IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) /> /^ .<^% /!/ .^ (/. M 1.0 t^ I.I ^m 12.2 i: I us. 12.0 m - 1.25 III , .4 |, .6 < 6" ► t Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14S80 (716)872-4503 s ^ <^^- ^ ./A/%/\/» BY SYDNEY C. D. ROPER, Assistant Statistician PUBLISHED BY THE BEPABTMENT OP AOBICVLTUBE / OTTAWA PRINTED BY THE GOVERNMENT PRINTING BUREAU 1892 llntroduct; ■Addenda . IStatistical iPreliminai Chapter do do do do do do do ^ do do do do 3 do X] do X Lppendix (' 1 • u TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE. Ilntroduction v JAddenda vii IStatistical Summary ix Preliminary Remarks 1 chapter I. Constitution and Government 23 do II. Population and Vital Statistics 72 do III. Finance 107 do IV. Trade and Commerce 154 do V. Post Office and Telegraphs 248 do VI. Agriculture 267 do VII. Mineral Statistics 303 do VIII. Mercantile Marine and Fisheries 332 do IX. Social and other Statistics — Religion 357 Education 360 Law and Crime 374 Charitable Institutions 391 Canada Temperance Act 394 Patents and Copyrights 399 do X. Banks and Savings Banks 402 do XI. Militia and Mounted Police 422 do XII. Dominion Lands 429 do XIII. Insurance 437 do XIV. Railways and Canals 453 Appendix (Tariff) 489 i-.i /• INTRODUCTION. Many improvements and additions have been made in this, the seventh, issue of the Statistical Year Book, while all the principal tables of former issues have been continued and brought down to the latest available date. Chapters lY and YI have, in particular, been considerably enlarged, several new tables have been added, as well as much useful information, bearing especially upon the important trade questions of the day. Owing to the very late period at which the Railway Statistics for the year ended 30th June, 1891 were published, viz., 30th June, 1892, it was impossible to give that time and attention to the preparation of the chapter on railways that the importance of the subject properly demands. The Appendix contains a copy of the Tariff, as it is at present in force, including the changes made during the last session of Parlia ment. It is arranged in alphabetical order, thus doing away with the necessity of an index. Notices of the principal events, including parliamentary changes both Dominion and Provincial, that have occurred since going to press, will be found under the het ^r.i!? of "Addenda" at the com mencement of the work. The book is, as usual, published some months later than it properly should be, and the causes of delay are the same as in previous years partly the difficulty of getting any other than parliamentary work attended to by the Printing Bureau while the House of Commons s in session ; but principally the late period at which many of the depart- mental reports are published, without making reference to which, the Year Book would be incomplete. As already stated, it took twelve months to prepare the Railway Statistics, when the work should fairly be done in from four to five months. The Mineral Statistics for 1890 were not published until May, 1892. Neither the Fishery nor the 1' r-i w 1 *:fl\ Canal Statistics for 1891 are yet publiHhed, the fishery figures given in Chapter VIII having been supplied, in advance, by the department. Complaint is often made of the late period at which the Year Book is issued : the fault, however, is not with the compiler, but is owing to the above described condition of affairs, and as long as that continues, so long must the issue of the book be unnecessarily delayed. It is hoped that any errors detected, if such exist, will be at once reported to Mr. S. C. D. Roper, Assistant Statistician, Department of Agriculture. Statistics Branch, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, July, 1892. ADDENDA. The following events and changOH have occurred since going to press : — HOUSE OF COMMONS. Meinlier for Frontenac Hiram A. Calvin. " L'AB8omption HormifldaH Jeannotte. •♦ Pontiac Jt)hii BryHon. " Marquette Nathaniel Boyd. The House was prorogued on 9th July, 1892. PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENTS. The Quebec Legislature was prorogued on 24th June, 1892. The Manitoba Legislature was dissolved on 27th June, 1892. British Columbia, Lt.-Col. James Baker has been appointed Minister of Education and Immigration, a new portfolio. Hon. John Robson, Premier of the Province, died on the 29th June, 1892. The Provincial Government is now composed, as follows : — I Premier, Attorne" General and Provincial Secretary Hon. Theodore Davie, Q.C. Chief Commiss'onor of Lands and Works •* F. G. Vernon. Minister of t"ir.'»nce and Agriculture. " J. H. Turner. " Education and Immigration " Jas. Baker. President of the Council " 0. E. Pooley, Q.C. ' 1' 11 THE NEW LOAN. A 3 por cent loan for £2,250,000 ($10,950,000), repayable in 46 years, was successfully floated in London by the Dominion Govern- ment during June, 1892. The minimum price fixed was £91 per cent, and the average price realized was £92 Os. lOj^d. The sum was subscribed for nearly four times over, there having been 420 applica- tions representing, upwards of £7,000,000. The price obtained was * lower than on the previous occasion of borrowing, but such was to be expected, w^hen the greatly altered conditions of the market are taken into account. If it had not been that the credit of the Dominion stands remarkably high in the London market, the reduc- tion in price would undoubtedly have been much greater. ERRATA. Page 48.— For Sir N. F. Belleau, Kt., read Sir N. F. Belleau, K.C.M.G. Par. 441.— Silver, 1890, for 420,662 reud 420,722. Par. 493.— Value of salt, 1889, read $129,547. ^ Par. 496.— Read $76,874. Par. 501.— For $94,401 read $104,601. WW . ;i|r),W)».3ii» 870 ..fH,2()l),742 871 . ;li7,70«Kf;17 872.. i»2, 187.072 873...#>,«48,4(52 874...««,324,!X;r) 875 .4|«,008,378 87(»...1j|4,551,514 877...!||3,235,309 878...l|0,»i2,069 87U...?|2,990,188 880 .. )i^2, 451,088 881...^|>5,35)5,780 882 ..^3,iMl,(m 883.. 1^,466,716 884 . . ]j)l2,161,851 885... 10)6, 407,6»2 88(}...)p,15J),107 887 . K8!7,314,776 888...fj5M,631,a58 889.. .1^7,530,041 890...j|j»7,533,212 891 ..W,809,030 T OrricK Savinoh IUnkh. NuihIh'!' of Du|M>Hit«>rH. 30th. I line. 2,102 7,212 12,178 17,153 21,059 23,52«l 24,!HW 24,294 24,416 24,074 25,535 27,445 31,365 39,"(K)6 61,4(« 61,059 (i(i,()82 73,322 80,870 {)0,159 101,693 113,123 112,321 112,230 204,588 86(1,814 1,588,848 2,497,259 3,09(5,5(J0 3,2(t7,051 3,204,1H-. 2,92«},0}M) 2,740,962 2,(«9,937 2,754,484 3,105.190 3,946,6<19 0,208,22«» 9,473,6(il 11,976,237 13,24.5,652 16,090,640 17,159,372 19,497,760 20,689,0.33 23,011,422 21,5K)0,«63 21,738,618 iths, to 30th June, 1868. » !1: '■'' r- IW Ykak KNOEI) 30th Junk. 18G8. 1809 1870 1871 1872. 1873... 1871... 1875 . 1876... 1877... 1878.. 1879... 1880 . 1881 . . , 1882 ., 1884 . 1885.. 188(>.. 1887 . 1888.., 1889.. 1890... 1891 .. Population on 4'ih April. PorHona. Males. Ft'inales. Iiuini- gration. *3,485,7C.l 1,7(14,311 1,721,450 M,324,810 2,ias,778 2,13<;,032 *4,832,()79 50,050 39,373 27,382 25,633 27,082 29,807 40,492 38,505 47,991 112,458 133,624 103,824 79,169 69,152 84,526 88,766 91,600 75,067 82,165 Revenue. 9 13,687,928 14,379,174 15,512,225 19,335,5()0 20,714,813 20,813,409 24,205,092 24,648,715 22,587,587 22,059,274 22,375,011 22,517,382 23,307,40«> 29,6a5,2{>7 33,383,455 35,794,649 31,861,961 32,797,001 33,177,040 a5, 754,993 SC', 908,463 38,782,870 39,879,925 38,579,311 Expenditure Dominion Lands. Area dealt with. 13,486,092 14,0:^8,084 14,345,509 15,623,081 17,589,468 19,174,647 23,316,316 23,713,071 24,488,372 23,519,301 23,503,158 24,455,381 24,850,(»34 25,502,554 27,067,103 28,730,157 31,107,706 35,037,060 39,011,612 35,657,680 36,718,495 3(5,917,835 35,994,031 3(»,343,568 Acres. 521,791 687,994 1,085,793 667,<»70 753,384 Amount realized. 28,58<) 25,987 25,161 8,724 143,645 138,211 255,119 15.5,812 164,451 1,727,280 925,962 788,13(5 288,594 321,279 412,318 404,282 441,761 328,141 2J>2,254 Land in Cultivation. '17,335,818 »21,8{M>,181 POSTAG Number of Offices. 3,638 3,756 3,820 3,943 4,135 4,518 4,70(5 4,892 5,015 5,161 5,378 5,606 5,773 5,9:^5 6,171 6,395 (5,837 7,084 7,295 7,534 7,671 7,838 7,913 8,061 Number of Letters 18,100,00 21,920,00 24,500,00 t27,050,00 t30,600,M 4,136 t30,600,000 24,400,000 lO.a^s ; 2,989,793 9,898 2,956,911 414 114,065 563 127,371 ni,4.S(i,527 107,709,116 82,639,663 i'M 4,518 t34,579,000 25,480,000 ll.OM) :},()32,746 10,508 3,062,789 416 140,370 506 152,226 128,011,281 127,514,594 89,789,922 7(ii 4,70«; t39,358.500 29,000,000 9,2^-J :{,077,987 8,471 2,973,374 486 174,404 580 163,016 12S,2i;^,582 127,404,169 89,351,928 7(;| 4,892 t42,000,000 31,300,000 7,m 2,521,134 7,724 2,808,074 489 188,0i)8 632 204,002 123,070,283 119,618,657 77,886,979 r.il 5,015 41,800,000 38,549,000 8,414 2,972,459 8,349 2,938,305 578 165,041 651 144,422 93,210.346 94,733,218 80,9()6,435 72| 5,161 41,510,000 39,000,000 8,8(is 3,295,987 8,952 3,348,835 508 127,297 572 126,160 99,327,962 96,300,483 75,875,393 68J 5,378 44,000,000 39,736,412 8,a*ii; ;<,341,465 8,680 3,342,919 382 106,976 452 100,08'.» i»3,(tSl,787 91,199,577 79,.323,6()7 ^uM 5,606 43,900,000 42,379,086 8,57ii ;{,(»49,521 8,425 3,039,029 303 103,551 400 94,882 81,',i(;4,427 80,341,608 71,491,2.55 tyl 5,773 45,800,000 45,120,062 9,307 .'{,487,735 9,063 3,298,979 297 68,756 363 64.962 m,m,7i7 71,782,349 87,911,458 72| 8,181 5,9:« 48,170,000 48,689,068 10,442 4,032,94() 10,320 4,071,391 314 79,364 373 70,210 105,330,840 91,611,604 98,290,823 83| 6,171 56,200,000 50,845,000 lo,6:is 3,933,152 10,500 4,003,410 311 68,240 402 78,076 119,4111.500 112,648,927 102,137,203 94 J 6,395 ()2,80(»,000 53,139,266 10,7M 4,004,357 10,727 3,968,420 366 73,576 432 78,229 132,254,022 123,137,019 98,085,804 87, 6,837 66,100,000 55,989,532 ii,i(;o 4,250,665 11,183 4,233,636 358 70,287 463 80,822 116,397,043 108,180,644 91,406,496 ^ 79, 7,084 68,400,000 58,.581,798 10,6;!li ;{,8(»0,664 10,553 3,843,951 287 57,486 353 6.5,9()3 10S,!)41.486 102,710,019 89,238,361 79, 7,295 71,000,000 61,064,064 io,6 8s. samples, patterns, &c. 1 ■' - F THE DOMINION OF CANADA, FROM 1st JULY, 1867, TO 30th JUNE, 1891. itube on Railways. Chaktkrri) Ba> •KS. Posr Num- ber. t81 Office Savincs Banks. ilways. Canals. 0th : Public Works. Miles in Operation. Working Exf)enses. Earnings. Paid UJ) Capital. Assets. Liabilities. Nimiber of Dejiositors. Balances, 30th June. $ 483,353 $ 128,965 200,589 $ $ $ 30,289,048 $ 77,872,257 S 43,722,647 2,102 9 204,588 282,615 126,953 173,481 30,981,074 83,.565,027 48.380,%7 213 7,212 850,814 729,381 105,588 257,784 32,050,597 102,147,293 (50,230,393 220 12,178 1,588,848 1)46,930 133,872 059,388 3(5,415,210 121,014,395 77,480,700 230 17,153 2,497,259 (520,569 290,073 383,916 1,199,521 1,253,807 45,134,709 55,102,959 151,772,876 168,519,746 94,224,(544 98,2{M5,G77 235 239 21,0.59 23,526 763,268 • • 3,096,500 3,207,051 925,123 1,240,028 1,065,929 60, 44b, 445 188,417,005 117,050,218 200 24,968 3,204,9(55 [)18,427 1,715,309 1,715,009 4,820i 15,775,532 19,470,539 (53,367,(587 184,441,108 101,371,845 268 24,294 2,920,0{K) 497,434 2,389,544 2,003,098 5,157i 15,802,721 19,358,084 67,199,051 184,421,514 101,080,717 279 24,415 2,740,952 209,502 4,131,396 1,277,004 5,574i 15,290,091 18,742,053 63,923,150 174,375,003 95,004,254 287 24,074 2,(539,937 S43,741 3,843,3.38 882,616 e,143i 16,100,102 20,520,078 03,387,034 175,473,086 95,041,008 295 25,535 2,754,484 507,053 3,064,098 752,540 0,484i 16,188,102 19,925,006 (54,159,427 170,446,074 93,375,749 297 27,445 3,105,190 109,599 2,123,366 740,923 6,891i 16,840,705 23,501,447 00,584,789 181,741,074 108,833,271 297 31,365 3,945,0(59 577,236 2,100,242 l,071,a37 7,200 20,121,418 27,987,509 59,384,987 198,967,278 125,063,54(5 304 39,605 0,208,220 176,832 1,670,268 1,086,283 7,530 22,390,709 29,027,790 58,73!),980 229,271,0(54 153,001,994 308 51,463 9,473,061 707,619 1,857,545 1,552,710 8,720 24,691,6(57 33,244,5.85 (51,404,554 226,803,491 145,290,830 330 61,059 11,976,237 392,933 1,665,351 2,004,780 9,575 25,595,341 33,421,705 61,443,.S97 223,855,(501 140,973,233 343 (50,(582 13,245,552 845,220 1,572,918 2,239,202 10,1.50 24,015,351 32,227,469 61,821,158 217,204,(555 138,.510,30() 355 73,322 15,090,540 480,833 1,333,422 509,230 10,697 23,177,582 33,385,269 61,841,395 228,422,353 147,547,(582 {'92 80,870 17,159,372 270,433 1,783,698 2,555,519 11,691 27,624,083 38,842,010 (50,815,35(5 229,241,404 149,413,032 415 90,159 19,497,750 094,043 1,188,302 2,672,295 12,163 30,052,048 42,1 El, 153 60,1(58.010 244,975,223 1(5(5,344,852 433 101,(593 20,689,033 f>01,279 1,145,988 2,641,077 12,628 31,038,045 42,149,615 00,230,451 255,705,(531 175,002,257 463 113,123 23,011,422 122,724 1,189,044 4,893,102 13,256 32,913,350 46,843,826 59,509,705 254,028,694 174,501,422 494 112, ,321 21,990,(553 779,737 1,.500,801 1,835,546 14,009 34,900,449 48,192,099 60,742,.SG6 269,491,153 188,337,504 634 112,230 21,738,618 t Three months, to 30th June, 1868. ye£ me cer K.( Ihich THE STATISTICAL YEAR-BOOK OF CANADA iroR 1891 PRELIMINARY REMARKS. il. The Dominion of Canada has an area of about 3,315,647 square The Domi- fles, or, including its water surface, 3,456,383 square miles, is about "j°" ^ )00 miles from east to west and 1,400 miles from north to south, Id consists of the provinces of Ontario and Quebec (formerly Upper Id Lower Canada), Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Manitoba, British llumbia, Prince Edward Island and the North-West Territories, [hich latter contain the vast territory formerly under the control of Hudson's Bay Company). It, therefore, comprises the whole of northern half of North America, with the exception of the United ites Territory of Alaska on the west, and Labrador, which is under control of the Government of Newfoundland, on the east. It is mded on the north by the Arctic Ocean, on the west by the fritory of Alaska and the Pacific Ocean, on the south by the United ttes and on the east by the Atlantic Ocean. The origin of the word Canada is obscure, but the derivation now Origin of ^erally accepted is that from an Indian word, "Kannatha," mean- tjje name * a village or collection of huts, and it is supposed that Jacques *^*"*^** kier hearing this word used by the Indians with reference to their blements, mistook its meaning, and applied it to the whole country. The principal physical features of Canada are the Rocky Mount- Physical and the Laurentian Range, the plains of the North- West Terri- features. (es and the great inland lakes. The great inland lakes, which are five in number, and are remark- The great for their size, form a complete system of navigation from the head lakes. jake Superior to the Atlantic Ocean, a distance of 2,384 miles. ke Superior is connected with Lake Huron by the Ste. Marie River the Sault Ste. Marie Canal. Lake Huron flows into Lake St. ! I i'M STATISTICAL YEAR-BOOK. Other i>rinci]>al lakea. Moun- tains. Rivers. Clair by the 8t. Clair River, and Lake St. Clair into Lake Erie by the Detroit River. Lake Erie flows into Lake Ontario by the Niagara River, fourteen miles from the mouth of which are the renowned Niagara Falls, 160 feet in height. The two lakes are connected for the purposes of navigation by the Welland Canal. The St. Lawrence River, flowing out of JLake Ontario into the Gulf of St. Lawrence, forms the outlet of this system. Further particulars of these lakes are given subsequently under the heading of canals. 5. The other principal lakes are — in Ontario, the Lake of the Woods (1,500 square miles), Lakes Nepigon, Nipissing and Simcoe, and the Muskoka Lakes — Muskoka, Rosseau, Joseph and the Lake of Bays. In Quebec, Lake Temiscamingue, which is on the borders of Ontario and Quebec, Lake St. John, Grand Lake and Lake Mistassini ; and in the Territories and Manitoba, Lake Great Bear (11,200 square miles); Great Slave (10,100 square miles); Athabasca (4,400 square miles); Winnipeg, 260 miles long, 65 miles broad, 710 feet above the sea, and an area of 9,400 square miles ; Winnipegoosis, 130 miles long, 27 miles broad, 828 feet above the sea, and an area of 2,030 square miles, and Manitoba, length 122 miles, breadth 24 miles, elevation above sea 809 feet, and area 1,900 square miles. 6. The principal mountains are the Rocky Mountains in the west, which extend from the Arctic Ocean to the United States, and con- tain the highest points in the Dominion, among the chief being Mount Hooker, 16,760 feet. Mount Brown, 16,000 feet, and Mount Murchison, 15,700 feet, while there are several others of nearly the same height. The Canadian Pacific Railway crosses this range through the Kicking Horse Pass at an altitude of 5,300 feet above the sea. West of the Rocky Mountains, and between them and the Pacific Ocean, are the Cascade Mountains, which follow the coast from the Fraser River to Alaska, and in some places are as high as 10,000 feet. The other ranges of any size are : the Laurentian range, which extends from Labrador along the north of the St. Lawrence, and is upwards of 2,000 miles in length ; the Notre Dame Mountains in Quebec, on the south shore of the St. Lawrence, and the North and South Mountains and the Cobequid Mountains in Nova Scotia. 7. The principal rivers are, in the Territories and Manitoba, the Mackenzie River, over 2,400 miles in length ; the Copper Mine and Great Fish Rivers, which flow into the Arctic Ocean ; the Saskat- chewan, Assiniboine and Red Rivers, which flow into Lake Winnipeg, and the Churchill, Severn and Albany Rivers, which flow into Hudson's Bay. In Ontario and Quebec, the St. I^awrence, with its tributaries, the Ottawa, St. Maurice, Richelieu and Saguenay. In New Brunswick the St. John, Restigouche and Miramichi Rivers ; and in Britisli Columbia the Fraser River, which flows into the Gulf of Georgia ; PRELIMINARY REMARKS. 3 the Peace River, which rises in that province and flows into the Mac- kenzie River, and the Columbia Ri\er, over 1,200 miles in length, which flows through the United States into the Pacific Ocean. 8. The coast line of Canada is very much broken, and contains several Gulfs and large gulfs, bays and inlets, besides innumerable smaller ones. On the ^"•y^- east the principal indents are the Gulf of St. Lawrence, the Bay of Fundy and Bay of Chaleurs ; on the north, Hudson's Bay, which is really a large inland sea, being 1,000 miles long and 600 miles wide, with an area of 350,000 square miles ; Baflin's Bay, the Gulf of Boothia, and Melville and Lancaster Sounds ; and on the west the Strait of Juan de Fuca, the Gulf of Georgia and Queen Charlotte Sound. 9. The largest islands on the west are Vancouver and Queen Char- isiandt*. lotte Islands, the former of which is about 300 miles in length, has an area of about 20,000 square miles and contains Victoria, the capital of British Columbia ; and on the east. Prince Edward Island, which forms the province of that name ; Cape Breton, which is part of the Province of Nova Scotia, being separated from the mainland by the Strait of Canso, and Anticosti, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, on which the Dominion Government have important signal and wrecking stations. A great network of islands, the limits of which have not been well defined, extends along the entire north coast of Canada. It is known generally as the Arctic Archipelago. 10. The area of Canada being so great, its general physical features Physical and its soil and climate naturally vary very much in character. The ^atures, whole of the eastern part of Canada, from the Atlantic to the north- Canada, west boundaries of Ontario, was formerly one vast forest, and is still in many places very heavily wooded, the production of timber in various forms being one of the principal industries in Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, and it is calculated that the timber wealth of the northern parts of Ontario and Quebec, in spite of the heavy inroads annually made, is suflScient to meet the demand for very many years. Underlying this forest, when cleared, the soil has been found of great richness, and admirably adapted for agriculture of all kinds. 11. Between the northern boundary of Ontario and the Rocky Physical Mountains lie the Province of Manitoba and the southern part of the ^**"^*^' North- West Territories. This great tract of land is remarkable for its western division along lines running generally north-west and south-east, into Canada, three distinct prairie steppes, or plateaux, as they are generally called. The first of these is known as the Red River valley and Lake Win- nipeg plateau. The width at the boundary line is about 52 miles, and the average height about 800 feet above the sea ; at the boundary line the height is about 1,000 feet. This first plateau lies entirely within N t^ '\i> f: ''V' »}•. IS ■V.1 ', ,■» %' STATISTICAL YEAR-BOOK. the Proyince of Manitoba, and is estimated to contain about 7,000 square miles of the best wlieut-growing land on the continent, or in the world. The second plateau or steppe has an average altitude of 1,600 feet, having a width of about 250 miles on the national boundary line, and an area of about 105,000 square miles. The rich, undulating, park-like country lies in this region. This section is especially favour- able for settlement, and includes the Assiniboine and Qu'Appelle dis- tricts. The third plateau or steppe begins on the boundary line at the 104th meridian, where it has an elevation of about 2,000 feet, and extends west for 465 miles to the foot of the Rocky Mountains, where it has an altitude of about 4,200 feet, making an average height above the sea of about 3,000 feet. Generally speaking, the first two steppes are those which are most favourable for agriculture, and the third for grazing. Settlement is proceeding in the first two at a very rapid rate ; in the third plateau it is beginning, numerous and prosperous cattle ranches and homesteads having been established. Physical feature*", the Mac- kenzie Basin. 1 2. The northern part of the centre of the Dominion, extending from the Rocky Mountains to Hudson's Bay, is very extensively wo<.)ded, and has generally been considered for the most part unfit for settle- ment, and only useful as a preserve for fur-bearing animals. But dur- ing the session of Parliament of 1888 a committee oi the Senate held an investigation into the capabilities of these regions, the result Ijeing that all previoi ." ideas have been upset. The area inquired into was about 1,260,000 square miles, and of these it was estimated 860,000 square miles were fit for settlement, and about 400,000 square miles useless for cultivation ; 656,000 square miles were suitable for pota- toes, 407,000 square miles for barley and 316,000 square miles for wheat. There is a river navigation of about 2,750 miles, 1,390 miles being suitable for stern- wheel steamers and 1,360 miles for light draught sea-going steamers. There are large auriferous deposits, as well as silver, iron, graphite, ochre, brick and pottery clay, nica, gypsum, lime and sandstone, " while the petroleum area is so exten- sive as to justfy the belief that eventually it will supply the larger part of this continent." Furs are at present the chief commercial pro- ducts of this region, which is the last great fur preserve of the world, and in view of the great danger of the extinction of animals whose furs become fashionable, it was suggested by the committee that fur districts should be leased by the Government, and a limitation placed on the catch of certain kinds of furs. The lakes and rivers abound in fish, especially whitefish and lake trout. The committee pointed out that the valuable whale fisheries of the northern coasts of Canada were being rapidly destroyed by foreign whalers, and suggested that the Government should adopt some measures for their protection. The climate of this region in some places resembles that of western Ontario. ut 7,000 nt, or in bitude of )oundary iulating, y favour- pelle dis- ne at the feet, and 18, where rht above ro steppes third for 3ry rapid rosperous ding from ' wooded, for settle- But dur- mate held suit lieing I into was 1 860,000 lare miles for pota- miles for 390 miles for light eposits, as ay, nica, t so exten- ;he larger ercial pro- the world, als whose se that fur on placed abound in ointed out ,nada were that the ion. The western Com- PRELIMINARY REMARKS. 5 13. Some idea of the size and importance of the fur trade may be Fur trade, obtained from the following figures of the receipts of furs at the ^"'^^°"'.'. Hudson's Bay Company's warehouse, in Montreal, during the last five pany. years. The figures have been kindly furnished by the manager in Montreal : — Receipts of Furs by Hudson's Bay Company. Kinds of Fur. Number of Skins. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. Bear Beaver J Fisher. . . . # Krniine — SFox I Lynx. ... 4, Marten. . . . 'S Mink . . . ^Musquash . lOtter Jkunk. . . /^olverine . ^olf .... 1,399 22,848 1,1{>7 1,528 22,174 1,120 Total. 669 2,655 19,264 10,002 81,103 2,768 228 24 142,157 756 3,830 18,986 7,757 74,572 2,550 420 21 133,714 2,037 18,787 1,377 1,150 4,107 16,708 6,420 .55,285 3,010 478 27 1,900 20,000 1,500 1,000 1,900 4,400 17,000 7,000 72,000 3,000 *K)0 30 16 109,386 130,.S46 1,800 16,000 1,100 800 1,400 3,200 11,000 6,000 79,000 2,800 200 14 30 123,344 There has been, it will be seen, a steady falling off during the last ive years, and it seems evident that some such courae as that sug- gested by the committee of the Senate is, if feasible, highly desirable, the principal fur-bearing animals are to be saved from gradual Extinction. 14. The Province of British Columbia occupies the mountainous or Physical lilly region that extends to the Pacific Ocean from the western edge features, jf the great plain or prairie country lying east of the Rocky Mountains, ^oi^^bia |lrhe general surface of the country is mountainous and broken, con- ;,1?|Bisting of short ranges, detached groups of mountains, elevated Slateaux and many valleys of various extent. An apparently inex- laustible supply of fish, timber and minerals of unknown value are the )rincipal natural sources of its wealth, but the climate is delightful md extremely favourable for rapid growth, and agriculture is now making great progress. 15. There is probably more misconception about the climate of Climate. !7anada generally than about that of any other known country, the Idea still prevailing among large numbers in Europe and elsewhere i \\\ til \i t i ■■(: Iff y>'. n ;1 6 STATISTICAL YEAK-HOOK. Average UfasonH. that the land is one of perpetual winter and usually covered with snow. In reality the climate of Canada is dry, healthy and invigora- ting, and owing to the great area of the country, extending over 20 degrees of latitude, or from the latitude of Constantinople to the North Pole, has a wide range of temperature. The extreme dryness of the atmosphere, however, makes both cold and heat less acutely felt than the readings of the thermometer would lead people to expect. In the Maritime Provinces the climate somewhat resembles that of the British Isles ; in Ontario, Queliec and Manitoba the summers are warm and the winters cold, but the cold is pleasant and bracing, and the snow that generally covers the ground during the winter is of the greatest benefit alike to the farmer, the lumberman and the merchant. In the North-West Territories cattle graze at large all through the winter months ; and on the Pacific slope, west of the Rocky Mountains, the climate is milder than in any other part of the Dominion, and is con- sidered by the inhabitants as unsurpassed in the world. 16. Instead of the perpetual winter so much talked about, the facts are, that the average winter is about four and a-half mcmths, and though the spring may begin two.or three weeks later than in England, the conditions for rapid growth — warm sunshine and rain — are so favourable that the crops of the two countries are about equally ad- vanced by the middle of July ; and as during the last few years the country has become better known, it is beginning to be understood that, though the winters are at times severe, they are healthy and en- joyable, while the summer weather is not surpassed in the most favoured parts of Europe. That the climate is superior to that of England is ad- mitted by all who have experienced both ; and it is a well recognized fact that a sharp, cold winter, with plenty of snow, is by far the healthiest as well as the most advantageous to business of every kind, while a mild winter is equally unhealthy and detrimental. The marine currents are singularly favourable to Canada ; along the Atlantic coast the Gulf stream exerts a beneficial influence to such an extent that, on Sable Island, there are troops of wild ponies, the progenitors of which, two centuries ago, were shipwrecked and cast upon the island, and there, successive generations, without shelter of any kind, have lived and multiplied. Along the Canadian shores of the Pacific Ocean, the Japanese current produces the same eflfect on the climate as the Gulf stream does in England. Vancouver Island is like the south of England, except that it has a greater summer heat with less humidity. In the vicinity of Victoria the highest temperature in the shade in July and August ranges from 80 to 90 Fahr., while in winter there are rarely more than 10 degrees of frost. The following table, giving the dates of opening and closing of navigation at Montreal and Toronto during the last twenty-one years, will afford the best evidence of the actual length of the wintei-. PRELIMINARY REMARKS. red with ^H In considering these figures it must be reinembei-ed that, although Oiwiing ■"•'•""*'" navigation is reported .is closing or opening on a particular day, the ^^^ ^,'j**", rivers or canals are possibly navigable for several days in addition, as vigution. the steamers and other vessels have to leave before the frost commences, and generally do not enter the river until several days after there is open water, Closinq and Opening of Navigation at Montreal and Toronto in the years 1870 to 1891, inclusive. iia- Year. tl870 71.. 11871-72.. 11872-73. . 11873 74. . 11874-75. . 1875-70. . 1870-77. . 1877-78. . 1878-79. . l871>-80. . 1880-81, . 1881-82. . [882 83.. 1883-84. . 1884-85. . 1885-86. . |886-87. . 1887 88. . |888 -89. . I889-JM). . 81M) 1)1. . Montreal. Closing. December 18 . , do 1... do 8... November 26. . , December 13 . . November29. . DecemWr 10 . . Januarv 2, '78. DecemDer23. . do 19.. do 3.. January 2, '82. December 9 . do 16.. U{)ening. do do do do do do do 18.. 7. . 4. 23., 14.. 29. 3. lApril Majr April do May *r' March April do do do do do May April M!ay April do do 8.. . 1 25 25 ... 3 27.. .. 17 .... 30... . 24 17 . . 21.. .. 11.. .. 27 22. ... 5 .... 24 .... 1... . 29... . 14 14 14 Toronto. Closing. Decenjl)er 24 . do 21. do 10. November 26 December 18. November 30. December 18 do 19. do 26 do 19. November 22. January 2, December 9. do 21. do 19. January 8, December 4 . do 24. do 20. March 1, December 28 . Olitning. '82 '86 '90 March 11. April 12. do 14. March 16. April 16. I do 11. March 25. i dt> 9. I do 25. (February 19. April 16. February 13. April 14. do 8. do 2.5. March 20. April 12. do 11. March 15. do 15. do 20. 17. The following table, which by the kindness of Mr. Chas. Latitudes iDarpmael, Director of the Meteorological Service, was prepared •'*.'"' eleva- Bxpressly for this work, gives the latitude, longitude and elevation principal above the sea of 99 places in the Dominion," and also the mean summer places. |and winter temperature. The summer temperatures are taken from [the months of July, August and September, and those of the winter [from January, February and March : — t < il." I I I., I ■- . '.ill si m ] 8 BTATIHTICAL YKAK-HOOK. Kk.vv MrAN TiCMl'KHATfHIC. I'LVCK. Latitude, liOlig ■ tufle. titin n)M>\e «.'!». Summer. Winter. « ( II ' Feet. „ Pkinck Kdwaki) Ihland. Georfifetown Charlottetown 4«11 62-36 30 62 '» 1 " 4rt-14 4U 48 ♦«10 64 2 38 til :■' 1 KilmahuiKaig 16 » NkW BKUN8W1CK. Grand Manan 44 42 66-48 ■I'.t 62 1 24 7 St. Andrewtt 46 6 67 t 47 65 46 150 60 6 25 6 44 3i» ((3-36 122 61 6 30 2 Windsor 44 5{> 64-6 H7 62 3 23 9 Truro 45 22 6318 77 «» 7 21 1 Antigonish 46 -:m 61-69 77 59-6 18-3 New (rlasgow 46 36 62-39 77 62 3 20 2 Pictou 45 42 62 41 25 62 6 21 9 Baddeck 46 () 60-44 26 61 21 3 Sydney Glace Bay 46 10 (50- 10 50 60 4 21 3 46 12 59 68 34 59 9 22 6 Guyaborough. 45-22 61 30 34 61 22 2 QUKBKC. j Huntingdon i 46-5 i 74 10 63 1 16 3 Broine i-.-io 1 7 J 36 61 !» 15 5 Richmond ! 4S-40 ' "^-S ■tV Gl 6 14 9 Sherbrooke 1 • ;n ^1 ' 55 61-0 13 3 Danville ' i < ■ 1 ;2 1 01-9 14 6 St. Francis. . . 46 12 70-50 61 4 12 6 Cran'iiourne 46-22 70-43 582 12 5 Montreal . . 45 30 73-35 187 65 1 16 7 Quel)ec Chicoutimi 46 48 71 12 315 62 2 15 48 25 71 5 159 58.8 8-7 1 ather Point . 48-31 68-28 22 5^ 4 13 3 Capr Magdalen 49 16 65 20 m-H 12 1 Ant cuBti, S. W. P 49 24 «}3-36 20 54 5 14 4 Bel?" Isle 51 5<) 51-40 55-26 55-50 426 47 9 50 3 9 6 Cap. • Norman, Nfld 11 Cajje Rosier . . . 1 48-52 64 12 39 560 14 5 IW Itony jVI ipi'l Citj [innedosii hmli . . li^avll . . lillview. ftTtagf U HHKLIMINARY REMARK8. EMPKHATURK. Winter. I't 1 1« 9 24 7 22 3 21 5 1» 1 17 3 IB 1 15-8 13 27 4 27 4 25 6 30 2 23 S> 21 1 183 20 2 21 9 21 3 21 3 22 (» 22 2 1« 3 15-5 14 9 13 3 14 « 12 <5 12 5 16 7 ir> 8-7 13 3 12 1 14 4 y t) 11 14 5 PlacK. Ontahio. [point lVli!»t JWindsor I Port Dover *. IWellaml |8aniii» iLondon llngurHoll. . |%V(M)dntofk }runtfuril Itiinilton kratford . . . . . lalt fuelph ^Jornwall ?arry Hound [untHville )ttawa feniliroke fort Arthur [oronto »ram)>ton Joderich ^Blleville ^incardino Kingston eterboro' irrie . . . ven Sound rocl9 43-2 43-8 43 10 4310 43-23 43-23 43-33 45-1 45-19 45-19 45-20 45-50 48-27 43-39 43-41 43-45 44-10 44-10 44-13 44 17 44-23 44 34 44 -2«! 44-2 43 -.53 Longi- tude. 82 .^ 8;v 8<» Ki ?.) 17 82 24 HI V.\ 80 57 80 4? 80'.;! 79 54 81 80-2^. HO- It. 74 43 8«» 79-8 75 42 77 '7 89 12 79 24 79-45 81 43 77 23 81 37 70 aJ 78 19 79 41 80 '55 75 44 79 29 78-52 49-1 97 13 49-52 97 -9 49-51 99 .53 49-53 97-7 50-5 97 12 50-2 100 1 50-10 99-48 .50-37 97 .50-42 101 11 49-54 100 32 49-57 98 10 EIt»v». tiu« al)()V(( MkaK TlMPRRATl-RR. 8f«. Sunimor. , Feft. o .570 07 8 tit)4 09 « 035 m\ 1 05 :» 1 .58»J 04 "2 832 Ik^ (» ,S77 (>3 9 980 04 7 :.-)0 («J-8 ;^72 080 1182 03-8 870 03 4 : n.57 04 4 194 (k5 1 ta.-) 02 4 ' * • • (!l-4 -J.% 04 8 :w9 (J4 3 044 57 4 ;<.-.o 07 5 703 65-8 -3H «)5 5 ^•Jl Wi-8 .>4 ()5-5 ■ '>7 «><»-8 .22 06-4 779 mo . • . . • • 01 9 27-' W 8 1 • • • . . t 03 4 63 1 784 62 3 69-9 581 764 60 3 803 (K>-1 1 62 2 l(Mi5 55-3 723 58-9 .55-8 58-4 • • • . • • 01-8 Winter. i '9 9 •4 8 39 20 23 24 22' 23 •25 '20 9 21 19 6 178 17 14 4 14 8 14 10 4 24 6 21 8 23 3 •20 6 24 I 20-6 20 20 20 4 170 20 9 18-9 12 i -1 3 —1-8 1 1 7 o .7 2 o —3-8 -2 2 I, " 1' <• M i n 'rk I 1 I. M. 10 STATISTICAL YKAR-BOOK. Temjiera- ture and precipita- tion, 18JU. Place. Latitude . N.-W. Terhiixdriks. Fort McLeod \ 49-4!t Medicine Hat 501 Resina r)0'27 Qu Appelle , 5()-30 Gleicnen 50'52 Calgary 51-2 Pheasant Forks ; 50"45 Battletord 52-44 Edmonton 53-32 York Factory 57-0 Fort Chipewyan 58-43 British Columbia. Esquimalt Victoria New Westminster. Lillooet Vanco\iver 48-20 48.24 49-12 50-42 49-21 Longi- tude. Eleva- Mean Temperature. tion I above i Sea. Sununer. Winter. 113 17 110 37 104 37 103 51 112-54 1144 102-52 108 16 113-29 92 -28 111 19 12.S-27 123 19 122 53 122-2 122-52 Feet. 213(i '2ii5" 3389 2285 42 10 33 G90 «52-2 02.9 .59-2 .57 1 58-3 55(> mo 600 55-2 48-7 540 57-2 57 8 (iOl 63 8 620 210 13 2 —2 4 -0 1 12-2 12-2 -3-6 12-5 11 3 -12 6 —3 4 40-4 39 3«>-9 28-1 33-8 18. The following information respecting the weather of 1891 has been taken from the Monthly Weather Revieiv, a publication issued by the Director of the Meteorological Service at Toronto. The mean temperature and total precipitation at the capitals of the provinces and of the territories have been given, Calgary and Port Moody having been substituted for Regina and Victoria, as no particulars are given for the latter places. The temperature does not call for any special remarks. MEAN TEMPERATURE AT THE UNDERMENTIONED PLACES IN CANADA, 1891. Places. Charlottetown, P.E.I, Halifax, N.S Fredericton, N. B . . . Montreal, Que Toronto, Ont Winniiieg, Man Calgary, N.W.T Port itoody, B.C. . . . .Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. 21-6 16-4 27 3 35 7 477 25 6 23 (» 29-6 39 4 488 17-6 17-6 27 4 39 4 .51 1 15 4 17-4 25-9 42 2 52-4 24 2 280 28-8 43 2 51-5 7 2 -7 4 8-3 43 3 61-4 26 5 2 23 6 43 3 49-4 39 9 29-9 3.S-5 48 3 5-4 54 '.t 4 57;< July. Aug. Sept. Oct. 1 1 Nov. 03-3 651 59 4 46-6 36 9 (52 647 59 9 479 38-9 651 65 3 iJ9'8 43-9 .S5 5 66-3 66-6 62 3 451 35 1 63-7 65-6 62- 5 47-9 36 9 61-9 60-8 57 '3 40 5 15-4 61 5 58-2 50-8 42 1 23 2 (}3 7 63 4 568 51-9 42-8 Dec. 31 33 8 281 29 7 33 4 11 7 18-8 36- 4 rOTAL PRECIPITATION IN INCHES AT THE UNDERMENTIONED PLACES IN CANADA, 1891. Places. Jan. Feb. ■ Mar. April. larlottetown, P.E.I. lalifax, N.S fredericton, N.B lontreal, Que foronto, Ont Hnniijeg, Man Balgary, N.W.T.. . . lort Moody, B.C 4 34 8-43 6'88 3-30 313 0-78 0-20 11 37 3 19 8'74 3 55 3 14 2-65 0'88 0-.50 3 04 1 60 2 72 3-66 3 92 3 03 0-38 730 1-78 401 2 05 3 26 2-31 114 007 5(K) May. 2 45 4 18 2 20 1 71 52 94 1 38 2 40 June. 57 11 20 75 05 56 20 33 Places. July. Aug. Sept. Iharlottetown, P.E.T lalifax, N.S predericton, N.B fontreal. Que foronto, Ont. . . rinni;)eg, Man Balgary, N.W.T. ... Port Moody, B C 3 01 3 99 5" 15 4'80 2 16 201 2-81 lt>5 1-68 3 37 3 44 3-70 4 '85 3 ■90 1-58 2 10 5 (»!> 3 05 3 -56 1 03 1-71 2 20 77 8 59 Oct. Nov. 6-26 0-50 9-62 2X) 4 70 2 50 2 r)3 3 ()6 1 07 3 55 1 12 119 027 20 513 14 29 Dec. 3 14 407 2 99 3 34 2-88 0-75 0-46 18 07 With the exception of April, May and June, when it was much 3I0W, the rainfall generally was above the average, especially in the Maritime Provinces during the months of September and October, Vhen some very heavy rainfalls occurred. i V i. ■ > 1 f'. „ ■.; .'■I: ■ ■ ;' 0i ■'''i: i li.lil 1 f 12 STATISTICAL YEAR-BOOK. 19. The Storm Signal Service Branch of the Meteorological Service issued 669 warnings of approaching storms between the 1st January and the 31st October, 1891, of which number 540, or 80*7 per cent, were verified. 20. Several severe storms occurred during the twelve months, Octo- ber to October, notably on 17th October and 1st December, 1890, and on 12th January, 12th March and 7th September, 1891, the latter on the Atlantic coast being about the worst. October, 1891, was remark- able for the number of heavy storms which travelled up the Atlantic. Storm 21. The following table shows the number of storm warnings issued !^*"""^j' and verified in each year since 1877 : — Storm Signal Service. Severe storms, 1891. Weather predic- tions. Minerals. Year. Number Number Percentage Issued. Verified. Verified. 1877 743 510 686 1878 8«K) 073 78-3 1879 712 591 83 1880 889 736 82-8 1881 854 727 85- 1 1882 841 058 78-2 1883 1,085 8.58 79 1 1884 798 6«» 83-2 1885 830 741 89 3 1886 90 t (j'l^ ^4 if Mil v> i u STATISTICAL YEAR-BOOK. Q < 02 O O I— I E-t a u Q O ^1 « S « c5 ;« O ^ 2? I- I- 15 o 2S g' M 3C is 35 ■-* 55 T" oc • iK' I- p e5 i:; e. ? '5 "-i p is 'F-ocJici- is I- 5 =1 ^ JP' 5 '^ iS o s; t ^1 >s ■* sc © t- M -i>_^ is i>^ •■£ Cv" 1— ' irf iC cf x' -r in :£ M :^ ^ O .«<5r-l 53 sc =: 1-1 1- O ^ X ^ i- "t ff-l S: is <-( I-. IN -^ r-l iC CC »^ iC T^ x' X «» ■^ 3 §3 - 8 ej - 1^ ■as I liii 2^Wi^ *3 6)S« OHO r: u ■)-> to ^ 9J C -P -^ ^it § s X S 2 C ears (SI ++ *» I I « •*■ •2 -S :§ > Eh Timber in British Columbia. 26. The figures for British Columbia are those from Government returns only, and by no means represent the entire production, which was probably double the quantity given. In this province the in drstry is yet in its infancy, but is assuming larger proportions every year, as saw mills are established and the facilities for production in- crease. It is here that the Douglas fir is found, celebrated for its strength and straightnes.s. It frequently grows over 300 feet high, | and has squared 45 inches for a length of 90 feet. The red cedar, PRELIMINARY REMARKS. which is increasing in value as a commercial wood, grows to a large size and is frequently found 200 feet in height and 20 feet in diameter. 27. According to figures published by the Quebec Government it is estimated that there have been produced in that province since 1867, 11,668,965,549 feet B.M., and 72,424,363 cubic feet of timber, while $11,570,420 have been collected for dues. 28. The agricultural and fishing industries are alluded to in detail in subsequent chapters. 29. The total number of industrial establishments in Canada, accord- inw to the census taken in April, 1891, was 75,765. In 1881 the number was 49,923, showing that during ten years there was an [increase of 25,842, or nearly 52 per cent. 30. The total number of employes in these establishments in 1891 Iwas 367,496, an increase of 112,561 during the ten years, which is [equal to 44 per cent. Classified, the employes in 1881 and 1891 were [as under : — NUMBER OF EMPLOYES IN CANADA, 1881 AND 1891. 15 Pnxiuc- tion of timber in Quebec, 1867-1890. Agricul- tural and fishing in- dustries. Industrial establish- ments, 1891. Number of employes. 1881. 1891. Inckease. Numerical. Percentage. ■ J^Ien Pn^omen 193,945 41,542 14,181 5,267 270,764 70,262 19,421 7,049 76.819 28,720 5,240 1,782 39-6 69 36 7 337 1 Total 254,i>35 367,496 112,561 44 1 31. The position of the provinces towards each other in respect to Establish- idustrial establishments and employes in 1881 and 1891 was as ments and t^ii ,..« employes, follows: — — ' •' - 1881. 1891. Establish- ments. Employes. ''Sii*i>^"'."°y»- )ntario Juebec Sova Scotia 23,0.58 15,848 .5,459 3,117 2,441 118,308 85,673 20,3".K) 19,922 10,642 32,028 23,110 10,372 5,419 4,836 165,335 116,467 34,250 26,609 24,835 *f e\v Brunswick )ther provinces Total 49,923 254,935 75,765 367,496 1881 and 1891. ' i :'■!•! r m i C i: m m ■4 !/ ■.♦■ M J' MM v\. ft 16 STATISTICAL YEAR-BOOK. Enijiloyes in j)roi)or- tion to po- pulation. 32. The proportion of employes to encli 10,000 of the total popula- tion was as follows : — Provinces. Ontario Quebec Nova Scotia New Brunswick ... Prince Edward Island Manitoba British Columbia .... North-West Territories 601 627 452 620 528 308 580 10 782 782 760 828 725 287 1,175 162 Value of 33. The following table shows the value of machinery and tools machinery employed in the industrial establishments in Canada in April 1891 : — Ontario $38,295,1.">8 Quebec 2(),25 603. 605. 608 611. 613. 615. 620. 629. 73 298,372 632. Eli: Jnly 4. Landing of Jacqxies Cartier in the neighbourhood of the Miramichi River. The Bay of Chaleurs was so named by him on account of the great heat of the weather. July. Second visit of Cartier. August 10. Cartier anchored in a .small bay at the mouth of the St. John River, which, in honour of the day, he named after St. La^v^ence. The name was afterwards extended to the gulf and river. Third visit of Cartier. •43. The Sienr de Roberval and his party wintered at Cap Rouge. The Marquii .le i.» Roche landed 40 convicts on Sable Islard, where they were left for five years without relief, and only twelve were found alive at the end of that time. First visit of Sanuiel de Champlain to Canada. Founding of Port Royal (Annapolis), Acadia (derived from an Indian word "Cadie, " a place of abundance), by the Baron de Poutrincourt. Second visit of Champlain. Foundmg cjf Quebec, the first permanent settle- ment of Canada. The name is said to be an Indian one, "Kebec, " a strait. 28 settlers wintered there, including Champlain. Establishment of a trading post at Hochelaga. St. John's, Newfoundland, founded. Champlain sailed up the Ottawa River, crossed Lake Nipissing and descended French River into Georgian Bay and Lake Huron, returning by Lake Ontario. Population of Quebec, 60 j)er6ons. .July. Capture of Quel)ec by the English under Sir David Kirke. 117 persons wintered there. Canada ceded to France by the Treaty of St. Germain-en-Laye. July 4. The town of Three Rivers founded. Augiist 13. Feat Richelieu (Sorel) founded. Dec. 25. Death of Champlain at Quebec. May 18. Ville Marie (Montreal) founded by Maisonneuve. ; m ■•■.1.1' m il m M' ! '•"' .'■'■ • «Vi| yof ,-,■' i' »' [■ I', H mi I" ■•.''■ 18 STATISTICAL YKAR-BOOK. } •« 1642-16Q7. Frequent and serious wars between the French and the Iroquois Indians. 1667. White iwpulation of New France, 3,018. 1670. April 21. Hudsou'n Bay Company founded. 1672. Count de Frontenac a]>pointed (iovernor. Popuhvtion, (5,705. 1673. June iH. Cataraqui (Kingston) founded. 1689. August 5. Massacre at Lacliine by Indians, and cai)ture of the fort at Montreal, which they held till Octol)er. 1600. Cai)ture of Port Royal by Sir Wn>. Phipps, and unsuccessful attack \\\Hm (^ueljec. 1692. Population cf New France, 12,431. 1698. Death of Frontenac. Population, 13,355. 1701. August. 4. Ratification of a treaty of peace with the Irotjuois at Montreal. 1713. Treaty of Utrecht hy which Hudson's Hay and adjacent territory. Nova Scotiii (Acadia) and Kewfoundland were ceiled to the Knglish. 1720. Population of New France, 24,434, and of St. John's Island (Prince Kdward Island) aliout 100. 1721. January 27. Mail stage established Ijetween QueWc and Montreal. 1739. Population of New France, 42,701. l746. Louisbourg, Cai)e Breton, taken by the English. 1748. Restoration of Louislx-irg to the ¥ rench in exchange for Madras by the i)eact- '* of Aix-la-Chapelle. 1749. June 21. The City of Halifax founded l)y Lord Halifax. 2,544 Britisli emigrants brought out by the Hon. Kdward Cornwallis,.the first Knglisli Governor of Nova Scotia. 1752. March 23. Issue of the Halifax (Jazettf, the first pai)er published in Canada. 1755. Kxjmlsionof the Acadians from Nova Scsa»dt. June 25. Commencement of the siege of Quebec. September 12. Battle of the Plains of Abraham and defeat of the French liy (Jeneral Wolfe, who was killed on the field. Loss of tiie Knglish, 7iH'. and of the French, 1,500. September 13. Death of General Montcalm, commander of the French forc(>. Septeml)er IH. Capitulation of (Quebec to General Townshend. 1760. April. Unsuccessful attack on Quel)ec liy General de Levis. Septem'jer 8. Capitulation of Montreal, and completion of the conquest of Canada. Pojiulation of New France, 70,000. 1762. British iwpulation of Nova Scotia, 8,104. 1763. February 10. Treaty of Paris signed, by which France ceded and guarantti- 1 to His Britannic Majesty in full righo " Canada with all its dei)endencies. General Murray was the first Governor General of the Province of (Quebec. 1764. June 21. Issue of the (Quebec Uazvttc* In this year Pontiac, Chief of the Ottawas, organized a conspiracj' for a siin ultaneous rising among the Indian tribes, and a general massacre of t!i' British. The plan was successfully carried out in several places, wlni' not a soul was left alive, but finally the Indians were forced to succuiiili 1766. (ieneral Carleton, afterwards Lord Dorchester, apiK)inted Governor tieneial. 1770. St. .John's Island (Prince Edward Island) made into a separate nrovinti, with Walter Paterson the first Governor. The first meetmg of tne House of Assembly took place in July, 1773. 1774. The " Queljec Act " passed. This Act gave the French Canadians the fri* exercise of the Roman Catholic religion, the enjoyment of their civi! rights, and the protection of their own civil laws and customs. It an nexed large territories to the Province of (^ueljec, provided for th' appointment by the Crown of a Legislative Council, and for the admin istration of the criminal law as in use in England. •This has generally been considered as the first paper nublished in Canada, but tl Halifax (jazette, though lasting barely two years, has undoubtedly the elniin to priority. 1775. ( 1776. F , 1778. J 1783. S [1784. P 11784. Bi 1785. Ma Re r91. Div Po] r92. Sep Dec 993 . Abt #06 . The 4^^^ .:.(' . The >.^HB06 Nov W'' Pop Wai Aug ^m Octc ■ Nov Bl3. Apr Junt Sept 2h ral Pi-ideavix, 1776. 1776. 1 1778. 1783. [1784. 11784. im r92. r93. roe. J98. ioe. )12. ^3. PHKLIMINAUY UKMARKa. Outbreak of the American RevoUiti'i:i, am vartion of Canada by the Anioricans ; every place of inuxirtunce rapu.iy foil into their hands, with the exception of 6uel)ec, in an attack uiK)n wiiich General Montgomery was defeated and Killed on 31st Decenil)er. Reinforcements arrived from England, and the Americans were finally driven out of Canada. .Tune 3. First issue of the M(jntreal dazettc. This najKjr is still published. September 3. Signing of the Treaty of Paris, and rtehnition of the boundary line between Canada and the United States, viz., the (treat Lakes, the St. Lawrence, the 45th parallel of north latitude, the highlands dividing the waters falling into the Atlantic from those emi>tying themselves into tiie St. Lawrence and the St. Croix River. Population of Canada, 113,012. (United Empire Loyalists in Upjier Canada not included.) British jiopulation of Nova Scotia, 32,000 (ftlnnit 11,000 Acadians not included). Separation from Nova Scotia, and erection into a new Province of New Brunswick— poi)ulation, H.-lfiT. . About this time uegan the migration into Canada and Nova Scotia of the United Empire Loyalists, as they were called— that is, of those settlers in the American States who had remained faithful to the British cause. This migration lasted for several years, and thougli it is not possilile to arrive at any exact figures, it is probable that the mnnber altogether was not less than 40,000. The Loyalists were well treated by the British (iovern- ment, and large grants of lands were made to them in various parts of the country. Tlie banks of the .St. Lawrence and shores of Lake Ontario in particular were settled l>y aljout 10,000, on lands allotted to them by the Government. May 18. Date of charter of St. John, N.B., the oldest incorporated town in Canada. Re-introduction of the right of habeas corpus. Division of the Province of Queljec into two i)rovinces, viz., Upi^r and Lower Canada. Each province to have a Lieutenant Governor, and a Legisla- ture comiK)sed or a House of Assembly and a Legislative Council. The memliers of che Council were to be ap|X)inted by the Lieutenant (iovernor for life, those of the Assembly to lie elected by the people for four years. Population of the two provinces, 101,311. Septer.iljer 17. First meeting of the Parliament of Upi)er Canada at Newark (Niajfara), under Lieutenant-Ciovernor Simcoe. The House of Assembly consisted of sixteen members. December 17. Oi)ening of tne Legislature of Lower Canada, at Queljec, by (ien. Clarke. The House of Assembly consisted of fifty members. Abolition of slavery in Upinr Canada. The seat of Government of Upiier Canada removed from Niagara to York (Toronto). The name of St. .Tohn's Island changed to that of Prince Edward Island, in honour of the Duke of Kent, the change to take effect in l.SO(K Popula- tion, 4,500. November 22. Issue of Zc Canadien, the first neW8i)aper printed entirely in French. Population of Upi>er Canada, 70,718, and of Lower Canada, 250,000. War declared between Great Britain and the United States, August 11. Surrender of Detroit by the Aniericans under General Hull to (ieneral Brock. October 13. Battle of Queenston Heights, and defeat of the Americans. Death of General Brock. November. Defeat of General Dearborn by Col. de Salaberry at LacoUe River. April 25. Capture of York by the Americans. Jime 5. Battle of Stony Creek and defeat of the Americans. September. Battle of Moraviantown. Retreat of the British, and death of the Indian Chief Tecumseth. 2| 19 I I i J. ', I.' ir 'i\ > J "); i K ■ I' y \ 20 STATISTICAL YEAR-BOOK. October 2(i, Battl*- i>f Chatfiiiiguay. Defeat of three tluniKand Ainerit^ans under (teneral Hiiiiipton by Colonel tie Salabtrry and four hundred French ('aiKulian militia. NoveniUtr 11. liattle df ("hrysler'n Farm- Defeat and rout of (Jeneral Wil- kinMu!i and the AmericanH by the Canadian militia under Col. MorrisoiL 1814. .Fuly 'Sk Battle of Lundy'H Lane, and defeat of the American^*. t" DeeemUr L'4. War ttrminated by the treaty of (iheut. Population of ITpjier Caiuida, iC^iHK*, and of Lower Canada, ;W.'>,(MK). 1818. October 2«t. Convention ni^jned at London re^'ulating the rijfhts of Ameri cantf in the British North American tiHlierien. 1821. Commencement of the Laeliine Canal. First vesnelM parsed thro\iyh in 182.5. 1831. I'opulation- l^?'l)er Canada L';<»!,7<>2 ; Lower Canada, .'■m3,134. 1833. AujjTHHt .'■>. The steamer Koval William left (ihiebec and arrived atth provinces. It was sujipressed in UpptT Canada by the militia, and in Lower Canada by British troops. 1840. Death of Lord Durham, to whose exerti'ins the subse(|uent union of the pro- vinces was mainly due. 1841. February 10. Union of t!ie two I'roviii'ej under tlie name of the Province of Canada, and establishment of vesjionsible government. The Legis- lature was to consist of a Legislative Council any trie Crown. Population of Upjjer Canada, 4."»,((SS. May 17. Land slide from the Citadel Rock. (Juelieo. 32 i>ersons killed. Jime 13. Ojiening (jf tlie first united Parliament at Kingston, by Lord -vdenhai'i. Aiigust 1). Settlement of the boundary line between Canada and the United States bv the Ashb tIuti Treaty. Population of Ltjwer Ca> i; la, (Ji>7,OS4. Large tires in the City oi (.^tielM^c ; 20,000 i)eople rendered homeless. Telegraph line estabhsheril 25. Riots in Montreal over the jiassage tif the R ^bellion Losses Bill, and burning of the Parliament Library at Montreal, The first sod of the Northern Railway turned by Lady Elgin. The road wan opened from Toronto to Bradford on 13th June, 1H.'"»3, and was the fiist loccjinotive railroa^l in oi)eration in Tapper Canada. 1851. Transfer of the control of the ]X)8tal system from the British to the Provincial (Jovernments, and adoption of a unifonn rate of jKistage, viz.:— 3 pent* j)er A ounce. The use of jxistage stamps was also introchiced. Poirtjlatfon of Upj»er Canada, lt.52,(K)4 ; of Lower Canada, y!)0,2('»l ; of New Brunswick, l!>3,800, and of Nova Scotia, 27l»,8.J4. 1852. Commencement of the (Jrand Trunk Railway. 1853. The number of memliers in the Legislative Assembly was increased from W to 130, being iift from each provmce. May 9. First ocean steamer arrived at Quel)ec. 1854. January 27. Main line of the C4r< at Western Railway oj)ened for traffic. i^ Abolition of seignorial tenure in Lower Canada, and settlement of the Clergy Reserves question. Jime 5. Reciprocity Treaty with the United States, signed at Washington, It jirovided for mutual rights of fishing in certain Canadian and American waters, for free interchange of the products of the sea, the soil, the forest i and the mine ; it allowed Americans the use of the St. Lawrence Rivtr | and Canadian canals on the same terms as British subjects, and gave t( Canadians the right to navigate Lake Michigan. This treaty was to last j ten years. 1856. The Legislative Council was made an elective chamber. 1857. March 12. Desjardins Canal railway accident; 70 lives lost. 1842. 1844. 1845. 1847. 1848. 1840. 1850. 1861. J 1866. P ■ J J 1867. F J nd the Unittd m LoHeies Bill, ceased from H4 PRKMMINARV IlKMARKH. 1853. Adoption of the deciniftl My«t»'m of currfiK y. .Vleotioii by tlie (^w n of tho City of Ottawa ivH the Cui»itul of the Dominion and jwrniuntMit. M^nt of (tt)V»'inni»'nt. April, (iold found in British Cnlnnilmi. ■Si'pt«'nihtr. ( ii .1(1 found in T(vnKi»T River, N.S. I860. AuKust 2n. (>|»'nin>( of the Victoria Hi iilKf l)y the Prince c.i Walei. Tliiw brifl^e ( ros.se.M the St. Lawrence at Montreal, on the line of the (Jrand Trunk Knilway. It is the largest iron tubular briflge in the world, is tiO feet liiKli in the centre, .tnrl nearly twi> miles in leuRth. Spi)temlHT 1, Laying of the corner stone of the Parliament BuildinKH at Ottawa by tlie Prince of Wales. These buildings, together with the I)e|)artiiiental Buildings, have been erexjtfd at a total cost, \i\> to .30th .lune, 1S!H. lS4.iMiO,«54. 21 11861. 11866. 1867. |868- [860. .J871. 1872. 1873. 1876. 1877. Poi)ulation of Ujiper Canada, l,3iM>.fM>l ; of Lower Canada, 1,111,.^)(MJ ; of New Brtniswick. •jr)2,(M7 ; of Nova Scotia, a.3(t,«57 ; of Princ»' Kdward Lsland, H(),8r>7; of Vani-Mmver Islantl, exclusive of Indians, 3,i>24. March 17. Termination of the Reciprocity Treaty, in cunsecpience of notice given l)y the United .States. June 1. Invasion of Canada by PVni.anH. liattle of Ridgeway, and retreat of the voliuiteers. •Tune X Withdrawal of the Fenians into the I nited States. June 8. l-'irst meeting of Parliament in the new buildin.'^s at Ottawa. At this meeting the final resolutions neceHsary to effect the confedention of the provinces were passed. February 10. The British North .Anjerioa Act passed by the Imi)erial Legis- lature. July 1. Union of the jn-ovinces of Canatla. Nova Scotia and New Brunswick luider the name of the Dominion of Can.ada. The i\ames of Upper and Lower Canada were changed to Ontario and (^uel)ec resjientively. Lord Monck was the first ( lovernor Oeneral of the l)r)minion, and the fir.st Parliament met on the (!th Novemlnr, Sir John A. Macdoiial.l lieing Premier. April 7. Hon. T. D'Arcy Mc(iee, M.P., nuirdered at ()ttawa. •fuly 31. Tile Rupert's Land Act passed by the Imperial (lovernnient pro- viding for the ac(iuisition by the Dominion of the N'orth-West Territories. June 2'2. Bill jtassecl providing for the (Joverinnent of the North- West Territories. October 'J!!. Hon. Wm. Macdougall appointed Lieutenant-Governor. Red River Rel)ellion. Noveiuber 1!». Deed of surrender signed, Htnlson's Bay Company to Her Majesty. March 4. Thomas Scott shot .at Fort ( Jarry. Septemlier 24. Arrival at Foit (iarry of the exin^dition under Cok)nel (Lord) Wolseley, when the rebels were foiind to have disi)ersed. May '2o. Fenians crossed the frontier at Trout River, in Quebec, but were driven back by the volunteers. July 1."). Addition of the NorthWest Territories to the Dominion and admission of the Province of Manitoba into the Confedei-ation. This province was made out of a i>ortion of the newly acquired territory. M.ay 8. Signing of the Treaty of Washington. July 20. Admission of British Columbia into the Confederation. Population of the fcnu- provinces. .%48r>,7f)l ; of Manitoba, 18,9!).5 ; of British Columbia, 3»;,224, and of Prince Kdward IJand, 94,021. Total, 3,(>3.'),001. November 11. The last regular troops left (.2uel)ec. AlK)lition of dual representation. May 20. Death of Sir (ieorge E. Cartier, in London. July 1. Admission of Prince Edward Island into the Confederation. Opening of the Intercolonial Railway from Quebec to Halifax. June 20. Great fire in St. John, New Brunswick. November 23. Award of Halifax Fisheries Commission of the sum of $.5,.50O,000 to be paid by the United States to the Imperial (Jovernment. Adoption of a protective tariff, otherwi.se called the National Policy. 'i M ii >>i I; , it. i I'l' 22 HTATIHTICAL YEAK-UOOK. 1680. 1881. 1882. 1886. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1880. 1800. 1801. 1802. Di'hth of th«! Hon. (St'or^e Brown. OctoIxT 21. Contnict Hij^nvd for tho conNtniction of tho Cuniidian Paciffu Kiiilway. Thin lontnict wuh HuliHt-qiuntly ratiHfd by 44 Vic, v. 1 (1881). April 4. l'o|nilation of tli»' Dominion, 4,.'VJ4,f<10. ^Iay 2. KiiHt wkI turned by tin- Canadian racitic Railway Company. Junt* 22. Lt'Kality of th« Canada Tfiniierance Act contirmed hy the Privy Cotincil. A\i(jUHt 23, The n»'W Heat of (tovernment for the North-WcHt Territori^H received th»' name of Retina. Maich 2>i. C/iitbreak of r»'U-llion in the Nortli-Wect ; commencement of hoHtilitieH at I)nck Lakt . .^pril 2. MaMHiicre at Fro^ Lake. April 14. Fort IMtt abandoned. April 24, KngaKement at Fii^h Creek. May 12. Battle of Batoche, and defeat of the rebelM. May 20. Surrender of I'oundmnker, •Fuly 1. Termination of the tinhery clauweH of tho Wawhington Treaty by the Unit*d Htaten, July 2. Capture of Big Bear, and final HUppre8Hion of the rebellion. Total h»KM of the militia and volunteerH under tire : killed, 3S; wounded, 11.'). The rebel Iosh could not be ascertained, Noveml)er 7. Driving of the last snike of the Canadian Pacific Railway. May 4. Opening of the Indian ancl Colonial Exhibition in London. •June 13. Town of Vancouver totally destroyed by fire. •June 2H, First through train left Montreal for Vancouver. April 4. ImiHirtant conference in London l)etween representatives of the principal colonies and the 1ni]ierial (Joverinnent, Canada was repre- sented by Sir Alexander Campliell and Mr, Sandford Fleming. iFune 14. First C. P. R. steamship arrived at Vancouver from Yokohama. Nii.f7iiber 15. Meeting of the Fisheries Commission at Washington. February 15. Signing of tlie KiHhery Treaty at Washington. August. Rejection of the Fishery Treaty by the Unit»*d States Senate. September 1!>. Landslide (second) from Citadel Rock, C^uebec. 45 iiersons killed. May 0. Lonjrue Pointe Lunatic Asylum, near Montreal, destroyed by fire; over 70 lives lost. The buildings had been erected at a cost of $1,132,232. October (J. McKinley Tariff Bill came into operation in the United States. April (i. Population of the Dominion, 4,832,<»7y. April 2i). The first of the new C. P. R. steamers arrived at Vancouver from Yokohama, beating the rect)rd by over two days. The mails were landed in Montreal in 3 days 17 hours, from Vancouver. •June 6. The Right Hon. Sir John A. Macdonald, (t.C.B,, Premier of the Dominion, died. April 17. Death of the Hon. Alexander Mackenzie. May 24. Death of Sir Alexander Cami)bell, Lieutenant-Oovernorof Ontario. I I 98 CHAPTER I. CONSTITUTION AND OOVERNMBNT. .57. The Tiiiporiiil Act, 30 Vic, oap. 3, known us the MritiMh North Aiiiefica Act, 1807, detines the Constitution of the Dominion of Ciiimdu, which it (lecliires to be siiniliii* in pi'inciple t(» that of the United Kinj,'(l(»n» . The Executive Cifivernnient and authority, as well as the c(»nnnander-in-chief of all naval and inilitai'y forces of and in Canada, are declared to be vested in the (.^ueen, who jj;overns through the person of a (Jovernor (teneral, appointed b) her for a tenn of tive years. 3H. The Governor General takes no active part in legislation, bai g(t\erns through a council, known as the Queen's Privy Council fo, Canada, to which belong all th(tse who are or have been advisers of the Ci'own. The Executive Coninnttee of the Pri\ y Council ctmsists of those members (tf the Dominion Parliament who are for the time being Ministers of the Crown, either as heads of the various adminis- trative departments, or as niembers of the Cabinet without portfolio, and who form the (Toverinnent of the (hiy. Members of the Privy Ci»uncil are styled Hontmrable, and for life. The power of dismissing the Ministry, or of removing meml)ers of the Privy Council, lies with the (tovei'nor GeneraL .■)9. The Governor General assents in the Queen's name to all measures passed by the Senate and House of Commons, but he may i-efuse such assent, and may reserve Bills for Her Majesty's considera- tion. He also has power to disallow Acts of the Provincial Legisla- tui-es within one year of their having been passed in the Province. 40. There is one Parliament for Canada, consisting of the Queen, lepresented by the Governor General ; an Upper House styled the Senate, the members of which are appointed, and a Lower House, or House of Commons, the members of which are elected. 41. The Senate is composed of persons appointed for life by the Governor General under the Great Seal of Canada, and each member must possess the following qualifications : he must have passed the age of 30 years ; be a British subject, born or naturalized ; nmst reside in the province for which he is appointed, within which also he must be possessed of real property of the value of .$4,000 above all encum- brances, and his real and personal property together must be worth $4,000, clear of all liabilities. In the Province of Quebec he must either reside or have his real property qualification in the electoral division for which he is appointed. CoriHtitu- tioii dotinecl. Thf (Jo- vernor ( ieneral. The Parli- ament. The Senate. l^ualitica- tions. ; I I, It-,'. :,•' m •!•■■'' t;! '■) 1. •^■'. "'''^ n , di .'V. n .".'■• ' ■ I ". .J ■ i '■| M • "; / < tti-'^:*'' ■\ >i •i 4 lil.1 24 CHAPTER I. Conditions of tenure. Additions to Senate. Si>eaker of Senate. Senatorial indemnity Nunil)er of senators. House of Commons.' Proportio- nate repre- sentation of the i)ro- vinces. 42. A senator may resign his place, and his place also l)ecome,s \acant. if, for two consecutive sessions of Parliament, he fails to attend in the Senate ; if he makes any declaration of allegiance to a foreign power ; if he becomes l)ankrupt or insolvent ; if he is convicted of treason or felony, or if he cease to possess the proper property qualifi- cations. A senator cannot be elected a member of the House of Com- mons without previously resigning his place in the Senate. 43. The Governor General may at any time recommend to the Queen the addition of three or six members to the Senate, but if such addi- tion is made no further appointment shall be made, except on a like recommendation, until the Senate shall have been reduced to its normal number. 44. The Speakei- of the Senate, who must be a senator, and who in all cases has a vote, is appointed by the Governor General. 45. Each senator receives an indemnity of $1,000 per annun\. 46. The present number of senators is 80, divided among the several provinces as follows : Ontario, 24 ; Quebec, 24 ; Nova Scotia, 10 ; New Brunswick, 10; Manitoba, 3; British Columbia, 3; Prince Edward Island, 4 ; and the- North-West Territories, 2. 47. The House of Connnons consists of 21') members, represent- ing the several provinces in the following numbers : Ontario, 92 ; Quebec, 65; Nova Scotia, 21 ; New Brunswick, 16; Manitoba, 5; British Columbia, 6 ; Prince Edward Island, 6 ; and the North-West Territories, 4. The Province of Quebec has the fixed immber of 65 mem])ers, and the other provinces are represented in such proportion, as ascertained at each decennial census, as the number 65 l)ears to the population of Quel)ec so ascertained. The present number of mem- bers in the Provinces of Manitoba, British Columbia and Prince Edward Island were specially provided for in the Acts admitting them into the Confederation, but all subsequent readjustment will be in accordance with the above-mentioned provision. 48. The following is the proporti0!) Nova Scotia . , 21,452 New Brunswick 20,080 Manitoba 30,.'j03 British Columl)ia 15,(>(>(i Prince Edward Island 18,180 The Territories 10,888 Canada. , 22,435 CONSTITUTION AND GOVERNMENT. 49. The members of the House of Commons are elected by the people for a term of five years, unless the House be sooner dissolved, and must be British subjects, but require no other qualification. They are paid an idemnity at the rate of $10 per diem if the session is less tl;;in '^0 days, and a maximum amount of $1,000 foi- any peiiod over that time. The sum of $8 per day is deducted for each day a member is al)sent during the session, unless such absence is caused by illness. They also receive a mileage allowance of 10 cents per mile each way. .■)0. With the exception of the North-West Territories, the quali- fications for voting at elections for niembers of the House of Commons jvie uniform throughout the Dominion, and are as follow : A vote is given to every male person (including Indians, but excluding persons of Mongolian or Chinese race) who is of the full age of 21 yeai-s, is a IWitish subject by birth or naturalization, and is the owner, tenant or occupant of real property of the actual value, in cities, of $300, in towns of $200, and in counties or elsewhere of $150 ; or is the tenant of any real property within the electoral district of the yearly value .••!. ■■' ■ ■'(•"II ' ' ,■■'"■!!>.(■' I ■,.' i' .1 i' .' 'I • . ^* . I. .'■■.' , '■.11 ;^;-',o,;.:'H ' ■(■■';.'■'': •l. ' I-;; ■ ;.'■■' m ■''.*;. ■•^y,!■l u-\-l 26 tied from voting. (ientral elections, 1887 and 1891. CHAFfEK I. qualified and incompetent to vote at elections for the Dominion Parlia- ment. Revising officers, returning officers and election clerks, and all counsel, agents, attorneys and clerks of candidates who may be paid for their services are disqualified from voting in the disti'ict in which they have been so engaged, but not elsewhere. 55. The last general election was held on the 5th March, 1S91, and the preceding one on the 22nd February, 1887, and the following table gives the number of voters registered, the number of votes polled, and the number of ballots spoiled and rejected on those two occasions. GENERAL ELECTIONS FOR THE HOUSE OF COMMONS, 1887 1891, POPULATION, VOTERS AND VOTES POLLED. AND Electoral Districts. Ont.vrio. Addington Algonia* Bothwell Brant, N.R Brant, S.R Brockville . . ■ Bruce, N. R Brucf, W.R Bruce, E.R Cardwell . Carleton Cornwall and Stornnont. Diindas . . . Durham, E.R Durham, W.R Elgin, E.R Elgin, W.R Essex, S.R Essex, N.R Frontenac Cilengarry (4renville, S.R Grey, SR Grey, E.R Gre>, N.R .... Haldimand .... Halton Hamilton City Hastings, W.R. 1887. Number of Voters on List. Total Votes Polled. 5,239 6,040 .■>,979 3,893 4,881 4,740 4,051 4,805 .5,117 3,(!43 4,1!»« .5,067 4,975 4, .500 4,445 7,487 0,101 5.506 6,529 3,0i>0 4,804 3,471 5,758 0,291 5,795 4,334 5,070 9,526 .5,105 Si)oil- ed and Re- jected Bal- lots. 1891. Number of Voters on List. 3,464 2,838 4,342 2,156 3,886 3,3.57 3,479 3,283 3,!»94 2,6.59 2,297 3,983 4,039 2,942 3,578 5,434 3,870 4,33(> 4,40('> 1,908 3,834 2,594 4,487 4,225 4,199 3,491 4,435 t),970 3,278 37 00 48 16 28 47 3(! 28 30 7 15 61 44 19 52 52 34 36 44 Total Votes Polled. 31 14 46 34 301 45! 28 i 103 51 ! 7,299 8,798 7, .577 4,179 .5,720i 5,8921 5,189 4,!»83 5,268 4,267 4,695 6,692 5,724 5,417 5,530 9,108 7,5(;8 6,824 8,240 3,8!K) 5,230 3,842 6,028 6,692 6,697 4.522 6,137 11,552 5,498 S{)oil- ed and Re- jected Bal- lots. 4,.553 4,0(i4 4,550 2,342 3,384 3,452 3,694 3,100 3,976 3,008 2,945 4,086 4,1121 3,431 3,736! 5, 434 1 3,988! 4,7«K)I 4,935 2,649 3,585 2,717l 4,.5<;7| 3,935 4,775 3,714 4,778 7,718 3,550 Popu- lation at last Census, 1891. 39 83 35 22 40 .57 25 38 30 23 26 48 19 19 18 39 21 37 72 24 33 25 41 28 40 51 54 69 73 Including Nipissing (13,020). 24,151 .54,876 25,595 16,993 23,35!» 15,853 22,530 20,718 21,355 15,382 21,749 27,1.50 20,132 17,053 15,374 26,724 23,925 24,022 31,523 13,445 22,447 12,921 23,072 20,225 20,341 16,307 21,982 47,245 18, 5,023 9,373 4,388 5,42() «i,lK() 4,3;")(> 4,474 2,8!H 5,725 4,194 «,905 4,it20 7,149 5,710 5,107 4,870 4,324 4,850 4,t)49 5,510 4,713 5,895 5,-i.-)l 5,475 4,9(54 9,3(37 5,83(1 ti,054 4,754 t),'4(> 5,4()8 3,592 4,544 4,S42 5,()f>l 3,(517 3,198 .5,892 (5,57(.5 Total Votes Polled. Spoil- ed and Re- jected Bal- lots. 3,4,->4 2,4...-. 4,315 4,11." 2,810 5,852 2,719 4,112 4,8,34 3,373 2,(54-2 2,178 4,49(5 3,247 4,823 3,987 4,489 3,il97 4,115 3,15(1 3,534 3,ir,l 2,533 4,(l(Ht 3,2.5it 4,.5fil 3,942 4.049 3,201 5,730 2,930 3,07(5 3,37!t 4,5(54 4,355 2,544 3,2a5 2,(537 4,373 2,820 2,334 4,44 4,395| 48 2(5 21 37 17 58 .1(5 33 55 2 20 25 2? 5! 43 32 27 22 31 31 43 34 38 50 28 38 27 85 14 11 2i» 27 3(i 47 27 !1 49 43 42 27 Number of Voters on List. 4,725 4,877 5,740 5,011 5,017 9,391 (5,211 (5,819 7,1.5(1 4,072 4,(583 3,499 6,084 4,939 (5,442 4,89" 7,720 5,(512 5,4(59 4,891 4,451 (1,084 .5,2(18 (1,012 4,899 7,192 5,9(53 (5,824 (5,703 9,088 (],53(1 0,131 4,157 8,387 (5,587 4,508 5,587 4,40(5 6,13(5 3,800 4,106 (5,(578 (5,549 1891. Sjioil- Total Votes Polled. ed and Re- jected Bal- lots. 3,848 57 3.166 ;5.i 4,019 23 3,766 21 2,889 27 .5,800 40 3,114 75 4,130 f)9 4,70(5 39 .3,145 2(5 2,978 26 2,476 24 4,482 41 3,217 45 4,376 84 .3,891 (11 4,583 32 3,924 27 3,758 2' •'■»'■(.■. ;■•'[ ,,,■■( '.t • •28 CHAPTKR I. GENERAL ELECTIONS FOR THE HOUSE OF COMMONS, 18S7 AND 1891, POPl^LATION, VOTERS AND VOTES POLLED -Conti mm/. Electoral Di>*trlct.s. OXTARIO— Co)!. Sinic(M', S.R SimeoH. E. R T-mmto. ^V(^st Toronto, Centre. . . . Toronto, East Victoria, S.R. . . . . Victoria. N.R. . . . Waterloo. N.R. . . . Waterl. (o, S. R . . . Welkn.l Wellinj.'toii, N.R. . WellingKjn, Centre Wellington, S.R .. Wentworth, N.R. Wentwortli, S.R... York, N.R Ymk, E.R York, W.R Tot.nl Ontario . 1887. Number ^of Voters on List. Total V( )tes Polled. S]K(il- ed and Re- jected Bal- , lots. 4, 7, 13, (>, !•, i"), 3. 4, T) f) (>. ( <>, 4, 4 li, !t!t7i 07'.» 78r :m l.S(> 724 tioa 857, )0]i t)38i 41)8 8' 025| 2t)0 878' 2,008 4,8!M)| 7.32.S 4.110 4,t)2") 3.781 2,583 3,!t21 4,140 5,032 4,718 4,8(»4 4, •)!>•) 3,1.52 3,502 4.757 4,!>42' 4,748 1801. Number , of Voter.s on List. Total Votes Polled jSnoil- ed and Re- jected Bal- lot... f) 58 ( I 47 (iii 40 2»5l ,501 281 41| 57! 32' 45j 35' 54 72 .53 1),180 17,084 7,070 14,2.37 0.234 4.1«3 t>,3.5t) .5,!>48, 7.3]t); 7.325 tUM)7 3 8,.s;v.) 4,320 5,570 4,085 3,020 4,403, 4,14t, 5,00.5' 4,780 4.754 4,044 2,834i 3,.545i 4.21>0 5.080 (i,(m2 405,.-;14 344,4.35 .'^.;}07 50-5,877 .3,58,211 QlKBEC. Argenteuil Bagi )t Beauce . . 5,8,30 Beauharnois 3,481 Bellechas.se ,3,101 Berthier 3,70<) Bonaventure 3,004 Brome .3,501 Chambly 2,743! Champlain 4,,502 Charlevoi.K 3,71o' Chateaugway 3,171! Chicoutimi and Saguenay| 4,7i>7 Compton .1 5,8(il Dorcliesler 3,723 Drummond and Artlia baska Gaspe 3,.580l * Elected by acolatnation. 2,807 1,800 3,051 2,042 2,404 2.830 2.340 2,701 2,000 3,183 2,7r.> 2,020 2,021 3,4iM) 2,754 2,304 33 47 47 11 ()2 45 (i 42 50 .50 27 70 13 (>3 52 2,000 4,580: (i,717 3.721> 3,352 4.101 3,507 S.710 3,000; 3,087! 3,482i G,(X>8| 5,743 0..331 1,808 3,111 4.145 2.013 2,430 2,887 2,710 2,00<) 2..317 3,875 2,777 2,304 3.721 2,042 5,.35<> Popu- lation at last Censua, 1801. 01» 05 55 82 34 23 30 44 ()5 37 37 55 25, 10 53 70 70 20,824 35,801 7.3,832 20,03'2 4.3,,504 20,455 l(i,84'.i 25,325 2.5,130 2.5,132 24,0.5(i 23.387 24,373 14,.50I 10,770 20.284 3.5,148 41,8.57 3,001 2,114,.321 30 54 77 41 13 35 58 43 43 47 130 50 ,52 45 1.5,1.58 21,00.-1 .37,222 10,002 18,30,S 10,830 20,835 14,700 11.704 2y.2(>7 10,0.38 1.3,81)4 38,281 22,770 10,017 4.3,023 20,875 CONSTITUTION AND OOVERNMENT. GENERAL ELECTIONH FOR THE HOUiSE OF COMMONS, 1887 AND 1801, POPULATION, VOTERS AND VOTES VOLhED-Continucd. Electoral DititrictH. Quebec— Con. HiK-litr^laga Huntingdon . . . . Iberville . .liiccjues Cartier. Joliette Kiiimniraiska. . . Lajirairie. . . . . L'AsHOTiiption Laval L«^vis L'Islet Lotbiniere Ma.skinonge Megantic MiKsiscpioi Montcalm Montrnagiiy Montmorency Montreal, West Montreal, East Montreal, Centre .... Nai)ierville \ifolet ' >t tawa County l'(i!itisc Poitneuf Quebec, East Qtiebt'c, C entre 8 J»,2{»8 4,300 4,757 5,461 2,mi 2,153 3,7!Mt 6,36!t 4,265 5,040 * 4,094 2,725 2,333 5.124 2,724 2,121 4,5}»5 4,.582 *Elected by acclamation. 5,979 SjKjil- ed and Re- jected Bal- lots. 181 1891. 2,126 3,(HH 2,779 1,81] 2,213 1,388 .S,946 1,726 2,419 2,000 2,807 3,285 1,788 1,949 1,877 6,366 5,301 1,595 2,736 4,414 2,647 3,623 3,359 1,957 1,586 2,643 4,573 3,178 3,888 1,803 1,616 1,.569 3,311 1,585 1,711 3,254 3,348 . u 41 37 23 47 22 8.S 57 2(i 44 26 34 22 ti6 34 116 'i.59 23 36 155 21 .38 42 32 108 69 83 .50 82 18 30 41 44 15 34 19 Number of Voters on Lir>t. 14,.593 3,766 2,544 3,214 4,460 3,9(i8 2,368 3,128 2,094 5,257 2,940 3,229 4,710 5,151 3,119 2,574 2,335 11,070 18,730 9,113 2,0 7 5,4. >8 10,144 4,237 5,033 « 2,5^.8 2,473 3.870 7,163 4,593 5,033 3,631 4,805 2,725 2,478 5,660 3,226 2,313 4,98'? 5,261 Total Votes Polled. 9,071 2,533 1,574 2,482 3,102 2,917 1,886 2,400 1,630 3,869 1,956 Spoil- ed and Re- jected Bal- lots. 2,198 3,205 3,393 1,821 1,911 l,9a5 5,466. 10,855 5,686 1,616 3,398 5,572 2,682 3,362 2,082 1,717 3,044 4,551 3,(«t4 3,m) 2,509 2,846 1,766 1,643 3,407 1,921 1,829 3,208 3,428 180 34 36 58 59 .56 36 (53 31 90 28 33 57 71 21 28 30 106 323 3i«; 24 70 121 55 55 54 43 72 57 69 89 67 59 36 28 72 55 20 32 43 Popu- lation at last Census, 1891. 80,998 14,385 11,893 13,832 22,921 2(t,454 10,900 13,<>74 9,436 26,995 13,823 20,688 17,829 22,233 18,.549 12,1.31 14,726 12,309 62,494 92,079 28,122 10,101 28,735 63,560 22,084 25,813 36,200 17,649 9,241 19,503 31,347 21,354 .33,430 16,012 21,433 12,282 12,267 23,263 16,088 9,608 18,067 25,698 29 Mi ■mM >,.. »,■ P' •-■' ' 30 CHAPTER I. GENERAL ELECTIONS FOR THE H0U8E OF COMMONS, 1887 AND 1891, POPULATION, VOTERS AND VOTES FOLhED— Continued. j> • , \ 11:, I Electoral Districts, C^LEBKC— Co»i. Terrebonne Three Rivers Two Mountains Vaudreuil Vercheres Yaniaska Total Quebec Nova Scotia. Annapolis Antigonish ...... . . Colcnester Cumberland C&pe Breton (2) Digby . , Guysboi-ough Halifax (2) Hants Inverness King's Lunenburg Pictou(2) Queen's Richmond Shelburne Victoria . . . Yarmouth Total Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Albert Carleton Charlotte Gloucester Kent .King's Northumberland . . Queen's Kestigouche 1887. Number of Voters on List. 4,180 1,5.58 2,8 2,982 2,076 2,695 2,048 3, .597 2H4,689 2,628 188,514 4,317 3,497 3,332 2,465 5,723 4,.538 8,09«J .5,333 6,.540 5,050 4,008 2,933 2,855 2,2!!4 12,505 9,609 4,101 3,309 4,883 3,444 4,462 3,469 5,840 4,994 7,916 6,141 2,106 1,633 2,965 2,282 3,448 2,757 2,213 1,592 4,735 2,889 90,045 68,139 2,563 2,116 5,587 3,924 5,246 3,620 4,548 3,514 4,927 2,733 5,259 3,789 5,761 3,911 3,229 2,437 1,638 1,254 SiK)il- ed and Re- jected Bal- lots. 49 20 31 20 39 74 3,772 83 21 40 129 89 11 44 125 57 25 48 8!) 33 50 27 28 28 49 98() Popu- lation at last Census, 1891. 23,128 8,834 15,027 10,792 12,257 16,0.58 1,488,535 24 93 % 58 38 64 78 57 38 19,35(1 1(5,114 27,160 34,529 34,244 19,897 17,195 71,3i5.s 22,052 25,779 22,489 31,075 34,541 10,(51(1 14,399 14,95(i 12,437 22,21(> 450,390 10,971 22,.52it 23,752 24,897 23.845 23,087 25,713 12,152 8,308 Nkw Biuxs 23,12S 8,834 15,027 10,7!)2 12,257 1(5,058 10,350 1(5,114 27,100 34,52S» 34,244 1»,81»7 17,H»5 71,3i58 22,052 25,77t> 22,48'.t 31,075 34,541 10,(51(1 14,30'.t 14,95() 12,437 22,210 450,39(1 10,971 22,529 23,752 24,897 23.845 23,087 25,713 12,152 8,308 CONSTITUTION AND OOVEKNMKNT. (JKNERAL ELECTIONS FOR THE HOUSE OF COMMONS, 1887 AND 1891, POPULATION, VOTERS AND A'OTES FOLhVAy-ConchoM. Electoral Distiicts. NkW }3UINSWK'K.— COJI. Sui\h>iry St. John, City and Co. (2) St. John City >'ictoriii Westmoreland York 1887. 1891. Number of Voter.s on List. Total N. Brunswick , P. E. Island. Kiii^'.s.. Prince., (hieen'w. Total P. E. Lsland . . Bkitixh Columbia. Cariboo New We.stniinster Vancouver Vi?toria (2) Yale Tt)tal li. Columbia.. Manitoba. Lisgar Marquette. . , Selkirk. .. , Pi'ovencher.. \Viiinii)eg. . . Total Manitoba . . . . N. W. Tekritoriks. Alberta Assiniboia Eawt . do West Saskatchewan. . . 1,499 10,029 5.(532 3,430 7,377 5,304 Total Voten Polled. 1,143 8,199 4,.537 2,2(54 (5,043 3,940 (58,244 53,089 (5,123 4,832 0,308; 5,947 9,031: 7,981 21,4(52 18,7(50 SjKiil- v'dand Number Re- ; of jected Voters Hal- On List. lots 1(5 K57 1.34 119 27 1,75(5 13,007 7,181 3,5.58 8,1.58 5,224 88(5 it,( 02 Total Votes Polled. 1,139 8,(5(50 4,712 2,1.59 0,2(52 3,8(59 U ;, i PopU- edTnd, I'^Vrr* last Re- jected Bal- lots. Census, 1891. 180 32i 135 (54 5,7(52 25.3!H) 24,184 18,217 41,477 30,979 .54,099 1,237; 321,2(53 721 (5,7111 5,138 114 8,4(50 (5,182 40 : 8,894; 7,(575 itOl 2(5,(5.S3 197! 3(5,470 93; 45,975 232 24,005 18,995 489 1,(517 1,792 2,230 2,50 7.H1 1,178 1,271 (5,128 3,480 9,430, 11,771! 4,994! (5,(570 4,238 5,.395 1,859 3,4!t8 32,871 Total Territories. 2,950 3,772 1,885 1,708 14,990 2,0.55 2,740 1,149 1,270 10,315 7,220 6 714 417 19 5,079 2,22(5 22 * I 29 3,048 1,510 380, 109,078 4,9.59 40: 42,22<5 I 18,229 9 18,.538 13,001 70 8,841 4,153 (55 7,599 10,154 57 15,(591 2,528 4,484 0,885 85 8,399 3,753 .53 97,013 35 7(53 108 108 22,103 3(5,0(59 53,22(5 15,409 25,039 207 41,843 17,052 1,014, 152,506 6,571 4,9381 2,484! 2,0511 16,044 3,677 3,342 1,695 1,617 10,331 25,277 20,482 9,890 11,1.50 66.799 "Elected by acclamation. SI ■'■:.l i. m I.' ' ''li 1 T. It ''l^ ■»■■'■,■;> >!•'•■ 32 CHAPTER I. •' \- ' Rt'turns Viy afcla- mation. 56. It will be seen that 8 members were returned by acclamation in 1887, and (5- in 1891, consequently there were contests in 2 more seats at the last election. NumbtTof 57. The following table shows the total number of voters in 1887 voters. ,in(i 1891, ami the numerical as well as the proportional increase in each province and in the Dominion : — Summary of votes polled, &c. PUOVINCES. Number of Voter« on List. Ntmu-rical Increase. Percentage of IncreaHe. 18S7. 1891. Ont.ario QiieLec. . Nova Scotia New Tirunswick.. 495,514 272,r.«)4 79,077 68,294 39,0.51 7,637 21,462 10,315 5<;9,781 302,847 90,045 77,702 4(>,(>6!) 14,406 24,(^5 1»),044 74,267 30.283 10,9<)8 9,408 7,618 6,769 2,603 5,729 14 99 11 n 13 87 1378 Manitoba British Columbia 19 51 88 '(;3 Prince Edward 1 island The Territories 12 13 55 54 Canada 993,914 1,141,559 147,645 14 85 The largest percentages of increase are naturally to be found in British Columbia and the Territories, Manitoba taking the third place and Ontario the fourth. 58. The following is a summary of the table on pages 28 to 31. 1887. 1891. , Provinces. Number of Voters on Lists.* Total Votes Polled. 8iK.iled and Re- jected Ballots. Number of Voters on Lists.* Total Votes Polled. Sftoiled and Rejected Ballots. Ontario Queliec Nova Hcotia New Brunswick Manitoba ... British Columbia. . . P. E. Island.. ... . The Territories 495,514 234,8(« 79,077 ('.^,244 32,871 6,128 21,462 10,315 344,435 160,031 64,534 53,089 14,990 3,480 18,760 7,220 3,307 2,832 932 88() 207 76 232 564,877 284.(i89 90,045 77,702 41,843 8,841 24,065 16,044 a58,211 188,514 68,139 54,099 17,652 4,153 18,905 10,331 3,691 3,772 986 1,237 1,014 53 380 Canada 948,474 666,539 8,472 1,108,10(5 720,094 11,133 general elec * In contested constituencies. •M CONSTITUTION AND CJOVKHNMENT. .')!). The constituencies of Ottawa, Hamilton, Halifax, Pictou, Victoria, 1>. C, Cape Breton, St. John, N.B. (city and county), and the three counties of Prino*' Mward Island each return two members, and every clt'otor has the privilege of two votes. In order, therefore, to avoid, as far as possible, the counting of the same elector twice, the highest iiumljer of votes cast for a Ministerial candidate and the highest num- ht'i- for an Opposition candidate, in each of these places, have been added together and considered as the total vote. This plan is con- sidered a better one than that of halving the total vote, as being more likely to represent the individual vote. (10. The total increase in the number of voters on the lists was ir>9,r)32, and the increase in the number of votes polled was 53,555, hoing only 3.3 per cent of the total increase. 01. The following table gives the proportions of votes polled to voters on the lists, and of spoiled ballots to votes polled at each •fenenil election : — 33 Conntitu- encieB re- turning two mem- bers. Increase in voters. Sjx»iled ballots. Percentage of Votes iKjlled to total Voters. Percentage of sijoiled Baflots to Votes ix)lled. Provincks. • 1887. 1890. 1887. 1890. Ontario m-M 03 41 o-mj 1 03 t}ueltec. Nova Scotia «8 18 6(> 22 1 77 200 81 01 75 67 1 44 1 45 New Brunswick 77-79 ()9 62 l-(k) 2-28 Manitoba 45 «M) 42 18 1-38 5-74 British Columbia 56-78 46-97 218 1-27 Prince Edward Island 87-41 78 93 I 23 200 The Territories 69 99 64 39 1-2M Canada 70-27 64-98 1 57 There was a decrease in 1891 of over five per cent in the proportion of names on the list to votes polled, as compared with 1887. Though there was an increase of nearly 15 per cent in the number of votes on the lists, this falling off was no doubt in some measure due to the very heavy snowstorms that prevailed throughout the country just previous to polling day, rendering locomotion difficult in many places and thereby keeping voters at home. The decrease was largest in British Columbia and smallest in Quebec. The percentage of spoile' ballots to votes cast w»is higher than in 1887 owing to the very lar^ proportion in Manitoba. It is, at present, specially provided by statute that voting in the Territories shall be open, which explains why there are no spoiled ballots. 8 }, ■ • ! •J'l .^C-.[! m: 34 CHAPTER I. Pi'ojKjr- tion of im'inlHTH to voters, ftnd poi»u- lation. Proix)r- tion in U.K. riH)iH»r- tiiiii in Cfi'tain countrieH. Kleetion irocedure, Privileges of Parlia- ment. 62. In 1887 the proportion of members to the number entitled tu vote was 1 in every 4,G23, and in 1891 it was 1 in every 5, 1" 1. In l)roporti()n to each 100,000 of the population in 1891 there were 4'") members. In 1881 the proportion was 5. The figures for 1891 will probably be affected by the Redistiibution Bill. 63. In 1881 the proportion of members to the population of the United Kingdom was 1 to every 54,255 persons. 64. The proportion of juembers per 100,000 of the population at the census of 1881 in the following countries was ; — United Kingdom 2.0 Canada . . 5*0 Victoria I'OO New South WaleH 14-4 Queensland 25"8 Houth Australia 16-0 Tasmania ... 27 '0 New Zealand l(j'5 It will be seen that in proportion to population Canada has more than twice as many members as the United Kingdom, but is considei- ably behind all the Australasian colonies, Queensland and Tasmania having more than five times as many. 65. Writs for new elections for the House of Connnons are dated and made returnable as the Governor General shall determine, the date of the nomination, which shall be named in the wi-it, being also fixed by him. Within eight days from the receipt of the writ the returning officer .shall post up at each polling place in the district a proclamation setting forth the dates for the days of nomination and polling, which latter, in the case of general elections, shall be everywhere on the .same day (except as is specially provided for in the districts of Algoma, Ontario, and Cariboo, British Columbia), and for the official declaration of the return of the poll, together with a list of the several polling places, such proclamation to be posted at least eight days l)efore the day fixed for the nomination. The polling day is to be the seventh after the day of nomination, except as specially provided. Voting is by ballot, except in the Territories, where it is open The House of Commons is called together from time to time by the Gov- ernor General, but there must be a Session of Parliament once at least in every year, so that twelve months do not intervene between the last sitting of one Session and the first sitting of the ne::t. A Speaker is elected at the commencement of each Parlian.ent by the membeis, from among themselves. 66. The privileges of the Senate and House of Commons are defined l)v the Parliament of Canada, but they must not exceed those enjoyed hy the members of the Imperial House of Commons, at the time of the pas.sing of the British North America Act in 1867. i-iirrence c iiions is nt titled tu ".t. In kere 4-'> yyi will , of tlu' )n at tilt' 1.0 ■m i-4 >•« l)-0 7(5 l)-5 has more cousidei- Tasinaniii dated and he date nf o fixed liy returning >clamati(>u mg, which ■e on the istricts tif the officiiil he sevevul ight days to be the provided, len The the Gov- e at least ween the Speaker members, Idefined by Injoyed ))y ' Ime of the I CONSTITUTION AND ClOVKRNMENT. 35 07. Every member, both of the 8enate and the House of Commons, Oath of must take the oath of allegiance l)efore taking his seat. alU-Kiance. (18. All Bills for appropriating any part of the public revenue, or for Money imposing any tax or impost, must originate in the House of Connnons, Bills. ,111(1 uuist Hrst be recommended by the Governor (Jreneral. Bills icliiting to other nnitters can be introduced in either House. The con- currence of the Governor General, the Senate and the House of Com- mons is necessary before any measure can become law. ()1). The exclusive legislative authority of the Parliament of Canada, Authority ;is provided by the British North America Act, extends to all matters "^ Piirlia- connected with the following subjects : — nient. Public Debt. TnKie and Coinmerce. Taxation. Borrowing money on |)uV)lic credit. Postal Service. Cen.>HUH and StatiHtics. Militia and Military and Naval Service. Civil Service. LighthouseH, Buoys, &c. Navigation and Shi^jping. (.Quarantine and Maruie HoMjntalH. Sea Coast and Inland Fisheries. Inter-provincial Ferries, and with Foreign Countries. Currency and Coinage. Banking. Savings Banks. ^yeights and Measures, Bills of K.xchnnge. Interest. Legal Tender. Bankruiitcy. Patents. Couyrights. Iimians. Naturalization. Marriage and Divorce. Criminal Law. Penitentiaries. 70. The administration of public affairs is at present divided into Adminis- the following thirteen departments, viz.: Finance, Justice, Public '^•"'^tjvn o^ Works, Railways and Canals, Militia and Defence, Customs, Agricul- affajj^, I are. Post Office, Marine and Fisheries, Inland Revenue, Interior, Indian Affairs and Department of Secretary of State, which includes the Department of Public Printing and Stationery. By a Bill which was passed during the Session of 1890, the Geological Survey, which had been a bi-anch of the Department of the Interior, was made a separate department under a deputy head. Provision has been made l)y legislation for the amalgamation of the Departments of Customs and Inland Revenue, the new department to be known as that of Tiade and Commerce, presided over by a Minister, designated accord- ingly, while in the place of the present Ministers of Customs and Inland Revenue two Comptrollers will be appointed, who shall vacate their offices on any change of Government, and shall not, necessarily, have seats in the Cabinet. This arrangement, however, has not yet l)een carried into effect. Each department is presided over by a Minister, who may be a member either of the Senate or the House of Commons. 71. The Lieutenant-Governors of the several provinces ar»^ appointed Provin- hy the Governor General. The forms of the Legislatures vary in the ci*l Legis- different provinces. Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince ^ ^^^' V/'i... "', .. >, '.■<■ .'.... ,« ■•'. •■■/■i^-\ ^!i 36 CUAPTEK I. Edward Island have each t\v(t Chambers (a Legislative Council and a Legislative Assembly), and a responsible Ministry. In Ontario, Mani- toba and British Columbia there is only one Chamber (the Legislative Assembly), and a responsible Ministry. In Prince Edward Island the members of the Council are elected ; in C^ueliec, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick they are appointed for life by the Lieutenant- (tovernor. In the North-West Territories there is a Legislative Assembly, composed of twenty-six elected members, with, to a large extent, responsible government, though there is not yet a responsible Ministry. The following are the numbers of the members of the Provincial Legislatures : — Authority of Provin- cial Le^a- latures. Lkoislaturks. Legislative Council. LegiBlative Assembly. Prince Edward Inland Nova Scotia New Hr\inHwick t^iieltec Ontario 13 17 17 24 30 38 41 «6 flO Manitoba British Cohnnbia 35 The Territories •»n 72. The Provincial Legislatures have the exclusive right to legislate on such matters as : the Constitution of the Province, taxation and raising money for provincial purposes, the management and sale of provincial lands, the establishment and management of prisons, hospi- tals, asylums, municipal institutions, licenses, local works and under- takings, property and civil rights in the province, the administration of justice, education, and generally all matters of a local or private nature in the province. Voters at 73, The qualification for voters at elections for the Provincial Assem- aTrelec- blies are determined by the several Legislatures, and vary accordingly, tions. In the Ntvrth-West Territories they are determined by the Dominion Parliament. Naturali- zation. 74. Any person, an alien, who has resided for three years in this country can, after taking the oath of residence and allegiance before a judge, conmiissionor or magistrate, and having the same registered, obtain a certificate of naturalization, and become entitled to the privi- leges of a British subject. An alien woman when married to a British subject becomes thereby a naturalized British subject. CONHTITUTION AND OOVEHNMKNT. S7 7'». TliH following is a liHt of tlu» Oovtu'iiors (General of Caniulii since (jovvrnoru CoiitVileration, with the (lutes of their respective appointiuents : — (JOVKRNORS (;ENKRAL of CANADA HINCK imj. of the Duiiiinion. Name. Datt) of DtttH of \.. :..».„ ..» A>t«uuii)tioii of A|i|Miintin«nt. < tw . . I I- Tlie Kt. Hon. ViHcount Monck, O.C.M.G I.Tune 1, 18«7. . Tlie Rt. Hon. Lord LiHgar, (J.C.M.t!. (Hir John; Young) Dec. 21», 18«W. . The Rt. Fion. the Earl of Dutferin, K.P., K.C.B., (l.C.M.G |May22, 1872.. Tht' Rt. Hon. the Marquis of Lome, K.T., ,« • •• -i I; HI .1 ... ■• ' ■ ..•,,•... Ml m ■1 I ; i: i: \ 38 CHAPTER I. MEMBERS OF THE PRIVY COUNCIL, NOT NOW MEMBERS OF THE CABINET. Sir Samuel Leonard Tilley, K.C.M.G., C.B., Lieutenant-Governor of New Brunswick. Sir Alexander Tilloch Gait, G.C.M.G., C.B. Sir Hector L. Langevin, K.C.M.G. VVm. McDoH«?all, C.B. Sir Win. Pearce Howland, K.C.M.G., C.B. Sir AdamH George Archibald, K.C.M.G. Peter Mitchell. James Cox Aikens. Theodore Robitaille. Hugh Macdonald. Edward Blake. Sir Richard J. Cartwright, K.C.M.G. David Laird. Donald Alexander Macdonald. Thomas Coffin. Telesphore Fournier (Judge). William Ross. Felix Geoff rion. William B. Vail. David Mills. ' Toussaint Laflamme. Richard William Scott. Charles A. P. Pelletier, C.M.G. Wilfred Laurier. Alfred (i. Jones. James McDonald (Chief Justice, Nova Scotia) . Louis F. R. Masson. Louis F. G. Baby (Judge). Sir David L. Macpherson, K.C.M.G. Sir Charles Tupper, Bait., G. C.M.G. (High Commissioner). C. C. Colby. George A. Kirkpatrick, Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario. Amos E. Botsford. « Wm. Miller. George W. Allan. Clerk of the Council, John Joseph McGee. Members of the Privy Council are styled " Honourable," and for life. Xo. OK Parl 1st Parliamei 4th Parliamei r)th Parliame 6th Parliame 7th Parliamei \\\ 'm-- COXSTITUTION AND GOVERNMENT. DOMINION PARLIAMENTS SINCE 1867. No. OK Parliaments. l,-;t Parliament . 2ju1 Parliament . 'Avd Parliament. 4th Parliament . r)th Parliament 6th Parliament. 7tli Parliament Session. Date of Opening. *l8t 2nd , 3rd. 4th. 5th. Nov. April Feb. April (5, 1867. 15, 1869. 15, 1870. 15, 1871. 11, 1872. tlst March 5,1873.. 2nd Oct. 23, 1873. . iHt., 2nd . 3rd. 4th. 5th. Ist . i2nd , i3rd. |4tti. list. 2nd. 3rd. 4th. . lat 2nd 3rd. 4th. i .1st. 2nd March 26, 1874. Feb. 4, 1875. " 10, 1876. 8, 1877. 7, 1878. jFeb. 13, 1870. 12, 1880. Dec. 9, 1880. Feb. 9, 1882. Prorogation. May June Majr April June Aug. Nov. Majf April Feb. 8, 1883. Jan. 17, 1884. " 2J», 1885. Feb. 25, 1886. April 13,1887. Feb. 23, 1888. Jar. 31, 1889. " 16, 1890. April 29, 1891. Feb. 25, 1892. 22,1868.. 22, 1869. . 12, 1870. . 14, 1871 . . 14, 1872. . 13,1873.. 7,1873.. 26,1874.. 8, 1875. . 12, 1876.. 28, 1877.. 10, 1878.. 15,1879.. 7, 1880. . i March 21, 1881.. May 17,1882.. 1 May 25, 1883. . April 19, 1884.. July 20,1885.. June 2, 1886. . June 23,1887.. May 22,1888.. 2,1889.. 16, 1890. . Sept. 30, 1891 . , Dissolution. jMay May ^July 8, 1872. I Jan. 2, 1874. -Aug. 17, 1878. \ / May 18, 1882 Jan. 15, 1887. Feb. 3, 1891. 39 *Adjoumed from 21st December, 1867, to 12th March, 1868, to allow the Local Legislatures to meet. fAdjoumed 23rd May till l.Sth August. 77. It will be seen that there have been six complete Parliaments Duration since Confederation. The first Parliament was the longest one, and *^^ Parlia- tlie second was the shortest. The average length of each Session has been 88 days, or about 12 weeks. The longest Session was in 1885, viz., 24 weeks 4 days, and the next longest was in 1891, viz., 22 weeks. The shortest Session was in 1873, and only lasted 2 weeks and 1 day. \%'V ;■•■■ ■■' i'-. iV l.'i '1. , il ^r ;-'ff. , r- * J. •' i' 40 CHAPTER I. Ministries 78. There have been only two changes of Government and foui' since i»b7. Ministries since Confederation, and with the exception of from 17th November, 1873, to 17th October, 1878, Sir John A. Macdonald was at the head of the Government from the Ist July, 1867, to the day of his death, on the 6th June, 1891. Depart- 79. In 1879 a Bill was passed dividing the office of the Minister of changes. Public Works, the new department assuming exclusive control of Railways and Canals ; and in the same Session the office of Receiver- General was abolished. IVesident o I • Cabinet 80. The following are the names of members from time to time Ministers since ce^l867 composing the Ministries, with the dates of their appointments : — LIST OF MEMBERS OF THE SEVERAL MINISTRIES SINCE CONFEDERATION. First Ministry. Office. Premier Minister of Justice and Attorney-General .... Minister of Finance Minister of Public Works Minister of Militia and Defence . . Date of Apixtintment. Minister of Customs. Minister of Agriculture. Postmaster General Rt. Hon. Sir John A. Macdonald, G.C.B. .July 1 Rt. Hon. Sir John A. Macdonald, G.C.B. .July Hon. Sir A. T. Gait July '• Sir John Rose Nov. " Sir Francis Hincks ;Oct. " Sir S. L. Tilley Feb. Hon. W. McDougall July " Sir Hector L. Langevin Dec. Hon. Sir George E. Cartier . " Hugh McDonald . .. July Hon. Sir S. L. Tilley July Sir Charles Tupiier . Hon. J. C. Chapais " C. Dunkin .... " J. H. Poi»e... Hon. Sir A. Campbell. '.' John O'Connor.. Minister of Marine and' Fisheries Hon. Peter Mitchell Minister of Inland Rev- enue Hon. W. P. Howland . . . " A. Morris Sir Charles Tupper " John O'Connor. " T. M. Gibbs Minister of Interior iHon. Sir A. Campbell. Feb. July Nov. Oct. July (( July July Nov. July Mar. July 1 ■'%7 1, . 30, 9, 22, 1 9, 1 1 1 22, 1 10 25, 1 1 1 16, 2 4, 1 18(57 18«7 18(59 1873 1867 1869 1867 1873 1867 1873 1867 18(59 1871 1867 1873 1867 1867 1869 1872 1873 1873 Without offi( Postmaster G^ July 1, 1873 CONSTITUTION AND OOVERNMENT. LIST OF MEMBERS OF THE SEVERAL MINISTRIES SINCE CONFEDERATION~Cwi«inMcri. First Ministry— Co?tdM(/erf. Office. I'resident of Council . . , Receiver-General Secretary of State. . . . Secretary of State for the Provinces Without office Hon, A. J. F. Blair Joseuh Howe Ed. Kenny Sir CharleH Tupper John O'Connor .... Hugh McDonald . Hon, Ed. Kenny " J. C. Chapais " Theodore Kobitaille. .. Hon. Sir Hector L. Langevin " J. C. Aikins Hon. A. (J. Arcliibald. " Joseph Howe. .. . " T. M. Gibbs. . Hon. J. C. Aikins . . . . The Ministry resigned on Gth November, 1873. Second Ministry. Premier Minister of Public Works Minister of Justice and Attorney-General Hon. Alexander Mackenzie . it Hon. A. Aime Dorion Telesphore Fournier. Edward Blake Rodolphe Laflamme Mini.ster of Finance Hon. Minister of Militia and Defence Hon. Sir Richard Cartwright . Wm. Ross . . . Wm. B. Vail. A. G. Jones . . Minister of Customs ' Hon. Isaac Buri)ee . Minister of Agriculture. . Hon. I •« I Pdstmaster General Hon. L. Letellier de St. Just C. A. P. Pelletier Minister of Marine and Fisheries Donald A. Mftcdonald. Telesphore Fournier.. , Luciuf* S. Huntington.. Hon. Albert J. Smith. Date of Appointment. July Jan. Nov. June July June 1, 1867 30, 1869 16, 1869 21, 1870 2, 1872 14, 1873 July 1, 1867 Nov. 16, 1869 Jan. 30, 1873 July 1, 1867 Dec. 9, 1869 July 1 1867 Nov. 1», ■^69 June 14, "3 Nov. 16, If • Nov. do Nov. July May June 7, 1873 7, 1873 7, 1873 8, 1874 19, 1875 8, 1877 Nov. 7, 1873 Nov. Sept. Jan. 7, 1873 30, 1874 21, 1878 Nov. 7, 1873 Nov. Jan. Nov. May Oct. Nov. 7, 1873 26, 1877 7, 1873 19, 1875 9, 1875 7, 1873 41 J ■ 'J ..• V". ' i'V< . •; '■'i,'.;. r' ' m .'■S'.'-" .Ill .'').V'il ' :f: ,'' "■• '. "''-.i i 42 CII.\PTER I. LiST OF MEMBERS OF THE SEVERAL MINISTRIES SINCE CONFEDERATION-Con<»i«e 17, 1878 10, 188;5 27, 1887 29, 18K8 17, 187K 20, 1870 20, 187» 25, 1885 28, 1881) 19, 1878 16, 188(1 8, 1880 -Minister of . I'lMtniaster C Mini.ster of I I'nue Minister of Ii President of C Receiver-Gene Secretary of Si Without office Hon. Mackenzie Bowell . . |Oct. 19, 188" :e ate of jiiitrnfiit. 7, 1H73 8, 1874 9, 187t) , 8, 1877 8, 1877 , 7, 1873 24, 1870 20, 1874 7, 187u Q 8, 1877 •. 7, 1873 '. 7, 1873 . 9, 1874 r, 7, 1873 7, 1873 . 17, 1878 . 17, y 20, .t. 25, 187S 1881 18S-) ;. 17, ^ 10, 1. 27, ,y 29, 1878 1885 1887 1888 ;. 17, y 20, 1878 187it y 20, )t. 25 V. 28 187(1 1885 18811 t. 19 1. 16 V. 8 ,1878 , 18S0 ,1880 19, 1887 CONSTITUTION AND GOVERNMENT. LIST OF MEMBERS OF THE SEVERAL MINISTRIES SINCE CONFEDERATION— CoHc'/rtucfi. Third Ministry— CWc^Ht/rt/. >[inii*ter of Agriculiur*).. Hon. J rorttnmster General Minister of Fisheries Marine and Hon. Minister of Inland Rev- i-nue 'Hon. iHon. Minister of Interior . President of Council Sir Hector L. Langevin Oct. Sir A. Campbell May John O'Connor Jan. Sir A. Campbell Nov. John O'Connor May John Carling " Sir A. Campbell Sept. A. W. McLelan ; Jan. John G. Haggart . . |Aug. i J. C. Pope |Oct. A. W. McLelan July G. E. Foster Dec. C. H, Tupper May L. F. G. BaV)y. Oct. J. C. Aikins Nov. John Costigan 'May 17, 187^ 25, 188o 19, 1878 20, 1879 16,1880 8,1880 20,1881 23, 1882 25,1885 17, 1887 3,1888 19, 1878 10, 1882 10, 1885 31.1888 26, 1878 8,1880 23, 1882 Receiver-General. . Secretary of State . Without office Right Hon. Sir John A. Macdonald Oct. 17, 1878 Hon. Sir D. L. Macpherson ' " 17, 1883 " Thomas White Aug. 5,1885 " Edgar Dewdney ; " 3,1888 I Hon. John O'Connor ..Oct. 17,1878 " L. F. R. Masson Jan. 16,1880 " Josejih E. Mousseau ... 'Nov. 8, 1880 " A. W. McLelan May 20,1881 Right Hon. Sir John A. Macdonald Oct. 17, 1883 |Hon. C. C. Colby Nov. 28, 1889 Hon. Sir Alex. Campbell ;Nov. 8, 1878 Hon. J. CJ. Aikins Oct. 19, 1878 " John O'Connor Nov. 8,1880 I " Joseph MousH(»au May 20, 1881 " J. A. Chapleau |July 29,1882 Hon. R. D. Wilmot |Nov. 8,1878 " Sir D. L. Macpherson iFeb. 11,1880 " Frank Smith July 29,1882 " J. J. C. Abbott iMay 13,1887 8ir John A. Macdonald died 6th June, 1891. 43 ,1 ' ' i .1 .'... '■/'kl ]■ ...» •iT;"v.'4.> ' ■.v,.V' ..'■ ' > ■.' .' ' ^;i i\ ,'..• .,•■»■ ill ',! i ?■ 4 H 44 CHAPTER I. LIST OF MEMBERS OF THE SEVERAL MINISTRIES SINCE CONFEDERATION— Conc/urfcrf. Fourth Ministry. It* . Office. Premier and President of the Council Minister of Public Works Minister of Customs Minister of Militia Minister of Agriculture. . Minister of Inland Rev- enue Secretary of State Minister of Justice Minister of Finance .... Minister of Marine and Fisheries Minister of Interior and Superintendent - G e n • eial of Indian Affairs. . Postmaster General Minister of Railways and Canals Without office Hon. Sir J. J. C. Abbott, K.C.M.G. Hon. Sir Hector L. Lanfi^evin. . Joseph A. Ouimet. . Hon. (( Hon. Hon. Hon. Hon. Hon. Hon. Hon. Mackenzie Bowell. . Joseph A. Chapleau Sir A. P. Caron..., Mackenzie Bowell . . John Carling John Costigan J. A. Chapleau James C. Patterson .... Sir J. S. D. Thompson Geo. E. Foster C. H. Tupiier Hon. Edgar Dewdney Hon J . G. Haggart Sir A. P. Caron.. Hon, Hon, J. G. Haggart. Frank Smith . . Date of Apix>intment. June 16, 18!tl May Jan. Oct. Jan. Nov. Jan. Sept. May ■Tuly Jan. Sept. May May 20, 1879 11, 18!)2 19, 187!) 25, 18!t2 8, 1880 25, 18(12 25, 188,0 23, 1882 29, 1882 25, 18<<2 25, 1885 29, 1888 31, 1888 Aug. 3, 1888 Aug. Jan. Jan. July 3, 188S 25, 1892 11, 1892 29, 1882 When the above Ministry was formed the then Ministers i"etained their portfolios and were not reappointed ; consequently the dates of their original appointments are repeated. The Honoi Abbott, Sir Ji Allan, George .VliiKni, Wm. J Anuand, Josej. Bclierose, Jose] Bolduc, Joseph Hdtsford, Amoi iiduclierville, C Boiilton, Chas. Boyd, John . . C:l^g^ain, Chai Chaffers, Willii Cleiiiow, FraiK Cochrane, Mati D^Blois, P. A. Dever, James. Dickey, Robert Dob.son, John Drummond, Gi Flint, Billa (Jirard, Marc J (>la.sier, John . (idwaii, James Grant, Robert (tuevremont, J Howlan, Georg Kiiulbach, Hen Landry, A. C. Lewin, James Lougheed, Jam McCallum, Lac McLelan, Abn( McDonald, Wi Mclnnis, Thon McKay, Thorn McKindsey, Gi McMillan, Don Macdonald, A. Macdonald, W: Macfarlane, Al /'i- CONSTITUTION AND GOVERNMENT. 45 iSl. The following is a list of the members of the Senate, in alpha- Members betical order, giving also the names of the districts they severally S^ *''f represent : — 1892. THE SENATE OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA, 18(»2. Speaker— Hon. John J. Ross. Clkrk— E. J. Lanokvin. Senators. DeHignation. Tlie Honourable Abbott, Sir Jno. J. C . . Allan, (teorge W Aliiion, Wm. J. .... .. Aniiimd, Joseph F BcUerose, Joseph H BoUhic, Joseph liotsfoffl, Amos W Boucherville, C. E. B. de Boulton, Chas. A Boyd, John Ciifgrain, Charles E Chiitfers, William H. .. . Cli-mow, Francis Cochrane, Matthew H . . DnBlois, P. A.... ... Dever, James Dickey, Robert B Dobson, John Drummond, Geo. A Flint, Billa (tirard, Marc A Glasier, John (Tdwan, James R lirant, Robert P (Juevremont, Jean B... Howlan, George W . . . . Kaulbach, Henry A. N . Landry, A. C. P . . . Lewin, James D . . . . Lougheed, James A McCallum, Lachlan McLelan, AbnerR. McDonald, William Mclnnis, Thomas R McKay, Thomas McKindsey, (ieorge C . . McMillan, Donald. Macdonald, A. A Macdonald, William J. . Miicfarlane, Alex Inkei .man. York. Jr. M. Halifax. Repentigny. De Lanaucliere . Lauzon . Sackville. Montarville. Shell River. Jr. M. St. John. Wirdsor. Ron 'int. Jr. \x. .Jttawa. Wellington. La Salle. Sr. M. St. John. Amherst. Lindsay. Kennel)ec. Trent. St. Boniface. Sunbury. Barrie. iPictou. Sorel. jAlberton. I Lunenburg. jStadacona. 1st. John. 'Calgary. Monck. Hopewell. Caije Breton. N. Westminster. Colchester. Milton. Alexandria. Charlottetown. Victoria City. Wallace. Senators. Designation. The Honourable Ma'.Innes, Donald Maclaren, Peter Macpherson, Sir David. Masson, Louis F. R . . Menier, Sanmel Miller, William Montgomery, I)c>nald . . Montplaisir, Hyiwlite. . . Murpiiy, Ed O'Donohoe, John Ogilvie, Alexander W.. Pelletier, C. A. P Perley, W. D .. Poirier, Pascal Power, Lawrence G Price, Evans Jno jLaurentides. ProwH", Sam 'Murray. Read, Robert Quinte. Reesor, David iKi Reid, James Robitaille, Theodore IGulf. Ross, J. J |De la Durantaye. Sanford, William E . . . Jr. M. Hamilton Scott, Richard W Sr. M. Ottawa. Smith, Frank jToronto. Snowball, J. B Bathurst. Sullivan, Michael Kingston. Sutherland, John {Kildonan. Tasse, Jos iDe la Salaberry. Thibaudeau, Jos. R . . . [Rigaud. Burlington. Perth. Saugeen. Mille Isles. Hamburg. Richmond. Park Corner. Shawenegan. Victoria. Erie. Alma. Grandville. Wolsley. Acadie. Sr. M. Halifax. ,|*^mgs. 'Cariboo. Vidal, Alexander . Wark, David. Sarnia. Fredericton. Midland. North Sydney. London. De Lorimier. La Valliere. Bedford. Woodstock. Rockwood. .•lit .'.1 ',' ' ', ■/,'.<■• '■^ ^^^'^ ». VA ../;■ . ■..! j . 1 .■,?■■ ' ■ ■ .•■'■. V' -. : 'I *• It > 46 CHAPTER I. Meinliers 82. The following is a list of the members of the House of CommiPHs| House of ^"ith theii" constituencies arranged in alphabetical order : — Commons, 1892. >' • THK HOUSE OF COMMONS OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA, 18!»L\ Si'KAKKR— Hon. Pkter Whitk. Clkrk— John Geoh»!E Boihinot, CM (J. CoiiMtituencieH. Addington AlljtTt AU)orta Algoma AniiajDolis Antigoni.sh Argi'iiteuil Assinilxtia, K . . . Assiniboia, W . . Bagot Beauce ....... . Beauhariiois .... Bellechasse Berthier Boiiaventure .... Both well . Brant, N. R.... Brant, S. R Broekville Brome Bruce, E. R Bruce, N. R. . . Bruce, W.R.... CaiKj Breton . . < Cardwell .... Carleton(N.B).. Carleton (Ont).. Cariboo. Chambly Cnamplain Charlevoix Charlotte ... . Chateauguay . . . Chicoutimi and Saguenay .... Colchester Compton Corn wal 1 and Sfcormont . ... Cumlierland .... Digbjy-, Dorche Dorchester Drummond and Arthabaska . . Dundajj. Dawson, G. W. W. VVeldon, Richard C. Davis, Donald W. Macdonell, lie, Wm. B. Bowell, Hon. McKenzif, Corby, Henry. Desjaixlins, Alphonse. Scriver, Julius. Macdonald, Peter. McMillan, Jjhn. Patterson, Hon. J. C. Bechai'd Fran9ois. Camenm, Hugfh. (rirouard, Desii-e. Lippe, I J. Carroll, Henry G. Leger, Edward H. Campbell, A. Foster, Hon. George E. Borden, Frederick W. Maclean, Jno. Macdonald, A. C. Metcalfe, Jas. H. Moncrieff, George. Lister, Jamea F. Rosamond, Bennett. ill. ^ *'• CONSTITUTION AND fJOVEUNMENT. THE HOUSE OF COMMONS— C«H[t'eantic Middlesex, E.R. Middlesex, N.R. Middlesex, S.R.. Middlesex, W.R. Missihcjuoi .... Monck Montcalm .... Alontinagny Montmorency. . . ^IontrealCentre. ^lontreal East.. . >l()ntreal West. . Muskoka Napierville N. NVestminster. Xicolet Norfolk, N.R... Norfolk, S.R... . Northumberland (N.B.) NorthumlTerlaiid (Ont.), E.R... Northumberland (Ont), W.R... Ontario, N.R Ontario, S.R... . Ontario, W.R Ottawa (City). ( "l Ottawa (County) O.Kford, N.R.... O.\ford, S.R... Peel Perth, N. R Perth, S.R Haggart, Hon. John G. Pelletier, L. C. Oauthier, Jo8e|)h. Ouimet, Hon. Joseph A. Ferguson, Charles F. Taylor, George. Wilson, ITriah. Guay, Pierre M. (tibson, Wm. Ross, Arthur W. Oesjardins, Louis (5. Carling, Hon, John. Rinfret, CAme I. Kaulbach, C. E. Legris, Jos. H. CiUe, L. J. (Frechette). Marshall, Joseph H. Hutchins, W. H. Armstrong, James. Rf)ome,»\V illiam F. Baker, Geo. B. Boyle, Arthur. Dugas. Louis. Choqu'ttte, P. A. Turcotte, A. J. Curran, John J. Lepine, A. T. Smith, Sir Donald A. O'Brien, William E. Monet, Dominique. Corlxjuld, Gordon E. Leduc, Jos. H. Ciutrlton, John. Tisdale, David. Adams, Michael. Cochrane, Edward. Guillet, (leo. Madill, Frank. Smith, Wm. Edgar, James D. Mackintosh, Chas. H. RoVnllard, Honore. Devlin, Chas. R. Stitherland, James. Cartwright, Hon. Sir R, Featherstone, Joseph. Grieve, Jas. Pridham, Wm. Constituencies. Peterboro', E.R. PeterlK)ro',W.R. Pictou - Pimtiftc Portneuf PrescoLt . . . , . . Names of Members. Prince (P.E.L){ Prince Edward. . Provencher. ..... QuelHJC Centre.. . ( Juel»ec East .... t Juelx'c West .... c}uel)ec (CVnmty) Queen's (N.B.).. Queen's (N. S.). . l^ieen'«(P.E.L -[ Renfrew, N.R.. Renfrew, S.R... Resti'"'"'ohe .... Richelieu Rjchmond(N.S.) Richmond and Wolfe (Que.),. Rimouski . Roriville Russell St. Hvacinthe. . . St. John (N. B.), City St.John(N.B.)f City, County! St. John (Que).. St. Maurice Saskatchewan. . . Selkirk... ... . Shefford Slielburne . Sherbrooke Simcoe, E. R . . . Simcoe, N.R Simcoe, S. R Soulanges Stanstead Sunbury ... Temiscouata . . . Terrebonne Three Rivers Toronto Centre. . Toronto East.. . . Toronto West . . . Two Mountains . Buniham, John. Stevenson, James. jTupi)er, Hon. Charles H. jMcDougall, John. Murray, Thomas. Delisle, Arthur. Proulx, Isidore. Perry, Stanislaus F. Yeo, John. Miller, Archibald C. LaRiviere, A. A. C. Langelitr, Francois. Lam-ier, Hon. Wilfred. Hearn, John. Fremont, J. J. T. Baird, (ieo. F. Forties, Francis G. Davies, Louis H. Welsh, William. >yhite, Hon. Peter. Ferguson, John. McAlister, Jno. Bruneau, A. A. Gillies, Jos. A. Cleveland, Clarence C. Caron, Hon. Sir A. P. Brodeur, L. P. Edwards, W. C. Bernier, Michel E. Macleod, Ezekiel. Skinner, .Charles N. Hazen, John D. Bourassa, Fran^-ois. Desaulnier.s, F. S. L. Macdowall, D. H. Daly, Thomas M. Sanlx)rn, Jno. R. White, N. W. Ives, Wm. B. Bennett, Wm. H. McCarthy, Dalton. Tyrwhitt, Richard. Bain, Jas. W. Rider, Timothy B. Wilmot, Robert D., jr. (^randbois, Paul E. Chapleau, Hon. J. A. Langevin, Hon. Sir H.L. Cockburn, George R.R. Coatsworth, Emerson, jr. Denison, Frederick C. Girouard, Jos. 47 ^^V'■ >■ :> M ■iv^it ■&■■ m ;^;^ / 1 ".v. ■ • ". \:^'i t' i '• • • •■■ •• m 1 48 CHAPTKK I. THE HOUSE OF COMMONS— ftmc/Mt/t*/. LIEUTE> '''',i Vancouver iHl'd. Vaudreuil VerchereH .... Victoria(B.C.)| Victoria (N.B. ). . Victoria (N. a. I.- Victoria (O) N. R Victoria (O)S.R. WaterlcK), N.B. Wat«^rloo, S.R.. Welland Wellington, C.R. (tordon, David W. McMillan, Hugh. (Jeoffrion, Hon. Ftlix. Prior, Edward (1. Karin, Thomas. CoHtigan, Hon. John. McDonald, John A. HugheH, Samuel. Fairhairn, CharleH, Bowman, I^auc E. {Livingston, James. I Lowell, JaH. A. 'Seniple, Andrew. Wellington,N.R. Wellington, S.R. VVentworth, N.R Went worth, S.R. WeHtmoreland.. . Winnii)eg Yale Yamiutka Yarmouth York (N.B.).... York(0.), E.R.. York(0.), N.R. York (O.), W.R. McMullen, James. Innes, JamcH. Bain, ThomnH. Carpenter, F. W. Wood, Josiah. Macdonald, Hugh J. Mara, John A. Mignault, R.M.S. Flint, ThoH. B. Temple, ThonuiH. Maclean, Wm. F'indhu . Mulock, William. Wallace, N. C. Nova Scotia Ntw Brunsw Lieute- nant Go- vernors and Pro- vincial Legisla- tures. 83. The following tables give the names of the Lieutenant-Gover- nors of the several provinces, a list of the Sessions of each Legislative Assembly, with the dates of opening and closing, from the time eaoli province, respectively, entered Confederation, the names of the present members of each Government, and a list of the members of each Legis- lative Council and Assembly : — Prince Edwai LIEUTENANT-GOVERNORS OF THE PROVINCES OF CANADA SINCE ADMISSION INTO THE CONFEDERATION. Date of ApiK)intment. Oatnrio Quebec. 'Major-General H. W. Stisted . . Hon. W. P. Rowland. P.C, C.B •« John W. Crawford " D. A. Macdonald, P.C " John Beverley Robinson ♦' Sir Alexander Campbell, K.C.M.G., P.C " Geo. A. Kirkpatrick, P.C Hon. Sir N. F. Belleau, Kt " Sir N. F. Belleau, Kt " Rene Edouard, Caron ' ' Luc Letellier de St. Just, P. C . . " Theodore Robitaille, P.C '• L. F. R. Masson, P.C " A. R. Angers July Nov. May June Feb. May July Jan. Feb. Dec. July Nov. Oct. 1, iw;: 14, ISti.s 6, 1873 18, 1875 ao, 1880 8, 1887 30, 18!t2 1, 18ti7 31, 18(i« 11, 1873 15, 187t; 26, 18711 7, 1884 24, 1887 British Colum The Territoriei VV. ugh J. i.s. lUH. . FiiicUiiy. lUll. xt-Govei- !gislativt' ime eju'li e present ch Legis- A SINCE )ate of tx)intTnent. •»» i8f.7 14, IStiS 5, 1873 18, 1S75 90, 1880 », 1887 30, 18!t2 1, 18(57 31, 18tW 11, 1873 15, 187tl 26, 187!l 7, 1884 24 1887 CONSTITUTION AND GOVKRNMENT. LIEUTENANT (iOVKRNORS OF THK PROVINCKS OF CANADA SINCE ADMISSION INTO THE CONFEDERATION-Cwuf/uf/ft/. Province. NovaHcotift. N'tw Brunswick. Prince Edward Inland. Britiwh Columbia . Miinitoba. The Territories . Lieut. -General Sir W. F. Williams Major-(ieneral Sir C. Hastings Doyle, K.C. M.G Lieut. -General Sir C. Hastings Doyle, K.C. M.G Sir E. Kenny, Kt. (acting) Hon. Joseph Howe, P.C " A. (i. Archilmld, C.M.G., C^C, P.C. '* Matthew Henry Richey •' A. W. McLelan, P.C *' Malachy Bowes Daly Name. Date of Apftointment. Tuly Oct. Jan. May «« July Doyle . Major-< ieneral C. H. Col. F. P. Harding.. Hon. L. A. Wilniot, D.C.L " S. L. Tilley, C.B " Ed. Barron Chandler, Q.C *• Robert Duncan Wihnot, P.C " Sir Samuel Leonard Tilley.K.C.M.G. P.C Hon. July Oct. July Nov. July Feb. 1,1867 18, 1867 31, 1868 13, 1870 1, 1873 4, 1873 4, 1883 9, 1888 11, 180O 1, 1867 18, 1867 14, 1868 5, 1873 16, 1878 11, 1880 Oct. 31, 1886 W. C. F. Robinson. June Sir Robert Hodgson, Kt . INov. Thontas H. Haviland, t^.C. Andrew Archibald Macdonald. Jetlediah S. Carvell Tuly Aug. Sept. Hon. J. W. Trutcli ! July " Albert Norton Richards iJune " Clement F. Cornwall " HughNelison Feb. Hon A. G. Archibald, P.C Trancis (Toodschall .Tohnston. Alexander Morris, I'.C Joseph Ed. Cauchon, P.C James C. Aikins, P.C May April Dec. Nov. Sept. Hon. John C. Schultz . July 1 A. G. Archibald, P.C ... iMajr Francis (ioodschall Johnst ' 1 ' >:h ; li 60 CHAPTKK I. I ! PROVINCE OF ONTARIO. (KntenHl Confederation, iHt J\ily, 18<17.) SEAT OF (lOVERNMKNT-TORONTO. LlKUTK.VANT OOVKKNOK-HON. (»K0. A. KiKKFATUlOK, P. C. KXKCUTIVK COUNCIL. 1802. Attorney -(ieneral Hon. Sir Oliver Mowat, K.C.M.G.,Q.C. ConmiisHioner of Crown Landx " A. S. Hardy, ().C. Public WorkM •• C. F. Fra^er, t^. C. Secretary and RegiHtrar ** John M. ( } ibnon, (^.C. Treatturer " Richard Harcoiirt, (^.C. Minister of Education " Hon. (i. W. Rons. Minister of Aspriculture " John Dryden. Without ix)rttolio " E. H. Uronson. LE<;iSLATUK£S SINCE 1867. No. OK Lkoislatlkk. Ses- sions. Date of 0|)ening. Prorogation. Dissolution. l»t Legislature 2nd Legislature 1st 2nd ... . 3rd. .. 4th let 2nd . . 3rd 4th... . Ist 2nd ... 3rd.. . 4th 1st 2nd ... . 3rd 4th. ... Ist 2nd ... . 3rd... 1st.. . . 2nd ... . 3rd 4th 1 Ist 2nd ... . Dec. 27, 1867. Nov. .3, mm. 3, 1869. Dec. 7, 1870. Dec. 7,1871. Jan. 8, 1873. 8, 1874. Nov. 12, 1874. Nov. 25, 1875 Jan. 3, 1877. 9, 1878. 9, 1879. Jan. 8, 1880. " 13, 1881. " 12, 1882. Dec. 13, 1882. Jan. 2.3, 1884. " 28, 1885. " 28, 1886. Feb. 10, 1887. Jan. 26, 1888. " 24, 1889. " 30, 1890. Feb. 11, 1891* " 11, 1892. Mar. 4, 1868 Jan. 2i» 18(59. Dec. 24, 18(59. Feb. m, 1871 . Mar. 2, 1872. " at, 1873, " 24, 1874. Dec. 21, 1874. Feb. 10, 1876. Mar. 2, 1877. 7, 1878. '• 11, 1879 Mar. 5, 1880. 4, 1881 . " 10, 1882. Feb. 1, 1883. Mar. 25, 1884. " 30, 1885. " 25, 1886. April 23, 1887. Mar. 23, 1888. " 23, 1889. April 7, 1890. May 4,1891. April 14, 1892. ■Feb. 25, 1871. 1 VDec. 23, 1874. -April 25, 1879. •Feb. 1, 1883. [nov. 15, 1886. -April 26, 1890. 3rd Lefirislature 4th Legislature 5th Leirislature 6th Legislature 7th Letrislature Adjourned from 12th February to 10th March. COX8TITUTION AM) (lOVKHNMKNT. LECUHLATIVK ASHKMHLY. HrKAKKK— Hon. Thoh. Baixantvnic. Cmchk- Cham. Clakkk. 51 (.'(iimtitmincifH. Adilinj^ton. . . Alfjoiiiii, Kiwt. AlKDiiiii, W«'wt nriiiit, N.R... llnmt, H.K.. . llriK'kvillf r.nic.', N.R... lirucf, S. R . . . l?nice, C.R ... C'urdwi'U riiili'tim . . • . (jiiriiwiill Mu\ StnrillOIlt Dufferin liiiiiduH I)iirliain, K.R. . Duilmin, W.R., l•;l^'iM, K.R Kkin. W.R Kssfx, N.R.... K'tsi'x, S.R I'miiti'iiac (Jlcrigivrry (Jrmville (Jnv. N.R Cn'y, C.R .... CrA-, H.R... . Jliildinmnd. . .. HllltoM Hiiniiltoii HantingH, W.R 1 liistiiiifs, K. R . HiistingH, N.R, Huiim, K.R ... Huron, H.R... . Huron, W.R... K.-nt, K.R K.nt, W.R.... Kin^'ston . ... I.iiiiibton, K.R Liinibton, W.R Lanark, N.R . . Lanark, S. R . . . Leeds L«'nnox Lincoln London Middlraex, E.R Rt<|ir<*Mt.tntiitiv(>H. •TaniHit Rald Bisho]). .Tames T. (Jarrow. Robert Fer^nison. •Tames Clancy. William Harty. Hugh Ma<.'ken/,if, Charles McKen/.ie. W. C. Caldwe.i. Nath. McLunaghan. Robert H. Preston, v/alter W. Meacham. James Hiscott. Willinm R. Meredith. Richard Tooley. Constitueiicien. Middlesex, N.R. Middlesex, W.R. Monck Muskoka Ni pissing Norfolk, S.R.... Norfolk, N.R... Nr>rthumberlund K.R North\unberland W.P '"Ontario, NR!.". u.itario, ^;.ii... . Ottawa . Oxford, N.R. ... Oxford, 8. R.... Parry So "id Peel Perth, f.R. .. Perth, S.R .... Peterborough, K.R Peterborough, W.R Prescott . . Prince KHward . Renfrew, S.R... Renfrew, N.R . . Russell Simcoe, K. R Simcoe, W.R... .Simcoe, C. R Repn^sentatives. John Waters. H; (Jw). W. RosH. P r Richard HaiTourt. (teoige F. Marter. John Lo\ighrin. William A. Charlton, ''i. Car|ienten l)n Willoughby. Corelli C. FieUL ilani B. Smith. .John T. (iilmour. E. L. Davis. 4i « i. •^ >j ■ . "I •• ., -■ '. '.'•■.' ■:,vkV,,:, > I ~ a*, ^ • » * i I.MI i| ■'.If ■' ■I *■ ' ' ■ ■ « ■> 1 1 ,1 I i\i ' ~ " 52 CHAPTER I. PROVINCE OF QUEBEC. (Entered Confederation, Ist July, 1867.) SEAT OF GOVERNMENT-QUEBEC. LiEUTENANT-GovKKNOB— Hon. Augustk RiftAL Angkrs. EXECUTIVE COUNCIL. Premier and President of the Council Hon Commissioner of Agriculture " Commissioner of Crown Lands " Treasurer " Commissioner of Public Works , . " Provincial Secretary " Attorney -General " Members without office ■! I 1 1 , 1 1 i , * f-;| r^:;, I ■ ■, - • ' ! \j . ■ ■ '» *'".-■■ '. • ... ::• .1;,., •■■■'■'■. V' h >,HI .■''; «■ . I ■ ■» I'ii |» Ml '•;<>' ^W-:. .'1 •v'^' '-;.■ ■■11 :'.V ■•■'•IV'/^ ;i ■» I." V ' ,,:-^^i i'\ 54 CHAPTER I. Il ti PROVINCE OF QUEBEC. LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY. Spkakkr— Hon. P. E. Leblanc Clerk— L. Delorme. Constituencies. Argentfcuil ..... Arthabaska Bagot Beauce Beauharnois . . . Bellechasse Berthier Bona venture .... Brome Chambly Chaniplain Charlevoix Chateaugiiay. . . . Chicoutiini and Saguenay Compton Dorchester Drunitnond.. . . Gaspe ... — Hocnelaga Huntingdon . . . Iberville ..... . . Jac(][ues Cartier.. Joliette Kamouraska. . . . Lake St. John . . Laprairie L'Assomption. . . Laval Levis L'Islet.. Lotbiniere Maakinonge Matane Megantic Missisquui Montcalm . . . . . Representatives. Simpson, William John. Girouaid, Joseph Ena. McDonald, Milton. Poirier, Joseph. Turgeon, Adelard. Allard, Victor. Mercier, Hon. Honore. England, Rufus Nelson. Taillon, Hon. L. O. Grenier, Dr. Pierre. Morin, Joseph. Greig, William. Petit, Honore. Mcintosh, Hon. John. PfUetier, Hon. L. P. Cooke, Peter Joseph . Flynn, Hon. E. J. Villeneuve, Joseph Oct . Stephens, Geo. W . iGosselin, Francjois (fils) . jDescarries, Joseph A. jTellier, Joseph Mathiasj {Desjardins, Chs. Alf. j Girard, Joseph. Doyon, Cyrilie. Marion, .toeeph. LeBlanc, Hon. P. Evar. Baker, Ignace Angus. Dechene, F. (i. Miville. Laliberte, E. Hipixjlyte Caron, Hector. Flynn, Hon. E. J . King, James . Spencer, Elijah Edmund Magnan, Octave. Constituencies. Representatives. President of t Attorney-Gen Commissioner Jlembers witl Montmagny .... Montmorency. . . Montreal No. 1.. Montreal No. 2.. Montreal No. 3.. Montreal No. 4.. Montreal No. 5.. Montreal No. 6.. Napierville Nicolet Ottawa Pontiac Portneuf Quebec Centre . . Quebec (County) Quebec East Quebec West... . Richelieu Richmond Rimouski Rouville St. Hyacinthe . . St. John St. Maurice. . . . St. Sauveur .... Shefford Sherbrooke Soulanges Stanstead Temiscouata . . . Terrebonne Three Rivers .... Two Mountains . Vaudreuil Vercheres Wolfe Yamaska Bematchez, Nazaire. Casgrain, Hon. T. C. Martineau, Franfois. Au|[e, Olivier Maurice. Parizeau, Damase. Morris, Alexander Webb Hall, Hon. John Smythe Kennedy, Patrick. Ste. Marie, Louis. Beaubien, Hon. L. Tetreau, Neree. Gillies, David. Tessier, Jules. Chateauvert, Victor. Fitzpatrick, Charles. Shehyn, Hon. Jos. Carbray, Felix. Lacouture, Louis. Bedard, Joseph. Tessier, Auguste. Girard, Alfred. Cartier, Dr. Antoine P. Marchand,Hon. Felix G. Duplessis, L. T. N. L. Parent, S. Napoleon. Savaria, Adolphe F. Panneton, L. E. Bourbonnais, Avila G. Hackett, M. F. Rioux, Napoleon. Nantel, Hon. G. A. Normand, Telesphore E. Beauchamp, Benjamin. Cholette, Hilaire. Lussier, A. A. E. E. Chicoyne, Jerdme A. Gladu, Victor. No, OF Legk 1st Lejjislature 2nd Legislatur 3rd Legislature 4th Legislature 5th Legislature (ith Legislature 7th Legislature IJ ■ "■•■ CONSTITUTION AND GOVERNMENT. PROVINCE OF NOVA SCOTIA. (Entered Confederation, Ist July, 1867.) SEAT OF GOVERNMENT-HALIFAX. LiEUTKNANT-GovBRNOH— Hon. Malachy Bowks Daly. EXECl/TIVE COUNCIL. 18Q2. President of the Council and Provincial Secretary Hon. W. S. Fielding. Attorney-General •' J. W. Longley. Commissioner of Works and Mines " Charles E. Church. >Iember8 without office " Thomas Johnson. " •' " Daniel McNeil. " " " C. F. Mclsaac. " G. H. Murray. LEGISLATURES SINCE 1867. No. OF Legislatures. 1st Let^islature. 2nd Legislature. 3rd Legislature . Ses- sions. nst. 2nd . 3rd. 4th. Ist., 2nd . 3rd . Jan. 30, 1868.. Sept. 21, 1868.. April29, 1869.. June 14, 1869.. Feb. 17, 1870.. April 18, 1870.. " 2, 1871.. " 4, 1871.. 4th Legislature. 5th Legislature (ith Legislature Ist.. 2nd . 3rd. 4th . 1st., 2nd , 3rd. 4th. 1st., 2nd . 3rd . 4th. 7th Legislature 1st. 2nd 3rd. 4th. Ist. 2nd Date of Opening. I Prorogation. Feb. 22, 1872.. " 27, 1873.. Mar. 12, 1874.. Mar. 11, 1875.. Feb. 10, 1876.. " 15, 1877.. " 21, 1878.. Mar. 6, 1879.. Feb. 26, 1880.. Mar. 3, 1881.. Jan. 19, 1882 . Feb. 8, 1883.. " 14, 1884.. " 19. 1885.. " 25, 1886.. Mar. 10, 1887.. Feb. 23, 1888.. " 21, 1889.. " 20, 1890.. April 2, 1891.. Mar. 3, 1892.. April 18, 1872.. " 30, 1873.. May 7, 1874.. May 6, 1875.. April 4, 1876.. " 12, 1877.. " 4, 1878.. April 17, 1879.. " 10, 1880.. " 14, 1881.. Mar. 10, 1882.. April 19, 1883.. " 19, 1884.. •' 24, 1885.. May 11, 1886.. May 3,1887.. April 16, 1888.. " 17, 1889.. " 15, 1890.. May 19, 1891.. April 30, 1892.. Dissolution. April 17, 1871. Nov. 23, 1874. Aug. 21, 1878. May 23, 1882. May 20, 1886. April 21, 1890. Adjourned 25th February till 6th August, 1868. 55 ?, %■'■'>' <■- » '• ■ • ,' '."■ ■<'.. ■ ■*■,'»'•'.•,''' *.'' •»■• ..■ ■;.■-'..: 1 • •,■.♦,' I ■ «. i • > ■ . ■; • J * • i '- .V ■ Ki ■ii. i -■■ 56 CHAPTER I. PROVINCE OF NOVA SCOTIA. LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL. President— Hoy. Robert Boak, Halifax. Clerk— A. G. Troop. The Honourable — John McKinnon. Samuel Creelman. D. T>IcN. Parker. Loian L. Baker. C!an"s M. Francheville. I>fivif' iVicCurdy. Hiram Black. W. H. Owen. Geo. Whitman. Samuel Locke. M. H. Goudge. The Honourable — W. H. Ray. Thos. L. Dodge. Jno. McNeil. Jason M. Mack. Isia...« LeBlanc. Geo. H. Murray. H. H. Fuller. H. M. Kobichau. Robt. Drummond. C. N. Cummings. LlEUTENAN Premier and A Provincial Seci Chief Conimisf Surveyor-Gene Solicitor-Genei MeiiitxTS witht LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY. Speaker— Hon. M. J. Power. Clerk— J. W. Ouselry. Constituencies. Members. i Constituencies. 1 Members. AnnaiK>lis Co. . . 1 Hon. J. W. Longley. i 1 ' Inverness Hon. D. McNeil. John McKinnon. Antigonish Colin F. Mclsaac. King's A. P. Welton. Chris. P. Chisholm. ! B. Webster. Cape Breton A. J. McDonald. ' Lunenburg Co.. Hon. C. E. Church, Jos. McPherson. J. D. Sperry. Colchester Geo. Clark. Pictou ... ... W. Cameron. F. A. Laurence. J. D. McGregor. Cumberland G. W. Forrest. 1 Alex. Grant. Wm. Oxley. Queen's Rich. Hunt. Digby E. E. Tupper. A. M. Hemeon. A. M. Comeau. Richmond Jos. Matheson. Guysborough . . . A. F. Cameron. A. A. LeBlanc. H. Morrow. Shelbume C. H. Cahan. Halifax Hon. Wm. S. Fielding. Hon. Thos. Johnson. Hon. M. J. Power. Victoria John A. Eraser. Wm. Roche, jun. John L. Bethune. Hants T. B. Smith. Yarmouth F. Hatfield. Arthur Drysdale. 1 1 William Law. 1st General Ass 2iid General Asf 3rd General Ass 4th General Ass* 5th (General Asse 6th General Asse 7th General Asse CONSTITUTION AND GOVERNMENT. PROVINCE OF NEW BRUNSWICK. (Entered Confederation, Ist July, 1867.) SEAT OF GOVERNMENT-FREDERICTON. LiEUTENANT-GovEBNOR— Hon. Sih Samukl Lkonarp Tillev, C.B., K.C.M.G. EXECUTIVE COUNCIL. 1892. Premier and Attorney-General Hon. A. G. Blair. Pii)\incial Secretary " James Mitchell. Chief Commissioner of Public Works " P. G. Ryan. Surveyor-General , " Lemuel J. Tweedie. Solicitor-General " Wm. Pugfsley, jun. Members without office *' Chas. H. La Billois. " " " Henry R. Emmerson. GENERAL ASSEMBLIES SINCE 1867. No. OF Gkneral Assemblies. 1st General Assembly . . 2iid General Assembly. . , 3rd General Assembly . . 4th General Assembly . . 5th General Assembly . . 6th General Assembly . . 7th General Assembly . . Ses- sions. 1st. 2nd 3rd. Ist. 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Ist.. 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st.. 2nd 3rd 4th Ist.. 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Ist.. 2nd j3rd Ist.. |2nd 3rd Date of Opening. Prorogation. Dissolution. Feb. 13, 1868. Mar. 23, 1868 Mar. 4, 1865) . April 21, 186« . Feb. 10,1870.1 " 7,1870. Feb. 16,1871 April 5, 1871 Feb. 22,1871 May 17, 1871 Feb. 2ft, 1872. April 11, 1872. VMay 15, 1874 27, 1873. 12, 1874. 14, 1873. y, 1874, Feb. 18, 1875. April 10, 1875. '■ " 17,1876. " l.S. 1876. 8,1877. Mar. 16,1877. Aug. 28, 187'i . Feb. 26, 1878. Feb. 27,1879. Mar. K, 1880. Feb. 8, 1881. " 16, 1882. Feb. 22, 1883. April 12, 1883. Feb. 28, 1884. " 26, 1885. I " 25, 1886. Sept. 5, 187< . April 18, 1878. April 15, 1879. " 23, 1880. Mar. 25,1881, April 6, 1882, Mar. May April 3, 1883, 3, 1883, 1, 1884 6,1885, 2,1886. ^ June 3, 1870. I Mar. 3, 1887. April 5, 1887. I " 1, 1888. " 6,1888. 7,1889. " 17, 1889. Mar. 13, 1890 'April 2.3, 1890. 11, 1891 3, 1892. 16, 1891 7, 1892, -May 14, 1878. -May 25, 1882. April 2, 1886. [Bee. 30, 1889. 57 , ... "., i ■.:■ ' • ( i I »•' K- ' ' ■ .f .* '.V-r'-'..- ttt'', ! • I'l' ■ < .V *■.:,. ■• •■■/. ,. M • -.'iV ■■■> . >■ ;,' 1, ■••. ■,; • ..'• v.; » I ,. r' ■■^\ V';' '' ' 1 •v. K ,\'*' "'/; ' ■I • '' • I ... » , • • ■ ■'< * '. i i 'I If''- ■ i 'I 58 CHAPTER I. i PROVINCE OF NEW BRUNSWICK. LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL. President— Hon. A. Harrison. Clerk ok the Leuislative Q>i'NC'ii.-<.TKonoE Bothford. The Hoiiourable — Baii.1, Geo. T. Barlx rie, J. Cunard. Bellat^iy, Richard. Emmerson, Henry R. Fellovt, Jas. I. Flewelling, G. Hudoo?.. Harrison, Archibald (rresident). Hill> George F. .Tones, Thoncis Roseneitj Thct ITonourabie — ;.' Blani-, Olivir 1. IvlcManus, Fruito'C J. K'A'U.trd, xOibru!*' J. Ritchie, Alhin. Thompson, Fred. P. White, George W. Woods, Francis. Younfj, Kob ft. rivinier, Presic iuid Immig Attorney-Gene; Minister of Pul Provincial Seer Provincial Tiea Without poilfo' Xo. OF Leuisl h •■■( : LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY. Speaker— Hon. Albert S. White. Clerk— Henr\ Bartletc Rainskord. Constituencies. Members. Constituencies. Members. Albert Lewis, William J., M.D. r<„,i^*«^ J Atkinson, M. C, M.D.. I <^*'^*®*°" \ Ketchum, G. Randolph . j {Douglass, William. Hibbard, George. Mitchell; Hon. James, j P.ussell, James. • Ken. {ifcyiy""''"- Pugnley, Hon. Wm., jun King's. Madawaska . { Northumberl'd Queen's. Taylor, George L., M.D. White, Hon. Albert S. Theriault, Levite. Burchill, John P. O'Brien, John. Robinson, James. Tweedie, Hon. L. J. Hetherington, Thomas. Queen's Restigouche . . Sunbury St. John City. St. John Co'y. Victoria Westmoreland York. Palmer, Albert. LaBillois, Charles H. Murray, William. Harrison, Charles B. Perley, William E. Alward, Silas. Smith, Albert Colby. McKeown, Harrison A. Ronrke. James. Shaw, William. Stockton, A. A. Porter, James E. Melanson, Oliver M. Hanington, Daniel L. Powell, Henry A. McQueen, Jos. A. Anderson, John. Colter, Thos. H. Blair, Hon. Andrew U. Wilson, William. 1st Legislature., 2n(i Legislature . 3rfi Legislature. . 4tli Legislature. Sth Legislature. . 6th Legislature. . , 7th Legislature. Adjourned 8 tebruary till 2nd t Adjourned 7 1879, till 27th Ma; J Adjourned 1? "^Adjourned J li Adjourned tc CONSTITUTION AND GOVERNMENT. PROVINCE OF MANITOBA. (Entered Confederation, 15th July, 1870.) SEAT OF GOVERNMENT- WINNIPEG. LIEUTKNANT-GOVKRNOR— Hon. ./oHN CHRISTIAN ScHULTZ. EXECUTIVE COUNCIL. 1892. I'reinier, President of the Council, Minister of Agriculture aiici Immigration and Railway Commissioner Hon. Thomas Greenway. Attorney-General and Provincial Lands Commissioner. . . " Clifford Sifton. Sliiiifter of Public Works " Robert Watson. I'll ivincial Secretary " James A. Smart. Provincial Treasurer.. . " Daniel H. McMillan. Without poi Lfiil'o " Daniel McLean. LEGISLATURES SINCE 1870. No. OF Legislatures. 1st Legislature . 2n(l Legislature , 3r() Legislature. .'. 4th Legislature. . . oth Legislature. 6th Legislature. rth Legislature. Ses- sions. Ist 2nd . . 3rd..., •4th.. Date of Oi>ening. Mar. •Jan. Feb. Nov. 15, 1871. It!, 1872. 5, 1873. 4, 1873. Prorogation. ' Dissolution. May 3,1871.! Feb. 21, 1872. i Mar. 8,1873. July 22, 1874.1 Ist Mar. 31, 1875. May 14,1875. 2nd Tan. 18, 187<5. Feb. 4, 1876. 3rd. 4th. 30, 1877. 10, 1878 28, 1877. 2, 1878. tlst .... Feb. 1, 1879 . June 25, 1879 Ist Jan. 22, 1880. 2nd ... Doc. 16, 1880. 3rd Mar. 3,1881 4th April 27, 1882. Ist.. 2nd 3h1. 4th. May 17, 1883. Mar. 13, 1884. " 19, 1885. 4, 18»i. Ist April 14, 1887 . 2nd .... Jan. 12,1888. Tlst.. §2nd. , 3rd.., 4th., 5th.. Aug. 28, 1888. Nov. 8, 1888. Jan. 30, 1890. Feb. 26, 1891 . Mar. 10, 1892. Feb. 14, 1880, Dec. 23, 1880. May 25, 1881. " 30, 1882. July 7, 1883. June 3, 1884, May 2, 1885, " 28, 1886, June 10, 1887, May 18, 1888. Oct. 16, 1888, Mar. 5, 1889, " 31, 1890, April 18, 1891 , " 20, 1892, ^Dec. 16, 1874. Nov. 11, 1878. Nov. 26, 1879. ^Nov. 1.3, 1882. kNov. 11, 1886. [June 16, 1888. * Adjourned 8th November, 1873, till 5th February, 1874 ; adjourned fiom 5th February till 2nd July, 1874. t Adjourned 7th February, 1879, till 8th April, 1879; adjourned from 8th April, 1879, till 27th May, 1879. t Adjourned September 16, 1888, to October 16, 1888. S Adjourned Novembsi 17, 1888, to January 31, 1889. I; Adjourned to March 10, 1891. 59 I* & ., ".■■■'■;'» '/■••• H.'i ■•'■.',■■ ij: ■.'•..; ,....•..1' • ;■;,: i;--; . •,'■ ■•'•,'• ■I .1 ,« { ' '^■i • « ... • • V ■• ■;• • ',.■',', *'' » > ... ' ',.•• I }i1 1'* ., ! I. . 1 !■ •ti< ■ • i ;'« ■; 60 CHAPTER I. PROVINCE OF MANITOBA. LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY. Spkaker— Hon. S. J. Jackson. C1.BIIK— E. G. CONKLIN. Constituencies. Members. Beautiful Plains Crawford, John. Birtle jMickle, Chas. J. Brandon, City jSniart, Hon. Jas. A. Carillon ; Jerfjnie, Martin. Cartier iGelley, ThoniaH. Centre Winnipeg [McMillan, Hon. D. H. Cypress 1 Wood, E. J. De.inis IMcLean, Hon. Daniel. Dufferin IRoblin, R. P. Emerson Thomson, James. Killamey . Kildonan. Lakeside. Yoimg, F. M. Norouay, Thomas. MuKt^nzie, K. Lansdowite jDickson, E. Lagimodi^re, Wm. O'Malley, R. G. Huston, James. Gillies, J. D. Lawrence, Alex. Martin, A. F. La Verandrye Lome Manitou. . . Minnedosa. Morden . . . Morris Mountain iGreenway, Hon. Thos. Norfolk JThompson, 8. J. North Brandon jSifton, Hon. Clifford. North Winnipeg Jones, L. M. Portage la Prairie : Martin, Joseph. Rockwood Jackson, Hon. S. T. Rosenfeldt (Winkltr, Enoch. Russell 'Fisher, James. St. Andrews Colcleugh. F. W. St. Boniface ! Marion, R^tger. Shoal Lake ! Harrower, Jas. Souris Tjampbell, A. McI. South Brandon Graham, H. C. South Winni^ieg ICameron, J. D. Springfield |Smith, Thos. H. Turtle Mountain j Hettle, John. Westboume [ Morton, Thos. L. Woodlands Prendergast, Jas. E. P. No. OK Lku isla l8t Legislature . 4th Legislature oth Lfgislatilre . titl) Legislature . . ;;*■' CONSTITUTION AND GOVERNMENT. PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. (Entered Confederation, 20th July, 1871.) SEAT OF GOVERNMENT, ■ - VICTORIA. LiKUTKNANT-GovKiiNoii — Hon. Hugh Nklhon. EXECUTIVE COUNCIL. 1802. Piesid'^nt of the Council Hon. Chas. £. Pooley. Attdiney-tieneral " Theodore Davie. Prctnier, Provincial Secretary, Minister of Mines and Clerk of Executive Council " John Robson. Cliief ConiTiiissioner of Lands and Works " Forbes George Vernon. Minister of Finance and Agriculture " John Herbert Turner. LEGISLATURES SINCE 1871. Xo. OK LK(iI8LATUnK8. 1st Legislature 2nd Legislature 3rd Legislature 4th Legislature 5th Legislature i (ith Legislature Ses- sions. Ist. 2nd 3rd. 4th. 1st. 2nd 3rd. Date of 0{)ening. Feb. 15, 1872, Dec. 17, 1872. " 18, 1873. Mar. 1, 1876. Jan. 10, 1876. Feb. 21, 1877. 7, 1878. Ist July 2ft, 1878 2nd ....'Jan. 29, 1870. 3rd... .April 5, 1880. 4th 'Jan. 24, 1881. 6th iFeb. 23,1882. Ist. 2nd 3rd 4th. 1st. 2nd 3nl. 4th. Ist. 2nd Jan. 25, 1883 Dee. 3, 1883 Jan. 12, 1886 " 25, 1886 Jan. 24, 1887 *' 27, 1888 •' 31, 1880 " 23, 1890 Jan. 15,1891 28, 1892 Prorogation. April 11, 1872. Feb. 21, 1873. Mar. 2, 1874. April 22, 1876. May 19,1876. April 18, 1877. •* 10, 1878. Sept. 2, 1878. April 29, 1879. May 8, 1880. Mar. 25, 1881. April 21, 1882. May 12, 1883. Feb. 18, 1884. Mar. 9, 1885. April 6, 1886. April 7, 1887. '* 28, 1888. 6, 1889. " 26, 1890. April 20, 1891. " 23, 1892. Dissolution. / August 30, 1876. April 12, 1878. June 13, 1882. June 3, 1886. May 10, 1890. 61 1 < < i'l ',■:■ }\ :r.f '',!. ■pm H ... ■/.s.i;'.- ■''•'.•'.■,' ,' .V"',. (I J. '■'•ft. «.■>' •' ■!• ■iS '.-.^V ■■' • il ! ' ■• {''*'■■ .J' ! < • ?,.'- ill k (,. ♦ i, 62 CHAPTKR I. PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. LEGISLATIVE AS8KMBLV. 8PKAKKR— Hon. D. W, HitJuiNs. Clkkk— Thoknto.v Fkli,. CONSTITUKNCIBS. Mrmkkhs. Alberni Fletcher, Tho». Cassiar . Hnll, Roliert H. t R(tbH<>n, Hon. Jolin, Cariboo <\ RogerH, Samuel A. i.jNa8on, I. B. r««..,:nk„„ (! Croft, Henry. ^°^»'=^»" V Davie, Hon. Theodore. Comox Hunter, Jos. Esquirnault I'KiL^H";^!**^^ ^*, v^ ^ I. niKgniH, Hon. D. W. (Si)eaker). Kootenay East Baker, Lt. -Col. James. Ko*)tenay West Kellie, James M. T ninnnt ' Stoddart, David A. ^'"*^' I Smith, A. W. Nftimirniv j I Foster, Thoa. ^'*"*"^"" |,McKonzie, ColinC. Nanaimo City ! Keith, Thos. New Westminster City | Brown, John C. j I Kitchen, Thos. E. New Westminster { 1 Punch, .Tas, I Sword, Colin B. The Islands iBootli, John P. ■v7-„„^„.,„„ ( Cotton, Francis C. Vancouver .... - u„-^„ i w I Home, James W. {Beaven, Robert, (irant, John, i Milne, Geo. L. iTurner, Hon. J. H. Vinf.f.ri«. J 'Anderson, (i. W. ^'^^"* i'Eberts, David McE. r I Martin, G. B. Yale \ ISenilin, C. A. t Vernon, Hon. Forbes George. 4th (Jeneral Asa CONSTITUTION AND GOVEHNMENT. PROVIN ^i OF PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. (Flntered Confcdt^ration, Ut July, 1873.) SEAT OF OOVERNMENT-CHARLOTTKTOWN. LIKUTKNANT-GOVRHNOU— Hon. JrHRDIAH SliAMON CAHVKI.r-. EXECUTIVE COUNCIL. 1802. I'lvniier and Attf)mev-General Minister of Public WorkM Ciiiiuuisnioner of Crown »nd Public Lands Without Portfolio. .Hon. Fred, Peters. . "J. K. Maclean " Angus McMilUn. Hon. Peter Sinclair. " Donald Farquharson. " Alexander Laird. Hon. Thonian Kickhain. " JameH KichardH. *' (feorRf Forbes. GENERAL ASSEMBLIES SINCE 1873. Ni;mheh ok (iKXKKAL ASSKMBMKS. SeH- sionH. Dat<' of Oitening. I Prorogation. 1st General Assembly. . . 2ih1 (leneral Assembly . . 3r(l (Jeneral Assembly... 4th (ieneral Assembly. . , 5th General Assembly. . , 6th General Assembly. . , lat.. 2nd. 3rd. Ist.. 2nd. 3rd. Ist '2nd 3rd.... 4th Ist... 2nd 3rd.. 4th.. 1st.. 2nd 3rd. ist.. 2nd 3rd. Mar, 5, 1874. *' 18, 1875. " 16, 1876. Mar. 14. 1877. " 14, 1878. Feb. 27, 1879. April 28, 1874. 27, ■'"''•■^ " 29' Dissolution. , 1874. -k 27, 1875. } ', l«7«.jj April 18, 187 fi 1 Q I a? I Mar. 18, 1877.11 18, 1878., I 11, 1879. ij July 1, 1876. Mar. 12, 1879. A; Ml Ai)r. 24, 1879. " ar. 4. 1880. 1, 1881. 8, 1882. Mar. 20, lc(83. 0, 1884. •' 11, 1885. April 8, 1886'. June 7, 1879. April 26, 1880. '' 5, 1881. 8, 1882. April 27, 1883. '' 17, 1884. " 11, 1885. May 14, 1886. Mar. 29, 1887 ^^sy 7, 1887. 22, 1888. " 14, 188«1. Mar. 27, 181^) April 23, 18»1» Mar. 23, 1892. A!/.":28, 1888. " 17, 1889. May 7, 1890. July 15, 1891, }■ April 15, 1882. klune 5, 1886. ^Jan. 7, 1890. * Adjourned to 16th June. 63 « « ^A "' \ . 1* \P ^i. \ '■■ 1 ,'i. t 1 1 1,' \ : ■ ,. ' ••••;,. • , 1 ',•;•• . 1* . ., k « ,%' ■ *. '♦ ■ »i * • '«>■■■' <■ if ,1 '. . < < ,;■' .... ' ■ f. . '-,-1' /(> .. » ^::r:f: •..V * * %; » lit ?v > ■ ■1. 64 CHAPTEIJ I. PROVINCE OF PRINCE i: >WAliD ISLAND. LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL. ..1 I'kkhikknt Hon. Brn iamin Roorrh. Clkkk ok the CotNciL . . John Bali-. « Hon . William CaiiipU'U. Hem. .TuM<>|)h Murphy. Thonian W. I>i)(i(l. " .latneH NichitlHon. Win. HiKHHT. " William I). P(k>1«% Thom^H Kickham. " Benjamin KogerH. Alexander Laird. " iJanuM K 4th District . . . <« Charlottetown . . AhhT. InDIAN C0MMIH8IONKR, A. E. FOROBT. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. 1802. V. W. (}. Haultain, Macleod. 11. S. Cayley, Calgary, J. R. Neff, MnoHomin. T. Tweed, Medicine Hat. LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY. Clrrk ok Amhrmrly - R. B. (tordon. CONMTITURNOIE8. Mkmbrkh. 15at(K'he Battlt'ford Banff Calgary Caniiington CunilH-nand Kdimmton Kiniwtino Lcthltridge Macleod Mwlieine Hat Mitchell MooKe Jaw M(K)H()niin North Ou'ApiwUe ... North Regina Prince Aloert Charles Nolin. James Clinkskill. Roliert G. Brett. John Lineham. H. S. Cayley. S. S. Page. Jno. F. Betts Frank Oliver. Wm. F. Meyers. Chas. A. Magrath. F. W. G. Haultain. Thomas Tweed. Hillyard Mitchell. Jas. H. Ross. Jno. Ryerson Neff. Wm. Sutherland. David F. Jelly. Thomas McKay. Francis E. Wilkins. Geo. H. Knowling. Geo. S. Davidson. Daniel Mowat. Antoine Prince. Joel Reaman. Daniel Campbell. James P. Dill. Red peer Sourin South Qu'Appelle South Regina St. Alliert Wallace Whitewood Wolseley < « ,' < • ■ :"M *?«>' **<• ■' ' f. ■ ■» 't",''||r I. . . ■ • .• I'm *■'*-■ yt t Ij; C^^. -.f <'n ' f -i jl i* ii > ; I. J 66 CHAPTER I. HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR CANADA IN LONDON. Office — 17 Victoria itreet, London, S.W. HON. SIR CHARLES TUPF^R, BART., G.C.M.G. Secretary— Joseph G. ;r, C.M.G. PREVIOUS HIGH COMiuISSIONERS. Name. Date of Appointment. I Hon. Sir Alexander T. Gait, G.C.M.G Hon. Sir Charles Tupper, G.C.M.G. . . Hon. Sir Cliarles Tupper, G.C.M.G. . . . May 11, 1880. May 30, 1883. May 23, 1888. The High 84. In January, 1887, Sir Charles Tupper resigned the High Com- Connnis- missionership, and came to this country to fill the position of Minister of Finance, which position he resigned in May, 1888, and was re- appointed High Commissioner. sioner. Governors of British ixjsses- fiions. 85. The following taljle gives a list of British possessions, with the dates of acquisition, form of Government and name of Governor in each case. The colonies may be divided into four classes, viz. : Crown colonies : which are entirely controlled by the Imperial Government. Representative : in which the Crown only has a veto on legislation, but the Imperial Government retains control of public otfices, Responsible : in which the Crown has a veto on legislation, but no I control over public offices. Protectorate : more or less oi'ganized I Government, administered by the Crown. o > s 3 lOl^. nt. •X ft o M 'A ■J} v: gh Corn- Minister was ve- vith the 6 rernor in ;j^ ; Crown ernment, ^islatiou, ai ! offices. » , but no n'oranized »»< CONSTITUTION AND GOVERNMENT. ^1 . aj 2 • O O > D S o o 6J i S )ao ^ !2 l^ •* •» S S ^ 3 ®'-'£ 1-1 IH N i i ao « <5 a P3 d o I an a . . . > : S a: S ' u . s ;*< ■ u 3 H ;q2 :d^ ♦J , ® , ::5 :d :'i i I iJ ;^ 2:5 i ''•2 • 60 s 2 »5 1-4 ao ^ ?: : 5o»3Bx » IN q : ; : : k> . (^ '^, ,h *odo^. :5c5 dd t4^ a:a;!^E-;o: jc !:c tf i« :; cc i£ !C V « I t I o o s O O a o O s > o 13 C «8 : S o TJ S e« a .S Ic a S i 2 B ^ tri cQ .SP.S o s o E T3 S e! O s i o G ."2 ^* a a B o rs u O g S .£- o (rH "-I JH iS «x o X o i u O > o s > 2^ ^ i-H 1-1 r-l o X ; 00 56 X X X : o o X ■ ■ a is.. o- o I ^2- & . £ J 2 - -p - *2 i] : e -I ■4 S J5 ^ g M S 67 ';i ^(^••.•••..••,w I • , ■■■ 1..- ,r ■.fJx ♦■■>•■'■. I. '•1 "> , ¥;„■■ ' ' * • '• ■ i •:■■•'■;• ;.'.^- '( i f 1.-* *. .'• r :^ • >•« 68 CHAPTER I. '^ ... .1 I SI I O tc w 02 o Ph SB O o O O I "T " b 1 6 S a; > -a b O' S O > > o c CO b s 01 o e b O s or " O < IS o I b s •* cS a I o b o c b > o O b Qi 8 S o 9 b V T! C cS a O c 58 c c ^ • X; 00 rH . .^^ ■ r-f !)() 3 ^_ ^ • :;:! :? ^ ' o o : .« 'i p3 : v ^ :x a . S -o X b .« X - •~ >• s ** b a ™ > C o ?5 •J I- 1- f-H 1— ' Ci 1< ^ 1^ X ^ r-t » t^ K : . : i; s e8 «« ^2 J ; :,"§ ■So = s ^^! §?.S EJt ^^ i-? b -" D li e8 "•-H 2^; J'. e m c w 'xfi 2 ',£ o s cS a O c c3 O c 5 §; I o O :5 •J I- t>. ?) » CONSTITUTION AND GOVERNMENT. m CSC §8? 05© QCi-( O-* r-lr-(rH SS 3§ S5S3 be 3 'J & ^ : ja : ■4J * o . . >- j'-' W 'J ^ H .q :g : : ill-' ii a 3 2 o <© r- 55 ■$ X 9SQ Qs* ; 1, 30 1^ OCX XXI- X OK C2 : d^ U at II C5 X( fe ■/J ■ . . . > ■ • l> ■ m'^< I 1^ 1 = 5 5 £ it >-^ 1 .Hi is K O 03 .i'a 2 -585 3 to ij 2 e X e -I S ...;-|, • ■■'••" V-! t-- iH ■ * ••' ' 1'. I m ■: /. .'» ^,:'y.; -'■. f ' fcs4 70 CHAPTER I. Sovereigns and rulers in princi- pal coun- tries. S6. A list is given below of the sovereigns and rulers of the princi- pal countries in the world, with dates of birth, titles and dates cf assumption of office. It will be seen that Queen Victoria has reigned 1 1 years longer than any other ruler mentioned in the table, havinff succeeded to the throne in 1837, at the age of e^'ghteen years. Her Majesty, however, is not the oldest sovereign, for the King of Den- mark is her senior in sovereign in the list. age. The King of Spain io still the youngest SOVEREIGNS AND RFLERS IN PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES, 1892. ii'i.'-i !■ t Country. Great Britain and Ireland. Afghanistan Austro-Hungarian Empire. Belgium Brazil . . . Bulgaria. China . . . Denmark. Egypt... France . . , German Empire. Greece . . Holhnid Name. Year of Birth. Victoria Abdul Rahman Khan Francis Joseph I Leo|X)ld I' General F i o r i a n o Peixoto. Ferdinand of Saxe Cobourg. Kuang Hsu Christian IX Abbas Pasha Marie F. Sadi-Car not. William II George I Wilhelmina Helena Pauline. Emma Humbert Italy Japan . . jMutsuhito . . Mexico iPorfirio Diaz Montenegro | Nicholas Morocco jMulai Hassan. ... Persia Nasser-ed-Deen . . . Peru Colonel Bermwh^/,. Portugal Dom Carlo? I . Roumania ... Charle.s I RuEsia. 8«»rvia . Alexander III . Alexander I . . . 181 !> 1830 1835 1861 1871 1818 1874 1837 1859 1845 1880 1844 1862 1841 1831 1G29 18CJ 1839 1845 1876 Title. Q»ieen of Great Britain and Ireland. Empress of India Ameer of Afghanistan .... Eniperor of Austria King of Hungary and Bo- hemia. King of the Belgians President of the United States of Brazil. Prince Emperor of China King of Denmark Khedive of Egypt President of the French Re- public. German Emperor King of Prussia King of the Hellenes Queen of the Netherlands . . Queen Regent King of Italy Mikado of Japan ... President of the Confederate Republic of Mexico. Prince of Montenegro . . . Sultan of Morocco Shah of Persia President of the Republic of Peru. King of Portugal Prince of Roumania King of do .... Czar of Russia King of Ser > la 1837 1877 1880 1848 18(>7 18()5 1891 1887 1870 18(13 l!-92 1887 188S 1888 i8(;t 18!K) 1890 187.S 18(17 1884 18(10 1873 184S 1890 1889 18(K1 1881 1881 1889 CONSTITUTION AND GOVERNMENT. SOVEREIGNS AND RULERS IN PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES, 1892— Concluded. Country. Name. Year of Birth. 1886 1858 1829 1817 1844 1833 1855 Title. Year of Acces- sion or As8umi> tioa of Offic-e. Spiiin • . Alfonso XTII Maria Christina Oscar II Dr. Welti Sidi Ali Pasha Abdul Hainid II.... Benjamin Harrison. . Sevvid Ali King of Spain 1886 Queen Regent 1885 Sweden and Nor- way. Switzerland Tunis King of Sweden and Nor- way. President of Swiss Confed- eration.* Bey of Tunis 1872 1891 1882 Turkey United States. . . . /;ii\/.ibar Sultan of Turkey . . ..... President of the United States. Sultan of Zanzibar 1S76 1889 1890 *Elected annually. 71 ■. ', •! ;« '..I 'U , ■ 1-" .;» *.■' V;'. A-.' I •i?'' ,■ .> ■■ . I. :f,--;K,ilv ■ r *.■■«''' '•. .i". si; .■'.;•;■■':.• i Ij> .•: '■ ■••' , I ff- .r '' ■■ i ■!' ' - -^ •' ', ■ , {' ,■ ' .', '■ . ; 1 *;V»i|' ?.'■■^••■ Fll}i I irti.--^:' [..-• I' In .i'v I : V 72 Census of Canada, 1871. Census of V. E. I. and B. C, 1870 and 1871. Census of Manitoba, 1870. Popula- tion of the Dominion, 1871. Census, 1881. Census, 1891. Census, 1871, 1881, 189i. CHAPTER II. POPULATION AND VITAL STATISTICS. 87. The first census of the Dominion of Canada was taken on the 2nd April, 1871, and comprised the four provinces of Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. The Province of Manitoba had been admitted into the Confederation in the previous year, when a census of it was taken. It was not, therefore, included in the census of 1871. The total population of the four provinces was found to l)e 3,485,761. 88. A census of Prince Edward Island, then an independent pro- vince, was taken in the same year, giving a population of 94,021; and a census of British Columbia was taken in 1870, when the popu- lation was ascertained to be 36,247, including Indians. This province was also at that time independent. 89. The population of Manitoba at the taking of the census in 1870 was 18,995, including 6,767 Indians. 90. The population, thei-efore, of what at present constitutes the Dominion, exclusive of the North-AVest Territories, may be set down to have bfen, in 1871, 3,635,024. The population of the Territories was at the same time estimated to be 60,000. 91. The next census was taken on the 4th April, 1881, and comprised the whole of the present Dominion, the total population of which was then found to be 4,324,810. 92. The third census was taken on the 6th April, 1891, when the population was ascertained to be 4,832,679. 93. The following table gives the population of the several provinces according to the respective censuses : — POPULATION OF CANADA, 1871, 1881 AND 1891. Provinces. 1871. Ontario 1,620,8.51 Quebec 1,191,516 Nova Scotia I 387,800 New Brunswick | 285,.594 Manitoba,. . _ 18,995 British Columbia. ... 36,427 Prince Edward Island. I 94,021 The Territories I Total I 3,6a5,024 1881. Increase Per cent. 1,923,228 1,359,027 440,572 321,233 62,260 4!»,4.59 108,891 56,446 4,324,810 18-6 14 136 12'4 247 2 36-4 15-8 1891. 2,114,321 1,488,.'J35 450,3Jt6 321,2(W 152,50(» *97,613 109,078 •98,967 18 97 i 4,832,679 Increase Per Cfiit, 9 93 9- 53 2 '2:; O'INI 144 ir) 97»i 017 7.5 '33 11 74 Jr ^Subject to revision. 1 1 9 93 r> '. !» r)3 « 0'» i:^ ()(KI »> 14t!t.^ 3 97 311 'H : 017 >7 1 73 -33 POPULATION AND VITAL STATISTICS. ^^. Full particulars of the census of the Dominion in 1881 will be tdunfl in the Statistical Abstracts for 1885 and 1886. 95. Particulars of the results of the census of 1891, as far as avail- able, are given below. Special attention will be given to this subject ill the Statistical "iear Book, 1892, when complete returns will be a\ ailable fov comparative purposes. !;/6. The following is a comparative statement of the population of the several ^leotoral districts in 1881 and 1891. Some of the figures may ha liable to slight revision. POPITLATION OF CANADA BY ELECTORAL DISTRICTS, 1881 AND 1891. Ontauio, 73 Electoral Districts. Afldington.. Algoma Hothwell Brant, North Brant, South Brockville Bruce, East Bruce, North Bruce, West Ciudwell f!arleton Cornwall and Storniont. Dundas Durham, East Purhiini, West... . . Kljrui, East Kl^ui, West Ks:! Frontenp.o Glenc^uny (ireuville, South (Jrey, East (Jrey, North (ircy, South Haldiniand Halton . , . . Hamilton Hastin(fs, East Hastings, North Hastings, West Huron, East Huron, South . Huron, West Kent Kmgston 23,470 24,014 22,477 17,645 20,482 15,107 22,356 18,()45 24,218 16,770 18,777 2.S,198 20,598 18,710 17,565 25,748 23,480 25,6.'J!> 21,303 14,993 22,221 13,526 25,.334 23,334 25,703 17,660 21,919 :i5,«»61 17,313 20,479 17,400 21,720 21,991 2.3,,512 2tMm 14,091 1891. 24,151 41,856 25,593 16,993 23,359 15,853 21,355 22,530 20,718 16,382 21,746 27,156 20,132 17,063 15,374 26,724 23,925 31 623 24,022 13,445 22,447 12,929 26,225 26,341 23,672 16,307 21,982 47 245 18,050 22.213 18,9<»3 18,968 19,184 20,021 31,434 19,263 Increase or Decrease. Number. 681 17,842 3,116 —652 2,877 746 —1,000 3,885 —3,500 —1,388 2,969 3,958 —466 — 1,«)57 -2,171 976 445 5,864 2,719 —1,548 226 —597 891 3,007 —2,031 —1,353 63 11,284 737 1,734 1,5(5,3 -2,752 —2,807 -3,491 2,240 5,172 Per cent. 2-9 69 3 13 8 -3-7 140 49 —4 4 208 -14-4 -8-2 15-8 170 —2 2 —8-8 —12 4 38 18 22'8 12 7 —10 3 10 —4 4 3-5 12 9 -7 9 -7-6 03 31 4 4 2 8-4 8-9 —12 6 —12 7 —14-8 7-6 36 7 Particu- lars of census, 1881. Census, 1891. Popula- tion of electoral districts, 1891. » ■ * , * :"■ * .,..«•',•.••.•■,■ '■■',.' 1* ■'.,■« . '• • :i ,» .' • I. ' ' V f- '■ "'j;. '■^;. '^ ■ ••• >'/ ■ '! fl i f\ Ki ''%'■ \ n\- 74 CHAPTER II. I|!vl> POPULATION OF CANADA BY ELECTORAL DISTRICTS, 1881 AND 1891— Con<(nM«/. Onta kio— Con t in ued. Electoral Districts. Lanibton, East Lanibion, West Lanark, North Lanark, South Leeds and Granville, North . Leeds, South Lennox Lincoln and Niagara. ... . . London Middlesex, East Middlesex, North Middlesex, South Middlesex, West . . Monck Muskoka and Parry Sound , . Nipissing Norfolk, North Norfolk, South Northumberland, East Northumberland, West. . . . Ontario, North Ontario, South Ontario, West Ottawa (City) Oxford, North Oxford, South Peel Perth, North Perth, South Peterborough, East Peterborough, West.. . . . . Prescott Prince Edward Renfrew, North Renfrew, South Russell Sinicoe, East Simcoe, North Sinicoe, South Toronto, Centre Toronto, East Toronto, West Victoria, North Victoria, South Waterloo, North Waterloo, South Welland Wellington, Centre Wellington, Noi th Wellington, South 1881. 1891. Increase or Decrease. Number. Per cent. 21,725 24,269 2,544 11 7 2«,8!M) 23,446 2,556 12-2 19,8iV) 19,260 —695 --2 !t 17,945 19,862 1,917 lot; 12,423 13,521 1,098 8-8 22,206 22,449 243 11 16,314 14,5)00 -1,410 — 8(i 23,300 21,8025 3-9 17,63(i 26,515 8,879 50-3 1,959 13,020 11,061 564 K 20,933 19,400 —1,533 -7-3 19,019 17,780 -1,239 — 6r) 22,991 21,995 — 9!«i -4-3 16,984 14,947 -2,037 -11 9 21,281 21,385 104 0-4 20,244 18,371 —1,873 -9-2 20,189 18,792 -1,397 —6-9 27,412 37,269 9,857 36 24,3<.H) 26,131 1,741 7] 24,778 22,421 -2,357 -9-5 16,387 15,466 -921 -5-6 26,538 26,907 369 1-4 21,608 19,400 -2,208 —10 2 20,402 21,919 1,517 7-4 13,310 15,808 . 2,498 18 7 22,857 24,173 1,31(5 5-7 21,044 18,889 -2,155 -10 2 19,124 23,005 3,881 18 -2 19,042 23,971 4,929 25-9 25,082 31,643 6,561 26 1 27,185 35,801 8,616 317 26,120 28,203 2,083 7-9 22,721 20,824 -1,897 —8-3 22,983 26,(»2 3,649 15!) 24,867 43,564 18,697 75-2 38,565 73,832 35,267 91 4 ir.,661 16,849 188 11 20.813 20,455 -358 -17 20,986 25,325 4,339 20t) 21,764 25,139 3,38) 15 (1 26,152 25,132 —1,020 -3 11 26,816 23,387 -3,420 -12 7 ; 26,024 24,956 —1,068 —40 1 25,400 24,373 -1,027 40 1, '•>■*■ POPULATION AND VITAL STATISTICS. POPULATION OF CANADA BY KLECTOKAL DISTRICTS, 1881 AND imi—Contaimti. Ontauio- Cmicl Hilol. Electoral Districts. Wt'iit\Mirth, North ^\'l■Ilt\v(»I•th, South. V.nk, Ka«t York, North York, West Argentt'iiil Hagcit BeiUice Bwuharnoi.-i IVilt'clmsse Bcrtiiier Bonavfnture Hroine Chiiiiibly Cliaini)laiu Charlevoix Chateaguay Chicciutimi and Sagnenay Cimipton DoruncHter Dniiiiii\ond and Arthabaska. ( iasi )t' Hocnelaga Huntingdon Iherville .Tacques Cartier Jolictte Kanionr.aska Lai)rairie. L'As.soniption Laval Levis L'Islet. Lotbiniere Maskinonge MegaJitic Missisquoi Montcalm Montinagny .• Montmorency . . . . Montreal, Centi*e. Montreal, East. 1881. 15,008 15,530 22,863 21,731) 18,884 C2LEHEC. 14,047 21,100 32,020 10,005 lt!,014 2i,8rw 18,!H»8 15,827 10,858 20,818 17,1H)1 14,3!t3 32,400 10,.581 18,710 37,3(M) 25,001 40,070 15,405 14,450 12,345 21,088 22,181 11,43<) 15,282 0,402 27,081 > 14,017 20,857 17,403 10,0.50 17,784 12,!K5(; 10,422 12,322 25,078 07,500 1801. 14,501 10,770 3.5,148 2<>,284 41,-57 1.5,1.58 21,005 37,222 l(i,002 18,368 10,830 20.835 14,700 11,704 20,207 10,038 13,804 38,281 22,770 10,017 43,023 20,875 80,008 14,385 11,803 13,832 22,021 20.454 10, 13,074 0,43<> 20,005 13,823 20,088 17,820 22,233 18,540 12,131 14,720 12,300 28.122 92,070 Increase or Decrease, Number. Per cent -1,407 1,231 12,205 —1,440 22,073 211 4iM5 5,202 051 1,4.54 ~l,!«t2 1,027 -1,118 84«) 2,.380 1,137 —520 5.872 3,108 307 0,.5(i3 1,874 40,010 —1,110 — 2,5«i(i 1,487 033 -1,727 — 53<» —1,608 — 20 — 085 —1,004 — 1.50 330 3,177 705 — 835 —1,000 — 13 3,044 24,573 -87 7-8 .53-8 — 0(j 121 6 1 2 10 4 8 -0 10 — 7 7 8 —3 17 16 1 17 10 102 — 7 -17 12 4 — 7 — 4 —10 — — 3 — ~ 1 16 4 — —10 — 12 36 75 •'■|i »• ■•'.•• ,-1,. 'vV ;■/.'; '»if '♦"* ■''', *'.?«■*•*'• •* ■; • '■■&■ ' ,■■■ ' .. ■ . I >'^-' I .•■•' ,"t , » •■ \i !-..-\.-.i fi i:> • t*^ . - ". , ■ ■ • ■ ^•'■■•i';- •'• '.» '• "i. ''' ■ ■ , ..; .; « - i t.t V ;«! 'St ' 76 CIIAPTKH II, I 4 I- M i:f - POPULATION OF CANADA BY ELECTORAL I TRICTS, 1881 AND IH'Jl— Continued. QlEBKO — Cnnchukd. Electoral Districts. 1881. 1891. Increase or Decrease, Montreal, West 48,1(>3 Napierville i 10,511 Nicolet I 2»!,«11 Ottawa County t 4!»,432 Pontiac [ li>,!t3» Portneuf i 2.'),175 Quebec, Centre I 17,8»8 Quebec, East 31,900 Quelx*c, We-t j 12,648 Queliec County \ 20,278 Richelieu 20,218 Richmond and Wolfe 2G,339 Rimouski 33,791 Rouville I 18,547 St. Hvacinthe 20,030 St. John I 12,205 St. Maurice ' 12,986 Shefford 23,233 Sherbrookfc ' 12,221 Soulanges j 10,220 Stanstead 15,556 Teniiscouata ' 25,484 Terrebonne | 22,969 Three Rivers 9,2}»« Two Mountains 15,894 Vaudreuil 11,485 Vercheres 12,449 Yamaska 17.091 AnnafXilis Antigonish Cajje Breton . . . . Colchester Cumberland . Digby (iuvslxjrough . . . Halifax ;City) .. Halifax ^County) Hants Inverness King's Lunenburg Pictou Queen's Richmond Shelburne Victoria Yarmouth (i2,494 10,101 28,735 t)3,5 it — 1-5 — 60 - 60 -10 7 9 4 1(5 26 1 - 3 4 6-S 3'3 - 5 1 5 - 11 8-7 - 2- 0-3 - 4( 03 - Oi) 43 .\lberta Assiniltoia, East . jAssiniboia, West Saskatchewan .... I Unorganized t Wholly estim POPULATION AND VITAL STATISTICS. POPITLaTION of CANADA BY KLECTORAL DISTRICTS. 1881 AND imi—Concludnl. Nkw Bbvnhwick. P!l«ctoral DiBtrictB. A)l>'>t Ciii'lfton Charlotte IJlinict'ster Kent Killer M Ndithuinberlancl . . (^nt't'n'H Rt'sfijfoucho St. John (City) . . . St. John (County) Suiil'iiry Victoria WeHtnioreland . York 1881. 12,329 23,365 'J»i,087 '1.«14 '!18 2(1,127 2t),8;«» fi,0.51 15,«58(> 37,719 8l),3y7 1891. 10,971 22,f)29 23,752 24,897 23,845 23,087 26,712 12,152 24,184 25,3ftO 5,7t52 18,217 41,477 30,979 Increnst^ or Decrease. Numlier. Per cent —1,358 — 83<{ —2,335 3,283 1,227 -2,630 ♦i03 — 1,8«5 1,260 —1,943 —1,449 —889 2,531 3,758 582 Manitoba. Lisgar . . . Marquette . Provencher Sfikirk .... Winniiieg . . 12,679 15,449 12,490 13,()51 7,986 22,103 3 :*• : '- f r t ,1 : »• >J"> 'm .'. • ». , !■ I?»^ ■ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) .^<^ 1.0 I.I 1.25 u us lis £ Hi ■■ £ Hi |2.0 U ai.6 0% •^ >" PhotDgraphic Sciences Corporation ^^'^-7'^' ^.V* 33 WIST MAIN STRUT WHSTM.N.Y. MStO (716) S72-4503 :\ \ 78 CHAPTER II. Urban po- 97. The urban population of Canada has been divided, in the fol- ?8q?**°"' ^owi^g tables, into three groups : (a) cities and towns of population of 5,000 and upwards; (h) of 3,000 to 5,000; (c) of 1,500 to 3,000. The object of this division is to show the growth of the cities and towns and villages separately, so that those interested may at once ascertain the development of urban life in each of the three grades. In order to prevent confusion in making comparisons, it is necessary to point out that, in many cases, additions to population have been caused by the annexation of adjacent territory since 1881 — notably in the cases of Montreal, Toronto, Ottawa, London and St. John. In each such instance the population of the annexed region as it was in 1881 has been added, in the tables, to the population of that year as given in the Census volumes of 1881, in order that the comparison of growth may be exact. POPULATION OF CITIES AND TOWNS IN CANADA OF 5,000 INHABITANTS AND UPWARDS, 1881 AND 1891. lii i"i Cities and Towns. Montreal Toronto Quebec Hamilton Ottawa St. John Halifax London Winnipeg , Kingston Victoria, B.C... Vancouver, B.C. St. Henri Brantford .... Charlottetown. HuU Guelph St. Thomas Windsor Sherbrooke Belleville Peterboro' Stratford St. Cunegonde. . . 1881. 155,237 !H>,196 (12,446 35,900 31,.S07 41,.S53 36,100 26,266 7,985 14,091 5,925 0,415 9,616 11,485 6,890 9,89t> 8,367 6,561 7,227 9,516 6,812 8,239 4,849 1891. *216,650 *181,220 63,090 *48,980 *44,154 ♦39,179 t38,556 *31,977 25,642 19,264 16,841 13,685 13,415 12,753 11,374 11,265 10,539 10,370 10,322 10,110 9,914 9,717 9,501 9,293 Increase or Decrease. Number. Per cent. 61,413 395 i:.o,024 884 644 10 13,020 362 12,847 410 -2,174 -52 2,456 6'8 5,711 217 17,657 221-1 5,173 367 10,916 184 2 13,685 , , , 7,000 1091 3,137 326 -in —0-9 4,375 , 63o 649 65 2,003 239 3,761 57 3 2,883 39 9 398 42 2,905 42- 6 1,262 153 4,444 917 * The population in the 1881 column includes the same boundaries as in the 1891 column and consequently differs in these cases, where annexations have taken place since 1881, from the population as given by the Census of 1881. f The Imperial troops stationed in Halifax, and their families (when on the strength of the regiment), are not included in these figures. POPULAT 5,000 39-5 88-4 10 36-2 410 —52 C'8 21-7 221 1 367 1842 '■■"lOG-i" 326 —0-9 63-5 65 239 57-3 39 9 42 42 (i 153 917 i in the 1891 I taken place POPULATION AND VITAL STATISTICS. POPULATION OF CITIES AND TOWNS IN CANADA OF 5,000 INHABITANTS AND UPWARDS, 1881 AND 1891-Con. Cities and Towns. St. Catherines. . . . Cliathain, Ont. . . . Brock ville Moncton Woodstock, Ont . . Three Rivers Gait Owen Sound Berlin Levis St. Hyacinthe . . . . Cornwall Sarnia Sorel _ . . New Westminster, Fredericton . . . . . Yarmouth. ....... Lindsay Barrie Valleyfield Truro Port Hope 1881. 9,631 7,873 7,609 6,032 5,373 8,670 5,187 4,426 4,054 7,697 5,321 4,468 3,874 5,791 1,500 6,218 3,485 6,080 4,854 3,906 3,461 5,581 1891. 9,170 9,0.52 8,793 8,765 8,612 8,334 7,635 7,497 7,425 7,301 7,016 6,805 6,693 6,669 6,641 6,502 6,089 6,081 6,660 5,516 5,102 6,042 Increase or Decrease. Number. Per cent, —461 1,179 1,184 3,733 3,239 —336 2,348 3,071 3,371 -296 1,695 2,337 2,819 878 5,141 284 2,604 1,001 696 1,610 1,641 —539 1'7 150 15-5 74-2 60-4 —38 45-2 69-5 831 -39 31 9 523 72-7 15-2 342-9 4 5 74-7 19 7 14-3 41 2 47 4 -9-6 POPULATION OF TOWNS IN CANADA WITH FROM 3,000 to 5,000 INHABITANTS, 1881 AND 1891. Towns. CoUingwood Cobourg Springhill St. John, Q Orillia Nanaimo West Toronto Junction . Carleton Place . . . Pembroke Trenton Petrolea IngersoU Fraserville Oshawa Lunenburg Dartmouth, N.S 4,445 4,967 900 4,314 2,911 1,646 1,975 2,820 3,042 3,465 4,318 2,291 3,992 1,750 3,786 4,940 4,829 4,813 4,772 4,752 4,696 4,518 4,436 4,401 4,364 4,857 4,191 4,175 4,066 4,044 4,576 Increase or Decrease. Number. Per cent. 495 —128 3,913 458 1,841 2,950 4,518 2,460 1,581 1,322 892 —127 1,884 74 2,294 790 124 56 43 25 —2 82 1 131 20 79 Ml' r '.■'.• • . . • ■Mi^ iii '■,»'■ . ' '•■, .V. 'i ■•■,'f!i. |:'M>- ^ 'S ■«•«■.•'■■' It '*^ 80 CHAPTER II. POPULATION OF TOWNS IN CANADA WITH FROM 3,000 TO 6,000 INHABITANTS, 1881 AND 1891— Concluded. FOl'ULATH »( i \'^» Towns. Calgary Smith's FaJls Goderich Amherst Brandon New Glasgow . . . . Lachine Gananoque Lauzon Dundas , . . Mile End ViUage.. Napanee St. Marys Bowman ville Portage la Prairie . Niagar-^v Falls , . . . .Joliette Amprior Deseronto Strathroy Woodstock, N.B. . Picton Brampton Westville Perth Paris Coatioook Cdte St. Antoine . Almonte Walkerton 1881. 2,087 4,564 2,274 2,5dS 2,106 2,871 3,656 3,709 1,637 3,680 3,416 3,504 2,347 3,26H 2,147 1,670 3,817 2,487 2,975 2,920 2,202 2,467 3,173 2,682 884 2,684 2,604 1891. 3,876 3,864 3,839 3,781 3,778 3,777 3,761 3,669 3,561 3,646 3,637 3,434 3,416 3,377 3,363 3,349 8,347 3,341 3,338 3,316 3,290 3,287 3,252 3,152 .S,136 3,094 3,086 3,076 3,071 3,061 Increase or Decrease. Number.. Per cent, 3,876 1,777 —725 l,60r 3,778 1,182 1,365 798 —6 —163 2,000 —246 1 -127 .%363 1,002 79 1,194 1,668 —501 803 312 332 960 669 -79 404 2,192 5W7 POPULATION OF VILLAGES IN CANADA WITH FROM 1,500 TO 3,000 INHABITANTS, 1881 AND 1891. Villages. Pictou, N.S. . . . Cdte St. Louis, Q Orangeville, O. . Waterloo Prescott . . Summer8ide,_P. E. I St. Jerdme, Windsor, N, 3,40.1 1,671 2,847 2,066 2,999 2,853 2,032 2,659 2,999 2,972 2,962 2,941 2,919 2,883 2,868 2,838 Increase or Decrease. Number. Per cent. —404 —11 8 1,401 89 1 115 4 3 , 875 42 3 i -80 f 30 —2 6 1 836 41 1 279 10 9 I 'V:. POPULATION AND VITAL STATISTICS. 81 5,000 reaae. cent. 85 -15 8 66 2 456' 56 3 27-8 -0 1 —4-4 130 1 -67 ■-3g' POPULATION OF VILLAGES IN CANADA WITH FROM 1,600 TO 3,000 INHABITANTS, 1881 AND 1891~ContinueU. 42 7 2-5 56-6 ft9-8 —13 1 32 3 10-5 11 3 43 3 270 —2 4 150 2480 14 5 17 5 TO 3,000 )ecrea8e. Per cent. —11 8 89 I 4-3 42'3 —26 10 411 10-9 Villages. Farnham Whitby, .. . Longueuil, Q Wallaceburg Port Arthur St. Stephen, N.B Siincoe Seaforth Clinton Kincardine Renfrew Lintowel Nicolet North Sydney Liver|X)ol, N.S .. . Sydney Mines. .' Sydney Campbellford Stellarton . Xotre-Danie de GrAce . Ainherstburg Chicoutimi Thorold Ridgetown Buckingham Mount Forest Aylmer, O Wingham Tilsonburg Milltown, N.B Xpw Market Penetanguishene Mitchell Masfog Midland Dresden Forest Richmond, Q Hawkesbury. , I Welland Uxbridge PalmerBton Meaford Wiarton . . Portsmouth I Drummondville Aylmer, Q Caughnawaga I London, West iL^amington iParrsboro' 6 1,880 3,140 2,356 1,625 1,275 2,338 2,645 2,480 2,606 2,876 1,605 2,688 1,880 1,520 2,680 2,340 1,480 1,418 2,297 1,524 2,672 1,935 2,456 1,5*<8 1.479 2,170 1,540 1,918 1,939 1,664 2,006 1,089 2,284 768 1,095 1,979 1,614 1,571 1,920 1,870 1,824 1,828 1,866 796 1,7.^4 JKH) 1,762 1,684 1,601 1,411 1,206 2,822 2,786 2,757 2,726 2,698 2,680 2,674 2,641 2,635 2.631 2,611 2,587 2,518 2,513 2,465 2,442 2,426 2,424 2,410 2,305 2,279 2,277 2,273 2,254 2,239 2,214 2,167 2,167 2,163 2,146 2,143 2,110 2,101 2,100 2,088 2,058 2,057 2,066 2,042 2,035 2,023 2,007 1,999 1,984 1,974 1,955 1,945 1,936 1,915 1,910 1,909 Increase or Decrease. Number. Per cent, 942 —354 402 1,201 1,423 342 29 161 29 —245 1.006- -101 638 993 115 102 946 1,006 113 781 —393 .342 —183 716 760 44 627 249 224 482 137 1,021 —183 1,332 993 79 443 485 122 166 199 179 133 1,188 240 1,055 183 252 314 499 703 44-7 -11 2 170 800 111-6 14 6 11 6-5 11 —8-6 62 6 -3-7 340 65-4 -4 3 4-4 64-0 70-9 50 51-2 — 14 12 6 -7-4 46-5 51-3 2-0 40-4 12 9 11-6 22-9 6-8 93 9 —8.0 174 1 900 4 27-4 30-8 6 3 9 10-9 9 7 7 149-2 13-8 117 3 10-3 15-5 19-3 36-4 68-2 1 <■. ). • •*?']■ »:ir ' 'i'\: *■;■■■ ;4'r-;r«: '- ■*;!;%■"■■.■ 82 CHAPTER II. POPULATION OF VILLAGES IN CANADA WITH FROM 1,600 TO 9,m INHABITANTS, 1881 AND 18\H—C(yncluded. Point Edward .... Morrisburg Gravenhurst. ... . Preston Oakville Merritton Exeter Dunville Lachute . Aurora. Louiseville . , Waterloo *. . Iberville Granby Essex Centre. . . Blenheim Port Perry Montmagny Kentville, JN.S ParkhiU Harriston Ashburnham Port Elgin. Alexandria Fergus Windsor Mills Beauhamois Bedford St. Boniface Berthier Gatineau Point . . . Georgetown 1881. 1,293 1,719 1,015 1,419 1,710 1,798 1,725 1,808 765 1,540 1,381 1,617 1,847 1,040 800 1,212 1,800 1,738 1,285 1,539 1,772 1,266 1,400 1,200 1,733 879 1,499 1,080 1,283 2,156 1,460 1,473 1891. 1,882 1,859 1,848 1,843 1,825 1,813 1,809 1,776 1,751 1,743 1,740 1,733 1,719 1,710 1,709 1,708 1,698 1,697 1,686 1,680 1,687 1,674 1,669 1,614 1,699 1,591 1,690 1,571 1,663 1,537 1,520 1,509 Increase or Decrease. Number. Per cent. 689 45 •« 140 81 a33 820 424 300 116 6-7 16 0-8 84 4-8 —32 -17 986 128- 7 203 13 1 369 260 116 71 —128 —61) 670 644 909 113 () 496 40 9 —102 -5(i —41 -21 401 31 2 141 92 -86 — 4'8 408 322 269 185 414 345 —134 -71 712 890 91 60 491 45-4 270 210 —619 —287 60 4 1 36 3-4 Cities and ' '.•»: 1891. Dwellings 98. The total number of dwellings in Canada in 1891 (exclusive of the in Canada, unorganized territory) was 930,684, of vhich 919,879 were of wood, brick or stone, 250 of sod (all in the North-West Territories) and 10,555 were shanties. Of the 919,879 houses, 854,842 were inhabi- ted, 54,164 were empty and 10,873 were under construction. I .;■ V Inhabited 99. The number of houses inhabited in the several provinces in 1881 houses, and 1891, together with the average number of persons undei each roof, are given below : — r.. 1891. bi - POPULATION AND VITAL STATISTICS. Number of Inhabited Houses in Canada, 1881 and 1891. 83 ProvinceB. Ontario (^•lll'llt'O.. • Xova Scotia Xt>w Brunswick Manitoba British Columbia. . . . Prince Edward Island Tlie Territories Total 1881. 358,034 216,112 73,736 50,956 12,400 6,992 17,684 2,297 738,208 1891. 403,012 244,444 78,413 54,187 29,176 16,776 18,359 T0,478 864,842 Increase. 44,978 28,332 4,677 3,231 16,776 9,784 676 8,181 116,634 Averaee Number of Inhabitants. 1881. 64 6-3 5-9 6 3 60 70 61 11 1 5-8 1891. 5 2 60 6 7 68 5-2 4-9 6-9 60 T- / 56 Out of the 854,842 houses returned as inhabited, 697,356 were built of wood, 131,522 of brick and 25,964 of stone. > 100. The following table will give some idea of the increase in the value Progress of property during the last ten years, in some of the principal cities of some and towns in Canada. Thanks are due to the several clerks who were cfties'and obliging enough to furnish the information asked for. The census towns in populations in 1881 and 1891 are given to assist the comparison. In C*"**^** comparing the assessments, it must not be forgotten that some of the principal cities have considerably enlarged their boundaries during the decade. -^t . Cities and Towns. Montreal Toronto Quebec Hamilton Ottawa St. John, N.B... Halifax London . . Winnipeg Kingston Victoria, B.C. . . . Vancouver, B.C St. Henri Population. 1881. 6J 156,237 96,196 62,446 36,960 31,307 41,353 36,100 26,266 7,986 14,091 6,925 *• 6,416 No returns. 1891. 216,660 181,220 63,090 48,980 44,164 39,179 38,666 31,977 26,6-12 19,264 16,841 13,685 13,416 Assessment. 1881. $ t80,273,910 56,286,039 il 16,650,000 10,198,630 15,624,000 14,468,520 10,194,919 9,196,436 6,465,807 2,749,076 1891. 127,937,800 146,860,000 II 23,122,310 17,638,110 16,236,807 19,944,270 7,877,730 II 12,000,000 Municipal Debt, 1891. 9 16,200,000 12,724,786 li 3,440,939 2,561,016 2,733,702 2,143,478 1,910,023 2,602,506 734,033 II 666,000 Not in existence. i4 I'Vi • ' >;-/V,'*- ;■ A ■.'•.. • ^^'> • '< . <• ■■' , ."'• -i"., I. 1 '•' ' . * * ' • ■}''•':"■ V.' ■•►••■■' ■. '.*•■'■ ■' 'V m,.">-i> t ;HT t .|,.^.-,: V?: *• ■■.»• IT r : ..•■•■ I' Vi.,(.^. . \ « t\ f in . ■■•.; ■■ : ' '■■♦«»,■■ .'"4 * '' *' ■ •;.■ ■ it ' ''.''''■> .ft'S'i."-- I I 48 CHAPTER II. If*' ; -.i- Popula- tion, how estimated. :^.'.; Cities and Towns. Population. Brantford CharlottetowM Hull Guelph 8t. Thomas Windsor Sherbrooke Belleville Peterboro' Stratford St. Cunegonde. . . St. Catherines. . . Chatham, Ont — Brockville Moncton Woodstock, Ont . . Three Rivers Gait Owen Sound Berlin Levis St. Hyacinthe .... Cornwall Sarnia Sorel New VVestminster Fredericton Dartmouth, N.S.. Yarmouth Lindsay., Barrie Valleyfield Truro Port Hope 1881. 9,616 11,485 6,890 9,890 8,367 6,661 7,227 9,516 6,812 8,239 4,849 9,631 7,873 7,609 5,032 5,373 8,670 5,187 4,426 4,054 7,597 5,321 4,468 3,874 6,791 1,500 6.218 3,786 3,485 5,080 4,854 3,906 3,461 5,581 1891. 12,763 11,374 11,266 10,639 10,370 10,322 10,110 9,914 9,717 9,601 9,293 9,170 9,062 8,793 8,765 8,612 7,536 7,497 7,425 7,301 7,016 6,806 6,693 6,669 6,641 6,602 6,249 6,089 6,081 5,550 6,516 5,102 5,042 Assessment. 1881. $ 3,630,490 2,620,280 1,347,199 2,899,060 2,543,925 1,946,400 2,025,669 3,642,004 2,668,396 I! II 4,060,610 II 2,085,060 1,1!>5,815 1,698,190 II 1,166,366 1,834,670 |i 743,476 1,077,274 1,442,756 1,318,756 5,902,400 1,397,731 1,320,528 816,026 998,575 1,437,351 1891. • 5,987,910 II 1,822,306 .S,418,960 3,828,692 4,645,087 3,551,923 3,974,762 II !l II 4,629,126 3,624,362 II 2,800,060 2,691,620 3,166,761 2,766,536 2,696,250 2,856,3,S8 2,104,633 Municipal Debt, 1891. 9 632,633 II 271,000 463,320 366,406 731,413 253,140 438,000 916,089 261,773 II 137,600 282,205 387,663 172,919 283,464 42,069 !V74,889 1,342,960 1,903,267 II 77,743 2-52,750 ll 5,287,520 II 768,600 II 1,284,320 5,797,119 1,811,464 1,410,000 1,518,175 1,551,367 1,546,690 181,300 180,840 74,000 193,377 89,500 205,517 ^^. - II No returns. ** Not in existence. + Real estate only. IF Incorporated, 1890. No debt. 101. No information is available for ascertaining the annual increase of population between census years, with any great practical accuracy. The population used in diflFerent parts of this work is derived from logarithmetical calculations based on census returns, and is believed to be sufficiently near the mark to be of value in the calculations for which it is used; but it will be readily understood that from the absence of returns of births and deaths and from the incessant move- ment of population, both ways, across the long frontier, of which it is impossible to keep any record, it is not possible to obtain any absolute- ly correct statement of the population except by means of the census. "-J ■ *• , " i ■ POPULATION AND VITAL STATISTICS. 85 102. Accoiding to the census of 1881 the Indian or native population Indian po (,f Canada was 108,547, and in 1891, according to the report of the ^q*''®"' Department of Indian Affairs, it was 121,638, being apparently an increase over 1881 of 13,091, but a decrease as compared with 1890 of 1)47. It is not, however, claimed that any of these figures are quite correct, as there are still some places, particularly in British Columbia, where there are at present no resident agents, and the number of the Indians can only be estimated. The apparent decrease is due to the tact of agents having been appointed since the last returns in some n<^w places in British Columbia, when the actual numbers were found tt) be below the estimate, and it is quite probable that the numbers will be still further reduced, as agents are appointed in the more remote places. It is certain, however, that the number of Indians in Canada is now larger than in 1881, though the actual increase cannot be definitely ascertained ; but the mere fact of an increase at all affords , the strongest possible evidence of the wisdom of the policy pursued by the Government, and though the increase is at present mainly confined to the tribes in the eastern provinces, these tribes have passed through experiences similar to those which the Indians of the North- West are now undergoing, and the time may be hopefully looked forwai*d to when the latter, accustomed to domestic life, will increase in like manner. The Indians, on 30th June, 1890 and 1891, respectively, were, according to the estimate of the Indian Department, distributed over the Dominion in the following numbers : — 1890. Ontario. 17,776 Quebec 13,599 Nova Scotia 2,107 New Brunswick 1,569 Prince Edward Island 321 Manitoba and North-West Territories 25,743 Peace River district ^ Athabasca " | MaekenKie " | Eastern Ruperts' Land. ... \- Approximate. Labrador, Canadian interior. . . i Arctic coast I British Columbia J 2,038 8,000 7,000 4,016 1,000 4,000 .S4,416 1891. 17,915 13,361 2,076 1,521 314 25,195 2,038 8,000 4,\J ■■ (1 1,000 4,000 3.'),202 ]• .«» ■A. ' ' • ■K 1 «'•( »■■' V, ir r Total. 122,585 121,638 103. It is satisfactory to note that the interest taken by the Indians Indian ap- in the education of their children is continually on the inci*ease, and ^^u^" that the indisposition on the part of many to allow their children to tion.onthe enter any of the industrial schools has considerably diminished. This increase, latter improvement is particularly noticeable among the Blackfeet, who, until quite recently, had practically refused to allow any of their children to enter any boarding or industrial institution. The estab- lishment of industrial and boarding schools at various points is of importance, as these school^ are calculated to have a much great I*' 'tv. .1 '.^ 2^ :' III I 86 CHAPTER II. ., "■ |!|l • . n greater beneficial effect on the minds of the Indians than the dny schools, because they remove the children from the deleterious honx! influences to which they would otherwise be subjected, and bring them in uninterrupted contact with all that tends to change their views and habits of life. 104. The following figures show that the Indians are steadily becoii Xumber of ?nSiftn* ^'^8 more sensible of the benefits of education schoolB. NUMBER OF PUPILS AT THE INDIAN SCHOOLS IN THE SEVERAL PROVINCES 'IN THE YEARS 1881, 1888, 1889, 1890 AND 1891. Provixces. 1881. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. Ontario 1,907 404 107 67 652 18 971 1,974 456 131 91 612 23 2,941 2,036 628 123 94 453 19 3,206 2,166 616 121 101 491 19 3,2(i8 2,210 Quebec 662 Nova Sootia New Brunswick 121 9!) British Columbia. Prince Edward Island *North-We8t Territories 685 21 8,8541 Total 4,126 6,'-. 6,469 6,671 7,664 * Manitoba included. Effects of 105. The principal increase will be seen to have been in Manitoba SuwSon. ^^^ ^^^ North- West Territories, there having been 2,885 more children at school in 1891 than in 1881. The number of children attending Indian schools in the older provinces remains about the same. The effect of this increased education is evidenced in many ways, notably by improvements in the way of dressing, much greater attention to personal cleanliness, and improved buildings, all of which signs are very important, as they indicate a gradual but effectual change of thought and habit. , Efforts of 106 It is the policy of the Government to endeavour as much as ment'to possible to persuade the Indians to give up their restless and wander- civilize the ing habits and stay on their reserves and try to get something out of Indians, their land. For this purpose they assist the latter in every possible way, by supplying them with see 1, implements, cattle and all things necessary for farming, as well as by the appointment of inspectors on many of the reserves, who act as instructors, superi \tend operations and try to instil into the minds of the Indians the first principles of farming. Particu- 107. Only those brought into personal contact with the Indians can cuUrvatwi u^d^rstand the ignorance, superstition and intolerable laziness that by Indians have to be overcome before the Indian can be persuaded to take POPULATION AND VITAL STATISTICS. 87 ^Muiine interest in and persevere in the simplest fanning opera- 1881 and ti.MH ; but that the efforts of the Government are meeting with steail- ^^^^' \\\ increasing Huccess is shown by the following comparative table of lialian farming transactions in 1881 and 1891 : — S! \TEMENT OF THE NUMBER OF ACRES CULTIVATED AND THE OUANTITY OF PRODUCE RAISED BY INDIANS IN CANADA IN 1H!»1 AND 1881. Frovinoks. Ontario l)uel)tK5 >ovtv Scotia Niw BninHwiok Miiiiitoba and North Territories liritiMh Columbia Prince Edward Island West Canada Canada, 1881 Resident Indian Popula- tion. 17,018 6,GS8 2,076 1.631 24,210 23,406 314 76,193 46,962 Acres of Land Cultivated 64,972 8,827 2,740 808 13,649 8,906 220 100,021 76,366 Acres of Land newly Broken. 1,675 86 29 2 2,116 761 20 4,688 6,341 Total No. of Imple- ments. 9,499 1,896 773 363 32,866 6,614 102 61,003 19,828 Total No. of Horses, Cattle, Sheep and Pigs. 18,306 2,668 422 361 16,407 22,925 63 61,061 28,669 STATEMENT OF THE NUMBER OF ACRES CULTIVATED AND THE QUANTITY OF PRODUCE RAISED BY INDIANS IN CANADA IN 1891 AND imi—Condudeii Provinces. Ontario Quebec Nova Scotia New Brunswick Manitoba and North- West Territories. British Columbia Prince Edward Island Canada. Canada, 1881 , . Bushels of Grain. 289,407 31,959 1,560 73,483 61,603 775 462,745 286,335 Bushels of Potatoes and Roots. 91,937 26,134 8,580 6,221 81,845 73,561 2,330 290,698 163,423 Tons of Hay. 10,622 2,727 1,869 204 21,450 4,060 29 40,951 13,673 Other Industries Value. 176,783 166,507 31,717 23,210 240,233 684,996 6,400 1,329,845 692,147 &v>!;;: I iy I;. . ii ■ .< • * • •iv ■{ •> ■ ;■ ' ■ ' , . ■•' ■■.'■•"..' •»•'■: I • 'i • » . . . '. ■■'••♦,, ' * •I < • • « '■ .i- !•.,,.' . ' (i ,* • 88 The Indian fund. Il '' ..■V CIIAPTKK II. 108. The amount at the credit of the Indinn fund, which conHiHtN of moneys Hccrue stay in Manitoba, and 5,887 intended settling in the North- West. The total arrivals in Nova Scotia numbered 10,395, of whom 1,830 are reported to have settled in the province ; 1,275 persons are said to have settled in New Brunswick, and 8,998 in British Columbia. 'Immigration branch transferred to Dei^artment of the Interior, May, 1892. Settlers in various parts. .■ ■ » POPULATION AND VITAL HTATIHTIC8. 89 (,»u li:). The nationalities of the imniigruntH arriving at the ports (if Nationa- (Im'o and Halifax were as follow : — jmmi"' — ' giantn. Nationalitiefl. Iii-.li. Sutch (it TiiiiinH. Sciiiidiiiftvians Fiviieh imd Iktlgianii.. . . OtliircuuntrieH Total, Total 17,l»Hft 1,084 2,(W3 1.602 fl,41H 734 3,247 35,553 Tt will be seen that Scandinavians still continue to arrive in con- sidenible numbers, and they form a very desirable class of immigrants. A considerable number of Jews, driven out from Russia, wore brought to this country during the summer. 114. The trades and occupations of some of the immigrants landed Oec ipa- at Quebec and Halifax in 1891 were, as far as ascertained, as follow : — [i"mi°' ~~ ~ ~~ - f ' — •' grants. Occujiation. KariiitTH LalxmreTs ^lecluuiicH (,'lirks and traders. Female servants . . . Total., Qtiebec. Halifax, i Total. 3SH 9,338 303 65 No returns 10,100 21)2 686 3,57]\ •5«i 90 CHAPTER II. i- ' ' '! ' , ; Immigra- tion into Ontario. . ■%« The arrivals with settlers' goods, as reported by the Customs officials, showed an increase of 3,596 as compared with 1890. It a ill be seen that far the largest proportion was composed of Canadians who, having tried settlement in the United States, were returnini,' to their native land. Namberof 116. The number of those, chiefly children, brought into Canada last broueht in ^^^^ ^^ charitable societies and individuals was 3,418, being 1,961 more than in the previous year. The following are the numbers brought out in this way during the last eight years : — Year.v Number. 1883 1,218 1884 2,011 1885 1,746 1880 1,988 1887 2,298 1888 1,622 1S89 1,022 1890 1,457 1891 3,418 According to the immigration returns of Ontario, 19,619 children have been settled iu this way in that province since 1868. 117. According to the returns of the Department of Immigration in Ontario, out of 4,926,645 emigrants from the British Isles to places out of Europe during the years 1874 to 1890, inclusive, 309,397, or 6*28 per cent, settled in Ontario, and the total number from all parts reported to have settled in the province during the years 1868 to 1891, inclusive, was 597,111, bringing with them effects to the value, as tar as the returns went, of $6,457,046. 118. The numbers of immigrants reported by the agents and by the Custom houses may be taken to be correct as far as they go, but there are not any means of ascertaining with accuracy the arrivals and departures from and to the United States. Where there is such a long line of open frontier there must always be a considerable move- ment of population on both sides, of which it is impossible to obtain any record. The nearest possible approximation would be to obtain a record of the ins and the outs on the principal routes of travel, the differences between which would be the net imnMgration or emigration, as the case may be. It is scarcely possible even to form a general idea of the numbers that yearly settle ia each province ; the agents have no means at their command by which they can follow the immigrants after they once leave the agency, and the subse- 1 quent movements of many would undoubtedly considerably alter the figures given.;) The greatest care is taken by the department, and by the agents, that all the returns shall be as accurate as possible, but the only ones that can be thoroughly relied on, except the entries at Custom houses, which are a registration by names, are those of arrivals Difficulty of obtain- ing correct returns. POPULATION AND VITAL STATISTICS. 91 at tlie principal sea ports, as Quebec and Halifax, which are also a registration by names and callings, from the ships' passenger lists. Jfo flistinction is made in British Columbia between passengers and iniTiiiirrants, and the figures from that province can only be arrived at by estimation. The numbers of immigrants reported by the several a<^ents, while correct in themselves, are subject to subsequent unascer- tniii;ible movements, and should, therefore, be taken as approximate. Tlie figures from which the totals for the Dominion are made up are thoso supplied by the agents at the various points of entrance, and are, therefore, of course, liable to similar alterations ; for while a record is kept of all immigrants arriving, no account is taken of those leaving the country. -1 1 9. A comparative statement of the values of money and effects Value of brought into Canada by immigrants during the years 1887, 1888, 1889, settlers' 1890 !iud 1891, according to the reports from the various agencies, is * ^ ^' I (riven below, to which is added the amount of money brought in by 1 othei- arrivals reported by Custom houses : — 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. Reix)rted at agencies ReiK)rted at Customs Total 2,731,005 1,148,903 $ 2,504,112 1,180,343 1,648,158 1,516,798 2,609,469 1,233,432 2,049,065 1,461,036 3,879,908 3,774,455 3,164,956 3,842,901 3,510,101 An examination of the following comparative table will show that the value of money and effects brought in by immigrants is a very important addition every year to the wealth of the country : — VALUE OF MONEY AND EFFECTS BROUGHT INTO CANADA SETTLERS SINCE 1875. Value. 1875 $1,344,573 BY 1876. 1877. 1878 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. isas. 1884. 1886. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. 686,205 632,269 1,202,563 1,152,612 1,295,565 4,188,925 3,171,501 2,784,881 4,814,872 4,143,866 3,455,576 3,879,908 3,774,455 3,164,956 3,842,901 3,510,101 .i-.^;v" Vi' i," ■■■■!■''. I J '4. « ' !'• ',}. ' ' , •■■!', •♦ .'.,"■ ' '* *■■■,;« ,: I'- ll >• »'. ■ • ■ I .• vi'y 'f ■ ■ ■ H . .. t 92 CHAPTER II. I "t» ■' ■" ■'■! -W. It must be remembered, however, that the means for obtaining information of this kind is very defective, and it is very likely that the actual value is considerably above the amount reported, In the 1 7 years given above it will be seen that a total value of I $47,045,729 has been brought into the country. Immigra- 120. The total immigration expenditure in 1891 was $179,779, being I pendlture ^^ increase of $52,476 as compared with 1890. Cost of set- 121. The cost of settlers per head, not including arrivals reported tiers, per- through the Customs, was $3.98, and including arrivals so reported,! was $2.18; the figures for the preceding year, 1890, being $3.0(1 and $1.69 respectively. The following table shows the cost per head oil settlers since 1875 : — Year. Not including Customs. Settlers. Amount. Including Cus- toms. Settlers, j Amount, 1875 1876 1877. 1878, 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 19,243 14,499 15,323 18,372 30,717 27,544 .'<2.587 81,904 98,637 68,633 46,868 43,875 54,704 57,106 52,983 41,549 45,051 1 $Ct8. 14 00 19 60 12 00 9 63 5 74 6 .59 6 32 4 23 4 26 6 28 6 62 6 87 5 74 3 96 2 37 3 06 3 98 27,382 25,633 27,082 29,807 40,492 38,605 49,991 112,458 133,624 103,824 79,169 69,152 84,526 88,766 91,600 75,067 82,165 Sets. 10 83 1112 78 (i23 4 35 4 71 4:«i| 308 315 4 15 3 !I2 43« 3 71 255 137 la 218 It will be seen that the average cost per head is considerably than it was some years ago. Demand 1 22. The various immigration agents again report that the deniaiJ fori^m fQj, farm servants and female help continues to increase, and tU mestic ser- present supply is very inadequate to meet it. The agent at Montp vants. reports, of agricultural labourers, that the applications made for go( agricultural hands were far in excess of the supply, that the arrival of female farm servants were wholly inadequate to satisfy the deraani and that the dearth of female domestics continues, there being a laij and ever-increasing demand which cannot be supplied. GovernmeJ agents all over the Dominion report, more or less, to the same eM ►btaining ry likely reported, value oil r 7 9, being 1 reported I » reported,! $3.0G and 3r headoi iING Cis- 5M8. Amount. Sets. 10 83 1112 ()(8 ()23 435 4 Til 4 31)1 30« 315 4 15 3 ft! 436 311 2^ \m 218 POPULATION AND VITAL STATISTICS. 93 liderably the (lemai ise, and tl at Mont' lade forg( the arriv the demai [being a lai Governiuei same eff( Ffirm labourers, female dor' ^-ic and farm servants may emigrate with confidence that thej' v, find situations on arrival. Mechanics are not wanted, the local 8ui;i.ly being in excess of the demand. 123. The practice of granting assisted passages to immigrants was Bonus to discontinued in 1888, but during the session of 1890 a special vote settlers in iwas passed for the purpose of promoting settlement in the North- West, We8t.°'^ out of which the Government decided to pay a bonus of $10 to each heatl of a family, and $5 to each member of a family over the age of ll2 yeai^ 5 '''^^o, $10 additional bonus to each member of the family who shall, within six months after sailing, become a settler on land Isomewhere in the Dominion west of the Province of Ontario, as this inus does not apply to the old provinces. The object of this bonus IS to assist the bond fide agricultural settler in the transportation jxpenses from points in Europe to points in the North-West. This tolicy has since been continued. 124. By invitation of the Government, a couple of tenant farmers. Tenant jhoseii from the high-class farming community of the United Kingdom, j*!™®"! •isited Canada during the summer of 1891, with a view of reporting ipon the resources and advantages of the Maritime Provinces. These lelegates visited all parts of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, and their reports, which will be published, are expected to prove of great iiportance in bringing the advantages of those parts of the Dominion frominently before persons who could not otherwise be approached. 12.'). According to British emigration returns, out of 12,797,688 Emigra- lersons of all nationalities who have emigrated from the United TT°"te^™ kingdom during the years 1815 to 1890, 8,550,541 went to the United Kingdom, Itates, 2,019,144 to Canada, and 1,685,258 to Au.stralasia, being 1815-1890. ispectively 66 per cent, 16 per cent and 13 per cent. After the liscovery of gold in Australia emigration to that country increased [ery rapidly, and during the period 1853-1890, 1,374,422 persons ift Great Britain for Australasia and 982,430 for Canada. During le same period (1853-1890), out of 7,121,966 persons of British id Irish origin only who emigrated, 4,739,547 went to the United Itates, 1,308,776 to Australasia and 733,616 to Canada, being in the roportion of 66 per cent, 18 per cent, and 10 per cent respectively. 126. In 1890, out of 315,980 persons that emigrated from the Emigra- nited Kingdom, 233,552, or 74 per cent, went to the United States, *»«« ^rcm ,897, or 10 per cent, to Canada, and 21,570, or 7 per cent, to Aus- Khlgdom, ralasia. It is quite possible that some of those returned as having 1890. ligrated to the United States finally settled in Canada. During the it four years emigration to Canada has been considerably in excess that to Australasia. 127. The area of Canada is estimated to contain 3,456,383 square Area of jiles. It is the largest of all the British possessions, embracing very Canada. K ,••/•: •i'-i' •;)■.'■.■ V.\ V.*".,' ' r ;•.♦". ■JVV .. • '• ' k . -1 - I.'. . ' "f''' \, ♦.*■■■ . ' i •-.'tl-.'.^'-f'. !'';^^;.. ■,•■•" , •* '. ■•• > ' 1 i \ riiii 1 ,'j«, ■'!• ■-'.;.■ • , , . I 1 1 94 CHAPTER II. m-: ;u 'J M"*. Area of Europe and Canada compared. Area of United Kingdom, United States and Canada compared. Area of the world. Area of the several provinces and dis- tricts of Canada. nearly one-half of the whole Empire. The continent of Australia is the next largest, having an area of 3,030,771 square miles, and the area of Tasmania and New Zealand added to this makes the total area 3,161,457, or 294,926 square miles less than that of Canada. The total area of the British Empire, according to official figures, is 8,116,489 square miles. The combined area, therefore, of Canada and the Austra- lasian colonies, exclusive of New Guinea, comprises rather more than 80 per cent of the whole Empire. 128. The area of the whole continent of Europe is 3,756,002 square miles. It is therefore only 299,619 square miles larger than the Dom- inion of Canada. 129. The area of Great Britain and Ireland is 121,115 square miles, so that Canada is nearly twenty-nine times as larg'i as the whole of the United Kingdom. It is 488,766 square miles larger than the United States without Alaska. 130. The area of the world, as estimated by Mr. E. G. Ravenstein, is 51,250,800 square miles, and its population 1,467,920,000. Canada, therefore, covers rather more than one-fifteenth part of this surface, but contains only about one two hundred and ninety-third part of the estimated population. 131. The following are the areas of the several provinces and dis- tricts : — Ontario Quebec Nova Scotia New Brunswick Manitoba British Columbia . . Prince Edward Island District of Keewatin do Alberta. do Assiniboia do Athabasca do Saskatchewan North-West Territories Territory east of Keewatin and south of Hudson's Bay Territory east of Hudson's Bay Islands in Arctic Ocean and Hudson's Bay Great lakes and River St. Lawrence, east to Longi- tude 6^ , not included in above areas Total Land uare iles. 219,650 227,500 20,550 28,100 64,066 382,300 2,000 267,000 105,355 88,534 103,300 101,092 859,600 194,300 352,300 300,000 3,315,647 Water. Square Miles. 2,350 1,400 50 100 9,890 1,000 15,000 745 1,001 1,200 (5,000 46,400 2,500 5,700 47,400 140,736 Total. Square Miles. 222,000 22H,m 20,600 28,200 73,956 383,300 2,000 282,000 10(),100 89,535 104,500 107,092 9O(),000 19<;,800 358,000 300,000 47,400 district of R Prince FJdward I Xova Suotia. ... New Brunswick. Ontario 3,45(i,383 ;ra1ia is ,nd the tal area he total 110,489 Austra- re than 2 square he Dom- re miles, whole of than the venstein, Canada, s surface, irt of the . and dis- Total. Square Miles. 222,000 228,S0« 20,600 28,200 73,956 383,300 2,000 282,000 106,100 89,535 104,i500 107,Ot)2 900,000 358,000 300,000 47,400 3,45«v POPULATION AND VITAL STATISTICS. W The above table was prepared in 1891, at the request of the com- piler, by the Topographical Survey Branch of the Departn»ent of the Iiiti lior. The measurements have all been made anew and checked, and may be depended upon, in so far as warranted by the present ceoiiiaphical knowledge of the country. No change will be made in tht'St ligures, unless based upon new information. It will be seen that Cauiida has an area of inland water surface which is alone 19,621 squiue miles larger than the combined area of Great Britain and Ireland. \:y2. The area of the Province of Manitoba was originally 123,200 Area of square miles, but a large portion was taken away and added to the Manitoba. district of Keewatin and to Ontario in 1883. 133. Prince Edward Island is the smallest of all the provinces, but Density of is more than twice as thickly populated as any other province, the population proportion being 54*5 persons to the square mile. Nova Scotia comes next in density of population, with 22-0 persons. The following is the order in which the provinces stand, according to density of population, as ascertained by the census of 1891 : — DENSITY OF POPULATION IN CANADA. Prince Edward Island 54'5 Nova Scotia. . . . 220 New Brunswick 11 ■ 4 Ontario 100 Quebec.. 65 Manitoba 2 ' 4 British Columbia "3 Provisional districts "2 Canada 1*5 134. The colony of Newfoundland, which includes the coast of Nev/- i Labrador, is the only part of British North America not now included fo"ndland in the Dominion of Canada. Negotiations for the entry of the colony into the Confederation have at various times been in contemplation, but to the present have taken no practical shape. The island of New- foundland is situated on the north-east side of the Gulf of St. I Lawrence, and is 350 miles long, with an average breadth of about 1 30 I miles, its estimated area being 40,200 square miles. It was discovered [by John Cabot in 1497. By a census taken in 1891 the population [was found to be 202,000, inclusive of the coast of Labrador, which Icoinprises about 120,000 square miles ; in 1884 the total population of jthe colony was 197,335, so that there was only an increase of 2'36 per [cent in the last seven years. Fishing forms the principal industry, and in 1890 the value of the fisheries, exclusive of home consumption, hvhich is very large, and bait sold to foreigners, was placed at ^5,649,766. 135. The following table gives the population and area of the United Popula- ingdom and its possessions according to the latest available areas^of nfonnation. The figures are taken from the Statesman's Year Book, 'I . • ■ 'I ll '.•<"'.• i V r:^^ f '•v-^' ;i 1' 1 ...... , ..^, • • « ' ''. * ,\!* S •I •- : . ■ I • ■ ' '1 f, '. • . ■ ' I • ■ t ■ \ li, ». •• 96 CHAPTER II. ■13" British posses- sions. 1892, and the calculations for the density of population were made in this office : — Colony. Europe- United Kingdon Gibraltar Malta Total, Europe. India — British India. Feudatory States Total, India. Asia — Aden Ceylon . Hong Kong Labuan Straits Settlement . . . Total, Asia. Africa- Ascension Basutoland Becliuanaland . . Cape Colony Mauritius Natal .... St. Helena West African Colonies — Gambia Gold Coast Lagos Sierra Leone Total, Africa. ... America — Bermudas Canada Falkland Islandd British Guiana British Honduras Newfoundland and Labrador. West Indies — Bahamas Barbados Jamaica and Turk's Islands. . Leeward Islands Wind ward Islands Trinidad Total, America. Area in Square Miles. 121,481 2 117 121,600 1,068,314 731,944 1,800,258 75 25,364 29 30 1,472 26,970 36 9,720 43,000 2.33,430 705 21,150 47 2,700 15,000 1,071 15.000 341,858 20 3,456,383 6,500 109,000 7,562 162,200 5,460 166 4,424 707 784 1,754 3,754,944 Population. 37,883,153 25,756 166,662 38,079,670 220,629,100 64,123,230 284,652,330 41,910 3,008,239 221,441 5,863 506,577 3,784,010 360 10 218,902 23 72,700 1,-527,224 360,847 512 543,913 2G 4,116 8X Per8()n« to the Sciuare Mile. 312 12,877 1,416 313 8« loS ll!t 7,6.Vi 1!).5 344 140 50,000 1,905,000 100,000 180,000 4,963,062 16,884 4,832,679 1,789 284,887 31,471 197.a32 794 1 2 4 1 48,000 182,322 644,235 129,760 134,921 208,030 9 1,098 146 185 172 ll!l 6,711,310 IS 12; i« 12 15 ■28 POPULATION AND VITAL STATISTICS. 97 Colony. Australasia- Fiji Xt'W Gumeft. New South Wales. New Zealand Queensland South Australia . . Tasmania Victoria Western Australia Total Australasia. . Protectorates — Asia Africa . . . Pacific Total Protectorates. Total British Empire. Area in Square Miles. 7,740 90,000 310,700 104,471 668,497 90.3,690 26.251 87,884 976,920 3,175,153 120,400 2,120,000 2,240,400 11,461,183 Population. 121,180 489,000 1,134,207 626,830 393,718 315,048 146,667 1,140,411 49.782 4,416,843 1,112,000 35,000,000 10,000 36,122,000 378,730,080 Persons to the Square Mile. 16 5 4 6 0-59 35 5 13 005 V - 18 16 16 .S3 136. The next table gives the area and population of foreign Area and [countries :— RoP"la- ' tion of AREA AND POPULATION OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES. foreign — --— -— — . countries. COUNTBY. Europe. Vustria-Hungary .... elgium )enniark ' Colonies of. t ranee Colonies of... . ireece Italy |klontene>?ro s'etherlands " Colonies. Portugal Colonies of.. oumania {ussia, in Europe.. . . Estimated Area. Sq. Miles. 240,218 11,370 14,791 75,107 204,146 1,788,268 25,041 110,623 3,630 12,648 764,348 34,499 706,066 60,160 2,096,504 * Census. Population, Estimated or Census. Year. Persons to the Square Mile. *41,284,966 ♦6,147,041 *2,172,205 127,808 •38,218,903 16,459,995 *2,187,208 29,943,607 *236,000 *4,511,415 28,687,769 4,708,178 3,740,576 5,500,000 96,870,810 1890 172 1890 485 1890 147 1880 2 1886 187 1882 9 1889 87 1886 271 1880 66 1889 356 1886 38 1881 136 , 6 1887 109 1887 45 /■V:>^?:' .f ■f/'^' ■■'■■» '• I' *! r imM ;■.■; ■-■.■ * •■** \ ■> . • < If ' .' ; '• ■■ ^ ' -.i *•<•■■ . ■!■ ; >"i-'. ■■.>i . •:• fi t ■', ;. ■• • ••■'*.. 98 ^ CHAPTER II. AREA AND POPULATION OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES-Conan Persia Siam .... Russia, in Asia .... Turkey " Total Asia Africa. Liberia Madagascar Morocco South African Republic. Tunis Zanzibar Turkey, in Africa Egypt Total Africa America. Argentine Republic. Bolivia Brazil Chili Colombia Costa Rica Ecuador Guatemala Estimatftd Area. Sq. Miles. 19,050 194,744 163,870 170,979 124,495 16,442 126,289 208,738 7,159,022 1,336,841 2,881,5C0 84,222 147,655 628,000 280,560 6,564,778 729,380 12,li:?,996 14,300 228,500 219,000 112,600 42,000 625 398,873 11,000 1,026,898 1,117,184 567,240 .S,218,166 293,970 604,773 20,000 120,000 46,000 * Census. Population, Estmiatod or Census. •2,162,769 17,645,160 9,996,068 4,784,675 *1,999,176 *2,933,334 9,277,040 *49,416,476 337,911,168 386,863,029 16,680,000 12,000,000 40,072,020 9,000,000 6,000,000 17,587,059 16,174,056 504,366,164 1,068,000 3,600,000 5,000,000 360,000 1,500,000 240,000 1,000,000 6,817,265 19,486,265 3,500,000 3,492,162 14,002,336 *2,766,747 3,878,600 238,782 1,271,861 1,462,003 Year. 1890 1887 1890 1890 1888 1886 1890 1886 1889 1891 1886 1887 1886 1886 1886 1886 1887 1886 1886 1886 1886 40 15 23 3 36 384 2 620 1890 3 1888 6 1888 i 1890 9 1881 8 1890 12 1890 11 1890 32 AREA , l*fl'H(lll» ^H ' t'ltht; ^1 Sfiiiare Mile. ■ . ^H ^1 Ambi H Havti 114 ^H H(>n(lurA8. . . !K) ^H Mexico BI ^M Nic'ivrniriia . . . 27 ^M i'ariigtmy 16 ■ Vmi 1!KI ^H Hiviviidor 74 ^H Still J^oiiiinini. !i3: ■ I iiit.'d .States ~- . ^H I'l'IIGTIiaV 4; ^H \Vi)ei!uela . . . — — ^^1 H Total 289 ^B Hawaii... . . 142 H Total.. 271 14 H 21 3 1 137. Thef 22 ■ hy Mr. A. G les British Guinea. " South " East Af Mauritius, St. Total British A '' French Portugui " Spanish German " Italian Congo State... Boer Republics, Liberia Egypt and Trj, Unappronriate (jfJ eat Lakes.., Swazi Land . . Tot ii I;; n i«e«/. Pfrsiin, Mile. ) lU r !tO (il i) Z 16 8 UK) 6 74 231 41 289 86 142 89 271 91 14 m 21 187 3 86 22 586 m »7 40 15 OS 384 2 620 POPULATION AND VITAL STATISTICS. 99 AREA AND POPULATION OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES-(7onc^«rf«d. Country. Estimated Area. Amkkica— Continued. Hayti Hondiirfts Mt'xic'o Niiivi-ftgiia Paraguay Peru Halviidor San Doniingt) I'liitcd States Uruguay Venezuela Total America . OCKANICA. Ha Sq. Miles. 10,204 46,400 741,791 49,500 98,000 454,708 7,226 18,045 3,499,027 72,161 430,950 11,315,335 6,640 Total ! 32,160,891 Population, Estimated or Census. Year. Persons to the Square Mile. 672,000 431,917 11,490,830 312,845 459,645 •2,972,000 777.895 610,000 ♦62,622,250 648,297 2,238,922 113,739,091 1886 1889 1888 1889 1887 1876 1891 1888 1890 1888 1888 »89,990 975,591,668 1890 66 9 16 6 5 6 108 34 21 9 6 10 14 SO • Census. 137. The following table, prepared for the Statesman's Year Book partition by Mr. A. G. Ravenstein, shows the partition of Africa : — PARTITION OF AFRICA, JANUARY, 1891. of Africa. Divisions. British Guinea " South Africa " East Africa Mauritius, St. Helena, &c. 890 ■ 888 V 888 4l 890 V 881 ■ 890 12H .890 « .890 '■ Total British Africa " French " .... " Portuguese Africa " Spanish " . " German " " Italian " . Congo State Boer Republics Liberia Egj'pt and Trijooli Unappropriated Great Lakes Swazi Land Total Africa., Area. Sq . Miles. 354,900 959,480 1,255,367 1,179 2,570,926 2,902,624 841,025 203,767 822,000 602,000 866,400 162,640 37,000 836,000 1,584,398 80,350 6,370 11,514,500 Population. 23,75.5,000 3,736,000 12,875,000 398,100 40,764,100 23,788,000 5,416,000 437,000 6,950,000 6,300,000 16,600,000 888,000 1,000,000 7,980,000 22,000,900 61,000 Inhabitants to Square Mile. 67 4 10 419 16 8 6 2 7 10 18 5 27 10 14 10 130,185,000 11 n ; ' ■ . ■; • : - 1 '•*'•'" -"iV .,.'»..■. •• .,1*' , ; •..• "*■■ J v'.'i '.5 » ' I I'., \* II'-' !f.^-. 1 • t,,*" in": ■ - ': " 100 CHAPTER II. Area and 138. The area and population of the world, according to the same tk»n"of "the authority, are as follow :— world. .. CONTINKNTH. Europe Afiia Africa Australasia ... . North America. . . South America. . . Polar Regions . . . . Total Area. Sq. Miles. 3,560,000 14,710,000 11,614,000 3,800,000 6,446,000 6,837,000 4,888,800 61,250,800 Population. 860,200,000 850,000,000 127,000,000 4,750,000 89,250,000 86,420,000 300,000 1,467,920,000 InhabitiintH to Sq\iare Mile. 101 .•)7 11 1-4 14 5 29 PART II.-VITAL STATISTICS, Collection 139. Vital statistics are collected in some of the provinces with °tot'*?^ more or less accuracy, those by the Roman Catholic clergy in Quebec and the Pi-ovincial Government in Ontario being probably the most complete, but the great expense that must necessarily be incurred has hitherto deterred the Dominion Government from attempting any system of collection for the whole country, the only movement in tins direction being the collection of mortuary statistics from some of the principal cities and towns, and also the contributing towards the expense of collecting statistics of the French population of Quebec, which are taken by the Roman Catholic Church. The Government having decided that the result did not justify the expense incurred, discontinued the collection of mortuary statistics, at the close of 1891. Death rate 140. Twenty nine towns made returns of mortuary statistics in injtrinci- 1890, Stratford, which has been added to the list, not having com- menced in time to be included in that year. The result of the census having shown that the populations of the several places had in very many cases been largely over-estimated, the ratios per 1,000 of popu- lation have been calculated for this work on the number of inhabitants as ascertained by the census in April, 1891, and as only three months elapsed between the end of the year and the taking of the census, it is believed that these ratios are nearer the correct figures than any of those heretofore published. pal towns. DEATH RA an increase ii ;!:!;>,;. " iM POPULATION AND VITAL STATISTICS. DKATH RATE IN SOME OF THE PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS IN CANADA, 1800. CiTIKH Towns. Montri'ivl — Toronto (^UcllfC Halifax Ottawa . Hamilton .... St. .roliii.N.B. WiniiiiH'K .... Hull KiiiK'ntoii London ... . Thit'e Rivers.. Slierl)r(X)ke. . . Victoria, B.C. St. Hyacinthe Brantford. . Cliarlottetown Sorel Belleville \Vind.sor, Ont, Brock vilie. . . . Guel|)h Chatiiain,Ont, St. John's, Que St. Thctnias. . . PeterlK)rouKh . Gait... Fredericton . . Woodstock, O. Total Deaths Ratio per 1,000 of Popu- lation. 6,20{» 2,»19 2,11« 1,08« <.)4H 867 741 403 384 383 35{t 287 277 275 220 191 184 17B 174 1G2 159 142 133 12«> 119 119 107 101 91 Ratio pkr 1,000 DRATHa at Under 1 year. 28'6«| l«ll! as 54 28 24 21 47 17-70 18-91 15 71 34 09 19-88 11 23 34 44 27-40 20-a) 31 30 14-98 1()18 26-39 17-5.') 15-691 18 08 13-47 14-69 26-40 11-48 12-25 14-20 16-53 10-57 445-32 321-69 161 16 211 W 389-24 229 53 191 63 349-88 471 35 195 82 211-70 435 54 400 72 203 64 381-82 219 -JK) l(i8'48 448 -8<) 166 67 277-78 138-36 218-31 203-01 333-33 176-47 184-88 158-88 297 o;< 263 74 1 to 6 years. IM 00 128 13 403 12 224-98 12«»-58 99 19 102-57 138-m} 210 94 49-61 61-28 1.56 -80 129 97 61-82 127 27 89 00 81 •.52 181-82 1«) 70 111-11 81 76 169 01 105 2<) 168 56 56 251 -68! 138 -36 197 19106-63 187 97 1 127 -82 174-r»0l 96-24 100-84134-46 210 08 168 07 130 84 140 19 148 62; 168 -32 208-791109-89 101 141. The total number of deaths returned from the twenty-nine places Increase was 19,461 ; in 1889 the number was 18,235 from twenty-eight places, jj ^J;^^^^^ and a.s Brockville, the additional place, returned 159 deaths, there was an increase in the remaining twenty -eight of no less than 1,067 deaths. This large increase is, no doubt, largely attributable to the epidemic of influenza which prevailed to such an extent during the winter and spring of 1890, and to the many fatal illnesses induced thereby, par- ticularly of affections of the lungs (including phthisis), deaths from these causes having increased from 3,700 to 4,417. The highest death rate per 1,000 of population was in Three Rivers, viz., 34*44, and the lowest in London, 11*23, but on account of the improved data on which the calculations are made, the ratio cannot be compared with tliose of preceding years. ■;''l i .f ».\ ^ ' I ' \ ' . • .1- • ••;;;■, ■■-■' Ill v , , » ■' •. >*;' ' ii- ■ < *• < ••i -T'j • '• |,4^-,Vv *; . f s . " • «.*«-'. n I ?1 :h«' I 102 Infantilo mortality. Deaths of illegiti- mate chil- dren. I' ' ■ 4 Children Htill-born. Deaths from suicide. Deaths from most fatal dis- eases. CHAPTER II. 142. The largeHt nunil)er of deaths is, of course, among children, aiul the infant mortality of Hull is still larger than in any other town, out of 384 deaths 262 having been of children under 5 yoars of age, 1mm t)g in the proportion of 682 per 1,000 deaths. Infant mortality is, how. ever, very much larger in many places than it ought to Im<, the higlicst rates being generally found in places with a large French population; but it must also he rememliered that among French speaking Canadi,i,)i there is a correspondingly high birth rate. Out of a total numbei- of deaths recorded of 19,461, 9,524, or 48*93 per cent, were of children under 5 years of age, and 6,296, or 33'35 per cent, of those under 1 year. This latter proportion was not so large as in either 1887, 1888 or 1889, in which years it was 33-06 per cent, 34*59 per cent, aiul 3502 per cent, respectively. More than half, or 54 per cent, of the total number of deaths under 5 years, were from atrophy and debility, and diarrh(t>al atiections, the numbers being for the first named cuuse 1,588, and for the second, 1,826. There were 451 deaths from prenui- ture birth, being an increase of 118. 143. The number of deaths of illegitimate children returned was 873, being three more than in 1889 ; but, as has been pointed out before, returns of this nature are practically at present of no value, nrul the natural desire for concealment on the part of the parents will always render it extremely difficult to obtain anything like correct figures. The fact that out of the whole number, 754, or 86 per cent, were returned from Montreal, Ottawa and Quebec, where there are spt^eial institutions for the reception of illegitimate children, leaving only 1 24 to be divided among 26 towns, one of which has a population of 181,000, shows at once what little real truth there is in the figures. Out of the total number, 39 per cent were under one month, and 89 per cent under one year. Though for the last fi^ur years the rate of infant mortality has been highest in Hull, yet in no year have there been any returns of illegitimate births from that city. 144. The number of cases of children still-born returned was 964, us compared with 913 in 1889. The deaths from suicide reported amo'. ited to 34, 29 being males and 5 females. The number returned in 1886 from 22 cities was 31 ; in 1887, from 26 cities, 30; in 1888, from 27 cities, 37, and in 1889, 37 from 28 cities. 145. The following table gives tl o number of deatUbt Fn. .j t,he eight most fatal diseases in the 29 places making returns i 1^1 , i.8 will be seen from the arrangements at the foot of the LuL-ic, the order of fatality i:< different from that of the preceding year. Throat affections have dropped out of the table and their place been taken by enteritis and other affections of the l)owels. The most fatal disease is placed first : — 1 If' " , " , ■ • i . • ■i ■■■> ■^^.^ J: DKATMS FRO i'lTIKM A.NI> Towns. Montreal Tun into (JtK'lH'O Haip lion.. ()ti:i,>.c hM . Sf. .lolill, iS'. li, " I idoii > iiiiii|ieg .... KiiiKHtoii Victoria, It.C. Chill lottetown. Brunt ford Hull B.-Ilfville St. Thomas (lUt'lph Thrnt Rivers. . . .Shi'rlirooke Fetcrlioro' Windsor Chatham WcKKJMtock Sort'l St. Hyacinthe. . IJalt Frwicricton. . . St. John's, Que. Brockville Total. . . . Atrophy and debi Diarrhctal affectic Lung diseases. Phthisis. Cerebro spinal affi Diseases of the he Throat affections. Diphtheria. POPULATION AND VITAL 8TATI8TIC8. [)KVTIH FROMTHK MOST FATAL DISEAHEa, IN CKRTAIN TOWNS IN CANADA, im^ ("ITIKH AMI ToWNH, Lungr diiteaiK«H, Muiitrt'iil TdPonti) (hW'lM'c Hail' lUin. . . ()t,n.. tlulif .. ..... ;Mti)t» Victoriii, 1).C. . Clmilcttetown. . Brant ford Hull Bell.'ville St. ThoinaH . . . , ({lU'Iph Threo Rivers. . . Slu-rltrooke PetcrlKiro' WiiidHor Chatham WiKxlstock .Sor.'l St. Hyocinthe. , (Jftlt Frwlcricton. . . St. Jiilm's, Que Bnickville Total. . . 763 412 222 164 113 im 13ft 47 »1 41) 38 18 32 2ft 20 23 24 8 31 26 20 10 20 27 16 16 16 16 27 Atro- and do- biHty. 780 280 200 61 68 71 68 8 19 36 60 » 4 163 11 1 13 18 46 8 lb 11 10 30 60 Phthi ■ IN. 2 19 8 2,496 2,036 620 286 214 100 m 112 111 37 44 40 32 33 22 20 28 13 10 24 31 10 13 19 6 8 38 18 11 6 21 Dinrr h<»al .itffc- tioiiN. 1,922 794 216 266 64 120 41 67 17 67 16 18 12 16 11 10 8 7 33 46 1 10 8 4 33 26 3 14 14 10 (*«re- br Hpiital affec- tiotiH. 1,909 491 167 217 47 30 39 61 19 20 11 9 2 12 8 8 1 2 9 10 7 9 6 2 4 7 4 6 6 MM of heurt Mild Diph- theria 1>](mkI ves- aeU. 322 146 190 79 60 95 71 9 47 34 6ft W2 21» 33 25 ft 19 10 1,210 26 28 11 18 H 10 6 11 13 9 8 13 6 3 10 15 9 7 12 14 6 43 1 1 10 <) 22 6 1 1 4 10 1,055 717 Knteri- titt and '•ther *ff»H3- tiona uf th« 238 8ft 42 n !> 16 11 12 .5 7 « 5 4 7 4 4 10 4 "s 7 5 2 4 578 ORDER OF FATALITY. 1889. 1890. Atrojihy and debility. Lung diseases. Diarriut'al affections. Atrophy and debility. Lung (liBeases. Phthisis. PhthiiiiH. Diarrhujal affections. , Cerebro spinal affections. Cerebro-spinal affections. Diseases of the heart and blood vessels. Diseases of heart and blood vessels. Throat affections. Diphtheria. Diphtheria. Enteritis. 103 r ' ♦ . ■ \ :Y' + t-.-l-i^ ' » ,4 :;■-.••<; ■.♦' ^';-f V'. •r* ''i-'-'Xl . ni ■ ) ,'■■ • • • . i! ii<: t 1 h iu 104 CHAPTER II. Deaths from lung diseases. Deaths from diphthe- ria. ^ !■ 1 ni li 'il:iV». Deaths from typhoid fever. 1 46. As already pointed out, there was a large increase in deaths from affections of the lungs of all kinds amounting to 16 per cent, deaths from lung diseases having increased by 541, and from phthisis by 176, making the death rate 227 per 1,000 deaths as compared with 202 iu 1889. In Ontario in 1889 the proportion in the cities was 203 per 1,000 deaths, and in the province 201. 147. There wasa large increase in the deaths from diphtheria, amount- ing to as much as 35 per cent. This was mainly caused by a virulent outbreak of this disease in Halifax, causing 192 deaths, being 17 per cent of the - . ole mortality of the city. Of these deaths, 104 were children under 3 years, 164 under 10 years, and 182 under 15 years, The ratio of deaths from this disease to the population of the places making returns was "8 as compared with '5 in 1889. In Ontario in 1889, according to provincial returns, the death rate per 1,000 of population was 'O in cities and towns, respectively, and '3 in the whole province. The rate in England in 1889 was "18 per 1,000, being higher than in the preceding year, and this disease seems to be steadily on the increase in that country. Allowing one death from Brock ville, which was not included laslD year, there was a net increase of 20 in the number of deaths from typhoid fever, caused entirely by the increase in Toronto, where there were no less than 68 more deaths than in 1889, so that if that city is left out of calculation, there was actually a decrease of 44 in deaths from this cause, which is a satisfactory showing, and indicates generally a greater attention to sanitary arrangements. The follow- ing tables give the number of deaths from typhoid fever during the four years, 1887, 1888, 1889 and 1890, in the places making i-eturns, as well as the proportion of deaths from the same cause per 1,000 inhabitants in the same places in 1890 : — DEATHS FROM TYPHOID FEVER IN THE UNDERMENTIONED PLACES IN 1887, 1888, 1889 AND 1890. Cities AND Towns. M ntreal Ton)nto Quebec Hamilton Halifax VVmniijeg Ottawa St. John, N.B. Kingston St. Thomas. . . . Charlottetown .... Guelph Belleville Chatham Sherbrooke . . , Peterboro'. . . . , 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 12.5 113 87 76 71 51 49 117 22 21 40 20 19 15 17 23 6 14 11 7 21 21 38 28 43 17 19 19 6 3 11 10 i 1 « 7 10 1 3 3 7 ! 4 7 8 3 ' 3 2 2 3 4 1 3 8 2 () 4 a 6 4 1 6 1 2 Cities AND Towns. Fredericton ... St. Hyacinthe Gait Hull London Brantford Victoria, B.C. . . Three Rivers. . , Woodstock Sorol Windsor St. Johns, Que.. Brock ville Total 1887. 20 8 9 8 2 8 3 1888. 1 (> 5 14 7 13 « 4 10 3 1 411 358 1889. 18!)0. 1 9 4 4 12 (i 4 9 4 2 3 361 3 3 1 4 ti 11 6 3 3 3 1 382 .)Hi ths from :, deiiths ■ by 176, 1 202 in 203 per amount- virulent g 17 per 104 were 15 years. le places ) in 1889, )pulati()n province. an in the Lcrease in was not umber of Toronto, sc that if e of 44 in indicates le follow- iiring the returns, per 1,000 lONED 1889. lt<'.H). 12 11 () G 4 a 9 3 4 2 •A 3 a 1 361 382 POPULATION AND VITAL STATISTICS. PROPORTION OF DEATHS FROM TYPHOID FEVER PER 1,000 OF POPULATION IN THE FOLLOWING PLACES IN 1890. 105 CiTIKS AND Towns. WinniiJeg St. Johns, Que ?.niiitford St. Tliomas Toronto . . . Kingston Hiiiuilton Frtdericton Clwtliiim, Orit. . Victoria, B.C . St. !Iyacinthe. . Ottawa Tlirt'e Rivero. . Hull Montreal Woodstock, Ont Quebec Belleville . , . Windsor , Guelph . St. John, N.B. . Charlottetown Peterboroujyh... London Halifax Gait Belleville Per 1,000. 35 35 0-32 030 0-29 0-28 0-26 0-26 021 019 018 013 Oil There was an increase in the rate per 1,000 of the aggregate popula- tion of all the places making returns from "41 to "43, but if Toronto is taken out the rate is reduced to '37. Even this is higher than it ought to be ; in England and Wales in 1889 it was only '17. The proportion in Ontario in 1889 was -26 per 1,000 inhabitants. 148. The following table shows how the assigned causes of death, in Causes of the places making returns, were distributed among the several classes, f***^ ^^ The classification is based upon that established by the Registrar-Gen- eral of England : — CrriKs AND Towns. Montreal Toronto (^uel)f'C . Hamilton . . Ottawa St. John, N.B Halifax London Winnipeg . . . Victoria, B.C. King.ston.. .. Hull Total. . o Deaths. 'S 4J o r. s ^ >. v* N Zi a9(VA 1 5KM! r 2,919: 2,116 555 . ...1 867 125 . , , 1 948 217 . I 741 12<5 . 1 1,089 30(5 i 359 i)i . 403 117 275 44 1 383 58 ■ • • 384 64 . • "S s e e V ^ d 3 Pi o 1 ■4^ 0) > « a a O Q ^ 12 888 352 2,636 4 459 211 1,302 4 256 235 783 4 141 65 425 6 148 91 380 130 64 320 2 155 67 4481 67 43 162] 1 63 15 IM 2 44 17 124 1 55 60 144 .... 22 17 111 '.■(," 'i '. ' •• ■ .« • ■■ * . /.•...■•.*i , ■..; t ^:Hv*." 'i? iii-- ^ - 'J < ; 1 i. « ' 1 r^^";' il 106 CHAPTER II. Cities and Towns. Total. Deaths. 6 3 1 ■1 Constitutional. Developmental. J 1 > Ill-defined and not .s|iecified Charlottetown Brantford 184 191 174 119 142 287 162 277 119 91 133 176 220 107 101 12G 169 36 37 17 18 27 87 23 82 8 9 23 50 48 13 22 29 2{> .... 1 "i 40 32 31 17 22 44 17 38 20 17 21 18 40 22 15 8 30 20 15 21 17 13 33 10 12 12 1 14 8 10 12 10 9 57 90 80 54 60 92 72 86 64 44 58 70 71 52 44 51 71 11 7 8 8 6 6 13 10 6 2 3 6 1 4 4 3 5 Belleville St. Thomas 16 Guelph Three Rivers Windsor, Ont Sherbrooke "3 14 26 24 4!) Peterborough (| Woodstock, Ont . . . . Chatham, Ont Sorel ... 12 14 32 St. Hyacinthe 52 Gait .... 6 Fredericton 4 St. Johns, Que 25 Brockville 15 15 008 .... 41 21 Total 19,461 ^,038 2,860 1,460 8,105 578 2,364 Percentage of total deaths 2075 14-70 7-50 41-65 2-97 12 15 .,-v , There was an increase of 368 in the number of deaths from zymotic diseases, the proportion to the total deaths having risen from 20*13 to 20*75 per cent. This increase is much to be regretted, as the diseases in this class are specially preventable, and the extent of their preva- lence depends entirely upon the degree of attention paid to sanit3vy matters. Deaths for 149. The proportion of deaths to the aggregate population of the 29 1000 mha- pj^ces was 4*54 per 1,000 inhabitants, whereas in London in 1889, with bitants. ^ , ^. '^ ,. . ' , .. 1 1 TO a population over nve times as great, the proportion was only 1 •23 i>er 1,000, showing what can be done by persistent attention to sanitation. Acciden- 150. There were 530 deaths caused by accidents in the 29 places tal deaths, ^ju^ing 1 890, 417 being of males and 1 1 3 of females. Drowning caused the death of 128 persons, or 24 per cent of the whole, while 81 persons, or 1 5 per cent, died from asphyxia ; of these latter deaths no less than 64 occurred in Montreal. k 5 ■-)■ A 107 CHAPTER III. FINANCE. 151. The fiscal year of the old Province of Canada used to be iden- The fiscal tical with the calendar year, and terminated on the 31st December ; y®"'"* ill 1864, however, a change was made, and it was decided to commence the tiscal year on the 1st July and end it on the 30th June. At Con- federation the same plan was adopted for the Dominion, and has since been maintained. As, therefore, all official financial and commercial returns, and, as a general rule, all departmental reports, are made up to the 30th of June in each year, the fiscal year beginning on the 1st July and ending on the 30th June is the one spoken of and referred to throughout this work, except where specially mentioned. 152. In all cases where figures relating to foreign countries have Conver- beeii used, their values have been first changed into pounds sterling, f^^^^ and then converted into currency at the rate of §4. 86*66. For the moneys. sake of convenience, cents have been omitted from most of the tables, and only used with reference to amounts per head, and similar calcula- tions. 1 53. The receipts from the sources of the ordinary revenue of the The Con- country are paid into what is called the Consolidated Fund, and pay- ?^l'dated inents therefrom are made to cover the ordinary expenses. These receipts and payments, therefore, constitute what may be considered as the regular income and expenditure of the country ; receipts from and expenditure out of loans and all other extraordinary transac- tions being excluded. 154. The ordinary revenue is derived from a variety of sources. Sources of which may, however, be divided into two classes, viz., " Taxation " and revenue "Other sources." The amounts raised by taxation consist solely of Customs and Excise duties, and those raised from other sources consist (if money derived from the postal service, railways, public works, tfec. The ordinary expenditure provides for the charges for debt and provin- cial subsidies, collection of revenue, and the current expenses of the country. 155. The following figures give the ordinary revenue and expendi- Revenue ture for the year ended 30th June, 1891 :— diture^*'" Revenue 138,579,311 ^^'*'^- Expenditure 3G,343,5()8 Revenue in excess of expenditure $2,235,743 ■'. > i •! ■\ ■ I u ,:;:'^ ^i^..:,v:' . *-■ ' ■ ■,.*!■■■ • lit - '.' ; ♦ >■ ^■■'l:; ■>:>■• ».." • (Ik *'■ : ■ ,!«• ■f t '• .', i .. ••.•'♦, ■ ■^ .! t. Increase and de- crease. 14 . l!„i'- ., 108 CHAPTER III. 156. The revenue was $1,300,614 less than that of the precedin» year, while the expenditure showed an increase of $349,537. The decrease in revenue was as follows — from Customs, $569,653 ; from Excise dutiesj $703,268, and from various sources, $27,693. The in- crease in expenditure will be found to be in small amounts under various heads. Consolida- 157. The following table gives the receipts and payments on account 18684891 ^^ *^® Consolidated Fund — that is, the ordinary revenue and expendi- ture of the country — for the last 24 years, and shows the surplus or deficiency in each year : — RECEIPTS AND PAYMENTS ON ACCOUNT OF THE CONSOLIDATED FUND (ORDINARY REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE)-18«8 TO 1891. '■i . I •:•: Surplus of revenue. Ykah kndbd SOth Junk. Consolidated Fund. Revenue. Expenditure 1868 . 13,687, 1869 14,379, 1870 15,512, 1871. 1»,.335, 1872 20,714, 1873 2(>,813, 1874 24,205, 1875. 24,648, 1876 22,587, 1877 22,059, 1878 22,375, 1879 22,517, 1880. 23,307, 1881 29,635, 1882. 33,383, 1883 35,794, 1884 31,861, 1885 ' ;{2,797, 1886 33,177, a5,754, .S5,908, .38.782, 1887 1888. 1889. 1890 i .W,879, 1891 38,579, 928 174 225 .5()0 813 469 092 715 587 274 Oil 382 40f> 2J)7 4.55 649 %1 001 040 993 463 870 (25 311 13,486,092 14,038,084 14,345,509 15,623,081 17,.589,468 19,174,647 23,316,316 23,713,071 24,488,372 23,519,301 23,503,158 24,4.5.5,381 24,8.50,634 2.5,.502,554 27,0<57,103 28,730,157 31,107,706 3.5,037,060 39,011,612 35,6.57,680 36,718,495 3(5,917,835 a5,994,031 36,343,568 Revenue -p j-.. in Excess of ^TO^ '*"'•'' Exijendi- I rilf ■**' ture. i"^ Revenue. 201,836 341,090 1,166,716 3,712,479 3,125,345 1,638,822 888,776 935,644 4.132,743 6,316,352 7,0(i4,492 754,255 97,313 1,865,035' 3,885,894 2,?35,743 1,900,7S.^ 1,460,027 1,128,147 l,937,!i!«t 1,543,228 2,240,0.-.!) 5,834,572 810,032 158. In sixteen years out of the twenty-four that have elapsed since Confederation, there has been a surplus of revenue, and in the remain- ing eight an excess of expenditure. The total amount of surplus during the period has been $38,362,535, and of deficit, $16,854,849, being a net excess of revenue over expenditure of $21,507,686. The revenue in 1891 was exceeded in the two preceding years, but was $24,891,383 in excess of that of 1868, the first year after Confedera- new countn since Confec K •1 ■ •■ FINANCE. 109 tion, being an increase of 182 per cent. After deducting the war expenditure from the expenditure of 1886 (in that year it was charged to Consolidated Fund and subsequently to capital account) it will be seen that the ordinary expenditure has been exceeded in two years since Confederation, viz. : in 1888 and 1889, and that the expenditure of 1891 exceeded that of 1868 by $22,857,476, being an increase of Increase 169 per cent. The revenue, therefore, as the figures at present stand, in revenue has increased in a larger proportion than the expenditure, a fact which, diture. in view of the difficulties and expenses attending the opening up of new country and of the large extent of territory brought under control since Confederation, must be considered as very encouraging. 159. The following is a detailed comparative statement of the various Heads of receipts on account of the Consolidated Fund from all sources in the ioXS",'ia\ vears 1890 and 1891, showing the increase and decrease in each item ; — HEADS OF REVENUE-CONSOLIDATED FUND-1890 AND 1891. Heads ok Revenue. Amounts Received. Increase. Decrease. 1889-1890. 1890-1891. Taxation. rnstoms 9 23,968,954 7,618,118 23,3{)9,.S01 6,914,850 $ 9 569,653 Excise 703,268 Total 31,587,072 30,314,151 " 1,272,921 Land Revenue. Ordnance Lands 29,922 220,141 54,230 264,592 24,308 44,451 Dominion " Total 250,063 318,822 68,759 Public Works. Canals " on acc't Hydraulic Rents . Railways 324,220 31,473 3,204.271 105,888 13,780 71,733 3,504 11,829 4 13,564 19,848 320,180 29,995 3,181,889 76,094 12,723 3,988 13;230 9 29,467 18,064 4,040 1,478 22,382 Slides and Booms 29,794 Minor Public Works ■"' 1^401* 5 15,903 1,057 Hydraulic and other Rents Karnings of Dredges Telegraphs 67,745 3,504 Harbtmr Improvements ...... Esquimalt Graving Dock Levis Graving Dock li784 Total 3,800,114 3,685,639 114,475 /••:■ ■ -^ r 'I ■»' » I. ;S V.' 'f: )/^\ y ■'-': %4 , . ^' '■i:^''v ■•14 r.-5' ■[■■,•,■■ '. ' ." '•»'■. ' i i •. • .» • I. -i •■ t i no 111- " [1 1 . - .• k-. !■( • :,■<■ CHAPTER III. HEADS OF REVENUE-CONSOLIDATED FUND-1890 AND 1891-Ca,i. Heads of Rbvenue. Amounts Received. Increase. Decrease. 1889-1890. 1890-1891. Post Office. Ordinary Revenue, including'^ Ocean Postage > 2,357,389 2,515,823 9 158,434 $ Money Order . .) Other Sources. Fees, Fines and Forfeitures, in- cluding Seizures 88.275 111,037 22,051 915 33,586 118,a52 1,077,228 70,795 13,069 99,329 62,825 7,694 16,011 22.762 Militia 22,094 Lighthouse and Coast Sei vice . . 2.912 43 1,097 Weights and Measures 40,349 118,503 1.082.271 6,H53 Premium, Discount & Exchange Interest on Investments 151 5,043 Fisheries 69,643 1,152 Penitentiaries 14,568 Casual 242,135 ■l,4!l0' 142,8()() Sujierannuation 1 61,513 Insurance Superintendence 1 7,707 Dominion Steamers 10,722 Marine Hospitals •S.'iS 1,312 """5i289 is' ' 355 Canada dazette ... 3,266 1,908 47,882 17,817 19,930 12,233 21,114 3,433 3,946 43,830 7,649 21,239 10,544 21,307 36 167 2,038 Supreme Court Reports Steamboat Inspection ... 4,(152 '■■"'1,369" i93 10,l(iS Gas Inspection and Tjaw Stamps Military College Adulteration of Food Act l,(i89 Total 1,885,287 1,744,876 140,411 Total Revenue on account of Consolidated Fund 39,879,925 38,579,311 1,300J)14 Increase 160. As already stated, the total decrease in revenue vas $ 1 , 300, 6 1 4, of crearo^ which $1,272,921 was attributable to reduced receipts from taxation, and $27,693 to a number of small decreases in receipts from other sources. The only increase of any consequence was in the postal revenue, which amounted to $158,434 more than in 1890. Heads of 161. The following is a comparative statement of the principal items ture"w89 ^^ ordinary expenditure in the years 1890 and 1891 : — and 1890. G()\ernor Gen Auditor Gene Department o FINANCE. HEADS OF EXPENDITURE-CONSOLIDATED rUND-1890 AND 1891. Hkads op Exprndituke. Charges for Debt and Subsidies. Interest on Public Debt Cliai'ges of Management. ... Sinking Fund Preniium, Discount and change Subsidies to Provinces Ex Total Legislation. Senate House of Commons . Library Election E.Kpenses Controverted Elections. . Parliamentary Printing. Franchise Act Miscellaneous Amounts Exi^ended. 1889-90. 1890-91 9,6.56,841 186,337 1,887,237 44,072 3,904,922 15,679,409 139,648 445,715 32,053 5,071 750 75,872 233,078 Total Civil Government. Ginernor General . Lieutenant-Governors High Commissioner Governor General's Secretary's Office Queen's Privy Council for Canada Department of Justice '* Militia and Defence " Secretary of State.. ' ' Interior " Indian Affairs Auditor General's Office Department of Finance ' Customs " Inland Revenue. . . Public Works " Railways & Canals. Post Office Department Department of Agriculture " Marine & Fisheries, " Printing and St-v- tionery Departments GenoriJly (Con- tingencies) 932,187 48,666 70,900 10,000 22,884 45,.561 43,728 56,008 50,634 14.% 109 58,277 30,842 65,51(» 46,565 48,599 56,3}<2 62,783 225,839 77,141 62,472 27,759 26,914 9,584,137 184,711 1,938,078 77,357 3,90.3,757 15,688,040 79,773 250,622 32,628 148,802 622 80,525 3,265 250 596,487 48,666 70,685 10,000 23,961 45,915 43,404 56,984 51,009 105,557 57,701 30,959 67,66.s 47,755 49,930 56,038 66,655 229,970 79,462 63,878 29,340 26,611 Increase. 50,841 33,285 8,631 575 14.S,731 4,653 250 1,077 354 976 375 117 2,152 1,190 1,331 Decrease. 72,704 1,626 1,165 59,875 195,093 128 229^813' 335,700 215 324 37,552 576 3,872 4,131 2,321 1,406 1,581 .S44 808 111 •• ■' ■ I " . - ' ■ ' i* • ■ •* • • •■■»/ '%■ < * !l ■*.••. T'.. ."'it' ■.:V-1'»..^ ■ ♦ • ;'"' • ■ ,' ■'•; ;.•' ' • , • y *i. ' ■ .•■ « T * . ■ , •. 't'p ■■ "t : .1 ^'■- - f..* A*'- „■.■'.-• . v.-v " ■. ■■ ..1 » »i-l : ^ . f '.I , ,-■• • ■ ! . I V'-\. i ..': ■^iJ lie-' -^ 112 CHAPTER III. HEADS OF EXPENDITURE-CONSOLIDATED TVND-Continued. Heads of Expenuitcre. Amounts Expended. Increase. Decrease. 1889-90. 1890-91. Civil Government— Co>i. High Commisaioner of Canada in England (Contingencies). . . Board of Civil Service Examiners 15,970 3,938 8,360 $ 17,589 4,181 8,490 41,793 9 1,619 243 130 41,793 $ The Office of the Comptroller of the N.W.M. Police Department Geological Survey. . Total 1,308,847 1,334,201 25,354 Public Works and Buildings. Public Buildinors 1,109,947 513,402 43,3JtO 7,236 93,320 26,785 30,571 38,642 1,038,624 562,423 43,965 109,528 21,013 56,346 38,358 30,157 37,132 71,323 Harbours and Rivers 49,021 575 320 13,777 Dredge Vessels & Dredg. Plant Dredging Slides and Booms — Roads and Bridges ■36,974 Telegraphs 11,573 Experimental Farms, Buildings, Fencinsf, &c 414 Miscellaneous l.olo Total 1,972,501 1,937,546 34,i!ri5 Railways and Canals. Railways 50,910 163,280 16,315 182,769 34,505 Canals 19,489 Total 214,190 199,084 15,106 Other Expenditure. Penitentiaries . . 349,839 709,784 20,465 120,548 71,683 79,148 164,047 286,315 1,287,014 763,094 241,765 107,391 353,158 726,592 21,460 129,072 70,553 87,500 199,277 .321,118 1,279,514 740,979 241,110 ia%850 3,319 16,808 995 8,524 Administration of Justice . . . Police, Dominion Geological Survey and Observa- tories Arts, Agriculture and Statistics TCxiiprimental Farms 1,130 8,352 35,230 34,803 Ocean and River Steam Service . Mail Subsidies and Steamship Subventions Militia and Defence 7,.*)(K) Mounted Police, North-West Territories. StinArannuation 12,115 655 Pensions • ■•■• ••■■• 3,541 - FINANCE. IIKADS OF EXPENDITURK-CONSOLIDATED FUND-Conc/uaV..'. 113 IIkAPH ok ExPRNOITUnK. Amounts Expended. 1889-90. 1890-91 OTHEK EXPKNDITUHK— Con. Miiiini' Hospital LinliHionse and Coant Service. .. Steiiiiil)oat Insiwction Kislii'rit's Iiisnriince In8|)ection^ (uivt'iiuiient of the North- West Ti riitories Iniliiiiis (Legislative Grant) Ciildiiiiil atid Indian Exhibition ClMIIX ^Iisu^•!lttneou8 . Total. I>i.MHii{ATioN .■vNi) Quarantine. Innni^'ration (Quarantine Total. Charoks on Revknuk. Customs Exci^^f Weiffhts and Measures . Oas liisi>ection Liciuor License Act Iii.sppction of Staples. . . Adulteration of 1 ood . . Post Office Public Works Railways Canal."* Dominion Lands. ... CuUiu? Timber Minor Revenues Total 9 41,729 466,116 20,95)0 328,894 7.647 180,()93 1,107,824 2,067 174,066 6,.52l,619 35,168 492,597 22,184 374,202 7,665 249,238 987,435 252,134 181,795 110,092 72,246 182.337 Total Exjienditure on account of Consolidated Fund 873,400 362,J>96 69,146 19,237 2(« 2,041 23,259 3,074,470 186,346 3,846,044 516,156 173,.574 .30,781 5,222 6,876,601 Increase. 26,481 l.llM 45,308 18 68,.545 252,134 7,721» 354,982 181,045 77,244 258,289 900,492 378,237 92,039 1,231 1,930 24,725 3,161,676 19(),.580 3,949,264 55(),252 158,483 28,600 3,811 9,182,941 35,994,031 9,453,320 36,343,568 70,953 4,999 75,952 27,092 15,241 3,656 963 1,466 87,206 10,234 103,220 40,0{»6 270,379 349,537 Decrease. ii,m\ 120,389 2,567 111 15,091 2,181 1,411 Note. — The items of exceptional exi^enditure are printed in italics. Though the oensus expenditure is periodical, for the purpose of comparison it is treated as exceptional. 8 , ■**■ t^'X'*^ • • l\'- '!"■ 'I. !|i » ... , I ' ;, •,■1 H •• ; ■< . I ■ ■ • , .■ t; I V :*.■;..* • ".*' ' F ;■ >■'•■ ■a . ^'\'. 1 ll . 'ii 1; >4' ill 114 Increase and tie- crt^ase in expendi- ture. Exceptio- nal exi^en- diture. 'r iSi . *, 1 ii-r « ■' Subsidies i* •■' ■ to pro- vinces. :,i'*.. . 4« Subsidies to rail- ways. CIIAPTKB III. 162. The total increase in expenditure amounted to .^349,537, which can be accounted for by an increase of $143,731 in election expenses on account of the general election, and of $252,134 on account of thect'n. sus taken in 1891. The apparent decrease of $195,093 in the House of Commons expenditure is only nominal, as the House was in session at the close of the fiscal year, and only a portion of the usual sessioiuil expenses had been paid. The principal items of exceptional expeiuli. ture may lie set down as follows : — Election expenses $143,731 Census 252,134 Dairying interests 15,000 Jamaica exhibition ... 13,629 New steamer, B.C 54,873 «479,^346 Manitoba 435,596 British Columbia 212,151 Prince Edward Island 183,515 »3,903,757 164. There was a decrease of $412,496 in the amount cf subsidies, authorized by Parliament, paid to railways, as compared with 1890, the amounts paid being as follow : — Albert Southern Railway Comiiany $ 10,684 Atlantic and North- Western Railway 180,600 Buctouche and Moncton Railway . . . . 1,600 Brantford, Waterloo and Lake Erie Railway 16,190 Brock ville, Westport and Sault Ste. Marie kail way Co.. 47,400 Canada Atlantic Railway 30,188 Central Railwaj^, New Brunswick 75,639 Cumberland Railway and Coal Company 10,450 Comwallis Valley Railway 42,670 Drum Great ttreat Joggii Lowei Montr Montr Napan North) Montr Montn Nova {■ Ottawa Ottawa Hontia* Tort A Quebec St. Catl St. Clai Temiscc 105. The t the constructi liabilities still this amount •^^04 1,502 hn contracts. Tli not yet placed •?.'?,365,900, hi become f>ayabl ahove subsidie ili-iints of land yorth-West T the land grant j ^'lant was 6,4( sul)sidized was authorized to t 86(5,374 are sti (luring the ses I seven different 1G6. Previoi subsidized the •*1,089,674, an I Toronto, Grey las,suined by the The followinj Atlantic a North She Esquimalt I PiyANCB. Drutiimond County Kailway I|13(i,000 Great EaHtorn Railway . . . 1«5,300 Great Northern Railway !>,600 Joggins Railway 1,«J00 Lower Lnurentian Comjiany 32,003 Montreal and Horel Junction Railway 17|11(( Montreal and Lake MaHkinongu Railway 1,600 Napanee, Tainwortli ami Quelmc Railway 7,600 Northern Pacific Junction Railway 600 Montreal and Ottawa Railway Company 40,960 Montreal and Western Railway Comi)any 76,143 Nova Scotia Central Railway 3,300 Ottawa and Gatineau Valley Railway Company . 87,582 Ottawa and Uuebec Railway Couiiiany 6,000 Pontiac and Renfrew Railway 3,800 Port Arthur, Duluth and Western Railway Coinimny. . . 87,000 Quebec and Lake St. John Railway 70,350 St. CatharineH and Niagara Central Railway Company.. 11,700 St. Clair Frontier Tunnel Company 143,400 Teiiiiscouata Railway , ... 82,770 Total yi,2(»>,706 IG'). The total amount of subsidies voted by Parliament towards the construction of railways, on which payments have been made or Hahilities still exist, was, on the 1st October, 1891, #14,419,707 ; of tliis amount the sum of $11,053,807 had been contracted for and ,*!S,041,r)02 had been already paid, leaving $3,012,305 still due on contracts. There were, on the same date, 39 railways subsidized but not yet placed under contract, the Government liability amounting to 63,365,900, but It is not probable that the full amount will ever become j>ayable. The estimated number of miles to be covered by the above subsidies was 3,365. In addition to the above money subsidies, jirauts of land have been made to 18 companies in Manitoba and the yorth-West Territories, amounting to 27,937,333 acres, exclusive of the land granted to the Canadian Pacific Railway. The average grant was 6,400 acres per mile, and the estimated number of miles subsidized was 3,494. Loans amounting to $815,000 have been also luitliorized to three companies, of which $748,626 have been paid and 806,374 are still undrawn. Under the provisions of an Act passed (luring the session of 1888, 11,316 tons of used railb were loaned to seven different companies under certain conditions. 106. Previous to Confederation the Government of Nova Scotia had I subsidized the Windsor and Annapolis Railway to the extent of .'?1,089,674, and the Canadian Government had paid $2,656 to the I Toronto, Grey and Bruce Railway, which amounts were afterwards iissuined by the Dominion Government. The following sums have also been paid : — • Atlantic and North- Western Railway Comimny $373,200 North Shore Railway 530,000 Esquimau and Nanaimo 750,000 ToUl $1,653,200 116 Total sub- Hidies to railways voted by Parlia- ment. Total sub- sidies paid liefore and since Con- federation r- I •j •• %*. ■ ... ,.• il. fw-Ji .' ^ 'i' »';;■ •■ '.* ■ ■ _ ' • . :.• 1 ■;•.''. ^ > • -1 ,A'.\r . . J' ■m • 116 CHAPTER III. ;{ . The total amount, therefore, paid c»* assumed by the Dominion (i..\. ernment up to the Ist October, 1H91, towardn the construction of i.iil- ways, has been; — Amount paid before Confederation by Provincial Oovern- inents and HubHeqiiently aHHUinud by the Duniiniun. . . 9l,Ot>2,330 SubtidieH paid by the Dominion Government 1»,(V.>4,702 Total <10, 787,032 Loan to 167. In addition to the above amount, the sum of $ir),142,633 was Grand loaned to the Grand Trunk Railway by the Government of the Pro- Railway, vi'ice of Canada, the debt being taken over by the Dominion Govern- ment at Confederation. account. Payments 168. The total amount paid on capital account, including Noit li- on caintal West rebellion losses, was $3,115,860, being $937,298 less than i;i 1890, and $1,304,454 less than 1889. The amounts in the last thive years were made up as follow : — PAYMENTS ON CAPITAL ACCOUNT, 188{>, 1890 AND 1891. Canadian Pacific Railway , Ca|)e Breton *' Intercolonial " Eastern Extension Digby and AnnaiHilis Railway Montreal and Euroi)ean Short Line Oxford and New Glasgow Railway Carillon Canal Cornwall " Culbute " Grenyille " Lachine " Murray " Ste. Anne's Canal St. Peter's " Sault Sto. Marie Canal Tay " Trent River " ......'. Welland " ... Williamsburgh " St. Lawrence River and Canals Cape Tormentine Harbour Esquimau Graving Dock Kingston '* Public Buildings, Ottawa ....... Port Arthur Harbour and Kaministiquia River. Improvement of the St. Lawrence Dominion lands North- West rebellion losses 1889. H(),7U» 1,083,277 055,228 34,23«) !»,847 840, .5.53 137 l(53,m»4 17,112 1(51 70,033 215,320 24,78() Totals 34,019 89,480 47,592 22.5,910 59,807 18,494 24,042 7,949 33,704 132,151 134,108 243,334 130,085 31,449 4,420,314 1890. 40,981 1,170,.524 305,240 381,943 ' 434,675 sij^oss 2,818 18 7,448 100,7(>0 0,151 17fi,5(!9 22,220 .58,044 117,«533 139,078 23.980 44,471 7,150 92,.579 iK»,005 132,!>42 121,014 133,832 4,773 4,053,158 1891. 37,;«17 521,44:' 7it,!i:'!l 1!»0,H(;!I 124, rxw 220,>SS() m\),m 2,183 L'lS 01,2(11 !I7.3 325,.S,'?() 17,11') 9,S2i; 30, .371 230,()71 35,137 48,3i«l 2,(i4i) 21!»,()47 01,573 02,lil2 121,341' 94,847 2,!I01 I ••.!». The 1 CoiiiiiiiHsionei 1 70. The t ways, togethe I 'it', Ix'ing a ( with the proi mitli(»rized at coitipuj'ed wit (It'fi-ease of $2 171. The re WHS >t()20,689 (litiirc wa.s pu ex|)t'ii(led. 172. Thepr( which was sufH the Finance Dt 173. The sev heads of ordina eration are give HEADS Hk.vi)m OK Revenue. Taxation Railways. ... Canals... OtluT Pubii'd »V orks . . . Post Office. Interest on Invest- nients liand Revenue (D I &0.) ' Other .sources Total 3,115,8(10 /, KINANCK. 117 |(i'.». The sum of 1^50,000 was advanced to the Quebec Harbour biv»'»t- CominissionerH, \v6\\\g xXw only iiivtvstinent made during the yoar. uumtH. 170. The total expenditure on capital account and subsidies to rail- Tutnl ««x- wiiys, together with the sums invcHted as above, aiiumnted to f$4,4.'lL\- I>e'>(1, being a decrease of expenditure under these lieads, as compared ',i[x.ouut'* with the procednig year, of .f l,r)47,r>89. The subsidies to railways ami for " railway HubHidies. iiiithorized at the last scs ion of Parliament amounted to ."$765,474, as '"'''.'way loiMpurcd with !^.'},61.'J,210 voted at the previous sessicm, being a (Iwivase of $2,847,736. 171. The revenue for 1891 was estimated at $39,200,000, which KstimattHl was !r!()20,689 more than the amount actually realized, and the expen- revenue (lituic was put at $36,213,757, which was $129,811 less than was |',V^\\^^»j^JJ' / ex|K'iided. . , 1891. 172. The profit from the silver coined during the year was .*J34,822, Profit on ^ whic li was sutHcient to pay more than half the salaries of the staff of "i'ver. the Finance Department. 173. The several amounts received and expended under the principal Heads of heads of ordinary revenue and expenditure in each year since Confed- revenue eiati(»n are given in the following table : — diture***" 1868-1891. HEADS OF REVENUE-CONSOLIDATED FUND-1868-1891. Hkaps Amounts Received. OK Revenue. 1868. 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. Taxation RailwayM Canals OtluT Public Works 11,700,(>81 413,97i) 403,918 83,r)(i9 525,6J>2 126,420 42,333 391,33— Continued. HEAD Heads OK Revenue. Amounts Received. H Hkad.s ot 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1 Taxation Railways ... . . . Canals Other Public Works $ 20,129,185 893,430 499,314 117,170 1,139,973 610,863 244,365 570,792 $ 20,664,878 904,407 432,476 95,477 1,155^332 840,887 72,659 482,599 $ 18,614,415 9%, 138 380,994 102,099 1,102,540 798,906 59,897 532,598 $ 17,697,924 1,285,110 396,980 124,986 1,114,946 717,684 91,490 630,154 1 17,841,938 1,514,846 363,358 156,279 1,207,790 605,774 63,644 621,382 22,375,011 18,476,(;i3 l,419,!ir.5 348,280 94,!I14 1,172,418 592,500 64,(;78 348,024 22,51;,;H.S2 H Charges for I H Legislation H Ci\il Goverr ■ Pul.lic Worl H Kailways Hj Penitentiarit K Adiiiinistrat H Militia and J ■ Jlounted Po H Lighthouse a H Iniuiigration H Charges on I 1 Other expenc Post Office Interest on Invest- ments Land Revenue (D. & 0.) Other sources .... Total 24,205,092 24,648,715 22,587,587 22,059,274 I Tota Taxation Railways Canals 1880. 18,479,576 1,742,537 338,314 8(>,55fl 1,252,498 834,792 150,571 422,568 23,307,406 1881. 23,942,138 2,2O3,0(i4 361,083 118,777 1,352,110 751,514 181,871 724,740 1882, 27,549,046 2,2.53,734 323,459 131,941 1,587,888 914,009 42,989 578,389 1883. 29,269,698 2,541,206 365,637 194,396 1,800,391 1,001,193 19,403 602,825 1884. 2.5,483,199 2,.52l,170 369,945 164,(i77 1,755,674 98(J,698 14,139 566,459 188.5. 25,384,.-,2!) 2,(524,243 325,!(i5« 115,302 1,841,372 l,997,(m 24,541 484,021 H Charges for Dt H Legislation... B Civil (Jovernr ■ Puhlic Works H Kailways ■ Canals ■ Penitentiaries H Adniinistratio ■ Militia and D ■ Jlounted Poli I Lighthouse an I Immigration i 1 Charges on R( ■ Other exjjendi 1 Total 1 Charges for De 1 L('g;i.sIation.. I Civil (lovernn 1 Public Works I Railways.. . 1 Canals .\ . . . 1 Penitentiaries 1 Adniinistratio 1 Militia and D« 1 Mounted Poli( 1 Lighthouse an 1 Immigration a 1 Charges on Rf 1 Other exi>endi Other Public Works Post Office Interest on Invest- ments Land Revenue (D. & 0.) Other sources Total. . . 29,635,297 33,383,455 35,794,649 31,8(>1,!>61 .32,7!»7,O01 Taxation Railways Canals 1886. 25,226, 4590,887 213,45!» 572,233 1888. 28,177,413 3,167,564 310,386 78,167 2,379,242 932,025 253,323 610,343 35,908,463 1889. 30,613,523 3,167,543 332,393 142,641 2,220,504 1,305,392 279,893 720,J«)1 i 1890. 31,587,072 3,204,271 355,693 240,1.50 2,;i57,389 1,082,271 2.50,063' 803,016 39,879,925: 1 1891. 30,.314,1.-)1 3,181,8S!t 350,175 153,r)75 2,515,823 1,077,228 318,822 667,enditure Total 1868. 7,969,090 .')95,810 .'594,442 126,270 a59,lM}l 226,084 209,369 291,243 1,013,016 174,983 60,396 1,299,7.59 564,769 13,486,092 1873. 8,717,077 (»14,487 750,874 1,311,644 1,194,103 476,91)2 270, Wil 398,966 1,248,664 480^376 287.369 2,010,380 1,413,084 19,174,(147 1878. ll,6.59,i>23 618,(^5 823,370 998,.595 2,032,873 349,787 308,102 564,920 618,137 334,749: 461,lK>8i 180,691! 2,918,464; 1,633,944 1869. 8,403,527 409,614 .'5.59,643 (55,429 387,548 258,001 2(J9,817 315,215 937,513 190,671 43,148 1,.529,.522 (568,43(5 14,038,084 1874. 10,255,798 784,048 883,68(5 1,779,009 1,847,175 4(57,883 395, .552 4.59,037 977,376 199,599 537,0.58 318, .573 2,4()8,.S7() 1,943,146 23,316,316 1879. 11,9.52,641 748,007 8(51,171 1,013,-593 2,233, 4!M» 344,.574 308,483 .577,897 777,(599 344,824: 447,5(57 i 212,224 2,983,092^ 1,650,113 1870. 8,102,191 379,7.52 620,349 126,239 445,209 301,304 211,982 304,300 1,245,973 1871. 8,638,.565 a56,206 (542,301 597,632 523,.547 405,432 219,212 314,411 908,733 1872. 229,682; 334,693 71,935 71,7ftO 1,60.5,2121 1,613,3(51 701,380 997,198 14,345,509 15.623,081 1875. 11,124,726! .572,273, »M)9,2(i6' 1,757,076 1,581,934 404,9251 337,5931 497,4051 1,013,944! 333,584 490,2.57' 302,771; 2,732,7951 1,(554,522 9,004,3(52 393,964 (5(53,189 8.53,354 .595,076 339,176 205,111 346,848 1,654,2.55 345,683 128,967 1,789,544 1,269,939 17,589,468 23,713,071 1876. 11,122,359' 627,231 i 841,9961 1,948, 942i 1,'M>7,128' 403,215 312,015 544,0911 978,5.S0! 3(J9,.518i 545,849^ 385,845! 2,895,896 2,015,757 24,488,372 1880. 12,659,(5(57 .5!»8,105 898,(505 l,050,l«.>3j 1,85.3,2231 378,2081 270,3821 574,311, ()1W,019 332,855 426,304 183,204 2,997,417 1,938,141 23,503,158, 24,4.55,381 24,850,(!34 1881. 12.525,838 (511,376 91.5,959 1,108,815 2,220,421 413,776 307,.3(M5 583,!>57 (5(57,000 289,845 443,724 250,813 3,078,!K)7 2,084,757 2.5,502,.554 1877. 11,489,.327 .596,006 812,193 1,262,823 1,890,2(59 35.5,011 30.3,1(59 .565,.598 .5.50,452 3.52,749 471,278 3.53,9.51 2,949,617 l,566,a58 23,519,301 1882. 12,757,.572 .582,200 946,032 1,342,0«J0 2,315,796 .525,1(56 293,(517 581,(596 772,812 .368,4.56 461,881 253,061 3,256,548 2,610,266 .'■^^^•••::*' - * ■,;V-» *■* '' -<;.■» 27,0(57,103 120 ;< • If u \ * !: •' ■ •» 1 :j.j n - ' ■• |lv = f ^' "1» ■ ll'.' * /* . 1 • !"l *■■■ <»'• CHAPTER III. HEADS OF EXPENDITURE-CONSOLIDATED FUND— 1868-1891 — Concluded, Heads of Expenditure. 1883. Charges for Debt andSubsidies Legislation Civil Government Public Works and Buildings. Railways Canals Penitentiaries Administration of Justice.. . . Militia and Defence Mounted Police (N.W.T,).. . . Lighthouse and Coast Service Immigration and Quarantine. Charges on Revenue Other expenditure Total. 9 12,853,532 740,768 986,721 1,765,256 2,636,552 581,749 28(},425 615,589 734,354 477,825 491,54(5 437,734 3,498,998' 2,623,108 1884. 12,937,663 662,767 1,084,418 2,908,a52 2,664,452 661,741 296,996 615,045 989,498 485,9841 520,524 575,.S27| 3,753,625 2,950,814 28,730,157 31,107,706 1888. Charges for Debt and Subsidies ' 16,294, Legislation . Civil Government. ... Public Work^ and Buildings . . Railways.. ... Canals Penitentiaries Administration of Justice . . . . . Militia and Defence Mounted Police (N.W.T.). . . . . Lighthouse and Coast Service . Immigration and Quarantine. . Charges on Revenue Other exjienditure Total 807, 1,258, 1,162, 3,643, 320, 678, 1,273, 862, 489, 312, 4,62f>, 3,292, 4JH) 424 618 116 988! 737 777 815 179 9<)5; 258; 491 i 431 199 3(),718,494 1885. 1886. 1887. 15,248,356 (;49,538 1,139,495 2,302,363 2,749,835 604,413 287,552 627,252 2,707,758 5(54,250 532,446 506,408 3,925,655 3,191,739 35,037,060 1889. 16,210,594 701,170 1,281,714 2,299,231 3,529,617 754,344 319,436 685,807 1,323,552 829,702 511,779 292,5.52 4,770,038 3,400,299 16,272,726 1,037,779 l,l{>0,371i 2,046,5521 2,853,183 573,443 310,782; 707,832! 1,178,(559 1,02<>,3(59' 5.53, .515^ 347,57(5 4,4(59,080' 6, 440,245 15,732,il(« 977,302 1,211,H51 2,133,31(5 3,184,783 (510,740 311,L>(i- 6.57,115 1,193,(1!»3 781,(1(;4 512,812 4(52,8(14 4,702,133 3,18.5,175 39,011,612 35,657,t)80 1890. 15,679,409 932,187 1,308,847 1,972,501 3,89(5,9.54 679,436 349,839 709,784 1,287,014 753,0{)4 4(56,116 182,337 4,820,741 2,955,872 36,917,835 35,1>94,031 1891. 15,688,040 5i«5,487 1,334,201 1,937,54(5 3,965,579 739.021 3.53,1.5s 726,5!I2 1,279,514 740,9711 492,.5!t7 258,28!) 4,947,804 3,283,701 36,34.3,508 Revenue 174. The following table gives the proportion per head of estimated diture^er population to the ordinary revenue and expenditure (Consolidated head. ' Fund) for every year since Confederation : — PKOPORTK ;!;■•■■ ■I . FINANCE. PROPORTION OF ORDINARY REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE PER HEAD OF POPULATION— 18(58 1891. Year ended 30th June. 3,371,c 3,412,€ 3,454,i 3,518,'! 3,610,1: 3,068,2 3,825,S 3,886,f 3,949,1 4,013,5 4,078,S 4,146,] 1880 '■ 4,215,f 18tW. 18tiil.. 1870. 1871 1872 1873 1874., 187.">. 187(i. 1877 1878., 187it., Estimated Population. 1881.. 18S2.. 1883... 1884.. 1885 . 188(1,. 1887. . 188S.... 188!!..., 18W.. . 1891... 4,336,'! 4,383,J 4,432,^ 4,483,( 4,536,( 4,.586,£ 4,635,-) 4,685,1 4,7»i,J 4,739,( 4,843,J Expenditure per Head. $ cts. 00 11 4 15 4 44 4 87 5 23 6 10 6 10 20 86 76 JK) 90 88 18 48 6 94 7 72 8 50 7 69 7 84 7 79 7 52 7 50 121 Manitoba, not included in estimated population until 1871. British Columbia " " 1872. Prince Edward Island " " 1874. The Territories " " 1881. 17o. The amount of revenue per head was exceeded only in the two Increase preceding years and in 1883, and was within 13 cents of being just *"^t iV ■.;.■■. 'i ^ 1 ,rS.i,,.- .j. I.. S'l.'i • 71 :' :? -1 ■ < ■•'...', .-'4,1,'. * .•■■| 190 CHAPTER III. REVENUES AND EXPENDITURES OF THE PROVINCES OF CANADA, 1890. ti:,,. Provincial revenues and exjjen- ditures, 1868-1890. Province. Revenue. Per Head. Expenditure. Per Head. * Ontario t Quebec * f ova Scotia .3,423,155 3,536,496 664,938 646,079 '?85,709 835,463 224,882 $ cts. 1 63 2 39 1 47 2 01 4 00 9 44 2 06 $ 3,896,324 3,881.673 710,497 651,735 708,302 954,021 305, 79{) S cts, 1 S5 2 •;.'< 1 .\s * New Brunswick ... "* Manitoba + British Columbia * Prince Edward Island 2 (»3 4 83 10 78 2 SO Total 9,916,722 2 11 11,108,352 2 30 3l8t December, 1890. 1 30th June, 1890. The expenditure exceeded the revenue in all the seven provinces, the excess being largest in British Columbia, where there was a large expenditure on public works. The revenue was highest in proportion to population in British Columbia, and lowest in Nova Scotia ; the expenditure was also lowest in Nova Scotia, and highest in British Columbia. The aggregate expenditure was just 25 cents per head of the aggregate population more than the revenue. 177. The following table gives the ordinary revenues and expendi- tures of the Provinces of Ontario, Quebec, Manitoba, British Columbia, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island, for the years named thei-ein. The figures were taken from the Provincial Public Accounts or were specially supplied by the Provincial Treasurers. The Treasurer of the Province of New Brunswick was applied to, but at present without success. •j: 'Ay. k5 .,v r" Hea.l. $ fts. 1 S5 2 t')3 1 -)S 2 03 4 83 10 7H 2 SO 2 30 'ovmces, s a large ■oportion )tia ; the I British r head of expeiuh- lolumbiii, therein. ;s or were rer of the without •X. OS Ha Si. SK I ..0 1^? Ik-' .. FINANCE. s p o o X o S O £,9 e& s. e& ^ o "J « -J « c I- 1- o I- »r I— o ^ w w o; i~ © ! x' 1-h' c5 o' »j tT '^ isT ^s' eT ^s' ^ cT •t p' i-T ; ♦ -K ♦ . t3 a oxsMi- ece<5w^5exx'*t'-c5i-ixC'e'53?'Nic^'*' ;s«-i3xt-.X'*m^i-iiS5t'.^Oi-i©Xi-it-e<55^mcj '*i?5x'*>*rtf5-fi-©'»>-iOi>^x®xc>5*'"f'5o5 iH I-' rH i-i' ffi C'f ec rf ec ec' c4" N N (M «. i:-Xft©i-iWM'*iO»i--x; >.-ig9< I X t- t^ t-. t- l- I- I'. »» l- !>• X X X t 3exxxxxxxxxx3o3ox: ) X X X X 128 • ■J t ' , t i)» • >j l! In- V •v ■%'^lg- ' ,1: 'N * f--.' ••.•lit; A'lr-. ...*•. ?<*;■ ILi • ... 1870.. . 1871... 1872.. . 1873.. . 1874... 1875.. . 1876.. . 1877.. . 1878... 1879... 1880.. . 1881... 1882.. . 1883... 1884... 1885... 1886... 1887... 1888... 1889... 1890.. . Total Nova Scotia. Revenue. Expenditure $ $ 466,181 532,808 .545,899 518,296 »i01,373 537,080 .525,824 600,344 687,695 639,584 m),mi 608,919 686,926 676,111 589,()37 653,874 .589,637 653,874 5(i2,800 688,942 645,294 ♦»8,003 384,205 503,051 541,318 506,253 476,445 494,582 537,('»67 569,119 563,864 541,09{» 586,561 572,678 61.%026 620,700 633,145 656,348 656,639 t'.64,103 712,951 668,400 («i8,774 713,941 664,!>38 710,497 13,540,995 14,018,606 Prince Edward Island, 8 270,559 288,722 302,855 385,014 39.5,473 ♦484,979 403,013 30(),597 524,144 326,274 312,68'J 288,062 269,603 275,380 233,465 228,169 280,271 248,222 233,978 241,637 254,209 234,635 224,882 299,K()7 312,(i.-i3 343,K!I2 40(),2;«; 50(»,t)(;t) *40I,()(;2 442,7(17 395,277 3.53,22(1 331,(132 334,1.3.S 313,^45 257,30)1 261,27(1 257,228 270,477 279,54.') 26«,31K 304,4(17 288,(ir)2 279,!l.3(t 26.3,(105 30.5,79!! 7,012,827 I 7,475,S71 ♦Eleven months only. The figures for Nova Scotia are not those of the ordinary revenue and expenditure, several items, not coming under that head, having been entered as such for convenience, and the actual revenue of the province available for ordinary purposes is less than is shown in the table. In 1888 a considerable sum, in addition to the subsidy, was received from the Dominion Government on account of a claim of the province for piers, breakwaters, &c. In Prince Edward Island, the financial year, previous to 1873, began on the 1st February and ended on the 31st of the following January, but in that year was changed to correspond with the calendar year. 178. The next table gives the revenues and expenditures in the! United Kingdom and British possessions, principally in the year] 1890, with the proportion of each per head of population. FINANCE, Country. Eiir()i_)e — Tinted Kingdom. (iil)raltar Malta Asia- - India . . Ceylon Straits Settlement. . Laljuan Hi'iig Kong. Africa- Mauritius Natal Cape of Good Hojie. St. Helena Lagos (iold Coast Sitrra Leone Gambia Anifrica — Canada Newfoimdland . . Bermuda Himduras. British Guiana West Indies — Bahamas Turk's Island .laniaica Windward Islands. Leeward Islands . . . Trinidad Australasia — New South Wales. . Victoria. ...... . South Australia. . . . Western Australia . Queensland Tasmania New Zealand Soutli Seas — Fiji Falkland Island . . . Year. 1891 1890 1890 1890 18fK) 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 18{>0 18iK) 1890 1891 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 181K) 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 18% 1890 1890 1890 1890 Total. Rbvknck. Amount. 435,513,678 303,977 1,271,436 .310,560,989 5,921,673 3,462,5SK) 16,474 2,022,932 3,783,721 6,92.3,748 21,559,577 42,481 274,193 761,385 358,712 148,788 38,579,311 1,474,736 157,()61 249,193 2,544,132 266,820 43,318 3,vS39,255 1,;: '54,060 580,871 2,280,320 46,226,617 41,459,t)07 12,447,823 2,0l(i,328 15,866,832 3,689,420 20,479,074 325,175 46,194 987,063,391 Per Head. $ cts. 11 49 11 80 7 67 41 !W 83 81 9 13 10 49 12 73 14 12 10 32 2 74 40 1 99 2*98 7 80 7 47 9 92 7 92 8 93 5 56 9 0(5 6 00 4 61 4 48 10 96 40 75 3(5 35 39 51 10 50 40 30 25 15 32 67 2 68 25 82 3 55 Expenditure. Amount. Per Htad. 426,966,561 287,342 1,298,913 301,027,067 5,657,319 3,048,120 lo,790 1,941,951 3,748,063 6,465,210 18,804,868 43,955 310,012 573,775 306.873 110,(563 .^ cts. 11 27 11 16 7 84 1 37 1 88 (5 02 3 21 8 77 10 39 11 89 12 31 10 68 3 10 30 1 70 2 21 36,343,568 7 .50 1,686,524 8 55 147,314 9 27 220,212 7 00 2,472,793 8 68 23(5,948 4 93 40,213 8 42 3,243,220 5 07 1,535,!)98 4 53 611,010 4 71 2,312,854 11 12 46,494,001 40 99 46,942,586 41 16 12,552,388 39 84 1,955,119 39 27 18,226,723 46 29 3,517,364 23 98 19,863,621 31 69 296,020 2 44 45,693 25 54 969,35.3,651 3 49 125 179, The revenue exceeded the expenditure in 25 out of the 36 Revenues countries and colonies named in the list, the total revenue having been }" Austra- [817,709,740 more than the expenditure. In proportion to population, colonies. (ill V . I I Ml; 'P:"'>^ I «'fii m •lit-: 0^ f' '•'t'ifi^ j] b 1. , ■!>' '•' ■■•''. 'fit. ,/. fci. I. ! it €::. "i V ' i i^■^'ti•l'» ,-'.1, . ,,-f ''•■ii'.'* f • '4 ;■*■»■"• i •" » #' .* « 126 CHAi>TER III. U:'^-- Revenues and expen- ditures in principal foreign countries. both the revenues and expenditures of the Australasian colonies are very high, the chief explanation of which is that "a considenihle " revenue is derived from the usufruct of the unsold lands, which is "not generally the case elsewhere; the revenues also are swelled \,\ " the large sums which are received annually from the alienation (if " Crown lands, and from the working of the State railways."* " Tlie " practice of treating money derived trom the sale of Crown lands as '' revenue obtains in all the Australian colonies, and the money so " raised fonns one of the largest items of their annual income."]; Canada will no doubt in a few years be deriving a large revenue fxnn the sale of Dominion lands, if the practice of treating such moiu'ys a{5 revenue should be in force, but all the principal railways are in the hands of private companies. Both in India and Cape Coh)iiy, as well as in Australasia, the railways are principally owned l)y the Government, producing a corresponding difference in the amount of revenue. 180. The ordinary revenues and expenditures in some of the princi- pal foreign countries, as nearlv as they could be ascertained, are given in the following table : — REVENUES AND EXPENDITURES IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES. COUNTKIKS. Year. Europe-y Austria Hungary. Belgium . . Denmark France German Empire. . Greece Italy . 1890 1888. 1889. 1890. 1889 1889. 1890. Netherlands ... 1889. Norway . . . Portugal .. . Roumania . Russia Spain Sweden . . . , Switzerland. Turkey Asia — Japan 1889. 1889. 1889. 1889. 1890. 1890., 1889. 1889. 1889.. Amount Revenue. per Head. i 1 $ ots. 416,071,000 10 08 64,807,843 10 54 14,290,362 6 54 588,543,431 15 34 199,717,537 4 04 18,775,492 8 58 350,672,099 11 63 52,(575,780 11 54 12,532,474 6 26 40,893,349 8 69 31,497,498 5 73 451,157,242 4 71 155,740,277 8 87 23,572,240 4 93 11,950,781 4 07 90,0.'M,333 3 25 80,152,218 2 00 Amount jx-r Heild. 9 407,127,000 61 273,475 15,479,099 630,085,946 196,951,834 18,767,876 »51,672,533 50,831,598 11,789,227 42,356,609 31,375,098 417,502,144 155,722,319 18,140,587 11,973,168 104,146,666 $ cU. !t Sd il !I7 7 08 16 43 3 9!» H 58 11 m 11 13 8i) 00 71 35 87 77 OSi 70 I * Victorian Year Book, 1884-5, p. 131. Wales, p. 383. 65,772,197 I 1 W J Wealth and Progress of New Southl HHVENUEJ CoUNT] Afiic-a — KK'.V|)t Timis. ..... .•Viiicrica — A rgentine Con Bnizil Me.xico . . . l'''rii . . ..'.'.'. United States. . France has t the world, bein (litiire by the I Hepublic woulc (liture per he«id the 24 countrie 181. As Stat I ordinary reveniJ viz. : 1. Taxati] I the amount rais Revenue n 182. As comj 11891, in receip jother sources of Ideriyed from ta Ipercent in 188S jCustoms and E jincrease in the larger its trade, land as the largei [the years of the opulation will ^er, that in 1 1,044,453 less ,es are [em I lie lich is led l.y biou iif " Tlie nuls as >ney so !Oiue. :J le from moiu'ys are ii\ Colony, 'ned by amount e pniici- (led, are !!ES. Anumnt Head. $ cts. !• .% 5 '•• !»T (9 7 08 i6 1<) 43 J4 3 99 ■6 8,58 $3 11 99 )8 11 13 J7 5 89 )ft ".too W o71 44 4 35 19 i « 87 87 3 71 «8 1 40S 66 i 3 7ti 97 FINANCE. 1{K VENUES AND EXPENDITURES IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES -Con. 127 Countries. Afriea — K^'ypt . Tunis. . . Anifrica — A igentine Confederation Brazil Me.xico . . Peru . . I'jiited States IW! New South Year. Revenue. 1891. 1890. 1890. 1890. 1891. 1890. 1891. 47,791,000 ' 4,123,035 j 73,407,«i70 76,288,650 39,970,000 6,271,606 458,544,233 Amount per Head. 9 cts. 7 01 2 75 17 fm 5 45 3 51 2 11 7 32 Expenditure. Amount per Head. 45,357,333 3,953,578 92,8.5.1,846 83,846,802 38,452,803 5,911,992 421,304,470 $ cts. 6 65 2 64 22 72 5 99 3 37 2 00 6 73 France hus the largest revenue and expenditure of any country in the world, being followed as to revenue by Russia and as to expen- diture by the United Kingdom. Apart from France, the Argentine Republic would appear to have the largest revenue and largest expen- diture per hejul. Revenue was in excess of expenditure in 15 out of the 24 countries in the table. 181. As stated in paragraph 151, the sources from which the 1 ordinary revenue of Canada is derived may be divided into two classes, viz.: 1. Taxation; 2. Other sources; and the following figures give the amount raised in each class in 1890 and 1891 ; — Revenue raised by taxation " " from other sources. 18!M). .^31,587,072 8,2{)2,a53 1891. »30,314.151 8,265,160 Revenue derived from Taxation and "Other Sources. " Total $39,879,925 $38,579,311 182. As compared with the preceding year, there was a decrease, in Receipts 1 1891, in receipts from taxation of #1,272,921, and in receipts from from taxa- lother sources of $27,693 ; and of the total revenue, 78'57 per cent was p**"^ Ideriyed from taxation, as against 79-21 per cent in 1890 and 78-93 Iper cent in 1889. The receipts from taxes being derived solely from ICustoms and Excise duties, it follows, in the absence of any extreme lincrease in the tariff, that the more prosperous the country, and the larger its trade, the greater will be the amount derived from taxation, land as the largest part of the revenue is obtained in this manner, in • Ithe years of the largest revenues the amount of taxation per head of opulation will also be found to be the largest. It will be seen, how- jever, that in 1883, when the amount derived from taxation was 1,044,453 less than in the year under review, the amount paid per 4 ,( . .■ ' . • ( < * I ' '{.■■■■• *.i .1 .V f.- ; , * .1 ' •' • . • I ' IP i i' ,K.. I . y ■i 128 Amount raiaed by taxation, 18U8-18go. t ^ « 1 1 . L' ■• f^ ■4 ^li "*', 1:: i;: !,; 'i^' CHAPTEK III. head was 34 cents more, and it will also be noticed that the proportinii of revenue raised by taxation in these days of a protective tariif is uut so large as it was in the years when a revenue tarift" was in force. 183. The following table gives the amount raised by taxation in each year since 1st July, 1867, also the average amount of such taxa- tion paid per head of population, and the proportion of total revenue : - TAXATION IN CANADA-18t58 TO 181)1. Taxation. Ykar rnpei) 30th Junk. (irons Amount. Increa«e. 1868 11,701,(;81 1869 11,112,57.3 1870 13,087,882 1871 16,320,368 1872 . . 17,715,552 1873 17,616,554 1874 20,12!),185 1875 20,664,878 1876 18,614,415 1877 17,6!>7,it24 1878 17,841,!)38 1879 18,476,613 1880. 18,479,576 1881 2.3,942,138 1882 27,549,046 1883 29,269,698 1884.. 2i), 483,199 1885 25,.384,529 1886 2.5,22(»,4.5<5 1887 28,687,002 1888 28,177,413 1889 30,61.3,523 1890. . . .31,.587,072 1891 30,314,1.51 1,07.5,30}) 3,232,486 1,3!)5,184 Decrease. IV,. cmtiitff ; ,,f ! Amount Tdtul Head. I 8 Ct8. 588,108 2,512,631 535,693 98,998 144,014 634,675 2,jh;3 5,462,.562 \ 3,606,5)08 1,720,652 3,460,546 2,050,463 916,491 2,43(5,110 973,549 3,786,499 98,670 158,073 509,589 l,i272;921 47 26 79 64 id 80 26 32 71 41 37 46 38 5 52 6 28 6 m 5 68 5 60 5 50 6 19 (i 01 6 46 t> 60 6 26 77 -is 84 37 H4 41 8*) -,2 K4 (14 H;M() 8.3 84 82 41 8(»-23 7!f74 82 o:. 7!i 2lt H(i 7!i 82r)2 HI 77 7!)!W 77 SO 7ti03 80 23 78-47 78 its 71V21 78 57 1, Increase 184. The amount raised by taxation in 1891 was only exceeded in in amount the two preceding years, and was .$19,201,578 more than in 18()9, in ta.\^on ^^^<^h y®*"" ^^® smallest amount during the period was raised. Com- paring the first and last years of the above period of twenty-four years, • . it will be found that while the total receipts have increased 160 pei' cent, the amount paid per head of population has only increased 80 per cent ; while the proportion to total revenue has decreased 8*08 per cent. and Kxcise prnji.irtion TAX \TIO\ ^ KAR KNUKIi 30th .'l .VE. l.SIS., IStl!!.. 1S70.. 1S71.. 1S72.. \m.. 1K74.. I.S75.. 1H7(1.., X^Ti.. . 1S7S.. . 1S7!».. . \mK. . \m... \m... im... mi. . . im.. . . im>.... m:.... im.. . im.... im.. . im... 186. It wil i amount of tax portion for th^ I i'l^' a tendency Ml was 59' [nearly 90 per 187. The ex jcent, being a si Itlie average of _ * Tlie amount Ireiiresent the amol "lie Trade and Na 78 ".13 Tit 21 78 57 / ' • 4 FINANf'K. 129 ■.; '■'% 1 -■'». Tlie following table gives the amounts raised from the Custt»ms AnxmntH 1111(1 Mxcise duties during the last twenty-four years, together with the J^'^w' l»y junimtion ot each to population* ; — andKxcise T\\\TI0:\ BY CUSTOMS AND KXCISE DUTIES AND PROPORTION 1808-1891 TO POPULATION IN CANADA~18(58 1891. « k 11?' luc ; - \ K.\K KNIiKM 30th JlSE. ISdS ]H()!t Customs. Amount Head. Pkopoktion to Excise. % 3,002,588 2,710,028 3,619,622 4,295,944 4,735, (»1 4,4(K),t»l 5,594,}K)3 5,069.687 5.563,487 4,941,897 ■ 4,858,«i71 5,390, 7«i3 4,232,427 5,343,022 5,884, 85(» ♦5,2;j 2?,00i»,.582 20,023,85(0 18,935,428 19,373,551 22,378,801 22,ia5,:,'?»i 23,72(5,784 23.968,954 23,399,301 % Ct8. 2 54 2 4^ 2 70 3 36 3 54 3 53 3 74 3 95 3 25 3 14 3 IS 3 11 3 34 4 24 4 92 5 19 4 47 4 17 4 22 4 83 4 72 5 01 5 00 4 83 Per cent. 73 3 74 4 71-3 72 6 72 2 73'5 71 1 74 3 ««}0 70-9 71-6 69-8 76 1 76 8 78-3 78-6 7.^-5 74 5 76-8 780 78-4 74 2 75-8 77-2 % cts. 89 79 . _ 1H70 1 05 1S71 1 22 1S7" 1 31 8") 48 77 '28 1H73 1H74 1 22 1 46 H4 37 is7,j 1 30 84 41 is7t; 1 41 85 -.2 1X77 1 23 \ 84 1)4 1S78 1 19 \ 83 IC. J 83' S4 187i> i.sso 1 30 1 00 82 41 L 8(>23 r 71f74 5 82 o:> i 7!i-2il 2 80 T'.I 8 82- 52 Hl'77 8 7!V!IH 77 3it m 7ti03 9 80 23 W 7S'4: 1S81 1 23 1«82 Wa 1 34 1 41 1884 \m 1H8(! 1 22 1 42 1 28 1)(87 1 36 1888 188!t 1 .30 1 45 \m 1891 1 59 1 43 • I ^ . ■ ,/ * . %■■ '^^^M f • • i 186. It will be seen that considerafily the largest part of the whole Proiwr- I amount of taxation is derived from Customs duties, the average pro- r|y"(i * ' portion for the 24 years having been 74*2 per cent, later years show- Customs iiig a tendency to increase it. The proportion in the United States in duties. 1H91 was 59 per cent, and in some of the Australasian colonies it is [nearly 90 per cent. 187. The expenses of collection of Customs revenue were 3'83 per Collection Lent, being a slight increase on the preceding year, but -70 per cent below revenue'"* Ithe average of twenty -four years. It cost $2.16 per head less to collect 1891. ■ ( * The amounts of Customs duties being taken from the Public Accounts, which Ireiiresent the amounts actually paid in, will not quite correspond with the figures in [the Trade and Navigation Returns, which are for amounts accrued. V -,1 * i I .* « Mf W*' ■• 130 lucreasp jHT head in Ciw- tUIIlH receipts greater than ill those from taxation. Customs duties jier head in various countries. Heads of taxation, 1808-1891. CIIAPTEH III. tlie revenue of ISQI than it did that of If^OS, though the fiiriner w;^ nearly three times as much, showing that it rehitively costs nioii t,, collect a small Customs revenue tlwin a large one. Consideiiii;; the large area of tlie Dominion, and the length of its frontiers, to^^'dli,., with the large number of ports of entry it is necessary to keep up, the cost of collection nmst be considered as being moderate. In the United Kingdom in 1890 it was 4G0 per cent, and in the Uniteii States 3-04 per cent. 18H. There being no system of direct taxation in this country, -.ml the use of articles on which Excise duties are collected being, to a \ civ large extent, optional, it follows that the Customs duties alone t'orm that part of the geixeral taxation of which every one must pay n slmiv, and it will therefore be noticed from the foregoing table that the pro. portion of increase in receipts from Customs duties has been fai* bilker than that of population, showing that the ability to purchase has in- creased in much greater ratio than the burden of taxation, the inoiciisf in the receijits from Customs being 173 per cent since IHGH, and in the amount per head 90 per cent. 189. In the United Kingdom in 1890 the proportion per head \\-,\, .^2*56 ; in the United States in the .same year it was .$3.67, in both cases being a smaller proportion than in this country, while in the Australasian colonies it is very much higher, as shown })y the t'dllnw. ing figures for 1888 ■. — Western Australia )? 18 37 (Queensland IG 8H j Isew Zealand 11 14 | Victoria 10 5(J Tasmania !> !»2 New South Wales 8 5!t South Australia 8 .'«) 190. The following are statements for the last twenty-four years df I the amounts received from the principal heads under which taxation has been levied by means of 'Customs and Exci.se duties. As the I tariff has undergone many changes during the period, notably in If 'J, no comparisons can be strictly made from ye^ar to yeai-, and the Hjjuies I must always be considet^ed with reference to the tariff in force at the I time : — a 2 rt» <«r "5.5 ^6 jl 2 ^ 1 ^ A s z 'T < A mm ;? < U y. ' 2.1 a^ '^ 1 ^1 _ fi h \ 1 a r , s a' » s T. . ^ Zi T. : "2 ^ 1 « ' ; '. i^ ■" ' ^' i H C S 5 y, •< •- i ^ .5 " ' !C T. ! A ' . P^ 1 < ' « \ X \ ^1 ''I "1 ll s| - m ^ 1 u ■ X I < m K ■ > ■ H FIN'AXCK. \ev \va> H tu ^1 'il)^ the 1 O^l'tilt'l' ^1 ui>, thf H Tn the H UnitC'i ■ I try, ami ■ to a \ t'l'v 1 s )ne t'oi'iii 1 1 Y a shiuv, 1 1 tiu> ]ii'(j- H ar liir<^'ei' | A e hiis in- H < 3 iiiLM'easf H <. and in H /. ^1 ■r. ^H Ik ^^1 — ■ heatl \vib H H in ))i)tli H Z lie in the H he t'olliiW' 1 ^ ^^1 1m ^1 •/. ^H -^ 8 »7 ■ u (3 HS H > 14 ^1 r" / t) ^B ^ M 5*.) H s ■ X ur years ui ■ ;h taxation 1 r" •s. As tllf 1 )lvinlt; S ?t »-« ?t » - 2 » ■ I - s 51 ?1 -^ iH 3? •■£ •-" -" 1.^ rh y. 9: Vj y. Ti *\ ?^ ?i f i ?i r» \\ ?^ K -r M > •? :« 6f OS OJ 5 — »- f >- c ?. •- vi ^ Ti X M ^ i- •— 5f -< y. ti ri c r. « •f iS Z J-. 55 M o f iS -r M I- — (r 1.': 1^ « -^ -r « -2 X 5 Vi i-fF4^t-'f-J'-J'9'frf*frfirf'rf»irfrfrfrfrfrfrie^^fc^«^«:? 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"-^ is' i-* '- "J* in' i^ ^ t>r V t^ ^ fl t^ 3: id -r ?1 1 . ,5 f5 b rt 55 2J — W ij -t i.^ SI « "t I- X «» .-'-• 9& t-- M ;a 4 ~ i in -r >-< "T f in » ts in X t'. m "T in I- rt s « ^xSS^l«i.'if5in,-i©r-X^N-4<«M3s<5--3l-3il^ )a©i-(N«-*ia«t-xosfii-t( !«SoScfctexxSaoaox*x: III lai !<»■■ I. ^^\ V 'V: : 1 Ml >4^ :'.4 !< . i'J » . % '.•; • ' 132 CHAPTER III. . »,■' «? r/. ^iis: !''^! '■■' " i^i'"*:. ''- I I 00 < I— I » Eh o O H 32 t) >^ ;z; o H H O »: < a o ^loj cc '^C » o X jH » O i-t ro o M C 5 >5 C-. « ^«« !C ■* t^ 1 23 'C iH 55 c « as ) 00 tH ift CS ^ a" 06 i « 1-1 "* «D A 00 1- e . ,_ , _ _... 35»Oi-n>.«»om© wqONWJQt^FH^eooco® oc * 9P N ^ n op « ® ^ ^i-i ^S;p^^rHe.»-lpHrH"**«l^©^ x' «' of i-Te^W'^ in e4'ff«Ne4''^od"i-reifsforor5f5feo" •*(»'' «& N»A®S*> t- iffl trt » b- !>• »a OS i>_4D «5 a «ft *»|_M ff5_« sc »A « « •i<^a6 *^o^S t^©,*< ^^''T iff » t-^acos'©'t^t^i-i>rcrN«f t^'T «« MTio^'^'tc" ^SC(N^©e5"*C'^aC3s?c:e"l"t-osxcsi-Hgj^xi--!r Voeo as t^t^ao'e-f^'oTac 54'e4'r-^«5*irf"o''Tf<'e5^©'irf'w'' i~©t^©?5ioe5i-ii-ic<5e'9^t-aXi-ii:iNe'SiSx»-iff^© rH o^«e ac_N « w 1— ^^'T i-<^'r W'^® ©^» cc t-. N N 2 ©__t-- « »5"of e4"e5l^f xadcT ;o—r ©'©■>* ^'x' OS o'i'-^'^'$fc'«-we'ri£»S5P©'-'a!t^S3*£3«K5- !>• t^ fc. J- 1 )«XX»«XC ) 00 XX oc c mMimiiU y. ^ s « > ^i 5 Other : ll -S ! • J <> h f2 r-;0 1 '■ "< ll ZX \' *J X M •^ ^ 1 ' ^ "^ L -- ;' ' ^ •— 1 ' , ~ "^ 7" "cs 3 r.Q 1 ^3 ■/, I'/, Ix oc i/: • M -1 55 1 N :i !S tf » tc r 'A <> «;*■" -'0 za v:2 -3J aw *^ - ill &S, X « a. o t 4* II i £"■3 oj I o H 88 ^1 «« 3 5 s o a: FINANCE. :s?s «» Oi ^ >«w 4 *-* o t^w S^Pi^^S_S »n A « « N w c^N S_° jo^'* S^a?^i-^i>. <*> « « e& o »rf of CO ;s' in o in ^^ i-^ M '»<' IS o* ^ rf w « 'T icf t-^ iBfn'^50os©055»oi-.M©m ©•-iiftfi'MOOOi-ioo t- ©^■^ •^ s;_^vs ©^1-1 00 © 00 ©__N x^5 3^'j<^© is_©_55_'Z_in iS^ 00 t- 5". — "i •-C t-- c: w l- 5£ i-H © a: "♦• "^ ;? © <-i 3; 35 ift t- tr M'»"t©5i^c;xinN'Mi-.«-f^^5«xx©'^e»5© -•§ ■* ©^ © t" OJ I- w N 1-1 00 M 02 *t "» 't *, ^, "*. *^ x' ^r-rM so'eo*'^ »- in N 15 © © i-H M o »n o in © © .0 a. 3 ©t^-Hi^'rxxt©©©5£'N«53Ci-.»-i-.^^weOQC© 3v©i— ©©MScct^i-Sx^sieoQSi-iM'j'ssNi'- in f w © f-i rt" M 1-. 5; © © © in If t^ in © -H © t-» (M © © in ^ > in "T © © •^ I- © c« j'l >xe>;©55©e»5«©^ .3e'5<)©©i-xx© » :Tt<©in©©eo©'tt'-iH©(Ni-ix©i-»n©ini-©3v© >^ © x^ ■* ^ I - M — 1-^_ ■^^ ©_^ t-. •^^ 08 «_ © « ?4 in x_^ I - ©_^ M_^ ©_ ri-riC^"in'<— '-- in'j>"-<'jJN ■^x "^'g ©'rji-^©*x lc!i«55ftMsC5n.-i©^0232"^3'tt?S'*'%J2 in © © © 1- i^ « © t^ — ■^ rj is © « N -t © © X m in © inx»»>«t'rinx©"t>©ins<5iN©»r©M^©. in^infi «© i-r©i-©rin©'in ©wi-T ©'iC©-©'© in wT© ©'©■'©'■ e*• ■■•4 y ' ■ . '• " ii \ * H :% r.- • f ' .• . - •* ■ ?' A.VlF^ V/-t N*' ' -'■ . '-'4 . '.' ■ . . ^ ♦ ■ ■ !■ VJ ^:. ■ .t . H ■» • * >;• ' 134 Heads of Excise re- venue 1887 1891. CHAPTER in. 191. The Customs duties are collected by the Department of Customs, and the amount of duty received on the various . dutialile articles imported is set out in detail in Chapter IV (Trade and Com- merce). The Excise duties are collected by the Department of Inland Revenue, and the following table gives particulars of the amounts accrued from the various sources of Excise revenue during the years 1887, 1888, 1889, 1890 and 1891 :— HEADS OF EXCISE REVENUE IN CANADA, 1887, 1888, 1889, 1890, AND 1891. Heads of Revenue. Spirits Malt liquor Malt Cigars Tobacco Petroleum Manufactures in bond Seizures Other receipts Methylated spirits. . . . Total 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. $ « $ $ 1 3,737,3.39 3,099,016 3,874,022 4,620,393 7,045 6,997 12,710 13,631 433,129 493,030 518,239 556,365 524,281 564,0<)7 563,172 603,473 1,668,002 1,740,542 1,840,522 1,896,359 31,989 36,569 35,745 .39,737 50,005 53,312 28,082 29,610 2,029 13,066 4,880 3,886 12,332 13,962 15,240 16,162 6,466,151 6,010,561 6,892,612 7,779,616 1891. 3,546,942 10,4!)5 591,390 615,17(1 1,92(),987 40,407 34,581 2,727 18,222 38,213 6,82.5,152 Increase 192. There was, it will be seen, a decrease in accrued revenue of from eT- •'^9.54,464, as compared with the previous year. The principal deciease cise duties, took place in duty on spirits, which was owing, in a large measure, to the abnormal quantity of spirits withdrawn from bond during June, 1890, in consequence of the change of law with reference to the maturing of spirits that came into force on the following 1st July. With the exception of the amount accrued for spirits and malt liquor, there was an increase under each head. Bill stamps. Sugar duties. 193. The duties on bill stamps, &c., were all repealed in 1882, the amount received in that year up to the date of repeal having been .$82,616, and the total amount received since Confederation, $2,G86,- 8.50. The receipts from sugar duties in 1891 were $211,396 more than in 1890, and had only been exceeded three times in the period included in the table. The duty on tea was taken off in 1882, causing a large reduction of i*evenue. Consump- 194. The consumption of tea and sugar per inhabitant has l3een and sugar? generally considered one of the best standards by which to judge the condition of the people, it having been found that the consumption of these two articles indicates more clearly than almost anything else FINANCE. 135 their well-being or otherwise ; and judging the condition of the inhabitants of Canada by this test, it will be found that there has been a steady and satisfactory improvement. In 1868 the consump- tion of sugar was 15 lbs. per head, in 1877 it was 23 lbs. per head, and is now no less than 45 lbs., an increase of 22 lbs. per head in the hast \-i y3ar8, and more than double the quantity consumed in 1877. As far a i information is available, it would appear that the per capita cunsuinption of sugar in Canada is larger than that of almost any other country, with the exception of the United Kingdom and the United States, a fact that speaks well for the condition of the working chvsses in this country. In the United Kingdom the amount averages about 75 lbs. per head, having increased from 15 lbs. per head in 1840 ; in the United States the consumption is about the same as in this country. The consumption of tea in Canada has also very largely increased; in 1868 it was 2 lbs. per head, in 1877 it was 3| lbs. per head, and is now something over 4 lbs. per head. In England the consumption averages 5 lbs. per head. 19'). The amounts of taxation in the United Kingdom, and in the Taxation pi'incipal British possessions, are given in the following table : — ^" British TAXATION IN BRITISH POSSESSIONS. *'°"*'' Countries. Year. Euro^Kj — United Kinsfdom . . . Asia- India Ceylon Straits Settlenient . . Africa- Mauritius Natal ... Cajje of Good Hope . Lagos (ianibia America — Canada Newfoundland Bermuda West Indies — Turk's Island Jamaica St. Lucia. Barbados Grenada 1891 1887 1887 1886 1886 1887 1887 1886 1887 1891 1888 1887 1884 1886 1887 1886 1886 Taxation. Per ' Percentage Amount. i if^,„*j of I *^^«^- Revenue. T 358,079,600 $ cts. 9 47 136,628,182 3,026,186 2,491,908 068 1 01 4 93 37 46- 85- 2,084,578 1,687,365 5,127,291 216,211 47,250 5 65 3 52 3 73 2 17 3 14 59- 43 33 86- 72- 30,314,161 1,291,661 116,567 6 26 6 40 3 87 78- 72 87- 34,835 2,407,681 1.57,654 501,768 138,165 7 35 4 03 3 73 2 92 2 85 68- 80- 81 75" 60- 82-22 vo 26 23 24 62 .S3 52 17 57 36 40 34 79 06 65 19 /"' ,>{' ■'.' ..» '• ■■■'i' ,4' 111.';- ' .' .; » h «;.. ^i y^ ■'■••••S' .i * .■il?' #.'':.-^i,v ''^'Fh^lif-I ... • 'i .'*■*•■■ '^i f (•■■•s »1 i . '< • I An •■ 136 CHAPTER III. TAXATION IN BRITISH POSSESSIONS -C 9-) .33 9'. ,39 -7 13 96 ^ti 70 07 30 17 40-37 45 "),") 20 tM 50 40 63 40 40 43 64 11 •;/»* ',• ii^: ilt*.^ Taxation 196. Though the amount raised by taxation in the individual Austrahi-" ^^o^o^^i^^ of Australasia is necessarily less than that raised in Canjulu. sia higher yet the combined amount raised in Australasia is two-thirds more thiiu than iK that in this country ; and though the former colonies derive so much of a. tijgjj. revenue from other sources that only 44-14 per cent is raised by taxation, being a smaller proportion than in any British colony, with the exception of India, Cape of Good Hope and Natal, and beini; just about one-half of the Canadian proportion, yet the amount of tax- ation per head is higher than m any other colony, and more than double the Pinount paid per head in Canada, being $15.54, as compjiml with .$6.26 in this country. Beside the Australasian colonies theie are four other British possessions which raise a larger amount per head, and there are eleven places which raise a larger percentage of revenue by taxation. The taxation in India is lighter, and the percentage ot' revenue smaller than in any other country named in the table. Taxation 197. The following table gives the amount of taxation, as nearly '' 1)1' i**) :« iir.'39 ..713 lit; 4t; 70 07 30 17 40-37 4'} *. 20 W 50-40 <)3 40 4!f43 04 11 FINANCE. TAXATION IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES. COUNTIUKS. Year. Taxation. Amount. Euroiie— Austria-Hungary Belg uj.i Deniiuirk France (including Algeria). (irt'K-e Net "I'lands Ital' Port.ife 1 Russia Si)ain Switzerland , Turkey 1889 1889 1888 1889 1889 1889 1890 1890 1889 1&S9 1888 1884 German Empire j 1887 Asia- ! .Tai«,ui ! 1889 Afriea— Egypt America- Argentine Confederation Brazil Mexico United States 1889 1889 1890 1889 1891 327,350,066 32,874,333 12,118,000 452,711.933 12,886,933 39,731,466 259,077,000 34,275,933 279,229,86(5 155,397,700 4,36.5,400 61,8(;5,0«)6 153,145,727 67,208,666 38,368,800 45,552,000 54,493,46(5 a5,095,()00 367,680,293 Per Percentage $ cts. 8 02 5 44 5 77 10 76 6 .50 8 81 8 46 94 I 04 85 48 51 3 10 1 72 5 63 11 9(5 3 89 3 06 5 87 88-74 50 (53 83-30 77-88 68 (54 81-23 82-40 78-38 (5C 61 93-73 .39-99 86-50 (55-81 85-51 75-26 77 71 74 0(5 92-29 80 18 137 Tlie largest proportion of revenue was I'aised from taxation, among the countries named in the aljove table, by Spain and Mexico, and the smallest by Switzerland, which hitter country raised little more than a third of her revenue in that manner. Belgium and the German Empire only raised half their revenue by taxation ; the other countries two- thirds and over. The largest amounts were raised by France, the United States and the United Kingdom, respectively, and, with the exception of the Australasian colonies, the amount per head was highest in the Argentine Confederation. 198. The gross j/ublic debt of the Dominion of Canada on .30th Gross I June. 1S91, amounted to $289,899,2,30 ; on the .same date in 1890 it ^'^'J^Kgj), was 8286,112,295. There was, therefore, an increase during the year ® > ■ • [ill the gross amount of liabilities of ,$3,786,93.5. 199. The net public debt on the same date in 1891 was $237,809,030, Net public land in 1890 $237,533,212, being an increase in the actual net '^*'^*' ^ " [liabilities of $275,818. This increase is to be accounted for as Ifdllows ; — 1^ ( M; '' ■^^ "*■■■ tt IK ''? ■ K *'r T'. '■'4 .■ 'I'P ^;- . . . ^ •« I ■ ■ . « * ii j ■» ,. '. .' «• ' 4' \: p:'"" 1 ]"'•"•' r '' ■i^'*'.' 1 ':4 ' • j'i?^-.*';: .,1 ■ »• » B! SSjiii' ''* .:; r. 138 CHAPTER 111. PARTICULARS OF INCREASE OF DEBT, 1891. Exijenditure on Capital Account — Public Works )J 515,702 Railways and Canah 2,502, 40« Dominion Lands 94,847 $ 3,112,(158 Railway Subsidies 81,265,700 Xorth-West Rebellion 2,{M)2 Sundry transfers to Consolidated Fund. ... . . '''*<,074 Less Sin' ■■>>'» Fund $1,938,078 Excess of eipts over payment .• 2,235,743 4,44!l,()li) 4,178,S21 Total net increase. 27r),Hi rS a T,'^ -u *z .-* -•s. ^A ■ > •V-»- l^ ^i» 1 ^ y.^. Sifel r"^^ ^ t— ■^BM' 1 -J?; s -<; 'I ■^s 1 *g i i -2; ; ^ ; ii. » 1 *,, 1 r^'-^ Z< ;s j:-^^ V i:; a ;*o ri^ s X c ^^ •/X i^ s > L, ~ <; :£ u V S is X i fc ;j < i K»^ i. 1 S < S J< 1 >^ — it . > 'a •/a > " * ■' j25€ 5 I i I S U £1 s o I" = I I -^1 b ; h = is «e FINANCE. + + + •* t-T x' i-^ x' x' i'^ rf cT N 1-J" -f JO •»»<■»' "«r t--r rf ++++++++++ I +++++++++ «f& i-i»oa5Ni--.iNni3cC'»<5:s:ccoe2©inoNtriftxiniN3 i-<^e<5 i-.»o o ^_S w o « 5_rH 1* 1-. yf^i>.sc ;c^^ t^ s«5 » m © af i-^ rT ^ i^ I'T X ■^ x' rH 1 5 rf ~" ,^ Iff rt' ;£" i-T i>r cT •^ rH cT rf cf 1-- t- « N t- -< X M_©^lS_M Ot 5; -r M ^^■^ rn ^ r- SC 1ft IS O X - 1~ X 5: © I- C-l rf •? -r iS IS u-t O X © M W « M W M ift »c »n X t *^-5KS'^Wi-<«iStnsx©C3'>-ii^iSxxf5«5S'^ rH FH 55 « © "-"^"-e ''".'-' w e<5 *f ^^© X e-i i-h_m 2^Ss •© it5_© ^ X_« N ■T|<_S © X_© l-^OC 3c^©S ??©_©_© N^S « Ic S KirTi-H cfsTffl'c^f t' ©'i-firTN tCx'©"t'^x*'^i<" r-'so ©FH©'^jnh.©;ee'je<5ij;3--5iNt-^©ifl4n-r'r-'e<5<-'c2win©*-iX'*©©r-< M^r-^S t-. i>. ri^x X ^_© ■^_^o_'^.-^-^ t>. tt^ec Jm ©_x © >-i o i t'^i-<'t£'i>riCo'© j-rin :»'-- 't'^ff'i ''^'^w ©'"x"©"isr©"©'"x'M «& ■vMX»r^e-c55j©«"*.eo — ©^;^«yj©t»e9«e<{»-i©M?DX ©© i5-^«5©©3'f5©'Tt^x?5Sj»©©MN2S5f5©iX X •* to is ©.w.'i^'* « ''"^" "v*^*! .* '^H^ M ?!i 55 t-i ecirTc"? !c"t-^'-5"©'"© «r ^'irrirTirrc'i'^prx' r-^nr^n + + + I + + + + + + + i- + + + I + + + + + + i + i>.05©©.-ie.x©©rrS355"'''' _ _ - - . . --- _ r* yu iis ii" ^^ v^ CT* -T" I j5 t^ tr t'- tr t- 1- f - '- 1- 35 ?5 ?C ot * ' XXXXXXXXXXXXXOCXXC ) X 139 .1 ' li'i'^": •v V t "v i; V * ■^« •;• '• ''i _■• T,, < 1 , A . * - 1: ' .•;?4,. lu' ill' ••.*■■ '-^ '•■' "1 :^ • • '« ?;■■ ■ -^ Mm *, MU •■ Hi i :"i' ?!•■•■ 4; '-t^ ,«'.... • ■ \ 140 Increase in debt. Proixjr- tion of re- venue to debt. Objects of debt. Assump- tion of provincial debts. Particu- lars of provincial debts as- sumed. CHAPTER III. 201. Three times only since Confederation has there l>een a deciiase in the gross debt, viz., in the years 1890, 1883 and 1871 ; and only in the years 1882 and 1H71 has there been any decrease in the net (liljt, The increase in the gross debt since Confederation has been $19G,.^."»;{,. 179, and in the net debt .^1 62,080, 389, being an average annual increase of the latter of $6,753,349. There was a decrease in the assets as compared with 1 890 of $3, 5 11 , 1 1 6. 202. In 1868 the debt was equivalent to five and one-half year ' revenue, and in 1891 it would have required a little over six yeuis t,, pay off the debt. It will be seen, therefore, th>it the debt has increased in a somewhat greater ratio than the revenue, the prop^ntiun of increase being 214 per cent and 182 per cent respectively. 203. The principal ol)jects upon which this increase of debt has lit-Hti laid out have been the following, viz., the assumption by the Doniiuiun of the debts of the various provinces on their entering the Confedfia- tion, the construction of the Intercolonial and Canadian Pacific mil- ways and of numerous public works, the enlargement and improveiiu'iit of canals, harbours and rivers, and the acquisition and management of the North-West Territories. 204. The allowed debt of the four provinces, which was assumed liy the Dominion at the time of Confederation, was $77,500,000. In 1869 a further allowance of $1,186,756 was made to Nova Scotia, and since that date additional provincial debts have been assumed ur allowed by the Dominion to the extent of $30,743,392, making a total assumption of provincial debts of $109,430,148, leaving therefore the sum of $128,378,882 as the actual net liability created by the Dominion Government since Confederation. It must be remembered that the allowance of these debts to the provinces was in accordance with arrangements made at that time, and that though the amount of the public debt has been thereby increased, no new liabilities have been actually created, inasmuch as these debts, if not taken over l)y the Dominion, would still bo owing by the provinces, and this assumption of provincial debts has been therefoi-e a simple transfer of liability, and the burden on the people has not been incieased, but has been made actually lighter, since the Government were enabled to change the liigli interest-bearing bonds of the provinces for their own bonds at a lower rate. 205. The following are particulars of the provincial debts assumed by the Dominion at Confederation : — Canada S f)2,.'5fiO,{)00 Nova Scotia S,000,000 New Brunswick 7,000,<)00 9 77,500,000 f'M'-; ['"ti.^v^ FINANCE. 141 Debt" subswuiently asHumed or allowed : Nova 8cotia (1869) The old Province of Canada (1873). Province of Ontario " Uuebec ♦' >fova Scotia •' Mew BrunMwick *• „ Manitoba •• British Columbia. . . . " Prince Edward Inland., $ 1,186,7B6 10,606,089 2,848,289 2,549,214 2,343,059 1,807,720 3,775,600 2,02J>,392 4,884,023 Total provincial debts assumed 9 10{J,430,148 29<>,936 Increase of debt 162,080,389 Expenditure in excess of increase of debt. . . . .^ 25.916,547 208. Including the expenses attendant on the acquisition of the Exiiendi- North-West Territories, the following amounts, including expenditure *"re on charged to revenue, have been spent on public works since Confedera- works, tion : — Railways $114,085,884 Canals 36,685,293 Lighthouses and navigation 8,33*5,195 Acciuisition and managemont of the North-West ..... 5,356,035 Government buildings and miscellaneous public works . . 2{), 485, 469 9 193,948,876 Ih-ior to Confederation there was exjwnded on railways and canals 52,944,175 On public works 10,690,917 Making a total expenditure on public works of . . . .$257,583,1)68 'Including the sum of $2,725,504 expendetl in previous years by the Montreal Harkiur Commission on the improvement of the St. Lawrence, and assumed in 1890 by the Dominion Government. /• . ''Jt "• i .V I (.■■ ' ■•.'•4', kV'*,V f f si'f \ * '.:■ if., ■ , . .. ' '.it . '. I ij. i! I ."1 * I '-.-V '••': ■M m * If, • • '■. f *" ^1 5- I' . ' ). ':i 1 • ■'',,■1 ■ ^ • l|i «k lii^ U2 (jrovern- iiient ex- penditure un public works, 18tJ8-1891. OIIAPTEK III. L'OD. The following table shows the amounts spent by the Govciti. nient in eai'h year since Confederation on the construction of railw.iys canals, public buiUiings and other works : — Ykar kndko 30th Jink. 18(}8. i8«y 1870. 1871. 1872., 1873 1874 , 1875 , 1876 1877 . 1878.. 187!t , 1880., 1881., 1882.. 1883.. 1884.. 1885.. 1880.. 1887.. 1888.. 1889.. 1800 . 1891 . Railwavrt. 483,353 282,015 1,729,381 2,940,930 r).02<>,5«)9 5,703,2(W 3,925,123 5,018.427 4,497,434 3.209,502 2.043,741 2,507,053 0,109,599 5,577, 23t) 5,170,8.S2 11,707,019 14,392,9;^3 11,045,220 4,480,833 3,270,433 .'^, 094,043 3,001.279 Ciinals. Public BuilHingH. 4,li .24 2,279,737 128,!MJ5 120,954 10.5,.X8 133,873 2!H),075 ;<83.910 1,240,028 1,715.310 2,389,544 4,131,3lMi .3,843,339 3,004,098 2,123,3«}0 2,100,243 1,070,208 l,857,r)40 l,t)65.:<51 1,572,918 1,333,422 1,783,098 1,188,302 1,145,988 1,189,044 1,500,801 ]05,JK}0 113,453 73,514 410,101 .578, 93<) 422,030 000,902 800,812 1,075,483 73 644,032 •575,200 1,291,{M)3 1,030,988 117,346 1,02{»,859 lHi9,2<)3 1,072,312 808,509 578,a58 Other Public WorkH. 94,629 «J0,028 184,270 249,287 020, .585 831,837 l,0<)4,9(i7 914,197 927,015 540,804 »)3,708 380,481 298,.529 503,.38S 542,251 877,45«i 1,372,823 1,208,274 451,890 1,525,(>«)0 1,703,032 1,568,705 4,084,593 1,257,188 TotM Total 114,085,884 :«>,08.5,293 14,876,691 21,680,257 8l-j,i(.i; 58;<,(nii 2,09L',7.-.;< 3,74U. The tlie decrease .sidoruble, as are those of net interest FIKANOE. 143 iialudR iiiterest-beuring investments, loans, cash and hanking uccoiuit.s, 110 iitcount lieing taken of the unsold lands belonging to the (Joveni- iiiciit, nor of the railways, canals, puhUc buildings and other pubh'*' uuiks, which it either owns or has assisted in constructing, and which are the material results of the large expenditure of public money. Tlif following are details of the assets on .'lOth June, 1H91 : — Sinking funds 8 2(),r)r»r),(Jir) (^iit'l)ec HarJwur debentures 3,(Wi4,717 Montreal Harbour and Turnpike JmukIh 3Mr),0»M» Northern Railway bonds 73,()0<) rtt. John River and Railway Kxtenniun Conijiany 433.iMJ<) Canadian PaciHc Railway land grant )x)nd8 21l,(M)() North Shore Railway bonds !»70,(XX) Province accounts I>,!tl0,524 Sundry investments »)43,!M)4 ,^ Total interest-bearing investments 8 42,(M>r),720 Miscellanetnis accounts 3,042,il47 Cash 2,487,07H Specie reserve 3,887,02H Silver coinage accounts 7,42U Total assets g 62,0{H),li)}> L'l.'l In 1868 the interest-bearing assets amounted to the sum of Interest- ?il.'),S .').•}, 7 20, or about 91 per cent of the whole amount ; in 1891 they •'ei"i»g weiv !?32,?r)r),196, or about 6,'l per cent of the whole. "'"'*'*''• L'U. The reduction in high interest-bearing debts, and consequently Average the decrease in the rate of interest now payable, has Ijeen very con- inteiest on .sidoifible, as shown by the following table, in which the amounts given "*"^* "■"" are those of the actual interest paid and received, and of the actual net interest ; and the average rate of net interest is the average rate (if tiie interest actually paid on the gross debt, after deducting that leeeived on assets : — !*. '. :•■♦ .»••? f-: ?*. /« '■y.i ''P ijf I ■:».■. ' t' ■* 'i ■»' ,1* ■ ,'!!■ ) . i '\\v\ I I ^:'^'4 i'^ .. •« ! V ■V.I Uf' w^ Id V :\ IHi'' ' u- 1'* « iUvV III;''. '^ H ^ ). H i 11 ' 4 H ! t •' M ■1 -h':!' I •t 11/ : "l#,: 1 • ' ' * ■ '. , ■ • ?•' ' * tt"' <''.ir liM|l . " . * 144 niAPTKK III. Interest then FINANCE 146 /" • 4 lMT). The average rate of net interest actually paid on the net debt I)ccr«a«e hiiH decreased, it will be seen, from >>4'51 per cent in 1868 to )|2-93 '" »v..riige jH-r c»'nt in 1891, being a decreaHe of $1,58 on each $1.00. The average [ntoreBt. ac'tujil rate paid has decreased to the extent of t|r29 per cent, owing to the reduction of high interest-bearing debtH, as shown in the next paiHj^raph. •j 1 r». The following shows the several rates of interest paid and the Pr«HPnt aiiKiu rits on which the same an^ payable : — Payable in London— t( iNjr cent 5 " 4 *• 3i " 3 •' . . Total (layable in London . I'ayable in Canada — (} iwr cent 5 " 4 *' 34 " Total pavablv in Canada . HuviiiKH bankH, SJ per cent I 626,ft73 2,438,333 24,333,333 19,890,208 -« 188,040,133 3(18,900 834,M1 10,577,680 52,600 11.833,541 39,400 02« Province accounts, 5 per cent 16,00^i U4 TniHt Accounts— {\ i)ercent 8 1,107,966 5 " 6,413,731 4 " 1,696,295 Total tni8t accountB 8,217,J>92 Con^>enHation to seifrnioi's, 6 per cent 1((6,960 Dommion notes \»j •.. ( 16,176,317 Provincial " ) No interest -^ 3j,„2^ Miscellaneous (interest varying) 9,117,222 •289,899,230 Interest therefore is payable at the rate of per cent on 6 6 4 3A 3' ! 2,170,399 26,689,039 163,130,471 63,786,869 1!»,890,298 2i; In 1868 interest was payable at the rate of I)er cent on 6 5 4 :S73,200 J.S209,203 32,016,207 681,333 rates of interest payable on debt. Rates of interest payable in 1868. 1:' 1.1 , <., It. i .^ » ^.1. * 218. The Dominion notes in circulation, wliich bear no interest, Dominion form a considerable item among the liabilities, and have increased ^°^^' from .«3,113,700 in 1867 to 116,176,317 in 1891. The fixed charges, that is the charges for debt, sinking fund and subsidies to provinces, chawf amounted in 1868 to 58 per cent of the revenue, but in 1891 h-d been reduced to 40 per cent. 10 *M, Si- •■w *■ 146 CHAPTER III. . >.■ Debt, 219. The following table gives the proportions per head of estiniited fnteres^"*^ population, of the gross and net debt, of the assets, and of the intnest Ijer head, on the same, paid and received in each year since Confederation : - n? '.*. > Increase and de- crease. • % Debt in- curred for public im- prove- ments. Yk.*r snded 30th Junk. 1868.. 1869... 1870.. 1871.. , 1872.. 1873.. , 1874.. , 1875.. 1876... 1877.. 1878.. , 1879... 1880... 1881.. . 1882... 1883.. . 1884... 1885.. 1886... 1887... 1888... 1889... 1890.. 1891.. . Gross Debt i)er Head. $ cts. 28 74 32 92 33 58 32 82 33 90 35 37 36 90 39 02 40 82 43 52 42 89 43 29 46 17 46 09 46 85 45 61 54 08 58 34 59 55 58 93 60 73 60 75 59 74 59 85 Total Assets ijer Head. § cts. 6 27 10 70 10 94 10 74 11 13 8 15 8 58 9 17 9 28 10 32 8 48 8 80 10 00 10 25 11 80 9 86 13 45 15 05 10 90 9 90 10 67 10 60 10 14 10 75 Net Debt per Head. 9 cts. 22 47 22 22 22 64 22 08 22 77 27 22 28 32 29 85 31 54 33 20 34 41 34 49 36 17 35 84 35 t06 35 75 40 63 43 29 48 65 49 04 50 06 50 15 49 60 49 10 Interest Interest paid received I)er Head. per Head. 9 cts. 8 cts. 1 33 04 1 44 09 1 46 10 1 47 16 1 46 13 1 42 11 1 50 16 1 70 022 1 62 20 1 69 18 1 73 15 1 73 14 1 84 20 1 75 17 1 78 21 1 73 23 1 72 022 2 08 44 2 21 50 2 09 22 2 10 20 2 14 28 2 02 23 1 98 22 Nfj Interest paid wr Hfud. ••^ cts. 1 29 1 lis 1 .% 1 31 1 as 131 134 1 48 1 42 151 1 ^-w 1.^9 1(14 1.58 1 5*) i:*) 1.50 1(14 171 1S8 1 ») 1,S6 1 7!l iro 220. There was an increase of 11 cents per head in the gross debt, and ii decrease of 50 cents per head in the net debt, while the j;,'ioss interest paid decreased 4 cents and the net interest 3 cents per heiul, as compared with 1890. The rate of interest paid is very much lower than it used to be, for while the amount of net debt per head has in- creased 118 per cent, the amount of net interest paid has only incieased 36 per cent. - 221. From the foregoing pages it will be clearly seen that, witli the | exception of the debts allowed to provinces — which allowances wei? rend -""ed more or less necessary by the conditions of Confederation, and which debts, it must be remembered, were themselves originally incurred for the purposes of public improvements — the whole of the public debt has been created by the construction of public woik.s of great utility and national importance ; the principal portion having I ))een spent on railways and canals, facility of c/ansport being thei Dimated intt'cest in : - Interest paid \m Hfiwi. S< cts. 1 29 1 'X) 1 % 1 31 133 1 31 1 34 1 4H 1 42 151 1 r)H 1 59 1 (14 1 5S 151) 1 50 1 50 1 (14 171 1 S8 1 % 1 86 1 711 171) iross cle))t, the gross 3 per head, «uch lower end has in- increased it, with the ances wei'e ifederation, !S originally hole of the ic works oi 1 tion having! being the FINANCE. essence of progress, not only in a new, but in any country ; and these are the reasons that place the debts of Canada and other British colonies, whose debts have been contracted for similar purposes, on so entirely a different footing to those of European countries and the United States, the debts of which have accumulated solely by aggres- si\ e and defensive wars. 147 ■)•)•> The following table gives particulars of the several Canadian Particu- ince Confederation*, and it will b( of (he ;ountry has steadily improved : — loans since Confederation*, and it will be seen from it how the credit ]^^^ oj. Canadian loans since Con- PARTICULARS OF CANADIAN LOANS SINCE CONFEDERATION. federation Loan. Total Issue . 18f>!», I.C.R. guaranteed. ) 18()lt " unguaranteed. / 187." " guaranteed. \ Kui)eits Land " / Loanofl874 " 1875guaranteed. | " 1875unguarant'd > " 1870 " 1878 1 " 1878 / " 1879 " 1884 " 1885 Canada reduced Loan <.)f 1888 1,500,000 500,000 1,500,000 300,000 4,000,000 1,500,000 1,000,000 2,500,000 1,500,000 1,500,000 3,000,000 5,000,000 4,000,000 6,443,136 4,000,000 Rat. Dura tion. 35 30 31 30 35 30 30 35 30 29 3i ♦25 4 - *25 24i 50 .num. Realized. ^^^ Mini-i Price 90 91 96i 95 91 99 92^ 105, 12, Hi £ 2,083,049 Actual Rate of Interest Paid. 104, 7, 8 90, 3, 3 99, 1, 8 91, 0, 1,845,521 3,546,233 2,434,221 2,217,877 96,11, 9 95, l.lOi 91, 2, 2 101, 1, 8 95, 1, 2,861,049 2,804,805 4,459,436 3,961,317 6,355,583 3,734,497 4 12 3-91 4-87 4 16 4 75 4 30 4-50 4 23 408 410 3 27 *0r 50 years, calculated for 25 years only. 223. The following are the amounts of public debts in the United Public Kingdom and British possessions, with the proportion to population g ^ h" and multiple of revenue : — posaes- *For particulars of the loan floated in London in June, 1892, See " Addenda." sions. lOJ /•^ ^-i <: . .1' ■«, : . ''I i! h 1' ^'. |i . ,; ■<:■'• . I ml ■ • V '^.y I*' JJ. * • I , n fi 1 i 1,1 M^i I 'iil'l IT i Ml , 1," ' 148 » Public debt of BritiBh Empire. CHAPTER III. PUBLIC DEBTS IN BRITISH POSSESSIONS. Countries. Europe. United Kingdom 1891 Malta 1890 Year. Asia. India Ceylon \ ISJK) Straits Settlement : 1890 1890 Africa. Mauritius ' 1890 Natal i 1890 Cape of Good Hope ; 1890 Sierra Leone 18fK) Canada Newfoundland . Bermuda British Guiana America. West Indies. Bahamas Jamaica Windward Islands Leeward Islands Trinidad Australasia. New South Wales Victoria South Australia. Western Australia ?ueensland asmania New Zealand Fiji. South Seas. Total . 1891 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 Public Debt. Amount. 3,329,145,333 385,284 1,029,929,956 •12,256,087 28,227 * 3,801,592 24,627,056 116,578,082 284,476 237,787,540 4,196,108 37,084 3,749,017 396,273 7,509,851 1,097,652 448,517 2,602,790 235,661,620 201,371,439 99,287,300 6,654,894 136,780,995 31,306,293 181,814,564 1,211,751 5,667,949,781 Per Head. $ cts. 88 07 2 32 4 67 4 07 05 10 54 45 28 75 68 1 58 49 10 21 73 2 as 13 15 8 26 11 74 3 24 3 72 12 51 210 09 176 58 300 25 143 76 323 53 215 47 290 60 9 64 20 62 Multiple of Revenue. 7 64 O-30 2-4!) 207 001 101 5 '36 0-79 t) 16 284 24 1-47 1-4!) !■% O-70 0-77 1 14 5 10 4- 86 7- 98 3-30 1146 8-49 S-88 3-73 522 224. The total public debts of Great Britain and her possessions amount to $5,667,949,781, of which Great Britain owes 59 per cent, India 18 per cent, the Australasian colonies 15 per cent, and Canada 4 per cent. The debt of Great Britain was reduced by $28,582,260 during the year. With the exception of the Australasian colonies, / > Expendi- ture on productive works in Australa- sian and other co- lonies. FINANCE. 149 the amount per head in the United Kingdom was higher than in any of her possessions, and with the exception of South Australia, Queens- land, Tasmania and New Zealand, the multiple of revenue was also the highest. At the time of Confederation five years and six months of the revenue would have been required to pay ofiF the net debt of Canada ; in 1891 it would have taken a little over six years. •22'). The proportions of debt to population in the Australasian colonies and also in Cape Colony are very large, but while, as in Canada, the whole amounts have been incurred in the construction of public works, by far the largest portion has been expended on rail- ways, which in those colonies are almost altogether the property of the State, and there is consequently a very much larger revenue, avail- able for the payment of interest, derived directly from the expenditure of loans, than there is in this country, where the money has been spent on works directly productive to the country, but only indirectly so to the State revenue. In proportion, moreover, to the wealth and general trade, more particularly of the Australasian colonies, their populations are very scanty. 226. It is doubtful whether the calculations as to the amount of Propor- tion of ic to a country to carry may be relatively a far smallei- bui-den than a much national reduced amount in another country, and therefore, if possible, the debt pTOijer of a country should be compared with its wealth and resources, which compari- would afibrd a far more accurate, in fact, the most accurate idea pos- son. sible, of its actual financial position ; but unfortunately the wealth of a country can only be estimated approximately, and in no two cases can such an estimate be expected to agree, the absence of certainty therefore doing away with the value of such calculations. If the value of the enormous resources of the principal colonies could be put into figures, the present debts, large as they appear to be, would seem justified by the assets set against them, and it must be remembered that the development of natural wealth in this or any other country is absolutely impossible without ar xpenditure, more or less large, first being made, in order to provid = the means of bringing that wealth within reach of its proper marketo. Accoi-ding to Mr. Mulhall, the wealth of Canada in 1888 was ^954 per head of population, having increased from a total of $1,907 millions in 1861 to $4,769 millions in 1888, being' an average increase of $106 millions annually. These figures would make the gross debt of the country 6 per cent and the net debt just 5 per cent of its national wealth, and, therefore, if they are at all correct, Canada's position is by no means an unfavourable one. debt per head of population really possess as much value as is generally *io" P' asci'ibed to them ; what may seem an enormous amount per capita for debt t ;■»>» •I • ■ ' ■■■,' ?•*>■* ••fi' -■■ '1 i- . ' i ■X \ * ■.1s.^'^^t ::y •>".'t; * 'I. • ■ I , i , '■ ' '■: i ■• 150 CHAPTER III. Public 227. The public debts of some of the principal foreign countries are debts in given below : — foreign ° ^""*"®''' PUBLIC DEBTS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES. 14 ':4' ••■' ^'* Countries. ; Year. Europe. ■| Austria-Hungary Belgium Denmark France (4erman Empire Greece Italy Netherland8 Norway Portugal Roumania . Russia .1 1889 Si)ain ! 1889 Sweden i 1888 Switzerland | 1889 Turkey 1887 1889 1889 1888 1888 1888 1889 1889 1890 1888 1889 1890 China Japan. Egypt Africa. America. Argentine Republic . Brazil Chili Mexico Peru . 188(5 1889 1889 1889 1889 1889 1887 1888 United States I 1891 Uruguay 1889 Public Debt. Amount. « 1,599,892,000 374,;«7,004 52,224,531 5,745,392,000 212,900,607 121,449,278 2,190,000,000 441,451,21») 28,465,474 571,364,635 105,741,645 2,740,477,085 l,2n,585,5;)6 71,619,307 5,951,349 522,29.%530 24,333,333 301,»i0,180 516,249,211 284,867,069 613.808,124 90,000,000 184,000,000 259,000,000 1,546,961,6% 79,189,944 Per Head. $ cts. 40 35 (\3 34 24 77 150 32 4 54 61 35 73 00 100 53 15 38 121 35 30 13 31 06 70 91 15 08 2 38 56 30 06 7 89 75 72 82 92 47 49 .35 61 17 70 90 00 24 54 132 76 '^'TultipK' of Kt^ venue. :)-26 78 376 i)'!l4 10(! 6 46 <> 95 1)()0 2-36 13'74 470 (loS 7 84 3 02 0-49 7 09 61 3-72 10-81 473 7 69 MK) 6 00 41-27 3-94 5-71 The national debt of France is the largest in the world, and it is possible that it even exceeds the enoimous total given above, as it is difficult to ascertain its exact amount. The debt of the German Empire is the Federal debt alone, exclusive of the debts of the several States, which amounted in 1887 to $1,813,623,148. Thou,jh the amount per head of debt is larger in France, the Netherlands and Portugal, yet the country of Peru is actually in a worse financial posi- tion than any other on the list; it would take more than 41 years of r)'26 5 78 8 76 9'!»4 1 (Ki ()-46 t) 95 it 00 2-36 13'74 4-70 H-53 7 84 302 0-4!) 7 Oil 61 3-72 10-81 4'73 . 7(1!) I'iK) •100 41-27 3-i)4 5-71 ,nd it is as it is FINANCE. 151 its i-evenue to pay off the debt, while it owes for unpaid interest the sum of .1111,926,768. Of European countries the least burdened with debt is Switzerland, as hardly 6 months of revenue would suffice to discharge its liabilities ; it, moreover, possesses assets amounting to $13,785,393. Persia is the only recognized country in the world which has no public debt. According to a bulletin issued by the census office of the United States the debt of the world, less sinking fund, on 1st June, 1890, was 130,338,132,933. The state and local ' debt of the United States on the same date was, less sinking funds, .«2,Ol'7, 170,546, being at the rate of $32 per head. 228. The following table gives the gross debts, assets and net deVjts Provincial of the several provinces in 1890, together with the amounts per head debts, of population : — PROVINCIAL DEBTS, 1890. Provinces. Gross Debt. Assets. 9 10,236,442 1,701,334 577,429 2,948,845 1,125,314 Net Debt. Amount per Head. (Juebfc Nova Scotia New Brunswick Aranit(>bai ... 9 23,62t},714 2,642,519 2,268,494 3,583,816 1,797,820 9 l.S,390,272 941,185 1,691,064 634,972 672,506 17,329,999 9 cts. 9 06 2 09 5 26 4 33 British Cohimbia 7 60 Total 33,919,363 16,589,364 7 00 The total net provincial debts, therefore, amounted to $17,329,999, which, if added to the public debt of 1890, would have made the amount per head of the total population $53.22. No figures are at piesent available for deteri?nTning either the county or municipal debts in Canada, or the debts of its several cities and towns, other than those given, pages 83 and 84. 229. Under the provisions of the Civil Service Superannuation Act, Supei^ii- 1883, retiring allowances are granted to such members of the Civil Ser- ""ation* vice, coming within the scope of the Act, who have served for not less than ten years and have attained the age of sixty years, or become in some manner incapacitated from properly performing their duties, or whose office may be abolished for the better promotion of efficiency, or otherwise. 230. These allowances are calculated on the average yearly sclary Calcula- received during the then last three years, as follows i For ten years *^^" °^ *^' but less than eleven years' service an allowance of ten-fiftieths of such average salary ; for eleven years but less than twelve years' service an < V ,"*■.•' ^ I ; iC m ",,' *•• ; ,1 ; j- i f. ^Hr;'-" .-•■<> *. ■ ' 4,-- ■:.:}v.» ¥^:;. ti !'l' M " i I Mm 152 CHAPTER III. ■iV'* : To whom applicable. Assesa- ment of salanes. Persoiis snparan- nuated still liable to serve. Gratuities. Sui)eran- nuation allowanc<>:i paid in 1891. allowance of i^le\ en-fi£tiV*-.h; and a further allowance of one-tiftieth for each additional year of ervice up to thirty-five years, when the maximum allowance of thiri y-tive-fif tieths may be granted, but no addition is made for any service over thirty-five years. 231. These provisions practically apply to all officers, clerks and employes of the Inside and Outside Civil Service, includinjs^ those' of the Senate, House of Commons and Library of Parliament. 232. As a pi'ovision towards making good the aboxi^ alls^wauees. a reduction is made of two per oent per annum on all salb/rie;.; ovj^r $Gno, and of one and a-quarler per cent on those under that an'ouiit 233. All persons under sixty years of age, in receipt of a superan- nuation allowance, and not iiioutally or bodily dis.ibled, ;!re liable to till, if required, under pain of fof/eitui'e of such allo^^ance, any public position in any part of Canada fur which their previous services have rendered them eligible. No such position, howt"> er, is to be lower in rank or salary than the position re t ired froui. 234. Provision is also made for the granting .f gratuities in ises where an alio vince has not been oarned by duration of .service. 235. The total /i\>iount [i^iid out on account of superannuation allowances and gi ' 'uties in 1891 was $241,110, and the following table shows the mtMaier in which that sum was divided among different departments and divisions : — SUPER ANN'l^ATION ALLOWANCES AND GRATriTIES-1891. Department. department of Customs " Inland Revenue *' Marine and Fisheries Public Works " PostOfbce " Finance *' Agfriculture " Justice " Secretary of State Militia " Railways " Interior " Indian Affairs Queen's Privy Council House of Commons Senate (jiovemor General's Secretary's Office. . . . Library of Parliament High Commissioner's Office, London, Eng. NunilxT, 145 2() (>2 110 75 23 20 11 •S 3 3 19 4 3 7 1 1 1 1 618 FINANCE. 153 •2'M). Pensions, which are of a different nature to superannuation Pension-t. allowances, are also granted in accordance with various Acts of Par- liaiuent to retired judges and to a certain number of persons, or their widows and children, for military services. The total amount paid under this head in 1891 ,vas $103,850, being $3,541 less than in the preceding year. 2;^7. The amount paid out for pensions in the United States during u. S. 1891 was no less than $124,415,957. l^nsions. ■■■.■■■I \ * Km «■ . ■■ \ .• •■ w '•':'|-V ■. , • • i i ; •'• <- • »., « XT •:♦• i..1 \..:. * 1 J II 1 ' 154 ),■ CHAPTER IV. :..-^^^ 1 .* n • " Weights and measures. Measiires by weight deter- mined. Customs valua- i tions. Classifica- tion of imports and exports. TRADE AND OOMMEROE. 238. The legal weights and measures of Canada are the Imperial yard, Imperial pound avoirdupois, Imperial gallon (of 277*27384 cubic inches) and the Imperial bushel. The Imperial gallon is equal to 4-54174 litres, while the wine gallon, used in the United States, is equal to 3-785 litres. 239. By Act of 42nd Vic. (1879), c. 16, it was provided : That in contracts for sale and delivery of any of the undermentioned articles the bushel should be determined by weighing, unless a bushel by measure be specially agreed upon, tht weight equivalent to a bushel being as follows : — Wheat 60 lbs. Indian com 56 " Rye 5«5 " Pease 60 " Barley 48 " Malt 36 " Oats 34 " Beans 60 " Flaxseed 50 " Hemp 44 " Blue grass seed 14 " Castor be«*ii- ... 40 Potatoes 60 Turnips 60 Carrots 60 Parsnips 60 Beets 60 Onion» 60 Bituminous coal 70 Clover seed 60 Timothy 48 Buckwheat 48 lbs. And by the same Act the British hundredweight of 112 pounds, and the ton of 2,240 pounds, were abolished, and the hundredweight was declared to be 100 pounds and the ton 2,000 pounds avoirdupois, thus assimilating the weights of Canada and the United States. 240, Customs valuation upon goods imported subject to duties are made at the fair market value thereof, value of packages included, when sold for home consumption in the principal markets of the country whence they were exported. The values of goods subject to export duty, if any, are to be their actual cost, or the value which they truly have at the port and time of exportation. 241. The classification of goods in the folio ing table is the same as that previously adopted in this work, the principle being that articles of a like nature shall be classed together. A copy of the tariff at present in force, as well as an index with reference numbers to the orders in the following table, will be found at the end of this book, so that the order in which any article is placed in the table can be iimne- d lately ascertained. Order 1 " 2 •' 3. " 4 ■' ."). 6. Bool Mus Prin Carv Ta<-k Wafc •' 7. me Surg Order in. •' 1(). " 17. Wmi tur Silk, Cott< Order 20. " 21. Aniff Vege Order 23. • 24. Anin Vege Order 20. Anin Order 31. Misc TRADE AND COMMERCE. CLASSIFICATION OF IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. Class I.— Art and Mechanic Proocctions. Order 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Books. Musical itiBtrunients. Prints, pictures, &c. Carving, figures, Ac. Tackle for s|X)rts and games. Watches, philosophical instru- ments, AC. Surgical instruments. Order 8. Arms, ammunition, &c. " i). Machines, tools and implements. " 10. Carriapr»»H, harness, &c. " 11. Shir> UMits, &c. " 12. Building material. " 13. Furniture. " 14. Chemicals. Order 15. •' K). " 17. Order 20. •• 21. Clash II.— Textile Fabrics and Dress. \Vot>l and worsted manufac- Order 18. Dress. tures. " lt(. Fibrous material. Silk, manufactures of. tures of. Cotton and flax " manufac- Animal food. Vegetable food. Class III.— Food, Drinks, Etc. Order 22. Drinks and stimulants. Order 23. • 24. Class TV.— Animal ank Vkoetable Substances. Animal siibstances. Order 25. Oilb. Vegetable " Class V.— Minerals and Metals. Order 26. Coal, stone, clay, earthenware and glass. *' 27. Gold, silver and precious stones. " 28. Metals other than gold and silver. Class VI.— Live Animals and Plants. Order 20. Animals and birds. Order 30. Plants and trees. Class VII.— Miscellaneocs. Order 31. Miscellaneous. Order 32. Indefinite articles. 155 «.» {I ■ ;■■;;.■* »'J * « • i . ■It *(' '.. < ■fl •■:?■■• •■ ' ■ ' '•-;. : . ■ r i. *t t ^:i' 5: r ^f.j.-.*' -•«■* 'I, 1 ti " 1 If •II v. .'-'■ 156 CHAPTER IV. IMPORTS-18D0 AND 1891. •• I ; v.- '87,200 87,309 12,775 1,030, 0««) 29,707 279,469 128,180 45,910 319,053 1,053 45,a50 22,.519 139,{»72 12,338 4,507 176.012 5,902' 123,324 77,724 19,308i 329,534 653,924, 2.5.194! 21,5021 Duty. Value of Im|)orts. Diit\. 129,849 Free. .5,883 338,185 8,802 81,373 31,044 8,989 Free. 211 13,484 7. 880 37,0! (7 3,044 i.a52 54,754 Free, 41,904 21, 05)3 Free. I 79,394 100,90«5 5,0.36 6,377 905,627 124,290 16.68*) 9JH,018 28,792 283,405 114,lt:0 42,4.S5 216,328 1,312 49,473 26,626 114,011 11,774 6,777 161,689 6,240 107,46'} 88,272 33,181 443,699 507,826 37,472; 21,500i UjA\s Fi'cf. 8.40,1 28,110 8.321 Free. 2t« 14,7;)0 !<.302 41,«1U •2,m Flee. 31,;i!rj 23,2oti Free. 7!t.3 7M, TRADK AND COMMERCE. EXPORTS-1890 AND 1891. 1890. - I)(iineHtic'. {;:■ 3- ,/ ti^ 62,»36 ( 21>1,215 <• I 38,023 [ ■ 1. ««, , ■ ■ * 158 CHAPTKIl IV. IMP0HTS-181K) AND imi-Cmitinutd. AKTICLRt*. Clash I. — (Jontittued. Order VIII, — Anim, Ammunition, dv. Cartriclfi^eH oiul cartridge caMen . , Dynanute and other explosives. CJun and blasting i»owder Rifles and other firearms Shot Order IX. — MnchiniD, Tool* and Impli mentn. Agricultural implementH Cutlery Diamond drills for pros])ecting Fish liooks, nets and lines for use of the fisheries Engines Hardware Machines and machinery Sewing machines Tools and utensils Order 1. — Carriages, Hurncs», iLc. Axles . . . . . . Carriages, waggons, sleighs, &c . . . Harness and saddlery, \vhip8, &c.. Parts of carriages Railway passenger cars &rder XI. — Ships, Bwits, ctr. Anchors Ships sold to other countries.. Ships and other vessels built in any foreign country, except machinery Ships and vessels, repairs on Wire rigging Order XII.—Buildinrt Materials. (See also Order 26.) Bricks and tiles Brick, fire Cement Lime . Slate, mantle and roofing 1800. ((U,424 40,203 22,\m 141,40H 3,357 101,130 347,81W 10,466 428,404 174,0«»4 730,587 1,763,1(M) 100,868 471,404 20,914 103,264 149,8221 45,564 100,048 17,338 39,547 3,805 28,819 105,320 85,868 338,069 5,360 20,831 18,074 13,090 9.730 28,1.19 1,372 67,405 88,211 Free. 54,577 245,581 500,(531 .H4,789 141,984 8,463 52,472; 35,483 14,249 31,814 Free. 3,955 963 Free. 32,353 Fre«. 81,002 1,072 4,270 1801. Value of Im|N>rt8. 51,339 37.244 22.445 133,755 2,731 200,341 .32.5,280 17,<»34 436,333 118,221 711,658 1,515,787 %,015 404,520 36,289 149,522 137,124 38,836 153,193 24,213 iMty. 58,629 6,071 36,833 120,671 102,476 316,701 4,273 43.890 \1M\ I'.'. 442 7,;m :!ti,iii: '.lis fl!l..'!ltl Fn-H. 428,W1 Sd.lf: 44„j,^) 3!i.J3ij Ffh-. i,?>: Fie*. 37,161) I Fret, 75,924 1 ml !t,2W TRADK AND COMMERCE. KXPORTS— 1890 AND imi-Continued. 10 lU 12 1880. 1891. ])()in«Httc. « Foreign. Total. DoineNtic. Foreign. Total. 9 t 8 l«l 8 19,219 287 19.606 60,163 689 66,742 1 . .... . 867,198 36 367,234 262,620 262,«2(» 1 . . . iooi221 4S,5i<4 451398 3,04i3 1451619 46,657 "i"ibii37 27,841 4l"i78 1,871 • ■ ' • ■ " i5i;3i5 29,712 ■' 17*467 5,314 "7,m 426 2i,im 5,739 26ii66 7,117 8,166 641 84,260 7,768 • 280^474 442,781 41,367 484,148 280,474 6,168 5,168 858 • • * . • * > . 858 322 176,184 3,268 67 389 175,184 3,268 1,746 153,265 306 2,052 153,265 i IfiO < - II M 'I »' ill m Ml.'-, 160 ' *•• • ■• t:''-i H- .■•» [ll '» ... • ^-'' CHAPTER IV. IMPORTS— 18SK) AND WJl— Continued. Articles. Class I. — Concluded. Order X/T I.— Furniture. Furniture, including hair and spring mattresses, pillows, &c Lamps, glolws, &c Order XIV. — Chemicals. Acid, acetic " mixed *' oxalic " sul|)huric " all other Alum and aluminous cake ... Aniline dyes Baking powder Brimstone Borax Chloride of lime Dyes _ Dyeing or tanning articles, crude . Essential oils . Glycerine Indigo . Ink, writing and printing Logwood, extract of Medicines, ]>atent Faints and colours " " dry Quinine Soda Turpentine, spirits of All other drugs and chemicals . . . . 1890. Class II.— Textile Fabrics and Dress Order XV. — Wool and Worsted Manu- factures, Blankets Carfiets Flannels Woollen cloths, tweeds, clothing, &c . . . . " other manufactures of " rags Yam " spun from hair of the alpa<»i or an- gora goat " made of woo) or worsted 379,166 215,472 26,4241 12,329 4,699! 2,927 .%,185 •2S,783 il2,.S20 94,704 44,276 24,845 62,138 321 173,533 41,175 50,253 .S9,942 76,499 77,271 205,740 628,285 21,292 33.762 .300,041 222,043 806,137 277,150 ,54,044 1,149,924 263,913 6,686,429 3,921,495 107,689 1503 7,567 131,629 64,584 12,363 3,082 Free. 1,059 5,604 Free. 20,701 Free. 32 Free. 8,385 9,472 Free. 16,566 Free. 63,812 69,702 Free. 22,165 199,070 Free. 25,861 294,060 79,501 1,738,955 1,010,549 32,446 Free. 1891. 528,039 218,133 10,467 23,6811 3,334 2,620 43,662 30,998 129,282 110,650 46,361 22.302 42,172 467 146,9.54 53,591 55,946 39,610 82,318 105,196 186,004 667,179 19,834 26,263 .S64,135 201,678 795,103 342,183 54,433 1,175,965 196,376 4,959,942 3,510,828 174,000 ••4,816 7,W4 ^ 5,8i),i Free. 888 ^ «,832 Free. 26,209 Free. 47 Free. I»,y8a n,7i: Free, ^17,081 Free. 70,230 Free. 20,193 W'1,729 Free. 127,616 2,631 6,381 2(),(a4 2!)(t,,')83 (?4,9fl6 1,642,433 915,325 42,(163 Free. •|'4' TRADE AND COMMERCE. EXPORTS— 1S90 AND 1891— Cmtiiiued. 1890. 1 1 1891. u C ', Domestic. Foreign. Total. 1 Domestic. Foreign. Total. «l 9 176,374 1,607 6,088 197 182,462 1,804 138,705 1,239 3 1,483 144 140,188 1,383 : ! ■■ 5,545 5,455 1 r ' 14: 12,426 161,822 5,i39 220 17,565 162,042 8,025 187,176 2,618 10,643 187,176 i 1 1 • ■ , . , 1 1 . i 1 1 54,297 38,381 92,678 69,979 20,517 90,496 i ! 1 1 15-: i 1 I 47,770 20,037 31,138 15,985 31,385 430 63,755 51,422 31,618 64,440 38,543 38,199 5,143 29,287 296 69,583 67,830 38,495 161 M I iij; :,. ■;. it ^ ■•'•.■ i'. (, Pi: rfii -:♦. : ■ Wil . ■ - ♦, ^ . tM" -I.-- ■.\. : K- I" ' i' • 1 1 : 11 i (•i»J m*i ^»^' ■ ',* ' i I r 1)^ B ■*. . I 162 CHAPTER IV. IMPORTS- 1890 AND 1891- Continued. Articles. Class II. — Continued. Order XV J. — Silk, Manufactures of. Ribbons. ....... Silks and satins, dress ... " sewing " other majiufactures of , " partly manufactured. . Velvets Order XVII. — Cotton and Flux, Manu- factures of. Cotton clothing. " piece goods " thread. " velvets and velveteens ... " winceys " waste " all other manufactures of Linen clothing " piece goods " thread " all other manufactures of . Order XVI II.— Dress. Boots and shoes Boot, shoe and stay laces Braces or susi^enders Collars, cutfs, &c Feathers, ornamental Flowers, artificial Furs, manufactures of Gloves and mitts Hats, caps and bonnets Laces, lace collars, &c. .... Millinery and embroideries. . LTm brellas and sunshades . . , 1890. Value of Imports. Order XIX. -Manufactures of Fibrous Materials. Canvas of flax and hemp. Cordage Felt, roofing .and other. 690,460 598,063 53,119 1,312,579 7,511 189,660 105.677 2,061,004 432,200 82,990 20,014 222,527 1,289,910 })*),499 10,614 300,922 171,337 682,592 287,013 28.077 38,000 48,489 48,591 163,661 98,299 702,047 1,229,435 672,611 329,518 330,144 10,739 33,135 7*367 4,865l Duty. 207, ia5 179,144 13,283 391,837 1,140 57,301 44,841 648,918 85,329 16,520 4,956 Free. 336,860 Free. 4,446 70,857 34,110 147,720 72,732 8,412 13,467 25,903 14,853 40,819 24,931 216,793 317,574 201,507 89,678 101,963 537 Free. 14,968 1,141 1891. Value of Imports. 623,014 560,691 32,678 1,290,074 5,815 163,102 99,601 2,007,887 516,560 178,917 12,991 274,066 1,195,251 72,549 8,004 324,507 155,725 673,682 255,408 35,245 45,102 6.3,138 63,362 191,440 99,114 660,674 1,288,300 541,722 320,021 297,872 10,413 33,650 90,6121 6,8181 Duty. 186,707 H)(),524 8,14t; 38(5,897 872 49,352 41,68t) 623,241 110,811 35,70() 2,935 Free. 320,8fiO Free. 3,140 7G.7lt« 31,273 148,895 03,224 io..5ii: 15,1)91 33,104 22.071 47,961 24,484 230,442 384,252 1()2,.">41 8!VKlti 103.7:: 52ij Free. 21, (182 1 1.44n r Domestic. 186,707 l()t),524 8,14() 38(),897 872 49,352 41,6«0 1)23,241 110,811 35,70) 2,935 Free. 320,8BO Free. 3,140 76,7'.« 31,273 148.S1C) ()3,2-24 10,.5l): lo,iWl 33,104 22.o;i 47.1W1 24,434 230,442 384,252 i()2,ri4i 8',),tH)t) 103.::: .5'2fi Free. 21,ii82 j 1.445 ] TRADE AND COMMERCE. EXPORTS-1890 AND 1891— (7on'■,• J. CHAPTER IV. IMPORTS -1890 AND \m\.— Continued. Articles. Class II.— Concluded. Order JT/X— Concluded. Felt, sheathing for vessels . •Fute and manufactures of. Mat& and matting Oil cloth Palm leaf, grass, &c. . . . Sails, t«nts and awnings.. . Twine All other manufactures or . Class III.— Food, Drinks, &c. Order XX. — Anivutl Food. Bacon and hams, including shoulders and sides Beef Butter Cheese Cod, hsddock, ling, pollock Kggs Fisn, fresh, salted and smoked " other *' all other kinds* Honey Lard Lobsters Mutton Oysters Pork Poultry and game, all kinds Prepared meats Other meats Turtles . Order XXI. — Vegetable Food. Arrowroot and tapioca Bread and biscuit Citrons, lemons and oranges for candying Confectionery (supar; Flour, wheat and .ye Fruits, dried . . " green 2,419 249,794 78,502 210,674 503 5,899 54.947 4,455 191,261 330,424 300,732 249,100 1,194,238 125,<,700 876,515 16,502 114,744 60,258 851 35,767 27,613 2,814 142,635 673,990 190,608 843,489 749,897 •Specially exempted from Newfoundland, Free. 53,933 19,983 81,{K)6 101 1,461 1.3,763 ^277 Free. 96,208 72,855 15,2J>3 3,827 *Free. 2,531 260,243 71,286 227.997 481 8,964 73,04(t 10,735 346,461 207,980 148,763 90,975 900,798 349,741 96,916 19,341 239.670 27,576 83,95(5 Free. 257,041 1,192 3,.563 102,340 71,692 1,098 6,019 Free. 7,532 2,820 534 31,618 283,910 178,541 643,517 3,258 14,765 24,155 141,573 18,877 101,778 Free. 709 7,579 44,777 6,038 35,580 Free. 41 61,531 132,743 89,943 270,385 54,979 ^86,6,53 100,720 1,016,561 Free. 397,238 Free. 55,1113 17,!ll)9 «4,:33 % 2,241 lil,3,i3 3,423 Free. 77,112 54,302 12,!)85 3,W2 *Frw, 111,044 24,671 Free. 782 2!t,75«j 1,219 Free. 1921 27,554 107,226 2,1)18 37,3l» 28,6581 Free, 8,3 10,198 1 Fiw, 58,6551 43,23'2 46,;« 122,H«9| Free, ■z Domestic. 4,4(53 (131, 079 15,128 ;340,131 y,372.212 3,028,515 1,7115,214 1,«5",451 2,074, li«) 187 •>.()72 1,138,293 4,li)0 1,225 14,281 4!»,320 108,022 73,737 15,0<)2 521,383 I ""i 4,759 1,02!),355 '^Vheat Hf.uronly. T'-.ty. Free, 55.1ii3 MM 84,133 % 2,241 l!l,353 3,423 Free. 10 7;,ii2 )3 54,302 ■5 12,!ffi 8 'i,m 1 •Free. 6 U W,044 i'} 2\,%:\ 1 Free, 3 782 2 29,75(1 9 1,219 2 Free, 4 m 27,554 .7 l(i7,226 TRADE AND COMMERCE. EXPORTS-1890 AND lS9l—Continu€,826 2(5.179 Hi ' 108,022 1,081 271 .994 17,391 ^H ; 1 1 1 ! "" 15,092'" i5ioi't2' ■ is" 898' 3' "13,961 ^1 ^1 1 . ■ 1 .V21,.3S.3 4,759 1,02;»,355 139,689 2,924 1:601,072 7,683 1,029,355 1,388,578 49,108 1,454,563 71,722 9,834 722 :i,'460,306 58,942 1,455,285 H 1 C Wheat Hour only. t Sails only. Tow only. 165 ',■■• .'[i- • !>^ •..'•v::'.!.'-* r-lv-J * ,''t ,.'■ • , % y:^i%.;S--'; i4'k-:V^»'>"' ;S ! • ■■■■ • ,■ ' ; 1 !•,.' I! ■ll' ' ''"M\-'^ry4' 'H *l I' P m. ■^ j'i/|-|.' ' % |i| liil f [■iH-^Jf |.,.»; «|5 * ! :->»;: t i , \ H ' 1 . , '*! : , .. . « ■ 1 ♦ :; %;' n - ■ *? ' . ^. I/> •'. 166 CHAPTER IV. IMPORTS-1890 AND 1891-ConeaHe , " rice " wheat " all other Jellies and jams , Macaroni and vermicelli Malt Molasses (sugar) , Meal, oatmeal " cornmeal , " and flour, all kinds Mill feed, bran, &c ... Nuts, almonds " cocoa " filberts and valnuts " all other Potatoes Sugar of all kinds Cane sugur or beet-root sugar Tomatoes " and other vegetables in cans Vegetables, fresh or dry salted 1891. Order XXII. — Drinks and Stiviulantg. Aerated and mineral waters. . , Ale, beer and porter " ginger Cider Coffee and chicory " green , . Cocoa and chocolate , Hops , Mineral water (natural) Mustard Pickles and sauces Spicf 8, all kinds 159,370 405,640 W},7{»7 4,»«3 17,707 4,194,320, 36,51t); 250,16*21 9,8521 50,5031 2,582,709 281,965 36,498 11 150 35,352 1,159,60!) 9,164 381,506 22,267 124,401 54,287 27,571 63,880 76,053 54,29!) 5,601,676 25,872 38,845 120,98(> 26,761 3!>, 215, 2, 83, 538 (K), 218, 1, 62, 101, 211, 505 531 014 797 8!)4 075 (>21 623 335 517 840 534 56,713 126,106 16,697 1,883 1,470 243,174 Free. 35,279 591 35,770 28,310 48,034 20,53«5 3,164 6,!»54 150,586 1,533 75,324 6,895 24,779 1!),784 8,623 33,020 37,107 19,818 2,870, 7i)8 8,072 !),126 31,585 Free, 7,8!)3 57,097 1,280 552 22,049 Free. 23,093 65,.'5«57 Free. 15,892 45,144 30,785 Vahie of Imports. 212,!)90i 446,637 24,1(« 1!)2' 18,183 3,308,786 52,250 48,148 11,1.S9 7i»,44(i 2,643,879 257,609 48,396 17,422i 35,053 1,060, 410i !»,70!> 324,642 14,407 97,427: 53,251; 27,735 80,i;5(! 78,269 31,306 5,128,664 252,099 2.3,785 Duty. ■)8,i« 142,^51 11,3:< M i,m 20fl,15ll Free. 7,!I1J m mi\ 22,129| 3t),3™r 2li,fl89l 4.2221 u^y 74,3;| l,4«il 4!»,822r 3,(» 1!V^ 37,1 3!l,ljl 3,13ii,li Frml \4 136,97(i 34.i; 42,34(; .\«1 241,.5.3(t i;2,s 8,12;^ u 2,9.-)4 .1 68,435 \Xl 630,082 Fm 99,.52(; •.11,4 23!),911 ai 1,417 Fre 60,839 Ui 114,762 4v 220,9H2 31J 256.15 I I 1,884,91: 49.5,745 ' "i7',i6i 1 16,485 87,814 I Jo;347' !^ ■'15' 1 62' .•)«,'.« 7 142,951 3 n,3H 2 28 \S' 1,M «)| 2051,151 SO Fw. 4S 7,!I1S vx m 46 40,131 7!> 22,129 09 %,i'A ^ftl 664 3.1311,13 099' Free. 785 5,ol 412 'AS 976 M 21- TRADE AND COMMERCE. EXPORTS— 1890 AND ISn— Continued. 1890. 1891. 1 )ome8tic. Foreijfn. Tjtal. i Domestic. Foreign. Total. 1 » $ $ $ 39,776 4,600,409 2.50,044 329 • 24,981 13 2,741 2,999,514 64,757 4,(500,422 252,785 2,999,843 63,545 2,929,873 495,768 114 93,401 12 739 1,803,339 1.56,946 2,929,885 496,.507 1,803,453 256.156 i 1,884,912 21,649 277,80.5 1,884,912 1,417 2,394,130 278,925 129,917 2,032,601 2(5,929 24 757 2,519,650 23,970 156,846 2,032,(325 1,417 2,005,269 34,136 757 388,861 244,789 1 1,583,084 263,578 4,102,734 287,-548 1 150,380 1 1,000 i 254,657 1 859 79,450 86,225 241 34,147 52,334 3.172 36 928 150,621 35,147 i 30«),991 4,031 ! 79,486 +87,153 88,174 857 45,195 1.393 12,.550 162,.324 ■■■■ 71,794 ■ 792 3,531 1,464' 88,174 72,651 45,987 4,924 12,550 163,788 :::'::::::' ::::::::::::!::::::::::: 39 39 495,745 5 1,693,671 5 49.5,745 3 1.693,674 17,101 58,«.e8 76,029 35,139 38,463 73,602 1(>,485 87,814 t 880 220 16,8()5 88,034 13,616 89,138 14 923 'l'3,636 90,061 ! 1 ?0,347 418 10,765 17,617 1.871 1 19,488 i 15 7,536 *7,551 i 15 317 *332 1 19,589" ' "" "10,087" ■ 62 123 185 29,676 1 1 1 + Br»n only. * Coffee only. 167 r "'■' . 'I.*' I'M ■I t: .1 . .■<» '* ':''^\-:^» ■''S f: ■" * Ki .1 f: i i I '•I ,' »■ !1 ■ .!•- « ' ■[ 'f i - Ml M.i. ■ hi I- UK I.; II.' ., ■■ . f E ■ v. , '*■?; :!;' ^ .■«> 168 \t CHAPTER IV. IMrORTS-1890 AND lS9l~Continue3 (5,658 1,349 8,859 841,258 15,970 2,706 2,2«51 34,916 193,529 417,336 888,653 213,267 321,224 41,000 10,170 11,168 3,779 8,449 Free. 56,430 285,749 3,420 Free. 5,821 291.a34 83,490 1,576 1891. Free. 6,565i 2l,452i 4,.529' 84,318! Free. ' 32,155, Free. 3,2r)5 9,488 Free. 270 JVee. 1.57,300 3,999 Free. (( 6,940 Free. 359,158 155,593 54,304 249,464 32,437 13,212 15,113 62,741 95,383 1,483,413 1,336,879 63,646 257,123 2,173 1,617,700 10,224 406,688 24(),752 15,837 6,999 64,386 29,381 65,539 3<>,441 477,9.54 485,927 81,512 89,873 10,710 38,745 27,959 2,004,449 3,984 4}>7 7,771 ()42,042 2,604 23,4341 14,.S77! 33,.-.18i 172,.526- 394,872 81iS,5.")5 140,!l()2 328,3(13 31,495 7,8(»!t 18,1)82 •■■.,88;^ lt>,22!l Frw. ")!t,:C,4 2ti3,a-w ^ 3,01(1 Fri'f. ti,3(): 288,245 99,204 3,504 Frw, t),!'43 22.1)81 !t,0(J3 ^65,.3(» Free. 28,!(0(i Five. 2,(iii:i 8,!Hw Frei'. IW Free. 120,as.^ 5.051 Free. (),ro4 Free. •[ TRADE AND COMMKRCK. EXPORTS— 1890 AND imi— Continual. 00. 23-1 1 1890. 1891. 1 )()meHtic. 1 21 12 25"383' ■ For.ign. Total. $ 4,576 2,867 13,482 2(5,825 Domemtic. Forei«u. Total. 4,555 2,856 13.482 1,442 $ 273 77 " " 45,6i9' $ 16,(542 3,185 20,498 1,117 740" ■ 47,406 9 16,015 3,262 J0,49H 46,73(5 m 8«J4 43,863 ioiT ' 43,8(53 , 1 ■ ■ ' 746" ■ \ 47,40(5 15,703 1 139 4,049 1,717 19,752 1,856 ! 1 10,742 16 624 12 11, .3(5(5 28 12,669 68 379 51,721 " ' 10^656" 64,3!K> 1 (58 11,035 1 7,170 20 1,435 39,988 8 9,.')55 47,158 28 10,990 57,215 *57,215 80,926 *80,926 397 397 1,555,692 7,506 3,211 ' 6,413" ■ i,56'2',io.5 ' t7,60(5 , 3,268 ' "1,384,875" 3,(547 .5,536 "16^946 '" "'1,395^821" 3,(547 57 5,535 14,752' 499,299 (5,686 '" 7,214 20,838 :506,513 18,021 489,004 5,733 3.480 23,754 ^492,484 1 791,138 7,304 798,442 - ■ ■ ■ 7,163" 889,.370 5,785 895,155 ' 7,103 18,591 18,.591 Bones onlj-. f (ilue stock, t Includes horns and hocis. || Undescribed. 16» ■ /* u t ri I. , I k .*■ y\ 8*, '■.. ■ • '■. |: : ■ :'• : i ■. . It n . ■ -i -i, i • t' ■. h 1"; I H M ■\\] I i1 ^■l'. . I '■ ■ ■ vit,.' m •» ' » ... „ 170 CHAPTER IV. LMP(.)RTS- 18l»(> AND 18Q\— Continual. Ahticlkm. 189(1. Value of IniiK)rts. Cl,A88 IV.— Continued. Order XXIII.— Condwilad. Soap, commion " fancy HiKinges Tallow and 8tearine(paraffine). ....... Wax, and manufactures of Whak'lxme, torti.ine shell and skins of Hsh Wool Another, Order XXIV. — Vcrjituhle SubgtanccH. Ashes Barks Bamboo, canes and rattan. Broom corn Cane or rattan . . Cocoa beans , Corks and cork.'>'i CorkwcKl . . Cotton wool. rirew( od . , Flax. iK)U Fibre, grass, &c. . . Flowers, leaves and roots Gums Gutta ijercha and India rubber goods.. . . " " ' unmanufactured Hay Hemp, undressed Ivory nuts Junk, old, and oakum Jute and jute butts . . Lumber, sawn, not manufactured Moss, seaweed, &c. . . . Oil cake, &c Paper bags, printed " hangnngs. , " printing " another Pitch and tar " (pine) . Resin Seeds, anise, coriander, fennel and fenu- greek, &c 24,231 110,001 34,542 52,087 15,(5iy 4!l,552 2 1,729,050 74,30,S 2,138 37,203 18,878 97,527 10,120 35,902 00,309 22,870 3,5;^9,249 20,540 07,805 17,921t 149,508 343,375 951,501 584,874 28,180 774,587 188,845 70,149 58,931 604,891 .39,925 20,261 17 173,152 10,472 192,266 19,345 11,538 01,384 5,106 1891. Duty. of I Duty. Imiwrts. I 7,436 53,448 7,014 14,448 3,124 Free. Free. Free. 2,531 Free. 13,218 Free. Free. 108.370 272,88t Free. 5,637 Free. 2(t,050 125,044 40,352 83,400 14,316 8,533 102 1,398,740 134,368 2,757 49,116 31,461 109,042 4,449 38,881 82,758 24,039 3,603,185 22,310 97,075 9,971 75,050 1,934 Free. 85,378 14,790 l.-)4,683 389,486 791,332 791,013 1,959 864,597 28,969 68,09(') 29,028 781,059 31,406 42,092 3,0.59 191,111 21,037 288,740 39,111 19,443 88,096 3,078l ti,72ri ■iit.noi 2!),4H7 2,86;' Free. S F- HC. Free Free. 10,324 Free. Free. 24(1,437 Free. 3W Fr ee. I,0»)5 lO5,0'i5 .5,620 73,771 ^ 3,573 Free. Dome 32(1 230 23 UMI 141 TRADK AND COMMKRCE. EXr()RTS-18JH) AND imi—Contimtnl. 18W. 1801. DomeHtic. Foreign. 1 Total. DomeHtic. Foreign. Total. i $ 3,733 130 9 3,803 1 9 2,284 8,970 1 2 - 1 1 1,808 : 1,808 1,453 114,262 320,080 236,000 ""'13,132'" .S20,;»89 248,801 5;v.i,t)".t!t 1 245,.^)03 3,145 2,407 642,244 247,910 I 23,510 UK!, 307 141,144 2,602 215,112 1(M>,367 141,144 14,500 124,103 213,4.*.5 1,602 16,128 124,103 213,455 1 1 i i 1 281,208 175,503 281,208 175,5«i3 314,870 181,380 314,870 181,380 i lb,2li' m " l'l,634"' """"15,001 2i926" ■ ■"■'l8"527"' l,068,55-» 20,508 1,0«)8..Y)4 2tv")(W ■ ' ' 27,120' ■ r>5*',489 123 " " " '31,883" 559,489 123 92' 26,442 087 31,975 1 1 10,200,005 013.843 20,110,848 02,507 i8,'l'lO,832 1,248,910 19,359,742 42,362 20,145 i 118,107 118,167 I ?4- 122 203 325 r.,275 68 6,343 1 16,673" 204" "*i5,277"' si,m" 603 '31,905 '" ... 11 Tallow only. Tar only. 171 ■ j'.' I' { I'll i ' wi: •" f ': i ^% ^. o>r«^^'^ V] '9 '^ V / .<^. .^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I £; u£ us 1^ 2.0 m Photographic Sciences Corporation // ^ 1.25 III 14 1.6 < 6" »• ';j^'V^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. MSfiO (716) 872-4S03 CHAPTER IV. IMPORTS— 1890 AND ISn— Continued. r , i'"v M ;!'jf.\ *' Articlfs. Class 1Y.— Concluded. Order iX/F.— Concluded. Seeds of all kinds Starch, com starch, &c Straw, inanutactures of .... Timber, lumber and shingles. " unmanufactured Varnish Wicker and basket ware Woodenware . . . . VJood, manufactures of Willow for basket-makers All other vegetable substances Order XXV.— Oils. Oils, animal " coal, kerosene, petroleum, &c., and products of " cocoa nut and palm *' fish i( (I « " lubricating " vegetable. ... " all other 1890. Class V.— Minerals .and Mktals. Order XXVI.— Coal, Stone, Clnp, Earthen ware and (ifass. (Sec also Order 12.) Asbestos, manufactures of Bent glass Chalk Coal, anthracite " bituminous " all other Coke and dust Clays China and |X)rcelain Earthenware Glass liottles, &c " plate " window .. Glass, all other, and manufactures of . . . Grave)« and sand Gypsum, crude 257,091 225,323 64,007 «.806 356,114 257,146 87,827 792 20,905 20,990 825,820 91 22,506 14,196 547,767 112,045 17,371 44,762 144,432 524,648 40,046 12,716 2,125 6,037 4,595,727 3,819,673 163,982 61,848 183,993 506,309 295,425 247,253 357,961 i 143,179 36,7681 1,928| 34,102 Tree. 21,844 1,353 42,839 Free. 32,280 Free. 5,117 .5,339 191,714 Free. 2,719 377,762 Fi"ee. 3,425 Free. 50,228 137,513 7,65«5 3.313 Free. 1,208 Free. 845,571 24,246 Free. .5.5,019 178,784 101,783 .53,30«) 89,706 31,960 Free. 1891. 426,436 37,000 ,53,368 35,700 186,997 859,898 65,767 658 1.5,609 .5,565 669,439 459 34,485 31,148 552,.522 87,703 26,403 104,895 141,077 764,808 45,573 13,228 7,202 5,224,4.52 4,209,882 4,760 209,138 56,7CJ6 173,178 464,184 315,232 227,335 .370,646 139,543 23,620 640 37,031 Free. 19,.-)2H 1,48.S 24,448 Free. 24,403 Free. 4.005 1,420 163.1»)H Free. 5,927 383,127 Free. 5,245 Free. 53,327 172,7tMt 8,21ti 3,325 1.440 Free. 959,3t)!t 524 25,552 Free. 51,580 161,214 106,100 45,210 74,303 30,95M Free. Specially exempted from Newfoundland. TRADE AND COMMERCE. EXPORTS— 1890 AND ISn— Continued. t Asbestos, crude. * Straw only. 1890. 1891. Domestic. Foreign. Total. Domestic. Foreign. Total. 9 182,200 716 182,916 321,534 37,158 358,692 , 1,098 24,231 5,030,293 1,031,054 14^075' 878,520 "'2(eJ8i6" 60 15,812 1,098 ♦24,231 5,203,180 1,031,104 ' " 14,630" ' 942,089 205,760' ■ 573 16,226 13,691 21,106 3,859,102 ' 1,300,620 13,691 •21,106 172,887 50 .565 " 63.569 '2"942 513 414 324,996 4,184,098 1,300,620 I 17,963 1,069,556 i35 ' 53,367 ■ ■ 2*655 ■ ""' 18^038"" 1,122,923 "" 'l99i24i " 18,726 746 19,472 25. 41,243 3,678 44,921 18,297 13,398 31,695 { 5,807' 444,159 1^70 ' ■7^277" t444,159 3,38i' 513,909 3^595* ' 6,976"' 513,909 "■■2,4"4'7',936 1,050 •• • 236,314 2,684,250 1,050 2,916,465 21 165,004 3,081,469 21 m- ■9,668 60,a59 193,899 8,852 18,520 60,359 193,899 5,521 63,326 184,977 1,471 6,992 63,326 184,977 17a \i •■"■■'■' P:- .- ■1; ■ • Hi . i; - « • i' I:' ^f! I "•I ^^ ;, K ; } '■«• " •• i ■«;. 4. ,^ ' i ■' 1 1, ■' ^* 1, •■ •i: ■f « ,1 ^■' ']'■;. ^* 'Vj. ■■■ - ■ ■ ■ 'viT Bin H * 1 ' Si '1 '1 , • 1 ;-:| :■ all '■'' ■■■"■ U||f|ifi' '<: 174 CHAPTER IV. IMPORTS— 1890 AND 1S91— Continued. Articlks. Class V. — Continued., Order JTZF/.— Concluded. Iron sand or globules Lithographic 8tvire + Including It (( >■.■: > I y^'i •;■<■■.• '-^ SM^'i If- > liiiii i ?*»r I; .VIM -ilM ,.■ ■"••lit' 1 -n^" ^' iiifei SP.V;: 176 CHAPTER IV. IMPORTS-1890 AND 1891— CoH<»n«c(/. Akttclks. 1890. Value of Imports. Class V.— Concluded. Order XXVIII.— Concluded. Iron, manufactures of, and all other^ . . . . " and steel, old scrap [ Lead | " manufactures of Metals and manufactures of Nails of all kinds .... Steel, and manufactures of " rails Stoves Tin, and manufactures of " blocks, pigs and bars " plates Wire, brass. . " copper " iron " steel Yellow metal Zinc, and manufactures of " blocks, pigs and sheets Other metals, manufactured & otherwise Class VI.— Live Animals and Plants. Order XXJX. — Animals and Birds, dkc. Animals, horned cattle " horses " sheep " swine " poultry and other ' * swine, to be slaughtered in bond for exportation all other.. for improvement of stock Duty. 1891. Value of Imports. Bees . . . . Leeches , Order XXX.— Plants and Trees. Fruit trees, vines, etc Forest trees Plants, ornamental trees and shrubs 2,634,767 161 328,412 31,452 353,470 59,375 529,502 2,204,085i 23,992 83,166' 266,463 908,565, 30,508! 129,492 81,336 6,962 98,472 6,472 92,5.S0 943,930 52,675 108,157 110,319 82,984 638,871 Free. 51,929 7,009 94,132 26,139 126,187 Free. 7,157 20,827 Free. 2,454,890 638 290,928 31,451 355,772 51,780 4.S0,583 3,197,280 29,944 46,491 275,343 854,770 35 1,615| Free, i 12,253 17,171 24,546 18,049 311,448 18,463 477,817 190 172 .'»l,542i 65,609; 617l 24,670! 14,753i 864 3,113 Free. Free. 22,421 Free. 5,497 Free. 24,111 1251605 7,191 105,023 896,080 18,486 162,366 105,641 5,753 265,561 26,467 443,129 416 170 4,423 85,650 145 35,034 27,456 Duty. o!K»,509 Free. 43,tM3 7,108 !tS,5!t7 10,87!t 102,248 Free. i>,oo: ll,; TRADE AND COMMERCE. EXPORTS— 1890 AND 1891— C mtinucd. 12 1890. 1891. i Doinestic. Foreign. Total. Domestic. Foreign. Total. 28-; $ 84,109 26,172 12,808 501 9 96,917 26,673 9 64,803 12,285 28,537 2,605 $ 93,340 14,890 ... 28,385 4,304 32,689 33,968 18,580 52,548 2,609 6,410 132 4,532 2,741 10,942 4,030 12,615 1 53 23,447 4,083 36,062 1 ; 1 '.".. '.'..'.'. . • • • ■ " 42,0.50 6,949,417 1,936,073 1,274,347 3,152 111,904 73",878' 6,962,185 2,007,633 1,276,999 3,152 115,232 "" '"47,644' 8,772,49r 1,417,244 1,146,465 1,954 60,753 I 31,828 2,768 71,460 2,652 3|328 ■ 15,872 2,270 155,320 4,400 63,516 8,774,769 1,572,564 1,150,865 1,954 29! 2,650 63,403 1 140 140 51 51 30- 2,976 399 3,375 4,297 240 4,537 177 . *■ i^.. 1-fc":- .«i' I ft ii.- :4f I j"' ii 1. ♦ ■• » '.'1 ii •';|-;'*^'-'H^ ■\' V':-' ,;.»-.» •I .1 ill' <| !! I , Hi 1 . . » ••'',': 1': »* »1 I 178 I CHAPTER IV. IMPORTS- 1890 AND 1891-Con«/Mrf«/. Articles.' Clash VII.— Misckllankocs Mattkhs. Order XXXI. — Miscellaneous Articles. Articles for the use of the Governor General Aiticles for the use of foreign Consuls General Articles for the use of the Dominion Government Articles for the use of the Army, Navy and Canadian Militia Billiard and bagatelle tables Brooms and brush ware Buttons Clothing for charitable purposes . . Fancy goods Ice Models of invention ... Pencils, lead, in wood or otherwise . Settlers' effects All other miscellaneous Order XXXII.— Indefinite Articles. Curiosities . . Goods, manufactured, undescribed. Personal effects Unenumerated articles Total Exi)ort duty. 1890. Value of Imi^rts. 6.794 9,354 599,6aS 370,194 4,968 100,595 277,767 9,936 792,420 26,698 16,990 49,018 1,810.217 899,786 202,514 65,091 36,744 6,959 996,247 115,148 121,858.24i Duty. Free. 1,494 25,060 71,126 Free. 234,987 Free. i< 12,966 Free. ii 58,046 Free, 8,222 Free, 195,948 Free. 23,921,234 93,674 1891, Value of Imiwrts. 6,644 2,427 412,209 408,434 5,269 112,151 281,884 9,602 647,945 1,764 30,763 57,130 1,778,656 363,930 347,723 22,016 15,634 3,495 936,162 97,630 119,967,638 Duty. Free, 1,41!» 27,H8o 70,811 Free. 167,807 Free. (4 17,158 Free. 109,3(» Free, 3,204 Free. 189,525 Free, 23,416,21)6 64,803 ■^- 1 1 if;;:'-- TRADE AND COMMERCE. EXPORTS— 1890 AND lS9l—Condude(J. 1 1890. 1891. i DomeMtic. Foreign. Total. Domestic. Foreign. Total. f 9 i 1 1 $ $ S f $ 31- 39,569 18 39,577 36,333 1,193 37,526 247,W4 247,644 26i',86i 261,86i 1,002,860 68,948 1,061,868 1,166,912 227,858 1,394,770 r 3"- 207,118 74,568 281,676 187,870 123,498 311,368 1 2,922,072 2,922,072 2,913,994 2,9]3,H!)4 * • 85,257,586 11,491,563 96,749,149 88,801,066 .... . . 9,616,230 98,417,2Si 1 1 ^" 12J 179 ,..». I V ■ i:-^ ■ ■ 4' ''■:. ■4'f«.-'''» , r^^".t-', ;> •J 1 •1 y.' r ^ ■ :« %? ^ i t&^-^ • ^bl^> I ■ ' I • ,, *^ ... Mr •»• • ' r. .'■■■, ■ I 'M '•■ .»•.•/. ^■■'* ■■*.. • ' ' 1 ■ !■;•• " .; . ; ■I ••• Hit . ;, H ■■■• * . :■ 1 1 -♦ 180 CHAPTER IV, Summary 242. The foU«»wing tabic is a summary of the preceding one, sIkpw ?^ 'tTi " ing the total value of imports and exports in each class and ord ing table. cr. in the years 1890 and 1891 : Ahxicles. 1890. Imports. Class I.— Art and Mkohanic Phoductions. BuokM, Ac Musical instruments Prints, pictures, &c : Carvings, figures, &c > Tackle for sports and games ' Watches, philosophical instru- ments, &c 7iSurgical instruments 8 Arms, ammunition, &c 9|Machines, t34.or.!) 16,754,020 17,214,775 8,208,747! 254,t;2.S 28,614,199 40,103,457 6,151,599 11,087,530 1,754,129 3,73r),S24 28,178,584 r)8,143 18,993,258! 31,972,.to1 2!t.\iiiinal8, I 30| Plants and 3lLMiseellane( 32IIiKiffinite TRADE AND COMMERCE. 181 n'; 1890. l.S»l. Articlkh. IiniHjrtH. KxiH)rtH. IiniiortH. Ex|M)rts. $ » $ 9 Class V.- Minkkals and Metai,h Coal, Mtone, clay, earthenware. . . . 11,30(»,478 4.07l,H8() iiiirl gflaHH 27 (iulfl, silvtT and preciouR stones. . I l.!t37,70.'^j 3,298.411> 2H.M.tals other than gold and silver' 13,272,!>27| 4{W,7«4 12,42Jt,738 4.714,473 2,4«l,8>)8 1,73!>,420 13,828,184; 7!>8,1»43 Total of Cla88V. Class VI.— Livk Animals anmi Plants. Animals, hirdu, &c aj,517,110 7,8«!),083 28,73!), 7t»0 7,252,8;^ 2*.t SOll'L-xnts and trees. Totalof Class VI. Class VII.— Misckllaneous Ma'pteks. Miscellaneous articles. IiicU'ttnite do Total of Class VII . (irand total . 1,162,22.') 137,1!>1 10,35.'), 101 3,.')15 1,027,1>8!» l.V2,(»08 l,21«».416l 10,3r)8,«l<» 1,180,507 11,.')«J3,.5.')5 4..')88 11,5<)8,143 4,076,744 l,348,42«t 1,220,180; 3,203.748 4,3()6,421 1,604,1.57 1,073,837 3,225,362 5,806,933 4,552,177 .5,440,2.58 4,019„519 121,a58,241 1X5,749,140 .1- 110,!M)7,()38 <.»8,417,296 «'■ •t ."A M. 243. The total value of the imports and exports, and amount of Imijorts (lutv collected in 1891, as compared with 1890, were as follow : — '^"'^ ^ •^ exiwrts. Iuii)orts. Exjiorts. Duty Collected. lu!!?*"^ 18iH> $121,858,241 »%,740,149 «24,014,008 1801.. 119,%7,t)38 08,417,21«) 23,481,0«)0 There was, therefore, a decrease in the value of imports of $1,890,603, ami iiii increase in the value of exports of $1,668,147, making a de- crease in the total trade of $222,456, while the decrease in the duty collected amounted to $533,839. 244. The following table gives the value of the total imports and Value of exports, and of the aggregate trade in every year since Confederation, ""i*"*^'* The excess of imports over exports, or otherwise, is also shown, as well exiwrta as the value of the aggregate trade per head of population in each ^ince Con- year : — • , n •1^ ' " i T ■i. , 'i !• " • « ii. '- NrtH. Total ExiK)rtH, EXCVHS of Ini|N)rtii. ! Vftiii.„f I ' Hr.id. IWW.. 1WH«.. 187(».. 1871.. 1872.. 1873.. 1874.. 187«.. . 1877... 1878.. . , 187!».. imh. . 1881... 1882..., 1883.. . 1884... 188r)... 188«)... 1887... 1888... 1880.. . 18(»0... 1891... Total.. Annual average. 73,4r)l»,(144 70,416,HWi 74,81 4.;«5» 111,430,527 128,011,281 128,213,582 123,070,2831 03,210,:M« }«»,327,9«12 03,081,787 ' 81,m54,427 8 74,173,018 82,(i30,(»»| 80,780,022 80,351,028 77,88«},070 HO.iNMUIi")' 75,875,303 70,323,007 71,401, 2.''»5 87,011,458 «8,2!»0,823 102,137,203 08,085,804 0],4O0,4iN> 80,238,3«{1 85,251,314 80,515,811 iM),203,(MM) 80,180,107 06,740,140 08,417,290 15,801,7W5i 0,04O..S84| 1,240,840 21,010,3.VV 28,7ttO,8«M' .38,221,.%0j 3H,801,«h54' 4.">,18.S,304 12.243,011 23,452,5«I0' 13,758,120 10,473,172 t 7,040,017 17,282,21*7 34,1«58,218 24,5»00,547 10,703,125 10,173,247 2:^,370,425 20,001,«a0 2f.,035,704 25,10i>,092 21,660,342 48,604,89<> 62,400,772 60,043,590 57,««O,024 ((5,831,083 70,638,026 77 00,700,823 72,491,437 «W,O.SO,540 «(7,080,800 02,431,025| 72,85«»,05>7 83,044,701 94,137,«k», 87,7(>2,431 70,833,01>8 70,131,735, 77,750,704! 80,0ti0,000j 81,.S82,072 80,272,460 86,257,680 88,801,066 9 131,027, 6:« 130,880,m(( 148,.387,821» 170,2«W,689 194,070,1001 217,801,2031 217,666,510 200,057,202 174,170,781 175.203,;«5 172,405,454 153,45.5,082 174,401,205 203,021,r»0;i 221,.55«i.703 2;,610,JI01 409,097,909 84,5<12,964 20,795,760 1,760,423,130 4,556, 608,mt0 73,725,964 180,.%2,420 8 itH. ■"■ m 4L' !»•) 4s ;«i M 74 5!) .S7 ■)(; MH rn 7(1 44 10 4;{ t;,-. 42 i>t; 37 01 41 :«; 4fl % 51 ;;< 74 tv.i :<7 51 70 44 10 4H tM 42 2t; 37 01 41 -M M\ % ."to .Vi 51 !t7 4tl M 4;< w 41 ar. 4H tl7 42 '.t2 4;< It; 4r) ti5 4r. 0!) 45 83 890, the )n, while, and the Beded the eded the uring the S-J0.40; sr head of tal trade only once re having iports has TRADK AND COMMKRCK. 183 irtt 11 !?20,79r),7.'iO ; therefore the excesH in 1H91 was $7!^A,^92 alnne tlif iiverafj[e. Whether a continual excess of imports is or is not pre- juilirial to the interests of a country, is a complex and much debated (lucstion, and one outside the scope of a work of this desciption. The imiiorts into the United Kin^rlom have for many years largely ex- ((■t'(l»' i. ' i '' ' 1 i I :*ll 4 • 'II M )l I ■ rl 'H • '^t.' II 'ir*H •? :-V •'. 184 CHAPTER IV figures and the actual ones of the previous year, and represents the change in quantity which has taken place ; the difference between tlie calculated values and the actual values of the later yenr is given in tlie fourth column, and represents the proportion due to variation in piioe ; while the last column gives the actual difference in the values of the two years. It will be seen, therefore, from the table, that of the actual increase of ^5,133,710 in 1890, almost the whole of it was due to increase in volume, for though the grand total shows a slight impro\e- nient in prices, this was entirely due to a great advance in value of animals, principally cattle, the increase in price of which, $2,460,000. more than counterbalanced the decrease in prices of articles of t'cKjd and drink, viz., $2,283,000, and with the exception of animals tlie tendency was to lower prices. The increase in the actual value ot' exports in 1890 represents, therefore, in this case, a proportionate increase in the »,ctual amount of trade done — that is, an increase to that extent in the actual volume of trade. EXPORTS OF PRINCIPAL ARTICLES, THE PRODUCE OF CANADA, IN 1890, COMPARED AS TO QUANTITY AND VALUE WITH 188!t (COIN AND BULLION AND ESTIMATED AMOUNT SHORT NOT INCLUDED.) Articles. Value. Increased or Decreaseh Vaiak. Actual At prices In 1890. 1 of 1889. Due t<) variation in Animals, Living — Horses 1,936,073 Cattle 6,949,417 Sheep i 1,274,347 Swine I 3,152 Other animals 111,904 Quantity. Price, H 2,050,000— 120,000— 114,000 4,489,000 — 1,219,000 + 2,460,000 1,109,000 - 154,000 + ia5,ooo 3,000 — 3,000 84,000 — 30,000 + 28,000 Total 10,274,893 7,7.35,000 — 1,526,000 + 2,539,000 Ac^tually more or less i!ian l8H!t. 1,241.2!»1 11,222 .S.(I23 •2M) + 1,012,2.^11 Articles of Food and Drink— i Bacon and hams ' Meats, all other Butter Cheese , Egffs i Codfish, dry and wet; salted. j Lobsters j Salmon i Fish, all other ! Apples, green or rii^e. . do dried 631,079 2«54,078 ,340,131 9,372,212 1.795,214 701,000 + 239,000 J- 363,000j + 9,492,000 + 1,977,000 — 320,000 36,000 31,000 576,000 182,000 3,015,368 1,138,293 2,230,632 1,714,350 993,163 4,769i 3,137,000 + 59,000 1,075,000 — 132,000 2,152,000 + 1,220,000 1,882,000 + 182,000 749,0001— 779,000 4,0001— 1,000 70,000 + 2.5,000i + 23,000| + 120,000 + 182,000 — 24'.t.78(; til,0,')«) H,173 4.")t),;V28 122,000 64,000 79,000 167,000 244,000 — (»,!()« + l,21t!t,3H + 14,8113 — tmM — 818 EXPORTS i lH TRADE AND COMMERCE. EXPORTS OF PRINCIPAL ARTICLES, THE PRODUCE OF CANADA, IN 1890, &-:.— Continued. Articles. Articles of Food and Drink — Cmusludtd. Fruit, all other ... Barley Beans . Outs Pease Wheat drain, all other Floiir, wheat Oat'.ieal Meal, all other Potatoes Spirits, including ale and beer Malt ..._ Other articles Valuk. Actual in 1890. At Prices of 1880. 75,978 4,600,409 250,044 25«),156 1,884,912 388,801 245,118 521,383 254,657 80,302 495,745 3(),32o 150,380 142,448 Incrkaskd or Decrkaskd Value. Due to variation in Actually I more or less than 1889. Quantity. .57,000 — 6,350,000 254,000 293,000 1,994,000 40.5,000 274,000 566,000 281,000! + 91,000j 4- 430,000! + 33,0001 + Price. + + 208,000 158,000 4,014,000 220,000 5,42»),000 1 + + 75,668 133,000 — 13,000 + 120,273 18,000 + 4,000 — 13,5.55 25,000 — 5,000 j- 20,123 241,000 — 25,000 + 215,782 .52,000 - 7,000 58,732 29.000 + 25,000 + 53,75() 129,0001 — 24,000 + 10.5,434 103,000 — 66,000 + 37,244 886,000 -1- 340,000 + 1,22.5,439 2,000' + 16,000 -:- 18,069 143,000 - 222,000 — 78,780 Total. 14,425,386; 14,403,000 + 1,621,000 + 23,000 -+- 1,645,053 Oils MnHufacture», Asiies. |>()t, pearl and other BaiTels, empty BasswcMul, l»utternut and hickory Carriages Cotton waste Deals Deal ends Extract t)f hemlock bark . . 47,56» 10(i,367 19,314 58,1<;7 17,457 46,955 9.149,152 3.38,115 161,822 41,000 116,000 21,000 90,000 21,(M)0 41,000 8,913,000 2.56,000 184,000 14,000! 4- .5,000 — 8,()16 + 15,000;— 3,000i — ! 60,000 — 7,000 — 14.000 -t- 2,347,000 + 14,000 + 25,000 — 10,000 2,000 32,000 3,000 :^*»>.!i:'i .-. ' "i If ■I •'i^:'--. . '.< * ..■ \kr I :J'.>'' Si. 0'P'" 186 CHAPTER IV. EXPORTS OF PRINCIPAL ARTICLES, THE PRODUCE OF CANADA IN 1890, SiC— Concluded. Value. Increased or Decreased Vame. Articles. Due to variation in ~ Actual in 1890. At Prices of 1889. Actually more or less Quantity. Price. than 188y. Man It/act arcs— Con. Joibts and scantlings Junk and oakum Kuees and futtocks. . Laths, palings and pickets Lathwood, shingle and stave bolts Masts and spars Musical instruments Oil cake $ 1P9,919 26,442 31,912 392,500 120,161 19,292 329,855 42,.362 7,931,955 340,872 442,781 198,503 .303,639 402,574 43,594 28,277 4,606,191 151,000 24,000 35,000 424,000 141,000 45,000 376,000 34,000 8,056,000 330,000 376,000 233,000 329,000 389,000 42,000 37,000 4,583,000 8 — 5,000 — 2,000 + 20,000 + 50,000 + 18,000 + 34,000 + 59,000 — 29,000 — 287,000 — 75,000 + 109,000 — 166,000 — 142,000 — 9,000 — 15,000 + 11,000 + 411,000 $ + 9,000 + 3,000 3,000 — 31,000 — 21,000 — 26,000 — 4(i,000 + 8,000 — 124,000 + 11,000 + 67,000 — 35,000 — 25,000 + 13,000 + 2,000 — 9,000 + 23,000 + 71,000 — 144,000 + 3.646 + 7a5 + 17,044 + 1S,870 - 2,536 + 8.125 + 13,287 — 20 740 Planks and boards Shingles Ships Shocks, box and other Sleepers and railroad tics. Staves and headings — Sewing machines Tobacco Other articles . . , — 410,515 — .uce, it appears that in 1890 there were exjKtrted at the prices of llSSO no less than $2,200,000 worth of articles of food and drink more than in the previous year, but so great was the decline in price that the actual figures show a decrease of S75,000 on the year's exports. Similarly, our exports of animals fell off in quantity to the extent of $1,500,000, but so great was the advance in price that the actual figures showed an increase of more than $1,000,000. Raw materials and manufactures advanced both in quantity and price, while miscellaneous articles showed an increase in quantity, but a falling off in price. 251. The following table of prices of the principal articles of export, Average based on the values in the Trade and Navigation Returns, will afford export some idea of the fluctuations during the past ten years. Owing to the P"''**' irregular definition of quantities of imports already referred to, it has been found impossible at present to make up a similar statement of import prices. The decline in value of all the principal articles of food, viz., grain, meats and fish, will be at once noticed. ."^: P 4 •i- •V' *v. <-'\ '♦"^■^••' '. ■1 ..>i■.!•'^J- ♦I • ^;;- <»- n-; • » 1- !, • •■■■.". ■ y '*i i il ^r^4 >? ■ I ; 1 , ' ii i '.\ \ 1 f 'I ^ ♦ i i '' ' \ , ' ■■'l 1 %>' • 1r •i:- .i r 1 I '1 i.^i , HI,. >■•■ : pi ft ■■■ i ^ 188 •35 53 o O ■a: o I— I Pi H oi C P- sg CHAPTER IV. OC 9i ;ON ■Jy. ^N -i; -113333 pa i3;o:::!W;i.iih « 5 1 1>- in t Q I i! S t^ 5fi »■- © * < HOC OO<-i00i ___+t HCCO©»HO»f ++ l-K >- -f t>» tr Ci «■ '* N ec T< 3" IN t^ t- c M r i:: X i-i «c i- -CCO©i-i05>- ccocc^esN - C w C f-< .-I « CJ -CCOiHOOJC^ c t s ft p{ S ,-1 is NCCC-nOOM ST. S S -r X 3 ■5 1.-: 3 o t X ; -I ^ « r, i; - - r. - -j S O t r-c »-< t-. 1- X -o b 1^ -c t -^ I— ^ -r i- 1.. S C -r 1-2 IMr- OCT ^uu © O - -^ 5 "iS"^"~ — J © o i r. - [. ^ _ il'. -i -^ ; c c T X c «-. rix'l ?© = " f-» "* CO IS Or-i 3?.- 3© S t^ C* C _.._.„ — - isSL 'iZ'i 5 5 = '"*■ - ' : s: ■t. s . >. TRADE AND COMMERCE. M 0494 e> eoe^oo ^©C©O<-'00'-**©®W +t_. 1-1© 5Kfl :S&SJ?S$$3gS 2 SS85gsjrfeSSSgSSfe$$Sg55HgS$g;i :I8S ^CC ■©•-'©»^©©©'»' ©■^iNQOfHiON©©©©©©©©© ©©©Mt-«C»n 'iH© ^H "*S ^^ l,^ ^^ ^J ^^ • ,£C c ©»-iOS'-i© <-•« ©-HcgNt-Nxsjj©©©©©©©©©©©©^*-.©^ i'^© -CC©©'-i«'-©© : ©^Tee^^ CQ |S2 ^ -E I IS s V g IsCi V e8 .11 'TO ^ b n si I 5o •1 5 nJ -tS 5 X llil e :i S - Q X I X > X bo e Jo - « as Si ^8 6o6 - ^^^ 189 -§ a § pa I b ,. -1. .-, ?• «'■.»■ • < ■'. • • ' \ ' ■;' "it"!-'' •i:^» ->^' , t .'r K-4' * ■■ ■ .'i iil 190 CHAPTER IV. 4^ Average prices, 1873-1891. Value of goods en- tered for consump- tion, duty collected, &c. 252. The index numbers of the prices of 45 commodities calculated by Mr. Sauerbeck are, as usual, given below, and show the course of average prices for a series of years. (Statist, 2nd January, 1892):-- V.\LUE OF 1867-1877. 1873 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 .... 1885 . ... 1886 1887.. . 1888 1889 1890 1891 100 111 83 88 8.5 84 82 76 72 69 68 70 72 72 72 Prices, it will be seen, have slightly improved since 1887, and in \^S% 1890 and 1891 have apparently remained the same ; but as a very close calculation would have made 1890 and 1891 slightly under 72, prices have in reality declined about half a point, as compared with 1889. The fall in 1891 would have been greater, but that the decline in prices of textiles and minerals was counterbalanced by the rise in the price of corn, rice, &c. The year 1887 closed a period in which prices reached their lowest level, and it seems quite possible that a period of gradually improving and firmer prices has begun. 253. The next table gives the value of imports, exports and duty collected, per head of population, and the value of goods entered for consumption, in each year since Confederation : — VALUE OF IMPORTS AND EXPORTS PER HEAD IN CANADA, AM) DUTY COLLECTED ; ALSO VALUE OF GOODS ENTERED FOR CONSUMPTION, 1868 TO 1891. Value of Imports per Head. Value of Exixjrts per Head. Goods Entered for Consump- tion. Duties Collected. Year ended 30th June. Imports. Exports Total. Amount i)er Head. 1868 9 cts. 21 78 20 63 21 66 27 31 30 86 34 89 33 52 31 66 23 60 24 75 22 82 19 77 9 cts. 17 07 17 72 21 29 21 08 22 88 24 48 23 36 20 04 20 50 18 90 19 44 .7 24 8 71,985,306 67,402,170 71,237,603 86,947,482 107,7»9,116 127,514,594 127,404,169 119,618,667 94,733,218 96,300,483 91,199,577 80,341,608 9 8,801,445 8,284,507 9,425,028 11,807,589 13,020,684 12,997,578 14,407,317 15,364,139 12,828,614 12,544,348 12,791,532 12,935,268 17,986 14,102 37,912 36,066 24,809 20,152 14,565 7,243 4,500 4,103 4,161 4,272 9 8,819,431 8,298,909 9,462,940 11,843,655 13,045,493 13,017,730 14,431,882 15,861,382 12,833,114 12,548,451 12,795,693 12,939,540 Sets. 2 61 2 43 2 74 3 37 3 61 3 5.5 3 77 3 95 325 3 12 313 312 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 '.. ■ FOREIGN T Excess per head ir TRADE AND COMMERCE. VALUE OF IMPORTS AND EXPORTS PER HEAD IN CANADA, &c. Concluded. 191 Value of Imports I^Jd. Value of Exports i)er Head. Goods Entered for Consump- tion. Duties Collkctkd. 30TH Jl'NK. Imiwrts. Exixjrts Total. Amount per Head. 1880 1881 1883 188.S 1884 $ cts. 20 52 24 29 27 24 29 84 25 m 24 01 22 77 24 35 23 67 24 33 25 45 24 77 $ cts. 20 85 '22 67 23 30 22 in 20 39 19 67 18 59 19 31 19 25 18 83 20 20 20 32 8 71,782,349 91,611,604 112,648,927 123,137,019 108,180,644 102,710,019 99,602,694 105,639,428 102,847,100 109,673,447 112,765,584 113,345,124 9 14,129,963 18,492,645 21,700,027 23,162,553 20,15ffi4-<>rr><>r.f . head. Com- pared. FOREIGN TRADE OF CANADA AND THE UNITED STAT CAPITA, 1891. ES, PER Country. Imiwrts. ExiMrts. Total Trade. Canada United States Excess per head in favour of Canada $ cts. 24 77 13 45 9 cts. 20 32 14 08 9 cts. 45 09 27 54 11 32 6 24 17 55 ' • hi ■IvV.R f %.t^| '^'r^M-' ■a i\ ..». '■'•■■* ♦ *!•* • t . .. * •'■■ ^^t1, 'y 1 I "M- .j ,; . # 1 •• i. ,^ ■'I ti. ■jif •!' 19^ CHAPTER IV. These figures, however, while showing that the external triulf of Canada is, proportionately to population, larger than that of the United States, do not necessarily indicate that therefore this country is in a better commercial position, but probably only that, as regards inipnits a larger proportion of home manufactured goods are provided in tlie States, and that that country therefore is not compelled to the same extent to go elsewhere for supplies. Summary 256. A comparative summary of the value of the principal aitiiles 1889*T8»o' in^ported for home consumption in the last three years will be tViund and 1891. in the following table, dutiable goods being distinguished from thcise admitted free. This table formerly related to the total quantities imported, but in order to show more clearly what the requirements of the country have been, it has been changed to apply only to artic'es for home consiumption. Articles, Value of Ihporth Entrred kor Consumption. Dutiable (roods. Ale, beer and porter Animals, livinir* Books, periodicals, 3ic., and other printed matter, N.E.S Brass and manufactures of BreodstxifTs, viz, : — Arrowroot, biscuit, rice, macaroni, bran, &c Grain of all kinds Flour and meal of all kinds Brooms and brushes Brick and tiles Candles i Carriages Carpets and squares, N.E.S j Cement Clock and clock springs I CotJ and coke (see also Free Gotxls) i Cc.ffee (see also Free Goods) | Copper and manufactures of j Cordage of all kinds I Cotton, manufactures of I Crapes of all kinds •■-.•■. Drugs, dyes, chemicals and medicines Earthenware and china Embroideries, not otherwise provided for . . Fancy goods Fish and products of (see also Free Goods). . . Flax, hemp and jute, and manufactures of .. . . : Fruits and nuts, dried Fruits, green (see also Free Goods) i 1889. 1890. 18itl. S $ § 192,840 221,928 23r.,35!) 304,.S8ft 347,978 2ti2,082 1,261,782 1,304,384 l,212,.S4fl 435,170 460,692 oie,28il 412,166 542,868 470,166 1,-^1,900 1,447,508 1,701,!I84 1,382,578 1,007,157 508,113 93,.S88 100,220 111,524 131,475 105,818 120,667 25,112 26,049 27,802 398,293 304,274 31(1,026 90,250 95,049 %,itl8 1})7,580 328,110 313,767 132,092 121,210 107.885 3,35)4,212 3,692,121 4,274,631 87,421 73,109 61,060 158,037 217,104 412,384 70,887 73,614 90,542 4,245,868 3,963,182 4,029,110 97,882 88,019 70,491 1,327,865 1,368,368 1,418,630 697,949 695,206 t)34,907 185,163 200,650 2fJO,350 1,890,626 1,857,884 1,513,463 487,479 533,899 515,157 1,493,686 1,416,217 1,433,189 964,404 1,017,197 1,151,014 638,266 780,325 !»91,018 TRADE AND COMMERCE. 193 '.•7' Articlkb. butitthlt U12 67,514 115,148 98,838 113,742 2,363,845 2,018,238 1,305,469 31,808 57,549 59,311 114,694 253,164 385,880 28,147 53,295 79,604 2,978,496 2,845,508 2,669,930 105,950 148,618 1.50,579 215,428 213,697 214,402 1,420,073 1,545,954 1,521,787 202,670 286,115 285,280 5,837,895 5J86,158 5,005,397 900,747 1,103,209 {;72,200 120,766 141,818 135,515 71,973 122,275 161,123 93,409 83,045 46,423 276,463 298,206 324,757 194,801 221,653 201,92<> 81,311 87,88] 68,464 181,244 242,763 229,794 574,413 652,328 506,913 1,486,331 1,477,962 1,191,429 10,414,963 11,017,261 9,962,744 3,214,152 4,021,862 3,872,283 74,475,139 77,106,286 74,536,036 •\ ■;:--r !• in [. w ::V^' ■♦a . ■■'0 '■•■.?. '.*■'> iit 194 CHAPTER IV. '■'iiu-!» ':!• M^\C^^ iijii ■ '■ Mm 'rial V nig T r Increases and de- creases. AHTIcr.Rs. Frev (iood». Animals f(ir improvement of stock liroom corn Coal, anthracite Coffee, xreen Coin and bullion Cotton wool and waste Drugs, dyes, chemicals and medicines.. . Kms . . ! Fisn, all kinds Fish-hooks, nets and seines, &c Fruits, green . . . Fur skins, not dressed (irease Gutta percha, crude, India rubber, &c Hemp, undressed Hides and skins, undressed Ivory nuts Junk and oakum Logs, and round unmanufactured timber Lumber and timber, plank and board, sawn, not shai>ed, planed or otherwise nianufac tured ' Metals, viz. : — Brass Copper Iron and steel Tin Zinc All other Oils, cocoanut and palm Oils, fish Paintings in oil or water-colours, &c Rags Salt Settlers' effects Seeds Silk, rav/ Stones, precious, not ix)lished. Tea Tobacco, unmanufactured .... All other articles Total free goods " dutiable goods. Grand totals Valuk of iMmins ENTKKRO FOK CoNMUJIPTloS. 1880. IHltO. IHHI. 8 523,13!» 5»4,r)«iO 5,l!>3,02r) 44!»,878 575,261 3,835,51« l,306,8!Ni 1>2,7«2 411,!t08 448,720 oi.'),3a> 516,525 173,405 071,110 1,201,0{M« 1,587.053 32,142 «M),710 34K),337 507,277 101,480 247,407 2,544,005 1,150,385 83,935 142,408 88,212 .57,028 108,!>00 146,244 253,(K)0 1,707,112 .')70,647 162,373 207,235 2,034,682 1,214,088 4,719,670 35,198,308 74,475,139 109,673,447 lit 472,102 1>7,527 4,505,727 f)38,075 1,083,011 3,761,776 1,352.483 91,773 403,5;« 441,323 749,8{>7 30<»,178 154,855 536,386 774,587 1,703, ()<>3 188,845 70,144 256,475 (540,310 102,5.53 • 267,085 2,952,531 1,206,711 92,.')30 11>7,355 112,045 44,762 310,653 227,400 2.52,201 1,810,217 225,040 192,824 119.824 2,051,368 1,344,780 4,931,234 35,650,208 77,106,286 112,765,584 447.7ti4 10! I, (14:' 5,224.4r)2 (WO.iiK'i 1,811.17(1 3,«77.2:)1 1,482 ,-.71 IMi.liKI •)14,:<14 4.s,\:ra 3!>7.2.^s 48."), ',127 !M.,S47 70!t.42!t 8(;4.,V,I7 2,004.4411 2S,!I«!) <>,S,(I!H1 Hr)it,8!t« 7r)7,772 8t),7r)4 irn.ns .3,S3S,.')1!I 1,100, 4!!,^ 10,-),()23 l!tl,7») 87.703 H>4,.siCi 2H),32,H l!tlt,7!l.') .S21.23!t 1,77H,,')1(; .Hi»,4!ll 171,!t4il 7.S,87.S 2,820,2!I2 1,04!I,!I17 3,724,328 38,80(t,08.s 74,5.3(),03f) 113,34.-),124 257. There was a decrease in the value of dutiable goods entered for consumption in 1891 of $2,570,250, as compared with 1890, the prin. cipal decreases being in fancy goods, manufactures of iron and steel and of leather, provisions, manufactures of silk and manufacture.? of TRADE AND COMMKIU'K. wiiod and wool. In the value of free gootls imported for home con- siiiiiption there was an increase of $3,149,790, principally in imjiortH of anthracite coal, cottpn wool, drugs and dyes, tish of all kinds, gutta peicha, raw hides, lunilier and timber, manufactured and othei-wise, imii and steel and unmanufactured tobacco. i'r)f<. The value of the total dutiable goods imported was |<8 1,286,372 and of free gootls $38,681,266, as compared with $86,258,633 and .*:).'), ')99, 608, respectively, in 1890. •J.')9. The value of the imports of manufactures showed a small increase over that of 1890. In 1872, 2,444,210 lbs. of raw cotton weie injported, and manufactured goods to the value of $10, 182,ir)4. In 1891, 35,643,056 lbs. of cotton wool and $4,029,110 worth of niiiiuifactured goods were imported, testifying to the progress made by the cotton industry during the intervening period, and the following figures give the details of its development : — 195 Value of dutiable and fre« Kuods. ItnportH of raw and manufac- tured cot- ton. •1 I' ■!• \ ■ \ •« '-^i I 'J I, Ykar. is:2 \m. . 1S74 . I87r\ \m. . IH77. . 1878. lH777 10,050, 1!>2 7,502,569 7,776,8»5 7,2»J7,879 r),551,(»ll 7,825,104 10,204,465 11,125,238 10,045,032 7,539,129 6,241,283 5,780,478 5,470,504 4,200,072 4,245,868 3,963,182 4,029,110 R.»\v Cotton. (Quantity. Lbs. *2,226,H10 *2,752,302 *4, 454, 101 *4, 782,15*5 *6,170,334 *6.501,21W) *8,011,759 *9,720,708 13,237,168 16,018,721 19,342,059 28,777,071 20,769,940 23.727,i>25 31,506,045 .S3,227,2.'M$ 33,550,276 39.233,594 .%,635,187 39,503,688 • Flax waste included. It is evident, from a study of the above figures, that considering liow small the export of manufactured cotton is from this country, the above figures indicate a large increase in home consumption, a rise in the standard of comfort in living, and consequently a proportionate increase in and wider distribution of wealth. 260. The following table gives the value of goods entered for con- Goods en- sumption (dutiable being distinguished from free) in each pi-ovince '®''^ ^^^ in 1891, and the amount of duty collected thereon : — tion, by 131 provinces. 'i'\}t\ ■ » . II* -V?4 » ' i A ;';|li^»r,.-' I 1 « f 1 •• I:' IT « 1 * •V"^ ... .' . ^ iill|H;ii', ■. Ml,; ii (j . ' : : ; iM n^i IM^v' i life- ji is 'Mi' 196 CHAPTER IV. ' VALUE OF (JOODS ENTERED FOR HOME CONSIMPTION HV PROVINCES, 1891. • Provincr. DiitiablH (ilKKla. Free (tOtKlH. Total. DlUy Collwi.il. Ontftritt 2«,0««»,58«» 29,(K)8,284 5,348,094 3,9247 1,953,409 4,0»W,04O 411,270 155,240 • 13,((41.82(» 17,648,384 3,3)»3,201 1,!»32,.S;« 842.3:i7 1,080,221» 213,050 167,771> 42.711, 40«J 47,16<),018 8.741.25>5 6,8r)8,:«r» 2,7»6,80<} 6,144,209 024,320 313,025 7,8H1.L1I4 10,101.717 1.H7."p,."i!h; i,.'«t;<,oi-j 02(t,;t!i:, l.'Mi't iiVi thieln-c In iivii Scotia N«'w HniiiHwick Manitoba BritiHli Columbia Princ«' Edward iHland liVi 'iv» Tht' Tt'iritorieH 4'J.L'll Totals ■ H- 74,530,036 38,809,088 113,345,124 23,41(i,-j;(; Countries from which duty prin- cipally col- lected. Returns of trade by provinces, not com- plete. 261. Of the total amount of duty collected, ^9,114,272, or :\X |„.r cent, were collected on giKnls fmni Great Britain, and 87,734,51."). up 33 per cent, on g(K>''s from the United States, the reason for this hcin ' that 44 per cent of Me imports fmm the States were free goods, pi in- cipally raw material, while only 25 per cent of the imiKtrts tVuin Great Britain were on the free list. The next largest amounts svciv collected as follows: on goods from the West Indies, 81,337,7.")4 ; fr(»m Germany, $1,320,583 ; from France, !|932,03.3, and from Holland i?741,462. 262. The figures in the preceding table must only he taken us indicative of the channels by which go«Kls enter the Dominion, and not as by any means representing' the individual consumption of each province. Quebec contains the principal ports of entry, by the St. Lawrence, and Ontario the juincipal pt)rts of entry for goods tVoni the United States ; therefore it is clear that a very large portion of the duty collected is really paid by the other provinces, and it is pro bable that the largest portion of the duty collected in the Province of Quebec is actually paid by the Province of Ontario. The same renmiks are equally applicable to exports, even many products of Prince Edwa' < Island being taken across to the mainland and thence shipped from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick ports, to which provinces tliev are credited as exports. According to the Trade and Navigation Returns, 107,689 head of cattle were exported from\,in' }''oviiice of Quebec to Great Britain in 1891 — that is, from the pf'ft ot V .'^'loal; but over 90 per cent of this number were from Onta; : » ijx^orts of grain ^rom Ontario and Manitoba are rarely credited to those provinces, but to the (,ne in which lies the port of actual shipment. Coal from the North- W est Territories sent to the United States is included in British Coluu; Sisn exports. Numerous other instances might be given, but enough hm -j^en '•.♦id to show that the official returns of imports and exports by |. 'oiiixes a.e of no value as indicating the consump- tion and pi'oduct: in of inclvidual provinces, and only show which provinces certain cl,\e largest importing and exporting centres. TRADK AXU COMMKHCK. 197 '.'•5.1. The followinf? table givea thi> ^ ln»* of ^hAa entoiwl for con- Vahu-of suiiiption lit three periods Mince Coiitt Nraliun, viz. : in IH'O, IHMO f',''.'|'rr"' mill l!^9M in.m which iinported, tlu* iohmuhii)- vuluHH of imports from each country ami *he per. ' Hf Vjife in each «'use ti«m nml t., til., total imports: - u'nT'''"' \ M.l'K OF IMPORTS KNTKRKD F<>' CONH< m PTTON IN rvNADA whiih ini IN THK YKAKS NAMKD, HHOWlNCi THK ( orNTHIKS FROM purtwi, NVIIK'H [Ml'ORTKD, AND THK PROPORTION IN EACH CASK. TO l«70, 1)«»K THK TOTAL VALUK. ISiK), CoiNTllIK.- Vk1u«> of Iiii|NirtH Knt«'r»'d Per. for fwnt- ! Cnlisiinip- uge. tion, 1870. » •itinli Pi)M. ♦•.sHertHi(>iiH. 15. N. A. Pn.vinceH l,2tW.<.»48 Valn»» of Iiii|N>rt.'« Knterwl for ConMiinp. tion, 1M«). Per cent- iige. 3H,5».\4.'W rAlH 34,-HU.224 m2,\'M I '25 1,208,822 2,3,3;i'S 1.3«i,«75 104. IHH r)81,!MH 8,8OH8e«Hions in Pacific Ocean .Switzerland Turkey Sduth America Other foreign countri«».. . . 178 40,827,140 57 31 3«..')2f>,»r)4 .'iO 88 VftlMH of Inn)ort» Kiitered for ConHunip' tion. 181«». P^r c«nt agr^.. 48 (tl 1 08 03 10 1. -I 81 01 00 24.728,l(«i 1,31>4,340 460,27.'i 432,!H0 .'),340 34 71 1 % «t 23 01 01 28.441 2,423,421 04 3 40 21>,.'^40,1>48 1,11.5,841 440,701 10,003 140,08«i 3,50,!>30| .542,072 i 23.5,523 8,884 1,711,4«!2 43,3J>0.241 1,217.407 18a.!t5« .57,7a'V 212,121 400,711 20.5, 31MJ 54.S10 4H •• 10 « i>'» \> IH «5 4.5,71H),405 40((rt 4088 1 55 (W 01 11 O-40 70 33 01 2 30 Total , 47 1.5.5,110 11,407 108,040 .51,. 300 28,014 314,025 28,050 22 02 15 07 0()4| 44 8,504 »JO,7y8 0(M, 6 oil 008 24.:i55 171,245 450,.508 •1,208 ;V),707 177 230,518 31,r)88 04,225 12,483 17.5,319 70,403 003 24 04 13 05 00 .33 04 13 <)2 24 11 .52,201,1»73 2,«1.5,tM>2 3,778.!»03 1!I7,0!H) 721,332 841,024 1,258,441 244..387, 1.5,087 1,773.023 43,144 13«i,708 422.2»;7 10.3,480 10,140 84,034 7,007 322,.50«j 041,273 310,.523 101,0I}7 831,".H)0I .57,0«i0^ 40 .37 2 32 3 :« 17 04 75 12 22 01 1 .57 (M 12 37 ir. 02 (»7 01 20 0-57 28 17 74 05 *), 410, 4(»« 42 09 3.5,2.5.5,305 40 12 00,07.5,110 .59 40 Grand total ' 71,237.t'«(tt lOOOol 71.782,.340 lOO'OO Il2,7t)5,.584'l00 (H) * Included in B. N. A. provinces. • 4. N|„,-.^ '••*■ ••y r. :; • 1 K.^ ■ M IS! 'i ':?! I ^ ■■' > - ■*.' «' . '""■ ' k 'i' * ' Pi ■• ■■'■ « • !■:■ • ' ,** •" 198 Manufac- ture of spirits, 1891. Increase in quanti- ty manu- factured. CHAPTER IV. "264. The number of proof gallons of spirits manufactured in 1891 was 4,397,594, as compared with 5,091,475 gallons in 1890, beinve the average of nine yeai's, as shown by the following figures : — tion. TOTAL AMOUNT OF TOBACCO ENTERED FOR CONSUMPTION IN CANADA— 1S33-1891. Lbs. 1883 , 8,»65,41G 1884 10,072,745 1885 ll,0til,589 188«> 8,507,216 1887 8,810,593 1888 9,248,034 1889 9,749,213 1890 9,875,337 1891 9,778,708 1883-1891. Average. 80,074,851 9,503,872 lH)!1 The quantity of Canadian tobacco taken for use during the last Canadian I's has been : — tobacco. Lbs. nine years 1883.. 1884 , 1885 , 1886. 1887.. 1888 , 1889., 1890 , 1891 Average . 377,197 326,804 495,721 391»,691 517,816 076,335 785,405 681,613 38.5,721 4,646,303 516,256 cigars. The c(msumption of Canadian tobacco, therefore, in 1891, was 130.a;i.') lbs. below the average of nine years. L'70. The following is a statement of the number of cigars taken for Consump- consnmption during the last seven years : — tio" of Nuiiiber. 1885 78,809,878 1880 92,040,289 1887 8.5,974,823 1S88 90,783,.55S 1889 92,599,820 185(0 98,970,117 1891 101,142,481 Average for seven years. 640,.S92,9()0 91,484,709 It will be seen that the consumption has steadily increased during tlio last five years, and the number consumed in 1891 was 9,657,773 above the average of seven years. :w'! 1*1. \J i'>m ' >:: .\ 'rX. i M ill i ■; i ■m* •-^.w . > r V'P ,'f 'i i. „*•■■- ■-if:-:* '■ ■. ■ 4 ' 'm-^t''^'^. ■■■■■{ I ■iill w t. ,^ !•■ .:;|[: i,i' 200 CHAPTER IV. ,4 m .v'/f-' mm • "is:-, r" , , Consump- -"!• According to the I'eport of the Minister of Inland Re\,iiup tinn of the following has lieen the annual consumption per head ii. the spirits etc. Dominion, since Confederation, of spirits, wine, l)eer and tobacco : - Si'cJlW. ANNUAL CONSUMPTION PER HEAD IN CANADA OF SPIRITS, Wink BEER AND TOBACCO, FROM 1868 TO 1891. Ye.\u. Spirits. 1868 1869 (^alls. 1 (50 1 12 1 43 1-57 1 72 1-68 liW 1 39 1-20 0-97 iK5 1 13 71 0-92 100 l-0!> !>9 1 12 71 74 (54 0-77 0-88 74 115 (xalls. 17 11 19 25 25 23 0-28 14 17 009 09 10 07 00<> 12 13 Oil 10 11 009 09 05> 10 Oil Galls. 2 2(5 2 29 2- 16 2 49 2 77 3 18 3 01 3 Oil 2-4r. 2 32 2115 2 21) 2-24 2-29 2 74 2-88 2 1>2 2 (53 2 i<3 3 •08 3 24 3 26 3 36 3-79 LIk. i:s 1 7'> 1870 1871 1872 1873 2 I'.i 2 (I'. 2 4s 1 '.•'! 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 2 ;.t; 1 !'I 2 :fi 2 (C, in: I'd 1880 1881 1 ;t;< 2 I'S 1882 2 1,") 1883 1884 1885 2 ■ "s 2-47 2 (12 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 2 d") 2 ih; 2 o'.t 2 i:. 2 14 1891 2 2',i Average 014 270 2 12 Wine. Beer. Tol) The above figures go to show that the consumption of spii-its in 1891 was decidedly less than it was in 1868, and less also than in the two preceding years, viz, 1889 and 1890. The consumption of wine also has decreased, but that of beer and of tobacco is steadily iiuieii VALUE Duty per hea« on spirits, etc Imports of crude or partially nianufao- '272. The average amount per head paid annually in Canadu fm duty on spirits since Confederation has been 81.06 and on tobacio 4:1 cents ; on beer and wine it only amounted to 10 cents and 6 cents in each case. It is not possible to obtain any correct Hgures rcgiiidiii;' the actual consumption in each province, for the jirovince tlmt liu- the greatest number of breweries and distilleries will show the hii<.'eNt consumption, owing to the duty being frequently paid within th.it province, while the material is exported to and consumed in othft provinces. 273. The following tables give, respectively, the value of artiiiev crude or partially manufactured, and of manufactured articles iniiHntfil into Canada during 1889, 1890 and 1891 :— ■I, L . f ^ 1 levt'uup, iii the 3C0 ; - S, NVINK roll; 1 :s 1 ::> 2 IM •J {\-> •2 is 1 '.t'.i 2 Mi 1 111 2 :^i 2 iC. 1 '.C 1 IC. 1 ;•;! 2 I'S 2 ].•) 2 2s 2-47 2 (i2 2 Ofi 2 (It; 2 <•'.' 2 i:. 2 14 2 2'.» 2 12 spirits in will in tliH (»t! wine y iiuTeii- aujulii fur cents in viiiirdiiii; that hib le lfu•iie^t ithin tlmt ill other i urticles. inilinfteil TRADE AND COMMERCE. 201 VAIATE OF IMPORTS OF CRUDE OR PARTIALLY MANUFACTURED turt>d arti- ARTICLES INTO CANADA IN 1889, 18!H) AND 1891. des, 1889, =======^=^==^== 1890, 1891. *..■ Articles. Value. .Sugar Coal, anthracite Oittiin wool Coal, bituminous Tea .. _ Bnadstutt's. . Provisions, including meat and dairy products Fruits, including nuta Wool, uinnanufactured Hiflis and skins, other than furs Heini>, jute and vegetable substances, unmanu- factured Toliaoco, unmanufactured Wood " Fish Tin plates and sheets Ciiemicals, drugs and dyes Aniiuals .S,.eds (iuttu percha, India rubber and caoutchouc. Cotfee Fur skins, all kinds Salt Rice . Rags. . Cotton waste Diamonds, unset, and diamond dust or bort. Hops . . Vegetables ."Apices, uiiground ^[allll(' and stone, unmanufactured (ireusf, for use of soa)) stock Silk, uiun.inufactured Trte.^i, jilants and shrubs BnKiiii corn Kggs Cuke _ Clays or earths, all kinds Oil- whale and fish Miiu'val substances Bristles Sixmges Coal dust Corkwood and cork bark Hair, nnnianufactui-ed Malt Ivoiy nuts, vegetable j ''oi'oa, iH-an, .shell and nibs j Hay Flimiliago ] All other crude or partiaUy manufactured article- ". Total . 1889. 1890. 1891. s $ S 5,444,889 4,872,1<)5 4,777,121 5,193,025 4,59.5,727 .5,224,4.52 3,<512,.574 3, .539,249 3,«;03,185 3,2.5.5,171 3,.528,9.59 4,0«)0,8!Mi 3,00<),«.55 3,073,043 2,981,415 2,940,.589 2,722,037 2,528, .590 2,3(>3,845 2,018,238 1,30;., 409 2,221,41>3 2,.551,407 2,.543,20(> I,,0.58 1.398,848 1,.587,9.53 1,703,093 2,00'1,449 1,311,.552 !M)4,814 9t«,778 1,270, 1(!7 1,344,985 l,04<.t,917 1,104,3«8 l,ia5,0()l 1,763,000 889, 45(! 920,.312 1,087,727 871,85() !M)8,5<)5 854,770 84(),0<»0 880,220 976,270 827,524 827,195 710,202 681,738 402,478 425,371 7.33,409 573,278 7ttO,l!M) 5.37,299 ()11,184 (591,142 5H5,525 390,178 485,927 291,977 309,840 ;^0,5.50 24t>,055 274,8!H> •311,00- 231,031 227,400 199,795 222,527 274,0«i»i 201:, 279 110,480 73,058 205,479 198,(i75 237,5,39 204,400 2G9,.524 229,794 197,911 188,349 190,911 195,078 211,3.50 260,ti83 173.405 1.54,855 91,847 1()3.2:W 193,52t) 172,.52<; 128,749 13«J,!)43 1.52,608 94,500 97,527 109,042 92,702 91,773 !M5,916 !»1,!M»2 1.^3,,344 17!>,.5.31> 87,409 99,670 84,897 07,8.59 (il,887 131,120 03.6.'i5 (W,221 85,8()3 02,297 70,870 04,;isr) .50,704 .3i5.070 40,330 53,553 2<.t,818 31,370 48,547 .58,004 <)7,.540 32,941 .34,312 27,9.59 .32,072 .35,3(i9 35,0.5:i 32,142 188,845 28,<>59 28,.338 ;i5,!M)2 38.881 0.925 28,18(J 1,9.59 3.54(J 3,441 7,217 5,481.200 7,463,372 7,111,975 49,t)25.7()5 .50.328,703 51.444,701 "i • I 1- m 4.f « I !l '.■■*i ' ■ ■>'< -s m * in \ :■ ' > , •.^ ' f ^. Hii m liiii ';-.-'>^y^ 202 CHAPTKR IV. VALUE OF IMPORTS OF MANUFACTURED ARTICLES INTO CANAI) \ IN 188«>, IWK) AND 18(»1. Akticlks. Value. Wool, manufactures of Iron and Hteel, manufactures of Sugar and molasses Cotton, manufactures of Silk " Fancy articles Settlers' effects Chemicals, drugs, dyes and medicines, pre- pared or manufactured Leatner and manufactures of Flax, hemp and jute, manufactures of . . . . Books, maps, engravings and all other printed matter Hats, cai)s, lionnets. hoods, and materials for Wood, manufactures of .... f ilass and glassware Oils, other than whale or fish . . Paj»er, manufactures of .Spirits, distilled Gutta percha, India rubber, manufactures of Furs, dressed, and maniifactures of .Tewellery,manufacturesof gold and Hilvfr,and precious stones Clocks and watches, and parts of Earthen, stone and chinaware Paints and colours ... Wines Musical instruments Brass, manufactures of Nets, seines and twines Metal, manufactures of, N.E.S Cop[)er, manufactures of . . . . Carriages, all kinds, and parts of Gloves, all kinds, except leather Buttons Tobacco, manufactures of Electric lights and apparatus for, and electric galvanic batteries, etc Cement Oil cloth Tur|>entine, spirits of A le, beer and porter Embroideries Stone, marble, slate, and manufactures of . . . Paintings, in oil or water colours, drawings or engravings Brick and tiles Sugar candy and confectionery Printing pr sses. all kinds, folding machines and paijer cutters Cordage Sc-ap 188i». 10.3i»l,072 8,r)!t8,200 1,337,382 4,3«)7,314 2,978,4% l,8!tO,625 1,7{»7,112 1,757,(>32 1,521,808 1,4!>3,»)8() 1,343,145 l,320,ti!»5 1,271,5()7 1,208,440 1,15!»,83() 1,132 544 887,547 841,013 727,30<; 712,075 700,505 0}>7,S4i» 582,728 5<)2,92!» 41»7,51H 484,233 434,018 420,053 402,216 31t8,2.?(> 340/J5i» 21tl,221> 270,2.5(5 224,047 llt7,580 1!»5,000 l!t4,801 102,840 18.5, lt« 107,;WS 141,592 131,475 12O,70«) 11.5,148 112,730 105,950 1890. 11,020,329 9,158,459 1,438,051 4,013,503 2,945,508 1,857,884 1,810,217 1,821,482 1,173,777 1,410,217 1,391,093 1,201,190 1,284,139 1,232,710 1,310,654 1,221,473 905,048 930,580 661,823 709,183 773,538 095,20<} 1)47,833 580,!t00 434,814 •'.94,273 419,1,54 352,988 335,075 304,275 •703,105 278,427 21>8,001 373,102 328,110 ^10,705 221,053 221,928 200,650 1!M;,989 304,()01 191,822 141,418 98,838 110,.529 148,()18 1891. 9,971, iir.(; 9,75r„lii,-, l,2(Kt,si.', 4,o(ir),,Vis 2,0(i!t,!W) i,5i;},4(i;i l,77M,rwt; l,928,r.34 944,s;n i,4;«.i,s!i i,33( ;,(«() l,3i(;,5;f(; 1,087,747 1,247,(;!I2 1,500,411 1,14l',.S13 91-_>.3!i|i 807,'k;(j .533,i.l,")(l 5!l!t,2S(i t)14.7!iS 0;il,lHi7 5r.l,L>s7 0(i!t,;iss 422,22.'. 52!t,r.Xl 424.1123 301, KOI) 42i,7!;(; 3ii;.t;2i; *luS,412 274..-.;(; 324,(17,5 40!t,04(; 313,:ii7 221 i, 1 121) 2ill.'.l2!l 235.3:)ll 2(l3l i,3i(').r)»i l,ttS7,747 l,247,tWi i,r)*'.o,4n 1,142.313 «,»l'.>.3',i'.t S07,'HW y33,tl.M> .V.I'.t.2S(> »)14.7;>>< (;;u,'.Hi7 r)r)i,2s7 422,-.'2r. r>2'.>,r)3i> 424.023 3tll,H0',t 421,7i;f) 31i"».t>2ii *(ir)S,4V2 274,r>Ti'> 324,f.7"> 4()',i,04ii 313,7117 22i'>."'-l'> •joi.'.eit 23r).3.->it 2(H(,y>'l 17S,3r'2 •J1('.,3'JS 223,113 13^M5 113.742 ',H),r4'i iMi,:7i' TRADE AND COMMERCE. VALUE OF IMPORTS OF MANUFACTURED ARTICLES INTO CANADA IN 1889, 1890 AND mjl—C'onclwl«l. . 203 Articles. Value. 1889. 18JK), I (imiiKiw'der and other explosivcB Craiies of all kinds Brouins and brushes Tinwiiit', manufactures of Bakinp iH)\vder Ink, writing and printing Optical instruments Cork, and cork wood, or cork bark, manufac- tured Hair, manufactures of Lead " Caiidlfs. all kinds Spii-'es, ^fround All cither manufactured articles Total value of manufactured articles. , Total value of unman\ifactured articles Total value of articles imported 104,722 97,882 93,388 92,33); !K),50.5 81,337 5.5,918 .53,930 3I,.5»i4 28,957 2.5,112 17,517 4,340,088 60,047,742 4(t,t)2.5,705 109,073,447 127,578 88,019 100,220 81,.541 94,482 75,.540 «8,.53<5 0«,08() 39,199 37,602 26,049 25,328 4,831,091 1891. 62,436,881 .50,328,703 112,765,584 110,,515 70,491 111,524 46,125 105,696 81,376 78,292 81,615 38,598 34,202 27,802 22,254 (i,393,477 61, IKK), 423 .51,444,701 113,345,124 * Including leather. The proportions of the two classes of articles to the total value do |!\ut vary very much, as that of manufactured articles was, in the three veiirs named, o4 • 75 per cent, 5.5 • IM per cent and 54-61 per cent, while [of unniiinufactured articles the tigures were 45 • 25 per cent, 44 • 63 per ' [tent and 45 • 39 per cent, respectively. I '2H. The total value of the exports of articles the prwluce or man- Exports of |«factuie of Canada during the last twenty-four years, together with j,^^^^^" [their value per head of population, and percentage of total exports, in 1891. paoh year, will be found in the following table : — EXPORTS OF CANADIAN PR()DUCE-18f^-1891. Ykar Endki) 80th Ji:se. Total Vahie. Still.. |:i.. *72, , 7;).. 48,.-)04,899 .52,4(K),772 ,59,043,.5(K) .■i7,(«0,024 65,8:^1,083 76.538,025 Percentage of Total Exjxirts. 84-26 86-»'.5 80 02 77 70 79 -66 85-24 .*- •' .. : '; •1.- ■*.■ * r .» I Si. ■•I •>i ft !-. \: m ; 0. W im^: H^' 1 '. ■ * *i v.T 204 CHAPTER IV. EXPORTS OF CANADIAN PRODUCE-1868-1891-Conc/Mf7»'r/. Yeah Ended 3()th Jlne. 7r,,741,!>!)7 (i!t,7()!»,«23 72,4i»l,437 ()8,030,r)4ti <)7,!W!t,80O (52,431,025 72,8ity,l)!t7 1874 1875 187« 1877 1878 1875) 1880 1881 83,(t44,701 1882 1883 1884 1885 i 7<.t,131,735 1880 ' 77,75(1,704 1887 8(),<.t()0,!M)'.l 1888 ' Hl,aS2,072 188!> i 80,272, 4o(i 18!»0 85,257,58(> 1891 88,801,0(j(i !»4,137,(;(>0 87,702,431 7" "^ t,833,0!l8 Value per Head. $ cts. 20 0(t ! 17 04 18 3ry 1 l(i 05 1(> (J7 1 15 07 17 2J» 10 3(5 1 21 48 10 70 17 80 r 44 1() 05 17 47 17 37 1(5 05 17 80 18 33 Percentagt' of Total K\|iiirt>i. «!) 5;^ Hit ■ (Hi H2'!)2 tt:>l7 S'.t 41 M7 .S4 !)1 I'l !'0 44 ItO-^-j 110 (h" s,si2 00- 28 Quantity and value of princi- pal ex- lR)rt8, 1890 and 1801, 111 one year only, since Confederation, has the value of exports ui Canadian produce in 1891 been exceeded, and the percentage oi total exports, though not so high as in some previous years, was alxive the ave!*age of 24 yeai-s. The value per head, moreover, was higlier tlii.ii the value in the seven previous years. 275. The following table is a statement of the quantity and vjilupof exports, the produce of Canada, during the twtj years 1890 and IS'JI, the principal articles being in detail. Complaints were fre(|uentlv being made that the classification in use in the Trade and Nuvit,'!itiiiii i Returns did not do justice to the manufacturers of Canada. A dirtl^ieiit classitication, therefore, has now been adopted, the grouping of soineuf the articles having been changed. The principal differences are that f scrap iron and salt have l)een transferred from " products of the iniiie, and ashes, pot, pearl, leached and all other, treenails, lathwood, staves, headings, shingles, box shooks and sawn lumber of all kinds from "pKij ducts of the forest " to " manufactures," to which class there is iioclnul)! they rightfully belong. All the tables in this chapter, where exports ai'ej given by classes, have been changed to suit the new arrangement, mi ^ of 1 I'Aiiiirt-'. S."i S'.t S'.r.V) s'.i 53 S'.flKi S4 45 s.") 40 '.f.M7 S'.i 41 H7 34 ssCiT itl -Jl 1«) 44 '.10 (Ml SS'V2 110 ■•J3 expoi'ts III [i«»e t»t' total s al»<»ve the and value iif and 1S91, fretiueutly yavijiiitinnl A ditVeveiit a of some of ict.s are that] if the nime," (»()d, staves, sfrtim ''pvifl •e is nocliiul)t| e expoi'tsaif j sv laenu'iit. TRADE AND COMMERCE. OIANTITY AND VALUE OF EXPORTS, THE PRODUCE OF CANADA, ' DURING THE YEARS 1890 AND 1891. Exports, Produce of Canada. 1890. Qiiantity. Value. ri5,3<>4 1,40('. 13,811 238 l.\712 , 3r)2,or>o The Mine. Coal Tons. Gold-l If aring quartz, duwt, iiugK''t'*. *c CopiKT ore Tons. Iron lire Silver ore " Stone, tmdressed " Mineral oil, crude. . . . Galls. Uther articles Total prothice of the mine. . The Fiiheries. Fifh, iircserved Lbs. ' •• fresh 1 Siihiion, fresh Lbs. 992,112 " pickled Brls. ! 3,3.54 Fish, salted dry Cwt. j 722,540 " wet I • smoked Lbs. ' .'), 793,370 i ■• oilt.f.... Galls. : 121,785 " furs and skins of j Otlier articles ■■ Total produce of the fisheries The Forest. I Timber, asli Tons. ' birch " elm " maple " oak " pine, whits " " red " |Ba8swo(j(l, butternut and hickory JL ft. |Timber, all other Tons. J'irfwoixl Cords. pwlogs, shingle and stave i ■ bolts ' Sleepers and railroad ties. Pieces i Xnees and futtocks " Spars and masts " tlois h(Kip, telegraph and and other iK)les R'oods, all other 7,720 28,370 18,338 920 40,079 175,200 10,347 3,128 5.400 133,271 Total produce of the forest. l,«8t»,820 39,435 20,109 9 2,447,936 057,022 111,080 31,300 201,615 m,\21 15,294 1,.323,277 4,8.53,717 1891. Quantity. I 3,071,8.58 I 840,007 1. 112,497 4 48,281 ' 3,014,275 ! 889,404 100,244 I 41,243 318,635 13,462 8,461,90(i 9a,(:23 234,634 ; 2.55,693 ' 12,577 ! 858,486 I 2,698,92(! ^ 105,549 I I 58,107 94,182 281,298 797,640 .S03,639 31.912 19,292 92,326 442,372 6,380,516 833,684 3,079 14,648 309 16,237 434,6!K» 28,077,480 1,236,566 - 3'249 731,778 5,333,512 61,980 3,492 24,403 14,357 474 25,272 139,285 9,083 1,449 .5, .343 147,780 1.605,716 26,390 44,103 Value. 2,916,465 .554,126 2(>9,109 32,-582 238,3(i7 47,811 18,43(5 1,705,468 .5,782,424 3,510,.575 1,071,541 130,838 43,547 3,119,530 1,162,334 109,792 18,297 .536,049 12,898 9,715,401 r)3,812 192,477 188,553 6,220 521,!>98 1,959,197 83,340 28,567 78,693 314,870 863,819 310,076 2.5,207 28,179 144,396 (534,908 205 !• • ..♦ ■ ¥ ;j I! ■s '* *• !•" •1 i I' 'li 1; .J I n I '■ 11 5,434,912 . U 206 CHAPTER IV. QUANTITY AND VALUE OF EXPORTS, THE PRODUCE OF CANADA DURING THE YEARS 18!M) AND imi-Concln. tiimntity. Animals ami thiir Products, Horses Horned cattle Swine Sheep Other aniinal)<, and poultry Bacon end hams Beef and mutton Pork Tongues Other meats Bones Butter Clieese Eggs Furs, dressed and un- dressed Hides, iiorns and skins,, other than fur Lard Sheep pelts Tallow Wool Other articles No. Cwt. Lbs. Cwt. Lbs. it Doz. 16,550 81,454 «70 .Sl.-),!t31 ■ ■ ■ iiim 3,142 2,38!> 2IM3() 2,0%,211 107,223 1,951,585 !>4,2 (5,072 7,103 1,808 235,(5(59 98,546 1891. Quantity. Vti 11,6.58 117,7(51 384 299,347 75',.542 6,018 677 24,870 2,903,005 1H819 3,7(58,101 106,202,140 8,022,9.35 47,734 39,168 49,893 1,108,28(5 1,417,244 H,772.4!i;) "l,'.C)4 1,14(;, 411.1 l> 150,380 16,768 334,959 256,156 1,884,912 495,745 206,228 234 104,299 388,861 107,878 4,892,327 339,!H54 323,729 188,835 21,877 92 296,784 65,083 100,254 180 121,493 308,218 14,898 260,.569 2,754,285 3,(5(58,725 4,180 2,108,216 2.!l2'i,s:,') 22fi,4;ii 1112,324 l.S8,3,Sti 3.VI 1,3.S8,j:!< 1,487,331) 1!).,18H 114 88,174 22,ir.i.5 ,-)!l,l»t 12!l,!ti: 2,032,111)1 l,G!l3,t);i 3")8,2lii 1,1 102,7M 1 l,r)83,lW i44,:t' I I'iM,^^'' INADA. Vrtlni'. 1,417.244 H,772,41t',i 'l.'.tM 1,1 41), 41'.:. (i(l.7.''» ():'H,4t>'.t 4il,(i44 4.()S'.i 1.:<4'J 2S('>.llH> S(t,ii'2() ti(l2,17.'i K.ridH.siHi l,i(t(),:w,i l,42'.l,22',i I m.m 3.174 is,.-)!*! ■.'.HO!t 245,rit>3 (•.f<.2V2 25.!ll)7.741 2,it2't,s;3 22t),4;" ;'.to.7i)!< li;2,324 lH8.3*i> i,3«H.r);!* 1,487,® 1!I,.W in 88,174 22,i)'.to ry.M3i* 121t,'.lll 2,032,(W l,G!»3.ti?l 3.V.'M 1,113 102.7M 144,742 ' TRADE AND COMMBRCK. uiANTITY AND VALUE OF EXPORTS, THE PRODUCE OF CANADA, DURING THE YEARS 1890 AND lS9l-Concluil>tl. Ahtu'lkh. Manufactures. Bmiks . .••••. Wwtir] and biscuits Cwt. .Sonp Lbs. Can iiijjes No. Ciittnlis Cl'itliing, hats and cans C'liida^ff, junk and oakinn .... Fill's (llass !Uid Hatthenware (;y|)suin and lime Iidii, scrap iron fiiul hardware Leattitr and manufactures of . . . Boots and shoes Macliincry Musical instruments Oilcake Cwt. Rujfs _ , .. Sewinf? machines No. Stime, wrought Salt ... Bush. Tobacco, siuiff and cigars. Lbs. Woollens \V(K.d Ale and lK>er Galls. Whiskey and other spirits " Ships sold to other coun- tries Tons. Other articles Total, manufactures Export.^, Pkodicjk ok Canada. 1890. 18!>1. Quantity. Valut 4,928 87,5!I9 302 35,545 5,70i> 0,071 f>89,194 19,511 13,4(J0 22,844 Miscellaneous I Coin and bullion, ])roduce of Canada ':. [Coin and bullion, not the pro- duce of Canada ! . I Goods, not jjnxlTice of Canada. . ' . I Estimated amount short Total e.xjwrts . 52,93(i 15,092 3,733 17,457 108,822 47,8<)7 49,41i» 11,212 9,()()8 * 170,134 2ti,172 124,741 790,4.52 82,94!» 407,419 329,8.55 42,302 31,138 43,594 47,5.50 1,522 28,277 19,1H)0 20,700,720 10,347 25,978 442.781 1,828,057 25,541,844 82,500 Quantity. .S,843 95,280 .539 93,462 ■ 2;76« I 5,70<) 322,804 3(5,93(5 21,347 15,143 2,439,782 9,0.51,781 2,922,072 90,749,149 Value. (5.^312 13.898 0,88(5 2(>,105 1.59.954 (54,591 (50,878 11,045 t 5,521 1.54,484 12,2a5 107,208 890,487 53,iM59 3(52,757 401,5.53 118,1(57 38,199 27,841 45,0(55 1,429 10,815 38,528 19,932,874 17,(517 47,404 280,474 2,173,925 25,145,071 4.5,337 129,328 817,599 8,798,(531 2,!H3,994 98,417,290 Cement included. + Glassware only. '■'^ r'Vi^-A 207 \'i-- •:. n i < ;-.-^^ •I , • r • i..:: 1'■'J^^,^":1•r nj> i ^|:i^ i ' ii' 76. There was an increase of $3,543,480 in the value of domestic increase fcxports in 1891, as conipareii with 1890, made up by increases of and ' decrease. i» . » 'Si! > '. * i ■Si II: llll -•Iv - •iv 1 r''' J I ■ \ l 1 •' u 4 f ■ n I' ' ' r^ n |> ^ ' •/' . « Is 1 ■ '] \ *:'*•■■ ■ 1 .'■■;.» I • ■ i.' ■'■ ■:-"'-'*^*' .•♦♦ I „■ ; I tI lil:i' h Mi-' ■ my..-' .1 208 CHAPTER IV. $1,758,828 in agrioultunil products, ^8(50,746 in nnimalis ami ihcii- products, $92H,707 in priKlucts of the mine, and !?l,253,49r) in p,,,. ducts of the fisheries, and decreases of $945,604 in products of tlu. forest, and !*.*J96,77.'l in manufactures. The principal increases aimiii" the articles were in exports of coal, almost all kinds of fish, raitlf, cheese, wheat and flour, beans, pease and potatoes, and nianufactuifs of cotton. The decreases were [)rincipally in priKlucts of the fmest and manufactures of wood. Exports (»f 277. The next table is a statement of the value of the exporr-^ in Canada every year since Confederation, distinguishing^ those of Canadian inn. federation. ; — EXPORTS FROM CANADA, DOMESTIC AND FOREKiN, IWW isin. Year. 1868 18«{>. 1870. 1871 1872 1873. 1874 1875 1876. 1877. 1878. 187y. 1880 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886 1887. 1888 188». 18JK). 18!»1 . DoMKHTK". T'rtMhicf of the Mine. I Produce of the Fisheries Pnnhice <)f the Forest. Animals and their ProtUiets. * l,276,12{t 1,U41,485 2,1!»2..*)41 2,841,124 4, 779, 5m 5,718,480 3,621,401 3,643,3!»8 3,C>40,8«K» 3,.5«il.717 2,762,7,.579,6.56 6,867,715 7,t)82,079 8,80J»,118 8,.591,654 7,{HK),001 6,843,388 6,875,810 7,793,183 7,212,208 8,461,906 9,715,401 5.470,042 .5,730,.568 .5,76 7,708,542 6,10{»,677 6,91.5,0J'2 7,005,119 4,J>27.265 4,92(i,22<; 3,574,885 .5,091,.546 .5,189,5«>4 6,380,516 5,434,912 6,893,167 8,769,407 12,1.^8,161 l'),r.08,50«J 12,7t>5,9«}7 14,243,017 14,679,169 12,70O,.5O7 13,614,5(>9 14,220,617 14,019,857 14,100,584 17,607,-577 21,37 23,894.707 25,106,995 25,fH)7,741 I ri;.liiets. 12.S71,(i.M l-MS2,7(i:> i;',ii7r),(iiii 13.;<7S.Klll ]4,!l!ir(,mii l!»..V.Hl,U:' 17,-'.\s,a;^ 2l.i;s!i,t;(M 14.(Wt.Xi; lH,(Hi)<,7,'i4 l!t,i;2.S,4(H 22.'J!t4„'t'K 2i,2c^.;t>; .'?l.o;i-),7i2 22..sls,olS 1L',.S!)7,K43 14,J1K,2!I,1 17,tK)l>,"H lH,82ti,a". ir),4;<(l„')l>i i;<.4i4,iii ll,!l08,(»i IS.tWvSW Vbah WW., \mx . \m. . 1K71.. W2. . \m. . w\... 1K77. . . I«7N... w?x . . I.SWI.. WI... 1HS2. . . , \m.. . \m. . . . \>0s\ . . . m;. . . . W7. . . . WK, . . . wx. . WM) wn. . . . 278. The the produce (i VALr^E OF Agricultural irn| Aniiiials— Horses. . . Cattle. .".'. 'Sheep ' Swirif... . . " Other animalsl l-A.sbcNtos . 14 :* : \ ihi'ir in pid- ot' tlie tllliniii; , Oil 1 tit', [acturt's e I'oivst \^^^\■\•^ in \ian jiid- |«)it> ; - W l.><'.il. Agl"i''i'l'\iv;il i v.'.sTi.orir. i;<,('.7r).c.i'.' <>,sr>;vi24 l3,:<7H,Hiii I4,'.t'.>ri,:^4H,:w 3l.03r).7V2 22,H18,51i* 12.:VJ7.'<43 i4,r)is,'Ji>3 17,t«i-'"i' lS,H2tl,'5' ir.,4«t),»'i" i;<.4i4,iii 1 13,»)C.t),S,W TRADE AND COMMERCE. U09 ■|;t V'KAR. DOMK8TIC. Manu- factures. \m 15,('>7r),276 l,s(l!» 17,4r)<{,432 1H70 IH.327,380 1H71 18,474,242 1H7J lM70,4r)7 1,S73 24,400,773 1874 22,5(1(1,431 1875 20,()2.5.«»25 lX7ti I 11»,r)42,107 1877 ' 18,»55,03(5 187S i 17,780,770 187!l I 13,087,205 \m 1C.,1!»7,348 1881 20,aMi,131 18S2 21,247,393 18,h;< 21,!)7(1,.S75 1S.'<4 22,400,1»81 1,8K-) r.»,2rH},270 18X(i 18,l»r)!»,271 1,8X7 lll,!KK»,21Ki 18HS 20,382,55)4 l,sxit 22,25(2,510 18iW 2.5,(541,844 ISill 2.5,14.5,071 MiH- cellaneituH. 371,«552 .387,554 .515,5(85 4(;5,25(0 41i(,800 405(,181 35(3,308 320,810 401,871 38(),5(5(5( 040,155 022,182 ,535,5(35 528,85(5 .50,5(21 Foreign. 4,15K},821 3,8.55,801 (i,527,(»22 5),853,244 12,75)8,182 5(, 405,5(10 10,(il4,05M» 7,137,315( 7,234,5)01 7,111,108 ll,l(i4,878 8,.35.5,044 1.3,240,000 13,375,117 7,028,453 5),7.51,773 5),385),10«5 8,075),04(» 7,438,071) 8,545(,.333 8,803,35)4 (5,5(38,4.55 5),051,781 8,75)8,031 •*» Total. f.v - i 57,5(57,888 (50,474,781 73,.57.3,45K) 74,173,018 82,(5;i5),0(53 8S(,785(,5(22 85(,;i51,5(28 77,880,5(r5( 80,5((i(5,4r> 75,87.5,35(3 75(,323,0(57 71,491,255 87,5(11,4.58 5(8,25(0,823 102,137,2((3 5(8,085,804 5)1,400,45)0 85),238,3(51 8.5,261,314 85),51.5,811 5(0,203,000 85(,185),107 5(0,745(,145) 5)8,417,25)(5 I <7 1 ■•S .• ,% * •> r » 278. The following table gives the value of the principal articles, Value of the pi-oiluce of Canada, exported during the last three years ; — . P'^incipal VALUK OF PRINCIPAL EXPORTS, THE PRODUCE OF CANADA, ^^^-^'^^'-^ DURING THE YEARS 1889, 1890 AND 1891. and 18i| ll ! 4» .' i ^V'.''':j|i ■ » ' . ■ * • * • ■ V 1 ;• • • W' CIIAPTEK IV. VALUK OF PRINCirAL KXl'ORT.1, THK PRODUCE OF CANADv DURING THK YEARS 188», 18»0 AND WQl-Qontinuci. Ahtiolkh. AftheH, all kindrf Bark fur Uiiiiiiig 6 4I),&14 U9,302 331,»{W 27,252 H,!)16,(]H4 2,232,154 2,15»,B10 151»,03i> 340,030 3,104,(»)3 541,013 450,754 031,318 1,20<),6»8 121,807 046,008 3,951 1,600,262 8,396 212,374 1,804,749 6,464,589 406,355 130,632 •1,449,417 471,121 40,485 623,479 189,491 934,082 462,.S71 192,950 296,719 668,258 149,117 577,104 16,918,024 105,870 584,915 316,568 187,876 18]H). 10«J,367 141,144 52,936 W},225 340,131 17,457 9,372,212 2,447,93(> 109,327 1,795,214 161,822 281, a>8 3,028,515 472,147 585,267 2,230,(»2 1,138,21>3 \7ri,rm 521,383 4,759 l,0«i9,131 11,212 318, (»5 1,555,692 4,600,409 250,044 256,156 1,884,912 388,861 220,761 24,357 657,022 193,899 1,068,554 499,299 176,374 294,728 727,087 152,314 682,572 19,147,838 150,380 895,757 329,855 254,657 * Pease, whole, oiiiy. IH'.tl, l'.M,i!):t i.'i;U.v> i''2,:tM •i •-••;, 10,^ I71,»)S l,ll!lt,:i")|) i.^7,i:i; ;n4,»ro 3,i;n,(»,jo ■■>47,.W7 !I44,4!IS l.!'l!t,7:)4 l,!t;<0,17.i lHi.;wi i,;vw,,-)7,s 4'J,10S 1, .MS, Ids 11,04.) .")»;,()4it l,H84,S7,"i 2,!)2it,.'<7H 4!t.\7lW l-iit,!ti: i,r)M;i,w4 L'2t),47ii 87,222 r).->4.12l) 1.'+1.!I7: ;")!(, 48!l 4«!t,(J4, THK PRODUCK OF CANADA, DURING THK YKAR8 IH89, IMW) AND lum Cmeluint. AliTICI.KH. Oil", tinh " niiix'ral, coal and keroHenu. Oiloakf (hfs, (npiter " silv«r " iither Phiwi'liiiteii i'litiitix'H Salt S:iii(l Miiil unravel SliiM|,'lt'>< StiipH Mild to uther countrieH. . . . sinHiki, 1h>x and other. . . . . .Sltr|K TM and railroad tieH Stavf IkiUh Timlwr, H(|nfvre WfK.l Other articles Total KstiniatKl amount Hhort returned at inland [jtirts Coin and bullion Grand total. Valuk ok F.x forth. 1HH9. 55,3«0 1H,(JH1 1^3,11)2 11>5,182 1(W,2»W 1»1,27« 3((4,5H» 2«7,7»» 3,7.V) 42,m 4()4,34 470,i!>6H 122,621 3,128,431 217,«500 4,014,372 IWW. r7,201,804 3,070,052 80,272,450 41,243 16,812 42,302 111,0815 201,015 72,583 401,827 4»5,745 1,52*2 (>0,35!) 340,872 442,781 108,503 303,ti30 110,0{>3 4,353,870 235, m>o 4,040.549 1801. 82,335,514 2,922,072 85.257,58<5 18,297 18,720 118,107 24)9,109 238,307 48,8(30 422,200 l,0'l.%071 l,421t l>3,.S2)> 438,1>29 280,474 201,710 310,(570 133,308 3,084,290 245,503 5,809,219 86,767,744 2,913,1«»4 121>,328 88,801,«)0 •27!). Out of 70 articles enumerated in the foregoing table, there Increaae were increases in 44, the principal being in exports of cattle, bark, »" various butter, mackerel, wheat, flour, beans, cheese, oil cake, copper ore and ^^ ^^ ^'*' potatoes. Special tables with reference to the exports of agricultural produce will lie found in the sulxsequent chapter on agriculture. •JSO. The following table gives the value of exports, the produce of Value of Canada, in each class, during the last five years, showing the principal »x|)ort8 of countries to which goods were exported : — produce" by coun- tries, 1887-1891. HI ■t 1 . ^ th-„ •;^ t m 11:1 'ii i. -•' , V ■ i .•* «.; 212 *-' i.<- • « . 'fi,! t .'• '■ •; #' H> . !. ■ i^\ Countries. CHAPTER IV. MINE. 1887. Great Britain United States. .... France Germany British West Indies Newfoundland Other countries Total.... Great Britain United States France . Germany .... .... British West Indies Newfoundland Other countries Total 477,722 3,076,013 1,246 43,452 .^390 135,028 57,039 3,796,496 1888. 478,260 3,331,204 2,970 46,053 1,897 140,222 94,227 1889. 422,355 3,749,007 5,181 15,850 4,832 152,871 04,284 4,100,893 4,415,040 1890. 0.30,815 3,961,2i)4 1,132 17,067 15,044 160,998 60,767 4,853,717 ISitl. S.'il.rfH 4,r)!t!l,4U() 31.217 22,774 21,12.5 141,385 114,729 5,7.S2.424 FISHERIES. I,704,l{t0 2,717,509 80,866 11,808 946,014 15,529 1,399,894 6,875,810 1,544,901 3,12.S,853 173,082 7,113 1,130,130 27,705 1,786,399 7,793,183 1,249,928 2,839,980 145,711 11,200 1,401,367 1,50{» 1,502,513 7,212,208 2,707,422 2,850,528 80,465 18,134 1,168,404 2,484 1,(>34,469 8,461,9(H5 2,747,W2 3,K(i7,7WJ r)!t,!)iHl 3(VH;!I 1,2(W,4)W 1H,4.S!I 1,M47,741 9,715.4(11 FOREST. Great Britain United States 2,208,(!20 1,332, 0!»2 10,595 2,469,758 2,155,539 4,790 0(M) 2,704 5,005 452,970 3,144,588 2,020,117 11,718 5,581 1,221 2,159 4,180 4,342, Wa l,954,707 18,578,722 5,966,474 40,024 152,.597 22,247 276,652 70,279 20,!lill,143 United States France 4,31(),!I7!I Germany British West Indies 2(;(;,42o 43,ltiO NewfoundlaiK^ Other countries 27(;,32(i 73,708 Total 24,246,937 24,719,297 25,106,995 2ri,!M;7,741 /■ ,' • ' [KHJl 9,715,401 !M)3: 3,l(t4,G7tl 883] 2,;«l4,(l;<,^ 5111 2,;«Ki 793 1 i,:'i)(i 087 i ;-s,o!l3 963 l,'J8ti 31(i r),tk^2 51 212,738 1,449,178 8,225.313 10,118,179 139,035 38,253 278,747 272,383 1,310,684 19.999.2961 20,382,594 8,732,300 10,849,.538 135,037 27,571 2(53,725 297,419 1,98(5,92(5 22,292,510 11,572,049 10,!»(50,002 129,100 70.971 297,150 300,293 2,212,279 10,29.3,901 12,4(56,846 148,286 63,2(54 524,732 2(52,817 1,384,8(55 25,.541,844 25,145,071 2S1. The preceding table gives the several values of goods exported Proix)r- to principal countries, and the next tabl« shows in what proportions *i"" '^"> to the total exports in each class, the goods were shipped to the same exixn-ts to countries certain countries. MINERAL PRODUCTS. Countries. 1887. 1888. 1889. 181H). Per cent 13 00 81 61 002 .35 32 3 44 1 26 1891. Great Britain. Uuitt'd States France Gennany British West Indies Per cent 12-58 81-02 03 1 14 0-14 3-5(? 1-53 Per cent 11-66 81-23 007 1 12 0-05 3-57 2 30 Per cent 9-57 84 93 012 0-36 0-11 3-46 1-45 Per cent 14 73 79 -.54 54 39 .37 Newfoundland Other countries 2 45 1-98 PRODUCTS OF THE FISHERIES. Great Britain I'liited States 24-79 40-52 118 17 13 76 23 20-35 19-82 4009 2 22 010 14-50 36 22-91 17-33 39-38 2 02 0-16 19 43 0-02 21 (56 32 00 33-69 95 21 13 81 003 19 31 28 -2^ .39 19 France.. (Jermany.. Britisli West Indies 9 (52 31 12 .39 Newfoundland Other countries 19 19 02 r; r '* I'- ll ■■*■.. • < . 1" •' 'tr>-- /.* ■* A '■> I: ■ - 1 I-.. i*'^"''"^' • '• .'.If H-; ' J I •..•"i."- , . -Nl 1. iJ I 214 W-^. • 4 ' ■i r'* ^■' 1 ' ■^i.. CHAPTER IV. PRODUCTS OF THE FOREST. Countries. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. ISill. Great Britain Per cent 61-78 37 26 30 " 0-64' 008 54 Per cent 48-61 42 34 0-09 01 005 10 8-90 Per cent 60-59 38-93 0-23 0-11 0-02 004 0-08 Per cent 68-07 30-67 0-40 0-28 02 005 51 Pt-1- cent ")7 13 4L'-3!» 04 • •02 United States France (Jerman y British West Indies Newfoundland • 110 02 0'.^ Other countries ANIMALS AND THEIR PRODUCTS. Great Britain United States France.. 67-29 30 07 67 30 1 04 73 21 20 05 61 67-91 •29-87 014 0-28 09 1-29 42 74-00 23-76 016 61 009 1 10 0-28 SO -84 It) (12 Germany British West Indies Newfoundland 31 0-03 1-71 59 i't)3 17 I'tMi Other countries 028 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS. Great Britain 5013 42 32 27 81 66-77 0-06 032 0-50 3 87 67 27 68 2 39 03 01 13 96 88 60 30-75 63-15 0-01 1-55 1 24 1-95 1-34 IW 44 United States . . .• M Xi France 05 Germany 1-38 91 4 36 0-90 OOo British West Indies 113 Newfoundland Other countries 448 MANUFACTURES. Great Britain United States France Germany British West Indies Newfoundland . . . Other countries 42 64 40 35 39 17 45 31 46 60 49 64 48 67 42 91 1 22 68 61 51 15 19 12 28 1 19 1 37 1 18 1 16 1 06 1 34 1 33 1 18 7 24 6 43 8-92 8-65 40 W 4it-o8 Onil 025 2 0!) 105 5.50 The United States take, it appears, almost all mineral product!) exported from this country, and hitherto they have taken the largest proportion of f^gricultural products, but as those mainly consisted of barley and eggs, it is probable that in consequence of the McKinley titrifl and of the finding of good markets for these articles in Great Britain, that country will soon be the largest buyer of our agricultural products, as it is now of animals and their products, and products of the forest. There has been a very large increase in the proportion of products of the fisheries taken by Great Britain in the last two years. K: :'■-'■ •■ I ^ is; 11. Pt-r cent 57 13 4:.' 3!! 04 1102 10 02 O30 10 SO-84 'd It; ■(52 16 51 103 )5) 17 LO lot) 28 0-28 75 •MU 15 5;<35 01 O'Oo 55 ' O'!)-) 24 i 1 13 95 4 4« 34 ; 1 tw 31 91 51 •28 16 •18 65 40 ill 4i»;)8 Oo!( 0-25 2oy 105 5-50 ,1 products the largest ionsisted of McKinley es ill (ireat agricultural products of roportion of b two years. TRADE AND C0> VIERCE. 215 iJS'J. The following table gives the value of exports of Canadian Exports of pn.(lacts during the years 1870, 1880 and i890 :— b^cmin- .STA'IKMENT SHOWING THE COUNTRIES TO WHICH GOODS, THE ^^^> if ^' IRODUCE OF CANADA, WERE EXPORTED, AND THE VALUE ^»**"' l**^' AND PROPORTIONATE VALUE OF THE SAME IN THE YEARS 1S70, 1880 AND 1890. Countries. Britisli Posseasions — Great Britain British West Indies " Guiana " Africa North American pro- vinces . . . Newfoundland Labrador Australasia Other British possessions Total. Foreign Countries — United States France (ieniiany Holland Belgiiun Italy Portugal Spain Spanish West Indies.. .... French " Danish " South America St. Pierre St. Domingo Madeira Canary Islands Hayti Mexico Norway and Sweden Russia China Japan SaiKlwich Islands Spanish iKWsessions in Africa. Other foreign countries Value of Exports, Domestic, 1870. 21,1(50,987 1,512,780 166,654 Per- cent- age. a5-84 2-56 0-28 1,425,520 2 41 « 38"891 16,891 'o'67 003 24,321,723 41 19 Total Grand total.. 31,734,660 278,420' 15,535! 6,735 13,598' 150,0061 56,3221 85,082: 1,280.268 167,830 27,368 395,512i 91,7111 21,268 14,S>28 12,875 1,498 53.75 047 03 01 02 0-25 10 0.14 217 0-28 004 0-68 016 004 003 002 000 Value of Exports, Domestic, 1880. 35,208,031 1,888,726 260,633 82,094 Per- cent- age. 48-30 2-59 0-36 Oil Value of Exports, Domestic, 1890. Per- cent- age. 1,355,480, 908' 155,653 14,861 38,966,386 1.86 000 0-21 002 368,251 62 29,566,211 694,228 75,982 74,080 475,420 H»,787 166,885 48,277 1,318,287 217,314 66,261 757,95(0 112,631 " ' 20,163 4,376 24,7231 35,5541 +48,482 1K)5 10,619 26,891 1 15,88? 53- 45 4056 0-95 010 010 0-65 22 23 007 1 81 0-30 009 1 04 15 OOS QOl 003 05 007 000 01 004 002 11,056, 002 34,721,867 58 81, 33,933,311 4655 59,043,590 100 OOi 72,899,697 lOOOO 41,499,149 48 68 1,460,668 192,398 22,652 982, V54 490,707 21,895 44,(>69,623 36,213,279 277,827 461,011 1,042 41,421 81,059 207,777 69,788 1,163,507 9,314 43,198 1,341,998 160,800 12,381 397 9,480 380,696 10,250 32,143 26,530 10,686 13,421 20,068 40,588,063 1 71 23 03 1 15 0-68 003 52 41 42 1 1 48 33 54 00 05 10 24 08 36 01 05 57 19 01 00 01 45 01 04 03 01 01 02 59 85,257,586 100 00 * Included in B. N. A. provinces. + Norway only. i" ' ,887 35,174 3,747 870 7,500 2,677 18, f 588 12,486 42,394 2,29.*^ 86 19,()64 106,982 14,857 Value. 1891. 164,939 5,778 1,215 1,277 8,053 592 5, .592 1,153 2,977 8,157 12,967 402,148 21,762 20,891 26,382 107,272 36,.575 9,216 731 13,420 5,(»0 15,409 9,166 42,438 1,752 37 22,5.54 !H),325 16,061 United Statks. Value, 1890. 62,272 1,13<5 52,675 83,440 107,674 82,964 3,947 14,6«>8 14 526 94,016 14,046 1.5,863 1,366 47,876 4,130 755,236 18,387 8,399 12,316 340,.529 2,087 23,239 3,453 5,027 .444,272 998,9.54 158,329 5,235 62,510 8,807 1,616 34,.562 80,023 10,120 Value, l.SKl, t!«.7!l4 l,43r) ll),73i; ii'i,114 1(H), 122 S,«43 .S.Sot) 13,r)tl9 82 1,871 lO.*i,104 l."),.\'<2 12,054 2,210 38,60!) .S,4!W r)!)2,i)32 21,.'i(W 11.387 17.443 ;^tiO,232 2,!)43 2."),0!l3 ().374 t),4ii5 l,tW4,02.i 552,233 152,28.: 2.WI 77,144 8,881 1,159 28,1)33 105,29: 11,1S2 /■ sevenil J Great \NAT)A N THE Statks. Vahie, 18111. t)S,7!l4 l,43r) lt),73t) ii'i,114 1(K),122 S,fi43 S.Sol) i«,r)t)9 82 1,871 105.104 iri,.-)32 12,054 2,210 38.60y 3,4i),S 092,932 21,:<(W 11.387 17,443 .'^t;0,232 2,!»43 2."),0!t3 (1.374 21 1,()H4,025 r)52,233 152,28.i )4 Jo 10 07 16 62 23 201 2.16() 77,1W 8,881 1,159 28,1)33 105,29; 11,11*2 TRADE AND COMMERCE. RELATIVE VALUES OF ARTICLES IMPORTED, kc.-CwUiniied. Articles. DiTiABLE Goods— C(wit(»Me«'. Caiu' I )!■ rattan, split or otherwise maim- fiictuied Carriages, all kinds " parts of Carix'ts and squares, N.E.S Caties, jewel, and watch cases, Ac. ... Celluloid, moulded into sizes for handles of knives, forks, &c Ceuu'Ut Ciuilk Clui-..ry Cider Clocks and clock springs . . . Coal, coke and coal dust Coal tar and coal pitch Cwoa nuitting Cocoa nuts, cocoa paste, &c . Coffee _ Collars, cuffs and shirt fronts, linen or t'otton, &c . tmilis Great Britain. Value, 181M). Value, 1801. 299 32,149 4,79.5 86,771 4,686 4 56,178 .5,403 89,240 6,308 Copier, and manufactures of ConiaKe of all kinds Cotton, and manufactures of CraiH's of all kinds. Crucibles Dnmrs, dyes, chemicals and medicines . . . Earthenware and china ware Electric and galvanic Imtteries. ... \ " light, apparatus for J Embroideries Emerj wheels E.vcelsior for ui)holsterers' use Eanov gcKxls Felt" Fertilizers Fireworks Fish, fish oil, &c Flax, hemp and jute, and manufactures oi Fruits and nuts, dried " green Fruits, in cans or packages Furs and manufactures of filass " _ " Uloves and mitts Gold and silver, manufactures of (trea.se, axle 220,942 1,715] 3,355: 1961 13,243' 142,1781 3,745 4,505 48,632 512 23,437| 38,510: ()9,947! 10,320i 3,105,3181 84,880! 589 327,698 5l«»,549 United St.vtes. Value, 1890. 199,925 1,199 2,462 65 7,179 95,236 25,130 4,166 48,698 1,482 28,8(i2 34,826 111,247 17,412 3,175,715 68,132 319,233 4(>0,»)5() 27,4(i5 12,231 106,925 942 113,910 140 1,230,.5.50' 1,531 471! 46 4.S,385 l,369,0(i9 197,108 99,387 696 367,8111 263, .544 439,286 68,913 207 35,2««)| 984,119 3,799 362 124 46,756 l,3(i(),071 155,204 144,114 896 305,960 .345,087 394,381 71,709 408 22,oo: (iur.jwwder and other explosives * Including teleidione and telegraph instruments and apparatus, 9,487 230,007 37,029 3,384 3,270 1,404 52,833 3,818 2,226 2,528 95,655 3,549,943 15,(i00 788 63,739 72,593 19,887 16,176 144,528 63.294 748,918 368 2,175 .569,139 66,850 344,773 11,687 4,355 3,849 260,787 3,675 13,973 8,744 452,455 26,979 318,875 ♦U)4,237 2l,(»3 6(i,992 417,155 42,307 1.31,295 14,536 92,217 Value, 1891. 4,197 221,724 30,448 <),597 2,329 195 58,490 5,071 1,705 2,801 87,283 4,179,340 10,584 707 69,5.59 59,678 28,899 14,939 295,808 73,064 727,932 1,391 568,073 66,972 450,8S' 10,»)3U 6,523 2,477 234,609 3,182 13,134 8,424 430,007 38,621 393,253 648.0W) 21,260 69,377 436,909 36,070 126,014 10.030 88,478 217 il;-^' .-. \ .' k 'i:!! ' 'I ■if. (f i0 Vi: :ii.'*'j • -II V 1 i.;^,.-; ■I IP SI ' *, ■ 'i '(■ ■ HI ' '' (j •" K r • , ♦ ■ . • \t'^': ' ■4 h-' : h:V • • ■si:": ':* '■'■■ / i «!'* • •■'. 'i "'J"'' • '.' f, »."' ■ ( • 1.' ■ • ii:':'- Ki w4 ■;«». ''v. . ' Vf* ' 218 CHAPTER IV. RELATIVJ] VALUES OF ARTICLES IMPORTED, &c.~Continu«l. Articleh. Dutiable Goods —Continued. Gutta pei-cha and India rubber, manu- facturea of Hair, and manufactures of.. Hats, caps and bonnets Hay Honey Hops Ink, writing " painting Iron and steel, and manufactures of Ivory, manufactures of Jellies, jams and marmalade Jet, manufactures of Jewellery^ of gold, silver or other metal, or imitations of Lead, and manufactures of Leather, and manufactures of Lime Litho^^phic stones, not engraved Machme card clothing Magic lanterns Malt " extract of, for medicinal purposes . . Marble, and manufactures of Mats and rugs, all kinds Metal, and manufactures of Molasses Musical instruments, and parts of Oils, coal, kerosene, &c., refined, and products of Oils, all other. Oil cloth Packages Paints and colours Paper, and manufactures of Pickles, sauces and capers of all kinds. . Provisions, viz. :— Butter . . . Cheese Lard Bacon and hams, shoulders and sides . Beef Pork Meat, a41 other Salt Seeds and roots Silk, and manufactures of Soap, all kinds Spices . . . Great Britain. Value, 1890. 406,679 8,849 728,043 65 34,915 ll,9a5 2,525 5,144,495 216 34,402 24 109,645 345,781 174,754 398 12,605 779 1,849 196 l,f>42 49,608 117,495 815 16,732 431 416,793 159,897 131,585 332,980 471,135 96,402 1,139 4,570 258 1,398 1,072 2,320 13,362 31,126 44,069 2,311,441 32,532 164,.083 Value, 1891. 401,447 8,065 826,575 75 46,771 15,079 1,767 4,672,175 70 43,866 54 68,418 283,427 165,103 672 77 14,077 1,240 2,176 33 5, .536 47,109 102,082 48 21,828 12 526,(>67 184,654 128,950 298,908 414,259 96,242 744 4,079 224 1,007 1,012 1,941 12,473 35,607 l.%276 2,221,315 43,584 157,887 United Statks. Value, 1890. 494,561 22,323 478,745 28,186 4,602 105,2!>5 14,026 42,513 5,103,908 1,133 2,338 4 318,865 21,505 791,451 5,»»0 3,493 6,974 1,965 33,520 5,275 88,047 18,916 234,522 130,933 318,519 555,505 305,771 50,630 166,062 123,619 671,880 8,115 61,027 16,201 301,028 323,513 2.58,473 844,816 172,405 26,377 177,555 131,726 92,110 46,475 Value, 1H!I1. 3K1.2!I7 l.'7.405 48! I, (150 l,!»5!l S,412 14ti,8<;s i:),!ti8 44,704 4,S0'),145 324 1 27l.',!t42 ;HO,ioy ti()t!,fK)8 3,701 r),457 5,7M l,!tf)4 32,877 t),701 srt.8(i2 2!;,2ot; 238,24it <'.G,r)44 307,812 r)4!t,104 421,7t« 40,!tl(l 116,117 117,U.tO (i4!Mi7(; 12,201 74,759 14,4il6 (>8,!I4!I 207,150 !t7,7«l r)!ir),3!l5 218,009 23,704 3,(H)8 3,701 5,457 5,753 l,!tl)4 32,877 0,701 S5.802 2(>,20t) 238,24H ()(;,544 307,812 549,104 421,7()3 40,itli) 116,117 117,050 ()41Mi7t) 12,261 74,759 14,4!« W<,()4!l 207,150 «»7,75 !6 .01 '5 TRADE AND COMMERCE. RELATIVE VALUES OF ARTICLES IMPORTED, hc.-Cmtinutd. Articles. DuTiABLK Goons— Cand«(/«/. Spirits and wine Starch Stoii", and manufactures of Sugar Sugar candy and confectionery Tea Tinware, and all manufactures of tin Tobawo, and manufactures. . Trees, fruit and shade, vines, &c Tur^H-iitine, spirits of Varnish Vegetables Watches, and parts of . . \V(uul, and manufactures of Woollen manufactures All other dutiable goods Free Goodm. Coal, anthracite Diamonds, unset, and diamond dust or Injrt Salt Logs, and round unmanufactured tiui- l)er, N.E.S Lumber and tiinljer, plank and board, sawn, not shaped, planed or other- wise manufactui'ed Horses (improvement of stock) Cattle '• " Other animals " " Bristles . Great Britain. Value, 1890. 10, 411,647 21,849 55,229 207,078 (J3,061 6il77 11,894 1,150 3,(>5G 27,241 13,888 11,023 61,793 078,633 803,518 Eggs Furs, skins of all kinds, imdressed . Urease for use of soap stock Hides Silk, raw Wool, unmanufactured Broom corn Fruits, groen . Heinii, undressed ... Trees, shrubs, plants, vines, &c Tobacco, unmanufactured, for Excise. Seeds Bells for churches. Cotton waste " wool . ... 9,066 8,182 206,633 137 1,853 128,139 19,540 21,312 17,205 69 76,835 30,177 155 678,097 5 626,932 2,388 io|961 7,236 31,820 8,902 Value, 1891. 383,078 25,944 50,371 50,747 60,930 " ' " 4,319 9,350 3,172 65 24,018 13,782 6,073 88,241 9,110,601 965,903 42,942 275,152 1,458 121,711 400 19,721 15,622 23 141,243 59,149 5 537,90{t 626,353 4,315 293 14,950 5,157 40,887 47,868 United States. Value, 1890. 69,907 41,497 59,425 193,328 511,729 1,383,481 136,301 858,516 4,586,661 45,515 756 256,100 638,244 262,439 28,805 7,211 51,43*^ 89,4'«-» 248,484 154,855 1,660,55:^ 193,326 691,599 97,527 748,384 143,036 32,.536 1,316,718 208,513 14,553 190,707 3,530,347 Value, 1891. 70,758 26,069 219,238 288,370 65,867 161,123 40,572 74,583 115,603 201,864 44,115 184,«)63 400,141 1,079,235 106,751 1,430,454 5,224,452 12,388 1,876 859,578 756,314 264,299 35,582 6,051 45,116 94,996 291,771 91,847 1,869,720 172,521 555,093 109,042 393,584 236,641 15,232 1,522,014 5,117 14,124 233,179 3,555,278 219 m<^- '•$••• I I4J» - *•. ''> v\ ■ "i f X. 1 »'■.■ , ••■•'• *.■• 1 ii V 1 1 '• ■' .'El v. ».-.'. •^»"J i \ i' % 1 ^1 i\ *' ,1, . ^.' r- i;"..i|;'y|*;^» ♦■I' 220 OHAP'i'EK IV. RELATIVE VALUES OF ARTICLES IMPORTED, Ac-Conctudol. Articlrh. Grbat Britain. Value, 18J)0. Fhkk iiooDH—Condutieil, Drugs, dyes, cheinicalHand inedicinen, &c. . Nets and seines, lines And twines Gutta i)ercha, crude, India rubber, un- manufactured Junk and oakum Jute cluth, fur the manufacture of bags only Metals, iron and steel, &c., and manu- factures of NewHi)ai)ers, magazines and weekly liter- ary papers, unbound Oils, cocoanut and palm Rags for the manufacture of paper V eneers, ivory, sawn only Articles for the use of the Dominion Gov- ernment, &c Articles for the use of the Army and Navy Coffee, gretn, N.E.S " Paintings, oi! or water colour Settlers effects Tea, black, gi-een and Japan Coin and bullion, except United States silver coin All other free goods Total Value, 1891. -)(iG,209 184,069 7,8Hi 52,011 180,077 3,()77,908 28,.'}8(ll 10,818 (57,287 3,174 4«5H,01t) 363,041 192,757 106,874 327,4(50 1,374,725 113,232 514,816 Unitko Statks. Value, 1890. 43,390,241 61(5,346 17(5,703 1,615 47,915 330.077 4,304,905 17,431 5,(569 49,722 4,369 18(5,043 396,915, 148,176 114,(5C3| 347,171; 1,327,(557 28,5831 540,808; 662,504 234,835 528,513 l(i,472 Vail If, lH!ll. 879,527 42,612 101,227 124,244 24,488 123,401 7,(593! IS 7;{i,:n7 2lii,(;i2 7.S!I.!IH.'< IT.IKw l,Ol!l,720 37.r)!l!( Sl,!t!li) lt)7,K4(; llt.llltl 22H,12(I 12,2;)7 " ' 68,4li 1,469,268 926,312 1,309,320 l,412,Hti7 ],()r>2,iH() i,i3r),2r)4 42,047,52(5 52,291,973 5.%()8r),(i," It may he remarked that many articles of import, which are reallv the produce of South America and the West Indies, are credited to the United State.s, from which country they are bought at second hand — as coffee, sugar, hides, &c. Out of the total value of imports from the United States, no less than $11,094,279 represented imports of coal, hides, tobacco and cotton wool, articles of which some cannot at present be produced in sufficient quantities in Canada, and others cannot be produced at all, and are therefore imported free of duty. ■4'- -i>, • ; -. a, TRADE AND COMMERCE. KKLATIVE VALUES OF ARTICLES EXPORTED TO GREAT BRITAIN AND THE UNITED STATES IN THE YEARS 1890 AND 1891. Articles. AnlH'«t08 Coal ;••■•;•• Gold b^'annf? quartz, nuggtttM, dust, «c. (;viwiini, crude oils, mineral, coal and kerosene . Ore, .intimony " copper and tine cop|)er " iron " manganese " silver. Phosphates Stone and marble, un wrought Oysterw Lobsters, fresh " canned Fish, all kinds Fish oil ; Furs and skins of marine animals Ashes, ]Kit and i)earl Bark, tanning Firewoofl Hoop, teii'graph, hop and other ix)les.. . Logs Lumber Masts and spars Shingles ancl shingle bolts Sleeiiers and railway ties Stave bolts Shooks, bo.\ and other Timber, square Horses Horned cattle Swine Sheep Poultry and other animals Bones ... Butter Cheese Kggs r urs, dressed " undressed Hides, horns and skins, other than fur. Honey Lard Bacon Hams Beef Mutton Pork * Shingles only. Gu': T Britain. Value, 1800. 9 3<},4r)9 78,417 500 1,1 lf> 135,010 2,710 17,000 355,845 lt»0 4.%, 432 2,090,314 27,035 147,1(54 01,014 072 9,093,830 5,3J«» *0,085 0,720 23,113 4,274,500 17,925 0,505,315 48(>,299 1,023 184.105 9,349,731 820 1,147 1,153,280 28,082 8 0,001 600,251 22,.3«>4 901 5W> Value, 1891. 95,12(» 04,589 2(i0,950 14U 393,2.50 1,025 198 0{K),711 1,.5,934 (58,380 6,340 7,943,438 102 2,992 41,607 .3,003,701 150,254 8,425,396 75 344,405 4,820 7,J»«5 440,060 9,481,373 83,589 2,434 1,113,531 13,455 48 1,862 589,599 36,398 740 8,006 40 UnITKI) STATE.S. Value, 1890. 403,800 2,12(5,000 (566,522 191,623 1.5,735 405 109,327 28,(556 37,697 184,015 34,182 66,048 213 140,039 4(50,317 2,052,5(55 13,818 i: 1,474 33,(545 141,144 281,125 !)2,320 081,308 7,840,971 11,980 301,908 290,913 110,093 141,327 4,491 1,887,895 104,(523 1,770 701,505 105,012 40,873 5,0.59 0,425 1,793,104 15,.')57 390,453 470,406 163 1 81 25 1,843 2,261 195 Value, 1891. 374,(587 2,572,914 553,976 183,679 18,436 '173,527 32,442 16,218 238,367 22,350 46,705 152 179,422 954,200 2,591,222 10,(590 5(5,115 16,717 213,455 314,691 142,796 722,845 8,932,513 22,735 401,186 307,684 133,308 121,105 4,227 1,215,022 26,975 888 759,081 53,510 46,177 10,054 13,485 1,074,247 41,638 257,383 472,501 182 970 118 57 699 13,807 198 221 If ,•' ' ' .. - • •^^ .^. I'- ^ I'M .^\ ^ m * > fi '^. :4S . I •]• :i: -^ ' Id . . i '1 '■' 1%-. * ■ i :■ f\ 1 '- il lil k" ' 2.1 * *i ■ '''f J. i ■ '■.•■'/ « , « '< , M ... '» «. I m ^: :-..; :i, ■•:■ !) ',•■ *ll. /v'^ ".i^ ■^i- ' ■■■« , ma- ^ . ^ I I • * 1 ^* , :. :'!,^r; ,1.5! * " . 222 CHAPTER IV. RELATIVE VALUES OF ARTICLES EXPORTED, Scc.-Cmehtdnl. ARriULRS. Grkat Bhitain. Value, 1890. .E.S Meatrt, canned . Meats, all t)ther, N. Sheep iHjlts Woo! Bran Flax ApiJles Fruits, all other, given Barley Beans Oats Pease, whole and si)lit Rye Wheat Grain, all other Flour, wheat Oatmeal Hay Malt Potatoes Straw Vegetables Agricultural implements Books, pamjthle m, niai)s, &c . . . Carriages, carts, waggons, &o . . Clothing and wearing api>arel . Cordage, rope and twine . ... Cottons Extract of hemlock bark Furs Grindstones Gypsum, or plaster, ground .... Sewing machines lion and steel, manufactures of. Junk and oakum Leather, sole and upi>er " manufactures of . .. . Lime and cement Musical instruments Oil cake . . . Ships sold to other countries . . Starch Stone, wrought, and marble . . . . Household furniture. Doors, sashes and blinds Pails, tubs, chums, &c Other manufactures of wood . . Woollens Apples, dried All other articles of export 107,817 32,571 68,340 835,545 131 12,017 Value, 1801. 2«i7,!»59 2,332 07,872 1 138,371 ,28<5,045 10,277 370,803 187 387,30l> 201,518 l&0,«i34 30 1,383 71,435 13,213 1,«)30 5,315 315 4,44<} 158,437 3,787 1,387 24,114 06,038 644,.501 62,808 10 247,758 3,!K)1 025 515 41,<584 60,380 0,053 220,627 6,919 22 419,783 Total 41,499,149 43,243,784 33,291,207 34,82fl,43ii 1,235,247 3,007 75,226 5,054 1,485,348 (>8,444 0«}0,134 1,183 851,012 35,455 150,291 1,400 1,457 100,031 18,808 4,526 10,784 2,067 5,595 175,335 3,100 167 10,728 (!1,690 826,428 13,65<5 630 314,509 101,500 22,(KK) 223 28,024 85,620 8,129 285,197 11.613 7,353 487,259 Unitri) Statki. Value, 1890. 108 36,:«7 7,1<>3 235,466 14,103 175,.563 140,470 44,640 4,582,562 230,;i23 8,527 445,547 113,320 6,680 18,246 32,0.56 44,839 022,797 149,310 308,915 24,118 06,079 3,089 27,662 12,573 39,704 1,988 101,4.55 4,125 20,253 628 8,039 112,141 2(>,442 8,653 38,253 175,242 24,3<>7 38,461 700 24,7!»2 132,107 4 912 319I575 2,390 4,626 2,264,334 Viihi... IHKI. lH„-)!tl •■"•••.444 i>ii,;v7,(«)3 (•.M31 f>13,(l!H) 17, mil .V),24ll 1,!HH) .'i75,H13 H7,(t«4 1,478, ()!»2 2\,m !t2,!t;« 10, 1% 17,4;')1 20,(113 l,3tW 7H,.')74 23,1)24 20!t 7,H31 77,72!l 31,(W3 t;,24<) 17,iV)l 154,1114 2it,2!l4 ltl,r)4: 5,257 13,4(1.^ 20,1;.) 107,0(12 2!»3 1,(190 4,57,3:: !»,1(1I 32,(W 2,i»10,038 t • udnl. Stai ks. Viiliu-. ■>t'',444 lHi,;wti 147,15)' !»0,141 2,H4!t,2(iil 4!IH,48(; !I31 4r)7,(M)3 !t5,131 t)i:<,tl!IO IT.llllt ;V),24!( l.iMH) STS.Hia S7,(W4 1,47H,(«I2 21,()fi4 !t2,!i;tt 10,1!H) :n,r)(>4 17,4M 2(;,tii3 l,3t'it) 7'.l,574 >3 18 Kt il 12 )31 Hi (2 )7 il 90 !>2 07 12 flO i26| 1341 7,!iai 23,1)24 2011 7.!t31 77,72!t 31,8t« t;,24<) 17,M1 154,1114 2<,1,2H4 lti,M: 5,257 13,4lfl 20,175 107,Otl2 2!t3 I.e.*) 457,37: It.ltil 32,t)(i4 2,ill0,038 m\ 34,829,491 TRADE AND COMMERCR. 228 •284. The next table gives the total imports from and exports of Iinjx»rt8 CiHiada to the United Kingdom, other British possessions and foreign "'««♦"'• countries, during tl^.e year 1891, with the percentage of the total j^anad'ft, iiiiiount in each case: — by conn- trieH, 1891. IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF CANADA BY COUNTRIKS, 1891. p- nJ I ^ «f ' '■' r • ,. MW COUNTKIKH. United States ({rent Britain.. (rciiiiany France Britirth West Indies * Other " t " British possessions Japan South America Cliina Rel(jri,210 42,07(N92«i 3,813,(>81 2,371,292 1,S,3(),0!K) l,()7r),551 33 . ' ^'.f»■ ^v*^ V .. • .1:'' TRADK AND COMMKRCK. CD.MPARATIVK STATKMKNT BY COUNTRIKS OF THK VALUE OF IMPOKTS INTO CANADA IN THK YKARS 1M1M> AND 1W»1. COUNTRIKH. I'liitiil Statt'H (Jifiit Britain • (Jermiuiy Fraii<<' SpaniHli WoHt Iiulifs lira/.il Japiiii 15riti:*li Went Indif h . . . Cliinii ■. •. SpaiiiHli |K)HHeHHion8 in Pacific Ocean, Bflgiuiii S'fwfoiiiuUand SiHiiii ■ Hollan.l AuKtriUitt AuHtria Britisli (tuiana (IrHi'Ci-. . Switzerland Italy liritish Raxt Indies Turkey Briti.sh Africa St. I'icrrt' Turtiitjal Vi'iifzui'la Dutch Kast IndieH , . , M(iuritiii>' Siani Norway and Sweden S|jiiiimfi i)088e8HionH in Afrii* . . . Fiencli West Indies Vaix'k ok Imi«ohth. Kus»ia Danixh West Indies .... .... Unitwl States of Colombia. . Central American States. . . . Denmark .\rf?entine Republic Chili Peru Mexico Dutch West Indies. ....... Iceland Hcmg Kouj.; French iiossensions in Africa. Dtlier cimntries Total 15 IWH). 43,501,705 3,1HJ»,021» 2,(M}4,(]85 2,081, IW4 51tO,H88 1,25«,7«W 1,298,404 8<»1,047 701»,75« 7:<5,8»4 470,434 404,080 484,074 205,243 1!»5,442 255,415 115,480 315,534 258,877 18(),385 118,065 57,7(>3 41,453 8»,877 «6,250 313,1.57 54,810 23,805 25,315 837 15,087 7,6!»7 8,53{> 1,587 25,758 2,553 111 258 273 169 784 121,858,241 1801. 59,646,210 42,076.92«l 3,813,»W1 2,371,21>2 1,651,922 631,133 1,251,280 1,;«6,0{K) !K)4,913 1,612,086 684,695 751,121 482,6.-,2 :Mi,894 219,065 142,060 liM»,891 158,454 2I«,549 21>1,174 5«;,228 127,838 78,545 139,643 «58,671 125,018 327,445 Increase. 59,133 29,325 8i4r*> 7,82f. 15,159 8,290 2,065 6,823 18,611 8,800 1,060 309 1,549 1,696 47 119,967,638 40,253 37,62«i 43,86 97,180 63,382 55,624 51,985 i30ii57' 21,206 54,810 .<{7 6,S17 25,758 488 268 737 1,890,603 225 - J ':■■' 'J'-' H ] } N i' ■ i ■i i 226 lillll iv- ♦- ' W' ^.i • ■■■■ Increases and de- creases. CHAPTER IV. 289. There was an increase in imports from twenty-six countries, and a decrease from twenty, the largest increases being $902,330 .ind $280,687 in imports from the Spanish possessions in the Pacitic ;iiu| Newfoundland, respectively. The largest decreases were in the t mde with the United Kingdom and the United States, which fell off $1,424,779 and $794,036, respectively. The imports from St. Piene et Miquelon consist principally of fish landed at Nova Scotiau j).)its and afterwards shipped out of the country. Value of 290. The next table is a comparative statement by countries of the for home value of imports for home consumption in the years 1890 and ]iS91. consump- The amount imported for home consumption in 1891 has only been *'*'d'i80?^ exceeded in four years since Confederation, and was larger than in anv year since 1883. The largest increase was from the United States amounting to $1,393,684. The other principal increases were ffum Germany, Spanish West Indies, Newfoundland, Spain, Spanish posses- sions in the Pacific, Italy and Dutch East Indies. The decrease tVoni Great Britain amounted to $1,342,715, from France to $303,459, iiml from Brazil to $353,266. The value per head of population of goods entered for consumption in 1888 was $21.95, in 1889 $23.16, in 1S90 $23.54, and in 1891 $23.40. The amount per head is, howevt'i', not nearly so large as it used to be, owing to the large increase in home production and interprovinoial trade. COMPARATIVE STATEMENT BY COUNTRIES OF THE VALl K OF IMPORTS FOR HOME CONSUMPTION INTO CANADA IN THE YEARS 1890 AND 1891. 'V; •■■ : U^:'% »•:)"■ -i. ■ ;i. _ «-■;. ' ; • pi'' . ; • ♦ : if ^, '-, Countries. United States Great Britain Germany France Spanish West Indies Japan British West Indies China Brazil Belgium Newfoundland Spain . . . Holland .... Spanish iwssessions in Pacific Ocean. Switzerland British Guiana • Italy Vallk of Imports. 1890. 62,291,973 43,390,241 3,778,993 2,615, B02 1,773,023 1,258,441 1,217,4«7 841,624 764,104 721,332 469,711 322,506 422,267 641,273 316,523 212,121 163,486 1891. 53,(»5,657 42,047,526 3,804,090 2,312,143 1,969,198 1,254,829 1,244,185 868,982 410,838 655,448 751,003 488,807 389,791 1,409,643 244.319 140,629 241,809 Increase. 1,393,684 " "25;697 " 196" i75 26,718 27,358 281,292 166,301 768,270 " 78,323' Dt'Clv; .'ivase. 1,342,715 32,4:(i 72,2(M 71,4!t2 /I" TRADE AND COMMERCE. COMPARATIVE STATEMENT BY COUNTRIES, ETC. -Concluded. COUNTUIES. GrtM'Cf Ikitisli Africa.. . . Austria ... British East Indies Turkt-y. Portu|?al Deiiiii'vrk. Austrivlawia Mmiriti»i8 Siaiii Kussiii _. yiviu'li \\ est Indies ... . Vt'iic/.iu'la XiiiAMiy and Sweden St. Pit'rre Danish West Indies Dut^li East Indies Sandwich Islands Pern Dutch West Indies Central American States Mexico United States of Colombia .Argentine Repul)lic Cinli Portuguese jjossessiona in Africa. Other countries Vah« of Imports. 1890. 136,798 57,763 197,090 182,956 191,667 84,0.S4 2,327 205,396 54,810 43,144 7,697 15,087 6(i,250 19,146 10,!)34 15.296 244,387 62 1891. 162,012 78,091 144,548 51,040 14.S,056 70, .537 2,210 169,0,3.S1 54,810 ' 17,190 5,751 6,617 57 956 2;\758 79 227 "291. The foilowing tables give the value of the imports into Canada Imports tor lionie consumption fi-om the principal countries, in each year since for "ome Confederation; and for the purposes of comparison, the years up to 1887 tion, 1868- are divided into periods of five, the total fi:"' each period being given. 1891. ' 1^ ?f;1 '.« .!•'?:.■ i'\ 15} 228 CHAPTER IV. : ' 1 .^'■.- ■,; ' . i» ^|. i': IH.^'. : »i!h5y-:*:.v !!•» ■iT>' ■nv p o fa c d 02 _r Eh 53 gl IS ^« O^ O O pa H I, in **< o 9J te © SB s 6 OWN »©«*'* -wo® •.H>B«i-;iH©S»e9© U'^«Oi-l'»©X S3* s w X ajsp ;s8i «& X cc < CiOSi-H <-( i^ N «« iOt»« ^XX 'J' X •«• tH r^ fcr mw«» t>. h- 1-1 !0 t- I tyXt^5'* > XiQ VX t>- '^ 5^ sifsf^ »B t»i^ in t-»-»i-it>. 1-iNft JON >iH c^NiBci! «X C5t-.i-l © ^© t< 1-1 iH © © rH iHiHi-l iH © »o © 1-1 1-1 »n » -i-ixeo •««< « ift N t-.in^i>- ©^^_^S5 t^eJ©0 5C«3 .^N-f iffiff i-f 1-3" i-T C: m c: •* «o© J)© <« lA © -i e" o »o' ic" tDxt-r "is 8.S © t~e'S ctjpt^ocpQoiz;© 1 I* fH if S X IE" 1 5;; V; N3t o N^ ^ f-t : ': : ' ' O • • c 111 lit 5 £.0 h » « . "5 ;5 PQ *-■ vi ^ —- o o i^ t>- X igj p 15 1>: ® 3 I -T C' tC so 50 50 » 5^ 1-5" OtT 5s ,-1 iM X '3' in ^ »r 'S ift © 35 N M C M O OC_l-^ if. -r k^gM' n ^f "t 1-H 'f' t^ 35 5P" *f (N o" X 1I; iX -J a? •<»< SB c; •,» rt "T J- MVTrH i-Hr-Ti-J" 54" TRADE AND COMMERCE. iggia.-it^ecW'CX >i-<©» .;0«e«a©C i« ^ » "H -r 5 NM©i-iOX« ^ © rt 3:_^« ad" , • (Nt^ooo'x'sfW't "f^ N rH t4" 35 X 3". i-H 35 >* i^ S5 ifl 35 ©2ji-i!NiHi-ii-i eo •rMr-i'* '23 © -r S M 5 2 is % '3 3* '^ C © iS ■+ © © © © © S © M © I- *0 "f »0 © X fi l-X —I f X 13 (N © i^ •^ i-. i.-i i- in ?} in 'J" ©1-* o c . 13 S K © X I--. © X © jH 53 iS © 3 C2 ©.-imT-lM(MO<-ii-ll:- ^t~<35i-(SS^l>.S«5©j5 1-1 ,-1 h- 1-1 W i-( i-< r-l M X X S3 35 m © t w © 30 1'. C! © I— 1 »-< 5^ »-< — < rr is « ©Mxiswi"-xSrix ^e*' § S © 3 3 -! .^< 4a' e^ S3-2Pt sPQfe J « G ^ ;-5 ,a * .a - !-5 5 H ^ a fc. I t. -I L. ^ -** ^ 229 li'. :.- '^' I* .t J ■t\ c > "SJD -3 3 3 8 ii. r I i-i if j »( i*t'<. ■ 1 i\ (' ^.: ;■ : J ii 1 m ili (. 230 Iftflf:- ^li-;'-^"^ •,.!«■ V. i niili .-H I, ' i'8 CHAPTER !V. STATEMENT BY COUNTRIES OF THE VALUE OF IMPORTS INTO CANADA FOR HOME CONSUMPTION IN THE YEARS 18G.S TO 1891 — Concluded. Countries. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. Great Britain United States 39,298,721 48,481,848 2,14-1,784 .3,36-;, 563 1,814,549 818,393 2,450,270 41 .599 523,957 3,428,416 42,317,389 50,537,440 2,228,683 3,692,570 2,24.5,026 1,073,841 2,228,113 488,161 <)61,935 4,200,289 8 43,390,241 52,291,973 2,616,602 3,778,})93 2,585,146 1,217,467 1,805,331 469,711 713,046 3,898,074 42,047,52« 53,lJSr),(i.-,7 2,31'J 1 i3 France Germany 3.804 im Other European countries British West Indies. ... 2,r)7!t,021) 1,24^ 185 1.993 !!71 Other " Newfoundland Other British jwasessions " Foreign countries 7r)l,(H)3 44(1,374 4,487, 14o Total 102,847,100 109,673,447 112,765,684 113,345 124 -g __ Value of imports highest during 1873-1877. 292. Out of the four periods into which the foregoing table is divided, it will be seen that the aggregate value of imports was largest in the period 1873 to 1877. Trade was very flourishing all over the world at the commencement of that period, and prices ruled high ; the home production was very limited, and interprovincial trade scarcely had any existence. Proix)rtion 293. The following table shows the proportions of imports from the from'prhv P^ii^^ipal countries to the total aggregate value of each of the same cipal coun- periods : — *"®®' PERCENTAGE OF* IMPORTS INTO CANADA, ENTERED FOR CON SUMPTION, FROM PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES, TO A(iGREGATE VALUE OF THE SAME, PURIN(J THE PERIODS NAMED. CovyvRiEs. 1868 to 1872, inclusive. 1?73 to 1877, inclusive. 1878 to 1882, inclusive. 1883 to 1887, inclusive. Great Britain Per cent. 55 46 .35 08 1-78 74 83 1 15 1 70 "o-os" 1 23 2 00 Per cent. 48 13 44 24 168 65 109 0-78 91 0-92 018 1 42 Per cent. 44 03 46 18 174 83 1-48 138 1 54 0-68 27 1-87 Per cent. 11 25 United States 45- 18 J'rance . Germany Other European countries British West Indies Otht-r " 1-87 209 1!)2 r4it lo2 Newfoundland Other British ]X)88e88ion8 " Foreign countries B. N. A. provinces 0-4!) 3(il Total 10000 10000 10000 KWOO Per cent, 41 '25 40- IS 1-87 209 1-92 l'4!t 1'52 0-4!» O-.tK 3 til TRADE AND COMMERCE. 231 •_".t4. A comparative statement of exports from Canada in tha years Value of 1S<)0 and 1891 will be found below :— Band COMPARATIVE STATEMENT BY COUNTRIES OF EXPORTS FROM ^^^^' CANADA, 1890 AND 1891. ■.. y. i Countries. Unitt'd States (irert Britain. (ieri any FiaiH e British iVest Indies * Other West Indies. .. . fOtlier British possessions Japan Suutli America China Belffiuni Xewfonndland Simin Holhind Sandwich Islands Tvirkey Italy Austria Portugal Norway and Sweden. Australasia Russia Heuniark St. Pierre Utlier countries Valuk of Expokts. 18;»0. 40,522,810 48,.S53,694 507,143 278,552 1,493,440 1,225,298 237,609 20,825 1,340,070 34,926 41,814 1,185,739 69,788 1,042 500 81,059 1891. 41,138,095 49,280,858 532,142 253,734 1,700,570 1,342,848 259,429 20,594 820,407 58,197 72,072 1,407,908 07,110 14,741 .51,009 Increase. Decrease. 015,885 927,104 24,999 267,124 117,550 21,820 23,271 30,858 282,109 13,099 51,009 207,777 380,09<) 490,707 10,250 Total. 184.782 08,622 96,749,149 90,999 1,508 120,011 183,972 589,100 2,941 1,495 180,619 98,537 9,940 1,508 98,393 1,435 1,837 29,915 K • A 24,818 0,231 525,003 2,078 '560' 87,106 196,724 7,30'j' 98,417,290 i 1,668,147 '■I , 'Includes Danish, French and Spanish West Indies. tNot elsewhere sjjecified. 295. There was an increase in value of expo. ', to seventeen coun- Increases tries, the largest increase being in exports to the United Kingdom, *'^'- ^®' the \alue of which showed an increase of nearly one million dollars, tlie other principal increases being to the United States, British iiiul ether West Indies, and Newfoundland. The principal decreases were in exports to South America, and Norway and Sweden. 296. The value of exports, the produce of Canada, during the years Value of 1S6S-1891, which are divided into periods similar to those in the pre- Ca^^^n ceding table of imports, is given below. produce, 1868-1891. i. t» m 'V, ^1 ^ i li PrTf • ■jsiii Vm'^. ^■^■^ i>'<; ^v*^' »'>! 232 < On I— t o I— I 9 ' S£ Ho C2H §£ 68 W H <; H CHAPTER IV. 1 ao o ;r •^ t>- 1- 'I" w <-i ^ «» 5»n i-rofi-c»ffc4'OT CJ o ' * « 9 te 55 ? S '""^ ''' * S S^S 35 ^3 o 3? tfj t^ 55 cT rf od rH e w 05 i-H a o tH53< )3«oin2^j 30 §5 ^,« « *> '-L'S cs •>* S ©f^'PH- o i b: s ^ 05 CC C >03»rH( 3>! U^ 1-1 1-< O ■+ * ! ^ ^ineoacoosfoi^^. 5c .t-e505ff^«owect- a0055O©t-»n«53;'"'' 55' tf n.h'^' ^'ig- ) if5 * ^ irt lO I- o 05 o •t-lH ?5lCi-cOSf* S JR I?} (_05_OTO •*_0J^O N*l^i* I ~, ^(^fl-^^c'■l-^x'i5"1-5'l-lr^ i -"■■ x aciN w 5 IP :•»■»»• )Ossate5e5t-.eoi>.i-i i^»n ift i^ o; w 1-1 1-1 «5 fcr "»< I- ■^ Si o; i^ ts m *K VAJ r- ^ ^ *. » #. •II ii s e c s feeocQo;2;o IS c «- c 1 PQrg 5 e S S! eSi— I "^ S s9 ■r. S c 3; a i" « fc. »-J3.'S J ? •E ^ b V ^3 '"'' e S^ ..- ?i X e < r. ri s". in I ? if. "" l-X rH S C -- ^ X •- '4^ 7 ? It OSCS< ri rj X © « I f c t" o i>. 1 • 5". IS O rH • Jir5 c n i-H t>. -< { "" c £ »H m 1 <-_,5^X^MrH« ■ c ; 3 :S • ^ ■ . e« M •■ • * -4-) ^ ^ :ii x : l^ 3: It. i^ <-^. - c 4)^ ^ -;*. ;;oj u I- il 5 i f r4 l~ ^ s r- Z ^ m 1-1 w i- -r © © Q 52 53 1^ 1^ I'- ,-: ?i X © 35^>H 35 N » ^5_ •jT ©' x" 1^ tr tr 58 ii" 5^ ff TRADE AND COMMERCE. 3'©«Sx3«4»l?5 •* « w IS © so (M* -J «■ l-T O* l-^ « l^ S « 1" c5 3< se Ti © 5 - ?.' IS •y : ^,*,33t2^&^ 1-H ec N W iK I- 2 35 fH 1-- -i t' sf i» t>r »-<' o' ^ irf t>r i-T I'. W M 1* » 1-1 ^ ® IS -^ ^'S$S •- '^' " »" V ^ ?i r- "t I- 55 a; lO M ^ ^l-lf 1-t f-l 1-H ^ cc i5|giS3i? s C-. X *1 -t r: - © f no IN ■* (N X, ij iil^ K if i 'M M -. ■^ l- 1-1 ! ! 1—1 So© '' r!fi k* :£ 5SS IN rH ajiNoc ir a t© r:3ifs'2S>*S"3Sf 'TinicWwOSii-ii^'r ^'^' - - - 5f r. I- 35 Ci © I- t- ^ '-' F" 3". n 't ■^ r-> ■^ CS Id '«< 3. »S tj -r « N t «a S -^ O t- ■* x;srHWNoe'. -»^o 5 S -t « ?5 r- 5: 1^ « N 35 M S 35 I- 1-5 x^oo i-^^ru- t-.x_^i-^ J, f r r. ». f ^ l5 "T 1—1 1—1 1—1 C-^0 I'. 35 I', i^i rH 35 s tt ec -c pi X I--. N -J Xf »- »-l 35 35 5? X ;3 _ e 9 eS.«.- g u o - i "5 5 S2 I e s .2.* a2 I 535 2 1 b X b vS b I ^ J^ ctifeiiOPQo;^;o 233 ^ig^g^l,' H' ■ vfflRpv ' *" • ' .1 : >■ . k • .' S' «:.:.■ ■' t • 1 1 Ik "W ;■ , .^■■'li r. •K| *■ 1 • 1 • ^ "m *' •• Ik ■ ■%. jtf * '» '<• ^ , '• r ■ i • ■■i ■•■ '♦'f' i'i■ i 234 CHAPTKR IV. STATEMENT SHOWING THE VALUE OF EXPORTS THE PROI)r( v OF CANADA, AND THE PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES TO WHKJ}! K\' PORTED, DURING THE YEARS 189,149 36,21.3,279 277,827 461,011 792,684 1,460,668 1,216,019 982,154 725,352 1,629,443 43,243,784 37,H72,7ns 248,854 r)i4,iio r.rrf;,854 1,742,878 1,28.S,022 1,312,(121 H;<7,it2e I,l87,(»i5 Newfoundland Other British possessions " Foreign countries Total 81,382,072 80,272,456 85,257,686 88,801,006 j'i'i'.' . ■ ■ ■■ ■ Incr ^ase in exports. 297. Though the annual value of the exports has necessarily varied from time to time, it will be seen that there has been a steady inciease in the aggregate value at the end of each period, the aggregate of the period ended 1887 showing an increase over that ended in 187"_' of 4,'} per cent, while at the present rate of increase, the period ending in 1892 will show an increase over the first period of from 65 to 70 per cent. The bulk of the exports has always gone to Great Di-itain and the United States, and from the following figures it will be found that while the exports to Great Britain have increased 24 per cent, those to the United States have decreased 14 per cent. The piopcir- tions to other countries have not varied very much, with the exception of exports to the West Indies, which have considerably declined. 'ii'f*'i Proportion 298. The proportions of the aggregate value of exports to principal to total countries, to the total exports, during each period of five years, are exports to given below. principal countries. I'll MM TRADE AND COMMERCE. PROI'ORTIONS, TO TOTAL VALUE, OF EXPORTS THE PRODUCE OF CANADA TO PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES, FOR QUINQUENNIAL PERIODS BETWEEN 1808 AND 1887. 235 ^i COUNTHIKM. 1808 to 1872, inclusive. 1873 to 1877, incliiHive. Great Britain I'liitMl States Francf Ueriimuy Other Phiropean countries , British West Indies Other " Newfoundland Other British ixmsessions . " Foreign countries ... Total Per cent. Per cent. 37 53 61-50 024 000 08 3-23 2-71 188 080 1 31 10000 4708 41 31 0-38 10 0-82 2-88 2-25 2 33 0-53 172 10000 1878 to 1882, inclusive. 1883 to 1887, inclusive. •^ Per cent. Per cent, 47 m 41 70 078 014 0-99 2 41 1-80 108 76 1-30 10000 46 '62 44 11 054 .SO 0-88 1 83 1 33 179 0-87 1 73 10000 • • i ' ! * ■ ■l\( f 'i .'} ' • .• '. »,. • .,' ■:'■,< I • . • * ,- * t .•w • , ^•.i' ■^ 'S '."*!•■ ."- Aj! ■.'V • . i A ■29!*. The following table gives the imports and exports of the Iiniiorts United Kingdom and her possessions for the year 1890, together with ^j^g ^'f the aniount per head in each case. The figures have all been taken British from official sources and the calculations made in this otRce. iwsfes- sions. IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF BRITISH POSSESSIONS, 1890. United Kingdom . . *India Straits Settlement.. Ceylon Mauritius Xatal Cajie of Good Hope St. Helena La(?08 Gold Coast Sierra Leone (iainbia. Canada Newfoundland.. . Bermudas *188!t. 2,047,367,718 421,730,685 119,474,491 23,028,555 ♦13,733,528 21,856,078 49,184,801 155,529 2,437,358 2,7a%567 1,897,548 628,265 121,8.58,241 6,4.57,307 1,499,011 54 65 1 91 235 80 8 08 36 33 40 18 32 23 36 84 24 37 1 82 25-30 44 40 25-45 32-73 94-37 1,597,493,640 512,784,704 103,760,321 18,661,501 13,742,132 0,972,590 50,056,358 9,271 2,896,605 2,926,803 1,700,019 799.953 96,749, .9 6,184,404 669,293 $ eta. 42 64 2 33 204 79 6 90 36 36 12 82 32 81 2 20 28 % 1 95 22-67 56-53 20-20 31 34 42 14 * •■ • 1 n »' 1 '•, t :•■' !i I; ■ ■ i I 1-4 •ri! m iri' ! IP IlM;i K .•^' V"'* ' 236 Trade of Canada and other colonieb compared. CMAPTKR IV. IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF BRITISH POSSESSIONS, lHOO-Co«./»,/„/, COUNTKIKS. Iinixn-ts. Value iH-r Heiul. f]xiKjrt», Hondtiras BritiHh < riiiana . . . . Bahamatt Turk's Island .... .Jamaica Windward iHliindH. Lt'eward " Trinidad New South Wales . Victoria South Australia . . . Western " . . . . Queensland TaHmania New Zealand Fiji Falkland Islands . . Labuan 1,372.(!1!> U,l«3,!>74 1,()82,W»I 2«4,l»2r) 10,»;52,82(» 8,2.%,843 2,19«,.VW) 10,!>44,ni2 110,0r)!),«8({ 111,700,540 40,211,(J75 4,2r)r>,«}41 24,f)57.1>40 !»,2.34,r).')8 3(),4n7,888 l,(»l»i,<».')3 32»5,1>52 24t»,28.S Total 3,210, 10!),043 8 cts. 50 fK) 33 00 22 74 43 li» It) tU 24 28 1825 .5.'i21 !W 12 97 «5 121 80 01 03 .58 32 ()3-.')6 48-70 810 182-76 42-08 1,400,001 10,520,720 818.180 207,r)1()() :<7 m 17 20 4:v7r) 144(5 2.V71 2(.(i!) r).r.')i 5(1 (11 13(1 22 70(13 !IH'47 4it«l 71) 32 14 12 31.rl!( 2,r!« 300. With the exception of the United Kingdom, India, aiul the Straits Settlement, the aggregate trade of Canada is larger than tlmt of any other British colony, though, with the exception of the Stiaits Settlement and the Falkland I.sles, in proportion to population the external trade of the Australasiiin colonies is far in advance of that nf any other British possession. This large proportion per head would however be much reduced if federation of the colonies should tiike place, as in that case the intercolonial trade, which at present forms nearly 50 per cent of their total external trade, would no longer l)e reckoned. The value of diamonds exported through the post otKce is now included in the exports of the Cape of Good Hope. posses sions. Value of 301. The value of the total trade of the United Kingdom and her 'f R^r*h^ possessions in 1890 was $5,986,735,269, as compared with $5,85."),06.V 403 in 1889, being an increase of $131,671,866 ; in 1889 there was an increase over 1888 of $414,175,398, and in 1888 an increase over Wl of $318,150,278. The total imports exceeded the total exports hy $433,482,817 ; the excess of imports into the United Kingdom amounted to $449,874,078, showing that, exclusive of that country, there wah an excess of exports of $16,391,261. II .1 loiiclwlnl. Viilu.. I. IT Head. >< fts. Mot) :<7 m 17 2() 4;v7r. 14 4i; 25 71 2t.()ll 5a;)l !tr)(i:. 5(1 I'll I3(>'>i 70' 03 !IS47 49 SI 7l)32 14 12 31-) l!t '25 '.13 a, and the than thiit the Straits ilation the i of that lit' u'acl would ioulm and her ?5,85r),06:V lere was an s over 18Si exports !)}■ n amounted there was 4 ' TRADE AND ('(JMMERCE. ;W-. The following is a list of British possessions in which imports iind exports were respectively in excess in 1890 : — 237 Imports exceeded Exports in United Kingdom. StraitH S«ttleni«nt8. Labuan. Ceylon. Natal. St. Helena. Hierra Leone. Caniula. Newfoundland. Jiermudas. BahamaH. Janiuica. Trinidad. New 8o)ith Wales. Victoria. Western AuHtralia. TaHmania. * * X Exports ixctedcd Imports in India. Mauritius. Cape of Good Hoj)e. LaKOH. (iold Coast. (ratnbia. Honduras. British Ciuiana. Turk's Island. Windward Islands. Leeward Islands. South Australia. Oueensland. New Zealand. Fiji. Falkland Islands. .1 'fu- "• :.1 m- 303. The totiil value, and the value per head, of the imports and importa exports of some of the principal foreign countries in the latest avail- ana ex- able years, are given in the following table. The figures have been ^Ljl2 taken from official sources, and the calculations made in this office : — countries. IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES. CoiNTKIKS. Year. Imports (Home Con- sumption.) Europe- Russian Empire. . Norway 'Sweden Deinnark .... . . (ierinan Empire. Netherlands Belgium . 1880 1889 1889 1889 1889 1S89 1889 France 1889 Portugal 1889 *Spain ' 1HS9 Italy i 1889 Austro- Hungarian Empire. . . 1889 *Roumania 1889 (rreece... . Turkey Servia Switzerland 1889 1889 1889 1889 210,226, 4(K) 49,975,800 100,676,733 72,.'>42,.5.33 977,007,6(;6' 503,617,2(56 802,974,333 840,;«9,266 67,275,800 166,006,86(1 270,810,5.33 238,938,733 71,627,600 25,822,533 85,220,141 6,782,863 185,755,800 •9 cts. 1 93 24 99 21 08 33 39 20 86 110 72 49 71 21 99 12 16 9 46 7 18 5 78 13 02 11 80 3 89 3 23 63 32 $ 372,786,66(» lli(>,181,4(M> 40,r)8;},i:« 844,91(J,1!) 51,«J49,93.S 1 jt) 57 59 45 7«i 3 53 13 5<) 10 25 2 07 (M), 59 1,860 (M},877,733 20,314,0«Ui 119,539,933 ♦J0,".«»3,9:« 872,270,283 7,18(J,552 M 1M» -M (13 4(1 JH :< :ked. Exjxirts exceeded imports in the I'liited States, Russia, Spain, Austro-Hungary, Servia, Egypt, Chili, Mexicn and Peru. Aggregate 305. The total trade of the United Kingdom is the largest in tlif trade of world, Germany and France taking second and third places ; and the following is the order in which the principal countries, doing the l!ii<(- est trade, .stand, with the amount of that trade in each case, acmnling to the latest available figures, principally for 1890 : — United Kingdonj «:<,044,731,(5(;9 have remained the s^ime, the imports from British |K»ssesHions liii\c ({('(.-reaHed lG-19 per cent since IHOO. ;{()7. The following is a comparative statement of the imports into Iui|)ortH British possessions during the years 1H89 and IMDO, showing in each l"^'' , ypiir the amount and proportion per head that came from Great Brit- |),,Hm>H- uiii iiml other countries i-espectively : — MionH, IMHO uiid 1890. IMPORTS INTO BRITISH POSSESSIONS, 1881» AND IhOO. COUNTHIKS. Imliii ... Straits Settlement.. . CVvloii Xatiil CajK' (if (icKxi Ho|w. St. Helena Liwiw (iold C'oant Sierrii Lfuiie (ilUllliiil Canada . . N'l'wfomiflland IVlIllMilllS Hiiiuluras British (iuiana Bahaiiiu.s Turk's Island Jaiiiaiea Windwai-d Islands. . Leewiud Islands. . . . Triniilad New South Wales. . Victoria Soiitli Australia Western Australia. . Oueeiisland Tasiiiunia New Zealand Falkland Islands. . Total. 1880. (treat Britain. 2}M,553,724 lH,.34«i,21i» (},or)2,2H) 17,727,21H) 4«, 202,050 1>4,730 1,4S>4,287 18 fa 14 04 1 18 is ((8 23 14 8 32 13 S 34 2fi 16 (53 32 37 125 80 110,768,(»7 9.5,(i79,(){>4 14,25.5,367 4,304,183 6,559,(592 46,223 7(5.5,113 4ilO,472 325,!l74 3i57,90<.> 72,975,37(5 4,008,829 983,616 65»),21>4 .3,()()3,427 (i80,964 1.12,814 .S.iru'',88 4 r:.;.375 1,108,816 6,472,865 G8,749,a51 53,475,313 2.3,342,719 2.208,206 1.5,.523,153 .5,320,989 10,564,491 28,845 2 63 511,325,845 ! Anioni. Head. $ ots. ( .");; 17 ' 18 .') (M> 8 11 4 42 9 0!> 7 (55 35 ! 34 25 21^ 14 38 20 31 62 48 23 91 12 !«» 14 19 23 61 5 5(5 12 m 9 L5 33 00 61 26 47 83 71 93 50 .54 38 17 35 13 17 03 14 98 * A i 2 20 m ' » * . 1 - I V I • "^ -i ■ il "''4 r'lh 111;.; j? 240 ^■1 r \ .k ^ ' •<■ h;";i';,:< ) t , m 'k if K^m k Hi ■>r CHAPTER IV. IMPORTS INTO BRITISH POSSESSIONS, 1880 AND 1890-Co7ic/ii,/f,/. Countries. India Straits Settlement . . Ceylon Natal . . . Cape of Good Hope St. Helena Lagos (iold Coast Sierra Leone Gambia Canada Newfoundland Bermudas Honduras British Guiana . . . Bahamas .... Turk's Island Jamaica Windward Islands. . Leeward Islands. . . Trinidad New South Wales . . Victoria South Australia ... Western Australia. . (.^uc^nskind Tasmania New Zealand Falkland Isiunds . . . Total. 1890. Imports from Great Britain. I Amount I P^r Head. *304,1 86,824 19,102,951 6,7.')5,1.S2 17,071,45.3 41,538,294 95,737 1,638,«75 2,057,335 1,435,725 3(57, 1(56 43,501,705 2,204,727 451,330 641,(551 5,494,812 218,892 49,377 5,996,147 3,859,991 1,066.160 4,001,7(53 41,989,(}34 4(5,755,005 12,085,958 2,020,392 10,317,679 3,.313,032 20,543,514 300,964 599,062,025 $ cts. 1 38 37 70 2 37 31 39 27 22 22 68 16 38 1 37 19 14 25 95 9 08 11 17 28 41 23 38 19 74 4 60 10 41 9 36 11 38 8 85 20 19 37 43 41 00 36 63 43 65 24 40 22 80 32 83 168 23 2 52 Other Countries. 117,543,861 100,371,540 1(5,273,423 4,784,625 7,(546,507 59,792 798,(583 678,232 461,823 261,099 78,3f6,536 4,252,580 1,047,681 730,968 3,689,162 863,909 155,648 4,(556,679 4,376,852 1,132,395 6,942,849 (58,070,052 (54,9.54,.'>.35 28,125,717 2,235,249 14,340,2(51 5,921,526 9,924,374 25,988 Anil mm Head. ¥ Ct.-i (1 r)3 l!t8 10 5 71 S7!> 5 01 14 1(1 7 !»!» II 45 tl 1(5 1!» 15 1(5 .37 21 5(1 (loiMl 2(1 (12 13 2(1 18 14 32 7« 7 28 12 !H» !t40 35 02 00 (l!l .'HI il5 85 % 48 28 ,S3 !12 40 7(1 15 87 24 .)3 548,682,44(5 2 30 Imports into Bri- tish posses- sions from Great Bri- tain and toreign coimtries compared. *1889. 308. The total amount imported from Gr«at Britain in 1890 was $1,298,479 more than in 1889, and $44,728,542 more than in 188S, but the proportion to the total imports was not quite so large, bein<,' 5l*'20 per cent, .s compared with 53*89 and 5306 per cent in the two pre- ceding years. The excess of imports from Great Britain over imports from other countries has been as follows in the years named, viz. : in 1884,172,371,510; in 1885, $74,073,065; in 1886, $36,833,675; in 1887, $29,403,770; in 1888, $63,985,639; in 1889, $86,437,701, nnd in 1890, $50,379,579, showing somewhat of a decrease as compared ^!,i chtiliii Aniimnl Hml. » LO ¥ C'tS. (I r)3 V.I8 10 :)7l S 7!l rxii 14 1(1 7 snt 45 l> 16 lit 15 If, 37 21 m CoiHl 'jc. (;2 13 2t; 18 14 32 7« 7 28 12 iHI It 40 35 (t2 tW (HI M !t5 85 % 48 28 33 !V2 I 40 711 1 15 87 ' 24 53 2 30 1890 was n 1888, but bein}? 5'J'20 ,he twii pre- >ver imports ed, viz. : in 833,67') ; in 37,701, and IS compared TRADE AND COMMERCE. 241 Great Bri- tain to total im- ports. with the last two years. The imports from Great Britain in 1890 exceeded those from other countries in twelve colonies, and the largest iinp( titers were India, Victoria, Canada, New South Wales and Cape of Good Hope, in the order named. The Straits Settlements only imported $19,102,951 from Great Britain and $100,371,540 from other countries, but the larger part of the imports are re-exported. ;?09. The proportion of imports from British possessions to the total Proportion imports into the United Kingdom has remained much about the same, "f imports and vvitl' but slight variations, as shown by the following figures : — tish posses- PROPOR'riON OF IMPORTS FROM BRITISH POSSESSIONS TO TOTAL ?io"»;"*° IMPORTS INTO THE UNITED KINGDOM. " 1871 22 03 i)er cent. 1875 22-57 1880 22-50 1884 24-46 1885 2275 " 1880 2.S-40 1887 23-13 1888 ". 22-42 1889 22-74 " 18!)0 23-77 But the proportion of exports to Great Britain to the total colonial Similar exports has steadily decreased during the same period. In 1890 there proportion wiis a further decrease, the proportion being decidedly lower than in "^ tota^ ^ tlie preceding year. colonial PROPORTION OF EXPORTS TO THE UNITED KINGDOM TO THE *'^^'°'*^- TOTAL EXPORTS FROM BRITISH POSSESSIONS. 1871 50 45 })er cent. 1875 49-47 1880 : 4«-4fl " 1884 43-33 1885 42-84 188« 41 54 1887 41-80 1888 43-14 1889 4204 IS!K) 41 26 310. In 1890 the exports from Great Britain to foreign countries Proportion were 81,137,484,291, and to British possessions $462,009,349, the pro- to total portion being just about the same as in the preceding year, as the fj^ed ° following figures will show : — Kingdom PROPORTION OF EXPORTS TO BRITISH POSSESSIONS TO TOTAL to Britfsh EXPORTS FROM THE UNITED KINGDOM. possee- 1871 1959 per cent. sions. 1875 27-22 " 1880 28-46 1884 29-83 1885 31-47 1886 30-56 U(87 29-22 " 1888 30-69 1889 28-73 1890. 28-80 16 •^ I 5s" * ■■ J •.' 'If '•I I- ' !■ »> - ^» n,l h^t ri { V. t. ni m i m ijfl m H f"'- iit.: lii 1 '■'"■.I. • :*.;/ p'-'»» j": i"V >'h' ^-'^ ■ mi ■ '. 1.. - Kw ^- ';'■)'-:' ij;:. '•*«'•« 242 Proportion of trade with United Kingdom to total trade of British posses- sions. CHAPTER IV. 311. The total foreign trade of British possessions has increased \cv\ largely since 1871 ; and, as will be seen from the following tigures, tlie trade with foreign countries has increased in a greater ratio than that with the United Kingdom, which has been steadily decreasing. Tluie was an increase, however, of 3-62 per cent in the proportion in 1,^88, which was maintained in 1889, and which fell off over 1 per cent in 1890. PROPORTION OF THE TRADE WITH THE UNITED KINGDOM To THE TOTAL FOREIGN TRADE OF BRITISH POSSESSIONS. 1871 5141 iwrcpnt. 1875 52-33 1880 49.% 1884 46-72 1885 48-44 1886 45-31 1887 44-14 1888 4776 1889 47-71 1890 46-51 Distribu- 312. The following table, taken — with the exception of the tigures trade^Lf ^^^' 1 ^^ ^ *"<^ 1 ^^^> '^^^^^^ ^*^® ^^®" ^^^^^ ^^ *^^^ office— from Muihall's United " Fifty Years of National Progress," p. 30, shows the distribution of Kingdom, the trade of the United Kingdom at various dates, and shows also tliat the trade with India and the colonies has increased in a much greater degree than that with foreign countries : — DISTRIBUTION OF THE TRADE OF THE UNITED KINGDOM, 1840-1890. 1840-1890. Millions £ Pkrckntagk. Tkadk with 1840. 1860. 1876. 161 95 74 56 270 656 1885.11889. 1890. 190 143 69 56 291 1840. 30 20 6 5 39 1860. 24 18 8 9 41 100 1875. 24 15 11 8 42 1885. 27 18 9 8 38 188!). im. Colonies United States. France (Jennany Various 34 23 6 5 45 89 68 31 34 153 170 118 59 50 245 187 139 67 68 291 2."j 18 9 8 Km 25 lit II s 3!) Total 113 .r5 642 742 749 100 100 100 irto Exiwrts of 313. The total value of goods, not the produce of Canada, exported goods^not (luring 1891, was $9,616,230, of which amount {^5,632,626 worth were duce of exported vid the St. Lawrence and $335,503 went in bond to other Canada. countries through the United States, from Ontario and (Quebec. Of the remainder, $353,979 worth were exported from Nova Scotia and $1,395,001 from New Brunswick, the latter amount consisting almost entirely of products of the forest, principally spruce, cut in Maine and shipped from New Brunswick ports to the United States. TRADE AND COMMERCE. :]\A. The value of foreign goods imported into Ontario and Quebec in bond through the United States, in 1890, amounted to $12,582,914 ; of foreign goods purchased in United States markets to $2,370,209 ; and of goods the produce of the United States to $45,292,822. The value of goods imported into the two provinces vid the St. Lawrence was 1^30,450,981. It is to be regretted that the official returns do not (rive similar information concerning any other provinces. .U"). The following is a statement of the quantity and value of the various articles remaining in the bonded warehouses on the 30th June, 1891 :— STATEMENT OF THE QUANTITY AND VALUE OF ARTICLES REMAINING IN WAREHOUSE ON 30th JUNE, 1891. Articles. Dutiable Goods. Bivad.st\iff8— Indian com Bush. Oiits Wheat " Iiuii.an meal Brls. Flour of wheat " Coal, bituminous Tons. Machinery $ Spirits and Wines — Briindy Galls. (iiii, all kinds " Kum " Whiskey " Wines, all kinds, except sparkling " " sparkling Doz. Sugar and Molasses — Sugar imiH)rted direct — Above No. 14 D.S Lts. Not above No. 14 D.S. " Melado, &c., for refining purposes.. " Sugar not imported direct — AVx)ve No. 14 D.S " Not above No. 14 D.S " Melado, Ac, for refining purix)8es " Sugar, direct or not — Syru^w, cane juice, &c " Molasses imported direct Galls. " not imi)orted direct " Tobacco, niaiuifactured — Cigars Lbs. SnufF " Tobacco, manufactured, all other " Swine slaughtered in bond for exportation ... " All other articles $ Grand total 16} Quantity. I Value. 131,!»4« 11,323 230,268 515 618 81., 474 71,344 4,060 228,535» 1,37!« 2,897 213,517 159,306 173,452 212,823 31.(S65 87,526 373,.505 12,877 2^3,721 133,868 55,582,599 12,345 297,178 85,189 18,376 99,1.54 300,126 107,678 7,143 5,809 1,353,306 220,833 883,038 108,003 8,809 208 148,982 243 Imi)ort8 into Onta- rio and Suebec vid nited States and the St. Lawrence. Articles remaining in bond, aoth June, 1891. Remaining in Warehouse, 30th .Tune, 1891. 480 4,972 212,435 21,399 10,837 487 7,344 1,636,5MX> 4,849,855 " , • •; * ■ i\ ■-Vr . t. rf.-:^ ♦ W V:t' 4 •• ' 1 J; f/?^' H^ M !1 '''.'^sP Ik*'. m m-u Jr-Tr;, 244 Duty accrued. Value of imDorts ana ex- ports at each port in the Dominion, 1891. CHAPTER IV. » 316. The accrued duty payable on the above goods amounted to $2,983,614. 317. The following table gives the value of the imports and exports and the amount of duty collected at each port of entry in the Domin- ion during the year 1891 : — IMPORTS AND EXPORT.«^ AT EACH PORT IN CANADA, 1891. Ports. Ontario. Amherstburg Belleville Berlin Bowmanville (Darlington) . . Brantford Brockville Chatham . . Clifton Cobourg. Collingwood Cornwall Deseronto Dover Fort Erie Gait Ganan(K[ue Godericn (Juelph Hamilton Hope Kingston Lindsay London Morrisburg Napanee Niagara Oshawa Ottawa Owen Sound Paris Peterboro' Picton Prescott Port Arthur 1891. Valuk. Exports. $ 186,217 979,523 114,057 104,760 237,781 51K>,444 f00,115 1,458,918 296,082 724,096 49,112 513,792 176,870 1,486,147 224,373 31,708 685,755 489,973 .597,916 510,276 715,628 176,252 481,293 77,630 158,647 89,390 3,757,791 229,373 111,517 344,732 373.024 649,344 304,752 Imports. S 108,657 264,597 457,919 62,066 732,757 636,273 219,343 1,469,2J»4 185,911 102,797 744,845 49,826 91,339 fy<9,208 J, 685 152,464 244,325 583,450 4,664,768 170,051 1,231,628 61,958 2,322,419 48,480 63,836 17,877 108,687 1,796,817 84,949'> 9,3t4 82,458 107,216 TRADE AND COMMERCE. IMPORTS AND EXPORTS AT EACH PORT IN CANADA, 1891-C^nrt8. Imports, Total Estiniatid amount short returned at inland jxjrts Total Quebec. CoaticfJ<)k CcK)kshire (iasiW'.. Heiuniingford . 211,355 99,187 703,909 1,081,259 439,229 3,500,042 508,120 304,081 129,371 913, ^»87 1,075.910 715,504 519,835 045,188 233,401 458,032 19,343, $)e8 38,972 25,131 70,335 1,534,017 400,.532 20,354,537 \ 43,227,05() 2,572,105 I 28,92G,<)42 j 43,227,050 1,080,881 208,417 206,282 53,184 Montreal. | 32,284,055 New Carlisle I'eiw Patton (^netx*c. . Rimou.ski St. A riuand St. Hyaointhe St. JohnVs Sherbr(K)ke Sort'l Stanstead Sutton T liree Rivers , 165,970 11,310 33,919 22,095 45,492,257 Total Kstiniated amount short returned at inland IKirt.i Total 358,459 1 41,.535 0,777 127,993 ' 15,195 1,861 W),992 7,261 1,237 .5,8!IO,5tt8 3,131,639 700,110 58,408 9 523 1,287 234,203 25,954 2,779 105,503 265.531 17,(582 53• ^j i-il n. •ii -s •> »' g ' I Li "■^ r.m i«tii* ,■.,,.' '«^' «■.,','' •■ IMri/u.' 246 CHAPTER IV. IMPORTS AND EXPORTS AT EACH PORT IN CANADA, ISdl—ConiiaucL Ports. Nova ScoTi.i. Amherst AnnaiK)li8 Antifironish Arienat Badtitick Barrinjfton Bridjretciwn Oijfbv (}i(r«lx>rf*igh Ifaiiiax Kentville (ComAVi'li^j. Liverjj'),194 l4o,476 HI, 721 ;K(,«;71 2«,77S 2,c;«» 103,749 26,547 5,700,582 14r),3«8 90,420 128,448 978,011 1,708 83,350 294,049 173,fil2 95,616 2,146 53,131 34,120 m%4m 17,269 152,409 193,716 894,821 9,92.5.646 232,843 818,829 318,373 39,372 166,828 386,277 487,581 143,724 279,967 4,170,090 33,028 105,836 7,182,748 Import- 9,497,401 23,829 86,561 17,9.5!> 6,803 330,551 610,882 40,790 39,985 52,557 3,993,551 548,360 73,842 5,825,670 208,82 52,575 T!»,7S4 «,8i>;>,501 79,984 50,712 22,9.54 15:^,470 3,053 !M,5.34 32,831 4(W,791 20.192 H78 t>20 15,(;89 47,422 299,011; 58,116 221,262 637,625 Dv.tv 51.208 13, '.KM) S,!)-)- 2,«ti« «,o54 1,"V\'! 2,123 •).('12 4. ■ . 1,407,,.'-' 17,3,5i)4 Charlottetoi Suninierside / 51.2«8 13,'.K).\'! 2,VJ3 <1.C.12 4. ■ ' \,407.i."' 17,IX« 6,820 2,t;(17 14,2(14 2S,()42 r),(K)0 S(»,sr)0 3,23!) 451 82 2,890 11,140 7!l,;'i34 10,385 23,276 ito,t;o() 1,876,002 4,228 i!t,riOt; (i.8()5 1,425 35,1(41 310,(W1 10,804 7,598 11,101 911,231 52,131 22,103 1,393,594 TRADE AND COMMERCE. IMPORTS AND EXPORTS AT EACH PORT IN CANADA, \%'d\—Condwicd. m 1891. Forth. Value. Duty. ExportH. Imports. Manitoba. WiniiilM^flT % 1,612,124 8 2,782,599 % 620,395 British Columbia. 2,506,8.59 401,449 511,5{«> 2,779,373 287,818 488,598 1,165,951 3,545,044 58,747 Ne".' WestminBter Vancouver Victoria 97,568 261,065 928,679 Total 6,199,280 5,477,411 1,346,059 Prince Edward Island. rharldttetown 982,478 366,648 503,566 119,782 136,044 Suminerside 19,908 Total 1,349,126 623,348 155,952 North-Wkst Tkkritorieh. Fort Macleod 4,794 313,025 42,241 318. The ports at which duty exceeding $500,000 in amount was Duty col collected were as follows : — Montreal S 9,068,884 lected at principal ports. Toronto . Halifax Victoria St. John, N.B. Hamilton ()»iebec ....... Winnipeg London 4,076,928 1,407,603 928,679 911,2.31 794,977 766,119 620,395 516,881 $ 19,091,697 This amount forms 81 per cent of the total duty collected. ■A I* i|... \ •■ ••'iii' ■■I . .1 if •r..'^^. 'i- I. m ,1 ^ .'.* 'J h^T . •■ . • I'll ;■'.)■ I :■■■: J!vi|*f'-* 248 Transfer of post office to Colonial Govern- ment. CHAPTER V. POST OFFICE AND TELEGRAPHS. 319. By an Act of the Imperial Parliament, 12-13 Vic. {\^^)\\ chap. 66, the management of the postal systems in the colonies of British North America was transferred to the various provincial authorities, and up to the time of Confederation each province, con- trolled its own system, under its own laws and regulations. Post Office 320. After Confederation these various laws were allowed to loinain Act, 1808. ^^ £^j.^.g ^^j.jj ^j^g Yst April, 1868, when the Post Office Act, 31 Vjc. (1868), chap. 10, came into effect, establishing uniform rates and wj^n- lations for the Dominion. Postal 321. In 1875 an agreement was made -"vith the United States, hy an^reement -«rhjch a common rate of postage between the two ..ov"*^ •"'*": •..hs adopted, United each country retaining all money collected, and no accounts Ijein^' kept States. between the two post offices in regard to international correspondence, Forma- tion of IKtstal union. 322. The Universal Postal Union was formed at a meeting held at Berne in 1874, and the first treaty was signed on 9th October in that year ; the countries represented being the several countries of Europe, the United States and Egypt. The object of the union was to form all the countries of the world into one single postal territory, iind to establish, as far as possible, uniform reduced rates of postage, and also to further the interchange of correspondence, by arranging that eveiy country should be bound to convey the mails of other countries by its land or sea services at the lowest possible rates. At a meeting he^jd in Paris in May, 1878, the regulations were revised, and emljodied in a convention which came into force on 1st April, 1879. Admis- 323. At this meeting Canada was admitted a member from the sionof following 1st July, and letters, newspapers and other printed matter, into pf)stal samples and pattei'ns, became subject to uniform postage rates and union. regulations for all places in Europe, and for all other countries that were members of the union. . The existing post 1 arrangements with the United States were allowed to remain undisturbed, being of a more liberal and advantageous character than the ordinary regulations of the treaty. , • Third 324. The third congress was held at Lisbon, in February, 1885, and m^al"*'^ Canada was represented by the delegates of the British post office. union. No material change was made in the convention of 1879. :):'.•). 'J Canada ^ Sir Char of the A joined tl tending I agreetl u] United S :m. A and Afri* Afiica, ai ;7. A siitned at the follow 1.^;."). Tl of a pare tions for duty. Al retained. :V2s. A money ore 329. Tlj Dominion, and post 1M)1 :- NUMBER AXD 18t)H TC Yk.\r Ende 3<)TH Junk im 186(1 1870 1871 W2.. .. 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 * Includi POST OFFICE AND TELEORAPIIS. 249 325. The fourth congress was held at Vienna, in May, 1891, and Fourth Canada was represented by the High Conunissioner at London, Hon. '"eating- Sir Charles Tupoer, Bart., G.C.M.G. At this meeting the admission of the Australasian colonies was agreed upon, and those countries joined the union on lat October, 1891. A number of measures, all tending towards facilitating the transmission of correspondence, were agivetl upon. The next meeting will be held at Washington, D.C., United States. .326. All the states of Europe and America, some countries of Asia Countries anil Africa, and all the British colonies and possessions, except South coiupristng Africa, are now included in the union. .327. A new agreement between the United States and Canada was New sijitned at Washington on 12th January, 1888, to come into etl'ect on P""**^' the following 1st March, and to supersede the agreement of February, with lS7i3. The principal change in the agreement was the establishment United of a parcel post between the two countries, subject to certain regula- ^*^**'**' tions for the protection of Customs, with respect to articles liable for duty. All the principal provisions of the agreement of 1875 were retained. 32S. A parcel post has been established, and the direct exchange of Parcel money orders arranged for, with Japan and Barbados. \^^^ ^^'^^'^ ' *^ .Taiian, etc. 329. The following table gives the number of post offices in the Number of Poniiiiion, and the estimated numbpr, and number per head, of letters lliyj'iuQi*'' and post caixls sent in each year, from 1st July, 1867, to 30th June, IMJl :— NUMBER OF POST OFFICES IN CANADA, AND ESTIMATED NUMBER AND NUMBER PER HEAD OF LETTERS AND POST CARDS SENT, 18<)8 TO 1891. Ykak Endki) 3<)TH .TlNK. Number of Post Offices. EsTIMA'IKI) NUMBKK SKNT. Number of Registered Lettei-8. Free Letter**. Total Letters I'osted. Post Cards. Letters per Head. im 3,638 3.756 3.820 3,943 4,ia') 4,.')18 4,706 4,892 5,015 5,161 704,750 850,000 1,000,000 1,100,000 1,280,000 1,377,000 l,ij62,!K)0 1,750,000 1,774,000 1,842,000 733,100 874,000 1,034,000 1.218,000 1,12.5, , ! I I " ».VJ'- '•^1 r' •-Hi -I •<•.■ J1',;'» >'>iJ.': W- < a.; I .■ *■ III m Ml i' I n I t; 1 ; ■ ■ . ■* ' ■ :• * ■ ■, l.« ■ ■■ • Mi ,1 .'•■■ , -♦•^ • '•'■- A,' ft.;«* ^ ■ t .' *j «■*• «».*^: f ■ '- . -* ■ '% 250 CIIAPTEIt V. NUMBER OF POST OFFICES IN CANADA, AND ESTIMATED NUMlli; AND NUMBER TER HEAD OF LETl'ERS AND POST CARDS SK.M 1WJ8 TO 1891. Ykak Endki) 30th Junk. Nuinlwr (.f PoMt OtticeH. ESTIMATKO Nl •MHKH SrNT. Niiiiitii.r Lctti'is JX'l lleiul. ReRwtered Letters. Free lietterK. Total LetlerH PoMtwl. Post CardH. 1878 1879 1880 1881 6,378 6,604( 6,773 5,935 6,171 6,31>6 6,887 7,084 7,295 7,534 7,671 7,838 7,913 8,0(il 1.980,00(» 1,!I40,000 2.040,0(M» 2,2.''»;i(»00 2,450,000 2,650,000 3,000,000 3,060,000 3,100,00(» 3,.'J<>0, .S,870,0(K) 4,078,000 44,000,000 43,!tOO,(XIO 45,800,000 48,170,000 56,200,(MK» 62.800,000 (M;, 100,000 (W,4(K),0(K» 71,(HM),000 74,.'VK),00O 80,2<>0,0(Mt 92.«ti8,000 !»4, 100,000 97,975,000 6,455,000 6,940,0 7,80O,(K)O 9,640,000 11,.300,000 12,940,000 13,580,000 13,800,000 1.5,109,000 16,35<5,0OO 1«5,5.S6,000 19,355,000 19,480,00<» 20,3»)0,000 Ill 7H 10 ,M) lo Ki; H 11 1882 1883 1884 188.^- U'.tiG 1887 12 X2 H 17 14 74 i:. (IS i:. 4K 16 03 1888 1889 18!M» 1891 1712 lit or l!t(t.5 •JO •''3 Increajsein 330. During the past year 148 new ottices were opened, aiul the letters "et^- ^^^^ number of offices is now considerably more than doul)le the luiin- l)er at Confederation, there having been an increase of 4,4i'."V As compared with 1890, there was an increase of 12,000 in the nuinlxi' if registered letters and of 208,000 in ihat of free lettei-s, and 3,87"»,(JUU in the total number of letters sent. The number (jf registered It-tters wjis about the same as in 1890, but considerably less than in prt .icms years, due no doubt to the increased registration fee. The inci'easp in the total number of letters sent was not so large as on many previous occasions, but too much importance must not be attached to fliut na- tions in these figures, for as the total number is derived from an average struck four times a year, it may well be that the ciivuiu- stances prevailing at the times of enumeration have a tendency to abnormally increase or diminish the figures then obtained. The total number sent was more than five times the number sent in the first year of Confederation. The number of letters per hetKl of estimated popula- tion is now almost double what it was in 1879. Post cards, wliieh were first issuetl in 1871, have now reached the large total of 20,300,000, the increase over 1890 being 820,000, as compared with an increase of 125,000 in 1890 over 1889. Number 331. The next tal)le gives the immber of newspapers, books, peri- per" Ttc.* odicals and parcels sent during the same period : — 1868-189i. POST OPFICE AND TRLKfJRAPHS. 251 1 ^ [UMl'.KU S SUNT, NllliiliiT «if' NKWSPAPKRH, PERIODICALS. BOOKS, 'RCULARS, PARCELS, Ac, IWW TO IMltl, H.H.1, ) j ) i 1 10 K) M> K) I 111 7K 1(1 r.ii in H»; 11 U 12 k:> 14 1: 14 74 1.". fis i:. 4K 1 (•)■(« 17 12 ]!ir,7 l!l (o •JO •ill I , and tlie the mim- ,4i.':V As nuiiibf'i' <'t' :j,H7.'),ou(j red letters i\ pn vious incfeasp in y pr«'viuus to fllU'tUA- d fniiii iiu he ciiTUiii- indeiuv to The total first year of bed populu- firds, whieli 2O,3OU,000, increase of jo(jks, |)en- Vk.\k KNItEP ;«>-rH .h'NK. NeWNpaiters and PtriodicalH |)OHtt'd ()th»'rwiM«) than from Office of Publication. W^ 1«,W$0,(MK) IStlfl 18,700,(MK> l>*70,. 1K71.. 1K72.. 1S7M.. 1874.. iH7r... lH7tl.. 1H77.. 1H7H.. Kli,. Itwo.. 1H81.. 1KK2.. IKKl.. 1884,. 188."i.. lS8t;.. 18M7.. 1888.. 188!!.. 18!Ht.. 18!ll.. 2(»,1.'»(),()(I0 22,2.')0,(K)0 24,400,(MK) 2r).4S(j,(KM» 21),(K»0,(KM) 3i,;«x>,(Mio 3«,r)4!»,fM)0 3!»,0(»'>,0<>0 6,2.')2,740 5,!t80,0,080 3it,2o(».Oii2 42,7:)it,0<'.8 43,«!»5,000 4r),737,20« 47,77JI,.")32 4!»,821.7y8 01,804,004 53,t»00,320 .■v),!»48,ry.ll 57,1KK),8.T() 00,033,121 02,0,W»0 5,or)4,0(K» .'»,224.0(J0 0,(M»0,000 7,180,0(JO 8,724,tHK) 10,100,(MK> 10,r)00,(MM) l.M40,000 20,0»tO,(MK> 17,810,000 17,O.")3,000 10,8<»7,00O t2, 143,000 24,800 38,720 51,844 «4,ir>(» 1»5,2(M) 112,300 102,800 131,a52 70,724 OO.OOO 107,800 20 217,000 331,500 304,000 403,200 541,000 600,000 G40,0,4lK> 371,5(K) 325, !W0 Number Total. iier Head. 18,884,800 5 00 18,7.38,720 6 49 20,201,844 5 85 22,314,1(M) 34 24,405,200 078 25,502,300 fi-98 2tM02,80 1009 44,034,212 11 02 47,«W7,OHO 11 49 50,501,0<;2 11 8 12 09 58,425,(M)0 13 33 «2,32<;,2(H> 1406 (J«,0!K),532 14 87 «0,()81,708 15-30 70,844,004 10 75 85,0<)0,320 18 35 8.5,372,401 18-22 87,832,2.^0 18 -.54 88,251,021 18-43 90,425.340 18-07 * ImliKling below the mark. The rearrangement of M * t ■•al '*;• ■ '•4i- ■ r r- "i- - L I- I Ml!, i»;, 252 CHAPTKR V. I i'\ ♦ I ji V. If' ' r; ■ iNii: the returuH «)f periodiculs, bookH, ttc, furnished by the Post f*"1ii»> j),-. partineiit, unfortunately prevents any comparison with forni^^r yr irs, There was a further deciease in the nuinJ)er of parcels sent ot 4/^ oKj. Proix)rtion 333, Jn nroporti<»n to area, the post otHces aie distributed as follow of jKWt orticeH to Prince Kdward UUuul 1 ixiHt office to 6 ho. inileu, »■'•''*."' NovaHcotia 1 " 15 provinces. j^^,^^, Brunswick 1 " 2(1 " Ontario 1 *• 73 (^lebt.(• I " 159 Manitoba 1 " 190 Hritisli Cohinihift 1 •' 2,295 The Territories I " 8,7(«i Number of 334. The number of letters and post cards sent in the several pio. et"*^hv ^iiicf'^ durinjij the last five years, as estimated in the otiiciul reports, provinces, 'ire given on the following P'lge : — ESTLMATED NUMBKR OF LETTKRS AM) POST CARDS, IJY PROVINCES, 1887 TO 1891. Yeai' ended 30th June. Numl)er of Post Ottiees. EsTl.MATKI) NlMHKIl SkNT. PKOVINCKH. Register'd Letters. tree Letters. Total Letters Posted. Post Cards, No. (,f Letter* Hni'i. Ontario - Quel)ec - r Nova Scotia. ■ r N. Brunswick 1887 1888 1889 18{K) 1891 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 2.891 2,927 2,971 2,997 3,020 1,372 1,385 1,423 1,429 1,441 1,345 1,372 1,399 1,403 1,431 1,048 1,070 i,oa5 1,089 1,101 2,100,000 2,050,000 2,084,000 1,880.(M)0 1,833,000 810,000 820,000 824,000 7()0,000 770.000 104,000 193,(KK) 198,000 1(50,000 l«i().000 123,000 140,000 14(),000 133,0«t0 121>,000 2,300,000 2,(500,000 2,".M)8,000 2,85;i,000 3,100,000 300,000 400,0(M) 437,000 440,000 420,000 140,000 128,000 14(5,000 170.000 1(»,000 110,000 125,000 127,000 147,000 142,000 41,000,000 43,5(X),(»00 49,887,000 50,500,0(M) .^;{,()(K»,(X)0 17,000,000 18,300,000 22,437,000 22,800,000 23,100,000 .5,(500,000 (5,200,000 (5,721,(K)0 (5,".K)0,OnO 7,100,000 4,150,000 4,750,000 5,173,00(^ 5,200,000 5,300,000 11,(M)0,000 11,000,(M)0 12,(571 ,(X)0 12,700,000 13,175,000 3,100,000 .3,1.50,000 3,811,000 3,850,000 3,950,000 9f)0,(KK) 1,000,000 1,2(5(5,000 1,280,000 1,330,000 740,000 75(5,000 813,(XK) 840,000 8()0,00(J 20 (111 21 12 2;^ W •>\ 07 2.') 03 U-A2 12 (11 \-y'M 1*) 42 l,V4s 12 .Mi 1H« 14 !IS 1.V34 15 75 12 1)2 14 7S l()iO It; is lt;;i<) r. H. Island ti. Ciilnnibia Ni.. (,f lifttcrt |1.T Hr,i,l. KM) 2(t (HI MMJ L»l 12 MM) 2:^ ',f,t M)l) '.'Kt; MX) 2.") (18 KM) 11 ^2 m 12 (11 XM» ir.:n )(MI 15 42 IMX* 154S IMX) 12 ."i3 IM)I ISSo 0()() 14 !W IMX 1534 (MX 15'75 00( » 12!t2 (XX ) 14 :s (XX ) l(i lu (XX » l(il» ,(XX ) lO'iO POHT OFFirK AND TRLEORAPim. KSTIMATKH NUMBER OF LKTTKRH AND POST CARDS. BY PROVINCES, 1887 TO 18«l-Conc/ud«/. 253 I'lKiVINCKH I'. K. InIiviuI. B, (Niliiinbia. Mani to ha, j Kffwatin & N(.ith-WfHt j 'IVrritorieM. Kmtimatkk Nlmhkh Skst. 1887 ! 1888 188!» 181)0 181)1 1887 1888 188i) 1890 lOUl 117 120 144 151 107 4l» 484 r)Oi 523 671 RcKiHtt 76,000 2,200,000 135,000 24-86 82,000 72.000 2,450,000 175,000 25 99 204,000 150,000 4,20O,0(K) 380,000 20-47 272,000 127,000 4,r)0o,ooo 400.000 20 72 :!!»5,000 14S),(MX) 5,210,000 520,000 22 07 245,000 167,000 5,400,000 530,000 22-18 280,000 150,000 5,000,000 (Hi0,000 22-87 3,'^'). The number of letters per head increased in every province, Number l)iit the figures \mng only estimated on averages, cannot be considered "^let^™ as anything but approximate, and are, probably, ffenerally under the proximate. mark, as the present system of enumeration is not calculated to do full justice to the correspondence of the country. British Columbia and Ontario have the largest correspondence in proportion to popula- tion, Manitoba and the Territories coming next. Prince Edwaixl Island and Quebec write the greatest number of letters as apportioned to the population. 336. The following table gives the gross postal revenue and expen- Postal re- (liture for every year since Confederation, and the proportion each venue and year per head ot population : — ture, 1868- 189l'. •-.V \ ■'* "■■:ti > ^•1; I;!! i ft •in • *- t.r'. I?! J. f- ' N'i -1 , * <• I'V ^:* i^;i :i' ' '', ' ■,. '■;■' ■!. ■'*:•' If ■ ■';• f. 1 -1^ Ji ''!:■ "■»..* 254 Reasons for ex'-*es8 of expen- diture. CHAPTER V, POSTAL RKVENUE AND EXPENDITURE OF CANADA FROM miA TO 1891. Yeak en'dki) 30th Jlnb;. ISfW. 186!). 1870. 1871. 1872.. 1873. 1874., 1875. , 1870. 1877., 1878., 1879.. 1880 , 1881 , 1882.. 1883.. 1884. 1885 . . 1886.. 1887.. 1888.. 1889 , 1890 . 1891.. Revenue. $ 1,024,710 973,050 1,010,767 1,079.7(57 1,193,062 1,40(),984 1,476,207 1,.")36,509 1,484,886 1,501,134 1,020,022 1,534,3(>3 1,648,017 1.767,953 2,022, 0!W 2.264,384 2,330,741 2,400,0<)2 2,469,379 2,603,2.55 2,751,139 2,984,222 3,223,615 3,3(4,888 Expendi- ture. Ex|)enditure in e.xcess of Revenue. Amount Hkai> Rev- enue. I'KU l,05.S,57O 1,079,828 1,155,261 1,271,006 l,3 2,l<»7,2r»6 2,286,611 2,333,189 2,459,.35<> 2,»i87,394 2,931,.387 •3,097,882 3,380,429 3,458.100 3,533,397 3,746,040 3,940.61K» 4,020,740 28,859 106,772 144,493 191,238 176,100 14(),619 219,272 33(),731 474,871 574,483 490,343 632,902 tK«,593 5<)5,236 437,258 423,0W) «>00,tM6 697,820 911,050 854,845 782,258 761,817 717,081 r>45.8,52 $ cts. 30 29 2!t 31 ;{3 38 39 40 38 37 40 37 39 41 46 51 52 5;i M 56 59 f» 67 70 E.\pHl dititiv. ,s cts :n II ;t> 1) :j:^ It :^ti II :w II 4-.> II 44 I) 4S II .-111 II •VJ (1 •c' •"'2 II ■'4 :>4 •xi II i;i II •m (;s 1) 74 7"i II "•"• II 711 X'2 ,s;< 337. The expenditure has exceeded the revenue continuously dunni; the last twenty-four years, but the excess of expenditure appears to be on the decrease, having been $71,229 less than in 1890, and Slb^Od") less than in 1889. The revenue, which has been steadily incrciisini; .since 1878, showed a further increase of $151,273. There was then- fore an increase of about 4i per cent in the revenue and of only 'J ]u • cent in the expenditure. It is estimated that the annual lf»ss throiiy;!! the free transmission of newspapers cannot be less than $100,OoO. When the long distances that have to be covered in this counti y are considered, as well as the comparatively scanty population of iimnv parts of it, particularly in the North- West Territories and Hriti,sii Columl.tia, it will easily be understood that it must be some time yet before the revenue can either balance or exceed the expenditure. The successful development of the country has required, and will for some years require continual additions to and extensions of the postal system, and in order to provide postal facilities pari passu with the progre,'*s of settlement, it is from time to time necessary to establish ottioes, the expenditure for which must for a number of years be in excess of the I ' ROM I'NT IKl! Ex I If u- dittiff. :s. fl » I il • 13 » < w J7 lU J7 Ji) n i(i 51 5'2 53 M 5ti 51t «>3 «7 'i fts. "):n n ;« It ;^ii II 4-.' II 44 II 4S II .'lO II ."c> II ."c* II '^•2 It -.4 .-.4 n 'ii; II i;i II Cm II lis 74 II 7r> II ::. II 7!) II S'j SS isly (luriiii; peafs to l)e iucn'iisin<; was there- only - pi" ss throim;h .«100.000. ountry are I of iiuiiiv nd Hritisli le time yet iture. The II for some jtal system, he progress ortioes, the Iccess of the POST OFFICE AND TELEGRAPHS. 255 re\ onue derived therefrom. The postal service, however, is managed oil sound economical principles, and the importance of carrying out the principle of providing every part of the country with postal couimuni- c.ition is so well recognized that exception is seldom if ever taken to tlu'se deficits, it being well understood that, as the population increases and the country progresses, it cannot be very long before this service is ;it least self-sustaining, the revenue from the older and wealthier provinces covering the excess of expenditure in newer districts. ;^38. The number of stamps issued to postmasters during the year Number of WHS 145,450,900, as compared with 136,979,550 in 1890, being an g^^^g** lorease of 8,471,350, and almost the whole postal revenue is derived tVoni this source, the amount received from the sale of stamps in 1891 having been $3,226,386. ,'5.S9. The following comparative statement shows not only the ex- Postal tentled operations, but also the increased efficiency of the service since operations lf<()S, inasmuch as a much larger quantity of mail matter is carried at 1868-1891.' the same expense : — POSTAL OPERATIONS IN CANADA COMPARED, 1868 AND 1891. Yk.\h. Numlwr of Offices. Number of Money Order Offices. Miles of Post Route. Miles Travelled. Amount paid for con- veyance of Mails. 1 Number ; ^'"2^'" &c. ; V^}^r», Total Cost iier Head. lSt)S.... 1801... 3,638 8,061 515 1,080 27,674 58,905 10,622,216 27,152,543 543,109 1,918,198 18,100,000 118.275,000 18,884,800 90,42.5,34• ^ •'•V'-It v. '--h .?;■ : •■ •!' . • '■ "i fe^ '■■ ■■•1 ' ; . '- Wf ' ■■ '.' ■^[ '-'J ■ ■' , * ' ■"■ ..r ► •M '■■^ ■' -'I . •■ „ « ' , '^H-.-'t^ ••■.•. • t ^J^:h •■ »- • ■' ' .."• «■ J. (• ; ■:•.■; ... '• * ' .' ' * • ■*'. '* r '• " w •■ ■ ; ■ " -■ 4' i > ■ 1 ,t f »5'* (i 1,''* ■ :' r * ' *' ■;? , -, It,. ^ j •• !:l ' -i Y! •I; 256 CHAPTER V. Id'- % m * ■ I '.••i^ f." •^•■if'. V ' -v There was an increase in the number of letters of 1,168,960, and of newspapers of 439,036. Provincial 342. Owing to a change in the system of keeping accounts, it is no returns ' ._ . . . . not able. ''■"^.j longer possible to give the postal revenue and expenditure by pro vinces. Registered 343. The following are statements of the number of registered letters m-ftTsQi ^^ each year since 18G8, with particulars of their disposal since REGISTERED LETTERS IN CANADA, 1868 TO 1891. Particu- lars of letters mis- carried, 1891. Estimated Number of Registered Letters. Number per Head. Failed to reach Desti- nation Sent to Dead Letter Office. How DlSPOSEO OF. Year. Deliver- ed to Address Returned to Writers or Offices of origin. Remain- ing in Office or with Post- master for delivery. Fail.'d „f delivt-ry 1111(1 found to contain no ■Valu».. 18<58.. 1869. . 70 1, 700 805,000 1,000,000 1,100,000 1,277,000 1,377,000 1,562,000 1,750,000 1,774,000 1,842,000 1,980,000 1,940,000 2,040,000 2,253,000 2,450,000 2,650,000 3,000,000 3,060,000 3,400,000 3,560,000 3,680,000 3,649,000 3,280,000 3,^92,000 21 24 29 0-31 0-35 0-37 0-41 0-45 45 46 0-49 0-47 0-18 62 056 0-60 0-67 0-67 074 0-76 076 0-77 68 0-68 58 41 50 115 38 30 100 52 54 64 65 57 70 29 113 148 105 229 160 160 197 243 149 156 1870. . 1871 . . . 1872.. 2,500 3,089 3,557 3,270 3,85<) 5,888 0,767 9,682 9,132 10,216 9,182 10,706 12,948 10,340 17,856 2i,.512 19,618 23,091 19,994 11,120 1873 . 1874.. 1875. . 1876. . 1877.. 1878 1879. . 1880.. 1881.. 1882. . 1883.. 1884 1885.. 1880.. 1887.. 1888.. 1889.. 1890., 1891.. 477 364 755 6it; 1,004 4,025 4,277 3,878 4,833 (>,345 • • * 7,810 7,095 8,825 8,138 9.126 8,192 11,072 13,9(a 15,526 11,788 20,933 13,171 9,364 98 93 95 93 146 220 246 119 122 (Mi4 847 1,1(W 261 ilHO :a\ 431 r>ii S!hi 1,132 m 1,311 5,714 1,525 * IncludiHi in letters returned to writerw, or offices of origin. 344. Out of 3,292,000 registered letters estimated to hnve been sent in 1891, only 155 containing money fjiiled altogether to reach tlieii destination. The co.iteuts of 69 wer^ made good by the officials held responsible for the loss. 24 were stolen md in 33 ca^es no evideiuc could be ( in the toti the numb 1 niiscarr 2L>,013 let to reach attributed of register :U5. Tl letter offic LETTERS, CEIVE THE Y Yk.\r. 1808,.. 18t)i» .. 1870... 1871. . 1872... 1873... 1874... 1875 .. 187t; .. 1877... 1878. . 187!t... 1880... 1881... 1882 .. 1883. . 1884... 1885 .. 188G... 1887 ., 1888... 188it... 18ilO. . 18(11 . 34^i. Th sent to tl largest sin or other 17,477, an 17 POST OFFICE AND TELEGRAPHS. 257 could be obtained to account for discrepancies. There was an increase in the total number sent, as compared with 1890, of 12,000, and in the number that miscarried of G. In every 21,239 letters registered, 1 miscarried, a larger proportion than in 1890, when it was 1 in 2l' 013 letters. It will be seen that the number of letters that failed to reach their destination was only 6 more than in 1890, which is attributed to the special measures taken in 1889 to increase the safety of registered correspondence. ;U5. The number of letters and other articles sent to the dead Dead letter office in each year, since Confederation, is given below : — LETTERS, POST CARDS, CIRCULARS, BOOKS, PARCELS, &c., RE CEIVED AT THE DEAD LETTER OFFICE IN CANADA DURING THE YEARS 1868 TO 1891. /+■■;■ 'I'.i !•." letters, 18681891. »-■ Ykar. Total Number How DisposEn of. Re- turned to other Coun- tries. Deli- vered or For- warded to Address 18GH. 18B9 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 187") 187li 1877. 1878. 187it. 1880. 1881. 1882 1883. 1884. 1885 1880. 1887 1888. 188SI. 18110, 1891 312,220 307,889 324,291 335,508 380,810 426,886 508,160 572,127 587,376 563,484 ()30,847i 540.429 592,385' 617.7121 658,762: 717,271 764,731 787,110 753,489 833,742 916,929 893,298 922,541 973,58(» Re- turned to Writers. Re- maining in Office or with Post- master. 49,952 63,755 69,857 76,820| 88,553 10<;,843 111,681 97,556 il6,39«ij 9.5,184; 100 462 104,059 109,809 12,645 12,546 14,387 12,083 13,198 24,124 25,111 25,744] 29,507! 31,601 ,S1,514 18,330 19,838 Failed of Delivery, con- tained no Value, Destroyed Re- turned to Printed Ad- dress. ' Re- 1 turned I to ; Govern- i ment I Depart- : ment. ►•I •- -•■U 195,689 219,728 235,686 279,566 284,771 275,497 268,725 258,491 274,734 358,213 :Wt,046 270,209 276,982 558 1,380 1,454 2,258 2,480 2,269 2,000 14,155 11,414 10,680 10,989 4,415 4,556 262,464 270,764 270,621 264,122 298,478, 321,229 343,8:« ••• 34*i. There was an increase of 50,989 in the number of letters, &c.. Value of smt to the dead letter office, the total number ha ing been the ^ontentsof largest since ronfedpration. Th<- number of letters containing money letters. or other articles of value rwceived at the office during the year was 17,477, and their (ontents were valued at $302,436. Of the total 17 \' il!.^ n I ^i ■I, i lil*^- i\ V . If'- ■ *.»•:.■ ,-. ■ ■ /it-'.. ■ ' . . * t" • ■ . ,* '•■ • ft . .•■"■*' ■■' I> i : ■ ; jp, ,.t;; f,(,>r , ■ i«i il '■ / ... Kir: «> I ■ ■;.•■>• Til! -^ . ■ ■ »j ;• • ■ ♦ :■)■■. • < . 258 The money order system, 1868-1891. CHAPTER V. numbez* of dead letters, 1 12,080 originated in Canada and were retuitied aa undelivered from other countries. 347. The following statement shows the general operations of the money order system, year by year, from 1st July, 1868, to 30th Juiie '"^'^^ It will be seen that there has been a steady and satisfactory 1891. increase. OPERATIONS OF THE MONEY ORDER SYSTEM IN CANADA 1868 TO 1891. Ye*k ended 30th Junk. Number of Offices. '%H bio 550 558 571 634 644 662 687 736 754 769 772 775 786 806 826 866 885 910 933 944 993 1,027 1,080 Id69 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 Number of Orders Issued. 90.163 96,627 110,021 120,521 136,422 161,096 179,851 181,091 238,668 253,962 269,417 281,725 306,088 338,238 372,248 419,613 463,502 499,243 52}),458 574,899 630,968 673,813 780,503 85C,«19 AiAount of Orders Issued. 3,352,881 3,5<;3,645 3,910,250 4,546,434 5,154,120 6,230,506 6,757,427 6,711,539 6,866,618 6,^56,821 7,130,895 6,788,723 7,207,337 7,725,:s..2 8,354,153 9,490,900 10,067,834 10,384,211 10,231,189 10,328,984 10,916,618 11,265,920 11,997,8«2 12,478,178 Amount of Orders issued in ot'her Countries, payable in Cuiada. 90,570 100,823 117,914 126,694 147,230 160,695 177,502 181,091 359 314 408,286 458,745 505,833 698,651 1,002,735 1,194,029 1,236,275 1,262,867 1,185,751 1,245,957 1,495,674 1,726,011 1,756,945 1,851,059 1,984,360 Lossps sustained. 2,355 3,170 1,585 ■i7S 2,037 lis 7!i7 4,2.SII <),1«(; ti57 147 2,st> 20it 110 51) S,S2 4.2!)5 25 l,17!l 3,113 * No returns available. Decrease 348. There wa? an increase in the number of orders sent of 75,116, in average g^j^^j there was also an increase in the amount sent of $480,316, but orders the average value of each order has been still further reduced. In 1868 it was |37.18 ; in 1885, $20.79, in 1886, $19.32; in 1S87, $17.96 ; in 1888, $17.30; in 1889, $16.72 ; in 1890, $15.37, and in 1891, $14.58. It D?ay be argued from this, that as the country pro- gresses, the business and wealthier classes avail themselves of the increase in banking facilities, while the money order sy :teru is used principally by the working classes, who keep no banking accounts; and the large increase in the volume of business done may be taken as an indication of the improved condition of the people. ;U9. ' 53. Tl order :— O § N si 00,067 of oxpen :m. ( wei't' pay ti'ios, bei tivt'ly ; !t. were sem the Donii MONEY Ykah. 18(J8. ISIHI. 1870. 1871., 1872.. 1873.. 1874.. 1875 . 1876 . 1877.. 1878.. 1!)7!».. 1880. , 1881 . . 1882.. 1S83.. 1884.. 188.5.... l>i"(' isj^y .... 1888 ... 1889.... 1, 1890. . . . 1, 1891. .. + Inch which and 1 POST OFFICE AND TELEGRAPHS. 259 • .-' * I ;U9. The number of money order offices in operation increased by 53. They are distributed among the provinces in the following order: — Ontario 560 British Columbia 34 Quebec ... 171 Manitoba 36 Nova Scotia 147 The Territories 24 New Brunnwick 97 Prince Edward Inland 11 350. The revenue from fees, profit on exchange, &c., araoui.ted to SlOO.OfiT ; but, under the new system of keeping the accounts; no details of expenditure are available. 3-") I. Of the total amount of orders issued iA Canada, $9,854,052 were payable in Canada and $2,624,126 were payable in other coun- tries, being an increase of $494,618 and a decrease of $14,301, respec- tively ; and of the total transactions with other countries, $2,624,126 were sent out of the country and $1,984,360 came in. 352. The next table shoe's the money order ^»'.insactions between the Dominion and rither countries since Confederation. MONEY ORDER 'TRANSACTIONS BETWEEN THE DOMINION AND I THER COUNTRIES, 1868 TO 1891. t United KiNUUOM. Unitkd States. Nkwkoundland. Other Countries. Yk.\r. Amount of Orders. Amount of Ordera. Amount of Orders. Amount of Orders. Issued in Canada. Payable in Canada. Issued in Canada. Payable in Canada. Issued in Canada. « 3,321 3.246 5,246 4,321 3,(55(5 4,799 5,753 7.197 5,305 5,6!>9 6,245 5,061 3,570 4,.^83 4,309 5,415 5,291 6,652 6,467 11,997 22,177 24,055 26,942 28,268 Payable in Canada. Issued in Canada. Payable in Canada. 181)8 389,79(5 3«;7,092 415,393 474.376 .fi7:.443 « 87,437 94,&.:8 110,.585 121,644 142,301 156,888 171,487 174,160 194,680 188,116 189,082 176,067 181,5(i] 175,4(51 r, 0,304 196,467 257,738 2t>9,363 294,484 304,116 328v674 364,657 383,263 381,462 !B 8 8 3,142 6,514 7,328 5,049 4,928 3,807 6,014 6,930 8,499 12,280 23,076 21,509 22,452 19,901 20,644 24,448 29,150 37,863 10,092 42,114 51,482 (53,814 73,555 78,545 $ $ 18()it . 1870 1871 1872 1873 6fi.'i.4t)7 1874 . . (561,501 572,246 491,363 409,474 383,808 3(51,940 397,589 430,686 5<)0,150 827,200 862,822 ^69,679 753,7^; 837,l-.'6 958,001 1,033,331 1,000,460 975,378 1875 . 187t) ... 212,135 ?76,821 328,264 335,200 420,966 610,0i)4 781,167 1,023 548 l,190,8ii2 1,288,245 1,232,000 1,262,881 1,297,7?^. 1,391,743 1,471,946 1,469,819 1.56,134 207,889 24(5,586 308,256 494,(5^7 807,372 1,003,079 1,015,358 959,(501 820,046 861,347 l,096,3ft3 1,283,094 1,261,103 1,332,196 1,465,904 1877.... 1878.... I!t7(». . . . 1880.,.. 1881 ... . 1882.... 1S83.... 1884.. . 188iK... 1>^"'' l8bV .... 1888 ... 1889.... 1890. . . . 1891. .. 36,946 65,6.31 92,883 123,568 117,930 124,372 139.079 150,664 16,285 28,368 50,034 53,061 62,761 67,370 62,044 (53,132 Number of money order offices. Money order revenue. Orders payable in Canada and else- where. Money order business with other countries, 1868-1891. "l» *■ > V t Including all thoae British possessions and a few foreign countries between which and Canada there is not a direct money order exchange. in r i ^. 'I M '. 1 1 ^ ^i*i^l •;■ m '1 If! K ,t i ■ji,>». -^ -= Excess of money sent n-om Canada, over money received. 260 CHAPTER V. From the above table it is seen that the principal money riulor business with other countries is transacted with the United States, die United Kingdom and Newfoundland. Since the year 1876, inclusive the amount of money sent by this system to the United Kingdom lias exceeded the amount payable in Canada by $6,957,086 ; during the same period the amount sent to the States has exceeded the amount received by $1,273,861, while the amount received from Newfoundland has exceeded that sent to the island by $422,513. 353. With the exception of Newfoundland, it will be seen that more money is sent from this to other countries than is received, and this may be taken as showing that immigrants settling in Canada soon improve their circumstances, and are able to send money to their friends at home, instead of having to apply to them for help. Atlantic 354. The contract with the Montreal Ocean Steamship Company senflce"* (Allan line) for the carriage of mails across the Atlantic expired in April, 1891. In May, an agreement for the season of navigation was r-ide, and in December, another contract with the Allan line was made for the resumption of the direct service, it being stipulated that only the very best boats of the Allan and Dominion linos should .; y the mails. One or two of ihe steamers have made fairly (|uick passages, notably the ** Parisian " and the " Vancouver," but the ser\ice is very considerably slower than that between New York and Liver- pool. The efforts of the Dominion Government to establish a direct fast service between England and Canada have not yet been successful. The Allan line boats have carried the mails almost continuously since May, 1856. Pacific 355. The mail service between Canada and China and Japan by the Min'^ce"* Canadian Pacific Railway Company's steamers is rapidly assuming respectable proportions, 95,751 pieces of mail matter having been carried during the year ended in January, 1892, besides 674 closed bags of mail for and from Europe. Mails have been actually deliv ered in London by this route within 21 dayb from leaving Yokohama. By the Suez Canal the usual time is six weeks. West Indian mail service. 356. A direct mail service between St. John, N.B., and Demerara and other West India islands, was established in January, 1890, the steamers being subsidized by the Canadian Government. The amount of business done is not yet very large. Number of 357. The following table gives the numbers and number per head of letterssent letters and post cards sent in the principal countries of the world. countries. The figures have been taken from the best available sources and the calculations have been made in this office. Attention is again called to the extraordinary quantity of mail matter sent in the Australasian colonies. The Australasian trade is undoubtedly very large in pro- ii^j^mi /' 'X ' POST OFFICE AND TELEGRAPHS. 261 portion to population, and the correspondence may be expected to be equally great, but it does not seem likely that it should, to such an ex- tent, exceed and be out of all proportion to that of any other civilized country, and the high figures are probably caused by some defect in the system of enumeration, by which duplication occurs, or it may be by a more perfect system than is in f.se elsewhere. The system a(l()i)ted in Canada does not do iustice to the correspondence of the country, as no notice whatever is taken of the large number of letters which come from foreign countries. MTMBER OF POST OFFICES AND NUMBER OF LETTERS AND POST CARDS SENT IN VARIOUS COUNTRIES. Countries. New Zealand Soutli Australia. . . WesttTii Australia. . (ireat Britain New South Wales . . Victoria United States Switzerland ?ueensland asmania Gemian J]mpire Belgium Swef'ien Xeclierlands France Canada Chili .\ustria Hungary . . . Norway Sftain Italy Ar(?entine Republic Uruguay' Cap of (iood Hope. Portuga) (Jrtsece Denmark. Kuuniania . . . . Japan Servia Brazil Kg.VI>t Russia India Persia Turkey Year. 1889 1889 1889 1891 1889 1889 1891 1890 1889 1889 1890 1890 1889 1890 1889 1891 1889 1889 1890 1889 1890 1890 18W 1890 1889 1389 1889 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1889 1890 1885 1883 Number of Post Offices. 1,189 ms 186 18,800 1,261 1,600 64,329 1,485 834 293 24,970 819 2,246 6,932 8,061 .'M16 8,885 2,880 5,511 ♦946 797 2,712 248 781 340 ' »}' 2,733 ' 5,986' l:M96 73 1,150 Number Sent. 44,151,393 16,.388,t}07 2,737,0;W 1,9.^5,250,000 53,971,300 48,097,2(>8 t3,800,000,000 109,484,770 13,070,083 4,703,324 1,425,176,950 148.917,533 tll7,652,755 98,016,514 '^77,!K)0,000 118,275,000 17,606,056 444,303,181 29,847,500 113,606,000 210,706,281 61,705,679 6,586,840 16,971,186 29,057,000 7,900,000 49,015,000 7,037,465 1.54.441,419 7.262,000 18,822,148 18,096.700 223,378,000 278,118,-510 1,370,885 2,578,030 Number per Head. 71 93 50-99 63-57 51 19 48-89 43 -.55 60 68 37-32 32 92 31 61 30 42 25 19 24-58 21-72 20-55 20 23 6 40 10 76 1409 6 47 7 04 17-62 10 16 11 11 6-17 3 61 22-56 1 28 3-85 3 36 IM 2 65 2 33 1-26 0-15 07 ^ i rx ►') r.j ■l' i \ - -■■ ■ . ■ U i ■ * 1 • ■■ • ij 1*1 '{■ w. 'if * Including telegraph offices. -t IncludingallnMil matter. m ' i!i'f ll.'■'■ ri> ii.", .^ ^p* i i; '»■ ' - » V, 4 ■.'m' '" ' ■ * L^t I Si: u 2d2 Govern- ment telegraph line». Situation of lines. Particu- lars of Govern- ment tele- graph lines. CHAPTER V. Pabt II.— Tklkoraphh. 358. The principal telegraph lines in Canada are in private haiuls and the Government, only own and operate those lines which have been built by them in furtherance of the public service, between places where the traffic could not be expected to be sufficient to com- pensate private outlay, but where public interests require that there shall be communication, especially in connection with the signal and other stations established by the Marine Department along the shores of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, the Maritime Provinces and British Col- umbia, and also for the advancement of settlement in the North-West Territories. Since the establishment of the telegraph service in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and along the Atlantic coast, the reduction in marine insurance premiums has been 50 per cent. 359. There were 1,228 miles of land lir.es and 177 miles of cable along the St. Lawrence and eastern coe^st, 834 miles of land lines in the Territories, and 412 miles of land linea in British Columbia. The principal cable lines on the eastern coast ar« in connection with the Island of Anticosti and the Magdalen Islands ; and in British Colum- bia, across the Straits of Georgia, and between Vancouver Island and Washington Territory. 360. The following table gives the length of the various lines oper- ated by Government on 30th June, 1891 : — LAND AND CABLE TELEGRAPH LINES OWNED AND OPERATED BY (iOVERNMENT IN THE SEVERAL PROVINCES OF CANADA. Government Telegraph Lines. Newfoiindland (subsidized line) — Port aux Basques to Cape Ray Nova Sc'otia— Meat Cove, C.B., to St. Paul's Island. Across Infi^)ni8h Harbour, C. B St. Ann's " " Sydney to Meat Cove Low Point to Lingan Barrington to Cape Sable Island Mabmi to Chetioamp New Brunswick — Bay of Fundy . . Chatham to Escuminac Distance in Miles. Intermediate. Grand Total. Land. Cable, 14 20 1271 5 16 63 34 42 14 IS 234i m POST OFFICE AND TELEGRAPHS. LAND AND CABLE TELEGRAPH LINES OWNED AND OPERATED BY GOVERNMENT. Stc—Conolwied. 263 GOVKRNMENT TELEGRAPH LiNKS. DiHTANCE IN Miles. Intemwdiatp. Land. Cable, Quelwc — .Mag[dalen Islands AiiticoHti Island North shore of St. Lawrence . Chicoutimi Quarantine, Grosse Isle Ontarici — Pelee Island , Nitrth-West Territories British Columbia Total 2,492 83A 242 4561 92 46 24 412 65; 39; 4i 207 Grand Total. 1,085 32| K34 412i 2,699 361. In addition to the above lines, the Government have built or subsidized the following lines : From Canso to Halifax, 208 miles, maintained and operated by the Western Union Telegraph Company ; south shore of St. Lawrence, Grand Metis to Gaspe Basin, 206 miles, operated by the Great North-Western Telegraph Company ; and the Bath- Amherst Island line, 8 miles, operated by the North American Telegraph Company, making a total of 3,121 miles built or subsidized by Government. 362. The next statement gives the revenue and expenditure in con- nection with the construction, working and maintenance of the differ- ent systems for the year ended 30th June, 1891 : — GOVERNMENT TELEGRAPH LINES IN CANADA-EARNINGS AND WORKING EXPENSES, 1891. Links. Gulf of St. Lawrence and Maritime Provinces — Anticosti Island Magdalen Islands (including Meat Cove lines) Cheticamp — Mabou Cape Sable — Barrington Chatham — Escuminac Grosse Isle Quarantine . Bay of Funay J.'orth shore, St. Lawrence Subsidies, office materials and contingencies. Ontnrio, Pelee Island North-West system Excess of revenue. Total excess of expenditure . Revenue. 866 1,999 292 54 1.% 618 441 3,805 106 4,860 13,177 Expendi- ture. 2,434 3,673 599 225 434 494 2,349 7,185 11,727 218 22,389 51,727 Excess of Expendi- ture. 1,568 1,674 807 171 298 1,908 11,727 112 17,529 38,674 124 38,550 ■'I / ^ • ..' '' m ' ' ■ ,*'»-• •;;■•.■. ii'i • ' ■ $ \» , h.s iFi^i '- Lines !'., built and . subsidized by Govern- ment. «j. a'- $r\^- Is- Revenue ■A ■ and expen« diture of Govern- ment tele* graph lines, 1891. t Ip ■<| :| •I I": .r ■ f . ■' -4- •^.1 , I ..! s '" < ', t '*, t *\ f 1 1. ' .*;■ ^ ■ ■ f. ■r I m ff!-' ill 1 'h I •"I ^ - ;i ."♦-.ii 'I il 5 ■if M I'.J ■''* *]!• .{ *• ?h I lit.:";:-.' ^^ fe^r, 'VK 264 CHAPTER V. The Meteorological Service messages and all shipping and Hsluiv bulletin reports are transmitted free of charge. Tele- 363. The following tal'e gives particulars of telegraphs in all tin. principal principal countries in thi- vorld : — countrieH. TELEGRAPHS IN PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES IN THE WOJiCiD. COUNTRIKS. Eurojje — Austria-Hungary. . Belgium Denmark France Oermun Empire. . . . Great Britain Greece Italy Netherlands Portugal Russia Roumania Servia . Spain Sweden Norway Switzerland Turkey Asia- China . India . Japan Persia Africa — Cape of Good Hope. Egypt America — Argentine Republic. Canada... Brazil Chili Mexico Peru •United States Uruguay Australasia — New South Wales. . . Victoria Queensland South Australia. . . . . Western Australia.. Tasmania New Zealand Miles of Line. 41,740 4,2(55 3,(J74 60,305 52,067 31,824 4,058 22,6ption of one or colonies, no other country possesses the same proportion to population. iO;i wire, sent 7,260,- "'if>re are, it will phic mileage - Australasian apiiic facilities in 360. The telegraph business of Canada from Quebec, westward, is Canadian in the hands of the Great North- Western Telegraph Company and the compTilies Canadian Pacific Railway Company, and, in the Maritime Provinces, of the Western Union Telegraph Company. The following are particu- l.irs concerning them in 1891 OOMPANV. Miles of . Line. Miles of Wire. Number of Messages. 2,846,030 1,(M»3,000 368,f30 Number of Oflices. Great North-Western relcCTaph Co . . Canadian Pacitic Raih ay C<< 17,966 6,700 3,200 33, .506 22,265 8,034 1,623 760 Western Union 209 Total 27,866 63,804 4,217,560 2,482 Press niessages are not included in the number ent by the Canadian Pacitic Railway Company, partic "lars not beiug available. There is now direct communication by the Canadian Pacitic Railway system between Halifax, N. S., and Victoria, B.C. 367. The telephone system of Canada is almost entirely in the hands The tele- of the Bell Telephone Company of Montreal, which has 414 offices, phonein 24,647 sets of instruments in use, 5,727 miles of poles and 25,391 miles *"* *" of wire. The number of messages sent was about 63,695,680. The above figures do not include Nova ScocL', New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island or British Columbia, all of which are worked by separ- ate companies, particulars of which are not at hand. It has been w » '' » • • ■> k J ►•1 ■ -h ■:.■!» ■iW • i.- b^' l'}W- 'fi i 'i r" : 1 • . r *• ♦ 'ifHl t..ii^p IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) A // . 'V«^ '^i^'<-ih ;-■ .■ in ► '»••■ .'■r 'f: -<.:%> ■»' ,"**,»' ^, ■ \ ^\i it ! ''J ft i 268 CHAPTER VI. «5". Root crops 372. The yield of potatoes was unusually large, though the losses f r in Ontano 1890 and 1891. 0111 the rot have been very severe, in some cases having been estimated as high as 50 per cent. Turnips were very good, and carrots and man- gels were fair, but they suffered considerably from dry weather at seeding time. The hay crop was very short. The following are par- ticulars of the above-named crops : — YIELD OF HAY AND ROOT CROPS IN ONTARIO, 1890 AND 1891. Crops. 1890. Hay and clover, Potatoes Mangel-wurzels Carrots Turnips Tons. 4,305,915 Bush. 17,561,117 11,594,518 4,210,543 47,040,563 1891. Tons. 2,392,798 Bush. 24,065,886 11,779,448 3,814,016 68,853,452 AVKRAGE YiEI.l For Ten Years. Tons. 3,102,733 Bush. 18,840,683 8,638,096 3,659,347 42,981,280 Per Acre. Toils. 1 ai Bush. 1212 437 Solo 410 The yield of potatoes, mangels, carrots and turnips were above the average of ten years, but that of hay was considerably below. Crops in 373. The wheat crop of Manitoba in 1891 was the largest in the his- Manitoba, ^Qj.y, ^f ^j^g province, being placed at 23, 1 9 1 ,599 bushels, and it is believed that threshers' returns will, when complete, increase this amount. Unfortunately the grain suffered from early frost to a considerable extent, but this damage was par' ffset by the heavy yield. The oat crop was very satisfactory, and t . yield of barley was good, but the colour was bad. Potatoes did not do as well as 1890. The following are particulars of the yield of the principal crops in 1890 and 1891 ;— CROPS IN MANITOBA, 1890 AND 1891. Crops. Wheat . , Oats . . . , Barley . , Potatoes 1890. Bush. 14,665,769 9,513,433 2,069,415 2,640,820 1891. Bush. 23,191,599 14,762,608 3,197,876 2,291,982 Average Yield yter Acre in 1891. Bush. 25 3 48 3 35 6 180-4 AGRICULTURE. 269 374. In Nova Scotia, oats, the most important grain crop in the pro- Crops in vince, was above a full crop, viz., 105 per cent, arid wheat was 106 per ?°^?om'°* cent ; hay was rather short, being only 93 per cent ; while potatoes, ' the third important crop, . were very poor, averaging only 80 per cent of a full crop. The apple crop was a good one. 375. No particulars are available concerning the harvest in Quebec Crops else- and New Brunswick, though reports indicate that it was generally good, where in No information is obtainable concerning the crops of the remainder "* ** of the Dominion. 376. The total wheat crop of 1891 may be put down at 61,592,822 Wheat busliels, the largest amount ever raised in Canada, and it is quite pos- p^PJ? sible that these figures may be found to be, if anything, rather under iggi. * the mark. 377. The wheat crop of 1890 was estimated in the Year Book for that Wheat year at 40,527,562 bushels. It was estimated by the Dominion Millers' n"^^ Association at 40,300,000, and as these two estimates were made entirely iggo. independent of one another, it seems reasonable to suppose that they fah'ly represent the correct figures. To this quantity must be added 406,222 bushels imported for home consumption, making a total of 40,933,784. Of this quantity, 3,443,744 bushels were exported, and assuming that 5,518,118 bushels were retained for seed, the quantity available for home consumption is- found to have been 31,984,922 bushels, being at the rate of 6-60 bushels per head of population. 378. Ontario and Manitoba are at present the only provinces that collect statistics of the actual yield of crops, and as the Dominion Government does not collect any, it is impossible to give really com- plete figures for the total yield of wheat in the country. The follow- ing table, however, which has been carefully prepared from the best available data, gives, it is believed, a very fairly accurate idea of the total crop of wheat in the years named, and of the amount annually retained for consumption. The figures of imports and exports, and of the quantity used for seed, are for the yeai-s following the year of estimated crop. Two bushels to the acre is the amount allowed for seed, and this is supposed to include any that may b^ used for feed and other purposes. Estimated production and con- sumption of wneat in Canada, 1881-1890. : ii • ,:'!«► • ■ 'i ■ •' •''■"' u*. *•' »■ ] : I r i H ■Lv J; • a ■I 'lit I in I % It' ['■ t 270 CHAPTER VI. ESTIMATED PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION OF WHEAT L\ CANADA IN THE YEARS 1881 TO 1890, INCLUSIVE. Produc- tion and oonsump* tion per head, 1881- 189a Year. Estimated Imports of Wheat and Flour for Home Consumption. E.xport8 of Wheat /ind Estimated Amount Estimated Crop. Flour, Produce of Canada. retained for Seed. Consumption Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. 1881.... 38,000,000 1,208,494 6,193,730 4,572,562 28,442,212 1882. . . . 47,831,706 1,368,877 8,312,688 4,598,596 36,289,2*Jit 1883.... 30,920,762 2,954,600 1,732,471 4,513,214 27,(i21),()77 1884.... 45,443,417 3,073,641 2,959,841 4,914,232 40,()42,i»,S5 1885... 42,816,327 1,072,719 5,349,663 4,548,818 33,990,505 1886 ... 38,304,503 870,685 8,232,791 4,519,918 26,422,47!» 1887.... 39,034,233 324,452 3,914,329 4,369,296 31,085,000 1888.... 33,044,861 1,179,825 1,081,219 4,6!.3,462 28,504,!M»5 1889.... 30,871,656 95.S,344 940,219 5,106,346 25,778,4*5 1890. . . . 40,527,562 406,222 3,433,744 5,515,118 81,984,922 According to the above table, the production of wheat has exceeded the quantity apparently required for consumption and seed during the period named by 28,737,836 bushels, being an average annual e.xcess of 2,873,783 bushels. * 379. The following table gives the apparent production, consumption and quantity of wheat available for export, after providing for seed, per head of population, in the years named : — APPARENT PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION OF WHEAT IX CANADA, PER HEAD OF POPULATION. IN THE YEARS 1881 TO 1890, INCLUSIVE. Year. Production. Consumption. Quantity available for ExiJort. 1881 1882 Bus 8 10 6 10 9 8 I 6 8 hels. 67 79 90 02 33 26 33 98 45 37 Bushels. 6-48 8- 19 616 8-96 7-41 5-70 6 63 602 5-38 6-60 Bushels. 1 14 1-57 1883 1884 -0-27 —003 1885 1886. 1887 0!»3 15!» 077 1888 1889 1890. — 02 000 0()3 Average 841 676 003 United King France . . , (jennany , Russia . . . .•Austria... Italy I Spam and Po Belgium and Scandinavia Turkey . . \T IN Istimated luuinptiou. Bushels. 28,442,212 36,28(),2'Jit 27,<)2<,»,t')77 40,t)42,ltS5 33,9JtO,5')0 2t),422,471> 31,085,060 28,504,0i)r) 25,778,435 31,984,022 as exceeded [ during the nual excess •onsumption ig for seed, [EAT IN DLA-RS Quantity [available for Exiwrt. Bushels. 114 157 -027 _-003 03 15it 0-77 —0 02 000 o(;3 003 AGRICULTURE. It is not contended that the above figures are absolutely correct, since, in the absence of complete information, it is impossible for them to be anything but approximate ; but, as more than three-fourths of the figures in each year are taken from the official returns of Ontario and Manitoba, it is believed that taking the tables as they stand (the result of any one year must not be compared sepa- rately with that of any other year), the figures of average consumption and production are not very far astray. It will be seen that in the years 1883, 1884 and 1888 the quantity produced fell short of that required, and in 1889 the quantity produced was precisely the amount required, the imports and exports balancing themselves. Though the qu'-ntity of Canadian wheat exported was 42,150,695 bushels, the amount actually available for export was only 28,738,836, the defi- ciency caused by exportation being made up by an import of 13,41 1,859 bushels. 380. The consumption per head is higher in Canada and the Aus- tralasian colonies than in almost any other country, as shown by the following table : — CONSUMPTION OF WHEAT PER HEAD IN VARIOUS COUNTRIES. 271 Countries. United Kingdom . . . . France Gennany Russia Austria Italy ■ . . . . Spain and Portugal. . , Belgium and Holland Scandinavia Turkey , Bushels. 6-9 8-1 3 2 1 2-9 5-4 6 4 6 1-4 6 1 Countries. United States .... Canada Australasia . . . . . New South Wales Victoria South Australia.. . Queensland Tasmania ...... New Zealand Bushels. 4-7 6-7 6 6 6-5 6-2 6 6 60 6 7 7-5 381. The following tables give the values and quantities of imports Imports for home consumption and exports of Canadian produce of wheat, flour *"" ®x- and other breadstuffs, and also the total imports a»d exports of the ^eat^'and same articles in each year since Confederation : — other bread- stuifs, 1868-1891. ii^: ^i. !> ^i »••• .-..,^^v stV' ;'.♦; .!■»' iU.-;;-.; Hill ::M r ir; * ' ' 1 272 CHAPTER VI. If II Z\' ■ f ' • 11114 VALUE OF IMPORTS OF WHEAT, FLOUR AND OTHER BKl! AD STUFFS, FOR HOME CONSUMPTION, AND EXPORTS OF 'ntv SAME, BEING THE PRODUCE OF CANADA, DURING EACH OF THE YEARS 1868 TO 1891, INCLUSIVE. Ykab kndki) 30th Junk. 1868*. 1869. 1870. . 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. . 1875. . 1876. . 1877. . 1878. 1879. . 1880.. 1881. 1882.. 1883. 1884.. 1885. 1886.. 1887.. 1888.. 1889. 1890. . 1891. . 1868.. 1869.. 1870. 1871. . 1872. 1873. . 1874. . 1875.. 1876. . 1877. . 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881.. 1882.. 1883.. 1884.. 1885.. 1886.. 1887.. 1888.. 1889.. 1890. 1891. . Imports. Wheat. 3,946,624 .. + .... 4,030,122 4,558,863 4,453,341 6,909,621 9,92.'>,139 6,657,652 6,087,674 4,846,824 6,510,148 3,957,406 7,936 .54,104 360,034 47,074 21>2,033 369,098 55,804 18,313 9,045 12,734 150,128 128,857 Flour. $ 1,636,306 2,079,315 1,679.000 2,223,669 2,167,074 1,842,969 1,738,802 2,462,618 1,906,298 2,973,889 1,874,766 1,480,339 536,266 919,799 941,067 1,337,364 -',166,016 788,464 639,121 242,197 1,000,301 612,953 234,313 Other BreadutuifH. 1,903,604 5,438,934 1,227,603 1,997,111 4,944,681 5,880,196 4,070,414 3,564,454 3,418,666 6,328,468 6,351,621 3,951,868 1,620,942 1,802,971 2,131,033 2,116,172 2,122,156 l,7{tO,846 1,594,175 1,724,982 1,954,896 2,173,609 2,234,452 2,377,093 EXPOKTS. 3,648,081 3,183,383 3,706,173 1,981,917 3,900,682 6,023,876 8,886,077 4,959,736 6,749,298 2,742, .383 6,376,195 6,274,640 5,942,042 2,693,820 6,180,336 6,881,488 812,923 1,966,287 3,026,8(W 4,745,138 1,886,470 471,121 388.861 1,583,084 2,(}29,640 1,948,696 2,302,149 1,609,849 2,671,914 2,903,454 3,1{>4,672 1,546,242 2,178,389 1,485,438 2,739,466 2,572,676 2,930,966 2,173,108 2,748,988 2,515,965 1,025,995 666,630 1,744,969 2,322,144 1,680,019 646,068 621,383 1,388,678 5,926,441 6,590,760 7,036,172 4,920,446 6,229,7(50 4,848,370 6,424,824 9,803,326 10,907,248 7,685,931 8,400,242 8,634,667 10,469,603 12,139,803 16,889,763 10,229,628 8,667,233 9,221,646 10,092,135 9,021,677 8,612,811 8,839,045 7,672,922 6,087,211 Total. 7,4H(;„\3:i 7,r)l.s,24i» 6,!t;«;,72.5 8.<>7!M143 11,rNV),(H)(! 14,t);i2,78.j IS.TH^w 12,);74,724 11,412„').S7 14,14!t,l«l 9,3H!).(il3 2,0(;4,144 2,77(;,S74 3,4.^2,124 3,.-)()l,210 4,H4!t,().'U 4,314,!HW 2,43H,443 2,.'W2,41(J 2,20<;,138 3,i«t;,(;44 2,!HI7,o33 2,740,2«3 * Iiniwrts of New Brunswick g^ve no detail of free goods, other breadstuffs. 12,204,(H12 11,722,83!) 13,043,4i)4 H,")12,212 11,S02,2;)« 13,77i),700 lS,r)0,"),r)73 lti,3()8,304 19,834,935 11,!»13,752 16,.515,!t03 17,381,!)82 19,342,(W0 l(i,!106,731 24,81!t,0H6 18,627,071 10,i50«,151 11,744,463 14,8(i2,9(;)( 16,088,8511 ll,97!t,300 9,956,23< 8,583,166 it,058,O t Not separftted from j Or.VNT POK MAM Ykah. 1868* 18<;!». , 1870. . 1871 . . 1872.. 187.S. . 1874.. 1875.. 1876. . 1877. . 1878. . , 187!). . ; 1880. . i 1881 .j 1882. . ; 188.3. . I 1W4..I 188;V.! 1886. . I 1887.. I 1888.. 1889.. im. . I 1891..! Bi 2,7 4,4 4,2 4,1 I 5,8: 8,4( 5,1< 5,« 4,ftt Mii 4,21 1 / 34 4 2J>J 37; 6< 21 ^ U m '.' 2,284 . 2,809 . 3,.'k)7 . 1,74H 2,!(93 4,37!»| «,58ll 4,38dl (5,070| 2,3931 4,,393l (),610l 5,0)>0| 2,5231 3,8451 5,867l 74.51 2,.340J 3,4191 5,6311 2,163,1 4{K),f 422,1 2,108,1 *Iinporti other grain, elusive. 181 AGRICULTURE. 278 t • BKKAT) OF rilK :acu of Total. .s 7,r)lH,24!l 6,<.t:«),725 «.C.7'.t,tU3 n,rc>r>,(),«74 3,432,124 3,r)Ol,210 4,H4!t,t)31 4,314,1H» 2,43S,443 2,.'W2,41t) 2,20(),138 3,18(),()44 2,<.«t7,5.33 2,740,2»)3 12,204,()()2 11,722,H3(I 13,043,41)4 S,r)12.212 ll,H02,2r)6 13,77i),700 18,505,573 1(),30S,3M l ) ) 1 J I 2 7 3 3 3 8 3 « 7 1 separkted from | 01 ANTITIES OF WHEAT, FLOUR AND OTHER BREADSTUFFS IM- PORTED FOR HOME CONSUMPTION, AND EXPORTS OF THE SAME, THE PRODUCE OF CANADA, DURING EACH OF THE YEARS 18«8 TO 18111, INCLUSIVE. Imports. Ykak. Wheat. llFlour. Wheat and Flour. Barley. Maize. All other Grain. Other Bread- stuffs. BushelH. Barrels. Bushels. 1 iushels. Bustiels. Bushels. Pounds. m\»*. 2,734,8(M» 234,68» 3,907,754 .. . t .... 746,976 1,464,292 6,674,9{t3 \m). . .... t.... 349,248 1,746,240 .. . t .... 2,682,314 3,691,948 21,646,388 1870.. 4,402,773 326,.387 6,034,708 .. . t .... 666,327 791,502 14,217,411 1871.. 4,201,r«)7 3}»2,844 6,165,877 .. . t .... 1,319,5.')2 1,468,853 16,946,926 1872.. 4,168,179 376,772 6,062,039 .. . t .... 7,328,282 577,599 42,743,632 1873.. 5,821,390 278,832 7,215,660 .. . t ... 8,833,992 1.374,980 60,.587,359 1874.. 8,405,016 288,056 9,846,896 .. . + .... 5,331,307 (i43,982 54,720,921 1875,. .'),105,158 467,78(J 7,444,088 .. . t .... 3,679,746 294,639 41,474,601 187(i.. 5,855,f.66 376,114 7,736,226 .84,099 3,635,528 681,185 40,146,212 1877.. 4,589,051 549,063 7,334,366 369,801 8,260,079 1,772,882 71,952,940 1878.. 5,635,411 314,520 7,208,011 302,147 7,387,507 2,319,615 56,355,562 187!!.. 4,210,165 313,088 5,776,605 43,233 6,184,237 2,116,769 54,887,045 1880.. 10,176 101,799 519,171 14,009 1,677,445 87,934 46,804,141 1881 . 76,652 197.681 1,0<{4,5.')7 16,933 2,043,309 81,914 52,057,493 1882.. 345,{K)9 172,517 1,208,494 9,491 1,812,552 92,487 51,186,398 1883.. 44,097 2({4.956 1,368,877 16,465 1,595,725 24.3,742 49,936.500 1884.. 21>8,660 5.31,188 2,954,«}00 28,093 2,290,289 61,817 51,883,355 1885,. 373,101 540,108 3,073,641 14,573 1,498,463 269,910 62,.387,360 188t;.. 66,084 201,327 1,072,719 8,212 1,823,383 109,880 51,121,881 1887.. 22,540 169,629 870,685 6,063 2,029,061 36,872 58,374,378 1888.. 12,042 62,482 324,462 6,856 2,311,757 121,105 53,641,884 1889.. 15,167 258,813 1,179,825 6,852 2,8}»4,838 186,775 61,040,815 18!tO. . 188,934 169,869 953,344 12,550 3,242,391 369,288 81,499,100 1891 , . 1 147,521 57,489 406,222 190 2,788,622 98,810 55,030,624 18(W.. i8(;!t,. 1870. . 1871 , . 1872, . 1873. . 1874.. 1875. . 1876. . 1877.. 1878.. 1879.. 1880 . 1881,. 1882.. 1883.. 1884.. 1885.. 1886.. 1887., 1888.. 188!)., 1800. 1891.. EXPOKTS. 2,284,702 2,809,208 3,5i-)7,101 1,748,977 2,993,129 4,379,741 «),.581,217 4,383,022 6,070,393 2,393,155 4,393,535 (5,610,724 5,0}»0,505 2,523,673 3,845,036 5,867,468 74.5,526 2,340,956 3,419,168 5,631,726 2,163,764 490,905 422,274 2,108,216 383,344 375,219 382,177 306,387 453,158 474,202 540,317 302,783 416,604 268,606 476,4.S1 674,974 544,691 439,728 469,739 489,046 197,389 123,777 386,099 520,213 350,116 131,181 115,099 296,784 4,201,422 4,686,303 6,467,986 3,280,912 6,2.58,919 6,750,751 9,282,802 6,8%,937 8,147,913 3,736,180 3,776,690 9,485,694 7,813,460 4,722,313 6,193,730 8,312,688 1,732,471 2,959,841 6,349,663 8,232,791 3,914,329 1,081,219 940,219 3,443,744 X 4,055,872 X 4,630,069 X 6,633,877 X 4,832,999 X 6,606,438 X 4,.S46,923 : 3,748,270 X 5,419,054 :iO,168,176 6,346,697 7,267,399 6,383,922 7,329,562 8,800,679 11,588,446 8,817,216 7,780,262 9,067,396 8,664,302 9,466,964 9,370,158 9,948,207 9,975,908 4,892,327 10,057 6,0{»3 14,664 23,954 102,243 V(H5.619 ;*> 864 2^,399 9,299 1,512 655 1,829 1,569 1,284' 49 252 11,924 18,885 494 2,507 . 322 465 507 180 *Iniports of New Brunswick give other grain. +Rye included. llRye elusive. 18 no detail of free goods, flour included in imports 3,545,598 1,847,722 3,701,065 1,737,899 1,989,917 1,807,860 2,805,308 6,941,070 6,088,346 4,9a'),294 5,252,986 5,793,799 9,584,929 8,154,228 9,223,501 4,659,689 4,667,281 6,593,508 7,785,692 6,416,069 2,816,202 2,694,471 4,160,349 3,769,295 14,677,964 9,279,976 19,992,520 19,973,070 12,847,420 13,361,300 12,606,450 8.357,150 14,647,000 8,695,600 37,961,000 25,219,300 30,100,600 20,336,900 16,729,200 16,952,000 19,061,700 21,357,300 28,461,600 22,375,600 12,046,800 22,626,500 30,227,600 22,247,400 fNot separated from of flour up to 1876, in- I," i n!- » ,* ■' ' f i-- •<•. '■■ftl ^A'- i ■ ; ^ 'it 111 ■l 274 CHAPTER VI. VALUE OF TOTAL IMPORTS INTO AND KXPORTS FROM CANai.v OF WHEAT, FLOUR AND OTHER BREAD8TUFFS, 1868.1891. Ykar endrh 30th Junk. Impohth. 1868* 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872. 187.S. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. , 1878. . 1879. 1880., 1881.. 1882. 1883.. 1884. 1885.. 1886.. 1887. 1888. 1889.. 1890. . 1891. . 18fi8t . 1869*. 1870!^. . 187U. . 1872;. . 1873. . . 1874. . . 1875. . . 1876. . . 1877. . . 1878. . . 1879. . . 1880... 1881. . . 1882. . . 1883... 1884... 1885... 1886. . 1887. . . 1888... 1889. . . 1890. . 1891. . . Wheat. 3,946,624 ... + 5,52.3,194 11,216,003 4,45:1,341 6,894,504 9,910,551 6,657,652 (;,OiK),074 4,846,824 6,510,148 4,469,79 ^,«J43,879 EXPOHTH. Flour. 1,850,444 2,079,315 1,756,176 2,700,111 2,ll>4,091 1,842,969 1,731>,377 2,462,618 1,906,298 2,JMW,273 l,8(i(i,101 1,48«},«>61 590,342 1,112,!)64 1,084,029 1,518,296 2,602,548 2,273,355 844,2«.K) 657,194 254,097 1,05)3,718 672,715 269,508 .3,648,081 3,183,383 3,705,173 1,981,917 3,SK)0,582 8,944,139 1.5,046,712 8,420,786 10,416, (i36 4,102,210 11,631,128 9,748,795 13,549,876 9,636,505 8,163,610 11,703,374 3,359,192 6,0<)1,005 6,190,424 7,859,638 6,416,964 1,744,957 2,394,130 4,102,734 2,629,540 1,048,696 2,302,149 1,60J>,849 2,671,914 2,968, 6(>2 3,274,130 1,583,284 2,205, 4()7 1,525,230 2,757,688 2,603,118 3,019,717 2,469,900 2,941,740 2,703,078 1,440,675 716,739 1,875,979 2,366,472 1,603,712 769,478 661,072 l,46O,.3O0 Other BreadHtuffa. 2,W5,374 5,421,895 1,241,820 2,0]>4,690 4,971, <»4 6,883,741 4,062,778 3,671,041 3,424, 1(S4 6,372,JH»8 6,325,230 4,636,2.38 3,819,.'^^1 4,536,1.50 3,432,430 2,7«)5,8i>2 4,«535»,070 3,133,913 .S,035,.630 3,301,741 2,776,00«J 4.515,188 5,719,184 4,2»i8,.344 .5,026,441 6,590,7<»0 7,036,172 4,920,446 5,229,760 8,4.52,818 8,1.36,162 11,398,934 12,383,291 10,850,8{I8 11,372,470 11,342,865 12,715, 13<5 14,76.5,712 18,250,340 10,860,760 11,279,561 10,533,283 11,625,527 10,683,501 9,314,275 11,109,338 10,788,862 7,948,014 Totnl 7,«4L',HJ 7,5<)l,'Jlii 8,.521,I1M» 16,01(i..S(M ll,5«!i,(Ni(; 14,621,L'14 15,7!»,fil2 7,111,41.S 7,(!<»H,ti8;') 7,2H(;,()S4 8,i»71,(KW 7,181,731 12,204,n(;2 11,722,S31I 1.3,(t4.S,4!l4 «,">12,212 ll,S02,2ritl 20,;iV),(ll!l 2\,4m,m 2."),(X»r),3!t4 16,47H,.'«« 25,7t;i,2.S() 23,C.!I4,77S 29,2H4,72(» 26,S72,117 29,;i4r),(li)0 25,267,212 16,07!»,428 16,311,027 18,r)!ll,!)30 20,\m,bn 17,aS4,!l41 1.3,623,773 13,844,0tW 13,511,00* * Amount entered for consumption only, as regards New Brunswick, t Not sep- arated from other breadstuffs. t The value of produce of Canada only. Qr.ANl ADA \ K'AK KM»KIJ Mm .1 1 NK. IHIW*. . ist;i». . . 1H70. . . 1.S7I... 1H72. . . IHTA. . . 1«74. . . lS7r). . . 187*;. . . 1H77. . . 1S7K. . . , lS7!t. .. I.SHd. .. l.-isi.,.. ]S,S2 1HH3. . . . im. . . . l."W.">. . . . lHS<)i,Ji() 8,521, 1'.H) Ki.oiii.sm ii,r)H!i,(Hi(') 14,f.21,-J14 15,702.7ih; I2,r.!ti,:ni ii,42(»,r)L>(; 14,l74.0!trt 13,701, 47!l lo,r.r)2,r.!t.'t 12,4SS.!HMi 13,44'.t,7tt7 7,«7."),03(» 10,1'.H1,:«1!I ll,117.7r)0 «),lO'.t,()12 7,111.413 7,<>'.tH,f^) 7,2H(;,()S4 8,lt74.tMW 7,l«l,731 12,2O4,0('.2 ll,722,f«',l 13,(>4.S,4'.t4 8,r)12,212 ll,H02,2."i»i 20,:V)."),()1!I 2«,4-">7,004 2i,4(w,(m 2r),()(>r),3<.M 1«,47S,.W 2.5,7tll,2,S() 23,()!I4,77« 2«.l,2H4,72tl 2(),H72.117 21>,.W),(i!tO 2.'),2t)7,212 10,071I,42S 1(),31 1,027 18,.-)!I1,!I30 20,!M)!t,511 17,3.S4,it41 13,(>23,773 13,H44,0t^» 13..-)11.IW c. t Not sep- QIANTITIKS OF TOTAL IMrORTS INTO AND EXPORTS FROM CAN- ADA OF WHEAT, FLOUR AND OTHER BREADSTUFFS, 18(W18l»l. ^ I* A RAK K.MiKI) ,) I NK. iscis*. . ISt)!!. . . 1870. . . 1S71... 1H72. . . IH7:<. . . 1874... 187.'-). . . 1870. . . 1877. . . 1S7S. . . 187!t. . 1,>W(». . 1881... 1.882. . . 1883, . . 1884. . . 18S."i. . . 1880. . . 1887, . . 18HS. . . 18.8il. , 18!HI. . . 18!)1. . . Imports. Wheat. Flour. Bush. 2,734,80{> +.... (i,l(»<,454 10,1)50,547 4,1(J8,(}81 5,804,630 8,300,443 5,105,158 5,858,13<5 4,580,051 5,035,411 4,708,733 7,521,.504 7,330,080 2,031,220 4,5»«1,374 3,(i 7,208,011 0,343,0.53 8,08<>,700 8,521,854 3,034,800 0,408,040 0,430,82 .5,055,!l.*>3 3,450,185 4,422, 300,801 302,1471 43,233 15,(a6 10,0.'J3 0,401 10,405 28,0!>3 14,717 8,212 .'),053 (5,854} (5,852 12,-550 107 All other Grain. Other Bread- Htlltfs. Bush. 715,424 2,5(51,240 (5(50,327 1,310.552 7,328,282 8,834,2251 5,33l,307i 3,(570,740 3,(53.5,.528 8,2(50,0701 7,387,507! 7,017,421 1 (5,377,387| 7,4.54.802! 3,018,0311 2,425,(508 5,006,412 3,.508,.52t» 4,.528,878 5,304,630 3,401,01(5 7,340,720 0,050,815 (5,253,565 Bush. 1,(560,020 3,.501,048 701,774 1, '532,053 577,447 1,. 374,010 043,082 204,(523 (581,218 1,772,802 2,310,(Sr.4 2,154,347 205,0(58 0.5,.541 !H),024 204,227 21H\333 340,804 231,.580 50,«>2fl' 148,(507 .5,53.852 1,0.5.5,0!»4 103,077 Lb8. (5,002,828 21,(548,2.33 14,7(58,0.57 1(5,744, ia» 43,5(50,232 •50, 774,35(5 53,(511,410 42,217,317 40,200,1(55 72,850, 85 .5.5,101,007 57,22(5,2(50 47,12(5,315 .53,570,224 55,822,.523 .51,22(5,147 .52,301,740 (54,3(51,025 51,.521»,.52() .57,-528,2(53 54,(578,474 (5.3,377,530 70,.544,052 .58,(574,104 E.XPORTS. 18(58t. . . 180!):. . . 1H70:, . . i87i:. . . 1872:. . . 1873. . . . 1874, . . . 1875, . . 1876, . . . 1877. . . . 1878.... 187il. . . . 18.S0.... 1881, . . . 1882, . . . 1883. .. 1884, . . . 1885, .. . 188(5, . . . 1887. . . . 1888, . . . 188!), . . . 1890, . . . 18!»l, , . , 2,284.702 2,800,208 .3,(5.57,101 1,748,J)77 2,m)3,120 (5,405,(503 12,011,050 7,05.3,544 0,248,.390 3,-550,05)5 8,-500,2Ui 0,7(57,-555 12,1(50,403 0,002,270 (5,4.33,533 10,733.535 3,021,188 .5,423,805 5,705,874 0,127,046 7,200,694 1,785,349 2,.580,801 4,539,363 383,.344 37.5,210 382,177 .3(H5,387 453,1.58 483,713 554,.341 308,081 410,0.36 276,430 470,245 .580,776 5(51,484 .501,455 608,120 62(5,340 284,504 161,054 415,397 531,152 355,888 166,360 149,959 313,280 4,201,422 4,(585,.303 5,4(57,080 .3,280,012 .5,258,!)1!)' 8,824,2.58 14,782,704 8,508,445) 11, .348, 070 4,941,25)0 10,5)05,468 12,071,4^5 14,5)7(5,013 11,55)5),.5.54 8,074,133 13,305,255 4,443,708 6,229,075 7,782,850 11,782,805 9,079,105) 2,428,605 3,255,616 5,949,123' 4,0.5.5,8721 1 4,(530,0(59; 1(5,(563,877! 14,832,05)5) 1 .5,(50(5,438! 4,.34(5,5)23 : 3, 748,270 1,.5,415),054 110,1(58,176' (5,687,180 7,543,342 5,303,212 7,241,370 8,800,570 ll,.588,440i 8,817,210; 7,780,2(52 9,0(57,.35)5 8,664,302 5), 450, 964 9,370,158! 9,948,217 9,976,911 4,892,334 10,057 6,093 14,(544 23,5)64! 102,2431 0,5)45),55)5' 2,(580,5(58 2,080,05)0 2,047,040 4,083,174 3,5)87,(500 5,429,.359 4,547,942, 6,267,004 2,220,000 810,605 3,800,474 2,007,(574 2,667,4()1 3, .373, 7(54 1,203,15)5 4,386,260 6,624,746 3,564,266 3,545,.508 1,847,722: 3,701,0(55' 1,737,85)0 1,085),5)17 1,823,111 2,805,325 5,007.(55)3 .5,115),25)5 5,5)68,688 6,380,625) .5,5)30,1.58 5),022,G05 8,154,302 0,235,442 4,704,85)0 4,736,319 6,619,799 7,861,134 0,41.5,208 2,816,353 2,775,403 4,313,637 3,884,737 14,577,904 0,279,976 15),!)5 12,520 19,5)73,070 12,847,420 13,4.58,004 13,1(52,570 8,302,762 14,752,213 8,817,361 38,200,102 2.5,774,391 32,458,482 20,893,576 17,05)0,049 17,661,368 20,3.54,042 22,127,128 20,624,270 23,280,317 12,386,668 26,493,108 34,620,737 22,938,200 * Amount entered for consumption only as regards New Brunswick, t Not separ- ated from other grain. I! Rye included. JThe produce of Canada only. Mr-. '% ■^ ♦ 'V^ is. ,1 II » -• 1 V m I i-:| I- -5 l,i 276 CHAPTER VI. Effect of 382. The very marked effect which the imposition in 1879 of a hihhU n»t PoUcy. *^^^y "P**" wheat and flour had upon the imports of the same will Ui visible at once on examining the Hntt two of the preceding tableN, find it may be estimated that in consequence of the adoption of that policy upwards of $5,000,000 have been annually retained in the country which would otherwise have gone into the pockets of foreigners, while prices have been much better maintained than they otherwise would have been. Price of wheat. 383. During the week ended Ist October, 1887, the price of wheat in London was the lowest touched for 120 years, viz., 288. Od. |)fr quarter, or 86 cents per bushel ; and the steady fall of late years is shown in the following table, which gives the average price of wheat in London and the average export price in New York in each year since 1871 : — Reduc- tion in freiffht rates, etc. London. Nkw York. Year. Price. Year. Price. Year. Price. Year. Price. 1871 1872 1873 1874 1876 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880. . ... 1881 t CtH. 1 73 1 73 1 78 1 70 1 37 1 40 1 73 1 41 1 33 1 36 1 28 1882 1883 1884 1886 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 • CtH. 1 37 1 26 1 09 099 094 99 96 90 97 1 16 1871 .... 1872 1873 1874 1876 .... 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 f cts. 1 31 1 47 1 31 1 42 1 12 1 24 1 16 1 33 1 06 1 24 1 11 1882 1883 1884 1886 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 * CtH. 1 18 1 12 1 06 086 87 89 085 89 83 93 384. This decline in price has been brought about by increased production, heavy reduction in freight rates and an enormous increase in transportation facilities, all these causes operating at the same time. Freight rates from Chicago to New York are 50 per cent less than 20 years ago, while grain has been carried across the Atlantic for from 4 and 5 cents per bushel. There was, it will be seen, an advance in price in 1891, due to bad harvests and other causes. 385. The principal wheat-exporting countries at the present time are the United States, Russia, Austria-Hungary, British India, the expor^g Argentine Republic, and the Australasian colonies, and the following countries, figures give the estimated crop in those countries in 1891 : — Wheat crop in principal 1891. r - i AORIOULTURR. 277 «*v -' BuiihflU, United State* «11,7HO,000 KuMia 169,108,708 Auatria-Hnngary lfl7,412,AOO Britinh India 2A5,434,'i07 Argf^ntinu Republic 38,0<(9,()00 AuHtralaitian colonies «. 33, VI\,iVHi The wheat crop of 1891 in the United States was not less than 2 1 2,51 8,000 bushels in excess of 1890, while in the other five countries niuned the yield was, in the aggregate, 70,1 •'^4,800 bushels less than in the previous year. ;186. The United Kingdom is the largest importer of wheat, and the British demand has a most important effect on the price of wheat almost all over the world. The following table, taken from the report oil the foreign commerce of the United States, 1891, shows the share of the principal countries in the import of wheat into the Unite^t Share of printtipal countries in ini)Mirt of wheat into thn United Kingdom, 1871-1890. 1871. 1S72 1S73. 1874. 1875. 187ti. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. IMt. 1887. 1888. 188!). 1890. Impohtki) fhom. Rufwia. Per cent . 35-37 37 70 1878 11- 76 17 06 17 17 17 38 16 32 11 12 4 33 4-75 12 01 15 91 8 34 14-86 C 03 7 51 29-22 28 09 25 69 Germany Per cent. 9 60 10 87 6-85 8-13 11 11 6-72 11 03 10 91 6 52 412 4 34 6-91 6-25 4-95 4-61 4 43 2 90 5-91 6-18 2 62 Per cent . Per cent, British North America . United States. 8-52 4 53 8-3($ 8-71 6-83 5 35 5 14 603 7-33 6-63 4-49 3-87 287 3-96 2-58 6 20 6-67 2 53 3 42 2 70 36'22 20 23 42 17 55-16 44 29 42 81 37 16 56-27 61 12 (»-42 64-05 55 72 47-57 53 74 47 90 58-05 61 45 36 69 38-45 38 34 Chili. Per cent 1 33 3 52 3 5<; 4 47 1-51 1 95 1-28 0-09 2 04 2 12 1-64 2 13 2 72 1 60 2-00 2 74 2-99 200 0-75 03 British India. Per cent. 0-50 34 1 43 218 2 24 6 35 9 62 3 04 1-22 4-72 ,10-29 10-51 13 30 12-06 14 98 17 75 11 52 11-01 11-99 11 95 [Austral- asia. Per cent 0-84 17 05 35 13 48 0-71 2-62 3-15 6-74 4-64 3-83 3-30 8-11 6-69 Other Coun- tries. 31 83 16 88 18 Per cent 8-62 21-64 15-80 7 24 14 83 14 17 17 73 6-72 7-50 5-92 4-80 5 02 808 7-24 6-38 4-49 5 13 9-49 10-24 14 49 '.. f- ■ I ..*' . .h IM' 278 United States and Russia's share of exports. Wheat crop of United States. Average wheat yield in United States. Future value of wheat. CHAPTER VI. I 387. The United States share of exports, which had averaged 57 12 per cent during the ten years, 1878-87, fell to an average of 37 N2 during 1888, 1889 and 1890, while that of Russia, which during the same ten years had only averaged 10*01 per cent, rose during the last three years to an average of 27*70 per cent. 388. While the advance in the price of wheat was considerable ii.s compared with prices prevailing for a number of years previous to 1891, yet the appreciation of value was not as great as was expected. This was owing to reports of deficient harvests turning out to be much exaggerated, and also to the extraordinarily bountiful harvest in North America, both of which circumstances tended to reduce tlie anticipated shortage. The wheat crop in the United States was the largest and most valuable in the history of the country, as the foHow- ing table shows : — PRODUCTION AND AREA UNDER CULTIVATION OF WHEAT IX THE UNITED STATES, 1880-1891. Year. Production. Area. Value. 1880 1881 1882 1883 Bushels. 498,549,868 383,280,090 504,185,470 421,086,160 512,765,000 357,112,000 457,218,000 456,329,000 415,868,000 490,560,000 399,262,000 611,780,000 Acres. 37,986,717 37,709,020 37,067,194 36,455,593 39,475,885 34,189,246 36,806,184 37,641,783 37,336,138 88,128,859 36,087,154 39,916,897 471,201,8M 456,880,427 444,602.125 383,649,272 1884 1885 1886 1887 330,862,260 275,320,3510 314,22(i,020 310,612,960 1888 385,248,030 1889 1890 1891 342,491,707 334,773,678 513,472,711 Total 5,507,995,-588 448,796,670 4,5<)6,341,430 Average 458,999,632 37,399,640 380,.')28,452 389. The average yield is only small ; in the ten years, 1880-89, it only amounted to 12*1 bushels per acre. In 1891 there was a con- siderable increase, the average having been 15*3 per acre; but it is doubtful if this increase is likely to be permanent, as it was more probably the result of a remarkably favourable season than of any decided improvement in the system of cultivation. 390. It is true that the area under wheat in the United States last year was the largest on record, but at the same time the possibility of that country being able, without any special exertions, and under what cropm India and Russia. AGRICULTURE. 279 may be called the ordinary circumstances of a favourable season, to produce such an enonnous crop, must, for a time at any rate, defer the anticipated period when the home demand will consume all the wheat the country can produce. How long the present advance in price will be maintained it is impossible to predict, as it remains to be seen wha.t eflTect the prolific harvest in North America, and the better prices prevalent the world over, will have on the area under cultivation in 1892, the probability being that it will be very largely increased ; and that as a consequence it will not be long before the supply is more than equal to the demand, and prices will naturally fall to a lower, and what it is likely time will prove to be, a more normal level, as nothing but an extraordinary combination of untoward events can ever restore the market value of wheat to the regular prices of twenty years ago. 391. It has been pointed out in previous issues why there is reason Wheat to believe that India has reached the limit of its wheat-exporting ca- pacity, and the figures for 1891 only tend to confirm that view, the exports having amounted to 26,731,593 bushels — being 3,982,925 bushels below the average of 11 years. The general failure of the grain crop in Russia in 1891 was so serious that the export of wheat from that country has, for the present, been entirely prohibited. 392. The area available for wheat in Canada is very large, but, ex- Future of cept under unusual circumstances, such as, for instance, those at pre- C*""^*> *"• sent prevailing, it does not appear probable that the quantity for export exporting can assume very large dimensions, until the population of the great country, wheat-growing area has been most considerably increased, as the area under wheat cultivation in the older provinces is decreasing, and the home demand, therefore, absorbs, to a large extent, the surplus of Manitoba and the North-West Territories. The opinion, frequently expressed in these pages, is still maintained, that a good system of uiixed farming will, year by year, be found to yield the most satisfac- tory results to the farmer. 393. According to the returns of the United States Department of Value of Agriculture, the average value of wheat per acre in that country in .^re^in^"^ 1890 was $9.28, and the average for the preceding ten years was United $9.97 ; and. according to the Ontario reports for> the same year the q**^*- *°^ value per acre in that province of fall wheat was $18.66, and of spring wheat $11.66, while the average of nine years was $15.46. 394. The following table shows the quantity of wheat and wheat Imports of flour imported into the United Kingdom in 1888, 1889 and 1890, and jJu^jnto"* the countries from whence supplied. the United Kingdom, 1888, 1889, 1890. ,;•!- §, :^ k> irM''-i "if ' ■» «• ■ V . ^ I 1 'f ^^ I - ■ :i ;t i^H' iiy 280 CHAPTER VI. IMPORTS OF WHEAT AND WHEAT FLOUR INTO THE .UNITED KINGDOM, 1888, 1889 AND 1890. Countries. Bushels. United States Russia British India Germany .......... Austrian territories. Australasia Canada ... Chili. Roumania Egypt Bulgaria Denmark Turkey France. Argentine Republic Spain Other countries . . . Total.. 1888. • 56,638,161 40,583,248 15,243,674 8,700,!»81 4,778,011 4,441,670 3,865,760 2,773,607 2,646,379 1,375,845 547,249 448,801 300,487 268,288 816 93 3,732,502 146,345,572 1889. 59,872,616 40,440,328 17,207,314 7,968,386 6,020,897 2,717,781 5,456,643 1,0(59,512 5,301,514 608,080 1,184,312 31(5,639 1,247,449 489,737 477,476 150,378,684 1890. 62,41,3,(;ti7 3(5,687,32<) 17,008,28(5 4,309,!t03 3,452,112 5,994,H(X» 4,458,477 '8,7io,8!t4" 7!I4,18.'5 (555,508 157,755 l,(58(5.5i")!t 258,!l(>2 5,315,t5!l7 r2i»,80!) 152,(533,1)42 Wheat 395. The figures given below of the wheat crop of the world in 1889, crop of the jggQ g^jj^j jggi g^j.^^ ^j^j^ ^j^g exception of those for Canada, from re- 1889, 1890 ports of the United States Department of Agriculture,* and are partly and 1891. official and partly estimated. WHEAT CROP OF THE WORLD IN 1889, 1890 AND 1891. Countries. Winchester Bushels. North America — United States Canada . South America — Argentine Republic Chili EutoiJe— Atistria Hungary Belgium Bulgaria Denmark France Germany Great Britain 1889. 490,560,000 30,871,650 11,350,000 12,768,750 42,000,000 94,020,333 19,000,000 5,000,000 316,268,3(J9 82,000,000 76,576,383 1890. 399,262,000 40,527,562 41,703,683 18,567,360 51,440,6(57 1(55,34.5,000 19,573,075 5,776,512 338,!M)2,124 94,899,840 75,666,017 1891. 611,7!'0,0()0 61,592,822 33,0(5!»,(H)0 14,187,500 41,143,7r)0 126,208,750 14,187,500 40,022,!)7() 3,713,472 232,3(i0,23t) 126,2r)4,titi3 74,400,714 March, 1890 ; April, 1891 ; March, 1892. / AGRICULTURE. W^ \T CROP OF THE WORLD IN 1889, 1890 AND \m\-Conduded. 281 Countries. Europe — Coneliuted. Ireland Greece Italy Netherlands Portugal Roumania Russia, exclusive of Finland . Poland Servia Spain Sweden Norway Switzerland Turkey Asia- India Asia Minor Caucasus Persia Syria Africa- Algeria. Kgypt Cape of Good Hope Tunis Australasia '. . Winchester Bushels. 1889. 2,680,838 5,000,000 103,832,354 5,675,000 8,512,500 44,784,853 188,535,989 5,000^666 75,622,213 3,708,045 283,750 2,270,000 39,725,000 243,076,.549 36,887,500 Total 22,500,000 12,768,750 22,500,000 7,945,000 3,800,000 26,205,957 2,040,729,789 1890. 2,639,399 12,378,240 126,640,746 6,189,120 8,252,160 63,954,240 1 197,739,200 22,343,125 10,315,200 70,143,360 3,956,043 412,608 2,475,648 37,134,72» 235,345,600 37,134,720 22,693,440 12,378,240 22,693,440 8,252,160 3,713,472 4,256,250 42,480,131 2,205,185,702 1891. 2,615,437 5,675,000 126,801,916 3,713,472 8,252, KM) 53,073,684 1 169,108,708 12,680,920 7,94.5,000 71,349,094 4,551,a50 412,608 4,041,766 33,008,640 255,434,667 37,029,375 74,2(59,440 20,630,400 12,343,125 21,281,250 11,140,416 4,126,080 4,256,250 33,874,606 2,356,596,747 t Exclusive of Poland. 396. The quantity of barley produced annually in Canada w^as Experi- fornierly about 28,000,000 bushels ; but owing to the reduced market ^"*rowS in the United States and to the uncertainty prevailing concerning the barley, profitable opening of the English market, the area under cultivation in 1891 was considerably reduced, especially in Ontario, the principal barley-growing province, and it is doubtful if the total crop last year amounted to 25,000,000 bushels. The first shipments of any magnitude to Great Britain of this grain were made during 1^891, and though the result in some cases was not what was hoped for, yet it was more in consequence of inexperience, which can be remedied, than of fault in the grain itself. During the season of navigation some 200,000 bushels of t\v(i-rowed barley were shipped to Great Britain vid Montreal, and some of it was sold at a good remunerative price ; but unfortunately a large part of it had not been properly graded, and consequently, where good and bad grain were mixed together, tlie value only of the bad grain could be obtained. - v; > ■It r* • ll-T- 11*1' y. f. ' I*'' '' iff* .■■ •! # . u »•* ■■¥ siyp^ 282 Six-rowed barley. Barley production of the world. * CHAPTER VI. 397. One good result has, however, already been obtained, and that is that the attention of English buyers has been attracted to the excellence of Canadian six-rowed barley. Formerly, the only kind sent over was refuse barley, hardly saleable even for feed, and this was taken as representing the quality of Canadian barley ; but when ihe better kinds arrived their good points were noticed immediately, and all the grain sent over sold readily at good prices. It is highly pro- bable that so soon as English maltsters understand how to handle Cana- dian six-rowed barley, a constant demand for this grain will Ije created, and a permanent and profitable market established. Over 500,000 bushels of six-rowed barley were shipped to England rid Montreal during the season of navigation in 1891. 398. The total production of barley in the world is, it has l)een stated, about 825,000,000 bushels, of which Europe contributes about 640,000,000 bushels ; and the following table shows the average pro- duction of the principal barley-growing countries : — AVERAGE BARLEY PRODUCTION OF THE WORLD. Country. Bushels. Country. Bushelw. Russia 129,250,000 93,500,000 90,750,000 88,500,000 77,000,000 60,500,000 55,750,000 49,500,000 27,500,000 Canada 25,000,000 Geimany Great Britain Norway and Sweden Denmark 22,000,000 20.6r)0.ooo Austria-Hungary Spain Algeria United States Rouinania. Bulgaria Turkey Holland 15,125,000 I3,7r)0,ooo 4,400,000 France Esrvpt Belgium 3,605,700 h ^t"^*? * ^^ ^^^' '^^^ importation of stock from Europe for breeding purposes Europe. '^^*^> with the exception of sheep, less than in 1890, as shown by the following figures : — NUMBER OF CATTLE, SHEEP AND PIGS IMPORTED FROM EUROPE-1884-1891, El Year. 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 Cattle. Sheep. 1,607 473 1,356 255 601 328 162 488 229 2,016 150 609 15 1,902 14 3,023 Pigs. 26 37 16 10 86 70 68 10 ( D FROM 173 26 555 37 J28 16 188 10 )16 86 W)9 70 )02 OH 023 10 AGRICULTURE. 283 (^f the above number, 1 head of cattle, 2,085 sheep and 6 pigs were for the United States, and all others for Canada. The parti- culars of the breeds are not yet available 400. The following comparative figures of the total importation of Imports of stock into Canada during 1887, 1888, 1889, 1890 and 1891 show that l^i""'^^^- there has been a considerable increase, especially of horses and cattle, almost all of which were imported into the Territories : — 1887. 1888. 1881). 1890. 1891. Horses 412 846 2,041 1,694 3,507 Cattle 549 454 3,984 1,386 3,473 Sheep 6,539 30,626 34,036 30,551 40,467 Figs 262 2,468 2,132 1,324 381 C)ut of the above numbers in 1891, 33,197 sheep wefe imported into British Columbia from the United States. 401. There was a falling off in the number of horses and sheep ex- Horses, ported from Canada in the fiscal year ended 30th June, 1891, and an gheep* increase in the number of cattle, as appears by the following table, exported, which gives particulars of the export trade of Canadian live stock 1874-1891. since 1874 : — EXFORTS OF HORSES, CATTLE AND SHEEP, THE PRODUCE OF CANADA, 1874 TO 1891. Year knded 30th Junk. 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879.. . 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 Total , Horses. Number. Value. 5,339 570,544 4,382 460,672 4,299 442,338 8,306 779,222 14,179 1,273,728 16,629 1,376,794 21,393 1,880,379 21,993 2,094,037 20,920 2,32(5,637 13,019 1,633,291 11,595 1,617,829 11,978 1,554,629 16,.525 2,147,584 18,779 2,268,833 20,397 2,468,231 ^m mam 2,170,722 16,550 1,936,073 11,668 1,417,244 255,708 28,408,787 Cattle. Number. Sheep. Value. Number. I 39,623 38,968 25,357 22,656 29,5)25 46,569 .54,944 62,277 62,106 66,3% 89,263 143,003 91,866 116,274 100,747 102,919 81,454 117,761 951,269 823,522 601,148 715,750 1,152,334 2,0Ji6,696 2,764,437 3,464,871 3,256,330 3,898,028 5,681,082 7,377,777 5,825,188' 6,486,718 5,012,713 5,708,126 6,949,417 8,772,499 252,081 242,438 141,187 209,899 242,989 308,093 .S98.746 354,155 311,(569 308,474 304,403 335,043 359,407 443,495 395,074 360,131 315,931 299,347 Value. 702,564 637,561 507,638 583,020 699,337 988,045 1,422,830 1,372,127 1,228,957 1,388,056 1,544,605 1,261,071 1,182,241 1,592,167 1,276,046 1,263,125 1,274,347 1,146,465 1,292,1 08 71,537 .90 5 6,582,562 20,070,102 402. Some idea can be formed of the extent and importance of this To*al tratle when it is seen that the value of the horses, cattle and sheep ex- ported. % V-:'-! ■ ^: * * ■ i.t l'*.^: '. . I*." ir; a v|- ■ \ >!* .Wi. \^ t J- ■: r i I [If 284 Export of live cattle to Great Britain. InI ■ mm Exports of Hm ■■il' live cattle Hm I ■■ir' to Great ml ilffiiWSiS Britain Hi l^tUini and Hi iiiflw^ - United Hi IffllMllml ' States, 1 1 II' 1874-1891. CHAPTER VI. ported during the last 18 years has reached the sum of $120,016,794 and, as the above table shows, the dimensions of the trade are, sul)ject to fluctuation, continually increasing. 403. Previous to 1872 no meat, either live or dead, was exported from this country to Great Britain, except a certain quantity of siilted beef, and the export of live cattle may be said to have commenced in that year — the first shipment being made through the United States, owing to there being no vessels trading to Canada suitable for the purpose. Since that time, however, vessels have been built, specially fitted for the carrying of live stock ; and this circumstance, by reduc- ing the rates of freight, has contributed largely towards keeping the business a fairly renumerative one. / 404. The following table shows how rapidly the trade with (ireat Britain has increased since its inception, and the great difference in the value of the exports to that country and to the United States shows how much more important is the trade with the former country. This difference in value is explained by the fact that only tirst-class beasts, specially selected, are as a rule shipped to England, while tlie cattle sent across the line include a large number of calves foi' immediate consumption. EXPORTS OF LIVE CATTLE TO GREAT BRITAIN AND THE UNITED STATES, 1874—1891. Year. Cattle Exportko to Great Britain. •nm^ll^ 1 f lll^H^^ '' ^mhIH^^' ifflBlHS|^' 1874.. 1875.. 1876.. 1877.. 1878.. 1879.. 1880., 1881.. 1882.. 1883.. 1884.. 1885., 1886., 1887., 1888., 1889., 1890. 1891. Total. 63 455 638 4,007 7,4.S3 20,587 32,680 49,409 41,519 37,894 53,962 69,446 60,549 63,622 54,248 60,000 66,965 107,«>89 United State.s. Numlier. Value. I Numlx-r. Valiu 731,166 142,280 33,471 83,250 315,230 686,700 1,571,211 2,292,101 3,157,009 2,706,051 3,209,176 4,631,767 5,752,248 4,998,327 6,344,375 4,123,873 4,992,161 6,56i),315 8,425,396 59,030,001 36,671 34,(J51 20,809 13,851 17,6.57 21,316 16,044 7,323 15,914 23,280 30,593 67,758 25,338 45,765 40,047 37,»iO 7,840 2,7«53 464,980 72i2M 404,381 l'G«,3i: 402,7!t9 287,057 154,«.'Jl 423,807 8!t3,7,V.) 1,411,1)42 ()33,0il4 SH( ,ji)b (148, 17H 488,2t'.ti l()4,f)23 2G,il75 \z»,m ,016,794, e, subject exported of suited lenced in 3d States, 5 for tlie , specially by reduc- eping the vith (rreat fference in ;ed States jr country. r tirst-class , while the calves for E UNITED States. Valiu'. 724.2;M (»72,0t)i) 404,381 •Jl)8,3i: ;«0,iV)2 402,7!t9 287,057 154,851 423,807 ;-)U;,.58.^ 8<.t3,75!t 1,411,1142 ()33,()!I4 887,756 (;48,17t* 488,2ii« 1()4,()2;! 2C,it75 '.),278,!Hki AGRICULTURE. 285 405. As regards value, the same remarks, substituting lambs for Exports of calves, apply to the next table, which gives the number and value of sheep to sheep exported to the United Kingdom and United States during the Britain same period : — and EXPORTS OF LIVE SHEEP TO THE UNITED KINGDOM AND THE UNITED STArES-1874-1891. United States. Ykar. Sheep Exported to Great Britain. Number. . Value, 1874. 187.5. 1876. 1877. 1878. 187!) . 1881., 1882., 1883.. 1884., 18a5., 1886. 1887.. 1888., 188!t, \m. 1891. United States. Number. Value Total. 3,170 11,985 64,421 109,5(M) 80,222 71,556 72,038 105,661 51,355 36,411 68,545 30,421 43,477 57,006 40,732 836,506 21,968 68,402 333,531 625,232 594,5% ol0,152 632,386 919,495 456,136 317,987 568,433 211,881 303,009 486,299 344,405 6,393,912 248,208 236,808 135,514 198,820 223,822 246,573 279,202 264,812 233,60il 228,541 192,244 274,962 313,201 363,046 353,999 307,775 251,640 244,996 4,597,765 689,888 617,632 487,000 536,648 609,103 630,174 771,128 748,945 700,564 723,655 696,724 773,491 829,884 974,482 1,027,410 918,3.34 761,566 759.081 13,155,708 406. The figures in the three preceding tables are taken, in order to show, comparatively, the trade with Great Britain and the United States, from the Trade and Navigation Returns, and are for the fiscal years ended 30th June ; but the returns made by the Montreal Board of Trade of exports to Great Britain, as well as those kept in that country, are for the calendar year, and the following figures show the exports of cattle and sheep to Great Britain in each calendar year since 1882 :— Exports of cattle and sheep to Great Britain. (calendar year.) I ■. h. ♦* f-t: '■'• ,»,:. % ..♦■■ 1 tin 11 hM 'I i w m ill ii'V- 286 CHAPTER VI. EXPORTS OF CATTLE AND SHEEP FROM CANADA TO GRKAT BRITAIN, 1882-1891 (CALENDAR YEAR). Year. 1882. l^SS. 1834. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. No. 35,378 65,625 61,843 69,158 64,555 64,621 60,828 85,670 123,136 109,150 No. 75. !((»•) 114,;{:)2 67,1!I7 3«,:).34 y4,2!t7 3r..473 4ti.lt;7 .')8,,lt)7 r)«,!»83 43.7HO 3'i,i:)7 he nunil)er vith 1S90. the spring rish cattle into direct . A liirge hipped tjut luch to l)e altogether, ler, for the store beast ;hing given in the end, r should he et to learn leat, and so both feed eep shipped scarcely in vy iniporta- sent experi- ruelph have d profitahle n, provided inch of the olonies, the every year, litude with AORICULTUBE. 287 astonishing rapidity. In 1882 the total quantity of frozen meat exported from New Zealand was 15,244 cwt., valued at .1^94,117, while in 1889 there were exported 874,102 carcases of sheep, 132,645 car- cases of lambs and 7,941,657 lbs. of beef, the whole being valued at §3,')82,431, and in addition $721,333 worth of preserved and salted meat were exported. The total quantity of frozen mutton imported into the United Kingdom from Australasia in 1889 was 612,578 cwt., in 1890, 897,148 cwt., and in 1891, 1,063,457 cwt. The.se figures show how rapidly the quantity is increasing. 409. The following table of the number of live animals for food im- Imiwrts of ported into the United Kingdom in 1889, 1890 and 1891, shows what Hveani- a large nmrket that country offers to the farmer : — }JJ^ j °^q IMPORTS OF LIVE ANIMALS, FOR FOOD, INTO THE UNITED RrlSn in KINGDOM, IN 1889, 1890 AND 1891. IfS? 1890 z=== and 1891. Animals. Oxen and bulls. . . Cows Calves Sheep and Iambs. Swine Total.. 1889. 441,811 (>0,366 53,044 078,0.58 25,324 1,258,603 1890. 536,518 49,146 56,729 358.458 4,036 1,004,887 1891. 440,503 25,314 41,590 344,504 542 852,453 410. The shipment of cattle bred on the ranches of Alberta to Great Shipment Britain continues to increase, and the superior quality of these animals 9* cattle has excited the most favourable comments of buyers on the other side. Alberta. 411. Attention having been called to the heavy losses sometimes inquiry incurred on steamships carrying live cattle across the Atlantic, an jnto corn- inquiry was held in Montreal into the methods of treatment of cattle cattle on while on board, the result being that it was found that in most cases board, the trade was carried on in a careful and safe manner, and that the heavy losses which happened were always to be fouial to have been incurred on vessels commonly known as " ocean tramps," which were not properly provided with adequate fittings and appliances. In con- sequence of this inquiry an Act was passed by the Dominion Parlia- ment in 1891, regulating the fitting up and providing for the inspec- tion of vessels engaged in the transatlantic cattle trade, thereby, it is hoped, removing any causes which might lead to loss, injury or ill- treatment of cattle or cattlemen on board ship. The Act came into operation on the Ist November, 1891. 41 2. The following figures show with what comparative immunity Transiwr from loss animals can be carried across the Atlantic in vessels that tation >. -Ky. « . W^ ■ 1 > *. • II r.;' i .tn;*. , m^ ¥. ■■ ■ ■ i « ■A - .4 'i? h- y I. I V F 288 CHAPTER VI. II I* acroH8 tlie are properly equipped for thiH special traffic. Atlantic, ^hg trade from Montreal only : — The figures are for Stkamuhip Links. No. OF Animals Carried, 1891. No. DiKDON Boa HI., 1891. Cattle, Sheep. Horses. Cattle. Sheep. Hiirnt Allan line. Dominion line 27,691 14,476 12,758 14,856 8,5(MJ 6,448 6,810 619 114 """"256" 84 82 30 26 80 it 86 Beaver line . . . . Donaldson line PERCENTAGE OF LOSS. Allan line p. c. 42 0-47 23 17 p. c. 81 1 16 1 11 p. c. 116 Dominion line Beaver line Donaldson line 1 17 Freedom 413. Canada has for so long enjoyed a complete freedom from con- of Canada tagious diseases of live stock that she is now the only country allowed taKiouT" ^ ^&Tid cattle alive in England and send them, if desired, into the diseases of interior, or, as the case may be, keep them in the yards until cattle. a suitable time arrives for sale or slaughter. This privilege is worth from .$2.50 to $5 per head to the Canadian shipper. Cattle coniing from any ports, other than Canadian, have to be slaughtered within ten days of landing, and may not leave the lairages during that time. Over 3,000 head of Canadian cattle were shipped during 1891 vid Boston, and are not included in the export figures given above. On being landed in England, they were of course subject to the restriction.s placed on United States cattle. Export of {trovisions rom Canada, 1891. 414. Successful as the live and dead meat export trade has proved, there are other articles of food for which there is an enormous demand from Great Britain, which, though this country is well adapted to produce them, the following tables, giving the quantities and values of provisions exported from Canada in each year since 1873, and the principal countries to which they were sent, show that, with one or two exceptions, articles which could be produced here in large quan- tities are only being exported to a small extent. QlANTl CAN. YEA Yk.vb. U 1S74... 187:).., 187()... 1S77.., 1S7H,.. 1H7!I.. . 1880,.. 1881... 1882... 188.'=l.. . 1884,. . 188.5.. . 188(i... 1887... 1888... 188!»... 18!)0..., 18ill.... 1874., . W.i... 187(i... 1877., . 1878... 1870... 1880... 1881... 1882... 1883... 1884.. . 1885... 1886... 1887... 1888... 1889... 18H0.. . 1891... Yk.\r. Ha ai Mutt AORICULTURE. QUANTITIES AND VALUKS OF PROVISIONS, THE PRODUCE OF CANADA, EXPORTED FROM THE DOMINION DURING THE YEARS 1874 18»1, Yk.vb. Bncon, HaniH, Pork and Lard. Beef. Other Meats. Cheese. Butter. Egg». LbH. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Doz. 1874.... 33,(J07,4««S 6,610,016 .... t .... 24,060,982 12,233,046 4,407,534 187.').... 13,344,384 2,06«J,400 .. . + .... 32,342,030 9,2((8,044 3,521,068 187t>.... 12,55)8,381 1,761,984 ... + .... 36,024,090 12,26O,0«(J 3,880,813 1877.. . . 19,2«7,58« •6,420,800 ... t .. 35,930,624 14,691,789 5,026,963 187H.. . 6,867,841 5,1.34,244 1,643,937 38,054,294 13,006,626 5,262,920 187!t.... 5,457,887 2,050,672 712,519 46,414,036 14,307,977 6,440,822 1880.... 11,352,413 6!»2.842 1,337,146 40,368,678 18,635,362 6,4.52,580 1881.... 12,142,6.S4 1,372, 801> 1,290,317 49,266,623 17,649,491 9,090,136 1882.... 11,100,201 749,742 1.701,209 50,807,049 16,161,839 10,4iKt,082 188,'<.... 5,112,406 628,728 2,212,175 68,041,387 8,106,447 13,4.51,410 1884.. . . 8,mi3,712 423,915 1,978,2.50 69,766,423 8.075,637 11,490,866 18a*>.... 8,771,082 .542,209 {»«l,06l 79,656,367 7,330,788 11,542,703 188t>.... 9,008,386 533,353 1,4.31,710 78,112,927 4,«$68,741 12,758,632 1887.... 12,202,325 450,706 1,7{K),022 73,«)04,448 5,485,509 12.946,326 1888.. . . 7,389,128 550,(»0 3,868,274 84,173,267 4,416,381 14,170,869 1889.... 4,443,381 449,158 1,654,604 88,634,837 1,780,766 14,028,893 1890.... 7,813,415 2.51,934 2,187,617 94,260,187 1,961,586 12,839,660 1891.... 7,669,668 309,791 3,219,866 106,202,140 3,768,101 8,022,935 VALUE. Ye.\r. Bacon, Hams, Pork and Lard. Beef. Other Meats. Cheese. Butter. Eggs. 9 $ $ $ 9 9 1874.. . . 2,120,770 270,308 3,868 3,523,201 2,620,305 587,599 187.5.... 1,114,967 133,747 3,760 3,886,226 2,.337,324 434,273 187ti.... 1,133,686 140.108 99,855 3,751,268 2,540,894 508,425 1877.. . . 1,535,475 375,974 185,328 3,748,676 3,073,405) 534,891 1878.... 564,879 451.876 246,686 3,997,521 2,382,237 646,574 1879.... 332,462 148,587 106,393 3,790,300 2,101,897 674,093 1880.. . . 632,643 41,948 134,549 .3,893,366 3,058,069 740,665 1881.... 891,910 93,738 117,232 5.610,443 3,673,034 1,103,812 1882.... 1,179,348 49,798 1.50,146 6,500,868 '2,936,156 1.64.3,709 1883.... 576,082 40,722 206,355 6,461,870 1,805,817 2,266,586 1884.. . . 850,746 27,469 171,728 7,251,989 1,612.481 1,960,197 18a5.... • 758,016 34,517 67,104 8,265,240 1,430,906 1,830,632 1886.... 679,486 28,745 121,570 6,754,626 832,465 1,728,082 1887.... 956,362 22,146 129,002 7,108,978 979,126 1,825,659 1888.... 686,661 24,095 335,984 8,928,242 798,673 2,122,283 1889... 407,884 27,970 103,145 8,915,684 831,968 2,169,510 1890.. . . 661,432 15,128 185,949 9,372,212 840,131 1,796,214 1891.... 636,732 16,051 311,436 9,508,800 602,176 l,160,a59 * Mutton included. 19 t Not given. 289 vl « »ril N .4 1 J!-M m n— •* :::1* '} V 1 >!'.|t I » •:<»; • ■. *- j ' cM 290 CHAPTER Vf. Ex|X)rt8 princi- pally to Great Britain. Supply tif gjrk in anada. STATEMENT OF THE TOTAL t^UANTITY AND VALUE OF l'i{u. VISIONS, THE I'RODUCE OF CANADA, EXPORTED FROM '|||k DOMINION DURINCJ THE YEARS 1H74 IW»1, AND OF THE I'KIN CI1»AL COUNTRIES TO WHICH THEY WERE EXPORTED. Total. Valuk E.xw)kti;i) to Vkah Quantity. Value. Great Unite*! New- Otli.r Britain. StateH. foundland. CoUlltlics. LbN. 9 $ 9 •: 8 1874.. . . 83,1»J,412 9,128,051 7,084,34!> 1,741,948 246,273 M IMl 1876.... U2,302,4U() 7,910,21»7 (\,'MK7m 1,18«,121 .344,278 '*Mt-.' 1876.... 67,456,740 8,174,236 «,»i86,a'«t 1,111,428 313,.'M8 ''■'.-'■'( 1877.... 82.879,628 9,45.%»k52 7.4».3,8<)6 1.524,770 3.H8,2('6 %.h:>> 1878.... 72,«M)1,322 S. 289,772 7,0»5,.S46 <.>84,901 218,>>8<} 4",t.4(( 1870.... 77,104,323 7,053.732 6,019,827 811,011 ]Wj,180 714 1880.. . . 81,»I6,311 8,601,140 7,270,871 993,666 L'«U,I56 ;i :, I4S 1881.. . . 95,346,876 11,280,169 9,839,842 1,19 4ti,;«t7 188«J.. . . 112,81>2,414 10,144,8«i3 8,086,742 l,8;i«,8.34 194,647 2t>, 1)411 1887.. . . 112,9.')0,9{»9 11,020,173 H,7!»9,001 1,94.%973 244,439 ;v.',7ti(» 1888.. . . 121,«$52,J»69 12,895,938 10,380,015 2,284,300 IJ>7,700 :<;<,!t2:< 1881>.... 117,805, 5J84 11,946,161 9,480,580 2,263,«W0 178,«134 'MSu 18JM).. . . 125,724,228 12,360,0(MS 10,312,".K)2 1,846, 4«10 163,829 a7,s:5 1891.... 133,203,958 12,234,562 10,913,360 1,122,427 136,801 r.2,!H)4 415. The quPTitity of provisions exported in 1891 was greater than in any previous year, but the value had been exceeded in the three previous years. It will be seen that almost the whole trade ia with Great Britain ; out of a total value exported during the period of $187,356,270, the exports to the United Kingdom are represented by $152,921,084, being 81 per cent. The proportion in 1891 was S9 pr cent. 416. The exports of hog products, as pork, bacon, hams and lard, are nothing to what they ought to be, and do not yet show any signs of increase. In order to encourage farmers to pay more attention to this branch of farming, the Dominion Government, in 1890, phiced an additional import duty upon p^^k, vnd sufficient time has hardly elapsed to allow the results of this to ^.' .< ;4. M »S1 ««l \]-> "I,:. I IW1.H72 4't,(.4(» '. :u ;i ;, I4H 4o,;i'.l2 iH,:t% A713 4ti,:«t7 2t),ll40 :vj.7r.o ;«,'.«.'« :<7,H7r. r.2,!H14 ■eater tlmii the tlu-ee de is with peritnl of Bseiited !)}• was S9 per [S and lard, any signs .ttentioii to I, placed an '^a^. hardly re undoubt- i the matter n one to one ited States, the quality, io, exported con. AnUICl'LTUKK. 291 417. Th« butter exported, while nearly d«>uhle the quantity of IH'JO, h\\n»r. showed a sad falling off a« compared with the ti^ui-eN of \HHO. While tliti decrease in th, manufacturo of butter may 1h», to a certain «'xt the preferences «»f t*orei;;u ci tnsuJMvrs und ill not providing uitticient pn)t<*rti*>n aK^inst dainagi^ in tntnHit. A speeial Hhipment of creamery butter w<«« i»iatle to Engla'ui dtiring the winter of 1891-92, and tli )Ugh full particular!"* ♦lad not i^^n receive*! at the time of going to press, yet it is believpii that tlie price renlized will net 24 and 25 cents per pound at the point <»f 8hi|>ment in Ontario, The (|uality gave great satisfaction, and the pros,)ect.s for a large iu- crt'use in the butter trtide are very g«Hxl. It .> proliable that n* "Kt winter a number of cheese factories will be abfivd into winter crean, eries, for making butter during those months \« hen cheese is not made. 418. According to the Ontario Bureau s. of \^ ^'io. hiitter and .'U0,438 lbs. of cheese. The average price of butter j>er lb. was 19| cents. 419. There are a large number of creameri* turns of their proiluct are available. in QueW, but no re- In* •■>.c. 420. The total quantity of butter imported into Great Britain in Imjx)?- 1^91, according to British Customs returns, was -'.'^9, 187,984 lbs., and j^""*''^ of this ({uantity only 5,181,904 lbs. came fmm Crtnado. The Au.stra- Britain lasian colonics, particularly New Zealand, are turning attention to shipping butter and cheese to England, and are meeting with 'on- siderable success, and it is evident that if these colti^nies can make tliis trade renmnerative, much more so can Canada, wh*>n the gain in dis- taiice, and consequently in freight charges, is consi< tM-ed, as well as the cooler temperature on the voyage. 421. The exports of cheese have steadily increased, and in 1891 were Cheese, nearly 300 per cent more than in 1874. It almosr all goes to the Tnited Kingdom, and according to the British returns for 189tl, more ^leese was imported into that country from Canada than from any- where else, the quantity having been 106,078,192 lbs., as compared «'ith 86,788,016 lbs. fron\ the United States, the next largest exporter. 422. The pre-eminence of Canadian cheese in the English market Imixir- has been won by careful attention to the requirements of that market t«".ce t'f and by shipping only first-class matter. It is most important, in order ing tb»^ that this position should not be endangered, that the greatest care quality, should be used in maintaining the high standai*d of quality; hence m: w ''.V h .«..%: .^^' k '.li ' ♦r. i r" 5 • 'J L ' 11^ '"•^ ■s^ ), > V - ' . i • .)• .1- '' 1*'- 292 CHAPTER VI. the danger of letting a bad shipment leave the country, as one or two of such might undo the work of years. Cheese 423. There were 817 cheese factories in operation in Ontario in irontario 1^^^' "^^^^^ manufactured 79,364,713 lbs. of cheese, from 836,387,516 and lbs. of milk, given by 304,584 cows. The value of cheese made was Quebec. $7,189,957. A large quantity of cheese is made in the Province of Quebec, where there are upwards of 670 factories, but no statistics aro available. The egg trade. 424. Considerable progress was made during 1891 in the establish- ment of a profitable trade in eggs with Great Britain, to take the place of the United States market, from which Canada has been prac- tically shut out by the high tariff. The total number exported fmni Montreal during the season of navigation was 2,233,757 dozen, and the greatei number of these sold at satisfactory prices. Some con- signments, however, did not realize as well as was expectv^d, owing generally to both ignorance of and carelessness in the mode of packing and carelessness also in selection. As a result of the year's experience, however, it seems tolerably certain that, with proper attention to pack- ing, quality and selection, England will provide a remunerative market for all the eggs this country can send over. Beet sugar 425. Considerable attention has been attracted of late to the culti- vation of the sugar beet, and in order to encourage the industry the Government at present pays a bounty on all beet sugar produced ; but though there is no doubt that many parts of Canada are well adapted for the cultivation of the beet, the art of producing sugar therefrom, with profit to the producer, does not appear at present to be under- stood in this country. 426. The following table is a statement of the principal exports of the agricultural produce of Canada in 1891, compared, as to quantity and value, with those of 1890. There was an actual increase in total value of $2,681,720, the whole of which, it will be seen, was due to increased quantities, for while there was a general appreciation in value of the large majority of the articles named, the decline in price of cattle and cheese was so heavy as to more than counterbalance it. This system of comparison shows how misleading deductions as to the state of trade, when based solely on values, must often be, and it is satisfactory to be able to show that in spite of a falling market as regards the two principal articles of export, there was an actual increase of nearly .$3,000,000, due entirely to increase in the volume of trade. Ekports of Canadian agricultu- ral pro- duce com- pared, 1890 and 1891. AORICULTURE. EXPORTS OF THE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE OF CANADA IN 1891, COMPARED AS TO QUANTITY AND VALUE WITH THOSE OF 1890. Articles. Horses Cattle . . Slieej) Swine Jliitton Pork Bacon Hams Beef Meats, canned . . " all other. Lard Tallow Butter Clu-ese %« Wheat Barley. malt.. . . Oat^ Pease, whole. . " si)lit Rye Beans Bran Flovn-, wheat.. ( )atmpal .... Potatoes Hojis Hay Flax . . . ; . . . Apples, dried. " green. Wool Value. Actual in 18111. Total. 1,417,244 8,772,41)!) 1,14(5, 4<}r) 1,!)54 23,1)1)3 4,08!) 51)0,852 37,617 10,051 271,184 10,258 3,174 2,80!) 602,175 !),508,800 1,160,35!) 1,583,084 2,1)2!},873 88,174 121),1)17 1,858,311) 174,282 226,470 495,768 162,324 1,388,578 4.5,195 1,693,671 19,589 5.59,489 181,3«() 49,029 1,389,714 245,503 At Prices of 1890. 36,795,888 1,364,000 10,047,000 1,207,000 2,000 20,000 4,000 605,000 37,000 19,000 258,000 12,000 3,000 2,000 657,000 10,560,000 1,122,000 1,941,000 2,25(),000 70,000 89,000 1,769, (MX) 133.000 171,000 42(),000 153,000 1,344,000 43,(K)0 1,247,000 14,000 604,000 181,000 43,000 1,183,000 249,000 Increased or Decreased Value. Due to Variation in Quantity. + .572,000 + 3,097,000 67,000 2,000 16,000 10,000 3,000 13,000 4,000 1.50,000 (>1,000 3,000 Price. Actually more or less than 1890. -f .53,000 - 1,274,000 — 61,000 4- 4,000 + 37,835,000 + 317,000 4 1,188.000 — (>73,000 + 1,552,000 — 2,345,000 — 80,000 — 1()7,000 .55,000 37,000 50,000 17(),000 67,000 822,000 211,000 751,000 14,000 4»;4,000 6,000 38,000 190,000 13,000 + + + i + ; + + + + 14,000 1,000 3,000 13,0C0 4,000 + 1,000 5.5,000 1,051,000 38,000 a58,000 674,000 18,000 41,000 89,000 41,000 56,000 70,000 9,000 45,000 2,000 447,000 6,000 45,000 + 6,000 + 207,000 — 3,000 + + -i- 3,724,000 — 1,041,000 518,829 1,823,082 127,882 1,198 19,803 10,11.2 16,643 14,033 923 163,ir)2 57,479 2,898 1,001 262,044 136,588 634,855 1,194,223 1,(570,536 (52,20(5 12(5,239 143,686 4,003 5,709 245,724 7(5,099 8(57,195 209,4(52 1,197,926 19,527 509,065 5,823 44,270 396,551 9,834 2,(581,720 293 ' ^--t- ■■' tl f.\ -' .". " L s'- ) )k ty < V ^ ■^ '•"*. '■,11 If \- )■■'.' »<;.■ ■ T • I ■ ■ i ■ I. Hi' 4' .* 'M 427. The following tables give the values and j^juantities of imports Imports of ami exports of farm produce into and from Canada in 1891, showing rffpro-" tlie total amounts imported and exported, and also the trade in the duce, 1891. same articles between Canada and Great Britain and the United States. '^J': ^: ^ ,1 i'( p 'hi : If? K,r J I" V «ll 294 - CHAPTER VI. TOTAL IMPORTS FOR HOME CONSUMPTION AND IMPORTS FROM GREAT BRITAIN AND THE UNITED STATES INTO CANADA OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE IN 1891. Imports Entered for Home Consumption. Articles. Total. Quantity. Horses No. Cattle " Sheep " Swine Other animals . . . Mutton Lbs. Pork " *Bacon^iiani8 " Beef " Meats, all other " Lard " Tallow " Hides Wool Lbs. Butter " Cheese " Poultry Eggs Doz. Wheat Bush. Barley " Oats " Pease " Beans. ... " Rye " Corn " Commeal . . . Brls. Oatmeal Lbs. Flour, wheat. Brls. Bran, mill feed,&c. Potatoes .... Bush. Hay Tons Hops Lbs. Seed, flax. . . Bush. " all other " Hemp, un- dressed.. . .Cwt. Trees and plants, all kinds Tobacco, raw. Lbs. Fruits, viz. :- - Apples.dried. Lbs " green or ripe. . . Brls 2,625 802 43,157 6,388 11,132,625 2,570,412 2,715,101 1,921,425 991,655 687,117 7,848,802 324,681 106,385 602,533 147,521 190 79,184 8,592 10,320 630 2,788,622 124,545 289,100 57,489 33,468 533 606,464 133,203 Value. From Great Britain. From United St.it( Quantity. 117,559 16,7»i 100,122 8,843 14,972 534 597,786 208,173 98,843 186,726 69,174 a3,185 2,004,449 1,398,746 75,923 20,189 14,586 96,916 128,857 181 30,182 11,139 18,572 462 1,512,503 321,710 9,709 234,313 95,462 31,254 1,959 237,539 160,616 264,755 128,748' 864,597 12,220,837; 95,218 16,101 125,152 1,649,917 11,066 55,118 Shoulders and sides included. 66 25,837 6,312 15,396 30,354 2,576 24,057 2,'5b3,339 2,859 20,459 Value. 131 48 7,763 338 74 2 82,762 2,498 23 114,928 25 86,446 2^231 16 8 1,215 1,277 23 1,941 1,007 1,012 3,364 224 1,442 59,149 637,909 744 4,079 1,183 23 Quantity. Value. 2,590i 802 1 43,157 6,322 11,100,788' 2,564,044 2,698,305 1,865,701 988,999 663,060 39 4,895 631 165 8 2,236 13,165 16 46,771 36 28,190 626,.363 3,373 293 3 17 3,513,324 318,592 75,761 576,629 147,621 142 71,421 8,214 8,044 630 2,788,622 124,543 206,331 54,904 33,398 533 388,283 133,073 41,949 11,873,661 95,002 16,093 116,114 1(),73G 100,122 8,843 13,569 511 595,395 207,150 97,761 180,057 68,949 31,743 1,86<»,720 5.55,0!>3 74,759 14,496 12,524 94,9!M; 128,857 142 25,287 10,572 16,114 462 1,512,503 321,702 7,473 22(t,677 95,462 31,217 1,959 146,868 1(50,390 207,640 236,641 119,421 1,522,014 11,052 55,101 'S FROM ADA OF ;ed Stati! VahiH 116.114 1(),73G 100,122 8,843 13,569 oil 59r),.39r3 207,150 97,701 180,057 68.949 31,743 l,86i»,720 5.55,093 74,759 14,49t; 12,524 94,9iH; 128,857 142 25,287 10,572 16,114 4t;2 1,512,5(J3 321,702 7,473 230,677 95,4(52 31,217 1,959 14(;,8t» l»)O,390 207,640 236,641 119,421 1,522,014 11,052 55,101 AGRICULTURE. 295 TOTAL IMPORTS FOR HOME CONSUMPTION, kii.— Continued. C^ \J Imports Entkrbd for Home Consumption. ARTICLEa. Total. From Great Britain. From United States. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Currants. . . .Qts. 627 65,212 1,081,7$>2 395,748 6,013 649,565 $ 83 12,369 79,452 32,039 21,219 63,180 370,399 $ 627 65,212 682,368 394,164 5,013 648,627 83 Cherries *' Grapes Lbs. Peaches " 397^424 "" '32,847 12,369 46,413 32,027 Plums .... Bush. 21,219 Berries, all kinds Lbs. 63,117 All ot her articles . 34,709 330,427 Total 11,407,265 1,408,239 9,395,747 ■.t if NoTK. — Animals for improvement of stock not included. STATEMENT OF EXPORTS FROM CANADA IN 1891 OF AGRICULTURAL Exports of PRODUCE, SHOWING TOTAL EXPORTS, AND EXPORTS TO GREAT Agricul- BRITAIN AND THE UNITED STATES. tural Pro- duce, 1891. t Exports, the Produce of Canada. Articles. Total. To Great Britain. To United States. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Horses No. Cattle " 11,668 117,761 299,347 as4 5591,991 67,687 7,150,756 403,481 309,791 2,767,080 47,734 49,893 1,417,244 8,7V2,499 1,146,465 1,954 60,753 23,993 4,089 590,852 37,617 16,051 271,184 3,174 2,809 489,004 1,222 107,689 40,732 3 ■ " ' 75,798 550 7,137,586 391,943 8,700 2,736,150 28,700 9 156,254 8,425.396 344,405 76 4,826 8,066 40 589,599 36,398 740 267,969 1,862 9,957 2,763 244,996 88 174^18 3,700 {»68 461 9,440 30,186 14,700 1,215,022 26,976 Sheep " Swine " Other animals and inmltry Mutttm Lbs. Pork " Bacon. . . . '* Hams " Beef " Meats, canned " Lard " Tallow " 759,081 888 63,610 13,807 198 118 67 699 3,156 970 Hides, horns and skins 13,455 472,601 •:t f I ■ 111 .^''j ♦ ' 5,, 296 CHAPTER VI. m IM'> M* h; •?*! Analysis of trade with (Jreat Britain and the United States. STATEMENT OF EXPORTS FROM CANADA IN 1891 OF AiiRICULTl H \L PRODUCE, SHOWING TOTAL EXPORTS. AND EXPORTS TO GRK VT BRITAIN AND THE UNITED STATES- Conc^i«/c(<. Articles. EXPOUTS, THK PrOOUCK OK C.\NADA. Total. To Great Britain. To United States, .Brls. Wool Lbs. Butter. . .. " Cheese. " Poultry " Eggs Doz. Wheat Bush. Barley " Oats " *Pease " Beans .... " Rye.. Corn Cornnieal Oacmeal " Flour (wheat) " Bran Cwt. Flax " Potatoes Bush. Hay Tons. Seeds, clover and grass Apples,dried . Lbs. Apples, green or rii>e... . Brls. Berries, all kinds Fruits, canned or preserved Fruits, all other . . All other articles.. Quantity. 1,108,286 3,7(58,101 10«,202,140 " 8,b22,!")35 2,108,210 4,8!t2,327 2t>0,.')Gi> 2,754,285 323,729 339,9<>4 180 503 11,748 21Wi,784 188,835 21,877 3,008,725 05,083 Value. 246,503 002,175 9,508,800 20,179 1,1«K),369 1,583,084 2,929,873 129,917 2,032,001 495,7«58 220,470 114 1.393 45,195 1,388, 57« 102,324 181, 38() 1,093,0711 5.')9,489 ! 318,203! 49,0291 l,389,714i 64,849| . Quantity. Value. Quantity. Vain... 2,758,a')5 10.5,942,077 "G49i470 1,015,954 132,050 16,528 2,149,203, 440,000 9,481,373 1,002 83,589 969,134 75,225 5,954 1,485,348 103,023 9,304 181,543 100,562 2,278 11,852 07,168 390,169 30,7721 32,7731 509,463 Total 38,205,370! 68,484 35,455 851,912 97,872 1,107,1500 ()8,008 128,256 7,354,2.35 1,092,109 4,751,953 2,264 500,978 321,898 150,330 90 245,322 i;<,-w.-i 24.070 1,074,247 ()l3,(i!H) 2,84!t,2(;!l !t31 457,003 4!);UH(; 9i-),131 44 1,400' 150,291 223,093! 7,353 576 12,439 80,522 21,877; 3,320,.540 50,070 011,475 1,235,247 58,308 9,500 3,097 25,074,4(54 1,!KM) 55,24!l r)(),444 181,;i8(; 1,47H,0!I2 375,813 5.5,419 32,(;(;4 147,158 04,814 18,778 25,327 10,917,3^7 * Including split pease. 428. Out of $9,395,747 worth of produce imported from the States, $6,583,577, or 70 per cent, represented imports of hides, wool, corn, raw tobacco and pork and bacor The hides and wool imported are principally the products of foreign countries bought at second-hand iii the States, or shipped by agents, through that countiy, direct from the place of production. Tol)acco and corn are two articles that canm)t l)e produced in any quantity in this country. The large imports of pork and bacon are due entirely to the apathy of the Canadian farmer, who prefers to buy the inferior products of the western States to produc- ing, at less cost, a superior article for himself. With the exception of wool, imports from Great Britain are nominal. As regards exports, AGRICULTURE. 297 LTUKAL |0 GREAT ?d States. Villi: 245,822 10,(154 i;h,4^5 24,((7U 1,074,247 ♦)l3,(i!M) 2,84!t,2tl!t !i;n 457,()i)3 4!t:MHt; i»o,i;n 44 *" " V.KK) 55,2411 5(1,444 lSl,aS() 1,478,0112 375,813 55,419 32,(;()4 147,158 t)4,814 18,778 25,327 10,!)17,3y7 bhe States, ivool, corn, ported are id-hand in t from the cannot l)e rts of pork iruier, who to produc- :ception of Js exports, The horse trade. the United States took $10,917,357 worth, of which $6,616,630, or Gl per cent, comprised exports of horses, eggs, barley and potatoes. The trade in horses with that country is falling off very much, owing to an increase in the home supply as well as to a great reduction in the demand. It is very probable that this will result greatly to the ad- \antage of the Canadian breeder, for while buyers in the States will always give a good price for a good animal, there was a ready market, principally for horse-car service, for all kinds of animals, without re- ference to soundness or quality, which has induced a large amount of careless breeding among farmers, in Canada, and the country is now tilled \.ith a lot of unsound animals that are practically unsaleable. The trade with Great Britain has increased rapidly during the last 18 months, and if farmers will only pay more attention to quality, and l)reed only from sound stock, they will soon tind in England an intinitely more profitable market than the United States could ever offer them. Tlie total number of horses that have been exported from this country since Confederation is 328,122; 315,436 have gone to the United States, 6,700 to Great Britain and 5,986 to othei' countries. The total number imported during the same period, principally for the improvement of stock, is 42,255. Horse-breeding prevails more or Horse less generally in Canada, but it is made a special industry in Alberta, breeding. X.W.T., where it is rapidly becoming of importance, and it is expected that in a few years a large number of serviceable horses will Ije avail- able. Though, owing to the jealousy of British agricultui'ists, the Imperial Government has discontinued, for the present, the purchase of horses in Canada for the army, there is not much doubt that the demand will be ultimately revived, and it is to be hoped that Cana- dian farmers will employ the interval in profiting by the advice and remarks of the officers sent out to purchase, with reference to the style of animal required, so that when the time does come again, as it inevitably will, a far larger supply will be found available than was the case in the first instance ; and even if the animals thus produced ai'e not required for the army, they will be found greatly improved for general purposes. The market is sure to come, and there is likely to Ije much money made out of the trade. The exports of eggs and barley Egga and to the States are falling off, and, as already mentioned, the trade in bai-ley. these articles is being gradually transferred to Great Britain. The exports of potatoes during 1890-91 were very large, owing to the failure of the crop on the other side, but there is no permanent demand for this vegetable, the imports of potatoes into the States Potatoes, having ranged during the last five years from 8,200,000 bushels to 880,000 bushels. The duty would appear to have checked the export Hay. of hay, which is a matter for congratulation, as the export of hay is as injudicious and harmful as the export of store cattle. There was an increase of $3,988,343 in the value of exports of farm produce to Great Britain. i ^ *j I^i'i. >•'(:- 1 \ ^' !' i:-;3i !: *• Si m 298 CHAPTER VI. Exports of 429. The following table gives the exports of agricultural prodiue ^"p"q."" from Canada and the United States, respectively, in 1891 : — l)ro duce from Canada and United States, 1891 EXPORTS OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS (DOMESTIC) FROM CANADA AND UNITED STATES, 1891. Articles. Horses Cattle Sheep S'.vine OtJier animals and poultry Mutton Pork Bacon Hams Be«f Meats, canned Lard Tallow Hides, horns and skins Wool Butter Cheese Poultry Eggs Wheat Barley Oats Pease Beans Rye Corn Cornmeal Oatmeal Flour (wheat) Bran Flax Potatoes Hay Seeds, clover and grass Fruits, viz. : — Apples, dried do green Berries, all kinds Fruits, canned or preserved. do all other All other articles Total Exports from Canada. United States. 9 « 1,417,244 784.!)0S 8,772,4!t9 30,445. L'4!» 1,140, 4(>5 2t)l,i(i;» 1,954 l,i4(;,(i.'jo 60,753 i«,:);vj 23,!t93 lH,!iri!t 4,089 4,84.S,7oi 5!K),a52 37,404,!t8!t 37,017 8,24r.,tW5 10,051 20,51.s,.StiO 271,184 9,0(W,,917 405,708 2,032,601 495,7f58 } 473,006 226,470 212,161 114 17,052,687 1,393 946, it:: 45,195 221,316 1,388,578 5-1,705,616 162,.324 Not Hijecified. 181,386 do 1,693,671 310,482 559,489 470,228 318,203 1,945,100 49,029 409,605 1,389,714 470,897 64,849 « 30,772 797,876 32,773 750,415 60S>,463 t29,08!»,:,T6 38,205,S:0 324,091,422 * Included in all other fruits, f $20,710,911 tobacco leaf included. /' ' prodiu-e ted States. 784.1108 30,445.24!* 2t)1.10!» l,i4(;.(i:w 1M,:.H2 lH.!t.^i^ 4,843,701 37,404,!»8!t 8,24r),r.H,-) 20,51,s,,S(10 9,(MiM,!MK; 34,414,323 6,501,049 l,3S3,tK)5 3!t,423 2,1!>7,1()(1 7,405,37ti ir),H08 (i4,2o9 51,420,272 6<;i),203 4(«,708 473,006 212,161 17,1)52,687 046,!t7: 221,316 5-1,705,616 HIjecified. do 316,482 470,228 l,(»45,lil0 4O!M>0i> 476,8117 « 797,876 750,415 +2{),0H!t,75t; 324,{)91,422 AGRICULTURE. 299 430. In issues of this work previous to 1890, tables were given Average showing the quantities of certain articles of food and agricultural pro- "^'*u ?' (luie imported annually into Great Britain, the figures in which were ral pro- taken correctly from the British returns ; but it was found that these 5 ii I ■* X p 3^ 'i ro iS v; 3 S tr SS ir '2 !2 cJ «2 3 « '*' -2 *-C M ) I- 3 S 2 * la ^- 5 53 " 2 5s a 's "** ® 50 ?2 1- L? ''• >5 c ' ■ . o 35 « f X ^ 'O "-'5 1-1 5s N © in IN t- 1« -f » 05 in ;i -2 •^ 3s 1 5^52 2 J» *£ "yi L- 'S » «o £ 2 53 fcr 2? tr •£ *♦■ * 2 '^ X r; o i X -f irf o o 4i 1-1 f -< o !S "♦• -J o f X ir: o w in -5 N P-' sT m' •^ x' iJ' 3>' e^ c" «o "t '-' E' •-<' x' »' oT i-T -j' ■^^ 1 3 I C s»r 1 - 'S t^ 5-.« gMW g N ^1 Ji oi ^ in f I-© i-i ^ -,£ I- 5 -r ©esiNiC©' •^ 'o i~ .-I m rH © 3s X 1-1 •«t r:) ss Q ini^»-Mi--»<©3i5Ki-ixxi-« O -O ec I- -J C^ in X © I - N »r Si 3? X1>©l^»H©i-lrt©r-l^©S ^ + + ©f I- Nl-r-l ©^inxs;iQx» £=2 o X X 1 g 1 « o "H. >; •5 - « 2 i Si:: r^ ,.•' ACJRICULTURK. 801 431. The principal articles of food, it will be seen, that are imported Principal fiuin Canada, are cattle, meats, chesse, pease 3,nd apples, but as all the *'^*'^^*Aj articles in the table are capable of being produced in this country in from large quantities, there is no reason why our share r * he imports should Canada. not be much larger than it is at present. 432. The following table gives the total quantities of the same importB of articles imported into Great Britain in 1889 and 1890, without refer- ff*)?'.**""* euce to the countries from whence they came : — Great"*° Britain, IMPORTS OF CERTAIN ARTICLES OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL J^S! ^^^ PRODUCE INTO GREAT BRITAIN IN 1889-90. 1890. Articles. Quantity. 1889. Horses No. Cattle " Slurp Mutton Lbs. Pork Bacon and hams " Beef, Halted .... " " fresh ... " Meats, canned " " all other " Lanl : " Tallow and atearine ... . " Butter " Cheese ♦Poultry S Eg(ti< Doz. Wheat Bush, Barley " Oats " Brls. BuHh, Pease Flour Potatiies .' Onions " Apples " Flaxseed " Flax, dressed and undressed Lbs, Wool 13,832 5.55,222 fi77,958 137,206, 49« 43,310,400 502,220,090 29,390,416 155,204,234 71,870,960 9,280,544 133,577,2'»8 13!»,331,472 215,918, .304 213,695,888 2,302,872 94,32.5,030 109,296, a55 40,602,125 52,674,80{» 3,164,334 8,216,366 3,480,262 3,854,453 3,612,316 18,155,960 177,791,264 P-96,011,487 18!K). 19,28«! ($42,596 358,458 185,518,928 33,611,872 5(i0,00l,792 30,769,312 207,714,416 82,298,832 ll,634,37 5,103 23,449 69,420 44,37« 10,020 Bankac- chewaii. 5,2'2t» lfi,144 4,4S7 l.OitH These figures, when compared with the figures for the sfiiiio district, as given in the census returns of 1885, show increases as follow : — Hordes . Cattle Sheep. . 3(5,514 144,0Sll 4.'>,5lL' while swine show a decrease of 6,321. In 1881 the whole ui the North-West Territories only contained 18,763 head of live stuik, while in 1891, in the three provisional districts alone, there were 373,002 head. There seems good reason to helieve that at the end of the present decade the increase will be four.d, both actually and pio- portionately, to be infinitely larger. 434. There is no space to go into any details of all the work timt was done on the several experimental farms during the • ear ; they must be obtained, if required, from the Director's report, published by the Department of Agriculture at Ottawa. However, much useful work was done at all the stations in testing new varieties of ayiicul- tural products, fruit and forest trees, and in making numerous experi- ments of various kinds with » ,'iew of l)enefiting the position of the farmers generally. As evidence of the amount of work done uiul of the interest taken by the farmers, it may be stated that during the year 12,360 bags of grain, 1,316 packages of seedling forest trees and small fruit, .and 563 bags of tree seed were distributed ; 2,152 samples of grain were received for report ; the total number of bulletins iitid reports sent out was 218,129, and the farmera who have, by re(jue.st, been placed on the list to receive bulletins, etc., now number 24,009. The expenditure during the year on the several farms was as follows ;— Central Farm, Ottawa $44,802 Tarm, Nappan, N.S 6,!h«4 do Brandon, Man .' 10,479 do Indian Head, N.W.T 7,6W) do Agassiz, B.C 9,207 Total 879,14H SOS t^ CHAPTER VII. MINERAL STATISTICS. 435. There is hardly a mineral of value, with the exception of tin, Classified that is not known to exist in greater or lesser quantity in some part lixt of thn of the Dominion, but its mineial wealth is to all intents at present "f''Qa|',|t,ja iiii unknown quantity, many parts of the country where minerals are known to exist being, as yet, practically unexplored. Some idea, how- evtT, of the rich and varied resources of the country may be gathered from the following classified list of the economic minerals of Canada, as arranged in the Geological Museum at Ottawa, where specimens of all (tf them are exhibited : — (1.) Metals and their Ores. — Native iron, magnetic iron ore, iron saiul, hematite, ilmenite or titaniferous iron ore, limonite (including l}()j,' iron ore), spathic iron ore, clay ironstone, native copper, sulphides (if copper, sulphide of zinc, sulphide of lead or galena, native silver and ores of silver, gold, platinum, sulphide of antimony, oxysulphide of antimony, and sulphide of bismuth. (■j.) Materials used in the Production oj Heat and Light. — Anthra- cite, bituminous coal, lignite or brown coal, bituminous shale, petroleum, [leat. {'^.) Materials applii'af>le to certain Chemical Manvjhctnres and their Pnxhicts. — Iron pyrites, sulphuric acid, kc, pyrrhotine or magnetic iron pyrites, apatite or phosphate of lime, magnesite or carbonate of magnesia, calcite or carbonate of lime, chromic iron, oxides of man- ganese. (4.) Mineral Manures. — Gypsum, shell-marl. (").) Mineral Pigments and Detergents — Iron ochres, «tc., barytes or lieavy spar, soap clay. (G.) Salt, Brines and Mineral Waters. — Salt and brine, mineral waters. (7.) Minerals applicable to Common and Decorative Constjniction. — Limestones, dolomites, sandstones, granite and syenite, gneiss, Labra- (lorite rock, marbles (limestones), serpentines, breccias, slates, flag- stones, common lime, hydraulic Hme and brick clays. (S.) Refractory Materials, Pottery Clays and Pottery. — Plumbago or graphite, soapstone, potstone, mica rock, mica, asbestos, fire clays, sandstone (refractory), and pottery clay. ' ' I m HI 1 J ;r.. -\ 1 ti^ ,v;:. '/.If 304 CIIAPFKH VII. ^ (9.) Mnti'ruih j\n' <>rintfini/ and I'liHnhiutj. — Htone for niuiiufiiciin'. ing whetstones, lioneH, bath-brick, Tripoli, griruUtoneH and inillHtunrs. (10.) Mint^raft* appl icahff to the. Fine ArtM mid Jewellery. — Litlm- graphic atone, porphy rites, labradorite, albite, perthite, jasper cnn- glomerate, amethystine (}uartz, agates, amber, Caniulian preoiuus stones. (11.) JfiHCelliineonn. — Sandstone for glass-making, moulding simd and clay, carbonaceous shale, artificial stone. 4.'16. The principal drawbacks to mining development hitherto Imvt' l>een want of capital, and the fact that a number of the enterprises that have been started have been purely of a speculative chariutci', which has thrown suspicion (m genuine undertakings, and dii\('ii investors to place their funds elsewhere ; but as the explorations nf the (Government Geological Survey are making better known the extent and locality of minerals, and the tiscal policy of the (lovcrn- ment is calculated to stimulate production, public attention is becomini,' nujre attracted to our mining resources. Viwit of 437. A large number of members of the British Iron and Steel .\ ;- the British sociati«>n visited the United States in the autumn of 1890, and iiiaiiy Steel Asso- ^^ them inspected the copper antl nickel mines of Sudbury, and expressed ciation. themselves as being a8tonisheronnseH to be an ar>,'entif(*i-«(U8 n'gion (tf jiiwtt iichiu»NS. Beyond this district, to the ntn'th west, mv f<»nnd \.ins of g\>Id-)>earirig ({Uartz and extensive ranges (if niaguctic ir»m orv, wliile to the south-west is l)elieved to l)e a continuation of tlie Vennil- limi iron range of northern Minnesota. T\\v. partial examination al- ready made inspires the hope that here will, in time, he devel(»ped an iinii region of great value. In the region adjacent to the Lake of the W ' kIs, gold-hearing veins of g(KMl promise have been discovered, and ill! t-arly development of some of the properties may \m looked for. N'u leference has been made in the foregoing enumeration to the oil iind salt deposits in western Ontario, which are of great \'alue. \'M). Nova iScotia, British Cohunbia, Quebec, the north and west jHiiiions of Ontario and some parts of the North- West Territories, aie fsst'ntially the mining districts of the Dominion. Coal has been found ill Mfinitoba, but no metalliferous tires have at present lieen discovered ttuTc, and though a number of minerals and metals are known to exist ill New Brunswick, none of them have yet l)een found in any very liii'<;(> <|uantities, and mining is cmly carried on to a small extent. Tlu're is no mining in Prince Edwai-d Island. 4U). The figures relating to Canada used in this chaptti- have been tiikcn almost entirely from the statistical report on the minerals of Ciiniwla for 1890 published by the ixeological Survey. The figures ivlatiiig to the United States and foreign countries have been taken jwirtly from official and partly from other sources, notably the publica- tions of the American Iron and Steel Association. 441. The following statement of the mineral production of Canada in isyO and 1H91, will give some idea of the present value of an industry which is still in its infancy. The figures for 1891 are subject to revision. MINKRAL PRODUCTION OF CANADA, 1890 AND 1891. « ,. Mining (liHtrictH of tilt- Duini- iiiuii. 8(mrct'« of informa- tion. ••li Mineral produc- tion of Canada, 18JJ0 and 18!)1. Antimony ore Ton8. Arsenic " AubfHtos '* ♦Bricl2,405 93,779 109,086 3,117,661 6,496.110 • 3,400,479 7,792,175 56,450 166,298 57,084 175.592 6,013,671 902,050 9,529,076 1,238,780 700 3,iM)0 685 3,425 1,203 31,889 250 750 'f • . M ■ , i I I :♦•* 4 '.^ t' I * r il > f « * 306 CHAPTER VII. MINERAL PRODUCTION OF CANADA, 1890 AND 1891— Concluded. Product. Flagstone Sq. ft. Glass and glassware Gold Oz. Granite Tons. Graphite " Grindstones " Gypsum " Iron ore " Lead(fine,containedinore) Lbs. * Lime Buah. Limestone for iron flux . . Tons. Manganese " Marble • " Mica Lbe. Mineral paint Tons. Mineral water Galls. Moulding sand Tons. Nickel Lbs. Petroleinn. (Brls. of 35Imp^al.) Phosphate Tons. Pig iron *' Platinum Oz. Potters' ware Precious stones Pyrites Tons. Quartz '* Roofing cement " Salt " Sands and gravel (exports) " Sewer pipes Silver. Ozs. Slate Tons. Soapstone " Sulphuric acid Lbs. Terra cotta * Tiles 1,000 Whiting Brls. Estimated value of mineral products not returned 1890. 1891. Quantity. 17,8(^5 64,046 13,307 175 4,884 226,509 76.511 113,000 2,501,079 18,478 1,328 780 770,959 2,117 561,165 320 1,435,742 765,029 31,753 21,772 49,227 200 1,171 43,754 342,158 400,687 6,368 917 11,118,779 10,521 500 Value. Quantity. Value, Total. 1,643 537,130 1,149,776 65,986 5,200 42,340 194,033 155,380 5,085 412,308 18,361 32,550 10,776 68,074 12,668 66,031 1,410 933,232 902,734 361,045 331,688 4,500 195,242 700 123,068 1,000 6,502 198,897 65,518 348,000 420,662 100,250 1,239 145,235 90,000 140,877 500 995,667 27,300 51,040 10,995 260 4,479 203,545 68,979 588,665 1,829,894 11,.376 274 900 427.4a5 2.S0 4,626,627 755,298 23,588 23,891 65,362 900 45,021 243,724 415,493 575 8 2,721 92r.,48() 65,105 l,r)<)0 42,;-)87 192,0!H) 152,(W5 2r),(;07 251,215 11,547 G,!I51 71,510 17,7r)0 54,(M)« l.OfW 2,77rj,il7t) 1,004,54(1 ltil,t)!t3 3W,iH)l 10,000 * 2r>8,844 196,081) 11,779 19,331,688 2,700 101,17!) o!),r)01 227,300 407,183 ' ' ' 'm 113,103 140,7!W 582,138 20,.%8,y01 * Incomplete. Mineral 442. It would appear from the foregoing table that mineral | production production, in Canada is, at present, not increasing to any great extent, Btationarv ^^® value having remained practically stationary for the last tliree I years, though this may be in a large measure due to sluggish markets and a consequently reduced demand for some of the principal articles, Exports of 443. The total value of the exports of minerals and mineral products I minerals, mined or manufactured in Canada in 1890 was $5,807,541, being 1888, 1889 ' and 1890. 'Concluded. ih Value. 2,721 925,48<5 fi5,10r) !,.")(« 42,r)87 192,0!K) 152,(X)r) 2r),t)07 251,215 11,547 G,!»51 71,510 17,750 r)4,(X)8 1,000 2,77o,lt7ti l,004,54t) lt)l,t)!t3 3a<,i)01 10,000 • 258,844 62 196,08(1 00 2,700 21 l(il,17'J 24 59,1501 227,300 .93 407,183 i75 r79 8(3 113,103' 140,71t!) .... r)82,138 .... 2O,.%8,i)01 that mineral | y great extent, the last three] ttggish markets Lncipal articles, ineral products I 807,541, being MINERAL STATISTICS. 30T 8769,392 more than in 1889. The values of the principal articles exported in the last three years were as follow : — 1888. 1889. 1890. Asbestos $ 277,742 $ 360,144 « 528,530 Coal 1,974,731 2,334,906 2,436,906 Conijer ore 257,287 168,457 398,497 Gold 628,158 60i),250 706,792 Gypsum 121,389 195,176 192,359 Iron and steel (about) 350,000 310,000 276,000 Phosphates 298,609 394,7ti8 499,369 Silver. 219,008 212,163 204,142 Stone and marble 78,119 *49,578 *65,336 Iron ore 56,177 39,887 40,690 Other articles 478,590 363,821 459,920 Total $4,738,81 $5,038,149 $5,807,541 And the countries to which they were principally exported were : — United States $3,341,.S08 $3,753,a51 $3,963,257 United Kingdom 478,260 422,355 630,815 Other British possessions .... 160,763 158,143 189,973 Germany 46,053 15,866 17,067 .Japan 40,180 4,000 7,200 St. Pierre 16,312 16,564 19,905 China 12,950 Mexico 10,670 10,118 Other countries 14,541 38,783 27,540 Total $4,110,937 $4.419.170 $4,865,767 The difference in amounts is owing to the total values being given for the calendar year and the export values for the fiscal year. It will be seen that, in 1890, 81 per cent of the exports went to the United States, and 17 per cent to the United Kingdom and British posses- sions, as compared with 84 per cent and 13 per cent, respectively, in 1889. 444. The total value of imports of minerals and products chiefly Value of manufactured therefrom, in 1890, was $24,472,327, of which amount imports, 88,154,504 was for coal and $8,473,741 for iron and steel, the two ^^^• forming 68 per cent of the whole sum, 445. The most important mineral, in point of value, produced in Produc- Canada in 1890, was coal, the quantity being. 3,117,661 tons, valued **"'} '^^^ at the point of production at $6,496,110, l^eing an increase over 1889 ' of 398,183 tons. In the former year the quantity produced was 2,719,478 tons. 446. Almost all the coal at present is produced in the provinces of Coal-pro- Nova Scotia and British Columbia, but the coal deposits in the North- ducjng West Territories are capable of extensive development, and the output Canada.° *Stone only. 20J i:!«' / .'•.■ i|"' i i.l: ■ <' ■^: '(f> -i f..' i i' :^rr.^- ''! . f iii'i h'\ ** lite 308 CHAPTER VII. can be very materially increased. These deposits are apparently inex- haustible, the coal-bearing area being estimated at 65,000 square miles, and the quantity of fuel known to underlie some portions of this area at from 4,500,000 to 9,000,000 tons per square mile. This coal vaiics from lignite to bituminous coal, and in the Rocky Mountains laij^e deposits of anthracite have been found, beds of which are being worked near Banff, on the Canadian Pacific Railway, by the Alberta Railway and Coal Company and the Canadian Anthracite Company. All tlie coal supplied to the Canadian Pacific Railway at Brandon and points west is now exclusively the product of Canada ; and as there is a constant demand for anthracite coal in the San Francisco market, and as the Banff mines are nearer to that city than any of the United States anthracite coal fields, it is possible they will become the principal st)uice of supply for that class of fuel. The importance, from an Impeiial point of view, of having large deposits of smokeless coal within two days' journey of the principal naval stations on the Pacific coast, can hardly be over-estimated. Anthracite has been found cropping out in Queen Charlotte Island, B.C., but though a considerable sum lias been spent in prospecting and mining, no good results have as yet been accomplished. A small quantity of coal is annually raised in the Pro- vince of New Brunswick, but the work is only done in a very desult(»ry manner, being carried on principally by farmers when other work is slack. Produc- tion of coal in Canada, 1889 and 1890. 447. The following table gives the production of coal in Canada, by provinces, during the last two years : — PRODUCTION OF COAL IN CANADA, 1889 AND 1890. 1889. 1890. Province. Tons of 2,000 lbs. Value. Tons of 2,000 lbs. Value. Nova Scotia British Columbia North- West Territ/iries , . . . New Brunswick 1,967,032 649,409 97,364 5,673 3,073,489 2,319,320 179,640 11,733 2,222,081 76»,517 128,963 7,110 3,571,202 2,712,.560 198,4!)8 13,850 Total 2,719,478 5,584,182 3,117,661 6,4»<;,110 Coal fields 448. The coal fields of Nova Scotia are estimated to occupy an area of Nova of 685 square miles, and, as at present known, are five in number, viz., three in Cape Breton and two in the province proper. The coal is bituminous, and for gas, cooking and steam purposes equals any in the world. Scotia. i< ' MINERAL STATISTICS. 309 449. The placing of an in^port duty upon bituminous coal in 1879 has Develop- liad the effect of very largely increasing the production of coal in this K^"* °^ province, as is apparent from the figures in a subsequent table, and has Scotia coal also been the means of developing a large and increasing interprovin- fields, cial trade between Nova Scotia and Quebec, particulars of which are here given : — SALES OF NOVA SCOTIAN COAL TO QUEBEC. Yk.\r. 1877 1H7H 1«7!» 1S80 1H81 1882 1883 1884 ._ Long Tons. 95,118 83,710 154,118 239,0{>1 208,628 383,031 410,605 396,782 Yk.\h. Long Tons. 1885 493,917 1886 i 538,762 1887 650,858 1888. 678,321 1889 i 631,79«} 1890 7:)1,931 1891 775,286 450. The following table shows the production and disposal of coal, Distribu- by counties, in Nova Scotia, in 1891 :— tionof •' ' ' coal raised in Nova PRODUCTION AND SALE OF COAL IX NOVA SCOTIA, 1891. Scotia. Counties. Coal Raised. Tons.* Cumlierland 521,978 Pietuu 448,169 Cap Breton 1,074,321 Other counties 316 Total 2,044,784 Sold for Home Con- sumption. Tons.* 116, 15<) 265,098 258,293 190 Sold for fiXlxjrt. Tons.* 346,111 139,998 734,099 639,737 ! 1,210,208 The (juantity raised in 1890 was 1,984,001 tons, and the quantity sold 1,786,111 tons. The figures in the two foregoing tables have been given in long tons of 2,240 lbs. each, in order that they may agree with the Nova Suotian Government returns, in which the long ton is used. 451. While indications of coal are to be found in many places on the Coal in mainland of British Columbia, the only collieries at present in operation p'^l*'*'^- are on Vancouver Island, and are situated at Nanaimo, Wellington and Long tons, 2,240 lbs. :ll^ iM^-^■|i^J I- ^ 1 !•■■ i ' ■ .;■■■"( V ■ •: r v ■•■ 1: M '^:n .'1 '-^.r k. m 310 CHAPTER VII. Comox. The collieries are four in number, and their operations, in 1891, resulted as follow : — PRODUCTION AND SALE OF COAL IN BRITISH COLUMBIA, 1891. Collieries. Coal Raised. *Home Con- sumption. Sold for Export. Nanaimo Wellington East Wellington Union Tons. 527,467 345,182 41,666 114,792 Tons. Tons. 383,880 282,452 36,181 103,900 Total 1,029,097 202,697 806,479 Produc- tion of coal in Nova Scotia and British Columbia, 1874-1890. * Including coal used in the collieries. The coal is bituminous and of a very high quality, commanding a better price at San Francisco than any American coal. la an analysis published by the State Mineralogist of California, in 1887, the relative values for steam of British Columbian and Washington Territory coal were given as : Wellington, 1,407 ; Nanaimo, 1,335 ; and Seattle, 1,330. (Statistical Abstract, 1887, p. 344.) 452. The next table shows the production of coal in the Provinces of Nova Scotia and British Columbia in each year since 1874 : — PRODUCTION OF COAL IN NOVA SCOTIA AND BRITISH COLUMBIA, 1874 TO 1890. Year. Nova Scotia. British Columbia. Total. 1874 1875 1876 Tons. 977,446 874,905 794,803 848,3.95 863,081 882,863 1,156,635 1,259,182 1,529,708 1,593,259 ], 656,010 1,514,470 1,682,924 1,871,338 1,989,263 1,967,032 2,222,081 Tons. 81,000 110,000 139,000 164,000 171,000 241,000 268,000 228,000 282,000 213,000 394,070 365,000 326,636 413.360 648.017 649,409 769,517 Tons. 1,058,440 984,{»0.') 933,803 1877 1,002,395 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882.... 1,034,081 1,123,8<13 1,424,(»5 1,487,182 1,811,708 1883 1884 1,80(),259 1,950,080 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1,879,470 2,00<),5<)0 2,284,098 2,537,280 2,610,441 2,981,598 Total 23,583,395 6,343,009 28,920,401 tions, m A, 1891. Sold for Export. Tons. 383,88() 282,452 36,181 103,9(50 806,479 ttanding a ,n analysis he relative [•itory coal id Seattle, 5 Provinces 74 :— OLUMBIA, Total. Tons. 1,058,446 984,{K):i 933,803 1,002,.W) 1,034,081 1,123,»')3 1,424,()35 1,487,182 1,811,708 1,806,259 1,950,080 1,879,470 2,009,o<)0 2,284,698 2,537,280 2,616,441 2,981,598 28,926,404 MINERAL STATISTICS. 311 "With the exception of the small quantity annually raised in New Brunswick, particulars of which for any number of years are not available (the quantity in 1890 was 7,110 tons) and of the amount given below as having been produced in the North- West, the above tigares, to all intent, represent the coal production of Canada during the period named. 453. The following figures give the output of coal in the North-West Coal in the (luring the last four years : — W^'^^t^T 1887 74,152 ritories. 1888 115,124 1889 97,364 1890 128,953 .M -F I' ^' : Total 415,593 The output from these mines is expected to be largely increased as the workings are developed. The next statement gives the quantities of coal, being the Exoorts of 3 of Canada, exported from Nova Scotia, British Columbia ??* J[^'" 454. produce V/A \^€VLLW\.WIy VA.LfV/1. f^Vt M,l\Jl.ll ^^ \J If Oi KJ\^KJVtfMI^ J^IAUAOIA V/V/lUUl >~'AClJ |-1 1 and New Brunswick, respectively, during the years 1874 to 1890, 1874-1890. inclusive : — EXPORTS OF COAL FROM NOVA SCOTIA, BRITISH COLUMBIA AND NEW BRUNSWICK, 1874-1890. Ye.\r. Nova Scotia. 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 ... 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 Total Tons. 252,124 179,626 156,520 173,389 154,114 113,742 199,652 193,081 216,954 192,795 222,709 176,287 240,459 207,491 165,863 186,608 202,387 British Columbia. 3,203,701 Tons. 51,001 65,842 116,910 118,252 165,734 186,094 219,878 187,791 179,552 271,214 245,478 250,191 274,466 356,657 405,071 470,6S3 608,882 New Brunswick. 4,073,696 Tons. 7,606 4,527 4,946 9,669 7,969 6,622 12,350 14,219 15,606 15,641 1,767 1,260 17 1,341 8 710 37 •>••■ Total. 104,290 Tons. 310,731 249,995 248,376 301,310 327,817 306,458 431,780 395,091 412,112 479,650 469,954 427,738 514,942 565,489 570,937 658,001 711,306 ,%. »-* 7,381,687 These exports are given by provinces, because there is reason to l)elieve that the coal was produced in the province whence exported, !r. •;] I % K' m ■V "\M 31: CHAPTER VII. I: with the exception that coal raised in the Territories and exported to the United States, would be included in the exports from British Columbia. The coal from Nova Scotia goes principally to Quelxc, New Brun.«wick and Newfoundland, while that from British Columbia goes almost entirely to the United States. Imix)rts of 455. The following table gives the imports of coal for home c2,4.S0 3,rm,im 1,314,147 3<)(),7!t4 300,000 10,000,000 ■ Country. H British C (ireat Britain United States . . . (jermany ... France Austria Belgium Russia 1891 1890 1891 1891 1889 1891 1889 1889 1891 1891 1888 1889 ^1 A ova i^c ■ Novth-W ■ QuelxT, Colunilj'ia lome c2,4.S0 3,500,(K)(> 1,314,147 3<)np »» almost entirely to British Columbia and Nova Scotia, though a small (juantity is annually produced in Quebec, and it has also been obtained from some parts of Ontario. It may be that when the country north and west of Lake Superior is fully explored, valuable deposits of gold may be discovered, as it is known to exist in many localities, and has been found in several places in small quantities. A small amount of (fold is also obtained each year from the Saskatchewan River, near Edmonton. Gold was first discovered in British Columbia in 1857 in tho Thompson River, near Nicoamen, and in Nova Scotia in 1860, iifur Tangier Harbour, since which date the value of the production ill the latter province has been $9,877,693. British Columbia, since 18r)8, has produced $53,113,127, as near as can be ascertained, but as only an estimate can be made of the quantity carried away in private hands, the actual amount is probably larger. 458. The following table gives the value of the gold production in Produc- the Dominion in 1888, 1889 and 1890. tionc.f Koln m PRODUCTION OF (JOLD IN CANADA, 1888, 1889 AND 1890. ?Sl890. Vftlue. Pkovincks, 1888, 1889. 1890. Britisli Columbia Nova Scotia Ncvth-West Territories, district including Yukon 616,731 43«5,939 41,200 3,740 $ 588,923 510,029 195,000 1,207 494,436 474,990 179,000 Quebec 1,350 Total 1,098,«;10 1,295,159 1,149,776 459. The total number of ounces produced was 64,046, at an average Value of value of $17.95 per ounce. The product in 1889 was 72,328 ounces, Jy^'^J"*"" valued at $1,295,159, or an average value of $17.90 per ounce. This is below what is generally taken as the average value per ounce, viz., §19.50, or £4 sterling. It will be seen that there was a decrease in value of $145,383, and in quantity of 8,282 ounces, as compared with 1889 — the decrease being chiefly in Nova Scotia and British Columbia. :'"<» '1 li ' ,r; Al-'i "I* i-y ■ 1.' ■ f.' «ii (I i < I * 'I '■ :\ 1.^5 r m 1' I ft In:.'.!- I'lr. .,..,, »■.■, t ;i*i| 314 CHAPTER VII. Produc- tion of SK)ld in Canada, 18G2-18JK). 460. The value of the gold prouuction in the three principal gold- producing provinces since 1862 is shown below : — VALUE OF PRODUCTION OF GOLD IN BRITISH COLUMBIA, NOVA SCOTIA AND tiUEBEC, 18021890. Year. 1862 18ta 1864. 1865 1866. 1867 1868. 1869 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874 1875 1876. 1877. 1878 1879. 4,246,266 3,735,860 3,491,206 2,6<)2,106 2,480,868 2,372,972 1,774,978 1,336,3.56 1,799,440 1,610,972 1,305,749 1,844,618 2,474,904 1,786,648 1,608,182 1,275,204 1,290,058 1880 : 1,013,827 Britinh Columbia. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886 1887. 1888. 1889 1890. Total. 1,04«,73; 954,086 794,252 736,165 713,738 903,661 694,569 616,731 588,923 494,436 45,654,080 Nova Scotia. 9 141,871 272,448 3JK),349 496.357 491,491 532,563 400,555 348,427 387,392 374,972 255,349 231.122 17;*,244 218,629 233,585 329,205 245,253 268,328 257,823 209,765 275,090 301,207 313,654 432,971 455,664 413,631 436,939 510,029 474,990 Quebec. 12,057 17,937 32,972 3.1,174 m,mi 17,093 17,787 8,720 2,120 3,981 1,604 3,740 1,207 1,350 9,877,693 210,403 Total. 4,6«»,r)«5 4,12<;.l!i<» 3,9H7,r)t;3 3,153,r)!(7 3,013,431 2,773,527 2,123,4(1.-) 1,724,348 2,174,412 1,806,321 1,530,H71 2,022,8»i2 2,093,r).S3 2,020,233 1,949,444 l,538,3!t4 l,5!»l,;io8 1.304,824 1,313,153 1,240,2(18 1,11.3,240 1,0.58,439 1,148,829 i,3(;3,i% 1,109,794 1,057,410 1,100,159 970,776 55,742,170 The production of gold in the Province of Quebec has been regular s^lnce 1862, but figures were not available before 1877. The total quantity of quartz crushed in Nova Scotia since 1862 ha.s been 728,403 tons, which has yielded an average of $13.56 per ton. There was a considerable falling off in the yield in 1890. MINERAL STATISTICS. 315 fi ~ pal gold- \, NOVA Total. 4,6t)0,r)«5 4,12«i,l!«» 3,!tH7,.')tl'i 3,153,r) CO S X s «/ o i > CO a « ■>» ©' f-Tiff i>. .'1 «ft w « CO ^ t,©S? ift -x t- ^ O X X «K "f <-i •■© « « ? i?5 »H e- X — 35 i-.-r « © »ft com o ©wx© ©^»n_ inMi-HrHN -- «««»< »»orH rfirfi-r :8? «» SW— l-HX .X ?3SI S'"'" ! «*5 c > t» © f © < i-- -4 t "5 2J © SI "X m X -^ f M © ( * -i S X « o w f SS X ri 3? in < If eo 1-^ .H X 3v rH ilSJ iR ©« » t-i ^ (T i-( © M MS '♦■ © O t^ g lO "^ rHN N N ^8S i-i©i^ ill tn © "t" ^©©5 X 5.5 12.8 t e s >.* S 4,72(5 "37,937,814' 1(5,586 71 1,-302,581 60,208 217,125 4,716,029 (580,400 132,(560 177,079 4,628,2.69 53,(500 142,263 27,(507 % 20,467,182 37,376,479 284,859 25,702,(500 "3,976,346 39,202.!MIS 8,.33L',L>;<2 24,081.1112 ■'57,i»3i,:<2;V :^,o(H) France 106,949 ' ' 469,750' 16,984 China Italy 263,325> 482,600 9,049,.669 40J,1(50 ' '23,8Si5i2" 2,818,750 1,0!»1 Switzerland 386,000 3,378,631 96,120 823,943 48,166,245 3,294,987 1,080^646 "18,855,697" 27!l,H5o Spain 4,436,804 1,633,(500 6,516,190 .63,(500 1(5,714 (52,483 1,1(53,126 74,448 8,483 1,479, i.v Portiigal Netherlands Germany 102,(500 143,051 34,atO,722 2.747,(533 "26,'4i56',49i' 6(5,000 257,154 54(>,(MM) liW.'.llH) Austria-Hungary iVorway Sweden Denmark 3,867,118 120,()(H) 2.63, 8f)7 " "" " 833,432 ■ .647.931 Russia 1153 651 21.72(>!239 1,614,422 Turkey Egypt 44,040 Siam L446,02<) Jat an Chili 974,335 10,222,108 42,170 : 122. .376 1,776,010 9,51(5,369 1,194,060 7,2t)(),()4r) Hayti ' 300,000 Argentine R e - public 8,316.326 Peru 3,258,000 600,443 272,000 244,000 883,565 1,105,000 2.842,631 91 C l!Ui 2,842,5*) Colombia Venezuela 660,500 ~* ', -~" Straits Settle- ment. ... 300,000 Brazil 26,082 Hong Kong 1.100.000 430,000 Costa Rica 258,010 Great Comoro . . . 1,078 French colonies. . (5,4.'5ti Eucador 473,177 1,763,452 Bolivia Eritrea (Italian colony) 1 667,814 British Africa. . . 28,951 Total 134,828,855 134,922,344 168,901,519 138,444,695 1 ^9,009,772 149,40.-),0'J9 I • MINKKAL HTATIKTIC8. 317 Produc- tion of gold ill Au8trala- Hia and the United StateH. 461. The preceding tables, taken from the report for 1H91, of the l)irector of the United States Mint, give the production and coinage ot' gold and silver in the different countries of the world in the years 1SS8, 1889 and 1890. These tables should, strictly, be included in the chapter on banking, but Canada liaving no mint of her own, it has lit^eii thought best to insert them here, in connection with the pro- (hiction of the precious metals, in which this country takes part. 462. The world's annual prcnluction of gold is variously estimated. For 1890, the director of the United States mint gives it at $116,009,- OOO, and another authority* at $110,747,424. The total monetary stock of gold in the world is estimated at about $3,627, 61. '^,000 ; and the average annual consumption of gold used in arts and manufactures is placed at about $64,200,000. 463. The gold produce in Australasia in 1889 was 1,730,078 ounces (Victorian Year Bot)k, 1889-90, part II, p. 352), which, if valued at £4 per ounce, would represent a total value in our currency of .«!:?3,678,852. The gold produce in the United States in 1890 was l,r)S8,880 ounces, valued at $32,845,000. Accoixling to Mr. Hayter, the total quantity of gold raised in the Australasian colonies from ISol (the year of the first discovery of gold) to 1889 has been 85,774,255 ounces, which may be valued at $1,669,755,497, and accord- iiif,' to the director of the mint, the total coining value of the gold produce of the United States since 1792 has been $1,871,206,769. Fnnn 1792 to 1848, however, the amount is only placed at $24,536,769. 464. Iron ore is to be found in great abundance and variety in all the provinces of the Dominion except Manitoba, particularly in Nova Scotia and Ontario ; but owing, presumably, both to lack of enterprise and capital, it has nowhere been mined to any great extent. Even in Nova Scotia, which possesses ore of extreme purity, and which is the only province in the Dominion where flux, fuel and ore are to be found in close proximity, the production is at present practically limited to the Acadia Mines, at Londonderry. 465. In 1891 there were five furnaces in blast — two at Londonderry, Furnaces N.S., two at Drummondville, Que., and one at Radnor Forges, Que. *" ^'"^** This latter furnace was blown in in 1891, and takes the place of the old St. Maurice furnaces, one of which was the oldest furnace on the continent of America, having been built in 1737, and having been almost continually in operation from that date until 1883, when the furnaces were abandoned. Two furnaces, one at Ferrona, and one at Bridgeville, both in Pictou County, Nova Scotia, are being built and will probably be blown in during the present yeai. There are twelve rolling mills and steel works in Canada, viz. : 3 in Nova Scotia, 2 in New Brunswick, 4 in Quebec, all at Montreal, and 3 in Ontario. * Hazell's Annual, 1892. I'roduc- tion and <* . ■ cuinaKt* of gold and • . • nilver in the world in 1888, 188» and 1890. 4 • r 1 • ' World's production of gold. If i • • • • I Iron ore. 1- • . n jPt A .- ' 1 m I 'I V.' ui 1-1' : ( I ■ '1 \i^ ■ 318 CHAPTER VII. rrodnc- 466. The total production of iron ore in Cnntula in 1H90 was 7G,.*>1 1 tion of tons, vulued ut the mines at iBloo.SHO, and was pnKluced aH follows, Caiuula, the figures for 1888 and 1HH9 being given for comparison : — 1888-1800. PRODUCTION OF IRON ORE IN CANADA, 1888, 1880 AND 1800. 1888. 1880. 1800. Pkovincks. TOIIH. Value. TCMIH. Value. Tons. Vttluf. « 9 A Nova Scotia Ontario 42,611 16,804 10,710 8,372 74,600 37,710 24,89J) 14,060 64,161 97,807 4»,20(i 5,000 22,305 101. (W4 I'J.fHHt Ouel)ec 14,633 16,487 33,m)l 20,742 41,1% I ritish Columbia Total 78,587 152,068 84.181 161,640 76,611 155,:<»(» There was a decrease, as compared with 1889, of 7,670 tons in quan- tity, but an increase of ^3,740 in value, due to the fact that the Novu Scotia ores brought a nmch higher price than in 1889. The decrease in quantity was owing to the Puget Sound Iron Company, B.C., having ceased operations in 1890. Exports of 467. The following table gives the quantity and value of iron ore 1^7 -WOO exported from Canada since 1867: — EXPORTS OF IRON ORE FROM CANADA, 1867-1890. Year. 1867.. 1868.. 1869.. 1870.. 1871.. 1872.. 1878.. 1874. 187&. 1876.. 1877.. 1878.. 1879.. Quantity. ; Value. Tons. 4,194 25,312 27,848 15,232 26,825 26,175 5<),447 37,388 13,338 9,465 3,785 4,.315 9,467 $ 12,798 54,723 60,298 34,927 58,068 64,904 130,683 86,417 28,566 18,397 10,528 8,846 20,974 Ykah. 1880 1881 1882.. .. 1883 1884.. ., 1885 1886 1887... , 1888.. , 1889 1890 Total Quantity. Tons. 48,(i82 42,227 56,648 25,691 62,811 16,628 19, IM 13,692 20,471 17,443 18,754 690,892 Value. 124,181) 122,G22 177,iK iron was uaetl in the country, none being exported. 469. The value of the exports of iron and Hteel goods inanufautui-ed Value of in Canada, in 1890, was :— ex|)()rtH ,.f ' . • -, „„ ""Oil atid Scrap iron f 22,625 Htenl man- Inm Ht«»v«n 3,740 ufttoturen, do caHtingH 8,33A 18U<0, do and liard wart) 70,94fl Stt>«*l nnd niivnufactur^H uf 28,07U ti:M,724 The total value of the iron and steel manufactures of Canada cannot 1)6 ascertained. 470. The value of the imports of iron and steel and manufactures of Ini|Kirts of tlu' same into Canada, in 1891, was 1^13,835,493, and the duty •fo"/nf|,, collected on the same 82,721,109. "****"' ^*'*'^' 471. The following table gives the world's pnxluction of pig iron and World's steel, principally in 1891. Tons of 2,240 pounds are used with refer- J^'flJ^jfj^J eiKP to Great Britain, the United States, Russia and " Other Coun- steel, tries," and metric tons of 2,204 pounds for continental countries : — THE WORLD'S PRODUCTION OF IRON AND STKEL. COUNTBIKH. Pig Iron. (Jrt'ivt Britain. , w i United .Ht»te«i . (ifiinanv and Luxemburg. FmiK- Helifuwi A nutria- l*ungary Kuvsia. . . , . S»v2,171 125,753 182,502 148.70J» 273,422 11885 1 18800,000 barrels. Number of 480. There were 12 refineries in operation in Ontario in 1890, refineries, employing about 250 men, and it was estimated that there were 3,500 wells pumped. Produc- 481. Exact figures of the total production of oil cannot be obtained, tion of 1)6- but, as far as returns are available, it would appear that in 1890 the 18w"*"' amount approximated very closely to 695,000 barrels, of a calculated value of $820,100, while the vilue of the production of the 12 refineries was $1,638,420. Produc- 482. The following table contains the only reliable statistics of tion of oil Canadian production of oil that are available, and these figures do not in Canada, 1881-1890. :!»?' MINERAL STATISTICS. give the total production, since the quantity of crude oil, used as such, is not included : — CANADIAN PETROLEUM AND NAPHTHA INSPECTED AND CORRES- PONDING QUANTITIES OF CRUDE OIL, x<581-1890. 323 Year. 18H1 1H82 1XS3 18S4 1885 1886 1887 1888 18M) 1800 Refined Oils. Imp. galls. 6,406,783 5,910,787 6,970,550 7,656,011 7,661,617 8,149,472 8,243, 9()2 9,545,895 9,462,834 10,121,210 Crude equivalent cal- culated. Imp. galls. 12,813,566 13,134,993 15,490,111 19,140,027 19,154,042 21,445,979 21,694,637 fS, 120,776 24,902,195 26,634,763 483. According to returns from refiners, the production^ of all ]<' «ds Produc- bv Canadian oil refineries in 1889 and 1890 was as follows : — tionof re- ^ nnenes in PRODUCTION OF OIL REFINERIES IN CANADA, 1889 AND 1890. i889"fnd 1890. Articlks. 1889. 1890. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Illununating oils Benzine and naphtha Paraffine oils . Gas oils Lubricating oils and tar Galls. 9,479,917 409,1.% 703,025 2,917,346 2,191,881 1,084,829 34,861 87,936 65,954 9(>,407 Galls. 11,129,277 636,247 446,888 4,246,447 2,877,388 $ 1,264,677 37,026 64,713 84,752 130,349 Total Grallons 15,701,304 561,820 1,369,987 44,197 19,336,247 913.730 1,581,517 56,903 Paraffine wax (lbs.) Total value 1,414,184 1,638,420 484. The average price of crude oil on the Petrolea Oil Exchange in Average the years 1886, 1887, 1888, 1389 and 1890 was 86f cents, 78 cents, P"ceoloil. $1,025, ^^h cent's and $1.18 per barrel, respectively. 485. The following table shows the exports of Canadian petroleum Exports of since 1881:- fgr^Je™. ^- rf^ v 1 ,. • • »•■ |i-it; W. !•■:. i ' •■ i f ' ♦ n ■m .-1 I 4., h'tf r-"' I! m 324 CHAPTER VII. EXPORTS OF CANADIAN PETROLEUM, 1881 1890. Ybah. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 188«. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. Quantity. Galls. 501 1,119 1,328 1,098, 0!K) 337,9()7 241,716 473,559 19(>,G02 235,855 420,492 Value. (t9 28(; 710 30,1()H io,r)(i2 9,8.-)r) 13,831 74,.-)42 10,777 18,1.54 Consum^)- 486. The following table gives the figures of domestic inspected and *'o"°^°}^ foreign imported oil since 1882, showing the total quantity of refined 1882-1890. oil consumed in Canada during the period, from which it will be .seen that there has been a si-f'ady increase in the consumption Petroleum in United States. Year. 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 Canadian American Oil. Oil. Galls. 6,169,353 7,135,580 7,836,949 7,8*J,033 8.341,203 8,436,938 9,769,2 tons in quantity and of $70,350 in value. The production of salt h.ul been steadily decreasing, as shown by the following figures ; and the revival in 1890 was due to the formation of a trust by the various manufacturers under the name of the '* Canada Salt Association " : PRODUCTION OF SALT IN CANADA, 1886 1890. Year. Tons. Valut-. 1886 1887 62,.369 60,173 59,070 32,832 43,754 227,l!t5 166,3114 185,4C.() 128,547 198,86 590,766 467,641 343,208 181,758 199,733 167,029 246,794 224,943 154,045 16,251 8,567 6,071 345' 1,093 210 348 670 160 132 216 1.33 75 25 Value. 66,834 84,154 (JO,«77 37,027 4»,3(;7 46,211 44,ti27 18,350 li),4!t2 15,2,88(; 11,52() 3,(187 2,390 1,522 1889 was 8,683,943 MINERAL STATISTICS. 327 496. The total production of silver in Canada in 1890 was 400,- Produc- ()S7 ounces, valued at |420,722, the quantity being produced from the gjf"g°^j„ ai^'entiferous provinces in the following proportions : — Canada, Ozs. Value. Ozs. Value. Ontario 181,000 «1«2,309 158,715 «1««,(M)2 Quebec 148,517 133,«MJ(> 171,545 180,122 British Columbia 53,192 47,873 70,427 73.948 These figures show an increase, as compared with 1889, of ^76,814, due to an increase of production in all the provinces, but particularly in Quebec and British Columbia. The silver produce of Quebec is calcu- lated as usual from the known percentage of the metal contained in the copper ore exported from the Capelton mines. 497. The following table gives the exports of silver ore during the Exports of years 1873 to 1890, exclusive of the production of the Capelton 1^734390 mines : — EXPORTS OF CANADIAN SILVER ORE, 1873 TO 18JM). Ye\b. Value. Ykar. Value. 1873 1874 1875 187(i. 1877. 1878, 187i». 1880, 1881 1882, 1,243,758 493,463 472, m)2 354,178 42,848 «65,715 1.54,273 (58,205 15,115 «,705 1883 1884 18P', 1880 1887 1888 1889 1890 Total 8,620 13,300 29,176 26,957 20pi"g a decrease, as compared with 1889, of 1,530 tons in quantity, Ijut au increase in value of $94,401. It is seen that almost the entire pin- duction is sent out of the country, by far the greater proportion goiuj; to Great Britain. Exix)rt8of 502. The following table of exports since 1878 shows the progicss ISTMSlJiO^' ^^^^^ *^^^^ industry has made during the last 13 years. It must not he forgotten that the figures of exports from Quebec include a certiiin amount of material produced in Ontario, but shipped to Montreal iw export, and at that port credited to the Province of Quebec . EXPORTS OF PHOSPHATE, 1878-181)0. Year. Ontario. QUKBKC. Tons. Value. 1878., 1879., 1880., 1881., 1882., 1883., 1884., 1885., 1886., 1887., 1888., 1889., 1890., 824 1,842 1,387 2,471 568 50 763 4.S4 644 705 2,643 3,547 1,866 Total , 17,744 12,278 20,565 14,422 36,117 6, .338 500 8,890 .5,962 5,816 8,277 30,247 38,833 21,32!) 20J>,574 Tons. 9,919 6,604 11,673 9,497 16,585 19,666 20,946 28,535 19,7{M5 22,447 16,133 2(J.440 26,591 Value. 195,831 101,470 175,664 182,339 .302,019 427,168 415,.S50 490,331 .337,191 424,940 268,362 35.5,935 478,040 Total. Tons. Vahn' 234,832 4,154,640 10,743 8,446 13,060 11,!KJ8 17,153 19,716 21,709 28,969 20,440 23,152 18,776 29,987 28,457 20H.10!( 122,0a-) 190,0«() 218,451) 30S,ai7 427,tMW 424,240 496,203 4.3:<,217 298,000 3!I4,7()S 4.n»,3<)!t 252,576 4,364,214 Shipments 503. The shipments of phosphates from Montreal during the season of phos- Qf 1391 amounted to 15,135 tons, of which quantity 14,475 tons went to the United Kingdom and 660 tons to Germany. There was a decrease in the quantity exported, as compared with 1890, of 8,.'Jo3 tons. phate, 1891, Imijorts of 504. That there is plenty of room in England for all the phosphate to ^**^t ^^'^'^'^^^ ^^ likely to produce is shown by the following table, the figures Britain, in which are taken from British returns, except the percentages, w'lich 1882-1890. are calculated in this office : — i.<: MINERAL STATISTICS. IMPORTS OF PHOSPHATE INTO GREAT BRITAIN, 1«82-18{K). 329 iiH.; Ykar. 1882 issn 1,HS4 IHM") im\ W7 1S8H 188!' 18i»(t Imports krom Canapa. Total ] Tons. Value. Ton8. 9,1«)9 * 193,942 223,394 18,514 324,(574 27f5,678 17,«03 254,8(i7 245,532 24,0ort8 from Canada. 2,984,230 3,JM)0,«15 3,133,408 3,057 188!> •2!t 1890 :<2 1891 005 710 23 •i] MKitCANTII.K MAKIXK AND FIHIIKKIKH. 333 '(10. It will b« Hoen that tliere were no less than 407 light gtutionn, IiuT«'ftM«Mn 4S.') lighthouseH, 21 f(»g-whi8tleH and 31 fog-horns m(»re than there were """»"♦""• lit 1868, without taking into account the large number of bell-buoys, liiioys and beacons that have also been supplied since then. , r)17. The total number of light stations in the Dominion on 1st NumWrof iW'ceniber, 1891, was (505; of lights shown, 710; of steam fog-whistles •'Sf^tH, 1111(1 automatic fttg-horns, 54 ; and of lightkeepers, engineers of fog- jHoi. wliistles, assistants and crews of lightships, 670 ; while the whole nuinber of persons employed on the outside service was 1,434. The lij,'i>ts, beacons, ifec, were distributed among the several divisions as t'dllow : — r>18. The Ontario division, extendin.^ from Montreal to Manitoba, Ontario nintained 203 lights, including two in Manitoba. There were also ^^ivision. 4l'.') buoys and 20 beacons. Ten nt- v lights, including six on the Mur- ray Canal, and several buoys and beacons, were added during the year. Tilt' lights were supplied by the 88. " Canada," chartered for the purpose. 519. The Quebec division is a large and important one, comprising. Quelle ivs it does, the Richelieu River and Lake Mompbrf;. u.gog, the River •J*^''"""' luul Gulf of 8t. Lawrence, the Strait of Belle 1 If, the north-west coast of Newftmndland and the Ljibnidorcr.iu.K Inthisdiv'' .jn there wt'ie 151 lights, 10 lightships, 3 supplied 'vilh steam fog-wliistles, 11 steam fog-whistles, 8 f wfl n^B^' •'S'SiM tl'.'- w'' §' •■ jn^' ' ' Communi- Bhb!^^ cation with IK^ Prince Edward ^P^' Island. k'' Harbour H^l^ police. "Prince Edward," which was built for the purpose, delivered the annual supplies. 523. British Columbia division contained 13 lighthouses, 2 lights on buoys, 4 fog-alarms and 4 fog-bells, besides a number of buoys and beacons. The lights were supplied by the steamer " Sir James Douglns." Three new lights were added during the year. The total cost of main- taining the lighthouses, fog-whistles, &c., in Canada, in 1891, was $455,254. 524. On the 1st July, 1886, the lighthouse at Cape Race, Ne\ fouml- land, was transferred by the Imperial Government to the Dominion of Canada, and the sum of $100,151, being the balance of light dues col- lected by the Board of Trade, was paid to the Canadian Government, on the understanding that the lighthouse and fog-alarm should in future be maintained at the expense of the Dominion, free of dues. The expenditure since the transfer has amounted to $21,234, which sum, however, includes expenditure for several important improvements and repairs. The lighthouse is indispensable to the safety of all vessels navigating the North Atlantic to and from Canada, and the transfer has relieved the Dominion of dues which amounted to about $1,200 annually. 525. The department has 8 steamers, the property of the Govern- ment, under its control, for the purpose of supplying the different lights, laying down and taking up buoys, attending to wrecks, &c., S:c., besides the small steam launch " Dolphin " employed at Quebec in connection with the river police force. A new steamer, the " Quach'a," was built, in 1891, in Scotland, at a first cost of $73,701, for the pur- pose of taking the place of the "Sir James Douglas" (superannuated) on the coast of British Columbia. The " Quadra " left Greenock on 15th October, 1891, and arrived at Esquimalt, B.C., on 5th January, 1892, having proved herself on the voyage to be an excellent sea boat. The total cost of maintaining these vessels during 1891, after deducting receipts, was $94,706. 526. The new steel steamer " Stanley," built expressly for the winter service between Prince Edward Island and the main land, kept up communication, with a few unf^voidable exceptions, during the winter of 1890-91, and the service generally gave satisfaction. During the summer this boat is employed in the Fisheries Protection Service. 527. A police force was established for a number of years at the harbours of Montreal and Quebec, for the purpose of keeping "order and restraining crimping, to meet the expenditure of which a tax of 3 cents per ton was levied on all vessels at either port, paid once a year by vessels under 100 tons and twice a year by vessels over that amount. The Montreal Board of Trade, however, having, in the interest of trade, on several occasions urged the abolition of dues in connection with the above, it was decided that the harbour police force should no longer be maintained, and it was accordingly permanently disbanded having but sick Dieu asylum 529. with a ^ during diture oi yeare hi the rece l)eing ar 530. operatio cates, ar have be( MEltCANTILE MARINE AND FISHERIES. 335 Oil the 30th November, 1889. The force at Quebec was still maintained, but in a reduced condition, and in 1891 consisted of 18 men. The number of arrests made was 29. There was an excess of receipts over expenditure of $349, but during the past 22 years the total expendi- ture has exceeded the total receipts by $214,739. There is a general feeling among steamboat owners and agents of vessels trading to the St. Lawrence, that this force should be abolished altogether, and a Bill to that effect is now before the Dominion Parliament. 528. In order to provide for the treatment of sick and distressed mariners, all vessels over 100 tons register are required to pay a duty of 2 cents per ton three times a year, vessels under 100 tons only pay- ing once in the same period ; fishing vessels are also now entitled to the same benefits as other vessels, provided the dues are paid before leaving on a fishing voyage. Any vessel not registered in Canada and employed exclusively in fishing is exempt from the payment of this duty. These provisions do not apply to Ontario, but a parliamentary grant of $500 is made to each of the general hospitals at Kingston and St. Catharines for the care of seamen. At Montreal sick seamen are cared for at the General and Notre Dame hospitals, at Quebec at the Marine and Immigrant Hospital, and marine hospitals are estab- lished at St. John, St. Andrews, Miramichi, Richibucto, Bathurst and Sackville, in New Brunswick ; at Yarmouth, Pictou, Sydney, Lunen- l)urg and Point Tupper, in Nova Scotia, and at Victoria, in British Columbia. Seamen are also cared for at the Provincial and City Hospital, Halifax, and the Prii.ce Edward Island and Charlottetown hospitals, Prince Edward Island. The total amount received from dues in 1891 was $43,831, being a decrease of $4,051 as compared with 1890. The total expenditure was $35,155, being $8,676 less than the receipts. The total excess of expenditure over receipts during the past twenty-three years has been $6,690. The Marine and Immigrant Hospital, Quebec, was closed on 31st December, 1890, the Government having found the building to be too large and expensive to maintain, but sick mariners are now cared for at the Jefl'ery Hale and Hotel Dieu hospitals. The hospital property has since been sold to the asylum of the Good Shephei-ds of Quebec. 329. The total number of steamboats in the Dominion was 1,433, with a gross tonnage of 221,679 tons; 86 were added to the number during the past year, with a gross tonnage of 7,583 tons. The expen- diture on account of the steamboat inspection fund during the last 22 yeai-s has exceeded the receipts by $24,764. During the year 1891 the receipts amounted to $21,645 and the expenditure to $22,184, being an excess of expenditure of $539. 530. Since the 16th September, 1871, when the Act came into Masters' operation, 1,791 candidates have passed and obtained masters' certifi- ^?rtifica^ cates, and 1,204 certificates as mates ; of certificates of service, 947 have been issued for masters and 380 for mates. The receipts from U $■*■ '•': i i9,427 l.'>3,368 177,896 161,760 198,364 179,993 210,719 193,655 158,826 119,741 144,726 150,277 149,396 105,060 110,716 78,343 72,360 2,933,783 Lives Lost. 210 81 237 •813 109 78 404 153 187 339 217 39i) 271 259 253 198 54 91 52 163 64 4,632 Damage. !»Ol,000 2,100,000 2,507,3.S8 2,844,133 2,02tl,!KK) 2,4<;8,r)2l 2,942,itrw 3,952,o«2 3,445,875 4,119,233 .%820,t)52 4,9!»2,423 3,138,423 2,029,752 2,96.5,321 2,75.'M>«2,(»W 1,12(>,124 1,554,31!) l,194,51tJ 694,C^ 5.5,1!»4,!I3!» * 545 persons were lost by the wreck of the White Star SS. " Atlantic." m ice 1S71 [ coasting 36, and !) ' and (»3 ng vessels iidian seji- ded 30th le tonna 2,4()8,r)21 2,l»42,il55 3,952,582 3,445,87") 4,110,233 3,820,052 4,i>!l2,42;< 3,138,423 2,020,752 2,iHi5,321 2,75:M)<>' l,9.50,7!t!t l,()t>2,(W 1,12(1,124 l,554,3l!t l,\il4.51(; (i!t4,C>53 65,l!>4,i'3!» ntic. MERCANTILE MARINE AND FISHERIES. 337 534. In view of the largely increased and increasing efficiency of the Reduction Jilarine Protective Service it would be disheartening if the figures in '^ """^jf"^ the above table did not show some reduction in latter years over those ties, earlier in the period, and it is pleasant to note that the figures of late years are markedly smaller than they used to be, while it must be remembered that the volume of shipping is constantly on the increase. 535. Particulars of the operations of the Meteorological Service, Meteorolo- which have such an intimate connection with the welfare of our sailors KJcal Ser- 1 u • • in Vice. and our ships, are given on p. 1 2. 536. The following is a general summary of the expenditure of this j, ,._ department during the years ended 30th June, 1889, 1890 and 1891. tureof There was an increase in 1891 of $66,715, due to the exceptional Marine expenditure for the construction of the steamer " Quadra." ment*^ EXPENDITURE OF THE DEPARTMENT OF MARINE. 1889-1891. 1889. 1890. 1891. Departmental balaries $ 34,549 $ 42,836 $ 43,254 Maintenance of lights 478,514 437,235 455,254 Construction *^ 31,753 2,S,863 32,242 Dominion steamers 270,225 114,959 111,437 Construction of str. " Quadra " 54,773 Examination of masters and mates 4,381 4,118 4,255 Marine hospitals 52,332 41,729 35,155 Meteorological service 59,477 58,452 62,457 Signal servicSe 5,092 4,977 4,701 Rewards for saving life 5,503 8,151 4,952 Georgian Bay survey 17,808 17,969 17,677 Water police 31,647 21,788 7,874 Steamboat inspection 22,313 20,990 22,184 Winter mail service, P.E.I 1,842 2,753 7,013 Miscellaneous 13,453 7,598 10,906 Total $ 1.023,801 $ 807,418 $ 874,1 34 537. The revenue for the same year amounted to $104,248, made Revenue up of the following items :— |J Marine REV .- UE OF THE DEPARTMENT OF MARINE. ^^J},hoM l88""l091. 1889. 1890. 1891. Earnings of Dominion steamers, $ 16,367 $ 10,5. ■if m 1 1 i 4' t :-■ .;•''■ •'p.. ■'.'.', i?.; ... i ■*• .:1 ^") '-M m m m >\'A. ' ;'4 vl. t I-' 338 CHAPTER VIII. ,■■* I Revenue and expen- diture of Marine Depart- ment, 1868-1891. Excess of expendi- ture. 538. The following table gives the total revenue and expenditure of the Department of Marine since Confederation : — Year. Revenue. Exijenditure Ykah. Reveni'.e. Expenditure 1868 1869. 71,811 75,361 71,490 70,254 79,324 144,756 108, .S50 91,235 107,984 105 907 100,850 84,144 91,942 $ 371,071 360,900 367,129 389,537 518,958 706,818 846,169 844,586 979,146 820,054 786,156 755,369 723,361 1881. 1882 $ 108,304 109,125 104,383 118,080 101,268 91,8a5 102,238 99,920 99,940 115,507 104,248 761, 7;n 774,S.S2 824,-111 927,242 l,021t,!»01 973,;<()0 917 "i^r 1870 1883 1871 1884 1872 1873 1874 1886 1886 1887 1875 1888 883,251 1,023, HOI 807 41 S 1876 1877 1889 1890 1878 1891 874,134 187Q Total 1880 2,358,296 18,260,372 539. There was an excess of expenditure during the whole period of $15,908,076, but it must be remembered that the expenditure includes the construction of a large number of lighthouses and other perniuuent works, as well as of several steamers, besides which $159,552 has been spent on the survey of Georgian Bay, and $71,000 on the taking of observations in Hudson Bay. Number of 540. The following table gives the number of vessels and numl)er of vessels on ^.^j^g ^yJ^ ^]^q registry books of *': » Dominion on 31st December, 1891. register, " •' 1891. NUMBER OF VESSELS, &c., v^N THE REGISTRY BOOKS OF CANADA ON 31sT DECEMBER, 1891. All sailing vessels, steamers ana barges are included : — Provinces. New Brunswick. ... . Nova Scotia Quebec Ontario Prince Edward Island British Columbia. . . . Manitoba Total Numl aer of Gross Tonnage, Steamers. Tol Sailing Vessels Sa !ing Vessels. Steamers. and Steamers. 872 97 8,913 969 2,660 118 13,992 2,778 1,137 267 74,132 1.404 604 741 92,786 1,345 178 17 4,655 195 104 142 21,540 246 27 51 5,762 78 5,682 1,433 221,679 7,015 Net Tonnage, 193,193 461,758 162,330 138,ill4 23,31() 1!»,767 6,1!»7 1,005,475 I MERCANTILE MARINE AND FISHERIES. 339 541. There was an increase, as compared with 1890, of 24 in the total Increases number of vessels, and a decrease of 19,499 tons in the total tonnage, an^^^e- and assuming the average value to be $30 a ton, the value of the total tonnage would be $30,164,250, being a decrease in value of $584,970. Tliere was an increase of 69 in the number of steamers, and an increase of 14,824 tons in steamer's tonnage. 542. The next statement shows the number of vessels and of tons on the register in each year from 1873 : — VESSELS ON THE REGISTER IN CANADA, 1873 1891. Number of ves&els on register, 1873-1891. Year. Vessels. Tons. Ykah. Vessels. Tons. 1873 1874 6,783 6.930 6,952 7,192 7,362 7,469 7,471 7,377 7,394 7,312 1,073,718 1,158,.%3 1.205,565 1,2«50,89S 1,.S10,468 1,3.13,015 1,332.094 1,311,218 1,310,896 1,260,777 1883 1884 7,374 7,264 7,316 7,294 7,178 7,142 7,153 6,991 7,015 1,276,440 1,253,747 1^75 1886 1.231,856 187t> 1877 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1,217,76 -» . '.%. ' i f 'Hi M t:i' :4i . ■1 1 ; ' , 1 *f. ■ ij- in -i m ¥4 I ; i '■ ; . •• .!! '■ i. ^l^flWW'ii*' 340 CHAPTER VIII. w^ M mk ^^m W'' ^m W' ^ wh in the Maritime Provinces, which used to be a flourishing one, has almost died away, and it does not seem probable that it can ever be revived, the decline having been caused by a cessation of demand owiuf' to a change nf material, and not through depression of trade or any causes consequent on the policy of the GovcrumRntof the day, or within their cci'itrol. Thei-e does not, howv-ver, appen'- to he any reason why ship-buikiing should not again beioino n piotitable industry, at any rate in Nova Scotia, the material UcxX bc-ing, not W'ku5, but iron and steel. Tliat province is favoured with larji ■ dcf'Sit.'- » t .igh-class iion ore, excellent coal ^nd {adjacent flux, and it may sat'ol;/ be said that capital and enterprisL' alone nve wanting to make tlie iron ships (if Nova Scotia almost as ' agerly sou^'ht after in the present market as were her wooden vessels in olden days. Shiiipinp 545. The fol^iwing t«i.hle is a comparative st.ftement of the total 18'^*"'tf*' shipping of Canada, inland a.s well as sea j,'oif>5', in the years 1890 and im. " 1891 : — lOMPARATTVE STATEMENT OF ALL VESSELS (BOTH SEA-OOIXd AND INLAND) ARRIVED AT AND DEPARTED FROM CANADIAN FORTS (EXCLUSIVE OF COASTING VESSELS) IN 1890 AND 18!»1. Increase in shipping. Number of Vessels. Tons Register. Freight. Nuinbtn' of Mtn. Nationalities. Tons Weight. Tons Mea- surement. 1890. British . 3,671 38,222 30,532 3,617,013 7,709,133 7,119,964 1,429,608 2,200,020 1,807,984 780,316 l,36:. > 547. The next table gives comparative particulars of all sea-going Sea-going vessels entered and cleared at Canadian ports in 1890 and 1891 : — vessels en- *^ tored and SEA-GOING VESSELS ENTERED AND CLEARED AT CANADIAN 1890 and PORTS, 1890 AND 1891 1891. '!<' Number of Vessels. Tons Register. Quantity ok Frkujht. Number of Men. Nationamtiks. Tons Weight. Tons Mea- surement. 1890. British Ciiiiiidian Fdi'i'ign 3,671 13,69.5 13,758 3,617,013 1,708.939 5,002,333 10,328,285 1,429,«M)8 783,803 982,536 780,315 794,324 1,121,240 109,757 86,097 220, 9a5 Total 31,124 3,195,947 2,695,879 41(5,759 1891. British Ciinadian 3,483 1.3,0(>5 14,173 3,.")23,238 1,791„306 5,380,(i52 1,330,595 683,116 1,116,012 3,129,723 564,770 816,123 1,112,329 2,493,222 107,443 87,138 Foreign 249,778 Total 31,321 10,695,196 444,359 t *,, 1 'n ; 1 :■■■ ,h f ^i 548. There was an increase of 197 in the number of sea-going vessels Increase entered and cleared at Canadian ports in 1891, as compared with 1890, i" ""'^^'^•^ and of 366,911 tons in the number of tons register, a decrease of nage. 66,224 tons in the weight of freiglit, of 202,657 tons in measurement, and an increase of 27,600 in the number of men. Of the total sea- lx)rne trade of the country, 42*51 per cent was carried in English bottoms, 21*83 per cent in Canadian, and 35*66 percent in foreign tottoms. 549. For a statement of sea-going vessels in each year since Con- Shipping federation, see following table, which shows to what extent large vessels, ^_\ q* particularly steamers, are taking the place of the smaller vessels of a Montreal. few years ago. In connection with this, it may be interesting to state that the first ocean-going steamer arrived at Montreal in 1853, in which year four arrived, of a total tonnage of 1,951 tons, and in the same year 248 ocean-going sailing vessels arrived, of a tonnage of 57,752 tons. In the next year, 1854, six steamers, of 5,545 tons aggregate, 252 ocean-going sailing vessels of 65,365 tons, and 4,251 inland vessels of 323,578 tons arrived at the port, making an aggre- gate tonnage of 394,488 tons, and the average tonnage of sea-going vessels 274 tons. In 1891, 37 years after, the total tonnage that arrived in Montreal was 2,058,141 tons, of which 938,657 tons belonged to sea-going vessels, 631 of which were steamers and 94 sail- K |1 w I ',■ ',1 i. i; ''■Hi n n Jl:'* 1«* ) ». \nM\ 342 CHAPTER VIII. ing vessels, the average tonnage of each sea going vessel having in- creased to 1,293 tons. In 1880, 354 steamers, 42 ships and U;; barques, sea-going vessels, arrived at Montreal. In 1891 the numbers respectively were 631, 11 and 15. As evidence of the increase in tlie coasting trade, the number of vessels that arrived at Montreal fiuin the Maritime Provinces in 1881 was 212, with a tonnage of 99,37H, In 1891 the number of vessels was 305 and the tonnage 266,751. Shippingr 550, The next table gives the number and tonnage of sea-goin;,' pafports vessels entered and cleared at the principal ports of the Dominion in i89i: ' 1891 :— I i »^'i Ports. Vkssels Entered and Clkaked. Halifax, N.S Victoria, B. C Montreal, Que Quebec, Que St. John, N.B Nanaimo, B.C Vancouver, B.C Sydney, N.S St. Andrews, N.B ... . Yarmouth, N.S Chatham, N.B North Sydney, N.S. . . . Windsor, N.S Annapolis, N.S . . Digby, N.S Parrsboro', N.S Newcastle, N.B Shelburne, N.S Pictou, N.S Charlottetown, P.E.T. Glace B.-vy, N.S Port Hawkesbury, N.S Lunenburg, N.S Liverpool, N.S. Jo^grins, N.S Chicoutinii, Que Cow Bay, N.S Hillsboro', N.B British. No. Tons. 1,804 1,039,659 218 54,252 668 1,179,716 36H 588,744 2,870 500,210 107 115,232 126 141,560 .556 225,097 674 31,880 665 210,071 42 20,027 545 118,650 262 132,442 04 14,415 41 3,61 281 76 43,963 131 759 63,197 851 60 46,417 120 55 40,341 197 28 17,697 312 95 43,688 146 8 625 517 .560 46,474 634 264 44,030 364 48 34,583 63 9 1,325 110 77 17,496 207 rotal. ToiiH. 1,234.012 l,»»l,2tr) l,2(i2,ri*;i 9or),sri« l,i4(;,r)33 85il,!)3l 5<>!U12 237,7iH) 245,017 23«i,H!)l 105,149 13r),452 1<>7.(;48 73,020 •>2,738 «3,i>72 79.4!»2 71,t>«3 (;!»,098 71,473 82,240 51,82t; 52,308 ,5«(,438 .J4,401 3,'),211 30,377 37,314 tving m- and 14.; nuinl)!t,112 237,7!K) 245,017 23(i,8!»l 105,149 135,452 l((7.t»4« 73,020 ti2,738 «3,1I72 7!».4i»2 71,tW3 tH>,09H 71,473 82,240 : 5l,82(i I 52,308 5«'.,438 1 54,401 ' 35,211 , 30,.377 1 37,314 MERCANTILE MARINE AND FISHERIES. 343 551. The following is a statement of British and colonial shipping Shipping in 1890. The figures are all taken from official sources : — '" Pntwh figu SHIPPING IN BRITISH POSSESSIONS, 18JK). pOHHfH- HionH, 1890. Colony . Tonnage of VeHHels entered and cleared. Colony Ttiited Kingdom. . . Hcng Kong Malta (iibraltar Canada Straits Settlement . . India New South Wales . . Ct-ylon Victoria Oiit'ensland . . Windward Islands South Australia . . . Cn|»e of (»ood Hope L^iward Islands . . . Trinidad *. New Zealand . .laniaica 74,283,8«H) 9,771,741 9,1(52,094 11,488,093 10,.S28,285 8,041,911 7,315,580 4,701,872 5,117,{K)2 4,303,341 910,779 2,971,0«i5 2,190,442 2,957,377 1,487,017 1,340,107 1,312,474 1,230,50(> Tasmania Mauritius British Guiana Newfoundland . . . , Gold Coast , Western Australia. Lagos Sierra Leone Natal Bermuda Honduras Turk's Island Bahamas Gambia St. Helena , Fiji Falkland Islands . Labuan Tonnage of Vessels entered and cleared. 951,247 079,375 080,021 (»l,147 043,015 904,8,5>9{> 307,500 304,0t»7 215,428 270,874 221,080 79,300 117,356 01,576 50,894 Gibraltar and Malta being merely ports of call, it will be seen that no British possession outside of the United Kingdom has a larger shipping trade than Canada, though the combined shipping of the Australasian colonies exceeds that of this country ; the latter figures, however, include the intercolonial trade. 552. The next table gives the tonnage of vessels trading to and Shipping from some of the principal foreign countries. It will be seen that, '" foreign including the United Kingdom, Canada ranks eleventh among the jggg ' countries of the world as regards the magnitude of her shipping trade. .t'*/. ;^-: .• m b i.1,, I-' 4 M' », ..I « ;i ''■i :\- t : 4- 1 ■>;: 344 CIIAPTKK VIII. SHIPPING IN FOREKiN COUNTRIES, 1881). •c It ' 1 * »' PS Coi'NTilY. Fnince United StateH * Spain , Germany AuHti'ia Italy . . Ku8Hia in Euru|[)« , . Argentine Republic Sweden Holland Belgium ... P(»rtugal Denmark China . . Norway , . Chili Urviguay Japan Tonnage i if VeHHols enteif i| and cleat'fd in 18S}(. 27,377,2!t:. 2«l,l»Ki.Hl;i 24,28((j:'2 20,472.41'' 15,7r)4,c.r),s 10,4;K),.,!i4 10,3«ir),.-).S7 10,3()4, »:<7 !t,8«W,!tH,-. 7,202,;iS7 5,8(l4,r,K(i 5,3.*14,47it r).2il8,'.',si 4,»)H.t;H(; 2,!tll..S2(t * Exclusive of lake trade between the United States and Canada. Registered 553. The following table shows the number and tonnage of nier- the"w^rld *^hant vessels (Ix)th steam and sailing) owiwd by the principal count rit> of the world, according to the latest available returns. The tiguics havi» been taken partly from offi»-'ial .sources, and partly from the Statesman's Year Book ; REGISTERED lONNAGE OF THE PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD. CoiNTUIKM. United Kingdom . . Sweden and Norway German Empire Canada United Stiites* France Italy Russia Spain Australasia , Netherlands ...... Au8tria-Hungar> . . . Denmark Greece Portugal . Belgium Turlfey Vessels. 21,.'i01 11,107 3,5!>4 7,015 1,527 1.5, U)4 «,721 2,f>83 1,()!>8 2,874 (510 a52 3,407 5,8!U 450 51 !H)7 Averagf Tons ti) cac'li V'oSMcl. .Stilt l!ll 3tl7 14H fiL'l) (il IL'."? ii;.-) .'iVJ 124 40") 5!»!t 85 4r) 132 1,377 253 ^ Licensed and enrolled vessels not included. ii IN THE MERCANTILE MAK1NK AND FISMKUIKN. 345 'yUA. Canudji, i will he H<'«»n, staiulH fourth in the list, hut if the riiited licensed ami ern'ollwl vesHels helonirinir to the United .States which are ^^!^^»? cmployea in the river and lake trade were included, that country would take second plane, its total tonnaj^e anmuntinfj; to 4,0H4,7")y tdiis. To such an extent has the American mercantile marine declined tliat, whereas in IHoG, 75'2 per cent of the United States imports and exports were carried in American bottoms, in 1891 the proportion was only 11*96 per cent, the value carried havinj,' increased from .fG41,G04,8r)0 to !$ 1, 844,392,840. PART II. — FISHERIES. T).').^. The sea fishc^ries of Canada, which are situated oft' the coasts of N«-va Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Quebec and IJritisli Columbia, are among the richest and most important in the world, while the fresh water fisheries uf the great lakes and rivers of tlie country are nowhere to be surpassed. ')')&. The folU»wing are summary comparative statements of the total yield and value of the fisheries, both marine and fresh water, and also of the value of the same by province.s, in 1890 and 1891 : — COMI'ARATIVP: STATEMKXT of the YIKLD AND VALUE OF THE FISHERIES OF CANADA, 18!)0 18U1. Finherii'M of Caimda. Yield and value of the tislier- ies, IHDO and 1891. ISitO. 1891. Kinds ok Fish. Quantity. Value. I (Quantity. CimI ...... .7 Cwt. Hi'iriiig, pickled Brl«. do Hinoknd IJtixes. do frozen, fresh Lbs. Lol)st«Ts, preserved, in cans " do in uhell, alive. &c Tons. Salmon, nickled Brls. d(j fresh Lb.s. do preserved, in cans " do smoked " Mackerel, preserved, in cans ... " do fresh " do pickled Brls. Haddock Cwt. Hake " Pollock " Trout Lbs. do pickled Brls Wiiitetjsh Ll>s. Smelts " Sardines Hhds. STyTJM 27^,274 1 6M,hil li),(i21,78«) 11,5.'J!M>84 0,748 r),i40i 3,r)8»J, '■•;■•' l!»,j»lo,:^i4 (k'*..v.(i; 28;^.,J7i 77(sOi*<> '.Mi.'J4« 1.33,017 (J8,387 5,821),4(i(i 4,112 li,i7<),r)«2 4,735..'>17 a,4:«,5.S() l.()!>7.01»(i a40,21K) .')21,1 41,120 7()7,«»58 283,444 11.'). 752 Value. 84!),838 I 2!t8,.')!»8 i 2,38(1,920 i 9,108,J),'30 14,285,157 ! «,321i 2,.557 ! 4,404,311 15,20«,:}28 I 132,472 ! Hi5,98l I .3,827,708 1,.343,693 5!M>,732 354,489 1,99!»,921 2.02,500 3.5,500 071.746 1,522,509 20,494 19,918 139,201 150,170 124,385 81,248 6,287,043 3.258 11,703,841 5,652,101 1,949,()54 52%595 315,.'>55 24.3,744 028,704 .32,580 791,185 277,036 192,937 t. . »•• ^ '1' * r PJ i ). . h .'•' 346 r 'A t ■ ?>' SI .4 niAPTKK V»ll. COMPARATIVE STATKMKNT t)F i iJl Vii-XD, Jwj.-Co»k)/i«i«/. KiNim DK FiMH. OvmUtm Brln. Hak«* houikIh Lim. C(hI toiiKutiH and wMindH " AlewivHH Brltt, Hlittd, fnmh Llm, do piukled lirU. Eel« do " du fr«8h LhH. Halilnit " Hturireon *' MaitkinunK*' .... " BiwM •• Pickert'l " Pike •• WinniniHh . . . . " Tom ctid or front fiith " FluunderH •* Hqiiid Brls. ( >oIAchnn8 Lbs. ClaiiiH Fur seal skinn in B. C No. Hair do ♦* Sea otter skins " I'oriKjise skins " Fisli oils Galls. Coarse and mixed fish Brls. Mixed «Hh, B.C Fish used as Iwit . ... Brls. Finh used as manure . " (tuano Tons. Crabs No. Home consumption not included in returns 1890. (Quantity. Value. A((,670 07,554 321,200 42,700 108,103 0.728 7,389 1,425,051 1,626,130 2,047,170 7<'»9,840 l»77,470 3,142,189 1,091,702 100.000 1891. Quantity. Vulut 79,000 13,138 114,000 44,761 27,245 102 549 727,020 40,278 iJl5,596 122,484 (i02 604,800 Totals . . Increase 9 171,778 02,024 10,000 192,452 0,480 (U(,524 73,81K> 85,503 120,073 110,91>2 40,1911 58,040 17.3,420 02,2(» 0,000 34,245 62,462! 7,780 10,180 41»2,201i 24,0i)5 10,200 2.271 31.5,034 187,942 40,911 248,98(S 01,242 17,080 25,240 327,809 01,0!)2 Wl,075 1,278 43,117 8,428 4,284 842,01Nl 2,719,097 1,626,240 743,030 7J«>,.124 2,!«M).«79 1,811,357 100,000 8,348 281,700 52*9{»5* 25,%2 IKI.MIC, t»4.,VM ii,n;« iii«,o:<() 84,-JH(l 4'J,H4(» 21.-..Jtl'.» N7.7H!t i:8,7r)5 Ontario Manitoba and N.-W. Territories . . . 1,8(k;,390 332,iHii) Tot ,.•« 17,418,510 17,055,256 17,714,902 18,978.078 MKKCANTILi: MAKINK AND KIHIIKKIKH. 347 'f, \uUd, in. Vttl Uf. (V4.,ur. 4'J,M4(» 2i:).»(i',t H7,7H(I 44.r)H2 47.'.t:>it t>,(NN) 21,7(W t;.:v.»!t 33.:«t2 i'j.r><»:> iti.(n»4 7'.i4.if.'5 1.2(14 i7i,(»7t; 478,078 i^!i7. The lant tahl« hIiowh thiit th»*r« haw het>n a steady iiicreaHe in Incivftue flie value (»f the prmluct t»f tiHheries, during the past four years, the '" "'« iiicreaHe in 1891 over 1H90 amounting to 1^1,20.'^, 17 <), and over 1888 to fiMherieii. .* 1,559,508. There was an increase in the value of the yield in each pi'Dvince, except in Hritish Columbia and Ontario, the largest increase lifiving lieen in New Brunswick, viz., #871,996. 558. The following table, applicable to the whole citch of the Domi- Value of iiion, shows the increase or decrease in value of the principal kinds of ?,rjjj^i?^i tisli in 1891 as compared with the catch of 1890 : — jiuh, ISIK) and lHi)l. VALITK AND CATCH Of PRINCIPAL PRODUCTS OF THE FIHHKRIES IN 1801, COMPARED WITH 1890. FlMH. Value. C(k1 Ht'iring. . Saliiion. . . LiiliKtent. . Mark.'n'I . S)'hI MkiiiM WliiU'tish Tnmt.. .. Ha(l(l()ck. Fitli oilH. . \hkf . . Smelts. . . . l'(.ll(K:k.. . HulDuit.. AlfW iven. . .SarilinuM. . OVHttTS. . . PiekHreL. . .S.K27,708 2,2«.»4,!»14 2,250.249 2.2.52,421 1,969,670 82('>,(>84 791,186 6(>1,344 52.'),.')9.5 368,6(»4 315,.->66 277,f)a5 243,744 216,4(59 194,029 li»2,9a) 183,844> 134,130 IncreaHe. .SIM, 128 33(1,422 (K)4i07« 444,59.5 .>K»,128 23,527 .%,0&8 43i(i34 Decrfase. 94,79(> 1,578 77,184 12,068 780,320 (5,473 (siisse' (5,408 29,804 30,290 559. The aggregate increa.se in the value of the catch of cod, her- Increase ring, lobsters, mackerel and .seals was $2,088,349. The largest decrease "J^^"" was in the value of salmon, principally in British Columbia. crease. 5(50. The following table gives the number and value of boats, nets, Number A'c, and the number of men employed in the fisheries in the several *" flgy,*Jj|f provinces in 1891, according to returns published by the Fisheries vessels. Department. The value of much of the fishing material has necessarily etc., 1891. to be estimated only, but on the basis of the figures given below the total amount of the capital invested in 1891 reached the sum of .^7,376,186 :— ^■^ .']■ r-IB iM ■ »• , > ' If li '■ ■ • . 'I L ri m •^.! t « \. f J II i ' •' ii 'f.. I. it :< 348 CHAPTER VIII. VESSELS, MEN, NETS, &c., E:*PL0YED IN THE FISHERIES OF CANADA, 1891. l-i 1% li>*.*. Pkovinces. Vessels and Boats. Men, Number Nets. Oth.T Fishing Materiiil. Number 13,924 Vahle. 1. 524.^^5 Fathonib. Value. Nova Scotia 24,37(5 12,222 4,020 i2,530 8,000 2,920 835 2,284,900 530,012 100,000 208,823 285,818 1,441,(595 102,225 .592,717 .SS9,881 11 001 ir>8,998 178,257 241,305 14,733 009,180 09H, (;(),-, 201,700 l.")2.()S.t 827. N7r) lOM.OSO New Brunswick .... Prince Edward Island. Quebec British Columbia Ontario Manitoba 5,928 344,394 1,42J) 105,587 0,483 220,(508 1,988 (573,388 1,203 234,782 rm 30,010 Total 31,464, 3,133,170 65,575 .0,014,079 1,044,892 2,59H,l-.)4 Seal fish- ery in British Columbia. Number of hands em- ployed. Fisheries Protection Service. h'* United States mackerel fleet. W-^ 561. British Columbia employs about 700 men and 30 vessels of over 2,000 tons aggregate,in the seal fishery. The total number of seals cautrht by Canadian vessels in 1890 was 54,853, valued jit $510,111, while 3,768 seals caught by foreign vessels were disposed of in Vic toria, B.C. 562. It will be seen that upwards of 65,500 men are employed in the fisheries proper, while no taccount can be given of the number of men, women and children employed on shore in connection with them. 563. Five steamers, viz., the "Acadia," " Ljji Canadienne," "Stanley," "Dream" and "St. Nicholas" (the last two chartered), and three schooneri (one Government and two chartered j, were employed in the Fisheries Protection Service in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and on the Atlantic coast during the season of 1891, but only one seizure was made, viz,, that of the U. S. schooner " F. D. Hodgkin.s," which was seized at Fox Bay, Anticosti, by the " La Canadienne," for fishing within the three mile limit. The master having pleaded ignorance of the law. the vessel was subsequently released on payment of a fine of .^2,0()0. The modus vix>endi, which had been in force for four years, pendinjj a settlement of the fisheries question, was continued f(»r another year. By this arrangement United States fishing vessels are admitted tn Canadian fisheries on payment of a license fee of $1.50 per ton, and the privilege wjis largely taken advantage of during the past yeai, being evidently highly appreciated by United States fishermen. This is shown by the fact that 98 licenses were issued, as compared with M in 1888, and $11,098 collected in fees, as against $3,831 in 1888. 564. The United States mackerel fleet, fishing in Canadian watei's in 1891, comprised 36 vessels, and the take amounted to 6,824 banels, as compared with 64 v'essels in 1890 and a take of 8,443 barrels. 2 2,508,124 MERCANTILE MARINE AND FISHERIES. 349 565. A Fishery Intelligence Bureau was inaugurated on a small Fishery scale in 1889, and continued in an extended form during 1891, at a I"tell»- cost of $2,021. The service was generally appreciated by those inter- Bureau, ested in the fishing business. 566. Under an Act passed in 1882 to encourage the development Fishing of sea fisheries and the building of fishing vessels, the sum of $150,000 ^""ti®^. has been annually distributed among fishermen and fishing vessels entitled to the same. The number of claims paid during the year 1890 was 18,071, and the amount paid $158,241. The bounty was paid on the basis of $1.50 per ton to vessels, $3 per man to boat fisher- men, and $1 per boat to the owners, and the number of vessels which received bounty was 739, of 28,268 tons, the number of boats 17,168, and the number of fishermen 33,245. The total amount of bounty paid since 1882 has been $1,411,503. 567. There were eleven Government fish hatcheries in operation in Fish hat- 1890, situated at Fraser River, B.C. ; Sydney and Bedford, N.S. ; St. cheries. John River and Mirtamichi, N.B. ; Restigouche, Gaspe, Tadousac and Magog, Que. ; and Ottawa, Newcastle and Sandwich, Ont. The gross output of young fish of all kinds during the year amounted to 90,213,- 000, of the following species, viz. : Salmon (Atlantic and Pacific), salmon and brook trout, whitefish, pickerel and black bass. The number of eggs collected in the autumn of the year for subsequent hatching was 144,613,000. A fish hatchery has been recently estab- lished at Ottawa. Details of the operations of the hatcheries in 1891 are not yet available. The great benefit of these hatcheries to the fisheries generally is universally acknowledged, and it is the almost unanimous opinion of those interested that the heavy runs of salmon in I'ecent years on the Fraser River wei-e largely due to the operations of the hatchery there. 568. A lobster hatchery has been established at Bay View, Pictou Lobster County, N.S., and though completed late and only in operation for a hatchery, short time, some 7,000,000 lobster fry were hatched out and distri- buted. At the lobster hat' hery in Newfoundland, which has been in operation for some time, no less than 551,000,000 lobster eggs were hatched. The hatchery at Bay View is the first of its kind in America. 569. The total expenditure by the Fisheries Department during the Expendi- tiscal years ended 30th June, 1889, 1890 and 1891, was : Fisheries 1889. 18(K). 1891. Depart- Fishery ofticerH » 83,684 $ 05,873 9 71,306 I^q/^iqoa Fish-breediuK 41,315 39,127 39,496 l**;*' uJf/'" Fisheries protection service... «9,C94 64,435 83,0f)0 and 1«J1. Fishing bounty 149,991 150,000 166,9«)7 Miscellaneous 10.912 9,314 13,383 Total $ 355,59(i $ 328,749 $ 374,202 "it ■1' ^ 11'.,' I' m (' v| r- ,.f i^:!l - 11 •*.l| I- t I I ui^U wc 350 CHAPTER VIII. F V'-} \ij =5i Value of 570. The following table, showing the value of the yield and of the yield and exports of the fisheries since Confederation, will give some idea of the fisheries, great importance of this industry : — 18()8-1891. VALUE OF THE YIELD AND OF THE EXPORTS OF THE FISHERIKS IN CANADA, 18(58- 18J)1. Indian consump- tion of fish. Value of fisheries by pro- vinces, 18'.5y-18yi. Year. Total Value of the Yield of the Fisheries in the Dominion of Canada. 1868. 1869. . 1870. . 1871. . 1872. . 1873. . 1874. . 1875. . 1876. . 1877. . 1878. . 1879. . 1880.. 1881.. 1882.. 1883.. 1884. . 188.5. . 1886. . 1887.. 1888.. 1889.. 1890. 1891. . Total. 4,376,526 6,577,391 7,573,199 9,570,116 10,754,997 11,681,88<> 10,350,385 ll,147,.')f»0 12,029,957 13,21.'5,«78 13,52t>,254 14,499,979 1.5,817,162 16,824,092 16,958,192 17,766,404 17,722,973 18,679,288 18,386,103 17,418,.510 17,<).5.5,25»5 17,714,902 18,978,078 319,227,918 Value Exported. 3,3,57,510 3,242,71(1 3,608,r)4!) 3,9J)4,27r> 4,386,214 4,779,277 5,2;>2,3<;s 5,380,527 5,500.!I8!I 5,874,;{t)0 6,853,!>75 6,928,871 6,579,().'>G 6,8()7,7ir) 7,(i82,(i7!t 8,80!»,118 8,591,654 7,9. 1870. 1871. 1872. 187.1 1874. 1875. 187ti. 1877. 1878. 1870. 1,S80. 1881. 1882. . '883. 1884, . 1885. 1880. 18h7.. 1888. 1880. 1890.. 1801.. Year. Ykak. Tot»> Ontario. Quebec. Nova Scotia. 190,203 261,982 193,524 267,633 293,0<.)1 446,267 453,194 437,229 438,223 348,122 367,133 444,491 509,1K>3 825,4.57 1,027,033 1,133,724 1,342,692 1,435,998 1,531,850 1,839,869 1,{»63,123 2,009,«i37 1,8037 %■'■', -f> 2,744,44/ 2,930,904 3,192,339 3,185,675 3,730,4.54 4,005,431 4,180,227 3,559,507 2,941,863 3,067,039 2,699,055 3,571,051 61,074,7.^ Manitoba and Territories. British Columbia. Prince Ed- jward Island, Total of Canada. 30,590 24,023 18(,,.>80 129,084 180,(577 1(57,(579 232,104 332,9(59 1,284,106 104,697 583,4^3 925,7(57 631,76(5 713,335 1,454,321 1,842,675 1,644,(546 1,358,2(57 1,078,038 1,577,348 1,974,887 1,902,195 3,348,(H58 3,481,432 3,008,755 25,(529,630 207,595 288,863 298,927 494,967 763,036 840,344 1,402,301 1,675,089 1,955,290 1,85.5,687 1,272.468 1,085,619 1,293,430 1,141,991 1,037,426 876,862 88(5,431 1,041,10!) 1,238,734 19,65(5,169 4,376,52(5 (5,577,391 7,573,199 9,570,116 10,754,91>7 11,(581,886 10, 350, .385 11,147,590 12,02<>,957 13,215,678 13,529,254 14,499,979 15,817,162 16,824,092 16.958,192 17,7(56,404 17,722,973 18,679,288 18,38(5,103 17,418,510 17,655,256 17,714,!)02 18,978,078 319,227,918 351 jjf In':* % I .1 ■Mk % <» « I ■ c 4' .1*" ■!■:-' Rt'.T 352 CHAPTER VIII. ^: im *i .1** CANADIAN QUANTITIES OF SOME OF THE PRINCIPAL Year. Cod and Ling. 18(i9., 1870. 1871., 1872., 1873.. 1874. 1875., 187(i., 1877.. 1878 , 1870., 1880., 1881., 1882.. 1883.. 1884., 1885.. 188(;.. 1887.. 18K8.. 188<».. 1874,(;02 824,438 880,842 797,8111 748,788: 830,8tK), 815,0(W l>02,41t() l,0(i7,484 1,01>2,514 1,075,,582 IK)3,030 1,075,121 1,022,389 1,077,393 1,081,410 1,078,355 1,053,847 904,560 867.734 849,838 Hi^ddock. Lbs. 483,000 351,800 537,500 227, (iOC,' l,940,»)2f 4,128,»532 4,708,528 1.5,107,8(K» ll,488,li.4i ll,25i,804 14,183,550 11,104,2««> ll,798,0(;(l 1,938, ]!)4 1,461, S,-,4 i,i29,.^()r) l,580,iV)K l,41t7.f1 2..S8(!,!I20 8,144,076 23,085,742 V06,T05 r)21,iW. 4r)4,-J0it t)4i:.(XKI 54!t.ir>0 o5;VL'()5 62L>.4S7 72liO 1,93><,1()4 1,4(11,.S54 l,lLMt,3(i5 1,58().,55K 1,497.8!KI 2,(i8."),170 l,a54,l(il 2,38(;,1I2(I 6 23,08.'i,742 MERCANTILE MARINE AND FISHERIES. FISHERIES. KINDS OF FISH CAUGHT DURING THE YEARS 1869-1891. RING. Salmon. Lobstrjrs. Smelts. Fish Oils. Kresh. Frozen. Fickled. Smoked, Fresh and in Cans. Lbs. 984,164 1,490,392 2,119,825 2,104,302 3,m>7,238 4,578,572 2,419,300 2,274,706 5,772,896 8,406,143 5,717,182 4,69.3,640 11,149,373 14,213,a36 12,693,966 10,926,{)03 10,101,648 10,729,081 14,465,365 13,549,392 24,433.039 23,660,894 19,743,111 Lbs. No. brls. 7,663 12,613 7,676 8,:'^5 7,722 7,383 6,026 6,649 7,130 9,440 4,340 4,167 6,a38 6,840 603 10,094 7,826 6,511 9,042 8,464 6,704 5,140i 2,667 Lbs. 61,000 591,600 1,130,000 .3,665,863 4,864, J>98 8,117,221 6,614,380 5,373,088 8,086,819 10,714,611 10,244„329 13,105,072 18,576,523 20,813,730 17,084,020 22,063,283 27,299,038 33,758,421 19,486,687 22,173,773 21.131,2.33 25,056,984 26,928,167 326,738,740 Lbs. 124,000 16,400 655,100 584,000 810,399 1,156,350 1,451,580 1,990,826 2,266,202 2,718,207 1,787,378 2,942,628 2,324,716 3,241,924 4,180,943 6,177,410 5,982,.358 7,209,888 5,932,418 3,723,772 5,011,068 4,735,517 5,562,101 Galls. 192,691 534 729 616,364 696,791 674,165 618,234 629,752 702,017 915,667 25^606 969,179 1,060,860 1,064,746 7^968 1.(149,560 3(14,640 .■),7(17,554 7,354,497 it,(ir)3,308 10,(148,021 *15,(12l,786 *'.l,108,660 16,0.50,000 20,027,200 20,875,000 14,851,500 15,800,150 21,023,300 21,986,700 22,305,600 22,247,860 1,278,2-17 1,077,005 1,149,598 783,765 818,152 J»C1,163 99.5,509 960,iril 984,183 727,020 834,347 59,600,974 175,667,210 156,823i 210,123,468 70,475,173 19,084,715 Including frozen herrinp. 28 353 % I I '.i. 1 u\ •• '.^ » f !'4.' I. !. r I. 'Ml 354 CHAPTER VIII. (Quanti- ties and values of certain kinds of fish, 1869- 1891. The figures in the foregoing table will probably be found interest in 4, as giving some idea of the enormous quantities of some kinds of fish that are taken annually, though they are almost too large to comty any really correct impression. 573. The next table is a summary of the quantities and values (jf the same fifh, taken during the same period : — CANADIAN FISHERIES- TOTAL QUANTITIES AND VALUES OF CERTAIN KINDS OF FISH TAKEN DURING THE YEARS 18«J9^1891. '$^ ''.^Ji J' . t ' - % .1 ■* Fisheries of the grr>oit lakes. Kinds ok Fish. Cod and linjf . Cwt. Haddock Lbs. ^fackerel, iiickled Brls. " fr ssh, in cans .... Lljs. Herring, pi< kled Brls. '* sMoked Boxes. •* fresh. . Lbs. •' frozen No. S.klmon, i>ickled Brls. " smoked and fresh and in cans Lbs. Lobsters " Smelts •• Fish oils Galls, Quantity. 20,706,029 271,072,030 3,120,079 7,154,26. 86,87i»,7r)(i 10,712,!t)JS } 32,r;3,523 j- 42,222,:..30 } 28,644,.S43 37,70l,i»H2 3,940, LV) 10,30<),02:j 574. The fisheries of the great lakes are the largest and most im- portant fresh water fisheries in the world, and the great value of the Can- adian portion of these fisheries is not generally appreciated. The area of freshwater belonging to Canada, in the Lakes Superior, Huron, Erie and Ontario, is about 72,700 square miles, and in 1890, 1,203 vessels and boats, manned by 2,920 men, using 1,441,695 fathoms of nets. were employed in fishing therein. Whitefish, salmon and lake trout, sturgeon, herring, bass and pickerel are the principal fish. A-t'cordinj,' to tlie census returns of 1890, the fish caught on the United States sides of the lakes " > that year showed an increase of 58 per cent in value, as compared with 1880, while the value of the fish caught on the Canadian sides in the same year showed an increase of more tiiau 350 per cent over the catch of 1880. The quantity of frozen herring for 1890 and 1891 is included in " herring, fresh." ( ' MERCANTILE MAKINE AND FISHERIES. THE FISHERY LAWS OF THE DOMINION. Table of Close Seasons in force on Slst December, 1891. Kinds of I'ish. ^'almon (net fish- Salmon (angling) . SiKickled trout (Stilveh'nus /o»»- tinalis). Salmon-trout Large grey trout, lunge, touladi and land-locked salmon. Otiiinaniche VickerHl (dore). Ontario. Quebec Nova New Scotia. Brunswick Aug. 15 to i Feb. 1. Sept. 15 to Oct. 1 to May 1. 1 Dec. 31. Prince t ^^*"i*P^* Edward and iXnT !N-.W.Ter- ntones. Aug. 1 to' Aug. 15 t() Aug. 15 to May 1. ; Mar. 1. i Mar. 1. Aug. 15 to Aug. 15 to Feb. 1. ■ Fel). 1. Oct. 1 to Sent. 15 to Oct. 1 to Apr. 1. May 1. ! Dec. 1. Oct. 15 toOct. 15 to Nov. 30. I Nov. 30, Oct. 1 Jan. 1. Oct. 15 to Oct. 15 to Oct. 15 to Nov. .30. Nov. 30. Nov. 30. Oct. 15 to Oct. 1 to Sept. 15 to Dec. 1. Apr. 1. May 1. Ba.s8 and maaki- noiige. Si'a baxs Whitefish , SiiU'lts . . . . Apr. 15 to May 15. Apr. 15 to June 15, Oct. 15 to 1 Nov. 30, lA>i)!*ter8 , r curgeon Ovsters . . May 15 to July 15, Sept. 15 to Dec. 1. Apr. 15 to May 16. Apr. 15 to June 15. Oct. 15 to Mar. 1 to Mar. 1 to Oi:t. 1. I Oct. 1. Oct. 15 to Oct. 15 to Nov. 30. Nov. 30. Nov. 30 Apr. 1 to Aim 1 to' Apr. 1 to July 1. I July 1. ..!. July 1. Oct. 15 to Nov. 30. Apr. 1 to July 1 to Apr. 15 to May 15. Oct. 5 to Nov. 30. Bag net fiHhing prohibited, except under license. July 16 to July 1 tojJuly 1 to Dec. 31. FreHh- water her- ring and ciscoes. Oct. 15 to Nov. 30. May 15 to July 15, June 1 to Sept. 15. Dec. 31. I Dec. 31 I On Atlantic coast, from Ca[)e Canso to boundary line, U.S., July 15 to Dec. 81, in remaining waters of Nova Sc<}tia and New Brunswick. July 15 to Dec. 31 May 15 to July 15. June 1 to Sept. 15. May 15 to July 15. June 1 to Sept. 15, May 15 to July 15. June 1 to Sept. 15. May 15 to July 15. The following are the close seasons in British Columbia : — Speckled trout, October 15 to March 15. Salmon -trout do do liHrge grey trout, &c. do do Sturgeon, May 15 to July 15. 28^ 355 % *i!. i iff / '.'I ij*'-. . ^H- '\. t • '1 •f !»■ ■ , .(,;, 356 CHAPTER VIII. :4 SYNOPSIS OP FISHERY LAWS. Net fishing of any kind is prohibited in public waters, except under leatte or license. The size of nets is regulated so as to prevent the killing of young fish. N*>tH cannot be set, or seines used, no as to bar channels or tiays. A general weekly close-time is provided, in addition to special close seasons. The use of explosive or poisonous substances, for catching or killing fish, is illegal. Mill-dams must be provided with efficient fish-passes. Models or drawings will be furnished by the department on application. The above enactments and close seasons are supplemented in s;)ecial casen, under teuthority of the Fisheries Act, by a total prohibition of fishing for Mtnted (xtriods, M m [!,,,<■ ^'f 357 CHAFrER IX. SOCIAL AND OTHER STATISTICS. HGLIOIOy. 575. There is no State church in the Dominion, and no State assist- Dtstribu- iince is given to any denomination ; the Roman Catholic church, how- *'"P 9^ »\t'r, being guaranteed, in the Province of Quebec, the privileges [,^ (fan^da. enjoyed before the British possession. Roman Catholicism prevails very extensively in the Provincie of Quebec, and also has numerous followers ill the Maritime Provinces, Ontario and Manitoba, while almost every variety of Protestantism is represented in some part of the country in ureater or less numbers, the principal denominations being Church of England, Presbyterian, Methodist and Baptist. 576. Exact particulars concerning the number of schools, churches, statistics itc, of the principal religious denominations in Canada, cannot be of certain given, as some of the leading ones, notably the Roman Catholic church and many dioceses of the Church of England, have failed so completely t(» supply the information asked for, that no attempt was made to ()l)tain any particulars from them for this issue. The following figures, however, whic^ are in many cases official, are believed to represent the position -f the leading religious bodies in this country, with a very fair amount of accuracy : — The Church of England has 19 bishops and about 1,000 clergy- The first colonial bishop was appointed in 1787 to Nova Scotia; the next was appointed to Quebec in 1793, the diocese comprising Upper and Lower Canada. A coadjutor was appointed in 1836, and the first Bishop of Upper Canada in 1839. A bishop of New Brunswick was appointed in 1845, and the other dioceses have been formed subse- quently. The Roman Catholic church has 1 cardinal, 5 archbishops l'.'? bishops and about 1,500 clergy. Under the provisions of the "Quebec Act," passed in 1774, the church possesses very valuable privileges in the Province of Quebec, where it also holds a very large amount of property The Presbyterians number about 991 clergy and 164,465 communicants, 2,358 churches and statio s, with a seating capacity for 479,025 persons, and 14,825 Sunday-school teachers, with 124,310 pupils. The annual expenditure is over $2,000,000. The Methodists have about 3,092 churches, 1,712 clergy, 241,273 members 3,048 Sunday-schools, 29,205 teachers and 233,047 pupils. The tota value of church property is nearly $12,000,000. The Congregation alists have about 100 clergy, 117 churches, with seating capacity for 35,469 persons, 122 Sunday-schools, 1,220 teachers and 8,503 pupils denomin- ations. d 1 i.. : I *-f ^^•■i k\ '\ i •ip m :♦* m a I HHH WX" '" HH Wt''^ ■jfflHj {■■'f ^BI^B^B^H ^BJIV', ^H^^^HhB I^HI^B^ * in mi IH Ml i^fl SXi'V BiMttliM wtfllh* '^' Ijiffi9| H^LH J)t ■|||j^H |KB^ ,''i IMh IPh''^ liwfS 9K '1' IHInMi ■Hrar "' rIm^H ^hF' ^ iiii^ '^^''■^ Hiu^'ilH Bwi ' '^- l||i|fln|n|H wNMw iimlfl ■Kf ;^^ i*liifffl Bar' '^* liiiifs ^H^,:-:.;.^ ta}'''i^fl« ■mK' i mm ^Hl)f'.*^>: Hii^DL nwR'"' ^ ! |Im»Ih WwT''''^' iiiS MM^ '^ Ij Hwm^ HoQli ^v m uifflDH tt^r' silfiMB W^* •''^ ||r|IwH MmL -iK |l||y^ffi 9^l^'4 P pH E|^'* r W'M mm- ''^ 1 i l^lt^'' m HwKlr t ii| wi ' 1 ivfy iH" ^'L'mm''* '^ HS M^\[ ll'^ffisil hP '-t 'oSiliSi W:s,if. ii^l W*^ tMwi^^ 4^P. v7 fl^^^ ^P* r ^ukjI i||pfvi|r jM ^S^S^ ^P^' ''~ & ' 1119 Ksl HP ^^ ^H R |H Ki HI ^p 358 CHAPTER IX. Their average annual expenditure in salaries, Ac, is '''"27,800. Tlu' Eviingt'lical Association has about 70 clergy, 84 chirches (seating,' caj icity, 33,600), 85 Sunday-schools, 1,003 teachc and C>,300 pupils. The average salary of each minister is ^450 per annum. The Univei- salists have 9 clergy, 12 churches, 40;j ''Hnmunicants, 7 Sunday-schools and 382 pupils. The church property is valued at ^12?,000. Tho Unitetl Brethren in Christ have about 25 clergy, 41 churches, 30 Hun- day-schools, 427 teachers and 1,768 pupils. The average expenditur- in salaries, &c., is $7,400. Among other denominations, the Baptist , have about 500 clergy ; Evangelical Lutheran Synod, 5f» ; Refonnt'd Episcopal church, 24; United Brethren, 22; Africaii Metli> xHst Episcopal, 17 ; and New Jerusalem Church, 8. Religions 577. The religions of the people, as ascertained by the census in of the 1891, are given in the next table ; particulars, as to numbers, beinn Census supplied for the seventeen leading denominations, representing 'J.*^ IWd. per cent of the population. RELIGIONS OF THE PEOPLE, BY PROVINCES, 1891. Denomination. Ontario. Quebec, Nova Scotia. New Bruns- wick. Mani- toba. British Col- umb! ., Prince Ed- ward Island. The Terri- tories. Canada. Adv. utit ts 448 3,364 1,651 715 32 10}> 22 14 6,3,").") Bai;'.'-» 105,957 7,991 a3,122 79,649 16,112 3,098 6,265 1,555 :i«)3.74!t I,70il Presbyterians 52,601 108,952 40,639 15,281 3;i,072 75r),l'Jit Protestants 2,938 2,.S20 47 22 1,874 286 JJ 4,720 12,21ti Quakers 4,338 38 41 17 124 38 8 34 4,(i.'}8 Salvation Army. . . l(\3->.'i 297 1,377 993 399 298 180 85 13,!»4n Unitarians i i'j 553 115 147 74 79 10 18 1,772 Universalists 1,095 1,4^5 326 259 6 46 24 7 S.liH) Other denomina- tions 29,934 709 482 376 448 697 620 689 33,755 Not specified 21,896 2,114,321 2,848 1,4 i8,535 2,228 1,156 1,641 3,463 219 632 33,983 Totals 450,396 321,263 162,606 97,613 10{»,078 66,799 4,800,511 Not received from unorganized ter- ritory 32,108 4,832,f,79 SOCIAL AND OTIIKR STATISTICS. 360 ). Thr Jupils. iiiver- -schools ). Tho 30 Sun- mditun Baptists eforuu'd etht tcliHt ensus in '8, beiiiji iting {if- Canada. :i.)3.74it ll,(.3!l 28,155 l,mK>,4()5 (i44,10«; 12,7«3 fi,414 C3,!t7!) 847,4(;!t 2(),70il 75r),li)i» 12,21(5 4,()38 13,94!) 1,772 3,196 33,755 33,983 99l 4,80O,i311 32,168 4,832,679 r)7H. Tlie following tableis a comparative statement of the mimhers of L«6,52f. 46,350 26,900 20.193 8,831 7,211 6,553 6,519 4,517 4,478 2,393 2,12(> 19,490 86,769 Propor- tion to Total Popu- lation. 41-43 17 17 15 63 13-29 6 85 1 07 -62 -47 ■21 Ki 15 •15 •10 10 -05 04 •45 206 1891. Number. Propor tion ♦.' lat. >n. •I- l,mK),465 847,469 75.5,199 644,106 30.3,749 63,979 28,155 12,763 11,639 6,353 4,638 12,216 3,1% 2«i,709 6,414 1,772 13,949 33,755 33,983 41 17 15 13 6 1 •46 •65 73 41 33 33 -58 •27 24 -14 -10 •25 .07 -56 13 •04 •29 •70 -72 The increase in the number of pagans is, of course, apparent only, and not actual, being due to more careful enumeration. The members of the Salvation Ar my were not specified as such in 1881. 579. If the members of all the various Protestant denominations are Protest- added together and classed generally as Protestants, and then con- "'"*li "^'"^h trusted with the members of the other distinctive forms of religion, other reH- the result, as shown in the accompanying table, is obtained. As the gions. majority of those " not specified " were Indians, the whole number are included with pagane. ^ ^l i ♦r t ■* ■■'•i f ■ I H. .'.■ r ■ I ■;U til :i !-•> 1 111 'k. ■-> ■>. '^r^.^'v: IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) «' 1.0 KS Itt 12.2 1.1 l.-^ia Uil 1.25 |||.4 III 1.6 ^ 6" ^ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STREIT WEBSTER, N.Y. UStO (716) •72-4503 r <> V 360 CHAPTER IX. ROMAN CATHOLICS, PROTESTANTS, JEWS AND PAGANS^ 1881 AND 1891. 1 Number. Proportions per ornt. Ykab. Roman Catholics. Protest- ants. Jews. Pagans. Roman Catho- lics. Protest- ants. Jews. Pa- gans. 1881 1891 1,791,982 1,990,466 2,439,188 2,742,940 2,393 6,414 91,247 60,692 41 43 41-46 66-41 57 13 -05 13 211 1-20 Educa- tional control vested in Provincial Govern- ments. Difference in the seroral Provincial systems. Leading features of the several systems. Returns not having yet been received from all parts of the unor- ganized portions of the North- West Territories, the estimated popula- tion, amounting to 32,168, has been left out of the above calculation for 1891. If these had been included the probable effect would have been to bring the proportion of pagans nearer to that of 1881. EDUCATION. 580. Under the British North America Act, 1867, the right to legislate on matters respecting education was placed in the hands of the Government of the several provinces, the rights and privileges of denominational and separate schools, then existing, being specially protected. 581. As a consequence of the above, there is a considerable differ- ence in many details in the public school systems in force in the vari- ous provinces, though they are all based on the principle of free edu- cation, the funds being supplied by local taxation and Government grants. Ontario lays claim to having the most perfect system ; but be that as it may, the arrangements in each province are admirable, and it is doubtful if any country, other than Canada, can boast of the same extended educational facilities. 582. In Ontario the school system is under the control of the Min- ister of Education, who is a member of the Provincial Government for the time being. In the other provinces there are superintendents and boards of education, who report to the respective Provincial Secretaries. In Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, British Columbia and Prince Edward Island, the schools are purely undenominational. In British Columbia, " the highest morality is to be inculcated, but no "religious creed or dogma taught." In the other three provinces religious exercises are permitted, but no children can be compelled to be present against the wishes of their parents. In Manitoba the schools were Protestant and Roman Catholic, but a Bill was passed by the Manitoba House of Assembly during the session of 1890, pro- •'•"J R CENT. Pa- )WB. gans. •05 211 13 l-2(» SOCIAL AND OTHER STATISTICS. 361 viding for the abolition of separate schools — all public schools to be non-sectarian, and religious exercises to be at the option of the school trustees of the district, subject to the regulations of the advisory board. In Quebec the schools are Protestant and Roman Catholic, and education is based on religious teaching, the Boman Catholic catechism, and, in Protestant schools, the Bible, being text books. In Ontario the schools are undenominational, but Protestants and Roman Catholics are allowed separate schools within certain limitations. Every public and high school is opened and closed with prayer, and the reading of the scriptures, but without comment or explanation. The trustees, however, and clergy of all denominations, are empowered to make special arrangements for religious instruction. By this means the fullest facilities for religious instructions are given, without the assumption by the Government of any responsibility in regard to the instruction imparted. 583. As previously stated, the control of education in Ontario is Public vested in the Minister of Education, and, subject to the approval of schools m the Provincial Government, all regulations for the public and high i889. ' schools are made by him. These schools are under the control of local boards of trustees, elected by the ratepayers, and are allowed to have none but certificated teachers. Education of children between the ages of 7 and 13 is compulsory for not less than 100 days in the year, but the law is by no means as strictly enforced as is desirable in the educational interests of the province. The following table gives par- ticulars respecting the public schools of Ontario in 1889, Roman Catholic separate schools being included : — PUBLIC SCHOOLS, ONTARIO, 1889. Number of Schools oi)en. School Population between 5 and 21 years of age. Total Number of Pupils. Boys. Girls. Average Attendance. 5,623 616,028 500,815 263,047 237,768 253,943 Teachrks. Receipts. Expenditure Average Cost per Pupil. Male. Female. On Total Attendance. On Average Attendance. 2,774 M83 4,851,061 4198,517 • 9 cts. 8 44 $ cts. 16 53 i A Sim tii }% )• .! . J m f. • •'» .li' i • • '»' If- •.■^ «. c , ^ J- 1 '^4 ' f.» fl:;M 362 CHAPTER IX. Averware 584. There was an increase of 5,492 in the number of pupils regis- anw? tered in 1889 as compared with 1888, and there was an increase (»f nearly 1 per cent in the proportion of registered pupils to school popula- tion, the figures for 1889 having been 81*30 per cent as against 8049 per cent in 1888. The average a ttendance for the whole province was also one per cent higher, being 5 1 per cent. In rural districts it was 47 per cent, in towns 60 per cent and in cities 64 per cent. Though the compulsory education of children between the ages of 7 and 13 is provided for by statute, yet the provision is not enforced with suffi- cient strictness, as is evident from the fact that 86,515 children be- tween those ages did not attend school for 100 days, the period appointed by the Act. The largest number of offenders was naturally in the rural districts, the proportion to the total number of absentees being 86 per cent. Separate 535 'pjjg following table gives particulars concerning the Roman Ontario. Catholic separate schools in Ontario in 1889 : — ROMAN CATHOLIC SEPARATE SCHOOLS, ONTARIO, 1889. Number of Schools. Number of Pupils. Boys. Girls. Avera( Expendi- ture. Arbor Day. iRENDKD SOCIAL AND OTHER STATISTICS. 367 606. The following table gives the educational statistics for the Educa- vftur- tional sta- year .— ^j^^j^^^ NEW BRUNSWICK-EDUCATIONAL STATISTICS. Bmm- Public Schools, 188&-90. wick. Ttrm ended. Number of Schools. Teachers and Assistants Number of Pupils. Boys. Girls. Average Attend- ance. Proportion of Population at Scho«>l. 1889. Dec. 31 1890. June 80 1,666 1,617. 1,667 1,617 66,886 68,670 28,847 31,063 27,638 27,617 34,822 32,642 1 in 6 70 1 in 6 49 Grammar Schools. Normal Schools. Term ended. Teachers and Aasistants Number of Pupils. Average Attend- ance. Year ended. Male. Female. Total. 1889. Dec. 31 1890. June 30 69 65 626 677 439 392 1890. June 30 49 190 239 607. The control of educational matters in Manitoba was formerly Education in the hands of a Board of Education, divided into two sections, one in Mani- Protestant and one Roman Catholic ; but by the Act of 1890 this **'^- arrangement, together with the separate school system, was abolished, and a Department of Education established, consisting of the Execu- tive Council and an advisory board composed of seven members, four appointed by the Department of Education, two by the public and high school teachers, and one by the council Of the University of Manitoba. The validity of the above Act has been called in question and the matter is now before the courts. In the meantime, however, the Act is now in operation. 608. Two sections of land, 640 acres each, in every township, are re- School served and held in trust by the Dominion Government as school lands **"°^* for the purpose of aiding and promoting education, and it is estimated that upwaids of 1,500,000 acres are available for settlement. These lands have, until quite recently, been purposely kept out of the market, l\ : vi ■■ ! W R|i:{ :■;■.,• . 1 t-* i Ifii .. ' f ■A ;■.■, '•'i * ' '• I I 368 OHAPTAr IX. in order to allow their value to increase ; but in January, 1888, n number of sections were offered for sale at several points in the pio. vince, when 19,986 acres were disposed of for the sum of $140,lS<), being an average of nearly $7.30 per acre, and again in January, 1802, 53,030 acres were sold by auction, and realized $421,518, being uti average of $7.95 per acre. fiduca- 609. The progress of education in Manitoba has been very rapid, ns tiBticl *** *^® following figures show. The figures previous to 1890 are for Pro- Manitoba.' testant schools only : — EDUCATIONAL STATISTICS OF MANITOBA, 1871, 1887, 1888, 1889 and iHiK). Year. Number of Schools. NumbtT of Teachers. School Population. 1871 16 464 496 624 627 1887 1888 1889 681 676 668 840 17,600 18,860 21,471 •26,077 1890 Number of Bupils. 816 16,940 18,000 18,868 23,266 Averaffp Attendance. 9,715 11,242 11,G27 in educa- tional fa- cilities. 610. The school age is 5 to 16 years, inclusive, and from the almve table it will be seen that the average attendance was 50 per cent. Figures such as these not only demonstrate the wonderful progress of the province during the last 20 years, but must also effectually dissipate any ideas that intending settlers might have about the difficulty there would be in educating their children, and must convince them that life on the prairies does not mean life without the most important benefits of civilization. There is a Normal School, at Winnipeg, for the training of teachers, at which the attendance in 1888 was 150, in 1889, 157, and in 1890, 81. Receipts 611. The expenditure in 1890 amounted to $388,981, of which dJ^re'^" $115,391 were paid by Government, and $255,089 by municipal taxes. The total receipts amounted to $426,705. The amount of debenture indebtedness was $454,546, and the value of the school sites, houses and furniture was estimated at $647,355. - - -- V' Education 612. The educational system of British Colu nbia is free, undenomi- m Biitish national, and supported entirely by the Government. There is a Superintendent of Education, acting under the Provincial Secretary, and each school is locally controlled by trustees, elected by the ratepay- ers of each school district. The Lieutenant Gevemor in Oouncil isem- •Inoomplete. SOCIAL AND OTHER 8TATI8TT08. 360 powered to create new school districts as they become necessary, provi- ded that no school district shall contain less than 1 5 children of school age, viz., between 5 and 16 years of age. 613. There was a general increase in schools, teachers and pupils AveraK« (luring 1890, the year having been marked by considerable educational ^'^^nd- activity. The increase in the total number of schools was 7, in that of teachers 18, and in that of pupils 1,246, while the percentage of ' attendance was 63 * 89 per cent, a slight decrease. 614. The expenditure for education proper amounted to $122,985, Expend!- and for construction of school-houses, furniture, repairs, «fec., $35,076, '""'• making a total of $158,061. The cost of each pupil on average daily attendance was $28.37, being the lowest amount since the inception of the present system. 615. The following table shows the number of schools, teachers and Educs- pupils in each class : — *j*^'}*' "**" EDUCATIONAL STATISTICS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA, 1890. 2",*' u- ' Columbia. Common Schools. Number of Schools. Teachers and Asfiistants. Number of Pupils. Boys. Girls.. Average Daily Attendance. 100 106 2,928 1,603 1,426 1,629 Graded Schools. 13 60 4,890 2,616 2,376 2,664 High Schools. 4 6 244 111 133 160 Total Numbkr of Schools 117 161 8,012 4,129 3,913 4,333 616. Educational matters in Prince Edward Island, ars under the Education control of a Board of Education appointed by the Government, and gj^."^ of a Chief Superintendent, and are supported partly by Government island, grants and partly by district assessments. The Government expendi- ture in 1890 was $113,627, and that of the school boards $37,610, making a total expenditure of $151,237, being an increase of $5,335, as compared with 1889. 'Ik tj, >■■' '* *■ % If • I * U":i; <*■ ' ^IJ i \ { . l*L' r ^•1 370 CHAPTER IX. Average attend- ance. Educa- tional ■tatiHtics, Prince Edward Island. 617. The school age is between the ages of 6 and 16, and it whs estimated that there wera upwards of 24,000 children I)etween those ages in 1890, of whom 23,530 attended school during some portion »i the year. These figures show a gratifying increase of 515 in the number of pupils enrolled, but the daily average attendance decrensed from 13,159 to 12,490, attributable largely to the influenza epidemio. The average percentage of attendance decreased from 57 - 10 per cent to 55-43 per cent. The number of districts without schools has decreased from 74, in 1876, to 3 in 1890. An Arl^or Day was estab- lished in 1885, but the results have not yet been very extensive. 618. The following table is a summary of the educational statistics of the province in 1890 : — EDUCATIONAL STATISTICS, PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND, 1890. SOHOOU*. Number of Schools. Nuuiber of Teachers. Boys. Girls. Total Pupils. Averose Attt'IKl- ancf. Qiteen'a. Primary schools ^ . . Advanced graded schools. . . . First class schools Charlottetown public schools 148 19 6 .3 148 38 10 29 3,492 826 221 asi 2,900 761 166 543 6.302 1,677 386 1,374 3,40« 231 1,012 • Total 176 226 6,370 4.aft0 9,729 5,516 Prince. Primary schools Advanced graded schools . . . First class schools Summerside public schools. . 126 7 6 8 126 13 12 11 3,086 333 276 312 2,642 194 242 216 6,727 627 618 627 3,0!)tl 32() 352 Total 141 162 4,006 3,293 7,299 4,072 King's. Primary schools 112 6 2 112 12 8 2,448 269 214 2,147 227 170 4,695 496 384 2,407 Advanced graded schools.. . . First class schools .... 273 225 Total ; 120 132 386 63 30 40 2,931 2,644 6,476 2,!K)5 Totals. Primary schools Advanced graded schools . . . First class schools 386 32 12 6 9,026 1,428 711 1,143 7,689 1,172 677 768 16,714 2,600 1,288 1,901 8,909 1,444 776 Charlottetown and Summer- side public schools 1,364 ' Grand total 436 619 12,307 10,196 22,603 12,493 SOCIAL AND OTIIBR BTATIBTICS. 371 and it wus veen those portion nt' U6 in tlif ) decreaH<»(l & epideniii-. 10 per cent ichoolH has was estuh- nsive. al statistics JD, lft90. otal Average Atti'iul- ance. 9.72fl 3,40«5 8(17 231 1,012 5,516 ,5.727 3,0W 627 &18 627 7,299 »)4 320 352 1^072 4,696 2,407 496 384 l6,714 12,600 273 225 2,m 8,909 1,444 776 |i,9oi \_2:^ I.6M 1^493 019. The eduoAtional system of the North- West Territories is under thfl control of a Board of Education, appointed by the Lieutenant (tovernor in Council, and composed of eight members, five Protestant and three Roman Catholic, of which the Bishop of Saskatchewni <«,nd Calgary is at present the chairman. 620. No school district shall comprise an area of more than 25 square miles, nor shall it contain less than four resident heads of fam- ilies, or a smaller school population that 10, i.e., children between the ages of T) and 20. G21. No religious instruction is allowed in any public school before 3 o'clock in the afternoon, at which time such instruction as is permit- ted by the trustees may be given, parents having the privilege of with- drawing their children at that hour, if desired. 622. In 1885 there were 59 organized school districts in the Terri- t< tries, and in 1891 there were 251, viz., 208 Protestant and 43 Roman Catholic schools. 623. The following comparative figures show what progress has been made of late years : — • Board of Kfluca- tton, N. W. T. School distriota. ReligioiiM inntruc- tiou. Number of BchooU. IncreaHe in number of schools. 1887, June SO. 1891 do . Schools in operation. Ill 213 Teachers. Pupils. 125 246 3,144 6,834 624. The average salary paid in all-year schools wa§ $645.96 to males, and $561.96 to females, and in summer schools $478.68 to males, and $454.80 to females. 625. Union or high schools have been opened at Rogina, Moosomin, Moose Jaw, Lacombe (B.C.), Prince Albert and Calgary. At the examinations in June, 1891, 115 pupils attended. The school expen- diture was, in 1891, $129,042, inclusive of the expenses of the Board of Education and school inspectors. Average salaries. High schools, N. W. T. Expendi- ture. __!_. I 626. The following is a concise summary of the preceding tables ' i . i • 1 24i ' Summary of educa- tional sta- tistics. ■ V, * ' I'- ll' ; ^^ r -I U i tj J. ■ -I «cf? 372 CHAPTER IX. EDUCATIC NAL STATISTICS OP THE PUBLIC, HIGH, NORMAL AND MODEL SCHOOLS OF CANADA. Provinces, Year ended Number of Pupils. Average Attend- ance. Number of Teachers. Expendi- ture. Per- centage of Attend- ance. Ontario Dec. 31, '89. June 30, '89. Oct 31, '90. Dec. 31, '90. do 31, '90. June 30, '90. do 30, '90. do 30, m. 620,827 262,844 103,597 65,523 23,256 8,042 22,503 5,834 264,750 199,631 50,424 33,682 11,627 4,333 12,493 3,539 8,418 8,170 2,261 1,694 840 161 519 246 9 6,145,370 3,004,.%5 709,312 416,550 388,981 158,061 151,237 129,042 50 «3 75 '(r} 48«7 51-40 6000 53-88 55-52 51-03 Nova Scotia New Brunswick . . Manitoba . . British Columbia.. P. E. Island The Territories... Total 1,012,426 580,479 22,229 10,101,908 54-6G It will be seen that the total number of pupils at the public, high and model schools amounted to 1,012,426. Difference 627. Owing to the fact that the various provinces issue their reports in dates of ^^j different periods, as appears in the above table, it is not possible to reports, g^^® *'h® figures for the whole Dominion at a given date ; but as it is intended in future i8.«!ues to keep to the same periods as those given above, the figures will, in a very short time, be as valuable for compari- son as if they all represented the same year. . •The higher educa- tional in- stitutions. 628. In the Statistical Year Book, 1889, a concise history was given of all the principal higher educational institutions in the country, which it is not considered necessary, at present, to repeat, but the following summary table will show that the value of their buildings, endowments, «kc., was upwards of $10,000,000, and that feme 7,000 students were attending them. If to those attend ing these institutions were added the pupils of the public, high and normal schools, as well as those receiving tuition at a large number of private establish- ments, it will be seen that the whole number of those undergoing instruction of some kind would be considerably over one million, so that more than one-fifth of the population of Canada is at the present time receiving direct education. /■ [Ai i AND Per- i- centage of Attend- ance. 70 50 83 55 75 or) 12 48 117 60 51 '40 81 500<) Kil 53-88 !37 55 52 >42 51 03 908 54'66 SOCIAL AND OTHER STATISTICS. Name. Universities. University of King's College, Wind- sor, N.S University of New Brunswick, Freder- icton, N.B Mcttill University, Montreal, Que . . . Dalhousie College and University, Halifax, N.S University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. Victoria University, Cobourg, Ont. . . University of Acadia College, Wolf- ville, N.S University of Queen's College, King- ston, Ont University of Bishop's College, Len- noxville, Que Ihiiversity of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont University of Trinity College, "Toronto Laval University, Quebec University of Mount Allison College, N.B.. , University of Manitoba, Winnipeg. . . CoHleges. St. Michael's College, Toronto, Ont. . Knox College, Toronto, Ont.. . . Assumption College, Sandwich, Ont. Presbyterian College, Montreal, Que. do du Winnipeg, Man. do do Halifax, N.S... Wesleyan College, Montreal MethcKlist College, Winnipeg, Man.. St. John's College do St. Boniface College do W(H)d8tock College, Woodstock, Ont. Wyeliffe College, Toronto, Ont Ladies' Colleges. W(>sleyan Ladies' Col., Hamilton, Ont. Helhnuth do London " Brantfoi-d do Brantford *' Ontario do Whitby " Deniill do Oshawa " Alma do St.Thonias " Agricultural Colleges, cfcc. Ontario Agricultural Col., Guelph,Ont. Pmvincial School of Ajyfric.,Truro,N.S. School of Practical Science, Tor., Ont. * (iovernment grant. t(iovernnient expenditure. i o ® a S 2 **» 1789 1800 1813 1821 1827 1830 1838 1841 1843 1848 1852 1852 1862 1877 1852 1845 1856 1868 1870 1873 1888 1820 1860 1869 1874 1874 1876 1878 1874 1884 1877 Endow- ment. 155,000 •8,844 842,418 1,042,000 150,000 100,000 400,000 37,400 750,666 120,000 80,000 200,000 1«)0,000 15,000 120,000 52,000 Value of Property Owned. 250,000 400,960 1,800,000 75,000 100,000 125,000 162,600 1»000,000 110,000 470,000 110,000 225,000 50,000 Income. 9 9,000 10,000 90,000 85,000 40,000 46,000 30,000 50,000 1(50,000 63,290 »8,800 60,000 50,000 200,000 65,000 80,000 80,000 60,000 80,000 55,000 110,000 340 900 16,500 17,000 12,600 15,000 " 6,666 12,000 25,000 10,000 17,000 30,000 20,000 23,500 14,000 24,000 tl8,564 tl,967 Number of Stu- dents. 18 60 650 169 800 666 120 425 32 398 399 550 275 102 120 116 135 84 87 30 41 105 100 40 144 100 70 to 140 175 138 225 135 25 71 373 * ■ t 1 ' .'. k ' >' . •■ ' 'V ► *'- » ^ ,' h ll 1 ■J ••'• IX •- ' .- .* '-^ x\ lUHl.i , 'II ■; • :•.».; \'-',i- .. 1 374 CHAPTER IX. Appoint- ment of judges in Canada. The Su- preme Court. Court. LAW AND CRIME. 629. By the British North America Act it is provided that the Governor General shall appoint the judges of the superior, district and county courts, except those of the courts of probate in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, and that their salaries, allowances and pensions shall be fixed and provided by the Dominion Parliament. It is also provided that the judges of the courts of Quebec shall be selected from the bar of that province, and there is a similar pro- vision for the selection of the judges in Ontario, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, until the laws relative to property and civil rights and the procedure of the courts in those provinces are made uniform. 630. The highest court in the country is known as the Supreme Court, and was constituted in 1875. It is presided over by a chief justice and five puisn^ judges, all of whom must reside within, or within five miles of, the city of Ottawa, where the court holds its sittings three times a year, viz. : in February, May and October. This coui-t has an appellate, civil and criminal jurisdiction in and throughout Canada. The 631. The Exchequer Court, presided over by a separate judge, who Exchequer must reside in, or within five miles of, Ottawa, possesses exclusive original jurisdiction in all cases in which demand is made, or relief sought, in respect of any suit or action of the Court of Exchequer on its revenue side, against the Crown or any of its officers. This court also possesses concurrent original jurisdiction in all cases in which it is sought to enforce any law relating to the revenue. The court may sit at any time and at any place in Canada. 632. The superior courts of the several provinces are constituted as follow : Ontario — The Supreme Court of Judicature, composed of the Chief Justice of Ontario and three Justices of Appeal, and the High Court of Justice, divided into three divisions, having concurrent juris- diction, viz. : The Queen's Bench and Common Pleas divisions, each presided over by a Chief Justice and two judges, and the Chancery division, presided over by a Chancellor and three judges. Quebec — The Chief Justice of the Queen's Bench and five puisn^ judges, and the Chief Justice of the Superior Court, and twenty-six puisne judges, whose residences are fixed in various parts of the province. Nova Scotia and New Brunswick — The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, the Judge in Equity, and five and four puisn^ judges respectively. Manitoba — The Chief Justice and three puisn^ judges. British Columbia — The Chief Justice and four puisn^ judges. Prince Edward Island — The Chief Justice and two assistant judges. In the North- West Territories there are five puisn^ judges of the Supreme Court. There are also vice-admiralty courts in Quebec, Nova Scotia, New The supe- rior courts. SOCIAL AND OTHER STATISTICS. 375 Brunswick and Prince Ed'vard Island, and a maritime court in Ontario. • 633. There are also county co vxs, with variously limited juris- County diction, in all the provinces, but not in the North-West Territories, courts. Police magistrates and justices of the peace, of whom there is an Magis- ample supply in each province, are appointed by the Provincial Govern- *''**«s. ments. ' ~^ 634. There are five penitentiaries in the Dominion, situated at Peniten- Kingston, Ont., St. Vincent de Paul, Montreal, Que., Dorchester, N.B., fjj^^^^g*"** Stony Mountain, Man., and New Westminster, B.C., and the total convict population of Canada (that is the total number confined in the above penitentiaries) on 30th June, 1890, was 1,251, as compared mth 1,195 on the same date in 1889, being an increase of 56. The proportion of convicts per 1,000 of the population during the last six years has been as follows : — r 1885 One in 4,080 persons. 1886. " 3,822 " 1887 " 3,999 " 1888 " 4,282 " 1889. " 3,963 1890 " 3,828 Average , 3,996 Though the proportion in the last two years has been slightly below the average of six years, still it will be seen that, taken as a whole, the figures have not varied very much, and that though there has not been any marked increase in crime, yet the proportion of convicts has increased just about pro rata with the population, the opinion of the Inspector of Penitentiaries to the contrary notwithstanding (Report of Minister of Justice, 1890, p. xi). The number of convicts received during the year was 431, being 3 less than in 1889. The convicts com- prised 1,229 males and 22 females, 21 of the latter being confined at Kingston and 1 in British Columbia. No woman has yet been convicted of a penitentiary offence in Manitoba. • 635. The convicts were divided among the several penitentiaries Number of as follow:— convicts. Kingston St. Vincent de Paul. Dorchester Manitoba British Columbia . . . Daily Number. average. 586 577 342 337 174 173 73 76 ^ 1,251 1,242| . 3 1 ■•j ■ "• »| ' —t . -: 1 ■ ' [■ '•'■ s ^ : * • *', 1 t ■i:\.il :_•"■■ 'i ' -Ir • 1 ' ■■ 4 T . !:,• s, ■:il 'k.ynJI 376 CHAPTER IX. Value of 636. The value of the buildings and stock, «fec., on hand on 30tli eto'**'"*^' '^"'^®> 1890, of the several penitentiaries, together with the revenue and expenditure of each during the year then closed, are given below. The revenue is derived from prison labour and miscellaneous resources. etc, Prnitentiaries. Value of Buildings, Stock, &c. Revenue. Expenditure Kingston 9 948,486 805,784 414,332 342,976 327,139 9 2,682 1,239 4,641 4,706 653 $ 136,877 82,8,S(i 44,ll(i 51,.m5 41,736 St. Vincent de Patil Dorchester Manitoba British Columbia 2,838,717 13,921 356,920 Cost of 637. After deducting the revenue, the net expenditure is found to prisonei-s. ha^g ijgen $342,999, an increase of $23,823 over the preceding year. Assuming that the number 1,242 represents the average number of prisoners during the year, the total cost per capita will have been $276.17, as compared with $281.21 in 1889, a decrease of $5.04 per head. If, however, the value of the work performed by the convicts in and about the buildings is taken into account, the cost per capita would appear to be reduced to $174, as compared with $161.85 in 1889. Punish- 638. The following punishments were awarded in the several prisons "w'^^ed. during the year:- PUNISHMENTS FOR OFFENCES COMMITTED WITHIN PENITEN Tl ARIES, 1890. Penitentiary. Deprived of Tobacco. Dark Cells. Solitary Cells. Flogged. Lost Remission. Oth^T Punish- ments. Kingston St. Vincent de Paul Dorchester 3 9 12 180 205 54 6 1 1 3 1 103 130 2(» 1,127 lf)5 Manitoba . ... 37 24 107 British Columbia 4 55 Total 28 439 6 5 294 1,483 "Other Punishments" include irons, bread and water, hard lied, loss of supper, light, school, letters and books, and reprimands and admonitions. There was a decrease of nine in the total number of punishments as compared with 1889. SOCIAL AND OTHER STATISTICS. 377 G39. The following table gives the offences for which persons were Offences of committed to the penitentiaries in the years 1889 and 1890, and the PIIS?"®'?' sex of the onenders : — 1390. Offrncks. 1889, Male. Murder and attempt at 8 Manslaughter 20 Rape and other sexual offences . . ...... 15 Bigamy Shooting at, or wounding with intent to do boduy harm 21 Assault : 14 Burglary and robbery with violence 92 Horse, cattle and sheep stealing I 18 Otlier offences against property 185 Forgery and offences against currency .... 22 Arson i 11 Other fehmies and misdemeanours 15 Total 424 Fe- male. Total. 11 21 15 3 23 15 92 18 186 22 11 16 1890. Male. 433 4 12 26 4 15 14 131 19 163 15 5 14 422 Fe- male. 10 13 Total. 5 13 26 4 15 14 131 19 173 15 5 15 435 640. Particulars of all persons committed to the penitentiaries dur- Particu- ing the years 1889 and 1890 are given in the next table : — '*™ 9^, » J o convicts, PARTICULARS OF PERSONS COMMITTED TO THE PENITENTIARIES J^ »»<* DURING THE YEARS 1889 AND 1890. 1890. Drscripi'ion. 1889. 1890. Male. Female. Total. Male. Female. Total. White Coloured 402 1 t6 15 9 411 1 6 15 411 13 424 Indian Chinese . *5 6 5 6 Married 119 252 6 47 < 1 I 126 253 6 48 114 284 5 19 6 7 120 Single 291 Widowed 5 Not given 19 Under 20 years 67 187 65 36 17 5 47 67 189 68 S8 18 5 48 58 197 61 34 11 9 53 2 2 3 3 2 60 From 20 to .30 yeara 2 3 2 1 i' 199 " 30 to 40 " " 40 to 50 " " .00 to 60 " 64 37 13 Over 60 years 9 >ot given 53 * Including 2 half-breeds. tl ncluding 3 half-br eeds. i • ' • ■ 'I . f .«■■.' i ' » ■■ V' 1 -■ .;^< h>^ . « «' H .il' I:.- 378 CHAPTER IX. PARTICULARS OF PERSONS COMMITTED TO THE PENITENTIARIFS DURING THE YEARS 1889 AND 1890. Drbcription. 1889. 1890. Male. Female . Total. Male. Female . Total. Cannot reacj Readonly Read and write Not given «7 19 223 115 3 3' 3 70 19 226 118 52 9 238 123 5 6" 2 i)7 !» 244 125 England 35 9 80 50 262 2 2 2 1 15 2 14 2 i' 35 9 32 50 269 2 2 2 1 15 2' 14 55 8 28 37 257 7 7 t 5 1 i" 12 Tki Scotland X Ireland . United States Canada Germany France Italy 29 37 2(l!t i 4 Newfoundland China Japan Spain 5 5 1 Other countries 8 8 Commercial Agricultural Industrial 35 14 122 6 15 136 97 i' 8' 35 14 122 6 16 135 105 61 20 108 16 24 124 79 i 12 51 20 108 Professional Domestic Tjabourers Not given l(i 25 124 ill The proportion of women to the total number of persons admitted in 1887 was 1-24 per cent, in 1888 4-66 per cent, in 1889 208 per cent, and in 1890 2*99 per cent. The proportion of criminals under 20 years of age was slightly lower than during the two pre- ceding years, having been 13-79 per cent, as compared with 15*47 per cent and 15*04 per cent in 1889 and 1888 respectively. The number of Canadians only varies slightly, but the tendency is apparently to decrease, the figures for the last three years having been 64*34 per cent, 62*12 per cent and 61*84 per cent ; and as the number of crimi- nals is keeping pace with the increase of population, it would seem that the criminal classes receive more recruits from strangers coming into the country than from native-born Canadians. Number of 641. The number of deaths during the year was 10, which, con- of*a!l^H*"^ sidering the physical condition of many of the prisoners, is decidedly a low average. There were also 10 escapes from the various peniten- tiaries during the year. escapes. /• DIARIES e. Total. ^ 57 6- 244 2 125 55 . . * 8 1 29 37 12 2(W . * . m 4 5 5 — 1 8 51 20 108 1(1 1 25 124 12 ill IS admitted 1889 2-OH )f criminals he two pre- 15-47 per The number iparently to 64-34 per ler of crimi- would seem igers coming which, con- decidedly a ous peniten- h ti SOCIAL AND OTHER STATISTICS. 379 642. The foregoing figures relate only to those persons who received The criini- sentences of imprisonment for two years or over, and were therefore "j*^ statis- sent to the penitentiaries, while the following tables, which include the above, are compiled from the criminal statistics collected by the Dominion Government, which embrace all classes of oflfence. The Act authorizing their collection came into operation in 1876, and the re- sults at first were meagre. The returns, however, are now much more accurate and complete, though still some considerable distance from perfection. Extreme accuracy is most desirable, for statistics. of crime, when they can be depended on, are not only valuable indications of the social condition of a country, but are also of much importance both in the making of laws, civil and criminal, and in illustrating the working of them. Comparisons also between provinces, which would be interesting, are deprived of value, owing to the uncertainty of the completeness of the returns, and it may be that the provinces supply- ing the fullest particulars will appear to have the largest proportion of crime. The returns of indictable offences are supposed to be com- plete from all the provinces, but, except from Ontario, and perhaps Quebec, it is certain that those of minor offences are deficient. 643. The various indictable offences, which comprise the more serious Claasifica- crimes, are divided into six classes, as follow : — *'5" "* Cloas I. Offences against the person. II. Offences against property, with violence. III. Offences against property, without violence. IV. Malicious offences against property. V. Forgery, and offences against the currency. VI. Other offences not included in the foregoing classes. And the following list gives the principal crimes and oflfences that are included in each class : — Cla«8 I.— Okfencks against the Person. Murder and attempt to murder. Manslaughter. Shooting, stabbing, wounding, &c. Raiie and other offences against females. Unnatural offences. ' Bigamy. Abduction. Axsault, aggravated and common. Other offences against the (lerson. Class II.— Okfences against Property, with Violence. Robbery, with violence. Burglary, house and shopbreaking. Other offences against property, with violence. Class III.— Offences against Property, without Violence. Horse, cattle and sheep-stealing. Larceny. Embezzlement. Felonious receiving. Fraud. 1 « . • .wii ^k '.-••►^1 :':i 1 ■-•" 1 - I- -■ •• ■> \-\ ■. -1 .'..\ : •> ■ » t ;■('-■ .If * ■"? •*S1!1 " . ''I • I 1 1 •1 : it: y ;• f; . ' I 380 CHAPTER IX. Class IV.— Malicious Okkkncks aoainst Property, Malicious injury to horftea, cattle and other property. > Arson, burning, &c. Class V.— Forgery ano Okitkncks against the Currency. Forgery. Offences against the currency. Class VI.— Other Offences not included in the forkooino Clashrs. Carrying unlawful weapons. Offences against gambling, municipal, liq^uor and other Acts. Keeping disorderly houses and houses of ill-fame. Perjury. Smugrgling, and offences against the revenue. Other offences not included in the above classes. Convic- 644. The following table gives the total number of convictions of all Canada kinds in Canada, according to the above returns, during the years ended 1886-1890. 30th September, 1886 to 1890 :— TOTAL NUMBER OF CONVICTIONS IN CANADA, 1886 TO 1800. CiWKSCK^ Convictions for the Year ended 30th September. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. IS'.H). I. Offences against the person II. do property, with violence III. do pro|jerty, without violence . . . I V, Malicious offences against property . V. Forgery and offences against the currency VI. Other offences, not included in the above classes 5,202 255 .3,178 269 43 24,927 4,902 208 2,784 176 43 26,340 4,790 225 3,437 332 45 28,820 6,284 283 3,774 236 41 28,813 5,0!t3 276 3,(;i4 1M7 46 Total 33,874 34,453 37,649 38,431 38,540 Increase in number. 645. The number of convictions was larger by 109 than in 1889, and was larger indeed than in any year since the collection of these statistics was begun ; but, as has been already mentioned, the increase in tlie figures does not at present necessarily mean a corresponding increase in crime (though with a growing population the number of offences must be expected to increase), but is largely owing to greater accuracy and completeness in the returns. According to the figures there was a decrease in the number of all the more serious oflfences, the increase being confined to offences in Class VI, which includes minor offences. Persons 646. It must be borne in mind that the number of convictions does ^"^'''th ^^^ represent a similar number of individual criminals, because any once. person convicted more than once during the year, whether for the same SOrUL AND OTHER STATISTICS. 381 (»' a different offence, is counted as a separate person for each convic- tion, and it is well known that for drunkenness, vagrancy and similar offences a number of persons are convicted several times every year. Of those convicted of indictable offences, 205 were convicted twice and 198 more than twice. Similar particulars for summary convictions are not available. In the city of Montreal, however, in 1890, out of 3,531 persons committed, 324 were committed twice, 89 three times, 37 four times, 12 five times, 6 six times, 1 seven times and 1 ten times, thus reducing the actual number of criminals to 2,927. 647. Out of the total number of convictions, 3,934 were for indict- Convic- able offences, being 274 less than in 1888, there having been a decrease *'j°V°J'"i in every province, with the exception of British Columbia. In propor- oifenceH. tion to population, the number of convictions was one in every 1,219 persons, and of offences charged one in every 821 persons. The num- ber of persons charged with indictable offences was 5,819, so that 67*6 ' ^ per cent were convicted ; the proportion in 1889 was 66'6 per cent. The number of summary convictions was 34,606, as compared with 34,223 in 1889, an increase of 383, and in proportion to population was one in 1 38 persons. The following were the number of persons charged, and the number and proportions of convictions to charges, according to the several classes of offences : — \ : •: Proportion , Number of Number of Okkencks. Persons of Convictions Charged. Convictions. to 881 Charges. I. Offences against the person i,aw 66-8 II. do property, with violence III. do do without do 407 276 67-8 3,576 2,432 68-0 IV. Malicious offences against property ... 106 69 56-6 V. Forgery and offences against the currency. VI. Other offences not included in the above 72 46 63-8 classes 320 240 76-0 Total 5,819 3,a34 67-6 J There was a decrease in the number of persons charged, as compared with 1889, of 495, and in the number of convictions of 274, the propor- tion of convictions to charges being, however, 1 per cent higher than in 1889. 648. The number of individuals convicted was 3,531, as compared Number of with 3,673 in 1889, being a decrease of 142. In the following tables jjf^^ijf^}*^ the number of convictions only are given, the convictions being treated as individuals. ' TiiKfi* 7^ "■^mnr s^a 382 CHAPTER IX. Sex and 649. The following table gives the sex and residence of persons con- residence yicted for indictable offences in the year 1890 : — of crimt- "^ nals, 1890. ^^^ ^^^ RESIDENCE OF PERSONS CONVICTED FOR INDICTABLF OFFENCES, 1890. 8«X. Rksidbnck. Offenokh. Males. Females 42 3 177 2 2 94 Cities and Towns. Rural Dis- tricts. Not givfii. Class I II Ill IV 839 273 2,255 57 44 146 686 223 2,000 32 36 199 3,176 196 53 403 26 10 30 1 2!)" 1 ii' V..... VI Total 8,614 320 717 42 Convio- 650. The proportions of convictions of females to the total number tionsof Qf convictions was, in 1886, 8-6 per cent; in 1887, 8-3 per cent; in temaies. jg^g^ ^^.^ ^^ ^^^^. .^ jggg^ ^.g pgj.pg^t. ^^^j j^^ jqqq^ g.j percent, and the proportion per 100 convictions of males in the same years was 10*5 per cent, 9 per cent, 12 "7 per cent, 8*5 per cent, and 8*8 per cent, respectively. No female has yet been convicted of a penitentiary offence in Manitoba, and only one in British Columbia. Proper- 651. It is invariably found in these days that cities and towns have **9° P' , an increasing tendency to attract population, and the proportion of urban and convictions among the urban population is consequently on the increase, rural. as shown by the following figures for the years 1886 to 1890, inclusive, respectively : in cities and towns, 7 6 '7 7 per cent, 79*34 per cent, 82-38 per cent, 81*84 per cent, and 80*70 per cent ; in rural districts, 22-50 per cent, 19*52 per cent, 15*71 per cent, 17*75 and 18*22 per cent of the total number of convictions, so that there was a small increase in the number of convictions in rural districts in the last two years. Agra and 652. The next table gives the number of convictions for indictable education offences in each province in 1890, together with the ages and educa- nal^"l890. tioJ^A-l status of the convicted. ... . ; i , _ , - rsons coil- )ICTABLE ENCR. f»l I Not tB. 1 8''''"- Iftfi 53 403 26 10 30 1 29' I ii' 717 42 ital number Br cent ; in •1 per cent, e years was ind 8-8 per jenitentiarv towns have oportion of he increase, 0, inclusive, cent, 82*38 tricts, 22-50 per cent of increase in years. 3r indictable and educa- SOCIAL AND OTHER STATISTICS. AGE AND EDUCATIONAL STATUS OF PERSONS CONVICTED FOR INDICTABLE OFFENCES, &o., 1890. 383 Con- yic- tions. Educational Status. AOKH. Pkovinom. Su- per- ior. 12 9 "2 2 25 Ele- men- tary. 1,768 871 90 57 82 112 20 28 Un- able either to read or write Not gi- ven. 61 58 27 6 3 69 "si Under 16 years. 16 years and under 21. 21 years and under 40. 40 years and over. Not gi- ven. M. 360 171 16 10 12 4 4 F. 14 11 "i 2 28 M. 438 179 13 11 13 6 2 9 F. 32 22 2 1 "2 M. F. M. 313 99 22 13 4 10 1 5 467 F. 32 ^? 7 M. 36 36 28 ■3 65 F Ontftrio QueV)PC Nova Scotia . . N. Brunswick. Manitoba .... B. Columbia. . P. E. iHland . . 2,123 1,220 126 79 91 183 20 92 292 282 9 16 4 12 ■"i3 848 636 40 31 67 46 10 29 67 51 1 5 42 1 1 158 3 4 4 li Territories ... 48 • • Total .... 3,934 3,028 627 254 566 670 59 1,696 532] 6 22 . tl 653. The steady decrease which was apparent during the years 1884, Number 1885 and 1886 in the number convicted who could neither read or""*|*^®*<* write has ceased, as in 1886 the proportion of these to the total number write, was 9'60 per cent; but in. 1887 it rose to 15-24 per cent, in 1888 to 14-81 per cent, in 1889 to 14-92 per cent, and in 1890 to 15-93 per cent. When the superior educational advantages that prevail in Canada are considered, there can be little doubt that increased care in supplying particulars is the real cause of this increase. As regards ages, the Ages, proportions of those convicted were as follow : — 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. Percent. Percent. Percent. Percent. Percent. Under 16 years 11-00 16 years and under 21. . . 16-64 21 years and under 40. . . 50 66 40 years and over 17-92 The above figures would seem to indicate an increase in youthful depravity which is not encouraging, more especially as the increase is corroborated by the figures for 1884 and 1885, which were 10-13 per cent and 10-24 per cent, respectively. This increase is probably due to the rapid growth of population in our larger cities, where force of example and association have more powerful influence for evil than in rural districts. Out of 594 young criminals under 16 years of age, 28 of whom were girls, convicted of indictable offences, 486, or 82 per cent, were charged with larceny. Of the latter number 24 were girls. 12-84 16-06 16-32 1510 16-78 18-55 18-42 18-63 48-93 46-22 4819 4713 18-26 13-69 11-83 13-22 •I » i1 |i^r-v.tl J ' ■ . ■;■•.. 384 CHAPTER IX. Reli^oiiR 664. The next table gives the religionB of thoHe convicted of indict- nlhTTsw '*^*® offences in 1890 :— RELIGIONS OF PERSONS CONVICTED FOR INDICTABLK OFFENCES, 18110. Okkknceh. Class I . . II.. III. IV. V. VI.. Total . Baptists 23 7 62 100 Oatho- p"' «- ia"„5: 437 140 1,1»4 1ft 10 100 \,»m 143 SI 406 » 8 21 638 Me- thod- ists. 81 30 272 ft 11 20 419 Pres- byter- ians. 68 23 153 6 6 14 270 Prt». test- ants. ft4 11 140 3 3 24 23ft Other I)e. noiiii- nh- tions. 23 ft 55 4 3 8 08 Not Kiv. 52 •I 17 4 4(1 Propor- tions of principal religions. Birth- places of criminals, 1890. 655. The following were the proportions of those convicted belon<(- ing to the four leading religious denominations in 1886, 1887, 1S88, 1889 and 1890 :— 1886. 1887. Per cent. Per cent. 44 17 47 00 1ft 81 16 06 9 88 12 20 800 7 13 656. The birthplaces of those convicted are ^^iven in the following table : — Roman Catholic Church of England. . Methodist Presbyterian 1888. 1889. 1890. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent 48 22 49 00 48-20 1700 16l» 16 22 1006 10 31 10 65 • 7'7« 666 OWi BIRTHPLACES OF PERSONS CONVICTED FOR INDICTABLE OFFENCES, 1890. BlKTHPLACES. 0FFENCB8. British Islks. Canada. United Siates. 39 IS 134 Other Foreign Coun- tries. Other British Pos- sessions. Eng- land and Wales Ire- land. Scot- land. Not given Class I 70 22 ;»9 8 8 r. 304 78 14 138 ft 1 27 io3 17 8 43 2 ■ "s 73 699 206 1,707 33 26 110 43 8 64 1 1 3 ;t4 II .Ill 4 74 IV 11 V VI 6 38 2 11 3 34' Total . •r681 230 128 8 157 SOCIAL AND OTIIRK HTATIHTIC8. 385 '• . (f indict- LE >theri !)«• I Not lomi-l K'v- ;ionii. 23 ft 4 3 8 52 <,» l.V» 17 4 4(> 98 'J7H ied belon}?- 1887, 1HH8, 181H). Per c«*nt. 4820 1« 22 10 ttft 6W'. le following TABLE Other Britiah Poe- Not given tesBiona. - • 1 1 3 4 74 U 34 It will be seen from the following perccn^igeH that alinoat all the otfenders were born in Canada, the United Kingdom or the United States : — « . CanMla. United Kingdom. . , United Stotea ... 1886. 1887. 1M9. 1880 1890. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. IVr '-wnt Per c«nt. 8837 6»-80 (*.'< 14 7'i ■ 68 15 2077 1848 lit Hfl 16 80 ]H Mi 6 61 6 60 5 63 6 70 5 85 92 76 03'68 fl3 62 1(3 06 mm The proportions have not varied much during the four years, except that there has been o:i the whole a decrease of offenders born in the United Kingdon) 657. Th« xscuijation'^ of those convicted are given below : — OOvjUPAi'K S3 OF PERSONS CONVICTED FOR INDICTABLE OFFENCES, 1890. (kicvjpa- tidim of criininAlN, 1800. Okkences. Occupations. ' Agricul- tural. Com- mercial. 106 IS 200 2 18 20 Domeo- tio. InduH- trial. ProfeH- aional. Labour- ers. Not givtjn. Class I " II " III " IV 67 8 '5 4 10 36 162 2" 6 168 40 367 7 4 15 10 6 41 1 6 379 122 016 26 9 60 108 72 676 20 " V 3 " VI 130 Total 163 367 212 610 72 1,601 1,000 The labourers and the industrial and commercial classes furnish the largest number of criminals, and the following have been the propor- tions of these classes to the total number during the last five years : — Labovirers . . ImluHtrial. . Commercial 1886. 44 per cent. 16 8 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 44 per cent. 15 " 8 38 iier cent. 12 38 per cent. 13 10 " 38 per cent. 15 *• 9 Tn fh^ five years above named no less than 24 per cent of the Imi)erfect total .lumber convicted weie returned with the occupations not given, '^'*"™*' showing the very unnecessary carelessness of those making the returns. 658. The various sentences passed on the persons convicted in 1890 Sentences were as follows : — ISOoT*' 26 I' -^1)..: .•• •■ -i ,- 386 CHAPTEB IX. «; Persons charged with murder, 1890. Persons executed, 1867-1888. Number. Death 8 Penitentiary, two years and under five 284 " five years and over 124 life 2 Gaol, with option of a fine 5(J8 " under one year 1,927 " one year and over 215 Sent to reformatories 204 Sentences deferred 541 Various sentences . m Total convictions 3,934 659. There were 26 per is charged with murder during 1890, 1" of whom were acquitted. One was confined in a lunatic asylum and eight . atenced to death. Of the eight condemned to die, ti\e came from rural and three from urban districts ; three were married two widowed and two single, particulars of one not given ; four were born in the United Kingdom, three in Canada and one in the United States ; four profesbed the religion of Church of England, one was a Baptist, one a Roman Catholic and two Protestants generally. 660. Between the 1st July, 1867, and the 30th June, 1888, there were 78 persons executed in Canada, and the following table gives all the available particulars concerning them : — PERSONS EXECUTED IN CANADA, 1867-1888. Rksidknck, Occupation and Skx. 1867 to 1888. BiBTHPLACK, Religion, &c. 18(i7 to 1888. Total number executed Residence — 78 32 46 11 1 5 16 2 43 77 1 55 3 1 1 Birthplace— Con. France 1 Ditips and towns Germany China United States 9 Rural districts 3 Occupation — Agricultural Commercial Industrial . . . Labourers Professional »> Not given 10 Religion - Roman Catholic Pi-otestant Not given Conjugal state — Married . . Single 13 5 60 Not flriven Sex— 33 12 Female Birthplace- Canada Enorlaiid Widowed Not given ... Offence- Murder High treason 2 31 Ireland Scotland 1 Of the above number 15 were Indians executed in the North-West Territories and British Columbia. Tlie largest number executed in SOCIAL AVD OTHER STATISTICS. 387 one was a dunimary convic- tions. any one year was 12, in 1885. the year of the North-West rebellion. There were no executions in 1871 and 1875. 661. The persons executed between the 30th June, 1888, and the 31st Persons December, 1891, have numbered 15, making a total of 93 persons ?ii|2"iJm executed since Confederation. Full particulars, however, are not available concerning those executed since 30th June, 1888. 662. In 1890 there were 34,606 summary convictions, of which 31,417 were commitments to gaol with the option of a fine, and 1,773 without that option. The proportion of convictions per 1,000 of population remains low, and compares very favourably with other countries, as for the years 1886, 1887, 1888, 1889 and 1890 it was 6-33, 6-40, 6-82, 6-74 and 716 respectively. 663. Assuming, in the absence of information to the contrary, that all those charged with indictable offences were committed for trial, the following figures will show the proportion per 1,000 of population of those committed and of those convicted during the last five years. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890, Commitments 114 097 118 124 120 Convictions 073 066 75 083 081 G64. In England and Wales in 1890 the commitments per 1,000 were 0*41, and convictions 0*32 ; and in the United Kingdom in the same year they were respectively 0*43 and 0*33 per 1,000. 665. The following table gives the number of convictions for indict- able offences and the number of summary convictions in each province in 1890, according to the returns : — CONVICTIONS BY PROVINCES, 1890-INDICTABLE OFFENCES. Pro[K)r- tion of commit- ments per l.OOOofiw- pulation. Commit- ments in England and Wales Convic- tions by provinces, 1890. 0FKENCE8. Onta- rio. Que- bec. Nova Scotia New Bruns wick. Mani- toba. Brit- ish Col- umbia P.E. Island The Terri- tories. Can- ada. Murder, attempts at, and manslaughter. . . Ra])eand other offences against females Other offences against the person 16 46 417 171 20 1,36$ 36 54 » 42 260 70 5 779 22 39 2 7 18 6 1 83 9 1 1 2 10 12 7 5 6 2 23 5 1 52 3 91 1 2 2 13 '"'2' 4 10 6 6 63 2 1 28 104 747 Robbery with violence, l>urglary, house and 8ho])-breaking Hurse, cattle and sheep stealing Other offences against property .' 27*? 33 43 ..... 79 73 6 2,469 Other felonies and mis- demeanours Other minor offences. . 78 199 Total 2,123 1,220 126 91 183 20 92 3,934 ■.4.. '•■ ■■'4 25| . 1 A 388 Convic- tions for indictable offences, 1886-1890. CHAPTER IX. SUMMARY CONVICTIONS, 32-33 VIC, CHAPTERS 31, 32, 33, 34, 18SK). Offences. Onta- rio. Que- bec. Nova Scotia New Bruns wick. Mani- toba. Brit- ish Col- umbia P.E. Island The Terri- tories. Can- ada. Various offences agrainst the person . . Various offences against property Breach o! municipal bjr-laws and other minor offences. . Drunkenness 2,611 1,001 9,113 6,653 947 237 3,898 3,999 219 63 439 642 324 31 602 1,561 70 18 328 486 53 12 364 469 43 6 122 287 46 13 113 48 4,212 1,370 14,079 14,045 Total 19,178 9,081 1,353 2,518 902 898 467 219 34,60(; Grand Total.... 21,301 10,301 1,479 2,597 993 1,081 477 311 38,540 666, The proportions of convictions for indictable offences per 1,000 persons in each province, in the years 1886, 1887, 1888, 1889 and 1890, was as follow : — 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. Ontario Quebec Nova Scotia. New Brunswick . Manitoba. British Columbia Prince Edward Island. The Territories •00 89 1- •69 71 23 38 •20 17 70 59 •46 1 31 1 •36 17 64 17 04 1 11 101 83 •93 •83 18 •29 •28 22 •25 ■25 53 •68 •62 66 1-76 2n; 12 •20 ■18 66 •61 ■95 Convic- tions for drunken- ness. 667. The total number of convictions for drunkenness during the years 1886, 1887, 1888, 1889 and 1890 were 11,156, 11,694, 12,807, 13,841 and 14,045 respectively, the numerical increase being appar- ently large, though the proportion per 1,000 persons has not varied very much, the figures for each year being 2*33, 2-40, 2-57, 272 and 2*90, showing a steady, though small, increase, for some portion of which improved returns are, no doubt, responsible. Convic- 668. The convictions for drunkenness made in the several provinces tions for j^ 1889 and 1890 were, in proportion to population, as given below, ness, by ^he province showing the largest proportion of convictions is placed provinces, first in each case, the others following in due order. SOCIAL AND OTHER STATISTICS. 389 ; • 34, 181K). rhe I "erri- )rie8. i 45 Can- ada. 13 113 48 4,212 1,370 14,079 14,045 219 34,60<} 311 38,540 8 per 1,000 I, 1889 and 1890. 101 •83 ■28 •25 •r)2 2 0V ■18 •95 5 during the 694, 12,807, 3eing appar- 8 not vai'ied 57, 2-72 and e portion of al provinces ^iven below, ons is placed Pbovincks. British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Ontario . . Prince Edward Island ()ueV)ec.... Nova Scotia Proportion of Convictions. 1889. in 226 in 231 in 232 in 294 in 330 in 429 in G83 Pbovincks. British Columbia New Bnmswick ..... Ontario Manitoba Quebec Prince Edward Island Nova Scotia Proportion of Convictions. 1890. in 188 in 206 in 320 in 323 in 3(>9 in 380 in 702 The above proportions have been calculated on the ascertained popu- lation of 1891 and must not, therefore, be compared with figures given in previous issues. It will be seen that there was a considerable change in the interior of the table in 1890, but that British Columbia and Nova Scotia are at the top and bottom respectively in both tables. It is difficult to explain why Nova Scotia appears to be so much more temperate than any of the other provinces, as it is certainly not the province in which the smallest quantity of liquor, in proportion to population, is consumed, though it is not possible to get any accurate statistics of the liquor consumption by provinces, owing to a large quantity being consumed elsewhere than in the province in which duty wats paid. 669. According to the returns of the Inland Revenue Department Consump- the average annual consumption of spirits, beer and wine combined, ijquJ^ ^y in the several provinces is as follows : — provinces. AVERAGE CONSUMPTION OF LIQUOR (SPIRIT.S, WINE AND BEER) PER HEAD. Province-s. British Columbia Ontario (J\iel^c Manitoba and North-West TeiTitories New Bnmswick . Nova Scotia Prince Edward Island Gallons. 6 564 4 786 3 610 2 489 1 705 1 500 ■942 1 . i'l a u ■' '• ■•",».! • 4 '■:n s. 1 1, . ' i i*-m' <."*■' i!^:: V ! - ■i It •1 ■i^ ■:! •..*•■■. K These figures, however, are open to the objection above noted. 390 CHAPTER IX. Convic- 670. The following table gives the total number of convictions of nil kinds^by ^ kinds in the several provinces in the years 1886 to 1890, together provinces, with the kind of sentence imposed : — Provinces. Ontario Quebec Nova Scotia. New Brunswick Manitoba British Columbia. Prince Edward Island . , The Territories. I Year ended 30th Sept. 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1880 1887 1888 1889 1890 188() 1887 1888 1889 18!tO 1886 1887 1888 1889 18tlO Total Convic- tions. 19,174 20,630 23,017 22,527 21,301 7,854 8,527 9,190 9,521 10,301 1,542 1,266 1,203 1,873 1,479 2,176 1,860 2,072 2,246 2,597 1,411 891 748 1,115 993 999 732 799 882 1,081 658 610 469 635 477 60 37 151 232 311 Sentences. Committed to Peni- ten- tiary. 227 148 168 186 173 136 101 110 140 110 24 34 22 40 41 22 23 25 21 22 15 11 6 12 18 32 18 25 34 20 4 6 10 4 7 6 20 Gaol or Fined. 18,339 20,005 22,148 21,447 20,171 7,lf)0 7,909 8,415 8,683 9,158 1,402 1,138 1,151 1,229 1,360 2,143 1,817 2,006 2,168 2,528 1,330 845 683 1,015 928 936 697 760 835 1,031 664 506 467 528 464 40 31 133 210 2 35 58 87 47 28 15 12 10 2(t 3 1 3 7 3 2 9 10 31 Number of 671. The following table will give a fair idea of the number of poi- eaol°"^ '" sons confined in the common gaols and prisons of the Dominion, in 1891. The provinces differ as to the dates to which these returns are made, so that one date common to all cannot be given : — ions of all I, together Vari- Death ^^. tences 2 527 1 .185 2 581 2 770 5 803 457 . . . . 448 .Wi 1 6(18 2 it24 . 114 1 86 I 24 1 83 70 11 20 41 57 .. 47 6I> 35 1 58 1 87 i 47 4 28 2 15 2 12 3 10 1 21t 1 3 •• -j- i 3 .... 7 7 1 3 2 2 9 16 . 31 imber of per- Dominion, in ie retu rns are SOCIAL AND OTHER STATISTICS. PERSONS CONFINED IN PROVINCIAL PRISONS IN CANADA, 1891. 391 Number of Gaols. Date. Number Confined. Provinces. Males. Females. Total. Ontario Quebec Nova Scotia New Bronswick Mauitolw. British Columbia •56 24 21 10 3 115 3 1891. Sept. 30 . , . Dec. 31... June 30 ... do 30.... do 30.... tOct. 31 741 336 142 35 165 275 167 22 1 31 1,016 503 164 36 t213 138 Prince Edward Island. . . . :J:June30 17 2 19 Total 122 1,436 498 2,089 ^1 •v * Including Central Prison and Mercer Reformatory, Toronto. ; Including Juvenile Reformatory, Victoria ; no inmates. X 1891. t Including 17, sex not given ; total number confined duritag the year. The Provincial Governments of Nova Scotia and New Bruns- wick do not publish any returns of persons in their prisons, conse- quently application was made to the sheriffs of the several counties, almost all of whom responded, and thanks are due to them for their attention. Five counties only in Nova Scotia and four in New Brunswick made no returns. If the above figures are taken in con- junction with the number of persons in the penitentiaries on 30th July, 1891, viz., 1,249, it will be found that one person in every 1,447 of the population was in prison on that date. 672. There are 17 asylums for the insane in Canada, all of which Asylums are supported entirely by Government, aided in some cases by munici- j^^^e palities, and the following table gives particulars of the number of patients, &c. : — ASYLUMS FOR THE INSANE IN CANADA, 1890— INMATES AND DEATHS. J ■!■'.< ■M •V'i'il Provinces. Number of Asylums. Year ended. Number Treated during the Year. Number of Deaths. Propor- tion of Deaths to Total Number of Inmates. Males. Females. Total. Ontario 5 5 3 1 1 1 1 1890. Sept. 30 Dec. 31 do 31 do 31 do 31 do 31 do 31 2,069 1,457 268 318 94 137 89 2,118 1,516 231 272 46 20 93 4,187 2,973 •602 590 140 157 182 231 335 27 57 8 12 11 5-51 Quebec . Nova Scotia . ... New Brunswick. . . Manitoba 11 26 4-49 9-66 671 British Columbia. . . Prince Edward Is'ld 764 6 04 Total 17 4,432 4,296 8,831 681 771 :■ K ■ ' .♦' Including 103, sex not given. '■i -fM' 1 m 392 CHAPTER IX. Number of inflane in Ontario. Public charitable institu- tions. In addition to the particulars given above, there were a number of persons in the Halifax city asylum and poor-house. 673. In Ontario, on 30th September, 1890, there were 3,318 persons in the provincial asylums, and 19 in the Homewood Retreat, Guelph ; 32 insane convicts in Kingston Penitentiary and 76 insane persons in the common gaols, making a total of 3,757 persons of unsound mind under public accommodation, while there were 454 applications for admission on hand, making a total of 4,211 persons of unsound mind known to the Provincial Government. The number of insane in this province is steadily increasing. 674. The following table gives such particulars as are available con- cerning the principal public charitable institutions in Canada in 1890 :- PUBLIC CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS IN CANADA, 1890. Institutions by Provinces. Ontario — General hospitals Deaf and dumb institution, Belle ville Blind institution, Brantford Houses of refuge Magdalen asylums Orphan asylums Quebec — *Deaf and dumb institutions *Blind institution, Montreal Industrial and reformatory schools, Nova Scotia — General hospital Deaf and dumb institutions Infants' home Blind institution Poor-houses New Brunswick — General hospital Deaf and dumb institution Manitoba — General hospital Home for incurables Deaf and dumb institution Reformatory for boys Num ber of Insti tu- tions. 21 1 1 26 3 27 4 2 9 1 1 2 1 8 I 1 1 1 1 1 Males. 5,082 159 95 1,205 1,995 710 710 22 325 12 633 26 19 1 Fe- males. 4,105 132 69 1,523 332 2,135 511 263 9 253 10 349 13 10 Number of In- mates. 9,187 291 164 2,728 332 4,130 416 138 1,221 + 1,060 75 25 31 238 578 22 982 39 29 1 a « Q o u 55 — 660 1 7 IS 2 i 0-0 197 4 112 •7:22- 120 274 14 62 1 14 5 85 '""i 27 82 1 4ti7 8 a") 2 -St) 1889. + Including 87, sex not given. imber of 8 persons Guelph ; ersons in und mind itions for md mind ne in this lable con- ;]!anada in 1890. 5 Q o is 1^ as Oh 660 I 7 IS i 2 1 070 "197"', 4 112 722 1-20 2-74 14 62 1 14 5' 8.*) ■■"i 27 4C7 82 1 8-35 2-5») SOCIAL AND OTHER STATISTICS. Ontario is the only province that publishes complete details of its various institutions ; and no particulars are available of the General Hospital in Montreal, or of the charitable institutions in the Province of Quebec, other than those given above. 675. The next table gives the receipts and expenditures of the several institutions in 1890, distinguishing between Government aid and other receipts : — RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURE OF PRINCIPAL PUBLIC CHARI- 393 AND EXPENDITURE OF PRINCIPAL TABLE INSTITUTIONS IN CANADA, PUBLIC 1890. Institutions bv Provinces. Ontario — (Jeneral hospitals Deaf and dumb institution, Belleville. Blind institution, Brantford Houses of refuge Orphan asylums Asylums for the insane Magdalen asylums (Quebec — * Deaf and dumb institution * Blind institution, Montreal Industrial and reformatory schools . . . Asylums for the insane Nova Scotia — ( Jeneral hospital . . Deaf and dumb institution Infants' home Blind institution Asylums for the insane Poor-houses New Bnmswick — Asylums for tho insane Deaf and dumb institution General hospitiil Manitoba — (Jeneral hospital Asylum for the insane, Selkirk Home for incurables Deaf and dumb institution Reformatory for boys British Columbia- Asylum for the insane Prince Edward Island — Asylum for the insane Rkckipts. Government 68,979 40,753 35,721 40,656 16,638 491,168 1,240 13,200 1.990 31,408 6,290 800 4,421 13,000 1,989 39,139 1,500 16,025 21,020 16,060 Total .1 861,997 Other Sources. 155,.')57 116,090 119,957 62,754 21,394 8,396 3,499 1,900 47,629 6,160 2,983 17,621 14,495 114 30 599 1,151 580,429 ExpENin- tube. 191,569 40.753 34,714 121,708 116,114 464,364 24,722 v81,694 t252,223 41,066 8,705 Receipts and exi)en- diture of public charitable institu- tions, 1890. 6,208 74,080 50,746 4,480 18,441 25,716 t30,850 tl8,110 tl6,107 +19,830 18,729 15,.S34 1,676,163 * 1889. + Government expenditure. The funds derived from other sources are generally made up of patients' fees, subscriptions and donations, and, in some cases, munici- pal aid. The amount derived from patients is, in most cases, very small. : > «"; . • .H 9 n. ■4 ... ■H^ y\ ,:.'»i| rh 4- '^' > ** * * t i » , .* [•"* • • ^ ' #• ■.'. ^ ■ * ■» ' ■ ■ *• t "* r4',- i" ■f, -t # ' ■ •'• * i ' **■ '^- . r«»: I . H' i - * f '-■■^ ■I ■"■ .■'*' ■i! 394 CHAPTER IX. Govern- ment ex- penditure. The Canada Tempe- rance Act. Places in which the Act has been sub- mitted. 676. The above figures show a Government expenditure of $1,280,- 711, to which may be added the sum of $44^206, given as Government aid in the Province of Quebec to charities generally, making a total Government expenditure of $1,324,917. It is probable that the Gov- ernment aid actually amounted to a larger sum, but it is difficult to get the exact figures from the various provincial accounts. 677. By the Canada Temperance Act, 1878 (commonly known as the " Scott Act," from the name of the member who introduced it), it is provided that any county or city may petition the Governor General in Council praying that the Act shall be put in force in such county or city. Such petition must be signed by at least one-fourth of all the electors in the district applying. A proclamation is then to be issued, naming a day on which the votes of the electors are to be taken for or against the adoption of the petition, at which election, only persons qualified to vote at the election of a member of the House of Commons are entitled to vote. If the adoption of the petition is carried, an Order in Council may be issued bringing into force that part of the Act which provides " that no person shall, within such county or city, " by himself, his clerk, servant or agent, expose or keep for sale, or " directly or indirectly, on any pretense or upon any device, sell or " barter, or in consideration of the purchase of any other property, "give to any other person any intoxicating liquor." Certain provisions are made for the sale of wine and intoxicating liquor for sacramental, medicinal and mechanical purposes, and for the disposal of the manu- factures of brewers and distillers. Such Order in Council cannot be revoked until after the expiration of three years, and then only on a similar petition and election, and if the result of the first election is against the adoption of the petition, no similar petition shall be put to the vote of the electors for a like period of three years. It is also provided that every person who, by himself or another, violates the above provision against the sale of intoxicating liquor, shall, on con- vict'on, be liable, for the first offence, to a fine of $50 ; for the second oflfence, $100; and for the third and every subsequent offence, impri- sonment not exceeding two months. 678. Much diversity of opinion exists as to the result of the working of the Act, and no reliable statistics are available showing the number of convictions for drunkenness in districts for periods when the Act was and was not in force, and only by such means can the results be, even approximately, arrived at. The following particulars, however, of the results of the various elections that have been held under the Act, since it came into force, will doubtless be interesting to some, as showing the movement of popular opinion regarding the Act : — SOCIAL AND OTHER STATISTICS. STATEMENT SHOWING THE NUMBER OF PLACES IN WHICH THE "CANADA TEMPERANCE ACT" HAS BEEN VOTED ON SINCE 1878, AND THE RESULT OF THE VOTING IN EACH CASE. 395 ence, impn- Plaok. 1878. Frwlericton (City), N.B. York, N.B Prince, P.E.I 1879. Charlotte, N.B Carleton, N.B Cliarlottetown, P.E.I. , Albert, N.B King's, P.E.I Lainbton, Ont King's, N.B Ouwn's, N.B Westmoreland, N.B.. Megantic, Que , 1880. Northumberland, N.B. Stanstead, Que Queen's, P.E.I Marquette, Man Digby, N.S 1881. Queen's, N.S Sunbury, N.B .. Shelbume, N.S Lixgar, Man . . . . . . . Hamilton (City), Ont. King's, N.S Halton, Ont . Annapolis, N.S Wentworth, Ont Colchester, N.S Ca[)e Breton, N.S Hants, N.S Welland, Ont Laniuton, Ont 1882. Inverness, N.S. . . Pictou, N.S St. John, N.B. . . . Fredericton, N. B . VoTKH POLLKI). For. Against. 403 1,221> 1,762 8()7 1,215 837 718 1,070 2,5• ' ,M' 472 181 l^-r: I *« \ ^;. V: I 14 1,150 r- 598 768 106 ■J 396 CHAPTER IX. STATEMENT SHOWING THE NUMBER OF PLACES IN WHICH THK ♦'CANADA TEMPERANCE ACT" HAS BEEN VOTED ON-Cmtinut;!. i«. Plaok. 1883. Cumberland, N.S 1884. Prince County, P.E.I , Yarmouth, N.S Oxford, Ont Arthabaska, Que Westmoreland, N.B , Halton, Ont Simcoe, Ont Stanstead, Que , Charlottetown.P.E.I Stormont and Dundas, Ont Peel, Ont Bnice, Ont Huron, Ont Duifenn, Ont Prince Edward, Ont York, N.B Renfrew, Ont Norfolk, Ont Coiupton, Que Brant, Ont , Brantford (City), Ont Leeds and Grenville, Ont 1886. Kent, Ont . . Lanark, Ont Lennox and Addington, Ont Brome, Que. . . , Guelph (City), Ont Carleton, Ont . . Northumberland and Durham, Ont. Drunimond, Que Elgin, Ont Lambton, Ont St. Thomas, Ont Missisquoi, Que . . Wellington, Ont Chicoutimi, (^ue Kingston (City), Ont Frontenac, Ont Lincoln, Ont Perth, Ont Middlesex, Ont Guysboro', N.S VOTKH POLLKU. For. Against. 1,560 2,93ft 1,287 4,073 1,487 1,774 1,047 5,712 1,300 7.55 4,590 1,805 4,501 5,957 1,904 1,528 1,178 1,748 2,781 1,132 1,690 (>46 5,058 4,368 2,433 2,047 1,224 694 2,440 6,050 1,190 3,335 4,465 754 1,142 4,516 1,1.57 785 1,334 2,060 3,368 5,745 463 Majority. 262 1,066 96 3,298 235 1,701 1,767 4,629 976 715 2,884 1,9{>9 3,189 4,304 1,109 1.653 655 1,018 1,694 1,620 1,088 812 4,384 1,976 2,027 2,011 739 .526 1,747 3,8(» 170 1,479 1,546 743 1,167 3,08<> 529 842 693 1,490 3,53(J 2,370 31 For. Against. 1,298 1,874 1.191 776 1,252 73 180 1,183 325 40 1,706 1,312 1,663 795 623 730 1,087 602 674 2,393 406 36 485 168 693 2,187 1,020 1,856 2,919 11 1,430 628 ' 64i 570 3,375 432 194 125 488 25 108 SOCIAL AND OTHER STATISTICS. mr [OH THK vtUinui'd. STATEMENT SHOWING THE NUMBER OF PLACES IN WHICH THE "CANADA TEMPERANCE ACT" HAS BEEN VOTED 0^-Continued. AgainMt. Place. 1885. Hastings, Ont Haldiinand, Ont Ontariu, Ont Victoria, Ont Peterborough, Ont Fredericton, N.B Argenteuil, (iue PreHcott and Russell, Ont . 188 3,693 1,451 l,8i>3 4,695 2,082 1,670 1,231 1,187 3,894 3,155 2,464 1,289 1,682 547 1,177 480 2,835 2,044 2,992 1,560 1,5.38 739 2,866 1,493 2,376 2,063 2,061 1,602 1,697 285 601 3,181 935 424 620 669 455 5,085 1,664 2,050 6,005 2,804 2,680 721 1,329 6,SKM) 5,298 1,441 2,407 1,770 1,690 929 4,455 3,374 5,530 2,552 3,460 600 3,787 2,090 Majokity. For. Against. 1,351 965 408 13 43 147 20 510 766 139 308 76 1,696 402 77 225 1,392 213 197 1,310 722 910 "i42" 3,102 2,143 152 725 1,223 513 449 1,620 1,.330 2,538 992 1,922 921' 597 .<• I • f r ■ 4 1 f :'. '^:. 398 CHAPTER IX. STATEMENT SHOWING THE NUMBER OF PLACES IN WHICH THi: "CANADA TEMPERANCE ACT" HAS BEEN VOTiSD O^-Coneludtti. Placr. VoTRS Polled. For. AgaiiiMt. For. AgaitiHt 1880. Lefdn and (irenville, Ont Pet«rlx)rough, Ont Northunilterland, Ont Lanark, Ont Lennox and Addington, Ont ..... . . . Ci>lch«'8ter, N.S Wellingt«.n, Ont St, Thomas " Fredericton, N.B 1800. Portland, N.B 1801. Charlottetown, P.E.I . Charlotte, N.B 3, (MM) 4,30ft 1,.538 1,402 43 2,084 420 370 124 1,786 4,0.38 i,\m 4,032 2,300 2,(XM{ 1,107 3,044 1,001 302 568 700 865 Majohitv. 08 030 1,27N 3(;2 027 771 vm l,(Xi4 l.Ktlo 572 4M 14 Summary of voting on Scott Act. 679. Since the passing of the Act it will be seen that it has been submitted to public opinion in 82 places, viz., in 7 cities and 75 coun- ties. It is now in force in only 33 of the counties. The following is a summary of the result of the voting : — Places. Carried 3 times and still in force . . 1 At present in force in ...... . Defeated and not submitted again in. . . . 1(> Carried the Ist time, defeated the 2nd time in 28 " 1 1 1 1 1 33 twice, defeated twice, in. •• once " '* .. " twice ** once in " 3 times " '* , Defeated twice in 40 Total in which submitted 82 Convic- tions for drunken- ness by provinces, 1884-1890. 680. The following statement shows the aggregate numl)er of con- victions for drunkenness in the Provinces of Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island, in the years named : — SOCIAL AND OTHER STATIsTrcS. 309 ICH THK 'foneludtil. lOHlTY. CuiivictionH. 8.r)37 AgninHt. 1,27« 3f,'> t»27 771 CM 1,(M;4 l.Wio 57'-' Vi 4:u 14 30 it has been nd 75 couii- ices. 1 6 26 33 16 28 1 1 1 1 1 40 82 jaber of con- Juebec, Nova in the years 10,427 1884 1885 1886 .,. 10.1»( 1887 10,81(5 1888 11,»22 1889 12,841 1890 13,528 PATENTS VND COPYRIOIITS. G81. The buHiiiOHH tranHacttd by the Patent Office in 1891 was not so large as in the previouH year, the receipts for fees showing a de- iiease of i|7,066 as compared with 1890, but an increase of .^75,909 over 1868. 682. The following table shows the different transactions of the Patent Office in each year since Ist July, 1867 : — BUSINESS OF THE PATENT OFFICE OF CANADA, 1868-1801. ''II The Patent Office. BuHinesg of the Patent Office, 1868-1891, YKAH KNIIKI) 30th Junk. 18(W. ISdit 1870 1S71 1H72 1873' 1874 187r> KSTI! 1877. 1878 187il- 1880 1881. . . . 1882 1883. 1884 1885. 1886 1887 1888 188!» 181K) 1891 Total Appli- . Assign- cations for Patents. Certifi- cates. Totals. Caveats ments of Patents. Patents, i 570 546 546 337 781 588 • • • 1 588 ♦60 470 626 556 666 132 431 570 500 609 161 445 752 671 671 184 327 1,124 1,016 io i.oai 171 547 1,376 1,218 27 1.245 200 711 1,418 1,26«> 57 1,323 194 791 1,548 1,337 46 1,383 185 761 1,445 1,277 75 1,362 168 841 1,428 1,172 96 1,268 172 832 1,368 1,137 101 1,238 203 728 1,601 1,252 156 1,408 227 855 1,055 1,510 222 1.732 22(i m 2,266 1,846 201 2,137 198 955 2,641 2,178 201 2,469 242 1,062 2,681 2,45<) l«i7 2,623 238 1,172 2,640 2,233 214 2,447 222 1,076 2,776 2,610 2.50 2,860 197 1,322 2,874 2,596 2.54 2,880 219 1,335 2,747 2,257 282 2,539 240 1,159 3,279 2,725 35<> 3,081 221 1,437 3,mo 2,428 360 2,707 248 1,307 3,233 2,343 303 2,736 41,384 215 1,231 45,167 37,727 3,657 4,613 21,028 1,170,886 * There were no caveats until 18<)9. Fees received, including DesiKiis and Irade Marks. 11,052 14,214 14,640 u,im 19,578 29,830 34,301 34,555 »5,187 35,388 33,6<>3 33,3a3 42,141 52,856 ()0,811 73,023 69,.530 60,075 73,940 76,133 74,508 87,158 94,027 86.961 > -•^y^ 1/ 683. The limit of duration of a patent is fifteen years, which period Duration can be reduced by the applicant to five or ten years on payment of a o'P**®"**- U 400 CHAPTER IX. ic tA''*' 1**7 ifeK!- BhoK] jKS' ■ ilKH>'a iwaalw p%' KW- » B; ii' t.f'# 11 tees, Patent model museum proportionate fee. In 1886 there were 2,610 patents granted, of which 74 were for fifteen years, 12 for ten years, and the remainder, 2,524, for five years ; and of this last number 2,447 were allowed to Residence 1**'PS® ^^ ^^® expiration of the term, showing that the large majority of of paten- Canadian patents are not kept in force for more than five years. 684. The patentees in 1891 resided in the following countries, viz. ; United States, 1,519; Canada, 606; England, 122; Germany, .36; France, 10 ; and other countries, 50. 685. The model museum, which is designed to be a school of in- struction in every department of science and mechanical invention, attracts large numbers of visitors, and as it is now situated in the new- departmental block, Wellington street, whereby a much larger space is available, it is hoped that arrangements will be made by which the great variety of models may be properly classified and exhibited to advantage. 686. The business in the copyrights and trade Taarks branch showed a slight falling off, the receipts being $639 less than those of 1890, but the following table shows the large increase in the business of this branch since Confederation : — Copy- rigtits, etc., 1868-1891 COPYRIGHTS, TRADE MARKS, INDUSTRIAL DESIGNS AND TIMBER MARKS REGISTERED IN CANADA , 1868 TO 1891. Year ENDED Copy- rights Trade Marks Indus- trial De- Timber Marks Total Number of Registra- tions. Total Number of Certi- ficates. 72 Assign- ments Fee» 30th Junk. Regis- tered. Regis- tered. signs Regis- tered. Regis- tered. Regis- tered. Receivtfd. 1868... 34 32 6 72 1S3 18(59.... 62 50 12 124 124 418 1870. . . . m 72 23 190 a5i 351 877 1871.... 115 106 22 im 348 348 l,0!t2 1872.... 87 103 17 64 271 267 11 927 1873.... 122 95 30 69 31(( 232 20 940 1874.... 134 163 30 41 .%8 289 19 i.a-^'j 1875.... 131 149 31 21 332 251 16 1,175 1876.... 178 238 47 17 480 369 33 1,758 1877 ... 138 227 50 18 433 332 31 1,732 1878. . . . 193 223 40 10 466 334 14 1,671 1879... 184 154 41 13 392 277 24 2,4;t4 1880.... 185 113 40 19 357 266 28 3, 80(1 1881.... 225 156 38 30 449 318 22 4,772 1882.... 224 160 46 21 450 313 64 4,it5(l 1883.... 253 160 66 24 503 350 33 5,3!)- 1884.... 281 196 68 14 559 407 49 6,273 1885. . 555 209 48 16 828 398 54 6,H!I8 1886.... 574 203 54 17 848 375 68 6,7!I5 1887.... 554 245 106 16 920 533 56 8,1!I2 1888.... 566 288 71 29 954 556 71 9,2»« 1889.... 616 280 88 26 1,010 672 49 9,112 18JK). . . . 688 293 m 21 1,070 604 104 9,87(; 1891.... 641 307 12i) 11 988 621 51 9,237 anted, of jmainder, [lowed to ajority oi ars. ries, viz. : nany, 36; lool of in- invention, in the new rger space which the Lhibited to ks branch tn those of he business ;d timber L. Fees Received. 1 18 !2 19 A )8 n 49 04 61 183 41 « 877 1,0<.>2 927 940 1,33!) 1,175 1,758 1,732 1,G71 2,434 3,80li 4,772 4,95(1 5,397 ('.,273 G,89H t'.,7!l5 8,lil2 9,2(« 9,112 9,87(1 9,237 SOCIAL AND OTHER STATISTICS. ARCHIVES. 401 t ' . if- 687. The importance of the archives branch of the Department of Archives Agriculture is steadily growing, under the management of Mr. Douglas branch. Biymner, and references to it from various parts of the world for information respecting questions which have to be settled by document- ary evidence are daily increasing, while there is scarcely a work recently published on the history of Canada or the United States which has not been much indebted to this branch for information, and which does not contain acknowledgments of obligations for assistance rendered. 088. The branch was established in June, 1872, since which time the Date of collection and classification of State papers and records, parliamentary establish- documents of all kinds, copies of parish registers, old documents and family papers, original accounts of many of the early settlements, and miscellaneous documents of general and local interest, have been perseveringly proceeded with, and the value of the present collection, incomplete as it is, can hardly be estimated. ()89. Good progress has been made with the copying of the State Copying of papers in London, those relating to Lower Canada having been com- State pleted down to 1819 and those of Upper Canada to 1825. Work has P*'^"' also been begun on the copying of the archives in Paris, which are of great importance to the early history of Lower Canada. ■:;-.*!il ■ ttt '4 ,4 ..• !" ,:: 1 ,' ' t .."-.f \i ' '■ U ■ %. ^ ':', m • ■ • ' i i ' "'■ 'l i ! '♦■" •:-: 26 'Wr^^ 402 CHAPTER X. BANKS AND SAVINGS BANKS. Canadian 690. The denominations of money in the currency of Canada were currency, declared by the Act 34 Vic, chap. 4, to be dollars, cents and mills, there being 100 cents in a dollar and 10 mills in a cent. By the same Act the British sovereign, as then coined, was declared to be legal tender for $4.86§. Silver and 691. Silver coins struck by order of Her Majesty for circulation in gold coins. Canada were declared to be legal tender to the amount of ten dollars, and copper coins, similarly struck, to the amount of twenty-five cents. The gold eagle of the United States was also declared to be legal ten- der for ten dollars, and multiples and halves of the same for propor- tionate sums. ! " Coins in circula- tion. Dominion notes. 692. The coins in circulation in Canada are silver fifty, twenty-five, twenty, ten and five-cent pieces, and bronze one-cent pieces, all of which are struck in England. No twenty-cent pieces have been coined for a considerable time, and they ure gradually disappearing from circulation. Canada has no gold coinage of its own ; but, as stated above, British and American gold pieces pass current. The issue of specie is controlled by the Dominion Government. 693. The notes issued exclusively by the Government are of the denominations $4, $2, $1, and twenty-five cents fractional paper cur- rency, no bank in the Dominion being allowed to issue notes for a less sum than five dollars, or for any sum not being a multiple of five dollars. Dominion notes may b^! issued under the authority of the Governor in Council to an extent not exceeding $20,000,000. OtKcers to superintend the distribution of specie and Dominion notes to tlie several banks are, under the title of Assistant Receiver-General, appointed in each of the cities of Toronto, Montreal, Halifax, St. John, N.B., Victoria, B.C., and Charlottetown. The Bank 694. The chartered and incorporated banks of the Dominion have Acts. Hjggj^ regulated by ihe Bank Act, 34 Vic, chap. 5, and subsequent amending Acts, the provisions of which will be found in the preceding numbers of the Year Book. New Bank (J95 j^ view of the expiration of all the principal bank cliarters in principal 1891, a new i>ank Act was passed during the session of 1890, which provis- came into effect on the Ist July, 1891. The following are among the ions. principal provisions : — i^hall ties be t to th auiou 9. five I sum t lation fund when notes shall until the ar 10. throui Inland BANKS AND SAVINGS BANKS. 403 luada were s and mills, 5y the same to be legal irculation in ten dollars, ;y-five cents. be legal ten- ,e for propor- , twenty-five, pieces, all of re been coined pearing from but, as stated The issue of nt are of the al paper cur- otes for a less tiple of five hority of *he 00. Officers notes to the eiver-General, ifax, St. John, )omimon have d subsequent the preceding mk charters in jf 1890, which are among the directori. Increase in capital stock. Limit to dividend. 1. The capital stock of any bank hereafter incorporated shall be Capital not less than five hundred thousand dollars, in shares of one hundred '''oc^. dollars each. 2. Five hundred thousand dollars must be subscribed, and two Amount hundred and fifty thousand dollars paid to the Minister of Finance, ^° ^ ""^ who is also Receiver-General, and a certificate of permission obtained and paid from the Treasury Board,* before business can be commenced. up, 3. Bank directors must hold capital stock as follows: — On a paid-up Stock to capital stock of $1,000,000 or less, stock on which f 3,000 has bean ^?« ^«1<1 ^y paid up ; on a paid-up capital stock of over one and not over three million dollars, stock on which $4,000 has been paid-up, and jn a paid-up capital of over $3,000,000, stock on which $5,000 las been paid. A majority of the directors must be British subjects. 4. The capital stock may be increased or redeemed by the share- holders, subject to the approval of the Treasury Board. .'), No dividends or bonus exceeding 8 per cent per annum shall be paid by any bank, unless, after deducting all bad and doublful debts, it has a reserve fund equal to at least thirty per cent of iolation, Proix)r- hold not less than forty per cent cf its cash reserve in Domir.icanotes. tion*?^ " '■ cash m Doniinion notes. 7. The amount of notes of any bank in circulation at auy time Notes in shall not exceed the amount of its unimpaired capital, subject to p?nal- circula- ties varying with the amount of such excess. "" 8. The payment of notes issued by any bank for circulation shall Notes to be the first charge on its assets in case of insolvency, any amount due ^ * ^'"^^ to the Dominion Government shall be the second charge, and any ^^*''8^' amount due to any Provincial Government shall be the third charge. 9. Every bank shall pay to the Minister of Finance a sum equal to Bank cir- live per cent of the average amount of its notes in circulation, such culation sum to be annually adjusted according to the average amount of circu- tion Fund, lation during the preceding 1 2 months. Such amounts are to form a fund called " The Bank Circulation Redemption Fund," to be used when necessary, on the suspend ion of any bank, for the p^^yment of the notes issued and in circulation, and interest. All notes in circulation shall bear interest at 6 per cent per annum from the day of suspension until redeemed. Payments from the fund are to be without regard to the amount contributed. 10. All notes issued for circulation shall be payable at par Notes pay- throughout Canada. ^^"^ * The Treasury Board consists of the Ministers of Finance, Justice, Customs and hiland Revenue, with the Deputy Minister of Finance as secretary. 26i * ,.■ -.X, •\-ci -i^r-^i ■ ■ ' . ■•'If- !>■ J :^i!''^ ** . ,. *• 4 1 • ■ .' 1 \f _/. '" ; ; 1 \ 1 ■/■^'■•.: •» ■ i' :1'- , ..ilLj ii .1- '= 404 CHAPTER X. Part pay- ment tci be in Domi- nion notes. Advertise- ments on notes, illegal. When a bank may not lend. Real estate. Rate of interest. Returns to Govern- ment. Private banks. 11. Any bank, when making payment, is compelled, if requested, to pay the same, or part thereof, not exceeding one hundred dollars, in Dominion notes, for $1, $2 or $4 each. 12. Penalties are provideil for placing anything in the shape cf an advertisement on a rote, and for issuing advertisements in the form of notes. 13. No bank may lend money on its own shares or on those of any other bank, or upon mortgage of real estate, or on the security of any goods, wares or merchandise, except as collateral security. 14. Except as required for its own use, no bank shall hold any real estate for a longer period than seven years. Any rate of interest may be charged and allowed, but not more than seven per cent can be recoverable. 15. Monthly returns signed by the chief accountant, the acting president and the manager shall be made to the Minister of Finance within the first fifteen days of each month, subject to a penalty of .^oO for each day's delay, such returns to be made in the form provided by the Act. Special returns may be required by the Government at any time. All Government cheques are payable at par. 16. No person may use thfj title of "bank," "banking company," " banking house," " banking association " or " banking institution," unless authorized by this or some other Act of Parliament. incorpori- ted barks. Number of 696. There were 38 incorporated banks that made returns to the Government on 30th Juns, 1891, distributed as follows : 10 in On- tario, 14 in Quebec, 8 in Nova Scotia, 3 in New BrunsM'ick, and 1 each in Manitoba, British Columbia and Prince Edward Island. The banks are assigned to the provinces according to the situation of their head offices, but many of them have branches all over the Dominion. Renewal of bank charters. 697. The charters of 36 only of the above banks were continued by the new Bank Act, the Bank of British North America and the Bank of British Columbia being incorporated by Royal Charter in England. All provisions, however, relating to reserves, issue, &c., of notes, making loans and making returns to Government, apply to those two banks. The Merchants Bank of Prince Edward Island at present operates under a local charter, which will expire in 1892. Bank 698. The following is a comparative statement of the assets and statement, liabilities of the various banks in Canada on the 30th June, 1890 and 1890 and .„„. » 1891. 1891. * Previous to this provision, a discount was charged in Ontario and (Juebec on Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island notes, and in British Columbia on notes of eastern banks. hose of any irity of any the assets and me, 1890 and and Quebec on und in Bvitisli BANKS AND SAVINGS BANKS. BANK STATEMFiNT, 30th JUNE, 1890 AND 1891. 405 LlABILITIEa. Capital paid up. Circulation Deposits — Payable on demand Payable after notice or on a fixed day. Held as security Made by other banks Due other banks or agencies Other liabilities Total liabilities. Assets. are 1890. i 59,669,765 32,059,178 58,575,883 77,461,325 150,307 2,246,285 3,752,840 255,(K)4 174,501,422 Sj)ecie and Dominion notes Isotes of and cheques on other banks Due from agencies and other banks ... Dominion debentures or stocks Otlier Government securities Loans to Dominion and Provincial Governments. Loans or discounts for which collateral securities held.. . Loans to mimicipal and other corimrations Loans to or de^sits made in other banks Discounts, ordinary Debts overdue, not secured do secured ^lortgages on real estate, and real estate held by the banlcs. Bank premises Other assets 15,923,451 7,567,498 15,996,528 2,556,759 5,816,734 1,827,296 11,968,522 28, 129,098 672,899 153,081,973 1,435,943 1,371,8(56 1,692,550 4,034,970 2,652,607 Total assets ' 264,628,694 1891. 9 60,742,366 31,379,886 64,527,893 84,814,618 89,062 2,489,453 4,774,209 262,383 188,337,504 17,408,495 7,270,398 20,951,986 2,482,766 6,605.086 2,672,988 16,309,409 32,330,339 777,192 151,211.661 1,520,870 1,320,203 1,817,247 4,303,362 2,509,151 269,491,153 . t,. The proportion of liabilities to assets was larger in 1891, being 6988 per cent, as compared with 68*53 per cent in 1890, 68*44 per cent in 1889, and 67*90 per cent in 1888. The amount of deposit showed a decrease of $13,244,058, largely in consequence of transfers from Government saving banks, owing to reduction of rate of interest ill the latter, ordinary discounts a decrease of $1,870,312, and overdue debts an increase of $84,927. Notes in circulation showed a decrease of $679,292. 699. The following statement shows the proportions of the principal Propor- items of assets and liabilities to the total amounts in the years 1868, **°"f °^ , iQ-7^ 1 iQrti assets and lS/7 and 1891. liabilities. I ■ I;,' '■■a ^<. [I 1l •I ■ ■ ■' 'f *1 • ..»• "-5 1 *V 406 CHAPTER X. ASSETS AND LIABILITIES-PERCENTAGE OF PRINCIPAL ITEMS. Itkms. Liabilities- Notes in circulation Deposits Assets — SiKHjie and Dominion notes Debts due to the banks Notes of and checjues on other banks Balances due from other banks 1868. P.O. 18 W 75 03 11 4Q 7884 2-94 466 1877. 1891. p. c. 19 22 75 03 8-29 80-77 2-30 459 p. c. 16 CO 79-34 6' 4(1 80 54 270 7-77 Particu- lars of banks in Canada, 1868-1891. 700. The next table gives the jmid-up capital, assets, liabilities, and other particulars of the various banks in operation in each year since Confederation, according to the returns made to the Government, as required by the Bank Act : — PARTICULARS OF BANKS IN CANADA, 1868-^1891. Year ENDED .Wtk Jl-Xi.-. Capital Paid up. Notes in Circula- tion. Total on Deijosit. Total Discounts. Liabilities. Assets. $ $ $ $ $ S 1868.. 30,289,048 8,307,079 32,808,103 50,500,316 43,722,647 77,872,257 1869.. 30,981,074 8,063,198 38,823,332 53,573,307 48,380,967 83,565,027 1870. . 32,050,597 14,167,948 50,767,0{»9 62,252,5«i9 66,530,393 102,147,2!»3 1871.. 36,415,210 18,339,893 55,763,0()6 83,989,756 77,486,706 121,014,3115 1872. . 45,134,709 25,040,077 64,720,490 107,354,115 94,224,644 151,772,87(5 1873. . 55,102,959 29,516,046 68,677,137 117,646,219 98,21»6,677 ltW,5191 75,033,811 123,786,038 101,371,845 184,441,1(18 1876.. 67,199,051 20,288,158 74,594,057 128,64.5,238 101,686,717 184,421,.514 1877. . 63,923,156 18,265,356 71,284,797 126,169,577 95,004,254 174,375,(103 1878.. 63,387,034 19,351,109 71,900,195 124,888,552 95,641,008 175,473,08(i 1879.. 64,i5i>,427 18,090,814 71,3«»,502 122.502,537 93,375,749 170,44(),074 1880.. 60,584,789 20,186,176 84,818,804 118,916,970 108,833,271 181,741,074 1881.. 59,384,987 26,102,368 94,155,621 144,139,875 125,063,-546 198,!t67,27« 1882.. 58,739,980 32,229,937 113,820,495 177,521,800 153,001,994 229,271,(H)4 1883.. 61,404.554 32,211,945 107,148,664 177,222,5*>9 145,296,836 226,803,4!ll 1884.. 61,443,397 29,654.511 106,594,253 160,459,183 140,973,233 223,855,()01 1885.. 61,821,158 2*l,692,803 104,6.56,566 158,209,174 138,510,300 217,264,(k-)5 1886.. «il,841,396 29,200,627 112,991,764 165,044,608 147,647,682 228,422,a53 1887- 60,815,356 30,438,152 114,483,190 169,357,325 149,413,632 229,241,464 1888.. 60,168,010 30,444,643 128,725,529 173,185,812 1«M),344,852 244,975,223 1889. . 60,236,451 31,209,972 136,293,978 191,721,124 175,0()2 :.i7 255,765,(i31 1890.. 59,569,765 32,059,178 136,187,515 195,987,400 174,501,422 254,628,694 1891.. 60,742,366 31,379,886 149,431,573 202,692,481 188,337,504 269,491,153 Increase in 701. The number of banks that made returns to the Government on S^"^ °^ *^® ^^^^ '^""®' ^^^^' ^"^^ -'^' ^^^"8 11 less than in 1891, and the pre- BANKS AND SAVIN08 BANKS. 407 L ITEMS. 1891. p. e. 16 •('.<•) 79-34 6-4(i 80r)4 » 2 70 > 777 bilities, and 1 year since ernment, as 4 12 12 »2 i7 !2 )4 Assets. 77,872,257 83,5<15,(t27 102,147,2113 121,0l4,3!»r) 151,772,87(1 ll)8,.51'.l,745 188,417,005 184,441,108 184,421,514 174,375,003 17.5,473,0«(; 170,440,074 181,741,074 198,1K57,2"8 229,271,, was passed. 706. The total amount of money on deposit in June, 1891, in the Total chartered banks. Post Office and Government savings banks, deiwsit^" Montreal and Quebec savings banks, and in the hands of loan com- panies, was $217,800,738, equal to the sum of $45 per head of popu- lation. ,' . \ a • , ( ■ -'% 1 « - ' ■ "• "•> ' >« - * . •• .■•■?' 'a ;■.■> ■ -•• :i».f ■"li^ilfi - • 'It' «• s 'H'r-^^l] •¥■■ tt ;" .• i 408 CHAPl'ER X. ;i Rate of intereHt. Rates of discount. 707. The rate of interest allowed on deposits by the banks is, ui present, in most cases 4 per cent. 708. The average rate of discount on local bills was lower in 1800 than in any of the former periods, as the tendency, if any, was towards lower figures than those quoted. RATES OF DISCOUNT ON LOCAL BILLS, 1878, 1885 AND 18J)1. Year. 1878 1886 1891 Average rate of Discount. 7i per cent. 7 «to7 " The above figures are for the city of Montreal, m which place, as well as in Toronto and other commercial centres, discount rates are, as a rule, from one to two per cent lower than they ai-e in countiy towns; and, moreover, in cities, rates are more frequently graded according to the standing of customers. As far as has been learned, the custom does not prevail in Canada to the same extent as in many other countries, of regulating the rate according to the date of the bill, and though sometimes an additional one per cent may be charged on bills over six months, as often as not no distinction is made. Sterling 709. The rates of sterling exchange fluctuate, as is well known, exchange. yg,.y considerably, and it is difficult to lay down any figures represent- ing an exactly correct average, but the following may be taken as fairly accurate for the years named : — AVERAGE RATES OF STERLING EXCHANGE. Year. 1878 1885, 1890, 1891. 60 days. 9 82 Year. 1878 1885, 1890, 1891. Demand. OS 9/, Source of informa- tion. Prices, etc. of princi- pal stocks, Toronto, 1891. 710. The above figures, as well as those in the preceding paragraph, were kindly supplied by a leading banking authority in Montreal. 711. The following table gives the share value paid-up capital, last six months' dividend, and highest and lowest quocations at Toronto, in 1891, of the principal banks and loan companies in Canada. The prices quoted are taken from the statement published by the com- mittee of the Toronto Stock Exchange. ( BANKS AND SAVINGS BANKS. PARTICULARS OF PRINCIPAL STOCKS, 1891. Stock. MontrenI . . . Ontario. . . Toronto . . Merchants' Conjmerce . Imfjerial . . . Dominion. . Standard . . Hamilton . . British America. Western Assurance. . . Consumers' Gas Montreal Telegraph . . North- West Lancf Co. Caniida Permanent. . . Freehold Western Canada Ijoan Companies — Union .... Canada Landed and National In vestment ^ Build inR and Loan Association Impel ial Loan and Investment Farmers' Loan and Savings London and Canada Loan and Agency. . . People's Loan Real Estate Loan and Debenture Co. London ai'd Ontario Manitoba Loan Huron and Erie Dominion Savings and Loan Ontario Loan and Debenture Hamilton Provident British Canadian Loan and Invest- ment Ontario Industrial Loan and Invest- ment Co Share. 9 200 100 100 100 50 100 50 50 100 50 40 50 40 24 .50 100 50 50 100 25 100 50 50 .50 50 100 100 50 50 50 100 100 100 Capital paia u;^' 12,000,000 1,500,000 2,000,000 5,79Jt,200 6,000,000 1,900,000 1,500,000 1,000,000 1,187,.%0 500,000 2,000,000 1,200,000 2,000,000 7,300,000 2,600,000 1,319,100 1,500,000 677,970 1,004,000 750,000 627,000 611,430 700,000 599,429 477,209 .500,000 312,500 1,3(X>,000 932,401 1,200,000 1,100,000 322,628 314,291 Divi- dend last six months. Per cent 3i 5 3 3 4 6 4 4 7 10 2i 4 6 4 5 3i 4 H 3A 3 3i 3i Prices during Year. Highest Lowest. 230 117 232 153$ 136| 193 249J 171 178 10.53 152i 180 95 82$ 200 125 178 135 131 114 124 125 131 117 53 117i 111 162 97i 113 125 115 126J 215i 110 210 150 124i 15l| 225 146i 152 98 141 166 86 70i 195 121 173 132i 123 103 121 121 123 115 50 112 100 158 84 124" 111 125 712. At the commencement of 1889 a clearing house was estab- lislied in Montreal, and proved very successful, the clearings for the year having amounted to $454,.5()0,G67. This amount, however, was exceeded in 1890, when the operations reached the total of $473,985, 131, and this sum was again increased in 1891, when the clearings amounted to $514,607,000. This steady increase should be indicative of a considerable expansion of trade in the city, which now stands 409 • .-'iff Clearing house, i\I(mtreal. . r :!• 'J- : \ i- ^i'i'. ! M! 410 CHAPTER X. Clearing houseM, Toronto and Uali' fax. Clearing houses, London and Man- chester. Business failures in Canada, 1890 and 1891. Baltimore $735,714,.'^47 Pittsburg . &IU,m2,2'>:> Cincinnati 6(58,21ti,7r><» New Orleans 614,807, »(»7 Montreal 514,(K)7,(MX) eleventh among the cities of North America having clearing houses, as is shown by the following figures : — New York $33,749,322,211 Boston 4,763,840,087 Chicago 4,466,886,230 Philadelphia 3,296,852,aS5 St. Louis . ... l,13i»,599,576 San Francisco 8»2,42«t,712 713. A clearing house was established at Halifax in 1890, and the clearings for the two years have been : — 1890, $62,281,748, and 1891, $64,601,856. A clearing house was opened in Toronto on the 21st July, 1891, and the clearings from then to the Slst December amounted to $145,897,939. The total clearings therefore in the three cities in 1891 amounted to $725,106,795. A clearing house has been established in Hamilton, Ontario, but it has not been found possible to obtain any information as to its transactions. 714. Owing to the dullness of trade, particularly in financial tran- sactions, there was a decrease of $4,640,571,065 in the operations of the London Bankers' clearing house as compared with 1890, the total clearings having amounted to $33,324,529,200. The operations of the Manchester clearing house amounted to $784,331,277, being exceeded by six cities in the United States. 715. Owing to their being no machinery at present in Canada for the collection of particulars concerning business failures, recourse had to be hod to the reports of the two great mercantile agencies in the United States, viz. ; Bradstreet's, and Dun, Wiman & Co., and the fol- lowing table is a statement of their returns for the two years, 1890 and 1891 :~- BUSINESS FAILURES IN CANADA, 1890 AND 1891. Jb ..OVINCES. Bkausikkkt's. 1890. 1891. Ontario Quebec Nova Scotia. New Brunswick. . . Manitoba British Columbia. . P. E. Island N. W. Territories. Total No. Liabilities No. $ 837 5,657,000 843 491 4,027,000 680 114 f>07,000 122! &) 1,108,000 931 53 565,000 51! 35 178,000 23 7 40,000 10 17 158,000 17 1620 12,340,000 1839 Dun, Wiman & Co. 1890. No. $ 5,371,000 7,538,0001 594,000 599,000 340,000; 81,900! 106,000 169,000 901 617 122 84 46 50 8 788,000 1828 1891. Liabilities No. Liabilities 6,801,338 8,721,817 685,824 998,847 399,463 199,635 51,103 809 681 141 132 69 22 17,858,017|1861 5,801,730 8,386,70!) {K)5,200 9(16,552 470,555 134,243 58,(150 16,723,930 f BANKS AND 8AVIN08 BANKS. 411 ig houses, «735,714.34: 679,062,25:) 668,2l6,7r.<» 514,807,407 514,()07,1. KS & Co. 1891. strekt's. Dun, Wiman & Co. Number. Liabilities. XumVter. Liabilities. 188.5 1886 1887 1888 ,. 1889 1890 1891 1,280 1,186 1,315 1,730 1,613 1,620 1,839 $ 9,210,334 11,240,025 17,054,000 1.5,498,242 13,052,000 12, .340,000 14,788,000 1,256 1,252 1,366 1,668 1,747 1,828 1,861 8 8,861,609 10,386,884 16,070,595 13,974,787 14,528,884 17,858,017 16,723,939 Average 1,512 13,311,800 1,568 14,057,816 4 *" *• *m • ' . >^ , . ^ ■ •*. •«. i- ■ f . .- ^■''i '•' * ( !^. hii- '1 Though it is found that, comparing the figures of any one year, there is generally considerable divei'gence between the results of the two systems, yet it will be seen from the above table that, on an aver- age of seven years, they agree very closely. The number of failures in 1891 was largely above the average. 718. The following classification of the causes of failure, both in Causes of Canada and the United States in 1891, has been made by Bradstreet's. '*""'^®' The figures may not be absolutely correct, but are based on the reports received from their numerous agents, and no doubt indicate very nearly the true proportions : — ^- • ■ i - .:; 1 - 1 •■■ i 1 - 412 CHAPTKR .X. Failurt>H due to n Incoin|)ettJiic« Inex|)«ri«nce Lack of capital Unwise cruditH iSjjet Illation (outside). . N^eglect of buHinesH. . . . Kxtravugance. Fraudulent diHpoHition DiHaHterfl Failures of otherH ... . Undue coin|)etition. . . . Canada, jier cent. 10 9 2 3 64t 6 1-7 (» 9 14 2 4 880 7 6 3 08 114 Unit»2 438 401 407 428 .390 482 (5.51 617 681 9,2(5.5.074 4,717,ft5,503 469,234 685,824 90.5,200 138 171 65 35 39 47 73 108 67 88 (55 65 84 132 $ 1,517.372 2,234. 4t>2 527,012 274.2(K» 742,000 747,tJ00 1,(570,.S.37 544,()()i") .t22,152 5,3;">0,115 741.(J!tl 388,!>r)K !»98,H47 iM5().r)52 BANKH AND 8AVIN(i8 I)aNK8. 413 ited BtatoM, )er cent. 10 3 41 9-T 3 2 7 70 165 10 20 3 failures in 79 per cent failed innn in Canada. in 1891 was >73 in 1890, ties was 41 and aniuunt figures were W BKt'N«\VlCK. Liabilitifs. « ;8 f) 14 12 1,517.372 2,234,4C.2 527,012 274,2(X> 742,000 747,001* 1,070..'?.37 o44,t)t).") :<22,ir)2 5,3.".0,115 741.t)!tl 388.,463 470,555 « 1H70 . . . IMHO 1H.SI ]HH2 1HH3 1884 1SS5 IHSO 1HH7.... 1H88.... 1880.... 18itO. . . . IHill.... 25 10 37 50 22 135,060 128,80:{ 173,004 19{),636 1.34,243 >'ll * 'I ■ - il ■»'■ I:.'- 722. The Post Office Act, which provided for the establishment of Post Office PcKst Office savings bunks in Canada, was passed on the 20th Decern- savings ber, 1867, and was limited in operation, as regards the savings banks, "*"''*• to the provinces of Ontario and Quebec. Under its provisions a deposit must not l)e less than ffi^l, and must not exceed $300 in any one year; neither must the total amount on deposit exceed fjl,000. On the Ist September, 1885, the system was extended to the provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, and the offices are distributed in the several provinces as follow: Ontario, 399; Quebec, 111 ; Nova Scotia, 4li ; New Brunswick, 28 ; Manitoba, 18 ; British Columbia, 13 ; Prince Edward Island, 7 ; and The Territorion, 15. 723. Government savings Iwiuks. under the management of the cJovem- Fiiiance Department, have been estakhlished in the Maritime Provinces mt-nt and in Manitoba and British Ci^^vimbia, in which banks deposits are j^ikf" allowed to the extent of $l,0iK). The number of offices under this system is 39, viz., 24 in Nova Scotia, 10 in New Brunswick, 2 in Prince Eldward Island, 1 in Ontario, 1 in Manitoba and 1 in British Columbia. Arrangements are made for the transfer of the Government sjivings banks in each province to the Post Office Department as the position of superintendent at each puace becomes vacant, two having been transferred during 1891. 724. The rate of interest paid in both classes of savings banks is Rate of now 3^ per cent, the reduced rate having come into operation on 1st interest. October, 1889. MS -I 4 . • ■'T . 414 CHAPTER X. m * Progress of Post Office savings banks. 725. The Post Office system went into operation on the 1st April, 1868, when 81 offices were opened ; at the close of the three months ended 30th June, 1868, there were 2,102 depositors, 3,247 deposits had been made, and the amount on deposit was $204,589. On the 30th June, 1891, there were 634 offices open, 112,230 depositors, 147,672 deposits had been made during the year, and the total amount on deposit was .121,738,648. Almost the whole of this increase has taken place during the last twelve years, the amount on deposit on 30th June, 1879, having been only $3,105,190, the average annual increase since that date having been $1,552,788. The average amount of each deposit received increased by $1.35, having b\?en $44.02 in 1891, as compared with $42.67 in 1890. The average amount to the credit of each account was $195.44. Deposits ana deix)- sitors, by provinces. 726. The following table shows the number of depositors in each province, the amount on deposit, and the proportion of that amount per head of population on 30th June, 1891. The particulars relate to Post Office savings banks only, and the money on deposit in the Government savings banks in the Maritime Provinces is not included. POST OFFICE SAVINGS BANKS, 1891. I, Pkovincks. Ontario Quebec Nova Scotia New Brunswick Manitoba British Columbia.. . P. E. Island The Territories Total Number Number of of Offices. Depositors 399 84,719 111 16,316 43 4,847 28 3,006 18 207 13 1,885 !• ( 17 15 233 634 111,230 Amount on Dejwsit. 15,716,254 3,632,349 1,159,316 786,336 20,440 3!)7,889 1,461 24,603 21,738,648 Average Amount to each Depositor. 8 cts. 185 51 222 62 239 18 261 58 98 74 211 08 86 00 105 59 194 44 Average Amount jht Head of Population. 8 cts. 7 43 43 r)7 44 14 23 01 3 »)4 4 5;^ Decrease 727. For the second time since 1877 there was a decrease in the in deposits amount on deposit as compared with the preceding year, the decrease ^il^„c f^, amounting to $252,005. There was also a decrease of $1,360,434 ui same. the amount on deposit in the (Jrovernment savings banks, making a total decrease in the amount on deposit in the two classes of banks of $1,612,439. The decrease) in Government savings banks was, however, BANKS AND SAVINGS BANKS. 415 partly due to the transference of two banks to the postal system ; and if the interest allowed to depositors is deducted, the total excess of ^vithdrawals over deposits amounted to $2,960,964. This decrease, iiowever, has not been caused by any depression of business, but is owing to the reduction of the rate of interest paid by the Government from 4 per cent to 3| per cent, and to the consequent raising, by the chartered banks, of the rate allowed by them to 4 per cent, this change naturally resulting in the attraction of a large amount of savings from the lower to the higher rate. This is shown by the increase in deposits in banks, payable after notice, exclusive of Government deposits, from 868,785,421 in 1889, to $75,357,924 in 1890, and to $83,249,807 in 1891, an increase in the two years of $14,454,386. 728. The balance of deposits is not now required, as formerly, to be Disiwsal invested in Canadian Government securities, but forms part of the °^ balance unfunded debt of the Dominion, and the amount of this floating git. capital, which is at the disposal of the Governmeiit, is necess.irily curtailed by the decrease above mentioned. 729. The decrease in the number of depositors, together with a Deposits decrease in the average amount to the credit of each account, would ^y ^^^ seem to imply that the withdrawals have been made by the wealthier classeT^ depositors, leaving the savings, more particularly of the working classes, for whose benefit these banks were specially intended. In that case it is fair to assume that the condition of the working classes has l)een materially improved of late years. Deposits in the United Kingdom and some colonies. 730. In the United Kingdom, in 1890, the amount on deposit in Post Office savings banks amounted to $329,156,061, and averaged .S8.72 per head of population. The number of depositors was 4,827,314 and the average amount of each deposit $68.19, an amount, as will be seen, much smaller than in Canada. The average amount of each deposit in the Post Office savings banks in New South Wales in 1889 was $110.30, in Victoria in 1889, $88.81, and in Tasmania in 1889, 674.60. 731. A comparative statement of the liabilities and assets of loan Loan com- companies and building societies in each year since 1874 is given panies, below. Thirty-three companies made returns in 1874 and 76 in 1890, 1^74-1890. 63 of which were in Ontario, 10 in Quebec, 2 in Nova Scotia and 1 in Manitoba. In the period between 1874 and 1890 the companies in- creased in numl)er by 43, their paid-up capital increased $26,617,155, and their total loans $94,355,987. *' 1 \' ■.,■ ' *'- w ■••l ■: ' ..■ ' ►•! h:^' '♦ /';!* ■i »* • » .• • ■' 'k • • • - If-"- « ^ ■* *ta »■ . - ■ !•■*• ■ •■1 '«. : ■■*<■. - 1 ' r ' = -.»,:■■ « *. .-jf^ V i'i*: hi;- ¥"".'• 416 CHAPTER X. COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OP LIABILITIES AND ASSETS OF LOAN COMPANIES AND BUILDING SOCIETIES, 187+-1890. LlABILITIKS. Year. Capital Paid up. Reserve Fund. DepoHits. Deben- tures Payable. Other Liabilities Total Liabilities. $ $ 9 $ $ $ 1874 8,,ir.2 1879. 17,474,65<» 2,917,874 9,426,148 6,393,859 3,111,878 39,324,415 1880... . . 24,495,975 4,617,832 11,713,633 23,212,768 4,477,260 68,517.«;8 1881 25,445,639 5,128,413 la 460,268 23,154,234 4,776,468 71,965,017 1882.. .... 28,498,742 5,983,702 14,241,782 26,670,360 4,688,923 80,083,.5]0 1883 30,899,446 6,417,479 13,954,460 29,620,470 3,625,362 84,517,217 188^1 30,751,251 6,812,006 13,876,515 32,268,367 4,111,298 87,819,437 1885.. 31,345,620 7,199,456 15,435,084 34,798,038 4,161,136 92,939,334 1886 31,874,868 7,738,027 16,226,581 38,905,842 3,629,909 98,375,217 1887 32,125,009 7,747,676 18,251,422 38,960,314 4,600,398 101,584,81!) 1888 32,410,368 8,420,735 17,307.033 43,797,456 6,043,394 107,978,97(5 1889 34,052,456 9,173,956 17,757,376 48,544,222 5,468.499 114,J»96,50<> 1890 34,659,312 9,801,174 17,893,567 53,424,241 5,961,293 121,729,587 ;t I BANKS AND SAVINGS BANKS. COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF LIABILITIES AND ASSETS OF LOAN COMPANIES AND BUILDING SOCIETIES, 1874-1890. ASHETS. Year. Current LohUb Secured on Real Estate. Total Loans. Cash on Hand and in Banks. Property Owned, Real Estate. Total Property Owned. Total Assets. 1874.. 1875.. . 187(1.. . 1877... 1878... 187!*.. . 1880... 1881.. . 1882.. . 1883.. . 1884... 18.85.. . 1880... 1887... 1888 . $ 15,041,858 18,360,715 22,827,324 28,282,712 33,998,174 34,781,493 66,012,200 61,948,053 68,025,897 69,922,344 74,115,136 78,775,243 84,573,384 86,901,363 93,468,943 98,726,041 $ 15,469,823 18,890,809 23,258,680 28,993,842 34,703,748 35,675,687 58,493,037 64,498,542 72,021,310 74,126,165 77,267,357 82,084,049 88,094,260 90,611,278 %, 878,812 $ 344,763 645,605 648,933 538,738 K)l,780 1,748,211 4,626,077 2,380,977 2,055,372 2,466,987 2,608,224 2,561,277 2,358,906 2,695,437 2,616,886 2,308,990 3,791,006 9 124,260 162,267 338,011 723,505 1,081,451 1,685,881 4,352,439 3,636,295 4,722,328 4,565,923 4,424,198 4,331,146 3;919,126 4,440,040 8 759,634 1,160,470 1,238,326 1,486,828 2,190,160 3,708,531 11,496,598 9,408,095 9,642,390 10,469,084 10,339,923 10,094,126 9,922,732 10,618,031 12,561,346 14,284,911 14,060,705 16,229,407 20,051,280 24.497,007 30,480,671 36,893,908 39,384,219 69,988,635 73,906,638 81,663,701 84,595,250 87,606,680 92,178,176 98,010,992 101,229,310 109,430,168 188!) . 116,376,818 IX* K) 105.535.64t" ^ ''i-Sll 122,886.516 ' 417 .«.. W" Thirty-three companies made returns in 1874 and 76 in 1890, Increase 63 of which were in Or.tario, 10 in Quebec, 2 in Nova Scotia and 1 in ^" ^°*" Manitoba. In the period between 1874 and 1890, the companies ponies, increased in number by 43, their paid-up capital increased $26,617,155, and their total loans $94,355,987. 4 k ;, : i 27 ■'^-^ ■"«"• •'' " "■ t^H SI W i 418 CHAPTER X. Transac- 732. The following tables are statements of the transactions of tionsof 1890 and 1891, and of the affairs of Loan Companies and Building Savings STATEMENT OF THE TRANSACTIONS OF THE POST OFFIfF ?£9%90 TH*^ YEAK« and 1891. ==^======== Banks. 't I'A Post Office Savings Banks -| Government Savings Banks — Nova Scotia I New Brunswick -j Toronto I WinniiJeg ■! British Columbia -J Prince Edward Island -j Grand Total, Post Office and T Government Savings Banks -j combined (. Year. 1889 1890 1891 1889 1890 1891 1889 1890 1891 1889 1890 1891 1889 1890 1891 1890 1891 1889 1890 1891 1889 1890 1891 Balances, 1st July. 20,689,032 23,011,422 21,990,653 8,879,585 8,411,511 7,988,949 6,269,588 6,045,346 6,012,746 794,927 752,705 659,352 948,527 892,037 814,874 1,628,969 1,598,946 1,398,275 2,160,430 2,244,390 2,147,616 41,371,058 42,956,357 41,012,465 Cash. 8 9,012,614 6,767,398 6,889,541 1,484,983 1,180,512 1,068,431 '^,824 797,069 797,091 173,277 145,627 117,897 271,626 232,616 234,790 399,048 402,708 281,365 412,430 328,363 358,959 12,657,802 9,854,333 9,748,076 DKPOSITEn. Interest Allowed. 841,!)22 786,875 734,431 331,590 290,002 258,(i47 232,846 212,7i5<; 202,837 2<),372 24,808 20,228 21t,710 26,027 63,073 53,»W] 34,33() 8r),22(5 77,4t» 72,01!) 1,619,221 1,475,292 1,348,525 sactions of id Building )ST OEFirE :he years Depositeh. Interest Allowed. 841,922 786,875 734,431 331,590 290,002 258,647 232,840 212,75(; 202,837 29,372 24,80S 20,228 3^,191 2«.t,710 26,027 63,073 53,tWl 34,33('. 85,22(5 77,4<» 72,01!t 1,619,221 1,475,292 1,348,525 BANKS AND SAVINGS BANKS. the Post Office and Government Savings Banks during the years 1889, Societies in 1890 : — AND GOVERNMENT SAVINGS BANKS IN CANADA DURING 1880, 1890 AND 1891. 419 Total. Increase or Decrease. Rate per Cent. With- drawals. Balances, 30th June. Incrt-ase or Decrease. Rate Cfent. $ $ 9 9 $ 30,543,568 30,565,695 29,614,626 + 2,340,464 + 22,127 - 951,009 8-2 00 3 1 7,532,145 8,575,042 7,875,978 23,011,422 21,990,653 21,7.38,648 + 2,322,390 — 1,020,769 11-2 4 4 11 10,69<>,158 9,882,025 9,316,020 — 39,695 — 814,133 — 565,999 3 7-6 5-7 2,284,647 1,893,076 1,921,677 8,411,-511 7,988,949 7,394,349 — 468,073 — 442,562 — 594,600 52 5 7-4 7,406,259 7,055,171 7,012,674 + 103,421 — 351,088 - 42,497 1-4 4 7 06 1,360,913 1,042,425 1,070,782 6,045,346 6,012,746 5,941,892 - 224,241 - 32,600 - 70,854 3-5 5 11 1>97,576 923,140 797,477 — 94,746 — 74,43«5 — 125,663 8-6 75 13-6 244,871 263,788 230,701 752,705 659,352 566,776 — 42,221 — 93,3.53 — 92,576 5-3 12 4 14 l,2r)5,345 1,154,363 1,07.'),691 - 71,704 - 100,982 - 78,672 5-4 80 6 8 36.S,308 339,489 .321,692 892,037 814,874 753,999 — 56,490 — 77,163 — 60,875 5 9 8-6 7-5 2,091,090 2,055,376 1,713, J>76 - 518,112 - 35,714 - 341,400 19-8 1-7 leo 492,144 657,101 829,744 1,598,946 1,398,275 884,232 — 30,022 — 200,671 — 514,043* 1-8 12'5 36 7 2,658,08() 2,6.50,213 2,578,596 + 36,336 - 7,873 - 71,618 13 0-3 2-7 413,696 502,597 458,446 2,244,390 2,147,616 2,120,129 + 83,960 - 96,774 - 27.487 3-8 4 3 13 55,048,082 54.285,983 .52,109,00<) + 1,7.56,960 - 1,362,099 - 2,176,917 3-2 2 4 40 12,691,724 13,273,518 12,709,040 42,956,357 41,012,465 39,400,026 + 1,585,299 — l,94i "<2 — 1,612,439 3-8 4 5 3 4 227,574 transferred to P. 0. Savings Bank. :^ ■•I m * •*!. t r f »*.' ', .■ * ►«*, r- - ■ ti ■" • 27J 11 I' 420 CHAPTER X. I > i ■ si I n SUMMARY STATEMENT OP THE AFFAIRS OF LOAN LIABIL Provinces. Capital Subscribed. Capital Paid up. Reserve Fund. Total Liabilities to Shareholders. / Onttirio 9 7' 3,893 9,799 .02,o00 •m,(m 9 30,967,865 2,574,040 497,680 629,737 9 9,399,795 393,039 6,285 3,055 9 42,229,874 3,209,8(15 571 7A'2 Quebec Manitoba Nova Scotia 635,304 Total 86,137,492 34,659,312 9,801,174 46,64«,7.sr) ASS Current Loans Secured on Real Estate. Loans to Shareholders on their Stock. Total Loans. Pkopeuty Provinces. Office Furniture and Fixtures. Ontario Quebec Manitoba ... .... 9 94,752,733 8,416,676 1,634,355 831,885 9 724,951 85,998 9 97,824,080 8,623,427 1,534,356 843,948 8 25,298 1,;^;)3 Nova Scotia 410 Total 105,635,649 810,949 108,825,811 27 0C1 MISCEL Provinces. Dividend Declared during the Year. Amount Loaned during t\w Year. Amount Received from Borrowers during the Year. Amount Received from Depositors «iuring the Year. Ontario. 2,462,695 143,580 5,025 9 18,619,846 2,165,626 253,616 9 19,648,397 1,053,364 37,267 S 24.0<)8,794 Queb*»^ 31<),864 J ova dcotia 117,861 Total 2,601,300 21,039,087 20.739,028 24,50.3,509 BANKS AND SAVINGS B.\NKS. COMPANIES AND BUILDING SOOIBTIBS, 1800. ITIES. 421 Deposits. Debentures Payable in Canada. Debentures Payable in Britain or elsewhere. Total Liabilities to the Public. Grand Total Liabilities. 1890. 1889. 9 17,092,044 631,890 9 7.832,663 370,032 9 37,660,811 6,059,535 1,403,200 9 65,935,235 7,451,262 1,425,047 271,257 9 108,165,109 10,661,128 1,996,789 906,561 9 104,142,232 8,288,950 1,781,280 169,633 98,000 784,047 17,893,567 8,300,695 45,123,546 75,082,801 121,729,587 114,996,509 ETS. OWSED. Total Property Owned. Total Assets. Cash in Banks. Cash on Hand. 1890. 1889. $ 202,569 9,207 •io S 2,177,040 1,336,038 54,662 11,550 9 11,673,501 2,137,549 187,042 62,613 9 109,497,581 10,760,976 1,721,398 906,561 9 105,437,675 8,373,916 1,781,280 784,047 211,816 3,579,190 14,060,705 122,886,516 116,376,818 LANEOUS. Amount Repaid to Depositors during tlie Year. Amount Invested and Secured by Mortgage. Total Amount of Interest Paid and Credited during the Year. Value of Real Estote under Mortgage. Amount Overdue and in Default of Mortgages. 9 24,119,552 401,467 91,184 9 94,863,939 7,507,470 200,766 9 2,873,893 297,642 12,711 9 198,722,461 16,623,543 1,423,600 9 1,954,162 99,094 2,172 24,612,203 102,572,176 3,184,246 216,769,604 2,055,428 ,*«. s-r^ .^■R-v ■i i ¥■•■■-'1 'i;ii' 422 CHAPTER XL MILITIA AND MOUNTED POLIOB. Genetal Commanding Her Majesty's Forces, Sir John Ross, K.O.B. Major General in Command of Militia, Ivor Herbert, C.B. Defence of 733. Previous to the confederation of the provinces the defence of Sf"r con- ^^^® country was entirely in the hands of the Imperial Government, federation, who, for that purpose, maintained troops in each province, supported by various local volunteer militia corps. This volunteer militia had, when called upon, rendered most efficient services in times of trouble, an account of which would be beyond the scope of this chapter, being, as it is, part of the history of Canada. With- 734. After Confederation the British Government gradually with- I DeTiai d''®^ ^^^ ^^^ Imperial troops from this country, and at present only Troops. maintain a garrison at Halifax, and a naval establishment there and on the Pacific coast. Command in chief vestei in the Queen. Depart- ment of Militia. The Militia Act. Who con- stitute the Militia. Persons exempt from ser- vice. 735. By the British North America Act the command in chief of all naval and military forces of and in Canada was vested in the Queen, and the control of the same was placed in the hands of the Doniinion Parliament. A Department of Militia and Defence was at the same time established, the first Minister being Sir George E. Cartier, and the first Militia Act was passed in 1868, 31 Vic, chap. 40. This Act was subsequently amended in various ways, but is practically embodied in the present Consolidated Militia Act, 46 Vic, chap. 2, passed 25th May, 1883. By it the militia of Canada is declared to consist of all the male inhabitants of Canada of the age of 18 years or upwards and under 60, not exempted or disqualified by law, this population being divided into four classes, as follow : — The first class comprises those aged 18 or upwards and under 30, being unmarried or widowers without children. The second class comprises those between the ages of 30 and 45, being unmarried or widowers without children. The third class comprises those between 18 and 45, being married or widowers with children. The fourth class comprises those between 45 and 60. 738. The following persons are exempt from enrolment and actual service at any time : Judges, clergymen and ministers of all religious denominations, professors in colleges and teachers in religious orders, the wardens and officials of all penitentiaries and lunatic asylums, persons physically disabled, and any person being the only son of a MILITIA AND MOUNTED POLICE. 423 Number of men and period of drill. Active and reserve Militia. Period of service. Military districts. widow and her only support. Certain other persons are exempt from sei'vice, except in case of war. 737. The number of men to be trained and drilled annually is limited to forty-five thousand, except as specially authorized, and the period of drill is to be sixteen days, and not less than eight days, in each year. 738. The militia is divided into active and reserve land and marine force. The active land and marine force is composed of men raised either by voluntary enlistment or ballot, and the reserve force consists of the whole of the men not serving in the active militia for the time \mng. 739. The period of service is three years. 740. The Dominion is divided into twelve military districts, in each of which a permanent military staff is maintained, under the command of a Deputy Adjutant-General. 741. The permanent corps and Schools of Instruction consist of '* A " Perma- and " B " Troops, Canadian Dragoons, at Quebec and Winnipeg ; " A," "^"* " B " and " C " Batteries, Schools of Artillery at Kingston, Quebec and Victoria, B.C. ; Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4 Companies, Canadian Regiment of Infantry, at London, Ont., Toronto, St. Johns, Que., and Fredericton, N.B. The total strength of these permanent corps is limited to 1,000 men. The present strength is 1,009 men, including officers. 742. The Royal Military College at Kingston, which is under the R^>yal control of the Militia Department, was founded in 1875, and has ColleKe^ proved a most successful institution. The total number of cadets who have graduated has been 171, and 81 have been gazetted to commis- sions in the Imperial army. Four commissions are annually offered by the Imperial Government, and in 1888 six others were offered, proving that the Imperial Goverment is fully satisfied with those graduates who have already obtained commissions in the service. In 1891, one cadet received a commission in the Royal Engineers, one in the Royal Artillery, and two in the Infantry. 743. The following is a statement of the numbers of the Active Strength Militia, showing the strength of the different arms of the service : — Active Militia. I * 4 •< . ^\r^. .' *■' "* ; I,. ' •• •11 ^ • j E *"' ' J 424 CHAPTER XI. STRENGTH OF THE ACTIVE MILITIA OF CANADA, 1891. PROVINCR. Dis- trict. Cav- alry. Field Artil- lery. Garri- son Artil- lery. En- gin- eers. In- fantry. Total Dis- trict. Total Pro- vincT. r 1 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 ft 10 11 12 187 437 32» 83 417 "'96' 324 46 45 1,963 43 240 240 160 160 240 "so' 100 80 80 4,098 6,193 2,973 2,176 4,006 2,430 3,606 1,672 2,952 939 90 342 4,625 6,937 3,607 2,418 5,064 2,430 4,052 2,451 3,646 1,064 276 617 36,977 !■ 17,3.S7 j Ontario 67 46 Quebec I New BrunNwick Nova Scotia 302 270 250 569 89 "'46 \ 11,5.% 2.4.^1 3,(;4(; 1,064 27(5 l. 20,700 8 18,683 8 17,223 13,164 15,020 14,209 61,237 83,677 «)9,24l< 195,689 198,663 192,000 61,177 60,526 47 748. There are still 41 survivors of the war of 1812, the youngest Nuniberof of whom is 89. T^e ages of 31 of these veterans (the ages of the ^"JeJanTof remaining 10 are not given) when added together, made a total 1812. of 2,992, being an average a7,770 42!»,2<»2 1.2tll,4a4 <>,7*'»,7«7 27,7.)<» 4m),!»2| l,4(il,*«;7 34r).r.!io H-'4.2;<2 4,407,272 4,72M,il8r) 7ri4,014 2,812,373 31,050,144 Number of 750 fj^g number of men available for active service in Canada, bf able for tween the ages of 1 8 and 45, is about one million. service. Part II. NORTH-WEST MOUNTED POLICE. Organiza- tion of the North- West Mounted Police. 751. By an Act 36 Vic, c. 35 (1873), authority was given for the organization of a Mounted Police Force, for tlie better preservation of law and order in the North-West Territories, the number of men beiii^' limited to 300. Accordingly, in the autumn of the same year a small force was organized, consisting of 1 90 men. Subsequent Acts have amended the original provisions in various ways, and the number of men is now limited to 1,000. On the 30th November, 1891, the strength of the force was as follows : 1 commissioner, 1 assistant com- missioner, 11 superintendents, 32 inspectors, 6 surgeons, 2 veterinaiy surgeons, 183 non-commissioned officers and 780 constables, making a total of 1016. There were also 837 horses and 26 ponies and mules. The country is divided into 9 divisions, exclusive of the Depot, and these divisions are subdivided into a total of 68 stations. MILITIA AND MOUNTED POLICR. 427 S'CE iww. AnunintH m to IWU, incluHivc. 9 l,l41»,4r.7 l,17ti,«7H 3,07(»,'.2tl7 967,770 42tt,'->1t'.J 1.21U,4;U (!,7Sr.,7«7 27,7."'<> 4()0,!>-.'t 1,461, W17 345,")! 10 S-24,232 4,4«7,272 4,7-'H,'.(S5 754,014 2,812,373 31,050,144 Canada, l)e- iven for the nervation of )f men being year a small Acts have number of )r, 1891, the isistant com- 2 veterinary es, making a 9 and rmles. Depot, and Work done by Force. 7ft'J. The duties of the Force, uh defined by Act of Parliament, Dntiim of are— ^^'^ *'°"*' 1. The preservation of peace »ind rirder, the prevention of crime and the apprehension of criminals. 2. To execute warrants of magistrateH, i^c, and generally discharge the duties of a constable in relation thereto. . i ',). To escort priatiners and lunatii-s to and from gaols, asylums, ikc. 4. To search for, seize and dewtroy all intoxicating licjuors held con- trary to law. For the better performance of the above duties, it is provided that the Force, in achlition to special powers, shall have all the powers that any constable has by law. 753. The amount of woi k that is yearly done by this Force can hardly be realized by anyone unfamiliar with the enormous exl^'nt of territory that they have to watch. They patrol steadily along the frontier from Emei-aon to the Rocky Mountains, a distance of 800 miles, keeping down raiding, cattle-stealing and smuggling — especially of intoxicants — and in this way are of the greatest possible use, as *^ell as protecting peaceable settlers along the lK)rder. They also see that the Tndians do not leave their reserves, and keep a watch on their actions generally. The maintenance of the ordinance against starting tii-e on the prairie, with the punishment of offenders, is one of their iiii|)(trtant duties. They are, in short, responsible for the preservaticm of law and order throughout a district of upwards of 300,000 square miles, and some idea may be formed of the amount of work done when it is considered that more than 1,500,000 miles were covered by the Force, in the discharge of their duty, during 1891. It is generally admitted that the Force constitutes a remarkably fine body of men, ami the regulations for joining are strictly adhered to. 754. The following may be said to be the principal regulations : — Applicants, who inuHt make iiersonal application, must be betw«'en tho ages of 22 luui 40, active, able-bodied men, of thoroughly sound constitution, and must produce CHtiticates of exemplary character. They must l»e able to reiul and write either the Kiijflish or French languages, nmst understand the care and manageme"*^ of horses, aiul be able to ride well. The term of engagement is five years, and ratf >, u* pay are as follows : — >''| • L : ■i! . Regula- tions and pay- - StafT-Sergeants «lt .... 85c. Good Conduct ] 5c. 10 15 20 o $1..50 per day. Other Non Commissioned Officers Service Pay. Constables — 1st year's service .... 50c 2nd " .... 50 3rd " ... 50 4th " 50 8th •• 50 to ai T.,tal. 'ay. .jOc. i^er day. 55 60 65 70 Kxtra pay is allowed to a limited number of blacksmiths, carpenters, and other artizans. The minimum height is 5 feet 8 inches, minimum chest measurement, 35 inches, ami maxinmm weight 175 pounds. No married men are engaged. i 428 Popularity of the ser- vice. Average height. Deposits in the Savings Banks by the Force. N CHAPTER XI. 755. The service is becoming more and more popular, and many men re-engage for second and third terms. Out of 259 men whose time expired during 1891, 141 re-engaged without leaving, and 32 who took their discharge, afterwards rejoined. 756. The average height of present force is 5 feet 9J inches, and average chest measurement 38 J inches. 757. The deposits by members of the force in the Government Sav- ings Bank amounted to $16,582 during the year and in addition to this, a considerable amount is annually placed in other banks. Some of the men have had from $600 to $900 to their credit, when they left the service. Number of 758. There were 721 criminal and other cases tried during 1890, cases tried, principally for offences against the liquor laws and the prairie fire ordinance. 1^ 429 CHAPTER XII. DOMINION LANDS. 759. The Crown Lands of the Dominion ot Canada, known generally Dominion as Dominio*" Lands, are situated in Manitoba, the Territories, and in Lands, what is known as the Railway Belt in British Columbia, and comprise some of the finest agricultural lands on the Continent. In order to provide every facility for information to immigrants and settlers, the Commissioner of Dominion Lands has his office in Winnipeg, and a number of land agencies are situated at the most convenient points, where the fullest details can be obtained. 760. The following are the comparative figures for the last five years jjg,^^ of the transactions in Dominion Lands : — transac- tions, 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1887-1891. Acres, Acres. Acres. Acres. Acres. Homesteads 319,500 420,333 690,050 471,040 563,680 Pre-emptions 87,747 70,521 212,651 57,600 Sales 114,544 197.140 177,092 139,020 189,704 761. It will be seen that there was a satisfactory increase of 92,640 Increaseof acres in the quantity of land taken up as homesteads by actual settlers, area taken and an increase also of 50,674 acres in the quantity of land purchased. "P' ^^^^* Present indications point to a still larger increase in 1892. The pre- emption system terminated on 1st January, 1890. 762. The number of entries cancelled has been steadily decreasing ; Entries in 1874, 63 per cent of the homestead and 93 per;, cent of the pre-emp- cancelled, tion entries were cancelled; in 1891, '01 per cent only of homestead entries were cancelled. The number of patents issued was 2,449, as compared with 3,273 in ihe preceding year, and the number cancelled was 35. The decrease in the number of patents issued during the Patents year was owing to a variety of causes. Many of the applications being issued, held over for consideration, and a number being refused altogether, owing to the homestead duties not having been properly performed, or to the fact that advances made to the settlers by the Government had not been repaid. 763. The next table gives the tot.al amount of pre-emption and Receipts homestead fees, and proceeds of sales received in each year from 1st *""" ^^ July, 1873, to 30th June, 1891 :— 1873489l'. 4 .?■:,■:.' ■ ' . ■:■ f ■ t" f "■■'N '■ 1 ,, . V. , ^f' 4 if 1 / 430 CHAPTER XII. PRE-EMPTION AND HOMESTEAD FE<]S AND PROCEEDS FROM SALES, 1873-1891. Year endko 30th June. 1873. 1874. .1875. 1876. 1877. 1878 1879. 1880 1881 1882 1883. 1884 1886. 1886. 1887. 1888 1889. 1890. 1891. Homestead and Pre-emption Fees. 6,970 8.290 11,570 4,700 5,620 15,370 36,026 32,.S58 30,682 94,228 127,740 70,390 42,745 40,481 26,502 28,.521 50,010 44,.500 t25),164 Ordinary Sales Sales to Colonization Comi>anie8. Cash. 21,616 17,697 13,591 3,704 1,069 2,682 8,188 41,768 62,940 1,228,424 516,092 423,113 198,759 76,140 48.176 52,238 57,513 54,897 91,665 Scrip. 320 136,9.55 120,159 210,904 81,()85 70,828 50,.5!K) 33,638 40,919 45,875 204,(J58 337,640 313,.523 318,238 228,744 171,425 Cash. 354,03(5 248,492 253,713 1,214 Total. 28,58() 25,987 25,161 8,724 143,(i4-) 138,211 255,ll!l 15i),812 164,4i)] 1,727,280 925,i)(i2 788,13(i 288,5!I4 321,27!) 412..31.S 404,282 441,701 328,141 292,254 tHomestead fees only. *Scrip. Total 764. The total net revenue for the year ended 30th June, 1891, in- revenue, eluding receipts from timber dues, grazing, hay and mineral lands, was $453,795, being a decrease as compared with 1890 of $532. 765. The above figures relate to the fiscal year only, and the follow- for deiMirt- ^^8 figures give the total revenue for the departmental years ended mental 31st October, 1889, 1890 and 1891 :— year. 1889. 1890. 1S91. Gross revenue in cash « 232,8.54 8 241,203 $ 276,107 • Scrip redeemed and warrants located . . . 318,1536 2(57, 7()3 1.57,548 Total 8 .551,410 $ 508,966 $ 433,(5.5.-1 Total in 1888, 1889 and 1890. .. . 629,450 551,410 508,W)() Decrease in 1889, 1890 and 1891.$ 78,040 8 42,444 $ 75,311 _ . 766. The total receipts on account of Dominion Lands under the receipts, various heads, from 1st Noveinber, 1872, to 31st October, 1891, have 1872-1891. been:— Homestead fees 9 519,429 Pre-emptipn 207,304 Sales, cash . 4,21.5,.").55 Timber, grazing and mineral 1,229,402 Colonization 883,4.56 Miscellaneous 336,799 9 7,391,945 ..MM DOMINION LANDS. 431 ;eds Total. 28,58t) 2o,i)87 25, m 8,724 143,(>4r) 138,211 255,ll!t 155,812 1(54, 4M 1,727,280 925,iK)2 788,13() 288,5(14 321,2751 412,318 404,282 441,71)1 328,141 292,254 ne, 1891, in- al lands, was the foUow- re&vs ended 1891, 27t),107 157,548 $ 433,655 508,W)<) S 75,311 s under the ',1891, have 519,429 207,304 215,555 229,402 883,456 336,799 391,945 767. The total area set out for settlement in each year since 1873 is Area set ■ " out for settle- ment. civen below Acres. Previous to June, 1873 4,792,292 4,237,864 665,000 420,507 231,()91 306,93«) 1,130,482 In 1874. 1875 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 4,472,000 1881 8,147,000 1882 9,460,000 1883 27,000,000 1884 6,4(X),000 1885 391,680 1886 1,379,010 1887 643,710 1888 1,131,840 1889 516,960 1890 817,075 1891 76,560 Number of Fanns of 160 acres each. 29,952 2(i,487 . 4,156 2,628 1,448 1,918 7,066 27,950 50,919 5 J, 125 168,750 40,000 2,448 8,620 4,023 7,074 3,231 5,106 476 Total 72,220,607 4.51,379 At the rate of live souls to a homestead of 160 acres, these lands would sustain an agricultural pop'ilation of 2,256,885. 768. Numerous improvements were made during the year in the Rocky Rocky Mountains Park, principally in opening out new roads and Mountains avenues and in improving those already made, and the total amount ^^ ' expended was $10,648. With one exception, there was an absence of the heavy forest fires, both in the park itself and in the neighlx)uring country, which did so much damage in previous year?, and no doubt helped to keep visitors away. There was an increase of 1,385 in the number of persons registering at the Cave and Basin, the total having been 5,066 as compared with 3,681 in 1890. Of the number registering in 1891, 3,409 were Canadians, 1,058 from the United States, and 419 from the United Kingdom. 769. An exploration of the country between the Liard and Peace Explora- Rivers on the east side of the Rocky Mountains was made by Mr. tion, Liard Wm. Ogilvie, D.L.S., during 1891. As a result the region was found fSve^***'® to be thickly wooded, in many places with excellent timber, while the district, quality of the soil was generally fairly good, and as far as climatic conditions could be ascertained, the opinion was that the country was better adapted for agricultural purposes than would have been supposed from the latitude. 770. Beyond some experiments on a comparatively small scale at the Forestry Experimental Farms at Indian , Head and Brandon, nothing has yet in N. w. been done in the interest of forest tree culture in the North- West, and f-i l-..' :• . ; s ,. w- , 1; * ^., ^ .i ' I- , 1, jwmm mm 432 CHAPTER XH. :1 Land re- Kulations, Railway Belt, B.C. M ■ " i'* Dominion Lands re- gulations. too much stress cannot be laid on the importance of immediate attention being given to this question, not only by the Dominion, but by the Provincial Governments, particularly those of Ontario, Quebec and New Brunswick, in which provinces the destruction of our forests by fire and by the axe goes on with unabated fury, and with painful disregard of the inevitable consequences in the near future. 771. On 3rd April, 1889, judgment was given by the Judicial Com- mittee of the Piivy Council, declaring ■' t-'' M DOMINION LANDS. 433 immediate inion, but Lo, Quebec 5ur forests th painful Ucial Com- linister the ; vested in the anom- ,t the juris- iment, and , the foUow- uary, 1890, lands) shall tent in fee ninistration on making application for patent must prove that he has fulfilled the conditions named therein. (1.) The homesteader shall perfect his entry by beginning actual iisidence on his homestead, and cultivation of a reasonable portion thereof, within six months from date of entry, unless entry shall have been m de on or after the first day of September, in which case resi- dence need not commence until the first day of June following, and continue to live upon and cultivate the land for at least six months out of every twelve months for three years from the date of perfecting the homestead entry. (2.) The homesteader shall perfect his entry by beginning actual residence, as above, within a radius of two miles of his homestead, and continue to make his home within such radius for at least six months out of every twelve months for the three years next succeeding the (liite of p 'rfecting the homestead entry ; and shall, within the first year from the date of perfecting the entry, break and prepare for crop ten acres of his homestead quarter-secti:>n ; and shall within the second year crop the said ten acres, and break and prepare for crop fifteen acres additional — making twenty-five acres ; and within the third year after the date of perfecting homestead entry he shall crop the said twenty-five acres, and break and prepare for crop fifteen acres addi- tional, so that within three years of the date of perfecting his home- stead entry he shall have not less than twenty-five acres cropped, and fifteen acres in addition broken and prepared for crop, and shall have erected on the land a habitable house in which he shall have lived for three months preceding his application for homestead patent. (3.) The homesteader shall perfect his homestead entry by commen- cing the cultivation of the homestead within six months after the date of entry ; or if the entry was obtained oa or after the first day of September in any year, before the first day of June following, shall, within the first year after the date of perfecting his homestead entry, break and prepare for crop not less than five acres of his homestead ; shall, within the second year, crop the said five acres, and break and prepare for crop not less than ten acres in addition, making not less than fifteen acres in all ; shall erect a habitable house upon his home- stead before the expiration of the second year after perfecting his homestead entry, and before the commencement of the third year shall homlfide reside therein, and cultivata the land for three years next prior to the date of his application for his patent. Any person who, being entitled to a second homestead entry, has made, or may hereafter make, entry for his pre-emption as such second homestead, may earn patent therefor by residing on the first homestead for not less than six months in each of the three years succeeding the perfecting of such second entry, and by bringing under cultivation an area of not less than forty acres of his second homestead, in the same 28 ■ \\ K'-, 1^ i'«Y ■ ■ ,• Jif 434 CHAPTER XII. '..i-S- *-!» ¥ '. Power to Kui'chase opie- Btead. Power to purchase adjoining quarter- section. Power to create a charge on homestead for advan- ces. Date of repay- ment. Lands reserved. i* manner as required by paragraph (2) above, relating to entries uiulor the two-mile radius system. In the event of a homesteader desiring to secure his patent within a shorter period than the three years provided by law, he will be per- mitted to purchase his homestead at the Government price at the time of entry, on furnishing proof that he has resided on the land for hi least twelve months from the date >f his perfecting his homefitead entry, and that he has brought at least 30 acres thereof under t ulti vation. 2. In connection with his homestead entry, the settUi' may ;iho purchase, subject to the approval of the Minister of the Interior, vlie quavtfcr-section of tlie same section, if available fuijoining his hoiii.'- stead, at the Government price, which is it the pre^'mt tiin<» ^3 jier acre ; one-ft-urth of the purchase money to !;e in cash, and the balaiK o in three oqual annual instalments bearing interest at 6 per cent per annum. 3. Th« Government luake no advances of money to settlers, but for the better encourngement of bond fide settlemeiii, la case;; where any person or company is desirovis of assisting intendin<' settlers, when the sancluaj .-; the IMivuster of the Interior to the advance has been obtained, the settler has power to create a charge upon his homestead tor a siisu uot exceeding six hundred dollars, and interest U(»t exceeding ^ighl per cent per annum, provided that partic- ulars of how such an advance has been expended for his benefit lie tirst furnished to and acknowledged by the settler and verified by tlie local agent, homestead inspector, or other agent appointed by the Minister ot the Interior, or if the charge be made previous to the advance, then such charge shall only operate to the extent certified to by the local agent, homestead inspector or other agent as having been actually advanced to or expended for the benefit of the settler. The advance may be di »'oted to paying the cost of the passage of the settler, paying for the homestead entry, providing for the subsistence of the settler and his family, to erecting and insuring buildings on the homestead, and to breaking land and providing horses, cattle, furniture, farm iniplcjnents, seed grain, «fec. For the further protection of the settler it is provided that the time for payment of the first instalment of interest on any such advance shall not be earlier than the 1st November in any year, and shall not be within less than two years from the establishment of the settler upon the homestead, and also that the settler shall not be bound to pay the capital of such advance within a less period than four years from the date of his establishment on the homestead. 4. The odd-numbered sections are at present reserved for the pur- pose of being granted as land subsidies in aid of the construction of colonization railways in Manitoba and the North- West Territories, except in special cases otherwise ordered by the Minister of the Interior. DOMINION LANDS. 435 5. Payments for land may be in cash, scrip, or police or military Payments, bounty warrants. 6. Homestead settlers, whose land is destitute of timber, may, upon Permits to payment of an office fee of 25 cents, procure from the Crown timber ™* timber agent a permit to cut the following quantities of timber free of dues : tjj. yy^^ 30 cords of dry wood, 1,800 lineal feet of building timber, 2,000 poplar l'.mco fails and 400 roof poles. Homestead settlers may also obtain a penin> . on payment of the same fee, to cut burnt or fallen timber of a dia? e v-r up to 7 inches inclusive, for fuel or fencing, for their own use. 1)'. I, I es where there is timbered land in the vicinity available for Orjnir- tho puipose, the homestead settler, whose land is without timber, may '^^^j' ^ purchase a wood lot, not exceeding in area twenty acres, at the price ot S5 por acre cash. 7. I jf^enses or permits to cut timber on surveyed or unsurveyed Timber ]u.ds a?e granted, after competition, to the highest tenderer. licenses. ^. The price per acre of coal lands is : for land containing lignite or Coal lands, biuuninous coal, $10, and for anthracite coal, .$20. The land may be sold hy public competition, or to the applicant. When two or more parties apply to purchase the same land, tenders raiiy be invited between the applicants, or it may be sold at public comjietition by tender or auction, as may be deemed expedient, at the upset price of coal lands. 9. Leases of grazing lands in Manitoba and the North-West Terri- Grazing tories and within the railway belt in British Columbia may be ^'''"°^' granted only after public competition, except in the case of an actual settler, to whom may be leased, without public competition, a tract of laud not to exceed four sections, and to be in the vicinity of the set- tler's residence. Leases shall be for a period of not exceeding twenty- oue years, and no single lease shall cover a greater area than 100,000 acres. The lessee is obliged, within each of the ^hree years from the date of granting the lease, to place upon his leasehold not less than one- third of the whole amount of stock which he is required to place upon the tract leased, namely, one head of cattle for every twenty acres of land embraced by the lease, and shall, during the rest of the term, maintain cattle thereon in that proportion. After placing the prescribed number of cattle upon his leasehold, the lessee may purchase land within the tract leased for a home, farm or corral. Any portion of the lands forming a grazing tract authorized to be leased subsequent to the 12th January, 1886, unless otherwise pro- vided in any lease thereof, is open for homestead and pre-emption and to purchase from Government at the price obtaining in the class in which the lands are situate ; and in the event of such settlement or sale the lease (if any) to be void in respect of such lands so entered or purchased. 28J \ ■■'...'. '"■ » -i •r. !t 436 CHAPTKR XII. Mining locations. R-' !f ?? ;:-• '* 10. Any person may explore vacant Dominion lands not appropri- ated or reserved by Government for other purposes, and may seaivh therein, either by surface or subterranean prospecting, for mineral de- posits, with a view to obtaining a mining location for the same, but no mining location shall be granted until the discovery of the vein, lode or deposit of mineral or metal within the limits of the location or claiiu. On discovering a mineral deposit any person may obtain a miniuL' location, upon marking out his location on the ground, in accordance with the regulations in that behalf, and filing with the agent of Dominion lands for the district, within sixty days from discovery, an affidavit in form prescribed by mining regulations, and paying at the same time an office fee of 85, which will entitle the person so recording his claim to enter on the land and work it for one year. At any time before the expiration of five years from the date of recording his claim the claimant may, upon filing proof with the local agent that he has expended $500 in actual mining operations on the claim, and by paying to the local agent therefor i^5 per acre cash, and a further sum of $50 to cover the cost of survey, obtain a patent for said claim, as provided in the said mining regulations. 43T 1 I W ':.^ CHAPTER XIII. INSURANCE. PART I.— KIRK IN8URAN0B. ■1 773. During the year 1890 the business of tire insurance in Canada Fire insur- was carried on by 38 active companies ; of these, 7 were Canadian, 24 *"^^ ^^P""' British and 7 American. Inland marine insurance was also transacted 1890. by 5 of them (3 Canadian, 1 British and 1 American). Ocean marine was transacted by two companies, both Canadian. Four companies were added to the list during the year — 3 British and 1 American. 774. The cash received for premiums during the year, in Canada, Premiums anicmnted to $5,836,071, being greater than that received in 1889 by and'bMes 1248,055 ; and the amount paid for losses was $3,266,567, being more paid, 1890. than that paid in 1889 by $390,356. The ratio of lossess paid to premiums received is shown in the following table : — FIRE INSURANCE IN CANADA, 1890. Companies. Paid for Losses. Received for Premiums. Percentage of Ijosses to Premiums. 1890. 1889. Canadian companies British *' i 736,095 2,229,556 300,916 9 1,249,884 4,072,133 514,054 58-89 54-75 58-54 57-82' 49-58 American " 51 62 Total 3,266,567 5,836,071 55 97 51-47 i ♦" . <»' . I 775. The following table shows the amount receivtnl for premiums, Premiums and paid for losses, as well as the percentage of losses to premiums, in "^^^og^ea every year from 1869 : — . paid, 1869- 1890. 438 CHAPTER XIII. PREMIUMS RECEIVED AND LOSSES PAID IN CANADA, 18«9-1H!M). 14 Year kndkd SIht Deckmbrr. I;- 18«59. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1876 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 188,°. 18F4. 18'.<5. If86. 1<87. 1W8. 1889. :890. Premiums Received. Total , 1,786,639 1,916,779 2,321,716 2,628,710 2,968,416 3,522,303 3,5f»4,764 3.708,00«> 3,764, 05 3,368.4^ 't 3,227,41 S 3,479,577 3,827,116 4,229,706 4,624,741 4,980,128 4,852,460 4,932,335 5,244,502 6,437,263 5,588,016 5,836,071 85,838,071 Losiefl Paid. 9 1,027,720 1,624,837 1,649,19J» 1,(K)9,976 1,682,184 1,926,159 2,563,531 2,867,295 8,4i»0,919 1,822,674 2,145,198 1,666,578 3,160,824 2,664,98»1 2,920,228 3,245,32.'» 2,679,287 .'5,301,388 3,403,614 3,073,822 2,876,211 3,266,567 59,877,419 PercentiiKi' of LfJSHfM to PremiuinH. 57 nd 84 77 6(}7a 72 o(! 56 (17 54 68 71 31 77'33 225 TiS 54 11 66 '47 47 'W 82-83 6301 63- 14 65 1(J (Mi !)3 ti4 % 56 -,53 51-47 .'■m-97 ()!)-7ti :.i^ Amounts received 776. The total amounts for the whole period were divided among a^paM ^^® companies according to their nationalities, as follow : — by compa- nies. Companies. Premiums Received. Losses Paid. Percentage of Losses to Preniiuni-s. Canadian corapanies $ 24,809,880 54,151,397 6,876,594 17,748,871 37,530,115 4,598,431 71-54 British " American " 6!) 31 66-87 Total 85,838,071 59,877,419 69-76 If the year of the lire in St. John had heen excluded, the average percentage of loss would have been 82*61. Fireinsnr- 777 The next statement shows the business done by the several business, companies during the year 1890 : — 1890. 18«9-1«H). PercentiiKi' of LoBHt-H ) PremimnH. 57 'W 84 77 6()'7a 72 oil 6«>-('.7 54 ()8 71-31 77-33 225 58 54 11 6fi-47 47 -W 82H3 63-01 «)3 14 Br>l(l 55 22 «)-93 04 90 5(5 -53 51-47 55-97 ()9-7ti ided among Percentage of Lt)8SeH to Premiums. 71- 54 69-31 66' 87 INSURANCE. FIRE INSURANCE BUSINESS IN OA ,ADA IN 1890. COMPANIBU. GrosH AlIKIIUlt of Riskii) taken, Premi- UUIH charged thereon . Cunadian Cvmpuniti. British America Citizens'. Kii»tem , . . London Mutual.. (Quebec Royal Canadian WeHtern Total British Companies. Atlas Caledonian City of London Commercial Union Kini)!oyer8' Liability ..... Fire Insurance Association . Glatigow and London (ruardian Imperial. , Lancashire Liverpool and Jjondon and Glooe London and Lancashire.. . London Assurance Manchester National of Ireland North British Northern Norwich Union Phcenix of London Qiu;en Koyal Scottish Union and National. Union Society . United Fire Reinsurance Total A merican Companies. JEtmx Fire Agricultural of Watertown . . Connecticut Fire Hartford Insurance Co. of N.A Phoenix of Brooklyn Ph(enix of Hartford Totals Grand totals 19,977,050 »23,836,077 9,751,377 16,171,169 10,081,67: 20,178.346 35,148,704 ia5, 145,294 8,174,7(K) 9,83:^,902 10,894,336 29,685,244 5,833,290 11,540,239 15,609,880 20,685,581 20,032,751 22,671,816 30,004,027 1(5,949,089 12,44.5,180 5,286,255 10,455,522 .35,120.893 17,903,736 10,838,092 2^,581,(533 2(5,841,84' .5(5,385,108 14,254,913 l,016,i«5( 12,88(5,(532 9 2(56, KM) *227,892 124,492 200,819 134. 433 241,932 456,(510 II i a" a . O 6 S 1^3 1,(551,283 427,931,(592 4,753,654 13,452,137 8,274,112 4,100,000 13,915,(533 3,5(54,8(55 9,499,707 4,840,505 57,646,959 620,723,945 89,293 113,816 164,869 379,406 70,066 124,3(52 20.S,955 226,5(52 234,275 280,476 302,726 189,747 110,739 (53,7'.t7 116,944 375,945 209,639 117,117 2.58,757 298,331 55)6,843 141,882 12,179 06,859 154,422 87,650 42,404 144,396 32,(577 95,072 57,750 614,380 7,019,318 1-33 0-96 1-28 1 24 1 33 1-20 1-30 1-22 109 16 51 28 20 08 31 10 117 1-26 N.-t Cash paid for LosseH. Net Cash rec«*»vwl for Premi- ums. 101 112 0'8H 121 112 1-07 1-17 1-08 115 1-11 1-06 100 1 20 0-52 111 115 106 103 104 0-92 1 00 119 138,318 148,687 35,290 96,951 50,498 110,340 156,994 730,094 45,057 73,414 87,048 151,639 37,012 61,929 103,01t9 140,7(53 101,411 130,195 106,639 103,102 39,100 6,700 50,771 174,987 126,609 64,650 110,201 116,506 294,625 41,4(56 1,125 i: L'04,476 J 87, 409 99,777 m,880 113,0i»5 178,05(5 335,190 67 (55 79 34 35-38 72 70 44-65 01-97 46-84 1,249,8841 68-89 2,229,568 63,700 103,(588 140,757 318,(5!)(5 61,729 113,899 188,574 195,000 211,894 253,229 279,594 107,091 87,537 63,067 76,138 313,24(5 179,622 93,02(5 228,448 2(52,48.''> 562,72,2 123,754 4,717 71-67 70-80 61-84 47-68 69-90 64-37 86-49 75-26 47-80 53-78 38 14 (51-48 44 67 12 63 67-57 66-86 70-53 58-76 4S-24 44 01 53-29 33-51 2386 4,072,131 84,647 44,920 13,821 109,018 11,866 27,296 9,.'MG 1-07 1-13 300,917 3,266,570 125,766 77,541 36,791 128,(583 26,772 72,551 45,945 54 75 5V 98 37 57 84-72 44-32 37-62 20-34 614,053 5,836,068 58'54 55-97 *Not including $31,804,81(5 risks and $185,693 premiums thereon, reinsured fnim the Glasgow and Liondon Insurance Company. 430 * 1 .'♦* ' 'i\\ V: . h *■. / 440 CIIAPIKU XIII. BusineM 778. The busiiteHH done by the British fire companies resulted in k tesh^ balance in their favour of $712,981, being a decrease of «205,147, a« coini)anieM. compared with 1889, as shown by the following statement: — 1889. 181H). * Paid for lodneii «l,fl100 receivt^d for premiuniH thft pftyments by BriiiNh Proiwr- jiiid Aineriuaii coinpanieH thurefor were as follow : — i"*""ntrt CuMrANIKH. Hritmh. . . Aiuurioan. For Lmwuh. 1889. 40 M 81 74 1800. 54 7ft 5861 Fur £xp«iueii. 1880. 1800. 27 30 26 30 27 74 30 91 „ , >)y Hritwh Ilftlftnct. a,„j Ame- for CtiiniMinieH. jicftn com- l)Bni««. 1880. 23- 12 21 00 1800. 17 51 10 58 The business, it will be seen, was not so favourable in 1890 for either British or American companies. 78*i. For every #100 received for income by Canadian companies By Ciitia- the payments were : — '*'"" *'*^"'' panieH. Canadian Companikh. For LoH8< 454,608,180 420,342,681 409,899,701 407,357,985 Year ended 318T December. 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 Fire Insurance, 411,563,271 462,210,!tG8 526,856,478 572,264,041 605,507,780 611,794,479 586,773,022 634,767,337 650,735,059 684,538,378 720,679,621 FART II.— LIFE INSURANCE. Nuir «rof 787. There were 31 companies transacting a life insurance business lifeinsur- j^ Canada in 1890, viz.: 12 Canadian, 9 British and 10 American, ance com- ,, , . . j j • i i panies. ^o new licenses were issued during the year. Life insur- 788. The value of the insurance effected during the year was durfn $40,523,456, being a decrease of $377,681 as compared with 18><9. 1889 Mid The business was divided among the several companies in 1889 and 1890. 1890 as follows :— 1889. 1890. Canadian companies 9 26,438,368 9 23,541,404 British " 3,399,313 3,390,972 American " 14,719,266 13,591,080 $ 44,556,937 $ 40,523,456 The Canadian companies do a larger share of the business than all the other companies combined, their share in 1888 having been 60 34 per cent, in 1889, 5934 per cent, and in 1890, 58*09 per cent. Life insur- 789. The following table shows the amount of life insurance Sed' effected in each year from 1869 to 1890, inclusive :— 1869-1890. rom 1869, very lai*ge s a yir por- ilth of the the period ) TO 1890. Five Insurance. 411,503,271 402,210,908 520,850,478 572,204,041 005,507,789 011,794,479 580,773,022 034,707,337 050,735,059 084,538,378 720,079,021 nee business American. \e year was with 18^9. in 1889 and 90. 541,404 390,972 591,080 523,450 less than all g been 60'34 cent. ife insurance INSURANCE. AMOUNT OF LIFE INSURANCE EFFECTED IN CANADA IN EACH YEAR, 1809-1890. Year ENDED 31sT December. 1809.. ■"870.. 1871.. 1872.. 1873.. 1874.-. 1875.. 1870.. 1877.. 1878.. 1879.. 1880.. 1881.. 1882.. 1883.. 1884., 1885., 1880., 1887., !888., 1889., 1890., Companies. Canadian. I,156,a55 1,584,456 2,623,944 5,270,859 4,008,913 5,259,822 5,077,001 5,405,906 5,724,048 5,508,.550 6,112,706 7,547,870 11,158,479 11,855,545 11,883,317 12,926,205 14,881,695 19,289,094 23,505,.549 24,870,259 t20,438,3.58 23,541,404 British. American. 2,027,392 ♦1,657,439 2,212,107 1,896,6.')5 *1,704,338 2,143,080 1,^9,833 1,083,357 2,142,702 2,789,201 1,877,918 2,302,011 2,536,120 2,833,250 3,278,008 3,167,910 3,950,647 4,054,279 3,007,040 3,985,787 3,399,313 3,390,972 9,009,885 8,952,747 8,490,575 13,890,587 14,740,367 •11,705,319 8,306,824 0,740,804 5,007,317 3,871,998 3,303,600 4,057,000 3,923,412 5,423,900 0,411,635 7,323,737 8,332,646 11,827,375 11,435,721 12,304,483 14,719,200 13,591,080 Total. 12,854,132 12,194,696 13,322,026 21,070,101 21,053,618 19,108,221 15,074,258 13,890,127 13,534,667 12,169,755 11,354,224 13,906,887 17,618,011 20,112,755 21,572,900 23,417,912 27,104,988 35,171,348 38,008,310 41,226,529 44,556,937 40,523,456 * Imperfect. t Including 20 months' business of Canada Life. 443 k' -, ' it. J : 790. The increase in the total amount of insurance in force has been Increase very considerable during the last four years, amounting to the sum of ^"r'r^ 856,730,297, as shown by the following figures : — years. LIFE INSURANCE IN FORCE IN CANADA-1887, 1888, 1880 AND 1890. ! ' Insurance in Force. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. Canadian -. British 101,796,754 28,163,329 01,734,187 191,094,270 IS 114,034,279 30,003,210 07,724,094 125,125,092 30,488,018 70,349,392 135,218,990 31,613,730 American 81,591,847 Total 211,701,583 231,963,702 248,424,567 I" ; ,1^ \ l^^l f'v 444 CHAPTER XIII. * i P ■ Share of 791. The Canadian companies' share of the increase in 1887 was Canadian gs.gi per cent, in 1888 60-98 per cent, in 1889 54-90 per cent, and in companies, ^g^^ ^^ ^^ per cent. Life inaur- 792. The amounts at risk for both fire and life insurance are often ance a used for the purpose of estimating the wealth and progress of a nation, estimating arid the amount at risk for life insurance may be more particularly profrress in used to indicate the progress made, not only in wealth, but in what mav wealth. Ijq called surplus wealth. Fire insurance is, to a large extent, looked upon as a business expense, which must be incurred as necessarily as rent, salaries, «fec., and which is, therefore, pmd out of the gross receipts. But with life insurance, people far more generally insure in proportion to their ability to pay the premiums ; not until after everything else is paid, and there is a surplus, is the question of life insurance considered. Life insurance, therefore, being generally paid out of the surplus earninfjs of the people, the following figures indicate the very large increase in their premium-paying power during the last few years, and consequent improvement in their condition • — LIFE INSURANCE IN CANADA-AMOUNT AT RISK, 1869-18{i0, Year ended 31st December. Life Insurance. Life insur- ance lapsed, 1875-1890. 1869 $ 35,680,082 1870 42,694,712 1871 45,825,935 1872 . 67,234,«>«4 1873 77,50(),8<)() 1874 85,716,325 1875 84,560,752 1876 84,344,916 1877 85,687,903 1878 84,751,i)37 1879 86,273,702 1880 90,280,293 1881 103,25)0,932 1882 115,042,048 1883 124,1JM),875 1884 135,453,726 1885 149,9<)2,146 1886 171,315,696 1887 191,694,270 1888 211,761,583 1889 2.31,963,702 1890 248,424,r)()7 793. The follow ng table, which gives the amount of life insurance allowed to lapse by aou-paynient of premiums in each year, and the proportions of such amount lapsed in each $1 000 of risk, and in each ^1,000 effected in each year, will also help to bear out the evidence of the preceding table, that very material progress has been ti.ade uf late years : — ncrease in 3onsequeiit INSURANCE. US Year. 1875. 1870. 1877. 1878 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 188(5. 1887 1888. 188!». 1890 Total in Force. Annual Amount Effected. 84,288,883 84,250,918 85,687,903 84,751,937 86,273,702 90,280,293 103,290,932 116,042,048 124,1%,875 135,447,726 140,962,146 171,315,696 191,694,270 211,761,583 231,963,702 248,424,567 15,074,258 13,890,127 13,534,667 12,169,755 11,354,224 13,906,887 17,618,011 20,112,755 21,572,960 23,417,912 27,164,988 35,171,348 38,008,310 41,226,529 •44,556,937 40,523,456 Lapskd. Total Lapsed. In each $1,000 at Risk. 8,700,624 9,075,186 8,190,773 7,198,837 4,702,589 5,052,8()9 7,627,328 9,576,113 9,518,676 9,205,765 11,320,384 15,325,305 16,556,619 17,462,864 In each $1,000 Effected in the Year $ cts. $ cts. 101 63 107 08 94 94 79 74 45 53 43 92 61 41 70 70 67 52 53 74 59 05 72 37 71 38 70 29 642 84 745 71 721 39 517 65 266 92 251 23 353 56 408 92 350 40 261 74 297 84 371 73 371 58 430 93 794. The following tables will enable the progress of the total Life insur- business to be traced during the past fourteen years, both as regard *"'^ ^ the amount of insurance effected from year to year and the amount in force : — '» ' companies total 1875-1890. AMOUNT OF LIFE INSURANCE EFFECTED IN CANADA DURING THE YEARS 1875 TO 1890. Y KAK. 1875 187t; 1877 1878 187i> 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 188(; 1887 18^8 188i» 1890 Canadian Companies. 5,077,601 5,4(i5,!t66 5,724,648 5,508,5.")6 «,112,70(i 7,547,876 11,1.58,479 11,855,545 ]i 883,317 l:i,t)L6,265 14,881,695 19,289,1)91 93,50.5,549 24 876,259 26. 438,358 5r*.'V41,404 British Companies. 1,689,833 1,683,357 2,142,702 2,789,201 1,877,918 2,302,011 2,-536,120 2,833,250 3,278,008 3,167,910 3,950,647 4,054,279 3,0,529 44,556,937 40,523,456 *'i % I.. ■■ >i. .^»:' ^.1* [^■i: * Including 20 months of the C»«>Mia Life. 446 i 0i ^HPI' 'fH HK; •i ^niP'i ' : } ■Mlif, ■ i 1^^ ■i ^^p|,4 ♦ jKn j|,':.J^ Hbm4^^ V-,. K' :, Average amount Wm^^' of policies VMsKWi in I'orce, H^^' i 4 1890. |P;|' ''1 p-l''^) ^|i»-f'. ^*:. 1 . Death rate, 1887-1890. CHAPTER XIII. AMOUNl' OF LIFE INSURANCE IN FORCE IN CANADA, 1875 TO 1800. Year. 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 ISt^l 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 Canadian Companies. 21,957,296 24,()49,284 20,870,224 28,656,556 33,246,543 37,838,518 46,041,591 .53,835,051 59,213,609 66,519,958 74,591,139 88,181,8.59 101,796,754 il4,0.S4,279 125.125,692 135,218,990 British Companies. 19,455,607 18,873,173 19,349,204 20,078, .533 19,410,829 19,7«9,8(» 20,983,092 22,321»,3(»< 23,511,712 24,317,172 25,930.272 27,225,607 28,163,329 30,003,210 30,488,618 31,613,730 American Companies. 43,.59(),%1 40,728,461 .39,468,475 36,016,848 33,616„330 33,(i43,745 36,2(16,249 .38,857,629 41,471,5.54 44,(il6,5f«i 49,440,735 .55,908,230 61,7.34,187 67,724,094 7(i,349,392 81,591,847 Total. 85,009, 2.)4 84,250,<.(l,s 85,687.!I0.S 84,751,!W7 86,273,702 91,272, 12t; 103,200. ■,'52 11.5,042,048 124,1!M),87:. ia5, 458,721; 149,9(12,14(1 I71,3ir),(;!i(; 191,604,27(1 211,701, .-.S;} 231,0(13,702 248,424,r.(;7 795. The average amount of policies in force in 1890 was $1,78G. This amount was slightly larger than in 1889. AVERAGE AMOUNT OF POLICIES IN FORCE IN CANADA, 18!»0. Companies. Pol IKS. Number. Amount. Average Amount. Canadian British American 79,239 15,589 42,868 137,696 134,069,064 31,613,730 80,207,388 l,()it2 2,028 1,872 Total 246,950,182 1,786 The average amount of the new policies was : for Canadian com- panies, ^1,629 ; for British companies, ^2,109, and for American, $2,219, the corresponding amounts for 1889 having been $1,691, 81,859 and $2,185. 796. The death late was hrgher in 1890 than in the three precc 1' g years, as shown by the foUo'v ing table : — INSURANCE. 447 L875 TO 18!«). INSURANCE DEATH RAT^ .NADA, 1887-1890. Total. 85,00it,2i;4 84,250,'.lis 85,(587.il03 84,7r)l,!«7 86,273,702 91,272, 12(; I03,2'.t0, ;i2 115,042,(148 124,l!l(),87."i 13r),4.^3,72t'> 149,!)ti2,14(; I7i,3ir),(;ii(; 191,()!»4,270 211,7(il,;)S3 231,lMi3,7(»2 248,424,r>(;7 was $1,78G. [ADA, 1890. E3. ,0()4 rso .388 Averagt' Amount. ►,182 l,()it2 2,(i28 1,872 1,786 nadian corn- er American, been $1,691, 1890. 1889. 1888. 1887. Companies. Number of Lives Ex- posed to Risks. Number of Deaths. Death Rate per 1,000. Death Rate. Death Rate. Death. Ratv;. Active companies Assessment " .... Kt'tired " 138,008 17,464 5 070 160,542 1,408 148 104 10,148 8,475 21,417 8,846 8,250 16,840 8,614 9,727 23,489 o,317 9,120 17,943 Total 1,660 10,340 9,083 9,495 8,955 m .*;■ *' In the calculation of the death rate, the mean number of policies in force and the number of policies terminated by death during the year have been admitted as approximation.s to the mean number of lives exposed to risk, and the number of deaths during the year respectively, in the case of those companies which did not report that item, and it is believed that the present figures represent the actual mortality among insured lives in Canada, as accurately as they can possibly be ascertained. 797. There was an increase of $484,017 in the amount of insurance Insurance teirainated naturally, i.e., by death, maturity or expiration, in 1890, *^™'^i"*- as compared with 1889, the amount last year having been $4,290,980 ; and an increase of $676,425 in the amount terminated by surrender and lapse, the total amount so terminated having been $20,700,595. 798. The next ^able gives the amount of income from premiums Premium received by all companies in each year from 1869 to 1890, inclusive : — igRo^goo 1 i. "n^'^t iree precel'g 448 CHAPTER XIII. INCOME FROM LIFE INSURANCE PREMIUMS IN CANADA, 1869 TO 1890. Bl n KJI^ ^■*i ^Br *if HHui . .. '-C IP' fffffi*' # ■ ^lU^' M|nkf' " i* ^^Vr ;t m i 1 ■-,' ' ^ <■: Year ended 318T December. 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 .. . 1876 1877 1878 1879 1W<0 188' 18«y . . . . 188,V 1 ■84 1885 18») 1887 1888 .. . . 1889 1890 Total Companies. Canadian. 164,910 208,922 291,897 417,628 511,235 038,854 707,256 768,543 770,319 827,098 919,345 1,039,341 1,291,026 1,562,085 1,652,543 1,869,100 2,092,986 2,379.238 2,825,119 3,166,883 •4,459,595 3,921,137 British. 32,4^5,060 515,741 531,250 670,449 596,982 594,108 629,808 623,296 597,155 577,364 586,044 565,875 679,729 613,595 674,362 707,4(>8 744,2^ 803,9 SO 827,f48 890 .«2 928,667 979,847 1,022,362 15,160,489 American. Total. 9 557,708 729,175 95(0,628 1,2.50,912 1,492,315 1,675,748 1,551,835 1,437,612 1,299,724 1,197,535 1,121,537 1,102,058 1,190,068 1,308,168 1,414,738 1,518,991 1,723,012 1,988,634 2,285.954 2,4<»,298 2,785,403 3,060,052 34,048,695 $ l,238,.Sr)!) 1,469,.S47 1,852,!)74 2,265,52*2 2,.597,(I5« 2,844,410 2,882,.387 2.803,;no 2,647,407 2.(il0,(i77 2,606,7r)7 2,721, 12S 3,0il4,(;K!l 3,544,(10-) 3,774,riil 4,l,'?2,3i,'< 4,.<519,97S 5, 19.5, 720 6,001,40") 6,561,848 8,224,845 8,004,151 81,694,244 * IncludinK 20 months' business of the Canada Life. Payments 799. The total amount paid to policy-holders during 1889 and 1890 to policy, was:— holders, 1889 and 1889. 1890. 1890. Death claims (including bonus additions). . . $2,483,818 *2,539,210 Matured endowment do ... 436,683 598,571 Annuitants 20,856 22,986 Paid for surrendered iwlicies 304,263 317,016 Dividends to policy-holders 696,970 967,884 $3,942,590 $4,445,667 The amount received for premiums was $8,00' 151 ; therefore, fui- every $100 of premium $54.67 was paid to policy-holders, and .S45.3.'] carried to expense, profits and reserve. In the preceding year the pro portions were $47.30 and $52.70 respectively. ' . Financial 800. The following tables give the condition of the Canadian com- position of panies in 1890, showing their assets and liabilities, income and expen- Canadian Vi. . companies Qiture : 1890. ^ADA, Total. l,238,3r)!> 1,409,;<47 1,852,!)74 2,265,522 2,5'.l7,t'.5H 2,844,410 2,«82,3H7 2,803,;U0 2,C.47,4(»7 2.t.lO,(;77 2,60<},757 2,721,128 3,(«t4,(;8!l 3,544,1)05 3,774,7 lil 4,132,318 4,()10.97't 5,1',I5,720 0,001,405 6,5t)l,848 8,224,845 8,004,151 81,6!>4,244 189 and 1890 L81K). 1539,210 598,571 22,98« 1 317,016 1967,884 [445^ Itherefore, fur and i?-t5.33 I year the pro- inadian coni- b and expeii- IN8URANCE. CANADIAN LIFE COMPANIES, 1890. Assets and Liabilities. 449 Companies. Asstits. Liabilities | including j Reserve i but no'w Capital Stock, Surplus of A::." jts over Liabilities excluding I Capital. Canada Life Citizens' (Life Department), Confederation Dominion Safety Fund Ft'deval London Life Munufacturers' Life North American Ontario Mutual Sun Tenii_)erance and General.. Donimion Life Totals 11,032,440 73,164 3,320,200 63,003 207,762 257,021 345,434 1.0,34,326 1,696,077 2,473,514 155,051 82,459 20,740,444 10,180,453 107,659 2,921,.%4 13,786 130,286 218,078 220,8.56, 847,1761 1,.5(58,330 2,178,838! 112,661 1 21,590 18,521,017 851,987 398,896 49,217 77,476 38,943 124,578 187,149 127,747 294,676 42,394 60,869 2,219,427 Capital Stock paid up. 125,00( * 100,00( 29,171; 80,197 33,650 127,320 60,000 Surplus of Assets over Liabilities and Capital Stock. 726,987 * 298,896 20,046 5,293 62,500 60,000 63,150 740,989 127,149 127,746 232,176 1,478,438 Income. COMIANIES. Canada Life Citizens' Conffderation Dominion Life Dominion Safety Fund Ft'deral London Life Manufacturers' Life North American Ontario Mutual Sun Teniiierance and General. . , Net Pwjmium Income. Ct)n8idera- tion for Annuities. Totals. 1,542,2561 593,858, 14,656 1 37,9331 210,7371 87,71? 149,506 302,082 409,920 761,749 77,790 Interest and Dividends on Stocks, &c. Sundry. 4,206,519 None. None 28,226 None. None. Nf )ne . None. None . 2,000 None. Nerance and General . Total8.. Payments to Policy- holderH. 1,215,875 20,885 228,3»51 None . l.%()00 148,808 30,})13 40,214 5(\742 171,1.51 13{),780 10,507 General ExpentteB. 2,081,23,7(i3 7.i!it;< 15,.S1!I ■s,!i!i,3 2.S,2!M( 42,!l!tl 2(W,)10.3 22(1,237 ■55t 1.074 3n,2(;2 2,01.3,722 801. The receipts from income in 1888, 1889 and 1890 were respee- and e.\i)en- tiv ely made up as follow : — "'*"'■''' 1888. 1889. 1890. Premiums and annuity sales .... *3,2,746 Interest and dividends 741,0<>2 1,180,410 9.\S,32« Sundry 3(5,204 J^S.ysO 32,.5«7 Receipt.-* 1888, 1889 and 1H!M). Total $4,038,065 it5,805,063 r), 222,021 And the expenditure during the same years was : — 1888. 1889. ISiM). Paid to policy-holders and annu- itants $1,416,515 .^2,001, 149 ,$2,081,2.'i<; General exijenses 874,057 1,091,027 1,(K)«*,09« Dividends to stockholders 52,052 0.5,412 121,005 Total . .$2,343,824 $3,157,588 $3,208,93il Propor- tion of payments from in- come. S02. From the above figures, therefore, it appears that out of every $100 of income received the companies expended : — Object ok Expknditl'ke. 1888. Paid to policy-holders General exr^^nses Dividends to stockholders Reserve $ cts. 35 08 21 m 1 30 41 % 1889. 18!RI. $ cts. 34 47 18 79 1 13 45 61 S cts. 3!t 8,5 1!» 2S 2 32 3« 'm 1N8UIIAXCE. 451 Surplus (if Inconit' *" ' over K\- pendiUnc. 21 fi 073, 410 \m 545 ,482! ,91» ,817 ,!K)8 ,(>21 1,010 .,«71 50*2, itii; -Ci.lilO 3!tO,7ii3 7,il!i;< ir),.sv.i H,i«l3 '2H,2'.H) 42.'.iltl '2(tH,('.(»3 2'J(),237 55(1,074 3(l.'Jtl'2 ),9S9 2,013,722 ) were respec- 1800. ,23(5, 7 46 053,328 32,587 ,222,021 ISiM). ,081,23(1 ,(KM^«08 121,005 ,208,03^1 out of every ■ts. 17 r» 13 IH'.ld. !? fts. 30 S5 111 2S 2 32 38 55 803. Six companies did business on the assessment plan in 1890, Ahsbos- t\)ur Canadian and two American, having at the end of the year pjj„|eg*'°"'' .^36,659,616 in force, being an increase of !8*6, 232,500. The amount i»f policies taken during the year was $7,847,500. The amount of insurance terminated by surrender and lapse was large, viz., ,f3,985,- (175, being $108.61 for every $1,000 of current risk. The amount terminated by death was $280,300, or $7.64 for every $1,000 of risk. P.VHT ni.— ACOIDKNT ANM» (ll'AKANTKK INSURANCE. 804. Accident insurance business was transacted by 9 companies, Accident \ iz., 5 Canadian, 3 British and 1 Anierican, and guarantee bushie.ss "'suiauce. l)y 3 companies, 1 Canadian, 1 British and 1 American. The business (lone in 1888, 1889 and 1890 was :~ ACCIDKNT. Prr-iiiiinns received .\iiio\nit insured Piiid for claiina. GCARANTKK. I'lcmiumH received Amount Kuaranteed Piiid for claiuiH 1888. 249,048 38,078,060 112,022 6::,*»49 10,107,204 22,580 1880. « • 278,755 43,735,729 r27,15« 180O. 08,540 10,721,1(50 17,835 205,553 40,215,5(55 07,330 (56,540 10,00(5,0.'X) 24,802 805. Plate glass insurance was transacted by 3 companies, 1 Cana- Plate glaaa dian, 1 British and 1 American. The premiums received during the i"«»r»i'ce. year were $33,709, the amount in force was $509,224, and the losses incurred $11,460. One company and one tirm transact this class of business on the system of replacement, instead of paying the value of the glass broken, and their returns do not show the amount in force. S06. At the close oi 1890 there were 91 companies under the supervision of the Superintendent of Insurance, They were engaged in business as follow :- - Doing life insurance " " assessment plan " fire insurance ... " inland marine insurance " ocean marine " " accident " " guarantee *' " .steam boiler " " plata (class " 41 6 38 6 2 3 2 4 Number of insurance companies of all kinds. 2n •'If' . I- , J if . ■ .; ,. ■II ■ ' f \- 'ii -' Vi 'i •■■!* 452 DviWHitH witn th« Govern- ment. Total receipt;!, 1888, 1889 and 1890. CHAPTKR XIII. 807. The total amount of deposits held by the Receiver-Gei.eral, for the pn)tection of policy-holders, amounted, on 3rd July, 1891, to tlu* sum of $18,822,496, and there w i also deposited with Canadian trus- tees the sum of $2,601,697, making a total of $21,424,193 f(»r thf» protection of f)olicy-holder8. This sum was held among the dilFeK-a; classes as follows : — Fire Life Accident, Slq % 4,65.^482 16,304,398 464, .113 % 21,424,193 808. The total amount of premiums received for all forms of insurance in 1888, 1889 and 1890, was:— Year. COMPANIKS. Total. Canadian. British. American. 1888 1889 1890 5,050,337 6,473,344 o,!>y6,33« 8 4,841,614 5.i/!6,353 5,176,863 9 3,168,206 3,512,144 3,910,63 And this was divided ,i' sums : — aong the diflfereiiL classes in the following Class of Business. Fire Inland marine . . , Ocean Life Life (auaessment) Accident fiuarantee Plate glass Steam boiler. . . Total.. 1888. 5,437,263 159,207 iifi',':5i 6,5(.:,c<48 367,740 249,048 62,549 28,068 18,183 1889. 5,588,016 146,327 241,877 8,224,845 404,953 278,756 68,549 27,870 30,649 13,060,157 , 15.011,841 ISJM). $ .5,8.'j<;,071 1.3«,(i!t!) 2.^5,73(1 8,004,1.51 450,507 21)o,5i).3 (M),540 3.S,70)» 21,titi!» 15,082,835 453 teiiCral, fur 91, to thf! idian trus- 93 iur thp 5,482 >4,:n3 14jl»3 of insurance Total. 13,0()0,ir)7 15,011.H41 15,082,8;V) he follow i I) f; 18JM). B7 ^7 |5 >3 >5 19 ■10 11 r),8;K),07i 138,()i)!l 235,731; 8,004,lol 450,507 21l5,5i)3 (•(),540 33,70!» 21,8«i) 15,082,835 with the Govtrn- ■ cases "»«n* »'d „ to Public o'e por- railways. , but in CHAI'TER XIV. RAILWAYS AND CANALS. Pakt I.— Railway.s. 809. fn TncUa and in all the principal Britisli exception of panada, the railways have been chiell^) , entirely, built by the (lovernnient with public mom tions of the public ctcbts have been incurred for that this country the Government have only built or acquired .such lines as we'-e required by public policy, those being the Intercolonial ami con- neoMons, and Prince Edward Island railways — the first being built in accordance with the wishes of the Imperial Government, and the second having been partly assumed and finally completed in iiecordt.nce with the agreement made with Prince Edward Island, when that pr')vince entered Confederation. The Dominion Government, i.owever, has always been active in enoouraging private enter|trise, and in that way has expended no less a sum than $143,934,7^1 in the shajie of bonuses at different times to diflerent railways, which sum represents a considerable portion of the public debt, and which, as previously mentioned, though directly productive to the country at lai'gt', brings in no immediate return to the Government. In addition to the above, the Gover^mient has at various times made ' )ans to railways, the amount oi such .'oans at present outstanding being 821,201,314. The Provincial Governments have also contributed aid to the extent of $29,823,658, and various municipalities to the extent of $15,855,100. HIO. In addition to the sums above mentioned as having been paid ^";"*?,. by the Dominion Government, subsidies of Dominion lands, principally ^" ^ail-^*' to lines in Manitoba and the North-West Territories, have been ways, granted at various times, amounting altogether to 47,204,319 acres. If these lands are placed at the lowest estimate, viz., $2 per, acre, they represent a sum of money amounting to $94,408,638 ; seeing, however,' thai the average price realized during 1890 and 1891 by the Canadian Pacific Railway was $4.36 per acre, the money value represented is evi- dently very much larger. The Provincial Government of Quebec also, in addition to money payments of $10,879,134, have granted lands to the extent of 13,293,500 acres, part of which has been commuted at 70 cents per acre. Some of the other provinces have also made land ►•I 1;. [*■«, ^:- ..'■■Mt r iV ^v. V ■ti'::.* ^. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^O /^A^ 1.0 hi I.I 1.25 •" Ij^ i 2.2 m m u 1^ V 7] Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MSSO (716) 872-4903 \ -q V •^ V 454 CHAPTER XIV. Railway develop- ment in Canada. Progress of railroad construc- tion. Particu- lars of capital paid. grants, but not to the same extent. Details, however, are not available. 81 1. The first railway in Canada was opened on the 21st July, 1836, between Laprairie and St. Johns, in the Province of Quebec, its length being 16 miles, but such little progress was made in railway develop- ment, that when the first sod of the Northern Railway was turned by Lady Elgin, in 1850, there were but 71 miles in operation in the whole of what is now the Dominion of Canada. But this country, though undoubtedly backward at one time in the matter of railway construc- tion, has of late years made very considerable progress. In 1867 there were 2,258 miles in operation, and on 30th June, 1891, 14,009 miles, with a total of 14,633 miles completed, being an increase in the 24 yeai-s since Confederation of 11,751 miles in operation. «In 1868 the paid-up capital amounted to $160,471,190, and in 1891 to $816,647,758. The progress of railroad construction is briefly shown by the following figures: 1840, 16 miles in operation; 1850, 71 miles; 1860, 2,087; 1870, 2,497 ; 1880, 6,891, and in 1891, 14,009 miles. 812. The following table gives the sources from which the various sums have been derived that make the total capital paid, the amount derived from each source, and the amount of each per mile of com- pleted railway : — PARTICULARS OF RAILWAY CAPITAL PAID, 1890 AND 1891. Source of Caph-al. Ordinary share capital Preference " Bonded debt Aid from Dominion Government. . . " Ontario '* M Ouebec *' New Brunswick " '• Nova Scotia " • •« Manitoba '* British Columbia Govt. . . . " Municipalities Capital from other sources Tot*l — ^— r- 1890. Amount. Amount per Mile. 9 $ 238,176,486 17,013 100,000,400 7,143 266,885,707 19,063 139,745,691 9,982 5,977,008 427 10,599,758 757 4,273,374 305 1,977,396 141 2,221,250 159 37,600 3 13,709,624 979 2,843,119 203 786,447,812 56,175 1891. Amount. 238,769,386 101,000,400 292,291,664 142,934,781 6,032,586 10,879,134 4,297,501 2,007,996 2,477,250 37,500 13,817,509 2,102,062 816,647,758 Amount per Mile. 16,317 (i,!K)2 19,!»75 9,7»» 990 3,877 3,l(i0 2,548 i,ms 55 3,625 144 55,809 ■.f;;„ It r, are not July, 1836, c, its length 'ay develop- s turned by in the whole itry, though ay construc- I'lSGT there 4,009 miles, se in the 24 In 1868 the 816,647,758. ;he following L860, 2,087; the various , the amount mile of com- ^ND 1891. 1891. Amount nt. per Mile. % >,386 16,317 »,400 '- 6,902 ,654 19,975 ,781 9,768 8,585 990 ),134 3,877 ,501 3,ir)0 ',996 2,548 ,250 l,a58 ,500 55 ',509 3,625 5,062 144 r,758 55,809 RAILWAYS AND CANALS. 455 813. The proportion that each amount bears to the total capital is Propor- iis follows:— *^°"of 1889. 1890. 1891. capital to total. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. 30- 29-2 34- 35-8 18- 17-5 12- 123 3- 8-2 2- 17 •4 0-4 0-3 Ordinary share capital 31 Bonded debt 33 Dominion Government aid 18 Preference share capital 12 Provincial Government aid 3 Municipal aid 2 Other sources Nearly 23 per cent of the total capital has thus, it will be seen, been contributed by state and municipal aid. 814. Though returns of a certain kind were annually made to the Railway Government, they were, previoasly to 1874-75, more or less incomplete, i^^-'flggi and only since that year have any accurate statistics been collected. The following table gives the train mileage, number of passengers and tons of freight carried, and the receipts and expenditure of all railways in the Dominion for each year since the 1st July, 1874 : — RAILWAY STATISTICS, 1875-91. 4 . •, ^ K'\, il ^-:/:',r \ ■ i:i Year ExnED 30th Junk. Miles in Opera- tion. Train Mileage. Number of Passen- gers. Tons of Freight. Earnings. Working Expenses. $ 15,775,632 15,802,721 16,290,091 16,100,102 16,188,102 16,840,705 20,121.418 22.390,709 24,691,667 25,595,341 24,015,351 23,177,582 27,624.683 30,662,048 31,038,046 32,913,360 34,960,449 Propor- tion of Ex- penses to Re- ceipts. 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 4,826^ 5,157; 5,574; 6,143: 6,484A 6,891.1 7,260 7.530 8,726 9,575 10,150 10,697 11,691 12,163 12,628 13,256 14,009 17,680,168 18,103,«>28 19,450,813 19,669,447 20,731,689 22,427,449 27,301,306 27,846,411 30,072,910 29,758,676 30,623,689 30,481,088 33,638,748 37,391,206 38,819,380 41,649,329 43,399,178 5,190,416 5,544,814 6,073,233 6,443,924 6,523,816 6,462,948 6,943,671 9,352,335 9,579,948 9,982,358 9,672,599 9,861,024 10,698,638 11,416,791 12,161,051 12,821,262 13,222,668 6,670,836 6,.S31.757 6,869,796 7,883,472 8,348,810 9,938,858 12,065,323 13,676,787 13,266,255 13,712,269 14,659,271 15,670,460 16,356,336 17,173,759 17,928,626 20,787,469 21,763,021 19,470,639 19,358,084 18,742,063 20,520,078 19,925,066 23,561,447 27,987,509 23,027,790 33,244,585 33,421,706 32,227,469 33,389,382 38,842,010 12,161,163 42,149,615 46,843,826 48,192,099 81- 82- 82- 78- 81- 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 188") 188(1 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 71- 72- 77- 74 77- 75- 69- 71- 73- 74- 70- 73- '•'•:= H. ■J i. ' lij t "•':i';. , **f 815. The total receipts were, in 1891, $1,348,273 more than in Earnings 1890, while the working expenses showed an increase of $2,047,099 ; P«r "^ile- consequently there was an increase in the proportion of expenses to 456 CHAPTER XIV. Expenses per mile. receipts, viz., from 70 per cent to 73 per cent. The earnings per mile in 1880 averaged $3,418 ; in 1884, $3,490 ; in 1885, $3,175 ; in 1886, $3,106 ; in 1887, $3,332 ; in 1888, $3,465 ; in 1889, $3,338 ; in 1890, $3,534, and in 1891, $3,440, being $193 per mile less than in the pre- ceding year. There was an increase in the average amount of working expenses per mile of $12, as compared with 1890, the average amount for the last six years having been as follows: In 1886, $2,166 per mile ; in 1887, 2,363; in 1888, $2,520; in 1889, $2,458; in 1890, $2,483, and in 1891, $2,495. The proportion of net receipts to capital cost showed a decrease, it having been 1*62 per cent, against 1-77 per cent in 1890, but it was higher than in some preceding years. In 1889 it was 1*46 per cent, 1 "58 per cent in 1888, 1*64 per cent in 1887, and 1-41 per cent in 1886. The number of tons of freight carried only showed an increase of 965,552 tons as coniparad with 1890. The total quantity carried was, however, nearly four times that carried in 1875. There w^ere also incrtjases of 1,549,849 miles in the train mileage and of 401,306 in the number of passengers carried. 816. The following is a comparative statement of the business done Business dian rftil- ^^ Canadian railways in the years 1890 and 1891, particulars of the ways, 1890 principal lines being given separately : — and 1891. , f RAILWAYS AND CANALS. 457 a < i a < < o 'A a: < M 'A a; s »J o M ;>. i; ai &^ I 1 ^ CO s- 2? o H 0& O Ci CO ^ CO 9i CI CO t^ Co oTi-r I O X S !-j l- SO « ^ ' II « »n b-OO •*i--t>-eo»?-*W'*«eO'»> ^ 00 CO ^ ofoTtfTeo-yr r-< 1-1 as CO .-( COfH WtHN s ■| 1 a. ^'^^^ CO ^ 05 ^ C? QOXCO 5? 00 SPIN iso rHi-(A©"«>0'*oooeSs»B «* ?JSSg§ to in 00 Si CO* aftj" oo'o'in' i*»Sl«?o in'ooa'co"®" 9% C to I o S w5 1* CO d ^ 1 iH CO >0 l-H 1-1 < in' pf Sototn ®i-ii--. i-l Ni-lO fff I (M'iH acsiin'^Mci'n^oosc mi^35oS4cOf-i>o9iH^ iHeOOi-i»-tM-«J«i-l«rH© in* crT fff ©rH S X >> Ill's a aO 09 eS.SrS ^ c9 ^ £ : & ■ I = X O " el* tS c3 x c e a s o 8" CO (N S3 9 00 co 4 OS 2 ••i^ I X a .3 O 9 1 ^V- .,: a-' l-'l*. . -J ii ■-'t ' .'i i.v ;■.>.?:. "jfi"-.'''rr!-.' .1 458 CHAPTER XIV. SSSSKfe n^^^ isa^ SSSmt-Stbt^-xS^ n ^ < o CO I— I < C to iz; H e ifeJ t s> ■»»< c' ?3 «C eS 9S OS « (^fo^ a CO xe4 \c »<§ ^ S'S5 t~ O 00 IH S"^ o i ©»-' N * ^5o_S © S S 5? « S M& t« 1-N S<) M Q A CC AO Oi 1-^ *<4' ^o Hi-H .Ht'. 00 ©"« feJ:: c^«i ^ «frl©©«© 5fi^t>.l>. «« W N MQ S © ©sm'ini>.c5tQ os«e'«ti©i^95'-i©os®©5 Wi-I » M % lO II P? I .2 2 eS ■'^ •~ S e e « « OO -^1 III X O o § o I RAILWAYS AND CANALS. i 459 t n. 817. Though, as previously noted, there was only an increase in Propor- working expenses of $12 per mile in operation, there was an increase of g^ILngg,, 3 per cent in the proportion of expenses to receipts, the mileage and to receipts, expenditure having increased in a faster proportion than the receipts. Tlie Canada Atlantic and Canadian Pacific again showed the smallest proportion of working expenses, while the highest proportion was that of the Central Ontario, viz., 104 per cent. There was an increase of 3 per cent on Government railways, making the proportion of expenses no less than 1 24 per cent. Vigorous efforts are being made to reduce this excess of expenditure. The aggregate proportion of expenses to receipts is higher in Canada than in many other countries. In the United Kingdom, in 1890, it was 54 per cent, and in India 50 per cent ; in the Australian colonies, in 1890, it was 65 per cent ; in the United States, in 1890, 67 per cent, and in most European countries it ranges from 50 to 55 per cent. 818. The Canadian Pacific system has the greatest number of miles Propor- in operation, but the traffic on the Grand Trunk system is consider- ^°m ably the largest, running as it does through the most populous and best etc., to settled portions of the Dominion. In proportion to the number of miles in miles in operation, the freight traffic on the Canada Southern exceeded °P®'*"°"' that of any other line, being at the rate of 10,357 tons per mile, an increase of 2,693^ tons per mile as compared with 1890, that on the Grand Trunk system having been 2,461 tons, an increase of 72 tons per mile, and on the Canadian Pacific 663 tons, an increase of 73 tons per mile. On the same lines the passengers carried per mile were : on the Grand Trunk 1,880, on the Canada Southern 1,653, and on the Canadian Pacific 536. The number of miles run by trains on the same lines in proportion to each mile in operation was : on the Canada Southern 8,586 miles, on the Grand Trunk 5,244 miles, and on the Canadian Pacific 2,484 miles. , 819. The following table is a concise statement of the receipts and Principal expenditure of the most important roads, showing the princip^-l services 8°"'^'®? °' of each, and showing also the earnings and expenses per niile. and expen- diture. ■^^ r.:L i «.- PI MM^ :■!• \' ^ ;,•; .• 460 CHAPTER XIV. SUMMARY STATEMENT OF EARNINGS ON CANADIAN RAIL WAYS, 1891. Railways. Canada Atlantic Canada Southern Canadian Pacific system Grand Trunk system Intercolonial . , Quebec Central Manitoba and North-Westem South-Eastern system Other lines Total Earninos from Mails, Ex- Passenger Freight Traffic. press and Traffic. other Sources . $ 9 9 100,812 368,569 89,961 1,286,876 2,964,189 158,899 5,151,121 11,643,641 1,877,412 5,461,847 11,228,962 741,651 962,817 1,854,630 160,448 117,063 144,565 13,900 46,948 171,673 18,474 187,339 369,219 31,037 974,096 1,808,218 270,862 14,286,409 30,648,646 3,357,044 Total. 9 668,»)2 4,408,964 18,672,174 17,423,860^ 2,977,395 275,508 2.32,095 587,595 3,a')5,670 Earn- "El."' 4,(»4!t 11,(>33 3.372 5,543 2,(107 1,7S!» i»L»« 2,2(i() 1,( II) 48,192,099 3,440 SUMMARY STATEMENT OF WORKING EXPENSES ON CANADIAN RAILWAYS, 1891. Railways. Main- tenance of Line, Buildings, &c. Working and Repairs. General Working Expenses. Total. Kx- pfUSt'S i)er Mile. Canada Atlantic Canada Southern Canadian Pacific system Grand Trunk system Intercolonial Otiebec Central 45,820 617,841 2,803,423 2,454.994 95.5,294 .54,163 62,145 112,704 896,363 162,579 1,266,016 4,721,816 6,614,473 1,853.780 66,253 77,648 2.54,960 952,575 9 129,855 1,278,488 4,512,895 4,552,011 863,268 72,623 61,469 171,778 856,725 9 837,754 8,161,845 11,588,184 12,621,478 3,662,342 198,039 201,262 539,442 2,705,6,53 9 2,447 8,341 2,(84 4,01ti 3,207 1,253 Manitoba and North-Westem. . South-Eastem system Other lines 805 2,074 !)00 Total 7,502,237 14,969,100 12,489,112 34,960,449 2,495 Propor- 820. The receipts from freight traffic formed 63'38 per cent, and tion of from passenger traffic 29'64 per cent of the total, while of working M)urce8 to expenses 42*82 per cent were for working and repairs, 35.72 per cent total. for general working expenses, and 21 '46 per cent for maintenance of line, &c. The receipts per mile on the Canada Southern were more than double those of any other of the large roads, and nearly four , times as much as the average earnings of all the roads in Canada. Considering the enormous length of line to be maintained, the expen- diture per mile on the Canadian Pacific Railway is remarkably small. ./ LN RAIL. )tal. Karn- »8,832| H)8,964 $72,174 128,860' W7,395 276,508 1 232,095! 587,5951 055,676 4,049 11,()33 3,372 5,543 2,1)07 l,7Si» 02« 2,2C)0 1,( It) 192,099 3,440 CANADIAN rotal. 337,754 ,161,346 ,538,134 621,478 662,342 193,039 201,262 539,442 705,653 ,960,449 Kx- penses Mile. ? 2,447 8,341 2,(84 4,on; 3,207 1,253 805 2,074 \m 2,495 )er cent, and ile of working 5.72 per cent laintenance of rn were more ^d nearly four Is in Canada. icd, the expen- arkably small. )" RAILWAYS AND CANALS. 461 The working expenses on the Intercolonial were $600 per mile more than the earnings. 821. The proportion of net revenue to capital cost is at present very Propor- small in Canada, having been only 1*62 per cent in 1891, a decrease of t»ono' ^^^ •15 as compared with 1890. This proportion is considerably lower capital than in many other countries and colonies, as seen by the following cost. figures : — PROPORTION OF NET REVENUE TO CAPITAL COST OF RAILWAYS IN VARIOUS BRITISH POSSESSIONS AND FOREIGN COUNTRIES. ■"■r ^f British Pohhessionh. FoRKioN Countries. I United Kingdom . . India Cantida Victoria New South Wales. South Australia. .. New Zealand Oueensland Tasmania WeMtern Australia. Per cent. 4-09 4-79 1-62 3-80 3-50 6-26 2-61 2 13 30 —0-67 Germany ........ France Belgium Austria-Hungary . Italy (State lines). Switzerland United States Per cent. 4-68 4-65 4 03 3-98 3-70 3-67 3 77 I' ■: . .i ' The figures for Canada are probably slightly below the true propor- tion, as the capital cost includes expenditure on lines in progress and completed, but not yet in operation, and consequently unproductive. 822. The next table is a summary statement of the principal articles Principal of freight carried in 1 89 1 . fj^iclwi of SUMMARY STATEMENT OF DESCRIPTION OF FREIGHT CARRIED carried,. ON CANADIAN RAILWAYS, 1891. 1891. ^''L.^ir Railways. Flour. Grain. Live Stock. Lumber of all kinds, except Firewood. Canada Atlantic Canada Southern Canadian Pacific system.. . . Grand Trunk system Intercolonial Oiipl)po Hentral Brls. 128,780 1,314,110 2,231,856 5,315,200 1,013,129 74,480 43,271 200,030 1,281,965 Bush. 922,172 15,123,286 20,906,105 46,796,700 2,890,921 113,652 2,128,125 3,465,456 12,166,801 No. 25,332 834,504 297,923 2,737,288 95,529 10,716 12,912 16,500 2,291,064 Feet. 164,962,000 188,246,160 600,118,709 693,077,605 184,138,324 42,194,160 Manitoba & North. Western South-Eastern system Othf*r linpR 4,162,000 61,927,920 362,924,879 Total 11,602,821 104,611,278 6,321,768 2,301,741,757 r ■^ ,.'•.?■; Jif ' "7 !'■ 1 • i; N ':3 462 CHAPTER XIV. SUMMARY STATEMENT OF DESCRIPTION OF FREIGHT CARRIM) ON CANADIAN RAILWAYS, 18Q1~ Cimeluded. Railways. Canada Atlantic Canada Southern Canadian Pacific Hystuin.. (irand Trunk system Intercolonial Quebec Central Manitt»ba & North-WeHtern South-Kastern syHteni Other lines Total Firewood. Cords. 4»,(138 41M78 127,867 1«{J»,1MI7 l(i,3iN} 1,117 r)!M 23,221> 117,818 656,704 Manufactured (jr(K)d8. TtniM. 1I,56» a^i.asii !MMi,4.3i» 1,04(1.022 303,11>7 2,798 10,16«{ 73,3tt{) 278,521 3,071,130 All other Artiolea. Tons. 112,047 2,t««.722 827,H31» 3,m),486 6«»,735 53,78» 8,500 102,584 2,108,114 fl,(W7.415 Total \V..iKl,t Carried. lonH. 4»iri,;r.4 3,ii2:),;q2 3,(i7r).113 7,7.3(),(m;!» l,»M,r).S4 12H.H71 HS,!M)7 4iK(,74!» 3,!»32.;W1 21,75;},'.>!M) Proper- 823. The Grand Trunk system carried the largest share, viz., .35 per tion of pg^^ Qf ^y^g total freight, a decrease of 3 per cent as compared with curried by 1^90, and a smaller proportion than in any of the four preceding years, principal The Canada Southern carried 18 per cent and the Canadian Pacific 17 lines. pgj. ^.gj^t^ increases of 4 per cent and 2 per cent, respectively, us com- pared with 1890. 824. There was an increase of 516,926 barrels in the quantity of flour carried, of 1,112,214 in the number of live stock, and of 1,880,S27 tons of miscellaneous matter ; while there were decreases of 18,708,404 bushels in the quantity of grain carried, of 1,427,101 feet in the quantity of lumber, of 5,670 cords of firewood and 709,394 tons of manufactured articles. Increases and de- creases in freight. Proi)or- tion of traffic to capital cost. 825. The cost of a railway, it has been said, should not be more than ten times its annual traffic — that is, that the annual traffic should be 10 per cent of its capital cost. If this standard is applied to CanaiJiai. railways their cost will be found to very far exceed the limit, as in 1891 the gross receipts only amounted to 5-91 per cent of the total • capital expenditure, the theoretical cost having been $481,920,990 and the actual cost $816,647,758. In the United Kingdom, France, Ger- many and Italy the cost of railways is above this standard, while in British India, Belgium, Russia and the United States it is below it. Actual 826. The following table shows the total cost, and cost per mile, )x>th and theo- actual and theoretical, of some of the principal railroads in Canada in of railways 1891. Rolling stock is in most cases included in the cost : — in Canada. 1 ' HT CAKRIKI) Total Wt%'lit Carri»Ml, Ton«. 3,it>r),:M2 3,(»7r).ii:{ 7,73'.M) ire, viz., 35 pei- compared with ►receding years. dian Pacific 17 ctively, as com- the quantity oi id of 1,880>27 of 18,708,404 feet in the 09,394 tons of )1 1 not be more al traffic should ied to Canadiai. ihe limit, ao ui mt of the total 81,920,990 and n, France, Ger- ■.ndard, while in it is below it. it per mile, both Is in Canada in ;ost : — M RAILWAYS AND CANALS. ACTUAL AND THEORETICAL COST OV PRINCIPAL RAILWAYS IN CANADA, 18U1. 463 , / N'^|i| Namb or Railway. AKMTta Railway and Coal Co. Canada Atlantic Canada Southern Canadian Pacific ayfltem Ctntrul Ontario Kiie and Huron K!ec and Lake St. John . . . Snore Line Sonth-Eastem Kvsteni fWindsor and Annaiwlis. . . . Number of Miles. 174 1.S8 371» 5,537 104 7« 78 3,143 1,142 113 250 2(i3 71 211 154 204 82 2(J0 11« Total 12,45)5 Thkokktic'ai, Cost. Total. 2,1(01,150 5,588, .320 44,080,<^0 18(5,721,740 87»,2««) 1,040,280 1,214,400 174,238,«M)0 2«,773,050 1,8»4,770 2,.'i20,JH}0 2,000,5(W 400,050 1,742,580 2,755,080 1,52(5,330 3.17,110 5,875,050 2,775,140 4(58,100,770 Per Mile. $ 1(5,(573 40,405 11(5,:131 33,723 8,454 13,(588 15,5(J0 .55,437 2(5,071 1(5,23(5 0,283 7,040 5,(547 8,260 17,800 7,482 4,111 22,(500 23,024 Actual Comt. Total. 37,4(53 4,007,720 (5,74(5,224 28,51>2,«0() 27»,1»4,(K52 1,511,041 1,282,000 2,087,84(5 318,4(5(5,700 64,274,501 4,0(54,05(5 4,080,301 6,400,500 000,828 3,741,781 8,627,882 10,202,(540 520,000 8,445,50{» 3,J>74,873 Per Mile. 748,201,1>78 8 28,723 48,88(5 75,442 50,423 14,638 1(5,8(58 38,305 101..S26 47, 52(5 35,!>73 10,3.57 20.87(5 12,088 17,734 5(5,025 60,4.54 (5,341 32,483 34.2(50 1 .,.■■ 50,880 X Eastern Extension and Cajie Breton included. Western included. t Windsor Junction included. Saskatchewan and 827. There is now, it will be seen, only one railway in the above Most ex- list, the actual coat of which has been less than the theoretical cost, i)en8ive and that is the Canada Southern. The expenditure on the construe- '°*"^- tion and equipment of the Grand Trunk system has been heavier than on any other road, the original outlay on the main line having been very excessive, and the actual cost being very nearly double the theoreti- cal cost. On the same basis of comparison, however, it would appear that the Quebec and Lake St. John Railway has been the most expen- sive to build, for while its theoretical cost should have been $7,482 per mile, its actual cost was no less than $50,454 per mile. The actual cost per mile of all the other lines in the table has been 37 per cent in excess of the theoretical cost. 828. The total average cost per completed mile of the railways in Cost of Canada has been $55,809, which, it will be seen from the following railway table, compares favourably with the figures for some principal coun- tj^lJ^T^ tries : — . , . > princiiial countries. M ■'■n-,:<,l -T'; t. .. ^tf ;►►■ ."f . 464 CHAPTER XIV. Accidents on rail- way H in Canada. Causes of accidents. Persons injured. COST OF RAILWAY CONSTRUCTION I'KR MlL'iS IN PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES. COUNTHIRM. United Kingdom. Belgium France (Germany Russia Austria Victoria India . . . New South Wales Cost |w*r Mile. 2ltt,»7» I77,tt72 184,82(1 l(kH,341) «7,177 60,741 64,970 64,173 CouNTRiia. Canada United States. . . . Australasia Ca|)« Colony Tasmania New Zealand Oueens'and ....... South Australia. . . Western Australia CcMtt IMT Mil.-. 64,;Vil 44.8.'.«i .SI1.811 83,Mo 21t,4()4 22,2;h(; 829. The following is a statement of the number of accidents in con- nection with the railways in Canada, including Government railways, for the last 16 years : — Killed. Injured. 1876 1877 1878 1879. 1880. 1881 1882. 1883. 18S4. 188S 1886 1887. 1888. 1881). 1890. 1891. 109 804 111 317 97 361 107 66 87 102 99 147 147 397 169 MO 227 HHi 157 684 144 671 178 633 231 776 210 876 218 838 196 818 830. There was a decrease of 22 in the total number of persons killed, and an increase of 2 in the number of passengers killed, the total number having been 13, of whom 1 fell from cars, 4 were getting off trains in motion, and 8 were kille 1,432 1,444 1,4()-) 1,401 1,412 1,417 l,5t>8 1,553 jers and tons the principal from various ARRIED PER HIES. 1^^ I Tons of , Freight pr T Head, d. 75 8-3 07 fl 5 7ti 65 5-3 2-5 06 4 "oh 4o 3-0 836. The following is a table showing the railway receipts per mile Railway in the United Kingdom and British possessions, and also in those receipts foreign countries for which statistics were available : — various RAILWAY RECEIPTS PER MILE IN VARIOUS COUNTRIES. countries. Country. United Kingdom, Belgium France Russia Germany Austria-Hungary British Guiana Natal India Ceylon United States Italy Victoria. Mauritius Annual Re- ceipts per Mile Open. 17,130 12,167 11,967 11,.S25 10,006 {),198 7,806 7,265 6,648 6,575 6,569 6,424 6,351 5,856 Country. New South Wales . . Trinidad and Tobago Cape Colony Jamaica Australia. Australasia Canada. New Zealand Barbados South Australia Newfoundland Queensland Tasmania Western Australia . . Annual Re- ceipts per Mile Open. 5,163 4,957 4,163 4,078 4,024 3,684 3,440 2,628 2,380 2,353 2,088 2,000 2,219 1,168 837. The receipts per mile in Canada are less than in most of the Receipts countries named, but, with the exception of Victoria and New South '" Canada Wales, are higher than in the Australasian colonies. In comparing ^jth other the receipts of Canada and Australasia with other countries, the large colonies, area in most cases to be covered must be taken into account. The receipts by provinces in Canada, if they could be obtained, would be the most correct ligures to compare with the receipts of the several ,^ V Australasian colonies. 838. Almost all the railway companies in the Dominion use a gauge Gauge of of 4 feet 8^ inches. The only exceptions are the Carillon and Gren- ville, with a gauge of 5 feet 6 inches ; the Prince Edward Island Rail- way, with a gauge of 3 feet 6 inches ; and the Lake Temiscamingue Railway Company and the Alberta Railway and Coal Company, where the gauge is 3 feet. 839. The quantity and description of rolling stock in the years 1890 RoUinp and 1891 will be found in the next table :— ?^ 1890 and 1891. Canadian railways. 80i .jtT •^■m X". '-vl ■ ■ '«. V:^ •» ■ ,'.. V i i '•■;■; ■, M>/JH! 1? -^.^\U i- ',. Mi i 468 4 CHAPTER XIV. ROLLING STOCK IN" USE OX RAILWAYS IN CANADA, 1890 v. ND 1891. Ykah. Loco- motives. Sleeper and Parlour Cars. First Class Cars. Second Class and Em- igrant Cars. Mail and Express Cars. Cattle and Box Cars. Plat- form Cars. Coal and Dump Cars. 1890 1891 1,771 1,850 83 142 806 849 604 624 525 560 32,383 34,365 13,737 14,614 3,236 3,559 Increase . . 81 59 43 20 35 1,982 877 323 Rolling stock hired. 840. The above table represents the rolling stock in use. To ascer- tain the quantity owned, the following numbers of cars hired must be deducted in each year : — Yeab. Loco- motives. Sleeper and Parlour Cars. First Class Cars. Second Class and Em- igrant Cars. Express Cars. Cattle and Box Cars. Plat- form Cars. 1890 43 50 21 17 33 31 19 15 31 25 3,789 3,625 2^ 1891 289 Rolling stock on 841. Out of the above numbers, the following were in use by the G A t^o great railway systems, the Canadian Pacific and the Grand TraJJk and Trunk :— C. P. R. =r=:^ systems. ■A<'» . Engines Sleeping and parlour cars First class cars . . . . Second class and emigrant cars.. Baggage, mail and express cars. Cattle and box cars . . Platform cars Coal and dump cars 1890. Canadian Pacific System. 436 60 125 146 135 9,454 2,729 423 Grand Trunk System. 701 No returns. 366 230 214 14,864 *5,818 1891. Canadian Pacific System. Grand Trunk System. 506 104 167 156 157 11,058 3,156 475 717 til 380 225 214 15,529 (!,098 ' Including coal cars, t Sleeping cars only. 390 \ND 1891. Plat- form Cars. Coal and Dump Cars, 13,737 14,614 3,236 3,559 877 323 ise. To ascer- hired must be Cattle and Box Care. 3,789 3,625 Plat- form Cars. 2m 28!) •e in use by the nd the Grand 1891. lian fie em. Grand Trunk System. 506 717 104 til 167 380 156 225 157 214 0.58 15,52*t 156 6,098 476 RAILWAYS AND CANALS. 469 842. The following table gives the railway mileage in British pos- Railway sessions, together with the number of persons and of square miles of BritflT *° area to each mile of railway : — posses- RAILWAYS IN BRITISH POSSESSIONS. Bions. Countries. United Kingdom. . . India Canada AtiHtralaaia (Total) . New South Wales . New Zealand Cape of Good Hope Victoria Queensland South Australia. ... Tasmania Natal ... Ceylon Western Australia. Jamaica Mauritius Newfoundland Trinidad Barbados British Guiana .... Malta Miles of Railway. 20,073 16,996 14,634 11,488 2,263 1,946 1,890 2,470 2,142 1,756 399 339 191 513 67 92 111 54 24 21 8 Number of Persons to each Mile. 1,887 12,976 331 331 601 322 808 632 184 179 367 1,604 16,750 97 9,545 3,922 1,778 3,852- 7,697 13,566 20,708 Square Miles of Area to each Mile. 6 63 236 267 137 64 123 41 312 614 66 62 133 1,902 63 8 378 32 7 5,190 15 843. Canada, it will be seen, has 3,146 miles of railway more than Proper- all the Australasian colonies combined, and 5,490 miles more than the fa*|i^*^y continent of Australia ; but on the assumption that a railway only develop- opens up country to the extent of about 20 miles on either side, there ™®"* *o is yet a vast amount of country waiting for development, as on that basis there are only 585,360 square miles of this country within ordin- ary reach of railway facilities — just about one-sixth of the total area. In the Australasian colonies about one-eighth of the area has been thus developed 844. The total railway mileage of the British empire is 64,836, Railway which, on the estimated area of 9,114,657* square miles, gives an British" average of one mile of railway to every 1 40 square miles, and, on the empire, assumption in the preceding paragraph, allows for rather more than one-fourth of the area of the whole empire being within reach of railway accommodation. < *•'>.»* ■it. i , 'i i ■ '.I ki ^■■'lA * Protectorates of Africa not included. " »- *'. f . 470 CHAPTER XIV. Railway 845. The latest available figures place the railway mileage of the die wfrld ^orld at 364,874 miles, which gives an average of one mile of railway " to every 142 square miles, and provides railway accommodation for a little more than one-fourth of the total area. Railways in foreign countries. 846. The next table gives the latest obtainable particulars of the railways in the principal foreign countries : — RAILWAYS IN PRINCIPAL FOREIGN COUNTRIES. Countries. Europe— Austria-Hungary. . . . Belgium Denmark France... German Empire Greece Italy Netherlands Portugal. Roumania Russia Servia. ... ... Spain , Sweden sjid Norway Switzerland Turkey., Asia — Japan Africa — Egypt America — Argentine Republic. Bnusil Chili Mexico Peru United States Uruguay Miles of Railway. 16,712 2,830 1,247 20,961» 25,958 374 7,868 1,706 1,334 1,590 20,085 336 6,043 5,983 1,980 1,512 1,128 1,127 6,865 5,900 1,700 6,268 1,625 163,420 707 Number of Persons to each Mile. 2,470 2,172 1,742 1,823 1,904 6,848 3,805 2,646 3,520 3,459 4,473 6,437 2,903 1,134 1,481 6,136 35,525 6,049 511 2,373 1,487 1,833 1,828 383 916 Square Miles of Area to each Mile. 14 4 12 10 8 67 14 7 26 32 104 57 32 49 8 83 131 10 163 545 171 118 27Jt 22 102 It will be seen that only five of these countries, viz., Austria-Hun- 'gary, France, the German empire, Russia and the United States, have a greater railway mileage than Canada. Dates of 847. The following table gives the dates when railways were opened olrailways ^^ various countries, arranged in chronological order.* in various countries. *Hazell'8 Annual and Prwr's Manual of Railroads. ileage of the le of railway dation for a ulars of the lES. r ns Square Miles of I Area to each Mile. 14 2 4 i2 12 ^ 10 >1 ,.x 8 18 67 )5 14 16 7 29 26 J9 32 P 104 J7 57 )3 32 J4 49 8 83 25 49 131 10 u 163 73 545 87 171 S3 118 28 279 83 22 16 102 , Austria-Hun- 3d States, have ,y8> (vere opened RAILWAYS AND CANALS. DATES OF OPENINGS OF RAILWAYS IN VARIOUS COUNTRIES. 471 r,r:i Countries. England Austria France United States l^elgium Germany . Canada Cuba Russia Italy Switzerland Denmark Jamaica ... Spain Mexico and Peru Sweden Chili India Norway Portugal Brazil Victoria (Australia). Colombia New South Wales. . . Egypt South Australia. Cape Colony Turkey Mauritius Algeria . .. Western Australia . British Guiana Argentine Republic. Queensland Ceylon Uruguay . . Tasmania Honduras Jaj»an Trinidad Barbados 1825 1828 1828 1829 1835 1836 183G 1837 1838 1839 1844 1844 1845 1848 1850 1851 1852 1853 1853 1854 1854 1854 1855 1855 1856 1856 1860 1860 1862 1862 1864 1864 1864 1865 1865 1869 1871 1871 1873 1880 1883 Date. 17 September. 30 do 1 October. 28 December. 3 May. 7 December. 21 July. 4 April. — September. 15 July. 18 September. 21 November. 24 October. 8 do 9 February. — January. 18 April. 14 July. 9 do 21 April. 14 September. 20 January. 25 September. 26 January. 16 April. 26 June. 4 October. 13 May. 15 August. 21 January. 1 September. 14 December. 31 July. 1 October. 1 January. 19 February. 25 September. 17 October. 10 September. Il |v ' ■ 1 p" m\ |i 848. The railways owned by the Dominion Government are the Intercolonial, Windsor Branch and Prince Edwai-d Island railways, with a total mileage in operation of 1,397|^ miles, as follows :— Miles. tintercolonial Railway 1154^ Windsor Branch Railway 32 Prince Edward Island Railway 211 ^ 1.397^ t Including Eastern Extension, 80 miles, and Capo Breton Railway, 99 miles. Govern- ment rail- ways. I t •■ •' ^-Y :, 472 CHAPTER XIV. Financial 849. The following statement shows the financial position of each ?^^}^ °^ road on the 30th June, 1891 :— ment rail- FINANCIAL POSITION OF GOVERNMENT RAILWAYS IN CANADA, '^*^'- 1890-91. Railways. Capital Paid Up. Earnings. Expenses. Profits. Loss. Percentage of Expensen to Earnings. Intercolonial •Windsor Branch. P. £. Island 9 53,627,791 ■■3,74i;78l' 57,369,572 9 2,977,396 30,235 174,258 3,662,342 28,932 257,990 " i,m 9 684,946 83,732' 123 95-7 148 1 Total 3,181,888 3,949,264 767,375 124 1 Excess of expendi- ture and causes of same. * Maintained only. 850. The expenses exceeded the receipts by $767,376, being $125,- 206 more than the excess of expenditure in 1890. The excess of expenses over receipts on Government lines may be attributed princi- pally to two causes, the first being that the Intercolonial Railway was built from national considerations, and for the advancement of public convenience, and depends largely upon through traffic, since it runs through districts sparsely settled, which will require considerable time for development ; while it will probably be many years before the travel on the Prince Edward Island Railway, which was built for the con- venience of the inhabitants of the island, will be sufficient to cover expenses ; and the other being, that while every effort is made to secuie economy and profit, the public interests are first considered, and many things are done which, while advantageous to the public, are, to say the least, unremunerative to the Government — as, for instance, the coal from the Nova Scotia mines is, with a view to developing that indus- try, carried by the Intercolonial Railway at almost an actual loss. The difficulty also of keeping the track of the Intercolonial free from snow during the winter will always be the source of an expense to which other roads are not liable in the same degree. Some 1 70 miles of new lines were opened during 1891, the traffic on which is not likely to be remunerative for some time, but the lines were built for the conve- nience of the public, and for the purpose of developing the country and \ encouraging trade. Intercolo- 851. The main line of the Intercolonial Railway runs from Point "^i ^^^ Levis, Quebec, to Halifax, a distance of 675 miles, and, in connection with the Canadian Pacific l^ilway, now forms part of a through route between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. The extensions consist of 479| miles, making a total length of 1,154^ miles. way. on of each ^ CANADA, from Point 1 connection irough route 18 consist of RAILWAYS AND CANALS. 473 852. The following are figures of the traffic during the past 15 Traffic on years :— **^f !"*« •"- '' colonial, TRAFFIC ON THE INTERCOLONIAL RAILWAY, 1877-1891. 1877-1891. Ykar. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882 1883. 1884 1885. 1886 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891 . Earnings. 1,154,445 1,378,947 1,294,010 1,506,298 1,760,394 2,079,263 2,370,910 2,384,415 2,441,204 2,450,094 2,660,117 2,983,336 2,967,801 3,012,740 2,977,396 Freight. Tons. 421,327 522,710 610,861 561,924 725,577 838,956 970,961 1,00!»,237 989,936 1,023,788 1.143,020 1,288,823 1,218,877 1,368,819 1,304,534 Passengers. No. 613,420 618,957 640,101 581,483 631,245 779,994 878,600 944,636 957,228 932,880 982,784 1,040,163 1,136,272 1,219,233 1,298,304 853. There was an increase in 1891 as compared with 1890 in the Chief arti- number of passengers of 79,071, but a decrease in the receipts of fp^L^t 835,345, and in the quantity of freight of 64,285 tons, principally in earned, flour, lumber and general merchandise, as shown by the following 1890-1891. figures : — QUANTITIES OF THE CHIEF ARTICLES OF FREIGHT CARRIED ON THE INTERCOLONIAL RAILWAY, 1890 AND 1891. Articles. 1890. 1891. Increase. Decrease. Flour Brls. 1,116,050 2,610,202 209,905,0«» 86,771 926,514 1,013,129 2,890,921 184,138,324 95,529 899,724 102,921 Grain Bush. Lumber Feet. Live stock No. 280,719 8;758' '25,766 J4i' MiHcellaneous Tons. 26,790 854. The quantity of coal carried was 137,472 tons, being a decrease Coal of 19,935 tons. , carried. 855. The receipts per mile were $2,721, as compared with $3,102 in Receipts 1890 and $3,506 in 1889 ; and the freight carried per mile amounted J^nses iier to 1,192 tons, as against 1,409 tons in 1890. The expenses amounted mile. to $3,662,342, being $684,947 more than the receipts, and were at the > " ■.ft i' ;» ■n. • '"ih • ri >''^ '•"if' 474 CHAPTER XIV. Canadian Pacific Short Line. Windsor Branch. rate of $3,347 per mile, being a reduction of $547 per mile as com- pared with 1890, and of $913 per mile as compared with 1889. 856. On the 3rd June, 1889, the Canadian Pacific Railway Com- pany opened their Short Line from Montreal vid Mattawamkearr, through the State of Maine to St. John, N.B., reducing the distaiuti between that port and Montreal to 480 miles. As was anticipated, this route takes a portion of the business of the maritime provinces with the west, particularly the through passengers, and the traffic on the Intercolonial has been proportionately reduced. 857. The Windsor Branch is owned and maintained by the Govern- ment, but is operated by the Windsor and Annapolis Railway, wlm pay one-third of the gross earnings to the Government. The Govern- ment's share is generally sufficient to cover the cost of maintenance, and during 1891 the profits amounted to $1,303. The i"oad runs from Windsor to Windsor Junction, a distance of 32 miles. Prince Edward Island Railway. 858. The Prince Edward Island Railway runs the whole length of the island, a distance of 154| miles, and, including extensions, has a total length of 211 miles. There was an increase in receipts from pas- senger traffic during 1891 of $2,893, and in receipts from freight of $7,998, the passengers having increased 7,409 in number and the freight by 7,907 tons. In proportion to its cost, the traffic on this road is very high, and it will be probably several years before the earnings equal the expenditure. 859. A line of railway between the Oxford station, on the Inter- colonial, and Brown's Point, on the Pictou Town Branch, with a branch from Pugwash Junction to Pugwash Harbour, being altogether 72 J miles in length, was opened for traffic on loth July, 1890. A line of railway has also been built by the Government through the island of Cape Breton, a distance of 98^ miles, from Point Tupper, at the Strait of Canso, to Sydney. This road forms pait of what is known as the Short Line, in which expression is comprised a scheme for con- necting Montreal with Canadian Atlantic ports by the shortest route. Connections have been made by this line with the coal mines of Sydney and North Sydney, which are thus placed in direct communication with the Intercolonial system. The road connects with the Eastern Extension Railway by means of a ferry between Point Tupper and Port Mulgrave. The Government has also assumed the work of construct- ing the link of 20^ miles between Digby and Annapolis, and the road was handed over to the Western Counties Railway for operation on 27th July, 1891. Ail the above roads now form part of the Inter- colonial system. Chijpecto. 860. The Chignecto Marine Transport Railway, 17 miles in length, Bailway. H'Cross the Isthmus of Chignecto, separating the Straits of Northum- Oxford Branch. Cape Breton Railway. Digby and Annapolis Railway. I > » the Govern- lailway, who rhe Govern- maintenance, ad runs from operation on of the Inter- RAII.WAY8 AND CANALS. 476 berland from the Bay of Fundy, which was being rapidly built, and which, it is expected, will transfer vessels across in two hours, saving a distance of 500 miles, ha,s been subsidized by the Government ; but, fur financial reasons, the works are at present suspended. 861. The St. Clair frontier tunnel, which was subsidized by the St. Clair Government to the extent of .$375,000, is now opened for traffic. Of tunnel, the above subsidy, the company had received $316,400 up to 31st . December, 1891. ,' . 862. The following table shows the amounts spent by the Govern- Govern- ment during the last five years on the construction, staflf and main- ^^ituje tenance of railways : — on rail- ways 1887- STATEMENT SHOWING AMOUNT OF GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE 1891. ON CONSTRUCTION, STAFF AND MAINTENANCE OF RAILWAYS IN CANADA, FOR THE LAST FIVE YEARS. i Year ended 30th Jcnk. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. Pacific 471,795 460,087 17,103 1,?00 3,525,418 26,042 210,aS7 94,254 2,300 1,406,533 24,157 52,374 9 87,134 41,376 9 37,367 do subsidy Surveys 9,208 116 4,018,827 24,040 229,640 90,955 504 1,027,042 397 689,45i 15,992 561 3,810,267 20,856 247,559 124,955 36,372 1,904 3,846,719 18,983 266,486 79,103 14,889 Statistics , ... Intercolonial 1,426 3,742,271 28,932 Windsor Branch Prince Edward Island Eastern Extension 267,990 ,3,255 Carleton Branch Subsidies, general . 846,722 1,678,196 1,079,106 Short Line Railway claims. . Annapolis and Digby 9,847 1,083,277 381,943 1,170,523 196-869 Ca})e Breton Windsor and Annapolis 76,502 125,937 13,831 521,442 Royal Commission ^a.k7k Albert Railway 11,437 .'i.iia 177 25,053 &11,943 Fredericton and St. Mary's Railway Bridge Co 274,947 280,932 Oxford and New Glasgow . . . 434,529 12,634 220,886 Special car for His Excellency the Governor General Montreal and European Short Line 124,568 7,114,343 Total on railways 6,466,633 6,715,120 7,968,768 6,229,001 n -4 •:«l f ,1. m^^'^^ m-^' 476 CHAPTER XIV. Pabt II— Canals. St. Law- rence syH- teni of canals. Distances between Port Arthur and Liver- pool. 863. The system of inland navigation in Canada is the largest and most important in the world. The St. Lawrence system alone, in conjunc- tion with the great lakes, extends for 2,260 miles, viz., from the Straits of Belle Isle to Port Arthur, at the head of Lake Superior. Of this distance 7 If miles are artificial navigation by means of canals, and 2,188^ miles open navigation ; from Port Arthur to Duluth, which is the principal port in that section of the United States for the produce of the western States, is a further distance of 124 miles, making alto- gether 2,384 miles. When it is considered that, by this means, unbroken water communication is afforded from Port Arthur and Duluth to Liverpool, a total distance of 4,618 miles, the importance of this system, and the necessity for its thorough maintenance, will be at once understood. 864. The following is a table of distances between Port Arthur, Lake Superior and Liverpool : — Miles. Port Arthur to Sault Ste. Marie 273 Sault Ste. Marie to Samia 318 Samia to Amherstbursr 76 Amherstburg to Port Colborne 232 Port Colborne to Port Dalhousie 27 Port Dalhousie to Kingston 170 Kingston to Montreal 178 Montreal to Three Rivers (Tidewater) 86 Three Rivers to Quebec 74 Quebec to Sainienay 126 Saguenay to Father Point 57 Father Point to VV. end Anticosti 202 Anticosti to Belle Isle 441 Belle Isle to Malin Head (Ireland) 2,013 Malin Head to Liverpool 221 4,494 Particu- 865. The great lakes, which form one of the most remarkable features ^" t^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^^ system of inland navigation, contain more than half the fresh water of the globe, and consist of Lakes Superior, Huron, St. Clair, Erie and Ontario, and the following table gives their length, breadth, area, and height above the sea : — Seat kes, 4 RAILWAYS AND CANALS. THE GREAT LAKES. 477 Lakes. Superior . Huron — with Georgian Bay St. Clair Krie Ontario Michigan Length. Mik-8. 390 400 25 250 190 345 Breadth. Miles. 100 160 25 60 52 58 Area. Sq. Miles. 31,420 24,000 360 10,000 7,330 26,590 Height above Sea. 1 • • ; : Feet. 866. Lake Michigan is in the United States, but is connected with Lake Lake Huron by the Strait of Mackinaw. Michigan. 867. Lake Superior and Lake Huron are connected by the Ste. Marie St. Mary's River, which is not capable of navigation, owing to the numerous a*Hl o'L rapids. This difficulty was overcome by the construction of a canal, Marie known as the St. Mary's Falls Canal, on the United States side of the Uanal. river, which is rather more than one mile in length, and has one lock 515 feet long and 80 feet wide, with a rise of about 18 feet. A larger lock, 800 feet long, 100 feet wide and with 21 feet of water on the siils, is now being constructed. Traffic through this canal has, however, increased to such an extent that the Dominion Government are build- ing a canal on the Canadian side, and through Canadian territory. It will be about two-thirds of a mile in length, with a mean width of 150 feet, and a depth of 18 feet below the lowest water line. There will be one lock, 900 feet long and 60 feet wide, with a depth of 21 feet of water on the sills. The work is progressing, and the contracts require the whole undertaking to be ready for use in May, 1893. The total cost is estimated to be about $3,000,000. 868. The present canal was open for navigation for 225 days during Traffic the year 1891, being 13 days above the average time, which is 212 through days, and during that time 8,888,759 tons of actual freight, valued at Marfe^an'd 8128,178,208, passed through, being, as compared with 1890, a Suez decrease of 152,454 tons, but an increase of $25,963,259 in value. The *'*"*'^^ total number of vessels was 10,191, of which 9,744 had an aggre- Z'^"*^* gate registered tonnage of 8,400,685 tons. The east-bound freight amounted to 5,696,691 tons, and the west-l)ound to 2,919,068 tons. The actual freight tonnage passed through the Suez Canal in 1888 accord- ing to official returns was 6,640,834 tons; in 1889, 6,783,187 tons; in 1890, 6,980,014 tons; and in 1891, 8,698,777 tons; from which it will be seen that the freight carried through the Sault Ste. Marie Canal during the season of navigation, 1891, exceeded in bulk that carried »"'. ri ...: '- ll i ' ■•■ r If- •^'i :^-^i 478 OIIAPTKR XIV. through tHe Suez Canal, which was open for the whole year. Tl, number uf vessels that went through the Suez Canal in 1H91 wn^ 4,207," with a total tonnage of 12,217, 9H' ons, being an averaj^o t 2,904 tons, while the average tonnage of tiie vessels passing thnm, the Sault Ste. Marie Canal was H62 tons. There is of course no i parison as regards valu< of tre>ght, that through the Suez Canal ben, upwards of $300,000,000 annually ; but considering that the Suez Ciinil will accommodate the largest vessels, and is used more or less by the inci- cantile marine of the world, some idea can be gathered of the business done through the Sault Ste. Marie Canal and of the importance nf providing additional accomnuxlation for it, both from the foregi)iii?" -• t*. " ■ -•' ■ '•" i 1 ,• , .■■■■ •• ' m E: 't ■ i. ■ :1 31 :l| m 482 CHAPTER XIV. TRAFFIC THROUGH CANADIAN CANALS DURING THE Canals. hfc Welland. St. Lawrence system Chambly. Ottawa . Rideau. Year. Burlington Bay. St. Peter's Trent Valley. Murray 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1890 Canadian Vessels. Steam, No. 831 854 745 820 l.i.'W 3,187 3,201 2,880 3,098 3,849 332 373 355 637 438 1,203 972 1,029 1,020 1,145 917 1,099 1,141 1,114 1,151 Sail, No. 35 125 111 105 44 85 126 144 436 739 715 1,711 1,277 1,150 1,141 996 5,972 5,702 4,918 5,696 5,473 699 647 619 496 662 2,458 1,746 1,709 1,615 1,389 1,225 1,283 1,388 1,120 966 1,171 1,566 1,470 2,066 1,250 17 20 2 39 565 135 Total No. 2,542 2, LSI 1,895 1,961 2,135 9,159 8,903 7,798 8,794 9,322 1,031 1,020 974 1,133 1,100 3,661 2,718 2,738 2,635 2,634 2,142 2,382 2,529 2,234 2,116 Tonnage. 1,206 1,691 1,581 2,161 1,294 102 146 146 475 1,304 860 646,140 504,268 477,953 565,946 615,821 1,667,686 1,622,796 1,407,797 1,666,102 1,668,568 122,609 117,381 115,699 117,495 134,498 417,506 368,651 379,419 372,163 371,751 130,506 147,784 166,466 145,007 134,884 325 57,322 82,597 90,401 118,262 70,985 3,620 4,475 2,687 20,607 51,800 101,165 United States Vessels. Steam, No. 316 288 303 467 436 562 426 411 560 483 3 4 10 7 27 42 64 50 75 68 Sail, No. 732 366 449 547 312 717 790 796 821 693 1,109 1,246 1,293 1,251 981 661 628 436 631 291 114 81 170 183 64 Total, No 1,047 a54 752 1,014 748 1,26<» 1,20« 1,207 1,381 1,170 1,112 1,250 1,303 1,258 1,008 563 628 436 631 295 im 145 220 258 122 13 15 >URIN(} THE TKD States Vessels. Sail, 1 'otal, No. No 732 1,047 366 tj.54 449 752 547 1,014 312 748 717 1,269 790 1,206 796 1,207 821 1,381 I 693 1,176 $ 1,109 1.112 [ 1,246 1,250 ) 1,293 1,303 r 1,251 1,258 7 981 1,008 2 561 563 628 628 436 436 631 631 4 291 295 2 114 15<'> 4 81 145 170 220 6 183 258 8 64 122 ;■'. 3 3 2 1 3 15 RAILWAYS AND CANALS. SEASON OF NAVIGATION IN THE YEARS 1886-1890. Tonnagfe. Total S'uniber of VesRels. Total Tonnage. Pas- senders, Freight, Tons. Tolls. Increase or Decrease. 393,588 283,039 ^50,318 526,000 506,648 3,589 2,785 2,647 2,975 2,883 939,728 787,307 828,271 1,091,946 1,122,469 3,182 5,503 3,402 4,671 23,704 980,135 777,918 878,800 1,085,273 1,016,165 188,984 146,711 169,135 219,510 194,090 + + + 43,170 42,273 22,424 50,375 25,420 97,094 92,499 92,299 101,400 82,879 10,428 10,109 9,005 10,175 10,498 1,764,779 1,715,295 1,500,096 1,757,502 1,741,447 62,460 56,404 50,602 49,250 61,707 913,690 886,982 781,699 919,872 853,853 74,917 72,437 65,715 72,505 60,720 + + 404 2,480 6,722 6,790 11,785 109,()89 121,005 127,442 122,412 97,249 2,143 2,270 2,277 2,391 2,108 232,198 238,386 243,141 23»,907 231,747 5,109 3,278 3,488 5,017 3,598 193,940 223,272 241,753 220.451 202,407 18,140 20,496 22,316 20,725 18,171 + + + 1,022 2,396 1,817 1,588 2,554 56,436 61,764 42,868 61,419 28,488 4,224 3,346 3,174 3,266 2,829 473,942 430,415 422,287 433,582 400,239 15,038 14,785 14,112 14,787 13,298 745,335 783,047 693,249 747,073 651,356 57,813 54,997 51,603 57,401 48,226 + + 2,818 2,816 3,394 5,798 9,175 11,146 8,373 18,597 19,417 5,794 2,298 2,527 2,749 2,942 2,238 141,652 156,157 185,063 164,424 140,678 2,973 2,944 4,193 2,910 3,921 90,990 92,478 112,248 11.3,126 113,674 6,318 5,566 6,627 7,063 6,145 X 4- 1,342 762 1,071 436 918 1 325 1 — 943 1 1,206 1,691 1,584 2,161 1,294 57,322 82,597 90,654 118,262 70,985 25,887 41,174 39,149 55,443 32,231 1,405 2,608 2,204 2,920 1,742 + 170 253' . . . • ■ • > . • 1,103 304 716 1,178 102 146 146 475 1,304 865 3,620 4,475 2,687 20,607 51,800 19,216 15,646 14,799 25,130 24,679 384 330 257 492 709 -i- 102 54 73 4,727 8,318 235 217 339 101,604 12,689 18,783 707 + 707 463 •• 'Ir .-/ , i '»'' . ■t •• 1 «■■ m ' f. ■..•It: I ' " i' -if: ' r-i' * i; i'tii'. 31i Vi 484 CHAPTER XIV. Summary of traffic through canals, 1886-1890. Increase in traffic. Freight carried through canals in 1889 and 1890. 880. The next table is a summary of the preceding one, showing the total amounts, numbers and quantities under the various heads in each year. SUMMARY STATEMENT OF THE TRAFFIC THROUGH THE CANA- DIAN CANALS, 1886 TO 1890. Year. Canadian Vksskls. Tonnage. United States Vessei-s. Steam. 6,590 6,750 6,405 7,230 9,220 Sail. Total. Steam. Sail. Total. 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 13,254 12,241 11,256 12,163 11,435 19,844 18,991 17,661 19,393 20,655 2,945,613 2,847,952 2,640,322 2,J)95,582 3,139,472 914 782 774 1,109 1,010 3,233 3,101 3,147 3,433 2,354 4,147 3,SS3 3,921 4,r>42 3,3G4 Tonnage. Total Number of "Vessels. Total Tonnage. Passengers. Freight. Tolls. Incffase or Decrease. 667,953 566,680 631,777 830,648 721,397 23,091 22,874 21,582 23,935 24,019 3,613,566 3,414,632 3,272,099 3,826,230 3,8t50,869 No. 78,762 82,914 75,797 81,362 127,136 Tons. 2,969,093 2,820,516 2,761,597 3,166,368 2,913,047 9 347,982 303,035 317,854 380,616 330,510 8 + 47,541 — 44,927 + 14,819 X (J2,7(!2 - 50,10); 881. As far as the number of vessels and of passengers were con- cerned, the traffic through the canals in 1890 was the largest for a number of years, the number of vessels having been 84, the tonnage 34,639 tons, and the passengers 45,773 more than in 1889. There was a decrease, however, of 253,321 tons in the quantity of freight carried, and of $50,106 in the amount of tolls collected. 882. The following table gives the quantities in tons of the principal articles o* freight carried through the Canadian canals during the sea- sons of navigation in 1889 and 1890 : — I, showing the heads in each [ THE CANA- PATHS VKS.SKI.S. Sail. Total. 3,233 4,147 3,101 3,HS3 3,147 3,it21 3,433 4,r>t2 2,354 3,3()4 Increase oils. or Decrease. $ 8 47,982 03,035 + 47,541 - 44,927 17,854 + 14,819 80,616 X ()2,7()2 30,510 — 50,10(i RAILWAYS AND CANALS. (QUANTITIES OF THE PRINCIPAL ARTICLES OF FREIGHT CARRIED THROUGH CANADIAN CANALS IN 1889 AND 1890. t Articles. Welland Canal. St. Tjawrence Canals. Chambly Canal. Rideau CanaL i889. Tons. 7,931 126,66^ 353,59J 4,275 28,36( 2,67: 18,551 84,8« 190,0W 1890. 1889. 1890. 1889. 1890. 1889. 1890. Flour. Wheat Com Barley Oats Rye All other vegetable food .... Lumber Coal All other m e r chan- dise Tons. L 14.509 i 118.002 ) 327,394 i 10,830 J 27,728 ) 1,549 J 20,876 i 60,398 > 202,384 • 232,496 Tons. 8,324 99,045 201,563 2,811 1,703 1,292 22,844 60,896 146,924 374,470 Tons. 6,866 101,420 161,720 1,569 4,507 4,376 31,448 43,437 251,326 247,185 Tons. 25' ' ' ' 1^07 1,37< 43, 81,66, 104, 43( 31,22 Tons. 2 207 3 46 7 3 496 } 6,32 3 662 5 83,183 9 82,476 1) 34,799 Tons. 366 311 52 270 13 23 210 59,803 10,366 41,722 Tons. 487 191 35 101 91 107 342 38,661 15,289 58,280 Total .. 1,085,27; J 1,016,165 919,872 853,853 220,45 1 202,407 113,126 : 13,574 Articles. Ottawa Canals. St. Peter's Canal. Trent Valley Canals. Murray Canal. Totals. 1889. 1890, 1889. 1890. 1889. 1890. 1 889 rns 1890. 1889. 1890. Flour Wheat Tons. 19 70 2 390 855 1 1,699 614,851 304 128,882 747,073 Tons. 19 44 Tons. 1,606 Tons. 1,629 Tons. Tons. 1 43 Tons. 60 384 Tons. 18,397 226,093 565,212 8,821 32,297 3,989 ' 43,738 910,044 553,868 i 813,90S Tons. 23,819 220,086 Corn 489,156 Barley Oats 119 1,378 20 2,139 531,076 40 116,520 1,070 14,185 ' 7,126 23,549 23,263 "2,5 18,3 34,336 Rye.. .. . All other vegetable food Lumber... , Coal 67 53 8.35 " ■ '347 • • 454 1,092 621 15,105 6,506 56,469 760,280, 569,868 All other merchan- dise 9,682 24,295 24,289 738,352 Total... 651,365 K ),443 32,231 25,130 24,679 18,78; J 3,166,368 2,913,047 485 ► '!' ' I ii "'4 ■*; . i'l ■;-5'!| i *i 486 CHAPTER XIV. Expendi- ture on construc- tion, etc., 1887-1891. 883. The following table gives the amounts that have been spent on the different canals during the past five years for construction, repairs and maintenance : — CANADIAN CANALS— AMOUNT EXPENDED FOR CONSTRUCTION, REPAIRS AND MAINTENANCE, 1887 TO 1891. Canals. Lachine •$9,213,274 . . . Beauharnois . . , •«1,752,800 . Cornwall . . . ♦$3,956,789 WilliamBburg system — Far ran 's Point . . . . Rapide Plat Galops *$2,194,504 . St. Lawrence system, unappor- tioned ♦8929,134 Welland ♦$24,013,371 Ottawa system — St.'Ann'fe. .. ♦$1,188,296 . . . . Year. 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 Con- struction. $ 41,754 27,411 77,006 15,686 16,373 3,634 14,412 10,993 17,086 46,966 67,946 163,994 367,038 600,462 115,863 71,742 59,867 139,078 230,671 74,437 56,483 18,494 23,980 35,137 1,074,903 440,462 269,714 169,281 56,139 51,330 20,283 24,786 6,151 8,174 Repairs. Staff and Main- tenance. 22,568 19,999 22,958 22,999 36,293 14,999 14,286 14,983 14,999 12,537 12,100 13,943 58,205 12,758 9,830 7,905 8,190 8,795 8,192 7,987 77,441 86,519 77,547 72,686 82,548 1,500 1,381 1,731 1,626 1,503 53,114 52,230 6*,111 53,114 50,722 18,868 19,325 20,019 19,847 18,887 17,521 16,938 17,891 17,063 16,078 7,636 7,647 7,486 8,955 8,678 109,372 110,806 113,587 109,202 107,663 2,537 2,506 2,669 2,571 2,506 Total. $ 117,436 99,640 154,075 91,709 103,388 37,501 4«,023 45.!K)5 34,840 48,510 7(!,587 98,827 240,0i>0 39t),8;")fl 626,370 131,3!)4 87,579 76,147 156,225 247,336 74,437 56,483 18,494 23,980 35,137 1,261,71() 637,787 460,848 351,169 246,350 55,367 24,170 29,086 10,248 12,183 ' Total amount expended on construction to 30th June, 1891. e been spent construction, 3TRUCTI0N, 1. Total. $ S a,ii4 2,230 ^,111 >3,114 )0,722 117,436 99,640 154,075 91,790 103,388 L8,868 L9,325 20,019 19,847 18,887 37,501 48,023 45,!«t5 34,846 48,510 17,521 16,938 17,891 17,063 16,078 76,587 98,827 240,0fK) 396,850 626,370 7,636 7,647 7,485 8,955 8,678 131,304 87,579 76,147 156,225 247,336 ■B 74,437 5(!,483 18,494 23,980 35,137 09,372 10,806 13,587 .09,202 07,603 1,201,71() 637,787 460,848 351,109 246,350 2,537 2,506 2,569 2,671 2,506 55,367 24,170 29,086 10,248 12,183 RAILWAYS AND CANALS. CANADIAN CANALS -AMOUNT EXPENDED FOR CONSTRUCTION, REPAIRS, tiC— Continued. Canals. Carillon and Grenville. . . , 84,049,913 Culbute ♦$427,841. Rideau *S4,227,953 Trent •$1,143,768 Chambly system — St. Ours •.?212,981 Year. Con- struction. Chambly . . . *$977,339. St. Peter's.. *8678,750. Murray *$1,211,067 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 9 20,747 38,996 298 4,544 4,395 7,761 7,574 17,112 2,818 11,305 20,824 18,889 6,665 21,124 20,967 179,542 114,879 77,270 70,167 12,991 17,964 24,572 21,697 17,911 65,537 51,438 23,221 43,344 1,838 "566 1,483 142,564 146,754 215,326 106,760 61,260 Repairs. 10,664 10,037 10,135 7,582 10,797 967 731 116 Staff and Main- tenance. 500 18,665 26,479 18,106 18,026 21,538 6,009 5,151 6,936 731 4,889 6,865 2,801 2,003 1,936 4,460 20,071 11,860 19,392 14,400 11,400 343 1,688 353 255 312 174 20,011 21,531 22,099 15,896 21,230 730 739 1,060 748 745 29,440 33,469 33,802 34,271 34,642 1,938 1,770 3,242 3,451 3,804 2,175 2,216 2,421 2,138 2,011 19,054 20,073 19,679 19,655 19,205 2,777 3,218 3,085 3,110 3,255 494 5,137 * Total amoimt expended on construction to 30th June, 1891. Total. 51,312 70,564 32,535 28,022 36,422 9,458 9,044 18,278 3,566 12,650 68,829 77,827 58,573 73,420 77,147 187,489 121,800 86,448 74,349 21,684 8,040 5,017 22,388 28,646 28,168 57,036 97,460 90,609 57,276 73,949 4,958 4,806 3,938 3,365 5,050 142,564 146,764 215,326 107,254 66,571 487 ■ ! ( ■ ' ' ■ '■ 1 ' " • ■ i ' 1 ••4' :■:■■ -/.f "^. i: •) M i 488 CHAPTER XIV. CANADIAN CANALS-AMOUNT EXPKNDED FOR CONSTRUCTION, REPAIRS, kc— Concluded. Canals. River Tay . . ♦$447,106 , Sault Ste. Marie *«545,018 { Miscellaneous . Recapitulation. ♦$57,214,292 . Year. 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1889 1890 1891 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 Con- struction. 49,618 64,166 89,486 22,226 17,115 34,019 176,569 326,336 20,874 34,533 10,092 16,427 16,925 1,870,556 1,188,212 1,145,025 1,189,644 1,500,861 Repairs. 649 5,800 1,999 1,800 3,260 199,536 207,755 242,261 177,889 208,028 Staff and Main- tenance. 3,208 47,750 53,662 285,173 292,458 304,248 338,267 348,224 Total. 49,()18 64,l(i(; 8!),4H(; 22,22(1 17,11-) 34,01!) 17(),5(ii) 325,336 21,523 40,333 15,29!) 65,!)77 73,847 2,a55,2r)r) 1,688,425 l,«!)l,5;i4 1,705,800 2,057,113 * Total amount expended on construction to .SOih June, 1891. BaieVerte. 884. The sum of $44,387, spent on the survey of the Baie Verte Canal. Canal, added to the above figures, makes the total of $57,214,292. rRUCTION, ff [ain- Total. ice. $ 49,018 54,100 89,480 22,22fi 17,115 34,019 170,5(i9 325,330 ,750 ,662 21,523 40,333 15,29i» 05,977 73,847 ,173 ,468 ,248 ,267 ,224 2,a')5,20i-) 1,088,425 1,091,5:14 1,705,800 2,057,113 e Baie Verte r,21 4,292. / ' ^i^PENIDIX. , .,■ !! • 1 ' \ ■:4 CUSTOMS TARIFF AND INDEX TO TABLE OF IMPORTS AND EXPORTS ON PAGES 166 TO 170, INCLUSIVE. Abtic'leh. Absinthe (see spirits, c) Acid, acetic and pyroligneous, N.E.S., and vinegar, a specific duty of fifteen cents for each gallon of any strength not exceeding the strength of proof, and for each degree of strength in excess of the strength of proof an additional duty of one cent. The strength of proof shall be held to be equal to six per cent of al^lute acid, and in all cases the strength shall be determined in such manner as is established by the Governor in Council Acid, acetic and pyroligneous, of any strength, when imported by dyers, calico (printers or manufacturers of acetates or colours, for exclusive use in dyeing or printing, or for the manufacture of such acetates or colours in their own factories, under such regulations as are established by the Governor in Council Acid, boracic " mixed. " muriatic and nitric " oxalic " phosphate " stearic " sulphuric .... . . ... " sulphuric and nitric combined " tannic, when imported by manufacturers for use in their factories only Aconite Adhesive felt, for sheathirg vessels Admiralty charts Advertising bills {»ee advertising pamphlets and labels) Advertising pamphlets, pictures and pictorial ^how cards, illustrated aavertising periodicals, illustrated price lists, advertising calendars, advertising almanacs, tailors' and mantle-makers' fashion plates ; and all chromos, chronto- tyi^es, oleographs, photographs and other cards, pictures or artistic work of similar kinds, produced by any process other than hand painting or drawing, whether for business or advertising purposes or not, printed or stamped on paper, cardbcMard or other material, N.E.S Adzes, N.E.S African teak, not further manufactured than rough sawn or split O 22 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 24 19 1 1 1 9 24 ;.•» ■ Tariff. !!!2.12ip. I. G. :» 1 15c. p. I. G. k Ic. add. 25c. p. I. G. & 20 p. c. Free. 25 p. c. 20 p. c. Free. 3c. p. lb. 3c. p. lb. ic. p. lb. !5 p. c. I l_S I Free. Oc. p. lb. & 20 p.c. 35 p. c. Free. \ ■ / 490 APPENDIX. Artiolkb. Agaric Agricultural purpoaefl, seeds for, viz. : — Garden, neld and other seeds, when in bulk or large parcels " " when put in small papers or parcels " *' settlers {$ee settlers' effects) Alabaster, ornaments of Albumen, blood, when imported by manufacturers for use in their factories only Alcohol {»ee spirits, a) '* amyl {see spirits, b) " ethyl (see spirits, a) " methyl, or wood {cee spirits, e) " N.O.P. {see spirits, a) *' wood (see spirito, <^) Ale, beer and porter, wh «i imported in bottles : 6 qt. or 12 pt. bottles to be held tc> oontam 1 Imperial gallon Ale, beer and porter, when imported in casks or otherwise than in bottles Alkanet root, crude, crushed or ground Almanacs, advertising (see advertising pai , iilets) Almonds, shelled . ... " not shelled Aloes, gnx)und or unground , . Alpaca, hair of, unmanufactured, N.E.S '* *• not further prepared than washed, N.E.S. . . " " manufactures of (see woollen manufactures). Alum, iri bulk onl}% ground or unground A luniinum . " chloride of, or chloralum of Amaranth (see lumber) Amber, g[um Ambergris. Ammonia, spirits of (see spirits) " sulphate of Anatomical preparations, and skeletons or parts thereof Anchors Anchovies and sardines, packed in oil or otherwise, in tin boxes measuring not more than 5 inches long, 4 inches wide and 3^ inches deep Anchovies and sardines, in half boxes, measuring not more than 5 inches long, 4 inches wide and Ig inches deep .... Anchovies and sardines, in quarter boxes, measuring not more than 4f inches long, 34 inches wide and 1^ inches deep Anchovies and sardines, \vhen imported in any other form Angle iron (see iron and steel angles) Angles for ships (see iron and steel beams, &c.) Angostura (see spirits, c) Anuine, arseniate of " dyes, not otherwise provided for Aniline dyes, and coal tar dyes, in bulk or packages of not lens than 1 lb. weight, includingalizarineand artificial alizarine 26 24 24 24 31 14 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 44 1 21 21 14 23 23 23 14 26 14 24 24 23 14 14 31 11 20 20 20 20 28 28 22 14 14 14 Tariff. Free. 10 p. c. 26 p. 0. Free. 35 p. c. Free. «2.12J p. I. G. «2.12* p. I. G. 92.m p. I. G. f2.12i p. I. G. •2.12* p. I. G. 92.12) p. I. G. 24c. p. I. G. 16c. p. I. G. 6c. p. lb. and 20 p. c. 5c. p. lb. 3c. •• Free. It (i Free. (< << ii $2.12ip.I.G.and .SO p. c. Free. 5c. p. whole box. 2ia p. half box. 2c. p. quarter bo.\. 30 p. c. Free. $2.12i p. I. G. Free. 10 p. c. Free. )b CU8T< S TAHIfl^ Articles. Aniline oil, crude '• salts Animals, livint^, viz. : — Cattle and sheep Live hojfs Animals, livmg. of all kinds, N.E.S Animals, brought into Canada temporarily, and for a period not exceeding three months, for the purpose of exhibition competition for prizes offered by any agricultural or or other association ; (but a bond shall be first given in accord ance with regulations prescribed by the Minister of Cus- toms, with the coijdition that the full duty to which such animals would otherv/ise be liable shall be ptaid in case of their sale in Cannda, or if not re-exported within the time specified in such bond) Animals for the improvement of stock, viz. : — Horses, cattle, sheep and swine, under regulations made by the Treasury Board and approved by the Governor in Council Animals for the improvement of stock, domestic fowls, pure- bred, pheasants and quails Animals of settlers, live stock {see settlers' effects) " other (see menageries) Animal mamn-es _ Aniseed {see seeds, aromatic) Anise-star {see seeds, aromatic) Annato, liquid or solid " seeds Anodes, nickel Anodynes {see proprietary medicines and spirits, d.) Antelope skins (see glove leathers) Antimony not ground, pulverized or otherwise manufactured. . Antimony, salts, when imported by manufacturers for use in tbeir.factories only Antiquities; collections of (see cabinets of coins) Apparatus for schools and colleges, &c. (see philosophical instru- ments) Apparel, wearing (see clothing, woollen) " of settlers (see settlers' effects) " wearing, and other [lersonal and household effects, not merchandise, of British subjects dying abroad, but domiciled in Canada Apple trees of all kinds Apples, dried " green (including duty oil the barrel) " pine Arabic, gum Arrack (see spirits, c. ) Archill, extract of Argal or argols, not refined Articles not enumerated in this Act as charged with any duty of Customs, and not declared free of duty by this Act, shall be charged with a duty of 20 per cent ad valorem, when imported into Canada, or taken out of warehouse for con- sumption therein 491 i Tariff. 14 Free. 14 it 29 30 p. c. 29 2c. p. lb. 29 20 p. 0. 29 Free. 29 ti 29 (< 29 II 29 II 23 II 24 II 24 II 14 II 24 II 28 10 p. c. 14 23 10 p. 0. 14 Free. 14 •1 32 II 6 11 15 10c. p. lb. & 26 p. c. 31 Free. 32 (< 30 3c. each. 21 2c. p. lb. 21 40c. p. brl. 21 Free. 24 11 22 «2.12i p. I. G. 14 Free. 14 II 32 20 p. c. I y y t \ , f i ■..'.. I' ■» 41 492 APPKVDIX. Ahtiolih. ArniM, fire Amiy, artiolei for— the following articles when im|K)rted by »nd for the use of the army and navy : urniH, military or naval clothingTi, musical intttiunienttt fur bands, military stores and munitions of war Arsenic Arseniate of aniline Artificial flowers. N.E.S Asbestos in any form other than crude, and all tnunufactures thereof Ash, white (»ee lumber) Ashes, po^< and pearl, in packages of not less than twenty-five pounds weight Asphaltum, crude only Attachments, binding (see mowing machines) Attar or ottar of rottes, and oil of roses Australian gum ... Awnings Axes, of all kinds, N.E.S " chopping Axle grease Axles and springs of iron or steel, i>artM thereof, axle bars, axle blanks or forpngs for carriages, other than railway and tramway vehicles, without reference to the stage of manu- facture Axles, iron or steel car axles, parts thereof, axl^ bars, axle blanks or forgings for axles, and car springs of all kinds, and all other springs not elsewhere si>ecified, without reference to the stage of manufacture .... Azaleas . Babbit metal Bags, containing fine salt, from all countries " cotton, made up by the use of the needle, not otherwise provided for *' cotton, seamless , " paper, all kinds, printed Bagatelle tabled or boaras, with cues and balls Bag^fage, travellers', under regulations prescribed by the Min- ister of Customs Baking powder (aee yeast cakes) Balances of iron or steel Balls, bagatelle. .. . " glass Tariff. 31 14 14 18 2H 24 24 31 9 14 24 19 9 9 23 10 10 24 28 32 17 17 24 31 31 14 9 31 26 8 >> p. C. Free. t( It 25 p. c. 25 p. 0. Free. 35 p. c. Free. (t 25 p. c. 35 p. c. $2 p. doz. and 10 p. c. Ic. Iter lb. Ic. p. lb., and 30 p.c. 930 per Um, but not less than 35 p. c. Free. 10 p. c. 25 p. c. 35 2c. 35 35 p. c. , p. lb., and 15 p.c. p. c. p. c. Free. 35 p. c. 35 p. c. 5c. p. doz., and 30 p. c. CIJHTOMH TAHIKF. 493 Ahticmju. Hiiniboo khkIm, not further inuntifactured than cut into miitahlu lengtliH for walking iitickH or canes, or for stickii for unibrellaM, {laraHolH or HunRhadcH Hiinil)crted, filled with domes' petroleum and returned empty, under such regulations as the Minister of Customs prescribes Barrels ccmtaining linseed oil Barilla. Bark, cinchon'' . . " cork, unmanufactured " hemlock " oak " tanners' Barlej; Bars, iron {»ee iron and steel, bar-ii-on) Bars, for railways and tramways, iron or steel of any form, punched or not punched, N.E.S BatUeries, electric, &c Batting, cotton, not bleached, dyed nor coloured Batting, cotton, bleached, dyed or ct)loured Batts, cotton, not bleached, dyed or coloured Batts, cotton, bleached, dyed or coloured Bay rum (nee spirits, e.) ... Bead ornaments, N.E.S Beams, rolled {see iron and steel beams) Beams, iron or steel, for iron or coiii|)osite ships or vessels Beams, weighing, iron or steel Beans " baked, in cans {see tomatoes) Bed cocoa, not roasted, crushed or ground ... locust, and locust bean meal for the manufacture of horse and cattle food nux vomica, crude only vanilla " Tonquin " -tickings, cotton denims, drillings, ginghams, plaids, cotton or canton flannels, flannelettes, cotton tennis cloth or striped zephyrs, ducks and drills, dyed or coloured, checked and striped shirtings, cottonades, Kentucky jeans, panta- loon stuns and goods of like description 24 24 21 2H 31 24 24 14 24 ?4 24 24 24 21 28 28 U 17 17 17 17 22 31 28 28 28 21 21 24 21 24 24 24 17 Tariff. ■f Free. 25 p. c. :i ) '^5 p. 0. .h. Free. 250. each. Free. >t (i 16c. p. bush. 90 p. ton. 25 p. c. 2c. p. lb. & 15 p.c. 3o. p. lb. & 16 p.c. 2c. p. lb. & 16 p.c. 3c. p. lb. & 16 p.c. 35 p. 0. 12i " Free. 35 p. c. I5c. p. bush. 2 c. p. can &; 2c. additional. Free. n ■ tl << >< 2c. p. sq. yd. & 16 p.c. t. M «i> I 494 APPENDIX. Articles. Bed comforters or cotton quilts, not including woven quilts or counterpanes Bed quilts {see bed comforters) Bedsteads, iron tubes and articles for {see tubing) Beef, fluid, extract of, not medicated. •..,.•_ " salted, in barrels (the barrel containing the same to be free of duty) Beer, in bottles (see ale) " in casks " Bees Beet root juice (see sugar and molasses) Belladonna leaves Bells of any description, except for churches Bells, when imported by and for the use of churches Belts, surgical, of all kmdn Belting, rubber " of leather or other material, N. E. S " leather and upper leather, including kid, lamb, sheep and calf, tanned but not dressed, waxed or glazed Belting, if dressed, waxed or glazed Benzole (see oils) .... Berries for dyeing, or used for composing dyes " blue, wild Beverages, alcoholic (see spirits, c. ) Bibles Bichromate of potash, crude ... Bichromate of soda Billets, hickory (see lumber) " steel (see iron and steel, ingots) Billiard tables, viz. : — Without pockets, 4J by 9 ft. or under On those of over 4^ by 9 ft On billiard tables witn pockets, 5^ by 11 ft. or under .... And on all over 5J by 11 ft Binders' cloth Bird cages . Biscuits of all kinds, not sweetened " " sweetened Bismuth, metallic, in its natural state Bison hair, cleaned or uncleaned, but not cured or otherwise manufactured Bitters, medicinal (see proprietary medicines) S3 o 17 17 28 20 20 22 22 29 21 24 28 28 7 24 23 23 23 14 Tariff. 35 p. c. 35 " Free. 25 p. c. 'Jc. p. lb. 24c. p. I. G. 16c. p. I. G. Free. Free. 30 p. c. Free. 25 p. c. 5c. p. lb. & 15 1), c. 25 p. c. 15 23 20 25 i? 24 21 22 1 Tie. p. Free. I. G. $2.12i p. I. G. i5 p. c. 14 iFree. 14 24 '« 28 31 $22.60 each. 31 $25.00 31 $35.00 " 31 $40.00 " and in addition thereto (each tabletoinclude twelve cues, and one set of four balls with markers, cloths and cases, but no pool balls), 16 p. c. 19 10 p. c. 32 35 " 21 25 " 21 .35 " 28 Free. Liquids 50 p. c. and all otliers 26 p. c. CUSTOMS TARIFF. 495 Articles. Bitters, other (see apirits, c) Blackberries, N.E.S. (the weight of the package to be included in the weight for duty) Blacking, shoe, and shoemakers' ink 1 " molasses for («ee second process molasses) Blankets (see woollen manufactures) Blanketing and lapping, and discs or mills for engraving cop^r rollers, when imported by cotton manufacturers, calico printers and wall paper manufacturers for u^e in their own factories only Blank books Blind, articles for : — Typewriters, tablets with movable figures, geographical maps and musical instruments, when imported by and for the use of schools for the blind, and being and remaining the sole property of the governing bodies of said schools and not of private individuals, the above particulars to be verified by siiecial affidavit on each entry when pre- sented Blocks, inverted, glazed or unglazed Blood albumen, tannic acid, antimony salts, tartar emetic and grey tartar, when imported by manufacturers for use in their factories only Blueberries, wild Blueing, laundry, all kinds Board, leather Boards (see lumber) Boilers, composed wholly or in part of iron or steel, N.E.S. . . Boiler or other plat« iron, sheared or unsheared, skelp iron, sheared or rolled in grooves, and sheet iron, common or black, not thinner than number twentj^ gauge, N. E. S., including nail plate of iron or steel, sixteen gauge and thicker Boilers, ships' (see ships) Bolts, iron (see iron and steel) B<:)l8ters Bolting cloths, not made up Bones, crude, not manufactured, burned, calcined, ground or steamed Bone-a«h, for manufacturers of phosphates and fertilizers . . . Bone-dust for manufacturers of phosphates and fertilizers . . . Bone, manufacturers of, fancy (see fancy boxes) Bonnets, N.E.S Books, blank " embossed, for the blind Books, printed, periodicals and pamphlets, N.E.S., not being foreign reprints of British copyright works, nor blank ac- count books, nor copy books, nor books to be written or drawn upon, nor bibles, prayer books, psalm and hymn- books Books, professional settlers' (see settlers' effects) Books, printed, in any of the languages or dialects of any of the Indian tribes of tne Dominion of Canada v o 21 21 10 21 15 31 1 31 12 14 21 14 24 24 9 28 9 28 13 31 23 23 23 31 18 1 1 $2.12i p. I. G. 3 c. p. lb. 30 p. c. Free. 10 c. p. lb. & 20 p. c. Free. 35 p. c. Tariff. "i - f ;■ Free. 35 p. c. Free. (< 30p. c. 3 c. per lb. Free. 30 p. c. 813 per ton. 25 p. c. 35 p. c. Free. <( (C {< .35 p. c. 30 " 35 " Free. % ■fuW 16 p. c. Free. 496 APPENDIX. Articles. B Books ea^)ecially imported for the bond fide iise of public free libraries, — not more than two copies of any one book ; and books, bound or unbound, which have been printt^ and manufactured more than twenty years Books printed by any Government or by any scientific associa- tion for the promotion of learning and letters, and issued in the course of its proceedings and supplied gratiiitously to its members, and not for the purposes of sale or trade Books, educational, imported exclusively by and for the use of schools for the deaf and dumb and blind Books, importation prohibited (see prohibited articles) Bookbinders' tools and implements Boots, India-rubber (see India-rubber) Boots, N.E.S Boot and shoe counters micde from leather board Boot, shoe and stay laces of any material Boracic acid Borax, ground or unground, in bulk of not less than twenty- five pounds only Botanical specimens Bottles, glass Bowls, steel, for cream separators Boxes, fancy work, writing desks, glove boxes, handkerchief boxes, manicure cases, perfume case^, toilet cases and fancy cases for smokers' sets, and all similar fancy articles mode of bone, shell, horn, ivory, wood, leather, phish, satin, silk, satinette or paper ; dolls and toys of all kinds, including sewing machines, when of not more than two dollars in value, and toy whips ; ornaments of alabaster, spar, am- ber, terra-cotta or composition ; statuettes and bead orna- ments, N.E.S. Boxwood [»ee lumber) Brads or sprigs, not exceeding 16 ounces to the thousand Brads or sprigs, exceeding 16 ounces to the thousand Braces or suspenders and parts thereof Bracelets (see laces) Braids, yarn, spun from the hair of the alpaca or angora goat, when imported by manufacturers of braids for use exclus- ively in their factoriei^ in the manufacture of such braids only^ under such regulations as may je adopted by the Minister of Customs Braids (see laces) Brandy (see spirits, c.) Brass, old, scrap and in sheets or plates of not less than 4 inches in width Brass, in bars and bolts, drawn, plain and fancy tubing Brass cups, being rough blanks, for the manufacture of paper shells or cartridges, when imported by manufacturers of brass and paper shells and cartridges for use in their OMm factories Brass, manufactures of, N.E..S " screws, not otherwise provided for . . . " in strips for printers' rules, not finished : and brass in stripe or sheets, of less than four inches in width ■s o 1 1 9 24 18 24 18 14 14 32 26 28 31 24 28 28 18 18 15 18 22 28 28 28 28 28 28 Tariff. Free. 10 p. c. 26 " Ac. p. pair. 30 p. c. Free. i< (< 30 p. c. Free. 35 p. c. Free. 2c, p. 1,000. 2c. p. lb. 35 p. o. 30 " Free. 30 p. c. $2.12i p. I. G. Free. 10 p. c. Free. 30 p. c. 35 " 15 / '»»■, ,f CUSTOMS TARIFF. 497 Articles. Brn«8, or copper wire '• and copper wire, twisted, when imported by manufac- turers of boots and shoes, for use in theii- own factories. " wire cloth " copper, iron or steel rolled round wire rods, under half an inch in diameter, when imported by wire manu- facturers for use in making wire in their factories Breadstuffs, grain and flour and meal of all kinds, when dam- aged by water m tran%ilu, 20 per cent ad valorem upon the appraised value, such appraised value to be ascertained as provided by sections 8, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75 and 76 of " The Customs Act " brick, for build i ng " fire, for use exclusively in processes of manufactures. . Bridges, iron, and structural iroii work Brilliants, cotton, uncoloured . . Brijn moulds, for gold-beaters Brimstone, crude, or in roll or flour Bristles Britannia metal, in pigs and bars " metal, manufactures of, not plated. British copyright works, reprints of. British gum Bromine Bronze, phosphor, in block, bars, sheets and wire . Brooms Bnioin com Brussels carpet (see carpets) Brushes Buchu leaves Buckle clasps, steel for {see steel No. 12) Buckram, for the manufacture of hat and bonnet shapes Buckskins, tanned (see glove leathers) Buckthorn and strip fencing of iron or steel Buck heat " flour or meal Buggies of all kinds, farm waggons, farm, railway or freight carts, pleasure carts or gigs, and similar vehicles costing less than $50 Buggies, etc., costing $50 and less than $100 and all such carriages costing $100 each, and over... . . Build ng stone : rough freestone, sandstone and all other build- ing stone, except marble from the quarry, not hammered or chiselled Builders' hardware : — B\iilders', cabinet-makers', harness- makers' and saddlers' hardware, including curry-combs, carriage hardware, locks, butts and hinges, N.E.S., saws of all kinds, and tools of all kinds, N.E.S 32 28 28 28 28 21 12 12 28 17 31 14 23 28 28 1 24 14 28 31 24 15 31 24 28 19 23 28 21 21 10 10 10 26 Tariff. 15 p. c. Free. 20 p. c. Free. 20 p. c. 20 " Free. IJc. per lb., but not less than 35 p. c. 25 p. c. Free. 25 p. c. 16 p. c., and in addition there- to, 12^ p. c. Ic. per ib. Free. 10 p. c. 25 '♦ Free. 25 p. c. 25 '• Free. 10 p. c. l|c. per lb . 10c. per bush. Jc. per lb. $10 each & 20 p. c. $if: 35 p. c. $1 per ton, of 13 cubic feet. 35 p. c. H'l - IK {Xf ' I 'I -•■ill ^1 ^ ■■'■I'l \ nij ■<•. * *' •*.- t Si i 1 , 498 APPENDIX. Articles. B Bulbs, flowers, all kinds _ Bullion, gold and silver, in bars, blocks or ingots, and bullion fringe .... . .'. Burgundy pitch Burr stones, in blocks, rough or unmanufactured, and not bound up or prepared for binding into mill stones ... Bushes, blackberry " gooseberry *' raspberry '* rose, costing twenty cents and less Butter Buttons of hoof, rubber, vulcanite or composition Buttons, vegetable, ivory or horn Buttons, all other, N.E.S. Button covers, crozier. . . . Cabinet furniture {see furniture) Cabinets of coins, collections of medals and other antiquities . . Cabinet-makers' hardware (see builders' hardware) Cabinet-makers' hardware (see hardware, house furnishing) Cacti Cages, bird, of all kinds Calenders, advertising (see advertising pamphlets) Calf skins, tanned but not dressed, waxed or glazed (see belting leather) Calumba root Camwood and sumac and extract for dyeing or tanning purposes, when not further manufactured than crushed or ground . . . Canada plate, not less than 30 ins. wide, and not less than ^ in. in thickness ... Candles, tallow " paraffine wax " all other, includin^p sperm Candy, sugar, brown or white, and confectionery Cane juice, concentrated (see sugpar and molasses) " other (see sugar and molasses). Cane or rattan, split or otherwise manufactured , . . . . Canes, all kinds, N.E.S Caimed meats (see meats). Cans or packages made of tin or other material, containing fish of any kind admitted free of duty under any existing law or treaty, not exceeding 1 qt. in contents for Cans, etc., when exceeding 1 qt., an additional duty of l^c, each additional qt. or fractional part thereof Canvas, of hemp or flax, when to be used for boats' and ships' sails 24 27 24 26 30 30 30 30 20 31 31 31 31 13 32 9 9 24 32 1 23 24 24 28 23 23 23 21 21 21 24 24 20 28 28 19 Tariff. Free. Ic. each. lo. *' Ic. " 3c. *' 4c. per lb. fjc. p. gross, & 20 p. c. 10c. p. gro88, & 20 p. c. 25 p. c. 10 " 35 p. c. Free. 35 p. c. 30 " Free. 35 p. c. 6c.p.lb.,&20p.c. 15 p. c. Free. 12i p. c. 2c. p. lb. 5c. " 25 p. c. lie. p. lb., & 35 p.c. 25 p. c. 25 " 3c. p. lb. l^c. on each can ur package. 5 p. c. CUSTOMS TARIFF. 499 Articles. Canvas for manufacture of floor oil cloth, not less than 45 in. wide, and not pressed or calendered Canvas, jute canvas, not less than 58 in. wide, when imported by manufacturers of floor oil cloth for use in their factories Caoutchouc, unmanufactured Capes, fur Caplins Caps, N.E.S. Caps, fur Cai)S for umbrellas {ace ribs, brass) Caraway seeds (see seeds, aromatic) Carbolic or heavy oil, for any use Carboys, ^lass, empty or flUed Cardooard, prmted or staniped (see advertising pamphlets) .... Cards {see bank notes) Cards, pictorial show (see advertising pamphlets) Cards, pla^^ing Card-clothing, machine ... Cardamon seed (.tee seeds, aromatic) Carpet bags Cari)et8, viz. : — Brussels, tai^estry, Dutch, Venetian, and dam ask, carpet mats and rugs of all kinds, N.E.S., and printed felts and druggets, and all other carpets and sqtiai*es, not otherwise provided for Carpets, treble ingrain, three-ply and two-ply carpets, com- posiid wholly of wool Carpets, two-ply and three-ply ingrain car])ets, of which the warp is composed wholly of cotton, or other material than woul, worsted, the hair of the alpaca, goat, or other like animals Carpets, Smyrna, mats and rugs Carjjet mats {see carpets, Brussels) " warps, bleached, dyet. or coloured. not bleached, dyed or coloured . Carpeting, hemp .'. " jute Cari3ets, wacp of cotton {see carpets, two and three-ply). wool, treble ingrain {see carpets, treble ingrain). Carriages {sec buggies) . . " children s, of all kinds Carriages for travellers and carriages laden with merchandise, and not to include circus troops nor hawkers, under regu- lations prescribed by the Minister of Customs (^ars, basgage, freight and railway (sei locomotives) " rauway Cartridge cases of all kinds and materials « o 32J 19 19 24 18 18 18 18 28 24 25 20 1 1 1 1 32 24 23 15 15 15 15 15 17 17 19 19 15 15 10 10 Tariff. Free. 25 p. c. 20 " 30 " 25 " 20 " Free. 10 p. c. 30 " 6c. p. lb., & 20 p. c. 35 p. c. 6c.p.lb.,&20p.c. 6c. p. pack. 25 p. c. Free. 30 p. c. 25 p. c. 10c. p. sq. yd., & 20 p. c. 5c. p. sq. yd., & 20. p. c. 30 p. c. 25 " 3c. p. lb., & 15 p. c. 2c. p. lb., & 15 p. c. 25 p. c. 25 " "jc. p. sq. yd., & 20 p. c. 10c. p. sq. yd., & 20 p. c. 35 p. c. 10 Free. 10 " 30 p. c. 3o " 10 ill "■f [■ I. Ill ! • *■ kill 500 APPENDIX. Articlks. Cartridges, gun, rifle and pistol, and cartridge cases of all kinds and materials Cartridges, articles for (tee hemp paper) Carts, hand " farm, railway and freight {see buggies) " pleasure {lee buggies) Cases, cigar holders (tee tobacco pipes) " fancy {see boxes, fancy) " for jewels and watches, cases for silver and plated ware, and for cutlery and other like articles " show , Caskets and coffins of any material Cattle for improvement of stock (gee animals). Cast-iron pipe of every description Casts as models for the use of schools of design Castings, viz. : — Cast-iron vessels, i)lates, stove platen and irons, sad irons, hatters' ii-ons, tailors' irons and castings of iron, N.E.S . Malleable iron and steel castings, N.E.S. Cassimeres (see woollen manufactures) . Cat-gut, unmanufactured '. " strings, or gut cord for musical instruments Catsups (see sauces) Cedar, red (see lumber) " Spanish (see lumber) Celluloid, moulded into sizes for handles of knives and forks, not bored nor otherwise manufactured } also, moulded cellu loid balls and cylinders, coated with tinfoil or not, but not finished or further manufactured Celluloid, xylonite or xyolite in sheets, and in lumps, blocks or balls in the rough , Celluloid, for almanacs, &o. (see stereotypes) Cement, burnt and unground " hydraulic or water lime, ground, including barrel . . " in bulk or in bags . . " Portland or Roman, shall be classed with all other cement at specific rates, as above provided Cement, stone or water limestone Chains (iron or steel) over nine-sixteenths in. in diameter. . . " (of hair) Chalk stone, ground or unground Chamomile flowers Champagne and all other sparkling winea, in bottles containing each not more than a quart, and more than I pint o 8 31 10 10 10 31 31 31 24 24 29 28 31 28 28 15 23 23 22 24 24 32 32 32 12 12 12 12 28 23 26 24 22 Tariff. 35 p, c. Free. 30 P.O. 35 .35 10c. each, & »» »2 each, & 35 P.O. 35 p. c, ^ Free. $12 p. ton, but not less than 35 p. c. Free. $16 p. ton, but not less than 30 p. c. $25 p. ton, but not less than 30 p. e. 10c. p. lb., & 20 p.c. Free. 10 p. c. Free. 74c. p. 100 lbs, 40c. p. brl. 9c. p. bush. $1 p. ton of 1.3 cubic ft. 5 p. c. 30 " Free. $3.30perdoz. bot- tles. t (I CUSTOMS TARIFF. 501 c. each, i fe 3t.) p. c. !each,&3S p.c. • p. c. ree. 2 p. ton, but not less than 35 p. c. ree. 16 p. ton, but not less than 30 p. c. 25 p. ton , but not less than 30 p c. Dc. p . lb., &20 p.c. ree. ABTI01K8. In bottles containing not more than a pint each, and more than i pint In bottles containing ^ pint eac-h or less In bottles containing more than 1 quart each, shall pay, in addition to $3.30 p. doz. bottles, at the rate of The quarts and pints in each case being old wine measure ; in addition to the above specific duty there shall be an ad valorem duty of Channels, iron (»ee iron and steel angles) Charts, N.E.S " admiralty Cheese CheiTies Cherry lumber (see lumber) " trees, of all kinds " heat welding compound Chestnut lumber (aee lumoer) Chicory, raw or green " or other root or vegetable used as a substitute for cof- fee, kiln-dried, roasted or ground Chimneys, glass, lamp. '. Chinaware Chloralum or chloride of aluminum Chloride of lime '* zinc Chocolate, not sweetened " containing sugar Chi-omos (see advertising pamphlets) Chromotypes (ace advertising pamphlets) . Chronometers for ships. Churns, wood, N.E.S. earthenware . Conium cicuta, or hemlock seed or leaf. Cider, not clarified or refined " clarified or refined Cigars . ./. Cigarettes (the weight of cigarettes to include the weight of <} e paper covering) Tariff. Cinchona bark : Cinnibar Cistern ptnnps, iron Citron rinds, in brine Clay pipe, unmanufactured Clays Cliff-stone, ground or unground . 22 $1.65 per dozen bottles. 22 S2c. per dozen bottles. 22 ai.65p. 1. G. for all over 1 qt. p. bottle. 22 30 p. c. 28 1 20 p. c. 1 Free. 20 3 c. p. lb. 21 1c. p. qt. 24 Free. 30 4c. each. 14 Free. 24 H H'li 1*- '"• . % ' .»•'• '; 'vl r- £.1 502 APPENDIX. Articles. Clippii Cloalca 3ingB and waste (lec rags) CldJalcs, fur Clocks, and clock cases of all kinds Clock springs and clock movements other than for tower clocks, complete or in parts Clocks, steel for {see steel No. 20) Cloth, bookbinders' " horse collar (set woollen manufactures) Cloths, N.E.S. {see woollen manufactures). Clothes-ringers Clothing, made of cotton or other material not otherwise pro vided for, including corsets, and similar articles made up b^^ the seamstress or tailor, also tarpaulin, plaiu or coated with oil paint, tar or other composition, and cotton bags made up by the use of the needle, not otherwise provided for Clothing, woollen, ready-made, and wearing apparel of every description, includingcloth cape and horse clothing, shaped, composed wholly or in part of wool, worsted, the hair of the alpaca, goat,*or other like animal, made up by the tailor, seamstress or manufacturer, not otherwise provided for. . . Clothing, donations of, for charitable purposes. . . . . , " for army and navy {see army, article*) for). Coal, anthracite bituminous . ... , dust, anthracite. tar and pitch oil (see oils^ " fixtures, or parts thereof '* productis of (see oils) Coats, fur Coatings (see woollen manufactures) Cobalt, ore of. •' metallic colours, N.E.S Cochineal Cocoa nuts Cocoa nuts, when imported from the place of growth by vessel direct to a Canadian port Cocoa nut, desiccated, sweetened or not Cocoa paste, not sweetened " and other preparations of cocoa containing sugar. Cocoa bean, shell and nibs, not roasted, crushed or ground " matting Cocoboral, lumber (tee lumber) Cod liver oil, medicated Coffee, condensed, with milk, not sweetened " " " sweetened extract of, or substitutes therefor, all kinds green, from the United States 31 18 6 6 28 17 15 16 31 17 16 31 .31 26 26 26 26 24 26 28 25 18 16 26 14 14 21 21 22 22 22 24 19 24 25 22 22 22 22 Tariff. Free. 25 p. 0. 36 p. c. 10 p. 0. Free. 10 p. c. 10c. p. lb. and 20 p. c. lOo. p. lb. and 20 p. c. f 1 each, and 30 p. c. 35 p. c. 10c. p. lb. and 25 p. c. Free. 60c. per ton of 2,000 lbs. Free. 20 p. c. 10 p. c. 7ic. p. I. G. ) p. c. 74c. p. I. G. 26 p. c. 10c. p.lb.&20p.c. Free. $1 per 100. 60c. per 100. 8c. p. lb. 4c. " 6c. " Free. 30 p. c. Free. 20 p. c. 36 " lie.p.lb.&35p.c. 6c. p. lb. 10 p. c. CUSTOMS TARIFF. 503 w©» p. c. p.c. p. c. ree. Ip. c. to. p. lb. anil 20 p.c. ks. p. lb and 20 p. c. L each, and 30 p. c. Al.TICLEM. Coffee, roasted or gfround, from the United States " " and all imitations of and substitutes for, N.E.S Coffee, substitutes for (see chicory) " green, except as hereinbefore provided Coffins of any material Coins, gold and silver, except United States silver coins '* cabinets of " base or counterfeit (»ee prohibited articles) Coif " yarn . . Cok^ " gas (the product of gas works) when used in Canadian manufactures only Collars, lace (lee laces). " of cotton or linen Collar cloth i)aper, union, in rolls or sheets, not glossed or finished Collar cloth paper, union, glossed or finished, in rolls or sheets. Collection of antiquities (see cabinets of coins) Colleges, atacles for (see philo8ophi(»tl instrununts) Collodion Coloured fabrics, woven in whole or in part of dyed or coloured cotton yarn, or jute yam, or of part jute and part cotton yarn or other material, except silk, N.E.S Colours, dry, N.E.S " {see paints) " in spirits (see paints) " in pulp (see paints) " metallic, \iz. : — Oxides of cobalt, zinc and tin, N.E.S Cologne water (sec spirits, e.) Combs, for dress and toilet, of all kinds Commons, House of, articles for (see departments, articles for). Communion plate, when imported by and for the use of churches Compasses for ships Composition ornaments (see boxes, funcy) Concrete, sugar (see sugar and molasses) Condensers, platinum (see platinum wire) Confectionery labels for (see labels). Conium cicuta or hemlock seed and leaf Consuls General, articles for the personal use of, who are natives or citizens of the country they represent, and who are not eng^aged in any other business or professic^ Copal gum. Copper, old and scr&p, copper in pigs, bars, rods, boU igots, and sheathing not planished or coated, and copper ciamless drawn tubing. Tariff. 22 3c. p. lb. k 10 p.c. 22 3c. per lb. 22 4c. " Free. 35 p. c. Free. 22 24 27 32 27 19 19 26 26 18 18 24 24 32 6 24 17 14 14 14 14 14 22 23 31 27 6 31 21 28 21 14 60c. per ton of 2,000 lbs. Free. 30 p. c. 24c. p. doz. & 30 p. c. 20 p. c. 25 " Free. << 20c. p. gal. & 25 p.c. 25 p. c. 20 " 30 " $1 per I. G. 30 p. c. Free. 35 p. c. Free. 35 p. c. Fr66« lie. p. lb. and 26 p. 0. 15c. p. lb. and 25 p. c. Free. .,-r i^ 31 24 'Free. 28 10 p. c. I; 'l4 »»■ •!.* ■?,., Mi •"¥'• ..-.» *( 04 APPENDIX. Artici.rh. Copper, all manufactures of, N.E.S. {lee copper, old and 8crai>) Copjier or brass wire Copper or brass wire, twisted, when imported by manufacturers of boots and shoes, for use in their factories Copper wire cloth, Copper wire rods (see brass, copper, &c.) Copper, precipitate of, crude Copper rollers for use in calico printin^r, when imported by calico printers for use in their factories, in the printing of calicoes, and for other purpose (such rollers not being manufactured in Canada) upon the ini(x)rtte8 of all kinds . . "C.C." or cream coloured ware (see earthenware). . . . 'Creahi of tartar in crystals Cream, sizing . , , Crocks, earthenware {see earthenware) . Crowbars, of iron or steel stay- Crucible sheet steel, 11 to 16 gauge, 2^ to 18 inches wide, when imi>orted by manufacturers of mower and reaper knives, for the manufacture of such knives in their own factories. . Cubic nitre, or nitrate of soda Cudbear, extract of CueH, bagatelle.. . . . . . . . Cuffs of cotton, linen, xylonite, xyolite or celluloid Cummin seed {tee seeds, aromatic) Cupe or other prizeM won in competitions Currants, dried " green Currant wme {aee wines) Curtains, when made up, trimmed or untrimmed . ..... . . Curling stones (so callea), of whatever material made Cutlery, plated, viz. : knives plated wholly or in part, coating under $3.60 per dozen. Cutlery, not otherwise provided for . Cutters '* paper {see printing presses) . . . Cylinder needles Daniar gum Daniank of cotton, of linen, or of cotton and linen, bleached, unbleached or coloured Damask carpets {see carpets) DateM, dried IVcanters Deer skins, tanned {see glove leathers) Degras, when imported oy manufacturers of leather for use in the manufacture of leather in their factories Demijohns, glass, empty or filled earthenware Denims, cotton {see bed ticking) . Departments, articles for, imported by and for the use of the Dominion Government or any of the departments thereof, or by and for the Senate or House of Commons, including ii 17 21 18 ai) 14 14 20 » 28 14 14 31 18 24 31 21 21 22 32 32 9 9 10 9 9 Tariff. Jc. p. pr. 2R p.c. 30 0. p. huHh. 20 P.O. 86 " Free. Ic. p. lb. 3o. p. gall. Ic. p. lb. it p.c. Free. 36 P.O. 4c. p.pr., P.O. Free. it lo. p. lb. lo. p. qt. 30 p.c. 26 •♦ 60c. p. doz., 20 p.c. 26 p.c. 30 " 10 " 30 " and 30 and 94 V**. 17 16 21 26 23 26 26 17 26 p.c. 25 '• 1 c. p. 30 p.c. 10 •• lb. Free. 30 p.c. 3 c. p. gallon of holding capa- city. 2c. p. sq. yd. and 16 p. c. CU8TOM8 TAKIFK. 507 AllTK'LKH. the following articl«H when iintMtrted by the Maid Govern- ment or through any of the d«|iartnientH ther«H)f for the iiNe of the Canadian Militia : - ArmH, nulitary clothing, niiwical InstrumentH for bandH, military HtoreH and ntnnitionM of war. The following articles when imported by and for the une of the army and navy :— Armt*, military or naval clothing, musical instruments for bands, military stores and muni- tions of war Disks, writing, fancy and ornamental {nee Ixjxes, fancy). .... Utxtrine DiHinonds, black, for borers " unwt ... " drills, for pros|)eoting for minerals, not to include motor power Diamond dust or bort I)ia|)ers, cotton (tee cotton fabrics, uncoloured) l)imtalis, foliie Ihsks or mills (tee blanketing) . Ddt'skins, N.K.S. (tee woollen manufactures) Diij^wood (tee lumber) DoIIh (tee boxes, fancy) Dominion Government, articles for (tee de|>artment8) Doors for safes and vaults of iron or Nteel Driigon's blood Driun pipes, sewer pif>e«, chimney linings or vents, and inverted blocks, glazed or ungla/ed, and earthenware tiles Drain tiles, not glazed Drawers, woolhn (tee woollen manufactures) . Drawings and building ulans . " importation ot pn>hibited («ee prohibited articles). Drf using, harness Dried fruit, N.E.S Driers, Japan and liquid Drillings, cotton (tee cottoias, grey, and bed tickings) . Drilluw cotton, not printed isee cottons, grey) dyed (tef bed ticking) 31 31 31 10 27 27 27 17 14 28 16 24 31 31 28 14 12 12 16 10 21 24 17 17 17 Drops, medicinal («c proprietary meiHcines) \ 14 Drufijjfets (tee farpets) . 16 Dry ^>utty, foi polishing granite 26 Duahn (tee giant powder) I 8 Duck for belting and hose, when imported by manufacturers of! rubber goods for ijse in their factories ■ 17 ■ " 17 17 Ducks, cotton, not printed, &c. (tee cotton, grey) " " dyed or coloured (tee bed tickings). Tariff. Free. Free. •.V) p. <• Ic. fwr lb. Free. 25 p. c. Free. It 10c. per lb., A 20 p. c. Free. 36 p. c. Free. 36 p. 0. Free. 36 p. c. 20 " 10c. per lb., & 20 p. c. 20 p. 0. 30 p. c. Ic. per lb. 20c. per gall., & 25 p. c. Ic. per sq. yd.. Si 16 p. c. 2c. per sq. yd., & 15 p. c. 26 p. c. 20 " 5c. per lb., & 20 p. c. Free. Ic. per sq. yd., & 16 p. c. 2c. per sq. yd., & 15 p. c. 508 APPENDIX. Articles. Dutch carpets (see carpets) *' or schlag tietal leal Dyes, aniline, not otherwise provided for ** '* {see aniline dyes) Dyeing or tanning articles, in a crude state, uped in dyeing or tanning, N.EiS Dynamite (see giant powder) B Earthenware and stoneware, viz. : — Demijohns or juga, churns and crocks, per gallon of hold- ing capacity Earthenware and stoneware, brown or coloured, and Rocking- ham ware, white granite or ironstone ware, "C.C." or cream-coloured ware, decorated, printed or sponged, and all earthenware, N.E.S Ebony (see lumber) Effects of subjects dying abroad (see apparel, wearing) Eggs Cfa Elastic rubber thread, for the manufacture of elastic webbing, when imported by the manufacturers of elastic rubber webbing, to be used for that purpose only, in their own factories, until such time as the said rubber thread is manu- factured in Canada Elder wine (see wines) , Electric arc light carbons or carbon points, not exceeding twelve inches in length, two dollars and fifty cents iier thousand, and in proportion for greater or less lengths Electric lights, globt-s for *' batteries " lights, apparatus for Electro-plated ware (see plated ware) I 27 Electrotypes of books («ee stereotypes) 28 " for commercial blanks (see stereotypes) ** N.K.S. (see stereotypes) Elixirs (see spirits) « Tariff. o 15 25 p. c. 28 30 ♦• 14 10 " 14 Free. 14 << 8 5c. per lb., & 20 p. c. 26 26 24 32 20 24 22 Embossed books for the blind Embroideries Emery, in blocks, crushed or ground . " paper. . " wheels.. Emetic, tartar (see blood albumen) Enamel sizing Enamelled leather Ends, steel (see ferro-manganese) Engraved plates (on wood and on steel or other metal). Engraving^ . 31 26 6 6 28 28 22 1 18 26 9 32 14 14 23 28 31 3 (see stereotypes) j 3 3c. per gall. I p. c. Free. n 5c. per doz. Free. 25c. p. I. G., & 3c. p. I. G. for each degree from 26 up to 40, & 30 p. c. S2.50 i)er 1,000. 30 p. c. 26 " 25 " 30 " 2c. p. sq. in. $2.12ii)erl. G., & 30 p. c. Free. 30 p. c. Free. 30 p. c. 25 " Free. Ic. jjer lb. 25 p. c. $2 p. ton. 20 p. c. 20 " 2c. p. sq. in. CUSTOMS TARIFF. t 509 Articles. Tariff. E Engines, fire " locomotive («fc locomotives) " steam, for snips {see, ships) " other {ice locomotives) ... " portable, steam ( in kegs, half-kegs, quarter-kegs and other similar packages Nitro-glycerine or Extracts containing spirits (see spirits, d) . of archill " of beef, or fluid beef, not medicated " of cudbear " of logwood {see camwood). Extract of cofwie or substitutes therefor of all kinds . . " of madder, ground or prepared. " of malt (non-alcoholic), for medicinal purposes. " of saffron " of safflower Eye-glasses " parts of, unfinished Free. t< 35 p. c. 35 «' Free. $2,124 p. I- G. & 30 p. c. 20 p. c. $2.12ip. I. G. & 30 p. c. -L 5c. p. lb. $2,124 p. I. G. 20 p. c. 25 *' 8 35 " 8 3 c. p. lb. 8 15c. " 8 4c. " 8 5c. p. lb., p. c. & 20 8 5c. p. lb. 8 10c. p. lb. &,20 p. c. •«i"iM 22 $2.12^ p. I 30 p. c. G.& 14 Free. 22 25 P.O. 14 Free. 14 «t 22 5 c. p. lb. 14 Free. 14 ,25 p. c. 14 Free. . 14 '• k I . ■ 4'- ,K I I 1" ■ I 510 APPENDIX. Articles. o Fabrics, coloured {see cotton fabrics) •♦ cotton " '* uncoloured " Fabrics, woollen. All fabrics composed wholly or in part of wool, worsted, the hair of the alpaca, goat, or other like animal, not otherwise provided for, on all such goods cost- 1 ing 10c. per yard and under | Fabrics, woollen, costing over 10c. and under 14c ' " " costing 14c. and over I As regards the three preceding items, the half-penny! sterling shall be coni^)uted as the equivalent of a cent, andj larger suniR in sterhng money shall be computed at the same ratio. I Fancy cases (see boxes, fancy) . . . | Fancy glasses, dried, but not coloured or otherwise manufac-! tured j Farina (see starch) j Fashion plates (see advertising pamphlets) I Feathers, all kinds, N.E.S ! *' ostrich and vulture, undressed " " dressed . Felloes and parts of wheels, rough hewn or sawn oni> . . Felloes of hickory wood, rough sawn to shape only, :• : ^-h sawn and bent to shape, not planed, smoothed or uiiterwise manufactured, when imported by manufacturers of car- riage and cart wheels to be used in the manufacture of sucTi articles in their own factories only Felt, adhesive, for sheathing vessels '. *' board, sized (see hemp paper) . . .■ •' cloth, N.E.S. (see woollen manufactures) " pressed, of all kinds, not filled or covered by or with any woven fabric " printed (see carpets) Fencing wire, barbed, of iron or steel buckthorn and strip of iron or steel Fennel seed (see seeds, aromati';) Fenugreek seed *' Ferro-manganese, ferro-silicon, spiegel, steel bloom ends and crop ends of steel rails, for the manufacture of iron or steel. Ferrules (see ribs of brass, &c. ) Fibre, Mexican " tampico or istle " vegetable, for manufacturing purposes Fibres, vegetable, natural, not protfuced by any mechanical process Fibre ware, indurated fibre ware, vulcanized fibre ware and all articles of like material Fibrilla Field seeds (see seeds, garden) Figs Files and rasps Fillets of cotton and rubber, not exceeding 7 inches wide, when imported by and for the use of manufactures of card clothing 17 17 17 15 15 15 TariflF. 24 31 24 9 17 25 p. c. 32J " 25 " 22i p. c. 25 " 27i " 35 p. c. Free. 6c.p.lb.&20p.c. 25 p. c. 31 24 24 1 18 18 !15 18 35 " 10 15 " 10 Free. 19 17 15 1 10c. p. lb., & 20 15 [nlplc. 15 |25 " 28 lie. p. lb. 28 lie. p. lb. 24 Free. 24 I " 28 i«2 p. ton. 28 Free. 24 24 " 24 30 p. c. 24 iFree. 24 Ic. p. lb. 35 p. c. Free. 5! CUSTOMS TARIFF. 511 :, '''fl Articles. Fillets, rubber, for card clothing (see fillets of cotton) Firearms Fire brick, for use exclusively in process of manufactures Fire clay . Fireproof paint (sec oxides) Fireworks Fish, boneless — Fish, foreign caught, imported otherwise than in barrels or half barrels, whether fresh, dried, salted or pickled, not specially enumerated or provided for by this Act Fish, labels for (see labels) Fish, all other, pickled, salted, in barrels ... Fish skins and fish offal, when imported by manufacturers of glue for use in their own factunes Fish oil " cod liver, medicated Fish preserved in oil, except anchovies and sai-dines . Fish, salmon, and all other fish prepared or preserver' ncluding oysters, not specially enumerated or provided for i his Act. Fish packages containing oysters or other fish not othe, >e pro- vided for (see cans or packages) Fish, smoked .•••••. •••. Fish hooks, nets and seines, and fishing lines and twinus, but not to include sporting fishing tackle or hooks with fiies or trawling spoons, or threads or twines commonly used for sewing or manufacturing purposes . Fisheries, produce of, N.E.S. (see oil, spermaceti) Fishing rods. Fish plates, railway. Fixtures, gas, coal oil or kerosene, and parts thereof. ... . Flag-stones, sawn or otherwise dressed Flannels, Canton, not printed (sec cotton, grey) " dyed, etc. (see bed tickings) cotton, not printed (see cotton, grey) . *' dyed (sec bed tickings) N.E.S. (see woollen manufactures) Flannelettes, cotton Fltvsks of 8 oz. capacity and over . Flasks of less than 8 oz. capacity Flats, iron (sec iron and steel, bar iron) Flax, canvas of, when to be used for boats and ships' sails " fibre, scutched " hackled ** OAun LH.^'lA.t *■■ *■>•■ ■• • • ••■(••■••••• " tow of, scutched or green Flaxseed oil, raw or boil 6 24 8 12 2U 14 5 20 20 1 20 23 25 25 20 20 20 20 20 5 28 28 26 17 Tariff. Free. 20 p. c. Free. >i 30 p. c. 25 " Ic, p. lb. 50c, p. 100 lbs. 15c. p. lb., k 25 p. c. Ic. p. lb. Free. 20 p. c. 20 " 30 " 25 " 25 " Ic. p. lb. 9 Free. 17 17 17 15 17 26 28 19 19 19 24 19 25 20 p. c. 30 " $12 p. ton. 30 p. c. $2 p. ton. Ic. p. sq. yd., & 15 p. c. 2c. p. sq. yd.," & 15 p. c. Ic. p. sq. yd., & 15 p. c. 2c. p. sq. yd., & 15 p. c. 10c. p. lb., & 20 p. c. 2c. p. sq. yd., & ■•.5 p. c. 26 i5c. p. doz., & 30 p. c. 30 p. c. $13 p. ton. 5 p. c. Ic. p. lb. 2c. " 10c. p. bush. Ac. p. lb. lie. p. lb. ? i m l! "i* ■ i \ \l liifi ) I Hi 1 ii"' 'e-i k 512 APPENDIX. Articles. P Flint, flints and ground flinf:9tone8 Flint paper Florist stock, viz. : Palms, orchids, azaleas, cacti, and flower bulbs of all kinds Flower odours, preserved {see pomades) Flowers, aitificial. " chamomile Flower seeds (see garden seeds) Flour, damaged («ce bread ^tuffs) " buckwheat, or meal of " of rice " of rye " of sago " of starch (see starch) ... " of wheat ' ' of Canadian produce, ground in United States {see wheat) Folders (see labels) i ciders {ace printing presses) Foliae digitalis Foot grease, being the refuse of the cotton seed after the oil has been pressed out, but not when treated with alkalies . Force pumps, iron I'orgings, N.E.S. (see iron and steel forgings) Forks, cast iron, not handled, nor ground or otherwise further manufactured Forks, 2 and 3-pronged, of all kinds Forks, 4, 5 and 6-pronged, of all kinds.. Fossils . ■. Fowls, domestic, pure-bred, for the improvement of stock, and pheasants and quails Franus, pictures, as furniture Freestone {see stone, rough) French odours, preserved {see pomades) Fringe, bullion Fringes (see laces) Fruit, dried, all other, N.E.S Fruit, green, viz. :— Apples, including the duty on barrel Blackberries, gooseberries, raspberries and strawberries, N.E.S., — tne weight of the package to be included i'.i the weight for duty Cherries and currants Cranberries, plums and quinces Currants Grapes Oranges and lemons, in boxes of capa<-)ty not exceeding two and one-half cubic fwet, twenty-five cents per box ; in one-half boxes, capacity not exceeding one and one- fourtl) culnc feet, thirteen cents per half-box ; in cases and all other packages, ten cents per cubic foot holding capacity ; in bulk, one dollar and sixty cents per one thousand oranges or lemons ; in banrels not exceeding 26 9 24 31 18 24 24 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 1 9 24 24 28 28 28 9 9 29 4 26 31 27 18 21 21 Free. 30 p. c. Free. 15 p. c. 25 " Free. 20 p. c. "c. p. lb. 50c. p. br). 2c. p. lb. 75c. p. brl. Free. 15c. per lb., & 25 p. c. 10 p. c. Free. << 35 p. c. 10 p. c. 5c. each & 25 p. c. «2p.doz&20p.c. 26 Free, 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 35 p. c. $1 p. ton cub. ft. 15 p. c. Free. 30 p. c. Ic. per lb. 40c. p. brl. 3c. p. lb. Ic. p. qt. 30c. p. bush. 1 c. p. qt. 2c. p. lb. of 13 25c. 13a p. box. p. half-box. 10c 91 . p. c. ft. 60 p. 1,000. CUSTOMS TARIFF. 513 Articles. W Fruit, green, viz : — in capacity that of the one hundred and ninety-six pouna flour barrel Peaches, N.O.P.,— the weight of the package to bf/ in^ eluded in the weieht for duty Fruits, viz. : — Bananas, plantains, pine-apples, pomef;:tfA.".i. p. lb. can or Pkg. 10c. p. gall. 81.90 p. 1.6. 15c. p. lb., & 26 p. c. 40c. p. gall. Free. 20 p. c. Free. 35 p. c. 35 " Free. 15 p. c. Free. 25 p. c. Free. 25 p. c, 20 " Free. 30 p. c. 35 " 13 30 " 24 Free. 14 14 28 25 p. c. 28 Free. v\ ;j- ■1' ti. T' Ml : *»■" 514 APPENDIX. Ari'icles. Gt Giant powder, dualin, dynamite, and other explosives in which nitro-glycerine ia a constituent part Gigs (see buggies) Guj ware {see plated ware) . Ginger, unground " ground " preserved " wine (see spirits, ff) . Ginghams (see bed tickings) Gin, of all kinds (see spirits, a) Ginseng root Girders (ste iron and steel angles) Glass and glassware, viz. : — Crystal and decorated glass tableware made expressly for mounting with silver — plated trininiings, when imported by manufacturers of plated ware Glass carboys and demijohns, empty or filled, bottles and decanters, flasks and phials of less capacity than eight ounces Flanks and phials of eight ounces capacity and over, tele- graph and lightning rod insulators, jars and glass balls, ana cut, pressed or moulded tableware Lanij), gas light and electric light shades, lamps and lamp chimneys, side-lights and head-lights ; globes for lanterns, lam|)s, electric lights and gas lights, N.E.S Imitation porcelain shades and coloured glass shades, not figured, painted, enamelled or engraved . . Common and colourlesb window glass ; and plain, coloured, stained or tinted, or muffled glass in sheets Ornamental figured, and enamelled coloured glass; painted and vitrifiea glass; figured, en«.melled and obscured white glass ; and rough rolled plate glass Plate glass, not coloured, in {lanes of not over thirty square feet each, six cents per square foot ; and when bevelled two centb per square foot additional Plate glass m panes of over thirty and not over seventy square foet each, eight cents \yer square foot ; and when bevelled, two cents per square foot additional s Tariff. Plate glass in panes of over seventy square feet each, nine cents per square foot ; and when bevelled, two cents per square foot additional . Silvered glass " bevelled Stained glass windows All other glass 'and manufactures of glass, N.O.P., includ- ing bent plate glass 10 27 22 6c. p. lb., and 20 p. c. .30 p. c. 10 " 22 !25 22 22 17 22 24 28 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 35 " 2c. p. sq. yd., & 15 p. c. $2.12i p. l.G. Free. • 20 p. c. 30 " 5c. p. doz. pieces & 30 p. c. 30 p. c. 20 " 20 *' 25 " fkj. p. sq. ft., k 2c. J), .sq. ft. additional. 8c. p. sq. ft., & 2c. p. sq. ft. additional. 9c. p. sq. H,, & 2c. p. sq. ft. additional. 30 p. c. 35 " 30 " 20 " }}f Tariff. 5c. p. lb., and 20 p. c. 30 p. c. 10 " 25 " 35 " 2c. p. sq. yd., & 15 p. c. $2.12i p. l.G. Free. • 20 p. c. 30 *• 5c. p. doz. &30p. piecfi* c. 30 p. c. 20 " 20 " 25 " Oc. p. 8q. ft., 1% 2c. p. sq. ft. additional. 8c. p. sq. ft., k 2c. p. 8(1. ft. additional. 9c. p. sq. *t., & 2c. p. sq. ft. additional. 30 p. c. 35 " 30 " 20 " CUSTOMS TARIFF. Articles. (ilass paper (Ilobes, glass, for lanterns, lamps, electric lirrhts and gas-lights, N.E.S Globules, or iron sand. (ilovo ler thers, when imported by glove manufacturers for use in their factories in the manufacture of gloves, viz. : kid, lamb, buck, deer, antelope and waterhog, tanned or dressed, coloured or uncoloured ... (ilove boxes, fancy («ee boxes, fancy) ' lloves and mittf, of all kinds Glue, sheet, broken sheet and ground " liquid (Hucose or grai)e sugar, glucose syrup and corn syruj), or any syrups containing any admixture thereof Glucose syrup . . . • (ioat-bair, alpaca, not further prepared than washed, N.E.S (iold bullion, in bars, blocks or ingots " leaf " coins " manufactures of * -Mbeaters, brim moulds for idbeaters' moulds " skins.., Gooseberries, N.E.S., the weight of the package to bo included in the weight for duty . . Government, book? printed by any {see books, printed) Governor General, ai tides for the use of Grain, damaged (see breadstuffs) " gi'ound in United States and returned (see wheat) (irafting, seedling stock for, viz. : — Plum, i)ear, peach and other f niit trees Granite ware Grapes (J rape sugar (see glucose) " vines, costmg ten cents and less Grass, Si>ai: Uh, foi; the manufacture of paper " manilla " plaits, tuscan and straw " pulp of, for the manufacture of paytev " other, for '^ " Grasses, fancy, dried, but not coloured or otherwise manufac- tured Gravels Grease (see foot grease) " axle " rough, the refuse of animal fat, for the manufacture of Boap only Grindstones, not mounted, and not loss than 12 in. diameter . . (Trip machines, wire for (see wire) Guano and other animal and vegetable manures Gun vas viz. : — Amber, Arabic, Australian, copal, dammar, kaurie, mastic, sandarac, Senegal, shellac ; and white shellac in gum or flake, for manufacturing purposes ; and gum tragacanth, gum gedda and gum barberry 33J Gums, Tariff. 23 26 30 p. c. 30 " 20 " 23 10 " 31 y " 18 ■' 23 3c. p. lb. 23 30 p. c. I 21 lie. p. lb. 21 lie. " 23 Free. 27 27 !30p.c. 27 Free. 27 20 p. c. 31 Free. 31 31 21 1 31 21 21 29 26 21 21 30 24 Free. 24 24 24 24 3c. p. lb. Free. (( 20 p. c. Free. 35 p. c. 2c. p. lb. lie. " 2c. each. 24 26 23 23 23 26 28 23 21 24 Ic. p. lb. Free. 92 p. ton. Free. «< « 516 :^■ t A i\\ ,.-t ■ fl |l.' '^1 ■ j t^'' ■ ■' !;■ ( . 516 APPENDIX. Articles. Gum, British Gums, sweetened. a Gumwood isec lumber) Gunpowder, blasting and mining " cannon and musket, m kegi " canister, in pound and half-pouQd tins " giant {see giant powder) cannon and musket, in kegs and barrels . " rifle and sporting, in kegs, half kegs and quarter kegs, and other similar packages Gut, manufactured or unmanufactured, for whip and other cord Gutta percha, manufactures of i " crude i Gypsum, crude (sulphate of lime) " ground, not calcined Hair, braids, chains and cords " cleaned or uncleaned, but not curled or otherwise manu- factured Hair-cloth of al! kinds " curled " mattresses '* oils («ce perfumery) Hammers, N.E.S " of iron or steel, weighing three pounds each or over, 24 31 Hammocks and lawn tennis nets and other like articles manu factured of twine, N.E.S Hand carts , . , *' frame needles Hangings, |)aper (tee paper hangings) Handkerchiefs, cotton or linen, plain or printed, in the piece or otherwise . Handkerchiefs, boxes {see boxes, fancy) Handles, India rubber vulcanized, for knives and forks " celluloid Hardware, carriage *' house furnishings, not otherwise provided for Harness and saddlery of every description " and leather dressing Harvesters {see mowing machines) Hat boxes Hats, fur. " Leghorn, unfinished •• N.E.S Hatters' bands, bindiiigs, tips and sides, and linings, both tips and sides, when imported by hat and cap manufacturers onlv, for use in their factories in the manufacture of hats and caps, shall be and the same are hereby placed upon the list of articles that may be admitted into Camda free of customs duties 8 23 24 24 26 26 23 28 23 23 23 22 9 9 17 10 9 24 24 32 9 9 10 10 9 31 18 18 18 31 TariflF. Ic. p. lb. lie. p. lb. 36 p.c. 24 Free. 8 3c. p. lb. and 8 6c, 16 i< p. lb., and 20 P.O. 6c. p. lb. Free. 26p.c. Free. >( lOe. p. 100 lb8. 30 p.c. Free. 30 p.c. 20 " 35 " 30 " .36 *• Ic. p. lb., and 25 p.c. 35 p.c. 30 '* 30 " 26 " 36 " 10 '• 10 •• .S6 " 30 " 36 " 30 " 36 " 30 " 26 " 20 p.c. 30 " Free. Ic. p. lb., and 25 P .c. 35 P.O. 30 a 30 ti 25 II 35 11 10 ii 10 li 36 ratjfs {see rags) . Henbane leaf Herrings, pickled or salted Hickory (see lumber) *' felloes of (see felloes) ** billets («ec lumber) " lumber, sawn for spokes (see lumber) Hides, raw, whether dry, salted or pickled.. . Hinges and butts, N.E.S Hoes Hogs, live Hone^', in the comb or otherwise, and imitations and adultera tions thereof Hoods, manilla Hoop iron (see iron and steel hoop iron) Hoop iron not exceeding | inch in width, and being No. 25 gauge or thinner, used for the manufacture of tubular rivets Hops. Hoofs .... Horns Horn strips, when to be used in making corsets " manuf,"otures, fancy (see boxes, fancy) ... " tips Hosiery, cotton (see socks and stockings) Tariff. 23 Free. 31 II 9 92 p. doz., & 20 p. c. 9 5c. each, & 26 p.c. 13 30 p. c. 24 Free. 24 ' Il 24 19 26 p. c. i » •' I woollen (see woollen manufactures). 24 Free. 17 Free. 24 II 20 24 ic p. lb. Free. 24 it 24 e or seo- ' tion, cold rolled, cold hammered or polished in any way, in addition to the ordinary pro- cess of hot rolling or hammering, there snail be |>aid, in addition to the rates ini|)OBed on the said material Provided further, that all metal produced from in)n or its ores, which is cast and malleable, of whatever description or form, without regard to the iieroentage of carl)on ctmtained therein, whether produced by cementation, or converted, cast or made from iron or its ores by the crucible, Bense- mer, pneumatic, Thomas-Gilchrist-bosic, Hiemens- Martin or o|)en hearth process, or by the eciuivalent of either, or by the combination of two or more of the processes or their equivalents, or by any fiiHion or other process which pro- duces from iron or its ores a metal either granulous or fibrous in structure, which is cast and malleable, except what is known as malleable inm costings, shall be classed and denominated as steel. Provided further that all arti- cles rated as iron or manufacture of iron shall be charge- able with the same rate of duty if made of steel, or of steel and iron combined, unless otherwise si)ecially provided for. Iron and steel bars, railway, of any form, punched or not punched, N . E.S . Beams {nee iron and steel angles) " sheets, plates, angles and knees for iron or composite ships or vessels Bedsteads, rolled iron tubes for (itce tubing) Billets (see iron and steel ingots) Binding attachments Blanks, bolt or nut, less than ^ in. in diameter " (see iron and steel angles) Blooms, slabs, loops, puddledlmrs, or other forms less finished than iron in bars and more advanced than pig iron, except castings . Blooms (see iron and steel ingots) '* (see ferro-manganese) Boiler or other plate iron, sheared or unsheared, skelp iron, sheared or rolled in gnx)ves, and sheet iron, common or black, not thinner than number twenty gauge, not else- where specified, including nail plate of iron or steel, sixteen g[auge and thicker Boiler tubes, wrought 28 28 28 28 TariflP. 80 p. c, Imt lint less than i\2 p. ton. 98 I), ton. I2i p. c. 28 28 28 28 28 9 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 he. p. lb. 86 per ton. Free. 1 «« 35 p. c. jlj^c. p. lb., and j 30 p. c. 12i p. c. 1 80 ]\ ton. 92 p. ton. 913 p. ton. 16 p. c. CU8TOM8 TAKirr. 621 Artiulbh. Iron »nd iteel : — Uoilers {tee l(KX)tnotiveB). ■hip«' ("^'MliiiM) Bolt-blankii, leiH than j) in. in diauintc-r •• N.E.8 Boltii, with or without threads, 1«. .aan fl in. in diantetnr. . " " N.K.S Ik)wl8, Btee' for cream separate t-H Bridge plaiv (»ee iron and ^teel angles) " and structural iron work Canada plater, nut lesa Inan 30 in. wide, and not less than I in. in thic . ness Ca|M for umbrellas (tee ribs) Car springs {see axles) Cast-iron pipe of every descrii- i 'uf vessels, plaies, i^tove plates and irons, sad irons, hatters' ons, tailors' irons and casting of iron, N.E.8 Cast, scraj Castings, malleable iron and steel casting, N.E.S. . , Chains, over 9-16 in. in diameter . . Channels (see iron and steel angles) Combs, curry Crow-bars Cuttings or clippings of wrought inm or steel sheet or plate, as cut at the rolling mills or ship yards, and fit only for re- rolli rr and to be used for such puri)08e only Cutler* i- ■, otherwise provided for KngintM, 'ise locomotive (sec locomotives) " portable, and parts thereof, in any stage of manu- facture Engines, ships («e6 ships) *• steam other (see locomotives) Ends (see ferro-manganese) Fencing, barbed wire " buckthorn " strip Ferrules (see ribs) Ferro-manganese, fern>-8ilicon, spiegel. steel bloom ends and crop ends of steel rail < for the manufacture of iron or steel. 9 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 Tariff. 2ft p. c. lie p. lb., and .'10 p. c. lo. p. lb., and 25 p. c. l^c. p. lb., and 80 p. c. lo. p. lb., and 2 p. c. Free. 12^ p. 0. Uc.)>.lb.,butnot less than 36 p. c. m p. c. Free. 912 p. ton, but not less than 35 p. c. 28 816 p. tun, b\it not less than 30 p. (!. 28 $4 p. ton. 28 825 p. ton, but not less than 30 p. c. 28 5 p. c. 28 9 35 •• 9 Ic. p. lb., and 25 p. c. ^ni h i': i 28 92 p. ton i 11 VL^i \ 1 522 APPENDIX. Articlkb. Iron and steel : — Files, steel for the manufacture of, when imported by file manufacturers for use in their factories ... Files and rasps Fire-arms Fish-plates, railway ... Flats (see iron and steel, bar iron) . Forfi^ings (see axles) Forgings, or forged iron of whatever shape or in whatever stage of manu^ture, N.E.S Forks, cast iron, not handled, nor ground or otherwise further manufactured Forks, 4, 5 and 6-pronged, all kinds " 2 and 3 " " Furniture, ii-on, finished or in parts. Hammers, N.E.S " weighing 3 lbs. each or over Girders (see iron and steel angles) . Builders , cabinet-makers', narness-makers' and saddlers' hardware, including curry-combs, carriage hardware, locks, butts and hinges, N.L.S., saws of all kinds and tools of all kinds, N.E.S House furnishing hardware, N.E.S Harvesters (see mowing machines) Hay knives « o Tariff. 28 9 8 28 28 28 28 28 9 28 9 9 28 Hinges, T and ftrap, and hinge blanks, N.E.S. .'. 28 Hor8e-iX)wers (sec machines, portable) 9 Hoop or band, or scroll or other iron, 8 in. or less in width, and not thinner than No. 20 gauge j 28 Hoop or band or scroll or other iron, 8 in. or less in width! and thinner than No. 20 gauge '• 28 Hoop (see iron and steel, ingots) I 28 Hoop, not exceeding § in. in width, and being No. 25 gaugej or thinner, used for the manufacture of tubular rivets 28 Implements, agricultural, N.E.S ' 9 Ingots, steel (see iron and steel ingots) i 28 Iron, other, manufactures, articles or wares not s^xtcially enumerated or provided for, composed wholly or in part of iron or steel, and whether partly or wholly manufactured . j 28 Iron, rolled (see iron and steel angles, also bar iron) j 28 Iron sand I 26 Iron, scroll (see iron and steel hoop) j 28 Iron liquor, solution of acetate of iron for dyeing and calico printmg 14 Iron masts for ships, or parts of 11 Iron, sulphate of 14 Iron, same duty as steel (see iron and steel ingots) 28 Joift (see iron and steel angles) 28 Kentledge 28 Knife blaues or knife blanks, in the rough, unhandled, for use by electro-platers 28 Free. 35 p. c. 20 " 912 p. ton. lic.p.lb.,butn()t less than Stt p. v. 10 p. c. «2 p. doz., & 20 p. c. 5c. each, & 25 p. c. .S5 p. c. 35 " lc.p.lb. &2r>p.c. 35 p. c. 30 " 35 " $2 p. doz., & 20 p. c. Ic. p. lb.&25p,c. 35 p. c. $13 p. ton. 12i p. c. Free. 35 p. c. 30 p. c. 20 " Free. $4 p. ton. 10 p. c. v<, Tariff. Free. 35 p. c. 20 " 912 p. ton. lic.p.lb.,but not lesB than 3.^ (i. c. 10 p. c. *2 p. doz., & 20 p. c. 5c. each, & 25 p. c. 35 p. c. 36 " Icp. lb. &25p.c. 35 p. c. 30 " 35 " $2 p. duz., & 20 p. c. Ic. p. lb. & 35 p. c. 25 p. c. $13 p. ton. 124 P- c. Free. 35 p. c. 30 p. c. 20 " Free. <> << '\. $4 p. ton. 10 p. c. CUSTOMS TARIFF. Articles. Iron and steel :- Hay knives . . Locomotives and other steam eng[ines, boilers and machinery composed wholly or in part of iron or steel, N.E.S., thirty per cent ad valorem ; provided that any locomotive which, with its tender, weighs thirty tons or over, shall pay a duty of not less than Locomotive and car wheel tires of steel, when in the rough . . Loops (see ir«n and steel slabs) Macninery, N. K.S. {see locomotives) " ships (see ships) Machines, agricultural (see mowing machines) " folding, used in printing and book-binding estab' lishments ** mowing (see mowing machines) " portable, and parts thereof, in any stage of manu- facture " printing, such only as are used in newspaper, book and job printing offices " ruling " sewing '* " settlers (see settlers' effects) Manufactures, articles or wares not specially enumerated or provided for, composed wholly or in part of iron or steel, and whether partly or wholly manufactured Masts for ships, or parts of Mattocks Metal from iron (see iron and steel ingots). Mills, portable, saw and )>laning (see machines, portable). . Xail-plate, 16 gauge and thicker Nail rods, of Swedish rolled iron, under i in. in diameter, for manufacture of horse-shoe nails Nails, composition ... " cut " hob, N.E.S horse-shoe. " sheathing. wire. wrought, galvanized or not . Needles, steel, viz. : — Cylinder needles, hand-frame needles and latch needles Notches for umbrellas (see ribs) Nut blanks, less than | in. in diameter 9 28 28 9 9 9 9 9 28 11 9 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 9 28 28 Tariff. $2 p. doz., &20 p.c. $2,000. Free. $9 p. ton. 25 p. c. 35 " 10 " 35 " 35 " 10 " 10 '• $3each, &20p.c. Free. 30 p. c. Free. Ic. p. lb., and 25 p.c. 9 a5 p. c. 28 $13 p. ton. 20 p. c. 20 " Ic. p. lb. lie. p. lb. not less 35 p. c. l^c. p. lb. not less 35 p. c. 20 p. c. l^c. p. lb.. not less than 35 p. c. lie p. lb, not less 35 p. c. , but than , but than but but than 30 p. c. Free. lie. p. lb., & 30 p.c. 523 H'M ' * 1 •n r »- si' 624 APPENDIX. ARTICLRa. Iron and steel : — Nuts, wrought, N.E.S. Paper cutters used in printing and book-binding establish- ments Picks Pig-iron Pipe, cast-iron, of every description . Plate of iron and steel combined, and steel not specially en umerated or pnjvided for .... Plate of iron and steel, not less than 30 in. wide and not less than ^ of an in. in thickness Plates, engraved " for iron or composite shii)s or vessels (gee ships), Plough plates, mould boards and land sides when cut to shape from rolled sheets of crucible steel, but not moulded, punched, polished or otherwise manufactured, and being of a greater value than 4 cents a pound Ploughs, sulky and walking , Presses, printing, such only as are used in newspaper, book and job printing offices Pumps, iron, pitcTier-spout, cistern, well and force pumps . Rails for railways and tramways, of any form, punched or not punched, N.E.S Rails, steel, weighing not less than 25 lbs. per lineal yard, for use in railway tracks • Rasps. Reapers (see mowing machines) Ribs, umbrellla (see ribs) Rings •; Rivets, bolts with or without threads, or nuts or bolt blanks, less than | of an in. in diameter "Wrought iron or steel nuts and washers, iron or steel rivets, bolts with or without threads, nut and bolt blanks, T and strap hinges and hinge blanks, N.E.S Rods, Swedish rolled iron nail rods, under ^ in. in diameter, for manufacture of horse-shoe nails Rods (see iron and steel, bar iron) Rods, rolled, of steel, under h in. in diameter or under ^ in. square, when imported by knob or lock manufacturers or cutlers for use exclusively in such manufactures in their own factfjries ... , Rods, rolled round wire, under ^ in. in diameter, when im ported by wire manufacturers for use in making wire in their factories Rolled iron for bedsteads (see tubing) Rope wire, not otherwise provided for Runners, for umbrellas (see ribs) Saws and straw-cutters, steel for, cut to shajie but not further manufactured O 28 9 9 28 28 28 28 3 28 28 9 9 28 28 28 9 9 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 Tariff. Ic. p. lb., and 25 p. c. 10 p. c. Ic. p. lb., and 25 IM p. ton. $12 p. ton, but «not less than 35 p. c. 30 p. c. 12i" 20 " Free. 12^ p. c. 36 " 10 " 35 '• $6 p. ton. Free. 35 p. c. 35 " Free. lie. p. lb., & 30 p. c. Ic. p. lb., and 25 p. c. 20 p. c. $13 p. ton. Free. 25 p. c. 20 " 28 I Free. >»l CUSTOMS TARIFF. 525 Articles. Iron and steel : — Scales Scrap iron, cast Scrap iron, wrought, and scrap steel, being waste or refuse wrought iron or steel, and fit only to be re-manufactured, the name havinf^ been in actual use, not to include cuttings ur clippings which can be used as iron or steel without re manufacture , Scrap iron and scrap steel, old, and fit only tu be re-manufac- tured, being jMirt of or recovered from any vessel wrecked in waters subject to the jurisdiction of Canada Screws — commonly called " wood screws," 2 inches or over in leiigth ..... One inch and less than two inches Less than one inch Screws of iron, steel, brass or other metal, not otherwise pro- vided for Scroll (see iron and steel, hoop iron) Scythes Sections, special (see iron and steel angles) Separators (see machines, portable) Shapes, structural (see iixm and steel angles) Shapes and bars of rolled iron, N.E.S Structural iron work Sheets, sheet iron, common or black, smoothed or polished, and coated or galvanized, thinner than No. 20 gauge, Can- ada plates, and plate of iron or steel, not less than 30 in. wide and not less than i in. in thickness Sheets (see iron and steel, ingots) '. " ( " boiler) " for iron or composite ships or vessels (see ships) Sheets, steel, of not less than 11 nor over 18 wire gauge, and costing not less than $75 ptsr ton of 2,240 lbs., when im- ported by manufacturers of shovels and spades for use ex- clusively in such manufacture in their own factories Steel valued at 2^c p. lb., and upwards, for use in the manu- facture of skates Shoes, horse '• mule •• ox... Shovels. . . . Shovel blanks, and iron and steel cut to shape for same . Skates o Skelp iron (see ii-on and steel, boiler) Slabs, iron, in blooms, loops, puddled bars or o'her forms, less finished than iron in bars, and more advanced than pig iron, except castings Slabs of (see iron and steel, ingots) Sledges 9 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 9 28 9 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 Tariff. 35 p. c. $4 p. ton. Free. . 6c. p. lb. 8c. p. lb. 11 " 35 " $2.40 p. doz. 35 p. c. $13 p. ton. l^c. p. lb., but not less than 35 p. c. 12i p. c. Free. 28 l^c. p. lb., but not less than 35 p. c. p. doz., 8i 25 28 !$1 p. doz., & 25 I p. c. 9 :20c. p. pr., & 30 p. c. 28 $13 p. ton. 28 28 9 $9 p. ton. Ic. p. lb., & 25 p. c. IF lit r» '?' !■ ■ If ■ . ■ fl ih m 526 APPENDIX. Articles. Iron and steel ; — Si>ades, 8))ade blanks, and iion or steel cut to shape fur same Spitiig'el {sec ferro-">ap^anesp) Spikes, coinixjsition ** cut •* wroiight and pressed, galvanized or not, N. E. S Springs (see axles) , " clock . Springs,, clock, steel for, steel of No. 20 - "luge and thinner, but not thinner than No. 30 gauge, to be used in the manu- facture of clock springs, wlien im^Kjrted by tne manufac turers of such articles for use in their own factories. . . Squares (see iron and steel, bar iron) Steel bowls for cream separators Steel, for the manufacture of files, when imported by file manufacturers for use in their factories. Steel needles, viz. : cylinder, hand frame and latch Steel, parasol (see ribs) Steel or iron rails for railways and tramways, of any form, punched or no*, pun 'led, N.E.S Steel rails weighing not less than 2.5 lbs. per lineal yard, for use in railway tracks Steel for saws and straw-cutters, cut to shape, but not further manufactured Steel, in sheets of not less than eleven nor over eighteen wire gauge, and costing not less than seventy-five dollars per ton of two thousand two hundred and forty pounds, when im- porte ■ iy manufacturers of shovels and spades for use eX' clusivt.y in such manufacture in their own factori s Steel valued at two and one-half cents per imund and up' wai :'s, for use in the manufacture of skates Steel, not s|)ecially enumerated or provided for Steel, No. 20 gauge and thinner, but ri.^t thinner than No. SO gauge, to be used in the manufacture of corset steels, clock springs and shoe shanks ; and flat wire of steel of No. 16 gauge or thinner, to be used in the manufacture of crinoline and corset wire, when imported by the manufacturers of such articles for use in their own factories Steel, what shall be classed as (see iron and steel ingots). . . Stove plates ... . Strips (see iron and steel ingots) . . . . Strip steel, when imported mto Canada by manufacturers of buckthorns and plain strip fencing, upon the imix)rter in each case making oath in terms as follows : — " I the undersigned imiiorter of the steel strip mentioned in this entry, do hereby s ilemnly swear that such steel strip was imported bv me, and is of a kind used in the manu- facture of bucktnorn and plain st''ip fencing. I further swear that such steel strip was sp.oially imported by me for use in my factory for the manufacture of buckthorn 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 i) 28 28 Tariff. 81 p. doz., & 2.j * P- c- 82 p. ton. 20 p. c. Ic. p. lb. l^c. p. lb., but lint less than .35 p. c. 10 p. c. Free. fl.S p. ton. Free. 30 p. c. 20 " !6 p. ton. 28 'Free. 28 ' 28 28 ' " 28 130 p. c. 28 28 28 28 Free. 816 p. ton, but not less than 30 p. c. iH» CUSTOMS TARIFF. 527 ARTICLEa. Iron and steel : — and plain strip fencing, and that no portion of the same will be used, sold or disix>sed of by me, or by any person in my employ, for any other purpose than as aforesaid "... Structural snapes and sr>ecial sections, weighing less than 25 lbs. per lineal yard, N.E.S Swedish, rolled iron nail rods, under ^ in. in diameter, for the manufacture of horse-shot' nails Threshers (see machines, portable) Tools, all kinds, N.E.S Track tools Tires, for locomotive and car wheels, when in the rough. . . Tubes, boiler, of wrought iron or steel .. " not welded, nor more than ^ in, in diameter Tubing, Jap-welded iron, threaded and coupled or not, and IJ to 2 inches, inclusive, in diameter, for use exclusively in artesian wells, petroleum pi|)e lines and i^etroleum re- fineries, under regulations to be made by the Governor in Council Tubing, wrought iron, threaded and coupled or not, over 2 in diameter . . . in. Tubing, other wrought iron tubes or pipes , Tubes, rolled iron, not welded, under 1^ in. in diameter ; angle iron, 9 and 10 gauge, not over 1^ in. wide ; iron tubing, lac' quered or brass covcied, not over 1^ in. diameter, all of which are to be cut to lengths for the manufacture of bed steads, and to be used for no other purpose ; when imixirted for the manufacturers of iron bedsteads, to be used for these purposes only, in their own factories, until such time as any of the said articles are manufactured in Canada Vessels, cast Washers, wrought iron or steel, N.E.S. Wedges Wire covered with cotton, linen, silk or other material .... Wire of all kinds, N.E.S Wire, flat (ste iron and steel, steel No. 20) Wire rigging, for ships and vessels {see ships) Wire rope, not otherwise provided for .. Wire of iron or steel. No. 13 and 14 gauge, flattened and cor- rugated, used in connection with tne machine known as the wire grip machine for the manufacture of boots, shoes and leather belting, when imjwrted by manufacturers of such articles, to be used tor these purposes only in their own factories Wire rods, rolled round, under ^ in. in diameter, when im- ix>rted by wire manufacturers for use in making wire in their factories Tariff. 28 28 28 9 9 9 28 28 28 28 28 28 Free. Jc. p. lb., and 10 p. c. 20 p. c. 35 " 35 " Ic. p. lb., and 25 p. c. Free. 15 p. c. 15 " 20 p. c. 15 " tV- P- lb., & .30 p. c. 28 28 28 9 28 28 26 Free. $16 per ton, but not less th&n 30 p. c. Ic. p. lb., and 25 p. c. Ic. p. lb., and 25 p. c. 35 p. c. 28 11 28 28 28 Free. 25 p. c. Free. m '- >:. y Hi ' M u V 1 ' 528 APPENDIX. m^4 Articlsm. Iron and stedl ■— Wrought iron or v.ti <•! 8he«^l, or piiitf cuttings or clippingH, as cut at th' rolling mills or sriiv ' irds, and fit only for rc- rnlling and to In- u'^-i for guo)! |t . ii rae only Istle nr tampj ;o Ivory unmanufactured '• hlxick " mani'factuies, fancy («ee Iwxes, fancy) " nuty, unmanufactured " vaccine poi uts " venetsrs, sawn only iTalap rcot Jams, N.E.S Japans, japan driers and liquid driers, N.E.S . . Japanned, patent or enamelled leather , " ware . Jars, glass s Jeans, wheo imported by corset and dress stay-makers for use in their t iwn factories Jeans, Kentiuky (see bed tickings) . Jellies Jewellery and inanufactures of gold and silver Jewel cases Joists {see iron and steel angles) .... Jugs, earthenware (see earthenware) Juices, fruit, N.O.P., non-alcoholic and not sweetened. Junk, old Jute. " butts '* carpeting " canvas, not less than fifty-eight in. wide, when imported by manufacturers of floor oil-cloth for use in their factories. Jute cloth, as taken from the loom, neither pressed, mangled, calendered, nor in any way finished, and not less than 40 in. wide, when imported by manufacturers of jute bags for use in their own factories Jute matting and mats " manufacturers of, N.E.S " rags " yarn, plain, dyed or coloured, when imported by manufac turers of carpets, rugs and mats, and of jute webbing or jute cloth, for use in their own factories Kainite or German potash salts for fertilizers . . . Kaurie, gum " Kelp Kentledge, iron Kentucky jeans («ec bed-ticking) 28 24 23 14 31 24 31 24 24 21 24 23 28 26 17 17 21 27 31 28 26 22 24 24 24 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 14 24 24 28 17 Tariff. 30 p. Free. i< 10 p. 35 p. Free. Free. 5c. p. lb. 20c. p. gall., & 25 p. c. 25 p. c. (< 5c. p. doz., & 30 p. c. 25 p. c. 2c. p. sq. yd., & 15 i». c. 5c. p. lb. 20 p. c. 10c.each&30p.c. 3c. p. gall. 10c. p. gall. Free. l( ii 25 p. c. Free. 25 p. c. 20 " Free. $4 p. ton. 2c. p. sq. yd., & 15 p.c. Tariff. 30 p. c. Free, ti 10 p. c 35 p. c. Free. Free. 5c. p. lb. 20c. p. gall., & 25 p. c. 25 p. c. 5c. p. doz., & 30 p. c. 25 p. c. 2c. p. sq. yd., & 15 p. c. 5c. p. lb. 20 p. c. 10c.each&30p.c. 3c. p. gall. 10c. p. gall. Free. 25 p. c. Free. 25 p. c. 20 " Free. t( $4 p. ton. 2c. p. sq. yd., & 15 p. c. CUSTOMS TARIFF. 529 Artici.ks. Kerosene oil (see oils) " fixtures or jparts thereof Kid leather, tanned but not dressed, waxed or glazed " {see ijlove leathers) .... . . Kloman process, iron mode by ^«ce iron and steel angles) .... Knees, for iron or composite ships or vessels Knife blades or knife blanks, in the rough, unhandled, for use by electro-platers Knitted goods, woollen (see woollen manufactures) . . Knitting yarn (gee woollen manufactures) " under N6. 40, not bleached, dyed or coloured . . Knives, plated wholly or in part, cost^ing under $3.50 per doz. . " hay Kryolite, mineral Laltels for fruits, vegetables, meat, fish, confectionery and other goods, also tickets, posters, advertising bills and folders. . . Lac dye, crude, seed, button, stick and shell Liices, braids, fringes, embroideries, cords, tassels and bracelets, braids, chains or cords of hair, lace collars and all similar gooils, lace nets and nettings of cotton, silk, linen or other materials • Laces, boot, shoe and stay, of any material Lacquers, spirit. '' N.E.8 Lamp black Lamps, ^lasH . . Lamp-wicks ... :"', Lanterns, magic, and slides therefor Lapuing (see blanketing) Lard oil • • ■ ■ • , ■ • •. ■ , Lard, untried, the weight of the package, when of tin, to be included in the weight for duty Lard, tried or rendered, the weight of the package, when of tin, to be includeAin the weight for duty Lastings, mohair cloth or other manufactures of cloth, when imported by manufacturers of buttons for use in their own factories, and woven or made in patterns of such size, shape or form, or cut in such manner as to be fit for covering buttons exclusively ; these conditions to be ascertained by special examination by the proper officer of Customs, and so certified on the face of each entry Latch needles Lawn and ornamental trees Lava, unmanufactured 25 28 23 23 28 28 28 15 15 15 9 9 26 1 14 18 18 24 24 14 13 17 5 31 25 20 20 Tariff. 7ic. p. I. G. 30 p.c. 15 " 10 " 12i " Free. ' 10 p.c. 10c. p. lb., & 20 p.c. 10c. p. lb., & 20 p.c. 2c. p. lb., & 16 p.c. 50c. p. doz., & 20 p.c. $2 p. doz., & 20 p.c. Free. 15c. p. lb., & 25 p.c. Free. 30 p.c. 30 " 81 p. gall. 20c. p. gall., & 25 p.c 10 p.c. 30 •' .SO " 25 " Free. 20 p.c. 2c. p. lb. 3c. " .31 9 30 26 Free. 30 p.c. 20 " Free. 34 X] If 1 , hi 'i i ff. -i ii,; IH <*' i(l I 1 (. 'Ml 4?'.:; j t' i«« "I" M i 530 APPENDIX. Articles. O Lavender water {sec Hpiritn, c) , Lawns, cotton (see cotton fabrics, uncoloured) Lawn tennis nets Lead, acetate of, not around " nitrate of *^ " bars, block and sheets. old, scrap and p\g pencils of all kinds, in wood or otherwise. pipe. and all manufactures of, not otherwise specified shot red and white, dry Leaf, gold and silver Leather belting, N.E.S ! . . " tanned, but not dressed, waxed or glazed " if dressed, waxed or glazed l)oai'd Cordo":i, tanned from horse hide, and manufactures of. dressed, and waxed or glazed ^love {see glove leathers) japanned, patent or enamelled sole, tanned, but rough or undressed sole t< i< " upper, including kid, lamb, sheep and calf, tanned, but not dressed, waxed or glazed " upper, dressed, wax»3d or glazed " all manufactures of, N.E.S " all other, and skins, tanned, nut otherwise specified . . Leatheroid • Leaves, belladonna " buchu. . " hemlock " henbane *• palm, unmanufactured " senna. ... Leghorn hats, i^uflnished Leeches Lemons {see oranges) Lemon rinds, in brine *' wine {see wines) Leniiti, cotton {see cotton fabrics). Lichens, prepared and not prepared. Lightning rod insulators Lignite, products of (see oils). Lignumvitffi (see lumber) Lime, chloride of.. " sulphate of 23 23 23 23 23 23 24 14 U 14 14 14 14 18 29 21 21 22 Taritf. 22 jS2 p. gall. 17 25 p. c. 17 35 14 6 " 14 5 28 (K)c. 11. 100 lb«. 28 |40 31 .SOp.c. 28 1 14c. p. lb. 28 30 p. c. 8 I lie. p. lb. 14 '5 P.O. 27 30 p c. 23 25 " 23 15 " 23 20 " 24 3c. p. lb. 23 25 p. c. 23 20 " 23 10 " 23 25 " 17 24 26 25 24 14 14 i 10 '• ic p. p.c. 15 p.c. 20 " 25 " 20 " 3o. p. lb. Free. 20 p.c. Free. lb., & 15 25c. p. I. G., and 3c. p. I. G. for each deg. from 26 up to 40, & 30 p.c. 25 p.c. Free. 5c. p. doz., & 30 p.c. Tic. p. L G. Free. CUSTOMS TARIFF. 531 " H Tariff. AllTICLES. Tariff. «2 p. gall. 25 p.c. 35 " 6 " l6 " (iOc. i>. j40 30 p.c, Uc. p. 30 p.c ilic. p. lb, '5 p.c. 30 p c. 25 " 15 " 20 " 3c. p. lb. 25 p.c. 20 " 10 " ,25 *' jlO " ic. p. p.c. 100 Ib.^. (i lb. lb., & 15 15 p.c. 20 " 25 " 20 " 3o. p. lb. Free. 20 p.c. Free. 25c. I). I. G., and 3c. p. I. (t. for each deg. from 26 up to 40, & 30 p.c. 25p,c. Free. 5c. p. doz., & 30 p.c. Tic. p. I. G. Free. Lime juice, fortified with, or containing not more than 25 p. c.l of proof spiritH ' And when containing more than 25 p. c. of proof spirita. . . I ! itj juice, sweetened, and fruit 8yrui)8, not otherwise pro- vided Jiime juice and other fruit juices, not otherwise provided, non- alcoholic and not sweetened ' Lime juice, crude only i Linen rags j Lines for fishing (sec fish-hooks) . . .... LiiiiiigH, chimney, or ventts I Liniments {nee proorietary medicines) Linseed or flaxseed oil, raw or boiled Li(|ueurH, all kinds, N.E.S. {sec spirits, c.) j Liquor, iron, solution of acetate of iron, for dyeing and calico printing j Liquor, red, a crude acetate of aluminum prepared from pyro-' ligneous acid, for dyeing and calico printing Liquorice loot, not ground " ()a8te.. ** m rolls or sticks Literary societies, articles for (see pictorial illustrations) Litharge Lithographic presses " stones, not engraved . . Liteiary papers (see newspajjers) Litmus and all lichens, prepared and not prepared Locks, N.E.S " steel rods for (see iron and steel rods) Locomotives and other steam engines, boilers and machinery, cJ:i.ngane8e, oxide of MauKocs .Mangold seedii. ..... ^lanllla grass " hoods ,..f,. Manures, animal , Manure, vegetuble . . hmuHcripta . . . Maps, geographical, toi)ographi(.al and aHtrononiical charts and globes, N.E.S Marble in bUxiks from the quarry, in the rough, or sawn on two sides only, and not B]tecially 8ha{)en, containing 15 cubic feet or over ... Marble in blocks from the quarry, in the rough, or sawn on two sides onlv, and not specially shajien, containing less than 15 cubic feet , . Marble slabs, sawn on not more than two sides, " blo<;k8 and slabs, sawn on more than two sides Marble, finished, and all manufactures of marble, N.E.S Matrices or copper shells of the same Masis, iron, for ships, or parts of Mastic, gum , Mat«, hemp " jute " India-rubber " Smynia Matting, nemp jute " India-rubber. Matt(x:kB . Mattresses, hair and spring, and other . . . > . . Meal, buckwheat {see wheat) " com (sec whea ! } " oat " " locust boan, f'T trit^ manufacture of horse and cattle food Meal, oil cake, oil i'e.h rotton seed cake and cotton seed meal and palm nut i.:*kv uid meal Meal, damaged (see breadstuffs) Meats, fresh or salted, N.E.S Meats, dried or smoked, and meats preserved in any other way than by being salted or pickled, N. E. S. ; if imported in tins the weight to include the weight of the tin Meats, labels for (see labels) Medals, collections of Medicines, proprietary (see proprietary medicines) , 28 21 14 14 21 24 24 18 23 24 1 26 Tariff. 925 p. ton, but not \etm than 30 )). c. 15o. p. bush. ■ p. c. ree. 20 p. c. Free. 20 p. c. 10 26 15 26 1 15 26 25 26 35 28 11 24 19 19 24 15 19 19 24 13 21 21 21 24 24 21 20 20 1 31 14 2c. p. sq. inch. Free. ■ t tl ■'*• m t Ml \,.hl '•■■V M 534 APPENDIX. AlMICLKH. M Medicinal pre|>arati()n», other (nee Hpiritx, il) Me»*rHcliauni, crude or raw Mehido, iiii|»orted dirnct {»fe Huffar) Melado, iin|i<)rted, nut direct (x^r Hugar) MtnoKfrieH — h(irM«H, cattle, carriaffeH and harneHM of, under re gulationH j)reHcribed by the XfuuHter of Cii8tuniH . . , MeHcal («r npiritH, c) Metal, iMibbit " bi'itannia, tnanufacturett of, not plated '* " in nigs and barH .. " conitMmitiun, lor the inannfacture of filled gold watch coHes " leaf, Dutch or Hchlag " piuH, manufactured from wire of any metal ** plateH, engraved " ty|)e " tagging, plain, ja|>anned or coated, in coils not over lA m. in width, when imported by manufacturers of Hhoe and corset laceH for UHe in their factories. . . " yellow, in bolts, bars, and for sheathing Meters, gas Mexican fibre MicroHC(Ji»eH Mill-board, not straw-board Mills, planing (see machines, |K)rtable) I* saw (»ce machines, portable) Milk food, and other similar preparations " condensed, not sweeteneid " " sweetened ..... Mills for engraving[ {nee blanketing) Mining macninery imported within three years after thenaesing of this Act which is at the time of its importation ot a class or kind not manufactui-ed in Canada Mineral waters, natural, not in bottle — under regulations made by the Minister of Customs Mineralogical specimens Mitts, all kinds . Models of inventions and other improvements in the arts, but no article or articles shall lie deemed a model which can b«) fitted for use Models, casts as, for use of scho. gall, ad- 2i c. y. gttl ditionol. 24 Free. 23 15 p.c. 24 Free. 31 It 4 25 p.c. 4 30 " 9 35 p. c. 14 30 " 18 25 " 24 Free. 14 " 1 10c. p. lb 2 25 p. c. 2 Free. 2 " 24 .. . 8 20 p. 0. 17 25 " 17 25 " 22 20 •' 22 25 " m I, I '-H' {■ % li ^ !»ili M 536 APPENDIX. Articles. N Nail plate, of iron or steel, No. 16 gauge or thicker Nail rods, Swedinh rolled iron, under ^ in. in diameter, for the manufacture of horse-shoe nails Nails, brass and copper " comiX)sition " cut, of iron or steel " horse-shoe hob. wire. sheathing wrought and pressed, galvanized or not. Naphtha {see oils) ' ' wood (sec spirits, c) Navy, articles for {see departments, articles for) Neatsfoot oil Needles, steel, viz. : — Cylinder, hand frame and latch. Nets, lace " lawn tennis Nettings of cotton ... . Netting, cotton, for the lining of boots, shoes and gloves " mosquito, uncoloured " silk plush, used for the manufacture of gloves " woollen, for the lining of boots, shoes and gloves Nets for fisheries {see fish-hooks) NewspaiJers, and quarterly, monthly and semi-monthly maga- zines, and weekly literary papers, unbound Newspapers or supplemental editions or parts thereof, partly printed, and mtended to be completed and i)ublished in Canada Nickel " anodes " silver, manufactures of, not plated " silver, in sheets Nitrate of soda or cubic nitre Nitre, spirits of {see spirits, /) :..... , . . . Nitro-glycerine Noils, being the short wool which falls from the comlw in worsted factories Non-enumerated articles (see articles not enumerated) Notches for umbrellas (see ribs) Nut galls Nutmegs Nuts, all kinds, N.E.S " iron or steel, wrought Nux vomica beans, crude only . ^ Tariflf. 28 $13 p. ton. 28 20 p. c. 28 35 " 28 i20 " 28 Ic. p. lb. 28 lie. p. lb., but not less than 35i).c. 28 lie. p. lb., but not less than 35 p. c. 28 IJc. p. lb., but not less than 35 P.O. 28 20 p. c. 28 IJc. p. lb., but not less than 35 p. c. 25 7ic. p. I. G. 22 «2.12i p. I. G. 31 Free. 25 20 p. c. 9 30 " 18 17 17 17 17 16 30 .S5 30 10 25 15 15 125 '" y !Free. 1 25 p. c. 26 Free. 28 10 p. c. 28 25 28 Free. 14 14 23 32 28 14 22 21 28 24 G S2.12i p. I. & 30 p. c. 10c. p. lb., & 20 p. c. Free. ii 20 1). c. Free. 25 p. c. 3c. p. lb. Ic. p. lb., & 2.5 p. c. Free. V ^ CUSTOMS TARIFF. 537 Articles. Oak (set lumber) .... . " bark " and of oak bark, extract of, for tanning. Oakum (Jats Oatmeal Ochres and ochrey earths, ground or unground, washed or un- washed, calcined or raw Odours, preserved («ce pomades). Offal, fish, when imiiorted by manufacturers of glue for use in their own factories Office furniture, finished or in parts Oils, carbolic or heavy oil, for any use Oils, coal and kerosene, distilled, purified or refined ; naphtha, benzole and petroleum ; products of petroleum, coal, shale and lignite, N.E.S Oils, cocoanut, in its natural state " cod liver, niedicated " essential, for manufacturing purixjses " fish " finish, N,E.S ■2 o 24 24 14 24 2\ 21 14 31 23 13 25 *' flax seed, raw or boiled . . . " fusil {see spirits, h) " liair [see perfumery) " illuminatirg, oomjxjsed wholly or in jiart of the products of petroleum, coal, shale, or lignite, costing more than 30 cents per gall " lard " linseed, raw or boiled Oils, lubricating, connwsed wholly or in part of petroleum, and costing less tnan 30c. i>er I. G " lubricating, all other " medicinal («ee proprietary medicines) ... " neatsfoot " olive " palm, in its natural state " ix)tato {^see spirits, h) " of roses " salad " spermaceti, whale and other fish oils, and all ocher articles the produce of the fisheries, not specially provided for " sesame seed " sperm " whale Oil cake " meal Oilcloth, floor Oilcloth and oiled silk, in the piece, cut or shajjed, oiled, enamelled, stamr)ed, jminted or i>rinted, India-rubbered, flocked or coated, not otherwise provided for 25 25 25 14 25 ! 25 i 14 i 22 i 25 i 25 \ 25 25 25 14 25 25 25 14 14 25 14 25 25 25 24 24 19 IP Ointments [see proprietary medicines) 14 Tariff. t Free. 10c. p. bush, ic. p. lb. 30 p. c. 15 " Free. 35 p. c. 10 " Tic. p. I. G. Free. 20 p. c. 20 " 20 " 20c. p. gall., & 25 p. c. lie. p. lb. r2.12Ap. I. G. 30 p. c. 25 " 20 " lie. p. lb. 7ic. p. I. G. 25 p. c. 50 " 20 '• 20 " Free. m.\l\ p. I. G. Free. 20 p. c. 20 " 20 " 20 " 20 " Free. >> 5c. p. sq. yd. and 20 1). c. 5c. p sq. yd. and 15 p. c. 25 p. c. 'ii. i ii- \ 538 APPENDIX. Articles. #f. Oleographs (see advertising pamphlets) . Oleo-stearine, when im^wrted by manufacturers of leather for use in the manufacture of leather in their factories Opium (crude) — the weight to include the weight f)f the ball or covering ..... " prepared for smoking Optical instruments, N.E.S. ... Oranges and lemons, in boxes of capacity not exceeding 2^ cubic feet ... Orang'js and lemons, in onu-half boxes, capacity not exceeding IJ cubic feet Oranges and lemons, in cases and all other packages, per cubic foot holding capacity . Oranges and lemons, in bulk Oranges and lemons, in barrels, not exceeding in capacity that of the 196 lbs. flour barrel ... Orange rinds, in brine Orange, mineral ; " wine {see wines) On reed organs having not more than Orchids . Organs, cabinet, viz, two sets of reeds Organs having over two and not over four sets of reeds Organs having over four and not over six sets of reeds Organs having over eix sets of reeds And in addition thereto, on the fair market value thereof. . , Organs, pipe organs, and sets or parts of sets of reeds for cabi net organs Organzine (see silk in the gum) . . Ores of metals of all kinds •. . • • Ornaments, alabastar, spar, amber, terra-cotta or composition. Orris root Osiers . . . Ostrich feathers, undressed " dressed . Ottar or attar of ro-sea .... Overcoating (see wtxillen manufactures) V Tarift. 14 14 14 « 21 21 21 21 21 21 14 22 30 2 2 2 2 2 16 26 31 24 24 18 18 14 IR 6c. p. lb., and 20 p. c. Free. $1 p. lb. $5 p. lb. 25 p. c. 25c. p. box. 13c. p. i-box. 10c. p. cub. ft. $1.60 p. 1,000. |55c. p. brl. Free. |5 p. c. 25c. p. I. G., and 3c. p. I. G. for each deg. from 26 up to 40, & i 30 p.c. Free. $10 each. «15 " $f^ " $30 " 15 p.c. 25 p. 0. 15 " Free. 35 p. c. Free. 15 p.c. 35 " Free. 10c. p. lb., and 20 I !>• ^■ 1 10c. p. gall. I3c. p. can. 5c. " Oysters, shelled, in bulk [20 " canned, in cans not over 1 pint, including the cans 20 " in cans, over 1 pint and not over Iqt., including the cans 20 " in cans, exceeding 1 qt. in capacity, an -additional duty! j of 00. for each qt., or fraction of a qt. of capacity over a qt., including the cans 20 iSc. \>. qt. " in the shell.. .. .I^W ;25p.c. " seed and breeding, imi-jrted for the purptjse of heinf' planted in Canadian waters . . . ; 2f > Free. Oxalic acid i 14 " Oxides, ochres and oehrey earths, fireproof s, umbers and siennas, | i ground or unground, washed or unwashed, calcined or raw 14 130 p.c. CUSTOMS TARIFF. 539 Articlkh. V O Packages or cans made of tin or other material, containing fishj of any kind admitted free of duty under anj' existing law] or treaty, not exceeding 1 qt. in contents ; and when ex-| ceeding 1 qt. an additional duty of l^c. for each additional! qt. or fractional part thereof ' I Packages containing oysters or other fish, not ot>r wise pro- vided for .. Packing rubber j Paddy, rice {see rice) | Pads, stair ■ '■ Pails Paintings in oil or water colours, the production of Canadian artists, imder regulations to be made by the Minister of Customs '. Paintings in oil or water colours, by artists of well-known merit, or copies of the old masters by such artists Paintings, prints, drawings, en^avings and building plans .... " what shall be prohibited (see prohibited articles) Paints, fire-proof. . Paints and colours, puliied or ground in oil or other liquids, and all liquid, prepared or ready-mixed paints, N.E.S Paints, ground or mixed in or with either jav>an, varnish, lac- quers, liquid driers, collodion, oil finish or oil varnish ; rough stuff and tillers ; the weight of the package to be in- cluded in the weight for duty Paints and colours, ground in spirits, and all spirit varnishes and lacquers Palm leaf, unmanufactured Palm nut cake meal. Pamphlet-, idvertising (sec advertising pamphlets) 28 31 24 21 17 24 Tariff. l^c. on each can or package. 25 p. c. 5c. p. lb., and 15 /4p. c. 14 14 14 14 24 24 24 1 1 25 125 ^' ree. 20 p. c. 30 " 30 " 5c. p. lb., and 25 " illustrated (see stereotypes) 1 Pans, platiuuin (see platinum wire) j 28 Pantivlo(jn stuffs, cotU)n (sec bed-ticking).. . . | 17 Paiwr, albumenized, chemically prepared for photographers'! .16 i Piijjer cutters, used in printing and book-binding establish- ments j Pajjer hangings, or wall pafier, in rolls, on each roll of eight' yards or under, and so in proportion for all greater lengths of the following descriptions, viz. ; — rt. Brown blanks and white blanks, printed on plain un- 24 9 p. c. . p. I.G. Free. i6c. p. lb., and 20 I p. c. ;2c. p. sq. in. jFree. |2c. p. sq. yd., and 15 p. c. 25 p. c. 10 " grounded paper lade. b. White pai>ers, grounded papers, and satins, not hand- 24 2c. p. roll. c. Single print br. >aze8 and coloured bronzes (/. Enibossed bronzes , e. Coloured borders, narrow, and c-oloured borders, wide, /. Bronze borders, narrow, and bronze torders, wide {I. Embossed Injiders h. All other paiier hangings or wall pajier . . . 24 3c. ' 24 6c. ' 24 8c. ' 24 6c. ' 24 14c. ' 24 15c. ' 24 35 p. c i i ■:«•'■!* ■ iil ii , 1. !■ if: V I 540 APPENDIX. Articlks. Paijer, hemp (see hemp paper) Pape-, of all kinds, N.E.S Paper, manufactures of, including ruled and bordered papers, papetries, boxed papers, enveloi»e8 and blank books Paper, tarred Paper, union collar cloth, in rolls or sheets, not glossed or fin- ished .... Paper, union collar cloth, glossed or finished, in rolls or sheets. Paper, sand, glass, flint aud emery Paiier, sacks or bags, of all kinds, printed or not . . . Paper, waste Papetries Paraffine wax, stearic acid and stearine, N.E.S Parasol sticks or handles, N.E.S Parasols, of all kinds and materials Parasols, materials for (scr ribs) . Paris green, dry Pastes, medicinal {««• proprietary medicines) Pa.ste, toilet (sec perfumeiy) Patent leather Patent medicines {»te proprietary medicines) Patant medicines \icc spirits, d) TarifT. 24 24 Free. 25 p. c. 1 35 24 .jc. p. lb. Peach trees Peach trees, seedling stock for gi'af ting. . . Peaches, N.O.P., the weight of the i>ackage to be included in *^e weight for duty Pear trees . Pear trees, seedling stock for grafting Pearl ash, in packages of not less than 25 lbs. weight Pearl, mother of, not manufactured Pease Peil, candied PeltSj raw Pencils, lead, of all kinds, in wood or otherwise! Perfume cases (««■ boxes, fancy) Perfumery, including toilet preparations (non-alcoholic), viz. : — hair oils, tooth and other powders and tvashes, jwmatums, pastes and all other perfumed preparations, N.O.P., used for the hair, mouth or skin Perfumes, alcoholic, and perfumed spirits, bay rum, cologne and lavender waters, hair, tooth and skin woshes and other toilet preparations containing spirits of any kind, when in bottles or flasks weijjhin^ ot more than four ounces each.. When in bottles, flasks or other packages weighing more than four ounces each Periodicals, illustra'ied, advertising (see advertising pamphlets) Periodicals, II.E.S. (» e books, printed) Persis, or extract ( * archill and cudbear , Petroleum (see oils/ Petroleum, pi'eparations of («ee vasseline) Pheasants 24 24 9 24 24 1 23 24 '8. 28 14 10 14 1 25 22 :30 23 i25 14 14 30 30 21 30 30 24 27 21 21 23 31 31 20 p. c. 25 " 30 " 35 " Free. 35 p. c. 3c. p. lb. 20 p. c. 35 " 20 " «2.12i p. gall. & 30 p. c. 3c. each. Free. Ic. p. lb. 3c. each. Free. 10c. p. bush. IJc. p. lb. at, ' 35 p. c. Froe 30 p. c 35 " 22 22 22 30 50 p. e. «2.12A p. I. G. k 40 p. c. 1 tk!. p.lb. &20p.c. 1 15 p. c. 14 Free. 25 l\n. p. I. G. 14 211 Free. CUSTOMS TARIFF. 541 AUTIOLKS. Phials, glasH, of ? oz, capacity and over Phials, glass, of less capacity than 8 oz Philosophical instruments and appara''us, that is to say, such as are not in.inufactured in tne Dominion, when imported by and for u -e in universities, colleges, schools and scientific societies Philosophical instruments, N. E.S Phosphorus. . . Phosphor bronze, in blocks, bars, sheets and wire Photographs (see advertising pamphlets) Photographic instruments, N.E.S Photographs, what shall be prohibited («ee prohibited articles) Pianofortes, all square, whether round cornored or not, not over seven octaves Pianofortes, square, all others Pianofortes, upright Pianofortes, concert, semi-concert, or parlor grand pianofortes, Pianofortes, parts of Picks Pickles, in bottle, forty cents per gallon, including the duty on the bottles ; and each bottle holding less than oj. '-half pint shall be dutiable as containing one-half pint, and each bot- tle holding more than one-half pint but not riiore than one pint shall be dutiable as containing one pint, and each bottle holding more than one pint but not more than one quart shall be dutiable as containing one quart Pickles in jars, pottles or other similar vessels, forty cents per gallon on tne ascertained quantity, — the duty to include the duty on the jar, pottle or other vessel Pickles in bulk, in vmegar, or in vinegar and mustard Pickles, in brine or salt Pictorial illustrations of insects, etc., when imported by and for the use of colleges and sch 28 a8 21 Plum trees, all kinds | 30 " seedlingr stock, for grafting i 30 Plush, hatters,' of silk or cotton | 31 " cotton I 17 Pocket-books Pomades, French or flower odours, preserved in fat or oil for the purix)se of conserving the odours of flowers which do not bear the heat of distillation, wlien iuiported in tins of not less tlian ten pounds each Pomatums (see perfumery) ... Pomegranates Pop-corn Porcelain ware *' shades, imitation 23 31 22 21 21 2i; 20 Tariff. ■ " 30 " 30c. p busli. 3c. '.ach. Free. 20 p. c. 35 " 15 •• 30 " Free. 36 p. c. 30 " 20 " CUSTOMS TARIFF. 543 v I i. Articles. Porter, in bottles {sec ale) *' casks *' Portland cement (nee cement) Posters (see labels ... Potashes Potash, crude " bichromate of " German mineral *' " salts for fertilizers " muriate of , " red prussiate of . . . Potato spirit or oil (see spirits, b.). . . Potatoes " sweet Powder, gun, rifle and sporting, in kegs, A kegs or ;J kegs and other similar packages " cannon and musket, in kegs and barrels " canister, in 1-lb. and ^-Ib, tins " blasting and mining. Powder, giant, dualin, dynamite, and other explosives in which nitro-glycerine is a constituent part Powders, tooth and other (sec perfumery). Powders, medicinal (see proprietary medicines) Powders, soap, pumice, silver and mineral soaps, sapolio o ^d other like articles, the weight of the package to be included in the weight for duty Powders, baking (see yeast cakes) Poultry and game of all kinds Prayer books Precious stones, N. E. S., i^lished, but not set or otherwise manufactured, and imitations thereof Precious stones, in the rough Precipitate of copijer, crude . Presses, lithographic . *' printmg, such only as are used in newspai^er, book and job printing offices Preserves, N.E.S. . . Price-Msts (sec advertising pamphlets) Primers (sec hemp paper) Printed paper, what shall be prohibited (sec jirohibited articles). Prints Prints, what shall be prohibited (see i)rohibited articles). Prizes won in comijetition Prohibited articles : — The following articles are prohibited to be imjKDi-ted under a penalty of §200, together with the for- feiture of the parcel or package of goods in which the same are found, viz.: B(X)ks, printed paper, drawings, paintings, prints, photogiaiihs or representations of any kind of a treasonable or seditious, or of an immoral or indt-cent char- acter ; reprints of Canadian copyright works, and reprints of Britisn copyright works which have been also copy righted in Canada ; coin, base or counterfeit. Proprietary medicines, to wit : — All tinctures, pills, powders, troches or lozenges, syrups, cordials, bitters, anodynes, & 22 22 12 1 24 10 10 10 10 10 14 22 21 21 8 8 8 8 8 22 14 23 14 20 1 31 27 14 9 9 21 1 24 31 Tariff. 18c. p. I. G. 10c. 16c.p.lb.&25p.c. Free. 10 p. c. «2.12ic. perl.G. 15c. p. bush. 25 p. c. .5c. p. lb. 4c. " 15c. " 3c. '• 5c. p. lb. &20p.c. 30 p. c. 25 p. c. 3c. p. lb. 20 p. c. ;r 10 " Free. (( 10 p. c. 10 " 5c. p. lb. 6c.p. lb. &20p.c. Free, 20 p. c. Free. 544 APPENDIX. Aktiolkh, tonics, plaHters, liniments, salves, ointmentK, j^astes, drops, waters, essences, oils or medicinal preparations or com- fx^sitions recommended to the public under any general name or title as specifics for any aiseascs or affections what- soever aifecting the human or animal bodies, not otherwise provided for ; all liquids , . . Proprietaiy medicines, all other " " containing spirits (see spirits, d) Prunella for boots and shoes Prunes, dried ...... Poalm books Pulp of grasses for the manufacture of pajier . Puntice or pumice stone, ground or unground Pumps, iron Purses . . Pulque («ec spirits, c) Putty " dry, for jw'ishing granite Pyroligneous acid (see acid, acetic) Q Quails . . QuartZj crystalized Quicksilver QuillH in their natural state, or unplumed Quilts, cotton, not including woven quilts or counterpanes Quinces ' Quince trees of all kinds Quinine, sulphate of, in powder R Rags, of cotton, linen, jute, hemp and woollen, paper waste, or clippings, or waste of any kind, except mineral waste . . Rakes, garden Rails, iron, for railways and tramways, of any form, punched or not punched, N.E.S . . Rails, steel, for railways and tramways, of any form, punched or not punched, N.E.S Rails, steel, weighing not less than 25 lbs. per lineal yard, for use in railway tracks ....... Railway bars, iron or steel, for railways and tramways, of any form, punched or not punched, N.E.S Railway cars ... " (see locomotives) Raisins Rasps ; Raspberries, the weight of the package to bfi included in the weight for duty 14 14 22 17 21 1 24 2ti 28 23 22 14 26 14 29 20 14 32 32 17 21 30 14 31 9 28 28 28 28 10 10 21 9 21 Tariff. I.G., & .'50 p. c, 25 " S2.12i p. 30 p. c. 10 p. c. Ic. p. lb. 5 p. c. Free. 36 p. c. 35 " »2.12i p. I.G, 25 p. c. 20 " Free, 20 p. c. Free. 35 p. c. 30c. p. bush. 2Ac. each. Free. ree. c. each, k 25 p.c. 86 p. ton. <( Free. m 30 p. ton. I. c. Free. Ic. p. lb. & 10 p.c. 35 3c. p, c. ..lb. CUSTOMS TARIFF. 545 Articlkh. Raspberries, wine of {see wines) . I Rattan, split or otherwise manufactured " and reeds in their natural state i Raw hide centres ( fff «iuare reeds) Reapf^rn (»ee mowing ma -hines) Red Cttdar (sec lumber) Red lead, dry Red pruHsiate of ix)ta8h Redwood (see lumber) Reeds, square, and raw hide centres, textile leather or rublwr heivds, thumbs and tips, and steel, iron or nickel caps for whip ends, when imjxirted hy whip manufacturers for use in the manufacture of whips m their own factories Reeds, in their natural state " for organs. Rennet, raw or prepared Resin, m packages of not less than 100 lbs. Retorts, pans, condensers, tubing and pipe, made of platinum, wlien imix>rted by manufacturers of sulphuric acid for use in their works in the manufacture of concentration of sulphuric acid Rhubarb root Riblx)ns of i>,ll kinds and materials. Ribs of brass, iron or steel, runners, rings, caps, notches, ferrules, mounts and sticks or canes in the rough, or not further manufactured than cut into lengths suitable foi umbrella, parasol or sunshade sticks, when imported by manufacturers of umbrellas, parasols and sunshades for use in their fac tories in the manufacture of umbrellas, parasols and sun shades only Rice " flour " uncleaned, unhulled or paddy . Rifles Rigging, wire, for ships and vessels Rinds, citron, in brine " lemon *' orange Rings for umbrellas {see ribs of brass). Rivets, iron or steel, less than § in. in diameter. •• • N.E.S Rockingham ware {see earthenware). Rods, iron or steel (see ii-on and steel ingots) " Swedish rolled iron nail, under ^ in. in diameter, manufacture of horse-shoe nailt. " rolled round wire {see brass) 35 for 31 24 2 23 24 28 24 18 31 21 21 2' 8 11 21 21 21 28 28 28 26 28 28 28 i; If :A ! I Tariff. 22 25c. p. I. G., & 3c. p. I. G. for each deg. from 26 up to 40, & 30 p. c. 24 25 p. c. 24 'Free. 31 " li 136 p. c. 24 Free. 14 6 p. c. 14 10 p. c. 24 Free. 25 p. c. Free. i- 1 30 p. c. Free, lie. p. lb. 2c, " 17ip.c. 20 p. c. Free. 20 p. c. 14c. p. lb., & 30 p.c. Ic. p. lb., & 25 p.c. 35 p.c. 20 p.c. Free. I' 646 by.' AFPBNDiX. AnTICLKH. Kods, rolled, steel, under ^ inch in diar.ieter or \mdcr J inch Hquare, when imported by knob ct lock manufacturers or cutlem, for use exclusively in such manufacmres in their own factories Rollers, copper {see copper rollers) Roman cement {tee cement) Roses, ottar or nttar of Rosewood (see lumber) Roots, medicinal, viz. -. aconite, calum'na, iiiecaouanha, sarsa- parilla, squills, taraxacum, rhubarb and \ alerian Roots :— Alkanet root, crude, crushed or ground Gentian .... Ginseng Iris, orris root . .'. Jalap ... Liquorice, not ground ...... Rubber belting, hose, packing, niat.H and matting, and cotton or linen hose lined with rubber Rubber.fillets (sec fillets of cotton) Rubber, crude, and hard rubber in sheets, but not further manufactured Rubber, recovered " substitute " thread, elastic (see elastic rubber) Rugs, all kinds, N.E.S. (see carjiets) Rugs, Smyrna " travelling, of all kinds and materials, except siik Ruling machines Rum (see spirits, a) Rum shrub (sec spirits, e) Runners for timbrellas (see ribs of brass) Rve 28 28 12 14 24 24 flour. Sad irons. Saddlery and harness of every description Safflower " extract of. , Saffron " extract of " cake Safes, iron " doors for. . Sago flour . . . . . Sails for boats and ships ,. Sail twine, when to be useil for boats' and ships' sails. Salad oil Sal ammoniac Sal soda Salmon, packed. . . . . Tariff. Free. 24 II 24 II 24 II 24 II 24 II 24 II 24 5c. p. lb., and 1.5 p.c. 17 Free. 24 II 24 II 24 II 24 II 16 25 p c. 15 30 p.c. 31 25 •• 9 10 " 22 «2.12i p. I. G. »2.12| '• 22 28 Free. 21 10c. p. bush. 21 50c. p. brl. 28 816p.ton,butnot less than 30 p.c. 10 35 p.c. 24 Free. 14 II 24 II 14 II 14 II 28 35 p.c. 28» 35 " 21 2c. p. lb. 19 25 p.c. 19 5 " 25 20 " 14 Free. 14 II 201 Ic. p. lb. CUSTOMS TAKIFF. 547 AitTicrKH. »c. p. lb., and 15 Salt cake {tee to«- seHsiun, orimixjrted for the use of the aea or Gulf fiaheriea, not otherwise provided for Salt, coarHe (not to include Halt imported from the United King- dom or any BrttiHh poRHesaion, or Halt imported for th'^ oe nf the Hea or (]ulf fiHheriea, which shall be free of du ,> > Sal 'ne, in bulk bags, bnrrelH or other packages (the bags, ' > « i ^>ackageH to bear the same duty as if ini|x>ri Jeutj t ny, when imported by manufacturers fur uae ones only .an |K)tash, for fertilizers . -^iiliftre _ Siilvf', medicinal {sec proprietary medicines) Sand Sandal-wtxxl (gee lumber) Sandaric (sec gums) Sand-pai»er Sandstone (see st«me) Sapolin and other like articles (see soap powders) Sardines, in oil (see anchovies) Sardines, other (see anchovies) Sarsaparilla root Satchels Satin wood (wc lumber) Satinette articles (see boxes, fancy) Sauces and catsups in bottle, and each bottle holding less than one-half pint shall be dutiable as containing one-half pint, i>nd each bottle holding more than one-half pint but not more than one pint shall be dutiable as containmg one pint ; and CM h bottle holding more than one pint but not mort than one quart shall be dutiable as containing one quart. Sauces and catsups, in bulk . Sausage casings, not cleaned. Sausage skins, not cleaned Saw-mills, portable (see machines, portable). Scales Scientific st)cietie8, articles for (see philosophical instruments) Scientific societies, books printed by (see books, printed). . . Schiedam schnapps («ee spirits, c.) Schools, articles frr (see philosophic il instruments) Schools, articles (see typewriters) Scrap-iron, cast Scrap-iron and scrap-steel, wrought, being waste or refuse wrought iron or steel, and fit only to be re-manufactured, the same having beea in actual use, not to include cuttings or clippings which can be used as iron or steel without re-manufacture Scrap-iron and scrap-steel, old, and fit only to be re-manufac- tured, being part of or rec()vered from any vessel wrecked in waters subject to the jurisdiction of Canada 35J 14 22 22 ■2 •X2 14 14 14 14 26 24 24 2U 23 20 20 24 23 24 31 22 22 23 23 9 Tariff. m 9 31 1 22 31 31 22 28 28 Free. 5c. p. 100 lbs. .5c. " Tie. " Free. >t 20 p. c. 26 " Free. 30 p.c. 91 \t. ton of 13 cubic feet. 3c. p. lb. 30 p.c. Free. 35 p.c. Free. 35 p.c. 40c. p. gall, & 20 p.c. 30 c. p. gall., & 20 p.c. Free. w 35 p.c. 36 •' Free. << «2.12i p. I. G. Free. (< $4 p. ton. $2 per ton. Free. '.if IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) i :/. ^ ^c 1.0 I.I 125 121 130 |2.5 ^ 1^ 12.2 I' ^ li£ 12.0 1.4 I 1.6 V f '<^# '^,v^. Photographic Sciences Corporation f\ ;V 23 WIST MAIN STMET WEBSTER, N.Y, UStO (716)S73-4S03 4 <> y^- ' <» V- ^\ ;\ 548 APPENDIX. Artiolbs. S Screws, iron, steel, brass or other metal, not otherwise pro- vided for ' ' commonly called " wood screws " 2 in. or over in length . " " " 1 in. and less than 2 in. " " " less than 1 in Scrims and window scrims (see cotton fabrics) Scythes Sea grass Seaweed, N.E.S " crude or in its natural state or cleaned only Sections, special (see angles) Seeds, aromatic, which are not edible and are in a crude state, and not advanced in value or condition by grinding or re- fining, or by any other process of manufacture, viz. : — Anise, anise-star, caraway, cardamon, coriander, cummin, fennel and fenugi«ek Seeds, garden, fieid and other seeds, for agricultural or other purposes, not otherwise provided for, when in bulk or in targe parcels. . When put up in small papers or parcels Seeds, beet " carrot » flax mangold . mustard ...........> .... ^ turnip Seedling stock for grafting, viz. :— Plum, pear, peach and other fruit trees Seines for fisheries {see fish-hooks) . Senate, articles for (see departments, articles for) Senegal, gum (see gums) Senna, in leaves . . Separators (see machines, portable) " cream, steel bowls for. Sesame seed oil.. Settlers' effects, viz. : — Wearing apparel, household furniture, professional books, implements and tools of trade, occupa- tion or employment, which the settler has had in actual use for at least six months before removal to Canada, musical instruments, domestic sewing machines, live stock, carts and other vehicles and agricultural implements in use by the settler for at least one year before his removal to Canada, not to include machinery or articles imported for use in any manufacturing establishment, or for sale ; pro- vided that any dutiable article entered as settlers' effects may not be so entered unless brought with the settler on his first arrival, and shall not be sold or otherwise disiMsed of without payment of duty until after two years' actual use in Canada ; provided also that under regulations made by the Minister of Customs, live stock when imported into Manitoba or the North-west "Territories by intending settlers shall be free, until otherwise ordered by the Gov- ernor in Council Sewer pipes, glazed 28 28 28 28 17 9 24 24 24 28 24 36 p.c. 6c p. lb. 8c. " lie. •• 26p.c. 92.40 p. doz. Free. 31 12 Tariff. Free. 24 10 p.c. 24 25 " 24 Free. 24 K 24 10 c. p. bush 24 Free. 24 t( 24 i< 30 << a t< 31 it 24 n 24 ornaments of, N.E.S Sparkling wines (see champagne) Specifics for any disease (see proprietary medicines) Spectacles and eye-glasses " •" parts of, unfinished Spelter, in block and pigs Sperm candles Spiegal (see ferro-manganese) Spices, viz. :— Ginger and spices of all kinds (except nutmegs and mace) imground Spice, &c., grouna v Spikes, composition '■ cut Spikes wrought and prrised, galvanized or not Spirituous or alcoholic liquors distilled from any material, or containing or compounded from or with distilled spirits of any kind, and any mixture thereof with water, for every gallon thereof of the strength of proof, and when of a greater strength than that of proof, at the same rate on the increased quantity that there would be if the liquors were reduced to the strength of proof. When the liouors are of a less strength than that of proof the duty )shall be at the rate herein provided, but computed on a reduced quantity of the liquors in proportion to the lesser degree of strength ; provided, however, that no reduction in quantity shall be computed or mode on any liquors below tiie strength of fifteen per cent under proof, but all such liquors shall be computed as of tue strength of fifteen per cent under proof, as follows : — (a) Ethyl alcohol or the substance commonly known as alcohol, hydrated oxide of ethyl, or spirits of wine ; gin of all kinds, N. E. S. ; rum, whiskey, and all spirituous or alcoholic liquors, N.O.P (6) Amyl alcohol or fusil oil, or any substance known as potato spirit or potato oil . . . (c) Methyl alcohol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha, pyroxylic spirit or any substance known as wood spirit or methylated 23 23 15 Tariff. 24 31 22 14 G 6 28 23 28 22 22 28 28 28 3c. p. IK Free. lOc.p.lb. &30p.c. 14 Free. 11 «« 14 " 22 10c. p. gall. 9 $lp.doz.&25p.c. 24 Free. 36 p. 22 22 c. 30 p. c. 25 " Free. 25 p. c. 92 p. ton 10 p. c. 25 p. c. 20 «• Ic. p. lb. lie. p. lb., but not less than 35 p.c. $2.12i p. I. G. $2.12i " I t 1 i|i! il^ il i 552 APPENDIX. Articlrs. 8 Spirituous liquors ; — spirit ^ absinthe, arrack or palm spirit, brandy, including artificial brandy and imitation of brandy; cordials and liqueurs of all kinds, N.E.S., mescal, pulque, rum shrub, Schiedam and other schnapps ; tafia, angostura, and simi- lar alcoholic bitters and beverages . (d) Spirits and strong waters of any kind mixed with any ingredient or ingredients, and being or known or desig- nated as anodjjrnes, elixirs, essences, extracts, lotions, tinc- tures, or medicines, N.E.S ... (e) Alcoholic perfumes and perfumed spirits, bay rum, cologne and lavender waters, hair, tooth and skin washes and other toilet preparations containing spirits of any kind, when in bottles or flasks weighing not more than four ounces each ; when in bottles, flasks or other ^ ackages weighing more than four ounces each ... (/) Nitrous ether, sweet spirits of nitre and aromatic spirits of ammonia {g) Vermuth and ginger wine, containing not more than forty per cent of proof spirits, seventy-five cents ; if con- taining more than forty per cent of proof spirits {h'i In all cases where the strength of any of the foreg(>ing articles cannot be correctly ascertained by direct applica- tion of the hydrometer, it shall be ascertained by the distillation of a sample, or in such other manner as the Minister of Customs directs. (But any liquors imported under the name of wine, and containing more than 40 p.«. of spirits of the strength of proof by Sykes' hydrometer, shall be rated for duty as unenumerated spirits.) Spokes (see hubs) Spools, cotton (sewing thread) Sprigs (see tacks) Spring mattresses Springs (see axles) clock Spurs, used in the manufacture of earthenware . , Square reeds and rf w-hide centres, textile leather or rubber heads, thumbs and tips, and steel, iron or nickel caps for whip ends, when imported by whip manufacturers, for use in the manufacture of whips in their own factories Squares, iron (see iron and steel, bar iron) ... Squills, root Starch, including farina, corn starch or flour, and all preimra- tions having the qualities of starch, not sweetened or flavoured Starch, when sweetened or flavoured, the weight of the package to be in all cases included iu the weight for duty Statuettes, N.E.S Steam engines, fire " locomotive (see locomotive) ** portable (see machines, portable) ships' other (see locomotives) It O 22 22 22 22 14 22 24 Tariff. $2.12^ 82.12i p. I. G. & 30 p. c. 50p.c. 82.12i p. I. G. & 40 p. c. «2.12i p. I. G. & 30 p. c. 5.124 P- I- 6. 10 15 p. c. 17 25 •' 28 13 35 p. c. 28 6 10 p. c. 26 Free. 31 t< 28 $13 p. ton 24 Free. 2c. p. lb. 24 4c. " 31 35 p. c 9 35 " 9 9 35 " 9 25 " 9 CUSTOMS TARIFF. 553 Articles. Stearine, all kinds Steel of No. 12 gauge and thinner, but not thinner than No. 30 gauge, when imported by manufacturers of buckle clasps and ice creeiiers, to be used in the manufacture of such articles only in their own factories Steel of No. 20 gauge and thinner, but not thinner than No. 30 gauge, to be used in the manufacture of corset steels, clock springs and shoe shanks ; and flat wire of steel of No. IG f[auge or thinner, to be used in the manufacture of orino- ine and corset wire, when imported by the manufacturetrs of such articles for use in their own factories Steel strip, when imported into Canada by manufacturers of buckthorns and plain strip fencing, upon the importer in each case making oath in terms as follows : — "I, , the undersigned miporter of the steel strip mentioned in this entry, do hereby solenmly swear that such steel strip was imported by me, and is oi a kind used in the manufac- ture of buckthorn and plain strip fencing. I further swear that such steel strip was specially imiwrted by me for use in my factory for the manuf^icture of buckthorn and plain strip fencing, and that no portion of the same will l>e used, sold or disix)sed of by me, or by any person in my employ, for any other purpose than as aforesaid " Steel crucible sheet, 11 to 16 gauge, 2^ to 18 inches wide, when imported by manufacturers of mower and reaper knives, for the manufacture of such knives in their own factories. . '* all other (see iron and steel) Stereotypes, electrotypes and celluloids for almanacs, calendars, illustrated pamphlets, newspaper advertisements or engrav- ings, and all otner like work for commercial, trade or other purposes, N.E.S., and matrices or copiier shells of the same ._ Stereotypes, electrotypes and celluloids of books, and bases, and matrices or copjier shells for the same, whether com- posed wholly or in part of metal or celluloid . Stereotypes, electrotypes and celluloids of newspaper columns, ana oases for the same, composed wholly or partly of metal or celluloid And matrices or copper shells of the same Stilts, used in the manufacture of earthenware Stockings (see souks) Stones, burr, in blocks, rough or unmanufactured, not bound up or prepared for bindmg into millstones Stones, cement (see cement) Stones, diamond, unset Stones, granite and freestone, dressed, all other building stone, dressed, except marble, and all manufactures of stone, N.E.S Stones, flagstones, sawn or otherwise dressed, Stones, grindstones, not mounted, and not less than 12 inches in diameter. . Stones, lithographic, not engraved & 23 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 26 15 26 26 27 Tariff. i I 3c. p. lb. Free. P 2c. p. sq. in. Ic. •' Ic. 2c. Free. 10c. p. lb., and SO p. c. Free. 81 p. ton. Free. 26 30 p. c. 26 n p. ton. 26 26 20 p. c. 554 APPENDIX. Articlkh. Stones, precious, N.E.8., polished but not set or otherwise manufactured, and imitations thereof Stones, precious, in rough Stones, rough, freestone, sandstone and all other building stone, except marble from the quarry, not hammered or chiselled. Stoneware {aee earthenware). Stove plates Strawberries, N.E.S., the weight of the package to be included in the weight for diity Strawberries, wild . . Strawberry, wine of {»ee wines) Straw board, in sheets or rolls, plain or tarred " plaits, tuscan and grass Sugar beet seed Sugars of all kinds, viz. : — Sugar candy, brown or white, and confectionery, including sweetened g^ms, candied peels, condensed milk when sweetened, and condensed coffee with milk when sweetened. Sugar :— All cane sugar not above number fourteen Dutch Standard in colour, all beet-root sugsir not above number fourteen Dutch Standard in colour, all sugar sweepings, all sugar drainings or pumpings drained in transit, all melado, all c) icentrated melado, all molasses n.e.8., all concentrated molasses n.e.8., all cane juice n.e.s., all concentrated cane juice n.e.s., all beet-root juice n.e.s., all concentrated beet- root juice n.e.B., all tank bottoms n.e.s., and all concrete n.e.8., when not imported direct without transhipment from the country of growth and production, five per cent ad valorem ; provided, however, that in the case of cane sugar produced in the East Indies and in the countries to the east thereof and iinport'Kl therefrom vid Hong Kong or Yokohama, such rate of five per cent ad valorem shall not be exacted if transhipped at Hong Kong or Yokohama. . . . AU cane sugar not above number fourteen Dutch Standard in colour, all beet-root sugar not above number fourteen Dutch Standard in colour, all sugar sweepings, all sugar draining^ or pumpings drained in transit, all melado, all concentrated melado, all molasses n.o.p., all concentrated molasses n.o.p., all cane juice n.o.p., all concentrated cane juice n.o.p., all beet-root juice n.o.p., all concentrated beet- root juice, n.o.p., all tank bottoms n.o.p., and all concrete n.o.p., when imported direct without transhipment from the country of growth and production All sugars above number fourteen Dutch Standard in colour, and refined sugar of all kinds, grades or standards, and all sugar syrups rlerived from refined sugars Glucose or gra^ sugar, glucose syrup, and corn syrup, or any syrups containing any admixture tnereof . 27 27 26 26 28 21 21 22 24 24 24 21 Tariff. 10 p. c. Free. f 1 per ton of 13 cub.ift. 36 p. c. $16 per ton, but not less than SO p. c. 3c. p. lb. Free. 40c. p. 100 lbs. Free. IJc. p. lb., and 36 p. c. 21 21 21 21 6 p. c. Free. ^c. p. lb. l^c. p. lb. CUSTOMS TARIFF. 665 Articles. 8 Sugar candy, brown or white, and confectionery, including sweetened gums, candied peels, condensed milk when sweetened, and condensed coffee with milk when sweetened. Sulphate iofrted by manufac- turers for use in their factories only 14 Tartar, cream of, in crystals i 14 Teasels i 31 Teak, African {»ee lumber) Teleifraph instruments . ' and lightning rod insulators Telephones and telegraph instruments ; telegraph, telephone and electric light cables ; electric and galvanic Imtteries, electric motors and apparatus for electric lights, including incandescent light globes and insulators of all kind8,N.E.o. Tennis cloth, cotton (»ce bed ticking) Tents Terra-cotta, ornaments of " iaponica, gambler or cutch Thread, cotton, sewing, in hanks, black, bleached or unbleached, three and six cord Thread, cotton, sewing, on 8po<>ls " elastic rubber (st^e elastic rubber) . . Threshers {see machines, portable) Tickets (see labels) Tiles, earthenware Timber, round, unmanufactured, N.E.S. " sawn, not shaped (see lumber) Timber, N.E,S Tinware, and manufactures of tin, N.E.S Tin in blocks, pigs, bars and sheets, and plates and tin foil Tin cans (see cans) Tin caps for umbrellas (see ribs) Tinfoil Tin, packages (see cans) Tin strip waste Tinware, stamped, japanned ware, granite ware, enamelled ware and galvanizea iron ware Tinctures (see proprietary medicines) " containmg spirits (see spirits, d) Tippets, fur Tires, locomotive, of steel, in the rough Tobacco, manufactured, N E.S., and snuff cut. " pipes of all kinds, pipe mounts, cigar and cigarette holders and cases for the same Tobacco, unmanufactured, for excise pur|)oses, under conditions of " Act respecting the Inland Revenue " Toilet preparations (see spirits, e) *' cases (see boxes, fancy) .... Tariff. 22 Fi-ee. 24 It 14 ackage, and 2 cents additional per can or package for ea h pound or fraction of a pound over 1 pound in weight, and tne weight of the cans or other liackages to be included in the weight for duty Tonics {see proprietary medicines) . . . Tonquin beans, crude only Tools, settlers' (lec settlers' effects) . . . •' tinsmiths' •* track Tooth powders [nee perfumery) Tortoise and other snells, unmanufactured Tow of flax, scutched or green Towels of every description Toys of all kinds Tragacanth gum Travellers' baggage, under regulations prescribed by the Min ister of Customs ... Tree-nails Trees, forest, when imfwrted into the Province of Manitoba or the North- West Territories, for planting Trees, shade, fruit, lawn and ornamental trees, shrubs and plants, N.E.S Trocnes (tee proprietary medicines) Trunks Trusses Tubing, brass, drawn, plain and fancy " copper, seamless drawn Tubes, boiler, wrought iron or steel Tubing, iron, lap-welded (lee iron and steel tubing).. , . Tubes, not welded, nor more than 1^ in. in diameter, of rolled steel Tubing, wrought iron, threaded and coupled, or not over 2 m in diameter Tubes, other, wrought iron, or pipes.. Tubing, t)latinum {tee platinv ni wire). " zinc, seamless drawn Tubes, rolled iron, not welded, under, Ij^in. in diameter ; angle iron, 9 and 10 gauge, not over 1^ m. wide ; iron tubing, lacquered or brws-covered, not over 1^ in. diameter, all of which are to be cut to lengths for the manufacture of bedsteads, and to be used for no other purpose ; when im- ported for the manufacturers of iron bedsteads, to be used for these purposes only in their own factories, until such time as any of the said articles are manufactured in Canada. Tubs Tufa, calcareous, when imported from the United States of America, for use in the manufacture of indurated fibreware 21 7 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 24 Tariff. 30c. p. bush., and 10 p. c. 21 22 24 31 9 9 22 23 10 17 5 24 31 31 30 30 14 23 \'M 2c. p. can, and 2c. additional. Free. 36 p. c. Ic. p. lb., and 25 p. c. 30 p. c. Free. lO. p. lb. p. c. 35 •• Free. 20 p. c. 25 '* 25 " 10 " 10 " 15 " 20 " 15 '• 15 •' t\)C. p. lb., and 30 p. c. Free. 10 p. c. Free. 25 p. c. S08 APPENDIX. Artiolbh. or lulphite fibre, and for no other |)ur|K)ii«, nuch oxemption from rlut^ to continue and l)e in force until the end of the next MeRsion of Parliament Turmeric . Turnip seed Turpentine, raw or crude *' spiritH of Turtlea Tuscan plaits ... Tweeds (lee woollen manufactures) Twine, cotton " for fisheries {»ee fish hooks) " all kinds, N.E.S " sail, when to be U8(«d for boats' and shi|M' sails " for harvest binders, of Jute, manilla or sisal, and of manilla and sisal mixed Twist, silk Type for printing *• metal Typewriters, tablets with movable figures, geographical maps and musical instruments, when imported by and for the use of sch(x}ls for the blind, and being and remaining the sole property of the governing bodies of said schools, and not of private individuals, the above particulars to be veri- fied by special affidavit on each entry when presented Ultramarine blue, dry or in pulp Umber (aee oxides) . . Umbrellas, parasols and sunshades of all kinds and materials Umbrella, materials for (tee ribs) " sticks or handles, N. E.S Unenumerated articles (»ee articles not enumerated) Union collar cloth paper, in rolls or sheets, not glossed or finished Union collar cloth paper, in rolls or sheets, glossed or finished . Vaccine and ivory vaccine points Valerian root Valises Vanilla bean's, crude only. ... Varnishes, spirits . ._ " lacquers, japans, japan driers, liquid drier?, roUo- dion and oil nnisn, N.E.S " black and bright, for ships' use Vasseline, and all similar preparations of petroleum for toilet, medicinal or other purposes, in bulk Vasseline, in bottles or other packages, not over 1 lb. in weight each 81 >i 24 14 20 24 16 17 19 in 1» 19 16 28 28 31 Tariff. Free. «i er *' covered with cotton, linen, silk or other material " fencing, barbed, of iron or steel ... " crucible cast steel wire, when imiwrted by manufacturers of wire roiJe, pianos, card clothing and needles, for use in the manufacture of such articles in their own factories only. Wire, iron or steel {see steel. No. 20 gauge) platinum (sec platinum wire) rigging for ships and vessels rigging (sec ships) rods (see brass) rope, iron or steel, N.O.P all kinds, N.E.S Woodenware, viz. : pails, tubs, churns, brooms, brushes and manufactures of wood, N.E.S., and wood pulp Wood for fuel, when imported into Manitoba and North-WestI 'L'rfrritories Wood mouldings, gilded or otherwise, further manufactured than plain Wood mouldings, plain Wood pulp... *' redwood (see lumber) Woods, sawn or split (see lumber) 22 22 22 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 11 11 28 28 28 24 24 4 4 24 24 24 TariflF. $3.30 p. doz. .jix . 65 p. doz. 82c. p. doz. 1.65 p. I. G. for all over 1 qt. j). bottle, and 30 p. c. $2 12Jc. p. I. a. 15 p. c. Free. lie. p. lb. Free. 120 p. c. 35 " l^c. p. lb. Free. 25 p. c. 25 " 25 " Free. 30 p. c. 25 " 25 " Free. CUSTOMS TAKIFF. 563 AKTlCIiES. W Wood of the persimmon and dogwood trees, when imported in blocks for the manufacture of shuttles Wood, veneers of, not over ^ in. in thickness Wool, class 1, viz. : Leicester, Cotswold, Lincolnshire, South Down combing wools, or wools known as lustre wools, and other like comtiing wools, such ay are grown in Canada. . . . Wool, and the hair of the alpaca goat, and of other like animals, not further jirejiared than washed, N.PIS Wool, carpets (xec carpets) Woollen clothing (see clothing, woollen) " fabrics (sec fabrics, woollen) " felt (sec felt, pressed) Woollen manufactures comjxjsed wholly or in part of wool, worsted, the hair of the aljjaca goat or other like animals, viz. :•— blankets and flannels of every description; cloths, doeskins, casidmires, tweeds, coatings, overcoatings, felt cloth of every description not elsewhere s[)ecified ; horse- collar cloth ; yarn, kmtting yarn, fingering yarn, worsted yarn, knitted goods viz. :— shirts, drawers and hosiery, N.K.S _ Worm-gut, manufactured or unmanufactured, for whip and other cord ... Worsted, manufactures of (see woollen manufactures) Wringers, clotlies Writing slates X Xylonite or xyolite, in sheets or in lumps, blocks or balls, in the rough .... Xylonite, xyolite or celluloid, collars of Yams Yarn, spun from the hair of the alpaca or angora goat, when imix)rted by manufacturers of braids for use exclusively in their factories in the manufacture of such braids only, under such regulations as may be adopted by the Minister of Customs Yam, cotton, under No. 40, not bleached, dyed or coloured . " cotton, under No. 40, not bleached, dyed or coloured . , Yarns, cotton, not coarser than No. 40, unbleached, bleached or dyed, for use in covering electric wires ; also for the manufacture of cotton loom harness ; and for use in the manufacture of Italian cloths, cotton, worsted or silk fabrics Yarns, cotton, in cops only, made from single cotton yarns finer than No. 40, when for use in their own factories by T1 24 24 23 23 15 15 15 15 15 23 15 9 26 14 18 21 17 Free. 10 p. c. 3c. p. lb. Free. 10c. p. lb., and 25 p. c. 17A p. c. Tariff. 10c. p. lb., and 20 p. c. Free. 10c. p. lb., and 20 p. c, $1 each, and 30 p. c. Ic. each, and 20 p. c. Free. 24c. p, 30 p. c. doz., and 25 p. e. H '. I !l I ; 15 17 Free. 2c. p. lb., and 15 17 p. c. 3c. p. lb., and 15 p. c. Free. 564 APPENDIX. AUTICLKS. Y the nianufiicturers of Italian cloths, cashmeres and cotton cloths for the selvages of the said cloths, and for these pur- poses only Yams, hosiery, under No. 40, not bleached, dyed or coloured . . *' hosiery, under No. 40, bleached, dyed or coloured " jute, plain, dyed or coloured, when imported by manu- facturers of car|)ets, ruga and mats, and of jute web- bing or jute cloth, for use in their own factories . . . Yam, knitting, under No. 40, not bleached, dyed or coloured . " " *' bleachtd, dyed or coloured " woollen, fingering, worsted, knitting, &c. {see woollen manufactures) Yams, made of wool or worsted, when genapped, dyed and finished, and im|)orted by manufacturers of braids, cords, tassels and fringes, to be used in the manufacture of such articles only in their own factories Yeast, compressed, in bulk or mass of not less than 50 lbs. . . Yeast cakes and baking ix)wdera in packages weighing 1 lb. or over ; and compressed yeast in packages weighing 1 lb. or over, but not over 50 lbs., the weight of the package to he included in the weight for duty Yeast cakes, compressed yeast and baking jxjwders, in [)ackage8 of less than 1 lb. in weight, the weight of the package to be included in the weight for duty . . . . Yellow metal, in bolts, bars, and for sheathing z Zinc, in blocks, pigs and sheets " chloride, salts and sulphate of " manufactures of, N.E.S '* seamless drawn tubing " white o 17 17 17 19 17 17 15 15 14 14 14 28 28 14 28 28 14 Tariff. Free. 2c. p. lb., and 15 p. c. 3c. p. lb., and 15 p. c. Free. 2c. p. lb., and 15 p. c. . 3c. p. lb., and 15 p. c. 10c. p. lb., and 20 p. c. Free. 4c. p. lb. Oc. 8c. " Free. Free. 5 p. c. 25 " 10 " INDEX. Paraqraphs. (All numbers inclusive. ) ACCIDENT insurance 804 AcoidentH on railways in Canada 829 to 833 Administration uf public affairs 70 Agriculture, persons engaged in 8Q4 Agricultural produce, exports of, from Canada and United States 429 do imports of, into Great Britain 430, 431, 432 do exports and imports of 427, 428 do imports from United States 427, 428 do exports to do 427, 428 do imi)orts from United Kingdom 427, 428 do exports to do 427, 428 Africa, partition of ... 137 Alberta, shipment of cattle from 410 Allegiance, oath of 67 Apatite. (See Phosphate.) Archives 387 to 689 Area of British possessions 136 do Canada 1, 127 to 132 do Europe 128 do foreign countries 136 do the provinces 131 do the world 138 Asbestos 508 to 510 Assets. [See Public Debt.) Asylums m Canada 672, 673, 676 BANK Acts and principal provisions of Banks, assets of do charters of do clearing Houses do coin in circulation do currency do discounts, rate of do deposit, total on do Dominion notes do Government deposits do intereitt, tlvte of do liabilities do numlier of do particulars of, 1868-1891 do proportion of assets and liabilities do do liabilities to assets do do specie and Dominion notes. do reserve fund do savings. (See Savings Banks.) do statement of, 1890, 1891 do stocks, prices of Barley — do world's production of Beer, consumption per head do duty per heaa Beet sugar 37 694, 696 698, 699 697 712 to 714 692 690 to 692 708, 710 706 703 707 698, 699 696, 701 700 699 702 704 705 711 896 to 398 398 272 426 566 INDEX. Bills, money Boundaries of Canada ... Breadstuifs, im^x^rts and exports of, 1868-1891. British Columbia, ])hyaioal features of do votet) in . British possessions, area uf . do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do Bond, articles remaining in. Building societies do iiarticulars of. Building stone Business failures Butter excess of imports and exports in exix)rt8 from, to United Kingdom exports to, from United Kingdom Governors of im|x>rts from, into United Kingdom imports of, 1889-1890 imix>rts and exports of imports into • imports into, from Great Britain and foreign countries list of.. population in public debt in railways in revenue and expenditure in shipping in taxation in trade of trade of, with United States Paragraphs. 1)8 1 381 14 53 13;") 302 30i) 310 85 305 307, 308 . 299 to 302 307 85 135 223 to 226 842 to 844 178, 179 551 195, 196 311 300 315 731 732 512 715 to 721 417, 420 CABINET Ministers 78, 79, 80 Canada, area of 1, 127 to 132 boundaries of climate of 15 to 18 constitution of 37 et seq. discovery of 35 events in history of 36 Governors General of 39 pulfs and bays of 8 islands of ... 9 industrial establishments of . . 29 to 34 Lakes of 4, 5 and 865 latitude and elevation of principal places in 17 mountains of 6 minerals in 23 and 435 mining districts in 4.S9 natural industries of 24 origin of name of 2 Parliament of 40 physical features of 3, 10 to 14 Privy Council of 38 rainfall in 18 rivers of 7 temperature of 18 Temperance Act 678 to 680 - ■• '^ 874 do Chambly 873 do depth of 870 do expenditure on, 1887-1891 883, 884 do freight carried, 1889-90 882 do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do Canals, Burlington Bay Chambly. INDEX. 567 •abagiiai'hs. t)H I 381 14 53 135 802 809 310 85 305 307, 308 299 to 302 307 308 85 135 223 to 226 842 to 844 178, 179 551 195, 190 311 300 315 731 732 512 715 to 721 417, 420 78, 79, 80 1, 127 to 132 15 to 18 37 et seq. 35 36 39 8 9 29 to 34 4, 5 and 865 17 6 23 and 435 439 24 2 40 3, 10 to 14 38 18 t 18 678 to 680 874 873 870 883,884 882 Canals, Government expenditure on do Murray . do Ottawa and Rideau do revenue from do St. Lawrence system do St. Peter's do Sault Ste. Marie do Suez, traffic through ... do traffic through, 1886-1890 do Trent River system ; . Cajje Race lighthouse Capital Account Cape Breton Railway. (See Government Railways.) Cattle, &c., N.VV.T do exjxjrts of do imports of . do transportation of Census, 1891. Paragraphs. 878 877 872 879, 880 863 to 871 875 867, 868 868 . . 879 to 881 876 524 168 to 170 do 4.S3 401 to 407 399, 400 411, 412 93 et seq. 1871-1881 87 to 91, 94 873 674 to 676 421 to 423 860 270 100 712, 713 714 712 15 to 18 146 to 456 446, 153 448,450 454 455 451, 452 Chambly cnnal. Charitable institutions ... . Cheese .... Chignecto Marine Transport Railway Cigars, consumption of Cities, progress of principal Clearing huuse? - do London and Manchester . . ... do ofierations of, in principal cities of North America Climat(< of Canada Coal do districts, North-West Territories do do Nova Scotia do exports of do imports of do of British Columbia . do production of, in Canada 445,447,452 do do in the world Coasting and inland certificates Coins in circulation. (See Banks. ) Commons, House of do do names of members of. . . Constitution of Canada Consolidated fund Contagious diseases of cattle, freedom from Copper do exports of. do world's production of Copyrights Cotton, imported, and manufactures of . . . . County courts Criminal statistics do do do do do 456 531 do do do do do do 47,49 82 . 37 et seq. 153 413 474, to 477 476 477 688 259 633 642, 643 ages of convicted 652, 653 birth places of convicted 656 commitments in England 664 do per 1,000 of population 663 convictions for drunkenness 667, 668, 680 87i convictions, number of, 1886-1890. convictions by provinces convictions, urban and rural. . convict population of Canada. county gaols, prisoners in criminals, number of G44, 645 670 651 671 671 648 068 INDEX. do do do do do do do do do do do Crops in Ontario . no Manitoba do Quebec. do Maritime Provinces. Currency, Canadian do paper Customs duties per head do revenue, collection of do valuations, Paragraphs. 662, OSS females, convictions of . . 640, (i5<) indictable offences, convictions for 647 to 6(i() Criminal statistics, educational Htatua of convicted do " • - persons more than once convicted murder, persons charged with occupations of convicted . ........... penitentiaries. (See Penitentiaries. ) ))ersons executed, 18G7-1891 . , religions of convicted residence of convicted sentences {mssed, 1890 sex of criminals. , summary convictions . 64(> 65!) <>57 660, 6(51 654, 655 649, 661 668 650 662, 6(» 370, 371, 372 373 375 374 690, 691 693 185, 189 185 to 187 240 do duties, amount of 183 to 190 DEAD letters, number of. (See Post Office.) Deaths, accidental do assigned causes do from diphtheria do from most fatal diseases , Deaths from phthisis and lung diseases do suicide do typhoid fever do zymotic diseases Deaths of children do illegitimate children Deaths per 1,000 Death rate in Canadian cities Debt, (i'ce Public Debt.) Departii tents. The several . . Dwellings in Canada, 1891 Diphtheria, deaths from Discounts, average rate of Dominion lands . do do do do do area set out for settlement area taken up, 1887, 1888, 1889, 1890 and 1891 entries cancelled explorations, Liard and Peace River districts foM'stry, N.W.T receipts, 1873-1891. . receipts, total . regulations , railway belt, B.C. revenue Rocky Mountains park Dominion Government, members of do notes Dnmkenness, convictions for 667 Duty accrued on articles in bond do collected at principal ports dii do on imports 4(^ do do for consumption do do do do do 150 148 147 145 146 144 147 148 142 143 149 140, 141 70 and 79 98 147 708, 710 759 767 760, 761 762 769 770 763 766 772 771 764,765 768 76 693 ,668,680 316 318 253,254 260 INDEX. 569 IRAQRAPHH. 662, 65:) 640, m) 647 to m> 04<> fif)!) 657 660,6(51 654, 655 649, «>51 658 (550 662, 6(55 J70, 371, 372 373 870 874 690, 6!)1 693 185, 189 185 to 187 240 183 to 190 100 148 147 140 146 144 147 148 142 143 149 140, 141 70 and 79 98 147 708, 710 759 767 760, 761 762 769 770 763 766 772 771 764,765 768 76 693 »7, 668, 680 316 318 253,254 260 Paragraphs. EASTERN Extension Railway. {See Government railways. ) Education 580 et seq. in British Columbia 612 to 615 in Manitoba 607 to 611 in New Brunswick 602 to 606 in Nova Scotia 597 to 601 in North-West Territories 619 to 625 in Ontario 583 to 592 in Prince Edward Island . in (Quebec statistical summary . . systems in each province . universities and colleges . do do do do do do do do do do do Elections, genera) do procedure do provincial, voters at Elevation of principal places . . Emigration from United Kingdom . . . Europe, area of Excess of exports in British possessions. do imports do Exchange, sterling, average rate of .... Exchequer Court Excise duties, amount of 185, 190, 191, 192 Experimental farms 434 Exports. (2 570 m« 52 670 6tW rm 430 to 432 136 303,304 136 227 180 107 152 12 13 4{K), 4«1 457 to 460 4(;3 463 458 461, 462 461 848 to 862 85it 856 850 862 848 to 855 850 858 849, 850 857 76 30 75 167 804 511 627 84 401, 402 Horne-Bre«ding HoHpitaU, marine HoMpitalH. {See charitablt* institutioiiH.) House of Coniniona do meniberH of Hoii8«8 inhabited Hudson Bay company, fur trade Paraouaphh. 428, 433 52H 47 U> 40 82 ILLEGITIMATE children, deaths of. Immigrant arrivals, 1801 Immigrants, money and effects of do nationalities of do trades of Immigration, 1891. bonus to settlers in North- West Territories children brought out customs arrivals cost of settlors |)er head demand for farm labour expenditure female help, demand for efrom United Kingdom into Ontario returns, uncertainty of do settlers in Canada do tenant farmer delegates , Imports, 1880, 1890, 1801, summary of . . do by countries, 1890-91 do duty collected on Imports, entered for consumption, 1868-1891 do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do n by provinces.. . . 1870, 1880, 1890., 1890-1891 do do do do excess of from Great Britain from United States into British possessions, 1889-1890. into Ontario and Quebec of food into United Kingdom 409, of minerals into United Kingdom from British possessions of crude articles mto Canada of manufactured do of wheat into United Kingdom, 1889 and 1890 and exports of agricultural food 1! 125, 126 117 110, 118 111, 112 124 250 to 258 288,289 253,254 291 to 293 253 260 to 262 do by countries, 1891. do 1868-1891 do 1890-1891 do summary of 1890-1891 do of each port, 1891 , do 1891.... do classification of do per head. 1868-1891 do of British possessions do of farm produce , . . , do of foreign countries do of wheat and other breadstuffs, 1867 1891. do with Great Britain and United States Indian population, The. do voters Industrial establishments of Canada . 316 288 283 307,308 314 430, 431, 432 443, 444 306 978 S78 8M 427 284 to 287 244, 245 241, 242 242 317 284 to 287 241 253 299 to 302 427 303,304 381 283 102 to 109 51 29 to 34 072 INDRX. Pahauhaimis. InduntrieH, imttirnl, of Cnnada , . 24 Infantiltt mortality 14'_> Inland iiinrinu inrtiiranc«« 783, 'H't do and cuanting oHrtiflcatvii K\\ Insane anylums 072, fl73, tl7r> Insurance, accident MM dniNNtitH with Kuvennnent H()7 Suarantce H04 re, American coniitanieM, huHinoM done by 77{) amount at ri»k, 1H«» IWK) ., 7Wi British comitaniex, businHSH done by 77H businesM done, IHIM) 777 Canadian coninanieM, business done by 7K0 losses iMiid, 1890 774 do 18fi»-l«K) 775, 77« do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do number of comimnies premiums received, 181K) do IWH> 1890 pro|>ortion of {Myuients to receipts by British and American companies do proportion of payments to receipts by Canadian com- ))anieH Inland Marine . , , . Life, amount at risk, 1869 1890 775, 773 774 77t5 81 7M;i do do eflfected, 187M890. do do do 18<}9-18JK) do assessment comi>anie8 do average amount of |)olicy, 1890 do business done, 1889-1890 . . . do do of Canadian comitanies . . . . do death rate do insurance terminated do expenditure, 1888, 1889, 1890 do financial position of companies, . do increase in business do lapsed do number of comimnies , do payments to polioy holders. . . . . do proportion of payments from income. do premium inooiue do receipts, 18S8, 1889, 1890 number of companies of all kinds ocean marine plate glass . . . ^ , total receipts Interest on public debt i)er head Intercolonial railway. {See Government railways.) Interprovincial trade Investments Iron and steel . . visit of. do association, do exports of (^ imports of Q|. production of, in Ciunida ■ . m do in United Kingdom and U\it do world's production of .. Iron ore, home production and consumption of do exjxirts of Isl.^nds of Canada JULtrES, appointment of LAKyS of Canada 782 7'. '2 7W4 789 M()3 795 788 800 71K5 797 801 800 790 793 787 799 802 798 801 80() 784 to 786 805 808 222, 223 247 109 4C4 to 473 437 4(19 470 ■"i« t!2 471 to 473 466,468 467 9 629 4, 5, 865 P^ INDEX. 073 781 782 785 7!)U 7iM 789 783. 35 78B 800 796 797 M)l 8<)0 7!K) 793 787 7m 802 7»8 801 80<) 784 to 785 805 808 222, 223 247 4G4 to 473 437 4(i!) 470 ■"!« 472 471 to 473 406, 468 467 9 629 4, 5, 865 Pah.\rinci[)al places 17 L«Ki"lntuniN, I'roviiicial 71 t<> 7H L«ttt«r«. {Sfr I'oHt Ottiw.) Lieutenant ( iovernorH, iiaiii«H of , . . , , , MS LiKhthouM^H, Ac, nnnilH^^T of 515toA24 L Luimwring in Canada < • / 1 r 3Ss ^>, 27 M/VCKKREL fleet, U.S. MagiHtrateH ManitoUi, cro|iH in Manufacturing industriei. Mnlt, manufacture of . . . . Marine diviHioni . . . Onta.io Queliec Nova Hcotia . ... New Brunttwick . . P. E. Inland British Columbia ^(14 t;33 37» 20 to 34 267 518 510 520 m im rm Marine Department, revenue and ex(tenditure of 536 to 53f* do hortpitalH Masters and mates certiflcateH Members, proiN)rtion of to |K)pulation Meteorological information Military College Militia Act do do do do do do do do do do do do do do active and reserve. . . . . commaud-in-chief of.. , early history of . . uxiMjnditure , military districts number of men available. 74 Iiensions l>eriod of drill do service . . . I)ermanent corj)8 persons comprising thn do exempt . revenue strength of Minerals of Canada . . do exiK)rts and im|x>rt8 of do list of Canadian do production of in Canada, 1890, 1891 Mining districts in Canada Ministem, Cabinet, from 1867 Model Museum Money Bills in Parliament Money Order system and transactions 347 to Mountains of Canada Mounted Police, particulars of 751 to 758 52S 630 4H 17 to 22 742 73.') 738 735 733, 734 745, 749 740 750 748 737 739 741 735 736 746 743, 744 23, 435 443, 444 435 441, 442 430 78 to 80 685 68 353 6 NATURALIZATION Natural industries of Canada.. . . Navigation, ()i)ehing and closing of. Newfi>undl»na, particulars of Newspapers. Ac. ( 'iee Post Office). Nickel , 74 24 16 134 478 574 INDEX. North-West Territories, physical features. Nova Scotia, crops in Paraouaphs. 11 374 OATH of allegiance 67 Ocean mail service 354 to 35() Ontario, crops in 370, 371, 372 do mineral resouroes of 438 PARLIAMENT, authority of Parliament buildings, cost of do duration of do of Canada do privileges of Patents, duration of Patent office. The Penitentiaries, cost of prisoners in ... . deaths m offences of prisoners in . particulars of punishments in value of number cI convicts in. . m 211 77 40 m 683 681 to 685 637 641 ..., 639 634 to 641 638 636 634,635 236 237 Petroleum 479 to 489 c do do do do Pensions do in United States do do do do do do do Phosphate Phthisis, deaths from average price of consumption of exports of.. . in Burmah , in Russia in United States production of Canadian. 484 486 485 489 488 487 482, 483 .500 to 506 146 Physical features of Canada. 3, 10 to 14 Pigs, importation of 399,400 Plate glass insurance 805 Police, Harbour 527 do Mounted, particulars of. ... 751 to 758 Population, density of 133 do estimate of 101 do in British Possessions 135 do in foreign countries 136 do of the world 138 do the Indian. 102 to 109 do urban, 1891 07 416 320 Pork, supply of. Post Office Act, 1868 . do agreements with United States 321 and 327 do cost of transmission of mails, 1868 1891 339, 340 do dead letters, number of 345,346 do excess of expenditure 337 do free delivery of letters 341 do letters in principal countries 357 do money oraer system and transactions 347 to 353 do number of letters 329,330 do do do by provinces 334, 335 do do newspapers, books, &c 331, 332 do do stamps issued 338 do ocean mail service 354 to 356 do operations, 1867-1891 339, 340 do postage stamps, revenue from .... 338 INDEX. 575 Paragraphs. 11 374 C7 354 to 35(i .370, 371, 372 438 69 211 77 40 m 683 681 to 685 637 641 63{) 634 to 641 638 636 634, 635 236 237 479 to 489 484 486 485 489 488 487 482, 483 500 to 50() 146 3, 10 to 14 399, 400 805 527 751 to 758 133 101 135 136 138 102 to 109 97 416 320 321 and 327 339, 340 345, 346 337 341 357 347 to 353 329, 330 334,335 331,332 338 354 to 356 339, 340 338 Post Office, proportion of officen to area do rHfr.stered letters, number of do revenue and expenditure, 1868-1891 do revenue and expenditure by provinces do savings banks, (iiee Savings Banks. ) do transfer to colonial authorities Postal union, admission of Canada to do the Prices, average export do do since 1873 Precipitation ... Prince Edward Island Railway. {See Government Railways.) do voters in Principal events in Canadian history Privileges of Parliament. ... Privy Council, members of. . . do of Canada Provinces, subsidies to Provincial debts, assumption of, by Dominion do Legislatures do do names of members of do do particulars of do public debts ... do revenue aiid expenditure, 1890 Provisions, exports of Public affairs, administration of Public debt, 1868-1891. Paragraphs. S&3 343, 344 336, 337 342 do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do 319 3?3 322 to 326 251 252 18 53 36 66 76 38 163 204, 205 71 to 73 83 83 228 176, 177 414, 415 70 200 219 212, 213 200 204,205 218 assets per head assets, details of assets and liabilities, 1868-1891 assutnption of provincial debts Dominion notes' expenditure on public works 206 to 211 ^ross 198 m British Possessions 223 to 226 increase in 1891 199 to 201 do accounted for 206 to 211 do 1867-1891 200 interest on 214 to 218 do iier head 219, 220 loans since confederation 222 net 199 objects of 203 to 221 of foreign countries 227 perhead 219,220 proportion to revenue ... 202 Provincial 228 proportion of national wealth 226 207,210 Public Works, expenditure on . RAILWAYS, do do do do do do do do do do do accidents on actual and theoretical cost business of Canadian capital, particulars of Chigneclo Marine cost of, in principal countries development earning, 1891 expenses, 1891 freight carried in principal countries freight, particulars of gauge of Canadian 829 to 833 826,827 816 812 to 813 860 828 811 814, 815 814, 815 835 822 to 824 838 576 INDEX. Paraghaphh. RAILWAYS, Government aid to 809, 810, 812, 813 in British posHessions 842 to 844 in Canada, the first hu Government expenditure on 8112 mileage in British possessions 842 to 844 do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do Rainfall, 1891 Ranches, number of 433 Registered tonnage of the world 553, 554 Religious Statistics 575 to 579 Representation 48 Revenue and expenditure, 1891 , 155 to 160 do foreign countries opening of, in various countries passengers and freight, per head of |X)pulation do do mile of Ime open. . progress proportion of expenses to receipts do to aren do of revenue to cost do of traffic to cost receipts per mile ... receipts and expenditure in the world rolling stock statistics, 1890-1891 816 to 818 do 1875-1891 814, 815 subsidies to 164 to 167, 170 Government. {See also Government railways) 848 to 862 St. Clair tunnel 861 18 84ti 847 834, a35 834 811 817 843 821 825 836, 837 819, 820 845 839 to 841 do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do collection of customs, dominion lands 1868-1891. 1891, estimated 1868 1891. Heads of in British possessions 1891, increase in foreign countries 157, 158 171 173 178, 179 158 180 of marine department 536 to 539 of provinces, 1890 , per head, 1868-1891 postal do by provinces . from postage stamps 176, 177 174, 175 336,337 342 187 764, 7G5 338 from taxation 181 to 193 191, 192 ., 159,160 191 746 202 154 and 181 157, 158 ..; 7 708 excise, 1887-1891 heads of, 1890-1891 Revenue, Inland do Militia do proportion of, to public debt. do sources of do surplus and deficit of Rivers of Canada Rocky Mountains Park ^ALT do exports of . do production of, in Canada do do in United States Sault Ste. Marie Canal, traffic through. Savings Banks, Government and Post Office, dis|K)sal of deiwsits., do do particulars of, 1890 and 1891 ... . do do 492 to 495 494 493 495 867, 868 728 732 723 INDEX. 577 Paraghaphh. 09, 810, 812, 813 842 to 844 811 8(>2 ... 842 to 844 84() 847 834, a35 834 811 817 843 821 825 836, 837 819, 820 845 . . 839 to 841 . . 816 to 818 . . 814,815 .164 to 167, 170 ... 848 to 862 861 18 433 553, 554 ... 575 to 579 48 . . . 155 to 160 157, 158 171 173 178, 179 158 180 ... 536 to 539 176, 177 174, 175 336, 337 342 187 764, 765 338 ... 181 to 193 191, 192 159, 160 191 746 202 . 154 and 181 157, 158 7 768 ... 492 to 495 494 493 495 867, 868 728 732 723 Savings Banks, Government interest. Rate of. do number of do deposits, decrease in.. Post Office, deposits in. do do do do do do do do do do do Scott Act, the Seal fisheries in British Columbia Senate, The do names of members of . . . Settlers, cost of, yier head do effects, value of do do do do do do do do depositors in decrease in deposits deixjsits by working classes do in United Kingdom and colonies. establishment of interest, rate of particulars of, 1890-1891 progress of Paraobaphs. 724 723 727 726 726 727 729 730 722 724 732 725 678 to 680 561 41 to 46 81 121 119 Sheep, exports of 401 to 406 do importation of. do imports of, into United Kingdom Shipping in British (Xjssesyions do do do do . do Silver do do do do do in Canada. in foreign countries. of Montreal at principal porta . . . in United States. . , coin, profit on . . coin in Canada ore, exports of production' of, in United States production of the world Sovereigns and rulers in principal countries Spirits, consumption of do duty per head do manufacture of St. Clair tunnel Steel, world's production of Steamboats, number of Steamers, Government Still-born, number of children Stocks, principal, dividends and prices of Storm signal service do warnings Subsidies to provinces do railways 164 to Suez Canal, traffic through Sugar, beet do consumption of Suicide, deaths from Superannuation 229 to Superior Courts Supreme Court 399, 400 408,409 551 544 to 5.50 552 549 550 554 490 to 499 172 691, 692 497 498 461, 499 86 271, 669 272 264 to 266 861 471 629 525, 526 144 711 19 to 21 21,22 163 167 868 425 194 144 235 632 630 TAXATION, amount derived from. do do 1868-1891. do by customs duties do by excise duties do heads of, 1868-1891 do in British possessions do in foreign countries 181, 182 183, 184 185, 186 189 190 195,196 197 578 INDEX. TAXATION, receipts from, per head, 1868-1891. of. . 52 433 Paragraphs , „, ,. - • • ■ 183, 184 lea, cunHuniption of 104 Telegraphs in Canada gyy ao in princiiMtl countries 363 to 3«5 Telegraph lines. Government 358 to 362 Telephones in Canada 3(}7 Temiterance Act 678 to OrtO Temperature, 1891 18 do of principal places 17 Territories, The, voting in do rivnches in Timber, production of 25 to 27 Tobacco, consumjition of 271 do entered for couHumption do consumption of Canadian do duty per head Tonnage, registered, of the world .... Trade, Canadian and United States, compared ... do distribution of, of United Kingdom, 1840-1890 marks . ... ; of British possessions with United Kingdom 305 to total, of British ixjssessions with United Kingdom and United States, compared with United States, 1891 do do do do do Typhoid fever . UNITED Kingdom, customs duties jier head in . 268, 269 269 272 553 255 312 68(> 307 301 285 286 144 do do do do do do do do do do do distribution of trade of, 1840-1890. . . emigration from. exports from, to British possessions . , do to, from do imports into do 189 312 125, 126 310 309 309 432 409 420 do of agi'icultural food 430 to do of animals into, for food.. do butter do food into 409, 430 to 432 do wheat into 386, 387, 394 trade of, with her possessions 309 to 311 United States, trade of, with United Kmgdom 306 do mackerel fleet . .. . 564 do trade of Canada with 283,427,428 do do with Brit,ish ix^sessions 306 do shipping in 553, 554 do wheat in 383 to 395 VALUE of settlers' effects 119 Vessels, fishing, number of . . 560 do new, number of, built 543 do registered in Canada 540 to 543 Vital statistics. 139 to 150 Vo'^rs, disqualified do number of, on list at provincial elections . . . C[ualification of in British Columbia in Prince Edward Island . North- West Territories . . do do do do do 54 55 73 50 to 54 53 63 5'. WEATHER predictions 22 Weights and measures 238,239 Wheat, average yield of 371, 373, 389 do do value per acre 393 INDEX. 579 PARAORAPH.S ■ • 183, 184 1!H ma ■■• 363 to 365 358 to 362 3(57 678 to «S0 ■ 18 17 52 433 25 to 27 271 268, 269 26!) 272 553 255 312 686 . . 305 to 307 301 285 286 144 189 312 125, 126 310 309 309 430 to 432 409 420 409, 430 to 432 .386, 387, 394 309 to 311 306 564 .283, 427, 428 306 553, 554 . 383 to 395 119 560 543 . 540 to 543 139 to 150 54 55 73 50 to 54 53 53 5'. Wheat, price of do consumption in various countries . .... do per head, in Canada " crop of Canada, 1890-91 crops of the world , ,,[] estimated production and consumption of effect of N. P.. . ,^ futui-e value of ..........'. home demand for '!!.!.!!!. in India ...........! in Russia * imports and exports of, 1867-189i ............'. no of, into United Kingdom . . principal countries exporting.. . . ,„. supply of the worid, 1890 and 1891 '.'.'".'.'..' Wine, consumption of do duty per head Windsor Branch Railway. {See Government Rail waya. Wrecks, number of. do do do do do do do do do do do do do ZYMOTIC diseases, deaths from Paragbaphs. 383 380 378, 379 376, 377 395 378, 379 382 390 392 391 391 381 394 385 395 669 272 532 to 534 148 22 238, 239 371, 373, 389 393