Oh 1 wht> twnple ft» tlie heart to rise mjiifciiMi' ^Afl ^^**»MittmiMfc wtifc^lHu i Mff 1 J- jU^. f ■ t ■/^l^^^ :jy No altar bnilt with handis, no do^e suppli^y y vl The ooBtly gift of penitence ot p^d^^ :' " ' ( No labottr'dBtraitt.t0/p)roi|ip|1)wrf|igeri^ * ; And urge it onward to ^e heavenlv goal-s- Bul the' wild music of/ the neajnired wave, '^ ' That speeds its greeting to th^ ^^^^7 <'afef ' ;^ And each mMhiilftlM stone^ >y[M)li#front sublime a Has fbwA'd ^triumph o*4rihti «9i^ of ^?iml»i: t H ' " ,(i5«;»AJ^/ i!4;'ii> fiiij'.tj/' i. ,.,'}j i.;r,>i< wo't^ iM-j.'.ii,. Tw* i U i i j i initj * } >i f i > i- > Umi J t H :>.'■.•; 'Ulc'jkUi^-^' au('-' ^A^; \^i^.h 'M_«?-'t:'jt;i -i? h' ■■: uf ■•'••■-? Jift^f *4lil" \ ADDBIM>9a VBLB HVMlfT IH'kteEONf (tf BXHIBnEIftJi'^ • ; y< A, .• '• : .■;•. s ; ; i: ;,!;' .•»,,!?■ uk .;' iv ^;.!i.d0 And thou .hast y^% ah ^^ When the M^Binon|iii%.watinaU>it8.^oxyi wi i/K And Tii|ie had noth$>gan,tooyerthitt>w! , ^i^ >*^ ■'•>{V- ■I n, IT- Those tei4|l4s> pataeei^i aiidi pflen ^tnpeiidQiiB^ Of which &e|,iM^»|iU»#^^ ,1 ^^|| Spl^4 fcQ! tlH>ii limgi9n«Bgb;faaflt aetei 4pttBi7>r| W ThoQ haat af tongue— rcoine, letns he«r iKis tune^T Tlfc^'iit 8t#ii#(kg m tl^ l^^aJboFe gropM^ Mviui^fl. Bevi9itiB|^ thd j^iinpses, OC ^l^i^^^ Not like thin gha9t8, ip W vOf 9ii|^9p^)|7ipii4'^i«ii-bifiif Wftnam^ivHifji li^^a Is Pompey's j^^lar rtoafly »»ii«|oi««i^r< ,,m^if \ : ; > -Has hob-A^noWa Wlt^ Ph^wioli, ^lasa to gl«iil: ^^ /^r dropp'd A Wf-penny in ^Homiwe's hwc; ' - • ' Or cfoff'd thine own to 1«t«QiM^ Dido pais i;r OiiliM, by Solomon's own invitation, ^ .-. '- .^ "^ A W^ »t tte gwfct tiemple*» dfe(Ko4tipa. y )' • '^ ^ ";;, „ v':^';.V:^-i^:' .■^^:';-^-' -v"': '-.^^^W^ ■':;■-'/ ::-;": I^need^not isk tbee if tha|iHtdj when arm*d, - U^A any ^omsn lol " For thou wertdead Brig Bom^iMi atid ' Antiqi^ appfu^ to havi Long aft«r tky {Hnmetdt and >iiiidfclft^iy^- ;/ ' .?(.• I' H8. ; I A SiiM^ fitifc ^y fti« ^««' ^ ^^ ^3c Sxte^^ We have, ahoye ground, seen some strange inu^ tions; The Roman Empire has -begun and endecl, . ^ New worlds have risen — ^we haVe lost old natioru. And cotintlciss tings have into dnst teen humble^ While no| a fragn^»^V<>f t^y flfili has crombled. Didst thou not hear the pother 6*er thy head; When the great Persian conqueror, Cambyses, .March'd armMS H'}^il > I Xmperiabable type of evanesceitce ! r . /. '^ ?! Posthumous i&an, who quitt'st thy lUxrow be^y' .:• And standest imdecay'd \rithm our presence, ir\ Thou wilt hear nothing till the judgment morning ^ When the great trump shiOlr thnU-Obee, irith^itp "warning. i . • ■^. "^ ■i''''' Why should this worthiest te^ment endure, If its undying msi bie lost forever ? A ; * , J Ohl let uakeep die «oulembftlm'd and purer .S^ In living virtue, i^at whenhoth must eeve^ i fl Although corruption may our! frame t-consum^ 1. The immortal s]pirit in the skies may bloom. >?:''! ' i Hew Monthly Magazine* .■> J.-S 'lApJ ■ ,ihi tThy dwellings all lie deeolate, > t-'^^^f^,,,* ^ Thy child^n weep in chains^ '. i i /^ Where are the dews that fed the«\M.^»''t| > • On Etham's barren shore ? ^^.%\'. That fire from heaven that led thee , ^ , v Now lights thy ^th no m(»re I ' Xiord, then didst love Jferusalem ; ■jr Once she w^ all thine own : 4 Hot love, thy fairest heritage; _^^ ^--. . „^ i:^f.-l^iii Hir power thy fj^ory^ tbroni =if» f^M^f i^»- /.^ ; \ , ■ '}' • Till e?d eame and bligbted s Thy long-loved olive tree, ' ^d SaJem's shrines were lighted For other go4s than tikeev Then sank *he star of Solyma, Then passed her dory's day, : :,]Li|te heath that 19 the wilderness . * Thy lightwind whirls away,' . . Silent and waste her bowers, , , Wijuere once the mighty trode; . , ^^li And s^mk those j^ty towers .; Where Baal reign'd as God^^ " 60 !'* said the Lord, f* ye conquerwa,* I * Steep in her Mood your swords, % '• And raze to earth her battlements, [; ' % For they are not the Lord's. ^ ^>'' . Tell Zion's monmfy dftteghter O'er Idndred bones sh^U trea^ And Hmnom's vale of ^laughter Shall hide but half her d6ad/' / TV » ' i ( ' )i "> ' Bdt 86on sliall other pictured soeiiei ' . ' ' ', "'^^ In brighter visiott rise, ' v?'"i' -t^ ^ When Zion's sun shall oevenfold shine ' _ .. ^^= ' On all her mourners' eyes; > ,. r' ^* t'' And on her mountains beauteous stand ^J , The meesengers^of peace ; .^ <* Salvation by the Lord's right hand,'* They diottt, and never oeaae ■" •■ • ■■/■ ■^' '::.• .-< Modiii. •« r ^ /() ". . •-••' < ■ ■ ^^ i'jl.J •, . / JSAJ. .4-. .U T-T-T hi ■k A".-i\ ;-)'< ' ; •'.f.v.fT 'fif l^ssoN 'xxm '-f ;nu~d. Chi vA£ta or ifUGASj:. i '„,ii«.i'if'-' ii'iffi* «^ ;n } side? Mm <.i t T . — T i— * ON THl DOWnIaKL OF POLAND. Oh! sacreci l^ruth, t% triumph ceased awhile, And Hope, thy sister, ceped with thee to smile, -Wh»a4l^^.Qf mftny waterp;'Va^d had.bad% Thy flood to cturonicfe the «^$ t)% And notch His qen.t;uriesi ip.^^. JBtcsrhai j^bcTt^. Deep calleih unip depp,. . A^d jB^li?[t are -w^^ ' Tha^ hear the que^on of jthj9ilj,^|^ice^^^tooT? Oh{ what airc) ap tKe notf sl)^ From war's viattnte«j](ipet,,W.t]^^^ 8i( Tea, what is aU ^ irioi '^^,^^i^ Jnialuls/;;^ Ih his short life, io thy uhceasmgroar 1 '"* And yet, l>old hfthbleir, what art thou to Hia^, Who drown'd a world, apdheap'd the waters far Above itfjoltiesti mouutapis ?r-rft %h*'Wiivej,i That breaks, and whispei^:^,]^ |kMc|r'a.;Qught. r. t ^ ■ '^' p f 'j; . riiy bittin . ^oluni ;ft: Waved &^i^8fc«inaara to HiI^Mb oTffi^. ''^[ PeaVd her loiid drand, akd twang*d her tnimpei'hort J TumultAoUd hditrot brooded o'er her van; .^ Presaging wrJ^th to Poland— and to man ! ■ _^ '^ WartaVk Ust champion mm her height suftey d Wide o'er tho fields a wa^te of ruin laid,— H6iven, ^e ^ied,— my\Wfeeding cotmtry sjfvis Vi> Is there Jio hand on high to diieW tftp*i*V6t ' *^^ Yet, though destruction sweep those lovelyiplams, , , Rise, fellow-men ! bur comattry yet reniaittblf / ^ ^ ;: ^ By that dread natae we W^te the sword on high ^ '' Aif li^eir fo^ hereto' iiiwtJ-With het to die! . - IM^ /s* He said, and on the f ainpartjheiphts ahray iS ; His trusty warribrs, teW, but ^TOism&y'd ; ' Firm-l)aced and slow, a hofrrtd front they fortn, . Still as the breeze, but dreadful as the storm ; Low, murm'iMig soimd* al6ng iheir blwiners fly^ Revenge or death,-^the watchword aii4 reply. Then peal'd the notes, omnipotent ^ d^arm, And the loud tocd&i t'oll'd their last alairm I \-.'-. r^' \, t''i. In vain, aia«I inTWJi, ye gallant few^v ^ 7;,- '?< v From rank tp rank your voUey'd thunder flevfrrs^f Oh ! bloodiest picture hi the book of Time,L,;. ,,, ., ;> Sarmatia fell, unwept, without a crime, V ,[, y,i'r Found not ja generous friend, a pitying foV\ . ; . 'i^> Strength in her arms, nor mercy mher, w^l\ , ,,7/ Dropp'd from W nerveless grasp the shatter a spe^. Closed her bright aee, and curb'd her high ojureer : Hope, for a season, bade the world farewell, An^|l«#n 8hri^'d^;^9Iip|KO foU^ 1.- i Tp-BunwBnt"do^Tior oeajwd '-J^^JJ^^f f '•^''^ omultuoib murder shook thetttidiugro Hr^=- x V On Pr»gii«'8 proud arch the firoei of mi^ glowi if Hi9;bjiljM>d-djed waters murmnring below ; s* ■ f The storm prevaUs, the rampart Yields away, v ''-'>% Bun^v the wild cry ^f honror and (iismay I ''■ Hark I as the spiouldering pil^s with thunder fiUl, t»* A thousand shcieks for hopelesMmerqy call ! Xk Earth shookT-red meteors flash'd alon^ tl^ sky, And conscious Nature di^dder'4 at tho ciy 1 /.* ^ ■../■.<; r PepartedstojWtstiftheyihfy^^t - ■ g Ye thatatJllarat^nltodJipectra W^^ * .% Friends of tho world! j^estore your swords to WK^^ ^ight in his sacred cause aiid lead the van I TITet for Sarmatia's tears of blood atone, MA A^d make hpr armj»uiss*fit.*9 your own f \ . Ohl^once again to JPreedoni's cause return The pa^l ;fe||i«^^^38^^GB of BannockbuA^^ 41 ,71'^^V.f I ' ll i tft i 'i'to tenAfJiNMi «i. I. ■ i ijEssoNj;S;^a^ POMPEII. /..!/ ^>i.. .?> i; 'd is this once gay'dcehe, liOir ihurmurs liiOre The city's din, the crowd's tumultuous roar, "" ifi laqgh cwnyiv^ al, , a nd thft chi mi ng smmd t t:.:^ % i The mellow bw*raiftg8 of tl»e I »■■■ - EmIbcbK qf eternity, -1^ Unb^ginning, endk)fli» sea ! ' , Let me launch ^y soul on thee. « ; ^ ' V Saii/nor ]c4fel, nor helm^ ndr oar^ ♦ '^ ' ♦ S®®^ I».*^Jc r, to. explore l^ine expanse from shore to «|liore. J '••': Eager fancy, unconfined ' tnavoys^'ofthemind, ~ !?- . J^WQeps along thee li)ce the wind. ^ , y ^'■"J^neife the billbirs cease to roll,- 'i Bound, the silence of the pole, * « Thence set out my yentnrous 80| See, by Greenland told and wild, ^oo Mte iee etei^al piled ; t'" "^i YdtiSKother lores, her ehi -^■•^mJ" 7' ■ on lepely Lahgfador, » • /'. •.'.iH f t • .■V ' ' T 1^ "»,•■ . 0*er Canadian woods and lakies } s These mj spirit Boon fojrsakjeiEi^ '. afida; ' Mountain-forests, nvev^d^ j.. Mel ,^ noWg^rS!!}^,d^(ijR<33,;, f.;. * And a nobler race arise, v Stretch their limbs, unel^ their eye^ ' Claim thp jKieth^ iai»dj9e«k lihe.dd«i. Gliding thBfHIgh ife^gelWs straits, ' ^ Wh«'® ^''5^l' / 100 V • »/ .'i ^ (» ^*i' I'l f Ra^B from rock to ml: ft dsrta, Conquers adamantine hearts. And immortal bliss imparts. *«" I i * NortH^and west, receding far From the evening's downward star, J Now I mount Aurora's caiy— Pale Siberia's deserts shun, From Kamsohatka's headlands niii| South and east, to meet the sun. Jealous China, strange Japan, With bewilder -d thought I sean: T hey are but dead seas of man. ,. liol the eastern Cyclades, "!" Phoenix-nests, and halcyoi^ seas ; But I tarry not irith these. , .i Ptes we now New HoUand's shoab, l. Where ino ample river roUs; '\ ¥ . •-^i — Womd of undiscover'd souls ! 1^ Bring ihem forth^'tfS Heaven's deel^ \ Man, aaaert thy -dignity ; Let iDOtvjnites look down on thciii* ( Either Indk iieirti ii llMn, With the Ganges streteh'd between ; Ah ! what horrors here'have been. War, disguised as commerce, came; Britain, canning sword and flame. Won an empire,^lost her name. By the eulf of Persia sail, Yniere the true-love nightin^e Woos the ro^ in every vale. Though Arabia ehaige the breeie Withjhe incense of her trees. I ft 4 :»" t>n 1 prew o'er ioiittieni ms. >M. .^ .riy .:kX: ■ "Jf ■ ■ > * ¥i'^ '-©:^ ^i. tWP 1. 1' Cape of Stonns, thy icepte^-fitar And the angel Hope» iiiiCBMi, Idglits from heaven vpon thy beao. ^ ^t Helena's dungeon kew Scowls defiance aec the deep » There Napoleon d relics steeps Mammon's plagae-ships throng the imTOfk. Oh li 'twere mercy to the slaves, Weif^ thd maws of sharks thdr graves. .HeroideS) thy piUairs stand, Sentinels of sea and Iknd; r , Gloud-capt Atlas towers at hand* II ? t* Mark the dens of eaitiffMoort; ' ' Ha ! the inrates seue their oars ; —Fly the desecrated shores, .* ' Egypt's, hierofflyphio reahn, ^ Other floods than Nile's o'erwhelm ; .— r-Slaves torn'd despota hold the hisbiL Judah's cities «re fbrkMfn, ^^ ^ V !^ Lebanon and garibel Shortlj " " ' "J _ Zion trampled down with siKitti* '' '" -^ *« ~ GreeojB, thine ancient la^P 18 spent; ., ^ ^ Thon^art' thine own monument; ' , _ 'jj ^ But th^ sepulchre 18 rent ^ . ;• ;^ t'r ig And^« wind iibn the At whose b^thneiir^oei spring, • « ''^l /--- Sages teach, and ^oetT^ -^ ' ~ ^^^/^ T^^ ''fiWy; It ' ^Sf'<" Strilfe f^ fBbddin, MHi^ and frti^t ^ince, I hurry frrtm thy shore j Thon art Qot^tM^'FAmet^&f yor&; ' < ^OQ ant new-bom France no more. ^ Sweep by Hollfc^«Ll&d the blast r xl One qmck.glttfioe it Detttbark catt^ ^ ' Sweden, Russia ;i^All ift past. ^< ^^ — ■>' teflupt my stay} >»*^. Ge^lND^, bls^Kttre the day When tf^^idioo^men bear the sway. ♦,, ,, -.--.Now to j;h^*|i|, thee I %.^.f,, w^. ->, -/ ! -T Fairest>ileTen<^j^ ^e sift, r, ; ... -../(^r And ifa^^age nowlfcdoiS.-^ -; ^ -. IfWtlef bidthenfa&WM^; ,^ >) ^ My own J&dJi^velSe Jielft. . ; f ,,/;., k •i. >• /■ r* * ,? 'Kl >\ J^^ IL-L. =tik ii - '£ 111 i ,1- .- j-K^i&^ LESSON xxxn. ' - •<■<. *iP " '•HI ! j,*:) IItna roars with dreitdftil ruins nigh, Ifow hurb a bunting dleud of cinders high,. ^ liivorved in ^moky wlurlwinds to t^e sky : With loud disi^osion, to die^ starry frame Shoots fiery globes, and fvious floods of flame : f. Now from the /bellowing caverns burst away -.i-M*.« f^ Vast fields of incited rocks in open day. Her shatter'd entrails wide the hiovintaiiii thrown . igdd deep betowher flaming wntreglowB. ' ^ ( /< r.^-:- :'%. :-: ■ . Wamoh. ■ ■■'":. -4 " ;"""" ■ . , , ■ ■ lie liquid lake that works below, . , ] v bitumen, sulpKur, salt, and iron scum, t i ^^ 'fcaves up its bi^og tid©. The labouring; mouxit* ^ Rtom^rtli %goniaing throes. At Qpce^ ; - .,J;r ForiMpn its side disparted,' blAzi^igpQWf^.., 4 ^ ^ Amiply i|yer,bwiunginpr«ne w^vesi,^^^, ^ /- That glimMlirito'ihe night, tqj^^ |.^^ Divided tterVVnuridred Torrenf-streanft,* Each Jilbij^ng jap its bed, roll dreadful on, Resistlesl. "VTUIges, and woodsy^^iid rocks. Fall flat befbreNth^ijfaweepJ T^ rjBgion Toun Where myrtle-W|lks aad groves dif^^m^6afritft Rose feir ; t^her^^ hturveirt waved M All itd |»il^id | And where the vineyard spread Its pau^ stJt^e, Matii^iiito nectar J noVdespiiil'd \. .J Of herl%p^frttit, and flower; tioh, ^riff 1» i^l ; t Lies bumd under fir^ a glowm^mj l!"^ fC'K When *mid the lifeless summits prOtHI Siid^|«4d ott «f m .'^ Their march was not tinmterrupted by adven- tures, most of which were oeeasioned by their own seditious fiiurmurings; but at length thw; wrtnved at the southenj frontier of the promised 1M» •t ^ p ]i ^^ ip|iii^ Kfi^i^ TUmea. Their wai^tonngt. U u* y.. :A ?lsi.^- m are now drai -:V^ E to an end, and i^ey Are to reafr the' reward of all their toil and ^san^ring, the final . testimony of ,the divine favour/ Twelve spies, one . from each tribe, are sent out to make observationB : on the fruitfulness of th^ country, the chahwjter of |;he, inhabitants, and the strength of their forti^ca- tions. Among these the most distinguished are Caleb,' of the tribe of Judah, and Jbshua, of Ephraim. During the forty days of t%ir absenjce^, the assembled people anxiously await Jheir return ; aa^ at leog<^ they are seen advanusinf toward their eamp, loaded witn delicious fruits, for it wajj now about the time of the vintage; • ?W In' one relpeqt their report was mo8| satisflctory « '^anaan had undergone great improveinent sincjs the thi^t when Abraham and Jacob had pastunjji their ; 'Jfoeks in the open and unoccupied plains. Tli^ vine^ > the #ve,;the pomegranate, and the fig. Were eidti- . fated Willi great suooess ; and ijie ric^ »ampl^j ** ,,'whkh they bear (a buneh of grapes, almost as much as jfcwo men could cany, suspended fr which everwielms the whole people with teirop. . These treaSiUTs were guarded by fierce and WM^ ,' like t|ibes, not likely to abandon their native plain| without „an /obstinate and bloody contest. Theif /cities' irwfi^trongly fortified, and; >bove. all, neaiilj ^ the; first enemies they would Jiave to encounter **• would be men e£, colossal stature, the desoendants ^/ of theVgigantio'pe^ple, celebrated in Their^ early ^. national tradition, iKpeople before whom they would graishepwrt. The inhabitants of Egypt 'generaf^M small stature: lu^d the same . Sanies whieh tended to the rapid incifease of the ' "Jewii^ people tn that country, wer^ \^fii^oura1 to thrarv height and vigour. BvlU '^^^ ^^ t ;•■■;"••■ V ' '."' '- • • ', •. • ■ ' '.-■,. ,*> .' •»- ■ '■>'*■ ■I-: Ji «5 , i-- ¥W Che con one the in, m Joe on b&i rft tlfKQi ■ m] th^ thi kn du th se of ^ e4 P ^'i I;,-^ ■*%.-: l«7 confidence in the disipe protjBcttiQ^i g»ve way a^ once before their aen^e of phywcja^ inferiority, ^nd the total deficiency of moral courage. ♦* Baokcto JEg^ypt" M ihQ general cry. Joshua and Caleb, in * vain reprove their pusillanimity, wd wai^l of^faith , • in the promises of^Xxod. Moses therefore,. is m-, «tra0ted by (xo^ to^inform Ae people- t^at, on ao^ '- CQWit of their w^urmuririgs, p^l wno left W land of V l^gypt should pelash in the wilderness, save- onlj^ ^Joshua sndCftleb. He thejrefore commands tbbm, v -on the authority 0^ God, to retreiSit directly frona tiw '^ teders of the proraiseU l^d^ O^hey are p.eithei: tft r * r§Wn to Egypt, Jior to i^^ >a c^wot iC^^ ' t%\kt they axe eondeinned to ,^i*.Bdw foT * de^flff* '• period of forty yeaia ki |i;l»e ^barren ^^ <^^*5- ^ ^lis throi^gh wliich^they W #o aoR^* IfrheldovttWtB^lives^sh*^ Ve pcolong^d; t^y are^tixiclly.afieui^fct^^t^ j|ot ope of theip aw. yece^ jjfese blc»^gd, on tijyB p^pomise of wh^^V- the^ haCsujrrenderld Jhemse^Tes ^ the gmdaacy ©f Moses, abaodoped ^mi »«* liKay«f^d % ?p*r j.Of the Hebrew historjr 4uriB^ the^Bucceedmj|; thirty-eight years p^sed in the desert,* nothing ii known except the names of the|^ stations. Bu^ during th^it period th^y wer^ linj^oia^ a course r» of discipline; Tfhich fitted theto lor achieving th^ . conquest from which they hfid formerly shrunjc, ^' When the former genwatloni theMbro, had &9r di^y sunk into the graVe, and a new race nad |;»torung!np,firained to -the bold apd har^y habits of the Wandering Arab ; when the free jair of the d^ sort h^d inv^oi:a|ed their frames, ^ th^icankejr of slavery had worn out of their pind^; and when; contiuued miraculous support for ^ many yeaw TifciMi Btrfenglhened their fwdi \n th^ aspists^ce of '!• *l'<- 'to die od that iting of g on"# Sod by )08ition • t aided • 3ar the liumph . tath. of/' ter, thij ; Fant^ofr Mnakj A.B hlA ^ofitU le' re- leir de* QonpliB. ' 1 » ihe book of Deuteronomy, the whoK law, in some, degree modified and adapted to the future circuin'- Btances of the repilblie. He then appointed a , solemn ratification of this covenant with God, to be made as soon as they were in poaiewiofi of"»the gountry which now lay before them. And, finally, vi^ enlarged on the bleBditigB (if obeditoce; * iiitingr^^h datk and melanohMy foreboding of ^ fiaal destiny of the people, laid before th^l Btill moi^ at length the cOtisequences of apofitaj^ JiM Wickedness ; and hVing enriched the nationil poetry with an ode worthy of him who coi^poBiHl* * the Hymn of Triumph by the Red Sea> MoBM w» dii'ected to aSbend the loftiest eujiiiettce itf th* - Sieighbourhood, iii order that h* lni^% once bw- hold, before his eyes were dosed forever, the laiad of promise. Ftom the top 'of Mount Ab&riito, tt Nebo, the lawgiVM-i whoa^ etea w«re not iiiftmed;^ and who had suffdted tione of the infooiities of ^g6, might survey a large ta»act of e^^l^yiyi JTo w^ right, lay the ttiountfdn pastured of Gitoaa, and ^fe- «romantic district of Bashan; the Win^gs of thft Jordan might be traced along its broad an4 levfel ^ valtey, till, almost beneath its feet, it flowed imp the f>eiid Sea. To the ptorth spread We luxiari^nt //^tokins of Esdtaelon, and the ttiOre hilly? yet ^tftil <«^ttntry Of Lower Galilfee. - jRight oj^ite ^tood the city of Jericho, emboielipd in ito groVee of palms; beyond it the moiintainB of Judea, rising above each Othel* till they i^eached the sea. Ga«<»g oil* this magnificent pj'ospect, M beholding ill ai^ophetic anticipation his gireAt and ha|^y*i>bmmeil- 4J©alth Occupying it€ numerous toi^ns and blooming fields, Moses breathed his la»t. The JJlace df.hili burial wis unknown, lest, perhaps, the im|ya^s gratl- fude of Ijis followeft might ascribe divii«Ti(V»oiirtf «<» hte n$riie> -atid assemble to worship jMi hk sepuk^lYi. '^'smm ^^ 170 iJ/iT I. k 't,{,y' ^-n LESSON n. ^^^BM nmiMUKHT^iir TBK I8BAEMTBS IN OANAAH.-' Thb extent of that pprtioa of Sj^ which was ^ granted to the Hebrew, nation has ^een variotisly estimated; but, assiqning that the true boundaries of the promised land were Mount Libanus on the north, the wUdemeas of Arabia on the south, and the Syrian desert on the' east, it may be computed at about fifteen million^ of acres. If this compu- totidn be rreot, there was in the ^ssession of the Hebrew chie& land «u$5cient to allow to every Israelite capable of bearing arms a lot of about twenty aci*e8< resenmi^ for public uses, as also for thd cities of the Levites, about one-tenth of the whole. This territory was ordered to be Equally divided among theiir tribes and families, according tothteir respective jiupbers'; and the persons select- ed to superintend this national work were, Eleatow, the high priest ; Jiftshua, who acted in the character of judge ; and the tfelve princes 6r heads of Israel. The rule' which Ihey followed is ^ expressed in these words: — " Andyp shall divide the land by lot, for an inheritance iftnong your families; and to the moriB ye shall give the more inheritance, and to the fewer jh shall, giv0 the less inheritance: every main's mheritaace shall be in the place wh9re hi^ot faHeth; according to the tribes of your fathers ye diall inherit." Every tribe was thus put in pos- s^siou of a siBparate district or province, in which .^11 the occupiers of >the land were not only Israel- ites, but more jjarticularlv sprung from the same Btoek, and descendants oObe s&me patriarcji. f hf wviwpl families, again, wete placed in tlie Mir '*'**"***™*^^^*^^ i^ritw*.^feli|0 T"^"^""^ .':.* .: ■ I r 1 * V ■ " * . i^ 'i".-' '. ^ ;";i- t V Wi xceptio)i could, kt, \ of their the foil iition of ^tibn Hi- man, ttf defend^ i^ stHk* tduct of I jcn^lifi- childrefi sderated nan had* camp ^ t twelve t Ml the ecution; saying^ ) of th^ he only ; "when of th4 rarif. xf.i it ,'« J:' f^i >ii» < i. i \ . <\ .< 1 If LI^S6N III V \- *<;■'. ' ^^ cbenaKW cobimonwIbauih. ' •"Si, 1 »•< Is ev&f tribe ih6*b W^ a chief called the Princv of ih0 tribe, oir the Head 6f I'hbiisancb; aiid under hittl Were thle Mi6e8 of Families, or Commanded bf Himdfbds. F(tt'^3^Ale, We find that, at thfe mmssr Which was mM of the Hebrews in th^ wil- dehiesis of Sinai, ^ahshdn«, the son of°Ammiiiadab, Was VnUkCb ttf the Itribe of Judah. This tribe^ again, like all the other^. Was divided into Several families; thb teM being tijsbd helrfe, iiot iii iis ordinary accep- iation, to sigmfy.a mere household but rather in the ' heriildic seiiBb. tb dei^bte tk Uneag(e or Idndre^ descehdc^d ft'om a^ 66ttimpn ancestor, aiict cbh- Stitiitihg b^e bf-thri&&iii branches bf an original stock. It appears, mot'ebyer, that a Itecord bf*^ thefse families^ lof the hbttseholds ih «ach, and eten of the individuals belonging to S^ery household, was placM in the hatids of the chief ruler j for it is re- lated that, bn the siispicibn excited with regard to' the spbils bf Jericho f the Separate tribes. It likewise extended its r0- |rtitatibns to the common welfare of thelrliole, id m kibgdbm i»4«r th« ipeoial cUrtctlon of Motah; <^: ■'/■■ and proyided that on aU great occasions they sboidd have the means of readily uniting their councils and combining their strength. Eyen during -the less orderly periocf which immediately followed the settlement of the Hebrews in the land of their inheritance, we find traces of a general jgoyemment; a national senate, whose deliberations ffuided the administration of affairs in aU cases of (ufficulty or hazard; judges, raised up on extr^rdinary emer* gejncies, and inyested with a high degree of executiy^ authority as the first magistrates of the commonr wealth; and, lastly, ihe controT%g yoice of the co)igregatioii of Israel, whose concuirrence appears to haye.been at all times necessary to eiye yieoar and efifect to the resolutions of their leaders. To these ccinstitoent parts of the Heb|:ew goyemment we may ^d the Oracle or yoice of Jehoyah, without whose section, as reyealed'by Urim and !!phummin, no B^easure of importanQe cojiild l^ ladopted eit^r by , the council or by the judge. j Proyision was, moreoyer, made by Moses, and ^established by Joshua, for the due adnunistration of justice throughout the land. " Judges and officerS|" $ald the former, <*^shalt thou make m all thy gates, iwhioh the Lord thy God ^yeth thee; and they sha^ Judge the people with just judgment. Thou shalt /not wrest judgment ; thou sh^t not .respect persons, neither tase a gtftr for a ^idofh btind the eyes of the wise, and peryert the words of the righteous." i Q}he. place where those judges held their audience ; was^the gate of the city; for, as the Israelites were "^alL husbandmen, who went o^t in the morning to I theiiit'wprjk:, and did not return till the eyening, the ^gate«^^i* the city was the place where they most fire- quently'met. The judges "took their seats immedi- ately after jnqridng prayers, and continued till the en^ of the sixth hour, or twelye o'clock; aoid their authority^ though not in capital cases, continued ^^ ^SaS^itt^'.mtt'iMtim:- no ^^W w ^~ m ■ be riespected by tbe Israelites long after Jerbialeiii was levelled with the ground. '^ To this brief account of the political constitution of the ancient Jews may be added some notice of the tribe of Levi, the duties and revenues of which were ^ed by peculiar laws, and which, inasmuch aa it supplied the whole nation With judges, lawyers, scribes^ teachers, and physicians, was in a great variety of its avocations as closely connected 'with^ secular tifi^ as with the ministry of the tabemade. We S^a in the first chapter of the book of Numbers, a command issued by the authority of Jehovah to separate the tribe now; mentioned p^iu the rest of then: brethren, and not to enrol them aQi6ng those who were to engage in war. It was determined, on simiUr grounds, that the L'evites were to have no inheHtance in the land, like the otner tribes, but were to receive from their kinsmen, in the name of maintenance,' a tenth part of th^ groE» produce of their fieids and vineyards. The occupations foy which : they were set apart were ajnether income patible with the pursuits of agridtltu^BDr the feeding of cattle. It was deemed . expediei^, therefore, that they should be relieved froin the cares and toil con- 4ectedVith tne possession of territorial estates, and devote their whole attention to the service of the altar and the instruction of the people. To e£fect these utise purposes, it was necessary^" that the members of this learned body should not be confined to one particular district, but that ihey should be distributed ^among all the other trib^ apcorfiog to the exteat of their several inheritaiifces and ' the amount of their population. With, this vieW, the law provided that forty-eighty cities should be set apart for them, together with such a portion of soil ad might seem requisite for tj^ik^mfort and more, imme^te wants. Everj- i^H^'o^ his Bible i« ikwore, that six ef thfse dties 1|||^^e8te4 with tht ■%-' «iter"N y;:--- "D^i•,■^l.>;^ :#'"■ '.*■ \: ::Mt ■If. ■5: •JW' ''v diAj^ fefUge and protection to ft certain class of oi^minals. The man-slayer, or he 'ghbo^ i|noran%,'' could demand admittance into thfe cities of refuge, ajc\d was entitled to gratuitous lodging and main^titince, until his cause should bjsi 46termined byconipetent judges. As learning and the several professions connected^ with the knowledge of^letters were confined almost exclusively to the tribe of Levi, the distfibntion of its members throughout the whole of the Hebrew commonwealth' was attended With many advantages. Every Levitical city became at once a school and a ' seat of^tislice. There the language, the traditions, the history, and the ^aws of their nation were the ; it subjects of ktudy, pursued '^th that^ zeal Siestn^ss which can only arise from the of a sacred obligation, combined with the ^'ilJttlErdent patriotism. Within their walls |l@pQ&ited oo^s of their reli^us, moral, and civil itistittttions, whi^ it was their €uty not orjly to preserve, biit to ijlmtiply. They kept, bfesides, the genealogies of tfie trab«s, in which they marked . the lineage of every family who coiJd triace theiir ' descent to the Father of.the^ Faithful. Being care- fully instructed in Ae law, and possessed of the. annals of their people from the earjiest d^ys, they werd Well qualified to supply the courts %ith ma;- gistrfttefs and scribes,' men who wefe fitted not only to administer iustn:e, but also to fram^ a record of all their decisions. Xt is perfectlyv clear that,. in the reign of David and of the succeeding kings, the judges and other legal officers were selected from among the; Levites; there fceing in /those days not fewer thaipi six thousand oftlus learned body who held such appointments. ] / Russell. i . A' ^ i , \ \ 1 r ^S^j^.: ^^ * 1fiMiil&^ \ ^^B^^fc- ias^ ^^^■K .«o .f' ' ■ ■ ' ' , o& to a , or he lemaiid entitled itil hift . yea. mocted, almost ion of iebretfv ntages. [ abd a ditions^ ere the '. at^ zeal im the ith the ir walls *al, and Dt only besides, marked, se the% '' ig care- of the. ^s, they ith mal- jt only cord of ,.in the gs, the a from Bvs not ay who SSLL. :[ ;f''i-.- ".'-■»''■ i.,^ ITt i«Essoi;r ' JEWISH FBSTIV: OUB limits will not pennit ns ^'^^iHH^ ^ ^^' nate account of the Jewish festivals.' iRR^uie three great institutions, at which all the m^lea of th^He^ rew nation werif commanded td aip]()ear before Je^ hovah, are so frequently mentioned ik the^history of the Holy Vn^* tha^ we most take^ leave to spe* eify their ^v.eral ol)ject8. The fea&t of the Piisd- over, coi]^rehendiiig' that ,of unjeavened bread, commemorated the 'signal deliverance of this won^ derfui p&oipU from the tyranny of Pharaloh. It was appointe^ltp be kept on the fifteenth day of* the first, month, al least jBeven days, ,an4 to ^P^ ^ ^^^^J festivals? begaj*, in the eyphii^jg, oir at l4(e goinjgv^ down pf the jsun. .Th^ reader, will attend to the ^istmction jiist stated, we. mewi the be^ning iand -i end of the ^ikcredfcxlaysi^. Thei celebration eyeii of , tl^e ordinary^ablith, aS isVw^tt kriifim, commenced on the evening of ' FridaJTa ' and terminated at th6 ■ going down of the sun on , Satttrday. ** From even until even shall yei^lebrate your' Sabbaths." .^ '. The feast of Jpentecoet was an aonual offeidaig of . . gratitute to Jehovah for havin|^ blessed the land with increase. St toolt placi^^fty days after tte fa^sover, and hence the origin of its name In the &reek tersiOn v of the Scriptures. AnotWik|»peUati6n wa8,a|)pjied:^ ta it—the Feast of i^e^ks-^for the reason a^ssign^d by the inspired lawKiver*rr**Seven we#»^«lt thou number unto thee; heginnine; to nmiiber'the seven weeks from suoh'time as uou puttest the sickle to the com. ^d thou shalt keep the feast of weeks unto the Lofd thy God with Ik tribute of a ^fre«-1nU offering of thine hand, in the place whicli If-'';- ,-5 T ■'""*-» r-i 'f f ..:;: , (I '■ M,:^ :n'' i':'fe' :: ■ 'S-' „^,;-. ./■ ,. <^^i; jf^v * ■ •:% ' ', *•■ ''-v ■.;;';'•'■■'.'■'':■■■■■: • . .t :^- ^'' '";■. ■ '" i ■■ ■'■ tf '■■■■' \ ' ■'■''f^.'^ ill ■ ■>■: 'V* ■ ; ■ ■ ■■ >,» „ .'■«'■.,. ■m ^*^s «..■ ■■.■..■"■ -^^^ -"■ -W -. , ■■'.^C'--. :. A^'v: ■ 11 -yji ■ 1 ..t. ,^■'^^^. ■ .' ' .(■■'■■■ . ■■;)-■.■ O ■'^ " /^v ' ■ "<,<.-• .\' «'"■ ■ u . ■r: ^^ ^ ''' t, j;:'i-.„. / ^fS*. JAm- v. . -i. 'Tf 4 /' ' 1 > r , : ■ ■■"' . , ..; ■ f * . ' , ■ ■ . ■'• ■;'■ t ( ■ '^H <'t)'i::i-.. T . ■ ■ , :.?-::':— -a"'- :; :«^ ^. ^■r' * * ' ,..„<• -,i'--,] 1 ' .J- V ■ ■ . * . 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'. .,■„■ ■...■■.■ ' '■"■' . ■'■'-. ■:■. t * ■ : ■■ :-\ . ■:■-■■■■■■ .--^r.-.^,.:-^ „ ■■• ■■% ■■■ ■'^ y : ' " /^- :-..::-,-.f:--^v^ -^ ':'■■■ -i: ' . ■ f^■■■■ ... ../.'■ :..:: -^^^:.^■ ^/ :.; :..■:■-.■ ■■ ,^.^ . ..>y . :;i>;-.,.^ ! - •' - ' ■■■:■- . - ■ V. ,• ." .-^rs- ■ ;, 1 ... i. ,.,, .....v.;-:.;:. .-,, ,.■_. ;^j^v - gji|jv'. ^c'r' /' ; " . ■■ ■■:;'^vX '...." ^ . -■ *^ ,„^..„„ . ^^ ., .,„.,,- *> . ^:'^>Xr-- ■- .■■■;v ■ -S./ -^'■■'t--^' •:■-:■'- ' '■ . •"^■*''' '-^■:v::...':...:::.'.M.., .\.. ^ '^'-- ^, w ^I^. ■^■v^. A-^ *\/ f.^ ■>-.•.< .^, I tij. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) -.^'■ V ^ ■«3t», '■I .V"' 111 11.25 '' |so ^^.- mi ' itt Uii 12.2 \ K£ |2.0 1.4' ' ■ 1.6 -TS- "tl'---^ 9»- i^r. .S--.;-" m ^ \ 1. fteteaplje »i- » >• Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 * i7J«)t73-4S03. . ,?■■■ «l J H-: : V JehoyaK shall choose to place his name there. And thou shalt remember that thou wast a bondman. in •l^gyP*'" This was a veiy snitftlje celebration in an agriqultmral society, wfaelh'j63r is always experienced Ujpon gathering in the fruits ^f the earth. - The- Hebrews were especiallv!\' desired on that hapll>^!>; docasion to contrast theur improved Qonditioni . as Iceemen raping tkejr own lands, ?^ dif? mls^r^bli^t state from which they had been rescued % t^ go(it Royidenoe of JTehpvah. Tlie month of May w^t- ^ess^d the harvest-home of all Pale^e ijt thedayf $f liioses^ 83 well as in the ni;^i^t t|mef?; iaji^Jap sooner was the pleasant toil q^ W% th^ ba^ cpmpleted, than all the. males rejp^ir^. to fhie J^oly city, with th^ appoiuted tribute i|» thisir ,^i3l|f, i^^ theaong <^ prap? in th<4r months. !nie lerpnnation of the vinM^e W9£^ii|iar|:ed Vitb i simtly,ex^?reswo?>. qf thitfiksgiving, Uttered by ^e a^mbled tribes in the place i^ich^ad nweim ;ftf **name of Jehovah ;'V i)|ha|i i^ ihe'vislbliB manifeata- #on a£ jbos presence an4 jl^wey. Hie precept for ^bis observance^he Feast of l^abemnale^-— is giyeo » the following terms ?— " On the fifteen;th day of the seventy months when ye havo gatlietred in the £nut pf the land, ye. sha|[ keep 'i feaflit ni^to &» Lord seven daySf And yeishall take vntPyoUyOik the first day, the bought oX gOQ^ tjirees, branohes of palm trees,, and the Roughs of thiclf troee, and in4|f lows of thebropki and ye shall j*ejoice before, thi Lord your Qod seven d^ys- Xi^ shall dwell \^. ^oths seven days, that yowr ge|iei:«tv>n8 may Iwpir ;^f 1 1 made the phUdnen of 6rai^l |;o 4wpU in bopduu^en J hrought t^em^pujkof the Wd of wgypt.-* Jthil festival was of the most jiyely iN^d fpimi^ 4^"^#^ ' tioQ, ce|ebrat«M| with a joypu^ h^^ ||»4 j?lidw J^ W»QPjr of )|ea^^9 dn 1^ post dfjjlig^^^jf^^ ^ thf year: a^ thfi r^jGMci^gw^aph^tffiedf^ytt^i y|i^*^' '**»X- Bre. And tndman.in itionin an Eperienced rth. The at yx^^t iditipiO|.a8 rithe,d»jf >awdfl. A&d ed lij^ oeim ;^i9 maiiifeftf^ except for —is giy^u ^b day of ed in tliff ni^to tlie ^0 youy.oii » branelieg B,aj»4TOV >efQre tne iB^))po|i| 4 The FeMt of Thuttpeta hsd'*fefi»re«i8e I9 t^o/ mode practised bj many of the ancients for««:i<> nonneing the commencement of seasons and epochs* The beginning of eyery month wii made» known to the inhabitants of Jerusalem by the sojind of mu- sical instruments. **Blow up the trumpet, in the new moon, in tibe Ijlme 'flppe«ntod, on onr solemn . feast-day : fov this was a Atatute for Xwael* a lutf of / the God of Jacob." Al the first day of the moon in September^ was the beeinning of the civil year, the^^ festiyal was greater and more solemn than on other occasions. The Toice of the trumpets waxed .louder than usual^ and the public mukd.was instructed by a * grave assurance from the*mouth of the proper o£Scer, that another Vear was added to .the age of the world. "In the seventh month, in tiie ^it'day of the month, shall ye have a Sabbath, a metfidrial of blowing -of tiw&pets, an holy eonvocation. , Ye shall do no servile work therein; b«it ye shall olter an offering made by fire unto^he Lord." lUlusion was formerly made to the jubilee, whi<^ occurred jperiodically alter the laf^ c^ forty-nine years. The benevolent uses of ty» most generous institnticni are universallv known, espeeie|)y »s they respected ^tersonal freedom and the restoration of ^ ^./ lands and houses. Great core was taken by thcA^i Jewish legislator to prevent mi accumulation of pto^. p^rtyiU' (me individual, or eVen in one tribe. Vor was his anxiety less to prevent the alienataon of land, either by sale, mortgage, or marriage. WitK ^bis ^ view we find him enaeti^ a rule, suggested by. the ease of die duighteni of ^<^hdbiadr"rwho had been allowed to become beln to their fiithor*-yH^ which :the object ww to perj^etuate tibe' possession oif landed estates within the hutits 4>f eacb particular tribe. '*Thii is tiie thing which Ihe X«ord doth cetm^nawi oonceming , ■*k.- ■■ •. -v: '^ .. M» ■•■ /\'- ■ .■■■ <»f the tribe of their fathefr shall they mpirtj. And evi^ daughter that possesseth an inheritance shall be wife unto one of the fajnl^ of the/ tribe of her father, that the children of Israel -may enjoy every ihan the inheritance of his fathers. /Neither shall the inheritance remove from one tribe to another tribe; but every one of the tribes of the children of Israel sbAll keep himself to his own inheritance." ' V- -■■■■' - '■ '* - ■ : . ' RUSSBLL/ *" i. a .-. > LESBON V. BISTORT OF TAX ISRAXUTCS FBOM THE ESTABLISHOOENT or THE IIONAROHT TILL TBE REYOL^ OS; THE TEN TUBES; -t It has been already remarked that the jadges were not ordinary magistrates, elected by the peoj^e, or receiving, their power by hereditaiy deseent, but personages raised up by the speciayfij^videnc^ of. God to discharge the duties of ^^WKj^ which the peculiar (nrcumstanpes of the ch^s^nlpeople from time to time rendered necessary. But after a period ^ of about four centuries and a half, the Hebrews, either froni the love of .jhange, or because they imagined that their present form of government was not well adapted to the relations into which they hadf been brought with other states, chiefly by their disregard of th^law of Moses, and by dissensions among themselv^ demanded a king. With this demand Samuel, the last of the Judges, complied, after he had warned them of the exactions and op- pressions to which they might be exposed under a monarchy ; and Saul, a young man of the tribe of Bei^amin, remarkable for his stature, was elected. , The qualities idlioh recommended Sanl to the ehoioe of the tribes leaye^ no ro^nn to doobft ^tiiat il "i»4 p^!"«ST?5« rrj. And Alice shall ibe of her njoy every litber shall bo another children of tance." ^USSBLL. BLISHMXNT B; THB TEN the jndges the peoj^e, eseent, but yidenc^ of > which the }ople from era period Hebrews, >au8e they nment was rhich they ly by their dissensions With this , complied, ns and q[>- )d under a le tribe of as elected. . b1 to the K, - tlM.! -v^ ;■:.'-:■■ 181.. . '^ ■''■■M-'^'"" '''' was chiefly as a military leader that he wJM raised - to the tlurpne. Nor was their expectatiiSn disap* | pointed, BO far as courage and zeal were required in '"\ conducting the affairs of war. But the impetuosity of the king's character, and a -certain indifference in regard to the claims of the national faith, paved the way for his downfall and the extinction of his* fanai^ The j&c6ne of Gilboa, which terminated the car^r of the first Hebrew monarch,' exhibits a most . j^ecting tragedy ; in which the valour of a gallant^ chief, contrasted with his despair &nd sorrow, throws , a deceitful lustre over an event ''which the reader feels that he ought to condemn; y David, to the skill of an experienced warrior, / added a deep reverence for the institutions of hia country and the forms of divine worship; whence he procured the ! high distinction of being a man ^ afi^OT Grod's /i^wn! heartA To this celebrated king WM reserved the; honoip of taking from the Jebu-* sitles a stroofjg fortress qfn the borders of Judah and Beliyamin, i^hd of laying the foundations of (Jerusa* leih, viewed', at last ^ the naetropolis of JPalestine and the sett 4f; the\Hebr^. government* On . Mount Zion /^ bpjilt ^ suburb of considerable Deauty and | strength, , which continued for nu||gi^ y^ara to be«r hisiname, ana to sefleot the magiii- npence of h^ genius. Not satisfied with this aoqui- snion, he extended his aihmson all sides, till the boilers of his kiijtgdom reached from the river Eu- phrates to the coqines of Egypt. But the splendour of his reign wiU aherward clouded by domestic Silt and treaso^ ; and the nation, which could now ve defied the power of its bitterest enemies, was divided ftnd misi^riibly reduced by the fy the ni^riiiers of Solomon, there is no reaeen to doubt -t%litjfti?8hiiiii w#re to be seen on ^ Meditem^neftik; ^fMlUd 0M, «i^ the Periiiik^€kil& n ^Ni di»m .• .■ w. ::\ ■■■■ ' ■ ■" * ''"^y rif < 1 »(\ tide reign that the limits of Jewish power attained tifaeir utmost reacfa^ compr^ending even the re- markable district of Palmjrene, a spacious and fer- tile pnyVince M th^ midst of b frightful desert. Ther^ were.in it two. principal towns, Thapsacns or Tiphsah and Palmyra-, from the latter of which the Whole country took its nanie. Solomon, it is well known, took pleasure in adding to its beauty and strength, as being, one of nis main d^feniees on the eaistern border, and hence it is spoken of , in Scrip-' ture as Tadmor in the Wilderness. '^* *^ - *-~^ But the popularity of Solomon V gdretnineiit TO iiot keep pace with the ^apid^ty of his improvemejBts or the magnificence of his wons. Perhaps the Vast extent of liis undertakings may hare led. to unusual demtods upon tl^e indus&ji' of the peopfe^ and iiiay have ffiyen rise to tiiose oSscontents whichj^though renulaed during 1^ oym li|fetime, Vere openly and 7 bbldly avowed on the accession of his son Keh6- tioamJ This prince rejectinWthe advice of hfs aged eotiisellbrs, and following t^at of thej y(>^ger and more violent, soon had theVniisibrtitito to see the' ^ater part of hbMiigdoib ihrested from him^ In t&ptfto thti address 6f liis pe^pU, Hr^p entreated &ii 'autrriatiott of theii* burdetifei, lie declft^ea tliat, instead ;of ir^tiiritie less at theilr hknds, h^ Should demand laaoriB. ♦*My father made jrou* yoke heavy, I inll, add to your yoke ; my father chasiised you irith ¥idpi, mi 1 will chastise y6ti wi^h scorpion^." 'Such a4reli61ci1i6tt,' expressed in lan^a^e at once so do^l^iiiptttdus tioA severe, ilieiiated n^m hiA goVem- metift ten tiibeii, who soi%ht a mOire indulgent mas- iter ill J^tloiuilt, ^ decliiM ^etnV of jDavidV fif^ce tlje Dr%in>^ the p^(^ of Israel, in ditfi^tilihed trM that of Jodah * Ub& hence, loo, ^ cEuJ|Mefal contenti^iui beliiredti those Mbibed 'il4^^ %]deh ai^atmied^ to^ tm^m* H^ ■^ K-- lU ILBSSON VL i .-■♦..■ . I ■■ nOM THE BBVOuir O^ZHI TSir TBOn .1* '^ TIUL Tn Aftbr the revolt of the ten tribes, Je^saiem soon ceased^ to be regarded by the Israelites m the centre of their religion, anid the bond of union amons the descendants of Abraham^ Jeroboam erected m his kingdom the embleoiis of a less pure faith, to which _ he confined the atteiition of his. subjects ; while tiie frequent wiiii that ensued, and the treaties formed' on both eides with the Gentile nations on their re- , spective borders, completed the estrangement which ambition had begun. I Little attached to the native line of princes, Uie I^aelites placed on the throne of Samaria a numBer, d^-adventurers, who had ho^ qualities to recommencT tiem besides militarj coi^ rage and an irrecondileible hatred toward/ Jbe more legii^ate claimants of the house of JjAYid. The reigns of ^lese sovereigns possess little inte- rest^; let it snflSce, therefore, to say, that, about two^inndred and seventy years after tha^death of Solomon, the Ijuaelites were subdued l^Shalmaf- lieser, the powerful monarch of Assyria, who car- ried them awa^ captive into the remote provinoet J of his vast empire. :,.,j::--\^-<;-:' / ■■;:'.:..■.■ v^ •.■; The ^kingdom of Jii^ less distracted by the ,. pretensions of usurpers, and confirmed^ in theprin- cipl(Q)S of pf^otiem by a more rigid adherence to the. law of y Moses, continued during one hundred '' and thirty Tofrs longer to resist tiie enoroachments of the rivJ powenl,£:gypt and Assyria, wUch now besan to oontend in earnest for the ppssesiioii f^ ^ Palestine. Several endeavours were made, evfii " .after ] the diwtniction of Samaria, to unite ih^ -Ipm of ihe twelyf tri^% and tiMr«^.f9fiBf TIKL THI isalem soon I the centre amon^ the ected m his h, to which ; while die .ies formed >n their re- nent which the native the throne ho had no^ ilitarj wja^ owaraL^e of David, little inte- ihaty ahottt ^eath of ^Shahna- » who car- ) provinces ^ by the El the prin- herence to e hundred roiMhments which now sseflkion ^f ladoy even 9 the entr- - -r ' dependence of the sacred territory.^ Bat a pitifiil jealousy had succeeded to, the aversion created by a long course of hostile aggression, while the over- whelming armies, which . incessantly issued from the Euphrates and Uie Nile I to select a field of battle within the borders of Canaan, soon left to the feeble counsels of Jerusalem no oliier choice than that of an .Egyptian or an Assyrian master. At 4ength, in ti^ year six hundrefl and two, before the Christian era, when Jc^oiakimlwas on the throne pf^ Judah, Kebuchadnei^iM;, who V|Jready shared with^ hirfill^^ the government of .^j^iSyiia, advance 1 into^~ VPali^tme at the head of a formidable armv. A oely submission saved the cit;^, as weU as t|e life the pufflllanimous mouarch."^Bi:^ after a short period, finding the conqueror engaged in more im- portant affairs, the vanquished km^ made an effort to Tecover his dominions by throwing off the Baby-'^' Ionian yoke. The siege of Jerusalem w/|9 renewed,- with greater vigour on the part bf the invaders, ui the course of which Jehoiakim was killed, and hit son Conialr~ Dr' Jehoiadiin ascended the throne. Scarcely, however, had the new sovereign taken up the reins of government, than he found it necessary to open the gates of his capital to the Assyrian prince, who carried him, his principal nobility, and the most expert of his artisans, ««s prisoners to the banks of the Tigris. The nominal authority was now confined to a brother or undo of the active king, whose original name, Mattaniah, was changed to Zedekiah by his lord paramount, who considered him merely as the governor of a province. Impa- tient of an <^ce so 8ubordinikte> aiid instigated, it is probable; by emissaries from Egypt^ he resolyed to hazard his life and liberty for the ehance of reeoQ* quMing the independence of his crown.. ^Hus imprudent step brouffht Nebuchadnesiar once <^9Ke 4Mtere the loIls <^ Jerusalem. A siege whieh i^ pdiri t6 hate eoatiiraed fifteen or sixtedfi meirthi, terminated in the final reduction of the holy city, and in the captivity of Zedekiah, who was treated with the utmost severity. His two sons wwe exeented in his presence, after which his eyes were put out; when, being loaded with fetters, he was osnried to Babylon and thrown into prison. The work of destruction was intrusted to Nehusar'-adaii, the captain of the euard, who ** burnt the house of ^e Lord, and the king's house, and allithe houses of Jerusalem, and ereiy great man's house burnt he irith fire. And the army of the Ohaldees that wei nith the captain^of the guard brake down the of Jerusflflem round about* The rest of the peoi>le that were left in the city, and the ftigitires that fell ajj^y to the kin^ of Babylon,'^ jfith the remnant ot TO mtiltitnde, did the captain, of the guard cany «Way. But he left the poor of the land to be tine- dressers and husbandmen." %- ^ » .'1 s I* BliTOKAtlON Or TH» JEWS TILL THl BIBTH Of OHIUST. .U had l>een fowtold by the Pjrophoti that the -Jam should TtmKtk in captivi^ during seventy ye«*; and as they were led away exactly six cen- ^ines before the Christian er», th«ir Tctum to Boh ^^t^^^^"^^ ""w* have ooourred about libewear 580 ptiot to^ thto same great <^>oek. T|ie names of Zeftibbibel^ l^htsmiah, and Sara, ^ ooenpy thto 'tool* shipper had to deplore the absence pf the Ark, the symbolical Urim and Thnmmim, the Shechinah or Divinp-Plresence, and the celestial fire which had maintained an unceasing flame upon the altars f Their sacred writings, too, had been dispersed, nieA their ancient language was fast becoming obsolete. , To prevent the extension of so great an evil, the more valuable manuscripts were collected and arranged, containing the law, the earlier prophets, and tlie inspired hymns used for the purpose of devotion. ' ^ ' ^ ^ Under the Persian satraps, who directed the ciyil and military government of Syria, the Jews were permitted^Ho acknowledge the authority of their High Priest, to~ whom, in aU thines pertaining to the law of Moses, they rendered the obedience which was due to the head of their nation. Their prosperity, it is true, was occasionally diminished or increased by the personal character of the sove- reigns who successively occupied the throne ol, Oycos; but no materi^||dbange ^ in their oiroum* stances took place untif^P victories of Alexander - the Gr^at had laid the foundation of the Syro' Macedonian kingdom in. Western Asia, ^jand given « new dynasty to the crown of Egj^.. The struggles which ensued b^etw^en these powerful states frequently involved the interests of the Jews, and made new demands ott their aUeffianoe^ «ltho9gh it is achnitted, that as ea«h was desirous to conciliate a people who daimed Palestine for their tmalienable heritage, the Hebrews M'lturfs were, durinff two centuries, treated linth mvdii Hlfisi> xality and Skvour. But this geaeton^ or foii»«tt^ * i^'yjrv^""; ■/ 188 ' ,1 u H .^ jnee WM mternkpted m. tU reign of Antioohni- JSpipbanes, who, alaimed l^ the report of insur- reetions, and harassed by^fie events of an unsue-'' cessful war in Egypt, directed hid angry passions Agamst the Jews. Marchin* suddenly upon Jeru- salem, he put forty thousand of the inhabitants to death, piUaged the treasury, nehed afl the sacred i^ssels, and commanding a, sow toNMP^sacrificed on the altar of burnt oflTenngs, caused every part of the^ temple, even the Holy of Holieg, to be sprin-*^ kled with the blood df the unclean animal, Ashort tame afterward, he issued an edict for the exter- mination of the wMe Hebrew race, which one >f^ hjs generrfls, ApoUonius, proceeded to execute with 7\ the most atrocious otuejty. Driven to desperation / m these severities, ^he Jlws flew to arms, led on by / 1^ brave &mily of the Maecabbe*, whose valour and perseverance soon enabled them to dispute witt/ the powerful monarch of Syria the sovereignty of Palestine Success at last crown/d the eflSrtJ of fchos^^ fought for their religion and liberty; km ^ the Maccabees br ASmoneahs raised themselves W •^■ supreme power by uniting "^the offices of king md pontiff. They continued, to govern Palestine for upward of a hundred years ; during the greater part of whio^ time the Je%s were far from enioy* ing unmterrupted tranquilliiy. The kingdom, waa often threatened by external enemies, and torn by internal, dissensions, m at leligth tho disputes of two rival claimants of the throne gave a pretext for tM interference of the Romans. Pompey, who had Mready overrun the finest province^ of Syria, ad-, vanced to Jerusalem, ahd havmg listened to the Jlaim$ of the two cotoj^etfitorA, settled the prieafe. h ^waa at Ithis epochv in the kst year of the reira or Uerod, that the Messias was bom, and conveyed into Egypt for security. The unjust and cruel go- ▼earnnwnt of Archelaus, for which, as has just b^n related, he wai stripped of his authority by the ^ofihe empire, was probably the cause why • the holy family did not again take up their residenfi m Judea, but preferred the milder rule of Herod- Antipas. When Joseph "heard that Archelaus did reign m Judea in the room of Herod his father ; h^™ »fnud to go thither; notwithstanding, being *inied of God iuj^ dream, he turned aside mto i£e \ .^ --i- -Vj: ^.r^- ^ the sacred » ftllows, that ;8 far beyond Part we are a of what we e discern, in ' sin strongly > government : for sinners, fc discoveries ^ of Christ. 1 we cannot 00 exb^nsive not 08 our ^ part; and 0^ « ffkU9 nifest, tiMit " B WotW of XUA UanXDXlAjn DAJUT«**vn' ';->Ti?K-^V SxtVATioN means deliveranee from sometliing Ukati» feared or snflered, and it is therefore a term of very general application; bat in reference to oiir spiritual condition, it means deliverance from those evils with Which we are afllicted in consequence of our departure from God. - .^^ - > i M It implies deliverance from tjrjtorantf*^— not ianth ranee of human science, bnt from ignonmce of uod, the fii'st and the last, the greatest and the wisest, the holiest and the best of beings, the maker <^ all things^ the centre of all perfection, the fountain of all happiness. Ignorant of Ghod, we cannot give him acceptable worship, we <»nnot rightly obey his 'wiir, wo repared for the enjoyment of lus preaenoe hereafter. But from this ignorance we are rescued by taie salvation of the gospel, which reveals Ck»d to tt i^ wai< ai ittftkeflnp aoqna i nwd wiiAi Ip a»Mti;%Ujr " L U. to Uie ptejudioea of the^Jews, he roused amongst them a spirit of the mos\ active resentment, by dis- playing the hnage of the emperor in Jerusalem, and by veizing part of their saof»d treasure for thi pmposce of general improvement. An the fiery temper of the inhabitants drove them, on most o» oasions, to aots of violence, he did not hesitate to employ foree in return; and we find, aeeordinglTV that his administration was dishonoured by several acts of military execution directed against the Jewf and Samaritans mdiaoriminateljr. The character of Pilate^ and of the tkbes in which he lived, given id| proftme history, is in strict harmony with the narratiTO of the goepeU The expectation of the , Jew» when JeiBi of NiunMth flr^t appeared, theif t ufc te qu tt t family x>nfine8 B" reign nveyed- uel go<^ tt been by the le why iiclenct Qerod* ins did father, , hein^ to tbo , » *; feom^bodUy diaeaM ft!v«^ 'J?-?*' °<> exemption rf^^^ Pr«> »««1> Tiim of the pLrfd^ tefenjrohv, and banished him into CUul. - m . r .- run* . ^ o^^Kiilip, and the degradatioi of thi Gfclilean tetrarch, paved the way for the adva/ce. Tu^t^*'i?^'^«"PP* ^ »" the honour and power which had Jbelonged to the family of David. He W permitted to reign over the whole of Palestine, ^ving under his dominion the usual number of Boman troops, which experience had proved to be necessary for the peace of a province at once so remote and so turbulent But no i)osition eould be u S^iW 'k^*" ^""^^ '''^. '^^'7^^ reputation gan thut which was occupied by this Hebrew prince. *le m assailed on the one hand by the jedoosj of ttoe Bomin deputies, and on the other ,bj' the •i»p»«oiii of his own countrymen, who oouU Btf«r f' . :h ■\ . oj any virtue I it mamtaioa polIute<^ and le ffospel fop 9]f for us that imtim," and Ml over Ha." free to seire b liberty and deliverance It does not >®Du9ation of exemption Btfortimey or i» hiir to. pi^videiiM nortali^ so be raised again, epi^tnal, moorruptible, and glo- rious. They shall be reunited to their never-d^g and sainted^partnera, and shall 'enter into the regions of iihniortalily. . ^ , ^ — . And while the salvation of ihe >gMip^. implite onr delivers^- ^firaon alltlles^ evils, it a^ ilupMes onr admission into the heavenly etate.' It is in e^er to brubg US thwe alt last that att the benefits' just enn- merated are conferred npon n^ and it is there accordingly that they shall be consummated. We are delivered from ignorance; aiid m heaven no cloud ahall obsolire our view — ^no vwl of prejudice shall, cover our hearts. We are delivered from guilt ; and inl^ven; at its very threshold, imr ie- quittal and ras^entien shall be proolaimed before an assemUect^ldj a;id GodV ^^eooncOed oounie- nance shaQ ihhie upon tie for ever. We aare de- Ihrered froid the x»o^r of sin ; and in heaven there maXL h9 somatm ttppm tnd «»^ Mvptttiov 11., nemice, ana Lyrusuia, ma^e a wi»piwi> TO= figure toward the close of the Acts. These events took place between the fortieth and fiftieth years of the Christian era. The youth and inexperience of Herod- Agrippa II. dictated to the Roman government the pro- priety of assuming once more the entire directioil of Jewish affairs, especially as the people were every dgiy becoming more turbulent and impatient of foreiffli dominion; -and accordingly, .Uaspiua Fadfls, Felix, and Festus were successively ap. pointed procurators of Judea* Fadus was a stem but upriAt soldier ; but the administration of Felix was an habitual combination of violenoe'and firaudi? an. iqaal itranger to ri|^teoua&flii aiid.^m|fraiuil|^ n of the idvance- d power id. He edestine, aber of d to be once so ottid be u ratation prince; OQSXI^ JS 5toiit. iTnuMtbd-. / And yet it mom me, Boawma; it ccmfomidi ■ The ooimsel of my fina philosophy, . That Bmn's iiieml<»s ploughshare mnft paw o'er, And barren salt be sown on yon to oud ciW ' AsonoorohYe^ownedhfllwestand, WherMfcedron at oqr feet its scanty waters ^ Distds frcmi stone to stone with g^e motion u ^35^ » valley sacred to sweet pea(?e, ■ How boldly doth It front ns I howmiesSuj^I Idke a luxrtnons Tineyard, the hillHBide , U hung with marble fabrios, line o'er UmJ^ Temwe er terrace, nearer still, and n«^ iiSLif*^®"*' 5?iere bright and snmptuowi *-if >*?>,»-■ ^4 'M'^. tv- .-.-•« v^ w mwuar apinv, ana maoe preparawonB l or ae- fence. Cestius marched to the gates, and demanded entrance for the imperial cohorts, whose aid was re(|uired to support, the garrison within. The ^icens, W^iHg refiM to comply, already anti- cipated the horrors of a siege ; when, after a few days, they saw, to their great surprise, the Syrian prefect in full retreat, carrying with him his for- midable army. I^*lljing from the different outlets ■urith arms in their hands, they pursued the fugitives with the usual fury of an incensed multitude ; and, 'overtaking their en^my at the narrow pass of Beth- %oron^ they avenged the cause of independence by •a considerabk daughter of the legionary soldiers, M b^ #^v^| ^w rnDai»der ta «ip ig^MMjaiOlui .■> '^-- ■■--■'': ;-t ..' :- 1 itkm,'- i^j^jM-ui »2 pMs o'tr. V-Mf >*?-,»■■■■ ters * iotio% ■ -.I-*;. J. irer somptnoQi '.tfiii'-rifiirr-rtit X4Ti8t>W#lw»r%^vr ,^11 od mil tisO tLvn of,4h(f, A^i f Mourn, wi^w'd queei«t»lto«tt«»fZiaiu fMuiS h this %;pUcvi«^twSK^1K^ Where the-»Wl4jp«»j^i»»«Mgy mm>Ji'jf. .WflWWiilow thy .pomp, which kmes wM^ enyr . yiew'd?- " .•; '■ ■ ji, "^ iWhere now thy nught, which all those k^Ug lab- dued? - ' ' " ' ^ martUl ayriyb muster in thy jpite; 1^0 BujppUuiriMmo&l in.tfiy temple widlf -I -vs—-{r:T:pr- !or ae- iina.ndod aid was . The ly anti- r a few Syrian hie for- outlets^ ngitives e; and, f Beth- mce by loldiers. reUgious faith, or as the most ancient fountain of our historical knowledge, has at all tunes been rt^ garded with feelings 4f Jie- deepest interert and curiosity. Inhabited^ iSSr ^any ages b^ a peopla entitled dbove all jtrtheis to the distinction of pecu* liar, it presents a tecord pf events such as have not eome to pass in any other land; monuments of belief denied to all other nati<^ns; hopes not elsd- where cherishedj but which,- neVertheless, are, eon^ nected with the destiny of the whole human race, and stretch forward to the consummation of all terrestrial t^gs. Its scenes, which no art caa change, and hardly any description can diflguisi^ aiM itanding and undeniable proofii of the tlruw . ■ '^' y ■■ ■• . ■..-■■■" .■ . . ' ■ xne ijora ■»»*" ^^^^ ' »i ^^r^^w* tonn, With rainbow wreath ana robes of storm ; On okiemb wings, and wings of wind, - Appointed Jii^ of jB^ i|iwmj^f Can this be Qfe, wh6^«»«ltl'ttf stray - r A pilsrim on thewo|rti*8 hiehway, . The liiaaM^a^teir^ttt^^ ..Tf/^-M, . While sinirtii#d&ii>dp Wiiiltdrfli •' uy vrf} >idj sC^ '< RoeIc8;-'hM« mt 'llioi^tiiiifi QWtaiUMVmii :>'i ntf vr The ^ii^'i&tftfcndinirfrom'^u^^ iomb^^-'n-.r^imK alia'// Shall j( A 'V^'" '"' •' "i5'*^^ it'jiJrV .fji:-;| 7ii; ■'•■'iBJIWHiU ?/ . " , ^ . «^ • ■ ' iiwU I Bff-v't;nfft> X'''^ 't' -.yT>UJf.a fa:,{it^f]^A.-M,y/^; VI h The extent of this remarkable country has yaried at different times, accordioff to the nature of the gOTemment which it has cither enjoyed or been compelled to aoknowledge. When it was first ooonpied by the Israelites, the land of Canaan, woperly so called, was confined between the shores of the Mediterranean and the western bank of the Jordan; the breadth at no part exceeding fifty mUes, while the length hardly amounted to three David and of his immediate successors carried the boundaries of the kingdom to the Euphrates and Orontet on the one hand, and in an oMosite direc- fioD ta the reHMteat oonfines of Sdoai and Uo^k* ■Miui 'lA^ i; 'j . 'l.» ..Tffi-M ^ - q Vth ^-irlj ;5r^ .-!■ aj,{'.t^qi.'i{.» ^ I i , * • 1 Togiye th«iri fkMligil for kiMsg)^^ '>c>i: Their darktKess torn to V^%% ^^ > Whose souls, •e6iidemWS^«n3'Atltij||if'^ We?* prediotts ili liiBl^ifigltt.'«i> -^ By Bifi)l^%« liiir'BKmi^'^ ^d ^jji% ) ?or he shiill nkd^ lh€F])iiW4'>i A ' _Throiii^< ehafi^g geileM^IWi^^i ^^f^'^ic^ * Witojniefc«lilB«%,tr«tt,'^>^ '. ">^ -^^^ Or monK ' He shall come do^ M« ih(>W^ '^'O Upon the ilhE^dei»plh^^^'''<' '>Ti And^y^^ jct^(h<^ iate1tpy|KBy ^u Sjiiif^'Mik ykih KJbMumti ilA ■ .^.'1 4 • .^SsB' I varied of the >r been w Erst ^lanaan^ I shores of the g fifty ) three rms of ted the es and 9 direo- -mth the greatest success. Canaan, it must ly adt mitted, could no^ be compared to Egypt in respect to com. There is np Nile to scatter the richee^of an inexhaustible fecondity • orer its valleys and plains. Still it is not without reason that Moses described it as '* a good land, a land of brooks of water, of fountains, and depths that sprine out of valleys and hills ; a land of wheat, and bar- ley, and vines, and tfg-trees, and pomegranates; a land, of oil-olive and honey ; « l&nd wherein thou shdt eat bread without scarceness, thou, shalt not lack any thing in it ; a land whose stones are iroil, and out of whose hiUs thou mayest dig brats.'' li .|>i> t' ..r«!^g?J^S. ■* ft /iii— On^Wflfi IMiafciwd.rtH»|f^ .,j.^,i;f I'l^ Wmf^'U : For lim^iiiiyifi^^iiM^^ ^fi He on %MQ^e »M ifptiu.f J /^ fortili^ wiiTthe IftboarB neooesarilj created a prodigious fc mder an ardent eun, where a little moistoi^ •nlj thing reqoiaite to revive the vegetable world The aoconnta given by native writeni impeoting the prodnetive qoalitaet of Jndea are not in anr de- gree eppoeed even bj the pretent aspeet of the ooantry. The case ia exacUj the aame with aome islanda in the Archipelago ; a tract, from which, in these dajs, a hundred individuals can hardlj draw a scanty subaistenoe, formerly maintained thousands in affluence. Moses might justly say that Canaan abounded in milk and homey. The flocks of the Arabs stiU find in it loxnnitBt pasture, while beet ia the holes of the roeks their delidoua deposi *;f iT ■ 11 , ^- f-..^ TT « h — P ■-— — - .r'..,.. w •••W VU WM* now* Thy liiolhfir^ijmdefiled, ..<, mi}> i,jioV , , / From off hei i^vjitk^biiiMt • ; . v sV '. ^ Ak^ousrpM»ppy^qf,gpJ4e|i«B:;;,f. r- : f/; jtoop d their laii^,^e fn^tluroi)udd iuriop oh Ligh; 'i^ine uncheck'dand calm along the liquid sky ; As ai'a%i^gly tbt^he, ' rtur.* ^j ^ a' To l«j^ thidr' p*=4B*odotirt'«^^^ t; ' Ci;j !'' , Before thy Mhut feet. . ' ; ? f fhe^irlh and oeean tir«re4tot%iilih*d to1i^w»- : tf-^ ^ \'.» » to* uuK lou ooeq 07 OOF neroe emiaren aonitt; , A few dim hwsnotAAf ^.-^.a- ^:i-/il ^^-'^ / 7he world in darkness lay, / Then bftslc'dfii^byij^t impose beneatli the dl^ndleitBituh / , \ , ^Whilst thout i^d^t sle^ beneath the tomb« ^"^^^ ''Om^^m^toi^dix>m^ \ ■ :'/' :r '•••/^•■' .Ere jet the wbite^robed A^gel andnf . Upon the seailed stone. ' / ' And when thon 4ia<^. I>fri8 .{i Thy mother's coming feet, ^/ And beai^ i ^^ In some p)ao^, indeed, water ia scarce: ani then peq)le are gM to buy it. You, may r«|ad in ^rip- ^tnrie, c^ many q^uamil? that a^rpse^ aboiit ire^a, hW jWat^r;^ because m spii^e pf.the |k||^ ;coui|^f|, ;Wa|er is ^ scarce^ t|^t a wol^ if • TPry Mpq^Pt pofses^ion. B«t w^ter is npt more uiifulM 4hoi» nlacpswjliere peopV ure gla4 to buy it^ than it i» here, where, by t^e/ ^wpiy .of J^rp^ i| ja ip^ntrf^ V J^jfrfhf jw^ thirtJ^^ei^^^^ \ of joy >d, as the > high a y or the which is (tie vidae poor are a candid ts which udc' It he angel nffuinhed )t nightj . occap** the pre- inwmi TOB TBAOKINO AKD CHAEACm OF JISCS CRmiST. J18ITA CnmiBT appears among men full of crace and trath ; the authority and the mildness of hit precepts are irresistible. He cornea to hmU tht most unhappy of mortals, and all his wonderi' are for the wretched. In order to inculcate his doe- trines, he chooses the apologue, or parable, which is easily impressed on the minds of the people. Whil i; i ...,■; y 'Arir thej^ diJirtiie IIh^s^ thiii^ ?>' '/ ^^-^-ri "j^^W^^to^ ri^ ^t« iri >«it^'l€erfx^g ^'Umi on^sed aee«»%^l9l|h(^fctttidft'4i^ I$r^%ifl^% i •V„>.' ' r^ H . '. *>. ..-'♦•i. , ~7 .-77 ----: i* wnMd btMi tW HmET Laiania, waa hw friend; it waa for the sake of the nobleat Matiment of Ufe that he fMirformed the greaMft of hi* miraolea. In him the love of oooft. try nar find a model. «* O J*-"likTi n'-rr- 'm " he ojtolaimea, ntjte idea of the^SKUtef whuSkL-! threatened that^hj oitj, " wHPQMddV^ have gathered thj ohildren l^pierr' evia m » hen gathereth her ehiokena ander her wiofft, and ye would hot I" Oaatiag hk aorrowful J^i worn the top of a hiU orer thii city, doomed for *■ fP^°^^^ ^ ■ "gw*! dertroodon, be waa waUe C!i"' ^^ -"* *'*l'f. '*«.•<*/' -y Un to eonnaod ire lo eome down IS^^hL^HS^m ^ ^ *~ \ 1 uaH but t6 •i;i fteh W% fMd^ uk eraair ^aaniiities. Gold, w psrtic^ir^' iaiob* tamed iOhie^ m tfa^ fonn of dust, by: Isbstioiift wnb- ing of ibe, sand of beTtam atreuBMb ^ It otMs ^y a* amob in febour and 04^ expenm iof obtam 6fr teen pounds of siher, aa to obtain onepodnd of xdd; and this is the cause, that one pound .of 'geWT niU %Kobange for atx)ut fifteen pounds of sflvehlvi j.^ > But besides being ddsiiible aiid beit^ -iMi^ tiiere is one point more required, fyt a thdBg/|o bme 9)altte; or, in other -words, to be stieli,: tfaat jBomfr> thing else may be had in exchange ibr it^ > It Broit be something that you can pari vfilh to Iteo^er person. For instance, health is terj desiraUey an4 is what everY one : cannot obtain; and ItiQ^, we sometimes do speafc .of healtb aa beinff i^ Vaiiie; ^bat this ie not the strict nse of the wmn^mlaof fsr , n^^.mB ipmim healtli t0 iiBotiM».^iiebaii(e fttlMib, r wiags, fill eyes (mod for says bei^lid of aeeompUshing proBbe^iM» types, aad raiL — , whieh hatl beon carriea on throagh a serios of agea i the hoar of concluding the old, and of intrgduoing to the world the new dispensAtion of religion: the hour of his triaraphing over the world, and ^eatb, '^ and hell : tbe hour of hb erecting thai spiritual kingdom which is to last for ever. This was tbe hour tn whioii Obriat atoned for the sina of man- kind, and so«oom«lislied our eternal redemption. It was the h>mr when the great saeriioe was offefed up, tha efli«acy ef irfiich reaches back to tb# Urisl transgremnon of man, and extends forward to the end of time: the hoar when, from the orosa. aa from a high altar, that blood was flowing wbieb wash^ away the gmlt of the nalioaa. Thw awAil difpsiiMtioii of ^e Almighty contaiM MjeteHtt ;J^. \ • "f**' ' I ' Ai ■" '4fc /' ■ •'If .'I ^i" .''».'■:. ^^! "'1 fo^'• "» 4 > B »,f ■■^ ..-n-r an. ItHOU^ aven for pre- w that, under natural con- tureshad, by der into the d to j believe t theijr could tenedi^ them. i thrbughout 14 sebse of ^f sjifficient enalleffeots. •friecjl on in der the law by Christ, are iised in ' the sacred lUoiWs, that fi*r beyond *art we are »f what we discern, in n strongly [overnment or sinners, discoveries of Christ, w^o cannot exti^nsive 'Oi 08 our ^art; and ; « fflfut 1 'est, wor] t^t of '■%- 206 #orld was gi'eat and iHostrions, that hour, iThen, froin the dark and formless masS; this faii; system df nature arose at the Divne command, when the morning itars »ang tOffet?terj and aU the 8on» of Cfod 9houtedfiyrjoy ; no less illustrious is the hour of the restoration of the world, the hour when, from condemnation and misery, it emerged into happiness and peace. With less external majesty it was attended, but is on that account the more wonder- fijl, that, und0r an appearance so simple, such great events were covered. - • Blair. Xi -•- A^ -^ll^:- , LES30N im. J. ii> " » 1 SXtVATION THS CHRISTIAN BALY^TIOIT. .«'' ^ ^„ means delivftranee firom someflung that is beared or snflered, and it is therefore a term of very general application; but in reference to our spiritual condition, it means deliverance from those evils with Which we are aflUcted in consequence of our departure fromnGod. It implies deliverance from ignoranes — ^not nmo- rance of human science, but from ignorance of God, the fii'st and the last, the greatest and the wisest, the holiest and the best of beings, ^he maker of all thingsj the centre of all perfection^ the fountain of all happiness. Ignorant of Qod, we cannot gii^ him acceptable worship, we cannot rightly obey his ,iHlI, wo <9|annot hold communion with hiin here, wd (Amnot be jprepared for ike enjoyment of lus presenoo hereafter. But from this ignorance wo are rOMued hy thA aa l vation of the gospel, which revealfl Qod iOL i%whidi makes ns acquaint^ with lip iutiif«^ his f /•■ aw J>""made reooncilistioi. fm^ffltf"* nl i •hehgH CoJ!^'"~ " *• •'«*«* liberty^ from the tkooBMid diatrMiiJ rilToJ?^**^^^ clawfa jo^^h T Jh^^^^"^;^. *;?^ immortality ao of m^cv'^iii is own glory. ffuilt.^J!he Tho break it,* ^f and depri. ment to th« r there Is dch «l girilt. who ^()^^ Thei^ >od.'; Aid pouring ont laking them mhe power this power, of apostate any virtue t maintains llutec^ and gospel for torus that ties," and over us." to selre iberty and eliveranoe does not sation of aemption rtone, or hmr to. K>viden<» •talj^ so ibi typentiiniB of sin, wbieh is tfae cause of all onr nuffbnngs, that these are no Idh^et real evils to them that beuevie. Wh^n we ate brought into a filial re- iatldn to God, the afflictions that he sends form a ^MBrt of that discipline which he employs to improve tftff graces, and prepare us for his pre^ience. He Btipports us under the|n, h6 overrules and sanctifies -them to our spiritual advantage, and he thus divests them of aUl^t is frightful, aiid converts them into • s^ This salvation imjilieii deliverance from the fower md the fear of dtath It is, indeed, an awM thing to die. Nature recoils from the agonies of disso- luiion, and firom th^ corruption df the grave. But Ohrist has *< vanquished death, and him that had the power of it." He has plucked out its sting, he has secured our final triumph over it, and has thus taught us to dismiss all our alarms. Our bodies^ must return to our kindred eartlf ; but they shall be raised again, spi^tua^ iiMK^uptible, and glo- rious. They shall be reunited to their never-d^g and sainted'partners, and shall 'flnter Ittto the regions of iihmortality. . , ,. ..^ — ^ And while the salvation of thegbtp^Ai implito our delivefattie^'^frdM all ^ies6 evils, it also implies our admission into the heaVMify stato.' Ills iu oAier to briiiig US there ait last that aH the benefits' just enu- merated are conferred upon mf, and it is there accordingly that they shall be consummated. We are detivered from ignorance ; and m' heaven no cloud iihall obsolire our view — ^no tail of prejudice shall cover our hearts. We are delitered from guilt; and inli^t^n) at its Very thMtihold, imr ac- quittal and Tustifieatien shi^l be pvoolaimed befwe an assemblticwld) ajEid God't ^r^nciled oounte- shaH (khine upon tis for ever. We are de- i Mgenthfit fc nance ^Yerad from t h e pft|ty r of iihall be fonidlf no tfUiiptor and m 4ii|»ptatioii» •[■ ■■'■3^'-' --nothing tM deffleth and nothinr that u AbBUA, and in he^yen ^ ieaw shall be wiped itoiTtSw and aU soxrpw handed ^mihe h?U^e^ ffl be^nnd^ymg heath, and there, diSl he niSS rest, and there shall be songs of nnnungled a£Z^ We are delivered from the power^^^oT^Sr and m heaven there sha/be no more d^t^f^ saints shall dwell in that sinless and nnsuS hSd as the redeemed of him who "was dead and if Xe a«ain, and liveth for evermore." AlfKslJ* theiw; theirs is the unfadbg «srown thSf Sf m^i^ible inhen^^^ Zril^ r^^ theursTare the blessedneS and Se^ glories of eternity. J TsoimJ/^ ■5ff.lj*J ; ^J:^^. ;j^'/ ' ■ "^ '^st. 4'V;-," JKRVSAUBM BXrOBB THl SHQi. 3mui. It must bo— /' And yet it moves me, Bomans; it oonfoondg ' . The oonnsel of my firm, philosophy, . That Bnm's meroil<»s j^loughshare mn#t pass o'en •And barren salt be sown on yon |irourci%!- ' As on our olive^owned hill we stand, "■■" Wh«e«edron at onr feet ite scanty watersv^ '. Distds from stone to stone with g^tle motion. As tbronflh a vaUey saored to sweet neaoa. Howb^ayctethi/frontnsl Cmffid&L lake a liKiirions vineyard, the haiS^^^ jto hung with marble fiOnrios, line o'er Kne^ " Teiraoe o er terrace, nearer still, and nSirer " 10 the Mae heavens. Miere bright and imnptaoqi ■^-•mt" ■^^'r iTd rTTHFj '.'!*-=- tUB i ' 4j«^, r Bunptqoqi -V-- ' - -X- r' y As consciQw of its Iwring h^ Jiat^eroSl ^^ "' / f And, as oWfJMfiaf J^l^dptT^i^^^^ i- -t Are^wjiesd into iir, bSolftiiellSjlS™^^!!^^'^ ^ In undisturb'd and lone serenity, ^ Finding itself a solemn sanctoarj - In the prbfound «f heaveni .-It stands before us ' A mount of snow, fretted with golden pinnacles. / The very sun, as though he ^orshipp'd there, Lingers upon the silded cedar roofs And: down the Wi§^d^t*a4feMirgJfi«icoe8, On every fiowerjr-sculptured capital GIi«lffi«^fhi^'4^ii^ of hiJB patdott tttnii; oJ >nT > f i .''{jf il , -nil 1- ' i fi . M j ; U ' , [.-..a; of I' ■ .,..»f ^^• » ,\-, Mourn, widow'd queeiC!r,|^«^|$^fJSio%l9M^ Where the tUldoMrl X§mmmt& ^I^PPetlwJ! * Wbiie suns unbi*t^ iktir i^m^Sm^^im":^^ And way.woWi;|%riiM.f^ jUiiJ «cf^i|pSg t: rg ,Wh«M.ilow^t&^pomp, which ^ wSr en^ Where now thy ipight, which all those kiUi sub- dued? ■" • ' " yp m a ilMJI aijrriada mw R ter in thy gate; |K0 suppliant nations in, thy temple wait; SM'' \ * r\ t , VfM thei Toll lyfe^ sM BVeU ibe tMe of iottg'; « 4^ V But lawle8S/F6i^o6>ii4,iii*Mfrtf Wii^^^ And-the tnadt^imii^ Feair, '"^^^t^^^/v Whil^ eol4 Oblima,%id tlij^ riififurliiia, f>v M^a iO Folds hbr'aaiik ting bttieoi&f^ Wjf tAxMr ^^ ^n/^ •■.^.- '• ,'^j^ •■. "1 /i*^' /ij? I'"--" .'ffimou'/A . ^.if .V w'i'-: , f, n 1," -f , ii,, , 1,.; iomjV^^ , . ... . ,.f I ^j .',!* {'^'^tMIh^'"» > ->!' thjj-"i(U ^i^ jvJ' ■■• •• / -.e'^' , ' Mtfiism9fl9^ti'9Wp99 0010119. ,„;; . . .^^j. , J ;^ f^ ^ ^Thx Iiord jhaH MiMl/ Th«e«|tiifffb(i]|iiBp|% Thtf^ttioiuiiiiins to their centre shake ; And, withering from the/ vault of night, The stars shall pale theijr feeble light,,.. The Lord shall eomo ! 4 With rainbow wreath an^ robes of storm ; On cherub wingi^ and wings of wind, Appointed Jiklge'of.A^ i|iiSlleiH(|^j ■-• , » * Canih]SibeB!e,whil1«lidi^fM(straj - A pilgrim on thawoirlil's highway, ^ The mmsMp^immfia^t'^y py^mr ^tvwm , While 9inirtifift4^d6i|»4iriih»ll««ll, y v.fr ^ilj sl^ " Books, 'h^ iSi'moipitiiiffi mtdf^VMi rvum The 9aiB^1&sit!lr ',t/f^jfo "^rh -won ots^iW •..,,, *■- • ^ ' ' rt-i'I. I ./ . ' •• ^ :n'^y^"<»b nt r^tstttrivf.J«)rtyia imr/vrrf|(yl!^^r ->■' --■ • f- • : ■■Hi -■'■\ . • -'"■ ■''*■ ■ -"^ ' ^§w-:; ■ ■:■.'''■; ' ' • ■-•■ ^iMiJi''\^A ' r>; M:ia'a "iO^,.- ' .1 ■ ' ■ ■ ■'■'-■. i'^-^a vr'wA,;' ■■■'-'V r' ■ . }ri^>rif tfi^^" ' '^^jf'7-''l:i' ul" ■ ■"■-.■-: ■ . '■ ^y*iim>':)i--h-- " .'<-j «r4-^^f&|?: r- . ?t>ri?l^ :!^^A-. ' 1 !'■<'.'■ f <■)•;■■>:. fy( V " -- ■|ppl%ati- ' * ■'■ . -3 •'■■ ■ --'M' ■ ■• '-1^ ... ■V*^'^:!'-. ■ . ..- - r I irfqnai&TT t ■-■./■ ..Pi: r* '• I Hail to the LordV Aiidntia;: f ^f ^ Great l^^d's greater SbiJ; ' ^ , ,,_ Hail, in the tiike ajipcnirted, :'■' ^ f ^ His reign dt 0arth t>egiml ' ' ' ' ^^ ^ ■JT'-S .^' 'He comes td' fn^ok op|>r«iBi -Whose souls, e{^demWii-«n3'dtita||^'^ We?6 preoio^ iti hMfcyighK<>'>^^ Beloved, •«h^^d;*¥«hrfe,w'^^''?f-t>f *>;», -j-^iU Forhe(aiiiIlM^lhfpi)«i^/>i A ^ ^ Throbp'^hb^iiig geiieM^tttt^^T ^ '^X .. * J7itt jolltlc^ tnmfi «r«W,'^ >^ * / OrmooiitTirihewihw^Miii' ' ' ^ He shall come doi#i|l3ktf i^^ Upon the Jiri^itfid eiu^ '-'f' '>T1 ^ ^^niprnpiS^^f^m^ Before him on the monntaiiuiM, u- i m Shall peiMj^^ho^he^^co, , /' ;- And nghtebustiesd m foimtains / From hill |9 vidlej floif. To hmi f^nfl ;>QW the,i|^^»|^r|7 M Vi Hi8glot^^om^4;o»e9. ,5,,,, J| With o^mtm^^frff^n^: . f r^ I Ships from the i^ef «haJl To potir the |re»|<^^eQe»a ..j, „ r fii tribute at his ^t*: , ^fWit?/ Kings flMMfd^Wft he^e , ^ And ggl^.ik^d iptoense bcju^i ,t All natio9c»rt^[i^re l^ti^ 1; J ' ;' .t Hi8;p:faiif ^( nfttioniifinig f I nA Torhfir/ik^hM,^ 4mkm4i$m;i«>:<"er^n/^r!".',.,>j1 )f!i/-> o^fr^i'IiESSON XYIL riot u^ thy oread omnwo^ent anraV;: .1 " Nor indignation burnt befoire thee on thy way. rBiit.tl»e,»«dftitndnak»d^hM^ -f. , .7 ThyMoth»^ijuidefiled», i-^liflT ,, : a ;^4he>nide^lni«ngeirlMd«ofeit;> iw^ „.;i; j^ From off hei iq[vjfiii,breMfc;.; /, / rW»p 4««r«i^B,ffrof ijfo^t^QiBmandei to pr)bt|^^ r ^ fn A g^ousfc^opj.^qf golden »ir j^ r / ;/ " '' " r stoop d their lany»g, lie. «^throi>ed^^j8|^n high; r ' Came wandennjj,fi-om alar, ;, .„ j " 'Vmiff nncheck'd.and calm along the liquid sky : As ai%%^gly ifar^he, n ..r %irlU and ocean wore fioii^iiAM to liear>.r i,.,/^ ^ Bright hawnoByffroBJ «iVfliifyst>ntr4>he»{!T If : One anod trbop the straih began, • '\^ Q ^9!A.^ race of man. , i By simple shepherils heard alone^ ' __ - ■ TMt Bofthosanna'a tone. ^^'^^" "V '- "^ And idien thon didst depart, no oar o^.fl|ii|e, v To bear thee henoe^ in lainh^tFadian0^(^ke; Nor ipuible aneels monm'd with drooping pkmef : Nor didirt- dkm' mobnt on high • \ J|nM^ fatal Calvary, : ,/ With liu'thiiie .6ivb dutbutsting friom their tbml^ : ' / Fot*%dfttditobearairay from earth 7; .•■i'V^^-": But.oiiedf JintDan bui^'^'^^-^^'^' '^■■^. '-^'S'} ■■ The dyin^ felon by ijf^ A ^InPfcradMbHrith thee. 'J r/ ,, Nor o'er th^idroM did clouds df Tendance toreak : A little while the consoioiis earth did'shake ° ' At that fSral dli^ by Iter fierce oluldren doil^ [M:: ■:;•/■ A few dim hoiir8;^f 4ay' ^ -^ iiu ^-™ ■ V ^ * '\ - / The world in darkness lay, / Thenbask'dB blH^tr^poae btoeath the; d^ndl^isM stim ^ A'Hiilflt thoQ i^d^t sle^ beneath the toinb. ' '^'i* ^ * Cdii^nliiig to % do6m^ ^ 7 /'^* . Ere yet the white-rob^ A^gel sfaon^ . IJpou the sealed stone. '' '^ 7 ^ And 'when thou ^Idst i^ria^, thoa did^/not s^dl With devastation in thy red right hai^d^ ^'^'4^ Plagaing ^|^t^, city's mbirderous /crew; r But thoa didst haste to meet / > , >. 4] Thy Mother's coining feet, / And bear ih# woMs df peace unto tiie faithliil feiif jf "" " * ^slowly didst tijioii rise;! td^M -il |S^' med cloada / rth "^ ^K7- -■:7)- indlecNiitiat me tUfolfeiri; '.';/' 5q':kf»- iiW v, SECTION ir. 4^ asssoarii .ti:-t^f ). ■'•3! i.--:i) >■ ON VALVl. ') •;• J, itn ../,- : CfouD and SiWor «r^ the ioDovt eoQTenleiit m to vse i«s iponej, because they Utke up bat li rooifi. i|i, propepr^ion to thev yalne. Pence dbey called the precioua metals/ j ,,.,; ^v^;^^^ ^;. 3^t why should ;0pld aii4 Silver he >of go ^ . ipqre y«iue thiin Iron ? j'or they are not ne«fiy io mftlH^i We should U veryiU of irit^>nt ^ive^ an4 sdssoTS, /and .spades, and hatchete ; anct; these conld not be made i^pejl from any tiung as from iron; and silyer ^ndv^Wd would make veiy W todls indeed. ^'^' Ui i ;{rpundei?atan^ thik, yon must nniemher that ft ^ not the most ntofiid uiufn|(# tiiat are of the most !Talne> Nothing ia more nifful than air and water, witho^^ .w^l^ we could not live. Tet these are in- moi|tt ^flabeeof BO value, in>^e proper sense j9f ihowei^; fthat is, no pne "prill give any thing Inr estcjiiinge t^ ihem, because he can have them withoat^rv .ifVij In some place?, indeed, wator is scarce :jin4 then peq>leare g^d to bny it. You, may read in ^cr^p- ^Pm ^ many q[ttarre> that arose aboilt irel|% ^ ,wa,^r ; becapise m some ^fvthe |ks|^ .coai^ef* ,wa,ter u no scarce thi^ a ivellf is. a venrJnipqrtiint po^see^ion. Bnti^fter is nqt more vedW in tho Arid^ they ddSii^ thes« thiii^ thb^ite*, bedise, -b^lde* ' Wrtttj; mawtifi^ to tK«^ eye, they uro f^iek- ^ HI ilgtf of -WfeaMh In ^he |«r80n-who' i^iUlh mki Amkt^ Of wlW flo#e«r IHII often b* 'a f i^Mfr ^oi'ililtotol thjtii a fifte* ribittd, itt a j«»wef; %tt«% <#oiil«tt nk«6 Betl|i&f to itiBi^m^ law, tiihbfr that M^o^jtL i^rd tib^ feott of ihtiA, irh^tenS "tlii^ fWMflftffetliWj^b^hi^fci'W^^ ,M o.>lIT \; ..-> J isited pro^ ;Iad to get t, in most ful of . all Vovidence, •me_jaluej_ sHsmeited re we caii ) produced picked up, ' TO t^nie. ' iidtliliitf. M^ef kitidft ir ladl,&ttd e, Eir« iiMk- ten W'\ » jeNref; ,t|f'HWir ^tetk^'tlle \ .^kA- • piftjr ihst » ininj should be tnAMjuipib^ fineihr abore their Btotion, which ^ften brings Ah^ to poverty. And often they spend mmify on: omai- ments which, would be better laid out in btying good useful clothes and furniture, and in .kpejnitf them elean. A mixture of finery with ipagt i^ dirt is a most disgusting sight. _\ 'jtrYou understaiul now^i I Jiope^ that whsteveir is oC -Vftlae must not only h^MnrabU for its use^ 9t- beaut^, or some pleasure it fiffords, but idso siarM It nnat be something that you e&n part wkh to Iteother person. For in«tahce> heaUk is tery desirable, and is what OTeix ^^^ ■ cannot obtain ; and Jtto^,^^ we sometimes do speak .of health as beings jdf taliuli; ^but thia i» not the strict use of the woiUiSilaef fip , *t .^J ^ fma to give » thoiuaitnd pounds, or perliftp« t^ Ihonaaiid poondfi, in ezchanee tor the hdalthy^on^ tiitiilion and strong limbs of a poor labourer ; ai\4 fierhaps, tlie labourer would be glad to make sHcli » ^gaui ;> biili though he might cut off his limbs^^h^ poiudHiiot make them another man's : he may thr^% •way his heldlth, as many do, by intemperance ; 'but be^cannot tranter it : that is, part with it to another 'i-h ' '■•,^ j.tf fy 1 -'U V,1 |•^.' LESSON JL • oii VALui—ooNtiNinay. ^ i' [,/ Jr.i"; ^ > On these ^Ibmentary points, such questions aa th# foUowing may be usefully put to themselresul^ i|iosbat to another .»■ '■>*■ •^■•^ri*' V ■■'A ■'''.':■» ^ ;■ r* v"'f ^(t^ manaih$ lehres bjr bat iEh'iof article of le, aAd 18 h by out -Because , limited can haTe i is, one T-''-„ is more limited in supply, or hard^ tft be jgc^fiQ account of tbe difficulty of workine tl^e mines of _iilveit. .-." :':.:^/ -■;>.■ '.* .\ ■ ",'.*'fi-/- ■■■ i- ■:'■'<■•-'-' 1> TV^n any thing tBat is desiii&bto is to be bad by labour, and Is not fio be bad without labK>ur,^ of course we mid m^o . lab|<^uring to obtain it, and things t^at i^e of Very gpN^ac vklue will usually, be ^Ibund t& havej cost v^i^j ;great labour. This has led ) I to suppose that it is tbei|abour which it;V«Iae, some persons 1m» Wn beetoiired '^ any thing thu^^gvfi itua tMf ^^^ ^ mistake. It is not the.la ao^j^ng £as cost tha^/causes'itrto^i^fbjjlit higl^ev pnce ^ 1^B(^ on, the contrary, it is ' l£a selling foi; > 1^ {ligher' prioe that cftuses men to labour in procuvinff it,^ /]^0r/instance, fishermen -go out to a^ and tou hard in tho v^t and cold to catch ^isli, because tliey can get a good price for .^em ; but ^ a; fishermfun lioQl4 lioi^ hand ^1 nighty and eat^ hut^e.m^all fph^ ifhjle aiu>t]»er had, perhapm c%ughtr || thoi|t sand, by falling in with a shea), 1^ vJ^t woud 00 b0 jib^^to sellr^is one fishfor the sam^ pricHK as (the O^ffr Q^n!49! thousand* thoqgli it frould hi^ve. ^Mt ^n ^he same jiabour^ It bp now and t|i«ii, „|^p^ , peiie^--ihat la.salinon has. leaped ini^ a ^oi^ )[»y chance ;/ but Jhough this haii cost no laboiviry it. h, not forthat reaeoui the less. v%lui^. And if a BiaiLm eating an loyster, should, dianco^^o meet with a Ibe . peurl, it would not sell for less tmua^if hd had bofn dirinf IPnritjkUday. ... ^ . ; ;.. sji ,,. It IS not, th0r^foi^, labhuF^t m«^et;alli^g8 valuable, but, their being valual^le that inakcis theni worth labo\iring for^ , And <)ro4» hav^lg Jifdge^ i^ his iWisdpm that it is not. good for nu^i, t^; 'be i|^e, has flo>i>pointed things by hiA.providenoOfth^t fow eitih^ t^uMthat are most desirable can bo obtained U labour. >Jt is oi^daked for man to eat ^^^P^Bpf^^^SF^^^ffi^ 9'.tep» V i " i -I h ■i '■U. 8toM* !ftb»tirt« MP* «h« Ii%fc#t.>tt^^ . jf WiitbhtokfeAi? tboi-ef than «5thel«j ■ taid^et thig lii qM t^oto tte d^ Trdrkin^b««^# than thd dthW; . vjitq V Ahd in ij) th« wuae tHth th« lftbdttt> df thtf nilocl ^ wilh that i^Jht Ijodtr^ Alitoker'a dl«A, whd fi«i td i*^orft hard at k!*6j)kg! i^eonmtjs^ 3« noi 04id «| hl^ «f A laijS^er oir a physteiin; iV^^ -. ,^ ~,,^^ n^.^^-u::l,f4^^vfi' ;.^ .b^'scf,. But whv gjwuld the supper le}ightoOtt? That ie, why is irmOr/diffloidt 4* *° hS? * *"** • Waitohmaker ikm a plonghioin ?4i i.- The chief-t^Won is, that the edaoation reotdred coote a ijreAt deal more. A loiig time nitttt be n>eiii in- itearning the badness of a watchmikkot' or « Wu ■ '\ k or it, ca ■m lie wc ? eh fill g« ni( thi ti • to ha lAtl wii otl k liM lift M is lit 0«t )He, who 1^ do«b d hotaliM miktai to ]IK»*« en and 'eqnired Pilh^^A Mi))port ykii all thu tioM, tdA slso t^ m joor laaiiter for toacihiiig you the art, yoa eannot beetMne 4 watehniaker or a sargeon: and no father would' go to the expense of breeding up A son a sorgeon er yatchmaker, eveii though he could well afford hf i£ he^d not eiroeet hm to eun more than a carpeiJter, whose eaaeatkm oosts much. less. But flometifiteA 4 father is disi^pointed in. his exMeta- lion. If the son shoidd tat»oiit stupid or idlof he would not Mqtnre skill ehoiigh to niai|itaiB hidlself iiy his! bttdnees; and then -the expense' of his imMitioa ^Oiild b^' lest t for it is not the/^i^petf- shre edt^tion of a Snrgeon that causes Mm ^0 b# |>ttld inore fot^ setting « man's leg^ than » carpenter Is for mending ^e leg of a tiU^; but the expen- ihre education tenses ftfwer pepple tO' become 8w«> geons. >[t oattiesUht sti]^{^ of sib-geoas to be niore /MA^4; tbkti^eoilfined toafew; and it is this limitation tluit is tiio cause of their being better So that ydtt see, th« vslue Df eiok kind of 'labo«» is* higher or birer, like thatt of all oth«r things, iUP> ,eording as ttfi s^l^ i# Ufiiited. . ^ i o < Natural genius will often have the same eflTeot as tho espeniiveneiss of educition^ in causing one kan ify \^p bett«*r paid than indther. For instance, one who iiM a .Mtural^ gdniial for painting nifty become Av^t^tii^ tMiinter, though lns< education niair not han^ cost more than that of an ordinary pamK^^ and he will^titen ettn, perhaps^ ten* titnesiismudh without working riny harder at his ]^lltwe« than th# oUi^r. But the canse wht * taan of itfatural genius is higher paid fi^ his work than «M>ther is «m 4he Same» Men of geninft^ «re SMttve ; , and th^ir woi4t^ Cherefoii), is of the ttMns^ irahie, from being more limiHiNl ilk snpi^ly. ^ Sofift I rinds ftf labft t i Tt ag iii H i aro* bighrr i mli^ fmk ^'«f^ ttf ^jJMHfr >^ >f'^ \ : - -^ -'■-^- ■■•' ' ... ^ .,_ ■'.',. \::.' ' ._ ■j::._; .«•'' ' :f. Aataral geniuA ihey reqnirew , Apy oeoapafaon ^luilk jk i^iheiilthy, 0r dmgeroiifi^ or (fisagrwiiWe* is . poidl ' the ikbher ooithat a^ouiM^;! because people woiiIly of house-painUitSyvlQilie^ gunpowder-makers, and several othera^iV" >i: r-jy' Some people fancy that it id mnint that one wi ' should not 'isani WijaasAk aft another who work^ no harder than himself. ,And thegbe certainly wo^d be A.hatdship^ if one loan iM>uld j^^ to Worl^ |»r him «t whate^eir, wages ho chose to gin^eu !|^ ii the ease mth those slaves, who at« forced to mavkt and are only supplied b^ their masters with fttM :•':/..:;,<.,, : „■ ; , ,'" , nrJi ra.m^ choose t<^ a^k !«fver so.h^h ^ 1^ m potatoes, or his (COWS, hOi, is freou^ do Sof^t tfc^n it woul4.^^Yefyi hard,,that.h» should. ,bf allowed t<^ foroe>Bithert |o biihr<|h«ro at th^tspriijo, iWheMker thejiwouH or no. In the savpe manner, ^ ordinary JiOHmne); ma^ atk w h^ wtgeii' as h» hkest but iliwliNihi ;he vei;v hM toohHgeothento mtkfMm «t that r«te, whoth^r they would or uot, * And > 40 tjie labonner hifwelf would thipk, if % fi$me rulei were applied *to, himi thjit M, if a i^o^ «ttd a i»rp«nt«r, and Ik shofim#:ep, could oblige -h^ tQ; employ them, wjtiether he wanted. j^eif imti^W ;|ijlp^afctrfii^evey immmm^ mm ^^flbow'tui te -fj-.riu' f- J*J» Tflt'^fl^ 1 'fr.isj-.' atioA tlui^ pie would ft kkkd'ci^ .'/■'j:; ;;■:;;; ^'^v• in>rkf HQ ' wo^ilbe ar to Work m XUi litowov)^ irilh fojg4 » Alao^ 1^ a^ we tQ ms dothi cSidoae to- m buyers ' price he mfiks the boar ^, hid o^^'lo prioe lor > Aof iiul lumld, ,he iiitspripe, manner, pi u:h9 others to dor not, f» ^ th# a tailory lige-hiisi ^ilA^L .V lii'l^- ihe Wages <»f laboAr. . It yks forBidden, tinder 4 penalty, that higher or low^ wager should Be aiiked or offeredv^or each kind /of laboor, than what the law fixed. But laws of this kind were found . never lo"dS 8ny^gi)odK for when-t^ rate fixed by law, for^ farm-labourers, for instance, happened to be hifher than it was wdrth a farmer's while to give for ,\\ other sellers and buyers, free to ask and to offer what they think fit ; and to make their own bareain together if they can agtee, or to brestk it off if ^ey cannot. T . But labourers often suffer great hardldiips,' from which they might tove themselves by looking for- ward beyond the present day. Thev are apt to complain of others, when they ought - rath^ to blame their own hnprudence. If when a; man is earninj^ good wages, he ^ends all as fast as he fets it m thoughtless intemperance, instead of layins y qpmethlng against haM times, he may afterward ha ti e to B^r g e a t wa n t w hen he m o u t of ^ywkf tr #heii wagea are lower: ritlf cold and Jiu|. g&tM the approach of wwt^r, came to a Tyell-fltcyed ^eehive, and humbly begged the beea to reliey^ bia irantf iwthii few drops orhoiiey. Que of tbeibees W^ed him how he had spent: bw time all smnmer, ' jod wh^be bad ncgt laid «p * atore.of foodflilce then^ ,Vfh said he, 'Ijq^eBt my time very merrily^ia dpnking, /dancings ^ a^^ swgii*g, and never once tbought, of winter.' < Our plan ia very , difer^nt,- m^ Ijw bee; *w« wmrk bam in the Rummer,, to lay by a fliere of foiid agatn»j the season when,w«.fcre^ see we shall want it; but tbiw who do nothing but, wnk, and dance, and aing, m tbe summer^ most €)ih >;,'r: ^1 il'iK' it "'ism 'Jf^' f-.-'iri'-. ,••.*• ,lfc.''W ,i^.;tiji:i5' • Viiiij^j ..:J.,|,^- ■'ii Uj ^'&» eVi^ttlB thdse who work for their livings som^ it a higher rate i&id some at a lower, there are other* who do^ iiot live by their labour at all, bu* toe ricli enough, po subliigt on what they, or their fathet^ , bftvfi lai^up^ l^ere are; ima&y of these ^^^ri^^ men, indeed,. irho da hold laborious offices, as magi^ates and menibers of parliament But this is at their owit choice. J3Bhey do not li^bour foi their subsistence* but live 6n.the!r prppertj.' ,;•,...; iSierei cam be but ftiw of tudk-persomv eomr . pared witb those wiho are obliged t o work fcr thmi ,»!jji' ♦ " /• • > » ■;i£ w well-fltcyed reliey^ lua f iikm bees 11 fOQuaert likethenu oierriljyiQ ever once ^^V»^to Iji^ Q iir)e •iEbrep' >thing but. V most ex- * h r ^. ^'l U , some At u'e others iure ri^h *: fadie!r8» ioh men, ftgiskrates their owtt bsistence, 0% Gom> fcr theii ll^ ft \ht-|M!^ 1>a^ flfH^rxt^'taMgli to lf« liitltoiit kbon^^^ht^ ttt<« leviend eoiifitneii whet« ftH ia^' i^orj' «iad Iti thoM eottntHM mhef* hAlf-stiiry^ at/t^Aesj aftd ^toeraUy batf-n^k^* Bbt itt any eottitry iiiiriHch liopetty ii set)tir^«i^ 1ih«! p«oi>l0 :|ttduiimiMi^ ilie %^tli ot thai <«Mm«ry will increase ; and tho»e wo are the most indos^ fKAo^ and ^galtHIlj^ i»>r$ than su0h as tire i^ «iAid> eitrftvagiiiiti ftud 4viU ky by som«tiin^ |(W' tW:" ohildreh^ who will thus be borti 1» a goOa ¥old» j)e(Wle irlo make good Die of theif time^ iMre'.quick at Wh&ngy' and tfrow «pr indostiijoiis «nd Meadj^ may, |to«)ba|») be lible to' eani mor^ than 'MiongB! for'<^^ mppott, iiiid so hiiVe the oatist. fa«^on of leafiiw iomo pro)j6rty 110 their childrent iind tf they^ i^gi&/dMi}d^ insleMl of • ipendiiig tl»i prepertyyineretise it by honest dili|;encej priidtenei^ iuid fhiABlity, they niay« k tiaie^ rais^ themselves to we«lM[i^ Serosal of th4 riche^>liitiilies in tho tier from a lowsta^ tiotL ' It-'is^ of ooaif^y. not to bo expected that manff pooi'im0ii shouljl bocome rich^ nor ought any m«o t^ bei Ms heart on hieing ilo ; Imtit m^iti stldwable snd It ohoomg tiMiigbtf tW'no one is shtt out fromt'tho hope of bettering his condition, and proyidiog fblr ^>4^: would yon not tfaihi: It h«i^<'tfaitt «' mftii tfcoidd not be allowed^ to liy by his st^vings foiT'his lihtldretit But tii^ is tfao'tase jn somt obiltitifios whteirO'tHroperty ii fdill'ieonred^ that^a man it liablO to have all Jus sftTittgi Ibvoed Irbmnhim^ or teiced «poii vtrhis death i wtitheii* all the ^{^ mi» ' ' ' ■ f i lTin hh f hn m tiii ^ft i t"m Ta th ln lri ifw nrtih h ii in ^Ampjfi 8|iffiDgiaQ^^tifin|k> I'^&i . i^i .nnm-i'. ▼eiw prOdttOtive »nd poppUo^*^ !bui,;irWcli;v«^|^ I iiitcler the ty whose le^es. the silk^wonns are ; fed) are deoayed ; [ am. , up on* f thinks of pUnting fresh trees, beeana^e has no seenrity that he shjOl be. lOlwedi*^^ u Can it be supposed , • t^t the poor woiil4 lie )^ettecH>if.if all theffropeity of^theiafihw^ej taken ikway and: divided! iamongi them^ «Qdi|fO, .M ■ ,^ / e 1ft .? *6t :,iibttt now Imeft (lie i^riM on* M b«a no W01114 be w^Aitaliseii t9eyiow«d >OjG)r would now; (hey as they 4o id witbent Work^ iie«r «neiroiiM fi^mwell DgJn way lv;ause he would not 'be sure of beidg illkt^ed to Meep it.' 'In' Consequence of all this, the wh^e produoe ;^f the Tand aqd labour of the country would beooine jdauch less than it is now; and we ibhoidd soob be ifeduced to the same general wifetobednesa. and dis* tress which prevail in many luilf-savage countries. The rich, indeed, would have become poor ;< hut > the poor, instead of improving their cbndilaon, wm©to^ servants, and labourers, and tradesmen^ and mwnufactureni of different articles, who lay out the ll|oney in food and oUfthiilg for their families: so that, in reality, the same sort of 4ivisioi> of it is made M'lf it had been taken away 'from him. He may^ perhaps, if he be a eelfish sdaiiv eare nothing for the ipandtaiiiiBg of all thdie farailite; but stUl he does mamtaih them p for if h* should choose to ipend Xl that he mayreceive^interest upon it, §u«,i |Kwe, instead bf^spencKngj&lOOO a year Jn paint- / JBgi, ^ saves th6t «um. every year, ^hen %U» mpney^ is geiieralty borrowed by farmers^ or ouuiiM • f aeturere w : ttiercha^ts^ wbiot can ' n^iiko a ^ro^t by It in th&way of their business over/Snd ai^vo t}# interest' they pay fof theusd of it. /i^nd in order to d^ this^ the^llay itfout in employioi labourers to till the gre«ad,.oi< to maiaifaeture^th and other arti^ de^ ^ toibiport vfbre^ gom& i^tmmiimii laJbonst of . all the rest^and eonimning all that they had helped to provide,: without: desng any^ thing' in Tietiurii; So the J all agreed > to strike work, and. jrefused tQ wait upon thia;mpEai^ eyes beeame dfiQ>>^u>d aQo.tbe'hMlgi! laofuiA m4 exhausted,.-; :^i; '4' .;•.;] rua ,f.ini tViu^jd. iia : ni Ir^nQql ":* Oh, foolish .membei9,'«aMl liieugt«iasttdk,i^^^ now |>eiiieei9e tfaatwlUt^-yoit utedi tm soppljnto moi^ was Jin< rettli^ supi^icidrto jnurseifefk -^ did'^ol eonsoBte for oi^sdf the fofudi thati was ^iu^.< into Ina^ bttt digested k, and- prepf^Md it jfob'b«|B|^ Jchanged istO'blood^ whldi' Wi9(i«4titt^ ilusiu^ varieuai .dpfti^ wik ):i« a «u^plyifor 4ftdi( i>f 'yotti^^if imi )«^ mfitd' in feediujg m0( il«iiihif iioe^ iftftdraf th«li(tfa| Uood^vesseis whitth^^osiish^yod arisledi^iffve^ :ml mi '*^y4n »e» riien, .Jtrn'-^^^ ritth >iMm» jaww^Jtoilhafci ija '^i^'l * % i.i.\ «?ji#*S'ii' ■" V -^** S-- T' '5= *t^;*--T I ateylnure for iio o&e but himMlf, ean hardly «void beiMfiting his neighboun. But this is no merit of ,|his> if he himself has no desire or wish to benefit th«■l*.^ Oil the other band^ a rich man who seeks for desendng obfeots to relieve and assist, and is, as the Apostle expresses it, " ready to ffive, and glad to distribute, 18 layins op in storeior himself a good foundation for the time to oome, that he may lay hold on eternal life." It is plain from this, and from many other snoh .iignhctiona of the Apostlos, that^lliey did not intend to destroy tbe Seoority of jpj^perty among^Cbristians, whic|ji leadi tb: the •dis^ael^oii' between the rioh and the poor ; for^i their exhortations id~the rich, to be kind and oharitable tO; tiie poor, would hare been absurd if ^ ihey had not allowed that any of their people should be rich ; wd there could be no such thmg as charity in giving auf thing to^^e poor, if it were not left to each: mati a »oney, iepidji as )ie is digposed ift his heari^ ^v« amtt iipiict to |bd thai 8flw«^^^^ ^rneee to i^nd it mto^ion^ their own sel^h en^ jofiwnkitf. ;'Sneli;men^ althongh^ asryou h»yo;8«oik» thejpA na of the estroy the hictjh leadi the poor; . khia and absutd if pie should as charitT re not leu »end, what « your own I you will* t mint be Ad U>giv€ old. . She when ht be is,di8» . * beeauM idinniienfly I dis|K)8ed ^Sfiwer.will lel^h eiif^ laye seeoy :idu«^iow sdveanm e not I hope too would; .but the beet protf that you ean sive thait yon would behave w>ell if'yeii were ki another** plaM, is by behaving well vkpiutM^* \Ofoi has appointed to each his otm trials^ and US' own duties ; and he will judge yon, not according to what yon ihink/ you would nave domain some diffbreat station^ but/ according to what yeu' Imt ^ne in that station in Which he hai placed yMflf 'H) itf>«^« o'/i^fi I, Jkui'ff iuJ.li {ri.ivi'iiirnij' ^'^if ihii- 'iff iM D/T; ; -it! • .■*/ i-i id-'na j<- V<1 ^mft fiJtr" 'A- • '. 'f- T-.h ^^^Wb hsfiB ««eit' thiW'^a rieli rnM*: wlM' npends oi munStt his %^ii^'«l OftlOOO ««rBiei(M>Oi^ ymK, li# Kindt'' <^v#t<^'th0B|i-'Wli» v^oilc to i7i6s>«pt«l» i(fly^#re than k spent on it| aiiit ihm goeartii iair Iftmse ihe wbojle wealth bf ihe cowifcry. .ilFhti^ff, ilisiead of empldjwg l^urero to flul^Srato » M0mh giardo^ oi' build tae a «unaiAr-ho«ie fw .mjiii^ mre, •IrtMployed them ni t$kiaig7tom^ 0hfami»g »vjpijl?t» grind ii^ the price riif* that eot^o^ th« 1^:4% *iUll»e inorelpf limmwniamlrik^l^nA' ness pmdentlj) than wh%t I have ^nt on thlff works. So that instead of ha^ng parted with^ money for jaDtt»m,«hfiaJt is spent on a pleasure- garden or smnmer-honse, it comes back to me with addition. This addition is called profit; and the money so laid out is^^ali^d^f^t^ = A man who ky^j ont'lili teflfney in this manner may do tlie same 0^ ,i|g)^^ soon as it oomes back to him; so" that ne'may go on supporting la- fc©ui!ii»,rye«Kanft»ryfiirts Anit if^^br ^Mwfw^i^h 3M»nn;:I>^)fl|rii,st#ro5«im^#4*h«l?*>^ «!^M «^»rbinisel^ indiBQl, m, |^#9^r,ia(t tto)dn« .li lS$ «9pntiQr».but^Ji fi^yriipfclng t# «nrick Wmw^T?: W «*riebing(lufrr 0910117 1 f^n finery ninn in "Ih* ii«. ^%iJbo:j4diMl»J^^^ me n , of anmr— , w^ttfing |g addedr tQ' J m ' 'H - s-f'i ^V > % \ Ix or [ m 1 m I ■ ' ': «#f ►■ •,WI 6 bi & ^ l« fr Vr h r at w ei m ■ = - W tl %■ OTDtQ iMt wffUfkMd otMMbg t on thff^ >d with my » pleasure- to me with ; and the lis manner a it oomes parting la- »iir08?i1ieh hin iiiMiali [••w 4wew ia.Doiija|iiy> uHr if lOl ^'IfffseiMif as sROBlRr :4- . / - . ^pi: .. :;->•■ ■■ ':* lag^Af^ or r<^berj,r<|thef8 lose at Jaastraa mnci^ ai| 'k^jga^mai but if he gets rich bv ]Ms dciU in lajnp^ or ffianufactiure^ «r miiungKall that he gains ia ao^ miMdi added to the-wfialth of the :v^p& con«trjr,|. fineeit is not kst by any pne else. i ,# Many |)terspns djs|M)se oC ^eir property in. tbp wajr,^ thpo^ they 9xe> not tfae'niselTes engag$?d in boaiQess, but land ih^ir money to ^kiierSf who arje. Suppose you wcire a Jabowrinff man, and had JtWfi' \e^ you aa a lejgacy; or had saved up that^iua from j^our earnbga; you might not know bow to trade widi the money to advantafoe; and if y9U keep 4t in a strong bo«, for the use of your children, you wouldiUot be the better for it all your life ; an4 at the end of twenty or t^ty years, your children would find juat the same Biim that you firat put is. Or if you took out £Ae^ety year to spend, at ti^a end of twenty years it weuld; be all gone. But yopi might lend it to some person engaged ip business, who^oidd give you Security for tl£ repayment of the principal, as it is called, that is, the sum bor** rowed, and would pay ypu,44 or JC5 every ^ar for the use.tf it; whieh is called interest. xh|a he-would^ be gkdtto do, if .he.kipw.that he oop|4 employ thia XlOO ip hvfg'mg u^ni4^ ^^ V-M^i m^lvm, ta^ freay^i ;Gloj^)i,r£G^ i^s1(|»^ lablel apd.chains i ^ wj^Ah ironld magkhJ^j "the ef the year, £110 1 for awt p^ ibiainoreaaa: of #10, liner paying jrou X5 for the uae of ypmr Ji^onej,.,^ would haye^gained X^ for hhnseif: >:t^mmM'yii^imt . In this way, great part of the cag^ital y^ ia< ^ir igaged in trades and n^iiufaetir«|,Js einplo^ed,;^f piersoBs who ^mw not themaelvea the owners of it«. ,,f 7r , Xhe more .eapital < ^ei)B ^ in, a aovn^, the better for the labourers ; for the poorer the pasted i^ tha fower Jabjonrara ha caxi a^c^rid; to en^^« §94;^tha ing able to ^ ¥-^ ■I mi^- - : <% # pi«(»fr of ibrtHe girded, pi^misHig l^iii i jil|»i^ 6r the pri>4H0i^ i»r hiib pftitiA^ He iniglit ^^^ lhkt4 mtiWg to live ok in t^ Hiiibn iime ; if you Iraiit ' me to dig for yoUji jrpa itiitefc pav laii vitally wageii Bi^ if ywi have nottting bdfbMaiid^ (kdept five li^eiliiriM for yiittHiH^u^^hftt ig, if 70^ Iwve iia is^ 4N)t tib «iin^l When the eap^in of a ship finds his prorisf^" ran short,, so tiiarthero is not, supposojabove t^ee ^*rtL ?®^"»<** <>» ^*^^^ »nd tW voyage is .likely to»rt foqr,^ ho puts the /crow on short altowance; and : thasj h^ each, man'/s submitting to eat oi.ly thro^ourth* of his usdil quandty, the provisiuns heU ouU But if the crow should mutiny when M^y felt hungry, and /insist on haying their full •Uowaiioe, theiH by the/ end of the three weekSj all woidd. a>« eonaiimed, i^ they wbgjd perish with ftoagei^^nirew it is |il«in that , the same wonlii be th4 m^mti^ ike wJtoW n^ion, if, when the harvejt fell ihort^ aU w«ro to g6 on at 4k» ordinary rat< of cotii' ^|>poee mdii^ fajlui-e in the crops that allth^ com m the country was only enotiigh for three-quai^ '- toil8ofayea»v'aceo*4Jngtothecommonrate*of oon- * Mmptit^, Jt mpU^ that if all men went on eating 1Je^ni«al«Mmtity,i there would be nothing left lb? . tHe last three months^ and tho most dreadful famme would prefttiL . • , ^J^ M^ ^he preren tedy as th eroJj IS n6> ^^^X^^^^ml^S^Sri^Mrmlii^ "-.^ m in t;hitlif abetilutei)' taking "6f iny othet^ Ksure this, is cheapo B tray m ky supply ;y n<>t be »ve t^dree is .likely . Ibwance ; eat OLly )rovisiun8 iny wlie^ their fall feekSj all rish with 1^ be the r*ejt feU el of coo^ t all the ree-quar- 9*of con- m eating ; leftfer . 1 famine 'A A. ,2 >> m.. m 'm ■'h'r fi<>e iofbe expileted that aH sbHOil^gi^/^^ •^ hhnseV Tor the p^blio good ? .If corn rei mained at the usnal price, all woulcl continue to e«t the U8uil Quantity till there i^as none left. JBut th^ prospect of a scarcity caused farmers^ and miyen^ • and others, who have capital,, to keep whai ccnii they have kj them,, in expectktion of a higher nrice, . and to buy iip what they ekn, at homeand^^^ abroad; aikd, a8 the|r refuse tp^ eell it %xmf$ -aTj^ ' sdvtinced ^»rice^.fIt proportioac to the ecarcit^^ the , diiaraess^ifiiod JTereea people to be niore aiivinc» In thk way the:^tor0.ef pmisiens in hii^iBiided^ the whcJe eomitiy, Jnat as i^ boM 4v,s|lm>^ and ip made to lae^ tiU n^t heri^t ; apd ihw; % ^off^ ing a certain»de|rM of hiirdship* Ihft JeopS.ar^ saved from perighiag by lamiiie.; v *; . , *> Hi is • cmnpiij|fto observe how, t^eugk tho wisf - and heiiefieent arrangemeht of . J^ndenoe, Men 4hu8 do the^g^eatea«. service to vthe^.f^Wie 1^^ : *h^ *»• ^inkmg ;of wj^ii^but th«^^^^^ / '. And th* . happenaiKitc mj «t the cw^* oi mm- de^sj bat ^oneEilly. .J^ fw t<>*empl6y.theiRisapitifk e^.tWjtt^ ^ist/for h»io^iadwnta|M>» he<)iiill almoeti aliRnys r^nefil •the ijpttbUo^i^ottgh: he imngi; have: no* raoh^s 4aei^>0|[|' laifloght.,,-^-. :,.,'. -J .,p,i ^ r.; .-nVi?./,v:,'v* ■'*' >./.,. .^ . fit ,y- '* 't -..u ; ,,, )''t U l^^••>^l; Wt re»d cirt Soriptare ,. ! (^el |N«n <4sr «kud4. a» 1*1^ «f Afiil fli^ill^l^ ■^^H>^i tl»t **y wi»# eoliiBti^ntW Imed and on their guard; and, for Umv df a jtiadMi attoek^ each man worked with one haiidotily/ and the other hand held a weapon ready. Itt Ibis wW it would take at least two men to do th4 wbik of one. Bat the danger they i^ere i% him to pat ap wiA Uiis ino^nrenienoe^ { «6antnea in the East ^upe to this da^ 41^% tt^>l^ s^me ii^dition^ Theyn^so infested Wfii^mp^Mii^ AA&»i always roanmigNi^nt in iite^t»rj^hmd«v,<^t^^ can kdpe to Iwajpo Beiii#1^A%^ unleis he is well amed^ and On hii 'ftaoML Ifirayellen tell as thi^ when a hntband^ « s&ait goes to 80# fa&s fleld|^ h* takes with him a diMipaiiioii wlika sword or^spMo, to protect him lirpm being robbed of his ieed-^tofiK*' This most mltke 4he' 4tdtifation of the grooud very ^oidy, «^a^ the ^fpt,' jfor y^ nny sappese idip rdbhdrs; will oilteii ie(Me''iii m^ f^iiiree as to oterposrw the»defef ali^tba^ifroi^itif .their labours. Aeeordingly^, in t^e'se obuntiies^ i^M is very little land eultivatsd. Most of it lies waste; the inhabitants are few-T^rnQt one-twentieth of what the land covdd muntain; mid these few are mke- rably poor. . And all this is owmg to ^e inseonrity of property. ,. r •, > And the same is ihe 'cSsK^ inr'all coontries wherci' the people are savages or nearly savages. Most of the time, and labomrf And care of. a savage, is taken ' op' in providing for his defence. He is^ W(kk^ Jsi piwidial ami foif^ his i |Hrottrotecft bim Thia ansft ery ioady, tfoi b^ /One he othor ie f the crop ibid aft^ ver^impero t; will lofteii »tdefiiiid«f8» lititiOf {their Bs^ihfeels hes waste; )th of what w are mise- e inseourity ' Ltries wherd' tgea. Most I savase, is Be. He iB^n ttiiition, families are oWige^ to join together, and their httle cabins on the top of i^ steep rock, wnicn they fence round with a trench and sharo stakes, to protect them against their neighhoa^ of the ^ v,Uage5 and alker aU, tl^y ar^A^ tAenlr w^ Wise, wovt^tww^ed, U snch countri^T ai^'^thak th^c are »,kttn4re4.tin^e^ ^manj propte >© every year, Jn Pfit^ijion t^ th^ nninjien, l^ any pan of ?urop#., ^ |t > t|pe that tiierrii not Z ^ a^ ? loir peoplet .BiMMt, , m «^ch coijui^)!S0. In f»t phM my^^^ 4e^#ll,%i they cai{ n^^ S Je^ »f W*^* i«^^^ piiofffie)^ w^^^ , ?.1«;f? jr jnstfce fjSnP fSl^i^ Ae expenses of the am»y tod na^T,*^ thing that goTemmantjproyidev are paid by the aU these thinfls, siiifee theyni^t^r oor benefc We Say taxes ana government-dudes fot these purnoses. ^^ai^ the ptf^j^^^^m^si ye^SraS J^ Pff hit ,< "^PP^ tm Some people (lo hpt iniddi^tind fWii, *r ao rto^k recollect it;, 3laiiy are iipt to tliink tax^ quite a diflfMiiC kind of iexpertde frtfm al! oihert;; And eftber (|6 ,|ibt khbw, 6r else fbrgtet, that tlitfy nfceiv* an^ mng 11^ >artf«Bl«^i#f((» th6 tacKj^^^ tms pajittei^ i^^ tiite any dthlM^ iTott' >ay ;Mi^% to thte b&k^ and butchei^ for fee* iy yoff, an^ tM' teiftA^ for iclotbMte" 3^ott J aM yW .-. r W^ t»tJt6tetin^ ^ir^ jr6d, oif clSeiited: Wertf jt f dur f ^e ' m bVo^^dinW ^fodd and i616thhi^; Mi thh Wi^ Qir #W b^ tik^ik 11^ l!^^giiardk|^ iigiiiiist 1fiiSM)Ste of iMatf i^ W %Srl^g W «)iiie otb^ man wbom yon woill(f ^1^'t« /k^#ii^tc1i i»iid .^-j^. jy^i k'BVS^^ ^ttie of;1l» ^nSja Wpirm l^i^ i«^ det^»8t«ble 'tyhkriti^^ ,,_,m one year. ^.^ „ w4d;or iifttoifei*ed: Itt ^ yiWilr^ iiro amo^|1tb<»^l9eir^2^^ attd tolb^ tovs^ Oil J '(d i>;f:i^ -iifi -^■>f; .^ ;oTCfnim< ■ ■. -Vv :■ ■ ii^ do iiot xell quite & And ehibeir tfceivif nikt in Tealh^ ftTty dthw. ^ I } aM y^ : W«rtr Jt irc^ly balf i^iidtWi :^ W .4K)^e -Hit' .*■ ii?- "V I ISSfW b^$0ed to. pajitbeftMe&i^^ Ji t 60 m^>^«k(H»k jto JH^ 'fliioes of. a lAMMoiake]^ but ib ^ake'cboea i!»r myself i4 hooM^ ^or 40 |^' withiaii them^il aip at lib^itj toi^o 8o:-;aiid xtWifliua%iiiil^ otheptiuch^ rptkywuu^. But it) it \|Mt//a»;int& jImi "pimvcatsi to eoTenuiieiita; li* ianyiMnfr ^^aHilutji, «^1L ofiooBV) t^ protect «iyiiowA*itoi«MiB»irproperiy luyselfy^^dtlMRtt ai# aniirtaiMf 54 fnwa MlcEBMii< icr sailors, or consJiableSy oc;rjiidg<»,:;flAd7^t^i^lbi^ ^1 isot - fMi^tHfaiet ;'! jthe.aiisiiisr • firoald^ be r f f fhen ro ib^ ^|]f«iiist2£ in tbo' 'wfldB/ToiT/rjA^^ <«««! in- aome ^niob;'«lmiali^ vbidi keep ioff»itli«*«fi»iai%ii ;«»• , miee from plundering tbe country,* are tk \dtfiiii^' ^^fyoQ'iaa iwail ap tOiiu|; you <|^7prolectedJ is Mm'jiB>ym9^ t»^ tii0 > ilaivs nidi^QiM io^ JaiiNii^ if(m' tbattbieYvs^ sud mnridoreiik «h4o#onl 'mm- b^ lit^lodse^ en aode^v : iS^ao^ sti|p^ :g«rainDtteiit iiBiifl^rwhetber it inM lofe ni^ dfoid ^ii a akare of its iproteotitiii,!.ife iia^ii^j.^At ^om ^hbiild bo obliged, wnetber yoa* vfll or jiq^ ^ P9d^ y)oiir> sbave of it» CTpenoas; ? Biitw i^ j^oare: Jio fooMsb aa>tn W 4he ebontryj and'' go< and live :eonii;i^MM ^^dbenlia ^'' It|B <|Mte Jur^ UleI^l^^bat as loi^ "^im k aiiy 'eonntry, far ahoold be/iobfi^^ti(iaU>iiitt«:iD -the^ogoyenuneiit, iiMMl t9 ^fik»H tiJMCic^iiwd ^bw^ V- Work ^ r ;:^^:^■ llP'' y<>" ™«*« yaw "Own^fcai^iMBnrmi V*"* « ^J'Pt ••«»he oannot/agrete M^ta tke tote '? W""'***"7**^^ employ aome oii(^ f IseiiMtoad. Jttt tke gmmtiMiit ^laiij toiin^, irluither H* be it ^Ain|;^^>i,BBMiileiit,iot^'ftr>geiwte, «r Farlaoent, Jjl^'ilWTt^l^tever Ifi^ of govenwieirtitM, mutt iUip»jpir|mfi|fi0^iMr:|r i^ake sH the people gabmit; WBcej ^lifnrtoii »»• cotddJiiot perform the office of .mtertmi^^Miv.nliiiis not left to eaeh person's ^9iioi0i)^tMiiefote)^]|oiir modi he ehaU ^ p^^ for his Soteettei; iMtl ge«Miineiit fixes iJm^ itazei^ .uid/^ , foi«eBrjd«yiii«t.«Nhsin„M :. ~.,. ,;,,,.. >.. :....\^ : m rlliiiy ig^tinuBents have) made »; bad vse ef this tonilHr,ian#Junre forced flkeir fobjeels 4e pay innch **T _?*L^® ipwaudd*; eipeasea ol( pi»tee|iBg «Qd. w^Ufis, ^on^ iothefSr^e people are/se»id -n^s ^b4 oiMefiifci .(t0» ^p^j more tbaii is; neft^seariu ito^pe for the benefit whichiihey myojv,iii liwnig ^nder. theipiotectbniQf agovenpiient, beiotase thej W?^ ^^f ?*i^^ not ispw»dw,!thei#retche4 ^n^ mumiOtm^^iAmv^mj^VQAi my legidsr govern- mta^u^Qi 4iQr Ui»,«twimodS*i«tiiMu4i^ Uiere is *on«!lso oohaaj^i oonmarediintht id^ it would c(Hit «s tO|Mroyide pnrselves with it, as the protection whwlt- w affiKdsd. US bj gownm«it. If we aH Jiadft^ idothes7andJ*oe8^ i^ pf •*yj%«»«ifc^th«.ifcnitopjand sheiemaker,:iQ«rvfi^^ 2* ^•'^^^MM^^«^idyl)fr>mnoh w^ SffiS^l flseiiBBtoad. ther H beib B«rlnn«nt, It It: is, mutt pie aubmifc ; le office of ih pefson'a «j ftfr his tezei^-UM^ ■ 'e \ ■ . , ..- . «se «f thw psjiniieh pitttee^ odiiiitiie% re/seou^ BOilto Ikeir tdlQiinein^ we sbbiUd Hejrioii^ »ii8e thej iohed^ ^sQiih ur icoTeni- i:, were 19 ronlfi ooflt protection If ire aU isteiMi el '> ,"• to obt«m would cQtt ik grert 4eaL And li WtfH^ f ^^'1«uci^.tlie'ireitWi^-M yewi but flf past ye«^; ttt i^ WM^ ^(Miire^'ptiftjr of richmer^h^t^'iiJi^ otli«i^^, repMO, whidi most of it 'Kas not 1»een,"ii^^'p£lrttii_ nc#er wM be. Tb# lenders, therefore, received in ijge for tb^ inoiiegri tan^itiiiilf tte if^miii^ to i^ecelre so much at year <6M ef ^4to'faantf ilkeiilky Goi^ernme^; undti^ese iuAtyte'^tl^tt^'ik^'^^ may be sold by^neipersoik to aiimif^^dilMded kmag seyeralotherii jiis# lft(Ni)^o^ih°^tl^/. Wben a poor man has sated in> a fittle iiioney, he generally puts it into the finictt, as it is eaUed, or deponts it in a SaTiiigs' Bank, which does this for hi|[i; he is then one of tfa^ Geyetkunent'cr^dHors, and receives his share of the taxes. Ton see, there- ' , -_ , uii ij II iuri*''T H ry ff TO" -. il ™*^ "• "^^^ *^* wirmaoh money ww,,f•,/«. .>ir;.«.r-,H^'-'';-,-H7;..v- ^it^ 1P^ ^'> '-)l ^ ^i ■^o 'otrt ;<')il'/» !'];4-./'» /fro-; ,v;: M (nr?r .'* r. ■♦•.--.-;? '/rf.tlu .>.i,'f *r>iii iiii« : ii^-i- J « KB 8 (ffl ! .'1^0 h> ik'Ofuili •^f\iii -, „.■. / tinfljirf tbiiii ff^ m m r^^ oifiiifr Om mum jcvt <^ ptyatMs ^ nonlj the faBhiOA of the langoftge to employ theee^ afferent words Meordiiig to the different kmde of •rtioleft that are lent ^39ie IsraeliteB were forbidden, in &e law of Moeea, to lend to their brethren on oilry, thai"]!, intereit a-*"---^ ±-'-m . . •" . ..-' own land, they were not derable dom ha them ha have money transactions occasion „ _. ined ta'flll^ l^o^ether, when ixcept wnen one iress; and then lus brother I^htes were expected to assist him freely, out of brotfitolyktadae* iw^-fHSiidship: as is 1^1 cpnune m members of the saniA fAmii» i?^. *%.^^ coming m m^bers of the same family. For they ^^oejs who rw» dio ^«^^ed Uimd^^u^ytt^ik wbett ihey todfcitfirfr nunef md th^.Hrir^ i«m^ mandedtooonodef eMdiioifayrasjir^ v"^^^* ^^Jtet7tlfa»y. 1^ by 0od?Ji 4^ «> iwjeelty^ mttanst •B4h» lean, of .aim, Of of .^nr'ithii^ lent, to Ifc stranger, that is, ^ one^besidwthe&i^ it«i. ^ And tliis> «howsrV(tkati«lhere ^oan>be^^ni>tliinff J™$2? '^^'^nff *"*««8t, b#<^ kfaid 'r "Wwie^aidfthAttheM^ p^ii^forihe loan of(iibolley,iHid for^ loan «r •ny thifti^ Blse., For sntqioseil h^ie ^00 W[^ W m^ DroQ'Wifi^asily , tee that itiooaMs to^ tfieXMiiii thing,* whether I'btay » hbnie <*r a pieoeof Huid ^i| ibiB>^meiiey^*^aiid Oelitr to my "neighbow at 5i mni^ • yeary orwlwtlier Itbnd him th^money to bny t£ lionaeor the land for (piself, on condi«io4 of Watpay- S*.™.i?^ 5?w* •Tpwft* the nse of my mm^. «Bl^« iKe oKe fMe his^e«rl^pir^inent%iil b« ealM renvwid ;» tiMi dUier ^a«» it getei th« namr ^f interMl^'r«r;>-;a.4i«tJ^-»ri|»{«--wl,; i^JJJfvi^iW.kv' "^ ^i* *uii( '=]. '^v.-^r 4.>ii^iirt;sX* .".I'i* J — ' I .-'M' # ir<^d*del- m one of then his im freelj, as 18 Iw- Por they 'ilh«Vionf hinif'ielB^ fnottiing forte^ow. thorn %6t ih«tiroel loan of !liexi|Mine mmtiitik boTthia noner. ■'i(>'!t^ ir.-i. iu it-,; Uffih^Na Aim' HI^ ; .t ^v Bfm mtii oiiglUrls be %t liber^ ta geM, let, or iaem any «r«ybe iihflft foert) his house or Imd. or any thing ^t i4" his property. .There are some iemktisws in the -world, indeiK^ inhabited W^ iayageitribee, such as the Tarlau^ where Jand is not m^ property, but is all onef sreal vommen on ^Whicfa everymta tarns ont hiseattte tb feed; (^Mse peo]de^ of coarse, lead a wandering IHivdwelUnbin^ toot^ and removing from, place to plaee^ 1% searcbof iresli iMstuie.- And' the^ land,^^ as yoii maysitepoBe, J» nerer eoltivated, as 'no one would taunk^W >>^g«wiyNwhen another m^ht reap theharvvst. > . There are other eountries, agam, wher*nuiy man «»y5^keep possession of a piece of gnnmd; iwhich he has pbi^hed and sown, tiH he has gathered^ a the erop; butfas soon as ever it is out of hi* ocoii- potion, any one else is free to take possession of it. This is the case in many parts of. Ard>ia »at this day ; and sach aeeoA to have been the state of many partft of the land of Canaan while Abraham and Isaad dwelt there." (See Genv xxvi. 12, and Acts i But it is plain that^ in soch a state of things, H Would not be worth any one's whUe to speihd money m fencing, draining, and manoring the land, b»- i^use he ^oold know, thftt if he were disabled by iickness from oontinnuff t6 ealtivate it, or if lie diedvleaving yonnc children, it would pass into other hands> and all Jie had spent wouU^ Wlost to him. 'f^-'i^'i ;:■: ."-'If/ ■,.'■»_ '..: ■ ,. ■ rJa o l rdeK thcrefore p if a^piece of Iatiayir for itli»«seof ii, !i^] >*e the greatw»lJ Ther veiMon «f tkisiis vervisimple, «iui wsyJ-to : W {'luiderfetiwdbii aaief e^h^ltbibiiy! or/to Mre, finohiases^ lik^>,ihe iprio«4tf eyeejr r«hiog tlae^in pro^rtbauto tfaetpweitv;^^^ it, iK>m|yarea <#itl| .ibie nmnber/el tthow^^^ «nd can laffiwd :!» |4»y for St*>. W4ien horses, «r^ te4rae,ini.ppAp6vtianef % fepifse ioMireisesiv And so it lairitb overy- thing else, sBui^wiiflilanfl among Mthereeii A^fatwer i2»- ^RM.Iancl^liieeaqse he hopes tq^uake a ^iil by HusiBg] o0im and etheir orops fr«i^t ^taiid«Me ^»^ jlButs ta jwy rent i Uk ity hecaoas he cannot ehtidn land wi^out. Andrso^itiB*with(everyitMng!that we buy or hine. Weimisent i» pay forit ^ muoh i« «e think lit f#ortii towf, when wo desire to iut^olt, Md ;ctonot:;ebtain fit'toie^Mm^ itha* paj^eiita^ T>i^ iw i^sMrmZ^ ^erefdre, • on ; aceouot \ «f : Itho; tcTops ithat may be raitod .fre» it; and -rent i0.tjKi«2 for it^ be- cause ib cannot be had without rent. You may hare knd;t»r^nothing in the Arahini^ deserts ; but no one desires it ^ere, beeausei^t'^liproduee nothing. B«V«gttin» m many of.thb onoleaarechpiarts of t Ame rvca, land imay be had for'no^ng, tboogh. the soil is good and will bear plentifiiirenms* But there the dead is so abundant^ and the people >so few^ tiiakaiky ooe>itoay Uresis much aii he cbooset to oleiu^i In thisi country, therefore, land that will produce any -*•«*»* is ifffvaltie, tbeoatoc the supply df It iiiitniiied ; V 4.- ."•:^- nght to Itf pMpert> ; r or to eiu- foTvyou, or he nam1i$r not, B8 it IS of HfW^l fhfioCil, tor9M|«rp theiSj^'anil lieiiife»of orj- thing ptomhj iot>d>tuti gfthst we ) haieiiit, ^■'- Laaid rop»itiMt br itj Bttt even in the fiewly-apttled jpurts of America, 'the lanMiecomes of sOme valtie, as soon fti-itiiB cleared of woe^^ and has roads mado through dr heiur it;. And ttltiy person* are willing to bmr, or* to piiy rent foVf stich larid, ^ven when they might have* latid for ii<>thing in th6deplj|i of the foFcdts. Bftt theA ifey lirottld hav^ to deaf the ground^ of tihses^ atid woiild he obliged to send perhaps soi^ h^nf^odisrdf inilaa^lo'a market, to^ll the corn and (» bny what th^y wanted. But aa land gi^s scarcer in proportion to th(6 ntimb^r of peo]iM,%at is, as the peopfe multiply, the owners of it find Mt they can obtkin a h^her and highei'reBt This, as I have explained, is be- canae every thii^g that is nsefol becomes an article bfwihte^ that is, will fetoli a/vrtW,- when it is limited 1ta-'fl(uantity.'-^tC^''>^^-^- ■ :,.^..;^V^^v '''^"''"■' ' ' : '" ^' '''^T-m ■f"" wkav ' persons fa/nc(y thW the Treason why lima fetches a rent, is because the food, and other thiiigs^ tjqroduced by latid, afford the necessary support ^of uan's fife. But they do 4ot cone||ier that air, which fUrtf d6 not pay :^i% as necesairy to life as food; ^ and ' that no one would pay for any thing^whioh h6 liii|ht have withdt^t pa^Kifle^t. If good lata'ij were as 4bttnditnt ih thii) edutttry/ in ^itoportron to the people^ sS it is in some of the wiids of AmeHca, every ottb md^ take m mmh as he pleased^for' nothing. It %o^ t>r0dtute iBorn itnd oth^ ueoeissariedj as 'it ddeb )loi^,^t h« woalc^ pay nothing hot the libonr of ^HhnAtidii. ' He#eji^<« the eontra^, thef onN* Miid of ^^rib^Whidh n/d^^e woaM pay r«nt ii t^t whidh iril) j^rodttce n«thiii;g, and iH of no use at all; likft 4^Wm6eUn^mmmw ifll«l«) ^ iit«'e]i«'^''|a^ Alr^ irrnH Umuetm; /:* ^' i.w »> * A^w« exfUine/i, ..former I,«„'S^ t^5^^5 powt of Ui« wpease ^Uoh ^ owiMBof S ^ V™ £^^,r^z*!w^-trLty^^^ .tM^.» not enough of it foV^ffi,^*^ Sri-^vf^- ^ pwitwes of great *xtpi»L ittSn* ^Mmm&gm. But th»y,ip» i t ii ' t ii i i w nn i i > mu ' ii jin i t ' i 'i . i Mi I '-S! •U.' DETTIMQ AND AlBINO^^^-CCHfTIlTDSD. ji;." - ■ • " l^3ows persons are apt to think that a high;ppiof of corn, and other ^visions, is caused by ^h rents; bnt tins is ,<)mte a mistaice. It is not the high rent of land that causes the high price of" oovn; '^mt, on the contrary, the high rent of land is 'supplj^j^; corn, and the price opSwm depends on the suj^l^'ibrought to market, eompared with the number of peo^ who wwit to buy. ♦Siqn pose all landlords were to ajgraefo lower their cents one-half, the wdmbor of aow^f land, jojlUie^quanf tity of corn raised, would r^niaui ^e Mh uid so would the niifhbw of mouty^ thel mmi eoni« The farmer, therefore, woidd get the iame price for hi9.> corn as he 4oes now ; tM only iifferenoe ^Atold be ^at he would be so mnch the richer, and 4he landr Uki 90 M^uoh the poorer? the laA)0urer9 aod^ the '■> ■ . h^% .^^ . >4 - •7 ^N^^l ™»*«!f»(ii!»' •person*'. tor fairinfi couldT aflfcriJ ^ ^ SLilf"!^ l««»«1i^o tlFso;cQ!3^ ■ ^eptf^rj&e. Oman's feb^ t^me; a^i^ long « % iis*fi#S-r^ fe l^odoabt, the liiW liiij^ne is, the .Iff afford to bestow i^,^iX if he is difi- f^^lfm^m^\^^^^ or on tS rp- ¥ lUinrit? m.f ^*!* ^*^ ^••vo^ny of his neigh- iT^S '^^'^ '"«>V*»m>yli« money; and tlii ' «npMK witoout ttavniMJinir *k;«« * **^ .«1»a^ rtte land i g»rmg^rt tq anotiier t) the oW^ wi 'y^mtm^ if youiwer^ to / »w^g tfcu^aiittiaaiK A it^^ll^ woui4 le (fliaii a^d i;-v », CQhfodn «one is, tlie he is di^ or on tiie bis neigh- i the more gh he can * id charitjj ■ the price reshing or n ak(K)ount tpj^e^tow lanqlorda ^jTaiii as «»c- tis woui4 ^ Plan 9Qd >bedand. iN^d tlie ^^w» / . thej^^ahould not beaUowed U^vtae^mon WW rt t^^'f ^*S ^V *^^r'y ^^'^^ «f this wtuld Be, that the landlord would no lo^bger let liis land to II farmer, but would take it into his own hmid^ and employ a baiWrto look afteiy^t fyrtuA..^^ ♦nii V* ; ^l^ ??"?'*'* Pr«0tice ini some'coimx ^abroad ; but thd Jand .fe/ seldom so well e^ v»tod on that plan, «8%hen i^/is lot to a farmed has ^een bred to the busine^ and whose depends on his maki&g the most of his fai -.^j DIVISION ^t hii^mu • . ' . r , .': ,: Obsrrvb the adcom^odation of the mJt '^ mon artificer or day-labourer, in a ciidUsed 4ind - thriving ^ntrr, and yon will peroejve *bat thS - number of people, of whose industry a part, thowrh * birt a^smj^J np^ has been employed k f^u^g him this accommodation, exceeds aU oomwtetioif ^ W9olle^ coat,^^ examnle. whieh ik^^X day-labourer, coarse and ro^gh as it may appear,^ the produce of the joint labour qf a great mStitnd* ^woricmen. Th^ shepherd, the W of tS S^^'^*W#f""^'' the^lressi/wlJh ' "2?rf*?<»^' *?««#J i& their different arts, in ^ J^H ^^P^*^ *^ :tfeH^homely production. . *ft^ maby melchanter and^€^ler8i,iwy„«^jp«,t . fi<>rt^8otne of t^e wprkihwivto oth^s, i^o o^ ^^k^Jj:! ? ^'"^ ?^ P*y' <^ t hs.»,intiyj miy . ./ *s »^ !*>. •^ r \ BMty 0lbi))Mbiuld«r8, Mildi^ Mul-nmtteii, rdiJ«Ltaia^ *tot have been emp%e<}, in order to brinrf to^ \ getber the different drogi made nie of» by the dyer, t whwh often come f^m the remotest eomera of the world ! What a iarie^ of laboar, too, is neces^ satjr, in order to produce the tools of the peanert of those workmen! fo Say nothing of snob compli. - <»ted machines, ad the ship of the #wlor, the mill of the fuHer, or evi^n the loom of the^eayer, Jet at crasider kniTes and m whi<^ htf »renthandi is beer, the d the light, fith »It thtt yM'b«ftn^ ch theM icarce haid * ■*;> inTStSTl ""^V'^P'"''^ .bout each of thei^ taw^e the eM:r Wd rim,*, itamerin wS "Ss »Mntort *xtt«™gMt fciany of the gtMt, im Jl ttjt the «!commod«tioi, of . Boiojear'SiKS »M fri^ pedanit, n the aeeoi^odatian nf A* latter eweida that of many anASSlh? .f. T? WW. m«rter of the Uw*'.;5«Srf*A±v \f->-. ^f -J:, ,v^.- '■■0: i I'-'^'f^ M'.e ■/'S*V-A' ' WK 2^lifJ'2™L*^8«' •*^'** "*" 'Kprf Vi- V^ a tnetaUine form, rng^ed with' «aec«f» and clouded with in(ipi|u>^tie8, "^ttronld ham giae^f that ii> th|8 ihapc^oBS Itutep^ laj coof^ed aOuOQaiiy oonvenieiic^ of me, aa wodnI) in time, eonatitute a greajhDMgt^the happiness of the world I Yet, by. iiomA#l|MIM|tomy|qafifaction was man- kind taoght to proouro. a body, at once, in a high degree* solid and transparent,— ^which might admi^^ lUie Hght of the 8U% and eatclude'the Ti^lenpe of the wind; — which might eitend^lie sight. of the philo- sopher to n(9w ranges of, existence; and ohiinn him, at one time, with the ^bounded extent of the ma- terial creation; andy at another, with ,the endless suboi^nation of animal life ;-^and,, what is of yet "^ meore importance, might 9npply the decays of niktnre, |l and ,f uGconr olc|f age with sub^diary sight ^us waa the first artificer in glass em^||kecl, though jrithont his own knowledge or exj^otation.. He :% wMj facilitating and prolonging the enjoyment oC ^y||gnt, 4)nlarffing the avenues of science, and citnifer- ..ring the hi^est and most lasting pleasures : he was en^lilig th||8tudent ^ contemplate natium, and the . beauty tqrfbellld herself;^ '. . . Johnson. '^ "X ig,aB airits iimnerous depart-| an art (^ tfopykig. Under it« lonK Vit. pt&itiiurlrom hollow lines^ ,».in"«(»perPato, and pVinting from surface, m^ bleck^pmiting, are compriled iSimerous arte; h iA- j(^ojBgiferpla^ PrinUfig.—In this instance thc^Ci^es lu^jmiaderlby tmnsfdrti&g^to.iM^per^^bgp mmM id .;:1^;art- ments, is twd ^eat with' «aecef» toald htam %j coikic«ded H, in time, »fili0worldl m was man- e, in a high might ftdmiW ^lenjpe of the )f the philo- chann him, > of the ma- ,the endless At is of yet jrs of niktnre, light. Urns g^ed, thomrh'^* tation.v He njoyment oC and o tres : he was vmy and the JOBNBON.' .' '' ' ■' W: roQS depaiti^ Under its liollow linesi iffaoe^ M ilk arts, icethc^eopies f JMWBS of »« tmftii limiW to ^9m^>m sm^r^ v^w^ th^ the number of copi^fj J%,j^JMil WWM; A h§nfe«^ note engraved as a copjperplato wfll not ^ve aboTO thceo tU0u«iA4i<9|»li|fMi>i|» 11^011$^ a JWW|lVl^d^Jie(Pi. oration. %^^ mvmmm o| « jMIft-po^ f i on steel wwre «¥a9ilnfig6 aiM ijt w«* ^^"4. to pronowMJ^ with «^ c$sim^im% %W^yinfi ^ tu}m impr^psiQi^. ^^M% th^s^ wa#. % p^^oipd; .^^ vm»g th^ fiffit thQiiaapJ, ajid thf p^wr, wa^ Jtj^i^ aflor Wiioe» a^yeAtjr a»4 «igMx ^ww4 ^MiSJ^j pilnteloi^ imjBfiio^l^.^ SS^Pi^flMjilihfi^ttmM^ 8#lB9.tl^,foppoi?ti«< ^^i(^f^ twi|r#in«ll«pni^^ t|M «*r f% # Aft WfWJfc ociM|jpnali^ the musicalVcharacters are prinjl^j9||| thMB^r, and the lin«i printed afterward. patterns on printed eaKooeB mre Qopiw bj printing from copper «ytindara^abont.fQnr or ihro inchea in dian&ter, on ^hieh,^Uie.4 previously engraved.' iHni M e;qM>sed to tlm, i^t^ l^l^r stuffM leather, by neme pr^ pieoe^of cauco twenty-e^ht j\ .^pattern baa m, of the eyl' itic ser 'oreibly m4mfAx ■VMnHNO 0,^,J^«fft^^ dyed it 2JI SmUirtb thM, ei^ t£t iiirtead of LJina dJ2tg •iSf o^<«»? «>W from a olotlr 1H^ ^,S^T 1?? "^ .^ ^^"^ between ti^d pistes St SSLlut^"? r"*af perforated wilfli LS p^^M^^'^ aS^ has t! nj«^ ♦i*)^, It dWfc not= gproia itstolf b«y ItikA iiit<^ a block of woddi ;Fh*3^ are all <># offt'iMDiifbril^ height; i^boM thc( i^^t| ^^i^/of 'Imliiidif %bii^ire^^ sunalse of the wood, ind ar« airri^ngsd hy "Ui^ lilaKtf'- intoatt7V.requirec^ patteHu If ftte 'blbct M |lih a« pi^e of flne woollen doth, ^ittidJ1lto piff**-««*wi'i copper wfre* receitjo^fLpordon,' wfiior- ^tlicgr when applied tQ^|p|pBco t^ h^jMfMi^^^ {dan, after the WiMP¥ r^^ inrinfstf with one ^df'blrtiojs; whUe the ink S^h? Sjr J^» to It, I» thJA atate, if a sheetT^r^; m^ vptm t>»e ^tonei and then naiUd m^l^ press; the printing inl/ wUl belaSSrM'^ ^»W5'»V-^It is sometime thomht ne, wjnt Tijm a wood«^.blofi^^ or ^ereotype W p^ttepp Mverse4 uppti ^ oppqJito MMw,^ The ^fifft of thia, whiST: u^ flfmter-printing, is to make it vifk had penetrated through the _?^ ^e patten y^ble on the o^ m chosen containfif manj fine lines,' ^ ighj ye^y difficult to effecJ so exact a tl^ tw^ patterns Jro. ^iHPpIe. The block which gives the ' ■•'V' ,"■».,. .■■■•■ ,'▼ , '■ ji": •;!'■«, ^'%^ i T f»^^ Mfrics 0^. I8| forme4> av| The ink em> }jmate- Btone, it' When a a4oilt- , wfitted, id th«^ i^in' the; •ngii^lf; ^perlMu to the i !ti«ad- ;ht ne«; «otype; ppqwt* iich,.i«" Bke it ^h the. - ! lines, ^ '' xacta sides mpos- > pro^ M the . *Che ittttie i^lfu^ b^ )Mm df % lilige; tliift stfM k covered by a piece of thitt leather stretclied ori^r it ; the block is now inked/ and beip^ hroaght down to its place, ^ves an impression of the piitteHi to t^ leather: it is then tot'fied back ; ariid being iJbed« second time, the paper intended to' be printed 16 placed upon the Jeittherj whisn ^^ blOVk agiftin d<»' scending, the nppdr stirfaee of the pa]^r is |)riiitcd f^om the bl(k(;k, ancT its tmdeir timHhe tal^ op t6% impresaiva from the leather. • ' Babbaoh; ^Um ■*^ \m " LESSON. XVL •• • ' • , Jrrksj-BATE MAk-or-WAi. X ■;*:♦ Of nil the iirts and prc^essioiit ivihidl. «re «^I«|. tfl^d to attract a |i«rticnlftr BotiM, n4ai^ oirdnance, aBfl bearing lill this heai^ apparatus safely to themddt distant shores. A man IB 1ieiklth'^^': ■■ -:■■■-■.-■■: v:;'-^- ."„^y. X- . ■..■ .... -..^. „,, .. ■■■. ■■r--':'Y . ■^*>, fsPf-*--.. g«»« ; th. weigh, of theJT^d^^tVL^i trtwf weighs .BoBt sixt^4««r^„dB . to^M^t '??'**' „ tile refleeftion most be mudA fK** -»- •"\.*« *W s*:«?.i:n^*>4 stitd^i S^r^ewt^rhS^e^'^fia:^ J.- J. L •»^««*' *«««, M Steered and £rovernpH wi'i^k to much ««e as the smallest boat. ^^^^ ^^ ' « w . :^wj_.: in- =?i. f these on I. hundred It of their Oij the pbiiii4er%' therefore, [ht of the 8 on the* poiind«; quartelr-v ' pounds; und-tops, e added, pounder* at least gun> this 6 Weiffht t« lfig,v up m(i^' rffioh, weight; tch, and nd sea- ler artft> U arms,' a8id^ra> weight carries, >dunds; ed with ierA !Vfcj*>' ■Mm ■ .; , -Vv. . •:>. >■ ??^^ ■.'". ''.* ■ ^ ■■ ■ ■ ' ■■■■ ''• M V ■■■,■■. ■ ■, ' ..*«■-.-(■." <*".:^- . '. ■■ ■/ '■'■ ■■'• U' '-■',*';■ ', " ' '"^■"rv':-|«80M.LAWB0U8 KKTBAOM; ' ';^?M'i' . ■ :'^^k'i- ■ ^y ■'-' ■ ■■■'■- :^:r..L_4;--: -'^ ,^' • |iv./:„v ■'--.■ % Ttti acoumnlation 9$ dcill and sijuittbe* which bare '1>een directed to flii^in iwh the diffici^y of m^ - curing manufactured goods, has not been oene&nal to that country abne in which it is ooncentrmked; ^distant kingdoms have participated in its a^'noa* tages. The hixurious natives dT the £ai[^. and the ruder inhabitants ofSlhe African desert, are «l^e indebted to our loom& The produce of our fiwAb- ries has preceded even our most enterprising taravel- lers. The cotton of India is ooiiveyed by British ships round half o^r planet, to be woven by British skill in the factories of Lancashire: it is asain set in motion by British oapititl; and transported t0 the v«7 trains whereon it. grew, is ie*piireh&d by the Jotos of the soil which gave it b»^ at a ^eape^ fnoe than that at which their ^<^^[WMr machin«K|t V enables them to maoufacture it then^ves. ^ ; • Various, operations occur in the arts in which '^e assistance of an additional hand wo^ be a great :.caxi¥enienc^ to the workman, . and^u" thi^e cases- tools or machines of ihesim|iM^ ttrSctuN^ cone to our aid; 'vices of different 'fdfins, in which ihe ma- terial; to be wrought is firmli;^ gra^|M4 by screWs, are of this Jdnd, and are used in altno^t every woik-. ^op.; but ^ more striking example ina^ be found p' the toade of the nail-maker. -Kk- ' ii^; . Some kinds of najis, such as those . ud^d for de- ; fending the soles • of ooarae. shoes, called hob-nails, require a particular form of the head, which is jmade by the stro)ce of ,a die ; the workman, hidds the red- hot rod of iron out of.iWhtohJh«fQrpbi;th|BBik Ui , " . ■ ■ '^ I <'(:■ » ;■, ■ ■ • - > k uik hammer I Jiia foot; ietmpioiea ' lrok« pifo^ I'ikinij the I iwtained. r anotber obliged to th of tli9 m fikonld tte anvil . , oing hitn soling, to rtion, by supports lired ex< t art in* tortance^ ►f which wary to aajpnl- hejpare 9t«id to- imcler- ^ f jQftia X t -.(to ■- =«r • ' * " ' ' . ^ * ' "•5 The process of en^aving apon- gems is ose.t^ qninng considerable tiipe i»nd skill. The s^als tkas prodnced can, therefore, never become eommoiif imitations, however^ havf bepn'made of Yarious dij* grees of resemblance, f he colour which is giv«n to ' Sj*®^ }h perhaps, the roost^lmocessfia. part . of the jmitjitiori. A small ejlindrical rod of coloured glass is Heated m the flame of a bk»w-ptpe, raitil the ex- treikiitj becomes soft. The opentor tkoa pinches it between the ends of « pair of nippera^ wh&h ar«. __ formed of brass, and on one side of which has been ' carved in relief tWidevice intended for the seal. Bj this system of copying they are so taulti^lied, that at Birmingham the more ordinary kinds are to be parchased at threepence a dosen. » 4 ' _. - Engraving by pres^we k one o^ the meet beautifftl instances of the art of copying carried to aa almost" nnlimited extent; and the delicacy lilh' which it can be executed, and the precision witt which the finest traces of the graving tool can: be tranafei^ from steel to coppery or even from hard stee^o soft steel, are most unexpected. An engraving is first C^ade upon soft steel, which is hardened by a pecu- liar process without in the least injuring its delicacy. A cylinder of soft steel, pressed with great force against the hardened steel enirarins, is now made to roll slowly backward and fonrard over it, thus receiving the des^grt, but in relief. This i» in its turn baidened withotit injrtry ; and if it be rolled «ro^ly to and fro with strong pressuife eh saceessive ' plates of copper, it Idll imprint dn a thousand of tbem a perfect /flwsMmt'fe of the original steel eii« graving from which it resulted. Thus the number of copies producible from the same design is mMti- plied a thousand-fold, r^nt evea tli^ is very ftif ^ort of *he limits to wlifich this process may be e»* mM, T||» h»rd«B«d itc^ rc^^, l>Mrag te ■*■ ',' \ I m .4 tt rSl* ^ "'^"^^ ""^y ^'^^i^<^J^ to muke » „1W of Its firtt impressions upon plates of to% gketL and these being hardened bec^e the rej^U^ti^ ^ the c«ig,nal ongravinft and may, in their tO^ S made the parents of otW rollers, each «eneJaiin? copperplates like their prototype. g^newing «*?? nietd to be eonrerted into wire is made of a' St tn'^llrif*" * ^r" ^'^f'^ throughTrcular noies m pLites of steel : at each passage it becomes gaaller; and when finished, ite sLo^ anyS ^ ^ rae or of what a star with from sue to twdre rays; this is caUed J^imon wire, and is used by the cJk-Wake,^ ..» ifDss^Ni^rai ■^ i^haf Iv^^ "^'"'^ »a/ Which, require .idditiJnal 4aprtal, may he mentioned the oare which is taken g^^fonned, to be absolutely wasted. An attention Je-tlHS ^outnstanoe sometimes caused the imron of tli.^ w one factoiy, which otherwise would m^^^hm »«pftr#ed^.^n eniimeration of the arte •■■.■■.- ,.» '•»..■■■•» ?h «iroular it becomes mj point b whieh if : ^re^ the ir ,■"- . The liquid itself is used .aisL^kina of glue, and is purchased by the cloth-dressers for Stiffening. The bony substance, /which remains behind, is •, ground down, and sold to the farmers for manure. The shavings which form the refuse of the lantem- • ' maker are cut into various figures, and painted and used as toys, which curl up when plaeed'on the palm of a warm hand. The skins used by the gold-beater are produce4 ■''^ from the offiEil of animals. The hoofs of horses and cattle, and other homy refuse, are employed in the . production of the prussiate of potl^ll^ that beautiful,^ V yellow, crystalli^e4 salt, which is exhibited in the / shops 9f some ^ our chemists. y \ ■ ■ ta»dji wtfc oM to, »lBttIe» iwd wom-oat iron coal- pwrt? "*.«•* at* .trW^uBcbsd with BmtU holes ^j'jr^ with ,'Lj;;: w„k ,^iS,, f„j" s nJf,^ i".^"' *?^ *?"! *■« remainder ar" ■ ■•■■."Trrp-'*'- .... . .. .,- .:-.■! " "Si.i K -"'■"'^/^" ,!#■'■■" >■''»..■ >«i -.irivf > ■ •..>• '. ^ ■ ■ ■■„•■'"' » » ■f-K^. "TV « : V.,;- .A ^ of pox iMset dirts iron coal- e opt yet corroded ftll llole8^ >» for the ligea and nder are the out- diye lor , '•■'.; \ ', rrl- / • -44 ' ; t. 1^ SECTION r. XESSON Jt V .i.\ J^'y •*■* ^®» *'tk« toiior oM fkt]i<» JWe, wd th^lMt of a numerous progeny ; for he has had no le«s\ thiwr ievwrf thmoandft of ua Jlut it haslver fteeii his Ate to^ one child expire before another pom. It is the opinion of^ some that hi$ own ooBstitutMm iftbe«nn% to break up, and that when fee ha8\^Biven hirth to a hundred or tWo more of us- ^ fainlly wiU b« complete, and then he himself wjll be jDo ni|0re« « i ?. A ' -^ Here the Old Teir called. 'for his wcourit-book. Md^turned over the pages with a gSrowfiil eye. He has kept» it af^ieiirs^ ai» accurate adbount of the momentSjminnees, hours, ai^d nlontlls, whicb he has jMuyl, ^«Mi subjoued in some pteces memorandums ^ the uses t6' whieh they have been implied, iind of tike; loss he ha* sustained. These particulars it WQ«d be tedi4Mi to detail, but we mipt noti<^e one eirii toning to a o<^nain pa^ in his Mopuntsy the old man wa« mneh affected, and the ^te^TQi streamed down hi* fonxped cheeks iw he ex- gmijBd it^ig WM tl|« register oi^he fifk^-twb 8und»5rs i^u^h Jie had Mwued; and wJiSlL of |Il thd wealth 1^ had to dispoie^ of, has been, it appearii ' '"^"^^^^^ wasted. " These," said h^ ' "irore my most jj^ecipus cifte.^ I feel, howere^ iiii ki|;* li^Sj^*" -Ht" ,<•*** '>¥i^ ."H* .V;- ^WH •:-r'^r w^^r*^ oflfenders; since thijy were fiir greater enemi^Vto themselv^ than to me. But there are a few out- ragec>u8 oB»8, b> whom I K^ been defrauded of so much of my BuBstance^t.it wiifficult to think of p!!1 .^ ^?- °^\^f*'°"^*'^*^»* notorious thief ,1'Toeraitmatton, of whom every body has heard, wid who IS well known to haV^ tt^nged my veneral J^fetherof «>much^fj,is^perty. *ier* are ft. l^^'^T^t^ ruffiani^^fr^^ Sloth'md Plemmre, fironr whom I have suffered much; besides a certaii^ busybody called Drm, wi>o,..und«rtib» pretence of ^king the most of me, and taking gr^t care of m,^eal8 away more of my gifts iSaS any twto' of ^"As rfor me, aU most acknowledge thiifc I Wi CfrTi^i'?' P^ *«^d my friend and foes. . I AaveJdfiUed my utmost jwomise, and been more Jjountiful than^many of my predeoessors. Mr ive fair chiWreaWe^ each m their turn, aided exertions; and their varans tastes and dispo- >ns_have all conduced to ^e general cool iV^TMorj,, who sprinkled tie naked bodghs • With dehcate buds, and brought her, wonted offer. ^mg- of early flowwrs, was not of inorH essential Sn^ l-TJ^-^T?^' blustering boy JlfarM,.who, ^oiigh violent^ in.hi8 tender, was wellriatentioned t^iT & 1 "^^^' »• «<>nt^ toAder^hearted girl, wept for hw loss, yet cheered me wi*h many a smae ^t»n« came, ^gwned with roses. „a«d spariding in r wT' '^^ "J' * ■**'» of costily'^niam^nte for her luxunant successonu But' I cannot atoor to enum^te ^e good quaUties.and graoesof^^ K ohUdreit You, my poor Deoemftcr, dark iti Vow semble my first-born, /a»«aiy, with this differ Jnce, ^jt^was most prone to antioipation, an^ you to ^^^i»*p9riiM^j!h»i kkwt »fUt»y ^IftJ^ ■i» "oMnb^l enemidl to a few out- luded of so to think of )riou9 thief has heard, my venera- Ther^ are I I^lemsuref i a certain retence of at care of mytWoof d foes. I )een mora cnrs* My imi) aided uid dispO- raJ good. )d i)oiigh8 * ited offer-^ essential itentionei^ rted girl, y a amile^ >)^linjg in ^rnanientft >t atoprto ►f 4ll>jny ^ iti your, reatly re^ liference^ d you to -i^ot^,-/ ■••• "many may reflect upon themselves for their mit duct toward me. To such I dyii^g injunction, not to wast regret ; all their wishes a recall me to life. I shall ^ would rather earnestly l-ecoL my youthful successor, whose expected. I cannot hope to1„ introduce him ; but I would fain _> meet with a favourable reception; anL ...„«, ,« ouvt- tion to the flattering honours which greeted my birthC ^ ^nd th(S fair promises which deceived my hopes, more diligent exertion and more persevering efforts maybe expected. Let it be remembered, that onO honeat endeavour is worth; ten fair promises.'* ii - ^ • ^'""'•' " t ' '* Hendssson. that it as availin_ 11 not II egard ihortly rough to he would ■'f in ad^ v i.,JIA&\. .hi- LESSON TL • ■, , W^AT is TIMSf . I ask'd an aged man, a man of cares, Wrinkled and curved, and white with hoary haira&' "Tune is the warp of Kfe," he said ; « Oh teU The young, the fair, the gay, to weave it well !" I ask d tl^e ancient, venerable dead, ^ges who wrote, and warriors who Med ; " r^ Prom the oold'grave a hollo^ murmur flaW*d, "Time sow'd the seed, we reap in this abode I" ' I ask'd a dying sinner, ere the tide Of lifD had left his veins.-^" Time !" he repK^: « I've lost it ! ^Ah, the treasure !"— *nd he died, lask'd the golden sun and silver spheres, ; «. Th oWilttight chronomotars of days and jAani •*'", " ■■.'"■ • . ■^■ ■, i ■• *_ ■- — _i_i_ ■■' * .- *■ ; "- i ' ? ■X.. % •.' 1 -A'-'- '■> :'■' *■ "" f ■■'•.•: - ~ 1 ■ ■ ^^—^ * .y:-r •-' -., ;. ■ > . Ti '"'.^ ..■;^ :->"i » !/;"»■'•'' 1 :,/;!;.m. 4 ■'*/■■■ "7 - ■ ■ " ■■ .'ii . ■ . ■ 9 ( • '. -"' , ^^ ■ ■. ' ■. «'',>'■ ■-. ■ ■ " ' .'' ■■ ■■; ," . - ,"■/ ' . ' / ."''"' : i ':-:■■■ '■ 1 toy , ' ■::r;J''^'^\. ^,^- ■ ,. ., ,> ■ ' ; - • ■ ■ ■ ■•■ i-' ' ■ ■ ' .' \v -^ ■; • ■■■,'■ .■■■-' "'■ , '■" ■ p -■ .\- -;• ■ : / ..».- ■ .i^ :::^^J[':M- J__>___^ H wmmm^ ■■■■■1 t . « t * : „ '■' ■/,.:■ " ; ,. . 1 .,.!V'''- i * . ,■'-■,■'■ ^ ' ■■>> ■'■■"- >-/ - "/ .v'".--^^' ' ■; ■ / ■■■.:■■(•' .,■;,./ ■;■»■■': \ 7'. * • .^ ',■■'■■> ^ ■ <■ -V . " o A."' "■ ■,-'/- "V- tr .■;■-'" ' ■ _ » ' '» - ff^ , .■ '■ • • ,^. •■'■/' ■ . ■ -<• ' >". -■ **'.'. V " ' ■ V ' f' • V • » ■„f J p \ ■ »' ®A V. / ;//■ • ■ .. - * • .'■•.■ ;;S:;i?f"- ■■ ■ \ 1" • 'n .'' ■' '"■':/'■ ..^__,.- \ .'*'" »■«■ J ^ ^ . :"■■ '\ , 'n \ - "■ (' . 1 ik ^ *' ' ;■■'■■ ;'■■■■,. ,>■ \ ^ -■ ." .. w ■ • \ • . '■ i "i *- 1 ■■'-''■. , i^i^''^i,-_S-'. ".[- "a . . =-»?"::':<::. ^^' ".' ....1 I k ^^'' , . ■■M HHHI ■n mi ■Ill 1 ■MM ■ ^H ■ ■ ■ ■ 1 ■ I ■ ■ ^l^^'t) ♦ t / ... 2i~ IMAGE EVALUATION TESiT TARGET (MT-3) > - /„.^ ^ \' >• f.o 1^12^8.125 a Hit "^ ^ |i£ 12.0 \ Photo g raphic ScMices Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STRICT WEBSTIR,N.Y. 14580 i 71 6) 873.4903 '^ ^f^ * \ "'U ■^ ..-v^,: ■f / y » * * .it . 1 ■ »«-. ■f 1 ■ ' * ■ y . • • ' , . 1 • - *;.■■ ^i.: J._ __ • 1 ' /:: • '■ ,^ * « 1 ITS ^-fil^li; y»T^toiw«r'a, " Tiflie k Imt a meteor rfare) i^J'u °!»*«»«» »n their annual romidiH u 1 b Whicfc beautify or desolate the groand; 3 v i:!5S.*^;^^*^' <*»*> <»'»<^ "n^^e wise,]! H - -^ i^ Tm Folly's blank, and Wisdom's higlieit priae r I ask da spirit lost^ but oh I the shriek ^ Thaj pier^d my w«|.|. I *udder whileJ speaks .> It^cned, "A partecle; a spark, atnite UfTOdless years, duration infinite!" ^4 = Of thiiigs inanifliatey ny diallfr v- ^* OmMultod, and it made'me thk repl^ "^ma is the season fair of Imii^rell, pe^nath ofj^ryv or the path efhell" f w« d .% Bible, andmethihkait gaidi ■ - rane-jilifct .present hour, the past is fled : i lAve I Live to-day I to-morrow never yet On any human being rose or set." I ask'd old Father Time himself al last;- But in a moment he flew swiftly past !-^ His chariot was a cloud, the viewless wind His noiseless steeds, = which lefhpo trace behind* lask d the mighty Angel, who shaU stand. One foot on sea, and one on niolidland; "By Heaven!" he cried, "I swear the mysteiy** TW wanfc".ha <«»i«ii^' hut Time ahaUWndinbre!?? i;m/:;: 1 ''-ii}' :*^f>? 's'^ ^1 ■ U,t„. UiJf.M-iiii 11 ;■ hi' ^ -Jlk ffot^ ^ . J''U« M).>' "/iUJ ,"V, )>,-.>; , -'''^^' ... - WtMmitNStBft ii^Bldffr •^*'/»''--'^ f*')Uiit-"i , Wrato I an in » serious hnmoiv, I v«f oAeii ijjft by mjrself in Westminstsr Abbey, whir«)i|ii^ Cii0MM»«f .tht,|ikct». — -» fr Trt tinrhNii ilrfi ■Vi- X 2^dm« ot the people. wlK^Mcr in it^ iTLTtD^ M«Mbat It not disagmeabk. I, yesterday, laeaei Md the e^, amoifiM ,by»eif with the tombstone^ iwre of tive kmed -pewon, but^ that he was Wii* ^ w^»?S* "• T*"*** *^»» mankind. 1 ^of th«iH 6« 4j»it tiiegr wete bom, tad tliit they "J?SS^^ •b««h, I ent»rti«ned ehweHttI and Momm, ^eoda and JBttenmB, iniestrlid •mon^t one another, and blended together in one wrtmon man ; how beanty, atrength, and yonth, t^.^i^'"^^ "^ deformity,, lay nnl ^ngniahei «n *h* «^ pj^aiecuo J hii of J. JiSl^^^ «a»r^ed tlw ireat maMihie of tmmtPrm ^were in the lofenn, 1 examin^ it more ■ w'"ivi!W!*^''n*onimiaiiB mkAek mt9 iaiaad in avm^ • »ST'.s«^??gsK .■»,-■;■■::■ n .: (s . ..ai ■ fH ■ ' ' r'v- -.v'.:'- ..:l ' ■.■-■■■■ ^ .■ f pfivtirea milk txidk ^itttmffualt tjjpiikpha, iwere posftiblf for the dead iwtbo^; to,M —^ ^ with them, he would blosh at dte pimises whioh his friends had bestoTl^id upon htm./ There lure otheffrso excessively modesty that they ^iver the ohaariicter df 'the person departed, in Gre^ or Hebrew, and by that means are nipt nnderstbod once in a twelver month. In the poetical quarter I found there were poets who had no liioAiHnents, and. monuments whieh had no poets, I observecL Indeed, that th^ present war had fi^ed the ohmrdi/with many (^ those nnin^- habited monuments, whiph had beeb erected to the memeiy^ of, personi^ whose bodies were, : peilyftpB) t jboried p, the plaint of ^lenheu% 4iAti ithe boiep ''of ^he O0Q taphs of the beautifcd, eveiry inordinate desire goes out ; %hen I meet wiUi the grief of parents upon a tombstone, my heart ' melts , witiit eompassion ; when < I see the,.tomb of the parents themselves, I ooniider the vanitjr <^ grieving for those whian wJ w i.-» rn > ago. I insider that great day whe^ we sfetM il of ^ be fiontemporaries, and qiake/ oto .^^rance Ijogether. .■i.i.l^: /,. ■/',( I -vfcv - , ■ , ■I* J^I^^'rihr if-": ': ii-l Roll on, thou deep and: dark blue ocean— -roil r Ten thousand Jeete sweep oyer H^ in vain • ^ Man marks, tfe earth with ruin— his control ' Stops with the shore ; upon the watery phiin JChe wrecks are all thy deed, nor doth remain, ^hadow of maii% ravage, save his dwn ; /Wfren, for a moment,. like 4 iirjito of rainJ^'*' ' 'nii- />, ?^8>t%iareiio^iipo^^path8^^ fci^r^j-jf f*??^ ^ him,— thoid dost a4e ' ' And shake him from thee ; the vfle si^nltf he wields- •-'.-,;/■& ^',V. ■■/.^. .= -:: -'iU'.i^ ^ For ^jjrth's destruction thou dost all desinsew Bpnmfaig him from thy bosom to the skies/^fi^v ' And send;st him, shivering, in th^plaVftd sbrfcy. And htowUng,.to his gods, where haply lies X™ ]P«**y liope in iome^near port or biy,' »' J lid di»hest him again |to earth : there let him lay. Tl^ armaments wUek tbunderstrike the ^aJOa Of ^k-built cities, biddLag nations quake. ';'A -t^^^ * «uu toB, wnose nuge nm make ,j 4' I'l . A t. »"■ ■ ■ M^- ii'i ■■.,:,■, ^!,/' . _!*.(.».»._ ,■ ,J :*H«S *<•' 4RB ' fHe!r f^ trettor the rain titte tak« Of lord of thee, and arbiter of war ; TheM are thy toym, and as the anowy fllke They melt into thy yest of waves, whM mat ' Alike Armada's pride, or spells of Trafa^ar. ■ix \ Thy shores are empires, changed in all savethee^ Assyria, Greece, Rome, Carthage, where are they If Thy waters wasted' them while they were free, And many a tyrant since ; their shores obey The stranger, slave, dr savage ; their decay. 1 : Has dried up realms to deserts : — ^npt so tnou, Bhchfttaj^wiM^tevfetdthJrVnld waves' ^-^^ Time iRTf ites nb wHnBe on tMne it^^ brow^i^"^ S^ch J^;ibi^tion*s 'd«8f %^ dread^ fi^bonileas, 1 '"v ..' And *:f'- tl;\' loved >hee, Ocean ! and my joyr , g^^put^Wf port wan on thy breast to be ,, ^ N Borne, like thy^bttbbles, onward,: fromabojf I wanton'd^^ith thy.l|reakers-^they to mp i -Were a defight; aidif the freshening sea Made them a terror — 'twas^leasing fear, Epr 1 wis M it wswe* child oTl^ % ^ And^t^nsted to thy ;bilIows fiu?, imdSe^f ^^*/ M) And laid myJiiAd «pon:thy mane-^H»I,ch^ierA. of a th( ii^ vrhpQ] Oft *Wff1 whicL his lireii But y been ace atrical pi gesture,'^ and the/ another n In tilM ■'■'* " fW*fliffi^^^^^^ \ . he I nuup airitbey? B free, obey cay I taou^ 1^ storm, iDlblube — ■ ■' «; ,.: «t. 'V wbich tb< ^- ^bout scruple, trample upon all tho^ forms ij^ wluch wealth «nd dignity intrench themselves; ^ imtbm ^ thing but age, reslrairi my resentment -^ge,^whicb always brin^f with it one prfvflege, that of bemg insolent and supercilious without punwh^ m^t. ^. : v-'::^ ■■<;;'"' ■ ^irt #ith; regard,HSiiv% those whom I bkv« ^d«^ I wn of opinio«i, that if I had acW a DWrowed part, I should Jiave avoided their censure. The heat which offended them is the ardour of cooviotioii, AUd'that seal for the service of iny /Jwmtry -which tt^ither hope nor fear shall iii^eiice nto to 81^1^ I wiU iiot sit u^^ Wli9o BM^ Ubdity :is ifrmdedi ii<» lo I wiU exert liiy eiiAb^iiM^r igHttjVttr httasNl,n5t<> rep«l th^ aggtesso*; widirii tftj thief to justtete, whoever may •protect him iii IS viUatff, a&d whoever may partake of his plunder. i^ . ~:..,tt,^\< i it. r UK !i( v.i r %n,.hii i>oj 's» 1 -fr- .is* uji id # •&' " / »/ f ■♦■^JPlyJ oned only like every i though! e this gen- reetraint, his mien, xperiencb. nrith thea- lentiments^ niator ancl him from h an oeeti' o^e formi) emselVes; ^ roentment privilege, at punish^ 1 I _> 1 acW a r ceinsure. irdottr of te of my iii^eiioe and o^ itn uti liJui *Ade^ 'It 24f; ja*' .^W' -.'♦,r .;> ,^ .; '•r~^:. fl < -.^? • ' » ' XESSON vifc ■.n'C^' • 4. BnTl ? *?**• *"«• ¥««>*• an aoto of time I.iTOemiii.n. As 5 mi »n*el spoke,™ « IS tlie Mgnal thi^t .deiDiui»ge rotm,dity,w« tre.dpoJ^ir^'"*"' Axid aU th ' AndJadaittr^ets roll by oth»S. * ' * M{ I I "i 1 I i i » i'W \ :. i?^^%o I I Tort cottager, who weavek at her own door, ^ Pillow and bobbins aU her. l^itle store; Content, thoosh mean, and c^ernil, if not gay, Shuffing her threadii «boat t^ livelong day, Jost earns a scanty pittance, an^ at night Lies down secure, ber heart and |Molcet ligbl'; She, for her humble spheite hj nalnre fit, '- Has little understanding an^no im. Receives no praise ; bat though, hw lot be such^ . (Toilsome and indigent,) she venders nuMh^ Just knows, and knows lio mote, heir £lH»li tra»^ A truth the briUiaa^ leenchman't' 1^4^ knew; And in that charter re^ with sparkling eyes Her title tot iiieaiare in thfr skies. - -_^ -^ ^ "^ hapliy-piisantf unhapwhaidl^ His ihe^mere tinsel, hets the n& reiwrd'^ v ' He, praised perhaps for ages Tet to ci^me^ ^ She, never heard of half a«mue firom homes He, lost in errors his vain heart prefers, She^ safe in the simplicity of hers. r Cowp: r ^Btnti Bipimieis hath no localities,) No tone« proviiipial^.tto paciriiar ffark Where dn^ goe% 8fafS.g4>esf with jnstiee aoei; And goes witk: neeknaiA^ oharilTV mmI 1ov«i > Where'er i t^ac k ariedi^ a mmi^tA hMtfft r Bound up, ftifatanad aad|^w From ostentation, as from weakness, free, ,t' It sta^da like the cerulean aroh we see, , Maj4^#%it8 own simplicity. Instlrillcraboye the portal, from afar, ^: Conspicuous as the brightness of a star, ! Legibltf'onl^ by the light they give, Stand tl^^HMful-quickenlng word»— Beukvb AND UVBr: V . COWPHB. A cloud lay cradled near the setting sun, A gleam of crimson tinned its braided snow; liong had I watch'd the glory moving on O'er the still radiance of the lake below. ' Tranquil its spirit seem'd, ^nd floated slow! . : / Even in its very motion there was rest ; While every breath of eve that chanced to blow Wafted the traveller to the beauteous west. Emblem, methought, of the departed soul ! To whose white robe the gleam of blisi is giveo, And by the breath^f mercy made to roll .^ (/ ^ight onward to(the golden gates ot he^ytn, V ,,. Where, to the eye of Faith, ijineacefiilliMi ^f% ^^ And teUs. to man hi rfUft rinnf dWfiimit ■■;' ■■-• r .or' ■ .■ , !■■ . '• " I ''ill 'Ki'-n 1 1 -r I^ESISONYII, T8« fii»t gr^ obstacle to the eztinetion of mr i% theWy in i^hich the heart of man "is carried^- r^^ -"-^-rbari^es and ita horrora bj tht «pte«dotf Iromits r. / ^1- ^" " •^mmm mfmsstgll \ V ^ / ly of the Sublime m ^oontUplating the shook of ftr- ^n^li f " **"*'* "? lii.coitt«mpJ»&g the devoorin* energy of » teinpeet; •nd this io elevates and en- g^es the whole man, thak hi^eye ia blipd^to the tears of bereaved parents, 4iid his ear is dU to the piteous moan of tte dv% and the shriek .of their . aesolated families. TheS js a gracef^lBU in the '11rS!lJ^''*f^-;*^^^*'»« forlLtinction t ft i! ' f^ .^*^ >i «4«igeneroys W fell ^W A ^ T" **^ *^^'*«' ^^"^ '^ ti»« Sjiflf ^«**^V*^« <^PP<«ing sons of ^lour struggle for a remembrance and a name:-Hind this «de of the picture is so much the exclusive object of our regard, as to disguise from our >«ew the mailed /feeasses of the^ fallen, and the wShintf •gomes or the hundreds more who have been laid on the «>ld ground, wheit they are left to languish Md to die. There no eU pities them. No slater w present to ea«e the ^jfng iiosture, or bind up the wounds. whicW m .the mSadenfng fary of the combat, ...^^v-^J^ M»d received by the cJiUdren of pn« OQWmOBtlfatlier. ::.:..:'■♦/■ ■.■■■;■.■: 'r.^: .. [ id* ver a go to fearA» Mil in ok of ar- evonring Mid en- d^to the af to the •of their ^ in the Btinction ipiration \ e> m the ^ r Tttlour , ftnd this e object Y^ the nrmhing Jei» laid an^sh aiBter le hand^ ! i up the Dombat, of pn« J^. . -I; { sr yifw^ rbaok* 84e it / *♦ fi any other aspect than that of nnmingled Aatefuln^ss. an^ J can look to nothing but to the progress: of. Christian sentiment npon earth to arrest the Strong current of its ^popular and prevailing partiality for /war. Then will glory ^ be reduced to its right •estimate; and the wakeful benevolence of the gos- pel, chasing away every spell, will be turned by no treachery of delusion whatever from its simpl«> but sublime ettterprises for the good of the specie^. Then the reign of truth and quietness will bb . ushered into the' world, *and war, 'cruel, atrociou^ unrelenting war, ^11 be stripped of 'many of it bewildering fascinations. .^ _ : 1 Obalmsrs. m ■ 4 n Thb sWMtt, in barren deserts, with surprise Sees lilies springs and sudden verdure rise; And starts amidst the thirsty wilds to heanr '< ' New falls of water murmuring' in his ear. i < On rifted rocks, the dragons' late albodes. The green reecl trembles, and the bulrush nods; Waste sandvj^all^ysTonce perpleit'd witb tboRL The spiryJw and shapdy box adont: #(i '^n^-'^r^ To leafless' shriihs the flowery palms taoeeed^ -7' And^prous myrtle to the noisomei weed. ' The lambs with wolves shall grace th« ■ ' mead. And boys in flowery bands thtftiger lead; The steer and lion at>one crib shall meet, • - - # And harmless serpents lick the pilgrim's feet '■ mf The smiline infant in his hand shall tak» - ; fiij^^ The crated basilisk and speckled snake;'* r"' jj^^* %k Pleased, the green Justre of thi locates wserey^-. \f^i-^ And with their forjfy tongue shall innciceiitlirp1i^.i^( s^,-^ Terdafl# ■.»•■*•; in. ■ ypyB v.- 'tiH . -^it "^■f^ €-/f,r^ff^ ■ SJWM W ^PWff'T'fft^ ' - »,} ;""f^j^'*tK W" .f^ : \ «*-Al' >tir // /. ,■ »-*>-.■. LEssotf vm. On INflDBIito. Iris wnidst trials and florrows'that ikfidelity ai^^ peaw m itajustest and most frightful aspect. When Wbject to ihe multifarious ills which flesh is.heir to. ^^**> tHjre to «phoId^si* B|«ritrh^^^ covenes and the prospects that are unfolded to us bj revejiition? What, for this, purpose, can be compared w^th the belief that every thiig here below 18 nnder the management of infinite wisdom and goodness„and that there is an immortality of bliss awaiting us m another world? If this conviction be takeif away^ what is it that we can Mve recourse to, on which the mind may patiently an4|%fely re- pose m Jho season of adversity ? Where «i the balih wnicn 1 maT annlv wi«-K ije^>^ 4.^ ^ j^ jrounded Almighty hardship of which I may apply with effect to royl heart, aft^Ihave rejected the aid oTthi rftysMsian? Impose upon me whatever you plea86,;^;give me nothing but the ««« w * !I**?®T **a®*** *»k« /rom me tie friends in#hom I had placed iny confidence ; lay me in the csold hut of f^;'^iJ^^^'^,^?^^7Mf^dm»8e; set death brfow^^m^ljti terrors ; da tUl thi8,-only let "W teust m iirtLPaviour, and « pilW my heaj on !2 .^T ?f, ^«»»P<*«»«e»" »i»d I will "fear no ™».T"^ y^ nse superior to affliction,— I will ^ rqoice in «y tribia&tion^ But, let infidelity infeMJose between <^ and draw ite n^netrable^ vijl over » future state of existence, Mid limit all my trust to the creatures of a day, and aS my expectationa^to a few years, as uncertoii as they S^J*K'^i.!fl.?*I*H^^ ^ ''P^^*^* fortitude f^^t^T^T^'^^^i the burden of distress! ; wirmum abaU I find one drop of consolation to put .?■•■ '.% ■ k V V^^ -IT- delity ap* ;. When is. heir tp^ the dig- ied to U8 can be 3re below ipm and r of bliss onviction re^urse lafely re- the balih wounded Jmighty h^ardship #hom I d bat of «t4eath ■only let bead «& fear no -I will afidelitjr ilrawits isteno^ » and all as thej ortitndf I istressl ^ 1 to pot bto the bitter draught which has been given me to^ drink ? I look all over the range of this wildemesa in which I dwell, but I see not one covert from tho storm, nor one leaf for the healing of my soul, nor one cup of cold water to refresh liie in the weariness and the faintings of my pilgrimage. THOMSQlf. HI- J- ^' •V-, 'f,i' .' y_> -->.,>i.,.g .4 ^Si-..'^.- ■' ri]ii^i PBOyiDBHOl. i-virf- iw. :*:';. ■Sif I God moves in a mysterious wajy • Hb. wonders to A^orm ; iyk^^'^r,: He plants iiis footst^ in the sea,; > '. j;i! JUid rided upon the storm. , ., ■ r t Ttfrf :; ! ft ' -J ^0-W- ill afihpmabte mine9 Of never-failing skill, _^_.^^,__. And works his sovereign will7 \ , ^ di > ' I Te fearfnl sain^ fr^sk ooorage t#l%}: The oloiDds ye so nmok draafl .('^A.. H« treasures up his bright desiimB. ''-^ ^ _ _ — , ^, ^ — ,,. . i,--ta p^'um r The otends ye so mmoh draafl t^i^u ;r ,^ ta <'^ n/^Jli^ big witl^ mercy, »nd shall break') T-iiK^tr ■*,.»'■ 4M^1 ^-viiiiibwssings 7l^^ :puyi^,him for ^ »^ ^^, '^^'*«^*' '^ tJnfoicUngeVOT^^ «j t^Uy .{..T!^ ^^*^*'Tl^tomii*'have a better «^ rasw^r- s.n m »i^*'Blit ^sweet Iviirb^- ih^ flbwt^ ^«*«. ^iJ V \ n li^lc)! Blind nnbeHef (is Ave toerr^, - '>r^r nn ;*a rK4r. . , '■*(■ ,< "i»(' '. ' .\ LESSON IX. iNSrONinOANGE OF THIS WOEID. \ Ae trumpet of jfii dimolution were sounded tSh Jon Ay were to yi^ .way „ . .oroll, and ^S vuJJe rio^r whick the finger of the Diyimt/hS r^? 2" i.""^ »«»«™»k«l for ever-«, We" ly which «,;wmy ,m„ ,„^a be .^.^gnfah^Sd *y niwy TOned. eeenee of Ufe and pepEon woold of the AUniihty:. workmanship J A mere ((Ui wluoh, tliougl Battered into nothing, woSld le^ the oniTer» of God one entire seenSflf o^fa^ JT.flJ.tt^'tr' -^"^T •" other world, which , ^l 7^ ' »*• v&' '^ '"^*'' "»» »""«» opon them ; •nd the,«ty.whMA mandag thnn i> ganged wiA world «a«i*i to these distant and nnkaown ro- t^^r^^'!^ of^Wighhonrhood flomiA «Sll thj**> F»S?<» rf God >re there Itfted Z «dhs goodn«» r^rfeed int that there piety hS rts temples mdJts offeriSgrf and the rwAn^ rf fte thTine attribnti. !» there lUt and «Jmi^ t mtellwent wor8him«i,f . :, j : ■ T~^ '^ i* ? TiiL ««»^^^ ' ^ ■ ** *'® *W ^^ occupy Sni^ r^ vme1yT,y the desl^ction of our pUnet, as tiie verdure and iubliiie magnitude of a ^est would suiRff by the fall of a sinS^erf The teaf qmyera on the l«vu* wiiioh ^motU it. It \ p, though 3, though nd every inity has -an event ihedy and on would igh scale e fiihred, lid leave p^eatness heavens is which . Q them; ied with te moral »wn re- that the flouriidi rted up,' ietyhas Qess of ired hy ' whidrr^ occupy ie in its of our Ie of a The it. It bieidi of wind tears H fron its iteiD, Aad it lights tm th* streiin of water which passes underneath. In n moment of tune, the life, which we know bj the microscope, it teems with, is extinguished ; and an occurrence so insignificant in the eye of man, and k ■the scale of his observation, carries^ in it, to the myriads which people this little l^i^ an event «l terrible and as decisive as the destruction of a wsrli.^ Now, 0^ the grand scale of the universe, we^ ; tiie occupiers of this ball, whioh > performs its little round amongtb^e Sims llid the 8^^ which astro- nomy has nmolded— -WB may feel ^heiame UttleBiM and the^same insecurity. We4iffer from the leaf only in this eurcumstance, that it wonld require the ^eratip^ of greater elements to destroy us. But these elements exist. The ISre which rages wiUiift may lift it» devouringtenergy^^tQ tib^ emfaee of «itar {)ilaj»et, and transform it%ito vne wide and wastii^ yolcnno* The sudden forination ef elastio matter in the bowels of the earth^-and. it 1^ wkhin the agency of fkoowki; substances to aocompUdi tl^B — majr esqvlodd it into' frikgments. The eadialation of m^cm air from beknir iiujjF iinfM^^ % iiiMeii<^,i^ 4lie> ikir '< > " Hi aihi- I iiothing ovides OS liilate the we, who ired foot- ts, whicb/ Llrtighty, Mith orer iseomity, rmm^ J«7 piom riktittKie. in high ad; and yth«)^ h^nsible tad oveir 7 bliid« dwhSeK MunwUir M&t he vemetti pttidBip M, the reigti* ' right Wy and ''wm^i .- a A ''.■■ tf'i^nH'h'^ijf .iuMi t f- 'X c, "^ i 1 '(, : 4^!;>. ;)T:';, ; 1., .'^..'•/lil^ ■■it^. :■ ;V; 51 llow still the morning of the hallo^M d»^- "^^ Mute is, the voice of rjiral labour, hilfth'd^^ ' ■' ^ ' ' ^- Tt»e plonghboy's whittle and thiei miflcmJiidV sbri^i ^ The ecythe lies glitteriug in, the iiewy wre^hj^wj; Of tedde^igrasd,^mingled with fwied^fe That yester-morn bloom'd,watvirig in lie breeze. 1-; Sounds the most faint attract the ear;-^the hiim,;/.; Of early bee, the trickling of the dew, 'd The distant Weiting tnidway up the hill. /^ Oahntiess sitiGi throned on yon unmoving cloud. /'.•• To him, who wanders o'er the upland lea, / V ^ ^^^ The blackbird's note cttmes melldwer firom ih^taliL And sweeter froni the sky the gladsd^e laA^jC'Tl Warbles Md hieiiv^n-*utted song ; the liil^ brd^t I Murmurs more^ntly dbwiilthe d^wom gUn; ' ^ While frotti yon lowly roo^ whose curling smoke i O'ermounts the mist, is heard at intervals ; The voice of psalms, the simple song t>f praise^ A _ ■■ *.. - With dove-like wings peace o*«r yon village broads ; The diazying mill-wheel rests ; tie anvil's Jto j Hath <^6a8ed; all, allaround is qi^etne88>< • | Less fearful on tins day the limping hare Stops, and lo€d» back, and stops, and lookii oii<'^n, Her deacOiest foci. ? The toil-woirft horsii^ tiol &^ . IJnheodlid of the paatur^f roaart «lti«%ftf {^^r "M And, as his stiffs ^onwieltfi^ balkheiwUB^fft i^^iit^-:^^^- His iron-arm'd hoofs gleam in the mondiig.i^rki '»:k :&il nYAt&i man the dity eirest enWy»i matm^i x>^ rwf'Si \ '•^:' ' • B bold, With^ *^ frug^lm^al with Uiose he loves ; ' With those he loves he shares the heartfelt iW A word anda^g^miace, bnt reverentW,^Jr?V "^fi^l«K4 ftice,,and upward, earnest ey«V of - Hwl, ^a:bfi^^^ the poor ipan's day ^ ine wormpgi^r^ pj,r^ ^^^ the city's smoko; While wandering slowly up the river siS ' " He medilatet ;2^Him,^hSae pSer h^tt^^^' :^ AJnlr?/"^^M^®^*^«f9»*hatbloom ^ 4^^^*?^^? and while h^thus wrve^ ' V ;. , ".on. >j.-.:. .b' ./•. f^ •■■i'r '"'y - Mv .■., ■'r^K/,.^-^ftf^..^;!, ^...Kp- iT.i- ** */r»", '^1 HolithAtoi ^«W|WK»y tibat to great ones 'longs, . rv^^^ Tho ,^i?°8*!2^» "<>^ *t» '^^>^ But judge you as ydu are ^ Oh ! ; think on that/* '^ And mercy then will breathe widnn your lipik '^^ Like' man new made* ;'ii»--:.cii}; M.tr> ■''•! -,. »' f I ;>^ 'HI/ fcfj'r^ar.i »HJ|i« I'tJfJUlL^^ 2/;t MV;! u. ..ri: ; The quality of mercy is not strafn'd ; It dropjpeth as the g^le rain from heafwr'^ Upon the place benei&th : it is twice bless'd ;• < ' ^ It blesseth him Uiat gives and hhn that taJcet: *Tis mightiest id theattghtiest; it becomes ' > vc jv^f^ The throned monarch better than his crown : His sceptre ^ows the force of temporal power, The attribute td^e and majesty, Wherein doth sit the dread and fear of kingii But mercy is above thi^ sceptred sway, It it enthroned in thriear of longs, ^ . , It is an attribute to dod himself; And earthly power dotbthen< show liketft:God\^Tt When mercy seasons Jnstiee. y Think of this, That, in the course of justice, none of us , ' Sheidlld eee satviktion. We do pray for miei^ ; '^ And that same prayer dodi teadh nay) to rendier '^^ The dedb Af merd^. A >K- i;,>,;,,v:.vl ,!'■ i.^'^-'i^rn'MT ♦>(£< ' TlK^oloud-dapp'd towers^ the sorgeons pflaceie^ The solemn tcniples; the jreat glebe itself >/ ' Yea, «li that it inherits, Shall dMlve, An4 like the baseless fabric of a vision, *^' Leave tiota wreck bieihind. ' -: |<. ''i « . f,> • Oanbt t^a iiniu«tir t^ k mind €lHto*ie4 ^Inck fiepoi the^ menkory a rooted AMiww, Race oui thecH^tfien ^ostdes U the hmn, Ald^ with^some BWeet oblivions antidiiit^ deinite this fonl bosdm of thn#p«rflijtur stoff" W1^<^^1rei^'ugi6ntibe^sMrt?%'' -if f'*^,' i 1.*,"'. '.V '' "^I^^l tJTJ.rf^^Jlf.V-« **" ■*. i • i ^«Ji^i«n1ljr«ft|Qi though tlin dftrfw.! «Ioirfi. Or 18 the adder better than-the eel. V Becanw hi» painted akin contents. ieeyet/ " ni^ir!^ ^^ ""S^"*^* •^•^ »poa thia W] Hwe wl^ ,1^^.14, and let the mrda S musi^J^^ Creep »^j(w earo ; soft stUlneaa, and the niichtj Become ^imt^i^i^jf^tj^^^J^^ ^*^ 'r ^' .<;t> ■■;(\ij -! ' '■' •;■; ' m «:fe^ Ippaji.ttie rest qf the dw in medfffl •ad prayd?, Aa J. ya* ^re airJbff^tnvaetfnn tfcn tops^of the mou,t4p7m SSf*a&T4l templation o^ th^ Jf«!itjr of h^„^^ jj^.'^»^ ^^ »>«* ».«hadow, and life a dream; tSt I S^ rf"!? ^S^^ ^ W W8 *Wrd <^ sum. nut of » i^lfotjifjijs n0 far from me,1iLiri ^verei^.«Ml:iar*lie Ji^ J^n hi% ;^e jp^4^ tp. m^t^$H^ie^Z > \ \ •V '^ yyg- gj^ p ' ^ pf Il0l0«4|[^ aghV :-■■■■', ' ' /' , ' ; T >ifj > '' ''"'-^ rir; ' . iiv mom- Bagdad, editolion ^ 'Hi, .f /A-^' •--^■-'t^-i ■' If I' hi^ WtiatpoWl^wi of iet%fnHTtrhloh is dAlI«a tU metrtired out by the son, and reaching from the b». ginaing of the world to its conitmiination. Bxataine now, said ho, this sea that id hounded with darkness lat/both ends, and teir me what thon discoverert in ly ii!?* ^mP^^^l ""^^ ^' standing in the midst of tAe ti,d^. The bridge thou seest, said he, is humane iife; consider It attentively. Upon a more leisurely ^survey of il^ I fonnd that it consisted <)f threescore and ten. entire arches, with several broken arches, which, added to those that were entire, made op the ^number about a hundred. As I was oountinff the arches, the genius told me that this bridge first oen- sisted of a thousand arches; but that a grjat flood •wept aw%y the rest, and left the bridge in the romous condition I how beheld it* but tell me fui« tber, said he, what, thou discoverest on it. I see multitudes , of people pasting over it, saidi L and a blM>k cloud hanging ^n each end of it. As 1 looked more atientii^e^ I saw eeveiH of the pi^ wngers drdnpmg thr6i^h the bridge: into the great Me that^ ffowed -undernealh it J and, upon fuither examinaiion,^ perceived i^ere were innumerable ttap-doors' that lay concealed in th^ bridge, whioh the. passengers no sooner ti^A upon, but thw leB \ ^ougk thjm into the tide, and immediately disap. ptvedi These hidden pH-falhi were set verv thick at the entrance of the bridge, so that throngs of p^ple no sooner btt»ko thrdugh^ the dotd; but many^^of them feH intd them; /They grew thifiuer toward ttie ^middle, but multiiJKdd and lay closer ' togethertoward ;thei«nd of the arches that were , entire. Tfi^ we^p^deed, some penoas, but tjiei* iM«*eir was very smflflVtliat continued a Jkind^of ^^g^vO^wroa onvthe broten ardhesi ;ba« «& ipttU.^^itH.sO'lon^'il^^wiaki onw. j;. uv^i ^hhn L'ki n-^^ ^ I I \ ironderftil •tructure, wd the gre»t Ttriety of oMeoto which itprewntod. My heart w«, filled wSh a deep melancholy, to lee seireral droppinir unex- pectedly m the n:id8t of mirth and jollityf and catch- rng at every thing that stood by them to save them- selves : acme were looking up toward the heavens W a thoughtful posture, and, in the midst of a spoou- ^tion, stumbled and fell out of sight; multitudes were busy m the pursuit of bubbles, that glittered in their eyes, and danced before thein, but often whett lill ^1^^* themselves within the reach of them, their footmg failed, and down they sunk. In thii confusion ofobjects I observed some with scimetars m their hands, and others with phiab, who ran to on trap-doors which did not seem to lie in their way, and which they might have escaped hud they nbt been thus forced upon them. u« «*--^^^« -?1^;^ 4 ^ The genius, seeing, me indulge myself in this m*. Mnoholy prospect, told me I had dwelt lone enough upon It. Take thine eyes off the bridg^?said fe, !^i l""!,'^ ^5?^ '^?* f °y ^^™« that tfou dost not comprehend. Upon looking up,. What jnewi, said If those great flocks of birds^ that are perpSuallt hovering about the bridge, and settling u^^n it from tame to time? I see vultures, harpies, ravens, cor- morants, and, among many other feathered orea^ tures several httle wiitged boys, that_perch in great numbers upon the middle arches. These, sail the genius, are Envy Avarice, Superstition, Despair, Love, with the like cares and passions th»|j^infest human hfe. I here fetched a deep sigh: Alasi said I, man wm made in vlwn 1 how is he given away to misery and mortality, |ort»red in life, and swallowed ^ m deathU The ^g^ius, being moved wirtii*»om- |Mw«ion toward: irie, bi| me quit so nneomfort^le « /■ / / . '^^-""r^ 1 ' <^ \1 •"T '"■i/i t^em&ty, bitt^oate thioe 9Jb rable ilUnda that, wore covered with' fruits and flowers, ahd interwoven with a thousand little shining seat that nn among them ; I could see perBoni dressed in glorious habits, with garlands upon their heads, passing among the trees, lying down by the Bide 9f fountains, or teeting on beds of flowers, and jould he»r ^nfttsed hannony of singing birds, faflmgwatail^ human voices, and musical ; instru^ ments. Giadneis grew in me at the discovery of so delightful a scene. I wished for the wings of an «agle, that I might fly away to those happy seats; hat the genius told, me there was no paeeage to them, ejtoept through Ihe gates of mk that I saW openini^ every* moment upon th« hndge. Th« islands, said he, that lie so fresh and green before 5 thee^ iuid with which the whola.f4«?e of the ocean \apM»rB spotty, as far as tho ^lJL Me, are more -^Inumbet tm the sand <>QjAjHMore r ^|Mb m myriftds of islands bebindflHV^mb thoii We ^OQvareat, reaching iarther than thine eye, or even ^iii# imaginajticn «an extend itself. These are theBlinsions ofg^od men ifter death, wh^«Be .d^t»ibiited among these Beveral iabrnda, • ***?) 1 J i..j.i cr j. « ^ip^h 3» a-.^.^ij^ \ ktiorifl of iirht as I (T geniim I or disti*' thick for 9g at the le ocean, thromi^i^ aits and shining p^rions lon their a by the ^ers, and ig birdS) [.! instru- ry of so ^1 of an y seats : KHigetO at 1 salt ; I before e ooeaa ^^ £2J lott here or even ese are aecord* idii they idi'4i|ii. \^. degreea, loitabl^ to the reliihea and perfeetioM pi those who are settled in them ; every Jialand is a paradise, acoommodated to its respective inhabit-' ants. Are not. these, Mirsa, habitations worth lontending for? Does life appear miserable, ttiat jives thee opportunities of earning such a reward ? ■■t di\-r-»-'':^'-r'^:>( Addison. ' ASS-' ' i\-' V LESSON xin. .. TBI OBAVIS or A HOtTslHOLD. — Thit grew in beantyj 8id#-by side, "~ ~^ They ^ll'd our house with glee ; ^ Theur graves are Mv^'dfar and'iride,rK'^ - *' I ^% mo«n<*3n4 •tteanv andj^ ^ ^ The same foad Mother bent at night ^.t^t^* /; O'er each fidraleepiag brow; 'j ,iT Sheha^^McIt foTdMl floww itt «bcht^r^f >v? v M* ' ": 41 J- r ''f.,:^\ M. \-;, ~, t":: ■'.> 9 /•i I / 7 ; - j^^e, yait tlie«H«its of tli« w«ife •?'^ ,r*^4)!. By a dark stream is laidt' •' >: . ^? * • . j The Indian knows his place of rest^ « i Far in the cedar'iSi shade, ■ ■ ' The sea, the blue l(^ne sea, iath one^ . fr a ; : He lies where pekrls lie deep; •♦! h ; " ^h >?^ ''O'er^hiU^low bedj'may weep'r'-i'--^*'.'^' -hn ^^^^11.1 . Oiie sleeps^ where Iicrathern9inef»r9idfeg|^!; : .Above 'the noUd sli^J- . - %:irt=4^-.-i^:-_- :.^^."^^^g ., He wrapped his colours romd Jus breas^^ .<^-^^^l XKftbldod*red£eldof^ain.>v' c y* ^f < K And one, o*€ar her the myrtW ahowext a C f ; ^A leaves, bviofV winds fi«m'd:] ^ >^i. ^^fiided 'midst Italian bowersj -i^i; f .,; .,^ / ^ The last cflAat bright band. :^ r ' i f ; njfrr Aj^pwted ihns the^ mk^mhp ^lay^r I ■'::!|! .\^n€«*h^efl«ne|rr«wiitree; i ,>^ iiJ Arrand one parent knee. They, that with smiles lit up the hall And cheerM with mirth the hearth-*- Alas for love I if this were all, And naught beyond the earth! jt'%1 •^ b^ - t i • '. ^h^'of hrttrt* ■>.mU-^i\'M. ' That findsfiuk h«rQ'«tt 011*^1 " ^^ *f > ^-^ Weiw-thiffAa|w%rld.oittito|MlwitiMi yiia -^ Mvmgoi-4ifyl%i|«iiiifeiifil^tlfifc,v»5/iW "SMfijs r ^ the true fere nnin now that ako won .♦ . ..-^ > ^ Bbporb the birth of our Saviour the Jews wer© |he only nation of the world yho worshipped the fcue God. All the other nations worshipped dif- ferent imaginary beings which existed only in theix' nnmstructed fancies; Most of these false gods have noif become forgotten, together with the nations that beheved in them ; yet it is necessary to preserve akMWledge of the imaginary gods and goddesses wor^pped b}r the Greeks and Bomanej a^^they are ttHidli^dKeBolhi «b««riflKiwriti|igs^ ttitiqai^, ait4 m I I I ll'- are itiu ocoasionaUj mentioned botH iii peefi^ud prose. \ ^e meat anoient of these their ideal god«^ were Chabs, and his son Erebus ; 'fOVy confusion an4 darknessV Saturn, one of their descendants, is the same as ^me; his reign is called the Golden Age; tend it iM^d that the earth then produced corn and fruits w^hWt labour, and justice prevailed amon^ all mankindi Saturn was said to be deposed by his son Jupiter, Wiled also Jove; who then divided his father's power between himself and his two brothers, Neptune and\ PlutOi Jupiter was to reign over heaven : and h^ Wa» skid to"^ hold his court, or coin^ cil of the godson the top of Oljtopus, a mounl^. in Thessaly. B^ is called, by the ancient p(^lk t|fe king of gods and\men; and the eagle is repriis^d as being the beairer of hid thunderboltii. Neptune, the god of the seal is represented with a trident, or fork withthreeteeth/itthis hand, Insteatl of a sceptre. He was supposed t6\ be driwn in a chiiriot by sea- horses^ With bis «»^, Triton, blowing a trumpet made of *iBfad},-and \iolphiiis playing round him. The dominions of Plkto, the god of the infernal regions, were called Tartarus and Blysium. Tar- tarus was the place where the souls of the wicked were punished, and lily^oin was : the, scene of per- petual happiness allotted l^o the good. The passage from the eajrth tot^eaeregiwia,, was across the river Acheron, over which the departed spirits were con- veyed by an old boatm&n».lxamed Charon; and the farther bank was lUso guarded by a dog 'with three heads, named Cerberus. There were two remark- •bl» rivers of hell; one nianied Styx, which the gods used *b swear by when they intended to make their oath very solemn ; and another named Lethe, which caused whoever bathed in it to forget what was past. Mars, said to be the son of Jijipiter, was the god of warj Apollo^ likewise the. son of Jupiter, n^ tJjye JgodofB^iwiflipoe^^aiid^wdifii^ iSaifi UllP^ JMJI ^ ■'..' ■--.•^.■:v:^:.-^^ ■ ■•■■■ ideal god^ fosioh an4 Its, is the Iden Age; leorn and ed amon^ led by his tvided his > brothers, jiga over r or cos mouni »pr«^€^d Neptune, irident, or a sceptre. it by sea- > trumpet and him. infernal' m. Tar- lie wicked e of per- ) passage the river ^ere con- and the ith three remark- the gods ake their le, which was past. I god of 801 presented as driving the chariot of tho sun, drawn by four horses abreast; or rather, he was the suft^ Itself. . A story is told of him, "that, as a mark of af- fection, he intrusted this chariot one day to his son w'^!!i".^ii'^^? T ^u¥ ^T^^^Sthroym out of it, but not till after he had seta part of the earth on ftre.^ ApollQ IS also called Phoebus, and Hyperion tfna IS represented as a beautiful young man, without a beard, and with graceful hair. Mei^uty, a son of Jupiter, was the messenger of the gods ; and ir^ therefore represented with wings to his cap and his teet. He was said to be the inventor of letters, and hence he is the god of eloquence ; and was the god ot trade, and thencd also of thieves. Rb was called also Hermes ; and is represented as carrying a wand, called cadttceus, with two serpents twisted round it! Vulcan, the god of fire and smiths, way the artificer of heaven; and made the thunderbolts of Jupiter, and the armour and pilaces of the gods. His name and occupation are supposed to be derived from wme obscure tradition of Tubal-Cain, one of the descendants of Cain, who was an instructor of every artificer in brass and iron. H* once, as the story 18 told, oflTended Jupiter, wlto kicked him out of heftven; and faUing on the island ot Lemnos, he broke his leg, andwaii lame ever after* It is said' that one ^ofliis principal forges was within Mount Mna. He is called also Muloiber. / The foregoing are the principal gods of this strange system of mythology, but there were many of a second or still lawer order. Thus, Bacchiw was the god of wine, and was crowned with leaves 6f the Vine and the ivy. Eolus was the god of the winds; the north wind was called Boreas, the south wind Auster, th^ east wind Bums, and the West wind Zephyrus. Momus was the god of satire, and like- wise of laughter and jokes. Plutus was the god of nowi. .Hyaen wa» t^ god<>f msrriagef h»ii m&' 'V'-r s. m pr«selited with the burning torch. Cupid was -the god of love ; he is represented m a beautifiil ohildi but blind or hoodwinked, and carries a boir and arrows. Janus, a god" with two faces, locking for- ward and backward, had a temple which was open ^l time of War, and shut- in^ peace. Escolapius waii an inferior god of medicine, below Apollo; he is re^ presented as accompanied bya serpent, which Was thought the most long-lived of all anunals. Pan was the go'd of shepherds; his lowdr parts have the figure of a goat, and he is represented as having horns, and as carrying a musical instrument similar to that now caUed Pan's pip6s. There were other niral duties called Satyn^ Fkuns, and Sylvan*? their fisdres were half man and ^If goat, and theV dwelt chiefly in forests. Every tiver, dso, was 1 up- -posed to have its ownjgod, who was drawn with a long beard, a orowii of reeds» and leaning on iin urn. There were likewise a great number of demi<^ gods, or half-gods, who were siq>posed to have a god for their lather and a woman for their mother ; the prittoipal one of these was Hercules, who waa accounted the god of strength, from his having per- formed some wonderful undertakines, called his Twelve Labours. Ma is representee leaning on* Imrge eluby and wearing a lion's skin. -_ - Baldwin. ? .•? M >f "»* .y.-f AUBUBN. >0 W Bymt^vhm^ loveliest village of the plain, .. , Where health and plenty dieer'd the labouring swam ; Where snuling sprine its earliest visit paid ; AndjpaHing summer s lingering blooms delay'd. Deaif lovely bowers ot innocence and ease^T . >*si i-i^ S««t8-of my youth, where every sp<»t eoold pltii% «» ..m li d was 'the iCol ohild; boir and dcing for- was opeit taphis Tragi ; he 19 re^ rhich was ikls. Pan have the la having nt similar ere other Sylvanfff and they waslnp* rn with a kg on fin of demi- > have a mother; who was vine per- illea his ing on. A pine8e endearjd &ch scene ; V mw often have I paused on every charm ^e ahelter'd pot, the cultivated farm. . ^e nev«^ling brook, the hosy mill, Ibe decent church that topt the neighbourinff hiU* Ibe hawthorn bush, with seats beneith the shade.' For tallangag •The mm^hng notes came sofN^^d f^om below; ^ swain, r^ponslve, as the miHwaiMd sun<^ ; ' . * ^e sober herd that low'd to meet their youiiJ; - ^e noigr eeew, that gabbled. o'«r the pod; * I The pUyfuI cMJdren, just let loose from sohod ; ' The watchniog s voice tibat bay'd the whisMrimr And the loud laugh that spoke the vacant mind; These all IB sweet confutton sought the shade. And fiU d each pause the nightiiigiOe had made. .1 ■ <>iHt>rti'iifriiiiiii(' • -«.-IUi ^^^ •*^jtij^^-^jj^ n-i ■('.,-. S^^ Kewton wssled te n^e sottAf his W wZriL!!!!2J •^ ^Pl* ¥ fro°»> tt^* What irss there eattorsto^aiy iti thatti . V> ir-^ . , ^ned to^ ca^ his attssrtion, and ist him a ^ 1 u > ^Jt.-'-Aikd what did lie think about? j^t t,<, i^ v. q .P.-^Hfi thought by what means tM apple was brought to the ground. X.-— Why, I oottld ha^e told him that — 'because 'the stalk gave way, and there was nothing to sup- port it. :"ih^R,,^' -,:■::': ^^ ^:'r ";■ :;^>.*; /.:.;..■?,;'•; 4-- .v{.-- P. — And what then V h - ,,_ , j ? /«^ • X. — Why then~4t must fiiUy you know. ■ v ' P.— But why must it fall ? — that is the point. ' ,.\.X. — ^Because it cotild not help it^ - - ' P, — But why could it not help it ? i' , L.T"! don't know-— that is an odd question; Be- cause there was ndfeing to keep it up. % P. — Suppose there was not^-does it fallow, that it muat^ome to the grou9d ? -r . f ^ ■^:'^-X. — Yes, surdvl . . ■. ^ -. ■ ■;■■■■•/ --?^- r', . >•;,/:' . P.-^Is an apple animate or inanimate f V ^ ^^ ji X. — ^Inanimate, to/be siure! ^ P.^'T-And can inanunate . things moyjs, of them:- selvQS? ■•-';/■• '•'■■ , ■ ■ . • \..'' .- ■ ^••' '^.. ■ Y X.— rKo-— I think not— but the apple lalls because it is farced toiaU.^,;.:^:;:;•■ V.:' :.'■:,/:■.;:;> \[-^ ;/ P* — ^Ri^htl some force out of Itself acts upon it, otherwise it would remain for ever where it was, notwi^»l|aidling^JU^ Jrec«^ 1^^ from the (tree. ' ,. ^ . /, , • - r«t ' X.— Would it? ; . P.— Undoubtedly,! fofc'^<#6? are only two wiyt in which, it could be moved; by its own power of motion, or the power of somewhat else moving it. - Now, the first ' you acknowledge it has not ; the cause of its motion must, therefore, be the second. And what that is, was the subject of the philoso- pher's inquiry. . X. — ^But every thijti^ falls to the ground as W9II |mi an ^ple, when there is nothing to keep it up. '^ i P.— True — ^there pust, thiu'efere^ be a juniversal,. cause of this tendency to £U1.' .pH/^ull i^i«» ■'i-"Fi»m'>wwBI!i|*J^ipTf IT V apple WM — 'because kg to supr (;\\ : <\i 'V {.'■'■ point. ' ' '. • / ■■- bion; Be- pUow tlukt of thetn^ • * IsbecaiiBe acts upon where it from the two wiyt power of noving it. - not; the le second, e philoao- asw^lliM up. ' jmiv«:?^- .^:>-;;(tr,'Tvj ..^Yro.^.n-'. P.-— BecauiBe we are alive; we have a, power of self-motioB, Wbieh can, to a certain degree, <)verc6me the attraction of the earth. But the reason yon cannot jomp a inile high as welK as a foot, ia ms attraction^ which brings you doWQ again after ^e'* (brce <)f your jump is spentw i r^^'\:itj>^i ;j n:* rv / ;' X.^ think then i hegin to understand what I have heard ^f people living on the other side of the wwld: I believe they are tailed Atntipo^9, who fa^ve theiirfi^ettiirnea toward ours, and their head^ in the air.' J I used to wonder hdw it 90ttld be that they j^id not fall oflf;'but I suppose the earth ' pulls them ta it. •■■•'■';■"=■ ,•..- ;.'v .y,: ,.':.:,::-. ^'v^-ij,-.' P.-r-Very' tn». Aiid whither should they f^' What have they erer their heads ? , ' - J&.— I don't know-Hsky, I suppose, f'^^ » ! 1:1^? P*— Tliey have. The earth isu a vast ball, hun^ in the air, and cocktinually spinning round, and thai IB the oauiE^ lirhy the stm and istars seem to rise and > set. At nipion we have the sun over our heads, when the Antipodes hkve the stars ever theura; and! vt. midnight thei stars are^ver 6ur hoick, and the lui dv«r m& So whithtfr should they fall ~ t6^0« liuk wit'^lki itam iO* the suj^? ^ c.:.:r,^ ^ ..ao^iua rX-^i^ftkne *re*upf and they ar« cbwib • o' >> i p.ia-»W)|i»t Isi upi^ but from the earth wi^ Umird the sky t Their feet touch the earth and thei^' Heads point to the skj^'as' w^ll as oursi If a hble were dug quite through the earth, what would yon iceliroughit? „ >. \ ^ X.-^-^tyi'with' the iun o^ the Btar8« and iiow OT see the whMe matter pldply. But ipray, what sop-^ ports the earth in the airr- -i> ^♦um,: ;,■ v/.^f iu^;n) tt these knees he sat so dfi and intled. -> SOI kQjf s^n^agun^^all mu9ic swell the breeae; ..\;^ »n, issiiing fprth, shall glitter tbrougli the trew Vesturea of nuptial white ; and hymns be sung, uA.^d violets scattpr'd round ; anbearer to Jupiter. ^ Ate waa^^o gdddeoB of mischief. The Muses were nine vilf|in goddesses who presided over every kind of learmng, aiid in that character attended ba Apollo. .They wer^ sisters; the priiicipal of them were— 01io»! who was the muse of history ; Thalia, of comedy; Melpomene, of tragedy; Terpsichore, of * dancing;! and Urania, of mathematics and ajatro-/ iwmiyj They are sometimes called merely th^ Nine m reference to. th«r nutnber. Parnassus and Heli- con Were two' mountams sacred to Apollo 'and the Muaea;- at thO'.feet of which flowed two streams,^ ifhosewiAevs: were supposed to communicate the anspiration of prophecy or of. poetry. 'Pegasus xvas a- wmged v hoirse :. of the Muses. The Graces were three aistoii, Hkei^ise virgins. They were supposed to igiv&i its attractive, charms to beauty' of every gndi mid sa dispenser the gift of phasing. Tbo Furies weren three sisters of a v^y different <^a- * racter: they were: the most* deformed and horrible Jf^ all |fai inc^igiiiary deities. Instead of hair, they had SD&kto hangitog^.from their heads. They carried chains and whips with lashes of n-onW of scorpions in one hahd, and lighted torches in the other. They were^siipposed t(K be the bearere of tKe veu- ^^amomad ii««iLg $he ©eatiaiei^ ir F a ' a - li s J c ^- ■■ s '' « »l .1l 4 -, ■ t L It - 1 i ' ■..;.,•.. '*'|J#^4| -. - • Hi M ,«■•« ««i^«'i! aTso three siiten, oC: whom cae'im^iipmmUt'i§ holding a distn^; another drawing from it a threftil, signifying the life Of mi\n ; and the third vith a pair jof shears, ready to eat : the thread whenever she jshould choose. The Dryads* and Htimadryads were rural goddesses, each hamg a single tree in hei^ charg^. The Naiads were , goddesses presiding over springs* well*, and fountains; each in the S|in|p manner having one under her (uire. The K<^rcids were inferior goddesses of the seiw' i j - >. • , ., - \^ ^±1^ '\r\r^W''K- v'\ 1 I -'tx' A ■.liu: TUB vbibi Of spifka. ' ). I,'h: '-H . \ A< t-i */ 1 COME, I come!, ly^ havecall'd me lotig^ I coiiie o'er the fihouatains ^Uh Ikht a^ aong; Ye may trace mjr, aiep o'ei; the waking, eartj^i ^ By the wpds whiclrtell o)f the-violcitrs )i\^,^ , ^^ ^y By the primrose stars in the snadoi^ grass, ' ^ By the greei^ leay^Bs opening atr I pass^ \ • , ^ ^ . ;|^ ■#i .!■./?, .-I I. have breathed oflr the South, an4 ;t|»(9i\ ^heji^gtv flowerS) By thousands, baye \^% from ^he forMt^(ioAi^ And the ancieii^ graves ami the faljiifn ifauei;\ ' ,^X Are veil'dlwitHi^ireaths on Italian plains*- * "'""'" —But it is not for me, in my hour of bloom, Yo speak of the nun^ the tombi _, ;; 1 have pass'd o'er the hill «f the stormy J^jOtrth, And the larch hashi^Dg all hiri&ttel^rdij, \.: The fisjber is^ ouit on the sunny sea,' ' 1 And the' reindeer bduhds through tM ^llsti^ iree^ \ JLiiid the |itie has aj^^finnge^pf softer !g»MD, ^ -r ■ ' ■J: I • V ^ « ' X" 1 ^. ,'*5 1 J » \* " A %( ■ r^ , ■Qr' ■ '/ - ■rT " 1 ^" -• » « Ij" J^ • /' .-: 0. *"• . ' - ■■X • S^ 1 % • ■f- ' V .» ■ ' -'.» 1 1" ■V 6 "" " : * & ^■ if ■ ^, P X t. ^the sMran's wild note hy the Iceland lafcea>? T u.^^ • WHeil the daark fir-bough into verdure hreaks. v ;> A f^pom the itreamB; and ibvbta X have loosed the ^ ■-'^chaiii; ■..■■■..^ '"::,<; v.. /.u; >],. -.;;■,,; ......nti?^ JThey are sweeping on ^^ ailviJI^ in^y . i \n^% TkiY^iik^ikshmg down from thfe mountain-broinBy . •They are flinging spray oii the forest boughs, They are bursting fi-esh from their sparry caves, ^And the eaf th resounds with the j(?y of waves. Come forth, ye ehtldisea jof gladness, come'! Where the violets lie m^y now be your home* Ye of jthe rpse chcelc ahti dew-^bricifit er^^ T <''i^*^^ I v ^f Away from th^S dwellings of careWorir rten^'i The wateni are sparkling in wood and glen ; ^^'iroiii the «haniber and dteky hearth, *^ ? The young leaves are dancing in breezy mhrth ; • Tb0ir1^t ^teifi^ thrip t .i> :'«;. %-l-i •vJOll 9f '"** T||KI^MOMBTERr AND BAROMEtlB. t to».;W Jth! »= #i^^ur«tbq»:*eM>ir lA li a ioIliBrikiP >\; ^ » -•-/ -■•^ I- V of glass, and *loiig trfbe portly filled withtmercuty, ornspirits of irine, coloured, so m to b^ ^bbbb when 4t rises. The ball is plttngo4 into boili^ Nwaier, whioh causes the fluid with whioold willryel fed so to wi; and after tiold weather, we shall i^imA$ to think iidiiy warm i^hiislif is not so severe at. «he preoedingi < .i& winter,a thehnometer in;aj|ittiogirooii eiiableafiia4|» re^ulite ita heat, i iOt it iwi^ in iwairmf climate dii* persona affected witlipiilmoiiai^ r eolnp&Bnts iwre most reUeviedi but SnisnebMaa ihat pf the i^ditf Madeira^ where the. aea^jbBiewaiahaie tlue -sumnir iheat, fi(nd the i6r80b8 ascending from the bur^ ing fhiores kff' Lia Yora Criw;^n the road to tb^ mountaiii bind fof tMexieo, wm feel the climate b<^ come odd«*, aad will put on their great eoatSj and jet thefiW|iU-i meet peoy^e descending who compllua ■of^(^:neatJ l-^i'^-ih: •, -. , : .. . ^ 'w.. k>Th«K themioaeie^ivbineh ysed in chenucaliCft- perimente^ and in arts. Brewers ascertain the atate lot thebr Kqpmrs iab; all ftbeir operations by means of a ^emiom0ter>;. iaad; iHstfacnit tljos instrument^: could |nrwvm«ter>'am3nstriunent which indics^tes idit state of the weather, by showing the state \of the iKtnMsplKTkiw It isiiememel^ simple in its cohstkuo- ^on, and oswists of ji^ass tabe, abotft thre« feet 6 len^^'ind dpto <^y at one«nd» This tube most &rsibe filliD^wtth^iil^in^ the open lend with ^e ^finger', it is/ immersed in a cup which Aontaima littlv^tnieipiitj/ Parf -of the mercm^ ^hiol^#aa inrtbb!taben<)lw falls down into the cn{^ 14atin«iaTaaipt;^paee p the upper part of tbei tube, ' ^ejnraMipk^^gaih avee^ apace is ^^^mnpt^vmSm fiTacw|m; And oonseqnentijr the 4Mrciivyi|| ike tirtie <» r^li^ved from the pressure of the attnosnlmriB^ lihile^4hati'in the cup vemains «x^ -posed to iit litoiiafaKi^ikeipraMurtJof tUe air oil the metom^ inutbeJoap-atipportfl that in the itube, and |>reveiit8(iitffroai;fal)infl;>! Thi^aiinplai apparatus, is allfthaA isiessfentiil to tlt^^ fbetnbe and ttupjic^&st(med)il6Lta;gvMiiiM boards fiif the nuiv •jil|e^laJWBf*a^B3l^P?tbei*^"' ' ' ... ^^ --f-Ti kki ■■■* nwMs; bat tlid height depends iip<»iith«%tfMit ^ ' '?.'fS-')n '■ Hi ),''»#'■'> iVj-t'^-i -fi-.-i t, JffnV" 'f':"/ *i»feefa^aBd tJiey j^paWntly iftigft^ \^ -iism mfymih\e>%U see4tlMiiittWree'tyitr%itii lfcs'«i«^ki|d ejr*^^^^^ »ffewder^d ginss on the point of r&iterv snmir needle, and iQelting it into » globoljsT ^^With such fini^rosdoped asthi^sei, Leilreiip* Moek m»A» all bis wonderful ^iaooteries^ The meaT^ w^^evfiiij jingle ;itiien>seo|>e» -are thos^ lately made ' i^frdi^m^Nid. ' ^h>»' fioiiip^nd mkrttecpe tbnBisim-ioi ^ il'^ffleailr iwo' lensMy b^ ^6n« of whieh an iniu^ iik lonftedi/imd this )in«^f » y^w^ ftbreu||^ ilie et^el* U)|9Sf galled the ^^yefglass, idateod of the olb^ect ifee^^ as in the itiiigle microscope. iTh^ Mohtmwrdte&pi i»' ankiod 0^ canftcra obsdura^f vhloh, in a dtorkened ishiim|l)er^ throws the image mtk yrm ot «^r6en/^,f,'j(| §t^m»tk of twd' lenseto fixed oppbfite H' hokriiiri^ ItoarilierwindoMMahutt^r^ -...,;: i -j-ii \- A' h- .Kc^-'-n^".' ..^ ti^hft' w^oddeifttl^drhs of God i iiHrd tieeti » in.: tht iMitu/^s^i^ weUnsin the' largest objects* .fr;>n*ftq. As our senses iu:ei}tit$Mfi|ei^jblyi« f idst, havine fignre^ v extension, and dmS^ent ^art^. HDne of the most ^bnderfttl displafi^^. ^fjai^ Js ,i^ drop of putrid water, as exmliSted by a powerful mioro(MK>pe : t^ ]%}m^, fnpi^jf " Y«ilh iifhi<*> they upp^w^ *F^*^ |ltr#cn^ly t«^iM»g^ In the\ii»^d m ^«il^ Umtlifm^ll9e9 m 0ek ;f/9re9^ o|.itree(», aKid; pian^ ]l»^ng Ifft?6$, bir«ancMy 40w«a,|>6a<^ to« h» ftioolleotimi oCiiisd^ had not tlM Bucrosoope/iurnislied^^tt^ iBteBi- ^IJpbn extnmyngntlie edge pf a very keen; rasor imth in mibroaropie, it will appear as broad aa the back 'ol ft: tbick knifes jK>Qg|),iuif yen, full of notoliea andrTfonroiiti. An eioe^^gljfi smiEtll needle r^^* Bumbles '/S'roughi iron ba|* But.tbe; eting of..i^ be#, seen «1^ongh> ibfi\ aaiDie" instrument^ exhibits every ^where a polish most amazingly beautiful, vfthout the least flaw, blefiiiish, dr i&e(|^ality, and it ends in a point too &ie to be discerned. A small piece of ezodeidiug^' ^i kwn^^«ppea«^; ^b^Mgk » micro- scope, like ;a bordltf or lattice, and thle tlreads ihlm- selves seetttjisoiirsep^tb^n the 3ru'nw&b which robes are ma^b and ; shining, and «ve)ry> where equil. ';^^I%^ imaliest^ d^ can b» ti^e with a pen^ a||pea^ wh^n viewed byv'^^^ aniVo- scope, on ki^gidai' isnotj' rcW OB the wings 'or bb^^ of insect#^i^ f<$iina ' to be moat aceara^el^i «irottIar. l?he firle^>niinkKfcarepaintinga appear 0e& instrument as 'iA^W danfoingsi, plaAterad :ott 'wiiH a tro#^f<^dlUrely void of beauty, either in the draw- ing or thecolonring. The most evela and beautiflnoffrininiitO of his-^^ liiitti» bftj^cnnd ibiit/ bcpaty and ip^rfeolioii. 'ili^^' examine the numberless: < < aneoiea > of , >liii»efitjtf>)ijvf/y: u(JB.tuuO, yiglU-itPiiraii. beoaii^ft' the ofmiDd ^*^- thwn to ki. • / .1=; , ryi',:xi ^'iJigi'i-.Aiim \<^mMi-i^V3: •■■'»•■ m • m Urn Bfttore, that bodies Mttui eaob «feli«f m propor^on to thm iiiass. So a small qnantitrji'of BMktter, in the neighbourhood oC a' large quantity, always tends to go to it, if not prevented by some other power. lYell— you know I told yon that the SI19 was fr ball ' a vast many times bigger than the ball w(yr inbabit^ calted the earth; lipon which yon pi^periy iksked, how then it happened that tbie «uet^ did not foU into the tn|to. yr ti^n ■^^■■i.— And why does ifnotf *,'-<^'^«^«^-*'^^^^'^ l-"--i-.\;--x- _ *i one my brother was swinging *^'> ' ^iP;-i^It did so. T^t was a lesson in th«» ttsmiifi. fugal motion, or that power hf whiefa a body< tikus whirled eohtiniiaUy endeavomrs. to ^y off ^mnrib^ centre round which it moves. This i» owSag 'to' tie force . or impulse you give* It in setting biitr as if yotttwMre "going to throw it, away from ybui The' f itring: by which vou bold it^ on ^e contw»y, is tiiepowier which keeps the >ball toward the bentv«^ ^oallra the: &naripetai powers ^^Ehns, you see iSiefe are two powers acting upon die b
^ Ih-a-.^. v ,00 i^.—P^haps you would have expected tfiese'llalls itti faa/v» ^Ueti ib«hiiid[ hi», aa .t© waa going »t jNiob I/^-fSO I did.' : ,gf ilh-'V ■ -' ' -t ■;,•'; ■■-■; ;"■■■ i4,f«if-:'- ,. -^-r" "^ y<>« «*withi>t.l1iey JbH yiiito bis fhandb as «ire^ly aA if he had been standing quit^ stiM. That wa? *>«0ft«8e,'being.carried «l«ing with him, theyi had^ "mm ih^y wore thrOwa > upward^ the motion of, the Ji^orses «tJplwgbtrfor^ard, a» well .as th^opright »«h /limi^at>he gave th^i^i so th^ they madela ^bint- lAf; Hiifr4hroug{i<>heiiir,.attd came down in tfad«nDle |H»c»! mkidk they would have reaiehed <£ , h<^ JimI lUicl tiem in hia hand »H the while.), ; ,?. +>,.,i., . ^;^i> 12 .ir.-~f^at;!ia!v^jrcujdouft indeed l>l>'MMifth^'«i floda /las isreftted* f'launidled t with gre«tu f^rctej^in^/a «ti^b^lin0, «a;if ifeiwere alibow^oa a greenl ilt !W«m bjl^ flown, pff ui! this li»6 for fty¥>j,vlhra«di Ijoundless regions of space, had it iiot> ;iit7j£A f _, ._ '. r":^ N , > "" "•' ■ ■ • ~" ■ • - ' *'-~^ '. ji 1 ' r , ■ . ' ' :■'■ -w:>^'^ y .:'^.^:tS4^:.Mi: - . .■ ■ .f .^. f sffiiictloiL By the Wonderful skill of the Creator, rtrom two forces swefonutde exactly to eounter- ^baJuhce each other; f«» that just as much as the X^eartii, from the original motion given it, tends to fly ifofward, just so much the jran ^ws it to the ieentre; ;//tilid the consequence k) that it takes a course between ^"^tke two, whicnis a circle rOiUid and round the sun. t£r.^Bat if theeaith was set a rolling like a bowl upon a green, I should think ii would stop of Itself, u- the bowl does. ' / . " •' '%^ '■ "■ ■■■^ " \^^ jP.-^The bowl stops becauM^v it is eoatinually rubbing against the gromnd, whi^h checks its mo- a tion; but the bidl of the^arth mpyeiiin «npty space, where ^ere ia nothing to stopitj 'u V^ iv ' . ;£(«r*^B|tit if I thrpw a ball throngh^the airv it iHll itiot igo. en* IblieTer^-biit it will come; down to the t-; ■• •:), Ri^^' P, — That- is because the feree > with wihich vyou can throw it.is less than the force by. which it is drawn> to tiM earth. But there is another reason ttooy which is the resistance of the air. This space all acpund us and over us is iiot empty space { iti is quite full of a thin transparent fluid calTed atr» A ■j^:'JC!^^t*»I8!it^•V•;'^y'^■>V•■* .i-uijib' n *^n.t>fW..'ib5i'': — '\:'^ ' , H J»i-*f.Ye8. If you atoye youi; hind quickly tbrouidi Jt, you will^ fin<^tiom6tliing resiieiting you, though) m fa s%l|t degree*' And the windy you well know, is caiMsble of pressing against aiiy thing with almost ilrre8iBtil^;^rce ; and yet wind w bnt^a quantity of sir. fMut' into a inoleiit inotaen; >> Eveiy thing th<^ that moves throuj^hxthe Mi* is eontinutiily obliged ito push some of this fluid out of the wayv* l»^' Which means it is constantly losing part of its motion. X.— Then the earth would do the wme. ^ ;: P. — ^No; for it moves in mpfiy space. ,. X. — -What! does it not move through the air? docs not mioTo th f ^auffh tho air, but harries the air along with it. , AH the air is oon- /^ ^ .,.5 'V / .teined within the space oalled the atm$pherii iridvk yoa ma^^ compare to a kind of mist or fogclinging all round to the balWof the earth, and teaching a certain distance above it^ which has been calculated ' at above l^ty^five miles. ^ j^^ ; ; r,r? j a. X»— That is above the oloudis^ then,? • I * :P.-^Ye8 : all the clouds are within the utmb- Mwhere, for th^ are supported by the* air. ^Wdl — tms atmosphere rolls about alcmg with the earthy as if it were a part of it, and moves tvith it through , wfaflA we eaU the heavens, jln this" dnmense space are all the stars and planets, which have aU their several motions. <^herB is nothing to stop them, but they eontinually go oh, by ineans of the fotee' that the Oritetor has orii^inally impressed npbn them. Z^— «4^o nofe some of the stars move >voa&4 the son,, as well as our earth? ' utn ivv %jR^^<9;tl^({ ;«thos» that are called pjaneti. These «re aU siifojedt taiihe same laws i>f niotion with our eaictfau Tht^ are attracted! by the sun as th^r cen- tre, and form, al(Mi^ with the earth, that assemblage offro^ds ;whieh is called the'8o2art^«t0mw />■ ' ; Z'.^r^s::tfaer.m6oi^ one;of them? i !^ it' f' (> .rf?// P.— The moon is called a «ef»m(7ar^ planet^ be- '081180' its' immedii^el coimection is with our e4rth, round ;Whioh ?it , roU^ as /m tlo 'round • the sun. , it however iaiooompaiuiBs oUp earth on its journey round the <^uni; BatX will tell yon rmore about its m^otion, and ^ about the other planets and starsy ffiietber time, rit'is enough at^preeenty if yoii thoroughly snder- •tand what l.havei4>eeii describing*' < ,' .£i.'--<^I think Itdo/ . h '<^ -T r> - A ? t ♦ ,'. -: ) h ; i;{^ /f i^. ;^jlJd_^ Ai. M ?(>fT< ff,'»; ^fi lU. fi th- Miu .i*i'..^\ ^^ wbiok clinging tching a Iculated ;,. '.;v?,j,'.. » utmb- Well— larthf «8 through le space kll their >, p them^ le. Ibtee ' »B them. These irith our mr cen- Bmblage /''; ■';'. bDet^be- p e4Fth, uw. rit y round miotfon) er time, rsnder- wd'zH^ *■':''■' ■' Ji.J ■• -vi'-'^ ^■•-■■. ' . ■'■• ;^. ■'-.■:"•-. ■•■■'-••■, '.fr ■ LESSON XX.;''- ■;-'>^'/*' ^'"i' • • lit',-' •; ."■,>• ^. , .':■■ ■■; .■.4,?.J' ■ DETACHED PIECES. Not nlwnys t«mpt the disUiit d—pf Nor always timorously creep Along the treaeli«rouf^Bh0re.^HokAOi. And is this all ? Oati reason dp no more ,' '^^ ' rj Than bid me shun the deep, and dread the shore t -< Sweet 4t<»ralist! afloat on life's rough sea, , J5; The (Jhicistian has ^n art unknown to thee ; /Jj He hslds no parley with unmanly fears; Where duty bids he confidently steers ; Faces a thousan4 daggers at h^r c«li, ,, , t , , And trusting In his Ood surmounts tueiu' aiL '"",* N ' ^ C0WPE|t. / ./t*-K.ji; , t M"" s- TiLLme what Genius did the art jnterit^ -'' The lively image of the voice to pMnt;, ' ' WhoMirst the secret,; how to colour sotind,' ' " Ahd to give shapi^ to reason, wisely fqiuid; '"^* ' -^ With bodies bo^ tb= clothe ideas tatigW, ^' '"^ ';' And howiio dji^w thie; picture of a thought: - , - Who taught /^e hand to speak, the e^e to hearj, ' ''^ A silent Jaii^age roving far a^id tear ; ' . :^ Whose amtekt lioise putstrips Icmd thunder's iKound^^ And sDfef^ds hei^ accents' through i th^vhvdd's vait -l.^'*^' yTOiind; ' Avwje heard by the deaf, spoke by the dumb, 7 ""' me echo reaches long, long time to come ; yLdead m en Upeakua wefi as < ai oetf di vfe g ^ a ^Tm^^^si^gtiSiii^JIdi^a^^ .,/* m V-.- tPhe noble iihrt to Cadmus owes its rise ' Of painting words, and speaking to the eyes ; , He firstfiai wondrous magic fetterl9 bound The airy voice, and stopp'd the flying sound; "' ^he various figures'^ by his pencil wrought, Gave colour, form,f Reflect that. Jife, likp every otfier blessing, ; / :j -^j ij^ Derives its value from itp ijise alone; ; ^. ,,•, i, j^jti- Nor fbrJteelf; but for a nobler end, ^ >4 H^^f/ The Eternal jja^ve it, and that end ^ vfrt^iie^ ;^( j ,.V When inconsistent with a greater good, in ^ I^Vf Reason command* to cast the less away; ^f S^ii^:j^: Thus life with loss of wealth is well preservcc^ Jf?| And virtue cheaply #aved witl^ioss of life. JOONSON. ,\:- Wa^K oib\e who holds communion witb the skies, «, ' ^-m^^Ay I ■;■ r^TWn^ »; . I; )WP£B. 9tar f .^;. It, '^iVA lilone ; OifS05.~ ' ed, QKSOir. ■ ^i " r- leskifiB, ^r-^-W * ■gj^ And onoe more mingles with ns^meaner things^ "\ <»*' I 'Tis even as if an anfeel shook hla^wines;! f\f ;')*'' Imroortal fragrance fills the oirouit wide, ' ' And tells us whore his treasure is supplied* ^ ■>% COVPEB. C* As on thy mother's knee, a new-horn child, Weeping'^hou sat'st, while all around thee smiled, ' So live, that, sinking into death's lOng sleep, Calm thou majst smile, while all arOund thee weepi^: ■■ ^ ' r' - ■-; , ^;.- .tv HaFIZ. ■■A .it;M ■Ji'iiii I ; .Hi h i-.i.'f' 'U;t ■ f:- JX^ t-rf; LESSON XXI. THE FIRST SABBATH. -■5' 'Aihi- Herb finish'd he, and all that he hod made ^ if View'd, and behold all was entirely good;}/ ■ -v So even and mora acqomptish'd the sixth day : ; Yet not till the Creator, from his woA/ Desisting, though unwearied,, up retur6*d, • >• Up to the heaven of Heavens, his h^h abode; Thence to behold this new ertoted wosld. The additi^ of his empire^ hofrii ahowM; . In prospect from his throne, h^ir good, how ^ur, Answermg his great idea.- lip he rode FoUow'd with aoelamation, and ^ sound Symphonious of ten thousand harps, that tnned>^^ Angelic harmoiiies ; the earthy the air Resounded (thou remember'st, for thou heard*«t^ The heavens and all the constellations rung, f, The planets in th^r station listening stood^ .'tyj^ " While the bright pai|»p ascended jubilank ;iTt' ** Op«a, ye everlasting gates 1" they umi >M»' " O po n^ yo ^l wW t WWi , -^ w. * ^^mf*\ \ , .; .■/ ■ .. / . / / / / ' /<■ . /r J ^.w; ' / ''' / lift « >^^ ■m ;? ■n And Seen in the tha MagniJBcent, his six days* work^a •world; Open, and heQcdTorth oft ; for God urill dei^ To visit oft the - dsrellings of jiut men, : i ?elighted4 and with frequent intercourse ' hither will send his winged messengers On errands of supenial grace/'^— So sung The glof iouB^rain asoen^ng: he through^heaven^ That opentd wide faw biasing portals, led , . To God's Qt^mal house direct the way ; :j A broad, ftiid ample road, irhose dust is gold| nt stars, as stars to thee appear galaxy, that'lbulkyripray . Which nightly, as a drcling zone, thou seest Powder'd with stars. An^ now oik earth seventh--'-'- ,;,::-,; ^'.-'.-vv'' ^ Evening rose in IBden, for the snn '*■ Was set, and twilight from the.east came on, " ^ Forerunning msht ; when at the holy mount Of heaven's higb-seated top, <:he imperial thron» Of Godhead fix'd forever firm and sure, ''M'(: The Filial Power arrived, and sat him down o «# With his great Father there ; and, from his work Now resting, blessed aivd hallowed the Beve*nth day, As resting on that day from all his worL But not in silcboe holy kept v the horp'^vi ', Had work, and xssated not ; the solemn pipe^ And dol'oimev, all organs' of sweet stop^ All sounds on fret by string w golden wire^ Temper'd soft ^ipninM^. intermix d with voice Ohom OF unison : of incense clouds, ' \. ) , ' -. Fuming from golden censers hid the mount, v o ^ ' ^ ""^ Creation and tne six days* acts they sung : ^ " Great are thy works, Jehovah ! infinitei Thj power! what thought can measure thee, m tongue ■ '■'^'' -^i^'*\ ltelate-4hco 1 Qr cato r now in thy r e tu r n •{rt-;10 Than from the giant angels : thee that da/' ,^^*"i'- fell--;; huK / ■ / V? enven^ ^•' t t ,:,;,i;,V |,' ^'-'- !^''-l theo, or, ■ji- A.' '/ »-. ' — '"■•"? 1 • ^ V ' ■% Thj.thnnd^n magnified; bnt to create Is greater than cSS^^Ho^debtiJoV, /.. Who can impair the^^Mighty King; or bound Thy empire t Easily tt(eprdad attempt Qf;8pirit8,iip9stfkte,.:aii(^^^ eonns^ vain. Thou hast repeird ;^ w)iueJpu>j6u8|y. they thought Thee to diminish, iEiird'fr<3>m tliee withdraw The nuraiiwxof Ay 'worsbippersjv Who seeki^ f To lessen thee, against his purpose serves To manifest the morf.thy might: his evil Thou use8t,«nd froinithietice dreolest more^good* Witness this new-mad# worlds another heaven From heaven-gate not fer^ founded in view On thejcleaSr %a3inej the glassy sea; ^ ' Of amp1ijt«d^4most immense, with stars Numerous, and every star perhaps a wctfld OC destined habitation;^ but thpu kn^w'st Th^ a^^MHA : iftoiong these the seat of men^r i < Earth with her tietber ocean ckseumfused, " ' Their pleasant dwielling-place. Thrice happy men' And sons of baen whom ixod hath thus advanced ! Created in his imagv there to dwe|l > ^ . ^ And worshi^htn).^ «tn^ |i^ rennrard to rule * " ' ' ' Over his woflcs, ion e^^ in sea, or air, , . And multiply a f«ce\of»JWorshipperg < '< > B^^itodjilstr^thi^^liAppy,!^^!^^ , Their happmea8,,Mia,|>epieverenpri^t!'\ s ' So sung they, and diragbyriHm, rung > . ^ ; ^ With haU^i4ih|r t^#^ tiie Sabbath kejtt; /^ MiLTOH— Pararfi^ Xwfc *.(• Snr-^^-fel--^ f*?t*^ >»A- 'r=r «. c c ft . J 'i ,; ^,.-.,. -^ 'A!^.'u"'">A«#i'A -^r f-*^ > f<"'' PREFIXES, AitaiM, xm MnrCIPAL tAMjt! ooovwinni n nn fommi :'<•<■ i.|^Fi:xiis, A, on. Be, abektr A{^ iwri^R . v Fore, *?/br«. '" • . Mis, «rror jor 41(/ML H^f:vf;fi; "i^,^ TiTvt Orer, over 9f «*••«. - .,,1^ ^\ ■ Un, no*.. ■ ' , , A, abi *Vs^/V»*i.; ^" ■ ' Ad, (1^ M, af, PCi.|4t •Bii9.fr, «8»*t,) to. * Am, round, about. Ante, ^orw. Cifeum, (circu.) oAovft vX Con, (CO, oog, w;^oomt^Tft)U>- getner. Contra, agniiut. De, dowHy from. Di, disi (dif,).,«f»d^ p«l. Extra, i^MdL fr In, (Ig. 11, eii. hB;ir.) is •*. Inter, forwem f r.JMponf,i>; rj.-i;x Intro, wWii^. ' .. ^ Jaxtai- •v*'*. '^ *^^**^*-.'$^ ""^-^ * ' t. OBEEK. Ob, (M. efi «». oi;) tefteiMy 4^- p«r, {v^)ifmmhr'> i^ Port, «»/»«r.^ l*re, 6«/!ww. Pret«r,-i<3roildL' Retro, badkwarda. I ,. . 8«pen (imr,) ciMWt. ' .ii.ii^ Traill (tra,)^f^{.i,j( jii^/^ intra, %eiidl * ] ^ ' J4 1.^ * s ,vo Alt, ant ar. ar^l arjr ^ - — «•» eer •ttt< \ i ,1- 1 MM .s>- ■ ; . ..- / A, (an,! wahouU not. Amplii, botkf ntmd abmiL Ana, throt^h. Anti, (ant,) 4V»%«^ «» «PP^ tionto. ■^.- Apo, (apli,)>*wm. Cata, (cat, eat>,eath,)Vhnii rift Byn, (ly, lyV ^),ftgi<*ir IfMa, tAreiyAk Epi, (eph,) i(poii. , Hyper, o»tr, 100. Hypo, mndtr. Meta, (m«th.) VyoadL Para, (par,) ht$ii», Peri, reiMdl ■^*7 ■'•-# '■ -♦--^t- 'f-^. '. ■; '''/„ \ jfc., -?S»' I - ^ ■■.'•';'*- i ' i 'r <* -S- / V / idL ^f^^^^^^*—. JL AFFIXES. \ \ -4i "■'^ft ,?•?'*>• '- "■'i • ;,4i' i: i.'j ..I \''^'n C I .CI ( .,iV ,1.": it , 'U'-j • jfiit 'i iitni, meiit, nee, Uon, .'i 'i tion. rioo,, ilr «» «r, ^vl jr. J JI '402^0^ -»f.'3J ', t'fi';' .'!^(i;(t Ht; ».« 'i-j v-^iffi— .«r 'i^^ ^tfiBlftL>MjKaBi|K KOC^ >.\,: d LESSON t Mtor. Altus, A^A, Apto, lfit» Bomtti» a Diinu, il«riy«seiidture. Faeio, / mU; fMtiu. pMr, (fieio Mid fiwttts whtti oom* poun^) M netor, ^tkeliceM^ 4 ttMmS rbllof. (Or.) • isribo, Iwritt; lerl; Sopbot, (Or.) «!•«, M .1. Quero, f 4»«f ; qnMitm* «tM^„ i ,A|qi^ and quiititiM when «om« ' ,'poua■ . ' Caro, earnis, fit»K m qwirakftk Cvra, cure, as wMcur*. FaViUi, <«>y, «• Un/Oititit if^ fleult J ^>i Babeo. / hni; liajkittM^ .*K (Mbeo and JiibUm wb«n «om- ponndad.) at Aibabit, Mbilrfk. Qoatia. Ml M«My« aa boatilt. Lago< IgiUhtr wekooaei lactni» ftuktr$i, aa dafraft iNtaet. 1 -^JfifiLSl I. mate, (atptoaad I Patior; /«i(f«r; paaana, lm(m '"" i aa/md^ aa patbnM^ WMpaifr poaiidad.)aao^pt»MVf9iapl Catua, kplhw, •MJMt 1m aompMrnJiSl aar^Mt ^ ' Manua, (At AMd; M^imiMf. v '*' llttUna, flicay, aa MNMmK^^ ^ Katua, Aanit aa oat&w. . rartOb / «tiyiar, aa trmufMiA '.V.-vJ l*w^ f^^^l^0 p]MaJ^ SadaaT/cA; i« aaaadanlanf, a a a iio a . Sfsto, /«i0f>, aa rrriat. . Stingnor, I putomt; atlnetM^. iMl oiu; aa dbtinguMA, m-. tinet. atatam, to tUmd, ai d^a^ atatJMfffy. '^'^'* aa tM g iim tm tt a i tt W I .* , '/;. ■■'■K' ., ., ,»■ -\ ' V.' irhen«oni« ' |*^.' D - t irlMn«om« it, Mhibii hiwfilt. EfMlcet. It. , :, ; ■ ; ttineiiib ■gUMAy Ci- •**■•, !•,?<> M ntiA/jr, U{r«^ •«tT-«„;f'r %■ V«fi(t, /vMnm; v«ntiM, ^ Carro. / r«V.*.«itniu^*il«*AM • rw, «| Meur, recur. iirjurji^. ^ . , Striio, / AmiAI; ttww^^, ^p^ .■ ) t (' ■ -U V':i. "tBssoNy;.. ■;:;%:■''' f|or. oftnli^ lUAetiH, wt omumvI. letter, «MiMmrd, u •ilermiL OeDtta,geMcu,«*/M4,Mgeii«Mt Aliriu, tKMttdtq^ ma ^uiu^ir$.' Orno, / cfcctv •« ^ttrmmeMt.' 8«rvo, /Jwy^ M|ifiaM^ ■'«■ i. •*» ^'■ R6Ct> • , SalTo, f i9Mr; aolvtli*, .Anim< wbo« />AI.* tcmvs, AfH«f »f*P» /*Wi HTMtM^ ddyimi ' "mti ... , ■'. .y,. I r 4»,* |[ni«tii8, «i #/<>/»; greiMUS, hnting^yonf. m retro- gr««|«» gnulair/, pntgrtsM. Ligt), /AiMif. «»Ug«i«i*»rf. . LiMiiio. 7 Mii^ ; ttbtiif, IcAt ** Migro, / r^iUMif, m Milgraf*. fipnrg^ / (ifremdt wpnttnK trlicb cowpwitlMlwi,) lis ifw- |»cnM. A r», iirttis 0tit *» nn\/leiiiL AtiMi. '(Olr.) 9tp0tif^ «• •tmoi- ■>JMw.'''- '* " <•■'■ - •■ '^ Colo, r ttOHMft; onltiM. nrf/i^ ' ta/iNi, M ooloKji^. «j7><«itU«'^- Poceo, /leite*; tloetiu, (aii^Af, ■ lui d««i«»i'«r FbmiK,' •!«»**, ii f«*%r«'A Famlo,' /^K^ o**^ ftiJ«u«» i»oiirerf OHiMM rfftiiHl; *i«fti»»«. Itiiuttvi. «frwiwi; •• «*lMiii»t i llomok amitH^ aa homicNfe^ Uoiipito, liw^Uli a^iiMf,'a>lios- mnA*: ■■■ ■■-■y ■'■■ . •- ■ Infrtf, 6ftow, •• infeniffl. ■ lmt'», flitiUi, *//A6ii iii w«rii*£ '"^fttXurMii^''^ ■'■■'"• " ■■^"' "^ Mel, Ao)Mf , M iii«W<^iw««./^ Me^i fiMrv/UiMiKii, ^ vtfimner- '"'cirti;" •'■'"> * '•■'■' •"'■"■••J ife KiMrio, /NOMTJiA, m atttiiiMMfe)< panlnr. ■ .•"■■■.^.' ,v .■■ ';i cr,> ^ ,_ Pefii. #, •*»•'» «0 pctf/Joil. ! -< i *'f ' iVirtw; 7 lew#>f . us f jrport -'^ l*n«/MN, UN pi|trr/y. , U«|K«; wrpo, 7 cfvqt, m replif^ ■«rp'^ Villi » wtfjf. iw (fevl*/*. Voeo. / mU; v(r. «» pffmiituriil'*'^- MiKoeb. I mtijfU; mlxtus. i»i/ii- )//«/. AS promhMuann, niix'tiiVv. MbfiM. / motfe : nnltas, milet^ M mnovi, MmtnoCioA.' pMottttn. «f b'trffitiH, hi ttrntpnct. J»iiro. / iii'i*» fVMidijr,; as yr*pais * Mfro/ii »«p*!r. PoikH r^M^*; f|W|f.*P«««i«i. A«fi*fN^Q«(f^» «fpend/fwre. ' QuAtuor. /oar, as quarter, qua- 4rMptd. ' Unriis. /AOi, asiraiT/V. \ v^^ff »« Sifnam, ir war*, f/nHgiMW^i ■ ■ Stringo, / hoU /tat; strjIetuSi -. *f/rf//i«.«a wstringKMi^restricUy Texo, /vir«f»P^; textus, wom^4 a» twrt*r#; cowtext. ed, lit tmgusjif, aaetHMi. dkfoU. K /. V. • M « !(■ >) cr.' • >«liitoi3r<^ /'^ , ^W^ ^^'' ■»• ;;■■'■ My* i« m'' nJiturfc '^- xttts. miii« f, iiiUtii>v(. »»•'■ , '" irter, qua- ; Rtrjlettl4 wM'eiitrict: I'' tas. itOMI. Arbor, • tut, m •riKHroecaiMk ClnRMk /fry pirt.mB^pntclAim, CHviw, 4 lifoytr, us dbvlitafy; Otriiim. «4'M«Jw>xeeri(i/A ^( l>i'iiHU», tkirk, ntt ro/f tleuM. ^ejiH, ii god. M Jej/V. FoUuin. n U^rf, as ruli4.7«. Oe. ((ir.) /A«e^r/A. %ngi9graphp. Oi4i(»lie. « timeri/tfioti : grapbb, (Or.) f ww/i*, M jn>»pbw. Ililitris, ckettr/ttlin* exhilaral*.' . Jutlex, iadieiBi J^l4ft^ m jinit- eio/L ' Lignum, wppd, m lign«9ii«. «Li^ueo, imelt,tka WqnitfKtion. rlena»,/mU, m rfplenifA. SpenUMt I pntkine ; apeiaM, ^ promi$id, M rtepond; spoaifK Uber, fteiUiful, m ezabwanf. Uinbr«, a shade, aj umbn^jwoiM. Vigor, ttrtng^ m ltei • Satis, tnmigK, as snti^y. Stvpso, /oM AeAMaiAr fiiOtor^ fiK fHng*. Grmnuoi,, a ffrfi|| . nieul. «- TermiimV B Atftiiuf or lunA, ii ^ term, termhMfA tornot I parch ; pfwast pttn^ «*/,«■ torricf, toMt . Tabep, twfUijt^, MtvtIaieftMaK'' VMat^ym- trmehy aviA/0rv«U X'WISO'N 3tPir. ItliK / iWKrMi •» aRiNMC. - ■ '^ Gi^nNK « Afir, iw eapiUw|w ' eelirv«Mj|W^^^^i^ '^^ C(k)|jrltodei; (di^>i/ ml^i •» ^ ^linikiv '. :■ .-^v:^' •■^■^•- . Ease, to 6e ; ens, beingi •» tliiiB- lAify fSpvMolMfy. ^ '-*■ ?•■#■■ Patum, /a/«,. death, u fatal!. t Faux, M«°Mr»i/, aSvtyToetid, I I that*: atil J^udt a¥ coi^janotfon. L«|m1o. / hurt ; Isesos, *iirt, (Jidf ■' 'aua'lhtt3 whencompojapdietE.) ■ Haeottinion. RtaebiiiiC ail mtMmthn^ ^, as pbti/jcaf. ItSiblicip, I makekHown, as pub* , lAt/^ l^ffblica/io«/ (^liiif i|i^,li>itf jMAcA,af qtfalHi7l^ .^feilSwgww"' -.V ,- Vk «tt> -Wlilfl -.1 • .'l» OHfA Spntivm, ■•';'.*> r^ :!..').■ xKss(»r tf. y' Vi-m -xiA. MUM. w" fi««i% (Or,) lybvM^ibM*^ Wrtit / . /***• «"?'^»» « wiNiw •» «nMi/y, Ignis, ^, M igneotM. ' Latud, edUTMi^ Uroad, m dUaAt. . iMi/Mfe. Mittliema, knoveUd^fti matliena- li|k/M«^ as kUmof^ Bono, laouni, aa sonorom Tfiago, / WM«f Mq|Mi|4MHM M tangtMc, wjitaeti lUife- Agat^i^Qr.) m auttmt, m$mU^ Aageloa, (Gr.) a me$$eM». at angeU MMiflaliiL ;> . AnimitSi th* mind, as waaoiaioiMr Aperies /iyMj»,;t aip«ittas,.aMM<. as ft||«ri«ii/. apMrtibvk ArotMt (Or.) « ^«i/v <*• JiwfA, as aretu>, A«4e4fm^aaardM/;i / AvWus, ararus, j/readfy, •» avi- ^*4«(yw> mwrtrt M Mu . ; Botan«. (Or.) apldnt, aa bMMV. botaMMh . .,. / CanikM^ Ajmi wAiVi^ /Wa^ d eandji^ Mcendiafy^ v Gapat, i«< AsA^ a» capital; ««:' - eipitate. GauUMN. awiy; asjrrwMlwat^ \ Copia, 7>fe/i/j^, as eopioMi I>eous» daeoiis,, jTWM^ rtrtsfrtf^ as deooroM^deeeni/iMk ^ Disook / Wa, aa disft)^. Oomo, f fuMuti liiwaiainy « "MMtfnV •» dooiiiiMi/t^denaljL Brgan. (Gf.) « iMri, «krANM^. , "^ *^W. iTAwiriL ■■fatftitft.aaii| p^|«^ Mi l l, m^ m mmf^m^l^^mma^mmitlimmi n ■ ■■ i ■ ■ i * . ■ ■ * . i»*1-^-^- -. n-l^^im i J .ii— .^i^WM^^»afcM^—^— ■>*■ ■:'^'*?. IXiUi^jtai^ M BfcW^fllilMWH #* i3J%. toeut, c jftoe^ ll# loeo«i«(i'■■■■ w:^"' " lljrrioB, (Or.) nMmbti4m^mf- Nornw, • n*Ir* iis aiom«iit. Koiico, «ogno80o, / 4-Niiw; oog- -' nUu% i-N»i»ii> M recugntf e, re- oognitMiK., < , Namenia.aiiiiMA«r^l»l«nUMr- vv ... I. NuAoio. / tMt as mnbvMe. 'Ordo, •fiiert law, •« erwuordi- toary, o»d^VdpinqMiiy, vproxlai4^*.j» Rado../«ertfjM; rasas, «0rtfj»« ; saltuS, l^pf, (8>»o nifd' HiiUuB when com|H>uiiil- ^ eil.) ns HuIieM/, (USiiuU, rraili- I'M/, insult. ShIiih. sulutin, Ara/M: snlvus, , *»/>(, nw SMlut<»*y, saWn/Aw. , Se«|uur, / /tUtnip : Heontus. /»*- lowfd, na »«/ii»oqa«i/, «r«cut«. Soeuitt, « eoM/ptfttiun, as MocltJ^ Specular, I loak/w^ as spsctt- \ale. . ■ - ::-■-.■,■. ■ ...:;;■'. ^..- Sptro, l'ftrM/A#,<*«plr«. BplMMleo, / 0hm*, aS splaudwi. ' Sponta, 0/ anc^s OMW^wi/^ as spontcineoM. Stratus, thrown down t stratum, a 6«d;' as />restr«te, strat*^' '- Terreo, / frighten, as terr«6/<. Tolero, / Ator, as «atoler«N<. Torpeo, lambenumbtd, ti'^IMt- Totus; the wkoUf as totof. Toxicon, (pr.)iH)woii, aai'ntoxi-, eate. ' Tremo, / tmoMtf as tremen- ^out. Tropos, (Or.) « /ans •• trope, tropica/. UMa, a iMNM, as undufa/«. ^- Vacuus, emplj/t. MMeftmale. Valo, / wter, as tail, wtslo- tioH. Vonewm, |N» |i4is4ie,i^4i>n#' **_ *m\ r»i^ . ^,>„ =L . roxiBMK»>y r'^, Mil' W/»/. (siHo !Oni|MlUlllI- A; 8iilvof|— %\naiio«: \ CtttUH. /'I- 1/, «9r«cut«. AS MoeitJi; rplre. • n^vMt at I f stnitnin, 4>ler«ii<. tottrf. «, M jirtozi*^ ui trunfea- I, M trop«, idufa/«. ^^ raettn/^. ail* (twelo- nJMm. -~ 1^ RMrit, aa as T«t«fa». riaoMb vili* ML ,^'**, "^"TTTT-^ AMfR. «r AdiMf . a|i «i(f {/V. . > Arltilpr. tfw mmfirt, » .mter^ at iirl>iir'i/mw. AHrtlr«rf|y. Artiiii, ttjnuit, UN trtim/a/e. AB]i«r, ro^i^^' m atperiVy, ecu* %no. / Ikrow: \hA6. (Or.), m 7A/-oi^;baU, Balmrir, «yiiibo1. Ceran, f4# j/ ' runiuluit • heup,M bn)/a/^. . UfitM^i blot out, I dettroif, at ffhU\&tl*, deUferioHt. / DeiuM. (Gr.) tkt ptoff, M d«- I>Mpb<««i> (Or.) a «M«/^; at dn^potie; iHgqiu*^ iror/%, Nt digni^. l>ynNiii1ii. (Or.) /toirer, at ^yna- niJf#, djriiAJi/jy. '■ Rqiius, « Jior«e, at tx^iptlgt. Bq. (Or.) »r^ ai«a/»Aoiiy, uran* FunttRi, a /MiijAif, as ;i»^aiur/t»w;.gQbre< at impctiiaiM: lntul§, on Miiitfv at intiiltn'/^ Jiigum/ a ifoktt'.ti^: irwAJaga/r. Legmipeo,ji>M2«c aa T(^(uin!nMM« Lettia, (Or.) fbrgt^ftUm^ at Linca, « Ui^ at dielbt»/<^ rarfif^ linear. LitlHM, (Qr.) a «<09^ at ^tbo» Lofot. (Or.) a weiM; at Hm-' logwe, isjuilofjr. LaiMmA{■?#, Mineo, Ihmgt tm ffoaAtumt, Miniiter, i ttrmmti at dihiialnrK . /foil. . . Mora, ttflortisi Aatk, aslmnorl*!. Mot, moris, • !«UNiiMr, as momtt Marat, a *aU, at ifmnimhli. Masa. a flNM^foNjf, at mai^,. .t 4A ^ Vi Omnia, «ll^ u tmn\fk ' Ntfl. ()•; oris, Me JIIM0, •! .w«|jiiv ■ /«. Ovfim, «« ro, / unia, M M(poteDt. Plr«Mhyi^ oA); pr«i1)jt«MPt (Gr.) P^?b, i;>HM>; /^biA^ M «p- KinHuM, « f«y, M b>i/. as snie/tfic. Sious,. a. 6o«oiN, a i^f, AS iRri|l(«l; flf*, linuMi'yii '^ Sol, Me «MH. as s<>1«iv#6k/iei;/\ Stsrili)^ 6Krr««, steri|i(9u ^ , S|r()Blle, (Or.) a /••[»% W tfpMtropHe, M/a«trn{pb«. \ Surgo, / riM ; sarreotas, riuk,- as innvkrgfnt, r^urrefStMJV. Tiinao, Ifiarf^ t| t^oimipitf , Urn* ii/i<.y. " ' - - ' Tono£^ {Qr.}Un/ti^— ««im4 MNMtohe. ** . ' ' TrMldus, /liirM M ti«pitrc;p|p4,.t^«iu^{f TnesB, a AiW«hiat'i|-* » \;^^%|* TMCailS. Ago, (Gr.) / Issd^ aftiMMgofite, iHwagqfHc; jIltonH^ M0itgiiif to atloMMi!, as i^oa»rla> AmHo, IrAssr^ MMidi(a»v ««#* «nhM«i4t •* SH^pMNf* atto/wm author. GUasans, iciliiiW,sla■-■ ■4 IK«Ibii«;> l#7Mi>fl». /MwttOiii^i ■! disiniVjn f«olltani,^MinptK>i«, Feeundu9,/riuUurr| ASM V. • Ill „.T»» a- , r ifdowidiiy. •lirnu ■ trtalift M M fron/ftir. •r U»Uir, (iD«t«r. Or.) • flMlA#^ M BBMcrn^A Mttngptfjii. II«rgo, ifUmgti nitrttM,|iiMV^ «rf. •■ phctoj, prophtU em^lmak. runio, IpuHuhi pan*, M«ii/, as iMpdoi/y, Piism a IftKf If jr^ M •pair. » Taili«, / dmpiM t trnptaa, i4i* Dcnnn. iti&, as benl^»rm<^ CJiaris, (Or) Iom, thmdta^ as ehsrir.V. i?iteharis/. Cheir, (Or.) rA« Aai»< as li^n^ f0on, wbencs sargeoii. ' Kgso,/NM^asm^ Sttraos. (Or.) mli4^J^ tBiH^ Aapiliis. biy^ as attpl^ AstroD, (Or.) « «ter, ,«• iitros, «nM^ as atratHllb Gansso, /<«»». />^h4p% «■««»• sirr#, oensortNw. CilialB. IA« ttr, aatstrarrf^ • .eA|p, afe nrbsM^ iaAnirkik * - .- «#^>. m^ pppppir , '■'*. " v-r,. .-^-i,- - ^jasS33K - r.fl,- ; .-'so '■" ■ ' *■<■'/'- *■. v^ , . \ . ■ ■ ■ ^■T;' ■) \ ' - V - . . '''5S *-*■ ■' -'. * a .■■*. * . ' ■ v' ■^r%V.; ^1 .-■ ■•■ ■ - ■ i V s- .• ' 7j ,-c * f ■* ■■ . ._.,(. :f'v f^-*-* ^-1 ^^ I V I - \ ■'•''"'■■■'-■ \ : :■ • " .' ■ ■ ■ . ■, %.. : »■• . ♦ , ' . iv 4 ^. ■ : ^- ■ ■■t ;»■■:'•- •« ' 'f. ' '■ Jl:!. 14^ -w.-^j. I 4 !; g'