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Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole — «^ signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbole V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmds d des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clichd, il est filmd d partir de Tangle supdrieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 L' ll! DE LA SALLE .\.M( ;N(, I I S E N E C A S IN 1 bb9. Oj ^ y ^',. - ) I IIMI'I.IMKNT-' or O. H. MARSHALL, \o. \>M Main STitKKr. nrri'Ai,!) D] B r II !•: FIRST VISIT Ml- De La Salle 1(1 niK TT 3 m H SENEGAS, !;; MAI'F, IN f ,1 • • • « • • • • » t • 1 1 1 . V 1 C IT ( 1 1 » t • • * * • • 'v ■ • • ' ' I • > ' • , t B • t t • 1 II •••••• » K I-. A 1' i; K I' O R K T H K • ;• UFFALO HISTORICAL March i6, 1S74, SOCIETY Bv ORSAMUS 11. MARSIIALT-. ¥ I'RIVAI'EI.V PRIX TF.IV tl' «♦ i T :i Oi '♦ In tilt' Cily (if llmicii, llic ;iiificiil C;i|iii,il of Nui' iiiiiiidy, iiliim-t iimlcr ilic >Ii;i(l«)w of i|s rciiowiKMl ('nllic- <'r;il ('(liic-didii. iiiid for ;i lirid" |)<'ri(jd \\;is ciirolh.'d ii-^ ;i iiiciidtci' of I licii' ( )rdt'r. W lirii lie led ilinn dn the dc;iili ol' |d-> Fjitlii'i', it \v;is Vt il lioiii fori line, r< ■!• li\- his coll iicci ion w't h i heir Soviet \', lit' li.'itl IdiTcilcd ;dl chiiiii lo llic [);irciit;il lici'idiii'c. \\itli 111' resources >;i\'c Ids iiidoiiiiliil)lc ciicruA' and sciciitilic acc(iiii|ili-liiiiciils, nnd no appareiiL iiidiicc- nicids except the lo\(' of iid\-en(ure ;ind a desire lo vi>it, an elder I )i'oi lier I lieii resident ill Canada, lie einl»ai'ked lor the New AVorld in IGliiJ, where lie I'oundeil iieai; Mon- treal, I he \illaL:;e ol" '• La ( "hine." Increased aticntioii has within the la>l few veai's, l»eeii directed to lii> re>eai'chcs';ind cxjild'at ions on thisCoii- iiein rill riic I'ccent discoxery of various inaniiscri[)ls I'elafiiiL;' to his e\|)loratioiis hIoiil;- our Xorthern Lakes and Western Kivci's as far as tlu; (!ulf of ]\Icxico, lias awakened a fresh intert'st in this suliject. A lai'gc iiia.-.s ol new lualcrial is now in iIk; pt)s>essi()ii of Ml'. Pierre ^Lii'ti'iy, ()[ Paris, I'oi- tlio pul)lic'atioii of wliii'h !?10,000 lias I'ceeidly been a[>[)ro[)rialed Ly an Act of our Con- 58864 i ^I'l'os, |)r(M'lir('(l li\ llic ji'llil (■,' III- III' Millie (if llir iiMi-I ciiiiiKMil (if (iiir AiiM'i ic'iii I li-l(iri;tii-, iiidnl li\- i,\\v own Mild (il lit'i' I li-lmiciil SocicI ic>. While (III ;i tTfrjil \i-i| |(i |*;il i,-, I W ;i> cli;! M( ■( |. I In'oll-ll (lie (•(illl|c-\ (if Mr. M;il;jl\, I ( t (' Mllll i lie \\\< I'lirc Cdilcc- liiiii-. ;iiiil ciiii li-lilV lo llirir \':iliic niid iiii |m niiincc. Till' |ini|ni-iM| |il|li|Ir;il ioll will cjlllir.'ici' M'Nrl'llI \nl nine- III' (iriL'iii;d iii;ileri;d. Three will lie deNOled |ii I he d Im'i i\ erie- lllld e\|ilnr;|- lioli> ul' Lii S;ille, illid one lo eiieli i.--i 1 1| li. Le Mii\lie I ) I lier\ ille, |''ir>l I|m\;iI (invcriinr of Iii)iii>i;iii;i. IjC .MoN'lie de r>ie|l\ille, Second J|m\;i1 ( i i )\-erii i iI' ii( Ii(iiii.-i;iii;i. Allloilie de 1;| Mullie (";idill;ie. Third I'i;ili;|. The ( 'liiiiii iif We-leni I'nsls. ;ilid The Iii(li;iiis. M;ilsiliL!' Ill nil It'll Ni il II lues. Tlie\- will lie i>>l|ed under ;i ei Hi ( nicl , wlliell h;is lieeli coiieliiiled lielweeii Mr. .M ;i rL:ry ;i lid ihe .Iniiil I.ilir;ir\- riHIlinil l"e III" CollLlTos. The lir>l \nlllllie is lie;irl\' re;id\' lor ihe in'c-s, ;iiiil will lie Inoked for wiili iiiiieh iiileresi l»y -t iideiils of Aiiierieiiii liislor\-. Mv. M!H\U'r\" lliis lieeli eliuii^cd, for ni;ili\- \e;irs. in enl- lectiiiU' llie iii;iieri;d for lliis ]iiil)lie;ilioii. his olTieiul coii- iieelioii wilh llie I)e[>;irl ne'iil of llie Jfii/isfcrc (h; la j\f(iri)t(\ in Piiris, li;i\iiiu' idlonied him speeiid fiieililics lor ihe iiiidertakiiiL:. Anion,!;' his ciillee; Ions. I round ;iii uniudilislied maini- sc'ripl j'oiirnal, eopird iVoiu llu' oriuiiial in ihe DiMio- «l <1 * <» llic<,i|c N;il iiili.ili'. il: i';ili-. L:i\ ill'.;' ;ili ;icc( »|iii t ( »!" ;i li cX | m- (liliiili iiiM Ici l.'ilscii li\ L;i Siilli' ;iii(l I,, (I Slll|iii'i;ili Mi> si< iliiir;<'.- ililn llic fii!iiilr\ dl' the Si'||i'c;l>. liii'lC lll;ili A- mil' (if iIh' -|ii'ci;il (ilijcrt- nf llli> SkcicIv i- llic
  • c( i\ cry ;iii(l | nc-ci \ ;i I iuii df lii-l ( iric:il iii:i I criiil rchil iiii:' |m lllr -el I IcllirnI dl' \\c-|i'rii N'cW ^'()|■k, wIli'llltT ciili- liiicil Id llic pidiiccr ciitcr[irl-c- (if ilic wliiio, ni' cm- liniciiii'; llicirlir-l iiiti rcoiir-c ;iiii| i i';iii-;ici it>ii- wiili lln- Iii(li;iii-. I w illliiL:l\' ;iccc|)tcil ihc lVicii(ll\' dlVcr dl' Mr. .M;ir;^r\'. In I'linii.-li ilic \ii;icl I'l-din llic jdiini;il in (|iic>- tinli, ;i I l';lli--l;i; idii of wliicji I lic'j' |c;i\'(' lo illllddiicc lo \(iur ;ii Iciil iiMi I hi- cN-ciiiiii:-. .i- llic W.-i.-i'- df iii\- [Hc-ciil |.,i|H.r. A-i(lc frdiii il- iiiliiii-Ir intcrc-t, il scciiicil id Lc d| MiHiciciil liisKiric'i! iiii[t(iil;iiic(' Id ciilillc il. Id ;i pliier iim(ili;4- dill' ;il'clii\('>. Il (locrilic- llic lir-l Ni-lt df \/,\ Snilc Id \\'<'>ti'i'ii New ^ d|'i<, lli;i(lc ill l(!(il*. ItcI'dPc lie li;i(l ;ic(|iiirc(l llic I'ciiiiWIl wliicli III- viili.-c(|iiciil ;i(l\ciil lire- ;iiildr;i i idii> jif- (i.\c(l Id lii- n;iuic. The |)cd dllcll lieiird in dill" sli'cci-. mid exhiMled iii;iii\ df ihc eu>ldiii.- iind iiiiiniicrs W llieii e\cli iidW |)rc\;ii| ;im(,|i'.; I 11 ci T (h 'SeelK I'l 1 1 1 S. The iii;i|) Miiiiexed lo ihc jdiirii;d. r<»ims ;iii iiil ere>l ini;- illll.-l r:il id!i dl ihe klid\\le(lM'c ;ie(|iiirei| Ii\' (he ]i;irl\. <>! llie I'drm ;iiid .-i/.e dl' ihe Xdi'ili Aiiicric'iiii Lakes duriiiL;' llieir jdiiii' ]iidiicer Noviiijc rroiii Mdiili'eal lo llicSaiill Ste Marie. The ed|)\' which 1 (dilaiiicd is i\ Jar sii/li/>; n\' tlu' driuiiial, and measures 4' feel in leiiulli, li\ 2'. feel in In-cadlii. Il is coN'eii'cl willi lln.' aniiolal itjiis dl" ■I diiliiuM', iii((-il\' iiiNrrlcd. X) its lo l)c rcihl diiK' \'y<<\\\ \]\r iioi'lh ^itlc, iiwiiiLi" to liis sl;iii(l [luiiii Ix'iiii:', ^\ licii lie (Irt.'W il, I'll the C;ili;i(li;ill side of tlic (Il'cill L;ik('.-. look- ill H' io\\;i|-(ls tlic >olllll. I I li;l> lic\cr \('i I )rc 11 ]»uMi>llc(l. lull will nii(loiiliit'(il\- 111' r('[iro(liicc(l ;niioiiu' Mr. M;ir _i:-r\'"s lepers. Till' llli--ioli;irii'S ;il l;icllc(l lo |li(' cx pcd i I ioll, Wrvr Frniu'ois DolliiT dc (";i»oii, itiul Wrwr de IJrclmTit dc (!;iliiirc, l)otli ;ill;Kdicd lo 1 lie ( )rd('r of St. Siilpicc. 'riio loniMT li;id Ix'i'ii ;i (';i\';ilr\ olVlri'i' iiiidrr Nr;ir>li,il Tiircniic. Al till' (hllc of lliis cxpcdil ion, lie \\;is nUoiit U) \r;n's old, ;iiid Snpi'i'ior of ilic S(Miiiii;ir\- iicloiiLi'iiiL;' to his ()r(l('r Ml Moii!r(';t]. I[(> \\;is ;i iiian ol' coiiiiimiidiiiL;- prcx'iu'c .■iiid Ii'IimI coiir.-iu'c. ol' wliicli he liml u'ix-cii proofs ill t lie i';iiirp;iiL;ii of ( io\i'i'iior Courccllcs au'aiiist tlio Mohawks ill I iil)(!. His stn'ii^th was so prodii:ioii,-. ihal he was >aid lo he alilc to carry Iwo tucii, >iiiiiii:-, one in each hand. (jalinrc, ihf hi-loriaii of ihc cnlrrprisc, was ^kill(■ll 'n llic AlLi'oiikiii toii;L;ii( . and had no lilllc rcpulalioii as .i siiiW('\'or and aslroiionicr. IFc coidd consiriu't a charl of liis traN'rls tiiroiiuh the w ildci'iios, so as lo 1h" aMc lo rclract,' his waw liolh pric.-ls wrrc ardent and zealous for iho coiiNcr- sioii of the North Ainrriean Indians lo the Konian failn, and liad lonu' licoi wailiii; for sonic fa\'oral)h,! op])or- limil\', lopciiclralc. for that piir[)osc, tiic \a.-l and as yc'. iincxplorcil rcuions of ilic wc>l. Do La Salic, then .2(1 years old. had resided in Canada al>()ut (lircc years, and llie (»[)[>orlunities he had eiijo\-c(l for inlcrcoui's(» with llic lro(piois and other western tribes, will) were acciistoiued to visit, ^loiitreal for the 1 I 4 1 i)m'|t(i>('> nl' I r;i(l('. li;ilii tlirlli lie li;i(l li(';ir(l of llic ()lii<>, llic Mi»i>-i ] »|»i/"' and ol' tlic 1k>uii(11('ss fdrcsls iiiul |)rairi('- tln'oiiLi'li w liicli tlic}- flowed, tcciuiiiu' willi u'ainc and llic I'm' Ix'ariiiL;' ainiiials. Tlicx' liad l(tld Inni of llic \asl lakc<. as yet niiiia\iL;aled save lt\' llieir iVail eaiioe^, dii the liordcrs (»!' winch were iii- <'.\liau>t ililc iiiiiic>, yicldiiii;' llie lieliol di'o dl" iron and c'(i])])cr. 1 lis iniaLjinatioii kindled at llic I'ccital, and so i;Teal was liis ainltit ion to aeconiplisli Ins laN'oritc olijcci, llial lie sold llic possessions he had ac(|iiirc(l in Canada, to vcali/.c the means for dclVayinu' the exjx'iiscs of an expe- dition to test ihc inith of the Indian imrrations. J*]iic()iiraL;'e(l li\ the pat roiiai^c of ('onrccllo the (loNcniof, and Talon the Inteiidani of Canada, who were la\i>li of all except peenniai'x' aid. he rooKcil to ascend the St. Lawrence, and pa>sinL;' throiiuli the chain ofWcstcl'li Lak'cs, to seek Col' theuTcat ri\'cr. ihal. Iia\'- ini;' its source in tin,' Irofpiois cduntry, flowed, accordiiio' to Indian authority, into a far distant sea, and which Chainplain and L'lvscarl)ot had coiilideiitl\- hoped nii^hl l>e the W('>terl\" Toad to China :nid .lapaii. Ill the suininer of 1 (!(!9, La vSalle oriianizcd, with the two Siil[»icians, a Join! expedition to accomplish llieir scxcral purposes the former to prosecute his discoN'- ories in llii' \\c--t,and the missioiiarie.- lo l»a[)li/,e into the lloiiian faith, the neoiiliNtcs the\' should seciiro ainoiiLi' 'It. O the sedeiitarv and nomad trdx's found in llic \'alle\'.s of the Ohio, the Mississippi and the Lakes. AVheii every thing was I'eady foi' a speedy de[)arliire, *'rii(' Mis^issi]i])i was iiJIiuh'il to % iiiiim in llic ,Ic-uit I'ctatidiw ,'i< (.'arly iis lllTO. It; outlet was tlicii Mippiiscd to he in the "Florida Sra." IJrlation ntro-l, jip. '.):•). i44 and \"). 'I s (lie unrortiiiinlc iiss;issiii;il imi of mi Ir(>(|ii(ii-< cliid' hv llircc French soldier- ;il Mdiitrciil. dcliiiiKMl ilwiii lil'iccii (l;iys, and llii'calciicd a I'ciicwal of llic war w liicli liad just llioi. liai)[)ily Ici'iiiiiiatcil. The cxccul ioi, <>[' llu^ ,ii'iii]fy soidici's e.\[)ial(Ml ihcir {'riiiic, and pi'dpil iatrd the orfciidcd Ir(t(|ii()is. All Irar oC I'cprisals Immiil;' alla\('d, llic pai'ty left I. a CliiiK;'"' on tlic (Jlli da\- of .lid\- La Salh'willi [') men in lour canoes, and Do Ca-son and (lalincc, with s('\-cn men in t]irc(,' canoes, e-co!!i'(| hv two olhei- canoes conlaininu' a ])artv of Seneca^ who had l)eeii (he i^aiots of La Salle in Monlieal. dnrini;' ihe prc- cedin,^• winler. They a.-cendcd the St. Lawrence, threadini;- the inli-ica(e ciiannels lornied 1)\- l he Thousand islands, cai'ryinii' theii' canoes and cITeels ai'onml \h^i nuinei'(His and dilVicnll ])oi'tai;-('S lliev mel on iIh' \\;\\\ and at lenu'tli, afler 27 days of incessant (oil, in \\ liicli t he\' sullei'ed se\-ei'ely from di:-ease and exposni-o. ihey reached I he hi'oad cApanse of Lake Ontario. CoasliiiL;' .alonL;' its southeiai shoi'e. ihey landed on the Jdth da\- of Au^ii'ust, at the moiilli of h'ondecjuoit IJay, I'onr nnles oast of the (leiu'see i'i\-ei'. This Kav was, in earlv linu's, the i)i-inci[)al ronle l»y wliieli ihe Senecas were ac- *."^o (■.■i11iii its liciiiu,- Uidi' siippd-rd >hii't iiiii' ]iniiit tor CJiina. P,ni( I.r .Icimc, Superior of tjic .Ic-uii ini->i(,iw in ( ■;m;i(l;i, ill a IcUcI' I'ri.ui (^)uciirc il:|l,(l Sept lOlli, HMO, ujvcs ;l curii.ll^ ;|ccMiinl of ;lll ■■I'li'i'ipt on liic p:ii-| of ;in MiiLiii-lun.'m, ;i<-i'oiiip;niiiMl li\- II ^in'.^'.c -ci-vnnl iind ;i party of .\licnal-i' Inili:in>, lo ci-o-v ihc Aniniciin ('(nitinciit in >caivli of a norllnvc-t pa.->ai:c to tli.' -r,i. He iirrivcd al (.^iicIht on ilic •,>ltlHla\- of .Iniic 1(!4(). 'I'lic (Jov.rnor conipclica liini to I'ciui'n lo lOnuland. liclatioii UiaiMo, ]). la.'). It was till' fav(n'itc lidii'T ol^ ilic caily tra\clri-s in Ainrrica/i, lliat an over- land foiitc to ( liina was pfaclicalilc. !. I.c ('icfc(| l-:tal)liv-.,an( lit (ic la l-'oi, p. I'.t.'i. FalhiT Viinont says iliat tlir .Ii -uii ■• iiaymhault, dc-imicd to 'j:n lo Cjiina acfoss the .Vnierieaii wilderiie-^. A/// ^V-./ ,v, ////////-<-/, ///, mail ;!. 4 W , 9 t'listoiiicd t(» ]);iss liclwccii tlicii' villiin'cs and the lake, 'riici'c was a [)()i'taL;o Irom llic licad of" tlic l)av, aci'os.s to tlic (Iciiescc rivci-, striking- ilic latter above the falls at Ivoeheslci', whicli allordiHl a much shoi'tcf and iiioi'e convenient ronte to tlie u|)})er waters of the (ienesee, ami lo llie sonrees of the Ohio, than 1)V asceiidini!' the clnmnel thi'ouii'h ils mouth. Tlie hay is lli'st noticed on the map annexed to the Jesuit Relalion pul)lished in 1G()(), and is IVequently al- Imled to in suhsefiiuMit narratives oC eai'lv ^vesl<'i'n ex- ploi'alion. A loiM was l)uilt by th(.' Fi-eiich on the sandy bai' at its nnmlli. soon after the commeneemeid of the last cenlury. and ajipi'opi'iatidy called '' Fort des Sables." It does not appear lo have been pernninenlly garrisoned, its site beiiio', for a long time, (lebatal)le ground l>etweeii the French ami the Knglish. The latter oblained a deed from lh(.' Scnecas in 1741, of a ])arallelogram bounding on llie lake, (Mnl)i'aeiiig within its limits the whole of !]u3 bay, and exlemlinii- inland to the depth of thirlv miles. l)enon\ilie hunhMl in the bay, and conslrueted on it.s shore a (lefensi\-e work h)r the ])roteclion of his boats, when on his eelel»raled ex[)ediii()n against the Senecas in lOiST." At the date of La Salle's visit, the whole of the ]>rc- sent State of New Yoi'k, was a dense and unbroken wilderness, ils soil untilled by tin; white nmn, and its Ibi'est recesses unex[)lor('d, save by the Jesuits in their *'rii(' Si'iicra name of this l)ay, cornipt'Ml by the Kniilisli iiiti) "Irondc- (lUdil" ami "(icruiKk'U'iil," I'lirnishcs an interest iiiii' illustration of the Indian custom of hestowinii' siunitieant names iipon ])rominent localities, Tlicy call il "() nyiii-(la-on-(la u'wat," the word beinu' C()mp')unde(l of "Ga-nyiu-da-eh," lake, and "O-da-u'wah," il turns aside. Liierally, "the lake turns aside," or forms a bay, an etymoloLiieid compound, analai^ous lo the Em;lish term " indel." 10 iiiissiMiiiiry (Mitci'prix's. mihI llic Fivudi and Diildi, from Moiili'i'.-il ;iii(l Fort (^raiiLic, in lln'ir pro-cciil ion of llic iiir li'adc. The lro(|nt»is Iriltcs were of a scdciilary <'li;irac(ci', and llic alluvial Ixijtonis williiii the nciuli- l»or])ood and prolcci ion of llicii' \dllaL;v'.<, xiddcd lo ll"'ii' nidc cnltiNalion, I'icli I'clni'iis of niai/.c, hcans, s(|uash('s and melons, liii'nisliin^L;' ain[)l(' I'ood loi- thcii' snbsislcncc.'''" Thcii' \illa,n'('s, foiii' in nnmlici-, were al] oasl of tlic (Icin'-cc Hi\-('r. The lari^'ol. called 0(i-o-sa-('li-(i>-]mhfi('}i^ was nearly lour miles southeast, of Victor, and the fourth, Dt'-o-ilon-Hoi, liv(.' ndles south- east of Avon Spi'in^u's, at the source of the little Coiu'sns {'I'cek. These four \-illaL;'es foriiKMl, as il were, tlu; Jingles of a uearly I'iuht anu'led iiarallelou'ram, the two nearest Lake Ontario l)ein_u' al)out IS ndles s(»uthei'lv lliei'clrom. The corrc^[»ondinu' Mohawk names of these; four villag'es. as wi'itteii liy Demmville, \\-ei't> ( Jannau'ai'o, Totiaklo, Gannou'arae and (lannouiiata.-f •'Tiic Swedish ii.-Mni'ali-l Kulni. w lio li'.'ivcllcd cMcnsiwly in North Amcric;! in K48-)t, says, Uial "iiiai/,c, iviitncv beans, piuiipiiaN, -qiia-he-, Li'oui'ds, " -watonnelons and niu-kiiieloiis were euliivaleil hy ihe Indians Ion-- lieforc "the aiTJval <.)[ Knfoiieans." Kahn's Tfavels. Vol. 1 1 1., I'. 'J!)."). I'ossihly the seeds or some of tliese ffuiis wefe intfodueed ainonLi- the naii\i's ii\lli(! Jesuits, eai'ly in tiie ITtli (Vnliii-y, and heini;' fnimd hy -.uh-eiiuenl liaNedefs, were siip|)()sed hy tlieni to lie iniliLicnoiis. ■fSee an account ol' tlie location of these vilhiv.- and of llieii' idcniilicalion hy tlie author, ill llie x^coml Ndhiini' of llie N. V.iliMorical Cotleetions, secoint series, p. h")S. \ li Tlic (\'ii'li('>l recorded \i>ii m.-ide t() lliesu \-ill;iL:'es l.\- tilt' while liijili, \\;i-; llijil (if I-\'illier C'liilUliioliol , in llie l;i(ter ]i:irt of KJ.K!, ihirleell \-e;ir.s lielure I lie ex | )edi 1 ion of I.;i S;dle."- 'l 'liuit in ;iny peininnenl mission .-inioni;' llie SenecMs, as li(,' reni.'MiH'd l»nl a slioiM lime in llieir eoun- lr\'. The \\ ai's ' 'len lauini;- l»e|\ve(>ii ihe lro(|ii(»is and their savaii'e iieiuhhors, were wlmlly ineonipalilth.' w ilh missionary enterprises. •l ^\'as nol iiniil llnjyear KWh. llial the Jesuils made I't'rnninenI arranu'ements for the cidlure of tliis new and I't'iiiol'' held. in .Jnl\- of llial year, Falliers Fremiii, l*i»'i'i' iiefore. Here Freniin and Pierrou uow cslal)lished lhemsel\-es in llieir missionarv work. Father IJruyas jiassed on lo Oneida, whci'e ho ai'rixed in Scp- teudier, ami was soon aftei- joined 1)V Garuiei'. But another (ield farlhei' west, was calliiii^' for laborers, and Ciarnier, in oliediencu lo llu,^ summ(_)iis, lell Idr the *S(>iiic Anicrican lii-lori;nis lire (if the opiniiiii llial Cliamplain, in ]i\< v\- prdilioii a^aiii-l llic InKiiiois in KU.-j, l;,,,! j,,.i„,. |,, ., .Sciicca villauc llicii siliialrd (111 Uic wc-l vi,l,. ,,| Caiiaiulaimia I.akc. 1)(k-, llisl(ir\- nf X, \., \'(il. lit,, ]). 10. Chainplaiiis works, \)ii(licc (iliiioh, p. .V^'S. J| a]ipcar.- lo 'Ik' :ni!liiir, (HI a carcriil cxaiiiiiialidn of ( 'iiaiiiplaiir>- journal and map, lli:il lie cainc 11(1 fiirtlicr wc^l ilian OiKiiidaga Lake. .*>(■'• >s'. V. I li-'(irica! I'rocccdings, ISllt. p. lie,. il ■P 12 Central Canton of till! ()ii()ii(lii^i;;is, uIkmc lie was joined l)y two new recruits, Millet'"' and Caiheij, in Oetolter of the follow ini;' year. LeaA'in^i;' Millet at Ononda^ua, Carlieil pi'oceeded west- ward to Cayn,^■a, wluM'e lie arrived in Novc'inher, 1GG8, and remained in niissionaiy work for se\-eral \-eai's, hut was linall)- driven out tlii'ou,^li the influence of the hau^L!-hty '^ O-re-ouadie," otherwise called ^' l.a Crand Gueje/' He spent si.xty years ol' niissionai-y life anion^' the Indians, and died in (,)iiel)ee in ]72G. Missions liavinu' thus heen established in tin; four eastei'n Cantons of the li'oijuois, the S(Miecas, the most })0|)ulous and wai'like of the conlederacy, desirous of sharini;' in the sann^ religious advantages, sent a deputa- tion of their most in.lluenlial chiels to Montreal in Xo- Acinber, 1(j68, asking the Jesuits to s(,'nd unssionaries to theii- villau'cs. Th(^ i-equest was promptly <;'raiited, for when was such an ap[)eal ever nnide to ;i Jesuit in vain. They selected Father Freniin, who had now s[)ent a, year among the Mohawks, for the new mission, ami he was soon on his way to the country of the lierce and hau'dil v Senecas, leaving Pi(;ri'ou to conduct, single hand(Ml, the former mission. He arrived at •' Tsonnontonan '"f on the iirst day of Xovend)ei-, 1G68, in the uudst of a I'aging epidemic, wdiich was so destructive, that he was (;l)li"'ed to summon Father Carnier from Onondaga to his aid *M\l\v{, coiilinucd at Onomla-'a until 1071. He was tlicn IrauslVrnM] lo Oneida, wlicrc lie remained until 1084, when he returned to Canada. He was talsen prisoner ni'ar Fort Frontenae liy the Oneilas in HIS'I, but his life was saved through his ado]ition liy a s([ua\v. He linallv succeeded in (il)taining- his release, and returned to (Juelx'c in l(i!)t. Father Charlevoix saw him in IT'J^, an-i sjieaks of him in terms of the Inghest consideration. jThis was the general name of the Seneca countiy. See Aijpendi.v. i:; Kn'iiiiii clinsc for liis roidciicc llic \ illa^iM)!' (l;iii doii- <;-ii-i. (',"■ silii;i!(Ml on tile hniik's of n slrt'.'iiii now kiu)\vii iis Mnd Creek, neiirly Iniii- miles sonllieasi of \'ic't()r, a isilc wliicli unlil (piite recenlly, bort; many evidences of InruKT Indian ()een|.aney. lie lliei'e founded the mis- sion of St. Mieliael, in wliieli he eoiitilllied to kaliol' until icn. (lai'nier located at the \-illau'e called l.y the Mol'awks (Jan-dachi-ra ,i^'ou, desci'ilx-d on pai^-i; 10 as Ga-o-sa-eh- ga-itah in Seneca, situated on what is now known as J)ou,nliton Hill, wheiH! he I'einained until 1G83. Henno- [)iii saw him thei-e in KhO, at the time iie^'otiatious were instilul.'d with the Seiiccas in hehalf of La, Salle, for |)ennis.sion to l)uild ;i t'oi't or storehouse ou tluj Niagara, and a vessel aliove tlu' l"\dls. These missions l»einu' thus fully estal)li.-,hed, l'\ither Frenun, as Su[)ei'ior, called a g'cucral council of all the .lesuils lahorini;- in them, to meet: at, Oiionda^i^'a for con- sultation as to the- hest means foi' promoting' their mis- sionary work, or, in the language of Father JJruyas, " for advancing the salvation of souls, the glorv of God "and the lro((Uois Missions.'' They a,ssond)led on tin; 29tli day of August, 1GG9, iu full council. Fremin left ihc Seneca ^lission of St. Michael to attend the convocation ou tli(3 tentli day of the same month, tlie very day that the expedition, under Lii Salle and the two Sulpicians, landed at Ironde([Uoit iiay, as l)efoi'(^ stat(Ml, on their way to (iannngaro^ or St. .James, on ])oughtou Ilill.f The avowed ohj'eet of La Salle and his companion.-, in *Sr(' pa^c U) wliiTc il is called OaniKiizarac. fJcsiiit [{clatinn Kiru, p. T."), Canaila Fdilidii. u vi>iliii,i;' lli(! Sciicciis, was to oWtain a i;iii(lr coiniiclciil lo coiidiicl. tliciii lLii-(»iigli tin; unknown wildcrnc-s lli;it lay l)etW"(Mi tlu'if vi'.la^-cs and the soni'ccs of the Ohio. 'I'lic unfortnnalc ah-cncc of Frcmin and (larnici- at ihc Onon- dai^'a Conncil dui'lnu' all the lime of ihcir visil, was un- (lon!)l(Mlly ihc principal cause o( llic failure ol'llie c.xiie- dilion, as they were tli(: only individuals wlio had a knowh'di;-*' of ihc Indian lan^aiauc, sullicicnl lo enable them to interprel helween the French and the Senecas. Th(3i-e is li'ood i'ea>on Ibr ihc hcliel'lhat lhc\- wcrealiseni l»y dcsiiin. La Salle had Ibrniei'ly hccii a uuMnher of iheir Ordei', l)ut had I'csiiined Kelbre he came to Amci'ica, its rii^id disci[)line ami ascetic xows not har- im)ni/inL;- with his I'cslless and)ition and lo\col'advenlure. Although he was cnyaii-ed for twenty years in n'estcM'n explorations, IVccpu'nlly mcetini;;' the Jesuits in his travels and visiting them in their missions, there is not, in ;dl the twent;, volumes ol their delations published during that pei'iod, a single allusion to his name oi' lo any of his discoveries. While the (M'illin ^vas building at the UKJuth of the Cayuga Creek, La Salh^ was travers- ing the Niagai-a, and the borders of Lake Ontario, hold- ing councils with the Senecas in the ^•illages in \\ liich the Jesuits were established, yet they omitted to I'ecord in their writings, the slightest nolic(! of his pi'escnee or rel'erencc to his entei-pi'ises. There can be no satisfac- tory explanation of all this, excei)t the jealousv enter- tained by the Order, of one uho had withdi'awn iVom their communion, and boldly undertaken an independent part in IIkj ex[)loi-ation and development (4" ;i country which they had appi'opriat(,'d as their own peculiar held of labor. 1 |!i 1") 1 Tlicrc also cxislcd wo litllc jealousy hclwccii llic Jcsuils and llic Siil|)iciaiis, which uiKh^uhtcilK' liad its iii{hi(Mi('(' ill prcvciiliiii;' tlic success of aii\- eiitei[iriM' in which the latter were eng'ai'-ed. The tinn' chosen hy La Salle and his companions was deemed l'avoraI)le lor fheii' \isit to tin; Seni'cas, the I'^reiu'li aiul li'o(|Uois heinu' "ow at peace, ami the Jesuits estal)lished in li.\(Hl missi(jns, in all the Cantons ol' the Fiv(> Nations, as heforc state(l. These pi'dinnnai'v I'eimirks, end)racini;' a few pei'sonal sketches of the lea>(el's of tlu' expedition, and chai'actel'- istics ol' tin.' Indians the\' eneountered, some notices of the country into which they so l)oldly entered, and of the missions which had already Ixmmi estahlished. aiH^ (h'cmed [xTtineiit. as an iidi'oduetion to the Journal of rialiiKM'. in the t I'anslation which Collows, I ha\-e adlu'red as closely to the oi'i,i;iiial as the ohscui'c and anli(piated l'"'rencli in wdiich it is wi'itlen would adinii. EXTUACT FUOM TilK .loriJXAI. OF (lALINKi:. " After thirty-live days of veiy dillicult navigatit)n, we jirrived at a small river called 1)V the Imlians " Kai'cuita- ,U'ouat,""" which is the nearest point on the lak(> to '"Son- uontouan,"' and about one hundred Icao'ucs southwest of JMonti'eal. I took tlu; latitude of this place on the 2Gth of Au,u'ust, lGt')D, with my .]aeol)s(air.;|; As T had a very tine hoi'izon on the iioi'th, no land, but the open lake, beini;' visible iti that direction, i took the-altitude on that side as beini^' the least liable to error, *'Pli(' Mohawk name lur Ii-oiulniiiiiit Hay. \\ .Taci)listair was a riulc gradualcd in^irmiiciil with ni'ivcahlc iiidcxt-s, WM'd hctuix' Ihi' invention ol' the (luadianl hv lladlcv. 1(5 ' l"'llllil (lie Sim t(. l.c (lisliilil .'};}" iVdlll llic xcllilll, lo w licli I lidded ]{)' ]'2' lor ils im.imIi dccliimiion (,ii ili;ii, day. The ('(|iiiii()cii;il wus round lo Ix. disiimi fion, il,,; /(' lilll, ;iiid C'oiiS(M|ii(Milly llir Arctic I'olc clc\;ilcd ;il.ov(' 111" lioi'i/oii ill this i)l;ic(', III" I'j', wliich is its ti'iic liiti- liidc, ;iiid ;i,L;rccs (jiiiic well with the l:iiitii(h' wliich I foiiiid ill estiiiiiitiii^' the points ol compjiss we h;id nin ()\'i'i', ;iL:reeal)ly to tlie iisa^'e of s;iilors, w ho ai'e iie\-er without knowh'd^v of their position, altiioimli (leslitiil(! of an iiistniiiient willi wliich to t;ike an ol»ser\ atioii. U e liad no sooner arrived in this phice timn we were; vi-^ilcd Iiy ;i iiiiiiiIxT of Indians, who came to iiial^e us siiiall pres(3!its of Indian corn, pniiiplut told us we were e\- ])ected in the village, lo evei-y cabin of which woi'd had boeu seut, to gatlier all the old men at a, coum-il wliicli would l)e held for the purpose of ascertaining the object of our visit. M. Bollier, M. de La Salle and mvself, ciuisulled to- *TiioliHliiiiis dry fniii in ilic sun and pul it in llicir ])\vm\, cool^ini;- it in till' aslu's. .^auai'd voyau'c, l». nil. X I ' X I ' ;^^('i1ir ti» (I'lrrMiiiic in wli;il in;iiiiici \V(> -lioiilil iH'l, wllllt W' sIkMiM urt'T In)' | H'l'.-cl 1 1-. Illld lloW \\(' slioiild Hi\-(' lluMii. It \\;;> jiiiivcd tlmt 1 -IkhiM l:(i Id (lie villii,L;v w illi M. d." La S;illc, for ilic pin'iio^c cf (,1,- l;iiiiiii^' ;i cnplivc! taken iV.Mn l!;(' nation wliicli we de- sired to vi>il, wlio eon!d (■(.iidiiet ns thitlier, iiiid llnit we slioiiM t;ike willi IIS eiulil of our Krenclinieii, the I'est to I'einiiin willi M. Dolli<.'f in eliarue of tlie ennoes. This l)l;in \v„ . carried out, and the next, day, Aii^^-iist TJlh, liad no sooner dawned, tliaii W(> were notified liy tin? Indians that, it was tiiin; to set oiil. We started with ten l''ivnehnuMi and I'di'tN- oi' lilt v Indians, wIid eoiuiielled ns to re.-I e\-eiy league. leariiiL^' we would he Iod jiiueh laliii'inMl. Ahoiit, hali' way W(.' loiind anoihei- coiii|)an\- of Indians who had conie to meet iis. They made us [)i'esents of jirovisioiis and aeeompanied us to iho villai^c. \\ hen W(! were within ahout a lea^aie of the laller, the li; lis wei'e more? frefiuent, and our eompai!}' iiiercased iiKU'e and more, until wc Unallv eanu.' in .-iuht of the i^Teal villau'e, whieh is in a lariic j)hiiii, al»out two leagues in eireiiinference. In order to I'eaeh it we had to ascend a small hi"," on the edge of whieh the village issiluated. As soon as we liad mounted the hill, we saw a Large company of old men sealed cm the grass, waiting lor us. They had left a con\-eiiieiit place in iVonl, in which they invited us to ; it down. This we did, aud at IIk,' same time an old ]u;in, uearly blind, aud so inllrm that he coidd hardly suppoi't him- s(!ir, ai-()se, aud in a very aniuuited lorn:', delivei'eil a speech, in which he declared his j'oy at eh)>e our pur- pose. We tliaiiked theiii lor their civilities, and told iheiii through our intei'preter, that we would, on tin? next day, deelaic to them tlie oljeel of our expedition. I'liis done, an Indian, who ollieiateil as iiiastei" of cere- monies, came to eondiiet, us to our lodL;iuL;'s. A\'e followed him, and he led us to the largest cal>iii (»(' the village, which they had prepai'cd toi' our resi- dence, •^'i\'in^' oi'ders to lln,' women Ijeloimin^' lo it not to let us want lor anythin<;\ In triilli ihey were al. all times ^'ery raithl'ul diirinu' our sojourn, in [U'cpariiiL;' oiii" food and in hrini'ini'' tin.' wood necos.sai'\' to afford us li_i;'lit at ni^'ht. This villai;'e, like all those of the Indians, is noihiii^- l)Ut a, colleelioii of (•■d»ins, surrounded with palisades twelve or ihirleeii i'cet hi,i4'h, hound to^u'etlier at the top, and suj)[)orted al ihe hase, luhind the palisades, hv lari^-c masses of wood of the height of a man. The curtains ni"e not othcrwi.-e (lanked, l)ut form a simph' encln>ure, perfeetl}' .scpiare, so lliat these foils arc; not any prole(^ (ion. Ih.'sides lliis, the precaution is sehloni taken to place them on the hank of a stream, or neai' a s[)rinL;', hut on some hill, whei'e, ordinarilw thev are riiiiie dis- taut from water. On tlu; evening;' of the 121 h we saw all the chiefs of the othei' \ilhiii'es arri\'e, so as lo he in readiness for the council which was to he held the next day. The Seueca Nation is (he most populous of all tin; Iroquois. It com}»rises four villages, of which (wo rm- i 19 l>i!i<'(.' ;il»oiit loo ciiKiiis "iicli, iiiid tlic dllici' Iwo iilioiit •TO cIi. (■(iiitiiiiiiiiL;' ill iill pci'Iiiijis 1,000 t)r 1,200 men, ciipiiMt' of IxMi'iiin' ni'iiis. Tin; two liiiii'cr iirc iihoiit six or sc\cii Ic'i^Mics ;i|);irl, iiiid cncli six or seven Ie;ii;iies fivun the shore of the l;ike.'"' Tho hiiid lietweeii 'he lake iiiid the easleniiiiost of tin" lar^'cr villa<;es to which I went, eoii>i-.ts for I lie ino-t part of lliif lai';;c meadows, ill uhieh the -riiss is as tall as mvseif, and in places Avhe|-e there arc woods, the oaks predominate. They are so seallereil that oik; can easily i-idc anioiii;- them on liorseli.'ick. We were told that this open coiiiiti'y ex- tends towards the east more; than one hundi'cd leaunes, and towards the west and south to an iiidlaiice, especialiy towards the south, where prairies are f.iund without ii tree foi- U[) wards of one hn!idr''d leaLiues. I'lie Indians who have; vi.>ilcd tIios(! localities say they ])ro(liic(; very i^ood i'ruit, ami Indian cc)rn exti'einely line. At leii^u'th, the l.'5lh of Ane-iist ha\inii' ari'ived, tlie Indians assemMed in our caliiii, to the ninnher of llflv or sixl}' of the principal men of the Nation. Tlh'ir ciistoni on cnfei'iui;- is to appropriate the most eoiiNcnient places Mhich they liiid \acaiit, without relereiice to I'aiik, and immediately to lake some lire toliuht their [)i[)es,f which nevei" lea\e theii' mouths dui'iiiL;' the entire sittino- of the council. They say that ^ood thoughts are produced 1)\' smokiiiii'. W hen tin; assemhly had hecome sufiiciciilly numerous, we hegan to speak of business, and it was then "SI. da * Sec piigc 10, note f f The Iiidiiins, wliilr iittcn(liii,<;- !i council, always li^ilit their piiics at the fire wliicli is kept burning while the session lasts. i f^i'^mm mmmmm ■■ 20 La Salle eonrL'^-se'd lie wnsunaMo to inakt; liiiiisclf iindci-- stood. On llie other luiiid my iii(('r})r<'t('i' s;iid llmt lie did not know onougli ol' Fi-eiicli lo coii\c\ liis ni(';iniii a pistol ^villi two baia'cls, woi'lh sixty fi'anes, and the mes.-au'e wiih which \,(' acconi])a- nied iIk; prescnl, \\;i<. thai we reL;-arded iIkmii as our brothers, and as siieli were so sti'oiii4' in iheir interest, that we made llnuu a, pi'esent of said pislol with two bai'- rels, so ihat willi one >hot they could destroy the Wolf Nation. ( Loups) and will; ihe other the Andostoues, beini;- two nations ag'ain>l which ihev wau'c a cruel wai-.f Tlie sect)nd present, of .^ix kettles, six halcliels, lour dozen knives and live or six ])oundsof lar^c irlass IxNids, deelare\r2. 'I'lic Mir\ ivoi-- were adoplol, chiffly l)y the Siaucas. Kilalioii \iUu. ()iu'1hc Kdiiioii p, -js. II (luirlcvoix page 244. |T1h' si^-nillcatioii of ():i<>hfri is /,•■,./)' nimi iit.ihi, Iiciii';- a traii^lalioii into Irocpiois of tiie name (,f the secund (Jovei'iior of Canada, the ("licvalier Montinar/in/. The Indians always applied llic same name to liis sueeessors in olliee. Jesuit Kelation n;iO~l, p. 77. ^ ^ 21 TIio lliird ;iii(l l;i>l i)rcs(.'iit, dl' t\\(» Cdiils. loin- kdilos, six lii.tdicts ;ni(l some ,L;lass Ixn-uIs. (l(H'I;irc(l tlinl \vc liad 'jMiiie (HI tlu' part of Oiioiilio. to see llic i.c()[)l(! called 1)V tlu'iii '' T<)a-'(,'iilia,""' liviiiL;- oil llic river Ohio, and tliat we a>ke(l jroni tliciii a ea[)ti\-e of that country, to con- duet us thilhri'. They considered it was neeessurv to think o\-er onr proposii i(jn, so they waite-d until the next day, l)eror(yL'i\-in_<;' their answer. These people have a custom ne\-er to s[)eak oj' any lui>ine,-s without niakiii<'- .''"ine present to serve as a reiniiKhu' of the words which the\- ul ler. Early the next ni(-)rnin^i;', they all came hack, ami the most distinguished chief amoii";- tluuii presented a l»elt of Witmpiim, to assure us that we were welcome anioiii;- our brothers. The second [)reseiit was another kell of waiu])uiii, to a!->ure us they wer(> llrmly resoh'ed to main- lain peace with tin; French, and th-it their nation had never made uar upon the French, and did not Cir^'wo to l)e<;'in it in a time of peace. For the thii'd jiresml, ijicv said tliey wonhl i;iv(; us a capti\-e as wo had re(pn">icd, l)Ut they de^^ircd to wait until the A-iuinu' men had re- turned from trading- with the Dutch, to whom the\- had carried all theii' eapli\-es, and then they would not fail to <;ive ns one. We asked them not to delain us more than eiiilit days, kecauseor die advancin_u' season. This they proiiii.-ed, and each om; withdrew to his own cakiu- 111 the meantime they entertained us as well as they could, and rivaled each other in I'eastinij' us accordiln'- to *'l"hc iKiiiic 0/'»/y /„/,//, /^i..-,nii,.s, "a people speakiim-a corrupt Alu-niKpiiii." The nalidii is dr-crilinl as liviiin' In ii warm and liTlilc country, (in a river wiiicli either enijilie- inid the (ailf of :\Ie.\ico or llie ^'^rnlilli()ll Sea, Kcla- linn KKU--:', p. U. 'i'his must refer to llic Oliio, no! then diseoveivd hy tlie French. 'mm ^mmH^mmm mmmmmm ')>> ■I' li tile CHsLoiu of ihc (•oiiiilry. But 1 assui-e Vdi I was many times more desirous ol' remleriiio' up what I had in my slomacli, than of fakiiio- ii,(,, i( any tliinu' new. The prineipal food in (liis villa,^-e, \\lH're tliey rai'ciy liavo lr(>sh meat, is tiie doi;' the liair of wliicli iIh'v sinu'e ()\er coals. Al'ler luivinu' Ihoroui-hlv scraped the cai'eass, they cut it in pieces and place it in a kellle. \\'hen cooked, they serve you with a piece- wciuhiiiL;' thi'ci^ or four pounds, in a wooden dish, which has never been ch.'aned with any other dislicloth than the linui.u's of the misti'ess of tlie house, which havti lefi their impress in the <;i-easc that alwaws covei's tlieii- vc-sels to the tliickiH'.ss of a silv(M' crown. Aiiothci- ol' tln'ir favorite dishes is Indian meal, cocked in water, and ser\-e(] in a wooden l)owl, with a small })oi'tion of toui'iiesol, nut oi- hear's oil.'''' There was not a child in the villai;'!' l»nl was eau'cr to hring ns, sometinuN stalks of Indian corn .'ud ofleiitimes pumpkins, Ijcsides other small iVuits which lhe\- a'ather in tin; woods. We thus consumed the time, for eiuht oi' leu davs, wailing- until the ])arty shoultl retni-n from their tr;idin<>- to give ns ;i capti\c. It was during this interval that, in oi'dei' to pass away the time, I went with M de La, Salle, undei' the escort of two Indians, ahout four leagues south of the village whei'e we were sta\inL;-, to see a vei'v CAtraoi'dinarv s[)iang. Issuing from a nnxlerately high roek, it foi-ms a small brook. 'J'he watei- is veiy clear but has a bad odor, *T1h' Jcsuil Lc Mrrcicr siiys in thcTlrhilion tor Ul.");, p. ;!;}, Quclicc Kdi- lioii, that tiic Iniliaiis cxtracl oil from Hie Tounicsol, liy means of aslics, tliu mill, tii'c! and water. The Touriiesol referred to is prohahly the common sun-llower, wiiieli is iniliuvnous lo tlie warmer i)arts of Xortli America. t 2:5 'il<'' 'li'i' ot'llic iiiiiicnil iiiarslics (if V-av\<. wlidi tlie iimd on the hotloiii is stirred with th(,' foot. I npplied ;i lorcli ;tiul llie water iiiiine(lialel\- took Jiic and hiiiiied like 1. randy, and was not e.\t in^^aiislied until it raine(h This flame is ainoiig the Indians a si^'u of abundance or sicrilily aecordino- as it e.xhil.'its the contrary (jualiti(s. 'J'here is no appeai'ance oj' snl[)hni-, saltpetre or any other coniI)Usiil)le matei'ial. Tlie water has not even aiiv taste, i'ii a "lainiiii-spriii- " many cf Avliicli alinund in WcMcni New Yoii;. I5cinL;- (Icsircais of ascrrlainin-i' if (inc still existed in the dircclinn and at llic disiancv From tiic Seneca village indicated in the narrative, I tniind, on cmisuliiim- ;i map of (Jntaiio Cdunly, tliat a villauv named " Urist,,! Centre," was at the exact point. ( )n addressim;- a note of in<|uiry to a ,L!intleiiien rc- sidiiii;- llarc, lie an-\vere(l as follows: There are in this Town lMirnir lln.' relations of iIhj jx'rs-tn who liad lu'(jn killed at jNIontrcal a l'('^v da\'s LM'Torc we lel'l tlu're, threat- (Mied, in ihe-ir intoxieal ion, to l)real< our lu'ads oi" dis- patch us with tlieii' knives, so as lo he ahlc to say al'lei'- wai'ds, that they coniinitted tlu' l)ase act, \v1ien intt, in their senses, 'i'hey arc not in the lial)il of nn)Ui'niii;4' for those win) are killed in this niannei', for fear of i;i\'i\i<^- uneasiness to llie' li\-ini:,', by I'ennndiiii;' him oi' his orreiice. In the mean time we k<'[)t so well on our ^L;'uard, that we eseajx'd all injury. Durini;' this interva.l I saw the saddest spectacle 1 had ever witnessed. I was irilbrnnMl one (,'\'eninL;', that some ■warrioi's had arri\'edi with a prisomu", and had placed him in a cabin neai' oui' own. I weid to see him, and found him seated with three women, who \ied with each other in liewailin^L'' the (h/ath of a relatix'e who had been kille(l in the skirmish in which the prisoner had been ca])turc(b Ht' M';»s a 3()un;^' man bS or '20 years old, \ei')' well foi'mcd. whom the}' had clothed iVom head to foot since his ai'ri\al. Ihey had inllieted no injur\' upon him .-iiieo his captuic. They had not e\'en saluted him with blow.=, as is their cu-toi.n with prisonci's on their enierinu' a, \\]- hiL^'e. 1 thoii.uhr, therefore, that 1 would ha\'e an o])[>(ii'- lunily to demaml him for our _i:'uid(', a,s ihey said he was ■^ I-'altuT l>l'ii\ ;i>. llicii Iccia.'il ;il Oiii'iil:!, in wii! in;:' midrr (Lite nf Au:;u-t UiiJi, HKii), fi'cin tliat viUiiiic. ;is n;irraii'il in llic cnh ni|>i>iaiy .Ic.Miit Urlaiiim, i?iiys: "Tlio huliii.ns huvc rclurnol iliisday l'r(un llicir n'nllic '■"///■ .•:'.r/// /mn; 's f.;' /)'/■('/((///, liroiiu'lil iVmu >v\'\v Jlolland." (Alliaiiy.) .Jcsuii lulation li>;0, p. 4.-); Canadian Ivlilinn. Tlius liic two Fallicrs, llruyas and (lalnuM', f)f two i-ival iclii^ions onlri-s, and l)y iiulcpt'ndcnt tcsiiniony. tliat of one liavinu' never iieroff liciii inililisiied, verity l!ie iiuUi of eacli oUiers ^laicmcnls. See Kt'lalion IdTO-l, p. ;i). '* *» !l ^ I' 20 oiu' of till' Tou^'ciilias."' I tlicn went to find M. dc La Sidle for lliat pur[)()S(;\ wlio lold mo lliist tlie Seiieciis were iiieii of tlicir word, tliat siiico tlicy liad ])r()iinscd us a ca[)tive, they would , 40. uayard voyaiic, p, 1)7. i i ■mmiPM T I ^ 2G Oil my part, I told oui- iiitc'r])i'eter to (IciiimikI liiiii in place of (he captive tliey liad j)roiiiisecl, and I would make a ])i'es(Mit to the old woman to whom lie belonged, but he was not at any time willing to make the })ro})o- sition, allegiiio- that such was not their custom, and the afiair Avas of too serious a nature. 1 even nsed threats to induce him to sav Avhat 1 de- .sin.'d, l)ut in vain, for lie Avas obstinate as ;i Dutchman, and ran away to avoid me. 1 then remained alone near the poor sufferer, who saw before him the instruments of his tortni-e. I en- deavored to nnikehim understand that he could have no recourse but to God, and that he should i)ras- to him thus: "Thou who hast made all things, have pity on me. I am sorry not to have obeyed Thee, but if J should live, I Avill obey Thee in all things." He understood me better than 1 L\xi)ected, because all the people who are neighbors to the Outaouacs, under- stand Algonquin. I did not consider that I ought to baptise him, not only because I could not understand him well enough to know his state of mind, but for llie reason that the Iro(piois urged me to leave him, that they might begin their tragedy. Besides, I believed that tlu,' act of contrition which 1 had caused him to exhibit, wovdd save him. Had 1 fore- seen this event, on the ]»receding evening, I would cer- tainly have I)a)>tised him, foi' I would hav(! had, duriim' the night, time to instruct him. So I couhl do nothing but exhort him to endni'e patiently, and to carry up his suffei-ings to (iod, in saying to him often, " Tluni who hast nnide all things, have i)ity on me." This he repeated with his eyes raised toward heaven. In the meantime I « V 27 «!i\v tlic priiicii)al relaiive of tlio (Icccjised. iipproacli him witli a oiiii baiTcl, lialf of wliidi was heated red liot. This oljliged me to witlidraw. Some began to disap- prove of my eiieoura<;iiig him, iiiasmucli as it is a had sign among tliem for a, prisoner to endure tlie torture patiently. I retired tliereforo with sorrow, and liad tseareely tiii'nt'd away, when the l)ar])arous Irorpiois ap- j)lied th(> red hot gun-harrel to the top of his ieet, whieli raused the poor wretcli to utter a, loud eiy. This turned me al)out, and I saw the Iroquois, with a grave and sol)(>rcountena,nc(.', apply the ii-on slowly along his feet and legs, and some old men who were smoking around the seallold, and all the young jx'Ople, leaped with jov, to witness the contoi'tions whieli the severity of the heat caused in the [)oor sullerer. While th(\se events were transpiring, I retii'cd to the eal)in where we lodged, full of sorrow at being unable to save the pool- captive, and it was then that I i-ealized, more than evei', the importance of not venturing too far among the i)eoplc' of this counti'v, without knowino- their language, or being certain of obtaining an inter- preter. 1 can aftii-m, that the lack of an intei'})reLer under our own control, prevented the entii'e succ<'ss of our ex})edition. As 1 was in our cabin, praying to God, and veiy sad, M. de La Salle cauK; ami told nu' he was apprehensive that, in the excitement he saw pi'evailiu"- in the villao-o they would insult us — that nnuiy would ])ecome intoxi- cated that day, ami he had finally resolved to return to the place where we had left the canoes, and the rest of our people. I told him 1 was ready to follow, for I had dilficulty, while remaining with him there, in banishing ■=nr^wwii^""w mgrngmmmm 2H IVoiii my mind thiit sjul s^x'ctacli;. Wc; told tlic seven or eig'lit of our people wlio wvvn tliere willi us, lo witli- (Iraw for ilu; day to a small village half a league from iJie largo one, where we were,'^' for fear ol some insult, and M. de La Salle and mvself went, to find M. Dollier, six leagues from the village. Thei'e were some of our peoph; l)aiI»ai'ous enough to be willing to witness, from b(\ginning to end, the tcjrture' of the poor Toagenha, and who ro[)orte(l to us the next day, that his entire body had been burned with hot ii'ons for the space of six hours, that thei'e was not the least spot left that had not been roasted. After that they had re([uired him to run six courses j)ast the phu'e wher(i the Iro(iuois wei'e waiting Ibr him armed with burning clubs, with which they goaded and beat him to the ground when he attem[)ted to join them. Many took kettles lull of coals and hot ashes, with which thev cov- ered him, as soon as, by I'casou of fatigue and debility, he wished to take a moment's I'epose. At length, after two h(jurs of this barbai'ous diversion, they knocked him down with a stone, and throwing themselves u[)on him, cut his body in pieces. One carried off his lu^ad, another an arm, a third some other member, which the" put in the pot for the feast. Many offered some to the Frenchmen, telling >..eat the *This was a small fortifiod villum', ^ "lilf aiul a lialf west of llouuhton Iliii, and known us Fort Hill, anion.u' the curly srttlcis. New York Hist. Coll., Vol. II, Now Scrk's, p. 100. 29 c'iiUiiis on iill sides, innkiii;^' a very loml noise, to cliase away, they saiil, the soul of tin; deeeased, wliich might be eoneeah'd in some coi'ikm' lo do tliem iiiiui'v. Sometime aftei- this we returned to thi; villatre. to colleet amoni!,' the ea])ins the Indian eoi'u necessary for oui' joui'iu'y, and wliieli was brought to us by the women of the |)hu'e, each according to lier uu'ans. Jt had to be carried on tlie i)ack Ibi- the six h)ng leagues that lay belwcen the village and the jilace where we wei'C en- cam))ed. Dui'ing our stay at that village, we incjuired [)articu- lai'l}' about the road we must tidve in order to reach the Ohio river, and thev all told us to iio in seai'ch of it from SouuGUtouau. 'J'hat it re(|uii'ed six days joui'uev by laiul, of about twelve leagues each."' This iuduced us to believe that we could not })ossiblv reach it in that wav, as we would hardlv be able t(_) cai'i v, for so loug a journey, our uecessai'y pi-ovisious, much less our baggage. But they told us at the same time, that in goiug to find it by the way of Lake Krie, in canot'S, we would have oidv a three davs nortajje befoi-e ai'riving at that river, reaching it at a point uiuch nearer the people we wei'C seeking, than lo go by Sonm)ntouan. What embarrassed us however uioi'c than all else was, that which the Indians told our Dutch interpreter. They said he was dcN'oid of sens(! to be willing to go to the Toagueidia, ^^ ho were veiy bad })eople, who would search for our cam[)-lires in the evening and then come in the night to kill us with their arrows, with which they would riddle us ere we had discovered them. Beside.s *T1h' route llii'v proposed to talvc was prol):ilily >ii> tlio Gcnosee river to one of its sourees, crossiim- from tlieiiee to tlie head waters of tlie Allegany. ;io this, \v(,' would run j^rcal risk along ■.lie I'ivcr Ohio, ol' nux'tinj^ the Ontastois* who would surciy hfcak our heads. That, lor thcso reasons the Senecas were not wiiliiiL;' 1(> <>'o wilh us Col" fear it would \n) thor''lil, thcv were th(} cause of the death ol the Fi'ench, hat ihcy had, with ♦Threat leluelance decidcil to rurnish ;i ^'uidc, fearing- that Onontio would iniputt; our death lo thcni, and after- wards make war u[)on tluMU out ol' .•evciiii'e. These discussions continued union<^' them without our being al)le to understand their nature, l)ut I was com- pletely astonished to see the ardor of my Dulchman abale. lie continued to insist that the Indians wher(; ^V(; wished lo go were of no account, and woidd surely kill us. When I told him there was nothing to fear if "we stationed a good sentinel, he re[)lied. that the senti- m.'l, being near the lire, could not see tlios(,' who would conn; at night, under cover of tin; trc-es and thickets. Finally it was a[)})arent, from all these; speeches, that lu; was alarmed, and in fact In; did not discharge his duties as guide with as much zeal as belbi'c. In addition to all this, it was evident that the savages wei'c l)rii)(Hl. Thus they trifled with us from day to day, saying that their pco[)le delayed returning IVom their trading ex[)l^ dition, longer than they had antici])ale(L We suH'ered much from this detention, because we lost the most favorable sc^ason Ibr tra\'elling, and could not hoi)e to winter with anv mition if we delaved much longer, — ;i contingency which M. de La Salle regarded as certain death, because of the difliculty of obtaining Y)rovisions ii> the woods. Nevertheless we have, thaidc God, experienced the conti-ary. *So spelled in tlio manusoript. It may refer to the .1/('/"n/,.v. '» :n We were iclicvcd of ;ill lliis dinicully, liy llic iiniviil IVoiii the Duicli, of Mil Iiidiiiii wlio Iodised in dii' ciiliiii. Jfc l)('l(»iii;('(l to .1 villiiLi'c ol' one of llic Fixe Ir(i(|ii()is iiMtioiis, wliicli is .situiitcd iit llic end of Luke Ontario, I'oi" tliorcoJivcniciic'o of Imnlinii' tlie deer iuid llie Ix'ai' wliicli ai'c alnnidaiit in tliat vicinity. This Indian assui'cd us lliat wc would liave no liouhlc in lindini;' ii f^'iiide, tliat a, nuiiilici' of captives of tlie nations we desired to visit wei'c there, and he would very cheerfully conduct us thither. A\'e thouut as tin; village had oidy 18 or 20 cal)ins, we flattered oui solves wo could easilv hecome its luastors, and exact tlirouiih fear, what would iH)t l>e Avillinu'lv accorded to us throuiih Iriond- ship. It was under the inlluenee o(" these hopes that wo lei't the Sonnoiitouans. Wo fouml a river, oiieci-ues distant, but the fall iiiN'os such a uionuuitum to :i2 the Wiitcr, lliiit ils vdocily jji'cvciilcd our iisc(>ii(liiiu' tin? current l»y rowiiii;', except willi ni'ejit dilliculty. At a ({iiarter of ii IcMj^ue tVoiii llio outlet where we were, it <^Tows iiiiiTower, and its cliaiiiiel is conliued hetween two very hi*;'!!, steep, rocky hanks, inducin<^- tin; heliel" tliaL the na\'i<^ation would l)e veiy diflienlt (piiti; up to the Cataract. As to tin; river above the Falls, the current very often sucks into this gulf, from a ^vvnt distance, deer and sta<;s, elk and roehucks, that sulVer themselves to he drawn from such a, ])oint in crossino- the river, that they arc comijclhul to descend the Falls, and to hi" overwhelmed in its fri<4-htfnl ahyss.* Our dcsir(! to reach the little villa you to judge! if that is not a iine catai'act in which all ihe water of that lai'ge river, — having its nioulh [\\H'v leagues I)road,f — falls Ironi a height of 200 feet, with a noise that is lieard not only at the place where we were, 10 or 12 leagues distant, hut also \'v()\\] the other side of Lake Ontario, opposite its mouth, whei'c M. Trouve told me he had heard it. *Galiiit'c's (Icscriplidii of Ihe Falls is inDhaMy Uic cai'licst on rccoi'd. Mis account, \\ liicli is wholly derived t'roin the Indians, is feniarkahly cori'ect. If they had been visited liy thi' Jesuits jirior to the time of this exju'dition, they have failed to relate the fact or to dcscrilie them in their .lournals. The ><'ia,iiara liiver is alluded to under th<' name of Onfjuiiitihrii, as the ctdchrated river of the Neutral nation, liy Father I/Allemant in the .lesiiil Hclation for 1(140-1, p. (i.-), pulilished in 1(>-I"^, hut he makes no mention of the Cataract. Its tirst a|)i)earance is on ('hamplMin"s maj) of l(i:!0. Afterwards on Sanson's nnip of Canada, jiuhlislied in I'aris in l(i.')7. It was mentioned liy the Indi- ans to ('artier, Avlicn he ascended the St. Lawrence in l.");j,"). I.escarl)ot,. p. ;!.S1, edition of HiO'J. f At the Gidf of St. Lawrence. x\ Wo pMSM'd llic I'ivcr, iiiid liiially, ill tlic end of live sniniiii;' a detensive attitude, and coilini;- hall" the l)odv, iVom the tail to the middle, as if it were a liirge cord, keeping' tin- rmr.ainder eiitirc.'ly str^iight, and dartiiii;- foi'ward, sonuMimes three or lour ])aces, all the tiim; making ;i loud noise with the rallle which it cari'ies at the end of ils tail. There ar(,' many in this })lace as large as the arm, six or seven I'eet long and entirely black. It vibrates its rattle very I'apidly, making a sound like a quantity of melon or gourd sei'ds shaken in a box. At leiigtii, after waiting three days, the chiefs and almost eveiy one in the village came to meet us. We held ;i council in our cabin, where niy Dutelunan suc- ceeded better than had been done in the <2'reat villaii-c. * I5urlini;t()ii Bay. f rrol)al)ly tin; Mountain ri'"* nation, and th(> othei' to the Xez Pei'ecx. 1 lia\e sinee thought that the laller was fi'om ii nation near the L'ontouatanuics.-f They were both exeellent hunters, and seemed to lie well disi)osed. The Cliuuauon fell to M. de La Salle, and the other to us. They alsi) told us they would aid the ne.xt day iii eai'ryini!- our elleets to the villaij'e, so that we miijht u'o from thenee to tin' l)anks of a river, on which we could endtark for Lake Lrie. I have thus far followed the nai'rative of Galint'e, in a literal translation from the French nnmuscript. Belketch ol" the suUseipienL events which attended the expedition. On leaving ])urlingt(»n l>ay they aseeiuled the Afoun- tain ri .u w :^5 sitiijitcd Ix'twccii llic lic;i(l of the \\\\\ niid llic (li'aiid Jvivci-, rcjicliiiii;' llic roriiicr <>ii llic 2iM day ol" Sc^phMiiljcr. The Indians ui;L;'cd llicni stron-ly !(• slay at thai point foi- missioiiaiy work, l.ul llicii- desii'e foi- I'ln'tlicr discov- C'l'ics inipclicd tlicni forward. Here i( was tlicy met .Icdici.'"' rcnirnini;' IVoni a IVnit- ]('>s ('X])('dition, on wliirli lie liad Ix'cn sent hv M. do Conrccllcs, in scai'd: of tlic cojjix'r mines of Lake Supe- rior, and who inipai'icd va]ual)l(' L;('oi;i'aj)liical inlornnUion lo ClalincH' lor tlic conslruclion of his chaiM, and lor liis course ihron^li tlio Lakes. 'J'he missionaries, ]ia\-in,u' scparaled iVom I. a Sadc, Irfl Otiitaofiafaoua on The (irsl of Oelol.ci- willi iheii' reliiiue, neeoinplislied tlie remaindei' of the i)orla,u'e' lo tlicCirand TuM'!-, and descended its diHicull and lorluons eliannel, now swolh'n willi aulnninal rains. In II (|;i\s liny reached ils moulh and encamjxd on llie norllicrn slH)re of Lake I'h'ic, whieli Ihcy desei'il»e as ''a va>l sea. losscd l>y lempcsfin)us winds " A I I he einl of llii-ee days ihey Imill a cakin for Iheii- ■■^lifk*'!'. ;it oi- near llu' moulli of lln' i'i\-cr. Here lhe\- em- ]»]oyed Iheii- lime in hnnline' |lic o-ame wliieh alxiunded in ihe nci^iikorliood, and in dryin- the Jh-sli of I wo of the hiri^'cr aninnils. wlucli lliey had seenred foi' suksislence on (lieir journey. To llies(> were added seven I \- l)iislieks *Jiilii't liail li'I'l M(ii\n'( 111 licfnrc the Suliuciiin-- ;inil L;i Salle, with four f.aiioi's ami ^niiic incrcliandi'-c lor the ( >tta\\ as, Hcsiili"- searching,' lor copper mines, ho hail heeii iii^iiaieted lo tiiul a luore feasilile roule than the one the?' ill Use, for tlie tran^porlat ion of tlie copper to Monlreaj. lie was unsuc- cessful in his search for the mines, hut having' met with an Iroijuois who had been taken ]iri-(uier Iiy Ihe ()tt;i\vas, the cajitive informed him of the shorter route hy the way of the (iraiul Hiver and Lake Oiilsrio, and it waswliilc lesliii'j; its feasibility, that he met La Salle inul the Sulpieians, The copjier mines were liist made known by the Jesuits as earlv as KI.IO. Kehition lii.VJ (111, p. 4 b I * i m^^m^mm^mmm 36 of nuts of various kinds, which thoy had ,<^'atliorcd in tho woods, and apples, phiins, grapes and hackherries* iu great quantity. Tlio vine is described as growing s[)on- taneously along the sandy border Tof tlie lake, pi'o- ducing grapes as hirge and palatable as the finest in the north of France. The ex[)ressed juice of the Iruit served tlieiu all winter for the celebi'alion of Holy Mass. Here they spent fifteen days, waiting in vaiu for the' abatement of the vioh^it winds which prevailed on the lake at that season. AVinter being near at hand, it was deemed too hazardous to trust their frail bark gondolas ou the treachei'ous lake, and the-y decided to encamp in the neighboring woods for the winter. They selected a commodious spot/^about a mile farther iidaiid, at the moui.. of a small branch of the Grand Rivei-. Here they rebuilt their cabin, so as to aflbrd tln-m sheltei' from the weathei', and protection against an enemy. In one end of the building thev I'aised the first altar dedicated to Christian worship on the banks of Lake Erie.f *'rii»' HiickbciTy is tiiuloulitcdly tlic 'V V/.v nr '!' the l»lanks which exist in the hi-tory of that rennirkalile and in- trepid ex[)loi'er. They will give us fuller details of his (ir>l expedi- tion to the Ohio, in whieli ho is said to have visited the falls at Louisville, and from whence, heiiig de>erted hv his companions, he return d alone to ^lonlreal, after 1,200 ndles of foot ami canoe ti'a\(d, sul>si>ling on the game and herbs he found in the woods, or I'eceived from the frieiully Indians ho met on the way. 'I'hev nniv allbrd us satisfactorv proof of his discovery •'1/ fc/ 1 V of the ^Iississip[)i in 1G71 and 1()72, hefoi'e it was visite(l l»v Mar([Uelto and Joliet, when, it is claimed, he des- cended the Illinois to its conlluenco with the Mississippi, and down the latter to the .'>Gth dcii'ree of X. latitude.'."" They will give us details of his visit to France in l()7t, '*" .Maru'i'v ill IkC'VUf Mariiinn' i'lr lST"-2. p. 'hut. :59 wlicii li(^ rcrcivctl a Patent of X(»l»ilil\- ; (A' liis return to Canada tin' lullowin;^' year; of his eontentioiis willi llie Jesnils; ami of his voxau'i; to France in li'>T«S, when ho ret'ei\-e(l new >iii)plies Inr his American enler[)i'ises, and a Ivoyal (ii'ant from thi; ]<\\)'j:. 'Y\\rv will Li'ive us a mere sali-factorv account of his I/O K/ expedition to the A\'est in lG7>i-9, in which he l)uilt a bark on Lake (Jidario, and the (Jrillin on the Xiai^'ara ; of his vovau'e in the latter to (Ireen J>av; his coasfini/ liv canoe aloiiu,' the western shore ol Lake Michigan to the ri\'er St. .loscjih ; his porlau'e from the lattei to the soui'ces (»!" the Illinois, and descent to the foot of Lake lNM)i'ia, and of his lonu' and weai'isonie return 1)\' wav of the rix'er St. Jo>ei»h. and aci'os> the Michigan peninsula to the llmon ri\'ei-. How he desceiuh'tl the latter in an elm harlv canoe of his own construction, lo the Detroit ]'ivei\ cro.-sinu' which he found his wux 1»\' land to Point P(dee, from whence, in another canoe, he coasted aloni;" Lake Erie and the Xiau'ara as far as the dock on which 1r' had Luilt the ririllin, and where he rn>t heard tidings ol' its loss, and of the wi'eck of another ship in the mouth of the St. Lawrence, freighted with goods destined for his use How, weai'\' and fool sor(\ Li'on/.cd l>v sun and wealher. 1)UI not disliearteiu'd, he reached ^fontreal after 1)5 da\s and 1000 miles of incessant travel hy land, lake, and river. How se\'('ial ol' his canoes, richly laden with I'ui's. wei'e lo>t in tln> i'ai)i(l^ of the St. Lawrence, just in sight of their deslinalion. How the news soon followed of the destruction of his forts at St. Joseph and Creve- cieur, and the desertion of his nu-ii. How hi.-; ci'cditors I'cceived tin; intellii''ence of his di>asteis and seized his elfi'cts. ^mmm^immm f 40 They will <^'ivo us tho detiiils ol" liis expedition in 1G80, in which he penetrated the west by the w;iy ol Lake Ontario, leaving which a little west of Toi'onto, he ascended the River Ilumber, and passim-- ihrou'di Lakes Siincoe, Huron and Michigiin, reached his deserted forts in the Illinois country, where he passed the winter, and returned to Fort Frontenac in the spring of 1G81. W(i shall undoubtedly have ftdl accou'/.ts of the expe- dition which he made in the following suniinei', when he aecoin[)lishe(l his famous descent of the ^Mississippi to its mouth, the fwst ou record, and took possession of the country in the name of the King, after whom he cnlled it " Louisiiina."' How he ]'eturned to Quebec in 1683 and left for France in H;84, where he defeated the machinations of liis enemies at the Court of Louis XIY., and, under his patronage, organized an expedition of four ships, in which he sailed for the mouth of the ^lississippi, reaching ;^^atagordas Bay in February, 1685. How, overwhebned by the loss of those shi[)s, and the treachery of their captain, but, Avith a courage and self- reliance superior to every adversity, and an energy and resolution that never faltered, he set out in January, 1687, with twenty companions, on a long, i)erilous joui-- uey to Lake ^lichigan in search of succor for the little colony he had left on the shores of the Mexican Gulf,— a mission he was not permitted to accomplish. De Soto, after traversing with his mailed wari'iors our southern country, from Florida to the ^lississippi, found his grave in the bed of the niighty river he had discov- ered. Marquette, the next in the order of explorers, was overtaken by death while returning homeward through i i. Ilr f '% J 41 Lake Michiu'an, and l)iiii('(l wIkmc lu; dird.oii the eastt'i'ii fslioi'e of tliat Lake, at tlie iiioutli ol" llic river wliieh jxTpeiiiates liis name. La Sidle, less lortiiiiatc in Ueini;' denied a iiatnral deatli, also ('los(>d liis career in tlie land lie was en- gaged in exploring. Ari'ested on liis errand of mercy by the hand of an assassin, he fell l>y treachery in IGST? on a, hi'aneli of the Trinity I'ivei- in Texas, where his un- buried remains wci'e left a prey to the savage beasts of the wilderness. The American peo])l(\ who entered upon and devel- o})ed the inhei-itance lie left as the (Vnit of his bold and sagacious enter[)rises, have built no nionumeiit to his memory. Ifei'e and there." an insignilicant locality bears his name, and om.' of the four historical panels in the rotunda of the Capitol at Washington is occupied by his portrait, in [iroximity to those of ("olunibus, Raleigh and Cabot. An jiuthentic and detailed account of his discoN'cries and exi)loralioiis, illustrated with maps and portraits, compih.'d from original sonixes under the supervision of one' who has devoted a life-time to the subject, and piib- lislied to llie woi'ld under the auspices of llie American Congress, will constitute a memorial more enduring and appropriate than the most imposing structure of bronze or marble. w APPENDIX. THE OK 10 IN OK THE NAME 9KNF. I'A. i IIow lliis niiiiii' ofii^niiiili'il, is ;i ri.iatii >/i/irs/i,t iiniont; Iiiilnuiiti(|u;irians and ('t\ Miolotiists. The Iciist pluiisililc siipiKisilimi is, thul tlic iiaine has any rfl'crciuc to tlii' moraiisf SKNKt'A. SoniL' liavc supposed it to lie a (■orni]>tion of IlioDulch tiTin for Vt'i'million, (•///(/«'/■ or cinnabar, under llie ivssimi])! ion liiat llie Senecas, liein^; the most warHi<(i of the Five Nations, used lliat jiignient more than the utiiers, and thus gave origin to the name.* Tins liypc'liiesis is sujipoi'ted hy no authority. Tiio \ise of warpaint, eom- mon to every Indian nation, was not so exclusively practiced hy tlie Seiiecas, as to lie iilicly to give origin to llieir national name. JJesides, Vcimillion is tlic red suliiiuiret of menairy, and was hardly procureahle hy the Indians in lOHi, when tlu' name was lirst used. 'I'hey undoubtedly made use of some vegetable dye al that early day. The name " .S/,„,,(/.s" tirst apjtears on a Dutch ^laji nf lOlii, and again («n Jean de [,aet>' map of lf!:!l5. Inasmuch as it conu s to us tliro\igh a Dutch medium, it is claimed by some that it is (K'rived from tlie Algonqiiins, with whom the Dutch iiad their first intercourse. The map of 1(110 above referred to, was com|)iled from the report of one Kleyiiiies, based on a pre\ious exploration of the Iro(iu(iis country. On this m,ap ii is written " Senneeas." A cojiy may be fomul in tlie first volume of the N. Y. Col. Doc. p. 10. The tribe is ]tlaecd on the map in the territory id' the Iroquois, and apparently near Oneida Lake, but in a note inscribed on the map, the author says, "the Senneeas ought to be placed farther west into the country." The ([uestion arises from whom did Kleynties obtain the name? The 'MS. note above nu'iitioned, says that he anil his I'omjianion went on an exjiedi- \um from tin Mohairk <-i>Hiitvjt into tlic iiito'inr. They mu>t have had a -Mo- hawk, rather than an Algoni|uiu guide, as the latter nation was always at enndty with the Irorpiois. This renders it yxissiblr that the name S( iurn was o):tained through the lips of the Mohawk, and tliat in writing it ^'' Soinecnn," Kleynties atli'mpted to give the name as it sounded to liis ears when spoken by the Mohawk. It is chumed !iy some that the word n:ay l)e derived from ''SifOK/.n.r," the Algonipun name of a tribe of Indians s])oken of in AVassenaerV History fd' Europe, on the authority of Pieter Barentz, wdio traded with them about the year 1(!','(,>. Their residence is not stated, and it is by no means certain that 'ri>i-n|il:iiitcr Mriiioilat. p. L.'l. »l II llicy iiic idriiliciil with llic Si-iiiriis. Doc. Hist. N. V. N'oj. ;!. p. •.>!!. As tlio Sciieciis ;iro lociiU'd 1)\' I)c Lacts' niiipon the soiiiii side ol' Oiicidii Liiisc, Mr. 'rniiMhidl thinlvs lii.it tlic hiiiik; whs Ix'stowcd liy i\w. Ali;(in(|uiiis dii llio Oiicidas, iriiin tlic fact tliiit ukui'iii', in Ali;'oii(|iiiii, siiiiiificH ' a stone," and ,'/*< or />', "place of," lieiii;; an AI,u;oii(|uiii traii-latimi of ijie Iro(|Uois name of Oneida, into .'l.-.s/Vir^z/v, or " place of tlic Stone." He thinks that when the geojrraphical divisions of the Iro(|iiois iiccaiue better known, the Senecas were assigned their true position fiirlliei' we>l, still fctaininu', in the nomen- clature of the i/eoiiinphcf^, the name which lielonucd to tli" Oncid.is. The opinion of so eminent an authority as .Mr. 'rriinilinll is certainly worthy of consideration l! would however lie a more natural and sali-liictory solution of the (|Ucslioii, if their national name could he deri\(d fmm the Seiiccas thi'mselves. Without assuming' I" solve the mystery, the writer will content himself with uivinii; .some data which may possihly aid others in arriviui;- at a reliable conclusion. The Fi-ench, in lln'ir pioneer explorations of Canada, derived tln'ir kiiowl- edi:e of the Senecas tliroiiir)i t|i(. Friniciscan and Jesuit Mis.sionaries Those holy Fathers tirst heard (d' them throiiiiii the TFurons, amonii' whom they estahlislied at a very early lay the missions of their respective Orders. The llurons called them SiuKinfi/in r/ii'iimis^ that is, "' jn"i>h nf ShiiidiiIoiihii" the termination rlninniis or runoux si;:nifyinii' "people." * Tiieir name tirst occurs in the Jesuit I'elation for KilJ.j, and is there writ- ten by Brebeuf, SoiKiiitvftihonoas. ]{eIation Ki;!."), p. ;!;!. r.e Mercicr spells it Sdii'iiitdiKniJiri'iiKnn Hehitioiis 1(!:!7, ]>. 111. Lo Jeuiie mentions the S<)iiH(ii, by the Jesuits. f The letter S when prefixed conveys the idea of jHmscuxioi,^ and in sonu' cases Ts, is stibstituted to represent a lis])inii- sound (d' tlieS, which was formerly (luilc' common among the Senecas, and is still occasionally heard. To this word, OinDidoWidilt or great hill, the sutl1.\ H'IkIi was added, to denote the Seiu'CK peoph-. By dropping the neuter jiretix O, the nation d title became Kiiii-ih)-iriih-(iiiiih or " I'hi' Orcat Jlill pfoph " as now used by the Scnccas' Sometimes the suffix (i-imh is substituted Un- ipiiili, which would make N(tn- (1o->ra-o-rni/i, having however the same mcuiing. Morgan's [ieairue, p. 51. • Kclatlons l(!:i.'). p. ;W mid l(u(, p. is. Scc Rfl;Ui(in foi- li'.rn, p. iHi., wlicro it Is writifii TsDiHion- touuii. tAlluillUfrtotlicirresiaiMK'i' (luIJoiiKlaon lllll Nvlici'ctlKJrprliu'ipal village u:i< IixmIimI Sec ii. lU. ouiuliil, tliey w uidd form Oiiinildiini II or j^rcat hill, which is only a dialectical variation from the Hciieca yniiihi-iriili, and eiiilnaces >iuh a resemlilaiice as \\ c would expect fioiii the common origin of tln' two nations. Ill pronouncini; the Indian nam''s written liy the Jesuits, the French vowel and iia-al sounds iiiu^l he rcirnrded. The {•'leiicli. Iiuviim no " "•," express it- M)iind liy the coiiihination ""//." In writinu,' Indian wcud the letter- '/ami t are often used iiitcrchaniicably. If the name Seneca can legitimately he derived from the Seneca word A"//- i],, inili-ijitdli as ahovp liiven, it can only he done l)y prclixiiii: San^ as was the custom of the Jesuits, and droppiii;:' all unnecessary letters. It would then form the word Smi-uoii-do-ira-i/a, the first two and last syllable of which, if the French sounds of the letter-; are uiven, are almost identical in pronunciation ■with Siiinui, The chief dillieulty, however, would he in the disjiosal of the two siiperlliious syllables. They may have been dropped in the jirocess of contraction so I'Dinmun in the compositiiui of Indian words — a result which would be (piite liUely to occur to a SeiU'ca name, in its transiiii»ion ihrouuh two other laiiLiuatzvs, the Mohawk and ihe Dutch. The foregoing ipierics and sngn'cstions are thrown out for what they are worth, in the ab^Piicc of any more reliable theory. It is to be hoped that a liapjiy >olutioii of the vexed ([Ue-tion may yet be reached by some iiivc>tii:ator jiavin.u' the necessary facililies and ([nalifk'ations.