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Maps, plates, charts, etc.. may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartas, planches, tableaux, etc.. pauvent Atre filmte A des taux de reduction difftrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul clichA, 11 est fiim-ed upon the Face of Nati ences, ManufaAurcs, and Commerce. XI. The chief Cities, Stiudtures, Ruins, and artificial Curiolitics. XII. The Longitude, Latitude, Bearings^ and Diftances of principal places horn London. , 'TO WHICH ARE ADDED, L A Geographical Inpbx, with the Names of Places alphabetically arranged. II. A Tablr of the Coivs of all Nations, and their Value in £ngi.i8H Monet. III. A Chkonox-ogical Table of remarkable £vents, from the Creation to the prefent Time. Bv WILLIAM GUTHRIE, Efq. The Astronomical Part by Jambs Ferguson, F.R.S. TO WHICH RAVE BEEN ADDED The late Discoveries of Dr. Herschel, and other eminent Astronomers. ^. ILLUSTRATED WITH A CORRECT SET OF MAPS, Engraved from the moft recent Obfervations and Draughts of Geographical Travellers. The SEVENTEENTH EDITION, Correfted, And CONSIDERABLY ENLARGED. LONDON: Printed FOR Charles Dilly, i* the Poultry; an|> C. G, AMD J. ROSINSON, IN PATt«.-Jf08TSR RoW. J79B- **?^""**'i>«!ni ""' t'l" ".mfi .1 1 ■ 1,1" II'. i 1 vi -kf a,r • a::: :'^" !■ ri •.-.innaryr \ibiwi, v-*"***'*^: ■*- ••^"'■■ .X )>•■ MiC-.i N, iJl«t*vi J- :i;r. >; .--.i. ''';': " ,V.'lpili" • ;?»I-fMri Jf-^AsM****' --Hisjfi^^ .ivj.; . <..-^'<^ ,,:■•,•- '.i#*i- . t<> aja'- T .1 ■ :>i3^,;. ^ ^i l:>i3^,;. >:> ..'.J A .ill' .TStv^t^V.t^aiahir'^ 'fil- rjtrfi;!/ ■'-■' fi u li ^f. U .A "\ ' ■ i , f 'C,<*f ' ADVERTISEMENT. H'l^K T] , , .. -••T'.' HE diftinguiflied approbation which the public have ihow^n to this work, as is evident from the many editions through which it has paffed, from the ra- pidity of the fale of very large impreflions, and from the increafing demand which continues to be made for it, affords, it may be prefumed, a proof fufficiently iatisfaftory of its utility and excellence. .. ...j^a . . >.:jf*-y vox.; . ^ .• i/i . ■'■:'< fl^^J.^Jt . ■t/'.ij' It may, however, be reafonably expeded that, at the appearance of this new edition, fome account fhould be given of the improvements which have been made, and of the acceffion of new matter, which will be' found to enrich it. , . . ■..-..^ w ; \^A-MV '^^.f_ :^'-\' .r:*\v. In an age fo celebrated as the prefent for Geogra- phical fcience, and for that fpirit of adventure which has explored the moft diftant countries, it is highly proper that a work of this kind Ihould afford a felec- tion of that information which is moll ufeful and interefting, and faithfully exhibit every, thing va- luable to be found in the lateft voyages and travels. I Of thefe, iince the improved edition of this gram- mar, in 1785, a great variety have been pub- llifhed, which have been perufed with the moft [careful attention, and which have furnifhed many •.- 'J .. * ■, -V A 2 •,, - : m IV ADVERTISEMENT. important particulars to the accounts of the difTcrent kingdoms upon the continent of £«r(3/»^.— -To Dr. Robertlbn's Hiftorical Dii^uifitions concerning India; to the fplendid and accurate Map of that coun- try by Major Rennell, whofe geographical knowledge has defervedly gained him the higheft celebrity ; to Major Dirom's narrative of the campaign in the Peninfula, which terminated the war with Tippoo Sultan, in 1792; to the Abbe Grofier's hiftory of China, and Mr. Franklin's travels in Pcrlia, we have been much indebted in our progrefs through the im- mcnfe regions oi Afia.^^—^Oi Africa little can be faid, becaufe little is^ known. Europeans, at the end of the eighteenth century, are as much unacquainted with the interior parts of that vaft continent, as if it were fituated in one of the moft diftant planets. However, nothing has been negleded, that could add to the fmall ftbck of knowledge we have of this quar- ter of the globe. The travels of Mr. Bruce, the nar- rative of Mr. Vaillant, the proceedings of the African AlTociation, and Major Rennell's Memoir and Map of the Northern parts of this vaft territory, have been very diligently attended to, and from them the moil valuable information has been extraftcd.— *— The Ge- ography of Am.rica owes much to the labours of Mr. Morle, a gentleman of that country, who vilited in perlbn the fcveral ftates in the Union, and maintained an extenfive correfpondence with tnen of fciencc. From this authentic fource, befides a variety of other particulars, the divificns of the rcfpc£tlve ftates into diftridts, counties, towns, 6cc. are now giveas tP which rent -To ning oun- cdge irity; 1 the ippoo >ry of ; have ic im- e faidy end of tainted as if it ilanets. lid add quar- e nar- frican Map e been e moil cGe- of Mr. fitcdin tained ciencc. f other Ites into which ADVERTISEMENT. ' v are added the defcriptions of the n''w-/orined ilates of Kentucky and Vermont. . . ., v; * .j,.'.:,,j!.' From the works abovementloned many additions were made to the laft edition, in 1796. The prefent has been confidcrably enlarged by the information af- forded by various Voyages and Travels that have been fince published ; among which may be enumerated, count Stolberg's Travels in Switzerland and Italy ; Mr. Townfon's in Hungary ; Mr. Murphy's in Portugal j Profcflbr Thunberg's Voyage to Japan ; and, efpecially. Sir George Staunton's Authentic Account of the Voy- age and Embafly of Lord Macartney to China, w hich has enabled us confidcrably to enlarge and correct the account of that empire. The Geography of America has beed^correfted from a recent Americat^ publica- tion of the greateft accuracy and authority, of which an improved edition i? now printing in this country ; the defcriptions of the new Ilates of Kentucky and Vermont have been enlarged, and an account added of the territory north-weft of the Ohio, and the Ten- neflee government. *. As this work is hiftorical as well as geographical, the perpetual changes of ftates and human affairs, e- fpecially thofe produced by the late revolutions which have convujfed Europe, have rendered fome confider- able additions and alterations neceifary in the hiftorical part. Such have been made in this edition -, and the hiftory ot each country is brought down to the pre- fent time ; that of Great Britain is confidcrably en- larged ; and the ilupendous exertions and rapid con- VI ADVERTISEMENT. qucfts of the French republic have been 'faithfully detailed j while the calamitous events, vi^hich, in that diftraded country, have been the confequence of con- tending factions and an unfettled government, have been pourtrayed in their true colours, and fuch as can- not fail to excite every honeft ii to cherifh and defend the well-poifed conftitutic iiis own happy illand ; a conftitui proved by the accumulate, vifd f government in formed and im- fages.' 1 To make room for thefe au^.aons, and (uch infer- tions as were abfolutely necefTary to render the work more perfed, fome parts, which appeared too difFufe, have been abridged; and others, lefs important, have been omitted. Yet fo numerous have the additions been, as to enlarge this edition much beyond the laft. Though the two laft improved editions exceeded in bulk very conliderably the preceding ones, this will be found to exceed the laft (in 1796) by more than Fifty Pages, and above one hundred of new infor- mation; — —a probf that great pains have been em- ployed to give the work a j lift and continued claim to general notice and approbation. May^ 1798. V*. T_ ;■'..;;;. v'«\r: ^ ,,-:.,■■ ,.■.■, <:\ Ui' , -:•* '■ ' ""• ■; '^'.' .•■■.■.. - '•'•fii' ■"' • . » • * \\ ,i i P R E F A C^E, ¥K<^ O a man fincerdly intfercfted in the welfare of fociety and of his own country, it muft be particularly agree- able to refleft on the rapid progrefs, and general dif- fufion of learning and civility, which within the prefent age,have taken place in Great "Britain. Whatever may be the cafe in fome other kingdoms of Europe, we, in this ifland, may boaft of our fuperiority to thofe illiberal prejudices, which not only cramp the genius, but four the temper of man, and difturb all agreeable inteicourfe of fociety. Among uS) learning is no longer confined within the fchools of the philofophers, or the courts of the great ; but, like all the greateft advantages which heaven has beftowed on mankind, it is become as univer^ fal as it is ufeful. . ♦ This general diffufi6n of knowledge is one cfTeft of that happy conftitution of government, which, towards the clofe of the laft century, was confirmed to us, and which conftitutes the peculiar glory of this nation. In other countries, the great body of the people pofTefs Jittlc wealth, have little power, and confequently meet with little refpeft; in Great Britain the people are opulent, have great influence, and claim, of courfc, a proper fliare of attention. To their improvement, theretore, men of letters have lately dire61cd their ftudies ; as the great body of the people, no lefs than the dignified, the learned, or the wealthy few, have an acknowledged title to be amuf- ed and inftrufted. Books have been divefted of the terms of the fchools, reduced from that fize which fuited only the purfes of the rich and the avocations of the ftudious, and are adapted to ptrfons of more ordinary fortunes, whofe attachment to other purfuits admitted of little lei- fure for thofe of knowledge. It is to books of this kind, more than to the works of our Bacons, our Lockes, and our Newtons, that the generality of our countrymen owe that fuperior improvement, which diftinguiflies them from the lower ranks of men in allother countries. To promote and ,!iVi iu ■■i t;j7r: %• f i -li vlii f R E FACE. advance this improvement, is the principal defign of our prefent undertaking. No fubjedt appears more intereft- ing than that we have chofen, and none feems capable of bemg handled in a manner that may render it more gene- rally ufcful. - The knowledffc of the world, and of its inhabitants, though not the fublimeft purfuit of mankind, it muft be allowed, is that which moft nearly interells them, and to which their abilities are beft adapted. And books of Geography, which defcribe the fituation, extent, foil, and prodii6tions of kingdoms ; the genius, manners, religion, government, commerce, fciences, and arts, of all the inha- bitants upon earth, promife the beft ailiftanGe for attaining this knowledge. - ' .. The compendium of Geogi«aphy we now offer to the Public, differs in many particulars from other books on that fubjeft. Befides exhibiting an eafy, diftinft, and fyftematic account of the iheory and praftice of what may be called Natural Geography, the Author has at- tempted to render the followmg performance an inftruc- tivc, though compendious, detail of the general hiftory of the world. 1 ne character of nations depends on a combinaMon of a great many circumftances, which reci- procally f.ffeft each other. There is a nearer conne£tioii between the learning, the comnurce, the government, &c. of a (late, than moll people feem to apprehend. In a work of this kind, which pretends to include moral, or political, as well as natural Geography, no one of thefc obje£ls lliould pafs unnoticed. The omiflion of any one of them would, in reality, deprive us of a branch of knovvledge, not only interefting in itfclf, but which is abfolutely neceflary for enabling us to form an adequate and comprehenfive notion of the fubje£t in general. We have thought it neceflary, .herefore, to add a new article to this work, which comprehends the hiftory and prefent ftate of learning in the (everal countries we defcribe, with the chara6lers of fuch perfons as have been mo& eminent in the various departments of letters and ph3o- fophy. This fubje6t will, on a little reflexion, apjlear altogether requifite, when we coniirder the pqurerful in- fluence of learning upon the manners, government, and general charadler of nations; Thefe objects, indeed, till of late, fcldom found a place in geographical perform- deti on( ha) Al tl PREPACK of our tereft- ible of ; genc^ Mtants, luft be and to )oks of oil, and eligion, tie inha- ttaining r to the tooks on n£t, and of what • has at- i inftruc- il hiilory ids on a lich reci- mneftion lent, &c. id. In a moral, or of thefc any one jranch of which is adequate ral. We ew article id prefent dcfcribe, been moft and pl^o- »n, appear ils^erful in- ment, and ndeed, till I perform- jinces ; and, even wh^re the have been introduced, are by no means handled in an r.itertaining or inftruftivc man- ner. Neither is this to be altogether imputed to the fault of geographical writers. The greater part of travellers, aftine folely under the influence of avarice, the paflion which firlt induced them to quit their native land, were at little pains, and were indeed ill qualified, to colleib fuch materials as are proper for gratifymg our curiofity, with regard to thefe particulars. The geographer, then, who could only employ the materials put into his hands, wag not enabled to give us any important information upon fuch fubjeds. In the courfe of the prefent century, however, men have begun to travel from different motives. A thirft for knowledge, as well as for gold, has led many into diftant lands. Ihefe they have explored with a phi- lofophic attention ; and by laying open the internal fprings ofaftioni by which the inhabitants of dilferent regions are a£tuated, exhibit to us a natural and ftrilcing picture of human manners, under the various ftages of barbarity and refinement. Without manifeft impropriety, we could not but avail ourfelves of their labours, by means of which we have been enabled to give a more copious and a more perfeft detail of what is called Political Geography, than has hitherio appeared. In confidering the prefent ftate of nations, fewcircum- ftances are of more importance than their mutual inter- courfe. This is chiefly brought about by commerce, the prime mover in the oeconomy of modern dates, and of which, therefore, we have never loft fight in the prefent undertaking. We are fcnfible that a reader could not examine the prefent ftate of nations with much entertainment or in- ftru^ion, unlcfs he was alfo made acquainted with their fituation during the preceding ages, and of the varioui revolutions and events, by the operation of which they have affumed their prefent form and appearance. This conftitutes the hiftorical part of our work ; a department which we have endeavoured to execute in a manner en- tirely new. Inftead of fatiguing the reader with a dry detail of newfpaper occurrences, no way conne6^ed with one another, or with the general plan of the whole, we have mentioned only fuch hi\s as are interefting, ei*ther ill themfeiyes, or from their relation to obje^s of jmpor-^ wmgmm'mm wmmm I X'> \ P R E F A C fi. tance. Inftead of a meagre index of incoherent incidents, we have drawn up a regular and connected epitome of* the hiftory of each country j fuch an epitome as may bo read with equal pleafure and advantage, and which may be confidered as a proper introduction to more copious accounts. Having, 'through the whole of the work, mentioned the ancient names of countries, and, in treating of their particular hiftory, fometimes carried our refearches beyond the limits of modern times, we have thought it necefTary, for the fatisfadlion of fuch readers as are unacquainted with claflical learning, to begin our hiftorical Introdudlion with the remote ages of antiquity. By inferting an account of the ancient world in a book of geography, we afford an opportunity to the reader of comparing together, not only the manners, government, and arts of different nations, as they now appear, but as they fubfifted in ancient ages ; which exhibiting a general map, as it were, of the hif- tory of mankind, renders our work more complete than any geographical treatife extant. In the execution of our defign, we have all along en- deavoured to obferve order and perfpicuity. Elegance we have facrificed to brevity; happy to catch the leading fea- tures which diftinguifli the chara6ters of nations, and by a few ftrokes to hit off, though not completely to finifli, the picture of mankind in ancient and modern times. What has enabled us to comprife fo many fubjeds with- in the narrow bounds of this work, is the omiilion of many immaterial circumftances, which are recorded in other per- formances of the fame kind, and of all thofe fabulous ac- counts or defcriptionS, which, to the difgrace of the human underftanding, fvvell the works of geographers ; though the falfity of them, both from their own nature, and tne concurring teftimony of the moft enlightened and heft in- formed travellersandhiftorians,hasbecn long llncedetctkd. , As to particular parts of the work, we have been more or lefs diffufe, according to their importance to us as men, and as fubje61s of Great Britain. Our own country, in both refpedts, deferved the greateft fliare of our attention. Great Britain, though (he cannot boalt of a more luxu- riant foil or happier climate than many other countries, has advantages of another and fuperior kind, which make her the delight, the envy, and the miftrefs of the world : PR E F ACE. XI iC- Ics, Ike Id: thefe are, the equity of her laws, the freedom of her po- litical conftitution, and the moderation of her religious fyftein. With regard to the Britilli empire we have there- fore heen fmgularly copious. f • Next to Great Britain, we have been moft particular upon the other ftates of Europe ; and always in propor- tion as they prefent us with the largeft field for ufeful reflection. By comparing together pur accounts of the European nations, the important fyftem of practical know- ledge is inculcated, and a thoufand arguments will appear in favour of a mild religion, a free government, and an extended, unreftrained commerce. Europe having occupied fo large a part of our volume, Afia next claims our attention ; which, however, though in fome refpedts the moft famous quarter of the world, offers, when compared to Europe, extremely little for our entertainment or inftru6tion. In Afia, a ftrong attach- ment to ancient cuftoms, and the weight of tyrannical power, bear down the a£live genius of man, and prevent that variety in manners and chara6ter, which diftinguiflies the European nations. In Africa, the human mind feems degraded below its natural ftate. To dwell long upon the manners of this country, a country fo immerfcd in rudenefs and barbarity, befides that it could afford little inftrudtion, would be dif- gufting to every lover of mankind. Add to this, that the inhabitants of Africa, deprived of all arts and fciences, without which the human mind remains torpid and in- active, difcover no great variety in manners or chara<5tcr. A gloomy fiimenefs almoft every where prevails ; and the trifling diilindions which aredifcovered among them, feem rather to arife from an excefs of brutality on tlie one hand, than from any perceptible approaches towards refinement on the other. But though thefe quarters of the globe are treated lefs exicnfively than Europe, there is no diftrid of them, however barren or favage, entirely omitted. America, whether confidered as an immenfe continent, inhabited by an endlefs variety of different people, or as a country intimately connefted with Europe by the ties of commerce and government, defervcs very particular at- tention. The bold difcovery and barbarous conqueft of this Nev/ World, and the manners and prejudices of the original inhabitants, are objeds which, together with the ^mmmm ■n 3cii PREFACE, rr.^^ •3 defcription of the country, defervecjly occupy no fmall ihare of thi^ performance. In treating of fuch a variety of fubjefls, fome lefs ob- vious particulars, no doubt, muft efcape our notice. But if our general plan be good, and the outlines and chief jBgures Iketched with truth and judgment, the candour of the learned, we hope, will excufe imperfections which are unavoidable in a work of this extenfive kind. We cannot, without exceeding the bounds of a Preface, infift upon the other parts of our plan. The Maps, which are executed with care, by the beft informed artiUs in thefe kingdoms, will, we hope, afford fatisfadlion. he fcience of natural geography, for want of proper en- couragement from thofe who are alone capable ot giving it, ftifl remains in a very imperfect ftate ; and the exa6c divifions and extent of countries, for want of geometricai furveys, are far from being well afcertained. This con- (ideration has induced us to adopt the moft unexception- able of Templeman's Tables, which, if they give not the exa£left account, afford at leaft a general idea of this fub- je£l; which is all indeed we can attain, until the geo- Ifraphical fcience arrives at greater perfe6lion. I- \ > \ : . '■ ' > •- it T/; '^■:j -^v .;:, .•■'if );':-7;;'>'«^..!' CO N t EN T S. •if:-,^" f v.- INTRODUCTIO N.-. ■•■ ■* P A R T II. Of the Origin of LawSf Government, and Commerce PART III. Of the Origin and Progrcfs of Religion Of the natMfal and political Parts of EUROPE Its Situation, Boundaries, grand Divifions, and Hiftory Denmark ..... Eaft and Weft Greenland, and Iceland Norway - - - . . Denmark Proper - I^pland - - . -. m - • Sweden - . - , ^ Mufcovy, or the Ruffian Empire - . • Scotland, and the Hebrides, Orkneys, &c. England ... . . . Wales - . - - . Ille of Man, Ifles of Wig!.t, Jerfey, Guernfey, &c. Ireland - - - - . Franre - - - United Netherlands, or Holland . . - Auftriao and French Netherlands ... Germany - - , , . Pruffia - • •. • • Bohemia % - - - Hungnry • • - - • I'ranfylvania, Sclavonia, and Croatia Poland and Litiuiania - . ^ ^ PART I. Of Afirmomical Geography, ^ ?; SotAR Syftem « v^V * '^'* • - - - , page t Table of the Diameters, Periods, &c. of the feveral Plftnets in the Solar Syftem - - - - - 4 Comets • - , ■ * ' " ■ m ; "^ , - ^ Fixed Stars , • ,^ • - Cbnftellation? ' . '■ Copernican and other SyftertiS 6f the Unlverfe Do(5trine of the Sphere Globe Problems performed by the Globe Geographical Obfervations Natural Divifions of the Earth Winds and Tides Maps - - ^ ' • Cardinal Points - *• W ft 19 ir »9 25 29 30 $< 59 > 6c» 6» 76 9+ 99 JSQ 199 389 395 400 477 437 497 530 53S 538 543 • 546 ■■■ If! ^ CONTENTS. Switzerland - - . - • Spain » .» • • • Portugal - ■ - • w ■-- Italy - ■-' Turkey in Europe, the ancient Greece Turkiili Iflands in the Levant, being part of ancient Greece - 654 f4-t Other European Iflands are defcrjbed with the Countries to which thpy refpe^tivply belong. page " 57* • 582 ' 609 • 619 - 647 ■ A s I -A. .; r :; ■: Its Situation, Boundaries, grand Diviflons, and Hiftorv Of Turkey in Afia - - ,-,-'-, artaryinAfia , .- _ . ' ^ . * ■ ^,-]l,.-^ China - _- ^ ■- _- -• India in general ^ - ^ - _ - India beyond the Ganges - «■ India within the Ganges, pr the Empire of the Great Mogul The Peninfufa within the Ganges - r Perfia - - • ^ i,^' ' Arabia . - . - ' ^^.^r.j^^r. . - Iqdian and Oriental Iflps belonging to Afia ,„:i'' ■JC'.' \ ^v A F R I C A. '657 660 681 689 708 714 720 734 ■ 744 - 759 ... .•,-'» 1(5 Situation, Boundaries, grand Divjfions, and. Hiftory jjjf,' Of Egypt - - - - '■;.-j^^.;i^' ■' The States of Barbary . - * ^ . • Abyffiiiia - - - ' ■'' '^^■'■:-"^- Fezzan, Bornou, and Caflina ;^,^,^^r ,.,, .-•/-, j.^*^K • « Sierra Leone and Bulam ' _* Africa, from the Tropic of Cancer to the Cape of Good Hope Country of the Hottentots - - - - CafFraria - f • African Iflands - ,'? -q J I'ole •C I "S Canadi^ - - <; 'Nova Scotia - - f United States of America . - - New Erigland • - ' , ^ * ' ^ New York - • . '• i- ..■,.,.•■= , "•;>';• ■ * New Jerfey .- '-- " -■ PennfylVania and Delaware - - • Maryland ' - ' - » - Virginia - . • - • North ahd South Carolina and Georgia New Stales formed in North America - General Pefcription of the Weft Indies - - 773 - 777 ' 785 - 793 - 799 ■ 803 804 - 805 - 810 ;;vrfr.-;' ^ - 82a - 833 * 84a . 848 - 851 - 859 •< 861 - 864 - 874 - 878 -' 879 - 884 - 886 - 89a - 899 - 906 CONTENTS. 57* 582 609 619 647 654 to 6S7 660 I 19 ^^>- ftf 744 759 76s 773, 777 78s 793 799 803 804 805 810 815 . 82a - 833 . 842 . 848 . 851 - 859 ., 861 . 864 - 874 - 878 -■ 879 - 884 . 886 - 89a - 899 - 906 Jamaica and other Tflands in the Weft Indies i fEaft and Weft Florida New Mexico, including California Old Mexico, or New Spain Terra Firma I page 910 (921 e c Ou CO Peru \ North America < 92 a 3 C923 ^927 South America Chili Paraguay, or La Plata Cuba and Hifpaniola, and other Iflands in America Portuguefe America, Brafil ^ - - French Ainerica, Cayenne I 930 933 934 937 - 939 94a St. Domingo, Martinico, and other French Iflands in the Weft Ipdies 943 Dutch America, Surinam - - - ^1 St. Euilatius, and other Dutch Jfland&in the Weft Indies *"• St. Thomas's, and other Datiifli Iflands in Ditto - •» New Difcoveries 1. . ^-y. m ■ >., . . • Northern Archipelago ^j^Kr\\ .» , . r>;.'rvf * - ', ' The Difcovery of an Inland Sea, containing a great number of Iflands, in North America .■»„,- --;.,- The Pelew Iflands - <'*] t-/ • ,^^.<« .- * . TheTVIarquefas /flands /j-tti/'l'! VS fl *,r^K^K7/3- :> . I ngrahanvs Iflands * ,- >..*-» > -♦'.,,',♦. .Ota'heite, or King George's Ifland The Society Iflands *- "p^.f^ ^ . r .Oheteroa - . ; , .* The Friendly Iflands New Zealand -* H ri^OVf eJi* The New Hebrides . . ..i- "r^.u/; H 1 .«^ New Holland New Guinea Sandwich Iflands .-'J - - - Terra Incognita - _ _ . - A New Geographical Table, alphabetically arranged • 1 A table of the Coins of all Nations, and tlieif value in Engllfli Money - . - . , phfonologicalTableof Remarkable Events, &c. - - ".m^r^j ,'/•;;-«(!■ " 3, V- 946 947 949 950 9S» 95* 953 953 954 954 950 958 959 959 960 961 964 965 967 970 985 1000 ' t :»l. '>■■■''' ■: ']• ;• W>^j >^;^ " V- A ;■< '!■ ...S-i-v' •: r* »'^ ■^ ♦ er* f 'Hiii'n.nA m ''. - ■ - ■ - ■ i.[::J ' . i ' ■^ ^. DIRECTIONS for j)liicmgf the MAPS. >jc! The WORLD, Ta /*wa/ the Title. flGERMANf, *«>« 4^t CHART of the WORLD, accord. || POLAND, LITHtJANlA, and ing to Mewatot'* pf ojet,- • 'X ■..•.;r ; ■r. 'V ^ !j'.' ; -'. ' I- ( 14.' i '■^ ■'^E' s.- ,.c . ^rt^f 4^7 [lA, and 'i:- 546 r* X, \^^ 619 And ^ 647 .-- •^68 _ 7?3 • §48 1"" ^6 W :. -r.r. Upt INTRODUCTIO N.'^ •M'«\"'. teif' sea ..V. r. ..■■tiS' P A R T i. ©F ASTRONOMICAL GEOGRAPHY, ^^ SECT. 1. Of the Planets, the Comets, the Fixed STARS,and thcdifftreni . Systems of the Universe. HE fcience of Gkography cannot be completely underftood with- out confidering the earth as a planet, or as a body moving round another at a confiderable diftance from it. The fcience which treats of the planets and other heavenly bodies, is called Astronomy : — hence the neceifity of beginning this work with an account of the heavenly bodies. Of thefe, thee the ha- and ftars, I to be at e or orna- [ this opi- ! we have iroyages of larly from 'igatcd the ling to the on, except ling land, was there* hile it was being fup- : tell what adapted to th did not d planets, eckonings Jge pretty 1 and from mathema- onit,— it round the ;ity fo im- ces in na- ve round nee in 94 mayiraa* the ball >ng like a " its own \r middle jits poles. learth ars ^olution^s ke paired [table or hours, of it, Q mo- Ireftion, |he fame jm weft clearly )r year- ja daily jly mo- |ear, he fet in ial mo* vri'.jr Uon of the earth In Its orbit or path round the fun, which It completes in the fpace of a year. Kow as to the firft of thefe motions we owe .the difference of day jmd night, fo to the fecond we are indebted for the .di^ecence in the length -of th,e days and nights, and in the feafons of they ear. The planets.] Thus much being prcmifed with regard to the mo- tion of the earth, which the fmalleft refleftion may lead iis to 3pply to the other planets, — we muft obferve, before exhibitiiig our table, that, befides the feven planets already mentioned, which move round the iiiOf there are fourteen other bodies wliich move round fiur of thefe, in the fame manner as they do round the fiin ; and of thefe our earth has one, called the moon ; Jupiter has four ; Saturn has feven (two * of thefe having been lately difcovered by Dr. Herfchel) ; and the Georgium Sidus has two, as that excellent aftronomer has fitown. Thefe are called moons, from their agreeing with our moon which was firft attended to ; and fometimes they are called fe<^ndary planets, he- caufe they feem to be attendants of tlw Earth, Jupiter, Saturn, and the Georgium Sidus, about which they move, and which are called frimarj. There are but two obfervations more, neceflary forunderftandingthe following table. They are thefe: we have already faid that the a mual motion of the earth occafioned the dlverfity of feaibns. But tliis would not happen, were the axis of the earth exaftly paralle' to or in a line with the axis of its orbit ; becaufe then the fame par:s of the earth wnuld be turned towards tlK fun in every diurnal revolution ; which would de- prive mankind of the grateful vicillitudcs of the feafons, arifing from the difference in length of the days and nights. This, therefore, is not the cafe: — the axis of the earth is inclined to the plnne of the earth's orbit, whicli we may conceive by fuppofiug a fpiucile put tfirougii a ball, with one end of it touching the ground ; if -ve move the ball direflly for- wards, while one end of the fpindle continues to touch the groundj and the other points towards fome quarter of ihe heavens, we may for r a notion of the inclination of the earth's axis to its orhit, from the incli- nation of the fpindle to the ground. The ^ame obfer^ation applies to fome of the other planets, as may be feen from the tabic. The only thing that now remains, is to confider what is me, nt by the mean di' fiances of the planets from the fun. In order to underftand tfiis, -ve muft learn that the orbit, or patli which a planet defcrrbes, were it to be marked out, would not be quite round or circular, but in the fhape of a figure called an ellipfis, which, though refemblinor a circle, is longer than broad. Hence the fame plp.net is not always at tee fame diftance from the fun; and the mean diftance of it is that which is ex- a'ftly betwixt its greateft and leaft diftance. Here follows the table* -"v ■•it * See the 80th vol. of the Philofophkal Tranf^dions* \ , .- mim ih I ^1 t. 4 INTRODUCTION. ; A TABLE of the Diameters, Periods, &c. of the fevcrat PtAVETi in the Solar System. Mchll uilL-ilCC-- Names of tlie Diame- ter* in I'roin 11 c fun, asfleicrmiiicil froino:jfcr\ h- Annua pcrioc 1 Diurnal rotation Hourly motion Hourly motion of iti Inclination of a:iis to £n.;lilb ri unri t 1(1 on ilo in iti plaucU. Miles, tiin< ui tlic tranfit of Ve- nus, in 17.''!. J'uu. axis. orbit. equa- tor. orbit. Y. D. u U. H. M. ^ Sun ■< 90,000 15 6 c 3,818 8" 0' 0" Morcury 1.0 c 36,841,468 87 as unknown '09,699 unknw unknown Venus 7,.)of. <),^ ,891,4^6 224 '7 24 8 Vo,29s 43 75 Eartl\ 7,970 95,173'Oco I 1 c 68,243 i,04« »3 »9 Moon 2.X8. dtto 1 ( 29 12 44 2 J, 490 9i 2 10 Mars SA^^- 14^,014,148 I ^11 17 f 4c ?S.i«7 5.<6 000 (upiter ai7 I,8i5,9ia,i6 83 121 unknown unknwn.'unknw. 43 35] The Georgian planet (or Georgiiim Sidiis) having greatly excited the attention of the learned woi Id, it would be unpardonable, in a work of this nature, to omit giving the reader a brief account of it. It was dif- covered by Dr. Herfchel, with his telefcope of great fize and power, forty feet in length, and four and a half in diameter, in the year 1781. J'or this dilcovery he obtained from the Royal Society the honorary recompt-nfe of fir Godfrey Copley's medal. In {o recent a difcovery of a planet fo diftant, many particulars cannot be expefted. We have introduced fome account of it into' the abovt; table from the firfl au- thority. Tiiough the Georgium Sidus was not known as a planet till the time of Dr. Kerfchel, yet there are many reafons to fiippofe it had been feea before, but had tnen been conlidered as a fixed ftar ; but, from the lleadinefs of its light, from its diameter being increafed by high mag- nifying powers, and from the change he had obferved in its fituation, lie concluded that it was a comet ; but in a little time, he, with others, determined that it was a planet, from its vicinity to the ecliptic, the di- r^dinn of its motion, being Ibtionary in the time, and in fueh circum- fiances, as correfpond with fimilar appearances in other planets.- When the moon is abfent, it may be feen by the naked eye ; and the dilcove- ry of two fatellites attending it feems to confer upon it a dignity, and to ralfe it into a more coiifpicuous fituation among the great bodies of our folar fyftem. As the diftances of the planet^, when marked iri miles, are a burden to the' memory, altronomers often exprefs their mean diftances in a fliorter way, by fuppofing the diftance from the earth to the fun-to be divided into ten parts. Mercury may then be cftimated at four of fuch parts from the fun, Venus at feven, the Earth at ten, Mars at fifteen Jupiter at fifty-two, Saturn at ninety-five, and the Georj^ium Sidus at one hundred and ninety. Comets.] The reader having obtained an idea of the planets from the table, and the previous obfer 'ations neceflary for underftanding it, jam ft next turn his attention to ihe comets, which, as they revolve round our fun, are a part of the folar fyftem. Thefe, defcending from the far diflant parts of the fyftem with great rapidity, furprife us with their Angular appearance of a train or tail, which accompanies them ; become vifible to us in the lower parts of their orbits, and> after a ihoxX '■ , Or, ■ . ■ '---■:'• .:'•,.•.■ INTRODUCTION. ^ (lay, go off again to vaft diftances, and difapncar. Thoiigli fome of the ancients had more jull notions of them, yet the opinion having pre- vailed, that they were only meteors generated in the air, like to thofe we fee in it every night, and in a few moments vaniOiing, no care wa$ taken to obferve or record their phaenomena accurate!), till of late. Hence this part of aftronomy is very impcrfeft. The general dod^rine is that they are folid, compaft bodies, like other planets, atid regulated by the fame laws of gravity, fo as to.defcribc equal arens in proporti- onal times by radii drawn to the common centre. They mo"e about the fun in very eccentric ellipfes, and arc of much grenter denfity tiian fhe earth ; for fome of them are heated in every period to fuch a decree as would vitrify or diflipate any fuinftance known to us. Sir Ifaac Newton computed the heat ol the comet that appeared in the year i68o, when nearelt the fun, to be 2000 tiiies hotter than red-hot iron, a;td that, being thus heated, it miift retain its heat till it comes round again, although its period fiiould be more than 20,000 yt-ars ; and it is computed to be only 575. It is believed that there are at lead zi comets btlonging to our fyftem, moving in various direflions ; and all Ihofe which have been obl'erved have moved tlirough the ethtrial re- gions and the orbits of the planets, without futf';riug tlie leall fenfible refiftance in their motions ; which futticicntly proves that the planetb do not move in folid orljs. Of all the comets,' the periods of three only are known with any degree of certainty, being found to return at in- ternals of 7;, 129, and 575 years; and of theft, that which appeared in 1680 is the mod remarkable. This comet, at its greatefl- diltance, is about 1 1 thoufaud 200 millions of miles from the fun, while its leaft diftance from the centre of the fun is about 490 thoufand miles ; being lefs than one third p?rt of the fun's fcmidiameter from his furface. In that part of its orbit which is nearcft the fun, it flies with the amaz- ing velocity of 880,000 miles in an hour; and the fun, as feen from iti appears 100 degrees in breadth, confequently 40,000 times as large as he appears to us. The aftoniihing diftance that this comet runs out into empty fpace naturally fuggefts to our imagination tlie vafl diftance between our fun aid the neareft of the fixed ftars, of whofe attraiflions all the comets muft keep clear, to return periodically and go round the fun. Dr. Halley, to whom every part of aftronomy, but this in a par- ticular manner, is highly indebted, has joined his labours to thole of fir Ifaac Newton on tliis fubjeft. Our earth was out of the way, when this comet laft nalfed near her orbit : b.ii; it requires a more perfeft knowledge of the motion ni die comer, to.be able to judge if it will always pals by us with fo little effect; for it may be here obl'erved that the comet, in one part of its orbit, approaches very near to the orbit of our earth} fo that, in fome vevoUni.jn'-, ir may approach near enough to have very confiderahle, if not fatal, effcfls upon ic. Se-e Newton, Halley, Gregory, Kfil, Mac Laurin, Derhair, Ftrgufon, and VVhifton. The FIXED sTA?s.] Having thus briefly fuTveyed the folar fyftem, which, thouffh ^reat in iifclf, is fmall in comparifon wit.'i the imraenfity of the univvrfe, we next proceed to the conteafjlation oftl-.oie other vaft bodies, called Xht fired fiars^ whic'i, btinp, of infinite ufe in the practice of geography, claim a particular notice in this work. Thcfe fixed ftars are difting'iiHied by the naked eye from the planets, by be- ing Icfs bri^Tht and luminous, 'and by continuaily ex^'ibitinc; that appear- ■ance which'we call the twinkling -^f the flats. ' Ths anft-s from their being fo extremely fmall, that the inttrpdition ol the leaft body, of ivhich there are many tonftantly floating in the air, deprives us of the A- -. %..»■ f 1, ■! ■:f' m i INTRODUCTION. fight of them j when the inttrpofed body changes its place, we a^aln fee the ftar; and this fucceiiion being perpetual, occafions the twink- ling. But a more remaritable property of the fixed ftars, and that from which they havfe obtained their name, is their never changing their fi- tuation, wuh regard to each other; as the planets, from what we have already faid, muft evidently be always changing theirs. The ftar» which are neareft to us fccm largtft, and arc therefore called fiars of the firft magnitude. Thofc nf the fecond magnitude appear lefs, be- ing at a greater diftance ; and fo proceeding on to the •; xth magnitude^ which includes all the fixed ftars that are vifib's wit ■ ut a telcfeope. As to their number, though, in a clear winter's night without moon- fliine, they feem to be innumerable (which is owing to their ftrong. fparkling, and our looking at them in a confufed manner), yet when tne whole firmament is divided, as it has been by the ancients, in- to figns ard conftellations, the number that can at anytime be feet* with the naked eye, ia not above a thoufand. Since the invention rtf telefcopes, indetdj the number of the fixed (tars has been juftly confi- dered as immenfe; becaufe the greater perfe<^ion we arrive at in ouf glafies, the more ftars always appear to us. M. Flamfteed, late royal allronomer at Greenwich, has given us a catalogue of about 3000 ftar$» Thefeare called telefcopic ftars, from their being invifiblc without the alfifiance of the telcfeope. Dr. Herfchel, to whofe ingenuity and af- fiduity the aftronomical world is fo much indebted, has evinced what great difcoveries may be made by improvements in the inftruments of obfervation. In fpeaking here of his difcoveries, I fliall ufe the words of M. de la Lande : *' In pafling rapidly over the htaveiw with his new ** teiefcope, the univerfe increafed under his eye; 44,000 liars, feenin ** the fpace of a few degrees, feenied to indicate that there were feven- *.' ty-five millions in t])e heavens." But what are all thefe, when com- pared to thofethat fill the whole expanfc, the boundlefs fields of aether? indeed the immenfity of the univerfe muft contain fuch numbers, a» would exceed the utmoft ftretch of the hum.-in imagination ; for wh6 <;an fay how far the univerfe extends, or point out thofe limits, where the Creator " ftayed his rapid wheels," or where he " fixed the golden ♦• compafies ?" The immenfe diftancc of the fixed fiars from our earth, and from each other, is, of all confideratiDns, the moft proper for raifing onr ideas of the works of God. For, notwithfianding the great extent of the earth'» orbit or path (wliich is at leaft iqo millions of miles in diameter) round the fun, the diftance of a fixed ftar is not fenfibly aSfedeif by it ; fothat the ftar does not appear to be any nearer lis when the earth is in that part of its orbit nearefl tie f>ar, than it ftemed to be when the sarth was at the moft difiant part of its orbit, or lyo millions of miles Lrther re- inoved from the fame {>ar. The flar neareft us, and confequently the lar^cft in appearance, is the ciog-tlar, or Sirius. Modern difcoveries mate it |)r.»babU that each of thofc f xed ftars is a fun, having planets ana comets revolving round it, as our ^.\in has the earth and other planet^ ff^vc'lving round hin>. Now the dog-ftar appears 27,000 times lefs than the fun ; and, a^' the diflance of the liars muft be greater in proportion as they feem lels, mathtm:tieian8 have computed the diftance of Siriu* from us TO be tivo billions and tvvo hundred thoufand millions of miles. A ray of lij-ht, tlieiefore, though its motion is fo quick as to be com- monly thought inftantaiieoifs, takes up more fime in travelling from thq flais to ub than we do in making a Weft India voyage. A found, H'iiicb, next to li^ht, is confidered as the ^uicked body we are ac« »* •>■ INTRODUCTION. biialnted with, would not arrive to us from thence in 50,000 years. And a cannon ball, Hying at the rate of 480 mikb an hour, would not reach ui in 700,000 years. The Itars, being at fiich imrflcnfe dlftances from the fun, cannot po/Bbly receive from him foftrong a light as tlicy fcemto have, nor any brightnefs futficient to make them vifible to us. For the fun's raya mull be fo fcattcred and diflipated before they re.fch fuch remote ob- jcifts, that they can never be tranfmitted back to our eyes, fo as to ren- der thofe objcrts vifible by reflexion. The ftars, therefore, fl»ine with their own native and unborrowed luflre, as the fun docs; and finct each particular (lar, as well ns the fun, is confintd to a particular portion oi fpace, it is evident that the Klars are of the fame nature with the Ain. It is far from probable that the Almighty, tvho always aiSls with infi* nite wifdom, and does nothing in vain, fliould create fo many glorious funs, fit for fo many important purpofes, and place them at futh di- ftances from each oiher, without proper objefts near enoufih to be bene- fited by their influences. Whoever imagines tiiat they were created only to give a faint glimmering light to the inhabitants of this globe, muft have a Very fuperficial knowledge of aftronomy *, and a mean opinioiT of the divine wifdom; fince, by ar; infinitely lefs exertion of creating power, the Deity could have given our earth much more light by one fingle additional moon^ Inftead then of one fun and one world only, in the oniverfe, as the Bnfkilfu! in aftronomy imagine, that fcience difcovers to us fuch an in- conceivable number of funs, fyilems, and worlds, dlfperfed through boundlefs fpace, that if our fun, with all the planets, moons, and co-i;' mets belonging to it, were annihilated, they would be no more milfcd by an eye that coufd take in the whole creation, than a grain of fand from the fea-flibr6; the fpace they pofTefs being comparatively fo fmall, that it would fcarcely be a fenfible blank in the univerfe, although the Geor- gium Sidus, the outermoft of our planets, revolves about the fun in an orbit of 10,830 millions of miles in circumference, and fimeofour comets make excurfions upwards of ten thoufand millions of miles be- yon<*. .he orbit of the Georgium Sidus; and yet, at that amazing dirtance, thxjy are iitcomparably nearer to the fun than to any of (l»e ffars, as is evident from their keeping clear of the attraifling power of all the ftars, and returning periodically by virtue of the fun's attraction. From what we know of our own fyftem, if may be reafonably con- cluded that all the reft are with equal wifdom contrived, fituated, and provided with accommodations for rationalinhabitants. For although tb?re is an aknoft infinite variety in the parts of the cieation which we l>ave opportunities of examini. g, yet there is a general analogy running through and conneifling all the parts into one fcheme, one defign, one vVhole ! . Since the fixed ftars are prMiglous fpheres of fire, Kke our fun, and at inconceivable diftances from each other as well f«s from us, it is reafon- able to conclude they are made for the fame purpofes that the fun is, — each to beftow light, heat, and vegetation, on a certain number of in- habited planets, retained by gravitation within tlte fphere of its activity. • EfpecJally fmce there arc many ftars wUkh are net vifible r;ithout the aClftance of a gcod telefcope; and therefore, iuAcad of giving light to tliis wirid, caa utX'j Le. fccii by a kw aftronsmers. B4 ^^v. ? INTRODUCTION. m *i Whr.t a fublime idea does this Aiggeft to the human imagination, li* niited as are its powers, of the works of the Creator! Thoiifands and thoufands, of funs, multiplied without end, and ranged all around us, iiit iiTjmenfe diUances from each other, attended by ten thoufand times ten thoufand vvorlds, all in rapid motion, yet calm, regular, and har- monious, invariably keeping the paths prefcribed then. : and thefe worldt peopled with myriads of intelligent beings, formed for cndlefs progref- fion in perfeftion and felicity ! If fo much power, wifdom, goodnefs, and magnificence, is difplayed in the material creation, which is the leaft confiderable part of the uni- yerfe, how great, how wife, how good muft HE be, who made and governs the whole ! ' The constell.tions.] Tht frji people who gave much attention to the fixed flais, -.ere the Jliepherds in the beautiful plains of Egypt and Babylon ; who, partly for amufemcnt, and partly with a view to direct them in travelling during the night, . obferved the fituation of thefe ce- leftial bodies. Endowed with a lively fancy, they divided the ftars intO' different companies or conftellations, each of which they fuppofed to reprefent the image of fome animal, or other terreftrial objeft. Thepea- fents in our own country do the fame thing ; for they diltinguifli that great northern conftellation, which aftronomers call the Urfa Major, by the name of the plough, the figure of which it certainly may reprefent, with a very little aid from the.fancy. The conftellations in general have preferved the names which were given them by tht ancients; and were reckoned 21 northern and \%fouihern ; but the moderns have increafed the nuinber of the northern to 36, and of 'he fouthern to 32. Befides thefe, . there are the iifigns or conllellations in the Zodiac, as it is called, from ihe Greek word 'Qmv^ an animal, becaufc each of thefe la is fuppofed to reprsfent fome animal. This is a groat circle which divir'"'? the hea- vens into two equal-parts, of which wc fliall fpeak heiiafttr. In the mean time we fliaii conclude this fedion with an account q^ the rife and progrefs of aftronomy, and the revolutions whi^h have taken place in that fcience. Different systems of the univkrsjj.] INIai .nd muft have made a very cojifiderable improvement in obfcrving the motions of the hea- venly bodies, before they could fo far difenga;j,e themfelves from the prejudices of fen(e and popular opinion, as to believe that the earth upon which we live was nut fixed and immovable. We find, accordingly, that Thales, the Milefian, who, about 580 years before Curift, firft taught aftronomy in Europe, had made a fufiicicnt progrefs in this fcience to calculate eclipfcs, or intcrpofitions of the moon between the earth and the fun, or of tbs earth between the fun and the moon (the nature of which may be ealilyunderftood, from what we have already obferved). Pythagoras, a native of Samos, flourilhed. about 50 years after Thales, and was, no diubt, .equally well acquainted', with the motion of "the heavenly bodies. He conceived an idea, which there is no realbn to believe had ever been tliought of before, namely, that the earth itfelf was in motion, and that the fim was at reft. He found that it was impoflible, in any other way, to give a confiftent account of the heavenly motions. His fyftem, however, was fo extremely oppofitc to all the prejudices of fenfe and opinion, that it never made great pn>y,rqj's, nor was ever widely d'lFufed in the ancient world. The phi- lofophrrs ot antiquity, defpairing of being able to overcome ignorance by reafon, endeavoured ^to adapt the one to the other, and in fome mea- fore to reconcile them, Pioiemy, an Egyptian philofopher, who flou- INTRODUCTION. ^ fifhed 138 years before Chrift, fiippofed, with the vulgar, that the earth was fixed immovably in tht- centre of the univerfe, and that the feven planets, confidering the moon as one of the primaries, were placed iiear tq it ; above them was the firmament of fixed ftars, then the cry- ftalline orbs, then the primum mobile, and, laft of all, the ccclum em- pyrium, or heaven of heavens.* Alf tbefe vaft orbs he inaagined to move round the earth once in 24 hours, and, befides that, in certain ftated and periodical times. To account for thefe motions, he was obliged to conceive a number of circles, called eccentrics and epicycles, croffing and interfering with each other. This fyftem was univerfally main- tained by the peripatetic philofophers, who were the moft confiderable feft in Europe, from the time of Ptolemy to the- revival of learning in the fixteenth century. At length, Copernicus, a native of Poland, a bold and original genius^ adopted the Pythagorean or true fyftem of the univerle, and publiftied it to the world in the year 1530. This doftrine had been fo long in ob "purity, that the reftorer of it was confidered as the inventor ; and the fyftem obt'iined the name of the Copcrnican philofophy, though only revived by that great man. ■ Europe, however, was ftill immerfed in ignorance ; and the general ideas of the world were not able to keep pace with thofe of a refine^l philofophy. Copernicus therefore had few abettors, but many oppo- nents. Tycho Brahe, in particular, a noble Dane, fenfifale of the de- feds of the Ptolemaic fyftem, but unwilling to acknowledge the motion of the earth, endeavoured, about 15S6, to efta!)lifli a new fyftem of his own, which was ftill more perplexed and embarrafled t\rm that of Pto- lemy. It allows a monthly motion to the moon round the ^arth, as the centre of its orbit ; and makes the fun to be the centre of the orbits of Mercnry, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. The fun, however, witl» all the planets, is fuppofed to be whirled round the earth in a year, ami even once in the twenty-four hours. This fyftem, notwithilanding its abfurdity, met with many advocates. Longomoatanus, and others, fo far refined upon it, as to admit tlie diurnal motion of the earthy though they infifted iliat it had no ainuial motion. • About this time, after a darknefs of many fuccefiive age?,, the firft dawn of learning and tafte began to appear in liurope. Learned men, in different countries began to cultivate aftronomy. Galileo, a Flo- rentine, about the year i6io, introduced the ufe of telefcopes, which furniftied' new arguments in fupport of the motion of the earth, and confirmed the old one:!. The fury and bigotry i i the clergy, indeed, had ahnoft ftitled the fcience in its infancy ; and Galileo was obliged to renounce the Copernican fyftem, as a damnable herefy. The happy reformation i 1 religion, however, placed a great part of Europe beyond the reach of' . ? piipal thunder. It taught mankind that the fcriptures were not given for explaining fyftems of natural philofophy, but for a muc'. nobler purpofe, — to make us juft, virtuous, and humane; that, inftcad of ojipo^ing the word of God, which, in fpeakir.g of natural things, fuits itfelf 10 the prejudices of weak mortals, we employed our faculties in a man.ner highly agreeable to our maker, in tnxing the nature- of his works, which, the more they are confidered, atTord us the greater reafon to admire his glorious attributes of power, w'fdom, and goodnefs. From this time, therefore, noble dirco:plained the true fyftem of the univerfe, from which it appears, that it is the real motion of the earth which occafions the apparent motion of the heavenly bodies. It is befides attended with this advantage, that it perfeftly agrees with the information of our I'enfes. The imagina- tion therefore is not put. on the Itretch; the idea is eafy and familiar; and, in delivoring the elements of fcience, this objeft cannot be toa much attended to. N. B. In order more clearly to comprehend what follows, the readef may occafionally turn his eye to the figure of the artificial fphere on the oppofite page. The ancients obferved, that all the ftars turned (in appearance) round the earth, from eaft to weft, in twenty-four hours ; that the circles which they defcribed in thofe revolutions, were parallel to each other, but not of the fame magnitude; thofe paiTing over the middle of the earth be- ing the largeft, while the reft diminiflied in proportion to their diftance from it. They alfo obferved, that there were two points ir. the heavens, which always preferved the fame fituation. Tlicfe points they termed celeftial poles, becaufe the heavens feemed to turn round them. In order to imitate thefe motions, they invented what is called the ylrtificial Sphere, through the cent of which they drew a wire or iron rod, called an Axis, whofe extrjmities were fixed to the inunovable points called Poles. They farther obferved, that, on the 20th of March and 33d of September, the circle defcribed by the kxn was at an equal diftance from both of the poles. This circle, therefor** muft divide tl>e earth into two equal parts, and on this account was called the Equator or Ecjualhr. It was alfo called the Equinodial Line, becaufe" the fun, when moving in it, inakes the days and nights of equal length all over the world. Having alfo obftrved, that, from the 21ft of June to the 22d of December, the fun advanced every day towards a certain point, and having arrived theic, returned towards that from whence It fet out, from the aad of December to the 31ft of June, — they fixed theje points, which they called Soljiices, becaufe the direiSt motion of the fun was flopped at them ; and reprefented the bounds of the fun's moiion by two circles, whic'; they named Tropics, becaufe the 1.(1 no foo-ucr arrived there than he turned back* A^ouoraers ob« INTRODUCTION. U fervingthe motion of the fun, fount! its quantity, at a mean rate, to be nearly a degree (or the 360th part) of a great circle in the heavens, every 24 hours. Tliis great circle is called the Ecliptic^ and it pafTes through certain conftellations, diftinguiflied by the names of animals, in a zone called the Zodiac. It touches the tropic of Cancer on one fide, and that of Capricorn on the other, and cuts the equator oblique- ly, at an angle of 23 degrees, 29 minutes, the fun's greatcft declinatioa. To exprrefs this n:otion, they fuppoCed two points in the heavens, equally diftant from and parallel to this circle, which tliey called the Poles of tiic zodiac, which, turning with the heavens, by means of their axis, y be cbferved of the other circles of the fphere above mentoncd. The reader having obtained an idea of the principle upon which the Dodrlne of the Globe is fouiid:d, luay proceed to confider the do6lrine itfelf, or, in other words, the dt- fcription of our earth, as reprefental b/ tlie artifcial ^lole. Figure of the ear'ih.J Th;aijj;fi, in fpeaking of the earth with the other planets, it was futlicient to contuler it as a fphcrical or globu- lar body, — yet it has been difcovered that this is not its true fi'^uie, and tiiat theearth, though nearly a fphere or bnll, is not perfei'lly lb.' Thk; occafioned great difputes between the philofophers of the lad age, among vhom (ir Ildac Newton, and Caflini, a French aflrononrsr, were the heads of two different parties. Sir Ifaac demonftrated, fiom matlif- niatical [jrinciplc^, that the tartl, was an oblate fpheroi J, or that it was flatted at the poles, and jutted cot towards the equator, fo that a line, drawn through tlie centre of the earth, and palhng through the poles, which is called a diameter, would not be fo long as a line drawn through tlie fame centre and pafling through the -'aft and weft poiutr.. Tiie French j^iUolopher alfcrted prccildy t!je reverfe ; tliat b, tlia: iii; diameter was ■M 12 INT RO DUCT ion; lengthened towards the poles. In order to decide this queHion, the king of France, in 1736, fent out fome able Dnathematicians towards the north pole, and likewife others towards the equator, in order to Seafure a degree, or the three hundred and fixtieth part of a great cir- B, in fhofe different parts ; and from their report, the opinion of f^r Ifaac Newton was confirmed beyond difpute. Since that time, there- fore, the earth has always been confidered M more flat towards the poles than towards the equator. The reafon of this figure may be eafily underftood, if the reader fully comprehends what we formerly obfervecf, with regard to the earth's motion. For if we fix a-ball of foft clay on a fpindle, and whirl it round, v^e fliall find that it will jut out or pro- jeft towards the middle, and flatten towards the poles. This is ex- actly the cafe with refpeft to our eart^; only that its axis, reprefented by the fpindle, is imaginary. But though the earth be not properly fpherical, the difference from that figure is fo fmall, that it may be re- jprefented by a globe, without any fenfible error. I Circumference and diameter of the barth.] In the general table jvhich we have, exhibited, page 4, the diameter of the globe is givein according to the beft obfervations ; fo tll^t its circumference 19 ^5,058 Englifli miles. This circumference is cbnceived, for the con- ireniency of meafuring, to be divided into three hundred and fixty parts or degrees, each degree containing •ffxty geographical miles, or fixty- nine Englifli miles and a Iwlf. Thefe degrees are in the fame manner conceived to be divided each into fixty minutes. Axis and poles of the earth.} The axis of the earth is that imaginary line paffing through its centre, ^n which it is Appofed to turn.is^mid once in twenty-four hours. The extreme points of this • line jiJBfallcd the Poles of the earth? one in the north and the other in the louth, which are exactly under the two points of the heavens called the North an,d South Poles. The knowledge of thefe poles is of great ufe to the geographer in determining the diftance and fituation of places ; for the poles mark, as it were, the ends, of the earth, which is divided in the middle by the equator : fo fliat the nearer -one approaches to the poles, the farther he removes from the equator ; ind, in removing from the poles, he approaches the equator. Circles of TiiE glob|.] Thefe are commonly divided into the greater and lejfer. A great circle is that whofe plane pafles through the centre of the earth, and divides it into two equal parts or hemifpheres. A leffer circle is that which, being paialkl to a greater, cannot pafs through the centre of the earth, nor divide it into two equal parts. The greater circles areyf> in number, the lefler on\y four. Equator.] The ^\r^ great circle is the Eqwatar, or Equino^'ial ; and by navigators called the Line, The poles of this circle are the fame with thofe of the world. It pafles through the eaft and weft points of the world, and, as has been already inent'oned, divides it into the northern tx\A fouthcri) hemifpheres. It is divided into three hundred i^d fixty degrees, the ufe of which will foon appear. HoKizoT*.] This^JYfl/ circk is reprefented by a broad circular piece of wood eucompafling the globe, ajid dividing it into the upper and lower hemifpheres. Geographers very properly diftinguifli the horizon into thefenfihle and rational. The firft is that whiciJ bounds the utmofl; en we view the heavens around profp. fighn touching the earth or fea apparently This circle determines the rifing or fetting of the fun and fti^rs, in 4ay particular place; for when they begin to appear above the eaftern^ INTRODUCTION. *J i(ige, we fay they rifej and when they gp beneath the weftern, we fay they are fet. It appears that each place has its o^n/enfible horizon. The other horizon, called the ratknal^ encompafles the globe exactly in tfae middle. Its poles (that is, two points in its axis, each ninety de- grees difiatit from its plane, as thofe of all circles are) are called the Zenith and Nadir, — the former exaftly above our heads, and the latter direftly under our feet. The broad wooden circle which reprefents it on the globe, has feveral circles drawn jipon it: of thefe the inner- moft is that exhibiting the number of degrees of the twelve figns of the Zodiac (of which hereafter), viz. thirty to each fign. Next t& this, you have the names of thefe figns, together with the days of the month according to the old ftyle, and then according to the new ftyle. Bc- fides thefe, there is a circle reprefenting the thirty-two rhumbs, or points uf the mariner's compafs. The ufe of all thefe will be explained, hereafter.' Mekioiak.] 7^« f/Vf/e is reprcfented by the ^ra/j rr^j- on which the globe hangs and turns. It is divided into three hundred and fi'xty de- grees, and cuts the equator at right angles ; fo that, counting from the equator each way to the poles of (he world, it contains four times nine- ty degrees, and divides the earth into the eaftern and weftern hemi- fpheres. This circle is called the meridian, becaufe, when the fun comes to the fouth part of it, it is then meridies or mid-day, and then the fun has its greatefl altitude for that day, which is therefore called its meri* dian altitude. Now as the fun is never in its meridian altitude at two places eaft or weft of one another at the fame time, each of thefe places muft have its own meridian. There are commonly marked on the globe twenty-four meridians, one through every fifteen degrees of the equator. Zodiac] The zodiac is a ^roa*/ f /re/?, which cuts the equator ob- liquely ; in which the twelve figns above mentioned are reprefented«' In the middle of this circle is fuppofed another called the Ecliptic, from which the fun never deviates in his annual courfe, and in which he ad- tances thirty degrees every month. The twelve figns are, - September - Oaober - November - December - January - February "■'{ CoiuaEs.] If we imagine t-viio great circles pafling both through the poles of the world, and one of them through the eqiuno6tial points Aries and Libra, and the other through the folftitial points Cancer and Ca- pricorn, thefe are called the Colures, — the one the Equinoctial, th» other the Solftitial Colure. Thefe are all the great circles. Tropics. 3 If we fuppofe two circles drawn parallel to the equinoc- tial, at twenty-three degrees, thirty minutes diftance from if, meafqred- on the brazen meridian, the one towards the north, the other toward* the fouth, thefe are called Tropics, from the Greek word r^ox^j, a turn' ingj becaufe the fun appears, \vhen in them, to turn hackwards from his former courfe. The one is called the Tropic of Cancer, the other of Capricorn, becaufe they pafs through the firft points of thefe iigns. foLAR CI&CLS8.] If two otbcr circles are fu[^)ofed to be drawn at X. Aries V «. - March 7- Libra tCh t. Taurus » • - April 8. Scorpio n 3- Gemini n - May 9- Saglttr,rlus t 4- Cancer ss « - June 10. Capricorn Jtf 5- Leo SI - - July 1 1. Aquarius 6. Virgo ^ ::'v ,. Auguft 12. Pifces K t4 INTRODUCJTIOI^. the like diftiance of twenty-three degrees, thirty minutes, reckoned om the meridian from the polar points, thefe are called the Polar Circles. The northern is called the Arii'u^ becaufe the north pole is near the con- ftelUtion of the Bear, in Greek apxtoa they&»//«r», the AntarBie^ be* caufe oppoike to Ihe former. And thefe are the/o«r Itjfer circles. Be* fides theie ten circles novf defcribed, which are always drawn on the slobe, there are feveral others which are only fuppofcd to be drawn on It. Thefe will be explained as they become necertary, left the reader fiiotild be difgufted with too many definitions at the lame time, with- out feeing tlie purpofe for which they ferve. The principal deflgn of all thefe circles being to exhibit the refpedive fituation of places on the earth, wfe fliali proceed to confider more particularly how that is cffeAed by them. It was found cafier to diitinguiftj places by the quarters of the earth in which they lay, than by their diftance from any one point'. ' Thus, after it was difcovered that the equator divided the earth into two parts, called the Northern and Southern hemifpheres, it was «afy to fee that all places on the globe inigbt be diftinguiihed, according as they lay on the north or fouth fide of the equator. Zones.] After the four lefTer circles we have mentioned came to be linown, it was found that the earth, by means of them, might be divided Into five portions, and confcquently that the places on m furface might be diftinguifhed according as they lay in one or other of thefe portions, which are called Z' rNTR0J>UCTION. •7 and' iland. .!V> tATiTUt>B.] The rfiftanw of plac9» from the equator, or what is failed their hathude^ is eafily raeMured .on the globe, by meaus of th^ nieridian above defcribed. For we liat e only to bring the place, whofe latitude \\t would know, to the meridian, where the degree of latitq^^ 1.9 marked, and it will be exa4Wy over the place. As latitude is reckQOe which the degrees of longitude are reckoned, in the capital city of the different countries where they are m^de, viz. the Engliih globes dat«j the firft meridian from London or Greenwich, the French globes fron^ Paris, &c. The degrees of longitude are marked on the equator. Nq place can have more than iSddegrees of longitude, becaufe, the circum- ference of the globe b^ing 360 degrees, no place can be remote froni another above half that diftance ; but many foreign geographers im^ {>roperly reckon the longitude quite round the globe. The degrees of ongitude are not equal, like thofe of latitude, but diminilh in propor* lion as the meridians incline, or their diftance contracts in approaching the pole. Hence, in 60 degrees of latitude, a degree of longitude is but halt the quantity of a degree on the equator, and fo of the reft. The number of miles contained in a degree of longitude, in each parallel of 'latitude, are fet down in the table in the following page.. Longitude and latitude found.] To find the longitudeand la*- titude of any place, therefore, we need only bring that place to the.brap- zen meridian, and we fllall find the degree of longitude marked on the equator, and the degree of latitude on the meridian. So that to findlhc difference between the latitude or longitude of two places, we have only to com (are the degrees of either, thus found, with one another, and the reduftion of thefe degrees into miles, jtccording to the table given be- low; and, remembering that every degree of longitude at the equator, and every degree oi latitude all over the globe, is equal to 6q geographic miles, or 69 one-half Englifli, we fliall be able exaiftly to determine tit? dift:ince between any places on the j^lobe. Distance of places measured.] The diftance of places which lie in an oblique direftion, i. e. neither direftly fouth, north, eaft, nor weft, from one another, may be meafured in a readier way, by extend- ing the compafles from the one to the other, and then applying them to the equator. For iuftance, extend the compaffes from Guinea m Africa, to Brazil in America, and then apply them to the equator, and you will find the diftance to be 25 degrees^ which, at 60 miles to adegree, majkeji the diftance 1^00 miles. iS I K T R o D ty C T r O K. Q^KntAVr Of ALTITUDE.] In order to fupply the place of (he compaffes [ttthi:. yptntlon^ there is commonly a pliant narrow plate of brafs fcrewed on the brazen meridian, which contains 90 degrree^ or one quarter of the ciraimferente of the globe, by means of which the diftances and bearings of places are meafured without the trouble of tirft 'extending the compafTes between them, and then applying the fame Co the equator. ThiM plate is called the Qiiadrant of Altitude. 'J* HoTTit craeLB.) Thi^ is a fmall brafs circle fixed on the brazen tfte>- ridian, divided into twenty-four hoors^ and having an index movable round tite axis of the globe^ ^I'^H .■.,*;;'■, H A T A B L E, t ' • ■ I^B IHO WI SO • HH T^ Number of Miles contained in a Degree of Lon g;hudev in each Im Parallel of Latitude ft-om the Equator. ■^ " ■H Degrees tooth Dcjfroes ;■ tooth Dcgreei f TO»th ^1 w9 of Milt'i. Parts of of Miles. Part* of of Milei Parti of ll» ' Latitude 59 » Milo. ;.atitiude. 5» a Mile. Latitude: ¥ a Mile. III I 96 31 43 61 04 H» 2 59 94 32 50 88 6» 17 If si 3 59 92 33 50 3» 63 27 , 24 ■ Is 4 59 86 34 49 74 64 «.6 30 liM 5 59 17 35 49 «5 tl 25 36 ■»M 6. 59 67 36 48 54 66 24 41 ' ■19 ■y-- 59 56 37 47 ^ 67 23 ^1 ■ in 8 59 ; 40 3» 47 28 68 23 48 IIm 9 59 20 39 46 6a 69 21 5» ■ pfi Id 59 08 40 46 CO 70 20 52 ■ I^M *i 5« 89 4' 45 28 7x 19 54 ■ -^iP 12 ^l 68 4a 44 11 72 18 55 ■ hI' »3 58 46 43 43 73 17 54 ■ j^B 14 j8 ' 92 ^ 44 43 16 74 16 S3 I^^H H 5* 00 45 4» 43 75 15 5* |H 16 57 60 46 4t 68 76 14 S' iH r- iy' . 57 30 47 41 00 77 »3 SO '^H I« 57 04 48 40 15 78 12 48 j^H ' ^*9 I S6 73 49 32 36 Z^ II 45 WM 20 56 38 SO 38 57 80 10 4Z ■ 21 56 00 S» . 37 73 »r . 09 38 ■ 22 ', '55' 63 5» 3^ 00 82 08 135 fl »3 '55 -3 53 36 18 ' 83 07 3? ' 1 v-»4- 'H, , St 54 35 26 8+ 06 2^ fl ^..::^S -54. 3a W 34 4' ?l 05 23 , ■ z6 -54 : 00 56 33 55 86 04 18 ^1 2?' 53 44 57 32 67 87 03 H n ., sa-- -^5^ 00, V 58 . 3' . 79 88 02 09 JEIH i-«9; 52,^ : 48., -. |9 P 90 00 89 61 OS Mj '30 5' 96 60 30 90 00 00 cP ■ SftZS •:•...';■;!■■:'■> ^^y•'.<^t ■-: fO ,::.''.'-. , - ' II • -WiiiCiJiSiwisJ* sJMMiiipai tk^ffcXi aa:;v-i iwi;^- i;;,,^. :xz.1 ^.4,M .^•i« ydv H «j ;^ ik + Rot>tJCTi6^.' «9 PROBLEMS PERFORMED BY THE <}LOBE. k^tOBLBM I. Tke Diameter of an artificial Glthe heing gikicn^ iojtilii iff Surface in/quare^ eutJ its StUdity in cultt Meafure. MULTIPLY the diameter by the circumference, whicH is a great circle dividing the g:l6be into two equal parts, and the product vrill^^ivf the firil: then multiply the faid produa by one fixth oif the diameter, and the produA of that will give the fecond. After the fame manner w0 may find the furface and folidity of the natural globe, as aifo the whols body of the atmofphere fuh^oundine the fame, provided h be Always and every where of the fanle height ; for, having found the perpen(licu« lar height thereof by the cohimon experiment of the, afcent of merculfy lit the foot and top of a mountain, double the faid height, and add the fame to the diameter of the earth ; then multiply the whole, as a new diameter, by its proper circumferente, aiid from the produ^ fubtra^ the foltdity of the earth, it will leave that of the atmofphere. Prob. 3. Tq rellify the Gloke. T4ie globe being fet upon/ a true plane, raife the pole accordlngito the given latitude; then fix the quadrant of altitude in the zenith; and if ^ere be any mariner's compafs upon the pedtftal, let the globe be fo iituated, that the brazen meridian may (land due fouth and north, accords ing to the two extremities of the needle, allowing fot its variationt PkoB. 3. To find the Longitude and Latitude ^ awf Places . For this, fee page 17. PaoB. 4. The Longitude and Latitude of any Place hing given^ to find ihdt Place on the Globe. Bring the deftree of longitude to the brazen meridian; reckon upon the fariie meridian the degree of latitude, whether fouth or north; and inake a mark where the reckoning ends ; the point exa^^ly under the mark is the place delifed. r. . 6{ the given place, and that plirce being brought to the ' "^ Itrob. Ot^ brazen meridian, make a mark exa£^ly above the fame, and turning the globe rounds all thofe places pafling under the faid mark have the famaf>* ^titude with the given place. ; i .... 1 Prob. 6. To find the Sun's Place in the Ecliptic At any Time. | The month and day being given, look for the fame, upon the wOddea horizon ; and over-againft the day you will find the ISgn and degree in M'hich the Sun is at tliat time; which fign and degree being noted in thfe ecliptic, the fame is the Sun's place, or nearly, at the time de^fed. Prob. 7. The Month and Day being given, as alfo the particular Thne of."'-'-' that Dayy to find thofe Places of the Globe to which the Skn is iH the Mt* ridian at that Time, " The pole being elevated according to the latitude of the place where you are) bring tie faid place to the brazen xoeridian, and :G:Uiog, tt^e *<» Introduction. index of thfr horary cJrcIe nt the hour of the day, in the given place, or where you are, turn the globe till t-hd index points at tlie upper figure # XII. which done, ftx (be globe in that iitu4tion, and obfecve wlu« places are exifkly uMder, the uppec hemiijphere of the bfazfn meridiai); for thofe are the (places defired. Pro*. 9; 2» tiitw tkt Length a/the Day ofidNigkr f> 0ffy Ftaei tf^ th Barik at any TiiM, #'ii>P«A« * Elevate the pole (a) according to the latitude of the fJi Knl* J' 8^« pia<;«5 find the fun's place in the ecliptic (b) zt, ivj mo., o. ^^^^ time;, which being brought to the eaft fide of the horizon, fet the index of the horary circle at noon, or the upper figure XU. and turning the globe al}out till the aforefaid place of th^ «cl^tic tou<;h the weftcrn fide of the horiaon, look upon the horary cijd^ ; and where the Index points, reckon the number of hours to the upper fieure of Xn. for that is the length of the day, the complement of whiui to. 94, hours is the' length of the night. PibiB. 9. To inov} by the Globty lohaf o*CIockit it in anf Part of the WtrtJ at any Ttme, protiiieJ you htew tktHm* of tkt D^vihtreytum'iat the fame Time* ^ . . p Bring the place in which you are to the braten meri- fcj r*0B. 3. j.^j^^ ji^g jg ^.^^^ ^j^^j ^^j according to its latittide» and fet the index of the horary circle to the hour of the day at that ttrat.- Then bring the defired place to the brazen meridian, and the index will point out the hoofr at that place. ,PiROJ)w 19. ui Place being given in the Torrid Zone^ to find the two Days of ^.'i <^,, ^ •;.') i'^f ^Mr '» luhicb the SnnJhaU betrertical to the fame- Bring the given place to the brazen meridian, and mark what degree of latitude is ext^ly above it. Move tlic globe round, and obferve the two points of the ecliptic that pafs through the faid degree of latitude.. Search upon the wooden horizon (or by proper tables of the fun'i an- nual motion) on what days he paOes through the aforelaid points of the. ecliptic ; for ih'ofe are the days required, in which the fun is vertical to the given place, Frob. I X. The Month and the Day being giveny. to find by the Globe thofe , placet of the "NoYthcrn Frigitt Zone, where the Sun begins then tojhlnt conjiantly ivithout fHtln^i as atfo thofe Places of ibt Seuibern Frigid. "''■ Zo/u\ where he theti beg^to be tot illy abfent, Tlie day given (which muft always b^t one of thofe either between the- rernai equinox and the fummer folfti.e, or between the autumnal equi- fd) Prob 6 ^°^' ^"^ ^^^ winter foIMce), find (d) the fun's place in ' '^ '/the ecliptic, and marking the feme, bring it to the brazen meridian, and. reckon the like number of degrees from the north pole towards the equator, as there is between the equator and the ftm's place in the ecliptic, making a mark where th(? reckoning ends. This done, turn the gfobe round, and alt the places paffing under the faid. mark are thofe in which the fun begins to fliine conftantly without fetting, upon Xht given day. For folutiv^n of the latter part ofthe problem, fet off- the ftnie diftanqe from the fouth pole upon the braeen meridian towards the eqviator, as -was formerly fet off from the north ; then marking^s before, nnd turning the gl 'the World > iten meri- 8 latittide» thattfrne.' index will m hat degree bferve the f latitude., (un'k aii- •uitsofthe vertical to Gloht thofe , httt ttjiint lern Frigid itween the- tnnal equi- 's place in the brazen notth pole *«u's place ""his done, I mark are ing, upon im, fet off u towards arking^s the mark ivepday. ;FtbB* l«. Jt jPlate heing gfvem in tht Northttn Frigid Zone, to find ly 'tit Gt»Ae Kvh'at Number 0/j)ays ihe Stm conftOMtly Jbinti mfon thejmid Phti^, WHdmifot \Days be Ifi mb^U Ms ml/i tinfirjl and loft J>ajffiiii jlfptarmk*. Bring the givert pface to the brazen meridian, and obferivlng it» latl- "tnde fa), elevate the globe accordingly ; count the fame ^ , p_ tiuftiber of deifrecs upon the meridian from each fide of '"'^ «^«0B.,a. the e!qCf4>or 'i% k'ht place is di^'lani from the pole ; and making m:in^s above the horizon of the given place : tind the oppOfite arch of the faid circle will in like manner give the number of days in ^hlch "he is totally abfent, and alfo willpoint out which days thofe are. And in the interyal he wUl rife and fet. ■ ..■.'. t PaoB. 13. The "Month and Ti ay It'mg given y tofindthofi Places hnthedoh^, to which the SuHy huImh i« the Mrridiany Jbitll he vertivaVoH thai Day*. 1 The ftin's place in the ctl^ptic being found (b)^ bring ,» . n^ g the faTne"to the brazen meridian, on which make a fmall ' ^ *^aoB. o. ;nark exadlly above the fun's place. Which d«he, tnm the globe ; and thofe piocek which have the fno veirtical in the meridian, will ftt'dtef- fiveiypafsiMtdnr the faid mark. ..< r ---••■ . ■ , . ' • . ■ ■. . ■ . ' i PxoB. 14. 1%t Afymh and i>tiy being giveny tafind^pen ivhat Poiutitftie Compafi the Sun then rifts and fits in any Place. lElevate the pole according' to the latitude of the defired place, and, finding the fun's place in the ecliptic a{ the given time, brjng the fante to tht edftern frae of the horizon, and it wilt fliow the poiuttrf th,e com|)aft ('ip6n Which he then tiftES. By turning thb globe about till his placi cbinc^di^s with thie weftcrn fide of the hori'.on, you ni^y alfo fee upon %\dt circle the exa£t as follows : Having found the place to which the fun is vertical at the given hour, : if the place be in the northern hembphere, elevate the north pole 2^s .many degrees above the horizon, as are equal to the latitude of that place: if the pliace be in the fouthern hemifpiiere, elevate the fouthpole accordingly; an ', ^-ring the faid place to the brazen meridian. Then, ail ^thoftf pJaoES which are in the weftcrn femicircle of the horizon have the fun rifing to them at that time, and thofe in the eaftern femicircle have it.fettingj to thofe under the upper femicircle of the brafs meridian, it •Is noon ; and to thofe under the lower femicircle, it is midnight. AH thofe places which ai!e above the horizon, are enlightened by the fun, ahd have-the fun jtift as many degrees above them a« they themfelves are above the horizon ; and this height may be known, by fixing the quadrant of altitude on the brazen meridian over the place to which the fun is vertical; and then laying it over any other place, obferve what number of degrees^on the quadrant areintercepted between the faid place and the horizon. In all thcfe places that are 18 degrees below the weft- em ferrtfcifclc of tl.e horizon, the morning twilight is juft beginning ; in all thofe plates that are 18 degrees below tiic fcmitircle of the hori- zon, the evening twilight is ending ; and ^U tliofe places that are lower than iSdtgrees, havedaik night. It any ptlatA be brought to theupper femicirch of the brazen 'erl- Hian, and r he hour index be fet to the upper XII. oy noon,and then the gJ^btAie-ttirned round eaftward on its-axis, - when the place comes to the wcfttrnftmicircle of the horizon, theind-x will fliow the timeof furt' riixAg at tiiat pla«e \ and-wbtta the fdnic pUce comes to the eaftern f«- INTRODUCTION; *3 nricifcle of the borizoQ, .th« itx^ex will fliow the titqe of t^e fuA't :fttting. -:%*-?.«, tai'^t- Hi •'^-. . To thofe places whjich ^o not go nndtr f.he horizon, ithc iian lets not on that day : aiyi to thofe which do not come above it, the fu^it does not rife. ;. V ,i* fsoA. 19. Tie Mmth iind Hay iiing g'veity toit^ the Place of t^e Moon in the Zodiac^ find iter true Latitude^ to find tlie txail fiotif tuken Jie JhaU rife and/etf togei/ter with hr fauthingf or coming to the Meridian of the Place. yiThe moon's place in the zodiac may be found readily eqough at a»y tJn\e by an ordinary almanacl^ ; and her latitude, which is herdiftance from the ecliptic, by applying the fern- circle of pof^tixMi to her place 19 the zodiac. For the' folution of the problem, elevate the > . « poie (a) according to the latitude of the given place; and •:*'':. T^'* *' the fun's place in the ecliptic at the time being (b) found, "^ifi^ ^^v r?-*' and marked, as alfo the moon's place at the fame tiiirie, ^ •' *^*°'* ^' bring the fun's place to the brazen meridian, and fet the index of the horary circle at noon ; then turn the globe till the moon's '^lace fuc- ceffively meet with the eaftern and weftern Irde of the horizon, as alfo the brazen meridian ; and the index will point at thofe various times the particular hours of her riling, fetting, and fouthiijg, , . :i: .,; . pROB.^20, Two Places bei\g given on tie Cio&e, to find ih true Jifi&nee he- tiueen them. ■ < Lay the graduated edge of the quadrant pf aUitiid; pver botlfthc places; and the number of degrees intercepted between them will be their true diftance from each other, reckoning 3 very dcgref td b^69^ Snglifii miles. : -r.i rKOB. a,\.' A Place leing given on the Olohe, onai'r tnte Difiance from Jecond Place t to find what other Places of the Emrt^ are at theffime Dif fiancifrom the given Place. 1 3ring the given place to the brazen meridian, and elevate the pole according to the latitude of the faid place; then fix the quadrant 01 al- titude in the zenith, and reckon upon that quadrant the given didanc^ between the (irft and fecond place, provided the fame be undcr-90 de- grees; otherwife you muft vfe the femicircle of pofition, and making a mark where th^ reckoning ends, and iroving the fAid quadrant ^r femicircle quite round upon the furface of (he globe, ail places pai^n||; vndcr that mark ar^ thofe deOred, , ^;,>.,^j^;.-:: ( ./ i,- .i^^-* r.xu OEpGRAPmCAL 0BSERyATJ'PJNS»i5'^«^ iH- ?. The latitude of any place is equal to the elevjition of jho pdle above the horizon of that place, and the elevation of the equator }« $qu»l to the complemnt ol the. Uthudt^ that ^s, \9 whfit tjje Uftiiude wants of ^q degrees. \-m '^ ^■■,:i,v..;. }(,;.-" <:Vh-,,i^;i-KJa'"*^ ^ ■■ 2. Thofe place» wfitch lief «»n tiie eqiiatorhtjve no btituae, it being there that the latitude begins; and thofe placrs which lie on the igru meridian have no longitude, it being there that tlie longit^xie begins. Confequently, that particular place: of the earth wle .port ( becaufe, by gradually following the apparent diurnal motion of the fun^ they will leeep him each panicular day fo much longel' above the hori- zon, as anfwers to that day's courfe ; and thereby cut off a whole day lA reckoning, at thdr return, t^ithout loKing one mometit of abfolute time. Hence, if two (hips flibuld fet oat at the fame time frotn any port» and fail round tlte globe, one eaftward and the other weflward, fo as to meet at the fame port on any day whatever, they will ditFcrtwo days an reckoning their time, at their return. If they fail twice round the earthy they iwill^, differ four days; if^hrice, theh fix, &Ci. ■OF THE NATURAL DIVISIONS OF THE iARTHi The conftituent parts of the Earth are two, the TdirJ and tottfef. The parts of the land are continents, iflands, peninfulas, ifthmufes, promontories, capes, coafts, mountains, &c. This land is divided into two great continents (belides the iflands), viz. the enjicm and xoejterh coatliient. The eaftern is fubdivided into three parts, viz. Europe, on the ^^.ch-weft; Afia, on the north -i.i ^ i. .- /^ .. - .^.>;ii. i.04 «•"« ji.,^M-C''ii^ii »i»vi"*>*wi * . •> • "I f« INT R O D UGTIO N. 'isSv%' m The parts ofthe *ater are oce.i*. feas, lakes, ftraits, gulfs, bays, or creekf; rivers, &c. The waters a^e divided into three extenlive oceans ^befidcs'leifer fcas, which are only branches of thefe), viz. the jlflanticf the Pacific and the Indian Ocean. The Atlantic, or Weftern Ocean, divides the eaftern and weftern continents, and is 3000 miles wide. The Pacific divides America from Afia, and is 10,000 miles over, Thei Indian Ocean lies betvieen the £aft Indies and Africa, being 3000 miles wide. >«The Ktan is a vad colle£lion of water, wttliont an^ entire reparation fiH^its parts by land ; as the Atlantic Ocean, hfea is « fmaller collec-^ tion <)f water, which commuoicates with the ocean, confined by tl:« land ; as the Mediterranean and the Red Sea. A lahe Is a large coUec* don of water, entirely furrounded by land j as the lake of Geneva, and the lakes in Canada. A Jirait is a narrow part of the fea, confined or lying between two (Iiores, and opening a paf&ge out of one fea into saother ; as the ftrait of Gibraltar, or that of Magellan. This is fome- times called ^/nmdi as the flrait into the Baltic. A ^»^is a part of the {^ running up into the land, and furrounded by it, except at the pafv fage whereby it c imunicates with the fea or ocean. If a gulf be \tTy Jarge, it is called ;: > ' fea ; as the Mediterranean ; if it do not go far into the land, it . " \d a hayf as the Bay of Bifcay ; if it be very imall, a creti^ haven^ jii. », or road for (hips, as Milford Haven. Ri- vers, canals, brooka, &c. need no defcript^on ; forthefclefierdivifions of water, likethofc of land, are to be met with in moft countries, and tfrfery one has a clear idea of what is meant by them. But in order to iirengthen the remembrance of the great parts of the land and water we have defcribed, it may be proper to obfcrve that there is a ftrong ana- l6%f or refemblance between them. . The defcription of a continent re« fembleS that of an ocean ; an ifland encompafied with water refembles a lake encompafTed with land. A peninfula of land is like a gulf or in- land fea. A promontory or capt of laud is like a bay ox creek of the lea; and an ifthmus, whereby two lands are joined, ftiembles a ftrait, jvhich unites one fea to another. To this defcription of the divifions of the earth, rather than add an enutnefation of the various parts of land and water which correfpond «o them, and which the reader will find in the body of the work, we fliall /ubjoin a table, exhibiting the fuperficial contents of the whole globe in Square miles, fixty to a degree, and alfo of the feas and unknown parts, the habitable earth, the four quarters or continents; likewifip of the great empires and principal iflands, which fliall be placed as they are fuboc* uiiiute to one another in magnitude. . ^ .^^ I N T R O D U C T I O 1^. ^ .'-./« . ■■.% Squure Mile*. Ifland*. Square Miles. I'lic oUibe 5caii and unknown i'nTts . . . , . The Habitable World* - 30,666;}o6 Euirope - - - V49»J49 Afia - - - iO,»57,4&7 Africa - - 8,506,108 America - - 9»^53>7''^ i'erfian Empire xtndCT Dariui i,650,oocj Rom. tm.in its utiiiofl height i,6io,o«c Ruffian . - - 3,376,485 Chinefe - - - i,749»ooo Groat Mogul - - i,n6,ooo Turkifli - - - 9('0,o$7 Britilh, exctufive of Settle-"! gog qq6 menttin AfricaandGibraltarJ "'^^ Prefent PerCan - r 800,000 ISLANDS. Bon) 30 - - - aiSjOOo Madagafcar - - i«8,ooo Sumatra - - - 1*9,000 Japan - r " ii8,oco Great Britaia - - 72j0a6 Celebes • • - - 68,400 Manilla - - - 58,500 Iceland - - « 46,000 Terra del F\»ego - - 41.075 Mindanao ^ i* 39,2CO Cuba Java kifpantola Newtbundl. Ceylon - Ireland - Formofa - Aniau - Gilolo - Sicily Timor - Sardinia ■ Cyprus Jamaica - Florei Cerain Breton Socotra Candia Porto Rico Corfica Zealand ■ Majorca ■ St. Jago Negropont Teneriff - Gothland Madeira 3^,400 38,150 36,of"w »7,730 2 7,457 1 7 .coo 11,900 lO^oc 9400 - 7800 660- 630c. €000 6000 540c 400r 3600 3" - 3200 2510 '935 ■ 1400 - 1400 - 1300 127a -'1000 - 950 Iilan4«. St. Michael -ewij I rt Yviva J ^ 7 Minorcilk' Rhodes Sq. Mi. '920 - 9^00 4?o Cephaloni« - 420 Arabityna - ,400 Orkn, PoH)f5ni>324 Scio - " 300 Mart1ni<9 -' tfrij LemniitV'i. * ■ i%tif' Corfu. - Providence Man - Bornholm VVight MalU Barbadocs Zauto Antigua .194 168 160 160 150- rso J 40 120 TOO St. Chfinopher's 80 St. H«lcua - 80 Gucn^pjfi. ,-^ ,50 Jerfey -r: -^-jf. 4J Bermudas - 40 Rhode - 36 : '■■ To theft? iflands may be ^dded the following, which have lately been difcorercd or more falty explored. The cxa6l dimrafions of them aire not afccrtiincd : but they may be arr^njjred in the following order^ according to their magnitude, be- ginning at the largcft, which is fm^pofed to be nearly equal in fu^ to the whole continent of Europe ; ' * New Holland, N*w Gjiinca, Kew Zealand, Ifew Caledonia^ Kew Hehrides, OtahcUc, o* King G'eotge's Iflanii, Friendly Iv.>^'.:a. ;fJ * The number of inhabitants com- puted at prefent to be in the known world, at a' medium, taken from the heft cttlculatiaus, are about 953 mil- lions. Europe contains Alia - Africa - America ■ • . .. .■ 152 MilUoiu^^ !'-i-j»>J -1^"' •''*f^^^" Total 953 Winds and tides.] We cannot finifti the doftrme of the earth, without confitlering the winds and tides, from which the changes that happen on its furface principally arife. Winds.] The earth on which we live is every where furrounded by a fine invifible fluid, which extends to feveral miles above its furface, and is called ^/V. It is found by experiments, that a fmall quanti- ty of air is capable of being expanded, fo as to fill a very large fpace, or to be comprefl'ed into a much fmaller compafs than it occupied be- fore, The general caufe of the expanfion of the air is heat ; the gene- ral caufe of its comprcflion is cold. Hence if any part of the air or atmofphere receive a greater degree of cold or heat than it had before, its parts will be put in motion, and expanded or compreflTed. But when air is put in motion, we call it w/W in general, and a breeze, gale, or SLonrif according lothe c^uicknefs or velocity of that motion. Wiads, t.N T R O D U C T I O N. ; therefore, ^'Wch are commonly coTffidered as things extremely varTh- "ble and uncertain, depend on a general cfHife, and aft with more ^r lefe uniformity in proportion as thea6tion qf this can ft: w more or Wfs trohftant. It is found by observations made at fea, that, from thirty degrees north latitude, to thirty degrees fo|ith, there is a conftant "eaft wind throughout the year, blo«iing on the Atlantic andPacific oceans, ind called the Trade 'ff'ind. This is occafioned' by the action of the lun, whicri, in mDvii]g from eall to weft, heats and confequently ex- pands the air imtaediately under him; by which means a ftream ttr ^de of air always accompanies hinti in his.courfe, and occalions a pet*- petual eaft wind within thefe limits. This general canfe however is finodificd by a number of particulars, the explication of which would he too tedious and complicated for our .prefcnt .plan, which is to vack- lion fa£ls rather than theories. , The winds called the Tropical Winefsf which tlow from fomp parii- "aJe f^Twdsy yi/'hidh extend to nearly thirty degrees bf latitude -on each, fide of the equator in the Atlantic, Ethiopic, aud Pa- citic f^Hs. 9,. The Monjwis^ or (hifting trade-Avinds, which' blow «x ittontlis in one diijeftion, and the other fix months in the oppofit6 di- Kftion. Thefe ate raoftly in the Indian or Eaftern Ocean, and do not Extend above two hundred leagues from the land. Their change is attle ternal and autumnal equinoxes, and is accompanied with terrible ftofrhs 4f thunder, Rghtning, and rain. 3, The ^^a and Land Bree%e,ei^ which .4reanbthfcr Kind of periodical winds, that blow from theTandfroiin mill* Aight to midday, and from the fea from about noon till midnighfc; tfiefe, howeyer, do not extend above two or three leagues from fiiotje. Kear the ooaft of Guinea in Africa, the wind blows nearly always from the weft) fmith-wcft, or fouth. On the coaft of Pern in Sou|h Ahierica, the Wihd blows conftantly from the foijth-weft. Beyond tfee fetitude of tliirty north and fouthj the winds, as we daily perceive |n Great Britain, are more variable, ithough they blow oftener from the to perpetual calms, attended with terrible thunder an^I lightning, and fuch rains, that this lea bks acquired the name of the Rains. I'.''. !•• may be a^ ufeful to Iludehts in havigation and geography to ob- f:rve farthffr,tBatthe courfe or latitudfe our fliips general jy keep in tljejir ^jafTage from England to America, and the Weft Indies, is, . , ... To Boftoa in New England, and Halifax in Nova Scotia, from 42 to 43 degrees. . To New York by the Azores or Weftern Illands, 39 degrees. To Carolina and Virginia bv iVIadeira, which is called the upper ifeourfe, 32 degrees ; but the ufuat courfe, to take advantage of the trade- winds, is from 16 to 23 degrees; and in this courfe they frequently touch at Antigua : it is this courfe our Weft India (hips fail in. The ;Spanifl) galleons and the dota from Spain keep from 1 5 to 16 degrees ; and in their return to Spain, about 37 degrees. *^4 TiDEfe.] By the tiJes is meant that regular motion of the fea, ac- cording to which it ebbs and flow« t^ice iu twenty-four hoars. The dodrine of t)ie tidfcs retnained in obfcurity, till Uie immortal fir Ifasc NfcwtOii explainer it by his g«%at principle of gravity 6r attraction. For, having d^monftrated that th^re is ^ principle in all bmlies within the (olv CmttUf by wbivks^Y -imttually 4niw or iiUf9& ^a^ anojtixer ib *r( t WT R o D \r G t ion: *9 and lifoportidn to their diftanc«, it follows, that thofe parts of the fea which are immediately below the n>oon, muft be drawn toward* it;- aiid.con- iequently^ wherever the moon is nearly vertical, the fea will be raifed, which occafions the flowing of the tide there. A fimilar reafon occa- fions the flowing of the tide likewife in thofe pUces where the moon is id tlie nadir, and which muft be diametrically oppofite to the former: for in the hemifphere f^rtheft from the moon, the parts in the nadir be- ing lefs attrafted by her than the otlier parts which are nearer to her, gravitate lefa towards the earth's centre, and confequently muft be higher than the n^. Thofe parts of the earth, on the contrary, whertf the moon appears on the horizon, or ninety degrees diftant from the zenith and nadir, will have low water j for as the waters in the zerfith and nadir rife at the fame time, the waters in their neighbourhood will prefs towards thofe places to maintain the equilibrium; to fbpply the places of thefcj others will more the fame way, and fo on to the^Iaces ninety degrees diftant from the zenith and nadir, where the water will be lowefl:. By combining this dofbine with the diurnal motion of the earth, above explained, we fliall be feniible of the reafon why the tides ebb and flow twice in a lunar day, or about twenty -four hours fi£tv minutes. ' * The tides are higher than ordinary, twice every month, that is abbtit the times of new and full moon, and are called Spring Tides : for a: thefe times the actions of both the fun and moon are united, and draw in the feme flraight line j and confequently the fea muft be more elevated. At the conjunftion, or when the fun and moon are on the fame (ide of the earth, they both confpire to raife the waters in the zenith, and confe- quently in the nadir ; and at the oppofition, or when the earth is be- tween tk£ fun and moon, while one occafions high water in the zenith and nadir, the other does the fan.e. The tides ar6 lefs than ordinary twice evefry month, about the fi eft and laft quarters of the moon, and are (jailed Neap Tides : for in thofe quarters, the fun raifes the waters whtire the moon deprefles them, and depreffes where the moon raifes l^em; (o that the tides are only occafioned by the difference by which the a^ion of the moon, which is neareft us, prevails over that of , the Cin. Thefe things would happen uniformly, were the whole furface of the earth covered with water ; but fince there are a multitude of iflands and continents which interrupt the natural courfe of the water, , t^ variety of appearances are to be met with in different places, whij.h cannot be explained without regarding the fituation of Ihores, ftraits, %n.d other objedts that have a fliare in producing them. '^■' "Currents.] There are frequently ftreams or currents in the oce^n, which fet fliips a great way beyond their intended courfe. There i? a current between Florida and the Bahama Iflands, which always runs from fojiith to north. A current runs conftantly from the Atlantic, through the ftraits. of Gibraltar, into the Mediterranean. A current fets out of the Baltic fea, through the found or ftrait between Sweden and Denmark, into the Britifli channel, fo that there are no tides in the Bahic. About fmall idands and; head-lands in the middle of the ocean, the tides rife very little ; but in fome bays, and about the mouths of rivers, they rife from r 2 to JO fieetv: ^ "V ' > ration •1 map jprefente pirf a plane furface. Maps differ from the globe in the fai-ne inanncr as^a. picture does from a ftatue. The globe truly reprefents the earth ; where- as a triap, being a plane furface, cannot reprefent a fphtTical body. But thoi^h the earth ca^ never, be ;exhib)ted exactly by one. map, yeti "'V' -.fe y-i '■' P tt^i'RODxicitibUi by mean* of feveral, each containing about ten or twenty degftft Ht latitude, the Ikprcfentation will not fall very much ihorr of the globrf for exB^efs ; becaufe fuch maps, if joined together, would form a fphe^ rical convex nearly as round as thi globe itfeif. . Cabdinal foxnts.] The north is confidcred as the upper part of the map ; the foiith is at the bottom, oppoiite to the north ; the eafl s «n the right hand, the face being turnc^d to the north ; and the weft on the left Jiand oppnfite to the eail. From the top to the bottom ar^ drawn meridians, or Hues of longituJa ; and from (ide to fidtipatalMs of Uttituiie. The outerm^ft of the meridians and jparallek are marked with degrees of latitude and longitude, by means or^ which, and the fcale of miles commonly placed iivthe corner of the map, theiltuation, diftance^ &c. of places, may be found, as on the artificial globe. Thus, to find the diftance of two places, fuppofe London and Paris, by the malp, yit have only to mesifure the fpace between them with the compafTes, or a bit of thread, and to apply this diftance to the fcale of miles, which ihows that Londdn is 2io miles diflant from Paris. If the places lie direftly north or fouth, eali or weft, from each other, we have only to obferve* the degrees on the meridians and parallels ; and by turning thefe into miles, we obtain the didance without meafuring. Rivers are defcribed ill maps by black lines, and are wider towards the m^uth than towardf the licad or fpring. Mountains are (ketched on maps as on a picture. Foreftsand woods are reprefented by a kind of flirub ; bogs and moralFes* by fliades; fands and iliallows are defcribed by fmall dots; and roads ufually by double lines. Near harbours, the depth of the water is ex- prefTed by figures reprefenting fathoms. Length or miles in different countries.] There is fcarcely » greater variety in any thing than in' this fort of meafure : not only Uiofe of feparate countries diifer, as the French from the Engliftij' but thofeof the fame country vary, in the different provinces, from each other, and from the ftandard. Thus the common Englifl) mile difFem from the ftatute mile ; and the French have three forts of leagues. We ihall here give the miks of feveral ^untries, comoared with the £nglifh« byDr. Halley. W The Englifli ftatute mile confifts of 5280 feet, 1760 y^ds, or 8 fiir- • longs. The RufHan vorft is little more than ■} Englifli. The Turkifh, Italian, and old Roman lefTer mile, is nearly one Englifhi The Arabian, ancient and modern, is about i^ Englifli. The Scotch and Irtfli mile is about li" Engliih. The Indian is almoft 3 EngliQi. The Dutch, Spanifh, and Folifli, is about 3^ Englifh. The German is more than 4 Englifli. The Swedifli, Danifli, and Hungarian, is from 5 to 6 Englifli^ * The French common league is near 3 Englifh ; and The En^nih marine league is 3 Englifh miles. ■t;' i'i P ART Jl OF THE ORIGIN OF NATIONS, LAWS, GOVERNMENT, AND CQMMERCJS. XlAVI^JG, in the. following w»rkt mentioned the tnclent names of countries, and even Aimetimes, in fpeaking of thofe countries, car-* vied our refeaches beyond modern times,— > it was thought neceffary^ ia 7 INTRODOGTI 6N. an order ta prepare the reader for entering upon the |terticular bUlory of each country we defcribe, to place before his eye a genei^l view ot the hiftory of nutnkind» from the firit ages of the world to the reformation In religion during the i6th century. By a hiftory of the world, we tutbs the moft ufeful branch of that fcience. The great event of the creation of the world, before which thera was neither matter nor form of any thing, is placed, according to the beft chroi\ologers, in the year before Chrift 4004} and in the 710th year of what is called the Julian period, which has been adopted by fome chro- aologers and hiftorians, but is of little real ferVice. The facred records have fully determined the queftion, that the world was not eternal, and alfo afcertained the time of its creation with great precifion *. .41.*%: It appears in general, from the firft chapters m Genelis, that the world, before the flood, was extremely populous ; that mankind had made coniiderable improvement in the arts, and were become extremel/ vicious, both in their fentiments and manners. Their wickednefs gave occafion to a memorable cataftrophe, by which tlie whole hu- <% p man race, except Noah and his family, were fwept from the face ' ^' of the earth. The deluge took place in the 1656th year of the *34''' world, and produced a very conHderable change ia the foil and at< mofphere of this globe, and gave them a form lefs friendly to the frame and texture of the human body. Hence the abridgement of the life of mai), and that formidable train of difeafes which has ever fiuce made fuch havock in the world. A curious part of hiftory follows that of the deluge,— the repeopling of the world, and the rifirig of a new generation from the ruins of the former. The memory of the three fons of Noah, the firft founders of nations^ was long preferved among their feveral defcendants. Japhet continued famous among the wetlern nations, Mnder the celebrated name of lapetus ; the Hebrews paid an equal veneration to Shem, who v'as the founder of their race ; ai^, among the Egyptians, Ham was long revered as a divinity, under the name of Ju- piter Hammon. It appears that hunting was the principal occupation fome centuries after the deluge. The world teemed with wild beafts ; and the great heroifm of thofe. times confiiled in deltroying them. Hence Nimrod obtained immortal renown^.and, by the admiration which his courage and dexterity univerfally excited, was enabled to ac- » n quire an authority over his fellow-creatures, and to found at Ba- * bylon the firft monarchy wUofe origin is particularly mentioned in ^^^' hiftory. Not long after, the foundation of Nineveh was laid by AflTur ; in Egypt the four governments of Thebes, Theri, JVIemphis, and Tani.s, began to affurae fome appearance of form and regularity. That thele events flipuld have happened fo foon after the deluge, whatever furprife * The Samaritan copy of the Pentateuch, or five toolcfi of Mofeii, mutes the antedi- luvian period only 1307 years, 349 Ihort of the Hebrevir Bible computation i and the Set>tuaj^int cupy flr«Hche» it to az6i yearii, which, i| 6c6 years exceeding it; but thp liebrew chronology if geaerally ockagwlt^ig^d ta beof It^^rier uutbcrity, s* INTRODUCTI ON. ni k' « it may have occafioned to the learned fomc eent.::i£s ago, netd not ill the fmalled degree excite the wonder of the p'reft nt »ge. We have feen, from many inftances^ the powerful cfFeAs of the principles of population, mid how fpeedily mankind increafe, when the generative faculty lies under no rtftfaint. The kingdoms of Mexico and Peru were incom- frarably niore extenlive than thofe of Babylon, Nineveh, and Egypt, during that early age ; and yet tbefe kin^idoms are not fuppoftfd to have exifted four centuries before the difeovery of America by Columbus. As mankind continued to mirltiply on the earth, and to i'eparate from r> p each other, the tradition concerning the true God was obliterated I or obfcured. This occafioned the calling of Abraham to be the *9*' ' father of a chofen people. From this period the hiftory of ancient nations begins a little to expand itfelf ; and we learn feveral particular! of very conffderable importance. Mankind had not long been united into foeietics before they began to opprefs and deftroy one another. Cbedorlaomer, king of t|e Ela- niites, or Pcrfians, was already become a robber and a conqueror. Hi* force, however, could not hare been very confiderable, Hnce, in one Af his expeditions, Abraham, aiTvfted only by his houfehold, fet upon him in his retreat, and, after a fierce engagement, recovered all the fpoil that had been taken. Abraham was foon after obliged by a famine to leave Canaan, the country where God had commanded him to fettle^ and to go into Egypt; This journey gives occafion to Mofes to men- tion ibme particulars refpefting the Egyptians, which evidently difcover the charaftcriftics of an improved and powerful nation. The court o^ the Egyptian monarch is defcribed in the moft brilliant colours. Hd was furrounded by a crowd of courtiers, folely occupied in gratifying his paffions. The particular governments into which that country was divided, were now united under one powerful prince } and Ham, who led the colony into Egypt, became the founder of a mighty empire. We are not, however, to imagine, that all the laws which took place IIl Egypt, and which have been fo juftly admired for their wifdom, were the work of that early age. Diodorus Siculus, a Greek writer,, men- tions many fuccefiive princes, who laboured for their eftabliihment and perfeftion. But in the time of Jacob, two centuries after, the firft prin- ciples of civil order and regular government feem to have been tolerably uuderftood among the Egyptians. The countiy was divided ihto-fcve- raldiftriftsor feparate departnrrents ; councils, compofed of experienced and fele6l perfons, were eftablilhed for the management of public af- fairs ; granaries for preferving- corn, were erefted ; and, in fine, the Egyptians in that age enjoyed a commerce far from inconfiderable. Thefe fafts, though of Z}\ ancient date, deferye our particular attention. It is ffflm the iigypthns that many of the arts, both of elegance and utility, have been handed down in an uninterrupted chain to the modern nations of Europe. The Egyptians communicated their arts to the Greeks; the Greeks taught the Romans many improvements both in the arts of peace and war ; and to the Romans, the prefent inhabitants of Europe are indebted for their civility and refinement. The kingdoms of Babylon aiul Nineveh remained feparate for feveral centuries; but we fcarcely know even the names of the kings whogovcrned them, except that of NinuS, the fucceflbr of AfTur, who, fired with the fpirit of conqueft, extended the * According t» Dr. Playfait'i Chronological Tables, the birih of Abraham is fize^ at before Chrift »o6o, aad his bcipg called out of ,Urr, at 1986. BE ^ INTRODUCTION. 33 t(t not lit lave feeiii tpuUtion, laiUy lJo» e incom- id Egypt. d to hav« oh>mbus. rate from ibliterated ^ to be the of ancient tarticulari hey began F t\e Ela- leror. Hii :e, \a one , fet upon ed all the ly a famine m to fettlei es to men- ly difcovcr jc court o^ lours. He gratifying buntry wa$ iam, who ity empire. >k place in. lorn, were iter, riien- ment and firftprin- tolerably ihto-fevcr perienc^ public af- I fine, the Infiderable. attention* gance and "le modern le Greeks; |the arts of ,urope are by Ion aivl ze\y knowr inud, the :ended the Llum is fize4 bounds of his kingdojn, added Babylon to his dominions, gud laid the foundationof that monarchy, which, raifed to its meridian fplendor by his enterprifing fuccefTor Semiramis, and dillingiiiflied by the name of the Aflyrian empire, ruled Alia for many ages. • ^ Javan, fon of Japhet, and grijnd.fon of Noah, is the flock from whom all the people known by the name of Greeks are defccuded. Javan efta- bliflied himfelf in the illauds oa th^: weftern coaft of Afia Minor, from whence it was inipoflible that fome wanderers liiould not pafs over into Europe. TheJkingdomof Sicyou, near Corinth, founded by the Pci*C- gi, is generally fiippofed to have commenced in the year before Chrift £090.. To thefe firft inhabitants f.icceeded a colony from Kgypt, who, about 2060 yqars before the Chrilliai) sera, penetrated into Greece, and, Hnder the name of Titans, endeavoured to eftabliih monarchy in that country, and to introduce into it the laws and civil polity of the Egyp- tians. But the empire of the Titans was foon diflblved ; and the Greeks, who feem to have been at this time as rude aud barbarous as any people in the world, again fell back into their lawlefsanu favage manner of life. Several colonies^^ however, foon after pafled over from Afia into Greece, and, by remaining in that country, produced a tnore conilder- able alteration in the rpanners, of its inhabitants. The moft an- « r> cient of thefe were the colonies of Inachus and Ogygesj.of whom ^'' the former fettled in Argos, and the latter in. Attica. We ^ \\' know very little of Ogyges or his fucceflbrs. Thofc of Inachus ende^ voured to unite the difperfcd and wandering Greeks; and their endea- vours for this purpofe were not altogether unfuccefsful. But the hiftory of the Ifraelitcs is the only one with which we,are much acquainted during thofe ages. The train of curious events which occafioned the fettling of Jacob and his family in that part of Egypt of which Tanis was the capital, are univerfally known. That patrir arch died, according to the Septuagintverfioti of the Bible, 1794 n.r*- ' years before Clirilt, but, according to the Hebrew chronolo- ^q-* gy, only 1689 years, and in the year of the worUl 2315. This ^' is a remarkable sera with refpeft to the nations otheathe»i antiquity, and concludesi that period of time which the Greeks confidered as altogether unknown, and which they have greatly disfigured by their fabulous narrations. Let us regard this period then in another point of view, and confider what we can learn from the facred writings, with refpe£t to the arts, manners, and laws of ancient nations. It is a common error among writers on this fubjeft, to confider all the nations of antiquity as being on tht fame footing with regard to thole , matters. They find fome nations extremely rude and barbaroiis, *and hence they conclude thatiall were in tha|^fituation. They difcover others acquainted with many arts, aud hence they infier the wifdom of the firft ages. There, g^ppears, however, to have been as uiuch differ- ; ence between the inhabitants of the ancient world, in point of art and ■ refinement, as between the civilifed kingdoms of modern Europe, ,anil . the Indians of America, or the negroes on the coaft of Africa, Noah . was nndoubtcdly acquainted with all the fticnceand arts of the antedihi- >' vian world; thefe he would, communicate to his. children,, and they • again would hand thjem down to their poilerity... Tifiofe nations, there- fore, who fettled neareft the original feat of mankind, and who had the bell opportunities to avail tbemfelves of the knowledge wjiich. their .^reat anceftor was pofTefTed of, early formed themfelvee into regular - locieties, and made confiderable improvements in the arts which are J,--) laoH fubfervient to human life. Agriculture appears to have been f/ $i •i N t k O D U C 1 1 O N. m »<. known in the firfl ages of tlic world. Noah cuhi'vafcd the vine r in the time of Jacob, the fij!;-treeand tlie almond were weU known in the land of Canaan ; and the inftru vents of hiilhandry, long befrtre the difcovery of them in Greece, are often mentioned in the facred writings. It is htrdly to be fuppoftd that the ancient cit'es, both in Afia and Egypt, (whoffe foimdation, as we have alrendy mentioned, afcends to the re- %totiefl antiquity) conld have been b- ilt, unlcfs thecnltme of thegrounrt liad been pratf^ifed sit that time. Nations who live bv hniiting or paf- turage only, lead a wahderirtg life, and feldom fix their refidence m cities. Commerce naturally follows agriculture : and though we canndt trace the fteps by which it was introduced among the ancient nations, we may, from detached pafTages in facred writ, afcerlain the progrefs which had been made in- it during the patriarchal times. We know from the hiftory of civil fociety, that the commercial intercourfe between men muft be pretty confiderabie, btfore the metals come to be eonftdered as the medium of trade , .md yet this was the cafe even in the days of Abraham. It appears, however, from the relations which eftablifh this ftfA, that the ufe of money had not been of ancient date ; it had no ittark to afcertain its weight or finenefs ; and in a contract for a bury- JBg-piaee, in exchange mr which Abraham gave (itver, the metal was weijrhed in prefence of all the people. But as commerce Improved, and bargains.of this fort became more common, this praAi-c was laid afide, artd the quantity of filver was afcertained by a particular mark, which "fcred the trouble of weighing it. But this does not appear to have taken place till the tirtie of Jacob, the fecond from Abraham. The refilah^ of which *we read in his time, was a piece of money, (lamped with the JKgure of a lamb, and of a precifc and Hated value. Itappears from the hiftory of Jofeph, that the commerce Ijetween different nations was by this time regularly carried on. The Iflimaelites and Midianites, who bought him of his brethren, were travelling merchants, refembling the modern caravans, who carried fpices, perfunves, and other rich com- modities, from their own country into Egypt. The fame obfervation Itoiiy be made from the bcmk of Job, who, according to the bed writers, was a native of Arabia Felix, and alfo a contemporary with Jacob. He fpeaks of the roads of Thema and Saba, i. e. cA the caravans which fet out from thofe cities of Arabia. If we refleft that the commodities of that country were rather the luxuries than the conveniences of life, We fhall have reafon to conclude that the cbuotries into which they were ft?nt for fale, and 'particularly Egypt, were confiderably improved in arts and refinentent. 'In ipeakinn; of commerce, we oxjght carefully to diftingnifti between tiie fpecies of it which is cMrried on by land, or inland commerce, and that which is carried on by fea ; which laft kind of traffic is both later in its origin, and flower in its progrefs. Had tiie defcdndents of Noah been left to their own ingenuity, and received no tinftnre of the ante- diluvian knowledge from their wife ahceilors, -it is improbable that they fhould have ventured on navigating the -open feas fo fbon as we find they did. That branft c^ his pofteritt who fettled on the coafts of Paleftine, were the firft people of the world among whoin navigation was made fubfervient to commerce : they werediftinguifhed by a word, which in the Hebrew tongue frgnifies mtrthantsy ftnd are the fame nation afterwards kno^vn to the Greeks by the name of Phoenicians. Inhabit- ing a barren and ungratefnl foil, they fet themftlvesto better their fitu* atjon by cultivailrrg the arts. Commerce was their capital objeft: and with jiii the writers of pagwn at.riquitv, they pafs for the inventors of ^ INTRODUCTION. ss : int!t« the land lift-over^ jis. It l» 3 Egypt, [) the re- legrounH g or paf- idence m vc cannbt t niitionSf ; progrefs We know ic between lonfidcred he days of abllih this it had no •or a bury- metal was roved, and \ laid afide, irk, which have taken e refilafij of •d with the rs from the ons was by inites, who mbling the • rich com- obfervation bed writers, Jacob. He ks which fet jmodities of s of life, we ;h they were mproved in lifh between imcrce, and is both later nts of Noah of the ante- We that they »n as we find the coafts of m navigation id by a word, e fame nation ins. Inhabit- ;ter their fitu* il objeft : and inventors of whatever is fubfervient to it. At the time of Abraham they were reetr^^ (•d as a powerful nation ; their maritime comnterce is mentioned by Jacob in his lall words to his children ; and, if we may believe Herodotus in a matter of fuch remote antiquity, the Phoenicians had by this time na- vigated the coafts df Greece, and carried off the daughter of Inachus. The arts of agricuhore, commerce, and navigation, Tuppofe the kitbvf- ledge of fcveral others: aftronomy, for inftance, or a knowledge of the fituation and revohitions of the heavenly bodies, is nccelTary both to agriculture and navigaci(M|; that of working mctats, to commerce; ind (o of other arts. In faft, we find, that, before the death of Jacob, fe- . veral nations were fo well acquainted tH'ith the revolutions of the moon, as to meafure by them the duration of their year. It had been a uni- verfat cuftom among all the nations of antiquity, as well as the Jews, to divide time into portions of a week, or feven days : this undoubtedly srofe from the tradition with regard to the origin of the world. It wai ' natural for thofe nations who led a paftoral life, or who lived under a ferene fky, to obferve that the various appearances of the moon were completed nearly in four weeks ; hence the divifion of a month. Thofe people, again, who lived by agriculture, and were become ac(Juainted. with the divifion of the month, would natiKally remark that twelve of thefe brought back the fame temperature of the air, or the fame feafons} hence the origin of what is called the lunar yeart which has every where taken place in the infancy of fcience. Thi>, together with tl obfer^ ration of the fixed ftars^ which) as we learn frotA the book of Job, mufl 'tave been very ancient, naturally prepared the way for the difcovery of efolatycar^ which at that time would be thought an immenfe improve- ment in aftronomy. But with regard to thofe branches of krtowledge which we have mentioned, it is to be remembered that they were pe- culiar to the Egyptians, and a few nations of Afis. Europe offers « ' gloomy fpeftacle during this period* Who could believe that the Greeks, who in later ages became the patterns of politenefsand of every elegant art, were defcended from a lavage race of men, traverfing the woods and wilds, inhabiting the rocks and caverns, a wretched prey to wild animalsj and fometimes to each other? This, however, is no more than what was to be expe£ted. Thofe defccndents of Noah, who had re- moved toa oreat diftance from the plains of Shinar, loftall connexion with thecivilifed part of mankind* Their pofterity became ftlllmorc ignorant; and the human mind was at length funk into an abyfs of nviery and wretchednefs. We might naturally expeft, that, from the de.ith of Jacob, and as we advance forward in time, the hiftory of the great empires of Egypt and Aflyria would emerge from their obfcurily-. This, however, is farfrom be- ing the cafe; vve only get a glimpfe of them, and they difappear en- p p tireiy for many ages. After the reign of Ninias, who fucceeded Se* * y * miramisand Ninus in the Aflyrian throne, we find an aftonifliing *9 S* blank in the hifioryof that empire, for no lefsthan eight hundred years* The filence of ancient biltory on this fubje£l is commonly attributed to the ibftnefs and efFeminacy of the fucccffors of Ninua, whofe live* afforded HO events worthy of narration. Wars and commotions are the great themes of the riiltorian, while the gentle and happy reigns of Wife princes pafs unobferved and unrecorded. Sefoftris, a prince of Wonderful abili- ties, is fuppofed to have mounted the throne of Egypt after Ameno^his^ Who was fwallowed up in the Red Sea about the year before Chrift 1492. By his alfiduity and attention, the civil and military eftabliihments of the Egyptians received very coiifidrrable impreventents. Egypt, in tb* tuat Da / / 3^ INTRODUCTION. 1M of Sefoftris and his immediate fucceflbrs, wa^, in all probability, the mod powerful kingdom upon earth, and, according to the bed calculation, is iuppofed to have contained twenty-feveii millions of inhabitanis. But an- cient hiftory ofteH excites, without gratifying, our curiofity ; for, from the reign of Seloftris to that of Bocchoris, in theyear beiv)reChrift 1781, we have little knowledge of even the names of the intermediate princes. If we judge, however, from collateral circumftances, the country muft ftill have continued in a very flourifliing condition; for Egypt continued to pour forth her colonies into diflant nations. Atjiens, that feat of learning ■B p • and politenefsjthatfchoolforallwhoafpirfdaftf.rwirdom, owes its cffi' f**""'^^^'"" ^o Cecrops, who landed in Greece with an Egyptian " ■ colony, and endeavoured to civilife the rough manner? of the ori- ginal inhabitants. From th» inftitutions which Cecrops eftabliflied among the At.h. iiians, it is eafy to "nfer in what a Qond! tion they muft have lived before his arrival. The lawsof marriage, which 5ew nations are fo barba- rous as to be altogether unacquainted with, were i.nt known in Greece. Mankind, Hke the beafts of the field, were propa-;:. led by accidental con- « p netftions, and with little knowledge of thofe to whom they owed ■ / theirgeneration. Cranaus, who fucceeded Cecropsin the kingdom' ^ ' of Attica, purfuc'd the fame beneiicial plan, and endeavoured, by wife inftitutions, to bridle the keen paffions of a rude people. Whilft thofe princes ufed their endeavours for civilifing this corner of Greece, the other kingdoms, into which this country, by the natural boun- daries of rocks, mountains, and rivers, was divided, and «v'hich had been already peopled by colonies from Egypt ^nd the Eaft, began to affame a p fome appearance of form and regularity. This engaged Amphic- ,' typn, one of thofe uncommon geniufes 'vho appear in the world ^ ^^ ■ for the benefit of the age :n which they live, and the admiration of pofterity, to think of fome expedient by which he might unite :n one confederacy the fevcral independent kingdoms of Greece, and thereby deliver them from thofe inteftinedivifions which muft render them a prey to one another, or to the firft enemy who might think proper to invade ^hem. Thefe reflections he communicated to the kings or leaders of the- difi'erent territories, and by his eloquence andaddrefs engaged twelvecities to unite together tor their common prefervation. Two deputies from each of thofe cities aflembled twice a year at Thermopylje, and formed what, after the name of its founder, was called the Amphi£lyonic Council. In this aflembly, whatever related to the general intereft of the confede- lac y, wasdifcufled and finally determined, y* • iphiftyon likewife, fenfible Uiat thofe political connexions are the moft lafling which are ftrengthen- ed by religion, committed to the Ampbidyons the care of the temple at Delphi, and of theriches which, from the dedications of thofe who con- fulted the oracle, had been.amafled in it.' This aflembly, conftituted on ftrch folid foundations, was the great fpring ofaftion in Greece, while .that country prefer ved its independence ; and, by the union which it infpired among the Greeks, enabled them to defend their liberties againft all the force of the Perfiau empire. Confidcring the circumftances of the age in which it was inftitutcd, the Amphi6lyonic council is perhaps the moft re- niarkahic political eftablifliment which ever took place among mankind. la the year before Chrift 1 322, the Ifthmian games wcreinftituted at Co- rinth ; and in 1 303 the famous Olympic games by Pelops; which games, together with the Pythian and Nemean, have been rendered immortal by the genius of Pindar. The Greek ftates, who formerly had no connedioa Mfith one another e;cg;pt by mutual inroads and hoftilities, foon bc- •^^a to a6t with concert, and to undertake diftant expeditions for the ge- 9 I N T R O D U C T I O N. miration of n«ral intereft of the confederacy. Thefirftof thefe was the famous expe- dition of the Argonauts, in which all Greece appears to have been con- cerned. The objeft of the Argonauts was to open the commerce of J, p the Euxine fca, and to eftablifli colonies in the adjacent country of .'f^' ' Colchis. The (liipArgo,whrch was the admiral of the fleet, is'the ■'' only one particularly taken notice of; though we learn from Homer anjj other ancient writers,thatfeveral ved'els were er..^;loyed in that expedition. The fleet was, from the ignorance of thofc who conducted it, Jong tofled about on diff^erent coafts. The rcks, at fome diftance from the mouth of the Euxine fca, occafioned great difficulty to the Argonauts : they fent forward a light veflel, which pafled through, but returned with the lofa of her rudJer. This is ekprefltd, in the fabulous language of antiquity, by their fending out a bird, which returned with the lofs of its tail, and may give us an idea of the allegorical obfcurity in which the other events of that expedition are involved. The fleet, however, at length arrived at Aia., the capital of Colchis, after performing a voyage, which, COnfidering the mean condition of the naval art during that age, was not lefs impor- tant than the circumnavigation of the earth by our modern difcoverers. From this expedition to that againft Troy, which was undertaken « p to recover the fair Helena, a queen of Sparta, who had been car- '« * ried off by Paris, fon of the Trojan king, the Greeks muft have ^ ^ 4- made a wonderful progrefs in arts, in power, and opulence : no lefs than twelve hundred veflels were employed in this voyage, each of which, at a medium, contained upwards of a hundred men. Thefe vefiels, however, were but lialf-decked ; and it does not appear that iron entered at all into their conftruAion. If we add to thefe circumftances, that the Greeks had not the ufe of the faw, an inrtrrment fo neceflary to the carpenter, a mo- dern muft form but a mean notion of the ftreagth or elegance of this fleet. Having thus confidered the ftate of Greece as a whole, let us examine the circumftances of the particular countries into which it was divided. This is of great importance to our prefent undertaking, becaufe it is in this country only tnat we can trace the origin and progrefs of govern^ ment, arts, and manners, which compofe fo great a part of our prefent work. There appears originally to have been a remarkable refemblancej as to their political fituation, between the different kingdoms of Greece; Tliey were governed each by a king, or rather by a chieftain, who was their leader in time of war, their judge in time of peace, and who pre- fidcd in the adminiftration of their religious ceremonies. This prince, however, was far from being abfolute. In each fociety there were ai number of other leaders, whdfe influence over their particular clans, or tribes, was not lefs confiderable than that of the king over his immedi- ate followers. Thefe captains were often at war with each other, and fometimes with their fovereign ; and each particular ftate «aj, in mi- niature, what the whole country had been before the time of Amphic- tyon. They required the hand of another delicate painter to blend the oppofite colours, and to enable them to produce one powerful eflfefti The hiftory of Athens aflfords us an example of the manner in which thefe ftates, which, for want of union, were weak and inlignificanr, be- came, by being cemented together, important and powerful. Thefeus, king of Attica, about the.ycar B. C. 1234, had, by his exploits, acquired great reputation for valour and ability. He Aiw the inconveniences to which his country, from being divided into twt' e diftriiSts, was ex- pofed ; and he conceived, that, by means of the influence which his perfonal charad^er, united to the royal authority with which he was in- vefted, had univerfally procured him, he might be able to remove them. i'ot this purpoi'e he cude;^voured to maintuiu and even to increafe hit P3 i^ IK TRODUCTION. popularity among the peafants and artifans ; he detached, as much a« *offibIe, the '.ifferent tribes from the leaders who commanded them j he abo!iflied the courts which had bt-en eft^blillied in different parts oi "Attica, nod appointed one council-hall common to all the Athenians, Thefeus, however, did not truft folely to the force of political regula- tions. He called to his aid all the power of religious prejudices. By cftabliHiing common rites of religion to be performed in Athens, :\nd by inviting thither (Irangers from all quarters by the profpeA of pro- te^lion and privileges, he raifed that city fropi an inconflderable village to a powerful metropolis. The fplendor of Athens and of Thefcus now totally eclipfed that of the other villages and their particular leaders. All the power of the ftate was united in one city, and under pnc fovereigii. The petty chieftains, who had formerly bccafipncd fo much confufibn, being now divefled of all influence and confideration, tiecamc humble and fubmiiiive; and Attica rejnained under the peace- l^te goveroment of a monarch. This is a nide /ketch of the origin of the firft monarchy of which wq h^v.e a diftin6l account, and may, without much variation, be applied Jp the other ftates of Greece. This country, however, was not deftinefj to continue long under the government pf kings. A new influence arofc, which in a fliort time proved too powerful both for the king and the nobles. Thefeus had divided the Athenians into three diftinft clalTes, •> — the nobles, the artifans, and the hufbandmen. In order to abridge the exorbitant power of the nobles, he had bellowed many privileges on the two other ranks of citizens. This plan of politics was followed hy his fuccefTors; and the lower ranks of the Athenians, partly from the countenance of their fovereign, and partly from the progrefs o/arts afld manu]fe)d of feven hundred vtars), the Thebans performed nothing worthy of the republican fpirit. i)tlu r-cities of Greece, after the examples of Thebes and Athens, ttre^ed themfelves into republics. But the revolutions of Athens and l^parta, tw o rival ilates, which, by means of the fuperjority they acquired, gave the tone to the nwnnprs, genius, and politjca of the Greeks, deferve jpiir partictilaV Attention.' We have fcen a tender flmot of liberty fpring B Q ^'P •" *'** ^'^-^ of Athens, upon the deceafe of Codrus, its lalt f * ' fovereign. This Ihoot gradually improved into a vigorous plant, f /^' The Athenians, by aboiiflilng the nami.* of king, did not en* ffeiy fiitvert the n^q.1 jiuthority ; they eftaWiilied a perpetual magi- '■^.,.", INTRODUCTIO N. 39 ftmtc> who, under tlje name of Archon, was invefted with almoft the fame powers which their kings had tnjoytd. The Athenians in tlmo! became fcnfible that the archontic office was too lively an image of roy- alty for a free ftate. After it had continued, therefore, three htindre4 and thirty. one years in the family of Codrus, they endeavoured to leflen its dignity, not by abridging its po.ver, but by fliortening its duration. The nrft period afligncd for the cont'niiance of the archonfliip in the fame perfoii, was three years. But the aefire of the Athenians for a more perfe^ fyftem of freedom than had hitherto been eftabliflied, increafed in propcrtion to the liberty th.-y enjoyed. They again demanded « q a re^li ^ion of the power of their arc'ions; and it was at length ^j deterusined that nine annual magiftiateb flioiild be appointed ■** for this oflice. Thefe magiftrates weie not only choftn by the people, but accountabjle to them tor their conduft at the expiration of their office. T le-fe alteraiions were too violent not to be attended with fome danger.: pay the utmoft reverence to the more advanced in years ; and all rank apable of bearing nrms were daily accuftomed to the moft painful exerciles. To the Spartans alone, war was a relaxation rather than a hardftiip; and they behaved in it with a; fpirit of which hardly any but a Spartan could even form a conception. In order to fee tiie-elfeft of thefe principles, and to count ('t under one point of v'rtw me hiftory of the different quarters of tlie globe, we moft now caftour eyes on Afia, and obferve the events which happened in thofe great empires of which we have fo long loft fight. We have « Q alreiidy n[ientioncd in what obfcurity the hiftorv of Egypt is in- *g ' volved, until the reign of Bocrhoris. From this ,;eriod to the dif- ' ' folution of their government by Cambyfes of Perfia, in the year before Chrift 524, the Egyptians are mbre celebrated ir the wifdom of their laws and political inflitutions, than for the power of their arms, Sfvcral of thefe (eem to have been diftated by tlie true fpirit of civil wifdom, and were admirably calculated for preferving order and good government in an extenfivc kingdom. Xiie great c'lnpire of Alfyria INTRODUCTION. 4< likewue, which had to long difappeared, beconws again an objeft cf atten- tion, and affords the firft inftance wf meet with in hiftory, of a kingdora which fell afunder by its own weight, a»d the effeminate weaknels of its fovereigns. Sardanapalus, the Taft emperor of Affyria, negleAing the adminiftration of affairs, and fliutting himfelf up in his palace with bis women and eunuchs, fell into contempt with his fubje(fts. The governors of his provinces, to whom, like a weak and indolent prince, he had entirely committed the command of his armies, did not fail to feize this o^ortunity of raifing their own fortune on the ruins of their matter's power. Arbaces, governor of Media, and Belefis, governor of Babylon, confpired againft their fovereign, and having fet fire to his capital (in which Sardanapalus periflied, before Chrift 820), divided between them his extenfive dominions. Thefe two kingcU :t>s, fome- times united um^econe prince, and fomctimes governed each by a par- ticular fovereign, maintained the chief fway in Afia for many years. Pinil revived the kingdom of Affyria, anno, before Chrift, 777; and Shalmanefer, one of his fucceffors, put an end to the kingdom of Jfrael, and carrii'd the ten tribes captive into Aflyria and Media, before Chrift ,72:, Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, alfo, in the year before Chrift 587, overturned the kingdom of Judah, which had continued in the family of David from the year 1055, and maftered all the countries around him. But in the year 538, Cyrus the Great took Babylon, « „ and reduced this quarter of the world under the Perfian yoke. ' V' The mann rs of this people, brave, hardy, and independent, as ^^ * well as the government of Cyrus, in all its various departments, are elegantly defcribed by XenopWon, a Grecian philofopher and hiftorian. It is not neceflary, however, that we fliould enter into the fame detail upon this fubjeft, as with regard to the affairs of the Greeks. We have, in modern times, fufficient examples of monarchical governments: but how few are our lepublics! The aera of Cyrus is in one refpeft ex- tremely remarkable, befides that in it the Jews were delivered from their captivity, becaufe, with it the hiftory of the great nations of antiquity, which has hitherto engaged our attention, may be feid to finifli. Let- us confider then the genius of the Affyrians, Babyloniani, and Es^yptians, in arts and fciences, — and, if poffible, difcover what pro^refs thev had made in thofe acquirements which are moft iubfer- vient to the interefts of fociety. The tafte for the great and magnificent fe(MTis to have been the pre- vailing chara(5ter of thofe nations; and they principally dilplayed it in their works of architecture. There are no veftiges, however, now re- maining, which confirm the teftiniony of ancient writers with regard to the great works that adorned Babylon and Nineveh : neither is it clearly determined in what year they were begun or finilhed. There are three pyra-iiids, ftupendous fabrics, ftill remaining in Egypt, at fonie leagues diftancf from Cairo, and about nine miles from the Nile, which are fnppofcd to have been the burying places of the ancient Egyptian kings. The largeft is five hundred ftet in height, and each fide of the bafe fix hundred and ninety three feet in length. The apex is thirteen feet fquarc. The fecond covers as much ground as the firft, but is forty feet lower. It was a fuperftition among the Egyptians, derived from the earlieft times, that even after death the foul continued in the body as long as it remained uncorrupted. Hence proceeded the cuitom of embalming^j pr of throwing into the dead body fuch fubftances as experience had difcovered to be the greateft prefervatives againft putrefartion. The pyramids were eretfled with the fame view. In them the bodies of the Egyptian kings, it has been fuppofed, were depofitcd. From what we read of the walls of litabylon, the temple of lielus, and other works 4* IN TRODUCTION. -.15 -,;■■< .of th« Eaft, and from what travellers have recorded oi' the pyramids, it appears that they were really fupcrb and magnificent ftriiiitures, but totally void of elegance. . The orders of archited'tuie were not yet known, nor. even .the conftru^ion of vaults. The arts in which thofe nations, next to architedUirct^ principally excelled, were fculpture and embroidery. As to the fciences, they had all along continued to be- ilow their principal attention on aftronomy.. It does nofctppiear, how- ever, that they had made great progrefs in explaining the caiifcs o( the phenomena of the univerfe, or indeed in any fpecies of %ational and found phibfophy. To deiuonftrate this to an intelligent reader, it is fufficient to obfcrve, that, according to the teftimony of facred and prpfanc writers, the abfurd reveries of magic and a'ftrology, which always de<..» afe in proportion to the advancement of true fcience, were in high elucm among them during the lateft period)^ their govern- ment. The countries which they occupied were extremely fruitful, and, without much labour, afforded all the nccefl'aries and even luxuries of life. They had long been accuftomed to a civilifc'd and poiilhed life in great cities. Thefe circumftances had tainted their manners with effeminacy and corruption, and rendered them an eafy prey to the Perfians, a nation juft emerging from barbarifm, and of confe- quence brave and warlike. This was Hill more eafy in the infancy of the military art, when ftrength and courage alone gave advantage to one nation over another,-^when, properly (peaking, there were no for. lifted places, which in modern times have been dilcovered to be fo ufe- fwl in flopping the progrefs of a viftorious enemy, — and when the event of a battle commonly decided the fate of an empire. IJut we muft now turn our attention to other objefts. The hiftory of Perfia, after the reign of Cyrus, who died in the year before Chrift 529, offers little, conHdered in itfelf, that merits our re- gard ; but when combined with that of Greece, it becomes particularly interefting. The monarchs who fucceeded Cyrus, gave atj opportunity to the Greeks to exercife thofe virties which the ft'eedom of their go- vernment had created and confirmed. Sparta remained under the in- fluence of Lycurgiis's inftitutions : Athens had juft recovered from the tyranny of the Pififtratid;?, a family who had trampled on the laws of p p Solon, and ufurped the fupreme power. Such was their fitua- ' tion, when the lull of imiv^erfal empire, which feldom fails to tor- 5 '^' ment the breaft of tyrants, led Darjus (at the inftigation of Hip- pias, who had been expelled from Athens, and on account of the Athe- nians' burning the city of Sardis) to fend forth his numerous armies againft Greece. But the Perfians were no longer thofe invincible foldiers, who, under Cyrus, had conquered Afia. Their minds were enervated by luxury and fervitude. Athens, on the contrary, teemed with great ■D p men, animated by the late recovery of their freedom. Miltiades, * * in the plains of Marathon, with ten thoufand Athenians, over. *' * came the Perfian army of a hundred thoufand foot, and ten thou- fand cavalry. His countrymen, Themiftocles and Ariftides, the firft celebrated for his abilities, the fecond for his virtue, gained the next honours to the general. It does not fall within our plan to mention the events of this war, which, as the nobleft monument of virtue over force, of courage over numbers, of liberty over fervitude, deferve to ]>e read at length in ancient writers. t Xerxes, the fon of Darius, came inperfon into Greece, with an imitienfe 2 Q arn-iv, which, according to Herodotus, amounted to two millions and one hundred thoufand men. This account has been juftly cnnfuitr'-d by fome ingenious modern writers, as incredible. The io;i»i now be afcrrtaiiied; but that ti:e army of Xerxes was cx- C. 480. INTRO D U CT I O N. 43 trcmely nfimerous, is the more probable, from the great extent of hi« empire, and from tbt abfurd practice of the Eailern nations, of encum- beriug their camp witMa fuperfluous multitude. Wnatever the num- bers of hJs army were,^e was every where defeated, by fea and land, and efcaped to Ada in a fifliing-boat. Such was the fpiric of the Greeks, and^^k well did they know that ** wanting virtue, life is paia ** and woe; '^Hf wanting liberty, even virtue mourns, and looks around 1^' for bappLdSlin vain." But though the Ferfian war concluded gio- riouHy for *tSc Greeks, it is, in a great meafure, to this vvar» that the fuhfequeot misfortunes of that nation • ■ * jeft of extreme infignificance. But when we confider him as the '^^' founder of an empire as extenlive as the wcaldj and whofe progrefa INTRODUCTION. « •nd dtcline have occafioned the two grcateft revolutions that ever hap* pcned in Europe, we cannot but be interefted in his conduft. His dif- pofition was extremely martial; and the political ftate of Italy, divided into a number of fmall but independent diftfldts, afforded a noble fiel'i tor the difplay of military talents. Romulus was continually embroiled with One or other of his neighbours ; and war was the only employment by which he aikd his companions expe£^ed not only to aggrandife them* (elves, but eycn to fubfift. In the conduct of his wars with the neigh- bouring people, we may obferve the fame maxims by which the Romans afterwards became mafters of the world. Inftead of deftroying the na-> tions he had fubjefted, he united them to the Roman ftate ; whereby Rome acquired a new acceffion of ftrength from every war flie uiider* took, and became powerful and populous from that very clrcumftance which r^ins aiVd depopulates otner kingdoms. If the enemies, with whom he contended, had, by means of the art or arms they employed, any confiderable advantage, Romulus immediately adopted that prafiice, or the ufe of that weapon, and improved the military fyftem of the Ro- mans by the united experience of all their ePvUiies. Of both thefe max- ims, by means of which the jipmaa flate arrived at fuch a pitch of greatnefs, we have an exampli and Sardinia. Sicily had ^ Q di(TicuIty to defend itfelf; and the Romans wtfre too nearly threat- g ' encd, not to take up arms. Hence a fucceflion of hoftilities be- ^* tween thefc rival ftates, known in hiftory by tbe name of Punic wars, in which the Carthaginians, with,dl tlieir wealth and power, were fin unequal m;itch for the Romans. Cwthage was a powerful republic when Rome was an inconfiderable (tate ; but (he was now become cor- rupt and effeminate, while Rome was in the vigour of her political con« ftitution. Carthage employed mercenaries to carry on her wars; Rome, lis we have already mentioned, m as compofed of foldiers. The (irft war with Carthage la(led twenty -three yearj^|.iand taught the Romans the art of fighting on the fea, with which they bad hitherto been unacquainted. g p A Carthaginian ve(it:l was wrecked f^ntheircoaft; they ufed it for ', ' a model; in three months fitted outa fle^t; and theconful Duilius, who fought their firft nnval battle, was viftorious. It is not to our purpofe to mention all the tranfactions of thefe wars. The behaviour of Regnlus, the Roman general, may give us an idea of the ipirir which •D p then animated this people. Being taken prifoner in Africa, he * , * is fent back on his pareleto negotiate a change of prifoners. He ■ ^ ' maintains in the fenate the propriety of thai law which cut off from thofe who fuffered riYemfeivcs to be taken, all hopes of being far-* ed, and returns to certain death. Neither was Carthage, though corrupted, deficient in great men. Of til the enemies the Romans ever had to contend with, Hannibal, the Car-" thaginian, was the moft inflexible and dangerous. His father, Hamilcar, had imbitied an extretpe hatred againft the Romans ; and having fettled the inteftine troubles o'f his covintry^ he took an early opportunity to in- fpire his fon, though but nine years old, with his own fcntiments. For this purpofe he ordered a folemn facrifice to be offered to Jupiter, and leading his fon to the altar, alked him wheth«?r he was willing; to attend him in his expedition againft the Romans.. The c«wrageous boy not Only con fen ted to go, but conjured bis father, by the gods prefent, to form him to viftory, and teach him the art of conquering. " That I will joy ■• fully do," replied Hamilcar, " and with all tlifc care of a father who loves you, if you will fwear upon the altar to be Sn eternal enemy to the Ro- mans." Hannibal readily complied ; and thefblemnity of tl>e ceremony, and the facrtdtiefs of the oath, made fiich an imprefTion on his mind, as nothing afterwards could ever efface. Being appointed general at twen- ty-iive years of age, he crofles the Ebro, the Pyrenees, and the Alps, and unexptftedly ruflies down upon Italy. The lofs of four battles threatens the fall of Rome. Sicily fn\iis with the conqueror, file* ronymus, king uf Syracufe, declares agaialt the Romans, and aU B.C. 2:b. iNTft ot)v c-tion. 47 Ihofl; all Italjr iibilhdofis t/hcm. In this extremity, "Rome owed Its prefer- vation to three gi"^ men. fabhn Maximas, defpifing popular clamour, and the mllftafy *(rdonr of Tiis countrymen, declines coming to an en- gagement. The ftrength of Rome has time to recover. Marcellus raifeS the fiege of the rtpob- lic, 'were no longer citizens. Tliey had little refpeft for any but their commander ; under his banner they fought, and conquered, and plunder- ed ; and for him they were rej-.dy to die. He mi;^ht command tiem to euibrue their hands in the blood of their country. The), who knew no I NT RODUCTION. i. 49 country but the camp, and no authority but that of their general, were ever ready to obey him. The multiplicity of the Roman conquefts, how- ever, which required their keeping on foot feveral armies at the fame time, retarded the fubverfion of the republic. Thefe armies were fo many checks upon each other. Had it not been for the foldiers of Sylja, Rome would have furrendei'ed its liberty to the army of Marins. Julius Casfar at length appears. By fubduiiigt.ie Gauls, he gained his country the moftufeful conqueft it evermade. I'ompey, his only « p rival, is overcome in the plains of Pharfalia. Caefar appears vie- '« tnrious almoft at the fame time all over the world : ip Egypt, in * Alia, in Mauritania, in Spain, in Gaul, and in Britain t conqueror on all fides, he is acknowledged mailer at Rome, and in the whole empire. Brutus and Caffius atten)pt to give Rome her liberty by dabbing g q him in the fenate-houfe. But though they thereby deliver the ' * Romans from the tyranny of Julius, the republic docs not obtain ^^' its freedom. It falls under the dominion of Mark Antony ; youdg Caefar Odlavianus, nephew to Julius Czefar, wrefts it from him by the t, p fea-fifht at Aftium ; and there is no Brutus or Caffius to put an ' * end 10 his life. Thofe friends of liberty had killed themfewes in ^ '* defpair; and OAavius, under the name of Auguftus, and title of em- peror, remains the undifturbed mafter of the empire. During thefe ci- vil commotions, th^Romans ftill prefcrved the glory of their arms a- mong diftant nations; and, while it was unknown who (hould be mafter of Rome, the Romans were, without difpute, the mafters of the world. Their military difcipline and valour aboliflicd all the remains of the Carthaginian, the Perfian, the Greek, the AfFyrian, and Macedonian glory; they were now only a name. Nolboner, therefore, was Oftavius eftal)lil;,v'd on the throne than ambaflkdors from all quarters of the known vd to make their fubmiflions. ^Ethiopia fucs for peace ; the wor Parthians, who had been a mod formidable enemy, court his friend- fhip; India feeks his alliance; Pannonia acknowledges him; j> p Germany dreads him ; and the Wefer receives his laws. Vic^ori- * * ous l)y fea and land, he flnits the temple of Janus. The whole '* earth lives in peace under his power; and Jefus Chrift comes into the world four years before the common sera. Having thus traced the progrefs of the Romjm government while it remained a republic, our plan obliges us to fay a few words with regard to the arts, fciences, and manntrs of that people. During the firft ages of the republic, the Romans lived in a total negleft or rather contempt of all the elegant improvements of life. War, politics, and agiiciiltiire, were the only arts they lludied, becaufe they were the only arts they elteemcd. But upon the downfal of Carthage, the Romans, having no enemy to dread from abroad, began to tafte the fweets of fecurity, and to cultivate the arts. Their progrefs, however, was not gradual, as in the other countries we have defcribed. The conqueft of Greece at once put them iin pofTelTion-of every thing molt rare, curious, o." elegant. Afia, which was the next viftim, oifered all its (tores; and the Romans, from the moil llmpie people, fpeedily became acquainted with the arts, the luxuries, and refinements of the whole earth. Eloquence they had always cultivated as the high road to eminence and preferment. The orations of Cicero are inferior only to thofe of Demofthenes. In poetry, Virgil yields only to Homer, whofe verfe, like theprofe of Demofthenes, may be confidered as inimi.uble. Horace, however, in his Satires and Epif- tles, had no model among the Greeks, and flands to this day unrivalled ift that fpecies of writing.. In hiftory, the Romans can boaft of Livy, ^o INTRODUCTION. who poflcfles all the natural eafe of Herodotus, and is more defcriptivc, more eloquent, and fentiineutal. Tacitus indeed did not flourifli in the A'jguftan age; but his works do himfelf.the greateft honour, white tl.ey difgrace his country aixi human nature, whofe corruption and vices he paihts in the moft ftriking colours. In philofophy, if we ex- cept the works of Cicero, and the fyftemofthe Greek philofopher Epi- curus defcribed in the nervous poetry of Lucretius, the Romans, dnr- ing the time of the republic, made not the leaft attempt. In tragedy they nevfcr produced any thing excellent ; and Terence, though re- markable for purity of iiyfe, wants that vis comica, or lively vein of hu- mour, that diflinguiHies the writings of the Greek comedians and thefe of our immcfrtal Skakfpeare. We now return to our hiftory, and are arrived at an aera which pre- fents Qs with a fet of monfters, under the na'-'-'e df emperors, whofe afts, a few excepted, difgrace human nature. They did not indeed abolifli the forms of the Roman republic, though they extinguilhed its liber- ties ; and while they were pra !^\. fublifted in Europe ; a^d the court of its emperors ex- hibited the molt odious fcenes of tiiat caprice, cruelty, and corruption, which univerfally prevail tinder a defpotrc government. When it is faid that the Roman republic conquered the world, it is only meant of the civilifed part of it, chiefly Greece, Carthage, and Afia. A more difficult talk fttU remained for the emperors, to fubdue the barbarous nations of Europe, — the Germans, the Gauls, the Britons, and even the remote people of Scotland ; for though thefe countries had been dif- covered, they were not effeduaily fubdued by the Roman generals. Thefe nations^ though rude and ignorant, were brave and independent. It was rather from the fuperiority of their difcipKne than of their cou- rage that the Romans gained any advantage over them. The Roman wars with the Germans are defcribed by Tacitus ; and from his ac- counts, though a Roman, it is eafy to difcover with what bravery they fought, and with what reluftance they fiibmitted to a foreign yoke. From the obftinate refiftance of the Germans, we may judge ot the dif- ficulties the Romans met With in fubduing the other nations of Europe. The contefts were bloody ; the countries of Europe were fucceiTively laid wafte; numbers of the inhabitants perilhed in the Held; many were carried into flavery, and but a feeble remnant fubmittcd to the Roman power. This fituatioft of atfairs was extremely unfavourable to the happinefs of mankiiui. The barbarous natioiis, indeed, from their in- teicourfe with the Romans, acquired fome tafte for the arts, fciences, lanouage, and manners of their new matters. Thefe, however, were but miferable confolations for t'we lofs of liberty, for being deprived of the life of arms, for being overawed by mercenary foldiers kept in pay to rtftra' i them, and for being delivered over to rapacious governors, who plundered them without n.ercy. The Roman empire, now (iretched out to fuch an extent, had loft its fpring and force. It contained within itfelf the feeds of dilfolution; and the violent irruptions of tlie Goths, Vandals, Huns, and other barbarians, haftened its deftniftion. Thefe fierce tribes, who came to take vengeance on the empire, either inhabited the various parts of Germany which had never been fubdued by the Romans, or were fcattered over the vaft countries oi the north of Europe, and the north-weft of Alia, whidj, are INtkODUCtloM. Si how Inhabited by the Danes, the Swedes, the Poles, the fubjefts of the iRuffian empire, and the Tartars. They were; drawn from their native country by that reftleffnefs which aftuates the minds of barbarians, and makes them rove from home in queft of plunder or new fettlcments. The 6rft invaders met with a powerful refiftance from the fuperior dif- cipline of the Roman legions; but this, inftead of daunting men of a ftrong and impetuous temper, only roufed them to vengeance. They returned to their companions, acquainted them with the unknown con- veniences and luxuries that abounded in countries better cultivated, or blefled with a milder climate, than their own, — they acquainted them with the battles they had fought, or the friends they had Joftj and warm- ed them with refentment againft their opponents. Great bo'.lies of arm- ed men (fays an elegant hiftorian, in defcribing this fcenc of defola- tion), with their wives and children, and (laves and flocks, iflued fortii, Jike regular colonies, in queft of new fettlements. New adventurers followed them. The lands which they deferted were occupied by more remote tribes of barbarians. Thefe in their turn puflied forward into more fertile countries, and. like a torrent continually increafing, rolled on, and fwept every thing before them. Wherever the barbarians marched, their route was marked with blood. T^hey ravaged or de- ftroyed all around them. They made no diftintlion between what was facred and what was profane. They refpefted no age, or fex, or rank. If a man was called to fix upon inc period in the hiftory of the world, during which the condition of the human race was the moft calamitous and affli£ted, he vvould, without hefitation, name that which elapfed from the death of Theodofius the Great, A. D. 395, to the eftablifli- ment of the Lombards in Italy, A. D. 571. The contemporary authors, who beheld that fcene of d... •'^f;o.^, labour and are at a lofs for ex- preflions to defcribe the horrc: uf it. The fcourge of Gody the dejlroyer cf nations, ar^ <\\t dreadful epithets by which they diftinguifli the nioft noted of the barbarous leaders. Gonftantine, who was emperor at the beginning of the fourth centurvj and who had embraced chriftianity, transferred the feat of em- . j^ pire from Rome to Conftantinople. The weftern and eaftern ' /. * provinces were in confequence feparated from each other, and ^ governed by dilferent fovereigns. The withdrawing the Roman legions from the Rhine and the Danube to the eaft, threw down the weftern barriers of the empire, and laid it open to the invaders. Rome (now known by tlic name of the Weftern Empire^ in contradi- ftindtion to Conftantinople, which, from its fituation, was called the Eaftern Empire)^ weakened by this divifion, became a prey to the bar- barous nations. Its ancient glory, vainly deemed immortal, was . -j, effaced ; and Odoacer, a barbarian chieftain, was feated on the ' ,' throne of the Cosfars. Thefe irruptions into the empire were ^' ' gradual and fucceffive. The immenfe fabric of the Roman empire Was the work of niany agesj and feveral centuries were employed in de- molifliing it. The ancient militafy difcipline of the Romans was i'd efficacious, that the remains of it, which defcended to their fucceflbrs, muft have rendered them fupel-ij)r to their enemies, had it not been for the vices of their emperors, and the univerfal corruption a\' manners among the people. Satiated with the luxuries of the known world, the emperors were at a lofs to find new provocatives. Tlic nioft dijla"^ regions were explored, the ingenuity of manlj^ind was exerciferi, and the tribute of provinces expended upon one favourite diih. The ty- ranny an^ the uiiiverfal depravation of manners that prevailed under K 2 54 iNTItODUCTION. the emperors, or, as they are called, Caefars, could only be equalled by the barbarity of ihofe nations of which the empire at length became theprey. •' Towards the clofe of the fixth century, the Saxons, a German nation, were mafters of the foutherh and more fertile provinces of Britain ; the Franks, another tribe of Germans, of Gaul ; the Goths, of Spain ; the Goths and Lombards, of Italy and the adjacent provinces. Scarcely any veftige of the Roman policy, jurifprudence, arts, or literature, re- m.iined. New forms of government, new laws, new manners, new drefTts, new languages, and new names of men and countries, were every where introduced. From this period, till the 15th century, Bjurope exhibited a pifture of moll nrielancholy Gothic barbarity. Literature, lcience(! tafte, were words fcarcely in ufe during thefe ages. Perfons of the highcft rank,vand in the njoft eminent ftations, could not read or write. Many of the clergy did not underiland the Breviary which they were obliged daily to recite; fome of them could fcarcely read it. The human mind, neglefted, un- cultivated, and depreflcd, funk into the moft profound ignorance. The fuperior genius of Charlemagne, who, in the beginning of the ninth cen- tury, governed France and Germany, with part of Italy,— and Alfred the Great in England, during the latter part of the fame century, — en- deavoured to difpel this darknefs, and give their fubjefts a fliort glimpfe of light. But the ignorance of the age was too powerful for their ef- forts and inftitutions. The darknefs returned, and even increafed; fo that a ftill greater degree of ignorance and barbarifm prevailed through- out Europe. A new divifion of property gradually, introduced a new fpecies of go- vernment, formerly unknown ; which fingularinftitution is now diftin- guiflied by the name of the Feudal Syjlem. The king or general who led the barbarians to conqueft, parcelled out the lands of the vanquiftied among his chief officers, binding thofe on whom they were beftowed to follow his ftandard with a number of men, and to bear arms in his de- fence. The chief officers imitated the example ot the fovereign, and, in diftributing portions of their lands among their dependents, annexed the fame condition to the grant ; a fyftem admirably calculated for de- fence againft a foreign enemy, but which degenerated into a fyllem of oppfeffion. The ufurpation of the nobles became unbounded and intolerable. They reduced the great body of the people into a ftate of aiflual fervi- tude, and deprived them of the natural and moft unalienable rights of humanity. They were flaves fixed to the foil which they cultivated, and together with it were transferred from one proprietor to another, by falc or by conveyance. Every offended baron or chieftain buckled en his armour, and fought redrefs at the head of his vaflals. His adverfaries met him in like hoftile array. The kindred and dependents of the ag- crefTor, as well as of the defender, were involved in the quarrel. They had not even the liberty of remaining neuter*. The moviarchs of Europe perceived the encroachments of their nobles with impatience. In order to create fome power that might counterba- lance thofe potent valfals, who, while they enflaved the people, controlled or gave laws to the crown, a plan was adopted of conferring new privi- * This Gothic fyftem ftill prcvaili in Poland : a remnant of it contitnied in the Kighlandj of Sotland fo late as the year 1743. And even in England, a country re- nowned for civil and reli^iou6 liberty, fome relics of thei'e Gothic inftitutious arc per- ceivable at this day. r INTRODUCTION. 53 Ipgcs on towns. Thefe privileges aboliflied all marks of fervltude ; and the inhabitants of towns were formed into corporations, or bodies poli- tic, to be governed by a council and magiftrates of their own nominal tipn. !? The acquifition of liberty foon produced a happy change in the con- dition of mankind. A fpirit pf induftry revived ; commerce became an objeft of attention, and began to flourifli. :t Various, caufes contributed to revive this fpirit of commerce, and to renew the intercourfe between different nations. Couftantinople, the capital of the Eaftern or Greek empire, had efcaped the ravages of the Goths and Vandals, who overthrew that of the Weft. In this city, feme remains of literature and fcience were prefervcd : this, too, for many ages, was the great emporium of trade; and the crufades, which were begun by the Chriftian powers of Europe with a view to . j^ drive the Saracens from Jerufalem, having opened a communi- * ^* cation between Europe and the Eaft, Couftantinople was the ge- ^°9 * neral place of rendezvous for the Chriftian armies, in their way to Palei'- tine, or on their return from thence. Though the objeft of thefe expe- ditions was conqueft and not commerce, and though the ifTue of them proved unfortunate, their commercial effefts were both beneficial and permanent. Soon after the clofe of the holy war, the mariner's compafs was invent- ed, which facilitated the communication between remote nations. . j^ The Italian ft^tes, particularly thofe or Venice and Genoa, began to eftablifli a regular commerce with the Eaft and the ^302. po ts of Egypt, and drew from thence all the rich produftions of India. Thefe commodities they difpofed of to great advantage among the other nations of Europe, who began to acquire fome fafte of elegance, unknown to their predeceflbrs, or defpifed by them. During the 12th and 13th centuries, the commerce of Europe was almoft entirely in the hands of the Italians, more commonly known in thofe ages by the name of Lombards. Companies or focieties of Lombard merchants fettled in every different kingdom ; they became he carriers, the manufactu- rers, and the bankers of Europe. One of the companies fettled in Lon- don ; and thence the name of LOmbard-ftreet was derived. While the Italians in the fouth of Europe cultivated trade with fnch induftry and fiicctfs, the commercial fpirit awakened in the north to- wards the middle ot the thirteenth century. As the Danes, Swedes, and other nations around the Baltic, were at that time extremely barbarous, and infefted that fea.with their piracies, the cities of Lubec and Ham- burg, foon after they had begun to open fome trade with the Italians, entered into a league of mutual defence. They derived fuclf advan- tages from this union, that other towns acceded to their confederacy; and, in a fliort time, eighty of the moft confiderable cities, fcattered through thofe large countries of Germany and Flanders which ftretch from the bottom of the Baltic to Cologne on the Rhine, joined in an al- liance, called the Hanfratic League^ which became fo formidable, that its friendftiip was courted and its enmity dreaded by thegreateft monarchs. The members of this powerful aflbciation formed the firft fyftematic plan of commerce known in the middle ages, and conduced it by com- mon laws enacted in their general aftemblics. They fupplied t!ie reft of Europe with naval ftores, and pitched on different towns, the moft -eminent of which was Bruges in Flanders, where they eftabliflied f 1 ftaplt in which their commerce was regularly carried on. Thither the Lom- bards brought the produdtious oFIndia, together with the manufacture* m INTRODUCTION. of Italy, and exchanged them for the more bulky but not lefs ufeful commodities of the North. As Bruges became the centre of communication between the Lombards and Hanfeatic merchants, the Flemings traded with both in that city to fuch extent as well as advantage, as diffufed among them a general' habit of induftry, which long rendered Flander&and the adjacent provinces the moft opulent, the moll populous, and bcft cultivated countries in Europe. Struck with the flourifliing ftate of thefe provinces, ol which he difco^ « •pj vered the true caufe, Edward III. of England endeavoured to ex» ■ cite a fpirit of induftry among his own fubjeifts, who, blind to the ^^^°' ad vantages ofthetrfjtuation, and ignorant of the fource from which opulence was deftined to flow into their country, totally neglefted com- merce, and did not even attempt thofe manufadures, the materials of wh'ch they furnifhed to foreigners. Hy alluring Flemifli artifans to {et^ tie in his dominions, as well as by nany wife laws for the encouragement and regulation of trade, he gave a beginning to the woollen manufac- ture of England, and firft turned the aftive and enterprifing genius of his people towards thofe arts which have raifed the Englifli to the firft: rank among commercial nations. The Ciiriftian princes, after their great lofles in the crufades, endea- voured to cultivate the friendfljip of the great khans of Tartary, whofe fame in arms had reached the moft remote corners of Europe and Afia, that they might be fome check upon the Turks, who had b^en fuch enemies to the Chriftian name, and who, from a contemptible hai dful of wanderers ferving occafionally in the armies of conte»-,ding pr'.nces, had begun to extend their -ivages over the fineft countries of Afia. The Chriftian embaffies were managed chiefly by monks, an aAive and enterprifing fet ormen, who, impelled by zeal and undaunted by difficulties and danger, penetrated to the remote courts of thofe infidels. The Englifli philofopher, Roger Bacon, was fo induftrious as to colleft from their relations and traditions many particulars of the Tartars, which are to be found in Purchas's Pilgrim, and other books of travels. The firft regular traveller of themonkifli kind, who committed his difcovcries to writing, was John du Plant Carpin, who, with fome of his brethren, about the year 1^46, carried a letter from pope Innocent to the great khan of Tartary, in favour of the Chriftian fubjefts in that prince's extcnfive dominions. Soon after this, a fpirit of travelling into Tartary and India became general : and it would be nodiflicult matter to prove that many Europeans, about the end of the fourteenth century, fervcd in tke armies of Tamerlane, one of the greateft princes of Tartary, whofe conqcefts reached to the remoteft corners of India ; and that they intro- duced Into Europe the ufe of gunpowder and artillery ; the difcovqry jrade by a Gejrman chemift being only partial and accidental. After the death of Tamerlane, who, jealous of the rifing power of the Turks, had checked their proc;refs, the Chrillian adventurers, iipon their return, magnifying the valt riches of the Eaft It^dies, infpired their A T\ countrymen with a (pirit of adventura and diicovery, and were 'the firft that rendered probable the prafVicability of a paflage thi- ■'■ ^' ther by fea. The Portuguefe had been always famous for their application to maritime affairs; and to their difcovery of the Cape of Good Hope, Great Brttain is at this day indebted for her Indian com- merce. The firft adventurers contented themfelvcs with ftiort voyages, creep-' ing along tlic coalf of Africa, difcovering tape after cape ; but by mak- jug a gradual progrefs fouthward, they, in the year 1497, were fo fof- 6 INTRODUCTION. WW tunate as to fail beyond the Cape; which opened a paflage by fea to the eaftern ocean, and all thofe countries known by the names of India, China, and Japan. While the Portugiiefe were intent npon a paflage to India by the caft, Columbus, a native of Genoa, conceived a projcA of failing thither by the weft. His propofal being condemned by his countrymen as chime- rical and abfurd, he laid hi> fcheme fucceHively before the courts of France, England, and Portuf^sl, where he had no better fuccefs. Such repeated difappointments would have broken the fpirit of any man but Columbus. The expedition required expenfe, and he had nothing to defray it. Spain was now his only refource; and there, after eight years' attendance, he at length fuccecded, through the ihtereft of queen Ifabclla. This princefs was prevailed upon to patronife him, by the reprefentation of Juan Perez, guardian of the monaftery of Rnbida. He was a man of coniiderable learning, and of fome credit witMl^een Ifabel- la; and being warmly attached to Columbus, from hisperifonal acquaint- ance with him, and knowledre of his merit, he had entered into an ac- curate examination of that great man's proje6l, in conjunftion with a phyfician fettled in his neighbourhood, who was eminent for his flvillin mathematical knowledge. This inveftigation comi)letely fatisfied them of the folidity of the principles on which Columbus founded his opinion, and of the probability of fuccefs in executing the plan which he propofed ; Perez, therefore, fo ftrongly recommended it to queen H'abella, that flie warmly entered into the fcheme, and even generoufly offered, to the ho- nour of her fex, to pledge her own jewels in order to raife as much mo- ney as might be required in making preparations for the voyage. But Santangel, another friend and patron of Columbus, immediately engaged to advance the fum that %vas requifite, that the queen might not be re^ duced to the neceffity of having recourfe to that expedient. •■. ' Columbus now fet fail, anno 1492, with a fleet of three fliips, uporf one of the moft adventurous attempts ever undertaken by man, andt in the fate of which the inhabitants of two worlds were interefted. In this voyage he had a thoufand difficulties to contend with ; and his fail- ors, who were often difcontented, at length began toinfiflupon his re- turn, threatening, in cafe of refufal, to throw him overboard ; but the firmnefs of the commander, and the difcovery of land after a paffage of " 33 days, put an end to the commotion. From the appearance of the na- tives, he found to his furprife that this cowKI not be the Indies he was in queft of, and that he had accidentally difcovered a new world, — of which the reader will find a more circumftantial account in that part of ths following work which treats of America. .'■"':'■'* Europe now began to emerge out of that darknefs in which (lie had' been funk (incc the fubverfion of the Roman empire. Thefe difcove- ries, from which Aich wealth was delKuied to flow to the commercial na- tions of Europe, were accompanied and fucceeded by others of a T) unfpcakable benefit to mankind. The invention of printing, the revival of learning, arts, and fciences, and, laftiy, the happy re- ^^^°* formation in religion, all diftinguifli the 15th and 16th centuries as the firft asra of modern hiftory. It was in thefc ages thai the powers of Eu- rope were formed into one great political fyfiem, in which each took a ffation, wherein it has fince remained, with lefs variation than could have been expc(5ted after thcvfliocks occafioned by fo many internal revolu- tions, and fo many foreign wars, of which \ye Ihall give fome account in the hiftory of each particular ftate, in the following work. The great events whicli happened then have not hitherto exhaufted their force, ^4 56 INTRODUCTION. m their force. The political principles and maxims then eftabliflied, ftill continue to operate; and the ideas concerning the balance of power, then introduced or rendered genera^ ftill influence, in fouie degree, the councils of European nations. Of all the kingdoms of Europe, Great Britain has for a long time en- joyed the greateft degree of profperity and j^'.ory. She ought, therefore, to be the more attentive to preferve io brilliant a pre-eminence. A great empire cannot be continued in a happy fituation, bu^ by wifdom and moderation. Without entering into fhe labyrinth of political difputes, it will be acknowledged that the unhappy conteft of Great Britain with the American colonies, and tfpecially the unfuccefsful war againft the new republic of France, have plunged her into difficulties ; her national debt has beenprofufely augmented, and her taxes eaormouny incrcafed. , P A R T III. OF THE ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF RELIGION. Deity is an awfuI objei'V, and has ever roufed the attention of man-, kind ; but they being incapable of elevating their ideas to all the fublimity of his perfedions, have too often brought down his perfec- tions to the level of their own ideas. This is more particularly true with regard to thofe nations whole religion had no other loundation but the natural feelings, and more often tlie irregular paifious, of the human heart, and who had received no light from heaven refpedHng this im- portant obje^"}. In deducing the hiftory of religion, therefore, wc muft make the fame diftin^lion which vve have hitherto obfcrved in tracing the progrefs of arts, fcitnces, and civilifation among mankind- We muljj feparate what is human from what is divine, — what had its origin from particular revelations, from what is the effect of general laws, and of the unaflifled operations of the human mind. Agreeably to tiiis diftlnc^ion, we findy that, in the firft ages of the world, the religion of t[ie eaftern nations was pure and luminous. It arofe from a divine fource, and was not then disfigured by human fan- cies or caprice. In time, however, thefe began to have their influence ; tlie ray of tradition was oufcured ; and among thofe tribes which fcpa- rated at the greateft diftance, and in tb^.fmallefl: numbers, from the more improved focietles of men, it was altogether obliterated. Jn this fituation a particular people were TeleWed by God himftlf, ta be the depofitaries of hi , law and worfhip ; but the reft of mankind were left to form hypothefcs upon thefe fubjects, which were more or lf:fs perfect, according to an infinity of circumftances which cannot pro- perly be red^iced under any gejicral iicads. The moft common religion of antiquity — that which prevailed the longeft, and extended tlie widcft — waii Fulytheism, or the do6frine of a plurality of gods. The rage of fyfteni, the ambition of reducing all the phjenomcna of the moral world to a few general principles, has occa- fioned many imperftcf accounts, both of the origin and nature of this fl)ecies of worfhip, For, without entering into a minute detail, it is impollible to give an adequate idea of the fiibjeft : and what is faid. upon it in general, mull alway!, be liable to many exceptions. . , INTRODUCTION. S9 One thing, however, may be obferved, that the polytheifm of the an-» c5ents feenis neither to have been the fruit of philofophical fpeculations, nor of disfigured traditions concerning the nature of the Divinity. It feems to have arifen during the rudeft ages of fociety, while the rational powers were feeble, and while mankind were under the tyranny of ima-. gination and paffion. It was buih, therefore, folely upon fentiment. A« each tribe of men had their heroes, fo likewife they had their gods. Thofe heroes who led them forth to combat, who prefided in their councils, whofe image was engraved on their fancy, whofe exploits were imprinted on their memory, even after death enjoyed an exifteace in the imagmation of their followers. The force of blood, of friendfliip, • of affe£tion, among nide nations, is what we cannot eafily conceive : but the power of imagination over the fenfes is what all men have ia fome degree experienced. Combine thefe two caufes, and it will not appear flrange that the image of departed heroes fliould h«ve been feen by their companions animating the battle, taking vengeance on their* enemies, and performing, in a word, the fame tunftions which they- performed when alive. An appearance fo unnatural would not excite terror among men unacquainted with evil fpirits, and who had not; learned to fear any thing but their enemies. On the contrary, it con- ' firmed their courage, flattered their vanity; and the teftimony of thofe who had feen it, Supported by the extreme credulity and romantic caft\ of thofe wllo had not, gained an univerfal aflent among all the members- of their fociety. A fmall degree of reflcftion, however, would be fnfti--" ^ien^ to convince them, that, as their own heroes exlfted after death, the fame might alfo be the cafe with tl'iofe of their ene.vats. Two orders of ■ gods, therefore, would beeftabliflied, — the propitious and the boftiie,— ' the gods who weie to be loved, and thofe who were to be feared. But" time, which wears off the impreffions of tradition, and the frequent in- vafions by which the nations of antiquity were ravaged, defolated, or tranfplanted, made tliem lofe the names and confound the charaftt-rs of' thofe two orders of divinities, and form various fyfiems of religion, which, though warped by a thoufand particular circumflances, gave no- fmall indications of their firft texture and original materials. For, in general, the gods of the ancients gave abundant proof of human infir- mity. They werefubje£t to all the palhons of men ; they partook even of their partial affe^ions, and in many inilances difcovered tlieir pre- ference of one race or nation to all others. They did not eat and drink the fame fubftances with men ; but they lived on nedtar and ambrofia ; they had a particular pleafure in fmelling the fteifm of the facrifices, and they made love with an ardour unknown in northern climates. The rites by which they were worlliipped, naturally refulted from their cha- rafter. The moft enlightened among the Greeks entertained nearly the fame notions of gods and religion, as thofe that are to be met with in; the poems of Heliod and Homer ; and Anaxagoras, who flouriflied be- fore Chrirt 430 years, was the firll, even in (7reece, that publicly an- nounced the exigence of one Great -rand Governor of the uiiivcrfe. It muft be obftrved, however, that the religion of the ancients was not mucli connected either with their private behaviour (.r with thtlir political arrangements. If wc except a lew fanatical focieties whofe principles do not fall within our plan, the greater part of mankind were extremely tolerant in their principles. They had their own gods who \yatched over them ; their Jieighbours, they imagined, alfo had theirs ; and there was room enough in the univerfe for both to live together iu good fellowfliip, without interfering or joftling with each other. ■■'... -^^v. 1 ,- 5» INTRODUCTION. The introdiiftion of chriftianit)', by inculcating ttie unity of God, by announcing the purity of iiis character, and by eyplaining the fervice he requires of men, produced a total alteration in their religious fenti- ments and belief. But this is not the place for handling this fublime fub- jeft. It is fufiicient to obferve here, that a religion which was founded on the unity of the Deity, which admitted of no aflociation with falfe {;ods, muft either be altogether dcilroycd, or become the prevailing be- iefof mankind. The latter was the cafe. Chriftianity made its way among the civilifed part of mankind, by the fubljmity of its doftrine and precepts; it required not the aid of human power; it fuftained itfelf by the truth and wifdom by which it was chara£terifed. But in time it be- came corrupted by the introduftion of worldly maxims, of maxims very' inconfiftent with the precepts of its divine author, and by the ambition of the clergy. The mana|<(ment of whatever related to the church being naturally conferred on thofe who had eftabliihed it, firft occafioned the elevation and then the domination of the clergy, and the exorbitant claims of the bifliop of Rome over all the members of the Chriftian world. It is im- poffible to defcribe, within our narrow limits, all the concomitant caufes, fome of which were extremely delicate, by which this fpecies of uni- verfal monarchy w;'. eftablifhed. The bifliops of Rome, by being remov- ed from the control of the Roman emperors then refiding in Conftanti- nople,— by borrowing, with little variation, thereligious ceremonies and* rites eftabliOied among the heathen world, and otherwife working on the credulous minds of the barbarians by whom that empire began to be dif^!. membered,— and by availing themfelves of every circum^ance which fortune threv/ in their way, — flowly ere(?led the fabric of their antichrif- tian power, at firft an object of veneration, and afterwards of terror, to all temporal princes. The caufes of its happy diirolution are more palpa- ble, and operated with greater aftivity. The moft efficacious were the in- dention of printing, the rapid improvement of arts, government, and commerce, which, after many ages of barbarity, made their \#ay intoEu- liope. The fcandalous lives of thofe who called themfelves the '■* mini/ierf «f Jefnt Chrift" their ignorance and tyranny, the defire natural to (ove- reigns of delivering themfelves from a foreign yoke, the opportunity of applying to national objefts the immenfe wealth which had been diverted' to the fervice of the church in every kingdom of Europe, confpired with theardour of the firft reformers, and haftened the progrefs of the refor- mation. The unreafonablenefs of the claims of the church of Rome was demonftrated ; many of herdo^rincs wer* proved to be equally unfcrip- titral and irrational; and fome of her abfurd muinmeries and fuperfil- tions were expofed both by argument and ridicuU". The fervicesof the reformers in this refpeft give them a juft claim to our veneration ; but, involved as they had themfelves been in the darknei's of fuperliition, it was not to beexpefted that thty {hould be able wholly to free themfelves from errors ; they ftill ret:dned an attachment to fame abfurd do(5trines, and preferved too much of the intolerant fpirit of the church from which- they had feparated themfelves. With ail their dcfeds, they are entitled to our admiration and efteem ; and the reformation, begun by Luther in- Germany, in the year 1O7, and which took place in England, A. D. X534, was an event highly favourable to the civil as well as to the reli- gious rights of mankind. We (hall now proceed to the main part of our work, be^lnninw witlj BuftOPE. [ 59 ] 5od, by fervjcc IS fcnti- me fub- "o uncled th falfe ling be- lts way cine and itfelf by le it be- ims ▼ery' Linbhion naturally :levation ns of the It is im- it caufes, s of uni- g remov- onftanti- onies and* ng on the to be dlf'' ce which antjchrif- lerror, to )re palpa- re the in- dent, and intoEu- « mini/lerf to love- •tunity of diverted ired with the refor- ome was unfcrip- fuperfti- ;es of the on ; but, \ition, it icmfelves loftrines, >m which- entitled .iither in' d, A. D. the relir lin^ witlj EUROPE. f^:v ■^'•r^ Europe, though the leaft extenfive quarter of theglbbc (containing, according to Zimmcrmann ♦, 4,6*7,574 fquare miltfs, whereas the habitable parts of the world, in the other quarters, are eftimated at 36,666,806 fquare miles), is, in many refpefts, that which mod deferves our attention. Here the human mind has made the greateft progrefs to- wards improvement ; and here the arts, whether of utility or ornament, tfie fciences both military and civil, have been carried to the greateft perfcftion. If we except the earlieft ages of the worldvJt is in Europe that we find the greateft variety of charaftcr, governmeht^^nd manners; and from its hiftory we derive the greateft number of fefts and memoi> rials, either for our entertainment or inftruftion. -■'' Geography difcovers to us two circumftances with regard to Europej which perhaps have had a confiderable ten^«i..«irsiS '>«Ci |r, there lemocra- ;ormer ; s of the afligned e, 18 the le other e fimple fhall be t of Eu- i human re apt to paflions, It which ift, The t is agajn ither and 'ing: the )nic, ancj >th degree between the north th- Me- ;ft, b^ the looo miles the river from the lorea, the ang kiag- I'' -S"^ 1 EUR P E • T7 * • Kngdoms. J, s 380 300 *85 1 300 15c 160 Chief City. Dlft.&Bcar- ing from London. Difference of Time fr. London. RcligioM. 5-' "England . .. . Scotland .... ' Ireland London .... Edinbvrgh. . Dublin Miles. 400 N. .270 N.W. H. M. iz aft. 2/5 aft. Calvinidt, Luth. &c. Calvinifts, &c. Calvinias U Papift*. Norway Denmark .... 1000 240 800 1 500 700 30c> 180 500 IIOO 680 Bergen Copenhagen . .540 N. 500. N. E. 24 bef. 50 bef. Luthcrani. Lutherans. Sweden Stockholm . . 750 N.E.. I 10 bef. Lutherans. Ruffia Petcrlburgh 1140 N. £. 2 4 bef. Greek church. Pi4and Warfaw 760 E. I 24 bef. Pap. Luth. & CaU. K. of Pr. D'im. 609 600 . 1 JOO 250 Berlin 540 E. 0* 49 bef. Lutherans & Caivin. Germany .... Vienna 600 £. 1 5 hef Pap. Luth. if. Calv. Loheniia .... Prague 600 E. I 4 bef Papifts. 1 Holland. ... 60c -co JOO 100 20c 500 50C ICO IOC ^mftcrdam . . 180 E. 18 be. Calvinifts. 1 Flanders . . . • Brufftls 180 S.E. 16 bef Papifts. France Pari* *oo S E. 9 bef Papift.s. Spain Madrid 800 S. 1 7 aft. Papifts. Portufjal .... Lifbon 850 s. vv. 38 aft. a8 bef. Papifts. Switzerland . 2 bo Bern,CoJre,&c 420 S. £. Calvinifts & Papifts. r Several ) fmall ). Piedn ftates, S Ch cities. Turii lont, Monferrat, Milan, Part 1, Cafal, Milan, Par na, Modena, Mantua, Venice,Genoa,Tufcany^c. tna, Modena, Mantua,Venice,Genoa, Florence. ropedom .... 240 I2C Rome Sao S.E. 52 btf Papifts. Naples aSo 300 600 380 400 12^ I -0 420 240 Naples 870 S. E. I bef. Papifts. Hungary . . . Buda 780 S. E. I 17 bef. Pap. & Prottftants. f Danubian "J 'Provinces/ 1 LittleT.nrtary* ^Greece JConftan-'l ._ 1, tinople J ' Precop Athens 1320 S. E. 1500 E. 1360 S. E. I 58 bef. ^ 14 bef I 37 bef. f Mahometans and t Greek church. f, • # « Hiiitncludei the Crim Tartary> now ceded toRuflia; for the particulars of wh'ch, fee Russia. ,\ : . .$. ■>•- fe....v'. ■ ;> ^--i ■ .*-. ..v^-**»*«**«— M ' DENMARK. Ewclufive of the BRITISH ISLES before mentioned, EtJROt>£ coii^ tains the following principal ISLANDS t ISLANDS. In the Northern Ocean { Iceland Baltic Sea . Mediterranean Sea A(!riatic, or Gulph of Venice Archipelago and Levant Seas . . I. ' Zealand, Funen, AITent Fal(ler, Lang>> 1 land, I^apland, Femeren, Mona,Born« > holm ) Gothland, Aland, Rugen Ofel, Dagho ,Ufedom, WoUin 'Ivira Majorca Minorca Corfica ; Sardinia ^Sicily ... {Ln(iena,Corfu,Ccphalonia,Zante,Leu- 7 cadia ^ Candia, Rhodes, Nejtropont, Lemnos, Tenedo*, Scyros, Mitylene, Scio, Sa- mos, Patmos, Faros, Cerigo, Santo- rin, &c, being part of ancient and mo- dern Greece Chief Town SUlho^ . . Ivini . . . Majorca Port Mahon Baftia Cagltari '. Palermo . Subjedt to Denmark Denmark Sweden RuiTia Pruflia Spain Ditto Ditto* France K.ofSard K.ofiSic. Venice Tnrkcy * Minorca was taken from Spain by General Stanhope, 1 708, and confirmed to Great Britain by the treaty of Utrecht, I7i3> but was befleged and taken by the Spaniards February 15, 178a, and confirmed to them by the deimitive treaty of peace, ugned at Paris, September 3, 1783. DENMARK. I Shall, according to my plan, begin this account of bis Danifh ma. jefty's dominions with the moft northerly fituations, and divide them into four parts : ifl, Eaft and Weft Greenland, Iceland, and the iflands in the Atlantic Ocean ; ad, Norway ; 3d, Denmark Proper ; and, 4th, I , his German territories.— The dimenHons of thcfc countries may be fecn in the following table: DENMARK. DennurkProper - North Jutland South Jutland, or Slefwick Zealand .... Square Miles. Iflands at the Funen entrance Fa'fterland T of the 4 Langland J Baltic Sea T'cmeren Allen . . . Mnna. . . Bornholm In the North Seas', Iceland liland . . Norway Danifli Lapland ...... Wcftphalia .... Oldenbutgh . . . Lower baxony . . Stormar Daniih Holftcin 9,600 2,115 1.935 768 220 50 54 39 160 46,000 71,400 28,400 iz6o 1000 8 •8 CO 163,001 >55 70 60 38 «7 13 15 14 20 435 750 285 62 5* 98 63 60 3» 12 8 6 5 12 '85 170 172 3» 3» Chief Cities. 1 EN-\N. Lat. 55.41. iN.jE, Lon. I a. 40. Wyburgh. Slefwick. CoPEN- HAO Odenfee. {Nikoping. Naxkaw. Borge. Sonderborge. Stege. Roftcombj. Skalholt. Bergen. ■ Waidliuys. Oldenburgh. Gluckftadt. WEST GREENLAKD. r appointed to a boat, and four or five boats ufually be- long to one fljip. \Vhen they ccme rtar the whale, the harpooner flrikes him with his harpoon (a barbe.1 dart), and the monfler, finding himfclf wounded, dives fwiftly down intJ the deep, and would carry the boat along with him if they did not givt' him line fall enough ; and to prevent the wood of the boat taking fire by the violent rubbing of the rope on the fide ot it, one wets it conflantly with a mop. After the wivAe has run fome hundred fathoms deep, he is forced to come up for air, when he makes fuch a terrible noife with hit; I'pouting, that fome have compared it to the firing of cannon. As foon a^ he ap, ears on the furface of the water, fome of the harpooners fix another harpoon in him, whereupon he plunges again into the deep; and when he comes up a fecond time, they pierce him with fpears in the vital parts, till he fpouts out flreanis of blood inilead of water, beating the waves with his tail and fins till the fea is all in a foam, the boats continuing to follow him fome leaj^ues, till he has loft his Urength ; and when he is dying he turns himfclf upon his back, and is drawn on fhore, or to the fliip, it they be at a dill:' ate from tiie land. There they cut him im. pieces, and by boilini' the blubber, oxtraft the oil, if they have conveniences ou lliorc; otherwifc they barrel up the e wobaJ 'he meii ey trou- beneath )men are elts, and ,'ife both e houfes the car- icredibly accounts lot, from ; obliged ugh they nploy all exterous, d, among r,e ot the requently lefs ; and terrible ; "on. md others ;m or ac- ^e aiRirds, rd ir long nd ot hair es of this s, and of between lei's from 'y given, |at ; fix or I'nally be- *-"' - IC EL ANa 4| pieces, and bring them home i thtf fmell of^theFe flilps isalmof! infufFer- able. Every fiS\ is computed to yield between 60 and 100 barrels oC oil, of the value of 3I. or 4I. a barrel. Though the Danes claim the country of Eaft and Weft Greenland where thele whales are taken, the Dutch have in a manner mondpblifed this filhery. Of late the Englifh. have alfo been vtty fiifeceftful in it. I C B L A N D. This i(tand, wHcH receives Us name from the gfcat malTes of Ice that Are fe'en near it, lies between 63 and 67 deg. N. lat. and be- tween n and 27 deg. W. long. It extends flmr hunf!'''!d miles in length, and a hundred and fixty in breadth, containing a v. ut 46,000 fquare miles. In April, 1783, the inhabitants of Iceland obfetved fdmething irifing and flaming In the fea, to the fouth of Grinbourg, at eight mile* dilhmce from the rotks des Oifeaux, which afterwards wa$ found to be a new ifland. The difnenlions and iituatiort of this itland are not well afcertained; but according to fome latt* inftirmation it was flill incrtaf* ing, and great quantities of fire ifliied from two of its eminences. PoPULATtoN, INttABITANtS, MANNERS, ANP ctrSTOMS.] It ap- pears that a Norwegian colony, amoiig which there were many Swedes, fettled in Iceland in the ninth century. They found there inhabitants who were Chriftlaas, and whom they called Papas. It Is faid that the Norwegians alfo found among them Iriili books, belts, and crofters : and it is conjeAured'that the people who were there When the Norwegians arrived in the iflaud^ originally cahie from Eilglatld and Ireland. The inhabitants long retained their freedom ; but thfey were atlall obliged to fiibmit to the kings of Norway, and allerwaru became fubjefl, together u ith Norway, to the kings of Denmark. They were at firft governed by in admiral, who was fent there every year to make tue neceffary regula- tions { but that mode has now Been bhanged for many ycnrs, and a go* ycrnor appointed, who is ftyled Sti/t/amtmanttj ?.nd who conWantly re* fulrs in the colintry. T'e number of inhabitants In Iceland is computed at about 60,000, *'l)i^ ^r by no means adequate to the extent of the country. It has been much more popViloug in former times ; but great numbers have been dc- ilroyed by contagious dJfeafes. The plague carried off many thoufands from 1401 to 1404. Many parts of Iceland have alfo been depopulated by famine ; for though the Icelanders cannot in general be faid to be in Want of neceflkry food, yet the country has feveral times been vifited by great famines. Thefe have beeri chiefly occafioned by ilie Greenland floating ice, which, wheh it comes in great quantities, prevents the grafs from growing, and puts an entire ftbp to their fifliing. The fmall-pok has likewife been Very fetal here • for in the years 1707 and 1-708 that [idireafc dcftroyed i6,o©o perfons. The Icfeliwders in general are middle-fized) and well made, though not I tery ftroug; They ^re an honeft, well-intentioned people, moderately in- Ulullri(viS) Imd are very faithful and obliging. Theft is fcldom hfard of among them. They «re much inclined to hofpitality, and" exercil'e it as far as their poverty will permit. Their chief employment is attending to [fifliing and the tare of their cattle. On the coafls the mew employ jtheir time in fifliing both winter and fummer ; and the women prepare jthc fifh, and few and fpin. The men alfo prepare leather, work at feveral Itiechanie trades, and fome few work in gold and iilvet. They likewife f ( n ! 66 ICELAND. manufa<5Vufe a coarfe kind of cloth, which they call Wadmal. They havean iineonimonly ftrong attachment to their native country, and thrAk themfelvcs no where elfe lo happy. An Icelander, therefore, feldom fet- tles in Copenhagen, though the moft advantageous conditions fliould be ofFered him. Their difpofitions are ferioiis, and they are much inclined to religion. They never pafs a river, or any other dangerous place, with- out previoufly taking off their hats, and imploring the divine prote6Hon; atid they are always thankful forthtir prefervation when they have paflcd the danger. When they meet together, their chief paftime confifts in reading their hiftory. The matter of the houfe begins, and the reft con- tinue in their turns when he is tired. They are famous for playing at chefs; and one of their paftimes confifts in reciting verfes. Sometimes a man and woman take one another by the hand, and by turns fing ftan- ?.as, which are a kind of dialogue, and in which the company occafional- Jy join in chorus. The drels of the Icelanders is not elegant or orna- mertal, but is neat, cleanly, and fuited tem, that there is hardly any peafant who eats it above three or four months in the year. Religion.} The only religion tolerated in Iceland is the Lutheran. , •The churches in thecaft, fo.ith, and weft quarters of the ifland, are under the juriWiftion of the bifliop of Skalholt (the caprtal oi the iflaud), and thofe of the north quarter are fiibjert to the biQiop of Hoolum. The .jftandis divided into 189 parifiies, of vi'hich 127 belong to the fee of Ska!- holr, and 6z to that of Iloolum. All the minifters are natives of Ice- land, and receive a yearly fal;iry of four or five hundred rix-dollars from the king, excluftve of what they have from their congregations. Langbaoe.] The language in Iceland is the fame as that formcrlrl fpoken in Sweden, Denmark, and Norway, and has been prefcrved fo mjre, that any Icelander underftands their moft ancient traditional [ hiftories. Learning and learned men.] It is faid that poetry formerly! flnuriflied very much in Iceland ; and we arc informed t! at Egil Skalla- grimfop., Konnack Ormundibn, Glum Geivfon, and Thorlief Jarlaa, were! celebrated as great poets. But the arc of writing was not much in ufetillj 'after the year 1000; though the Runic charaetry formerly at Egil Skalla- :f Jarlaa,were ,uehin\ifetill known in that ;h€rfromNof itin charafters jnly confillaof |i biHiop, illeif. lied four othfr| [ngue, divinity, (duftionof tiK ;amefubjcftt( 3^6r^ay, it was ont of the few countries in Europe, and the only one/ in the North, wherein the faiences were cultivated and held in efteem. But this period of time feems to have produced more learned men ia Iceland than any other period lince. It appears from their ancient chro- jjicles, that they had confiderable knowledge in morality^ philofophy, na- tufal hiftory, and aftronomy. Moft of tiieir works were written in thd nth, izth, 13th, and 14th centuries; and fome of them have beeil printed. Mr. Banks, now fir Jofeph Banks, prefented one hundred and fixty-two Icelandifli manufcripts to the Britifli Muieum. That gentleman vifited' Iceland in 1772, accompanied by Dr. Solander, Dr. van Troil, and Dr. Lind; Dr. Van Troil, who publiflied ah account of their voy-* age, obftrvts, that he found more knowledge among the lower claft iit Iceland, than is to be met with in moft other places ; that many of them could repeat the works of Come of their poets by heart; and thatapeafant Ivas feldom fobc found, who, befides being well inftruAed in the princi- ples of religion, was not alfo acquainted witi) the hiftdry of his own coun- try ; which proceeds from the frequent feeding of their traditional hifto-i ries, that being one of their principal amufemehts, John rtrefon, bifhop of Hoolum; employed John Matthieflbn, a ilative of Sweden, in eftabjifliing a printing prefs in Iceland about the yeai* 1530 ; and the firft book printed by him there was the Breviarium Nida- rofienfe. Healfo printed aiiecclefiaftickl manual, Luther's eatech'''m, and other books of that kind; The Icelandic code of laws appearer' m ^578, and the Icelandic bible in 1584. A new privileged printing-office has lately been eftabliflied at Hi.?;ppfey in this iiland, at which feveral va- luable books have been printed. Mountain^, voLbANoEs, ANONAttrRAL cirRtosiTiEs.] Though this ifland is fituated fo far to tlie north, earthquakes and volcanofes are more known than in many countries in much w armer climates. The for- mer have feveral times laid the couutry almoft defolate, particularly in the years 1734, J/'5a» and 1755, When fiery eruptions broke out or the earth and produced very fatal eflfeds. Maiiy of the fnowy rhountains have alfo gradually become volcanoes. Of thele burning rho.mtains, Hcckla h moil knowil to foreigners. This mountain is fitiiatf d in the fouth- ern part of the ifland, about four miles from the fea-coaft, and is divided into three points at the topj the higheft of u hich is that in the middle, which iS computed to be above qcoo feet higher than the fea. This mountain has frequently fent forth liames, and a torrent of burn- ing matter. Its eruptions were particularly dreadful in 1693, when they occalioncd terrible devallations, the afljcs being thrown all round the ifland to the diftance of '180 Eiiglifh miles. The laft eruption of Mount Heckla happened in 1 766. It began on the 5th of April, and continued to the 7th of September' following. Flames proceeded from it in De- cember 1771, and 1772; but no eruptions of lava. Among the curiofities of Iceland, none are more worthy of atten- tion than the hot f^wuting waier-fprings with which this iiland abounds. The hot fprings of Aix-la-chapelle, Carllbad, Bath, and Switzerland, and feveral others found in Italy, arc coafidered as very re- fliarkable ; but, excepting in the laft-mentioned country, the water no where becomes fo hot as to boil ; nor is it any where known to be thrown fo high as the hot fpouting waftr-fprings in Iccl ind. All tholf water- works thai have been contrived with fo much art, and at (o eiiormous an expenfe, cannot bv any nieans be compared vi-lth thefi . The water works It St. Cloud, which are thought tii'- greatcft among all the French water- works, caft up a thill coiumn eighty tcct in the air ; wbile fopie fprinjjs la f a, -i|.::„':, .:-l^'^ ICELAND. ' / Iceland fpoiit columns of water, of feveral feet in tliicknefs, to thf height, as many affirm, of feveral hundred feet. Thfik fprings artf of an unequal degree of heat. From fome, the water flows gently as from other fprings, and it is then called a bath i from others, boilia^ water fpouts with great notfe, and it is then called a kettle. Though thf degree of heat is unequal, yet Dr. Van Troil (ays that he does not re^i member ever to ha,ve obferved it under i88 of Fahrenheit's thermometep. At Gey rer,R(£ynum,and Laugarvatn, ho found itat 2 1» (theboi;hn^,heat)^ and in the laft place, in the ground, at a little hot eurrent 0/ water, aij degrees. It i$ very common for fome of the fpoutii»g-fprings to ceafcf and others to rife up in their ft&ad. Frequent eatrth^^iiakesr and fubter* ranean noifes, heard at the time^ c«ufe great terror to the people who Uve in the neighbourhood. In feverai of thefe bot- and theyr arc IJkewife efteemed very wbolefotoe when drank by the huuMm ifntits. The largefll of all the fpouting-fpringsin Iceland is ciXkd Geyfer. If is about two days' journey froitt Heckla, and noc iar from Skalholtv In approaching towards it, a loud roaring notfe is heard, Uke the ruffaing oi a torrent, precipit;tting itfelf from flupendous rocks. The water heire fpouts feveral times a-day, but always by ftarts, and after certain inter* ▼als. Some travellers have aflirmed that it (pouts to the height of fixty fathoms. The water >s thrown up much higher at fomer times than it «thers ; when Dr. Van Troil was tlicre, the utmoft height t)o which U Tnounted was computed to be 93 feet. Bafaltitie pillars are likewife very common ill Iceland, which are fu})* pofed to have been produced by fubterraneous fifes. The lower fort 0! people Imagine thefe pillars to have been piled upon one another by gi- ants, who made ufe of fuperiiatural force fOeffea it. They have gene* rally from three to feven fides, and are from four to feven feet in tftick. iiefs, and from tweke to fixteen yards in length,^ without any horizontal divifions. In fome places they are only feen here add there among tiie lava in tlie mmintains: but ii; fome other plbceS| they extend two n three miles in length without '•.terruption. There are i^iimenfe mafles of ire, by which, every year, great damage i« done to tills coimtry, aiidu'hich atfe<5t the climateuf it; they anive coin- inonly with a N. W. or N. N. VV. wind from Grtjeuland. The field icr is of two or three fathoms thicknefs, is feparated by the winds, and lefs dreaded than the rock or mountain ice, which is otten feen fifty and more feet above water, and is at leaft nine times the iain(r d«pth' below, water Tbtft prodigi«M$ iriaflts of ivc are frequently Icfr in flioal water, fix'cd, as it were, to the j^^roimd, aod in that ftate remain many months,' nay, it is faid, even years, m '> (^ i ^u I ved,chtili tig all- the ambient partof tlit; atmofphere for many milvs romul. When many fiich lofty a*»d bulky mafTes of ice are floating togfther, the wood tha< !» oiften d^flsd aUui;; bet-Aeen them, is h much tiiafcd, and prefTed withfueh violettce iugc- t')er, that it takes fire ; which circumftance has occafioned labulnii . a»> counts of the ice hein^ in fiaiiici. The ice caufed fo vmlettt a cold iu J ^53, and i754t 'h*»t m.iiw liorfcs and fliecp were killed by Itj nmi llirough vvaiit of fovnl, horfi s were obferved to feed upon dead cattle^ and tTic lliccp to cat of vach uthei's wool. A number of bfvs '^- Soutl^ on the videci ^cHfFe The r« tent, w Its pufit »s praai continu ts, to th? >rings art gently atr 8, boiila^ hough thf cs not t9* rmpin/BteP. ti'nfheit}^ water, ai} r« to €eafe« md fubt«r- leople who :he inhabi* a potf into ng. The/ »f cold wa» t enfraordp* wbolefotae Geyfer. It kalholtv In e nifhing o| ! water heire crtsun inter* ight of fixtf ma than at tio which i| ich are fup* ower fort of other by gi- have eeat* set in dnick. horixontal among the tend two » at damage is anive coiii- rhe field ice winds, aiwi een fifty and 4«pth' below, , flioal water, any months,' ^tpartofthff y Mid bulky d«ft«d aloii;? HjleUioe toge- tAbuln»i >■ i* * nt a cold in by it; aiiiif dead cattle» of btafs ar- KGR WAY. ^ W Itve yearly inth iheice, which commit great ravages, particularly among the iiK^ep. I^h^ Icelanders attempt to deilroy thefe intruders as foon as they get fight of them : and foinetimes they alTemble together, and drive them back to the ice, with which the^ often float off again. For want of ifire*arms, they are obliged to make ufe of ipcars on thefe occafions. The government CQCOurages the natives to deiiroy thefe animals, by paying a premium of ten dollars for e.very bear that is killed. Their Ikins are alfo purchafed for the king, and are not allowed to be fold to any other perfon. Jx is jextraordinary that trees do not thrive in Iceland ; nay, there are very few to be found on the whole ifland, though there are tertain proofs that wood formerly grew there in great abundance. Nor ,can corn be cultivated here to any advantage ; though cabbages, parf- ley, turnips, and peas, may be met with in Hve or iix gardens, which {are faid to be all that are in the whole ifland. Trade.] The commerce of this ifland is monopolifed by a Danifli company. The ^oi^ upon the fea-coaft is tolerably good for pafture : and though th*re is not any coniiderable town in the whole ifland, the Icejaflideft have feveral frequented ports. Their exports confift of dried jfiui, falted mutton and lamb, beef, butter, tallow, train-oil, coarfe wool- len cloths, flockings, gloves, raw wool, flicep-fliins, lamb- (kins, fox fius of various colours, cider-down, and feathers. Their imports confift of timber, fifliing-lines and hooks, tobacco, bread, horfe-flioes, brandy, wine, fait, linen, and a little filk, exclufive of fome necelFaries and fu- perfluities for the more wealthy. Strength and revenve.] As Iceland affords no incitement for avarice or ambition, the inhabitants depend entirely upon his Danifli majefty's prot£, w ho may be about 4000 or 500O}.ourliekl. The reader may confult the table of dimtnlions in Denmark tor its ex- tent, which is not, however, well afcertalned. Climate.] The climate of Norway varies according lo its latitude, and its pofition toward the fea. At Bergen the winter is moderate, and the fea is praAicable. The taftern parts of N'orway are commonly covered with l^iow ; and the cold generally fets in abotit the middle of Oif^bber, :-.n«i continues, with intenl'efeverity, to tiie middle of Apiil; th/ waters being 1" % I ^0 NORWAY, all that time frozen to a condderablethicknefs. In i7r9,)iooo Swedes, whq were on their march to attijck Dronthcim, perlflied in the iiiow, on tbq mountain which feparales Sweden from Norway ; and their bodies were found in different poftures. But even froft apd (now. have their conveni- ences, as they facilitate the conveyance of goods by land. As to the more northern parts of this country, called Fiumark, the cold is fo intenfc,that they are but little known. At Bergen the longeft day confifts of about 19 hours, and the fliorteft of about five. In fummer, the inhabitants can read and write at midnight by the light of the Iky ; and in the moft northerly parts, about inldfummer, the fua is continually in view. In thofe parts, however, in the middle of winter, there is only a faint glimmering ot light ?lt noon for about .nn hour and a half, owinj^ to the rcfledlion of the fun's Xays on the mountains. Nature, notwUbilanding, has been fo kind to the Norwegians, that, in the midfrofiheir darkt^.cfs, the /l^y is fo ferene, and the moon and the aurora borealis fo bright, that they ca^ry qn their fifliery, and work at their feveral tradss in the open air. The air is fo pure in fom&of the inland parts, that it h^s been faid the inhabitants live fo long as to be tired of life, and caufe themfelves to be tranfported to a lefs falubrious air. Sudden thaws, ^nd fnow-falls, have however, fometinies dreadful effetts^ anddeftroy whole villages. Mountains.] Norway is reckoned one of the moft mountainous countries in the world ; for it contains a chain of unequal mountains run- ning from fouth to north : to pafs one of which, called the Ardanger, a man muft travel about feventy Englifh miles; and to pafs others, upwards, of fifty. Dofref]'.;ld is counted the higheft mount^tin perhaps in Europe. The rivers and catarafts vvhich interfe£l: thofe dreadful precipices, an,d that are pafTable fnly by Hight tottering wooden bridges, render travelling in this countr) very terrible nnd dangerous ; though the government is at the expenfe of providing, at ditfi rent f^^goa, houfes accommodated with fire, light, and kitchen furniture. Detached from this vaft chain, other immenfe mountains prefent themfelves all over Norway ; fome of thenj withrefervoirs of water on the top, and the whole fonning a mofr furprif- ing landfcape. The activity of the natives ia recovering their fheep and goats, when penned up, through a falfe flop, in one of thofe rocks, is V onderful. The owner directs himfclf to be lowered down from the top of the mountain, fitting on a crofs ftick, tied to the end of a long rope; and when he arrives at the place where the creature ftands, he falfens it to the fame cord, and it is drawn up with himfelf. The caverns that are to be met with in thcfe mountains, are more wonderful than thofe, per*, haps, in any other part o^ the world, though lefs liable to obfervation. One of them, called Dolfteen, was, in 1750, vifited by two clergymen, who reported that they proceeded in it till they heard the fea dailiing over tlieir heads ; that the pafiage was zs wide and as high as ain ordinary church, the fidt ; perpendicular, and the roof vaulted ; that they defcend- ed a flight of natural flairs; but when they arrived at another, they durft not venture to proceed, but returned; and that they confumcd two can'iles going and r'Uirnin':^. FoRFSTS.] The hkf wealth of Norway lies jn its forefts,'which fur- nifti fereigners vvith mafts, beams, planks, and boards, and ferve befide for all domcltic ufcs, particularly the conllrnftion of houfes, bridges, fliips, and for charcoal to the founderics. The timber growing here are fir, and pine, elm, afh, yew, benreed (a very curious wood), birch, beech, oak, eel, or alder, juniper, tlic afpin-tree, the comol or doe-tree, hazel, elder, and even ebony (under the monntains of Kolen), lime or linden- tree, and willows. The funis which Norway receives Li tiaTiber\arc very lountainous NORWAY. Ii coniiderable ; but the induflry of the inhabitanfs U greatly aflifted by the courfe of their rivers, and the (ituatioii of their lakes, which afford them not onlythe conveniency of floating down thtir timber, but that of erecting faw^mills, for dividing their laree beams into planks and deals. A tenth of all fawed timber belongs to his Danifli majefly, and forms no iuconfiderable part of his revenue. Stones, metals, and minerals.] Norway contains quarries of excellent marble, as well as many other kinds of ftones; and the mag- net is found in the iron mines. The amianthus, or aibeilos, of an in* combnftible nature, the thin fibres of which may be woven into cloth, and cleaned by burning, is iikewife found here; as are cryf^als, granites, amethyfis, agate, thunder- flones, and eagle flones. Gold fouad m Nor- way has been coined into ducats. His Danifli majefty is now working, to great advantage, a filver mine at }Coninglhurgh ; otl^r filver mines have been found in different parts of the country; and one of the many filver mafTes that have been difcovered, weighing 560 pounds, is to be •feen at the Royal Muleum at Copenhagen. Lead, copper, and iron mines, are doixmon in this country : one of the copper mines at Roraas is thought to he the richeft in Europe. Norway Iikewife produces iquickfiiver, fulphur, fait, and coal mines, vitriol, jilum, and various kinds of loam^ the different manufa^ures of which bring ip a large re- venue to the crown. Rivera and lakes.] The rivers and frefh water lakes in this coun- try are well flocked with fifh, and navigable for fliips of confiderable burden. The moft extraordinary circumftance attending the lakes is, that fome of. them contain floating iflands, formed by the cohefion of roots of tree's and fhrubs ; and, though torn from the main land, bear herbage and trees. In the year 1702, the noble family feat of Borge, near Fredericfiadt, fuddenly fiink, with all its towers and battlements, into an abyfs a hundred fathoms in depth ; and its fcite wa^i inftantly filled with water, which formed a lake 300 ells in length, and about half as broad. This melancholy accident, by which 14 people and 209 head of cattle periflied, was occafioned by the foundation being under- mined by the waters of a river. Uncommon animals, \ All the animals that are natives of Den- FowLS, AND FISHES. J mark are to be fpund in Norway, vj/ith ai^ addition of many more. The wild beafts peculiar to Norway are the elk, the rein-deer, the hare, the rabbit, the bear, the wolf, the lynx, the fox, the glutton, the leming, the ermine, the marten, and the beaver. The elk is a tall, afli-coloured animal, its fliapc partaking at once of the horfe and the flag; it is harmlefs, and in the winter Tocial; and the flefli of it taftes like venifon. The rein-deer is a fpecies of f^ag; but we fliall have occafion to tpention it more particularly hereafter. The hares are fmall, and are faid to live upon mice in the winter time, and to change their colour from broun to white. The N'orwegian bears arc flrong and fagacious : they are remarkable for not hurting children; but their other qualities are common with the reft of their fpecies in north- ern countries j nor can we much credit the very extraordinary fpecimen* of their fagacity, recorded by the natives : they are hunted by little dogs ; and fome prefer bear hams to thofe of Weftphalia. The Norwegian wolves, though fierce, are Ihy even of a cow or goat, unlefs impelled hy hunger: the natives are dexterous in digging traps for them, in whicti they are taken or killed. The lynx, by fome called the goupes, is fmallep than a wolf, but as dangerous ; they are of the cat kin '., and have claws like tigers j they dig under ground, and often undermiue flicep-foidi, ?* N o i^ w A y, where they m»ke dreadful h»voc. T^ht (kit^of th^ lyny is beauti|u{«id valuable, as is tliat of the black fox. Wfiite and red ^oxes are likeWife found in Norway, and partake of the nature of that wily animal in other countries; they have a pfrticul^r way of drawing crabs afliore, by dip- ping their taiU in the wiiter, which tlifi crab lays hold qf. The glutton, othervvife called the ervan, or vielfras, refembles a turnr ipit doj^,. with a long body, thipl^ legs, fliarp claws and teeth ; his hir^ which IS variegated, is fo valuably* that he i» fliot with blunt arrows, to preferve the Hiin uahurt : he is fa bold and ravenous, that it is faid Hi^ will ^vonr a cqrcafe larger than himfelf, and u'uburdens his ftomach by fqueezing himfelf between two clofe-ftanding trees ; and that, wheq taken, he has been even known to rat ^Qnt and mortar, "^tie ermine is a little creature, remarkable for itji fliynefs and cleanliuefs ; and its fur forms aprindpal part even of roj^al magnificence. There is little dif- ference between the marten and a large orown foreft car, only its head and fnout are iliarper } it is very fierce; aod its bite dangerous. We fliall have occafion to mention the beaver in treating of North America. No cQuiitry produces a greater variety of birds thap Diforway. The elks build upon rocks; their numbers often darken the air, and the noife of their wings refembles a ftorm ; their fize is that of a large duck ; they are an aquatic fowl, and their ficfli is much efteemed. No fewer than 30 different kinds of thruflies are found in Norway ; with various Kinds of pigeons, and feveral forts of beautiful wild ducks. The Nor- v/Witi cock'of-the-wood i^ of a black or dark grey colour } his eye reiembles that of apheafant ; and he is fald to b^ the largeft of all eat- able birds. Norway produces two kinds of eagles, the land and the fca ; the former is fo ftrong, that he has been Known to carrv off a child of two years old. The Tea. or fifli-eagle is larger than the other ; he fubfiils on aquatic food, and fometimes darts on large fifties with fuch force, that, being unable to free his talons froni. their bodies, he is dragged into the waterand drowned. Nature feems to have adapted thefe aiirial inhabitants for the coafl of Korway ; and induftry has produced a fpecie$ of mankind peculiarly fitted for rendering them fcrviceatile to tixp humt^n race. Thefe are the • birdmen, or cfimbers, who are amazingly dexterous in mounting the Aeepcd rocks, and bring away the birds and their eggs : the latter are nutritive food, and are parboiled in vinegiir ; the flefh is fometimes eaten by the peafants, who generally relifti it ; while (he feathers and down form a profitable commodity. Even the dogs of the farmers, in the, northern diilriAs, ar^ trained up to be affiftants to thefe birdnien in tak- ing their prey. ' Thf; Scitndinavian lakes and feas are adonilhingly fruitful in mo(l kinds of fifli that are found on the fea-coafts of Europe. Stock-fim innumerable are dried Hpon the rocks without faking. The haac 3 large and frightful fea-monfter raifed itfclf fo liigh out of the water, that its head reached above the maintop-maft of the fliip ; that it had a long fliarp fnout, broad paws, and fpouted water like a whale ; and that the body feemed to be covered with fcalcs ; the /kin was uneven and wrinkled, and the lower part was forn.td like a fnake. The body of this monfter is faid to be as thick as a ho;; flitad ; his fltin variegated like a torioife-fliell ; and his excrement, which floats on the furface of the water, to becorrofive, and blifter the hands of the fea- men if they handle it. The exiftence of the kraken, or korken, is likewife ftrongly afllrted j it is faid to be a mile and a half in circumference ; and that when part of it appears above the water, it refembles a number of fmall illands and (and-banks, on which fifties fport, and fea-weeds grow; upon his far- ther emerging, a number of pellucid antennas, each about the height, 74 i^ O R W A Y. 'km fm li ' IsnB^ i* & forrr,- and fize of a moderate maft, appear ; by the aftion and re-aAI«5|l of which he gathers his food, r,onfjfting of fmaU fiflies. When he finks, which he does gradually, a dangerous fwell of the Tea fucceeds, and a kind of whirlpool is naturally tonnpd in the water. In 1680, we ar« told, a young kraken periihed among the rocks, and cliflPs U the parifh of Alflahong; and his death was attended with fuch a flench, th^tthe channel where he died was impaiTable. ' ' The mer-men and mer-women are likewife faid to'have their refi- dence in the Norwegian feas; but it is noteafy to give credit to all that isrelated concerning them by the natives. The mer ni^n is about eight fpans long, and is defcribed as bearing nearly the fame refemblanceas an ape does to the human fpecies. It has a high forehead, little eyes, 4 Dat nofe, and large mouth, without chin or ears; its arms are fr.ort, but without joints or elbows, and they terminate in members refemhling a human hand, but of the paw kind, and the fingers connected by a membrane. The parts of generation indicate their fexes ; though thei^ tinder parts, which remain in the water, terminate like thofe of fifhes. The fiemales have breafls, at which they fuckie their yoyng ones. CuRioMTiEs.] Tliofe of Norway are only natural. On the coaft, la-f titude 67, is that dreadful vortex or whirlpool, called by navigators the navel of the fea, and by fome Maleilrom, or Moikoeflrom. The ifland Mofkoe, from whence this flream derives its name, lies between the mountain Hefleggen in Lofoden, and the ifland Ver, which are about one league diflant ; and between the ifland and coafl on each fule, the ftream makes its way. Between Mofkoe and Lofoden it is neai" 400 fa • thorns deep ; but between Mofkoe and Ver, it is fo fliallow as not to afford pafTage for a fmall flu'p. When it is flood, the flream runs up the country between Lofoden and Mofkoe with a boiflerous rapidity ; and at ebb, returns to the fea with a violence and noife unequalled by the loudeft cataraifls. Jt is heard at thediftanceof many leagues, and forms a vortex or whirlpool of great depth or extent, fo violent, that if a fhip comes near it, it is immediately drawn irrefiftibly into the whirl, and there difappears, being abfbrbed and carried down to the bottom in a moment, where it is dafhed to pieces againft the rocks ; and jull at the turn of ebb and flood, when the water becomes flill for about a quarter of an hour, it rifes again in fcattered fragments, fcarceiy to be known for the parts of a fliip. When it is agitated by a florm, it has reached vefTels at thediftance of more than a Norway mile, where the crews have thought themfelves in perfeft fecurity. Perhaps It is hardly in the power of fa^icy to conceive a fituation of more horror than that of being thu| driven forward by the f udden violence of an impetuous torrent to the vortex of the whirlpool, of which the noife and turbulence, flill in- creafing as it is approached, arc an earneft of quick and inevitable deftruc- tion; while the wretched victims, in an agony of defpair and terror, cry out for that help which tliey know to be impofTible, and fee before them the dreadful abyfs into which they are to be plunged, and dallied among the rocks at the bottom. Even animals, which have come too near the vortex, have exprefTed the utmoft terror when they found the flream irrefifiible. Whales arc frequently carried away; and the moment they feel the force of the water, they ilruggle againfl it with all their might, howling and bellow- ing in a frightful manner. The like happens frequently to bears, whq attempt to fwim to the idand to prey upon the flieep. It was the opinion of Kircher, that the Maleftrom is a fea vortex, whicJi 9ifj;^SL9 t|if ^ooi under the fliore of Norway, and Uiiiipi^rgf $ i^ NORWAY. 13 «gfltn in the gulph of Bothnia ; but tMs opinion is now known to bo eitoneous, by the return of the (battered fragments of whatever liappcin to be fucked down by it. The large items of firs and pines rife agaia fo fluvered and ipllntcred that the pieces look as if covered with brilHes. The whole phaenomena are the ett'efts of the violence of the daily ebb ^nd flow, occaHoned by the contraction of the (Iream in its ccturfe be> tween the rocks. Peopi-e, language, kelioiow, 7 The Norwegians are a people AND CUSTOMS OF NoRWAY. 3 of an intermediate chara6ter be- twee . the fimplicUy of the Greenlanders and Icelanders, and the more polio led manners of the Danes. Their religion is Lutheran ; and they have bifliops, as thofe of Denmark, without temporal jnrifdiAion. Their viceroy, lilte his mafter, is abfolule : but the farmers and common people in Norway are much lefs oppreffed than thofe in Denmark. The Norwegians in general are ftrong, robuft, and brave ; but quick in refenting real or fupppfed injuries. The women are handfome and courteous; and the Norwegian modes of living greatly refemble thofe of the Saxon anceftors of the pr^fent Englifli. Every inhabitant is aii artifan, arid fu[jplies his family in all its ncceiTaries with his own manu- facSures; fo that in Norway there are few by profeffion who are hat- ters, flioe-makers, tailors, tanners, weavers, carpenters, fmiths, or joiners. The loweft Norwegian peafant is an artift and a gentlemari. and even' a poet. They often mix with oat-meal the bark of the fir, made into a kind of flour; and they are reduccjl to very extraordinary fliifts for fupplying the place of bread or farinaceous food. The middling Nor- wegians lead that kind of life which we may fay is furniflied with plen- ty ; but they are neither fond of luxury, nor do they dread penury ; 3nd this middle '^ate prolongs their lives furprifingly. Though their drefs is in many relj/efts accommodated to their climate, yet, by cuftom^ inftead of guarding againft the inclemency of the weather, they out- brave it; for they expofe thenfelves to cold, without any covering xipon their breafts or necks. A Norwe^'an of a hundred years ol age ia not accounted paft his labour; and, in 33, four couples were married; ind danced before his Danilh majefty at 1 edericftiaii, whofe ages, when joined, exceeded 800 years. ,' The funeral cerenionies of the Norwegians contain veftiges of their former paganifm : they play on the violin at the head or the coffin, and whilef the corpfe is carried to the church, which is often done in a boat, jfn fome places the mourners a(k the dead perfon why he died ; uhether Jiis wife and neighbours were kind to him, and other fuch queirions; frequently kneeling down and afking forgivenefs, if ever they had of- ftnded hirrj.' ' ' Commerce.] We have little to add to this head, ditFercnt from what will be obferved in our account of Denmark. The duties on their ex- ports, moft of which have been already recounted, amount to about 100,000 rix-dollars'a year. Strength ANQ REVKHuii.i By the beft calculations, Norway caa furnifii out i'4.,oo6 excell . ,t A ;imen, and above 30,000 brave foldiers, for the fervice of their kinv,, I'Jhe royal annual revenue from Norway amounts to near' 200,000!. and, till his prefent majelty's acceflion, the army, inftead of being expenfive, added confiderably to his income, by the fubfidies it drew from foreign princes. History.] We muft refer to Denmark likewife for this head. The ancient Norwegians certainly were a very brave and powerful people, and the hardieft feamen iu (he world, if we may believe their hillories, ^■-J'-- > IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^ 4fe ^^n^" 1.0 I.I IAS 121 |2.5 1^ 1^ |2.2 lAo 111112.0 im 1-25 1.4 1.6 = = _ „ 6" ► Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN ;>7i)r V WEBSTER, NY. M5S0 (716) S73-4S03 .f CoItfcriDus, Many ctiftoms of their anceftors are yet difcernible ir| Ifeland^hd the north of Scotland, where they made frequent defcenfs* and fonie fetttepnents, which are generally confoundAl with thofe of the Banes. From Ithehr being the mdft turbulent, they are become new the moft loyal fubje^s in Europe : their fopner char*fter is no doubt ^ l>e afcribed to the barl^ity and tyranny of their kings, when a fppa- fate people.' Since the union of Calmar, which united Norway to Denmark, their hhlory, i& well as ii^iefefts, are tbv fame with thofe of Denmark. pgNMARK • Prop ER, or JUTLAND, exclufiye of t|ic IsLAM»9 in the Baltic. tXTKtiT AVD SIttJAvION. MUSS. DEGREES. Length »40t 1 k*».o»*«. 5 54 and 38 North latitude, " . , BreaJth - - - - 114 | /»«tweeii | g a^j j , Eaft longitude. Containing 15,744 Sqoacrl^ilesy with 139 Inhabitants to each. lpov?fD ARIES AND*) IT if divided On the North from Nor#ay by QivisioMs. 3 the Scaggetgc fea, and ftom Sweden on the Eaft by the Sound ; it is bounded on the South by Germany and th(^ Baltic ; anil the Getman fea divides it firom Great Britain on the Weft. Denmark iProper is (}ivided into two parts ; the peninfula of Jutland, unciently ^Ued Cherfinefus C'tmbriea^ and the iflands at' the entrance of the Baltic i]i^ntioned in the table. II is remarkable,' iHat^ though all thefe togctbf^r cpnftitute the kingdom of Denmark, yet not apy one of them is fer^ately Calkd by that name. Copenhagen, the metropolis, is in the ifland of Zealand. Air, cLfifATE, 8pi|., itntv. or AqRicuLTtrtt, trc] One of the largeft and moft fertile of all the provinces of this kingdom is Jutland^ which produtes abundance of all forts of grain an^ pafturage, and is 9 kind or magazine for Norway on all occaliohs. A great number of fmall cattle are bred in this province, and afteryirards trknfpdrted into Holftein, to be fed for the ufe of Qambiirgh, l^ubet, and Amfterdam, Jutland is every where interfperfed with hills^ and on ^he eaft fide has fine woods of oak, (ir, beech, birch, and other treei; bt^t ^lie weft fide being lefs woody, the inhabitants are Obliged to ufe turf and heath ipr fuel. Zealand is for the mc^ft part a f^ndy foil, but rather fertile in grain and pafturage, and agreeably variegated with woods and lakes of water. The cfimate is. more temperate here on account of the vapours from the furroundiog fea, *han if is in many more foutherly parts of Europe. Spring and autumn are feafons fcarcely known in Denmark, on account of the fudden tranfitions from cold to heat, and from heat to cold, which diftrngtJift the climate of this kingdom. In all the northern provinces of Denmark, the winters are very fevere, fo that the inhabitants often pafs arms of the fea in fledges upon the ice ; and dnHng the winter all the harbours are frbzen up. * See Mallet's Denmark, p. I, to T 8, vol. v. ^ii Meaning, where Ioqk'A 3>i^ broacjcft;, — a method which the author hat every where ohfcrTcd ; and it fc^is to be the pradticc of other vriteri on the fuhjed. iVce.\K allowances miift tfirrcfrirc be n^iide In mnft countries, xb the readeri will per* reite by looking on the mapa. J\itl»Ad, Un ialtattoe, w 1 14 sulci wkere brutaafty though in lundi-y other parts it it out 50. ti t it li A ft. k. n '■h- Thc^Kateft part of the lands in Denmark and Holftein are fiefi ; an<^ i'tit ancient nobility, by grants which they extorted at different timetf from the cr6wn^gahied fuch power over the farmers, and thote whore^ fided upon thtir iMlates, that 'at length, thev vtduc^ them to a ftate >f extreme ^lavery^ io that they wdre boueht and fold with their iands^ ..nd were efteemsd the property of their lorda. Many of the nobte land- holde¥4 of 91efwiek and Holftein have the power oif life and death. The iituatioii of the farmers has, indeed, been made fomewhaf more itgreeabkf by fome i^iodem &dki£k$ }, but (hf at the will lof their lords. Wh'tn a farmer itv DenmiMt or Holftfiri baippens to be an induftrioud man, Md is fituated u^h a poor farm, which by^eat-dii!^ gence he has laik>«ftd to eultivate advantageottfly, as foon as he hai jMrformed the toilfoianc txft^ «tid expeArt4> reap the profits, of what h^ iias fowny i^s laf^iord, undet ^^tence of taking it into Mi own han^ Removes him from that farm cty aniAlM* of Ms potor farms, and exp-As that he fhould perforin the fame laborions tafk th^^, ^it-hodt any other emolument than what he may think proper to gtre him/ This has bdii fo long the f^nuftke in this cotmtrv, that it neceflarily throws the^greau eft damp up6n the efforts of induftry, Mid prevents thofe improvementf in agricukuw which would othcr«n)e be ihtrodtfced } the confequence ofivhiihis, that nine parts in (en of the mbabitAits Mera« f^te of great poverty. ' But if the farhiers bad a fecurityifot' theii* property, the hinds of Demnark' might have been cultivated to much greater advantage' thali they are at preAn^ and a much |p-eater number o? p^or^ie fupport^ •d by the produce of agr^uUure^ < Amimals^} Denmark producea < t exdetlent breed of Hdrfes, both fdr the faddle and carriage; about (fOoo are fold annually out of '^9 country^ and of the hm-ned cattle, 30,000. Befrdes numbers (rfbiac^ tkttle, they have flieepf hogs, and game ; and the Tea coaiU are genert^ weft IV^ plied wtth iifli. FoPtftATioiir, ijrANN-Ras, itntti ctJSTOMs.] By an adual .innmerattonl made in i ^^$9, of his Danj^ maj^y's fubjeds in his domhiions of Den<' mark^ Nq^^«ay, Holflein, the iflanus in the Ba4«c, and th£ cotxnties of Oidenburgh-aiid Dehtienhorfl^ hi X^ftphsfia',' they^ were faid to srpdvoe to 3,444,000 fouk, exchifiveofthe Icelanders and Gre^lander^f^ 'thk moil accurate accotinf of the population is chat made under the dii%dS»iil ^ the famous Strn^nfec; by which^ ' - - " Jutlj^id jlupiberf;^ Zealand Jpuuen -.,li«!ft -^j^ vcncu -■■t'fri-j 243,60$ I34»66j ■i^ '*vv :;>',^v'..*m.^ibmpp^l r^gW Stim total 2/51 7,437 Several of the fmaHer iiferids frcluded in the drftrift of Ffonia, whrcft may contaii» a few thoufarids, are omifted iu this computation. However dliproportioned this number niHV fecm to the extent of hU Dani'fli majefty's don.inioiiSs yet, etevy thing confidered, it is fargreatei: than could have been exp«dcrt from the uncultivated Hate of hie poflfef* fions. But the trade of Daunark- Has been fo fliaefcled by rha' corruptroa and arbitrary proceedings of its miniilers, and the merchants are fo ter- rified by the defpotitm of the gbvemmenir, tha¥'this kingdom, which wiglitbe r»iider£d noh audtitiuiifliinj;, is at prdeht oiie of the moil in •W;ft.': ■!'': rW- ,>,r -'■■?• Vr'-v ■^^y, ^s Id E N M A R is. ^igent and diftre(Tbd. fiates in Europe; ztid thefe circiimf^anc^ prcvfcrii Peiimark vivial entert^inin^tsi but their nobiiityi who begin now to vifit the other courts c^ Europe, are refining from their provin,cial habits and vices^ 1 .iiij.*^'-^ > '■ : s^rtii'li; . •. < • Rblx G I ON.] TJr religion of Denmark is Lutheran ; and the kin^^ doniiis divided JntQ.lS]^ diocefesi one in Zealand, one; in Funen, and four in JulJand ;,beW«s four in Norway^ and two in Iceland^ Thefe dio- cefes areigovernoili^y biihbjps, whofe pr0fe6ion is entkely to fuperin* tend the Qt^er:(ktpleral>I$ encouragement. The univerpty of Copennaeen has funds for the gratuitous fupport of ^^8 il^d(:nts;,.l^efe funds are laid to amount to, 300,000 rix-doUars,; but tl;kie p^pes in jECnteral make, no^reat figur; In titeratlfre ;; though afiro- nomy and medicine are highly indebted to their Tycho Brabe, Borri- chius, and the Bartholines : and the Round Tower and Chriftian'^ Ha- ven difplay the mechanical genius of a iLongomontahud. They begin now likewife to- make fome promifing; attempts in hiftory, poetry, and the drama. It-appears^ however, t^at, in gdneral, literature receives very* little countenance or encouragement in Denmark ; which may be coh" £dered as the principal ckule df its being fo little cultivated by the £anes, CiTiBi Kkn CMier buildiwos.^ Copenhagen, which is fituated on ^e fine ifland of Zealand, ^vas originally a fettlem^nt of faliiovs; and firft founded by fome wandering i^flieraien in thetwelfth century, but is no^ ^\\e nietropolis, and makes a magnificent appearance at a diftance. It is very ftrong, and defended by four royal caftlea or forts. It contains teh parifli churches,. befides nine others biclonging to the Calvinifts and other perfuafions, anu,fon>e,hofpitals.,ClQp9nhagen is adorned by fome public and private palaces, as they are called^ it» (Ireets are 186 in number ; audits inhabitants.fimount to. 100,900, The hQufestinthe principal idrecti are built of brick, and thofe ta the lanes thieily of timber. I|9 DteNf WARlPi n itnivtrdtf Ya\ been already mentioned. But the chief glory of Copen- liagen is its. harbour, formed by a large canal flowing through the city^ which admitsonly one ihip t6 enter at a tiniC, 'but is capable of containing 500/ Several t>f the Greets hkveoiina^s, and quay^ for fliips to lie cloM t6 the houfes ; and its naval arfenal rs faM to exceed that of Venice. The road for flapping begins aboat tivo miles from the town, ftnd is defended by 90 pieces of cannon, as well as tlie ^fiSculty of the navigation. Yet, notwithftanding all thefs advantages, iihere is little ap- pearance of indtiftry or! trade in this city ^ and Copenhageh, though on« of the fineft porta in the world, cannot bobft of its cwmnprce. The iniblic places are filled with- oflicert either in the land or fea fervice; lind the number of forces' kept up is mudi too lar^ for thisf-Hctle king<^ doffl. The police of Copenhagen is extremdy regular, and people* may 4valk through bhe whole city at midnight with great i^fety. Indeed, it is ufUally almofl as^uiet here at eleven o'cidck at htght as in a toun-^ try village^ and,, at that time, there is fcaitely a coacb hieard to rattle 'titfou'gh the ftreets*^ c"''?' f'- ■-• ' ,■•■.■■':(. 'l ..^ ■ .••>«,i'^-' T:be royal. palaice of Cbriftianiiburg, onr oftthe moft comncdiouft and mod: fumptuoufly furniflied in Europe, was biiilt iii ihfe 'reigti of Chriftikn VI. and h (kid to have coft, itt isuildfng only, toniiderably above a million fierling ; but this palace wjb reduced toi a heap of afhes by f dreadfaliire'wfalch ^happened on ttw a6tli df F)ebruaryi)i!;lgi4. The royal library^ whkh^ flood detached from the principiarpild, andccn^ tainied between two and* three hundred. thDt}fandtvoliuncls,.-was, how^ jenr^r, fortunately! preferved^ -The fineft palace belonging to his Daniih •inaj^fty liesrabout twenty Bnglith miles rnxki Copbntngen, and is called Fredertclburgh. It is a tery urge building,- 'mdated round with a tripte ditch, and calculated, like inoft'of the ancient re6kten<^8 of princes, for defence againft an enemy. It was built by Chriftian IV. andy accord^ 4ng to the arehtte&ureof the timcis^ partake» of the Greek and Gotl^ic ilylfls. In the front of the grand quaortegle^ sppeatiru£c^;and Doric pUlars} and on the fummit of the building afe fpiffcs and tuiiret^. uSome of thC' rooms at'ie te#y f^ltfndid, :thQi^ghfurtdfhedm>Klict Antique taile. ThiC knights' hail' is oi great length., Thftlapeftry repf^ents the wart lOl-JDli^mark, and the <:eiling is a, moftjninute and laboUred'pdrform> ante in fculpture. The chiraney-^plece Was* once entirely>cover«d .with jAf^%, of filveir, rkhly ornament©^ >> but' the Swtedes, w Iw JUftwe .often J^ifdfdchere; and svttn beiieged the^it^apitdlvtore tiheitiaUaii^ay, and rifled Xh9:^\ACfi npt»^ith(landing it^ triple moat and fdrnud^e afq)qatance. jtAilfio^t t\no mile$ from Elfineur is another fmall.royal pahce, 9at mof- «djhvith>welve windows in front, &i«lu> bc,b»ilt(©n the place formerly occupied by the pjalace of Hftirdet^^filther^' In %t\ jiA\<>iti\n% garden is lih«wnith? vefy Ipoi wh^r^, a«(OrdJ|i{^to/tradit;ijQni that prince !waf pol- iboed. ?•■ ^,.;f ■''■•':)'^'^\-c:u^■'''^^\:'■.:■c'^'■ ,'^) ■/' ■>: . Jagerfl>urgh fs a. park which CQntains^aroy^l country feat,' cglMthe Hermitage, remarkable for the difpofition of its apartmentsi.and thln D«nmi|rk is the cathedral of Kofchild, where the 'kings and quecirs of Peii[)tark were fptftnerly buried, aqd their monu- menu fiill remain. ■ Joiifiug to this cathedral, by a covered paflagc, is a royal palace, built in 1733. Elfineur is W|:U built, contains pqo inr habitants, and, wij^refpe<^ to commerce, is only exceeded by Gopen- iib}}gc|a. It i« flarongly fortified on ,thq Und fide| and towards'the iea h 'v*T, .VV-' •^:r ^hI 11 1 ffi!M ;i ml bfeNM A RK^ de^i^ed byiftfoAg foi't, cdhtiiihmifevtral batteries ht loofg d(iia^ Here all v)sflel» pay a toll, and, in paling, lower theif top-(a!is. ' ' * ClJMMBact.] Denmark la extrMMl^ wdl fituited for commerce i iter harb;o^r8 aini wnl caleulMted for the reception of -fliipsnf all buMcnt^ Imd ber manner^, lire very expert in the navigation of tfab dHferent;|^fnf bf the ocean, "f he dmiiiniont of hli Pantfli mayefiiy idfo fupply a greift variety of ticker «nd bther materia^ for ihip-butldihg;'and feme o>f bis provittcea a^bn) nianjr ilattirai {iMdaAioni for exportation. Anion^ ihele, befide fir and other timbtir, are black cattle^ horfeif b^tter^ Hock* ii(b, tallow, hides, ttain-piHtffir^ pitch, and iron, which being the riatu*> ral produift of tht IhUn|h dditiinionsj aire' confeqiiently rank«d'iinder the head of expof-ts. To tMefb UrtM^ iidd fors^ biit the exportbtioa bf oato ii forbidden. The hnportii ^ti hhi wuie, bl«hdr, and nlk, frwh mncej Pbrnsg^ and Italy. Of latie^ the Danes fiive'had treat in*%r^ coiirfe with England; and fomi thence thejrimpoit b«oad-doths,cldck«if cabinet^ lockworlt, and all otlkir : miiriirfaifhires ibrfied on in thej^itat trading towns of EngUnd ; but nothing moMtrS th6 commercial fpintof the Daae& Hn 1 more ^Voiurttble tij(hi chad thHr eftabUlhthitrnts in the Eaft and Weft Ihdidi.. In' r6ts;£;hriftian'fV. of ISenmark, eftaSlifhed an Eaft India com- p&ny iJb GO|oienhim»n : and foon after four fhips £iil^ irom thence till the. £aflci;ndi!it; The IriMt of tMs trade was givin td hts Daniih m^^ by jaifaet Iw qf Ei^and, who nMrried a princeft of Denniiu-k ; aadi ilk i6i7j they, Jrait and- fortified i ca(U^ aiid ttfvm at Tranquebar, On this iioafi 0f Coromandd. The fecarity whSHh iaxnf of ihc Indians' foun4 iinder thevcirinim of t^ fott ihvhtd nahibers of them td fettle h^^ fd that the JDkniftt Baft India cbnh^ny were ^n rich enodgh to paj^ their king a yearly tribtite of io^ckk; ri.t*ddllarii. The compiaoy, ho'w>> liJVer,v wifiinir tot biecome fi(>h ail Bf afoddkh,in i6sb endeavou^Bd td p6flk& tfaenmAvci.ofi the fpicfitraite at Cf^ton, but? Virere defeated t^ the Poht^acfisL i'Thir troth is quebav; Bengal, and Chtrtdi ^woy«irb afttir^ hii iMhiflt majcfiy gimitti* ed a new charter to h!s Eaft India dompany^ with taft priylltgei j ^V^ for fome lime it» corhoierci Wat^afi^ dft with great Vigerar. Thb Danes llkewiie j^o^ftthe iflinds They alfo Cttrry tKh a ttOtifider*ble eomifierce with the Medi- terranean. ■ ..■"'./■: .■.- 1 CtTKtosiYtsS) TTittvi kiAiii} ARVii^iei Ai.] Denmark Pt-oper aflfbrcta fewer of thefe thto the other paff* of his Danidl majefiy's doniiniohi^, if we except the cdnfehcs of the Itoyal IVIufeum at CofMnhagen^ whiefi coniifts of a numerous colte/ftloA of both, tt cdhtatns feverai good paintings, and a fine coile^Hon of coins, particularly thofe of the ttfh^ fuis in the tifne of the Roi¥iaA i^epiiblic, and of the emperors after thb feat of eirpire was divided iiftft the Eaft and Weff^. Belides artificittl ikeletons, IV017 tarvin|$, Mfiodels, cib€k«w«rk> and a btauti^ tlthUilk DEN MA RKl '6t meitcjncr It buMentf ad lome o* n. Anionil tter^ ftockf g f he tktw- iked'^iuler sxportbtioft ifilkfirom utsLt iA^ inthecf«st i«lfpiy1t«f iHrHts in the India com* ) thence til| rk ; audi ill ibar, bn th^ feftie here^ nligh to pajf piaoy, ho'^>> avotffed t«j lefeated bjr edw^itiittili enetotis td^ rernor, the ih ofT^. ofC^liirte* :riptiO»J^ stoTtitt*. bwir. 1^ f%and{h« portSi ftfiil e coaft of the MedU eraffbnil tdniinionj^, len^ irhitH reral good Uth«ttf«N Is after f Ms ftrtiBci»l of ivoty'flrftf'^ny,' made by a Dani^ artift who was bfind, here are to be feen two famous antique drinking veflels ; the one of j6;old, the other of filvelr, and both m the form 6f a hunting horn ; that orgold feems to^ be of pagart n^anii/afturc ; and from the raifeil hierogJyphicai figures on its outfide, it probably was' made -iife of in religious ceremonies : it is about two feet nine inches long, weighs 102 ounces, contains two Eng-/ Ijlh pints and a halfj-r.nd vpas fownd in the diocefe of Ripen, in the year i65j9. The- Other, of filver, weighs about ioiur pounds, and is termed Ccritu OUffidurgiciim i they -fay it was prefented to Otfeo 1. duke of Old- enbiifrgHt b)r A fehofti Sonie, however, .are of opinion that this veflel was made by -order of Chciftian I. king of Denmark, the firft oflhe OW- enbnrgh rftCe, Vho reigned in 1448. Several veflels of differeiu metak^i and the faitift fb!^m, have been found in the North of England, and afd" probably of Damfli original. This mufcum i«likewire furniihed with A prodigious number of aftronomical,. optical, and r4tathemaiical inftru* ment*, fome Ihdian curiofi tics, and a fet of medals, ancient and mO" dcni; Many qiiiiousaftronomicalinftrimjents are like wife placed in the- round tower at Copenhagen^ which is fo contrived that a coach may^ drive to its top. 'The village of Anglen, lying between Flenlburgh and Slefwick, is' alfd cfteemed a curiofity, as giving its name to theAngles^^ or AngJo-Sakoii inhabitants of Great-Britain, the anceftorsof the great- er part of the modern Englifli. ' P^rh&ps; holytv^r, the greateft rarities in hisDanifti majcfty's domi- nionti'are th'oft: gncient infcriptions upon rocksy. that are nxentioned bjT antiquaries and hlllonans. and are generally thought to exhibit the old 4nd original manner of wnting, before the ufe of paper of any kind, or^ waken tiblets; were Icnown. Thefe chr.rafterb are Runic, and foimper-. feiftly rnderftootl by the learned themfelves, that their meaning is very uncertain; but they are imagined to be hiftorical. Stephanus, in his. aotes upon Sa)c6Grammaticu«, has given fpeciniens of leveral of thefe infenptions.' " .■ Civil CONST I TtyTroN, oovERK"- I The ancient^ conflitutiqn oif ■ ' MENt, ai4d.i.aws;^':.". J . Denmark was originaiiy rnuclii the fame with that of other Gothic governments. The king canieto tlie throne by "ele(5iion ; and, in conjun relieve thofe poor people who had been the inftrumenis of invefUng him with the lovereign power, but left them in the fame ftate of flavery in which they were before, «nd in which they have remained to the prefent age. The king united in his perfon all the rights of foveretgn power; but as he could ndt ex? e^cife all by himfelf, he was obliged to iniriif^ fome part of the execu- tive power to his fubje£ls. Tlie fupreme court of judicature for the kingdoms of Denmark and Norway is holden in the royal palace of Co. penhagen, of which the king is the nominal prcfident. What they call the German provinces, have likewifc their fupreme tribunal; which, for the duchy of HoLftein, k holden at Oluckiiadt; and for the duchy of Slefwick, in the town of that ndme. la affairs of importance, the king for the moft part decides in his council, the members of which are named and dlfplaced at his will. In this council, the laws are propofed, difculTed, and receive the fanflion of the ro^al authority, and ailgre^t cha"g|L-s or eUabliflmieats are propofed^ DEN M A R fc ^ gy, thotfj|t» Ained. Ar of exerting to mairltaiR ig derpotic* he nobiUtv. leraV into u» ying off the ihat the do> cxeim>tioR« feki^ for re- order of no-, ft meeting of fljare in the bple that the een the lead- Nanfon, thfr the aflembly withdrew to ,inga,(olemn UttiiAhUfa- Blion was ex- ted as fpeakev r teoid«r« pro- renwercfltut} y to Atbnnit. bility, clergy^ ented that the thefemsAeas er, ©ving him cafe of a mw the firft nobiT •cliives of the r, the king of jbich they had or people who rereign po)ver, IT were before, le king united could ndt ex? of the execu- cature for the , pahcc of Co- What they call >nnal; which, for the duchy decj^des in his lat his will. In Ithe fanftion of , are pvopofcd, iiid appitoved or rejeftediby the king. Here like wife, or in the cabinet^ Jie grants privJlege&y and decides upon the explication oFlaws^ their ex- tfinfion, or reftriaion, and upon all the moll inlportant af^irs of ilatr. In this kingdon>, as to mtiny others, the king is fuppofed to be pi clcnC to adminifter juftice in^i* fupreme court ;. aifd, therefore^ the kings of Denmark not only preiide nominally iit the fovefsig4i,cpurt of jqfiice, but they Jwve a throne ere^ed in it» towards which the Ittwyers always •ddrefs thlii^ dHEcoiirfcs in pleading, as do the judges in deUvecing their opinion. £very vear the king is prefent at the opening of thi» court, and often, gives me. judges fuch inltrudions as he thinks proper. The decifion of thefe jB^iges is Hnal in all civil anions ; but i>o cri- minal fentence of • capiuuriature can be earrted into exeeutiQ|^|i^,it:i» iigned by the king^ , '«/^n ^l!- ^ 'V , There ife marty e^fceUentreguliltions for the adminiftratson of Juft^ce in Denmark ; but, notwithftanding this, it is fo far from being djArKj i>uted in an equal and impartial manner, that a poor man can Tcarcely ever havejuftice in this country agaii^ft one of the nobility^ or againlt one who is favoured by the courts If the laws are £o clearly in favour of the former, that the judges are afliamed to deicide againit them, the latter, through the favour of the miniiler^ obtains an prder from thf atter ends. The co^e of laws at pre^ fent efiabliflied in Denmark was pubtifhed by Chriftiain V. founded upon the code of Valdiemar, and all the other codes: which havf iftoce .been,.publiihed, and is nearly the fame with that puMil^ed in Norway. Thefe laws are very juft and clear ; atid, if they were impartially car- ried into execution^ would be produtflive of many beneficial confe- quences to the people. B^t && the kirfg can alter aifd difpenfe with the laws as he pleafes, and fupport bis miniiiers and favourites^ m any afts of violence and injuftice, the people of Denmark are fubje^H'to great tyranny and oppref&on, and have abundant reafon to regret the tame^ nefs and fervility with which their liberties were, in 1660, furrendei^ei into the hands of their monarchs. , ' From that period^ the^eafantSf till ^787, h:^ been In a fi^uatlon lit- tle better than the brute; creation; they fcarcely could be faid to po^- fefsany loco-motive power, fince they had no liberty to leave one eftate^ and to fettte on another, witho\it purchaflng permrffion from their ma- ilers; /'and if they chanced '^ to move without that permiflion^ they were claimed as ftrayed cattle. Such, was the ffate of tiiofe wretched beings^ wlko^ at beft, only might be fald to vegetate. Thefe chains of feudal flavery were then broken, tbtbugh theintereft of his royal highnefs, the prince and heir apparent to the crown; and the prifoners, for fuch I think they might be calkd^ were declared; free. Notwithftanding the remonftranccs, which were ^ade againil this by the landed gentry, werW very numerous, yet, after a minute examination of the whole, an edicft was ifliied. which reftores the peafants to their long-toft liberty. A number of grievances/ under which the peafantry laboured,- were like^ wife aboiiftted at the fame time* Punishments.} The common methods of execution in Dienriiark arc? beheading and hanging t, in fome cafes, as an aggravatioj,'i of the puhiih-' ment, the hand is chopped off before the other part of the fentence is executed. For the. moft atrocious- crimes, fucb as the mnrder of a fa- ther or mother, hufband or wife, and robbery upon the high way, thtf malefadlor is broken upon the wheel. But capital punimtnents ars^ . not common in Denmark; and the other principal modes of punifti- ment are branding in the face, whipping, condemnation "to the i'arp<' :«4 i^ENM ark; ■i I J'- 'hmrfe, to holifes of correction, and to public labour and finprifon* ifient; all which are varied in duration and rigour, according to tli* nature of the crime, ^ *'^ Political AND watural ") Aftertheacocffionof hiiprefentma- •'^ HJSToRY OP Denmark. J jefty, his cofh'tifeemed for ifometiBift io h^ve altered its maxims. His father, it is true, obferved a moft re- fpcAable neutralityduring the late war, btit tiever could eet rid of French ihfluence, notwitliftanding his conne^iions with Grdn-Brirain. The fubndies he received maintained his army; but hisfami' utes witk Huflia concerning Holilein^ and the afcendencv which nch had obtained over the Swedes (not to mention mpt^ other ma did riot fuft'er him to aft that tiecifive part in the affairs pf £urop< -hich he was invited by h^s fituation,.efpecially about •^he time v. he treaty of Clofter- Seven was concluded. His preic Danifli ly's plaa Teemed, foon after his accefiion, to be that of foi - linioils in- toaftateof independency, by availing ^ himfelf ' (ural advan- tages. But fundry events which have fince happc ,d the general feeblenefs of his ftdniiniftratidn, have prevented anv iaitnercxpentUtons being formed, that the real welfare of Denhiark >viU be promoted, atteaft in any great degree, during the prefent reign. With regard to the external interefts of Denmark, they are certainly befl fecured by cultivating a fricndfliip with the maritime powers. > The exports of Denmark enabled her to carry on a very profitable trade with France, Spain, and the M editerratlean ; andilie has been particu- larly courted by the Mahometan ftates, on account ^f Her naval ;ilores. The prefent imperial family of Kuiiia has many claims upon Denmark^ ftn account of Holilein ; but there is at prefent fmall appearance of her ■being engaged in a war oii that afccount. Were the Swedes to re^in their military charafter, and to be commanded by fo enterprilinga prince as Charie& XII. they probably would endeavour to repoflefs themfelves, by arms, of the fine provinces torn from them by Denmark. But the -jreateft danger that can arife to Denmark from a foreign pciMfer, is when the Baltic lea (as has happened more than once) is fo froizen over as. to bear not only men but neavy artillery ; in which oafe the Swedes have, been known to march over great armies, and to threaten the conqueft of the kingdom. REVENtfEs.] His Danifli majefty's revenues have three fources: the impodtions he lays upon his ownfubje£ts;' the duties paid by foreigners; ;and his own demefne lands, Including confifcationsw Wine, fait, to- bacco, and provifions of all kinds, are taxed. Marriages, paper, corpo- rations, land, houfes, and poll-money, alfo raife a coniiderable fum. The expenfes of fortifications are borne by the p-^ople : and when the king's daughter is married, they pay about 100,000 rlx-doUars towards her portion. The internal taxes of Denmark are viery uncertain, be- caufe they may be abated or raifed at the king's will. Cuftoms and tpUs, upon exports and imports, are more certain. The tolls paid by ftrangers arife chiefly from foreign (hips that pafs through the Sound into the Baltic, through the narrow ftrait of half a mile between Schonen and the ifland of Zealand. Thefe tolls are in proportion to the fizci of the Ihip, and value of the cargo exhibited in the bills of Jading. Thi» tax, which for.Tis a capital part of his Danilh majefty's revenue, has more than once thrown the northern parts of Europe into a flame. It was often diff-uted by the Englifli and Dutch, being nothing more origi- nally than a voluntary contribution of the merchants towards fhe ex- fienf«»pXthe li£lit-houreii on, the coaft; m4 the Swedes, who commaofl £> E M M A- R' K> t$ tliet>p>pofite flAe of-the pafi;, for^jTomc tiiqc rcfufed to pay \t^. but In th», tratf oi 1720, between Sweden and ibenniarkt under the guarantee of h|t Britannic majedy George I. the Svvedes agreed to pay the fame rat^tf as ake paid by the.fubje^sof Great-Britain and the Nethesland^. Thd flrft treaty relative to it was by the emperor Ciiarlfs Y. w liehairof hi» Aibjefti in the l^ow Countries. The toil is paid at Elfmeur, a pown Situated pn the Sound, at the entrance of t|ie Baltic Sea, an Army and navy.] The three lafll feiq^Vr Dfcninark, ribtwithftaTudf- ing- the degeneracy of the people in marlial affairs, were very refpe£t- able princes, by the number and difcipliri^ of thei' troops, which the^ kept up with a vait'care. The tirefent military for?e of Denmark con- Hfts of 70,000 men, cavalry ^and infantry, the grtatfeft jwrtof which is a,mUiti^ who receive no pay,- but are rdgiftered oii tl\e army -lift, and every Sunday exerci fed. The regular troops' are about 20,000, and moi!- ly foreigners, or ctficered b/ foreigners ; fof Frederic HI. was 106 re- fined a politician to truft his fecurity in the bands of thofe he had tricked out of their liberty. Tbouah this arnyr is extremely burdenfome to the nation, yet it coils little to the crown; great part of the infeiitpy lie in' Norway, where they live upon the boors at free quarter;, aq^ in Denmark the peafantry are obli^ed^^to maintain the cavalry in vic- tuals and lodging, and even' to furnifli ^hem with money. The prefeht fleet of Denmark is comipofed of ^6 flif^s of the line, and 1$ frigates; G3 n 1^ f » I tS DE 1^ M A RX bnt many of the fliips being old, and Wanting great repairs, itli. Ydp* pofed they cannot nt out more than 25 (hips on the greateft emerr gency. Thti fleet is generally {Rationed at Copenhagen, where are tho Sock-yardSf ftorerhou^s, ^nd all the materials neceflfarv for the ufe of the marine. They h»ve ? 6,000 regiftered feamen, who cahnot quit the kingdom without leave, nor ferve on board a merchantman without permlflion from the admiralty t 4$>oo of thefe are kept in conftant pay, jBfud employed in the dock-yards ; their pay, ijtowevcr^ fcarcely amount) id nine (hillings per month ; bi)t then tiiey have a fort of uniform^ with ^ome pro.vi^ons and lodging allovKed for themfelves and families. • Okd^rs oP KNloHTHodD lil Denntakk.] Thefe are two; that of ^he EUphavtf and that of Mmehurg. The former was inftituted by phriltian i. fn the year i478^and is deemed the moft honour rejen, are thjrty, an4 t|ie knights of it are fddrplTed by ^e tijl.e pf ex cellency. T>e badges of the l)aneburg order, which is faic) to have bepn iijllitnted in the year ''**9» *"'^» *"*'' being long oblolete, revived |n^i67A by (^hriliian y. confiit of a white ribbon witn red edges, w.orn fc^frwilis'oyer tha rigbf: flioi^lder ; fronii which d^epends a fmall cr^fi of di^mon^s, and an enibroidere.d (la/ on the breaA of the Coat, fur(;ouod« td. with the tpotto, Pittaie et jufiitja. The ba^gc is a crofs pattee en- amelled whitf, on the centre the letter C and X crowned with a regal (crowftiand tl:|is motipfke/Ututor. The iriumber of knjghts it not limited; jjind they are very mi raierom. ^ /,.>»-. HisTofiY.i We owe th^ chief hillory 6f Deijniprk to f^ very pxtraor. idiniiry pljaBnpmepon,.iT7tlie revival of the purity of the Lnitlji l^nguagiri in Scandinavia,, in the perfqn of Saxo-Gramm^ti.cu?, at ^ time |tne lath tiquity. We can however colleA enough from fijm^to* conclude" that ^he ancietiit Dane^, li^e the Gauls, the Scots, the Iri(h, and other north* irrn natjbqs, had their bards, who recounted the military achievements of th^ir hprocs.; fin^ that tjbeir firft hidories were written in verfe. There can be no doubt that the Scandinavians or Cimbri, and the Teutones .j(the |nhal^itaqts of Penmarif, Norw;iy, and- Sw€,den), were Scythians by ^lieir original ; bi:t how far the trafts of land, ca}led either Scythia * or Cjaql, formerly reached, is uncertaiii. '.^Eyen the n;^me of the firft Chrjftlai) |)an!(h king is uncertain ; and t^ofe pf the people of thefe countries are (o blended together, that it is Infpodible for the ^eadtf to ponceive a precife idea of the old Scandi- jiay^an hiftpry. T:*?!* "^^^^^^^'X ^^^ <*vjn;gjQ thp remains of their ^cythian cuftomfiVp'^'tieularly that of retijbvf ng'from pne country to an- .pther; and of feveia,! ijations or fepts|oining together in expeBitions by Cea or Ja^id, f nd'the adventyrers being denominated after thetf chief lead- i|f?ff,j..Tbu^;>hpJerms D^ne8» Saxpnpj Jutep or Qpths, Gcrpiaus, and • tfy Scyrtjia rna- '(itDW h)J»abitcd by he undrrftoftd'dl thofe northerri cpiintrje» bt fiuropc and Ada le batten, Norw^gi^Os, iiwedet^i Riifliani.'snd Tartar*; fee the 'iRtrudnpl^ '"'■' Hv i; 'Sj ■• 4 1 -^^V - " '%R' •1,4 '■■ \ *'jp^ ,■ ;.M|P ^ ■' ■ f', Itf'vfK ' 1MH'i». illi Il 9k HI I^B 1 W i;|:.L nil Is 'lii ^li 9 ^11 11 il n The fteady intrepid conduftof Frederic under thefp misfortunes cndcair- ed him to his fubjeftsjaiid the citizens of Copenhagen made an ad- mirable defence till a Dutch fleet arrived in the Baltic, and beat thS Swedifli fleet. The fortune of war was now entirely changed in favouii pf I' deric, who fliov-'^d on every occ?»fion great abilities, bofh civil and military ; and, having forced Charles to raife the liege of Copenha- gen, might have carried the u:ar into Sweden, had not the Englilh fleet under Montague appeared in the.BaUic. This enabled Charles to bc- liege Copenhagen a third time; but France and England offering thciif mediation, a peace was concUided in that capital, by which the ifland of Bornholm was reflored to the Danes ; but the ifland of Rugen, Blek- Jng, Hallond, and Schonen, remained with the Swedes. Though this peace did not reftore to Denmark all (he had loft, yet the magnanimous behaviour of Frederic under the mofl: imminent dangers, and his attention to the fafety of his fubjtfds, even preferably to his ownj; greatly endeared him in their, eyes ; and heai*lcngth became abfolute, in the manner already related. Frederic was fucceeded, in 1670, by his fon Chriftian V. who obliged the duke of Holftein Gottorp to renounce all the advantages he had gained by the treaty of Rofchild. He then re- covered a number of places in Schonen: b\it his army was defeated in the bloody battle of Lunden, by Charles XI. of Sweden. This defeat did not put an end to the war, which Chriftian obttinately continued| till he was defeated entirely at the battle of Landfcroon : and having al- moft exhaufted his dominions in military operations, and being in a manner abandoned by all his allies, he was forced to fign a treaty, on the terms prefcribed by France, in 1679. Chriftian afterwards became the ally and fubfidiary of Lewis XIV, who was then threatening Europe .with chains, and, after a vafl: variety of treating and fighting with thq Holfteiners, Hamburghers, and other northern powers, died in 1696. He vas fucceeded by Frederic I V* who, like his predecelFors, maintain- ed his pretenfions .upon Holftein, and probably mufthave become ma- Jder of that duChy, had not the Englifli and Dutch fleets raifed the fiege pf Tonningen, while the young king of Sweden, Charles XII. who was then no more than flxteen years of age, landed within eight mileis of Copenhagen, to aflift his brother-in-law the duke of Holftein. Charles probably would have made himfelf mafter of Copenhagen, had not hij Danifli'majefly agreed to't he peace of Travendahl, which was entirely in the duke's favour. By another treaty concluded with the States Ge« , neral^ Charles:obriged himfelf to furnim a body of troops, who were tQ be .paid by the confederates, and afterwanis took a very aftive part againft the French in the wars of queen' Anne. - 'iNot*ithftanding this;peace, Frederic was perpetually engaged in waA •with the Swedes.; and^ while Charles XII;. was an exile at Bender, ha made a* defcent upon Swedifli Fomerania, and another, in the yaai^ 1,^12, upon Bremen, and took the city of Stade. His troops, however, were totally defeated by the Swedes at Gadcft)uch, and his favourira [ffity of Altena was laid' in aflies. Frederic revenged himfelf by feizing great paro of Ducal Holftein, and forcing the Swedifli general, count Steinbock, to fiirrender himfelf prifoncr, with all his troops. In the .year 1716, the fucceflfesrof Frederic were fo great, by taking Tonnin- .tey and Stralfund, by driving the Swedes out of Norway, and reducing •Wifmar iii Pomerania, that his allies began to fufpeft he was aiming at ■the fovercignty of al] Scandinavia. Upon the icturn of Charles of Sweden from bis exile, he renewed the war againft Denmark with the inoil implacable violence^ but^ on tite death of that prm9e, who w^i D E N Mf A k K. ti billed at the fiege of Fredericflial, Frederic durft not refufe the offer of his Britannic majefty*s mediation between him and the crown of Swe- den: in cbnfeqiience of which, d peace was conchided at Stockholm, which left him in pofleffion of the duchy of Slefwick. Frederic diedirr tiie veai* 1 736, after having,tw'o ^'ears befov'*, feen his capital reduged tfi aflies by an accidental fire. His fon and fi ccefTor, Chriftian Frederic, or Chriftian VI. made the beft tife of his povcr, and the advantages wifli which he mounted the throne, by cultivat'ng peace with aU his neigh J hours, and promoting the happinefs of his fubje«Ssj whom he cafed of many oppreffive taxes. In 1734, after guarantying the Pragmatic Sanftion *, Chriftian fent 6000 men to the affiftdnce of the enaperor, during the difpute of the fucceffion to the crown of Poland. Though he was pacific, yet he was jealous of his rights, efpecially over Hamburgh. He obliged the Ham- bufghers to call in the rtiediation of Pruflia, to abolifh their bank, td admit the coin of Denmark as current, and to p&y him a million oY fii- ver marks. In 1738, he had a difpvrte With his Britannic majefty about the little lordftiip of Steinhorft, which had been mortgaged to the latter 5n which he availed himfelf of his Britannic majefty's predilfiiftioh for ^is German domihiohs; for the latter agreed to pay Chriftian a fubfidj* ^f 70,0001. fterling a year, on condition of keeping in readlnefs ^ood troops for the, protection of Hanbver. This was a gainful bargain fo;^ Denmark. Two years after, he feized fome Dutch fliif>s, for trading without his, leave to Iceland ; but the difference was made up by the mediation of Sweden. Chriftian had To great a party in that kingdom, that it was generally thought he wbuld revive the union of Calmar, by pfocuring his fon to be declared fucceflbr to the crown of Sweden; Some fteps for that purpofe were certainly taken ; but whatever Chrif- tian's views might have been, the defign was fntftrated by the jealouf/ of other powers, who could not bear the thoughts of feeing all Scandi- navia fubjeft to one family. Chriftian died in 1 746, with the charafte^ of being the father of his people. His fon and fucceflbr, Frederic V. had, in 1743, married theprincels Louifa, daughter to his Britannic majelly G-orge II. He improved upon his father's plan for the happinefs of his people, and took no concern, except that of a mediator, m the German war. It was by his intervention that the treaty of Clofter-Seven was concluded between his royal highnefs the iHte dUke of Cumberland and the French general Richelieu. 0poh the death of his firft queen, who was mother to his prefeni Danifli majefty, he married a daughter of the duke of Brunfwic-^ Wolfenbuttle ; and died in 1 766, His fon, Chriftim VII. ws born the agth of January, 1749; and married his prefent Britannic majefty's youngeft filter, the princefs Ca- rolina-Matilda. This alliance, thouijh it wore at firft a very promifing appearance, had a very unfortunate termination. This is partly attri- buted to the intrigues of the queen-dowager, mother-in-law to the pre- fent king, who has a fon named Frederk, and vvhom fhe is rcprefented as defirous of raifing to the throne. When the princefs Carolina-M^i** * An agrcemen; bjr which the princes of Europe engaged to fupport the houfe df Audria in favour of tht ^lu'co d ^'f^nce, and often perfuaded her not to live .with him. But as foon ajs \l\e filing re- turned, the queen reproaching him with his conduct, though in ^ eentle manner, his mother-ih law immciiiately endeavoured to perfyaae ttie king to give no ear to her counfels, as it was presumption ni a quf:en of penmark t9 direct the king. Queen Matilda now began to difcover (h^ defigns of the queen-dowager, and afterwards lived upon very goo^ terms with the king, who for a time was much reclaimet). The young ^ueen alfo now afTumed to herfelf the part which the queen-dowa^er had plee^ complimented with in the management of public affairs. This ir< ritatedthc old queen ; and her thoughts were now entirely occupied with Schemes of revenge, which flie at length found means to gratify in a very ample manner. About the end of the year 1 770, it was observed that Prandt and Struenfee were particularly regarded by the king ; the former as a favouHte, and the latter as a miQiuer ; and that they paid great court to queen Matilda, and vicrs fupported by her. This opttned a new fcene of intrigue at Copenhagen *, all the difcarded placemen p^id their court to the queen-dowager, and (he became the head and patron- rfs of the party. Old count Molke, an artful difplaced {{atefman, and others who were well verfed in intrigues of this nature, perceiving that they had inexperienced young perfons to contend with, who, though they might meati welU had not fufhcient knowledge and capacity to conduft the public affairs, very foon predifted their ruin. Struenfee and Brandt wanted to make a reform in the adminifiratiou of public af- fairs at once, which ihould have been the work of time; and thereby made a great number of enemies, among thofe whofe intereft it was that ^bings fliould continue upon the former footing. After this, queen Ma- tilda was delivered of a daughter: but as foon as the queen-dowager faw her, fhe immediately turned back, and, with a malicious fmile, declared that the child had all the features of Struenfee: on which her friends publifhed it among the people, that the queen muft have had an intrigue with Struenfee ; which was corroborated by the queen'k often fpeaking with this minifler in public. A great variety of evil reports were now propagated againil the reigning queen ; and another report was alfo in- rfuftrioufly fpread, that the governing party had formed a defign to fu- perfede the king, as being incapable of governing ; that the queen was to be declared regent during the minority of her fon ; and that Struen- fee was to be her prime minifter. Whatever Struenfee did to reform the abufes of the late miniftry, was reprcfented to the people as fo many attacks upon, and attempts to deftroy,,the government of the kingdom. By fuch means the people beaan to be greatly incenfed againfl this tni- iiiller : and as h^ alto attempted to make a reform in the military, he gave grcHl offence to the/Uoops, at tlve head of which were fome of the crca* m DENMARK. 9« |tt?es of the queen -dowager, who took every ojpportunitf to make their inferior officers believe that it was the defign of Strueiifee to change tli^ whole fyftcm of government. It muft be admitted that thi? miniftet fcems in many refpcfts to have afted very impr^idently, and to hav^ b^eatoo much under the. guidance of his pafTions; his principles aifi^ appear to have been of the libertine kind. Many councils were held between the queen-dowager and her friends, upon the meafures proper to be taken for effectuating their defigns : ana jt was at length ffcfolved to furprife the king in the middle of the night, and force him immediately to fign an order, which was to be prepared in readineO, for commitiing the perfons before mentioned to feparat« prilons, to accufe them of high treafoa in general, and in particular of a deHgn to poitbn or dethrone the king : and if that could not be pro- perly fupported, by torture or otherwife, to procure witnelTes to confirm the report of a criminal commerce between the queen and Struenfee, This was an undertaking of fo hazardous a nature, that the wary count , Molke, ahd mod of the qv'een-dowager's friends, who had any thing to Jofe, drew back, endeavoring to animate others, but cxcufing them- felves from taking any open and aftive part in this affair. However, the queen-dowager ^t laft procurjcd a futficient number of aftive inftruraents for the execution of her defigns. On the 1 6th of January, i77a,amaik» ed ball was given at tlie court of Denmark. The king had danced at this ball, and afterwards played at quadrille with general Gahler, hit lady, and counfellor Struenfee, brother to the count. The queen, after dancing as ufual one country-dance with the king, gave her hand to jcount Struenfee during the remainder of the evening. She retired about two in the morning, and was followed by him and count Brandt. About four the fame morning, prince Frederic, who hid alfo been 4t the balL ■went with the queen.dowager to the king's bed-chamber, accompanied by general Eichftedt, and count Rantzau. They ordered his msjefty'$ valet-de chambre to awake him, and, in the midfl of the furprife and Alarm that this unexpected intrufion excited, informed him that queea Matilda and the two Struenfees were at that inftant bufy in drawing up an aft oj' i enunciation of the crown, which they would immediately" after compel hi/n to fign ; and that the ouly means he could ufe to pre- vent fo imminent a danger, was to fign thofe. orders without lots of time, which they had brought with them, for arrelting the queen and her accomplices. It is faid that the king was not eafily prevailed upon to fign thefe orders; but at length complied, though with reluftance- and hefitation. Count Rantzau, and three officers, were difpatched at ^hat untimely hour to the queen's apartments, and immeaiately arreted her. She was put into one of the king's coaches, in which flie was con- *'eyed to the caftle of Cronenburgh, together with the infant princefs, attended by lady Mq^yn, and efcorted by a party of dragoons. In the mean time, Struenfee and Brandt were alfo feized in their beds, and imprifoned in the citadel. Struenfee's brother, fome of his adherents, and mofl of the members of the late adminiftration, were feized the fame night, to the number of about eighteen, and thrown into confine- inent. The goverment after this feemed to be entirely lodged in the hands of the queen-dowager and her fon, fupported and aflifted by thofe who had the principal (Irare in the revolution ; while the king appeared to be little more than a pageant, whofe perfon and name it was neceflary occafionally to make ufe of. All the officers concerned in the revolution verc immediately promoted, and an alnioft total change took place in all the departments of admiuiilratioii. A new council was appointed^ in whicb ^i fStHUTitt. m n4 prince Frederui prcfided, and a commiflion of eight memhtff «i to exai iminc the papers of the prifoners, and to commertce a pfocefs agaiiut them. Th^ fon of qdeen Matilda, the prince royal, who wfts entered into the fifth year of his age, was- put tinder the care of a lady of qv^iil ty, who Was appointed ^overnefs, under the fupftrintendency 6f Ihi queen -,do wager. Struenlee and Brandt were ptit ni iton%, and very rji goVoufly treated in pinfon : tliey both underwent lohg and fire^ent examinations, and at length received fenttnce of death. They were be- headed on the 28th of April, having their right hahds |»evl(jufly cut toff: but many 6f their friehds ahd adherents were afterwards fet aji li- berty. Strnenfee at firft abfoliitelydenied having any Criminal inter- iourfe with thd queen : but this he afterwards confefled : and though h« 5s faid by fome to have been induced to do this only by the fear of tor- ture, the proofs of his guilt in this refoeft were efteemed notorious, and his confemons fiill and explicit. In May^ his Britannid majefty fent a fmall fquadroh of (hips td convey that princefs to Germany, and dp- pointed the city of Zell, in his eleftoral dominions, for the place of lier future refidence. She died there of a malignant fever, on the loth of May, 1775, aged 23 years and 10 months. : ' ?■; '-In 1780, his Danifti majefty acceded to the armed neutrality pro* pofed by the emprefs of Ruifia. He appears at prefent to have fiich t debility of underftanding, as to difqualify him lor the proper manage* ment of public affairs. On the 1 6th of April, 1784, another court r4- volutiou took place. The queen-doWager's friendswere removed, i new council formed under the atifpices of the prince-royal^ fomeofth!« former old members r^ftored to the cabinet, and no regard is to bfrpaid for the future to any inftrument, unlefs figned by the king, and coun- ^rfigned by the prince-royal. * The conduft of this prince is ftamped with that coafiftency of behi^ vteur, which enables him to'purfue, with unremitting zeal, the pru- dent and benevolent meafure^ which he has planned for the benefit of hh grateful country. The reftofation of the peafantry to their long-loft liberty, and the abolition of many grievances under which they labour- ♦d, have already b?en mentioned. To thefe may be added the exer- .tfoi-.s he makes for the general difl^ifion of knowleilge ; the patronage hv affords to focieri'is of learning, arts, and fcience ; the excellent mea>- fnres he has adopted for the fuppreffion of beggars, with whom the • country v,-ns over-run, and the encouragement of induftry, by the moft ' exicnfive inquiries into the ftate of the poor throughout the kingdom j thf wife regulations he has introduced into the corn trade, equally be- r.i'icial to the landed intereft and to the poor; and the judicious laws', which tinder his influence have been made to encourage foreigners to fettle in Iceland. The princefs of HefTe CafTel, his confort, is faid to pclfcfs the hfioft amiable difpofitions and goodnefs of heart. ■ Count Schimrnelmann, minifter of ftate, finances, and commerce, has •the merit of accomplifliing the abolition of the (lave-trade among the • fu^jefts of Denmark. His plan was approved by tne king on the 22d of February, 17921 and is to be gradual ; and in 1803, all trade in ne- groes is to ceafe on the part of Danifli fubje£ts. The difintereftednefs of this minifter, who poflelTes large eftates in the Dt.iifh Weft India illands, recommends his exertions to greater praife. The above ordinance dees not feemt0 havecaufed any difcontent in Denmark among the Weft Ir.i'ia merchants -, and it is not thought it will caiife any in the iflands. J^ fcheme for defraying the national debt has beenfugg^ftod andfol- JoAcd. One million has already been difcharg«d. ^ rrE-NM A R It. M iDenmark, talts Hionour, formally refufed to join lii the alliance of pptemtatRS agairtft France. ^ Chriftian VII. reigning king of Denmanic and Norway, LL.I>. an4 F. R.S- was bom in 1749; in 1756 he was married to the princefs Ca- rolina-Matilda of England ; ^nd has iffue, i. Frederic, prince-royal of Denmark, born January 28, 1768, and married in 1790, to the princeft Mary-Anne-Frederica, of HeflTe. ist. Loiiifa-Augufta, priiicefs-royal, born July 7» i77i> *n^ married May 27, 1786, to Frederic, prince of ^tfwick-Holftein, by whom {he has iflue. Brothers and fifters to the king. 1. Sophia Magdalene, born July 3b 1746; married to the late king of Sweden, Guftavus III. — 2. Wilhel- mina, born July 10, 1747; married Sept. 1, 1 764, William, the prefent prince of Hefle-Caflel.7-3. Loiiifa, born Jan. 30, 1750; married Aug. 30, 1766, Charles, brother to the prince of Heflc-Caflel, — 4. Frederic; born Oa. a8, 1753. • ' III I 11 " ■ " ' "!! ' ^^ Hm Danism Majesty's GERMAN DOMINIONS. '^' jHoLSTEIN, a duchy of Lower Saxony, about 100 miles long an^ 50 broad, and a fruitful country, was formerly divided between the emprefi of Ruffia (termed Ducal Holftein), the king of Denmark, and the imperial cities of Hambiirg and Lubec ; but on the i6th of November, 1 773, Ducal Holftein, with all the rights, prerogatives, and territorial fovereignty, was formally transferred to the king of Denmark^ by virtue of a treaty between both courts. The duke of Holftein Got- torp is joint fovpreign of great part of it, with the Danifli monarch. Kiel is the capital of Ducal Holftein, and is well built, has a harboiu*, and neat public edifices. The capital of Danifti Holftein is Gluckftadt, a well-built town and fortrefs, but in a raarftiy fituation, on the right of the Elbe, and has fonie foreign commerce. Altena, a large, populous, and handfome town, of great traffic, it commodioufly fituated on the Elbe, in the neighbourhood of Hamburg. It was built in that fituation, that it might fliare in the commerce of the forjner. Being declared a free port, and the ftaple of the Danifli Eaft- India company, the merchants alfo enjoying liberty of confcience, great numbers flocked to Altena from all parts of the North, and even from Hamburg itfelf. The famous city of Hamburg is fituated on the verge of that part of Holftein called Stormar ; but is an imperial, free, and Hanfeatic city. It has the fovereigntv of a fmall diftricSt round it, of about ten miles cir- cuit ; it is one of Uk moft flouriftiing commercial towns in Europe ; and though the kings of Denmark ftill lay claim to certain privileges within its walls, it may be confideved as a well-regulated commonwealth. The nua.bef of its inhabitants is faid to amount to 180,000 ; and it contains a variety of noble edifices, both public and private. It has two fpacidus harbours, formed by the river Elbe, which runs through the town; and 84 bridges are thrown over its canals. Hamburg has the good fortune of having been jjecnliarly favoured in its commerce by Great Britain, with which it ftill carries on a great trade. The Hamburghers maintain twelve companies of foot, and oue. troop of dragoons, befides an artiU lery company. • >;?' ,1 ,.-.,,'-■•-.:, v. -; Lubec, an imperial city, with a good harbour, once the capital of the Haufe towiie| and ftill a rich and populous place, is alfo ii^ this duchy, 6 « ^ X A P L A W AT. ul - hi I :■ I'i: ".,,'■■ . . . ^.- . . . /, It is governed by its ttWn magrftrates. It has lo parifli-chdrelies," $e. fides a large cathedral. Ljptheranifitt is the eftabliihed religioa of the whole duchy. ' In Westphalia, the king of Denmark has the counties of Olden"- burg and DelmenWft^ containing about two thoufand fquare miles f they lie on the fouth fide of the Wefer ; their capitals have the ifame btme; the firil has the remains of a foitmca^ion, and the laft is an open place. Oidenburgeave a title to the firft royal anc^ ftor of his prcfcnt Danifli majefty. The country abounds with marflies/and heaths ; its h6r{t$ are the bed in Germany. , LAP LAN D. The northern fituatlon of Lapland, and the divifion of its property, re(;uire, before 1 proceed farther, that it (hould be treated of tinder dt diffinA' head, and in the fame method obfervtd with refpeft to other Countries. SiTUAfjoNV EXTENT,' DiV'KioN,! The whole countr^pjF Lapland ANDNAME. J cxtencfe, fo' far as it is known^ from t^e North Cape in 71° jo'-N. lat. to the White Sea, under ttie airftie cirtld. Part of Lapland belongs to the Danes, and -is included in the government of Wardhuys } part to the Swedes, whi '1 is by far the moft Valnafe'e y and fome parts in the eaftj to the Ruffians. The dimen- fions of eaeh of thefe parts are by no means accurately ascertained. An eftimate of that belonging to the Swedes may be feen in the table of di- menfions given in the account of Sweden; bui other accounts fay that it is about 100 German miles in length, and 90 in breadth;^ it compre- hends all the country from the Baltic to the mountains that feparate Norway from Swed€fl. The Ruffian part lies towards the eaff, between the lake Enarak and the White $ea. , Thofe parts, notwithftanding the rudenefs of the country, are divided intofmaller diftrifts, generally tak- ing their names from rivers : but, unlefs in the Swedifh part, which is* fubjeft to a prefeA, the Laplanders can be faid to be under no regular government. The Swedifh Lapland, therefore^ is the objeft chiefly confidered by authors in defcribing this country. It has been general- ly thought that the Laplanders are the defcendents of Fiulanders drfven out of their own country, and that they take their name from Lappesy which figniiies exiles. The reader, from what has been faid in the In- troduflion, may eafily conceive, that in Lapland, for fome months in. the fummer, the fun never fets; and during winter, it never rifes; but the inhabitants are fo well aflifled by the twilight and the aurora bore- alis, that they never difcontinue their work through darknefs. Climate.] In winter it is no upufual thinji; for their lips to be Iro- »en to the cup in attempting to drink ; and in fome thermometers, fpi- rits of wine are concreted into ice : the limbs of the inhabitants very often mortify with cold : drifts of fnow threaten to bury the traveller, and cover the ground four or five feet deep. A thaw fometimes takes place ; and then the froft that fucceeds prefents the Laplander with a fmootii level of ice, over which he travels with a rein-deer in a fledge with inconceivable fwiftnefs. Tiie^ieats of fummer ate exceffive for a fbort time ; and the catarafls which dafli frojii tbe mountains, often pre- fcnt to the eye the moft pifturefqiie appearances. Mountains, rivers, lakes, ( LapI.mU is a vaft mafs of mounv AND FORESTS. < tains, irregularly crowdcd together; tl cy are, however, iu ionie intcrfticcs, fcparated by livers and lakcsy J* AP L A irix H %»bHch contain an incredible number of Klands, feme of whkh fornk^ dieiightful habitations, and are believed by the natives to have been th«f terreftrtal Faradife : even rofes and other flowers grow wiid on their borders «n the fummer ; though this is but a fhort gleam of tempera, ture^ for the climate iivgieneral 19 exceflivelyfevere. ' Duiky forefts, and noifome, unhealthy morafles, and barren plains, cover great part of the flat country, fo that nothing can be more uncotnfoitabic than the fiatd «f the inhabitants. Mj&taLs aud MiNBtiALS^] Silver and gold mines, as well as thofe pf iron, copper, and lead, have been difcovered and worked in t^ipknd to great advantage ; beautiful cryftals are found here, as are feme ame- thyfts and topazes ; alfo various forts of mineral (lones, furprifingl;^ poliihed by the hand of nature;, valuable pearls have iikewife been fome* times found in the rivers, but never in the feas. QUAQS.UPEDS, BIRDS, FisHjESy 7 We muft refer to our accounts AND INSECTS. - r, -^ ) of Denmark and Norway for great part of this article, as the animals are common to all the three coun« tries. The tdieHu^ a creature refembling the marten, is a native of Lapland ; and its Hcin, whether black or white, is highly efteemed. Th« Lapland hares grow white in the winter*, and the country produces a large black cat, which attends the natives in hunting. By far the mod remarkable, however, of the Lapland animals, is the rein-deery which nature feems to have provided to recompenfe the Laplanders for the privation of the other comforts of life. This animal, the mofl; ufeful perhaps of any in tlie creation, refembles the flag, only it fomewhat droops the head, and the horns project forward. AH who have de- icribed this animal have taken notice of the crackling noife that they make when they move their legs, which Is attributed to their feparating; and afterwards bringing together the divifions of the hoof. The under part is entirely covered with hair, in the fame manner that the claw of the Ptarmigan is with feathery bridles, which is almoft the only bird that can endure the rigour of the climate. The hoof however is not only thus protected; the fame neceffity which obliges the Laplanders to ufe fno^v Ihioes, makes the extraordinary width of the rein's hoof to be equally convenient in paffing over fnow, as it prevents their finking too deep, which they continually would, did the weight of their body reft only on a fmall point. This quadruped hath therefore an infliu£t to ufe a hoof of fuch a form in a ftili more advantageous' manner, by feparat- ing it when the foot is to touch the ground fo as to cover a larger fur- face of fnow. The inftant however the leg of the animal is raifed, tho hoof is immediately contraded, and the collilion of the parts occafions the Oil^ping which is heard on every motion of the rein. And proba-" biy the crackling which they perpetually make, may ferve.to keep theni together when the weather is remarkably dark. In fummer, the rein- deer provide thcmfelves with leaves and gr^fs, aiid in the winter they live upon mofs : they have a wonderful lagacity at finding it out, and when found, they fcrape away the fnow that covers it with their fe^t« The fcantinefs of their fare is inconceivable, as is the length9f the jpur- nies which they can perform without any other fupport. . They fix the, rein-deer to a kind of fledge, fliaped like a fmall boat, in which the tra-- yeller, well fecured from cold, is laced down ; with the reins, which ai'q fattened to the horns of the animal, in one hand, and a kind of blud- geon in the other, to keep the carriage clear of ice and Aiqw. Tiie deer, whofe harnefiing is very fimple, lets out, and ontinucs the jour» x^l with prodigious jpeed J and is fo fate aiid tra<5table, th»t ttie drive; «« £1PL ANDi B' '..d' m is at little or no trouble in direfting him. At night fWey lock otit fot their own.provender ; and their milk often helps to fupport thei/ miftfef. Their ihft|n6l in chooHng their rpad, and directing their courfe, cait Only b0 accounted for by their b^ing well acquainted with the cotin* try during the fummer months, when they live in the woods. Theif fleih is a well-tafted foodj whether frefli Or dried ; theirfkin forms ex^ celtentcloathing both for the bed and the body ; their milk and cheefe are nutritive and ple^fant ; and their inteilines and tendons fup^ly their ibafters with thread aiid cordage^ When they run about wild in die fields, they may be, ibot at as other game. But it is fuid, that if One is killed in a flock^ the furvivors will gore and trampltf hinft to pieces ; therefore fingle ftragglcrs are generally chofen. With ijM their excellent qualities/ however, the rdn'-deer nave their IncOnve* niences. .:«/>- It is difficult in fummer to keep them from f^raggling; they are Ibmetimes buried in the fnow; and they frequently grow reftive, to the great danger of the driver and his Carriage. Their turprifing fpeed (fpr they are /aid to rim at the rate of %oQ miles a day) feems to be owing to their impatience to get rid of their incumbrance. None but a "Lap* lander could bear the uneafy p6fture in which he is placed, when he is, confined in one of thefe carriages or pulkh&s ; or would believe, that, by whifpering the rein-deer in the ear, they know the place of thei^ deftination. People, cwsTOMs, akd manners.] The language of the LapJ landers is of Fihnilh origin, and comprehends fp many dialers, that it is with difficulty they underftand each other. They have neither writ- ing nor letters among them, but a number of hieroglyphics, which they make ufe of in their Rounes, a fort of flicks that they call Piftave, «nd which ferve them for an almanack. Thefe hieroglyphics are alfa the marks they ufe inftead of fignatures, even in matters of law. Mif- uonaries from the chriftianifed parts of Scandinavia introduced among them the Chriftian religion; but they cannot be faid even yet to be Chriftians, though they have among them fome religious feminaries, Jnftituted by the king of Denmark. Upon the whole, the majority o^ the Laplanders praftife as grofs fuperftitions and idolatries as are to be found among the moft uninftrufted pagans; and fo abfurd, that they fcarcely deferve to be mentioned, were it not that the number and od- dities of their fuperftitions have induced the northern traders to- believe that they are flcilf 111 in magic and divination. For this purpofe their Aiagicians make ufe of what they call a drum, made of the hollowed trunk of a fir, pine, or birch tree, one end of which is covered with a /kin ; on this they draw, with a kind of red colour, the figures ot their 0wn gods, as well as of Jefus Chrift, the apoftles, the fun, moofn, ftaY^, birds, and rivers; on thefe they place one or two brafs rings, which, ii'hen the drum is beaten with a little hammer, dance over the figures t diid, according to their progrefs, the forcerer prognofticates. Thefe frantic operation^ are generally performed for gain ; and the northern ihip-maners are fuch dupes to the arts of thefe impoftors, that they often buy from them a magic cord, which contains a number of knots, ty openmg of which according to the magician's direrm» ex- dcheefe ^ly their wild in I, that if iple hiiti Withiin IftcWlVC* the LapJ as, that it ither writ- es, which ill Piftave, :s are alfa iw. Mif- ed among yet to be leminarics, (lajority oi are to be that they er and OQ- to- believe ■pofe their : hollowed •cd with a ■es ot their looin, ftaY^, s, which, le figures t 's. Thefe [e northern that they |r of knots, I, they are Ivery com- i great ad- i\s knotted :ral of the Druidiicat Jnftitutions, They believe the tranfmigration of the folil; and have feftivals fet apart for the worfliip of certain genii, called Jeuhles, who they think inhabit the air, and have great power over human anions ; but being without form or fubftance, they afSgn to them neitlier images nor (latues. Agricuhure is. not much attended to among 'the Laplanders. They are .citieily divided into Lapland fifliers, and Lapland mountaineers. The fo^iner always raalve their habitations on the brink <^r in the neigh-.^ boorhood x>f fome lake, from which they draw their fubfiftence* The others fcek their fupport upon the mountains, and their environs, pof- .fei&ng herds of rein-deer more or lefs numerous, which they ufe ac(!>ord- ijng to the fcafon, but 'o generally on foot. They are excellent and -jirery induftribus herdfmen, and are rich in comparifon of the Lapland jfifli)e«5./-.Som^ of. them poffefs fix hundred or a thtfufand rein-deer, and have often: money and plate befides. They mark every rein-deer ort .theearsi and divide them intoclafles; fo that they iiiftantly perceive whether any one has ftrayed, though they cannot count to fo great a number as, that to which their ftock often amounts. Thofe who pof- fefs hut a fmalUbcck,: give to every individual a proper name. The Lapland;fyhca-s, who are tilfo called Laplanders of the Woods, becaufe in fummer they dwell upon the borders of the lakes, and in winter lit the foreftr, live by fifliing and hunting, and choofe their fituatiori by its convenience for. either. The greatdl part of them, however, have fome reia'-dcer. They are a£live and expert in the ciiafe : and the in- trodcftion of fire»-arms among them has alrnoil entiiiely aboliflied the ufe of the bow and arrow. Befides looking after the rein-deer, the fifliery, and thea chafe, the men employ themfelvcs in the conftruftioix of their canoes, w^ich f.re fmall, light, and compaft. They alfo make fledges^'.to which th?y give the form of a canoe, harnefs for the rein-deer, aaips, bowls, and various other utemils, which are fometimcs Jieatly carved, and fomt'times ornamented with bones, brafs, or horn. The employment of the women confiib in making nets for the fifhery, ia drying fifli and meat, in milking the rein-deer, in making cheefe, and tanning hides; but it is underftood to be the bufmefs of the men to look after the kitchen, in which it is-laid the w'omen never interfere. The Laplanders liveirV huts in the for'.>i of tents, A hut is from about twenty-five to thirty feet in diameter, ind not much nbove fix in height* They cover them, according to tne fejfo.n, and the means of the pof- feflbr, fome with -briars, bnrk. of oirch or of linden, — cithers with turf, coarfe cloth, or felt, or the old fkins of r^in-dcer. The door is of felt, made like two'curtains which open afundei . A little place furrounced with ftoncs is made in the middle of the hut for the fire, over which a I chaiti is fufpended to hang the kettle upon. They are fcarcely able to fland Upright in their huts, but conftantly fit upon their heels round the fire. At night chey lie down quite naKed; and, to feparate the apart- ments, pUce upright fticks at fmall diilances. They cover themfelves with their clothes, or lie upon them. In winter ihey put their naked feet into a fur bag. ' Their houfehold furniture confills of iron or cop- ||)er kertles, wooddn cups, bowls, fpoons, and fometimes tin or even liiUer bafons: to which may be added the implements of fifliing and [hunting. That thfty may not be obliged to carry fuch a number of Itbings with them in their excurfvons, they build in the forefts, at Cer- Itain diftances, little huts, made like pigeon-houfes, and placed upon Ithe trunk of a tree, cut off at the height of about fix feet from |the roott In thefe elevated huts they keep their goods and provi« r^ ^ i, ^ • L A P L A N D. ^ fions ; and though they are never (hut, yet they are never plundered. The rein-deer lupply the Laplanders with the greateft part of their provifions : the ohafe and the 6(hery fiipply the rtft. Their principal difties are the flefli of the rein-deer, and puddings which they make of t their blood, by putting it, either alone or mixed with wild berries, into the (lomach of the animal from whence it was taken, in which they cook it for food. But the flcdi (ff the bear is confidered by them as their mod delicate meat. They eat every kind of fifli, even the fea- dog; as well as all kinds of wild animals, not excepting birds of prey a>i J carnivorous animals. Their winter proviHons confift chiefly of flefli and fifli dried in the open air, both of which they eat raw, with* out any fort of Hrefling. Ti. ir common drink is water, fometimes mix- , ed with milk; they make alfo broths and fifli foups. Brandy is very fcarce with them, but they are extremely fond of it. Whenever they are inclined to eat, the head of the family I'preads a carpet on the ground ; . and the men and women fquat round this mat, which is covered with dithes. Every Laplander always carries about him a knife, a fpoon, and a little cup for drinking. Each has his portion feparately given him, that no perfon may be injured ; for they are great eaters. Before and after the meal, they make a fliort prayer : and as foon as they have done eating, each gives the other his hand. In their drefs, the Laplanders ufe no kind of linen. The men wear clofe breeches, reaching down to their flioes, which are made of untan* ned flcin, pointed and turned up before ; and in winter they put a little hay in them. Their doublet is made to fit their fliape, and open at the . bread. Over this, they wear a clofe coat with narrow fleeves, the flcirts of which reach down to the knees, and which is fattened round them by a leathern girdle, ornamented with plates of tin or brafs. To this ^girdle they tie theif knives, their inftruments for making fire^ their , pipes, and the reft of their fmoaking apparatus. Their clothes are made of fur, of leather, or of cloth; the clofe coat of cloth or lea- ther always bordered with fur, or bindings of cloth 9f different colours. Their caps are edged with fur, pointed at top, and the four feams ad- orned with lifts of a different colour from that of the cap. The wo- men wear breeches, flioes, doublets, and clofe coats, in the fame man- ner as the men ; but their girdle, at which they carry likewifethe implc ments for fmoaking tobacco, is commonly embroidered with brafs wire. Their clofe coat has a collar, which comes up fomewhat higher than that of the men. Ijfefides thefe, they wear handkerchiefs, and little aprons, made of painted cloth, rings on their fingers, and ear-rings, to which they fometimes hang chains of filver, which pafs two or three times round the neck. They are often dreJTed in caps folded after the manner of tur- bans. They wear alfo caps fitted to the fliape of the head : and afe they are much addifted to finery, they are all ornamented with the embroidery of brafs wire, or at leaft with lift of different colours. Lapland is but poorly peopled, owing to the general barrennefs of its foil. The whole number of its inhabitants may amount to about 60,000. Both men and women are in general confiderably fliorter than more fouthern Europeans. Maupertuis ipeafured a woman who was fuckling her child, whofe height did not exceed four feet two inches and abouti half; they make however a much more av^reeable appearance than the men, who are often ill-fliaped and ugly, and their heads too large for their ^odies. Their women are complaifant, chafte, often well made, and ex tremely nervous; whicji is alfo obfervable among the men, although mQrej rarely. It frequently happens that a Lapland woman will fa^ot avva/) Coi BOUN] on frac, or eft; b) ovy on r. 2, leiong n< ter the G pland ; arts of rrow be ingdom SWEDEN. 99 or even fall into a fit of frenzy, on a fpark of fire flying towards her, an unexpeAed noife, or the fudilen Heht of an unexpected objeA, though in its own nature not in the lead afarming; in fhort, at the moft trifling things imaginable. During thefe paroxyfnts of terror, they deal about b^ws with the flrft thing that prefents itfelf ; and, on coming to them- felves, are utterly ignorant of all that has paiTed. When a Laplander intends to marry, he, or his friends, court the fa- ther of the fair one with brandy; and when, with fome difliculty, he gains admittance to his fair one, he offers her a beaver's tongue, or fome othir eatable, which flie rejects before company, but accepts in private. Cohabitation often precedes marriage ; but every admittance to the fair one is purchafed from her father, by her lover, with a bottle of brandy ; and this prolongs the courtfliip Sometimes for three vears. The priefl of the parifli at laft celebrates the nuptials; but the Dride- groom is obliged to ferve his father-in-law for four years after. He then carries his wife and her fortune home. Commerce.] Little can be iaid of the commerce of the Laplanders. Their exports confifl of fifli, rein-deer, furs, bafkets, and toys ; with fome dried pikes, and cheefes made of rein-deer milk. They receive for thefe rix-doUars, woollen cloths, linen, copper, tin, flour, oil, hides, needles, knives, fptrituous liquors, tobacco, and other necefTaries. Their mines are generally 'vorked by foreigners, and produce no incondd^rable pro- fit. The litt^ianders travel in a kind of cflravan, with their families, to the Finland and Norway fairs. The reader may make fome eftimate i of the medium of commerce among them, when he is told, that fifty fquirrel fliins, or one fox fkin, and a pair of Lapland (hoes, produce one rix-doUar ; but no computation can be mide of the public revenue, the greatefl part of which is allotted for the maintenance of the clergy. With regard to the fecurity of their pr^operty, few difputes happen ; and their judges have no military to enforce their decrees, the people hav- ing a remarkable averfion to war j :and, fo far as we know, are never em- ployed in any army. .,..,•,..,„ lundered. ; of their principal y make of tries, into ,hich they )y them a» :n the fea- •ds of prey : -chiefljr of raw, with- rtimes mix- ndy is very enever they the ground ; overed with fe, afpoon, irately given :ers. Before as they have he men wear idc of untan- •y put a little id open at the ves, the (kirts d round them afs. To this ing firei their ir clothes arc cloth or lea- erent colours, bur feams ad- The wo- fhe fame man- (ifetheimple- rithbrafswirc. Ligber than that [d little aprons, ings, to which Iree times round lanner of tur- Id : and ai they the embroidery , ■ DIVISIONS. y thfc Sound, and the Categate, or Scag- larrennefs of itspfrac, on the foUth ; by the impafTable mountains of Norway, on t about 60,000. Keft; by Danifh or Norwegian Lapland on the North; and by Muf- ovy on the eaft. It is divided into feven provinces: i. Sweden Pro- er. 2. Gothland. 3. Livonia. 4. Ingria. (Thefe two lafl provinces elong now, however, to the Ruffians, having been conquered by Pe- er the Great, and ceded by pofterior treaties.) 5. Finland. 6. Swedifli large for theirBiapland; and, 7. The Swedifli iflands. The lakes and unimproved 1 made andex-Biarts of Sweden are fo extenfive, that the habitable part is confined to although rTiQr«B»rrow bounds. The following are the dimenfipns given us of this 'iUfaiotawaylingdom: ' * , ' K m I rf^-- ;')■ 1.1 n-; AoTl.O'i, iir.f^ SWEDEN. EXTENT A»D SITXJATloN. • Miles. Length 800 Breadth 500 ■:.:i'q kqih.r; > between < Degree?. 56 and 69;North latitude. 10 and 30 Eafl longitude. Containing 220,000 fquare miles, with 14 inhabitants to each. Boundaries and 7 iHIS' country is bounded by the Baltic fea, } rter than more 10 was iuckling Ihes and about i| irance than the N I si' Hi 1 fPl 1 i Hli 1 109) S.WED E.N. Sweden. Square Miles. 76,83 s Sum total. ai8,7i5 • 1 Capiul Gtiei. Sweden Proper - . - Oothland - . - - - Schuiicn - - - - - 47,900 »5.97S a,96o 76,835 ■iraii '.■ 150,560 1,320 34a »33 77 420 395 80 »4 47 «4 194 UO 56 340 »»5 »3 9 *4 21 Stockholm, N.Lat. $91-. 30. E. Loll. i9>^l5. Calmar. Lunden. 5 Torr?. t Vnuk. .' Abo, ', Caienburgh. Wilby. Birkholm. .1 Strairund., Bergen. Lapiam* and ) W., Bothnia J " " " SweJifli Finland and } Eaft Bothnia. ) Oothland I. - - - • Oeland (. .... 76,000 7.I1O00 1,000 560 Upper ? ( Ponierania, P. Saxony \ ( Rug«n L 960 360 ^,.-^, Of Sweden Proper, the fqllowing are the fubdivifionaiii : . ..^^i Upfendia, , , (^r Heldngia, K-.ti ./i^i»,; '^».<.;.i:;. Sudermania, DalecarUa^ •-,.,;„ o. ( »a/ .<«icf #;{>/,. .. Weftmania, Medelpedia, . '< hr'' Utvslv.i .'v;;Jt •i^:iJ ''ot -Nericia, Angermania^ • U» uufii ..(u ; y;tv* h-iv' Geftricia, Jemptia. . 1 . :i\',i I "•',»><' r Of Gothland> the following are the fubdivi (ions ^ •'•''•' /•tVi'-W Eaft Gothland, ftalia, _ '"? ' • I.iif • i'"jfti«;Mi*f^j; Weft Gothland, Schonen, • *" ^^^ * '*', ^^^'^^y Ill I . '3 >Smaland, Blekine, Wermeland, Halland. Of Swedifh Lapland, the following are the fiibdivifions ; ■ '; • ■ - ,,..v^^.,^ Thorne Lapmark, Pithia Lapmark, ' KimiLapmark, Uma Lapmark. / LulaLapmark, The principal places in Weft Bothnlaare Umea, Pitea, and Tornea. Of Finland, the following are the fubdivifions : £a{l Bothnia, Nyland, , , ' In Sweden, fummer burfts fudden- ANiy PRopircTioNs. ^ ly from winter; and vegetation h\ more fpeedy than in fouthern climates; for the fun is here fa hot, as fometimes to fet forefts on fire. Stoves and warm furs mitigate the cold I of winter, which is fo intenfc, that the nofes and extremities of the in- habitants are fometimes mortified ; and in fuch cafes, the beft remedy I that has been difcovered, is rubbing the affefted part with fnow. The Swedes, fince the days of Charles XII. have been at incredible pains to eorreft the native barrennefs of their country, by erc(fting colleges of I agriculture, and iu fome places with great fuccefs. The foil is muck| SWEDEN. 101 piul Citici. ncKHOLMt Lat. 5«— SO- Lon.19— IS- ilmar. inden. Torr.f. AbO| Cajenburgh. urkholffl. Lralfund.. Icrgei). fj^f, ivnclfii" 1 isu;ii Jin 5: af:;'; ivifions ; and Tornea, Ins: id Rugen. |s neighbouring I burfts fudden- Id vegetation 13 (here fo hot, as litigate the cold [nities of the in- Ihe beft remedy Ith fnow. The Iredible pains to [ting colleges of The foil is mud the fame with that of Denmark, nnd fome parts of Norway, generally very bad, but in fome valleys furpriHngly^fertile. The Swedes, till of late years, had not Induftry fu^cient to remedy the one, nor improve the other. The peafants now follow the agriculture of France and Eng- land ; and fome late accounts fay that they raife almod as much grain as maintains the natives. Gotiiland produces wheat, rye, barley, oats, peas, and beans; and in cafe of deficiency, the people are fupplied from Livonia and the Bahic provinces. In fummer, tne Helds are verdant, and covered with flowers, and produce ftrawberries, rafpberries, currants, and other fmall fruits. The common people know, as yet, little of the culti- vation of apricots, peaches, nefiarines, pine*apples, and the like high-fla- voured fruits ; but melons are brought to great perfection in dry feafons. Minerals add metals.] Sweden produces cryftals, amethyils, to- pazee, porphyry, lapis-lazuli, agate, cornelian, marble, and other foflils. The chief wealth of Sweden, however, arifes from her mines of lilvef, copper, lead, and iron. The lad-mentioned metal employs no fswer than 4;o forges, hammering mills, and fmelting-houfes. A kind of a gold mine haslikewife been difcovered in Sweden, but foinconfiderable, tliat, from the year 1741 to 1747, it produced only 4,389 gold ducats, each valued at 9s. 4d. flerling. The firft gallery of one filver mine is 100 fathoms below the furface of the earth ; the roof is fupported by prodi- gious oaken beams; and from thence the miners defcend about 40 fa- thoms to the lowefl vein. This mine is faid to produce 20,000 crowns a year. The product of the copper mines is uncertain ; but the whole is loaded with vaft taxes and reaudtions to the government, which has no other refources for the exigencies of the (late. Thefe fubterraneous manlions are aflonifhingly fpacious, and at the fame time commodious for their inhabitants, i'o that they feem to form a hidden world. The water-falls in Sweden afford excellent conveniency for turning mills for forges ; and for fome years, the exports of Sweden for iron brought in 300,000!. (lerling. It is fuppofed that they conftituted two-thirds of the national revenue. It muft, however, be obferved, that the exactions of the Swedifli government, and the importation of American bar-iron into Europe, and fome other caufes, have greatly diminifhed this ma- pufaAure. Antiquities and curiositiks, I A few leagues from Gotten- NATuaAL AND ARTIFICIAL. J burgh there is a hideous preci- pice, down which a dreadful cataraft of w/iter rufhes with fuch impe- tuofity, from the height, into fo deep a bed of water, that large mafts, and other bodies of timber, precipitated down it, difappear for near an hour before they are recovered : the bottom of this bed has never been found, though founded by lines of feveral hundred fathoms. A re- markable flimy lake, which finges things put into it, has been found in the fouthern parts of Gothland : and feveral parts of Sweden contain a flone, which being of a yellow colour, inte'-ni^ed with feveral ftrealu of white, as if compofed of gold and filver, affords fulphur, vitriol, alum, and minium. In the univerfity of Upfal is preferred the famous Codex Argenteus^ a manufcript, with filver letters, of a Gothic tranfla- tion of the Gofpels, by Ulphilas, a biftiop of the Goths in Mcefia, who lived about 1 300 years ago, It is very ancient and very impcrfeft, but equally curious and valuable, becaufe it contains all that remains of ths ancient Gothic language, the venerable parent of the Runic, the old Teutonic, and the Anglo-Saxon ; and, confcquently, of the rpodern Englifli, German, Danifli, Swedifh, and Icelandic languages. Seas»3 Tl^eir feas are the Baltic, and th^ gulphs of i^othnia and Fin- H 3 -102 SWEDEN. W. If ^ '} h ' land, which r.r_ iritis of the Baltic; and on the weft of Sweden are the Categate fea, and the Sound, a ftrait about four miles over, which di- vides Sweden from Denmark. Thefe feas have no tides, and are frozen up ufually four months in the year; nor are they fo fait as the ocean ; never mixing with it, be- cause a current fets always out of the Baltic fea into the ocean. Quadrupeds, b;rds,' and fishes.] Thefe dilfer little from thofe already defcribed in Norway and Denmark. The Swedifli horfes are more lerviceable in war than the German. The Swediili h^wks, when carried to France, have been known to revifit their native country, as appears from one that was killed in Finland, with an infcription on a fmall gold plate, fignifying that he belonged to the French king. Tha fifhes found in the rivers and lakes of Sweden, are the fame with thofe in other northern »:ountries, and taken in fuch quantities, that feveral forts of them, ^ikes in particular, are falted and pickled for exporta- tion. The train-oil of the feals taken in the gulf of Finland is a con- fiderable article of exportation. Inhabitants, manners, and customs.] The charat^ter of the Swedes has differed greatly in different ages, nor is it very '.miform. At prefent, their peafants feem to be a heavy plodding race of men, Hiong and hardy, but without any other ambition than that of fubfift- ing themfelves and their families as well as they can : the mercantile clafles are much of th» fame caft ; but great application and perfeve- rance is difcovered among them all. It feems difficult, however, to conceive that the modern Swedes are defcendents of thofe, who, under Guftavus Adolphus and Charles XII. carried terror in their names through diftant countries, and fliook *' e foundations of the greateft em- pires. The intrigues of their fenators drew them to take part in the war, called the levcn years' war, againft Pruffia; yet their behaviour was fpiritlefs, and their courage contemptible. The princ • ",1 nobility and gentry of Sweden are naturally brave, polite, and hofpitable ; they have high and warm notions of honour, and are jealoui of their national interefts. The drefs, exercifes, and diverfions, of the common people, are almoft the fame with thofe of Denm?r"c : the better fort are infa- tuated with French modes and falhions. The wo. en go to the plough, threfli out the corn, row upon the water, ferve the bricklayers, cany burdens, and do all the common drudgeries in hulhandry. Religion.] Chriftianity was introduced here in the gth century. Their religion is Lutheran, which was propagated amongft them by Guftavus Vafa, about the year 1523. The Swedes are furprifingly uniform and unremitting in religious matters : and had fuch an averfion to popery, that caftration was the fate of every Roman catholic prieft difcovered in their country. The archbiftiop of Upfal has a revenue of about 400I. a year, and has under him 13 fufFragans, befides fuper- intendents, with moderate ftipends. No clergyman has the leaft direc tion in the affairs of ftate ; but their morals and the fanftity of their lives endear them fo much to the people, that the government would repent making them its enemies. Their chnrches are neat, and often ornamented. A body of ecclefiaftical laws and canons direft their re- 1 ligious economy. A converfion to popery, or a long continuance un- der excommunication, which cannot pafs without the king's permiffion, I i$ puniflitid by imprifonment and exile. Language, learning, and learned men.] The Svvedifli Ian- j guage is a dialeft of the Teutonic, and refembles that of Denmark. The Swedifli nobility and gentry are, in general, more converfaijij in polite SWEDEN. 103 literature than thofe of many other more flourifhing dates. They Jiave of late exhibited fome noble fpecimcns of their munificence for the im- provemeht of literature ; witnefs their fending, at the expenfe of private perfons, that excellent and candid natural philofopher HaflTelquift into the eaftern countries for difcoveries, where he died. This noble fpirit is eminently encouraged by the royal family ; and her Swedifli majefty purchafed, at no inconfiderable expenfe for that country, all HafTel- quift's coIleiEtion of curiofities. That able civilian, ftatefman, and hif- torian, PufFendorfF, was a native of Sweden ; and fo was the late cele- brated Linnaeus, who carried natiyal pliilofophy, in fome brandies at leaft, particularly botany, to the highefl pitch. The paflion of tlie fa- mous queen Chriflina for literature is well known to the public ; and Ihe may be accounted a genius in many branches of knowledge. Even in the midft of the late diftraftions of Sweden, the fine arts, particularly drawing, fculpture, and architefture, were encouraged and protected. Agricultural learning, both in theory and praftice, is now carried to a confiderable height in that kingdom ; and the cliarafter given by fome writers, that the Swedes are a dull heavy people fitted only for bodily labour, is in a great meafure owing to their having no opportunity of exerting their talents. Universities.] The principal is that of Upfal, inftituted near 400 years ago, and patronifed by fucceffive monarchs, particularly by the great Guftavus Adolphus, and his daughter queen Chriftina. There are near 1500 (Indents in this univerfity ; but for the moft part they are ex- tremely indigent, and lodge, five or fix together, in very poor hovels. The profeflbrs in different branches of literature are about twenty-two ; of whom the principal are thofe of divinity, eloquence, botany, ana- tomy, chemiftry, natural philofophy, aftronomy, and agriculture. Their falaries are from 70I. to lool. per annum. This univerfity, jiiftly called by Stillingfleet, " that great and hitherto unrivalled fchool of iia- •' tural hiftory," is certainly the firft feminary of the North for academical education, and has produced, from the time of its inllitution, perfons eminent in eveiy branch of fcience. The learned publications which have lately been given to the world by its members, fufiiciently prove the flourifliing ftate of literature in thefe parts; and the thefes, coni- pofed by the ftudents on their adnaffion to tlicir degrees, would form a very interefting coUeftion. Many of thefe trafts upon various fubjecfts of polite literature, antiquities, languages, &c. evince the erudition, and tafte of the refpeflive authors : among the worksof this fort which have widely diffufed the fame of this learned fociety throughout Europe, are the Amcenitates Jcademica^ or a Colltdion of Thefes upon Natural Hiftory, held under the celebrated Linnajus, and chiefly feleded by that m after. There is another univerfity at Abo in Finln".d, but not fo well en- dowed, nor fo flourifliing; and there was a third at Lunden, in Scho- nen, which is now '^alleninto decay. Every diocefe is provided with a free-fchool, in which boys are qualified for the univerfity *. Manufactures, trade, com- 1 The Swedifli commonalty fub- MERCE, ANo CHIEF TOWNS. \ fift by agriculture, mining, graz- ing, hunting, and fifliing. Their materials for traftic are the bulky and ufeful commodities of mafts, beams, deal-boards, and other forts of timber for fliipping; tar, pitch, bark of trees, pot-afli, wooden utenfils, * An academy of arts and fciences was fome years fincc cftaWifhcd at Stockholm, and is now in a flourifliing cniidition. Tliey havm publiibcd fcvcral volumes of in«- nioirs, which hsiYc been well received by the public. H4 t04 S WiED E N. iJ-' rii-f.ii f-itl I'll |Hi| [ill lei m iffiil ir... hides, flax, hemp, peltiy, furs, copper, lead, iron, cordage, and fif[>. Even the maniifafturinfi; of iron was introduced into Sweden I'o late as the i6th century; for till that time they fold thtir own crude ore to the Hanfe towns, and bought it back a2;ain manufai'tnrcd into utenfils. About the mi'UIle of the 17th century, by the afTillance '■ S W E DEN.. -1 0.5 cttles, psrtlcularly a national bank, the capital of tvhieh is 45o,goQl; ilerling.' . 1 ■ ■ ■ ; . ->ft'ai., ;'»■>>) i'^ . '-..; ■ .,.., ' :.,(",i Government.] The government of Sweden has undergone many- changes. The Swedes, like the Danes, were originally free^ and duriag the courfe of many centuries the. crown was eledlive ; but after various revolutions, Charles XII. who was killed in 1718, became defpotic. He was fucceeded by his fifter Ulrica, who confented to the abolition of defpotifm, and reftored the ftates to their former liberties ; and they, in return, alfociated her hufband^ the landgraveaofcHfifle-Caflel, with iier in the government. A new model of the coO'ftitlWalon was thea dniwn up, by which the royal power was brought, pofbdlliB, too low ; Tc^r the king of Sweden could fcarcely be called by thatiriame, being limited in every exertife of government, and evemin the education of nis own children. The diet of the ftates appointed the,grfcatofticers of the king- dom ; and all the employments of any value, eccleiiaitical, civil, qf military, were conferred by the king, only with the approbation 01 the fenate. The eftates were formed of deputies from the foiir orders, no-i bility, clergy, burghers, and peafants. The reprefentatives of the no- bility, which included the gentry, amounted to above 1000, thofe of the clergy to 200, the burghers to about 150, and the peafants to 250. Each order fat in its own houfe, and had its own fpeaker ; and each chofe a fecret committee for the difpatch of buhnefs. The dates were to be convoked once in three years, in the month of Jajiiiary ; and their coUedive body had greater powers than the parliament of Great Bri- tain, becaufe the king's prerogative was more bounded. When the ftates were not fitting, the affairs of the public were ma- naged by the king and the fenate, which were no other than a commit- tee of the ftates, but chofen in a particular manner. Tlie nobility, or upper houfe, appointed 24 deputies, the clergy 12, and the bu'gh^rs la; thcfe chofe three perfons, who were to be prefented to the king, that he might nominate one out of the three for each vacancy. The pea- fants had no vote in electing a fenator. Almoft all the executive power was lodged in the fenate, which confifted of 14 members, befides the chief governors of the provinces, the prefident of the chancery, and the grand -marflial. Thofe fenators, during therecefs of tne ftates, formed the king's privy-council ; but he had no more than a cafting vote in their deliberations. Appeals lay to them from different courts of judi- cature; but each fenator was accountable to the ftates for his conduft in the fenate. Thus, upon the whole, the government of Sweden might be called republican ; for the king's power was not fo great as that of a ftadtholder. The fenate had even a power of impofing upo^i the king a fub-committee of their number, who were to attend upon his perfon, and to be a check upon all his proceedings, dow.j to the very manager ment of his family. It would be endlefs to recount the numerous fubr ordinate courts, boards, commiffions, and tribunals, which the jealoufy of the Swedes had introduced into the civil, military, commercial, and other departments. Their officers and minifters, under the noiion of making them checks upon one another, were multi;)lied to an incon- venient degree; and the operations of government were greatly irt^ird- ed, if not rendered incfFe£lual, by the tedious forms through which they piuft pals. But in Auguft, 1772, the whole fyftem of the-Swedifh government was totally changed by the late k'ug, in the moil unexpefted manner. The circumftances which atteiaded this extraordinary revolution will lie found in our hiftory of Sweden. By that event the Swedes, inftead of ^io6 S W E DEN.. having the particular defefts of their conftitution re«5tified, found their king invefted with a degree of authority little inferior to that of themoft defpotic princes of Europe. By the new form of government, the king may afl'emble and feparate the dates whenever he pleafes ; he has the fole difpofal of the army,>the navy, finances, and all employments, ci- vil and military ; and though he canrot openly claim a power of im- pofing taxes on all occafions, yet fuch as already fubfift are to be per- petual ; and, in cafe of invafion or preffing neceffity, he may impofe fome taxes till the ftai^x:an be afl'embled ; but of this neceffity he is to be the judge, and ^i illieting of the ftates depends wholly upon his will and picafure; andafi{lviK:Chey are alTembled, they are to deliberate upon nothing but what the king thinks properio lay before them. It is eafy to perceive, that a government thus couftituted can be little removed from one of the mo(t defpotic kind. Yet, in order to amufc the nation with fome flight appearances of a legal and limited government, in the new fyftem, which confifts of fifty-feven articles, a fenate is appointed, confining of feventcen members, comprehending the great officers of the crown and the governor of Pomerania: and they are required to give their advice in all the affairs of the ftate, whenever the king fliall demand it. In that cafe, if the queftions agitated are of great impor- tance, and the advice of the fenators fliould be contrary to the opinion of the king, aad they unanimous therein, the king, it is faid, {hall fol- low their advice. But this, it may be obferved, is a circumftancethat can hardly ever happen, that all the members of a fenate, confiding chiefly of officers of the crown, fliould give their opinions ^ainft the king ; and in every other cafe the king is to hear their opinions, and then to aft as he thinks proper. There are feme other apparent re- firaints of the regal power in the new fyftem of government; but they are in reality very inconfiderable. It is faid, indeed, that the king cannot eftablifli any new iaw, nor abolifli any ohi one, without the knowledge and confent of the ftates: but the king of Sweden, accord- ing to the prefent conftitution, is invefted with fo much authority, pow- er, and influence, that it is hardly to be expefted that any perfon will venture to make an oppofition to whatever he fliall propofe. "^Punishments.] The common methods of execution in Sweden are beheading and hanging; for murder, the hand of the criminal is firft chopped off, and he is then beheaded, and quartered ; women, after beheading, inftead of being quartered, are burned. No capital punifti- ment is infliftcd without the fentence being confirmed by the king. Every prifoner is at liberty to petition the king, within a month after the trial. The petition either complains of unjuft condemnation, and in fuch a cafe demands a revifal of the fentence ; or elfe prays for par- don, or a mitigation of punifliment. Malefa(5tors are never put to death, except for very atrocious crimes, fuch as murder, houfe- breaking, rob- bery upon the highway, or repeated thefts. Other crimes, many of which in fome countries are confidered as capital, are chiefly punifhed by whipping, condemnation to live upon bread and water, imprifon- ment, and hard labour, either for life, or for a ftated time, according to the nature of the crime. Criminals were tortured to extort confef- fion, till the reign of the late king ; but in 1773, his Swedifli majefty aboliflied^this cruel and abfurd pradlice. Political intewBsts ok Sweden.] In the reign of Guftavus Vafa, a treaty of alliance firft took place between Sweden and France; and af- terwards Sweden alfo entered into a fubfidiary treaty with France, in the reign of Guftavus Adolphus. In confequeuce of thcfe treaties, France I S WE DEN. ^ 107 pow- us Vafa, ; aiidaf- ;e,in the France by degrees acquired 'an afcendency in Sweden, which was very perni- cious to the interefts of that kingdom. This crown has generally re- ceived a fubfidy from France for above 100 years part, and hasfuffered greatly by it. During the reigns of Charles the Xlth and Charles the Xllth, Sweden was facrificed to the intereft of France; and during the laft war with the king of Pruflia, for the fake of a fmall fubfidy from France, the crown of Sweden was forced to contrad a debt of 3,5oo,cxx)l. which has fince been confiderably augmented, fo that this debt now amounts to near five millions. Some of their ableft ftatefmen have per- ceived the mifchievous tendency of their connexion with France, and have endeavoured to put an end to it. But the influence of the French court in Sweden, in confequence of their fubfidies and intrigues, has occafioned confiderable factions in that kingdom. In 1738, a moft powerful party appeared in the diet, in favour of French mcafures. The perfons who compofed it, went under the denomination of the Hatt, The objeft held out to the nation was the recovery of fome of the dominions yielded to Rufiia; and confequently the fyftem they wtxt to proceed upon, was to break with that power, and conneft themfelves with France. The party direftly oppofed to them was headed by count Horn, and thofe who had contributed to eftablifh the new form of go- vernment, which was fettled after the death of Charles XII. Their ob- jeft was peace, and the promotion of the domeftic welfare of the nation. The fyftem, therefore, which they adopted, was to maintain a clofe cor- refpondence with Ruffia, and to avoid all farther connection with France. .Thefe were ftyled the Caps. There was befides a third party, called the Hunting Caps^ compofed of perfons who were as yet unde- termined to which of the other two they would join themfelves. Thefe parties long continued ; but the French party generally prevailed, greatly to the detriment of the real interefts of the kingdom. Some efforts were employed by the Englifli court to leflen or deuroy the French influence in Sweden, and for fome time they were fuccefsful: but the Hat party again acquired the afcendency. Thefe parties, however, are now abo- liflied, in confequence of the late king of Sweden having made fuch a total change in the conftitution of the government. REVENtiE AND COIN.] The revenue of Sweden, by the unfortunate wars of Charles XII. and with the Ruflians fince, has been greatly re- duced. Livonia, Bremen, Verden, and other places difunited from that kingdom, contain about 78,000 fquare miles. Her gold and filver fpecie, in the late reign, arofe chiefly from the king's German domini- ons. Formerly, the crown lands, poll-money, tithes, mines, and other articles, are faid to have produced one million fterling. The payme'-ts that are made in copper, which is here the chief medium of commerce, are extremely inconvenient ; fome of thofe pieces being as large as tiles ; and a cart or wheelbarrow is often required to carry home a moderate fum. The Swedes, however, have gold ducats, and eight-mark pieces of filver, valued each at 5s. ad. but thefe are very fcarce, and the in- habitants of Sweden have now very little fpecie in circulation ; large pieces of copper ftamped, and fmall bank notes, being almoft their only circulating money. Strength and forces.] No country in the world has produced greater heroes, or braver troops, than the Swedes : and yet they cannot be faid to maintain a ftanding army, as their forces confift of a regulated militia. The cavalry is clothed, armed, and maintained, by a rate raifed upon the nobility and gentry, according to their eftate-; ; and the in- fantry by the peafants, Each province is obliged to -find its proportion '.I 10^ S.W EDEN. H« of foldicrs, according to the nuAiber of farms it contains ; every farm of 60 or 70I. per annum is charged with a foot foidier, furnifliing him with diet, lodging, and ordinary clothes, and about 30s. a. year in mo- ney ; or elfe a little wooden houfe is built him by the farmer, who allows liilTi hay and paflurage for a cow, and ploughs and fows land enough to fupply him with bread. When embodied, they are fubjeft to military Uw, but otherwife to the civil law of the country. It may therefore literally be faid that every Swedifli foldier has a property in the country he defends. This national army is thought to amount tp above J|,o,ooo men, but before the lofs of Livonia, to 60,000 ; and Sweden ormerly could have fitted out 40 fliips of the line ; but of late years, their fhips, together with, their docks, have been fulfered greatly to decay. Royal Style.] The king's ftyle is. King of the Goths and Vandals, great prince of Finland, duke of Schoncn, Pomerania, &c. Orders of knighthooo.] Thefe are the order of the North or Po- hir Siar^ confifting of twenty-four members; the order of Vafa-y and .the order of the SxKord; the laft created in 1772. -, History of Sweden.] The Goths, the ancient inhabitants of this country, joined by the Normans, Danes, Saxons, Vandals, &c. have had the reputation of fubduing the Roman empire, and ail the fouthern na- tions of Europe. The introduftion of Chriflianity by Anfgarius, bifhop of Bremen, in 829, feems to prefent the firft certain period of the Swe- difli hiftory. • The hiftory of this kingdom, and indeed of all the northern nations^ even during the firll ages of Chriftianity, is confufed and uninterefting, and often doubtful; but fufficiently replete with murders, maflacfes, und ravages. That of Sweden is void of confiftency till about the mid- dle of the fourteenth century, when it aflumes a more regular ap- pearance. At this time, however, the government of the Swedes was far from being clearly afcertained or uniformly adminiftercd. The crown was eledive, though it» this eleftion the rights of blood were not altogether difregarded. The great lords pofleffed the moft con- fiderable part of the wealth of the kingdom, which confifted chiefly in land; commerce being unknown or neglefted, and even agriculture itfelf in a very rude and imperfect ftate. The clergy, particularly thofe of a dignified rank, from the great rcfpeft paid to their character among the inhabitants of the North, had acquired an immenfe influence in all public affairs, and obtained pofleflion of what lands had been left un- occupied by the nobility. Thefe two ranks of men, enjoying all the property of the ftate, formed a council called the Seriate, which deli- berated on all public affairs. This fyflem of government was ex- tremely unfavourable to the national profperity. The Swedes periflied in the diflenfions between their prelates and lay-barons, or between ibofe and their fovereign ; they were drained of the little riches they pofTefled, to fupport the indolent pomp of a it^ti magnificent bifliops ; jand, what was ftill more fatal, the unlucky fituation of their internal pfi^airs expofed them to the inroads and oppreffion of a foreign enemy. Thefe were the Danes, who by their neighbourhood and power were always able to avail themlelves of the diffenfions of Sweden, and to fubjeft under a foreign yoke a country weakened and exhaufted by its domeftic broils. In this deplorable fituation Sweden remained for more than two centuries ; fometimes under a nominal fubjeftion to its own princes, fometimes united to the kingdom of Denmark, and in either cafe equally opprefled and infulted. S-WE DE N- )b^ Magnus Ladiflaus, crowned in 1476, feems to have been the firft king of Sweden who purfued a regular fyftem to increafe his authority; ^nd to fucceed in this, he niade the augmentation of the revenues of the crown his principal objeft. He was one of the ableft princes who ever fat on the Swedifli throne; by his art and addrefs he prevailed upon the convention of eftates to make very extraordinary grants to him for the fupport of his royal dignity. The augmentation of the revenues of the crown was naturally followed by a proportionable in- creafe of the regal power : and whilft, by the fteady and vigorous exer- tion of this power, Magnus humbled the haughty fpirit of the liobleis^ and created in the reft of the nation a refpeft for the royal dignity, with which they appear before to have been but little aceden, being ele^ed to this laft in 1364. She projected' the union of Calmar, {o femous in the North, by which thefe kingdonts were for the future to remain under one fover(iign, elefted by each kingdom in its turn, and who fhould divide his refidence between them all. Several revolutions enfued after the death of Margaret ; and at length Chriftian II. the laft king of Denmark, who, by virtue of the treaty of Calmaf, was alfo king of Sweden, engaged in a fcheme to render himfelf entirely abfolute. The barbarous policy by which he attempted to efFeft this defign, proved the deftruftion of himfelf, and afforded an opportunity for changing the face of affairs in Sweden?. In order to eftablifli his autho- rity in that kingdom, he laid a plot for maflacreing the principal no- bility. This horrid defign was aftually carried into execution, Nov. 8, 1520. Of all thofe who could oppofe the defpotic purpofes of Chrif- tian, no one remained in Sweden, but Guftavus Vafa,'a young priace, defcended from the ancient kings of that country, and whb had already Hgnalifed his arms againft the king of Denmark. ' An immenfe price was fet upon his head. The DaniQi foldiers were fent in purfuit of him ; but by his dexterity and addrefs he ekided all their attempts, and' efcaped under the difguife of a peafant to the mountains of Dalecariia. After undergoing innumerable dangers and fatigues, and working jn the brafs-mines to prevent being difcovered, he was betrayed by thofe in whom he repofed his confidence ; but at length furmounting a thou- fand obftacles, engaged the favage but warlike inhabitants of Dalecariia to undertake his caufe, to oppofe and to conquer his tyrannical op-' preflbr. Sweden by his means again acquired independence. The ancient nobility weremoftly deftroyed. Guftavus was at the head of a victorious army, who admired his valour, and were attached to his perfon. He was created therefore firft adminiftrator, and afterwatdg . ling of Sweden, by the imiverfal confent, and with the fliouts oi' tnc I I Wfli.ifjfp.lii Hyi|jimJHij|jiH|ipii;ji» ^wiiVlillf 'IJ'I &':' 110 SWEDEN. whole nation. His circumftances were much more favourable than thofc of any former prince who had pofTeHed this dignity. The maf- facre of the nobles had rid him of thofe proud and haughty enemies, who had fo long been the bane of all regular government in Sweden. The clergy, indeed, were no lefs powerful than dangerous; but the opinions of Luther, which began at this time to prevail in the North, and the credit which they had acquired among the Swedes, gave him an opportunity of changing the religious fyftem of that country ; and the exerciie of the Roman catholic religion was prohibited in the year 1 544^ 'under the fevereft penalties, whicn have never yet been relaxed. Inftead of a Gothic ariilocracy, the mod turbulent of all governments, andj^'when empoifoned _by religious tyranny, of all governments the mofl wretched, Sweden in this manner became a regular monarchy. Some favourable effects of this change were foon vifible; arts and ma- nufaAures were eflabliflied and improved; navigation and commerce began to flourifl) ; letters and civility were introduced ; and a king- dom, known only by name to the relt of £urope, began to be known by its arms, and to have a certain weight in all public treaties and de- liberations. Gullavus died in i559« while his eldefl fon Eric was preparing to embark for- England to marry queen Elizabeth. Under Eric, who fucceeded his father Guftavus Vafa, the titles of count and baron were introduced into Sweden, and made hereditary. Eric's miferable and caufelefs jealoufy of his brothers forced them to take vp arms; apd.the fenate fiding with them, he was depofed in 1566. His brother Jqhn fucceeded him, and entered into a ruinous war with Rudia. John attempted^ by the advice of his queen, to re-eftablifli the catholic religion in Sweden ; but, though he made ftrong efforts for that purpofe, and even reconciled himfelf to the pope, he was oppofed by his brother Charles, and the fcheme proved inefFec affairs of Europe. When Charles came 10 be of age, he received «; a ii !!!i III s w 1 D E ir. M ,Si ^ Ev'J fubfidy from the French king, Lewis XIV. biit perceiviAg the libertiesf of E\irope to be in' danger from that monarch's ambition, be entered into the atliaiKc witb England and Holland. He afterwards joined with France Eigaind the houfe of Audria; but being defeated in Ger- many at Felem-Bcllin^a powerful confederacy was formed againft him, The'cle(?tor of Urandenbureh made himfelf mailer of Swedifli Pome- rania; the bKhop of Munih'r ov«r-ran Bremen and Verdcn, and the Danes took Wilmar^ and feveral places in Schonen. They were after- wards beaten ; and 'Charles, by the treaty of St. Germain, which fol- lowed that of NJmegiicn in 1678, recovered all he had loft, except fome plnces inGepmany.' He then married Ulrica Leonora, the king of Denmark's fiftcr ; but made a bafc ufe of the tranquillity he had regained, by employing his army to enflave his people; The ftates loft ail their p«w'er; and Sw^dbn was now reduced- to the condition of Denmark. He ordered the brave Patkul, who was at the head of the Livonian de- puties', to lofe his head ahd his right hand, for the ' boldnefs of his re- moilftrance in favour of his countrymen; but he faved himfelf by flighA and Charles became fo powerhil, that the conferences for a ge- neral^cace at Ryfwick, 1697, were opetied under his mediation. Charles XL died irtii6^7, and was fuccecded by his minor fon, tha famous Charles Xil'.i' The hiftoryof no prince is better known thant that of this herd. Ms father's will hid 'fiided the age of his majority to eighteen; but it was itt aiide lor an earlier date by the i/ianagement of count Piper, who becanif' in confequsnce his firft minifter. Soon after his acceffion, the kiiigsof Denmark ahd Poland, and the czar of Mufcovy, formed a powerful confederacy againft him, encouraged by the'mean opinion they had of his youth and abilities. He entered into a war with them all; and befieging CopenhagenyidiAatcd the peace of Travendahl to his Danifli majelty, by which the duke of Holftein wa» re-eftablifljed in his doniip^ions. The czar Peter was at that time ra* vaging' Ingria, at the head- of 80,000 iiien, and had befieged Narva. The army of Charles did not exceed 20,000 rticnj but fuch was his impatience, that he advanced at the head of 8000, entirely routed the main body of the Ruffians, and raifed the fiege. Such were his fuc- cefles, and fo numerous his prifoners, -that the Riiflians attribuied his aftions to necromartcy.' Charles from thence rharched into Saxony, whbre his warlike achievements equalled if 'they did not excel thofe of Guftavus Adolphus. He dethroned Auguftus king of Poland; but llained all his laurels by putting the bravi count Patkul to a death equally cruel aiid ignominious. He raifed Staniflaus to the crown of Poland in 1705 ; and his name carried with it- fuch terror, that he wai courted by all tlie powers of Europe, arid amoing others by the duke of Marlborough in the name of queen Anne, am'ifWl the' full career of her fuccefTes againft France. His ftubbornnefs and implacable difpofition, however, were fuch, that he cannot be confidered in a better light thaA that of an illuftrioiis madman ; for he loft, in the battle of Pultowa, 1799, which he fought in his march to dethrone the czar, more than all he had gained l)y his viftqries. His brave army was ruined, and he was forced to take refuge among the Turks at^ Bender. His aftions there, in attempting to defend himfelf with 3 00 Swedes againft 30,000 Turks, prove him to have been worfe than frantic. The Turks found it, however, convenient for their affairs to fet him at liberty. But his misfortunes did not cure his military madnefs; and after his return to his dominions, he profecuted his revenge againft Denmark, till he was killed by a cannon fliot, as it is geueraliy faid, at the iiege of Frederic- SWEDE k;" »'3 ! liberties e entered js joined I in Ger- linft him. (h Pomc- , and the rerc after- /hich fol- ;ept fome : king o£ regained, [I all their Denmark, 'onian de« of his re- rimfclf by s for a ge- ion. 3r fon, tha lown thani 5 majority anagement ter. Soon the czar of Duraged by nterf d into le peace of lolftein was lat time ra* ed Narva, ch was his routed the re his fuc- ribmed his lo Saxony, el thofe of land; but to a death crown of hat he wai le duke of Ireer of her ifpofition, ] light thaA [f Pultowa, [lore than led, and he lis aftiona |nft 30,000 iirks found But his Is return to Itill he was Frederic- /1k\I1, in Norway, belonging to the Danes, in 1718, when he was no more than thirty-fix years of age. It has been fuppofcd that Charles was not in reality killed Hiy a fhot from the walls of Frcdericfhall, but that a piftol, from one of thofe about him, gave the decifive blow, which put an end to the life of this celebrated monarch. This opinion is faid to be very prevalent among the beft- informed perfons in Sweden. And it appears that the Swedes were tired of a prince ui>der whf)m they had loft their rlcheft provinces, their braveft troops, and their national riches; and who yet, untamed by adverfity, purfued an unfuccefsful jmd pernicious war, nor would ever have confented to reflore tran- quillity to his country. Charles XII. was fuccceded by his filler, the princcfs Ulrica Elea- noia, wife to the heretiitary prince of HcflTe. We have ktn in what wanner the Swedes recovered their liberties ; and given fome account of the capitulation figned by the qtJeen and her hulband. Their firft" care was to make peace with Great Britain, which the late king intend- ed to have invaded. The Swedes then, to prevent farther lofTes by the progrefs of the Ruflian, the Danifli, the Saxon, and other arms, made many and great fucrificcs to obtain peace from thofe powers. The [French, however, about the year 1738, formed that dangerous party in the kingdom under the name of the Hats, which has already been men- tioned, and which ncrt only broke the intemnl quiet of the kingdom, jbi.t Jed it into a niinous war with Ruflia. Their Swedifli-majefties faving no children, it was neceflary to fettle the fucceffion ; efpecially as the duke of Holftein was defcerided frohi the queen's eldeft fifter,' [and was at the fame time the prefumptive heir to the empire of RuUi?. Four compiftitors appeared ; the duke of Holftein Gottorp, prince Fre- Jderic of Hefte Caflel, nephew to the king, the prince of Denmark, and Ithe dukt'of Deux-Ponts. The duke of Holftein would have carried [the eleftion, had he not embraced the Greek religion, that he might iinount the throne of Ruflia. The, czarina interpofcd, and offered to jreftore all the cbnquefts flie had made from Sweden, excepting a fmall Idiftrift in Finland, if the Swedes would receive the duke of Holftein's Ivnclc, the bifliop of Lubeck, as their hereditary prince and fucceffor to Itheir crown. Tiiis was agreed to ; and a peace was concluded at Abe, |under ihc incdiation of his Britannic majefty. This peace was To firm- jlv adhered to by the czarina, that his Danifii majefty thought proper to [drop all his refentnient, and forget the indignity done to his fon. The fucceflbr of this princq, Adolphus Frederic, married the princefs Ulrica, ififter to the king of Pruffiaj and entered into the pofleffion of his new dignity in 1751. He was a prince of a mild and gentle temper, but luch haraffcd by the contending Swedifii fadtions, and found his fitu- ation extremely troublefome, in confcquence of the reftraints and opJ pofition which he met with from the fenate. He palTifd the greateft part j)f his reign very difagreeably, and was at length, through the in- pigiies of the queen, brought over to the French party. He died in Tebniary 1771, and was fncceeded by his fon, Guftavus the Third, the late king, who pofrefltd abilities greatly fiiperior to thofe of his fa- Iher. j Guftavus was about five and twenty years of age when he was pro- mimed king of Sweden : his underftanding had been much cultivated ; pe had an infinuating addrefs, and a graceful and commanding elocu- lioii. He was at Paris at the time of his father's death, whence he urate in the moft gracious terms to the fenate, repeatedly afluring them' lliat he defigned to govern according to tha laws. In confeiiuenca of ' ir tt4 SWEDEN. ii'K'V- i*-'i!:'i ; 4 ■. j*ti. « Ji'; the death of his predeceflbr, an extraordinary dittt was called to reffi' late the affairs ot the government, and to iettlc the form of the coro- nation oati). Some time after his arrival in Sweden, on the aSth of March, 1772, his inajefty foleinnly figned and fwcrc to obferve twen- ty-four articles relative to his future adminiftration of government. This was termed a capitulation ; and among the articlc« were the foU <: lowing : *' Tlie king promiies before God to fupport the government of the kingdom, as now eftablifhed ; to maintain the righta and liber- ties of the rtatcs, the liberty and fecurity of all his fubjefts, and to reign with gentlenefs and equity according to the laws of the kingdom, th« form of the regency as it was eftabliflied in the year 1730, and conform- able to the prefent aft of capitulation. In confequence of the decla- ration of the ftatcs, the king fliall regard any perlon, who fliall open- ly or clandeftinely endeavour tb introduce ablolute fovercignty, as an enemy to the kingdom, and as a traitor to his country, as every perfon murt take an oath refpefting this matter, before he can take pofleflion of any employment. With regard to the affairs of the cabinet and the fenate, the king promifcs to follow the regulations of the year 1 720 up- on that head, which were to be direfted always by a majority of votes, and never to do any thing therein without, and much lefs, againft, their advice. To the end that the council of ftate may be fo much themort convinced of the inviolable dtfigns of his majefty, and of his fincere love for the good of his people, he declares them to be entirely dif- engaged from tlitir oath of fidelity, in cafe that he wilfully a£ts coij- trary to his coronation-oath, and to this capitulation. And laftly, the king threatens any perfon with his higheft difpleafqre, who fliall be fo inconfiderate as to propofe to him a greater decree of power and fplendor than is marked out in this aft of capitulation, as his majelly defires only to gain the affeftions of his faithful fubjefts, and to be their powerful defender agamft any attempts which may be made upon their lawful liberties." But fcarcely had the king taken thefe folemn oaths to rule according to the then eftabliflied form of governmeut, and accepted the crown upon thefe conditions, btfore he formed a plan to govern as he though: proper ; regarding thefe oaths only as matters of ceremony. He made life of every art, the moft profound diffimulation, and the utmoft dex- terity and addrefs;- in order to render thb hazardous enterprife fuccefs- ful. On his firil: arrival at Stockholm, he a:lopted every method which could increafe his popularity. Three ti(ji*;v; a week he regularly ^avi: audience to all who prefented themfelvps. Neither rank, foitiine, nor intereft, were neceffary to obtain accei's 'a him; it was fufficient to have been injured, and to have a legal c.mfe of complaint to lay be- fore him. Me lillened to the meaneil: of his fubjeds with affability, and entered into the ratnuteft details that concerned them : he informed himfelf of their private affairs, and feemed to intercft himfelf in their hvjppi.^efs. This conduft caufed him to be confidered as truly the la- ther of his people, and the Swedes began to idolife him. In the mean time tiiere hap{)ened fome contentions between the different orders or the Swedidi ftates ; and no methods were left untried to foment thefe jealoufies. Emiffaries were likewife planted in every part of the king- dom, for the purpole of fov/ing difcontent among the inhabitants, of rendering them difaffedcd to the eftabliflied government, and of excit- ing them to an infurreftion. At length, when the king found his fchtfine ripe for execution, having taken the proper uieafutes for bring s.-i, 3. .It* ;,:;.,.>—. tion con l:imfeif, try. On th ^vas oidej ^fands. ' planted nl Thde vv, •■caciy iigj toinpclfe] feeing feaf band of o fecretary 1 I ^tes fori ^ofce, thel "^'le marll I '''<; form r v.-h;chhe * The ful io lie rL'cord H 'ho ai fcl I'ccouiu of »;v»]atioij. SWEDEN., "5 e coro- i8th of e twen- rntncnt. the fol- srnmeiU id liber- to reiga [om, th« onform- \c decla- all open- ty, as an ry perfoii pofleffioii :t and the ijaoup- r of votes, inft, their .itliemor* lis fincere tirely dif- aas COD- i laftly, the 10 flwU be power and lais inajefty 1 to be their upon their according the crown he thought He made itmoft dex- ■ife fuccefs- tliod which •ularly r^ave ioitune, nor [fufficient to t to lay be- JFability, and le informed felf in their Itruly the la- lln the mean [nt orders ot ."oment tliefe of the king- Ihabitantf, of ind of excit- Lg found his [es for bring- ?n"g a confiderable number of the officers and roUliers* into Ins inter- t(f, on the 19th of Augull 177a be totally overturned the Svvedifh con- flitution of government. In lefs than an hour he matle himfclf inaflec hf all the military force of Stockholm. He planted grenadiers, with their bnyonets fixed, at the door of the council-chamber in which the . Ccnatc were afTemliled, and made all the members of it prifoners. AnJ that no news might be carried to any other part of Sweileii, of the tnnfaITUATION AND EXTENT OF THE RUSSIAN EmPIRE IN Europe. ■'■/"'■ Miles. Degree: • Koo 7 >... ^ 23 and 65 Eaft longitude. Length Breadth '3" lIOO > between -J between ^ 1 nt .. ■- •. 1 47 and 72 North latitude. Rufliain Europe contains 1,194,976 fquare miles, with 17 inhabitants to each. Divisions and 7 ACCORDING to the moll authentic accounts NAMES. J of this mighty empire, it confifts of forty- two provinces, or governments ; befides part of Carelia, Efthonia, Ingria, Livonia, --id part of Finland, which were coiKjuered from .Sweden ; the Crimea, or Crim Tartary, anciently ihc Taurica Cher- ionefus, a peninfula in the Euxine fea, fubjed to the Turks formerly, but added in the year 1783 to the Rulfian empire, with the ifle of Ta- man, and part of Cuban * ; alfo the duchy of Courland, and a great part of Lithuania in Poland, together with -t-.iother large po'-tion of the latter country, united to the Ruffian empire, in confequence of a fecou'l Uc;i. The Ruffians arc fvippefcd to hnvc gaiiu'd above a .million of Ail-jciJls by tliij ccf- I 5 'W 118 RUSSIA. partition of Poland in the year 1 793 ; confifting of all that traft of lanc|, ■with its inhabitants, which is contained within a line beginning at the village of Druy, on the left bank of the river Dwina, and thence ex- tending to Neioch and Diilirova, paffing Kunifli, near the frontier of Gallicia, proceeding thence to the river Dniefler, and laftly rnnning nlohg that river till it enters the old border of Ruffia and Poland at Jegertic. The following table will give fome idea of the Ruffian etnpire pro- perly fo called, or Ruffia in Europe, with its accjuifitions from Sweden jn the prefent century ; and alio of the Ruliian emphe in its mollex- tenfive {^v\i'i\ for we muft alfo include all the acquilitio: s in Tartary, jiow Jjuown by the name of Siberia; the whole comprehending the northern parts of Europe and Afia, ftretching from the IBaltic and Swe- ?:lcn on the Weft, to Kamptfchatka, and the Eaftern Ocean ; and on the INorth, from the Frozen Ocean to the forty-feventh degree of latitude, ■where it is bounded by Poland, Little Tartary, Turkey, Georgia, the Euxine and Cafpian feas, Great Tartary, Chinefe Tartary, and othei unknown regions in Aha. The country now comprifed under the name of Rxiflia or the Ruflias, is of "an extent nearly equal to all the reft of Europe, and greater than the Ronian empire in the zenith of its power, or the empire of Darius I'ubdued by Alexander, or both put together, as may be feen by turning to the table, page 27. Ruffian empire in Europe. Greek Church. C' iqncfpd from Sweden fince 17C0, SciZtd from tl.t Turks in ■Ruf. or Muf 1 ucl^orod, Don Coflacs, I Uk. ^ oflacs, Lr.pl::nd, "Riif. Finland ( Livonia, _Ingria, Crim Tar. Ruilian inijure " V in Afia. Chriftians ( M'.ifcovy, Tar- and Idol.'.- < tary, & .Sibi ria, tiTs. ^ Kaliu. Tart. By the parti Square Miles. 7:^4,050 7.1,900 57,0c c 4-,occ 7:,coc 41,^10 8,2CO tiiin Treaty h'jt\vi"v.n the EmpcrFnil"- fi 1, & Ruffia. Lifhunnia in Poland Total ■ 850,0c- 64,000 4,025,685 n 3 fro a: P 1160 1056 rib Z85 .ICO 3«C 3.-0 205 405 370 320 18. aj8 MS '7.'; 00 i6r ij 3'5'- 1500 '. I CO 750 3C0 250 Chief Cities. Mofcow. >^'"arotietz. PanchinjiL Kiow. {•iola. Wyburg. Riga. ■*.' D S N, Lat. 60 Petersburgh. <-c t I Ji.Li.jO-aj Kaffa. . . . ToholflcL Aflracau. Grodno. t of lan o u c u u O o a > o 13 ' I. Lapland, 2. Samoieda, ^ Ballamorenfkv, 4- Mefeen, 1. Dwina, f 6. Syrianes, ;; 7- Permia, 8. RubeninfkJ, .^' Belaefeda, fro . Rezen, or Pereflaf, II . Belozero, 12 . Wolagda, 13 . J'^raflaf, , 14 T weer, I? Mofcovir, 16 Belgorod, ' 1 p ri7- Bulgar, /• d: «• \ 18. Kalhn, ' '^'^ '>■;.'>'■. - fc ^V9- Tfcheremifli, ' "*' '" ■ ', ^ > t20. Little Novogorod, ^ W (.21. Don Coflacs. ^ . r*^- Great Novogorod, ^t \23. Ruffian Finland, : I'iW Kexholm, . ,, . , "S"^ h^- Kaleria, ;"'■; ' ^ U6. Iiigria, , ^j/- . . 1 rn. Livonia, '? ' - 28. Smolenfko, ■ ^ g 1 ^ 29. ^1^30. Zernigof, • * Seefsk, ■■ - . ' 5 ^ 31. Ukraine, or country of L the old Co(racs. K '.""coke, chaplain to the Britiflj faftory at Peterlburgh, who, a few ■,. < 4^>j, publifhed an account of Ruflia, has enumerated the follow- ing nations, as comprehended in this great empire : The Monguls, The Kalmuck, The Tartars, The Samoiedes, The Oftiacs, The Burattians, The Jakutans, The Tungufians, The Voguls, The Laplanders, The Finns, The Latton" ■:V: The Eftor ..: The LicFs,, The Ingri.iii. , The Ticheremi.rv, The Tfcouwafchcs, The Mordvines, The Votiaks, The Terptyaireis, The Tartars of Kafan a;nd Orenburg, The Tartars of Tobolfk, The Tartars of Tomfk, The Nogayan Tartars, The Tartars of the Ob, The Tfchoulym Tar tars. The Katfchintz Tartars, The Teleutes, The Abinzes, The Biryouffes, ;, The Coflacs, The Kurillans, The Kirtim and TouH- bert Tartars, The VergoTomfkoi Tar* tars, The Sayan Tartars, The Touralinzes, The Bougharians, The Bafchkirians, The Meftfceraiks, The Barabinzes, The Kirkgnifians, The Belcirians, The Yakoutes, 1 he Kamtfchadales, and various others; but fome of which mud be confidered rather as different tribes than diftinft nations. The names of Ruffia and Miifcovy, by which this empire is arbitra- rily called, are probablv derived from the icient inhabitants, the Rufli, or Boruffi, and the river Mofca, upon which the ancient capital Mof- covv was built. Clima" , son, PRODucTiorrs, vege- 7 In the •fouthern parts of TAE' ... MINES, AND MINERALS. j RufliJ, Or MufcOVy, the longed day v, jos c ^xceed fifteen hours and a half; whereas, in the •moft northern, the fun is feen in fummer two mon'"hs above the hori- zon. Hence there is in Mufcovy a vaft diverfity both of foil and cli- mate. The feverity of the climate, in RulKa properly fo called, is very great. Dr. John Glen King, who rciided eleven years in Rulfia, obferves, thai I 4 320 RUSSIA. I'^.- ! mik^ If : i 114 I'll the cold iii St. Peterlburgh, by Fahrenheit's fcale, is, during the months of December, January, and February, ufually from 8 to i ; or 20 de- grees below o ; that is, !"rom 40 to 5s degrees below the freezing point; though commonly, in the courfe of the winter, it is for a week or ten days fome degrees lower. The fame writer remarks, that it is very difficult for an inhabitant of our temperate climate to have any idea of a cold fo great. ]\ is fuch, that, when a perfon walks out in that fevere weather, the cold makes the «"yes water, and that water freezing, hangs in little icicies on the eye-laflies. As the common peafar.to ufually wear their beards, you may fee them hanging at the chin like a folid lump of ice. ~ The be^rd is therefore found very ufeful in proteAing the glands of the throat: and the foldiers, who do not wear their beards, are obliged to tie a handkerchief under the chin to fbpply their place. All the parts of the face, which are expofed, are very liable to be frozen : though it has often been obferved, that the perfon himfelf does not know when the freezing begins, but is commonly told of it firft by thofe who meet him, P'^d who call out to him to rub his face with fnow, the ufual mcthoc ; 'i^w it. It is alfo remarked tl.at the part which has once been frozen, ^"after moft liable to be frozen again. In fome very fevere winters, fpai ; . 3, though a hardy fpecies of birds, have been feen quite numbed by the intenfe cold, and unable to lly : and drivers, when fitting on their loaded carriages, have fometinies been found frozen to death in that pofture. When the thermometer has flood at 25 degrees below o, boiling water thrown up into the air by an engine, fo as to fpread, has falleu down perfeftly dry, formed into ice, A pint bottle of common water was found byj)r. King frozen into a folid piece of ice in an hour and a quarter. A bottle of ftrong ale has alfo been frozen in an hour and a half: but in this fubftance there was about a tea cup full in the middle unfrozen, which was as flro,ng and inflammable as brandy and fpirits of wine. But, iiotwith- llanding the feverity of the cold in-Ruffia, the inhabitants have fuch various means and providons to guard ngainft it, that thty fuffcr much Irfs from it than might be expected. The houfes of perfoiis in tolera- ble circumftances are {o well proteifiled, both without doors and with- in, that they are feklom heard to complain of co!d. The method of warming the houfes in Ruffia is by an oven'conflru^led with feveral flues; and the country abounds with wood, which is the common fuel, Thefe ovens confiime a much finaller quantity of wood than might be iinagined ; and yet they ferve at the fame time for the ordinary people to drefs their food. They put a very moderate faggot into them, and fuffer it to burn only till the thickeft black fmoke is evaporated ; they then fluit down the chimney to retain all the reft of the heat in the chamber; by this method the chamber keeps its heat twenty-four hours, and is commonly fo warm that they (it vA'ith very little covering, efpe- cially children, who are ufually in their fliirts. The windows in the huts of the poor are very fmall, that as little cold may be admitted as pofiinle: in the houfes of perfons of condition, the windows are caulk- fd up againfl' winter, and commonly have double glafs frames In (hort, they can regulate tl.e warmth in their apartments by a thermomettr with great exadnefs, opening or fliutting the flues to increafe or di- niinifli tlie htat. Wl.en the Ruffians go out, they are clothed fo warm- ly, that they ahiioft bid defiance to froft and fnow ; and it is obfervable that the u ind is feldom violent in the winter; but when there is much wind, the cold is exceedingly piercing. One advantage, which the Rulfians di-riye frpni the feverity of their RUSSIA. 121 months r 2,0 de- g point; k oi- ten is very / idea of at fevfre ijr, hangs ally wear ilid lump ftiiig the ir beards, eir place, le frozen : does not it firft by face with It the part 1 again. In )irds, have > riy : and limes been )meter has the air by jrmed into ing frozen e of ftrong ; fubftance ich was as , iiotwith- have fuch '.ffcr nnich in toleia- aiid witli- method of ith feveral imon fuel, 1 might be ary people them, and |ited ; they heat in the "our hour's, Iring, efpe- lows in the Idmitted as are caulk- In ihort, rmomettr leafe or di- fo warm- ibfervable e is nuith Ity of ihcif climate, *s the preferving of provifions by the froft. Good houfcw-.ves, as foon as '^he frort fcts in for the winter, about the end of Odober, kill their poultry, and keep them in tubs packed up with a layer of fnow between them, and then take them out for xife as occafion re- quires : by which means they fave the nourifliment of the animal for feveral months. Veal frozen at Archangel, and brought to I'eterlburgh, is efteemed the fineft they have; nor can it be diftinguidicd from what is frefli killed, being equally juicy. The markets iu Peterfburgh are by this means fupplied in winter with all manner of provifions, at a cheap ,:r rate than would otherwife be poffible; and it is not a little curious to fee the vaft ftacks of whole hogs, flieep, fifli, and other animals, which are piled up in the markets for fale. The method of thawing frozen provifions in Ruflia is by immerging them in cold water; for when the operation of thawing them h efft&ed by heat, it fecms to occafion a violen' fermentation, and almoft a fudden piitrefaftion ; but when produced by cold water, the ice feems to be attrafted out of the body, and forms a tranfparent incruftation round it. If a cabbage, which ie thoroughly frozen^ be thawed by cold water, it is as fre(h as if juft gathered out of the garden ; but if it be thawed by fire or hot wa- ter, it becomes fo rancid and ftrong that it cannot be eaten. The quicknefs of vegetation in Ruflia is pretty much the fame as has been defcribed in Scandinavia, or Sweden and Denmark. The fnow is the natural manure of Ruflia, where grain grows in plenty, near Po- land, and in the warmer provinces. The bulk of the people, however, are miferably fed; the foil produces a vaft number of muflirooms for their fubfiftence ; and in fome places, befides oaks and firs, Ruflia yields rhubarb, flax, hemp, pafture for cattle, wax, honey, rice, and melons. The boors are particularly careful in the cultivation of ho- ney, which yields them plenty of metheglin, their ordinary drink ; they likewifc extraft a fpirit from rye, which they prefer to brandy. That a great part of Ruflia was populous in former days, is not to be difputed ; though it is equally certain that the inhabitants, till lately, were but little acquainted with agriculture, and fupplied the place of bread, as the inhabitants of Scandinavia do now, with a kind of faw- duft and a preparation of fifti-boncs. Peter the Great, and his fucceflbrs down to the prefent time, have been at incredible pains to introduce agriculture into their dominions ; and though the foil is not every where proper for corn, yet its vaft fertility in fome prcvinces bids fair to make grain as common in Ruflia as it is in the fouthern countries of Europe. The eafy communication by means of rivers, which the inland parts of that empire have with each other, ferves to iiipply one province with thofe produ<5ts of the earth in which another may be deficient. As to mines and minerals, they are as plentiful in Ruflia as in Scandinavia; anc| the people are daily improving in working them. Mountains of rich iron ore are found in fome places, moft of which produce the load-flone, and yield from 50 to 70 percent. Rich filver and copper mines arc found on the confines of Siberia. Mountains^ rivers, forests, 1 Ruflia is in general a flat level ANO FACii OF THE COUNTRY. ) country,except towardstlic iiorth, where lie the Zimnopoias mountains, thought to be the famous Montes Rijjhici of the ancients, now called the Girdle of the Earth. On the weflern fide of the Dnieper comes in part of the Carpathian mountains; and between the Black Sea and the Cafpian, Mount Caucafus borders a range of vaft plains extending on the fea of Oral. And here it may be ohfeived, that, from rcterftjurghtoPekiji, we ftiall hardly meet witl> f» 12ft RUSSIA. hfiK ■ J a mountain on the road throngli Independent Tartary ; and from Pe- jcerfburgh to the north part of France, by the road of Dantzic, Ham- burgh, and Amfterdam, we fcarcely can perceive the fmalleft hill. The rnoft confiderable rivers are the Wolga, or Volga, running eaft and foiith, which, after travcrfing the greateft part of Mufcovy, and winding a courfe of 3000 Engnfli miles, difcharges itfejf into the Cafpian Sea. It is reckoned one of the moft fertile rivers of Eu- rope; producing many kinds of fifli, and fertilifing all the lands on each fide with various trees, fruits, and vegetables; and it is re- markable, that jn all this long courfe there is not a fingle cataraA to inr tcrrupt the navigation; but the nearer it approaches to its mouth, the number of its illes increafes, and it divides itfelf into a greater num- ber of arms than any known river in the world : all thefe arms divide themfelves into others ftill lefs, which join ar^d meet again, fo that the Wolga difcharges itfelf into the Cafpian fea by more than 70 mouths. By means of tliis noble river, the city of Mofcow preferves a commuT r-ivclloii, not only with all the fouthcrn parts of Ruffia, but even with Perfia, Georgia, I'artary, and other countries bordering on the Cafpian Sea. The Don, or TanaVs, divides the moft eaftern part of Ruffia from Afia, and, in its courfe towards the eaft, approaches fo pear the Wolga, that the late czar had undertaken to form a communication be- tween them by means of a canal : this grand proje6t, however, was de- feated by the irruption of the Tartars. This river, exclufive of its turnings and windings, difcharges itfelf into the Palus Maeotis, or fea of Afoph, about four hundred miles from its rife. The Boryfthenes, or Dnieper, which is like\yife one of the largeft rivers in Europe, run? through Lithuania, the country of the Zaporog CofTacs, and that of the Nagaifch Tartars, and falls into the Euxine or Black Sea, at Kin- burn, near Oczakow ; it has thirteen catarafts within a fmall diftance. To thefe may be added the two Dwinas, one of which empties itfelf at Riga into the Baltic; the o':I.jr Has its fource near Uftiaga, and, di- viding itfelf into two branches near Archangel, there falls into the White Sta. Forefts c'.bound in this extenfive country ; and the northern and north- eaftern provinces are in a manner tiefert; nor can the few inhabitants thcjr contain be called Chriftians rather than pagans. QuArKUPEOii, -UADS, FisHiis, 1 Thcfc do not differ greatly from AND INSECTS. j thofe defcri bed in the Scandinavian provinces, to which we muft refer the reader. The lynx, famous for its piercing eye, is a native of this empire ; it makes prey of every creature it can mafter; and is faid to be produced chiefly in the fir-tree forefts. Hyavias, bears, wolves, foxes, and other creatures already defcribcd, afford their furs for clothing the inhabitants ; but the furs of the black foxes and ermine are more valuable in RulTiathan elfewhere. The dro- medary and camel were formerly almoft the only beafts of burden known in many parts of Rullia. The czar Peter encouraged a breed of large horfes for war and carriages ; but thofe employed in the ofdinary pur- pofcs of life are but final! ; as are their cows and flieep. We know of few or no birds in Rudia that have not been already de- fcribed. The fame mt'.y be faid of fiflies, except that the Ruffians are better provided than thtir neighbours with fturgcon, cod, falmon, and beluga ; the latter rtfem bies a fturgeon, and is often called the large ftur- geon ; it is from twelve to fifteen feet in length, and weighs from 9 to 16 and 18 hundred weight; its flefli is white and delicious. Of the roe of the fturgeon and the beluaa, the Ruffians make the famous RUSSIA, "3 rom Pe- ;, Ham- uli. ling eaft ivy, and into the of Eu- he lands 1 it is re- aft to in-r 3Uth, the ter num- Tis divide > that tho J mouths. I commiif :ven with e Cafpian of Ruffia ) pear the cation bcr ;r, was de- five of its 3tis, or fea tthencs, or irope, rum uid that of ia, at Kin- ill dittance. npties itfelf ra, and, di- \s into the nnd northr )itants they reatly from [landinaviaa [mous for its lery creature [tree forefts. defcribcd, )f the black Thedro- rden known ped of large [dinary pur- J already de- iRuflTians are Ifalmon, and Tic large ftur- lis from q to lus. Of the the famous travlape, fo much efteemed for its richnefs and flavour, that it is often fent inprefents to crowned heads. In cutting up the belugas, they often find what is called the beluga-ftone, which is concealed in that mafs of glandular flefli which covers the pofterior parts of the dorfal fpine, fup- plying the place of a kidney in fifh. The inftant it is taken from the iifli, it is foft and moift, but (quickly hardens in the air. Its fize is that of a hen's egg; in flnpe it is lonietimes oval and fometm'ies flatted, and commonly felis for a ruble. This ftone is fiippofed by profellbr Pallas to belong to the genitals of the fifli ; it holds a coiv(iderabIe rank, though with little merit, among the domeftic remedies of the Ruffians, who Icrape it, and, mixed with water, give it in difficult labours, in the difeafes of children, and other diforders. Population, manneus, and customs.] The new regifterin 1764. pontains 8,500,000 fubjcd to the poll-tax ; and a late ingenious writer, j-efident fome time in Ruffia, gives the following eftimaie : Lower clafs of people paying capitation-tax, 18,000,000 Conquered provinces. Noble families, \ - Clergy, - , - ^ Military, Civil, Ukraine, Siberia, Coflacs, &c. 1,200,000 60,000 100,000 360,000 30,000 350,000 . ■ • 20,100,000 To thefe mult now be added near a million more by the acquifitions pf the Crimea, and a part of Cuban Tartary ; and at lead, 1,500,000 in the provinces difmembered from Poland. As her imperial mfijefty of all the Ruillas poflefles many of the coun- tries whence the prodigious fwarms of barbarians who overthrew the Roman empire iflued, there is the {trongeil reafon to believe that her dominions muft have been better peopled formerly than they are at prefent ; twenty-four millions are but a thin populdtion for theimmenfe itrad of country {lie poffeflcs. Perhaps the introduftion of the fmall- pox and the venereal difeaie may have affifted in the depopulation ; it is probable, alfo, that the prodigious quantity of ftrong and fpirituous liquors, confumed by the inhabitants of the north, is unfriendly to ge- neration. The Ruffians, properly fo called, are in general a perfonable people, hardy, vigorous, and patient of labour, efpecially in the field, to an in- predible degree. Their complexions differ little from thofe of the Englifli or Scots ; but the women think that an addition of red heightens their beauty. Their eye-light feems to be defeftive, occafioned, pro- bably, by the fnow, which for a long time of the year is continually prefect to their eyes. Their officers andfoldiers always poflefled a large lliare of paffive valour ; but, in the late war with the king of Prullia, thevproved as active as any troops in Europe ; and in the late war with the Turks greatly diftinguifhed themfelves. They are implicitly fuhmif- live to difcipline, let it be ever (o fevere; endure extreme hard- ffiips with great patience; and can content themfelves with very hard fare. Before the days of Peter the Great, the Ruffians were in general bar- barous, ignorant, mean, and much addifted to drunkcnnefs ; no lefs than 4000 brandy-fliops have been reckoned in Mofcow. Not only the common people, but many of the boyars, or nobles, lived in a con- ijuual ftate of idl,enefs and intoxication ; ajid the moft complete obje^fts 124 RUSSIA. .'s- 4 i ©f mifery and barbarity appeared in the ftreets, while the court of Mofcow was the nioft fplendid of any r.pon the globe. The czar and the grandees drefled after the moft fuperb Afiatic manner ; and their inagniticentc was aflonifliing. The earl of Carlifle, in the account of his embafly, fays, that lie could fee nothing but gold and precious Hones in the robes of the czar and his courtiers. The mannfai^nrcs, however, of thofe and all other luxuries, were carried on by Jt;dians, Germans, and other foreigners. Peter faw the bulk of i)is fubjecf^s, at his accedion to the throne, little better than beads of burden, deltin- cd to fupport thepomp of the court. He forced his great men to lav afide their long robes, and drefs in the lMiroi>ean manner ; and even obliged the laity to cut orf their beards. The Ruffians, before his time, had fcarcely a fliip upon their coafts. They had no convenience for tra- 'vi-lling, no pavements in their flreets, no places of public diverfion ; and they entertained a fovcreign contempt for all improvements of the mind. At prefent a French or Englifli gentleman may make a Ihift to live as tomfortably and foc'iably in Ruflia as in moft other parts of Europe. Tlieir polite alTcmblics, fince the acceflion of the late cmprefs, have l>ecn put under proper regulations} and few of the ancient ufages remain. It is, however, to be obierved, that, not- withftaiiding the fcverities of Peter, and the prudence of fucceeding j;c)vernments, drimkcnnefs ftill continues annong all ranks 5 nor arc even priclTs or ladies aflianied of it on holidays. The RuHians were formerly noted for foflrong an attachment to their native foil, that they feldom vifited foreign countries. This, however, was only the confequence of their pride and ignorance; for Rulhan nobility, befides thole who are in a public charai5>er, arc now founri at every court in Europe. Her late imperial majefly interefted herfelf in the education of young men of quality, in the knowledge of the world, and foreign fervices, particulr,rly that of the Britifli fieet. It is faid that the Ruffian ladies were formerly as fubmilfive to their hiifbands in their families as the latter are to their fuperiors in the field ; and that they thought themfelves ill treated if they were not often re- minded of their duty by the difcipHne of a whip, manufa, inhabited by their wives, children, and flaves. The 'fungvjiaus form one of the moft numefous nations of Siberia. They are of a middle flature, well made, and of a good mien, 'i'heir fight and hearing are of a degree of acutenefs and dtlicacy that is almoft incredible ; but their organs of fmelling and feeling are confiderably more blunt than ours. They are acquainted with almoft every tree and Itoue within the circuit of their ufual perambulation ; and they can even defcribe a courfe of fome hnndred miles by the configurations of the trees and ftones they meet with, and cm enable others to take the fame route by fuch defcriptions. They alfo difcover the tracks of the game by the compreftion of the grafs or mofs. They learn foreign lan- gnages with eafe, are alert on horfeback, good hunters, and dexterous at the bow. The Kalmucs are a courageous tribe, and numerous ; fof the moft part raw-boned and ftout. Their vifage is fo flat, that the fl^ull of a Kalmuc may be eafily known from others. They have thick lips, a fmall nofe, and a fliort chin, the complexion a reddifli and ytUowifli brown. Their cloathing is oriental, and their heads are exaftly Chinefe. Some of their women wear a large golden ring in their noftrils. Their principal food^ is animals, tame and wild, and even their chiefs will feed upon cattle that have died of diftemper or age, and though the flefli be putrid ; fo that in every horde the flcfli-market has the appearance of a lay-ftall of car- rion ; they eat likewife the roots and plants of their deferts. They are great caters, but can endure want for a long time without complaint. Both fexes fmoke continually : during the fuinmer they remain in the northern, and in the winter in the foutticrn deferts. They lleep upon ielt or carpeting, and cover themfclves with the lame. The Kamtfchadaks have a lively imagination, a ftrong memory, and RUSSIA. i2f f Siberia. Their is almoft fidtrably ' tree and they can rations of take the s of the eign hin- exterous |eep upon Ury, and a great genius for imitation. Their chief employments arc hunting and fimiiig. The chafe furniflies them with fables, foxes, and other game* ^ They are very expert at fifliing, and are well acquainted with the propef feafons for it. They eat and drink great quantitie»; but as what the/ cat is always cold, their teeth are very fine. Dogs are their only do' medic animals, and they put a high value upon them. Some of thenj travel in fniall carriages drawn by dogs ; and a compltJtc Kamtfchada- ' • lian equipage, dogs, harnefs, and all, cods in that country near twenty rubles, or 4I. los. The Kamtfchadales beligired the immortality of th« > " foul, before they were prevailed upon to embrace the Chriftianrelij;ion. They are fuperftitious to extravagance, and extremely fingular and ca-^ pricious in the different enjoyments of life, particularly their convivial entertainments. The manners of the Siberians were forir^erly fo barbarous, that Petef v the Great thought he could not inflift a greater punifliment upon hisca-* pital enemies, the Swedes, than by banifliing them to Siberia. The ef- fect was, that the Swedifli officers and foldiers introduced £uropeaii ufages and manufaftures into the country, and thereby acquired a com* " ' fortable living. In this forlorn jegion, fo long unknown to Europe, fomc new mines have lately been difcovered, which, upon their fir(i opening, have yielded 45,000 pounds of fine (ilver, laid to have been obtained with little difficulty or cxp«nfe. But Kamtfchatka i^ now cont fidered as the moil horrid place of exUe in the vail empire oif-JVv^^an4 V '\:. here fome 6f thp greateft criminals are fcnt. "«>v 1 •.* ReL'<»ij|N.'3 The eilablifhed religioa of Ruiliais iliat of-tbe Greek \^ fhuKcb^ ib« |ehc|sf of which are by far too mimeroua and oomplicafeed lo^- be t'^^uflfedhete; but the great article of faith by which that obujcli >V ha I fo long feparated from the Latin or Cafliolic church, i$ t\\t ' do that the Holy Spirit does not proceed from the fathei* and the fon, but from the father only. They deny the pope's fupremacy ; an4 . ■ though they difclaim image-wqrihip, they retain many idolatrous ani fuperilitious cuftoms. Their churches are full of pi^lures of faints^ whom they confider as mediators. They obfervea number of fails and lents, fo that they live half the year very abftetnioully : an inititution which is^extr^mely convenient for the foil and climate. They have many ptculia^ notions with regard to the facraments. They oblige their ^i. bi(ho^j8,- but not their priefts, to celibacy. Peter the Great ihowcd his" r profmind knowledge in government in nothing mbre than in the refon- iJ^'i** mation of his church. He broke thedangefous powers of the patriiii-ife.fi'^ and the great clergy. He declared himielf the head of the churchy' f and prefeSrved the fubordinations of metrctpolitans, archi)iiiiops, igiijt^ biihops. Th^W" priefts have no fixed income, but depend, for fb>bfi(B^J^v ence, upoi\ the' Jsenevolence of their flocks and hearers. Peter, afrer / eilablifliing this great political reformation, left his clergy iif full poirelTion of all their idle certmonies; nor did he cut off their beards: that impolitic attempt was reftrved for the emperor Peter III. and greatly contributed to his fatal cataftrophe. Before his time, an incredible number of both fexes were ihut up in convents : nor has it been found prudent entirely to abolillj thofe focieties. The abufcs of them, however, are in a great meafure removed ; for no male can be- come a monk till he is turned of thirty ; and no female a aun, till Ihe b fifty ; and even then, not without permillton of theit fuperiors. The conquered provinces, as already obferved, T-etnin the exercifeof their. pwn religioH; but fuch is the extent of the Ruffian empire, that many^f f jts fubjeds are Mahometans, ajid more of them no ht;tier(haa A. \ ■sC. %. M 1i .^1 JKr'^v.''' "■1 Hi!'''' 'Kf nV m 't ^* ' ' m£ ' 1 ffi'' 1 IP" . .1 kM^' ■ ]\ mm M R 'i ^^ i:| 130 KUSSl A. pagans, in Siberia and theqncultivated countries. iVlany ill-jiuiged it-* tempts have been made to convert them by force, which have oiily tended to corifirm them in their infidelity. On the banks of the rivef Sarpa, is a flouVifliing colony of Moravian brethren, to which the foimd- ers haVe given the r^aitie of SareptJt ; the beginning of ti.i fettleimertt was !n 1 765, with difttnguiflied privileges from the imperial court. LAset/AOE.} The common language of Ruflia is a mixture of the? Polifli and Sclavonian ; their priefts, however, and the moft learned clergy ,'make tifc of what is called modern Greek: and they'who are ac- quainted with the ancient language in its purity, may eafily 'jcquire the knowledge of it in its corrupted ftate. The Ruffians have thirty-fix letters, the forms of which have a ftrong rcfemblance to the old Greek alphabet. Learning and iearned mkn,] The Ruffians have hitherto made but an iiiconf: !-rabfe figure in :he republic of letters: but the great encouragement lately given by their fo>l^ei'ejgns, in "ihe inftitution of academies and other literary boards, has produced ii.'ftcient proofs that they are no way deficient in intelleftoal abilities. The papers ex- hibited by them at their academical meetings have be m favourably re- ceived ari over Europe; efpecially thofe that retatib to agronomy, the mathematic.*, and uatnral philofophy. Thlfpceche" pforiounced by the bifhop of Turer, the metropolitan ofNovogorod, the vice-chancellor, and the marfhal, at the opening of the commiffion for a new code of laws, are eUgant and claffical; and the progrefs which learning has made in that empire fince the begimiing of this century, with the Ipeci* xnens of litcratufe publiflied both at Peterfburgh and Mofcow, is an evi. dence that the Ruffians are not unqualified to fhine in the arts and fci- ences. The efforts to civilife them did not begin with Peter the Great, but were much aider. A fmaU glimm'Ting, Tike the rirft day-break, was fcen tinder czai' Iwan^ in the middle ctf the 16th centnry. This became mo^e confpicuous ufider Alexius Michaelowrtz ; but tinder Peter it burft forth with the fplendor of a rifrng fun, and has continued ever fince to afcend to\ifrards its meridran. iJwivERSiTiKs.] Thre.e colleges were founded by Peter the Great at Mofcow ; one for claffical learning and philofophy, the fecond for ma- thematics, and tHfe third for navigation and aftronomy. To thefe he added a difpenfary, which is a magnificent building, and under the care iof fome able German chemif^s and apothecaries, who furnifh medicine! not only to the army but all over the kingdom. And within thefe few years, IVIr. de fchorealow, high chamberlain to t^^ emprefs Elizabeth, daughter to Peter the Great, has founded an univerlity in this city. The late emprefs Catharine II. alfo founded anuniveifity at Peterfburgh, and invited fome of the moft Ictirned foreigners in every faculty, who are provided with good falaries; and alfo a military academy, where the young nobility and officers' fons are taught the art of war. It ought alfd to be mentioned, to the honoui- of the tame royal benef^ftrefs, that fhe founded a number of fchools for the education of the lower claiTes of her fubjeeter the Great, I day -break, was . This became er Feter it burft ed ever fince to ter the Great at fecond for ma- y. To thefe hfc d under the care imifh medicinei vithin thefe few prefs Elizabeth, n this city. The ^eterfburgh, and iculty, who are my, where the . It ought BlfO ^aftrefs, thatfhe lower claffes of I empire. Itakes the lead in the junftion of latitude 66 ; but ng informed that J and the bottom Id of a few fmall ] the ground was ers are ftiU U^- 131 vlJec). .Vinthout entering into too minute a defcription of this wonder- ful city, it is (iifticient to fay that it extends about fix miles every way< dnd contains every ftruftnre for magnificence, the improvement of the arts, revenue, navigation, war, commerce, and the like, that are to be found in the moll celebrated cities in Europe. But there is a cor, vent Vvhich deferves jiarticular notice, in which 440 young 'adies are edu- cated; 200 of them of fuperior rank, and the others, datughters of citi ieris and tradefmen, who, after ^ certain tine allotted to their educa- tion, quit the convent with improvements fuitable to their conditions of life ; and thofe of the lo\ • The fyft^i of civij laws at prefent eftabliflied in Ruffia is very im- perfeft, arid in maiiy inffanCts barbarous and unju ft ; being an aftem- pkie of laws and regulations drawn from moft of the ftate< of Kiuope, ill digefted, and iq many refpefts not at all adapted to the j.cuius of the Ruffian nation. Bu^ the late euiprefs made fortpe attempts to reform the laws,' arid put them upon a better footing. The coirts of juftlce U'ere in general ve|-y corrupt, and thofe by ^^hom it was adniiniftered t.xtreipely ignorant; but the judicious regulatipns of (Catharine U. fix- V A RUSSIA. «3S I) that border o to 450,000 3ve 600,000} amounted to ate lift, is 56 :s from 50 tq :hat, in 1 785, of the line in t pay and fer- le harbour at one fide by a ieces of cah- of fliips. Liflian empire in the frllelt ties of all his ; been highly lotwithftand- all, be feized >n the public fovereign or be baniflied ofTcflions tee- the infinua- which >X'-,s eign, had the ds cpiiit was a is very im- ng an adem- s of Kln'ope, ?,cniiis of the ts t!o reform ,rts of juftke aiiniinifieied iliac il. fii- ftfl a certain falary to the office of judge, which before depended on the contributions of the unhappy clients; and thus the poor were without hope jor remedv. ' The diftinftions of rank form a confiderable part of the Rnilian con* ftitution. The Ute emprefs took the title of Autocratrix, which itpi- plies that they owed their dignity to no earthly power. Their ancient nobility were divided into knezes or knazes, boyars, and vaivods. The knezes were fovereig'ns upon their own eftates, till they were reduced by the czar: but they ftill retain the nanne. The boyars were nobility under the knezes ; and the v^ivods were governors of provinces. Thofe titles, however, fo often revived the ideas of their ancient power*, that the late emprefles introduced among their fubjeft* the titles of counts and princes, and the other diftinSions of nobility th?t are com- mon to the reft of Europe; ' Revenue and expenses.] Nothing certain can t>e faid concern- ing the revenues of this mighty empire ; but they are, undoubtedly, at grefent, far fuper^or to what they were in former times^ even under eter the Great. The vaft exertions for promoting induftry, made by his fucceftbrs, efpecially her late imperial majefty, muft have greatJy added to their income, which is little lefs than 30,000,000 of rubles-, or nearly fix millions fterling annually ; thus completed : "ly^ ;: ^ Ruhlet, Capitation tax - - - - >*• - 8,500,000 Other taxes and duties - -"■ '. - 7,000,000 Her own eftates, with other domains ) , taken from the clergy^i, ^ . ^ ;-:^ . J 6,0QO,O0Q Produce of the mines -'- ^^'^v-?' - 1,500,000 ' Monopoly of diftillcd liqiiors '-?';i'-n 4,000,000 JVIonopoly of fait ..-i,-- « f^^r^' '1,800,000 b-J't' :! '. ;iti«i^3i|ji,:^.--t«:f^?^w f^ :,f'>'.isil4.-fi4«^?%: a8,8oo,ooo According t^Mr, Plefcheef 's computatibn, publifhed in Englifli by the reverend Mr. Smirnove, the revenues of Ruflia exceed 40,000,000 of rubles ; and the expends, even in time of war, are faid not to amount to 30,000,000* When this fum is confidercd relatively, that is, according to the high value of money in that empire, compared to its low vaTue in Great Britain, it will be found a very confiderable revenue. That it is fo, appears from the vaft armies maintained and paid by tlje two late em- preffes, in Germany, Poland, and elfewhere, when no part of the money returned to Ruflia ; nor do we find that they received, any con- fiderable fubfidy from the houfes of Bourbon and Auftria, who, indeed, were in no condition to grant them any. In 1733, reckoning the tri- bute paid by the Tartars, with all taxes and duties in money, the fum total is faid to have amounted only to thirteen millions of ^rubles (each ruble amounting to 46. 6d. fterling). This income was at that time futHcient to maintain 339,500 men, employed in the land and lea fer- vice. The other expenfes, befide the payment of the army and navy of the late emprefs, the number and difcipline of which were at leall equal to thofe of her greatelt predeceflbrs, were very confiderable. Her court was elegant and magnificent ; her giiards and attendants fplen- did ; and the encouragement (lie gave to learning, the improvement of the arts, and nfeful difcoveries, coft her vaft funis, exclufivc of her or- dinary expenfes 0; ftate. K 4 ¥■ M j>n a ?s* I R US«rA.' • iSotrft of the Ruflfan revenues aiife from monopelles, tvhich are ofttn jn^elfary in the infancy of commerce. The molt hazardous enterprife undertaken by Peter the Great, was his imitating the condu^ of Henry .Yill. of England, in feizing the revenues of the church. He founci, perhaps, that policy and neceflity required that the greateft part of them ^jioulil be reftored, wl.ich was. accordingly done ; his great aim being to id^rivc thp patriaf.ch of hjs exceflive power. TIiC clergy are taxed in ^u|!)a ; bnt the pecuniary revenues of the crown arife from taxes upon cftbtes, bagnios, bees, mills, fidieries, and other particulars. / The Ruffian armies are raifed at little or no expenfe, and, while in ^h(^r own country, fiibfift chiefly on provifions furniflied them by the ■jcpunttiv people according to their internal valuation. The pay of a fol> xiier fcarceljf;arnoiun.ts to thirty fliillings yearly ; in garrilon he receives only five rubUs yearly. The pay of a failor and a gunner is a ruble a xnonth, artd.lhey are found with provifions when on fliore, '^ .Orders.].. The order of St. Andrew was inftituted by Peter the Great, In 1698, to jinimate his nobles and officers in the wars againll the Turks. He chofe. St. Andrew for his patron, becaiife by tradition he was the •founder of Chdftiaiiity in tiie country. The knights are perfons of the firft ranjti "jj*, tjie em^pire, The order of St. Alexander Neivjki was alfo in- ftituted by Peter the Great, and cpnfirmed by the emprefs Catharine I. in the year 17,2.5, The order of St, Catharine was inftituted by Peter the Great, in honour (ai: his emprefs, for her affiflance on the banks of the Priith. The .order of St. George^ inftituted by the late emprefs Ca- tharine II. in favour of the military officers in her fervice,^ The order of St. lP''otodfmr was inftituted Odober 3d, 1782, by the late em- prefs, in favour of thofe who ferve in a civil capacity. The order of St. Anne of Hplftein, in memory of Ann^, daughter of Peter the Great, was introduced Jnto.Ruilia by Peter III. • HisTORv.] It isfi-vident, both from ancient hitlory and modern dif- coveries, tb«it,fome of the moft neglefted parts of the Ruffian empire at prefent, were formerly rich and populous. The reader who cafts his «i;fe-i on a geutral frtap ojf Eunjtpe and Afia, ma;y fcft ll»e advantage of •their fituation, and their communication by rivers with the Black Sea, and the ric'r.eft provinces in the Roman and Greek "empires. In later tinies, the Afiatic p;irt of Ruffia bordered on Samarcand in Tartary, once the capital, under Jenghis Khan and Tamerlane, of a far more a-ich and powerful. empire than any mentioned in hiftory ; and nothing is' more certain than that the conqucft of Ruffia was aniong the laft at- -terapts matk: by the former oi thofe princes. The chronicles of this •empire reach no higher than the ninth century^ but they have a tradi- tion, that Kiovia and Novogorod were founded by Kii in the year 430. .1 his Kii is by fome coiifidered as aa ancient prince, while others mep- •tion him as a fimple boatman, who ufed to tranfport goods and paf- ■fenge»-s acrofs the Neiper. For a long time the chief or ruler had the title of grand duke of Kiow.. We cannot, with the fmalleft degree of probability, carry our conjefturcs, with regard to the hiftory of Ruffia, higher than the introduAion of Chriftianity, which happened about the tenth century ; when the princefs of this country, called Olba, is faid to have been bantifed at Coifftai^inople, and refufed the hand of .the Greek emperor, John Zimifces, in marriage. This accounts for the Ruffians adopting the Greek religion, and part of the alphabet. Photius, the famous Greek patriarch, fent priefts to baptife the Ruf- fians, who were for fome time fv#bje(ft to the fee of Conftantinople ; but the Greek patriarchs afterwards reGgned ail their authority over " • ' 7 ..■*^ RUSSIA. '37 r the Great, the Turks, he was the rfons of the n-as alfo in- ,'otbarine I. ))' Peter the )ank8 of the mprefs Ca- , The order lie late em- Ihe order of r the Great, modern dif- (iian empire ;ho cads his vantage of Black Sea, In later in Tartary, a far tnore nd nothing the laft at- cles of this ave a tradi- le year 430. others men- )ds and paf- uier had the ft degree of V of Ruffia, ?ned about ed 01 ba, is the hand of ccounts for le alphabet, fe the Ruf- ftantinople ; thoiity over the Ruffian clnirch ; and its bifliops erefted thcmfelves into patriarchs^ who were in a manner independent of the civil power. It is certain, thHty till the year 1450, the princes of Rnflia were but very little con- iidered, being chiefly lubjeited by the Tartars. Allout this time John or Iwan Bafiljdes conquered the Tartars, and, among others, the duke of Great Novogorod, from whom he is faid to have taken 300 cart- loads of pold and filver. His profperoiis reign of forty years gave a new aCpeft to ilnflia. His grandfon, the fattious John Bafilowitz II. having cleared his country of the intruding Tartars, fubdued the kingdoms of Kafan and Aftracan Tartary, in Afia, and annexed them to the Ruffian dominions. By his cruelty, however, he obliged the inhabitants of ibme of iiis fincft provinces, particularly Livonia and Efthonia, to throw themfclves un- der the*prote6lion of the Poles and Swedes. Before the time of this John II. the fovereign of Ruffia took the title of Welike Knez, " great •* prince," great lord, or great chief} which the Chriftiaa nations af- teriyards rendered by that of great-dukei The title of Tzar, or, as we call it, Czar (a word which fignifies emperor, and is probably derived from the Roman CThr-fe other falfe Deme- jljrius's darted up, one after another. 1/ : : iThefe impoftures prove the def[!>icable ftat»)^gn6rancein which the Ruffians vere imnlergCd* TheJcountry became by turns a prey to the Poles and the Swedes, but was at length delivered by the good fenfe of the|)oyarvwpelled by their defpair, fo late as the year 16 13. The in- .dependeiMjy of Ruffia was then on the point of being extinguiflied. UladiQaus, fon of Sigifmund II. of Poland, had been declared czar'; •but the tyranny of the Poles was fuch, that it produced a general rebel- lion of the Rufljani, who drove the Poles out of Mofcow, where they had for fome timedefended themfelves with unexampled courage. Phila- rctes, archbifliop of Roftow, whofe wife was defcended from the aii- cicnt fovereigns of Ruffia, had been fent ambaflador to Poland by Demetrius one of the Ruffian tyrants, and there was detained prifoner under pretence that his countrymen had rebelled againft Uiadiflaus. The boyars met in a body ; and fuch was their veneration for Phila- retes, and his wife, whom the tyrant had (liut up in a nunnery, that they elefted their fon Michael Fiedorowitz, of the houfe of Romano^', a youth of 15 years of age, to be their fovereign. The fether being exchanged for ibme Polifli prifaners, returned to Ruffia; and bcirvcr created pa'-narch by his fon, he reigned in the young man's right with great prudence and fuccefs. He defeated the attempts of the Poles to replace Uiadiflaus upon the throne, and likcwife the claim of a brother of Guftavus Adolphus. The claims of the Swedes and Poles upon Ruffia occafioned a war between thofe two people, which gave Michael a kind of breathing time ; and he made ufe of it for the benefit of his fuljjefts. He reigned thirty-three years ; and by his wiidom, and the lii WM ^ — I3« RUSSIA. I 'J tnildnefs of his charavfter, reftored eafe and trartqnillity to his fabjefls', ,It here may be propf r to mention the mode of the czar's nuptials, which could not be- introduced into the mifceilaneous finftoms of the cation. His czarifli mnjefty's intention to marry being known, the n)oft celebrated beauties of his dominions were Cent for^o court, and there entertained. They were vifited'bv the czar, and the moft mag- nificent nuptial preparations were made, before the hiappy lady was declared, by fending^her magnificent jewels and a weddfng robe. The red of the candidates were th^n difmifled to their feveral honrtes, with fiiitable |>refents. The name of thb lady's father who plieafed Michae?» iras Strefchnen ; and he was ploughing his own farifi wheii it W»$ an> .nounced to him that he was father-ih>law to the czar. •1 Alexius fucceeded his, father ^'^ichael', atid wa!$ xnarried iii-tl^e fame ;fiaanDer4 He appears to have been a prince of great genhis."^ He re- covered Smolenuco, l^owj amd the Ukraine, but was utlfortnbate in his wars. with, the Swedes;. Whefith^ grand fignor, Mahomet iV» baughtily dtttianded fome pofleflibns ftorn him in the Ukraine, his^nt iwer wai){f^tbat be fcorned to fubmit to a Mahbmetan dog^^^nd that ..**. his fcymitar was aa good a9th« grand (ignor's fabre.*^ ' He prdnkMefl Hgricuhure ; inCtodttced into h& empire krts and fcidncelj of u>4iich h^ ; ivas himfelf a lover ; publiilied a' code of; bws, ' fome «if which are flitl ^vied.in the adminiftration of juftiice ; and greatly improved his arniy by «fiabli(hi«g difcipline. This he e^^ted cbiefty b3r the heip of ftrangenf^ iinoil of whom were Scotch. Heftibdiied'a chief of the Don Cdflaesf^ Damed Stenko Rafin, whoendeavouifed ton^ke himfeif kfttg of Ailra- cao; and the rebel, with 12,000 of bt8 adherents, were hanged oM the iftigh roads. Hr introduced linen and it Ik manufaAures ' iMto hts? do^ fiTiinions ; atni^ inflead of putting to deai!h«r eHfltving hii Lithuanian, Foliih, and TartarpriToneits, he fisnt them ttf people the (banks of the Wolga and the Kama. Theodore fuccecxlea his father Alexius lli -.11667^ He reigned fei^enyears; aniA halving mi 1iisd»ith-be4 < of Peterf who was afterwards fo 'celebrated, and who was Ws half-brotheqhe faid to them, "Hear my'taft fentinwnt*^ they arte >♦ dictated by my love for the ftatc, at»d by my affeAion C«r my peo» :** pic. The bodily infirniities of Ivvati neceflarHy muftirtflRtift his men- ** tal faculties ; 'he is incapable of ruling an^mpire like that of Ruffia ; *♦ he cannot take il amifs if I recorriniend to you tofet hini afide, artil " let your approbation fall on Peter, who to a robuU conftituiion joins If great ftrehgth of mind, andmirks ofa fupetfer tmderRandtng." But this wife deftination extremely oi^ded the princefs Sophia, who was a wbn-ian of great ambition, and who, after the death of Theodore, found mians to excite a horrible fedition among the' Strelii^s, who then formed the {landing army of 'Ruffia^ Their excefles furpaflecl^atl defcription ; but Sophia, by her managemeiit, replaced her brother :^Iwan in his birthright, and exerc.ifed'the govWnmerit hetfelf with the greateft feVerity a^H inhumasity ; for all the Rufliaji grandees who .went related to Peter, or whom flie fuppofed to favour him, were put ,t0 cruel deaths. The inflances given of her batbafous adminiftration m3 of the :nown, the court, and moft mag- y lady was rob iftg of Aftra- angtdoii the iittio Mf do^ i Lithuanian, banks of the r Altxiiis Ih »e4 catted his efi Iwan ftw md whtf was nut\ they att («r my peo- feft hismen- lat of Ruffia ; W afid«, ailii Vitutidn joins dcrftanding." Sophia, wno of Theodore, trelitafcs, who furpaflecivall hef brother rfelf with tKe grandees wh» im, were put idmlniftration princes, Iwan er, their aflTo-. nultiious'j nor i other infiir- inded to have , man of feafe ■nd fpfrit, and fome learning. Being placed at the head of th« armjr H)y Sophia, he marched into Crim Tartary ; but Peter now was abom 17 years of age, and afl*erted his right to the throne. Sophia and I^^n were then at Mofcow ; and upon Peter's publifliin^ aloud that a confpiracy had been formed by his (ifter to murder him, he wai joined by the Stretitzes, who defeiEtted or deftroyed Sophia'R party, and forci'd herfeif to retire to a monaftery. Galltzin's life was fpared ; but his great eftat# was confifcated, arid the following cuilous I'entence .was pronpunced as his puniflimeift. ** Thou art commanded by the ** moft Clemen' czar torepair^to Karga, a town under the pole, and *' there to.contii)ue the remainder of thy days. His majefty, out of his "extreme goodneft, allows thee three pence per day for thy ibbiift- ." ence." This left Peter with no' other competitor, in the year 1689, than the mild nhd eafy Iwan ; and upon his death, which happened in 1696, Peter reigned alone, and crUelly provided for his own fattlre fccuriiy, by the execution of above 3I000 Strelitztt. Peter, though he had been but very indifferfcntly educated th'r6ngh the jealoufy of his filler, alTociated himfelf With the Gennans itnd Dutch; with the format* for the fake^f their mamiftSureSf which he early introduced into his dominions ; «nd With the latter for their fltiU in navigation, which he praftifed himfelf.' His inclination for (hearts pas encouraged by his favorite Xe Fort, a Picdmontcfe; and gentfrtl Gordon, a Scotchrnan, difdSplined the czar's own regime nt| con lifting *of 5000 foreigners ; while Le Fort raifi^d a regiment ot 12,060, among whom he introduced the French and G<$rmaneKcrcif(i» of {irmV with a view of employing them in curbing the infplence of the Strclitzrs. Pet^T; after this, began his travels ; leayiiighis military affair* in' the haiid^ of Gord6n. He fet out 9s an attendant upoh his own amttal&dors ; ^nd hisadventures in Holland and Etigland) and other courts, are too numerous, and too well known, to be inferted here. By working as a common lliip-carpenter at Deptford and Saardam, he€ompl6ted him- felf in {l\ip-buiiding and navigation; and through the ejcceUentdifd- pline introduced aiiiong' his troops tjy the fordigners, be not only over- awed or crudied all civil iiifurre^tiOhs, but all his enemies on this fide of Alia; and atlaft heeVen exte^hiinatedi excepting two feeble regi- ments, the whole body of the Strelitzes. He tofe grad\»ally through • every rank and fervice both by fea and land; and the many defeats V.hich he received, efpeciaily that from Charles XII. at Narva, feemed oifly to enlarge his ambition, and extend his ideas. The battles he loft Tendered him ^t length a conqueror» by adding experience to his cou- jr^ge ; and the generous friendmip he fliOwed to Augufttis king of Po- latul, both before and after he was dethroned by the king of Sweden, redounds greatly to his honour. He had no regard for rank diftin6t frotn merit; and he at laft married Catharine, a young Lithuanian woman, who had been betrothed to a Swedilh foldier; becaufe, after a long co- habitation, he foiind her poflcffed of a foul formed to execute Ws plans, and to aflift his councils. Catharine was fo much a (Iranger to her own cftuntry, tliat her hufband afterwards dilcovered her brother, who'fei"ved as a common foldiei: in his armies. But military and na- val triumphs, which fucceeded one another after the ^battle of Pul- to«a in 1709, with Charles XII. were not the chief glory of Peter's reign. He applied himfelf with equalafliduity to the cultivation of commerce, arts, and fciences; and upon the whole, he made fuch ac- quifitions of dominion, even in Europe itftflf, that he may be faid at ' l^ie time of his death, which happened in 172^, to have been the moft «40 R USiSI A. \:i •powerful prince of hit age, but more feared than beloved by his fub- Peter the Great. was. unfortunate iQhis.eldeft fon, who in Ruflia is Entitled Che CzHrowitz,,and lyho, marrying witlvout his cqnfent, en- tered, as his father alleged, into fome dangerous pra^iccs againft his perfon.iand government; for which he was tried and condf.mikd to 4leath. Under a fovereign (b defpotjic as Peter wnf, if is difficult to 4etemikie on the jullice of the charge. It was uodoubtedly his will ■that, (he ynvpg prince (hould be fou,tid guilty ; apd the very reading 1»f..tb<; Jen tence appears to have been fat^ to him..* It is faid, that, as ffpoo.M feAteace of death waspronouncedupoi;^ the prince, in which .were rhe following words, <* The dWine, eccleiiaft^:alr civil, and mili' ,*> tary law, condemns to death, wixliput mercy, ^Ithofe whofe attempts ^< agah)(i thcSr father and their fovereign are manifru," he fell into tlie snoftiviokpt convullions, from whjlch it was with; great difficulty that he regained « little interval of fenfe, during which he de/ired his fa- ther would come to fee him, when he alked his pardon, and foon after ;died., :,Accord(ag to d^her accounts, he was fecrerly executed in pr^- .fon, anif) (nariWl Wcyened in Ruifia duriiig (he fliort reig^ ^f this prince ; but none were, more remarkaihle. (hap the difgrace and exile of prince Men- ' zikoflT,, the favourite gesenil in the two late ifi^s, and efteemed.the richeA AibjrA in Europe, feter died of the fmsal pox, in 1730. . Notwithilanding the defpotifm of Peterand. his wife, the Ruffian fe- .sate aiidlnabiUty, upon the death of Peteir 11. ventured to fet afide the . order ;of fucccffion viFhich they had eftabliflied. The male iflue of Peter wa» npw extiogui(hed{ and the duke pf tfoU^eio, fon to the eldetl 'flflughfer» was, by the deftinationof the; late empi^fsji entitled to the crewD :vbut the kui&ms, for political reafons, filled: their throne with Annf, duchefs of Courland, fecond daughter to I wan, Peter's fldeil brother, though her eldeft fifter, the duchefs of IV^ecklenburgh, w.a9 alive. Her reign was extremely profperous ; and though flie accepted the tlvone under limitations that ibme thought derogatory to her dig- nity, yet, (he br9ke them all, aHerted the prerogative of her finceftors, . and puniilied the iifpiring I^blogorucki family, who hsd impofed up- , ^n her limitations, with a view, as it is faid, that they themfelves miglit govern. Sheraifed her favourite, Biron, to the duchy of Courlaud; . and was obliged tp give way to many fevere executions on his jac- coiiot. XTpon. her death in 1740, John, the fon of her niepe the prin- (C«r$ of JNdeckienburgh, by Anthony Ulric of Brunfwick Wolfenbut- , tlei w^f by jwrwiil, entitled to the fuccefilon ; hut being no more than two year^ old, Biron was appoii^ted to be adminifteator of the ^empire during. his nonage. This deftination was difagreeableto the . princcfs of Mecklenbureh and her hufband, and unpopular among the ..'Ruffians. Count Munich was employed by the priiicefs of- Meck- lenburgh to arrefi Biron, who was tried, and condemned to die, but . was tent into e^ile to Siberia. The adminiftration of the princefs Anne of Mecklcnburgh and her huibaitd was, uj>o.n many accounts, but particularly thfkt qf her Germiin RUSSIA. I4f tonne^ions, dlftgrecable, not only to the Ruffians, but to other potven of Europe: and iiotwithflanding a profperous war the/ carried on witit the Swedes, the princcfs Elizabeth, daughter, by Catharine, to Peter the Great, formed tiich a party, that in one nieht's time die wks decUred and proclaimed eraprels of the Rulfias ; and the princef} of Mecklen- burgh, her huibund, and fon, were made prifoners. ^izabeth's rdgn may be ^id to have been mbre glorious than that of any of her predeceflbrs, her father excepted. She aboliihed capital jpunidiments, and introduced into all civil and milttary proceedings a moderation, till her time unkn^^ wn in Ruffia : but at the fame time flie ptmidied coimts Munich and Overman, who had the chief manage- ment of affairs during the late adminiftration, wi^ exile. She made peace with Sweden, and fettled, as we have already feen, the fucce^ott to that crown, as well as to her own dominions, upon the mod equita« ble foundation. Having glorioufly finifhed a war with Sweden, (tu! reltered the natural order of fucceffion in her own^fiunily, by declaiw ine the duke of Holftein-Gottorp, who was defceflded from her eldeft fitter, her heir. She gave him the title of grftnd*dukebf Ruffia; and* foon after her acceffion to the th|jj^, callra hion to her court, where be renounce favour of Pruf&a, notwithftanding that monarch's amaaing abilities both in the field and cabinet. Her fucce& was fuch a> poftended the entire deftruAion of the PrufKan power, which was, perhaps, faved only by her critical death, on January e, 1762. > ' Elizabeth was fucceeded by Peter III. grand duke of Ruflia, and duke of Holftein, a prince whofe conduct has been varioufly reprefented. He mounted the throne poDefied of an enthufiailic admiration of his PruiEsq majefty's virtues ; to whom he gave peace, and whofe principles and practices he {eems to have adopted as the rule of his future reign. He might have funnounted the effefts even of thofe peculiarities, un- popular^ they then were in Ruffia: but it is faid that he aimed at reformation in his dominions, whioi even Peter the Great durft not attempt; and that he even ventured to cut off the beards of his clergy. It is alfo alleged that he bad formed a refolution to deftroy both the emprefs and her fon, though they had been declared heirs to the im- perial throne by the fame authority which had placed the crown upon his head: even the advocates of Peter the Third acknowledge that he had refolved to fhut up his wife and fon in a convent, to placfe his miflrefs upon the throne, and to change the order of fncceffipn. The execution of his defigns was, however, prevented by an almoft general coni^iracy formed againfl him, in which the enjprefs took a verya6tive part; and this unfortunate prince fcarcely knew an interval between the lofs of his crown and his life, of which he was deprived, while under an ignominious Confinement, in Jfuly 1 76%. His wife, the hte Catharine II. was proclaimed emprefs. » The death of prince I wan, foa to the princefs of Mecklenburgh, wa» 142' k t S S 1 A.^ 'r4 I "I ¥'t ^ an ii£i of {laferoduced Confederacies againft all that had been done during the late ele(^ion : which rendered Poland a fcene of blood and confufion. The condu<^ of Ruflia with regard to Poland gave fo much offence to the Ottoman court, that the grand fignor fent Obreflcoff, the Ruffian minifter, to thtf prifon of the Seven Towers, declared war againft Rtiflia, and marched a very nuflierous army to the confines of Ruflia and Poland. Hoftilities foon commenced between thefe rival and mighty em*pires. In the ■lonths of February and March 1769, Crun Gueray, khan of the Tartars, at the head of a great body of Tartars, fupported by 10,006 fpahis, having forced the Ruffian lines' of communication, penetrated into the province of New Servia, where he committed great ravagtt!, burning many towns and villages, and carrying off fome thoufand families captive. In April following, the grand vizir, at the head of a great army, began Im march froth Conftanti'noplc, and proceeded towards the Danube. lolhe mean tirtle prince Galitzin, who com- manded the Ruffian army on the banks of the Neifter, thought this a proper time to attempt fomething decifivcj before the arrival nf the great Tuikifh force in tha& quarter. Having accordingly crofTed the Neifter with his whofe army, he advanced to Choczim,, where he en- camped in fight of a body of 30,000 TurkSf commanded by Caraman J'acha, and entrenched under thtf cannon of the towri. The pririce^ having made the necefJarydifpofitidns^ attacked the Turks in their ei>- (renchmcnts early in the morntug of et^ jotiii of Aprils and, notwith' RUSSIA. Hi whkh 'Ct4 IS he carntf e imperial jrcis Anna Eitbetht ho ituflelburg, r pcrfon or' him, ihcy ;, when the revolution ing ferment kat fome at- doubled the him to the However, a [took, or at e fOrtrefs of It to death, ittempted to iviihltandiug ourt, though ^ed. •n, the flamr^ has generally iternal trau- ;fs Catharine count PoniA- der to fecure ek and pro- mperial ma- refidence in d {)roduced late election : 'he conduft he Ottomai) inifter, to th* d marched a Hoftilities ires. In the khan of the by lOjOod , penetrated ^rea£ ravaged, me thou land [the head of a id proceeded who com- lought this a ival *f the crofled the here he eri- by Garamat* The prirtce, Is in their en- ,nd, notwith- ftanding an obftinate defence, and a dreadful fire from the fortrefs, at length oeat them out of their trenches. The Tuiks entleavoured to cover their retreat, by detaching a large body of cKvalry to attack thef right wing of the Rufli^ army; but they met with fuch a warm re- ception from the artillery, that they foon retired in preat diforder. General Stoffcin and prince Dolgorucki were then ofd«red to purfue the fugitives, at the head of eight battalions; which tiny did fo etfec- tuallv, that thev followed them into the fuburbs of Ghoczim; and their puriuit was at length only flopped by the palifadoes of the fortrefs. On the 15th of July, a very obflinate battle was fought between « confiderable Turkifli army, and the RuiTians under prince iialitzin, id the neighbourhood of Ghoczim, in which the Turks were defeated. Th* Ruffians immediately inVefted Ghoczim; but the garrifon being nuine» rous, made frequent fai!ie«« and received great reinforcements from the grand vizir's camp, Who was now confiderably advanced on this fide of the Danube. Several a&ions enfued : and prince Galitzin was at length obliged to retreat, and repafs the Ncifter. It was computed that the fiege of Chpc'*jm, and the aAions confequlent to ft, coil: the Kuiliani above aO,obc tnen. In the management of this war^ the grand vizir had afted with a de-i gree of prudence, which, it has been thought, would have proved fatal to the defigns of the Ruffians, if the fame condu6t had been afterwards pqrfued. But the army of the vizir Was extremely licentiouSr and his caution gave offence to the Janizaries; fo that^ in confequence of their clamours, and tht weaknefs of the councils that prevailed in the feraglio, he at length became a facrifice^ and Moldovani Ali Fachs, a man of tnofe courage than conduct, was appointed hi» fucceflbr. Dunngthefe ^--anfaftions, general Rumanzow committed great de- raftations u^^' '•: . ^e Turks on the borders of Bender and Oczakow, where he plundered and burnt feveral towns and villages, defe&ted a Turkifh detachment, and carried off a great booty of cattle. The Tar- tars alfo coriimitte^ great ravages in Poland, where they almoft totally deflroyed the palatinate of firacklaw, befides doing much' mifchief in other places. In the beginning of September, the Ruffian army was again pofled on the banks of the Neifter, and efFeftualiy defended the pafTage of that river againft the Turks, whofe whole army, under the command of the new vizir, was arrived on the oppofite fliore. Having laid three bridges over the Neifter, the Turkifti army began to pafs the river in the face of the enemy. Prince Galitzin having perocived this motion early in the morning of the 9th of September, immediately, at- tacked thofe troops that had crofled the river in the night, who confe- r^iiently could neither cboofe their ground^ nor have time to extend or form themlelves properly where they were. Notwithftanding theflfe ex- treme difadvantages, the ©ngagement was very fevere, and continued from feven in the morning till noon. The Turks fought with great obftinacy, but were at length totally defeated, and obliged to repalii the river whh great lofs, and in the utmoft confufioii. It. was computed, that about 6cy,ooo Turks crofled the river before and during th'e time of the engagement. Prince Galitzin charged at the head of five columns- of infantry, with fixed i)ayonets, and deitroyt^d the flower of the Turk- ifli cavalry. It is faid that the lofs of theTuiks in this battle amounted* to 7000 men killed upon thefppt, befides wounded and prjlbners, and « great number who were drowned. Though the ill condrift of the vizir had gt^atly cor^trilwitcd to this misfortune, yet tlus did not prevent him from engaging iii another operation of {he faine aature.. He now lai^ < I Ml Hi *44 RUSSIA. '-".-N"'^ i\ I BMr^ but one bridge over the river, which he harf the precaution to cover yi'nh Urge batteries of cannon, and prepared to pafs the whole army over. A :cordingIy, on the 17th of September, eight thoufand Jani- zaries and fourth#ufand regular cava:Irv, the flower of the whole Otto- inan army, paffed over with a large train of artillery, and ihe reft of the a^tny were in motion to follow, when a fudden and extraordinary fwell of the waters of the Neifter carried away and totally deftroyed thef bridge. The Ruffians loH: no time in making ufe of this great and un> expeAcd advantage. A moft defperate engagement eniued, in which the (laughter of the Turks was prodigious. Not only the field of battle, but the river, over -which fome few hundreds of Turks made their efcape by fwimmifig, was for foveral miles covered with dead bodies. The Ruffians took 64 pieces of cannon, and above 150 colours and horfe-taiis. The Turks immediately broke '.:p their camp, and abandoned the flrong fortrefs of Choczrm, with all its -ilores a$nd nu- merous artillery, and retired tumultiioufly towards the Danube. They w^re much exafperated at the ill condud of their commander the TJzir ; and it was computed that the Turks loft a8,ooo of the beil and braveft of their troops, within little more than a fortnight; and 48,0001 more abandoned t-i?-; ^rmy, and totally deferted, in the tun^uUuous retreat to the Danube. Prince Galitzin placed a garrifon of four regi^ ments in the fortrefs of Choczim, and foon after refigned the com- mand of the army to general count Komanzow, and returned tp Feterfi burgh, covered with laurels. i The Ruffians continued to carry on the war with fuccefs ; they over- ran the great province of Moldavia, and general £lmdt took poifeffion of the capital, Jafly, without oppofition. As the Greek natives of this province had always fecrctly favoured the Ruffians, they now took this opportunity of their fuccefs and the abfence of the T^urks, to declare themfelves openly. The Greek inhabitants of Moldavia, and after- '■ wards thofe of Wallachia, acknowledged the emprefs of Ruffia their fovereign, and took oaths of fidelity to her. On the i8th of July, 1770, general Komanzow defeated a Turkifli army near the river Larga : the Turks are faid to have amounted to 80,000 men, and were commanded by the khan of the Crimea. But on the fccond of Auguft^ the fame Ruffian general obtained a flill greater viAory over another army of the Turks, commanded by a new grand vizir. This army was very numerous, but was totally defeated. It is faid that above 7000 Turks were killed in the field of battle, and that the roads to the Danube were covered with dead bodies: a vail quantity of ammunition, 14} pieces of brafs cannon, and fome thoufand carriages loaded with pro* vifions, fell into the hands of the Ruffians. But it was not only by land that the Ruffians carried on the war fuc- cefsfully agaipft the Turks. The emprefs fent a confiderable fleet of men of war. Ruffian built, into the Mediterranean, to aA againft the Turks on tlit fide; and, by means of this fleet, under count Orlop, the Ruffians fpread ruin and defolation through the open iflands of the Archipelago, and the neighbouring defencelefs coafts of Greece and Aiia.; the particulars of which will appear in the hiltory of Turkey. The war between the Ruffians and the Turks ftill contiuuedi ^o be carried on by land .as well as by fea, to the advantage of the former; but at length a peace was concluded, on the 21ft of July, 1774, highly honourable and beneBcial to the Ruffians, by which they obtained the liberty of a free navigation over the Black Sea, and a free trade with all the poru of the Ottoman empire. - . v 1 to cover lole army fand Jaiu- lole Otto- reft of the nary fwell troyed the; at and un- , in which le field of urks made with dead 150 colours camp, and es and nu- ube. They iTiander the. the beit and and 48,000 mmuUwous jf four regi-* d the corn- ed tQ Peterf-. i; Theyover- >ok poiTeffion atives of this iow took this s, to declara la, and after- • Ruffia their 1 8th of July, ear the river len, and were nd of Auguft, over another This army was [t above 7000 o the Danube LiunUion, 145 [ded with pro* 11 the war fuc- Lrable fleet of h£t againft the r count Orlop, liilands of the Lf Greece and [of Turkey, ontinuedi to be Jif the former; [1774, i»'g'»iy ly obtained the tree trade with KVf ^%i At : >. • Before the conclufion of the war with the Turks, a rebellion brok'e «ut in Ruflia, which gave much alarm to the court of Peterftureh. A Coifac, whofe name was Pugatfcheff, aflfumed the name and cna- T&iier of the late unfortunate emperor, Peter the Third? He zppetrcd. in the kingdom of Kafan, and pretended that he made his efcape, through; V an extraordinary interpofition <»f Proviflenci, from the murderers wboi were employed to aflfaifinate him ; and that the report of his death wav onlyafiAion invented by the court. There is faid to have been if ^ linking lefemblance in his perfon to that of the late emperor, which '{_ induced him to engage in this enterprife. As he pofleiTed abilities and ' addrefs, his followers foon became very numerous ; 'and he at length* \ found himfelf fo powerful, his followers being armed and provided " with artillery, that he ftood fevetal engagements with able Ruffiart -^ generals, at the head of large bodies of troops, and committed great ~^ ravages in the country. But being at laft totally defeated, and taken : prifoner, he was brought to Mofcow in an iron c J By this treaty Ruflia retains the full fovereignty of her new acqtiii)^ v itions, viz. the Crimea, the Me of Tanian, and part of Cubian. «~ As thi ^ recovery and reftoration of everv thing Greek is the predondnant paf* iion of the rourt of PtMriborgh, fo the Crimea and its depeadencieft , are in future to be known by the name of Taurica; particular placef ire likewife reftored to their ancient appellations; and tin cekbrated port and city of Calfa has now refumed its long- forgotten name of iTheodofia. Since this acceflton bf dominion, new towna, witb Greek RufiiMi hame«, aire Hfing fiift \n the deferts, and are peoptcdihoftly Iby coloiiiem of GMekt itnd Aritiemani. ' : ^' i I The year 1 787 oDened with the exttaMdinafy fpe^cle of the'journey |of the emprefs of Rtiffia to Cheribn, wliere it feems to have b«en her riginal intention to have bteii ciowned nvith all polBble magnificenolt •I m 4 14* RU S SI Aii and uiid«r tlti fplendid titles &f itttiprefs of the Eaft, libfirator of Greece, and reviver bf the feries of Rovnan emperors, who formerly furjE^ved the ibeptre over that dirifion of theelobe. But this coronation,, for rea- ibns we are unable to aiBgn, was laid aHde. The fplendor of the route «f the czarina futpal&s whatever the imagination would fpontaneoufly fuggeft. She waBefcorted by an army. Pioneers preceded her march, whofe buHnefs it was to render the road as even and pieafant as it could |K>i&faly be inadc. ' At the end of each day's journ^ (lie found a tem- porary palace erefted ibr her reception, together with all the accom* modatibns and luxuries that Peterlburgh cmiM have aflforded. In the lift of her fQlbrare^s were the ambaifadors of London, Verfailles, and Yitona ; and her own ambaflador^as well as the envoy of the emperor lo the coiirtiof Conilantinople, were app<>iated to meet her 9t Cher» fou. The king of Poland miet her in her journey ; and the emperor, not fatikfied Ivith fweUing her triumph atOherlbn, appeared in that ca. pital eight days hefprf: her, and proceeded to a considerable diflance up the Dnieper, to intercept her progrefs. Her , route was through Kiow, .wtierei;AMe reittainw three months, -and was received umler tri- i9mpha|ftrong and min^rCus party \!% Swede})» Alt, tliefe icaufes operat ing togetheiH' J^uced Guftavus the ThiRd to meditate a proje^ of hoitllities againil Ruflia, which coadmenoed, in. f loJand« a lew days at' jter the Jbingr'^ afrlval in that province. 9«t't^ prtncipai atires of that river what fortrefles they think proper : and Ruffia en- gages to grant a free navigation on thc4-iver Niefter. This was con- cluded on the I ith of Auguil, 1 791. Thus has the Porte entered into 8 war, for the purpofe of regaining the Crimea, and after reducing the Ottoman empire to extrtinrte weaknefs, an<| intefnal fymptoms'of ruin, irretrieifRble by a government in a regular pi^ogrefs of deterioration, loft a(:'important territory, and left th^ exiftence of the empire at the mercy of another Ruflian war. By fome advantages offered to Pruifia and Pdland, and a few intrigues, Ruiiia may change the iluiVfU-tv.- t>Mav-4?ffti' f^jfiitt-v The final treaty with'theiTiirkfl wasconclirdad at Jaffy, the 9th of Ja- nuary, 1 79a. Catharine then applied herfelf to the improvemeut of Oczakow, and rendered it a place of great ftrength, importance, and I commerce. At the fame time ihe was not inattentive to European po* L 2 ■'■ m 14^ RUSSIA. I&>'P litics. When the coalition of fovereign powers wat formed againft France, Guftavus IIL the late king of bwcoen, was to have conduced that expedition which was afterwards made againft France by the king ©fPruffia and tiie prince of Bninfwifck. Caiiiarine, on this occafion, promifed to affifl him and the alliance, with twelve thoufand RufTian troops, and an anmial fubfidy ot three^hundred thoufand^ rubles. She afliired the pope that flie would fuppoit him in the refumption of Avignon, and publiihed a ftrong manifefto againft the French revolti* tion and the progrefs of liberty ; but the only a iprefs.' The' duke of Courland was in no condition to refufehisac- quiefcence : he received very confideraule prefentsfrom the emprefs, in %omperifation, and retired to live on Come extent! ve eftates he had pur* «ha(ed in h^0ia. But'the acquifition, by intrigue and art:ifice, of countries incapable of refinance, was not JfuScient to fatisfy the ambition of Catharine. Incefiantly anxious to extend her dominion^ fhe turned her arms againft Perfia, under the pretext o( defending Lolf Ali Khan a de- •icendcnt of the raceof the Snpbi« ; but in reality to fcize on the Per< -fian provinces which border on the Cafpian Tea. Her general Vale* irian Zouboff penetrated, at the head of a numerous army, into the pro- viiice of^ Dagheftah, and laid iiege to Derbent. Having carried a nigh tow^r which defended the plac^, he put all the garrifon to the fword, .and prepared toftorm tlve pity. The Perfians, terriAed at the b^trbarous -.fury ol the Ru({ians, demanded quarter; aqd the keys of the chy were delivered up to Zouboff by the commandant^ a venerable old man, a 'hundred and twenty years of age, who bad before liirrendercd Derbent to Peter I. at the begiunlngof the prefent century. Aga Mahmed was I advancing to the relief of Derbent, when he leaned that the place was already in the power of rl(e Ruifians, Zouboff drew out his army, and 1 rave him battle; but vitlitory declared in favour of the Perfians, who forced the B.ui&ftp# to retire into Perb^t) Iq confequence •( which J t-j^,,,*-. RUSSIA. .^^■•'f T49' (l«f(flatj a flrong body of Ruffians troops were ordered to reinforce tht s\rmy of ^oubofF. Thefe martilal preparations, and plans of ambition, were, however, interrupted by her death. On the morning of the 9th of Novem- btT, 1796, flie appeared very chearful, and took her coffee as ufiial. Soon after flie retired into the clofet, where continuing tjnufually long, her attendants became alarm«:d, and at length opened the door, when they found her on the floor in a ftate of infenfibility, with her feet againft the door. Doftor Rogerlon, her firft phyfician, was im- mediately called, who bled her twice. At firft ftie appeared rather to- revive, but was unable to utter aVord, and expired at ten O'clock at night. Catharine II. in her youth had been handfome, and preferved in the clofc of life a graceful and majeftic air. She was of a middle ftature, well proportioned^ and, as ihe carried her head very ereft, appeared taller than.flie really was. Her forehead was open, her nofe aquiline, her mouth well made, and her chin fomewhat long, though not fo as to hav6 a difagreeable etfed. Her countenance did not want for ex- preffion ; but Ihe was too well praftifed in the courtly habits of difli- mulation, to fufFer it to exprefs what flie wifhed to conceal. With refpeft to her political chara^ter^ flie was undoubtedly a great fovereign. From the commencement of her reign flie laboured, and with the greateft fuccefs, to increafe the power and political confe- quence of her country. She encouraged learning and the arts, and made every exertion to extend, encourage, and enlarge the commerce of her fubjeds. She efFefted many and important regulations in the interior police, ar.d particularly in the courts of juftice. She abolifli- ed the torture, and adopted an excellent plan for the reformation of prifons. The new code of laws, for which flie gave inflruftions, will* contribute ftill more to mitigate the rigour of defpotifm. In the ex- ecution, indeed, of her plans for the aggrandifement of her empire, flie appears to have acknowledged no right but power, no law but intereft. Of her private life, her panejryrifts, if prudent, will fpeak but little. They will dwell lightly on the means by which flie mount- ed the throne. The only palliation of that condud, which the moft friendly ingenuity can fuggeft, will be derived from the frequent and bloody ulurpations which, lince the death of Peter the Great, had al- moft become the habit of the Ruifian court. But there are fome afts, it the recital of which we fliould fliudder, even ^f the fcehe were laid in Morocco. The myfterious fite of prince Iwan, in 1763,. cannot be obliterated from hiftofy ; the blood fj>ilt in the long-conceived fcheme of expelling the Turks from Europe, and re-eftablifliing the eaftcrn em- pire in the perfon of a fecond Conftantine, will not be expiated, in the eftimation of humanity, by the gigantic magnificence of the proje^V, Above all, the fate of Poland, thediflenfions and civil wars induftriouflyi fomented in that unhappy kingdom, for a period of thirty years, — the horrible mafffacres which attendedits final fubjugation, and the impious mockery of returning folemn thanks to heaven for the fucc#fs of fuch atrocious crimes, will be a foul and indelible flain on the memory of Catharine. The charafter of her fucceflbr Paul I. as far as it has been difplayed in the firft )year of his reign, appears to be milder and more pacific than that of his mother. Immediately on his accslFion to the throne, he ordered hoftilities to oeale between RnlTn and Perfia ; and a peace was fo»u after concluded between the two conatries, He l\as let at 'iber- 150 ISLES OF SCOTLAND. ^ F.^ia|,?< ^11 •I ■ i I 1. tv the unfortunate Kofciuflco, the general of th« PoUatad. She was married to that prince while hi: was duke of HoUiein Gottorp, Sept. i, 1745; and died Nov.. 9, 1796. Paul I. prefent emperor of Ruffia, was born 0&. i, 17 $4. He hu been twice married, and by. his prefent confort, who was princefs of ;Wirtemberg, has iflue : ^. t. Alexander, born Dec^, 23, 1777, married to the princefs Louiia of Baden, May 21, 1793. 2. Conftamine, born May 8, ^779, married to the princtft ^ Sax* Cobourg, February 1 4, 1 796. 5. Alexander Powlowna, born in Aug. 1783. 4. Helena, born Dec. 24, r764. 5. A princefs, born in March, 1786. 0. Another princefs, born in May, 1788. 7. Another princefs^ bom in 1 792. SCOTLAND AND ITS ADJA.CENT ISLES. 1 Shall, {recording to the general plan I have laid, down, treat of th* illands belonging to Scotland, before I proceed to the defcriptioft C^ ^at ancient kingdom ; and, to avoid prolixity, I fliall comprehend un« 4cT oixt head thofe of Shetland, Orkney, and the Hebrides, or Wedern Iftes. Situation a^d bxtewt.] The iflaods of Shetland Ke north-eaft of the Orcddts, or Orkney-iflands, between 60 and 61 degrees of north latitude, jind form part of the (hire of Orkney. The Orcades lie north of Dungfby-head, between 59 and 60 degrees of north latitude ; divided from the continent by a tempeftuous ftrair, called Pentland Frith, 24 miles long and 12 broad. • The Hebrides, or Wederaifles, are very nirmerous, and fome of thenx large ; lituated between 55 and 59 degrees of north latitude. Climate.} There U very little difference in the climate of thefe iilands, the air being keen, piercing, and falnbrious ; fo that many of the natives live to a great age. In the Shetland and Orkney iflands they fee to read at midnight in June and Ji'ly ; and during four of the fum- finer months, they have frequent communications, both for bufincfs and curiofity, with each other, and with the contincatt the reft of the year, however, they are almoft inacce^ible, through fogSid&^nefs, and ftorms. it is a certain faA, that a Scotch. fiflierman was imp^ned in May, for publillting tiie account of the priace and princefs of Orange being raifed rSl.ES*0# SCOTLAND. i5« iacef* Louifa nccft vi Saxc to the throne of England, the preceding NovenUier; and he \^ould pro» bably have beea banged, had not the nevr«beenconfirnaed by the arrival of a fliip. ' i Chief isLAMps and towNSt} Thelargeft of:tlie Shietland idajad^ which are forty-fix in number (though many of them are uninhabited), •is Mainland, which is 60 miles in length^'and so itx bceadth. ^ Its prini* cipal town is Larwick, which contains' 500 families; the.whole number of families in the iiland not exceeding 500. SidiUoway is anothertowni where the remains of a cafUe are (lili to be feca; anditis the feati!i|jt« prefbytery. On this ifland the Dutch begin fa fiih for henings at ftoldf fuuuiici, ini thf'ir fifhing-feafon lafts fix •months. ' .(.? t rnrul; The largeft of tlie Orkney iilands, which are abotit thirty irf mttmber (though fereral of them arc unpeopled), is called P^mon^tv Its length if 33 miles, andits breadth, in fome placed, nine. It oontainrniiie parl£bi churches, and four excellent harbours.' i... .:. ;..'i:. I;- ■ , The Ille of Mull, in the Hebrides, is twenty-four miles long, and iti fome places alinoft as broad. It containstwo parifbes,«uid a qjilUie called Duart, which is the chief place in the iiland. The > other pitincipti weflern iflands are Lewis, or Harries (for.they both form but aAeAfiftrtd)* which belongs to the fhire of Rofs, and iffaob miles ki length, wid 13 or 14 in breadth ; its chief town is Siboriiway. Sky, ibelohgiiig.tp the ihire of Invernefs, is 40 miles lone, and, in fome places^ to broad ; 6iiit» fill and well peopled. Bute, which is about ten mile^ long, and.tliree or four broad, is famous for containing the caflle of Rottday, wfaic^ gave the title of duke to the eldefi foiis of the kings of Scotlai^, as i( DOW does to the prince of Wales. Roth&y is llkewife a royal btirght and the iflands of Bute and Arran form the fliire of Bute. The ifles of Ila and Jura are part of Argylefliire, and contain together about. 3 70 fquare miles; but they have no towns worthy notice. North Uiil <}6u- tains an excellent harbour, called I^ochitiaddy, fanious for herKngt fifhing. Jona, once the feat and fan£^uary of weflern Ibarning, and the burying-place of many kings of Scotland, Ireland, and Norway, ii fiill famous for its reliques of fan&imonious antiquity, as fhall bo hereafter mentioned. Some authors have been at great pain* to defcribcii the ifland of St. Kiida, or Hirt, for no other reafon, that I can difcover, but becaufe it is the remoteft of all the north-weft iflands, and very difficult of accefs; for it does not contain above thirty-five families. Inhabitants, customs, popvla- I The inhabitants of Shetland TioN, LANGUAGE, AND RELIGION. J and Orkney wcrc formerly fub-» jeft to the Normans, who conquered them in 1099, a few years after they landed in England under William the Conqueror. In the year 1203 they were in poffeffion of Magnus of Norway, who fold them to Alexander king of Scots, by whom they were given as fiefs to a noble- man of the name of Speire. After this, they were claimed by, and became fubjeft to, the crown of Denmark. Chriftian I. in the reiga of James III. conveyed them in property to the crown of Scotland, as a marriage portion with his daughter Margaret; and all future preten- fions were entirely ceded on the marriage of James VI. of Scotland with Anne of Denmark. The ifles of Shetland and Orkney form a flewartry, or fliire, which fends a member to parliament. At prefent the people in general differ little fi'om the Lowlandcrs of Scotland f except that their manners are rnnre fimple, and their minds lefs culti- vated. Men of fortune there have improved their eflates wonderfully of late years, and have introduced into their families many elegancies and luxuries. They build the!" dwelling and other houfes in a modera L4 fS« (JSLES OP SCOTtANiD. tafte, and are remarkable for the finenefs of their linen. As to the common people, they live upon butter^ eheefet fifli* fea.and land fowl (of which they have great plent/^^ particularly geefe ; and their chief drink i$ whey^ which they have the art to ferment, (6 as to give it a vinous quality. In fome of the northern iflands, the Norwep;ianj which is called the Norfe langui^e, is dill fpoken. Their raft inter- M eourie with the Dutch, during the billing feafon, renders that language iiommon in the Shetland and Orkney iflands. The people there are at expert as the Norwegians in feizing the nefis of Tea fowls, which build in the moft frightful precipices and rocks. Their temperance preferres them from many difeafes. They cure the fcurvy and the jaundice, to "which they are fubjed, with tl|e powder of fnail-fliells and fcurvy. VMM sniftf of which they have plenty. Their religion is proieftant, and Imm according to the difcipline of the church of Scotland ; and their civil infiitutions are much the /aine with thofe of the country to which they belong. . Nothing catL be affirmed with certainty as to the population of thefe tiiree divifious of iflands. We have the mod undoubted evidences of hiftory, that, about 40Q years ago, they were much more populous than m they tte now : for the Hebrides themfelves were known often to fend 10,000 fighting men into the field, without prejudice to their agricui* tiire. At pretent their number^ are faid not to exceed 48,000. The ale of the Hebrides are clothed and live like the Scotch High< ;rs, who fl»U hereafter be defcribed. They are fimilar in perfons, conftitutions, cuftoms, and prejudices ; but with this difference, that the more poiiflied manners of the Lowlanders are every day gaining grotind in the Highlands. Perhaps the defcendents of the ancient Ca-^ iedonians, in a few, years, wUl be difcernible only in the Hebrides. Thofe iflands alone retain the ancient ufages of the Celts, as defcribed by the oldefi and befl; authors ; but with a ftrong tindure of the feudal conftitution. Their ihanachies or ftory^tellers i^pply the place of the ancient bards, fo famous in hiflory; and are the hiftorians, or rather genealogifts, as well as poets, of the nation and family. The chief is fikewife attended, when he appears abroad, with his muflciaa, who is generally a bagpiper, and drefied in the manner of the Englilh minftrels of former times, but, as it is faid, much more fumptuoufly *. Not- withilanding the contempt into which that muiic is fallen, it is almoft incredible with what cslre and attention it was cultivated among thefe ^ iflanders fo late as the beginning of the prcfent century. They had regular colleges and profeifors, and the, ftudents took degrees according to their proficiency. Many of the Celtic rites, fome of which were too barbarous to be retained or even mentioned, are aow aboliflied. The inhabitants, however, ftill preferve the moft profound rcfpefl and affe£lion for their feveral chieftains, notwithftandmg all the pains that have been taken by the Britifli legiflature to break thofe connections which experience has fhown to be fo dangerous to government. The common people are but little better lodged than the Norwegians and Laplanders; though they certainly fare better; for they have oatixieal, plenty of tifli and fowl, cheefe, butter, milk, and whey; and alfo mut- ton, beef, goat, kid, and venifon. They indulge themlelves, like their forefathers, in a romantic poetical turn ; and the agility of both fexes in the exercifcs of the field, a^d in dancing to tiieir ^vourite mufic, is re- markable. fi.^ ♦ Sec Percy** Relifue* of ^cieat RngUfl» Poetry, inj tqU. . . ^„ ISLES OF SCOTLAND. «53 A^ to thf 1 land fpwl their chief :o give it a r Ttft inter- at language there are at vhich build ce preferres aundice, to md (curvy, leftant, and and their ry to whicii on of thefe evidences of pulous than iften to fend icir agricui- t,ooo. The otch High- r in perfoiis, ierence, tliat day gaining ancient Ca- ebridti. as defcribed of the feudal place of the s, or rather he chief is cian, who is [ifh minftrels iy *. Not- it is almoft kmong thefc They had 'S according Iwhich were aboliihed. rcfpe6l and e pains that Iconneftions ent. The 'egians and ve oatiTicai, id alfo mut- |s, like their th fexes in ufic, is re- ltRtKi'*iW» The raider would not pardon an author, who, in treating of this fubieA, (hould omit that remarkable mantology, or gift of prophecy, which diftinguiflies the inhabitants of the Hebrides nnder the name of ffcond fight. It would be ec^ually abfurd to attempt to disprove the' reality of the inftances of this kind that have been related by reputable authors, at to admit all that has been fa&d tipon the fuhje^. ^ The adepts- of the fecond iight pretend that they have certain re^'^lationfi, or i-ather prefentations, euher really or typically, which fwinv before' their ej'es,' of certain events that are to happen in the compafs of 24 or 48 hours.' I do not, however, from the belt information, obfcrVe that any two of thofe adepts agree as to the manner and form of thofe revelations, br* fhat they have any fixed method for interpreting their typical api^ear- ances. The truth feems to be, that thofe iflanders, by indulging them-- felves in lazy habits, acquire vifionary ideas, and overheat their imairi- nations, till they are prefented with thofe phantafms, which they miftake for fotidical or prophetic manifellations. They iniiantly begm to pro. phefy ; and it would be abfurd to fuppofe, that, amidfi; many thouhind predi^ions, fome did not happen to be fulfilled; and thefe bein^ well attefted, give a fanAton to the whole. Many learned men have been of opinion, that the Hebrides being the' moft wefterly iflands where the Cehs fettled, their language muft remain there in its greateft ptirity. This opinion, though very plauHble, has failed, in experience. Many Celtic words, it is true, as well as cuftoms, are there found ; but the vaft intercourfe which the Hebrides had with the Danes, the Norwegians, and other northern people, whofe language is mixed with Sciavonian and Teutonic, which lad has no affinity with the Celtic, has rendered their language a compound; To that it ap- : proaches in no degree to the purity of the Celtic, commonly called firfe, which was fpoken by their neignbours in Lochaber and the oppo-* fite coalls of Scotland, the undoubted defcendents of the Celts, among whom their language remains more unmixed. \ The religion profelTed in the Hebrides is chiefly prefbyterian, as efta- bliOied in the church r/f Scotland: but popery and ignorance flill pre- vail among fome of the iflanders^ whillt fuperftitious pra^ices and cuftoms feem to be yimoft grafted in their nature. Soil, minks, amu oyARKiEs.] Though it is not in tlie power of natural philofophy to account for the reafon, yet it is certain that the foil, both of the northern and weilern iflands belonging to Scotland, - has futfered an amazing alteration. Many of thefe iflands have evi- - dently been the habitations of the Druids, whofe temples are fliil vifible in moft of them; and thofe temples were furrounded by groves, though little, or no timber now grows in the neighbourhood. The ilumps of former trees however are difceruible, as are many veftiges of grandeur, even fince the admiflion of the Chriftian religion; which prove the decreafe of the riches, power, and population of the inhabi- tants. Experience daily (hows, that, if the foil of the northern or' weftern iflands till of late was barren, cold, and uncomfortable, K was • owing to their want of culture ; for fuch fpots of them as are now cul- tivated, produce corn, vegetables, and garden-ftulf, more than I'uHicient •• for the inhabitants; and even fruit-trees ace now brought to maturity. Tin, lead, and filver mines, marie, flate, free-ftone, and even quarries of marble, have been found upon thefe iflands. They are not deftitute of fine freflj ivater, nor ofiakcs and rivulets that aboimd with excellent trout. At ' the fame time it muft be owned, that the prefent face of the fo;l is bare, ' and unornamented with trees, sxcepting a few that are reared in gardens. ■1 \f «54 IStESoF SCOTLAND; 'tS' Tradb AMD m AMVFACTURBi.l Thcfc are allii) their infancy in thofe iflands. The reader can eafily fuppofe that their flaple commodities confift of fifh, efpecially herrings, which are the beft in the world, and, vrhen properly cured, are equ&l even to thofe of the Dutch. They carry on likewife a considerable tradq, in down and feathers; and their (heep afford them wool, which thcv mipufadture into coarle cloths ; and linen manufa^ures begin to Vnak; a progrefs in thefe iflands. They carry their black cattle alive to the adjacent parts of Scotland, where they are difpofed of in fale or barter ; as are large quantities of their mutton, which they fait in the hide. Upon the whole, application and induftry, with fome portion of public encouragement, are only wanting to render thefe iflands at once ornamental and beneficial to the mother country, as well zs to their inhabitants. Beasts, birds, and fishbs.] Little can be fatd on this head, that is peculiar to thefe illandK. In the countries already defcribed, mention has been made of mod o^ the birds and fiflies that have been difcoveied here ; only it is thought that they contain a fpecies of falcon or hawk, of a more noble and docile nature than any that are to be found elfewhere. The Shetland ifles are famous for * fmall breed of horfes, which are in- credibly a^ive, ilrong, and hardy, and frequently feen in the ftreets of London, yoked to the fplendid carriages of the curious and wealthy. The coafts of thofe iflands, till within thefe twenty years, feemed, how- ever, to have been created, not for the inhabitant-; it for ftrangers. The latter furnifli the former with wines, flirongliquoi fpice, and luxu- ries of all kinds, for their native commodities, at the gain of above lOO per cent. But it is to be hoped that this pernicious traHic now draws to an end. Three thoufand bufles have been known to be employed in one year by the Dutch in the herring fifliery, befldes thofe fitted out by the Haniburghers, Bremeners, and other northern ports. Kakities and CURIOSITIES, \ Thefe iilands exhibit many preg* artificial and natural. ^ nant proofs, in their churches, the veftiges of old forts, and other buildings, both facred and civil, of what has been alreadv obferved, that they were formerly more populous than they are now. The ufe and conftru^lion of fome of thofe works are not eafily accounted for at prefent. In a gloomy valley belonging to Hoy, one of the weflern iflands, is a kind of hermitage, cut out of a (lone called a dwarf flone, 36 feet long^ 1 8 broad, and nine thick ; in which is a fquare hole, about two feet high for an entrance, with a ilone of the fame fize for a door. Within this entrance is the refemblance of a bed, witii a pillow cut out of the Aone, big enough for two men to He on : at the other end is a couch, and in the middle a hearth, with a hole cut out above for a chimney. It would be endlefs to recount the various veftiges of the Druidical temples remaining in thefe iflands, fome of which have required prodigious labour, and are flupendous ere6bions, of the fame nature as the famous Stonehenge near Saiifliury} others feem to be memorials of particular perfons or adiotis, confifliing of one large ftone fianding upright ; fome of them have been fculptured, Snd others have ferved as fepulcbrcs, and are compofed of ftones cemented together. Barrows, as they are called in England, are frequent in theiie iflands ; and the monuments of Danifli and Norwegian fortifications might long em- ploy an able antiquary to defcribe. The gigantic bonts, found in many burial places here, give room to believe that the former inhabitants were of larger fize than the prefent. It is likewife probable, from fome an- cient remains, particularly catacombs, and nine filver fibulae or clafps. ** ISLESof SCOTLANDJk »5S found at Sttfnniai one of th* Orkneys, that th« Romans were well ac- * qiiainted with thefe partt. The cathedral of Kirkwall, the capital of the Orkneys, is « fine Gothic building, dedicated to St. Magnus, but now converted iuto a parifli church. Its roof is fupported by 14 pUlars on each fide, and its fteeple, in which h a good ring of bells, by tour large pillars. The three gates of the church ure chequered with red and white polUbed ftone, embofled and elegantly flowered. The Hebrides are ftill more diftinguilhed than the Orkney or SheC* land iOes for their remains of antiquity ; and it would far exceed thft bounds allotted to this head, were we even to mention every noted mo« nument found upon them, dedicated to civil, religious, or warlike pur« Sfes. We cannot, however, avoid taking particuUur notice of the ce» )ratedfille of lona, called St. Columb-Kill. Not to enter into the hiftory or origin Qf the religious erections upon this iiland, it is fuffi- cient to (ay, that it feems to have ferved as a fanfhiary for St- Colum- U, and other holy men of ieasning, while Ireland, EngUmd, and Scot- land, were defolated by barbarifm. It appean that the northern pagan* often landed here, and paid no regard to the ian6tity of the place. The church of St. Mary, which is built in the form of a cathedral, is • beautiful ^brje. It contains the bodies of fome Scotch, Irifli, and Norwegian kinj^s, with fome Gaelic infcriptions. The tomb of Co- lumba, who lies bjuried here, is uninfcribed. The fieeple is hurge, the cupola 21 feet fquare, the doors and windows are curioufly carved, and the altar is of the fineft marble. Innumerable are the infcriptions of ancient cuftoms and ceremonies, that are difcemible upon this ifland« and which give countenance to the well>koown obfervation, that, when learning was nearly extin^ on the continent of £urope, it found a re- fuge in ScotlancI, or rather in thefe iilands. The iilands belonging to Scotland contain likewife fome natural curi> ofitier peculiar to tnemfelves : the phafeoli, or Molucca beans, have been found in the Orkneys, driven, as fuppofed, from the Weft Indies, by the wefterly winds, which often force afliore many curious fhella and marine produdions, highly efteemed by naturalifts. In the parith of Harn, a large piece of ftag's horn was found very deep in the earth, by the inhabitants who were digging for marie ; and certain bituminous effluvia produce furprifing phasnomena, which the natives believe to be fupernatural. But fome of the mod aftonil^ing appearances in nature have remained undefcribed, and, till lately, unobferved even by the natives of thefe iflands;— a difcovery referved for the inqutGtive genius of Mr. Banks, now Sir Jofeph Banks, who, in relating his voyage through the Hebrides, anno 177a, fays: " We were no fooncr arrived, than we were (truck witli a fcene of magnificence which exceeded our expe<£tatioqs, though founded, as we thought, upon the mo(t fanguine foundations : the whole of that end of the ifland (viz, Staffa, a mile in length, and half a mile in breadth) fupported by ranges of natural pillars, mollly above fifty feet iigh» ftandmg in natural colonnades, according as the bays or points of land formed themfelves: upon a firm bafis of folid unformed rock, above thefe, the ftratum which reaches to the foil or furface of the ifland, varied in thicknefs as the ifland itfelf formed into hills or valleys ; each |)iU, which hung over the columns below, forming an ample pediment } f-"Wh:h ourmindsfull of fuch reflexions, we proceeded along the fliore^ treading vpon another Giants* Cau/ewayy every ftone be- ing regularly formed into a certain nu'rtber of fides an(^ angles; till, in a fliort time, we arrived at the mouth of a cave, the moft magnificent, I fuppofe, that has ever been defcrib^d by travellers *. The mind can hardly form an idea more nragnificent than fuch a fpnce, fbpported on each fide by ranges of coIimiiTs, and roofed by the bottoms of thofe -which have been broken oiF in order to form it ; between the angles of which, a yellow ilalagmitic master has exuded, which ferves to dehne the angles precifely, and at the fame time vary the colour, with a great deal of elegance ; and to render it Aill more agreeable, the whole, is lighted from without; fo that the fartheil extremity is y&ty plainly feeti from without ; and the air within bein^ agitated with the flux and reHux of the tide, is perfcftly dry and wholefome, free entirely from t|ie damp of va- pours, with which natural caverns in general abound." Mr. Pennant, who alfo made a voyage to thefe iflands in the fame year, had a glance of StaiFa, in his pafTage from lona to Mull, but was pre- vented by (tormy weatlier firom approaching it, '* On the weft," fays he, '* appears the beautiful groupe of the Treafliuniih ifles. Neareft lies StafFa, a new Giants' Caufeway, rifing amidft the waves, but with co- lumns of double the heigfit of that in Ireland ; glofly and refplendenf, from the beams of the eafte'rn fun." And in the ifle of Sky, a confider- able way northward, he refumes the fubjeft : " We had in view a fine feries of genuine bafaltic columns, refembling the Giants' Caufeway; the pillars were above twenty feet high, confifting of four, five, and fix angles, but moftly of five. At a fn)£vll diftance from thefe, on the flope of a hill, is a traft of feme roods entirely formed of the tops of feveral feries of columns, eiwen and clofe fet, forming a reticulated furface of amazing beauty ;»nd curiofity. This is the moft northern bafaltes I anr acquainted with ; the lafii of four hi the firitifli dominions, all running it;-.. 'l ' * The dimecGons of the cave are thus given by Mr. Banks : Length of the cavi from the arch withont - - - « jyt Feet. From the pitch of the arch -•«- - ...^ j^o. BieaJth of ditto at the mouth - - -..- -. -^^ y^t the further uiid - - .-----.--.ao He ght of jhc a'Ch at tlie mouth - - - - - - - -ir7 At.thecnJ ------- ....._.. yo Heijjft of an outfuic pillar -------.351 Of or, . at the noi rh-wcft corner . - - . - « j^ l")t;}3fli of water at the mouth - - - - - - , l> At the bottom ------------- 9- .?. SCOTLANDi »57 you meet i which it' heftratutn other ap- compofed d of being laebform- lis field of following proceeded y (lone be- '.s; till, in ;nificcnt, I mind can iported on s of thofe 3 angles of (dchnethe great deal is lighted feen fronv ifluxof the imp of va- fame year, It was pre- /eft," fays »Ieareft lies t with co- jfplendent, i confider* i^iew a fine Jaufeway ; ve, and Hx in the flopc 1 of feveral furface of faites I am- ill running 71 Feet. 50. 53 zo '7 70 39 54 9 from fouth to north, nearly in a meridian : the Giants* Caufcway ap- pears irft ( Suifa, fcc. fuQCAodsi Che rock Humbla about twenty leagues farther, and finally, thofe coUima* of Sky : the depth of the ocean, in all probability, conceals the vail link of this chain." LEAINli«G, LSAINED MEH, ANP BfSTJDIY.} Sf e ScOtUnd. S C O T LAND. XXTEKT AKDT #ITUATI0K, A Mitks. DBORBBS, Length Breadth 300 1 19PJ between 54 and 59 North latitude, and 6 Weft longitude. {'t ' Name.] ThE Celtae or Gauls are fuppofed to have been the original inhabitants of this kmgdom. The Scots^ a Scythian tribe, invaded it about the beginning of the fourth century, and having conquered the KAs, the territories ofboth were called Scoiland j gnd the word Scot is no other than a corruption of Sciiyth, or Scythi- an, being, originally from that immenCe country, called Scythia by the ancients. It is termed, by the Italians, Scotia i by the Spaniards, Ef* (Totia; bjr the French, Ecofle; and Scotland b^ the Scijts, Gei-mkns, and Engliih. -, ', " ' " ^ - *' BowDAaiss.] Scotland, which contains aa area of 27,794 fquare mites, is bounded on the fouth by. England ) and on the north, eaft, tind weft, by the Deucaiedonian, German, and Irilh feas, or mure properly* the Atlantic ocean. ./ ... , • •, ;- PiyisioNs AND SUBDIVISIONS.] Scotland !s divided into the counties ipiith of the Frith of Forth, the capital of which, and of all. the king. dom,1s Edinburgh^ and thofe to the north of the fame river, where thechief town Is Aberdeen. This was the ancient national divifion; but fome modern writers, with lefs geographical accuracy, have divided it into liighlands and Lowlands, on account of the different habits, ijnannefs, and cuftoms of the inhabitants of each. ^' £lghtMn counties, o^ (liires, are allotted to the foutbern diviHon, and £fteen'tb the northern ; and thofe counties are fiibdivided into flicriff- doms, ftewartries, and bailiwicks, according to the ancient tenures and prjLvileg^s of the landJiQldert. . . . • I Shires. , Sheriffdoms and other Gluejf .tQ\iw»8» - ^| ' SubdiviHons, ' V S EdinbT.i'gh,W.long. 3. 3 Dalkeith, . * Tke aumbera Qusw the pntportion of onuitia u propofed to bs raided in eacbihire« Whea ^4t fchcme was liud ticforp pariiaueuy io 1775. mmmm S'COf L AND. ■SMM^« jfc Haddington (ifti) $ Merfe, anckjitly Berwick* (114) 4 Roxborough(i65) 4 Selkirk . - (19) p Peebles - - (4ft): 'SherifTdoms and other Clwf TowM.: Siff>dhrifion». ' 'rf-A ' Eaii Lothian • - '• The Merches, and ' (*■ lauderdale . - - - ' Tiviotdale, Lidfdale, £fkda1eandEuf«tale Ettrick Foreft - . - . ; Tweedi^o - 7 Lanerk - - (388) ^CfySiCdale 8 Daitifries • (188) •^Wigtown - (190) 10 Kirctidb)right(io6) 11 Air - i s'" (aSo) 12 DurfibartoA • (66) 13 Bute <34X.^d^. 14 Caitbnefs - (105) •.■,;.c,^,i .^.(.v ..■^:s2 1... y.- 16 Stirling (76) 19 Linlithgow - (80) Nithfdiale, Anandale \ Gatlo;way,- Weft part - > GaHowajr, Eaft part Kyle* Carrick, and ,, Cunningham • - Lenox - - » - - - Sp^e, Arran^andCaith nefs ------ Stirling - } «8 Argyle.--|3X4) «9 Pcttfi - - - - (570) 9^6 Rtttcttrdin - (109) I Weft Lothian- - - -> fAreyle, Cowal, Kn«p-i «ilc, Kintire, and i Lorn, with pvtt of I int Weftern Ifles^ ' particularly I^, Ju- , ra, MuH, Wift, Te- ri, •Col) and Lif- | more - -J C Perth, Athol, Gowry," \ Broadalbin, *Mon. < teith, Strathern, i Stormont, Glen- \ iliield,andRaynock J Merns - - •» - (J09)> Duobar^ Haddington, and North Berwick. Dtmfeand Lauder. Jedburgh, Kelfo^ and Melrofs. Selkirk. Peebles. Glafgow, W. Ion. 4. 5. N. lat. 55. ja. Ha- milton, Lanerk^and Rutherglen. Dumfries, Annaiii. Wigtown, Stranraer, and Whitehorn. Kirctrd bright. Air, Kilmarnock, Ir- v»^n, Maybole, Ste- Warton, & Saltcots. Dumbarton. Rothfay. Wick,'N. lat. 58.40. and Thurib. Renfrew, Paifley, Greenock, and Port Glafgow. Stirling and Faikio'k. Linlithgow, Burr ough. ftonnersj&Qj^etn's- ferry. Inverary, Dunflaff- nagfs, Killonivier, & CambeUown. Perth, Scone, Dum- blane, Blair, and Dunkeld. Bervie, Stonehive,and Kiociardin. • Berwick, on the north nde of the Tweed, belonfted formerly to Scotland, and gave name to a county in that Icingdom ; but it ia now formed into a tuwn and county «f iti'etf, is a p«Utical knlc dilliaift fisom Eogltad waA Scotlwd, liaviog its «wn p ri- vUegcfc Sblrts. ',v,:':V.*r SCO TX AND. SherifFdfLoiidont In all thirty three (hires, wlvich choofe thirty reprefentativestofit In the parliament of Great Britaia ; Bute and Caithneis choofing altawue* ly, as do Nairne a^d Cromartie, and pl^manne.a aa4 i^inroiii^ w s 1 i6o S C O T»L A N D. The royal .faArough$ which choofe reprefentativesi are. Kdinbur»h ----.---- Kirkwall, Wick, Dornoch, ) .'Dingwall, and Tayne - -j Fortrofe, Invernefs, Nairne, 1 and Forres ----. ---y Elgin, Ciillen, Bamff, Inverary, ) andKintore •- J Aberdeen, Bervie, Montrore, I Aberbrothe, and Brechin - j Forfar, Perth,Dundee,Cowpcr, / and St. Andrew's \ Crail,Kilrenny,AnftrutherEaft 1 and Weft, and Pittenweem J D) fart, Kirkaldy, Kinghorne, I and Burnt liland ----♦} } Inncrkythen, Dumfcrmlin, Queensferry, Culrofs, and Stirling - -....-- Glafgow,Renfrew,RuthergIen, 7 and Dumbarton ----- J Hatidington, Dunbar, N. Ber- ] wick, Lauder, and Jedburgh J Selkirk, Peebles, Linlithgow, } and Lanark- - - --.-.-| Dumfries, Sanquehar, Annan, ) Lochmaban, and Kircudbright \ Wigtown, New Galloway, Stranraer, and Whitehorn - Air, Irwin, Hothfay, Cambcl- town, and Jnvcrary - - . . \ \ day. Climate, soil, air, and water.] In the northern parts, light, at midiummer, lafis eighteen houra.and five minutes; and the day and night in winter are in the fame proportion. The air of Scotland is more temperate than could be expe<5l:ed in fo northerly a climate. This arlfes partly from the variety of its hills, valleyj, rivers, and lakes, but ftill more, as in England, from the vicinity of the f(?a, which affords thofe warm breezes, that not only foften the natural keennefs of the air, but, by keeping it in perpetual agitation, render it pure and healthful, and prevent tnofe epidemic diftempers that prevail in many other countries. In the neighbourhood of fome, high mountains, however, which are generally covered with fnow, the air is keen and piercing for about nine months in the year. The foil in general is not {o fertile 9(> that of England ; and in many places lefs fitted for agriculture than 'for pafture. At the lame time", there are particular plains and valleys of the mod luxuriant fertility. The finer particles of earth, inceffantly "waflied down from the mountains, and depofited in thefe valleys, afford them a vegetative nourifliment ; w^hich is capable of carrying the ftrongeft plants into ,)erfe6tion ; though experience has proved, that many vegetables and hortulane produAiorrs do hot come fo foon to ma- turity in this country as in England. There is, indeed, a great variety of foils in Scotland, the face of which is agreeably diverfified by a charming intermixture of natural objefts. The val inequalities of the ground, if unfavourable to the labours of the hiifbandman, are particu- larly pleafing to a traveller, and afford thofe delightful fltuations for country houfes, of which many of the Scottiih nobility and gentry have fo judicioudy availed themfelves. It' is their fituation, more than any expensive magnificence, that occafions the feats of the dukes of Argvlc 3*4 Athol, of lord Hopctoun, and many others, to fix the at- tention of every traveller. The water in Scotland, as every where elfe, depends «n the qualities of the foil through which it paiTes. Water pafling through a heavy foil is tqrbid and noxious; but, filtrating through fand or gravel, is clear, fight, and falutary to the ftomach. This lafl is ill general the cafe in Scotland, where the water is better than that of more fovthern climates, in proportion as the land is worfc. MotJHTAiNS.] The principal mountains in Scotland are the Gram* plan hills, which run from eaft to wrf^, from near Aberdeen, to Cowal in Argylefliire, almoil the wholo breadth of the kin|;dom. Another SCOTLAND. 161 and } ^ow Ber-i man, » right} ' way, I J orn - I abcl-j J >arts, day. id the day tcotland is late. This lakes, but ich affords of the air, ; healthful, lany other however, piercing )t fo fertile ilture than uid valleys inceffantly eys, afford '^ing the oved, that on to ma- |eat variety •fified by a lilies of the Ve particu- jations for |nd gentry Imore than le dukes of 1 fix the at- ^here elfe, bs. Water ig through ^his laft is lian that of ihe Gram- to Cowal Another chain of mountains, called the Pentlarvd -hills, runs tlirough Lothian, and joins thofe of Tweedale. A third, called Lammer-Muir, rifes near the. eaftern coaft, and runs weftwafd through the Merfe. Befides thofe con- tinued chains, among which we may reckon the Cheviot or Tiviot Hills on the borders of England, Scotland contains many detached mountains, which, from their conical figure, fometiroes go by the Celtic word, Laws, Many of them are flupendoufly high, and of beautiful forms, but too numerous to be particularifed here. ' * Rivers, lakes, and forests.] The largeft river in Scotland is the Forth, which rifes in Monteith near Callendar, and pafling by Stirling, after a number of Ijeautiful mteanders, difcharges itfelf near Edinburgh into that arm of the German fea, to which it gives the name of Frith of Forth. Second to the Forth is the Tay, which ifTues out of Loch Tay, in Broadalbin, and, running fouth-eaft, pafles the town of Perth, and falls into the fea at Dundee. The Spey, which is called the moft rapid river in Scotland, iffuesfrom a lake of the fame name in Badenoch, and, running from fouth-weft to north-eaft, falls into the fea near Elgin ; as do the rivers Dee pind Don, which run from weft to caft, and difembogue them- felvesaf Aberdeen. The Tweed rifes on the borders ot Lanerkfliire^ and, after many beautiful ferpentine turnings, difcharges itfelf into the fea at Berwick, where It ferves as a boundary between Scotland and England, on the eaftern fide. The Clyde is a large river on the weft of Scotland, has ils rife in Annandale, runs north-weft through the villey of that name, and, after paffmg by Lanerk, Hamilton, the city of Glafgow, Renfrev Dumbarton, and Greenock, falls into the Frith of Clyde, opjiofite to rl.c ifleof Bute. Befidesthole capital rivers, Scotland contains many of an in- ferior fize, well provided with falmon, trout, and other f fli, which equally enrich and beautify the country. Several o. thofe rivers liave the najiie of f^, which is the old Celtic word for water, 'j'jie greateft improve- ment for inland navigation that has been attempted in that part of Great- Britain, was undertaken, ac a very confiderable expenfe, by a focicty 0/ public-fpirited gentlemen, for joiningthe rivers Forth and Clyde together; by which a communication has been opened between the eaft and weft feas, to the advantage of the whole kingdom. The lakes of Scotland (there called Loc/is) are too many to be particu- larly defcribed. Thofe called Loch Tay, Loch Lomond, Loch-Nefs,Loch- Au, and one or two more, prefent us with f'lch pif^urefque fcenes as are fcarcely equalled in Europe, if we except Ireland. Several of thcie lakes are beautifully fringed with woods, and contain plenty of frefli-vva- ter fifli. The Scotch fometimes give the name of a loch to an arm of the fea ; fotexample, Loch Fyn, which is 60 miles long, and four broad, and is famous fpr its excellent herrings. The loth of Spinie, near Elgin, is re- markable for its number of fwans and cygnets, which often darken flit; air with their flights ; owing, as fome think, to the plant olorina, which grows in its waters, with a ftraight ftalk, and a clufter of feeds at the top. Near Loch-Nefs is a hill almoft two miles perpendicular, on the top of which is a lake of cold frcfli water, about 30 fathoms in length, too deep ever yet to be fathomed, and which never treezts ; whereas, but i 7 miles from thence, the lake Lochanwyn, or Green J^ake, is covered with ice all the year round. The ancient province of Locliaber receives that name from being the mouth of the lochs, by means of whicli the ai\cient Ca- ledonians, the genuine defcendt nt'j of the Celts, were probably enabled to preferve therafelves independent on, and unmixed with, lae Low- lamicis. Befides thefe rivers and 'ochs, and others too numerous to men- tion, the coafts of-Scotland are in many p.^J•ts indented vvi:h large- bold, 'mvi^abk bays or arms of the fea, as the bay of GJijiiiutc aiid Wigtown m JOZ S iG O T I* A N rt J i'iV bay; fomefimcs they arc called Friths, as the Solway Frith, which fepA^ yates Scotland from England on the weft ; the Frith of Forth, Murray' Frith, and thofc of Cromarty and Dornoch. > The face of Scotland, even where it is nioft uninviting, preients lis with the moft incontrovertible evidences of its having fofmerJy abounded with 'timber. The deepeft mofles^ or morafles, contain large logs of wood; and' their waters being impregnated with turpentine, have a preferving quality, as appears by the human bodies which have been difcovered in thofc moires. The Sylva Caledonia, or Caledonian foreft, the remains of which are now thought to be Ettrick wood, in the fouUn of Scotland,. is famous in antiquity for being the retreat of the Caledonian wild boars; but fuch an anima;! is not now to be feen in Scotland. SJev«ral woods, however, ffill remain in that country ; and many attempts have been made for reducing them into charcoal, for tJieufe of furnaces and found- eries ; but lying at a great diftancc from \pater-carriage, tht)t)gh the work ' fucceedcd perfe£Vly in theexecution, they were found imprafticable to be continued; Fir trees grow in great pcrfeflion almoft all over Scotland, tiid form beautiful plantations. Tne Scotch oak is excellent in the ^Highlands, where fome woods reach 20 or 30 miles in length, and four or five in breadth; but, through the inconvenicncy already mentioned, V ivjthout being of much emolument to the proprietors, ' • Metals anb minerals.] Though Scotland doe¬ at prefent boaft of its gpld mines, yetit is certain that it contains fuch, or at leaftthat Scot- ■ land formerly afforded a confiderable quantity of that metal for its coin- age. James V. and his father contranting as adorn the country of England. They confider hedges as ule'cfs and, cumberCome, as occupying more room than w hat they call (lone in- clofures, which, except in the Lothians already mentioned, are gene- rally no other than low paltry walls, of loofe flones huddled up with- out lime or mortar, which vield a bleak and niean appearance. The foil in general produces wheat, rye, barL-y, oats, hemp, flax, ■hay, and palhire. In wlie fouthern counties the fineft <;arden fruits, par* licularly apricots, nedlarincs, and peaches, arc fiid to fall little, if at all, ifliort of thofc in England ; and the Time may be faid of the common fruits. The uncnltlvated parts of the Higaluids abound in Various kifius of fah'hrious and pleafant-tafled berries ; though ;; miul be owned that many exttnfive traif^s are covered with a ftrong hwth, The fea- coaft produces the alga-uiarina, didfe or dulith, a mod whoIefoMie nu- tritive weed, in threat quantiilfs, aiid other marine pUut;, which are eaten for nouriflinient or pleafure. The filhes on the coaft of Scotland f.;e much the fame u it:'" 'hofe of f\\t' illands and countries already defcribed ; but the .Sc^;- ty«\i- iMiproved ii their illhefi&s iiij aiucb 3^ they liav<; iu their irian;.:fa.:turc> aud a^ricu^- - > • ^ Ma ■;i| fit ^1 I^^ S C O T L A N D. ^ 14 , ■ ( i^fe ture; for focietles have been formed, which have carried that branch of national wealth' to a perfeAion that never was before known in that country; and bid fair to cnnulate the Dutch themfelves in curing as well as catching their fifli. In former times, the Scots feldom ventured ta fifii above a league's diftance from the land ; but thty now ply in ihi deep waters as boldly and fijcceftfiilly as any of their neighbours. Thdr falmons, which they can fend more early, when prepared, to the Le- vant and fouthern markets than the Englifh and Irilh can, are of great fervice to the nation, as the returns are generally made in fpecie, or beneficial commodities. This country contains few or no kinds either of wild or domeftic ani- mals, that are not common with their neighbours. The red-d»cr and the roe-buck are found in the Highlands ; but their flefh is not com- parable to Englifli rcnifon. Hares, and all other animals for game, are here plentiful ; as are the groufe and heath-cock, which is a moft deli- cious bird, as likewife are the capperkaily, and the ptarmigan, which is of the pheafant kind ; but thefe birds are fcarcc even in the Highlands, and, when difcovcred, are very (hy. The numbers of black cattle that cover the hills of Scotland towards the Highlands, and Iheep that are fed upon the beautiful mountains of Twecdale, and other parts of the fouth, are almoft incredible, and formerly brought large fums into the country ; the black cattle efpecialiy, which, when fattened on the fouthern paftures, have been reckoned fuperior to Ei. ^lilh beef. It is to be hoped, however, that this trade is now on its decline, by the vaft increafe of maiiu failures, whofe demand for butcher's meat muft leflen the exportation of cattle into England. Some are of opinion, that a fufficient ftock, by proper (Methods, may be raifed to fupply both mar- kets, to the great emolument of the nation. Formerly the kings of Scotland were at infini'.e pains to mend thebreed of the Scotch horfes, by importing a larger and more generous kind from the continent : but the truth is, notwi^hftanding all the care that was taken, it was found that the tlimate and foil of Scotland were unfavour- able to that noble animal ; for they diminiflied both in fize and fpirit ; fo that, ab ply in th* urs. Thdr to the Le- re of great fpecie, Of neftic anv- i-d«er and not coin- game, are moft deli- 1, which is Highlands, cattle that p that are larts of the ns into the ed on the )eef. It is )y the vaft muft leflTen ion, that a both mar- id the breed i kind from re that was ! unfavour- d fpirit ; fo nd, were of roduce the en for pro- hat fuccefs, tland is ge- i 11 ion and a ijeftures, as probabilitv. labitants of fome public er to a cer- »m thtir fe* ;aled to, are e the nxim- aii in 1755, that about which form erefore, to :otland docs (ive of the ic moft au- ,''65 cicnt and creditable hiftories, the population of Scotland, In the thir- teenth century, muft have been cxcclCve, as it afforded fo many thou- fands to fall by the fwords of the Englifli, without any fenfible decreafe /fo far as 1 can find) of the inhabitants. ■ The people of Scotland are g^ierally raw-boned ; and a kind of cl»- ra^eriftical feature, that of high cheek-bones, reigns in their faces; they are lean, but clean-limbed, and can endure incredible fatigues. Their adventurous fpirit was chiefly owing to their laws of fucceflion, which invefted the elder brother, as head of the family, with the inheritance, and left but a very fcanty portion for the other fons. This obliged the latter to feek their fortunes abroad, though no people have more affec- tion for their native foil than the Scots have in general. It is true, this difparity of fortune among the fons of one family prevails in England Jikewife ; but the refources which younger brothers have in England are numerous, compared to thofe of a country fo narrow, and fo little im- proved either by commerce or agriculture, as Scotland was formerly. An intelligent reader may eafily perceive rhat the ridiculous family- pride, which is perhaps not yet entirely extinguiflied in Scotland, was owing to the feudal inftitutions which prevailed there in all the horrors of blood and barbarity. The family differences, efpecially of the High- landers, familiarifed them to blood and llaughter; and the death of an enemy, however effefted, was always a fubjeft of triumph. Thefe paf- fions did not live in the breafts of the common people only ; for they were authorifed and cheriftied by their chieftains, many of whom were men who had fee n the world, were converfant in the courts of Europe, mafters of polite literature, and amiable in all the duties of civil and io- cial life. .Their kings, excepting fome of them who were endued with extraordinary virtues, were coniidered in little other light than com- manders of thfeir army in time of y.'ar ; for in time of peace their civil authority was fo little felt, that every clan or family, even in the moft civilifed parts of Scotland, looked upon its own chieftain as its fove- reign. Thefe prejudices were confirmed even by the laws, which^ave thofe petty tyrants a power of life and death upon their own efktes ; and they generally executed their hafty fentenccs in four and twenty hours after the party was apprehended. The pride which thofe chieftains had of outvying each other In the number of their followers, created per- petual animofities, which feldom or never ended without bloodlhed; fo that the com-.non people, whofe beft qualification was a blind devotion to the will of their mafter, and the aggrandifement of his name, lived in a ftate of continual hoftility. The late Archibald, duke of Argyle, was the firft chieftain we have heard of, who had the patriotifm to attempt to reform his dependents, and to banifli.from them thofe barbarous ideas. His example has been followed by others ; and there can.fcarcely be a doubt, but that a very few years will reconcile the Highlanders to all the milder habits of fg- jciety. From what has been faid, it appears that the ancient modes of living; among the Scotch nobility and gentry are as far from being applicable to the prefent time, as the forms of a Roman fenate are to that of a popifli conclave ; and no nation, perhaps, ever underwent fo quick and fq fiKlden a traufition of manners. The pcafantry have their peculiarities ; their ideas are confined ; but no people can foriii their tempers better than they do to their ftations. They arc taught from their infancy to bridle their paflions, to behave fubnuffivplv tQ tiieirjuperiors, luid live within the bounds gf the moll i (i'l i66 ^C O T L A N a t :S ':. rigid economy. Hence they fave their money and their conftitiitionsii mnd few inliances of mtirder, perjury, robbery, and other atrocions vices, occur at prcfent in Scotland. They foldom enter fingly upon any dar. ing enterprifc; but wlien tliey aft in concert, the fecrecy, fagacity, and refolution, with which they carry on any defperate undertaking, is not to be paralleled ; and their fidelity to one another, under the lirongeft temptations arifing from thf ir poverty, is ftill more extraordinary. Their rtiobs are managed with all the caution of confpiracies ; witnefs that which put Porteus to death in 1 736^ in open defiance of law and govern- inent, and in the midft of 20,000 people i and though the agents were li^cll known, and fome of them tried, with a reward of ijool. annexed to their conviftion, yet no evidence could be found fuflRcient to bring them to punifliment. The fidelity of the Highlanders of both fexes, under a ftill greater temptation, to the yoimg pretender, after bis defeat at Cul- loden, could fcarcely be believed, were it not well atteiled. They affeft a fondnefs for the memory and language of their fore, fathers beyond perhaps any people in the world ; but this attachment is feldom or never carried into any thing that is indecent or difguftful, though they retain it abroad as well as at home. They are fond of an- cient Scotch diflies, fuch as the haggefs, the fheep's head finged, the fifii in fauce, the chicken broth, and minced coUops. Thefediflies, in their original dreffing, were fnvoury and nutritive for keen appetites 5 but the modern improvements that have been made in the Scotch cookery have lendered them agreeable to the moft delicate palates. The inhabitants of thofe parts of Scotland, who live chiefly by pafture, have a natural vein for poetry ; and the beautiful nm{»licity of the Scotih tunes is relifhed by all true judges of nature. Love it> generally the fub- jc(ft{ and many of the airs have been brought upon the £nglifh ftage, with variations, under new names, but with this difadvantage, that, though rendered more conformable to the rules of mufic, they are moft- ly altered for the worfe, being ftript of their original fimplicity, which, however irregTilar, is the moft elfential charafteriftic, is fo agreeable to the ear, and has fuch powers over the human breaft. Thofe of a moi-fr lively and merry ftrain have had better fortune, being introduced into the army in their native drefs, by the fifes, an inftrument for wliich they are remarkably well fuited. It has been ridiculouflv fuppofcd that Rizzio, the unhappy Italian fecretary of Mary queen of Scots, reformed t', e Scotch mufic. This is a falfehood invented by his country, in envy to the Scots. Their fi/ieft tunes exifted in their church mufiC, long before Rizzio's ar- rival; nor does it appear that Rizzio, who was chiefly employed by his miftrefs in foreign difpatches, ever compofed an air during the fliort time he lived in Scotland ; but were there no other evidences to confute this report, theorit?,inal charafter of the mufic itfelf is fufticient. The lower people in Scotland are not fo much accuftomed as the Eng- lish are to clubs, dinners, and other convivial entertainments ; but whcH they partake of them, for that very reafon they feein to enjoy them more compietelv. One inftitution there is, at once focial and charitable, and that is, the contril)Utit)ns raifed for celebrating the weddings of people of an inferior rank. Thofe feftivities partake of the ancient Saturnalia} but though the company conftfts promifcuoufly of the h"^ghand the low, t!ie entertainment is as decent as it is jovial. Each gueft pays accordinsj to hi«i inciinatinn or ability, but feldom under a fliilling a head, for which tliev have a vediling dinner and dancing. When the parties hap^ pen to 1m? fervaiits in rerpeclable families, the contributions are fo libe- ral that they often eftablifli the young couple in the wt)rjd» SCOTLAND. t6f *thf comrnon people of Scortand fet^iin the folemn decent manner of rticir anceliors at burials. When a relation dies in a town, the parilU beadle is fciit round with a paffing-'bell ; but he ftops at certain places^ and with a flow melaocboly tone announces the natnie of the party de- coafed, and the time of his interment, to which he inrites all his fellow countryrnen. At the hour appointe,d, if the deceafed was beloved id the place, Vaft numbers ^ttend. The proceflion is fometimes pi'ecrded' bv the magiftwtes and their officers, and the body is carried in a cofv fin, covered by a velvet pall, with 're«&.]' I place thefe two articles under the fanje head, bec^^u^e they h^d formerly ,an intimate relation to each other, both of them being evidently Celtic. Ihe highland plaid is compoi'ed pf a woollen fluff, fometimes very line, called tartan. This confifts of various colours,' fdrmlngrfri'pes which crofs each other at right angles; and the natives value themfelves upon the judicious arrangement, or what they tali fets, b'f thofe llripes and colours, which, where flciltully managed, produci? a iileafing effeit to thfe eye. Above the (hirt, the Highlander v-ears a waift'coat of the fame compofition with the plaid, which coki- monly confifts' pf ttvelve yards in width, and which they throw over the ftioulder into Very near the form of a Roman toga, as re[)refent.€d In ancient flatiies; fometimes it ts fafteited round the middle wiih a jeathern belt, fo that part of the pJaitl iiangs down before and brhind like a petticoat, and fuppiies the want^of breeches. This they call be- ing dreffed in' a phelig^ but which the Lowlanders call a kit, and which is probably the fame word with Celt. Sometimes they wear a kind of petticoat of the fame variegated ftuff, buckled round the waift; and this :fljey term ihc phelib,^^ which {e.tix\5 to He of Milefian extratftion. Their i S C O T L A N D... f^ockings arc likewife of tartan, tied below the knee with tartan garters formed into taffels. The poorer people wear upon their feet brogues rhade of untanncd or undrcffcd leather ; for their heads a blue flat cap iVufed, -called a bonnet, of a, particular woollen manufaAure. From the belt of the pheiibeg hung i^enerally their knives and a dagger, xvhich they called a dirk, and an iron piftol, fometimes of fine workmanfliip, and cur lou fly inlaid with Civer, The introdudtjon of the broad fword of J\"drda Ferrara,,a Spaniaxd (which was always part of the Highland 4rcfs), (ecms to be n^ earlier than the reign of James III. who invited that excellent workman to Scotland. A large leathern purfe, richly adforntrd with filv^r, hanging before them, was always part of a High- l|nd chief*tai,n!s drefs. , V. The dtefs of the Highland women confifted of a petticoat and'jerki'n, with ftrait fleeves, trimmed or not trimmed, accordmg to the quality of the wearer; oyer this they worea plaid^wfiich they either held ciofeun- rfer their chins with the hand,, or faftcned with a buckle of a particular iif^ion. On the head tliey wore a kerchief of fine linen of different forms. The women's pjaj4 h'^^ h^^n but lately difufed inScotlaaid by the ladies, who wbre it in a graceful manner, the drapery falling to- n^^rds the feet in large folds. A curious virtuofo may find a, ftrong re- femtlance between the variegated, and finjbriated draperies , of t{ie Scots, and thofe of the Tufcans ^who were unqueftionsibly of Celtic origi- flj^i) as tljcy arc to be feen iij. the monuments of antiquity. j. The att%chment of the Highlanders to this drefs rendered it a bond of union, which often proved dangerous to the government. Many efforts fiad;been niade by the legiflature, after the rebellion |p 1715, to difarm ^hem, and oblige thenjtp cot>form to the Low-country dre(l*e&. Thedif- arming f'chemc was the moft fucc'efsfiil ; for vj^hen tl](^ relptUion in 1 745 broke out, the compion people had fcarcely any other arms than thoiie which they took from the living's troops. Their ovel;tbro^^^at Culloden' rendered it no difficult matter ror the legiflature to force them Into a to-i tal change of thejr drefs. Irs convenicn^,, however, fo^ the purpofes 6f the field, is fo great, that fomc of t\\p Highland regiments ftiU retain it. Even the common people have of late refumed t^e nfe of it; and, for its lightnefs and the freedom it gives to' the l^qdy, r^gci)'; of the Highland gentlemen wear it in the fummer time, tj ^ •,'",' .'' / .' The drefs of the higher and middle ranks of the Lo\ ■■'i. SCOTLAND. 169 jd jerkin, quality of clofeun- particular different otlaiid by falling to- ftrong re- tlie Scots, Uiq origi' Itry differs Iti'll retain Irefs of the \ not fo as erpecialljr ke Enplifhi Ins, which Itc'n in the Vtion of a iffe'r from loner does ledcrflnre. land as ii> \r\t called light from In;. and iC Iher writ- ers, generally agree that chriftianity was firft tauj^ht in Scotland by fomc of the difciples oF St. John the Apoftle, who fled to this northern cor- ner to avoiil the perfecmion of Domitian, the Roman emperor ; though it was not p-blidy profeirtd till the oeginning of the third century, when a prince, whom Scotch hiftorians call Donald the Firft, hit queen, and feveral of his nobles, were folemnlj^ baptifed. It was far- mer coriiirmed by emigrationi from South Britain, during the perfecu- tions of Aurelius and Dioclefian, when it became the eftablimed reli- gion of Scotland, under the management of certain learned and pious men, named dildees, who fcemedto have been the firft regular clergy in Scotiand,-and were governed by overfeers or bifhops chofcn by them- felves, from among their own body, and who had no pre-eminence of rank over the reft of their brethren. Thus, independent of the church of Rome, chriftianity feems to have been taught, planted, and finally confirmed in Scotland as a national church, where it flouriftied in its native fimplicity, till the arrival of Palluiins, a prieft fent by the blfliop of Ronne in the fifth century, wha found tneani to introduce the modes and ceremonies of the Komifli church, which at length prevailed, and Scotland became involved in that darknefs which for ages overfpread Europe ; though its dependence ttpon the pope was very flender, when compared to the blind fubjeftioa ornaany oiuer nations. The Culdees, however, long retained their original manners, and re- inaincd a diftindl order, notwithftanding the opprcffion of the Romilh clergy, fo late as the age of Robert Bruce in the 14th century, when they difappeared. feut it is worthy of obfervation, that the oppofitioa to popery in thi^ iflap(d, though it ceafed in Scotland upon the extinc- tion of the Cul^efs, was in _. ^ fame age revived in England by John Wickliffc, a man of parts and learning, who was the forerunner, ia the work of reformation, to John Hufs and Jerom of Pi vi^jue, as the latter were to Martin Luther and John Calvin. But though the doc- trines of WicklifFe were nearly the fame with th' ■ propagated by the ref ners in the i6th century, and the age feemei ^reatly dil;>ofed to receive them, affairs were not v»t fully ripe tor thai great revohitioni and the finifhing blow to popt v in England was relerved to the age of Henry V III. Soon after that important event took place in England, when learoinjj, arts, and fciences, began to revive in Europe, the abfurdities of the church of Rome, as well as the profligate lives of her clergy, did not ef- cape the notice of afree and inquiring p>eople, but gave rife *o the reform mation in Scotland. It began in the reign of James \ . made g 'eat pro- grefs under that of his daughter Mary, and was at length c(* npleted through the preaching *of John Knox, who had adopted the doftrincs of Calvin, and in a degree was the apoftle of Scotland. It was natural for his brethren to imagine, that, upfr the abolition of tiie Roman catholic religion, they were to fucce cl r. vhe revenues of that clergy. The great nobility, who had parcelK'^i o :. thofe polTeflious for them- felves, did not at firft difcourage this loru 1; but no fooner had Knox fucceeded in his defigns, which through \:I;e fury of the mob (ieflroyed fome of the fineft ecclefiaftical buildings in the world, than the parlia-* ment, or rather the nobility, monopolifed all the church livings, and moft fcandaloufly left the refon.iecl clergy to live almoft in a flate of beggary; nor could all their efforts produce any great ftruggle or altera- tion in their favour. ^ The nobility and great landholders left the dof^rine and difcipUne of i ..^... '•'5'# 'V<^ "^ ■^ ^-f IMAGE EVALUATrON TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I |5o "^ m^^ ^ Ui |2.2 ^ U£ 12.0 iiiiilft 1.25 1 1.4 1.6 < 6" - ► ^% <^ V] / ? Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 23¥it.-;T^:MrtST«KT WEBSTER, NV. 14580 (716) 873-4S03 >'" >^^% ^ ^ i7« S C OT L, AN D. the church to bs modelled by the preachers, and they were confirmed by parlianjeut. Succeeding times rendered the prelhyterian clergy of vaft importance t« the ffate ; and their revenues have been frt mucl). mended, that, thoiigh no nipiend there exceeds 150I. a year, few fall Ihort of 6ot. and none of 501. If tlie prefent expeniive mode of living continues in Scotland, the ef;abH(hed clergy will have niany unanf^ver. jdble reaibns (O urge for the increafe of their revenvie?. The bounds of this worit; do not kdmit of entering at large upon the do^rina) and (economical part of thei church of Scotland, it is fuf- Ificicot to lay that its fixit principle is a parhy of ecclefiaftical authority among all its preibyters i that it agrees in its cenfures with the refbiinir M churches Abroad in the chief heads of oppofiiJbn to popery ; but that it is mpdelled, principally>fter the Calvindlical plan ei^abliihedLat' IGenevn. This eftabiifliment, at various periods, proved fo tyrkhntcal "wver the faity^ bv having the power of the greater and 1' "r e^com> Aiunication/ which were «ttetraed by a, forfeiture of eliatc n^ fbjiie- times life, thttthe kirkfeifions, and other bodies, have been a|b»ridged ^of all^their dangerous powers over the laity, who were extremely jealous of their being revived. It is faid, that even that relique of popery, the t>bliging fornicators of both fexes to fit.upon what they call a repentinj^ HoqT, in the church, and in full view of the congregation, begins to wearMt; it having been found, that the Scotch wonen, on accouni: of that penance, were the greateft infanticides in ^he. world.) lo flibrt. Hhc power of the Scotch (^rvy U at prefent very moderate,, or at leaff very moderately exei^pifed j .nor are they accountahle for the extrava* ^ncies of their pi^ieceCors. Tfjeyhave been,, ever fince* the Revo-| Tution, firm adherents to civil liberty, and the hoiifft of Hanover, and' t5^c4 with remai^able intrep'idVy during the rebeUidnTO 1745. They rrA without clerical robe^: but fwne of thern appear ijn the pulph i'a gowns, after the Geneva .form, and bands. They make ho ufe of fet ^rmsin worfliip, but arc not prohibited that of thtf Lord's frayer. The fientsof the bimops, iincethe abolition of epifcopacy, ^re paid to the king, who commonly appropriates tKem to pious purpofes. A t^ioufand poundi^ a year is always fent by his majefty for the ufe of protpftant fdiools erected by a6t of Parliament in North Britain, and the wefter,n illes ; and the Scotch clergv^ of jiate, have planned out funds for tlie fupDort of their widows and orphans. The number of pariflies in Scot- land are eight hundred and ninety, of which' t;hirty-one are collegiate churches, that is, where the cure is ferved by more than one minifter. The highefl ectlefia-ftical authority in Scotland ii the general aflem- bly,^ which we may call the eccleHailical parliament of Scotland. It ionfifts of commiffioners, fome of whom are laymen, under the tifle of ruling elders, from prefcyteries, royal burghs, and univerfities. , A prelbytery confifting of lefs than twelve minifters fends two rjiinilteri ;|nd one ruling elder ; if it contains between twelve 'and, eighteen nii' nifters, it fends three, and one ruling dder: if it contains betvvee?^ ie\ghteen and twenty-four mi nifters, it fends fb'.ir rinlritl^efs and two ruling elders ; but if the prelbytery has twentv-four tninifters, it fends five minifters and two ruling eiders. Every rbj' d burg,h feuds one ruling elder, and Edinburgh two; whofe eleftibii muft'be attefted by the refpe<£tive kirk feflions of their own burghs, livery urtiverfity (ends one commillioner, ufiially a minifter of their ovvn bi^dy.' Theycf- It is fuf- 1 authority herefovni'-; iperyj but tabli(hreaking out of the rebellion in 1 745, they became again numerciius ; after which the government found means to invalidate the afts of their clerical order. Their meetings, however, ftill fubfift, but thinly. In the mean while, the decline ot the nonjurors is far from having fupprclf. cd epifcopacy in Scotland ; the Englifli bifhops fupply them with cler- fy qualified according to law, whofe chapels are cl)iefly filled by the .nglifl), and fuch Scotch hearers of that perfuafion as have places under thegovernment. Thedefeftion of fomogreit families from the caufe of popery, and |he extit^ion of others, have rendered its votaries inconliderable in Scotland. They are chiefly confined to the northert) parts^ and the pflands: and though a violent oppofition was lat'ely raifed againil them, ^afing their liberties were about to be enlarged, they appear to be as guiet and inoifenfive as proteflant fubjefts. Scotland, during the time of epifcopacy, contained two archbifhop, rics, St. Andrew's and Glafgow ; and twelve biflioprics, Edinburgh, t)unkeld, Aberdeen, Murray, Brechin, Dumblain, Roth» Caithnels, .Orkney, Galloway, Argyle, and the THes. JLeaxning akd learned men.] For this article we may refer to the literary hiftory of Europe for 1400 years paft. The weilern parts and ifles of Scotland produced St. Patrick, the celebrated apoflle of Ireland ; and many others fince, whofe names would make a long article. The writings of Adamnarus, and other authors who lived before and at the lune of the Normaiv invaHon, which are come to our hands, are fpeci* >nens of their learning. ChaHes the Great, or Charlemagne, moft un* qiieftionably held a correfpondence by letters with the kings of Scotland, .with whom he formed a famous league; and employed Scotchmen in |)lanning, fettling, and ruling his favourite univerfities, ai^d other femi- naries of learning in France, Italy, and Germany. It is an undoubted truth, though a feeming paradoxical fa/t, that Barbour, a Scotch poct| phjlofopher, and hiflorian, though prior in time to Chaucer, having fioii- fiflved in the year 1^68, wrote, according to the modern ideas, as pure ^iigliOi as th;^t barcj ; and his verfification is perhaps more harmonious. The dedruftion of the Scotch monuments oflearmng and antiquity has rendered their early annals lame, and often fabulous; but the Latin Hyle of Buchanan's hiflory is equal in ciallical purity to that of any modera j»rodi;£kions. The letters of the Scotch kin^s to the neighbouring princes are incomparably the finefl compoGtions or the times in which they were written, and are free from the barbarifms of thofe fcnt them in anfwer. This has been confulcred as a proof that claffical learning was more cuU tivated st the court of Scotland, than at any other in Europe. The difcovcry of the logarithms^ a difcpverv M/\fl\ch in point of io^« SCOTLA}^0. '73 dotation in relJ}\ion of he bjfliops, ic oif York, liam's title, jil religion: n 3''Cotland, umerous in h they held cpifcopaUan 'ome checki b well, that, 3 numerous; afts of their thinly. In ingfupprcir. iT» with clcr- fifled by the places under popery, an«l nflderable in artS4 and the againft them, spear to be as o archbifliop- 1^ Edinburgh, h^ Caithness, ay refer to the em parts and Heot Ireland; article. The ore and at the ids, are fpeci» ne, moft un- Js of Scotland, Scotchmen in nd other femi- an undoubted a Scotch poet, T, having flou- ideas, as pure ■e harmonious. Id antiquity has the Latin ftylc if any modern jourine princes |hich they were ,em in anfwer. was more cul- ope. point of ingi^ nuity and utiUty may vie with any that has been made in modern times, is the indifputable right of Napier of Merchiftone. And fince his time, the mathematical fciences have been cultivated in Scotland with great fuc,- cefs. Keil, in his phyfico-mathematicai works, to the clearnefs of his rea- ibning has added the colouring of a poet ; which is the more remarkable, not only as the fubjeA is little fufceptible of ornametit, but as he wrote in an ancient language. Of all writers on aflronomy, Gregory b allowed to be one of the moil perfed and elegant. Maclaurinj the com- panion and the friend of fir Ifaac Newton, was endowed with all that Erecifionand force of mind, which rendered him peculiarly fitted for ringing down the ideas of that great man to the level of ordinary appre- henfions, and for diffufinjg that lieht through the world, which Newton had confined 'within the iphere orthe learned. His Treatife on Fluxions is regarded by the beft judges in Europe, as the cleared account of the moft refined and fubtite (peculations on which the human mind ever exerted itfelf with fuccefs. While Maclaurin purfued this new career, a geometrician no lefs famous diftlngulflied himfelf ir> the fure but al- moft deferted track of anti<)iiity. This was the late Dr. Simpfon, fb well known over Europe for his illuftration of the ancient geometry. His Elements of Euclid, and, above all, his Conic Se6lions, are fux- ficient of thenifelves to eftabiifh the fcientific reputation of his natf Ve «oimtry, This^ however, does not reft on the charafter of a few mathemati- cians and aftronomers : the fine arts have been called fifters, to denote their affinity. There is the fame connexion between the fciences, par- ticularly thofc which depend on obfervation. Mathematics, and phy* Ccs, properly fo called, were, in Scotland, accompanied by the othe't branches of ftudy to which they are allied. In medicine particularly, the names of Pitcairn^ Arbuthnot, Monro, Smellie, Whytt, Cullen, and Gregory, Hold a diftinguifhed place. Nor have the Scots been unfuccefsful in cultivating the belles lettres. Foreigners who inhabit warmer qlimates, and conceive the northern na- tions mcapable of tendernefs and feeling, are kftonirfltcd at the poetic genius and delicate fenfibility of Thomfon. But of all literary purfuits, that of rendering mankind mdfe virtuotM and happy, which is the proper obje£t of what is called mMois^ ^^^^ to be regarded with peculiar honour and refpeiSt. The philofophy of Dr. Hutchcfon, not to mention other works more fubtile and elegant, but lefs convincing and lefs inftrudive, deferves to be read by all who would know their duty, or who would wifli to praiflife it. Next to Locke's Eflay on the Human Underftanding, it is perhaps the beft diffetflion of the human mind that has appeared in modern times ; and it is likewife the moft ufeful fupplement to that Ellay. It would be endkfs to mention all the individuals who have diftin- guifhed themfelves in the various branches of literature ; particularly as thofe who are alive (fomeof them in high efteem for hiftorical compo- fition) difpute the palm of merit with the dead, and cover their country with laurels, which neither envy can blaft, nor time can detlroy. lJMivEBsiTifia.]TheuniverfitiesofScotlandaretbur,viz.St. Andrews^ * St. Andrew* has a Chancellor, two Principal), and eleven Pr. f^fTuts in Greek, Moral Phi lofop'ijr. Church Hiftory, Humanity, Natural Philofophy, Divinity, \ Ifcbrewr, Mathematics, ' Mcdicwc* I^gic, Civil Hiflory, ^* SCOTLAND. founded in t4n,--GJafgovir *, 1454,— Aberdeen f, 1477,— and Edin- burgh I, 1582. Tt is with pleafure we inform our readers, that a conflderable progrefs has been made in tlxe eredtion of a new univerfity at £dir)bur|h, to which our mod gracious, foverdgii has been a very liberal benehi^or. This edifice promifes to be a noble monument of national tafte and /pi"t' Cities, towks, and other eoificbs 7 Edinburgh, the capital of PUBLIC AND Pk IV ATBf ^ Scotland, naturally claims the Brll place in this divifion. The caftle, before the ufe of artillery, ivas deemed to be impregnable. It was probably built by the Saxon king Edwin, whofe territory reached to the Frith of Fortn, and who ^ave hix name to Edinburgn, as it certainly did not fifill into the hands of the Scots till the reign of Indulphus, who lived in the year 953. The town was ^uilt for the benefit of prote£lion from the caftle ; and « more inconvenient (ituation for a capital can fcarccly be conceived; the High-ftreet, which is on the ridge of a hill, lyin? eaft and weft; and the lanes running down its n(|es north and fouth. In former tim*s, the town was furrounded by water, excepting towards the eaft ; fo that, when the French landed in Scotland during the regency o£ Mary of Guife, jthey gave it the name of Liflebourg. This utuation fuggeiled the idea of building very lofty houfes divided into (lories, each of which contains a fuite of rooms, generally large and commodious, for the ufe of a family ; fo that the High-ftreet of Edinburgh, which is chiefly of hewn ftone, broad, and well paved, nuikes a moft auguft ap- pearance, efpecially as it rifes a full mile in a dire£l line and gradual xfcent from the palace of Holyrood-houfe on the eaft,^and is termi* nated on the weft by the rude majefty of its caftle, built upon a lofty rock, inacceifible on all fides, except where it joins to the city. Thtf caftle, not only overlooks the city, its environs, gardens, the new town, and a fine rich neighbouring country, but commands a moft extenfivv pTofpeft of the river Forth, the fliippmg, the oppofite coaft of Fife, and Oreek, Hunluiity, Hebrew, Oriental Lao^agct, Logic, -* Glalgow hu a Cbaaccllor, Refior, Dean of Facultf, Principal, and fourteca Pi'o> felTors in Moni! PhiJofophy, Divinity, Natural i'hilnfophy, . Civil and Scotch Law, Mathematics, • Medicine, Praclical AilroDomy, Anatomy* Hiftoiy, f Aberdeen has properl/ two Colleges viz King's College, and MarilHial College. King's College hai a chancellor, ReiSlur, Principal, and feven Profefion in p«ek, 4 Philofophy, Civil Law, Humanitw, Divinity, Mcdicin*. Oriental Langoage*, MariichafColltge hu a Chancellor, Rc6^or, Principal, and feven Profefion !■ Greek, Natural I'h lofophy. Divinity, Ortcnul Lansfuaget, Mathcmatin, Medicine. . Moral Phiblbphy and Lce'c, > X iidinburgn has a Patron, Principal, aftd ProfciTors in Divinity, Church Hiftory, Greek, Hununity, Hebrew, Logic, Moral Philofophy, Maturai Philolophy, Mathematics, Civil Hitloiy, Kscurul Hilloryj SC'.'tch Law, Civil law, Law of Nature and Nations, h hetoric noU Q^lki Latrc«, 9vtao^ Materia Medici, Inll. of Fliyfic md Medit* ttinc, ^' I'radtice of McdifiiiNV ChcmiUry, Anatomvy Midwifry* SCOTLAND. »r^ id fouruca Pio> «ven foffle hi)b at the diftance of' 40 or ^o tniles, which' border upon the Highlands. This crowded population, however, was fo extretndy >nconvenient, that the £ngii(h, who feldom went farther into the coua« try, returned with the deepeft impreffioti of Scott:h naftinefs, whicik became proverbial. The caftle has fome good apartments, a tolerabl* traiii of artillery, a'nd has not only a large magazine of arnns and ainmu* nition, but contains the regalia, which were depofited here under lh« moft folemn legal inftrumcnts of their never being removed from thence* All that is known at prefent of thofe regaUa, is contained in the inftru- jnent which was taken at the time of their being depoiited, where they are fully defcribedJ Facing the caftk, as I have already obfcnred^ at a mUe's di(Vance, ftands the abbey, orrather palace, of Holyrood-houfe. The inner quadrangle of this-palscc, begun by James V. and finiftred bv Charles i. is of maguiS^ cent hnodern archite6ture, built according to the plan and under tite df- tt&wn of &v William Bruce, a Scotch gentleman of family, and one 6f the grcateft architeAa- of that age. Round the quadrangle' runs an arcade^ adorned with pilafters; and the indde contains magniFcent apartments forthedukeof Hamilton^ who 15 hereditary keeper of the palace, and for other noblemen. Its»Iong gallery contains figure's, fome of which are Mm portraits^ but all of them pointed by modem artifls, of the kings of Scotland down to the time of the Revolution. James VII. when duke of Vork, intended to have made great improvements about this palai^e ; for at prefent nothing can be more uncomfortable than itsfituation, at the bottom of bleak, unimproved crags and mountains, with fcarcely a fingle tree in its neighbourhood. The chapel belonging t tains likewife the moil valuable manufcript remains of the Scotch hif* tory, chartularies, and other papers of antiquity, with a feries of medals. Adjoining the library,. is the room where the pubHc records are kept; but both it, and that which contains the library, though lofty in the roof, are miferably dark and difmal. It is faid that preparations are now carrying on, for lodging both the books anS papers in rooms far better fuited to their importance and value. The high church of Edinburgh, called that of St. Giles, is now di- vided into four churches, and a room where the general affembly fits. It is a large Gothic building, and its fteeple is furmounted by arches, form- dti into an imperial cfown, which has a good effect to the eye. The churches, and other edifices of the city, eredted before the Union, con- tain little but what is common to fuch buildings ; but the excellent pave- ment of the city, which was begun two centuries ago by one Merlin, a JFrenchman, deferves particular attention. The modern edifices in and near Edinburgh, fuch as the exchange^ public offices, its hofpkals, bridges, and the like, demonflrate the vaii improvement of the tafte of the Scots in their public works. Parallei to the citv of Edinburgh, on the north, the nobility, gentry, and others, have almoft completed a new town, upon a plan which dofss honour to the prefent age. The ftreetsand f(|uares are laid out with the utmi^ft re- gularity, and thc^houfe's are built with fione, in an elegant tafte, with all the conveniences that render thofe of England fo delizhtful and com* modious. The fronts of fome are fuperbly fini(bed, difplaying at the fame time the judgment of the builder, and the public fpirit of the proprietor. Between the old and the new town lies a narrow bottom or vale, which, agreeably to the original plan, was to have been formed into a flieet of water, bordered by a terras walk, and the afcent towards ihe new town covered with pleafure gardens, flirubbcrteS| Sec. But this elegant dciiga SCOTLAND. «77 fell to nothing) through the narrow ideas of the TOagidrates, who finding greater benefits by letting the ground to inferior tradefmen upon buiidine feafes, this fpot^ formed by nature as an agreeable opening to a crowded city, became a nuifance to thofe. gentlemen who had been fo liberal in Ornamenting the buildings upon the fummit. A decifion of the houfe of lords (in which a cehain great luminary of the la\v, equally diftiu- guifhed for his talte and good fenfe, heartily concurred) {)ut a ftop to thefe mean erections. At the weft or upper end of this vale, the caftle, a folid rock not lefs than twenty ftories high, looks down with awful magnificeiice. The eaftern extremity is bounded by a ftriking objei^ of art, a lofty bridge, the middle arch being, ninety feet high, whicii joins the new buildings to the city, and renders the defcent on each fide the vale (there being no water in this place) more commodious for car- riages. 1 am the more particular in defcribing this place, that the reader may form fome idea of its pleafant (ituation, ftanding on an eminence, with a gentle declivity on each fide, in the heart of a rich country ; the view foiithward, that of a romantic city, its more romantic caftle, and diftant hills rifing to an amazing height; while the profpecl northward gives full fcope to the eye, delights the imagination, and fills the mind with iiich ideas as the works of nature alone can infpire. One agreeable profpeft, however, is ftill wanting, a handfome clean inn or tavern, with a genteel cotfee-room, towards the fide that overlooks the Forth ; and which might eafily be accom{^li(hed by fubfcription, and, from the great refort of travellers, coiild not fail to bring a profitabk return. Edinburgh may be confidercd, notwithflanding its caftle, and an open wall which inclofes it on the fouth fide, of a very modern fabric, but in the Roman manner, as an open town; fo that in fadt it would haveijeeii impradicable for its inhabitants to have defended it againrt the rebels, who took pofleifion of it in ly^iy. Edinburgh contaius n playhoufe, which has now the fandion of an aft of parliament ; and concerts, af< femblies, balls, mufic-mectirtgs, and other polite amufements, arc as fre- quent and brillia^it here, as in any part 6f nis majefty's dominions, Lon- don and Bath excepted. Edinburgh is governed by a lord provoft, four bailies, a dean of guild, and a trcafurer, annually cliofen from the common-councih Every company, or incorporated trade, choofes its c^wn deacon, and here are 14; namely, furgeons, goldfmiths, ikinncrs, furriers, hammer-me/i, Wrights or carpenters, mafons, tailors, bakers, butchers, cordwainers, weavers, fullers, and bonnet-makers. The lord provoft h colonel of the town-guard, a military inftitution to be found in no part of his majefty's dominions but in Edinburgh ; they ferve for the city-watc"h, and patrol theftreets, are ufeful in fiipprefling fmall comm»tions, and attend the execution of fen ten ces upon delinquents. They are divided into three companies, and wear a uniform; they are immediately commanded by thre^ orticers under the name-of captains. Befides this guafrd, Edinburgh raifes.fixteen companies of trained bands, which ferve as militia. The revenues of the city confift chiefly of that tax which is now common in maftof the Bodies corporate in Scotland, of two Scotch pennies, amount- ing in the whole to two-thirds of a farthing, kid on every Scotch pint of ale (containing two EngMfli quarts) confumcd within the precincls of the city. This is a moft judicious imnoft, as it renders the pooreft people infenfible of the burthen. Its pr.jduf^, however, has been fuf- ficient to defray the expenfe of fnpplying the city with exceller.t watrr, brought in leaden pipes horn the diflance of four miles ; of ercd^ing re- N 17« SCOTLAND. !l / forvoirs, en1«i:ging the harbour of Leith, And completing other publit works, of great expenfe and milrty. Leith, though near two miles difiant, may be properly called the hais bour of Edinburgh, being under the fame jurifdi£tion. It contains no- thing remarkable but the remains of two citadels (if th^ are not thi fame], which were fortified and bravely defended by the French, under Mary of Guife, agahift the £ngUfli, and afterwards r^naired bv Crom vith noble feats, !i England ; but however avoid itv, the duke of othian at New- , owner. About ly Gothic chapel, .anfliip in Eupe ; xnce of Orkney, and well. The neighbourhood of Edinburgh is ad( which are dally mcreafing : fome of them yield to they are too numerous to be particularifed here. I c nirntipning the earl of Abercorn's, a fliort way fror JBuccleugh's houfe at Dalkeith, that of ^'^e marqui bottle, and Hopetoun-honfe, fo called ti the four miles from Edhiburgh is Roflin, no, '^"• cfteemed one of the moft curious pieces founded In the year 1440, by William St. ,L 4uke of Olden burgh. Glafgow, in the fhire of Lanerk, fituated on a gentle declivity floping towards tne river Clyde, 44 miles weft of Edinburgh^ is, for population, commerce, and riches, the fecond city of Scotland, and, confidering its iize, the firft in Great Britain, and perhaps in Europe, as to el^nce, tegularity, and the beatitiful materials of its buildings. The ftrects croft each other at right angles, and are broad, ftraicrht, well paved, and con- fequently clean. The houfes make a grand appearance, and are in ge- neral four or five ftories high; and manv of them, towards the centre of the city, are fupported by arcades, which form piazzas, and give the whole an air of magnificence. Some of the modem-built churchesarein the fineft ftyieof architecture : and the cathedral is a ftupendous Gothic building, hardly* to be paralleled in that kind of architecture. It contains three churches, one of which ftands above another, ahd is furniihed with a very fine fpire fpringing from a tower; the whole being reckoned a maOerly and matchlefs fabric. It was dedicated to St. Mungo, or Kenti- gern, who was bifhop of Glafgow in the 6th century. The cathedral IS upwards of 600 years old, and was prefer vedl from the fury of the rigid reformers by the refolution of the citizens. The town-houfe is a lofty bnildins, and has very noble apartments for the magiftrates. The uni- verfity is efteemed the moft fpacious and beft built ofany in Scotland, and is at prefent in a thriving ftatc. In th. city are feveral well-endowed hof- pitals; and it is particularly well fupplied with large and convenient inns, proper for th.e accommodation of ftrcngersof any rank. They have lately built a handfome bridge acrofs the river Clyde ; but our bounds do n»t allow us to particularife that, and the other public -fpirited undertakings of this city, carrying on by the inhabitants, who do honour to the benefits arifing from their vaft commerce, both foreign and internal, which they carry on with amazing fuccefs. In Glafgow are feven churches, and eight or ten meeting- houfes for feftaries ofvarioUs denominations. The | number of its inhabitants has been eftimated at 50,000. Aberdeen bids fair to be the third town in Scotland for improvement and population. It is the capital of a fliire, to which it gives its name^ : and contains two towns, New and Old Aberdeen. The former is the fliire town, and evidently built for the purpofe of commerce. It is a large well-built city, and has a good quay, or tide-harbour: in it are three! churches, and feveral epifcopal meeting-houfes, a coiifiderable degree! •1 foreign coxnmerce and much fhipping, a well-irequented univeriityi| SGOTLAND.' h«f publU m and above it,ooo inhabitants. Old Aberdeen^ near a mllediftant, though aimoft joined to the new by means of ■ long villa^, has no depen- dence on the other ; it is a moderately laree market towny but has no haven. In each of thefe two places there is a well-endowed college, both together being termed the univerfity of Aberdeen, although quite independent of each other. Perth, the capital town of Perthfliire, lying on the river Tay, trades to Norway and the Baltic ; is finely fituated, has an improvine; nnen m«< nufa^ory, and ties in the neighbourhood of one of the mofi fertile f|>otl in Great Britain, called the Oarfe of Gowrv. Dundee, by the gene- ral computation, contains about 10,000 inhabitants; it lies near the jnouth of the river Tay ; it is a town of confiderable trade* export* ingmuch linen, grain, herrings, and peltry, to fundry foreign j^arts ; and has three chv:rches. Mnntrofe, Abei brot»iick, and Brechin, lie m the fame county, of Angtis : the firii: has a great and flourifhing foreign trade, and the manufactures of the other two are in an improving iiate. It may be necefTary again to remind the reader, that I write with great uncerti^inty with regard to the population of Scotland, on account of its improving ftate. I have rather under than over-rated the nom« - her of inhabitants in the towns I have mentioned. Edinburgh certainly ' contains more than 60,000 fouls, which is the computation to which I • ; all along conform myfelf ; but the influx of people, and the increafe ol ^ matrimony in proportion to that of property, muft create great altera- tioiis for the better, and few for the worie, becaufe the inhabhants who are difpofed to induftry may always find employment. This uncertain- , ty is the reafon why I omit a particular dQf((ription of Dumfries, Air, ' Greenock, Paifley, Stirling, and about (if^y other burghs and towns of very confiderable trade in Scotland. But great allowances are to be made, on the other hand, for the large emigrations of many to England^ America, the Weft and Eaft Indies, for new fettlements. . The ancient Scots valued themfelves upon truftin^ to their own va- lour, and not to fortifications, for the defence of their country. This was a inaxim more heroical perhaps than prudent, as they have oftea experienced ; and, indeed, at this day, their forts would make but a tes. 1 °^""'J Iforry figure, if regularly attacked. The caftles of Edinburgh, Stirling, n Scotland, aua m^^ Duiubarton, formerly thought places of great ftrength, couU not l-endowed no • ■jj^y ^yj ^g hours, if befieged bv 6000 regular troops with proper artiU lonvenientinns, m^^^^^ p^^^ William, which lies' in the Weft Highlands, is fufficient to hey have late y fc^jg |he inhabitants of that neighbourhood ; as are Fort George and bourids do n^ Bfoft Auguftus, in tlii north and north-weft: but none of them can be I fhall not pretend to enter upon a delcription of the noble edifices hat, within the coiufe of this and the laft century, have been erected private perfons in Scotland, becaufe they are fb numerous that to ncuiariie them exceeds the bounds of my plan. It is fufficient to ^ Bay, that many of them are equal to fome of the moft fuperb buildings ^^?J!.Tmp ■" England and foreign countries: and the reader's furprife at this will pfe, when he is informed that the genius of no people in the world I more devoted to architecture than that of the nObility and gentry of cotland ; and that there is no country in Europe, on account of the jcheapuefs of materials, where it can be gratified at fo moderate an .exi> en(e. This may likewife account for the ftupendous' Gothic ca(;be* als, and other religious edifices, which anciently abounded in Scot- id : but at the time of the Reformation they were moftly demoliftifd Na ed the hsr< )ntains no- ire not thi snch, under , by Crom-. noble feats, [^nd ; but wevcr avoid , the duke of i»n »t Ncw- ner. About othk chapel, , in Eupe ; Orkney, and ilivity flowing >r population, jonfidering its IS to elcpincc, M ftreets crofi Lvcd, and con- and are in ge- iS the centre of , and give the churche&arem icndous Gothic [re. It contains ifurniihedwith iug reckoned « ingo, or Kenti- The cathedral ■ory of the rigid houfc is a loity The uni ir to the benefits fnal, which they churches, and wnations. The| gives its name, l le former is the tree. It is a large ,. in it are three Ifiderable degree anted univeruty.i % \ ^«p S.C O T L A N D. ilr' by a furious and tumultuouB mob, who, in thefe pra ferved of any Roman antiquity of that kind in North Britain, having no lefs than Hve roxvs of ditches and fix ramparts on the fouth n<]e; and of the four gates wh'ch lead into the area, three are very diflLidt and plaiaj viz. the praetoria, dc^cumana, and dextra. The Roman temple, or building in the form of the Pantheon at Rome, or of the dome of St. Paul's at London, flood upon the banks of the ri- ver Carron in Stirlinglhire, but has been lately barbaroudy demoliibed by a neighbouring Goth, for the purpofe of mending a mill-pond. It) height was twenty-two feet, and its external circumference at the bafe was eighty-eight feet;' fo that upon the whole k was one ofthemoft complete Roman antiquities in the world. It is thought to have been built by Agricola, or fome of his fuccefTors, as a temple to the god Terminus, as it flood near the pretenture which bounded the Roman empire in Britain to the north. Near it are fome artificial conical | mounds of earth, which (lill retain the n^e of Duni-pace, or Duui' * Near tlic wcfliTn fxtremity of this wall, at Duntochcr in Dumbartoiifliire,a wuntrynia", in dig"iug a trench on the ilcclivity of a hiil opon which are feen the re- j n»in:4 of a Roman fort, turned up feveral nr.commcn tiles, which exciting the curio- 1 fity of the pcaiantry in that neighbourhood, it was not bng before they broke iit npoal an entire fubterrancous building, from which they du^ out a cart-load of thefe tnate'l rials. A geotletr.an, who was then upim a journey thruugii ihat part of Scotland, found I means, upon tlie ft:coiid d;iy, to llop all farther proceedings, in hopes that fomepublic-l fpirited perfons would, by taking off the furface, explore the whole without demo-j Jiihiripr it. The tiles are of fe»en different lizcs ; the fmalleft being fevcn, and thej JUrgell twc.ty-one inches Iquare. They are from two to three inches in thicknefs, olj a reddifh colour, and in a peifedly found condition. The Icirer ones conpufed fevcrif rows of pillars, wlu» wall of hewn ilone. The hones and teeth of animals, with a footy kind of cartlJ were found in the palTagcs : from which fome have eonjedured this building lo ^'>wk J^ijcn occupied a» a hot-bed for the ufc of the neighbouring gairifoiUf *« isju, ji W, ma if I For and flat< hei^ 12 SCO T L A N D. :Hte' received too i at the long r. other anti- cotUnd have atipns of the aching acrofj aries and hif« )unt of them imufemeiit to only by criti- proper. The untry people, of that name hich was firft iu», ia ftill dif- lopd *. Agri. iriking remain thftiire, and U gricola, before :itU8y with the writers think unt of the nu< aman caftellum e and bed pre- Britain, having fouth ft'Ie; and cry diftiii£t and itheon at Rome, banks of the ri- lufly demolilhed mill-pond. Its ence at the bafe one of the moft ht to have been nple to the god ided the Roman artificial conical i-pace» or Duni- Dumbartoufhirf,'* I lich are feen the rt- , I exciting the cuvio- 1 they broke in upon I 4oad of thefcmate- rt of Scotland, fnand I >ea that feme public-l hok without demo-| being feven, and th nche«in thicknef5,c ines compofed fevcru n inches fquart ; audi sort the earth abovtl »ded by a fubterrantj afnoty kind ofcar*- this building 10 h- 'on«, jiff it* vr,- »-^- pacis ; wWcK ferre fo evidence that there was a kindiof foltmn tompro^ mtfe between the Romans and the Caledonians, that the former fliould not extend their empire farther to the northward. : Innumerable are the coins, urns, utenfils, ihfcriptfoh?, and dther re- mains of the Romans, that have been found in the ditferent parts of Scot- land: fomeof them to the north of the wall, where, however, it does not appear that they made Any eflablifliment. Bylhtt.infcriptions found near the wall, the names of the legions that built it, and how far they carried it On, may be learned^ The remains of Roman highways 31*6 frequent in the fouthern parts. Dani(h camps and fortifications are eafily difcernible in feveral northern Counties, and are known bv their fquare figure's and difficult ftuations. Some houfes or ftupendous fabrics remain iu Rors-fl\ire ; but whether they are Danifli, Pidlifh, or Scottifli, does not appear. The elevations of two of them are to be feen in Gordon's ItinerariUm Septentrionale. I am of opinion that they are Norwegian or Scandinavian Oruftures, and built about the fifth century, to ^vour the defcents of that people upon thofe coafts. Two PiAifli monuments, as they are thought to be, of a very extra- ordinary conftru^lion, were lately {landing in Scotland ; one of theni at Abernethy in Perthfliire, the other at Brechin in Angus ; both of them are cohimns, hollow in theinfide, and without, the ftair-cafe; that of Brechin is the moft entire, being covered at the top with a fpiral roof of ilone, with three or four windows above the cornice : it confifts of fixty regular courfes of hewn free-ftone, laid circularly, and regularly tapering towards the top. If thefe columns are really Piftifli, that people mure have had among them architects that far exceeded thofe or any coeval monuments to be found in Europe, as they have all the appeanmCe of an order; and the building is neat, and in the Roman flyle of architecture. It is, however, difiicult to aiCgn them to any but the PiCls, as they ftand in their dominions; and fome fcvilptures upon that at Brechin denote it to be of Chriftian origin. It is not indeed impoHible that thefe fculptiu'es are of a later date, fiefides thefe two pillars, many other Pi£l- ifli buildings are found in Scotland, but not of the fame tafte. '^ The veftiges of ercftions by the ancient Scots themfWves are not only curious but inftruftivc, as they regard many important events of their hiftory. That people had amonglt them a rude notion of fculp- tiire, in which they tranfmitted the aAions of their kings and heroes* At a place called Aberlemno, near Brechin, four or five ancient obelilks are ftill to be feen, called the Danifli ftones of Aberlemno. They are ereftcd as commemorations of the Scotch vifto"ies, over that people ; and are adorned with bas-reliefs of men. on horfeback, and many em- blematical figures and hieroglyphics, not intelligible at this day, but' minutely defcribed by Mr. Gordon. Many other hiftorical monuments of the Scots may be difcOvered on the like occafiorts: but it muft be acknowledged that the obfcurity of their fculptures has opened a field of boundlefs and frivolous conjeftures, fo that the interpretations of many of them are often fanciful. It would, however, be unpardonable, if I fiiould negleft to mention the ftone near the town of Forrefs, or Fortrofe, in Murray, which far furpafles all the others in magnificence and grandeur, "and is (fays Mr. Gordon) perhaps one or the moft ftately monuments of that kind in Europe. It rifes about 23 feet in height above ground, and is, as I am credibly informed, no lefs th^n la or 15 feet below ; fo that the whole height io at leaft 35 feet, and its . eadth near 5, It is all one fingle and entire ftone ; great variety of . C N 3 •fla SCOT L AN rr. it ^l: I'i!*.; fijinws in relievo are carved thereon, and fome of them ftilldiffinft and vifible"; but the injury of the wea'.her has obfcured thofe towards the upper part.'' Though rhis monuaient lias been generally looked upon as Danidi, yet I have little doubt of its being Scotch, and that it wa» ere(fled in commemoration of the final expiilfibn of the Danes out of Murray, where rhev held their laft ftttlemcot iri Scotland, after the de- feat they received /rom Malcolm, a few years before the Norman in- vafion. At Sandwick, in Rcfs-iblre, is a very fpkndld ancient obelifk, fur- rounded at the bafe with large, well-cut flag ftones, formed like fteps. Both fides of the column are covered with various enrichments, in well. finiHted carved work. The one face prefents a fumptuous ciofs, with ft figure of St. Andrew on each hand, and fome uncouth an;mals and flowerings underneath. The central divifion on the reverfe exhibits a variety of curious figures, birds, andanincourt«, commiflarics, juft« ices of the peace, and coroners. Formerly flieriffdoms were generally hereditable ; but 'i>y a late aA of parliament, they are now all veiled in the crown ; it being there enabled, chat all higli flieriffs, or ftewards, ihaU, /or the future, be nominated and appointed annually by his majefty, his heirs, and fucceffbrs. In regard to the flieriff-deputes, and fteward-deputes, it is cnaSted that there fliall only be one in each county, or ftewartry, who muft be an advocate, of three years Handing at Itaft. For the fpace of feven years, thefc deputies are to be nominated by the king, with fuch continuance as his majefty fliall think fit; after which they are to enjoy their office aJ w- tam aut culpam, that is, for life, u.nlefs guilty of fome offence. Some other regulations have been likewife iatroduced, highly for the credit of the flieriffs'. courts. $tewartrie5 were formei^y part of the ancient royal domain { and the ftewards had miich the fame power in them as the llieriif had in his county. Courts of regalhy of old were held by virtue of a royal jurifdi^tion refted in the lord, with particular immunities and privileges ; but thefe were fo dangerous and fo extravagant, that all the Scotch regalities are now diflblved by an a6l of parliament. Baron courts belong to every perfon who holds a barony of the king. In civil matters they extend to caufes no* exceeding forty fliillings fter- ling; and in ciitiinal cafes, to petty anions of aHaultJiand battery 9 but the puniftiment is not to exceed twenty (hillings fterling, or fetting the delinquent in the ftocks for three hours,in the day time. Thefe courts, however petty, were in former days invefted with the power of life and death, which they have now loft. The courts of commiHaries in Scotland anfwer to thofe of the Englifh dioccfan chancellors, the higheft of which is kept at Edinburgh ; where* iti, before four judges, aftions are pleaded concerning matters relating to wills and teftaments ; the right of patronage to ecclefiaftical benefices, tilhes, divorces, and caufes of that nature; but in almoft all other parts «1 the kingdom, there fits but one judge on thefe caufes. According to the prefent inftitution, juftices of the peace in Scotland «xercife pretty much the fame powers as thofe in England. In former times their office, though of very old Handing, was infignificant, being cramped by the powers of the great feudal tyrants, who obtained an afit of parliament, that they were not to take cognifance of riots till fifteen days after the fa£t. The inftitution of coroners is as old as the reign of Malcolm II. the great legiflator of Scotland, who lived before the Norman invafion of England. They took cognifance of all breaches of the king's peace; and they were required to have clerks to regifter depofitions and matters of faft, »s well as verdifts of jurors: the office, however, is at prefent much difiifed in Scotland. From the above fliort view of the Scotch laws and inftitutions, it is {}lain that they were radidlly the fame with thofe of the Engliih. The atter allege, indeed, that the Scots borrowed the contents of their Rcgiam Mojeftateniy their oldeft law-book, from the work of GlanviUe, who was jljjwkc nijid^r ticnry II, of England. The Scots, bn the other hand. SCOTL AN D. 191 nmcnt for ir« htUin • r veftcd in arics, juft- late aft of re enabled, inated and In regard there fliall I advocate, ears, thefe ance as his fiice ad vi' ice. Some tie credit of n ; and the had in hit jurifdi^^ioa ; but thefe egalkies are of the king. liUings fter- iattery; but \ fetting the lefe courts, ■ of life and the Englifh rh; where- as relating to il benefices, other parte |in Scotland In former leant, being iined an act till fifteen lolm 11. the 1 invafion of ig's peace; md matters at prefent itions, it is ^liih. The leir Regiam who was )tHer handy {ay tbal GUnviUe's work was copied from their Regiam MajtRatem^ even with the peculiarities of the latter, which do not now, and never did, exift in the laws of England. The royal burghs in Scotland form, as it were, a commercial parlia* nient, which me^^s once a year at Edinburgh, confifting of a reprefenta- tive from each burgh, to confult upon the common good of the whole. Their powers are pretty extenfive; and before the Upion they made laws relating to iliipping, to mafters and owners of fliips, to mariners and merchants by whom they were -freighted ; to manufa^ures, fuch as piaiding, linen, and yarn ; to the curing and packing of filh, falmon, and herrings, and to the impdrting and exporting fevei al commodities. The trade between Scotland and the Netherlands is fubje^l to their regulation : they fix the ft^lc port, which was formerly at Dorr, j|nd is now at Campvere. Their confervator is indeed nominated by the crown ; but then their convention regulates his power, approves bis deputies, and appoints his falary : fo that in truth the whole ftaple trade is fubjeAed to their management. Upon the whole, this is a very Angular inititution, and fufficiently proves the vaft attention which the government of Scotland formerly paid to trade. It took its prefent form in the reign of James III. 1487, and had excellent confequences for the benefit of commerce. The conformity between the praftice of the civil law of Scotland, and that in England, is remarkable. The Englifli law-reports are of the fame nature with the Scotch practice; and their adls oi federunt anfwer to the Englilh rules of court; the Scottifli wadfets and reverfions, to the Englifh mortgages and defeafances ; their poinding of goods, after letters of horning, is much the fame as the Englifh executions upon outlawries; and an appeal againfl the king's pardon, in cafes of murder, by the next of kin to the deceafed, is admitted in Scotland as well as in England. Many other ufages are the fan]e in both kingdoms. I cannot, how- ever, difmifs this head without 6ne obfervation, which proves the fimi- larity between the Englifh and Scotch conflitutions, which I believe has been mentioned by no author. In old times, all the freeholders in Scotland met together in prefence oi the king, who was feated on the top of a hillock, which, in the old Scortifli conflitution, is called the Moot, or Mute-hill; all national ajjairs were here tranfa(5ted; judgments given, and ditferences ended. This Moot-hill I apprehend to be of the fame nature as the Saxon Folcmote, and to fignify no more than the hill of meeting. History.] Though the writers of ancient Scotch hiftory are too fond of fyflem and fable, yet it is eafy to collect, from the Roman au- thors, and other evidences, that Scotland was formerly inhabited by different people. The Caledonians were probably the firft inljabi.. taats; the Pifts undoubtedly were the Britons who were forced north- wards by the Belgic Gauls, about fourfcore years before the clefcent of Julius Caefar, and who, fettling in Scotland, were joined by great numbers of their countrymen, that were driven northwards by the Romans. The Scots raoft probably were a nation of adventurers from the ancient Scythia, who had ferved in the armies on the continent, and, as has been already hinted, alter conquering the other inhabi- tants, gave their own name to the country. The traft lying fouthward of the Forth appears to have been inhabited by the Saxons, and by the Britons, who formed the kingdom of Alcuith, the capital of which was Dumbarton ; but all tliefe people in procefs of time were fubdued 191 SCOTLAND. !i H." « It do€S not appear that the Caledonians, the ancient Celtic inliabl-. tants of Scotland, were attacked by any of the Roman generals before Agricola, anno 79. The name of the prince he fought with was Gal- dus, by Tacjtus named Galgactis ; and the hiftory of that war is not only tranfmitted with great precifion, but corroborated by the remains of the Roman encampments and forts, raifed by Agricola in his march toward Dunkeld, the capital of the Caledonians. The brave fland .made by Galdus againft that great general, does honour to the valour of both people ; and the fentimcnts of the Caledonian, concerning the freedom and independency of his country, appear to have warmed i^z noble hiftorian with the fame generous paflion. It is plain, how- ever, that Tacitus thongiii it for the honour of Agricola to conceal fome part of this war ; fo. Miough he makes his countrymen viftorious, yet they certainly returned foothward, to the province of the Horefti, which was the county of Fife,'without improving their advantage. Galdus, otherwiie called Corbred, was, according to the Scotch hif- torians, the twenty-firft in a lineal dcfcent from Fergus I. the founder of their monarchy; and though this gehealogy has of late been dif- puted, yet nothing can be move certain, from the Roman hiftories, than that the Caledonians, or Scots, were governed by a fucceflion of brave and wife princes, durir.g the abode of tlie Romans in Bri- tain. Their valiant reiiftance obliged Agricola hinifelf, and after him the emperors Adrian and Severus, to build the two famous pretentures or walls, one between the Friths of Clyde and Forth already mentioned, and the other between Tinmouth and the Solway Frith, which will be defcribed in our account of England, to defend the Romans from the Caledonians and Scots ; and which prove that the independence of the latter was never fubdued. Chriftianity was introduced into Scotland about the year 201 of the Chriftian aera, by Donald I. The Pids, who, as before mentioned, were the defcendcnts of the ancient Britons forced northwards by the Romans, had at tiiis time gained a footing in Scotland ; and being often defeated by the ancient inhabitants, they joined the Romans againil the Scots and Caledonians, who were of the fame original, and confidered themfelves as one people; fo that the Scots monarchy fuffered a fliort eclipfe; but it broke out with more luftre than^ver, under Fergus II. who recovered his crovv.i ; and lus lucceflbrs gave many fevere over- throws to the Romans and Britons. When the Romans left Britain in 448, the Scots, as appears by Gil- das, a Britifh hiitorian, \yere a powerful nation, and, in conjunction with the Pi(5ts, invaded the Britons; and having forced the Roman walls, drove them to the very fea; fo that the Britons applied to the Romans for relief; and in the famous letter, which they called their groans, they tell them, that they had no choice left, but that of being fwallowed up by the fea, or perifliing by the fwords of the barbarians: for fo all na- tions were called who were not Romans, or under the Roman pro- teftiou. Dongard was then king of Scotland ; and it appears from the oldeft hiftorits, and thofe that are lealt favourable to monarchy, that the fuc . celiion to the crown of Scotland ftill continued in the family of Fergus, ^ but generally defcended collaterally; tii' the inconveniencies of that mode of fucceflion were fo much felt, thai by degrees it fell into difr ufe, and it was at laft fettled in the defcending line. About the year 796, the Scots were governed by Achaius, a prince fo much refpeded, that his friendlhip was courted by Charlemagne, SCOTLAND. >93 tnd a league was concluded between them, which continued inviolate while the monarchy of Scotland had an exigence. No fa6t of equal antiquity is better attcftcd than this league, togethet- with the great fcr- ' performed by the learned men of •Scotland, in civilifing the vafl de- vice aius, a prince minions of that great conqueror, as has been already obferved under the article of Learning. The Pi6ts ftill remained in Scotland, as a feparate nation, and were powerful enough to make war upon the Scots ; who, I about the year 843, when Kenneth Mac Alpin was king of Scotland, finally fubdued them; but not in the favage manner mentioned by fome hiftorians, by extermination. For he obliged them to incorporate themfelves with their conquerors, by taking their names, and adopting their laws. The fucceflbrs of Kenneth Mac Alpin maintained almoft perpetual wars with the Saxons on the fouthward, and the Danes and ptiier barbarous nations towards the eaft ; who, being maflertP^ the fea, harafled the Scots by powerful invafions. The latter, however, were more fortuhate than the Englifh : for while the Danes were erefting a j monarchy in England, they were every where overthrown in Scotland by bloody battles, and at laft driven out of the kingdom. The Saxon and Danifh monarchs who then governed England were not more fuc- cefsful againft the Scots, who maintained their freedom and indepen- dency, not only againft foreigners, but againft their own kings, when they thought them endangered. The feudal law was introduced among them by ' '"dcohtj II. I Malcolm III. commonly called Malcolm Canmore, from two Gaelic Iwords which fignify a large head^ but moft problhbly from his great ca- ipacity, was the eighty-fixth king of Scotland, from Fergus I. the fup- Ipofed founder of the monarchy; the forty-feventh from its reftorer, " IFergus II. and the twenty-fecond from Kenneth HI. who conquered the Ikingdom of the Pifts. Every reader who is acquainted with the tragedy [of Macbeth, as written by the inimitable Shakfpeare, who keeps clofe Ito the fafts delivered by hiftorians, can be no ftranger to the fate of JMalcolm's father, and his own hiftory, previous to his mounting the Ithrone in the year 1057. ^^ "^^^ * ^^^^ ^"^ * magnanimous prince, land in no refpeft inferior to his cotemporary the Norman conqueror, Iwith whom he was often at war. He married Margaret, daughter to JEdward, furnamed the Outlaw, fon to Edmund Ironlide, king of Eng- lland. By the death of ker brother Edgar Atheling, the Saxon right to Ithe crown of England devolved upon the pofterity of that princefs, who [was one of the wifeft and wortUieft women of the age ; and her dauj^h- IttrMaud was accordingly married to Henry I. of England. Malcolm, lafter a glorious reign, was killed, with his fon, trcacheroufly, it is faid, at the fiege of Alnwick, by the befieged. Malcolm III. was fucceeded by his brother Donald VII. and he was dethroned by Duncan II. whofe legitimacy was difputed. They were jfdcceeded by Edgar, the fon of Malcolm III. who was a wife and va- liant prince } he was fucceeded by Alexander I. and upon his death wvid I. mounted the throne. Notwithftanding the endeavours of fome hiftorians to conceal wliat lAey cannot deny, I mean the glories of this reign, it yet appears that avid was one of the greateft princes of that age, whether we regard pirn as a man, a warrior, or a legiflator. The noble atftions he per- prmed in thefervice of his niece, the emprefs Maud, in her compe- kltlon with king Stephen for the Engliih crown, give us the higheft pea of his virtues, as they could be the refult only of duty and prin- |ipie. To bim Henry II. the mightieft prince ol his a^e, owed bis »94 SCOTLAND. ^ crown ; and his pofTdHons in England, joined to the kingdom of Scot, land, placed David's power nearly on an equality with that of England, when confined to this ifland. His a^ionii and adventures, and the re. fources he always found in his own courage, prove hint to have been a hero of the firft rank. If he appeared to-be too lavifli to church- men, and in his reli£iou8 endowments, we are to conGder thefe were the only means by which he could then civilife bis kingdom : and the code of laws I have already mentioned to have been dn vn up by him, do his memory immortal honour. They are faid to li;) 'e been com- piled under his infpe6Hon by learned men, wiium he airembled from all parts of Europe in his magnificent abbey of Melrofs. He was fuc. ceeded by his grandfon Malcolm IV. and he by^ William, furnamed, from his valour. The Lion. William's fon, Alexander II. was fucceed. ed, in 1249, ^Y Alexander III. who was a good king. He manied, tirft, Margaret, daughter to Henry III. of England, by whom he had \ named Margaret, commonly called the Maiden of Norway i in whom king William's whole pofterity failed ; and the crown of Scotland re- turned to the defcendents of David earl of Huntingdon, brother to king Malcolm IV and king William. • This detail has been given, becaufe it is conneftcd with gneat events. Upon the death of Alexander III. John Baliol, who was great'grandfon | to David earl of Ilunr^ngdon by his eldeft daughter Margaret, and Ro. br.Tt Brace (grandfather to the great king Robert Bruce) grandfon to I the fame earl of Huntingdon by his youngeft daughter Inbel, became competitors for the crown of Scotland. The laws of fucceffion, which were not fo well eftabliflied in Europe as they are at prefent, rendered the cafe very difficult. Both parties were almoft equally matched iu | interell ; but .nfter a confufed interregnum of fome years, the great no> bility agreed in referring the decifion to Edward I. or England, the moilj politic and ambitious prince of his age. He accepted the office of ar- biter: but having long had an eye to the crown of Scotland, he re.| vived fome obfokte abfurd claims of its dependency upon that of £ng. land ; and iindi;ig that Baliol was difpofed to hold it by that diferace- fill cenure, Edward awarded it to him ; but afterwards dethroned him, | and treated himxas a (lave, without Baliol's refeiiting it. After this, Edward ufed many endeavours to annex the crown ofl Scotland to his own, which were often defeated ; and though Edwardl ioT a iliort time made himfelf mafter of Scotland, yet the Scots werel ready to revolt againft him on every favourable opportunity. Tbofel of them who were fo zealoiifly attached to the independency of theifl country, as to be refolved to hazard every thing for it, were indeed bul^ leu', compared to thofe in the interefl of Edward and 3aliol, which ^ the fame ; and for fome time they were obliged to temporife. EdwarJ availed himfelf of their wcaknefs and his own power. He accepted ol a formal fiirrender of the crown of Baliol, to whom he allowed apenJ £on, but detained him in England ; and fent every nobleman in Scot! land whom he in the leall fufpes, and the re- to have been (li to church- der thefe were dom: and the vn up by him^ 'C beeu com- tirembled from He was fuc am, furnamed, I. wasfucceed* He married, whom he had lers's daughter; { fome call him, him a daughter :way r ^^ whom | of Scotland re- , brother to kin{ | ?Uh great events. 1 s gteat-grandfon I argaret, and Ro. uce) grandfonto r Inbel, became I "ucceffion, which 1 frefent, rendered jally matched iu I ars, the great no* ingland, the moft the office ofar- Scotland, he re- pon that of Eng-1 by that difgrace. s dethroned him,! ^* (I ex the crown oti i though EdwardI et the Scots were! »ortunity. Thofc| tendency of theif ,, were indeed bud Baliol, which waj ' iporife. EdwarJ He accepted ol je allowed a penj (Oblcman in ScotI [rifons in or nnj icnts of their fubj rdeftroyedallthl 'ir independency] le, which is f>""" 1* hefe fevere proceedingi. while they rendered the StotS fenHble of their flavery, revived in them the ideas of their freedom ; and Edwird finding their fpirits were not to be fubdued, endeavoured to carefs them, and affeAed to treat them on a footing of equality with his own fubje£ts, by projeAih;^ an iinion, the chief articles of which have flnce taken place between ihn two kingdoms. The Scotch patriots treated this projeft with difdafn, and united under the brave William Wallace, the trueft hero of his age, to expel the Englifh. Wallace performed a(^tons that Entitled him to eternal renown, in executing this fcheme. Being however iio more than a private gentleiran, and his popularity daily increafing, the Scotch nobility^ amoiig whdmi was Robert Bruce, the fon of the firft competitor, began to fafpeft that he had an eye upon the crownj cfpe- cially after he had defeated the earl 6f Surry, Edward's vice-roy of Scotland, in the bnttle of Stirling, and had reduced the garrifons of Berwick and Roxburgh, and was declared by the ilates of Scotland their proteftor. Their jcaloufy operated fo far, that they formed violent cabals ag^infl the brave Wallace. Edward^ upon this, once more in- leaded Scotland, at the head of the mod numerous and beft difcipdined irmy England had ever feen ; for it confifted of 8o,ooo foot, 3000 norfe- men completely anted, and 4000 light armed ; and was attended by: a fleet to fiipply it with provifions. Thefe, belidcs the troops who joined him in Scotland, formed an irrefifKible body : Edei'ard, hotvever^ Wa^ obliged to divide ir, referving the command of 40,000 of his beft troops to Wmfelf. With thefe he attacked the Scotch army under Wal- lace at Falkirk, while their difputes ran fo high, that the brave regent wasdeferted by Gumming, the moft powerful nobleman in Scotland, and at the head of the ben divinon of his countrymeri. Wallace, whofe troops did not exceed 30,000, being thus betrayed, was defeated with Vaft lofs, but made an orderly retreat; during which he found means to have a Conference with Bruce, and to convincfc him of his error ia joining with Edward. Wallace ftill continued in arms, and performed tnany gallant aflions againfl the Englilh ; but was betrayed into the hands of Edward, who moft ungeneroufty pnt him^to death at London, as a traitor. Edward diei^s he was preparing to renew his invafion of Scotland vith a ftill more defolating fpirit of ambition, after having deifa'oyed 100,000 of her inhabitants. Bruce died foon after the battle of Falkirk, but not before he had infpired his fon, who was a prifoner at lafge about the Englifli court, with the glorious refolution of vindicating his own rights, ai^ his coun- try's independency. He ofcaped from London, and with his own hand killed Gumming, for his attachment to Edward ; and after collefting a few patriots, among whom were his own four brothers, he affumed the crown, but was defeated by the Englid) ^who had a great army in Scot- land) at the battle of Methven. After his defeat, he fied with one or two friends to the Weftern ifles and parts of Scotland, where his fa- tigues and fufferings wefe as inexpreffible, as the courage with which he and his few friends bore them (the lord Douglas eipecially) was in- credible. Though his wife and daughters were feut prifoners to Eng- land, where the be ft of his friends and two of his brothers were pnt to death, yet fuch was Ms perfevering fpirit, that he recovered all Scot- land, excepting the caftle of Stirling, and improved every advantage that was given him by thediffipatcd conduft of Edward II. who raifed an army more numerous and better appointe'd than that of his father, to make a total conqueft of Scotland. It is faid that it confifted of 100,000 men, though this has been fuppofed to be an exaggerated com-* 196 SCOTLAND. Ijvlf ' Vi m. ^ puUtion: I»o\vtvcri it is admitted that fhc army of Bruce did not ex- ceed 36,000; but aU of them veterans, who had been bred up in a de< teilation of tyranny. Edward, who was not deficient in point of courage, led his powerful army towaj-ds Stirling, then befieged by Bruce, who had chofen, with the greateft judgment, a camp near Bannockburn. The chief officers Under Edward were, the earls of Gloucefter, Hereford, Pembroke, and fir Giles Argenton. Thofe under Bruce were, his own brother fir Ed- ward, who, next to hirafelf, was reckoned to be the beft knight in Scotland, his nephew, Randolph earl of Murray, and the young lord Walter, high-fteward of Scotland. Edward's attack of the Scotch army was'~ exceedingly furious, and required all the courage and firmnefs of Bruce and his friends to refift it, which they did S> etfeftually, that they gained ont. of the mod complete vidories that is recorded in hif- tory. The „reat lofs of the Englifli ftll upon the braveft part of their troops, who were led on by Edward in perfon againft Bruce himfelf. The Scotch writers make the lofs of the Englifli to amount to 50,000 men. There certainly never was a more total defeat, though the con- querors loft 4000. The flower of the Englifli nobility were either killed or taken prifoners. Their- camp, which was immenfely rich, and calculated for the purpofe rather of a triumph than a campaign, fell into the hands of the Scots; and Edward himfelf, with a few fol- lowers, favoured by the goodnefs of their horfes, were purfued by Douglas to the gates of Berwick, fropi whence he efcaped in a fifhing- boar. This great and decifive battle happened in the year 13 14*. The remainder of Robert's reign >vas a feries of the moft glorious fuccelTes; and fo well did his nob'''ty underftand the principles of civil liberty, and fo unfettered were they by religious confiderations, that, in a letter thev fent to the pope, they acknowledged that they had fet afide Ba!iol for debafing the crown, by holding it of England ^ ind that they would do the fame by Robert, if he Ihould maku the like attempt, Robert having thus delivered Scotland, fent his brother Edward to Ire- land, at the head of an army, with which he <.onquered the greateft part of thai kingdom, and was proclaimed its kinrr; but by expofing him- felf too much, he was killed. Robert, befc his death, made an ad- vantageous peace with England; and died in 1328, with the charaifter of being the greateft hero of bis age. The glory of the Scots may be faid to have been in its zenith under Robert I. who was fucceeded by his fon David II. He was a virtuous prince; but his abilities, both in war and peace, were eclipfed by his brother-in-law and enemy, Edward III. of England, whofe fifter he married. Edward, who was as eager as any of his predecelTors to efFed the conqueft of Scodand, efpoufed the caufe of Baliol, fon to Baliol the original competitor. His progrefs was at firft amazingly rapid; and he and Edward defeated the royal party in manv bloody battles; but Ba- liol was at laft driven out of his ufurped knigdom by the Scotch pa* * That the Scots of thofe days were better icq' ' ■^^^ •' With heve z low 1 '■,' k ■ •'i ■ What ho! wccn'd the king of England, --r-rrl . f I ' fioliuou to have woa «11 Scotland? t ' ■ With rtunby low. _U'l. SCOTLAND. 197 triots. David had the misfortune to be taken prifoner by the EngUfli at the battle of Durham; and, after continuing above eleven years in captivity, paid 100,000 marks for his ranfom; and died in peace, with- out iflue, in the year 1371. The crown of Scotland then devolved upon the family of Stuart, by its head having Hien married to the daughter of Robert I. The firft king of that name was Robert II. a wife and brave prince. He was fucceeded by his fon Robert III. whofe age and infirmities difqualified him from reigning; fo that he was forced to truft the governmenf to his brother, the duke of Albany, an ambitious prince, who feems to have had an intention to procure the crown for his own family. Ro. bert, upon this, attempted to fend his fecond fon to France ; but he was moft ungeneroufly intercepted by Henry IV. of Er.glani; and, after fufFering a long captivity, he was obliged to pay an exorbitant ranfom. During the imprifonment of James in England, the military glory of the Scots was carried to its greateft height in France, where they fupported that tottering monarchy againfl England, and their ge- nerals obtained fome of the firft titles of the kingdom. Jame • the firft of that name, upon his return to Scotland, difcovered great talents for government, enafted many wife laws, and was beloved by the people. ,He had received an excellent education in England during the reigns of Henry IV. and V. where he faw the feudal fyftem refined from many of the imperfe£lions which ftill adhered to it in hi* own kingdom ; he determined therefore to abridge the overgrown power of the nobles, and to recover fuch lands as had been unjuftly: wrefted from the crown during his minority and the preceding reigns y but the execution of thefe defigns coft him his life ; he being mur-' d6red in his bed by fome of the chief nobility in 1437, and the f )rty- fourth year of his age. A long minority fucceeded; but James U. would probably have equalled the greateft of his anceftors both in warlike and civil virtues, had he not been fuddenly killed by the accidental burfting of a cannon, in the thirteenth year of his age, as he was befieging the caftle of Rox- burgh, which was defended by the Englifli. Sufpicion, indolence, immoderate attachment to females, and many of the errors of a feeble mind, are vifible in the conduft of James III, and his turbulent reign was dofed by a rebellion of his fubje(fils, being flain in battle in 14S8, aged thirty-five. His fon, James IV. was the moft accomplilhed prince of the age : he was naturally generous and brave : he loved magnificence, he delighted in war, and was eager to obtain fame. Hp encouraged and proteded the commerce of his lubjefts, fo that they greatly increafed in riches ; and the court of James, at the time of his marrir.ge with Henry VII. '$ daughter, was fplendid and refpe6table. Even this alliance could not .cure him of his family diftemper, a predileftion for the French, in whofe caufe he raflily entered, and was killed, with the flower of his nobility, by the Englifli, in the battle of Flodden, anno 15 13, and thp fortieth of his ^e. The minority of hi^ for. James V. was long and turbulent : and when he grew up, he married two French ladies ; the firft being daughter to the king of France, and the latter of the iiojiife of Guife. He inftituted the court of felTion, enafted many falutary laws, and greatly promoted the trade of Scotland, particularly the working of the mines. At this time the balance of power was fo equally poifed between the contend- ing princes of Europe, that James's friendfliip was courted by thcpope^ Q J /.", 198 S*C O T L A N D. ti^c emperor, the king of France, and his uncle Henry VIII, of Eng, land, from all whom he received magnificent prefents. But Jamei took little fliare in foreign affairs ; he feenied rather to imitate his pre- (ieQrfTors in tiieir attempts to humble the ugbility : and the doctrines of the reformation beginning to be propagated in Scotland, he permitted, at the infl igation of the clergy, a religious perlecution ; though it is generally believed, that, had be lived longer, he would have feized all the church revenues, in imitation of Penry. Havijig rather flighted fome friendly overtures m^ide to him by the king of England, aii^ thereby given great umbrage to that prince, a war at length broke out between them. A large army, under the command of the duke of Norfolk, entered Scotlaiid, and ravaged the country north of the I f: f I Tweed. After this (liort expedition, the Engliflj army retired to Ber- wick. Upon this the king of Scotland fent ten thouf^nd men to the wefiern borders, who entered England at Solway Frith ; and he him^ ielf followed them at a fmall diflance, ready to join them upon occa- fion.' He foon after gave great offence to the nobility and the army, by imprudently depriving their general, lord Maxwell, of his commif- fion, and conferring the command on Oliver Sinclair, a private gen^ tleman, who was his favourite. Tne army were fo much difgufted with this alteration, that they w^re ready to dilband, when a fmall body of Englifli horfe appeared, not exceeding five hundred. A panic feized the Septs, who immediately took to flight, fuppofing themfelvcs to be attacked by the whole body of thp EngTifti army. The Englilh borfp, feeing them flee with fuch precipitation, clofely purfyed them, ^nd flew great numbers, taking prifoners feven lords, two hundred gentlemen, and eight hundred foldiers, with twenty-four pieces of ord- nance. This difafter fo much afFeded king James, that it threw him into a fit of illnefs, of which he fpon after died, on the 14th of Decem- ber, 154*, •" _ - . ;' His daughter ai>d fuccelTor, Mary, was but a few hours old at the time of her fether's death. Her beauty, her mifconduft, and her mif. fortunes, are alike famous in hiflory, It is fufficient here to fay, that, during her minority,' and while fhe was wife to Francis 11, of France, , the reformation advanced in Scotland ; that, being called t > the throne of her aiiceftors while a widow, flie married her own coufin-german, the lord Darnley, whofe untimely death has given rife to fo much con- troverfy. The confequence of her hufband's death, and of her mar- riage with Bothwell, wh was confidered as his murderer, was an infur- reaion of her fubjefls, from whom fl>e fled into England, where flic was ungeneroufly detained a prifoner for eighteen years, and after- wards, on motives of ftate policy, beheaded by queen Eliz?»beth in 1587, in the fortv-fixth year of her age. Mary's ^on, James VI. of Scotland, fucceedcd, in right of his blood from Henry VII. upon the death of queen Elizabeth, to the Engiifli croA'n, after fliowing coafiderable abilities in the government of Scot- land. This Hnion of t!ie two crowns, in faft, deftroyed the independen- cy, as it iinpo!^erifl>ed the people, of Scotland : for, the feat of govern- ment being removed to England, their trade was checl^ed, their agri- culture negUtled, and their gentry obliged to ffek fox fitnations in other countries. James, aficr a fplendid hut troubjefome reigr\ over bis three kingdoms, left tlieni, in 1625, to his fon, the unfortunate (Miailes I, That prince, by his defpotic principles and condurt, in- duced both his Scottifli and Eiiglilli fubjefts to take up arms againft him ; and, indeed, it was iii Scotland iliat ihe (word was firtl druwn a* ENGLAND. V. m Eng, amet < pre- 1C8 of I it is ed all ighted 1, anij broke uke of of the to Ber- I to the c him- n occa- e army, ommif- ite gen^ [ifgufted a fmall A panic enifelvej EngUfti ed them, hundred ;s of ord- irew him f Decem- )ld at the her mif- fay, that, -f France, throne of •man, the uch con- her mar- an infiir- here flw nd after- \l\ in I S*7» his blood je Englifli It of Scot- lepeiiden- j)f govern- jtheir agri- Ti\ations in reigr\ over ifortunate Jnduft, i^- ]ms againft drawn a- i ainft Charles. But when the royal party was totally defeated in Eng- .and, the king put himfelf into the power of the Scottiili army : they at firft treated him with refped, but afterwards delivered him up to the Engliih parliament^ on condition of their paying 400,000 pounds to the Scots, which was faid to be due to them for arrears. However, the Scots afterwards made feveral bloody but unfuccefjiful attempts to reftore his fon, Charles. II. That prince was iinally defeated by Crom* well, at the battle of Worcefter, 1651, after which, to the time of his reftoration, the commonwealth of England and the proteAor gave law to Scotland. The ftate of parties in England, at the. acceflion of queen Anne, was fuch, that the Whigs once more had recourfe to the Scots, ,and offered them their own terms, if they would agree to the incorporate union as it now ftands. It was long before the majority of the Scotch parlia- ment would liften to the propofal; but, at laft, partly from conviAion^ and partly through the effects of money diftributed among the needy nobility, it was agreed to ; fince which event, the hiftory of Scotland becomes the fame with that of England, .i , y> .. - ^- . i t ENGLAND. S.i- ..; '■ V, ,;,..A' , EXTENT AND 61 T U A T I M^l; i^^^Vi/i^ii^V:^^*** MILES. Length 38 Breadth 300 ° > between \ vfc. DEGREES. 7 the* whole ifland went by the name of Britannia. The word Brit^ according to Mr. Camden^ figniBed painted or flained ; the ancient in. habitants being famous for painting their bodies : other antiquaries, however, do not agree in this etymology. The weftern" traft of Eng- land, which is ahnoft feparated from the reft by the rivers Severn and Dee, is called Wales, or the land ofjirangers^ becaufe inhabited by the Belgic Gauls, who were driven thither by the Romans, and were ftrait<. gers to the old natives. jj When the Romans provinciated England, they divided it into, 1. Britannia Prima, which contained the fouthern parts of the king. dom. 2. Britannia Secunda, containing the weftern parts, comprehending Wales. And 5. Maxima Czefarienfis, which reached from the Trent as far north- ward as the wall of Severus, between Newcaftle and Carlifle, and fome- times as far as that of Adrian in Scotland, between the Forth and Clyde. . To thefe divifions fome add the Flavia Cacfarienlis, which they fup. pofe to contain the midland counties. When the Saxons invaded England, about the year 450, and w!ien they were eftabliflied in the year 582, their chief leaders appropriated to themfelves, after the manner of other northern conquerors, tne coun- tries which each had been the moft inftrumental in conquering ; and the whole formed a heptarchy, or political confederacy confifting of icvtn kingdoms. In time of war, a chief was chofcn from the feven kings, by public confent; fo that the Saxon heptarchy appears .to have fome- what refembled the conftitution of Greece, during the heroic ages. Kingdoms erected by the Saxons, ufually ftyled the Saxon heptarchy. COUIJiTIBS. '»«4^. -^1 ^ CHIEF TQtWNS. . '•■«■* jSuflcx - ... - -fChichefter KINGDOMS. Kent, founded flengift in 475, and -^ Kent - • ...^i V^i^'t v> V Cantcrbur/ ended in 823 - ■* ' ' ' ' * S. South Saxons, - founded by Ella in $491, and ended in^ Surry - - - . - . -fSouthwark i ■ 600 -----( • iVfES^* • TToft A t f J f Norfolk - - - - - -1 Norwich ^^"fc^T7;) Suffolk (BurySt.Edmond, 57S»"S Cambridge, with - --fCambridgc 793 - ( The Illc of Ely -> * - -J % Cornwall • - j . -^ Launcefton Devon .---.-- j Exeter '' Dorfet - - - - ' • >. ' -. J Dorchefter Somerfet - - - - - J. Bath ed by Uffa m and ended in 'w- "Berks - - . - k . Lancafter York ........ Durham .--.-. Cumberland - . - - . Weftmorland - - - - Northumberland and Scot- land, to the Frith of ^ Edinburgh - - - -. Salilbury Winchefter Abingdon Lancafter York Durham ^Carlide Appleby Newcaftle n;<- ncient in- iitiquarics, it of Eug- evern and :ed by the ivfcrc ftrau- into, if the king. prehending s far north- , and feme- \ and Clyde. ;h they lup- >, and when jropriated to 5, the coun- fing ; and the ing of feven fcven kings, have fome, oic ages. f\ heptarchy. lEF TOWNS. iterbury tchefter ithwark fw'ieh ' St.Edmonds ibridgc incefton ^ eter rchefter Ih ifoury '" [nchefter lingdon icafter rk Irham (rlifle ipleby swc aftle ENGLAND. SOI KTVGHOUt. (, Eail Saxons, . founded by Efcbe- . win in 527, and ' f ndcd in 746 - - V .'•.»> "A \ / H. Mercia, founded by Cridda in 58a, and< Lincoln COUNTIES. CHIEF TOWMS. Eflex --.-i--# J Middlefex, and part of > London ,>^. Hertford - - - - -V i\ • The other part of Hertford " Gloucefter - - ^ . - Hereford - - - - - Worceftcr . - - - - Warwick - ' - - - - Leicefter - - - - — Rutland Northampton - - - - ended in 874 •-.X n-'M ■ f'""' Huntingdon Bedford - • Buckingham • Oxford - - Stafford - - Derby - - Salop - - Nottingham - Chefter - - Hertford "^ Glouceftd^ Hereford Worceftcr % Warwick Leicefter ?*>' Oakham Northamptoa \ Lincoln Huntingdon Bedford Aylefbuiy Oxford Stafford ' Derby >'• Shrewfturjr Nottingham Chefter CIRCUITS. COUNTIES. rEflex - - - - -^Vr .,:. »%'.-■ ■ L Hertford - - Kent . - - . - .»v. Home cir-< » • cult ■ • M ■ Surry ly <■( ,_ '•/ Suftex ' K , •; It is the more neceflary to preferve thefe divifions, as they account for different local cuftoms, and many very efl'eutial modes of inheri- tance, which to this day prevail in England, and which took their rife from different inftitutions under the Saxons. Since the Norman inva- fion, England has been divided into counties, a certain number of which, excepting Middlefex and Chefliire, are comprehended in fix cir- cuits, or annual progreflbs of the judges, for adminiftering juftice to the fubjefts who are at a diftance from the capital. The circuits are : f J CHIEF TOWNS. Chelmsford, Colchefter, Harwich, Maiden, Saffron-Walden, Bocking, Braintree, and Stratford. Hertford, St. Alban's, Ware, Hitch- m, Baldock, Bifliop's - Stortford, Berkhamfted, Hemfted, and Barnet. Maidftone, Canterbury, Chatham, Rocheftcr, Greenwich, Wooitvich, Dover, Deal, Deptford, Feveribam, Dartford, Romney, Sandwich, Sheernefs, Tunbridge, Margate, Gravefend, and Milton. Southwark, Kingfton, Guildford, Croydon, Epfom, Richmond, Wandfworth, Batterfea, Putney, Faruham, Godalmin, Bagfliot, Eg> ham, and Darking. Chichefter, Lewes, Rye, Eaft Grin- ftead, Ifaftings, Horfliam, Midhurft, Shoreham, Arundel, Wirichelfea, Battel, Biighthelmftone, and Pet- worth. 202 CIKCVITS. 4»V\" j:5' • IT. Norfolkcir-<< cuit - - .I".- ^••it' .■-»tt,M?wjV*, • '.|\<' ..;-.*.. COUNTIBS, Bucks > . • Bedford - -* • Huntingdon • Cambridge - Suffolk - - - ENGLAND. CitlE? toWVS. ^i^n Norfolk Berks Gloucellcr - Ut. Oxford cit''^ Worceftcr cuit •lt^^. vV»'-^ •1 -Ji Monmouth • Hereford - • Salop -r TV, idhndcir-i Lei Stafford - - - - f Warwick '* ^'^i* Midland cuit ihiA ill l.)4.' J-UM4 '•.(JJ^;yii;.-. iO. Ayleftury, Buckinghum, High Wick- ham, Great Marlow, Stoney-Strat^ ford, and Newport Pagnel. Bedford, Ampthill, Wooburn, Dun- iftable, Luton, and Bigglefwade. Huntingdon, St. Ives, Kimbolton, Godmanchefter, St. Neot's, Ram« - fey, and Yaxley. Cambridge, Ely, Newmarket, Roy- flon, and Wifcich. ►Bury, Ipfwich, Sudbury, JLeoftoif, part of Newmarket, Aldborough, Bungay, Southwold, Brandon, Halefworth, Mildhenhall, Beccles, Framlingham, Stowmarket, Wood bridge, Lavenham, Hadley, Long i Melford, Stratford, and £after ber|hoIt. Norwich, Thetford, Lynn, Yar- mouth. Oxford, Banbury, Chippin-Norton, Henley, Burford, Whitney, Dor- cheftef, Woodftock, and Thame. Abingdon. Windfor, Reading, Wal- iingford, Newbury, Hungerford, Maidenhead, Farringdon, Wantage, and Oakingham. Gloucefter, Tewkibury, Cirencefter, part of Briftoi, Camden, Stow, - Berkley, Durfley, Lechdale, Tet- bury, Sudbliry, Wotton, and Marflifield. ^Worcefter, Eveiliam, Droitwich, Bewdley, Stourbridge, Kidderniiu- fter, and Perfliore. Monmouth, Chepftow, Abergavenny, Caerleon, and Newport. Hereford, Leominfler, Weobley, Ledbury, Kyneton, and Rofs, Shrew (hurv, Ludlow, Bridgnorth, Wenloc'k, Diihop's Caftle, Whit- church, Ofweftry, Wem, and Newport. Stafford, Litch/ield, Newcaftle unde/ Line, Wolverhampton, Rugelcy, Burton, Utoxeter, and Stone. Warwick, Coventry, Birmingham, Stratford upon Avon, Tamworth, . Aulceftcr, Nuneaton, and Atherton. - - fLeicefter, Melton-Mowbray, Afhby. de-la-Zouch, Bofwotth, and Har< borough, I ' 'utf • ,,ii;£.- •i' HI 4.'i .■"*; « nceftcr, Stow, Tet- and ^^eobley, fs, dcnorth, Whit- and le unde.' Rugelcy, >ne. inghami amworthi Atherton. y, Alhby. and Ha^ «MVIT8, Alidland cir- cuit, (:ontinued. ENGLAND. COUMTIBB. Derby ^ - - - aoj CHIE» TOWK8. Nottingham Vingolt^ • - Rutland • * ' Nortlnampton ^f' .if "i '\ ViV. t - ' .i/i t- V. Weftern (ircuit. ■ijfc |4,*.,-_,.: ^\^^i.^'. ^t ,!f .''^ {fants Wilts <■«>, Dorfet - - Somerfet ■t- * !> Devon •i(; 'I ComwtlU ^ VI. Northern circuit ♦ fYork : 1 Derby, Cheftcrficld, Wirkfwojth, Ambourne, Bakewell, Balfover, and Buxton, Nottingham, Southwell, Newark, Eaft and Weft Retford, Mansfield» Tuxford, Workfop, and Blithe. Lincoln, Stamford, fioftpn. Grant- ham, Croyland, Spalding, Near Sleaford, Great Grimfby, Gainf-> borough, Louth, and HorncalUe, Qakliam, and Uppingham,. Northampton, Peterborough, Da- ventry, Higham- Ferrers, Brack- ley, Oundle, Wellingborough, Thrapfton, Towcefter, Rocking- ham* Kettering, and Rothwell, Winchefter, Southampton, Portf- mouth, Andover, Balingftoke, Chriflchurch, Petersiield, Lyming- ton, Ringwood, Rumfey, Alresford and New por<, Yarmouth and Cowes, in the Ifle of Wight. Salifbury, Devizes, Marlborough, Malmlbury, Wilton, Chippenham, Calne, Cricklade,Trowbridge, Brad* ford, and Warminfter. Dorchefter) Lyme, Sherborne, Shaftef» bury, Poole, Blandford, Bridport, Weymouth, Melcombe, Wareham, and Winburn. Bath, Wells, Briftol in part, Taunton, Bridgewatei*, Ilcheftcr, Minehead, Milbourn-Port, Glaftonbury, Wel- lington, Dulverton,Du n fter. Watch- ' •: et, Yeovil, Somerton, Axbridge, Chard, Bruton, Shepton - Mallet, Crofcomb, and Froome. Exeter, Plymouth, Barnftable, Bid- deford, Tiverton, Honiton, Dart- mouth, Taviftock, Topfliam, Okc- hampton, Afhburton, Crediton, Moulton, Torringt0n,Totnefs, Ax- minfter, Ply mpton, and Ilfracomb. Launcefton, Falmouth, Truro, Salt- afli, Bodmyn, St. Ives, Padftow, Tregony, Fowey, Penryn, Kelling- ton, Leflceard, Lcftwithiel, Hellion, Penzance, and Redruth. York, Leeds, Wakefield, Halifa^r, Rippon, Pontefraft, Hull, Rich- mond, Scarborough,Boroughbridge, Malton, Sheffield, Doncafter, Whit- * la (he Lci\\ or Spi in ^ ij&ztt, die Korthcra clxcuitt m«nd only to York aad *■ ^^i 9C4 PIKCUITI. ENGLAND. COUSJTIIS. CHIEF TQTVNS. ..--,-.'..u Korthern circuit, fpotinued. i-v'v .^fiv Durham • • Lancafter Weftmorland Cumberland by, Beverley, Northallerton, Bur- lington, Knarelborough, Barnefley, Sherborne, Bradford, Tadcafter, Skipton, Wetherby, Ripley, Hey. don, Howden,Thir/ke,Gifborough, Pickering, and Yarum. Durham, Stockton, Sunderland, Stan- I hope, Barnard-Caftle, Darlington, > Hartlepool, and Awkland. Northumberland i Netvcafile, Tinmouth, North Shields, Morpeth, Alnwick, and Hexham. Lanca(ter,Manchefter,Prefton, Liver- pool, Wigan, Rochdale, Warring- ton, Bury, Ormikirk; Hawk(head| and Newton. Appleby, Kendal, Lonfdale, Kirby- Stephen, Orton, Ambleiide, Bur- rV>- ton, and Milthorpe. CarHfle,Penrith,Cockermoutb, White- haven, Ravenglafs, Egremont, Kef- wick, Workington, and Jerby. Widdlefex Is not comprehended in thefe circuits; nor Chefliire, "vhich, being a coimty palatine, enjoys municipal laws and privileges. The fame may be faid of Wales, which is divided into four circuits. fMiddiefcx - Counties, Mclufive of^ ti>e circuits. [ Chefler - cmt::M^i^, London, firft meridian, north lat. 5r. 31. Weftminfter, Uxbridge, Brent- ford, Chelfea, Highgate, Hamp- flead, KenHngton, isickney, and f Harapton-Court. Chefter,Nantwich,Macclesfield,Mal- - pas, Norwich, Middlewich, Sand- bach, Congleton, Knotsferd, Froi di(ham, and Haulton. ''•^ . i. ■■'■ . ■ I . CIRCUITS o» WALES. ; 'f North Eaft circuit - - Flint "J Flint, St. Afaph, and Holywell. Denbigh - - - - f Denbigh, Wrexham, and Ruthen. Montgomery - -t Montgomery, Llanvylin, and Welch- 3 Pool. -'S Beaumaris, Holyhead, and Newburgh. - ( Bangor, Conway, Caernarvon, and f PullhiUy. -3 Dolgelly, Bala, and Halelgh. -S Radnor, Preftean, and Knighton. South-Eaft J Brecon - ... - f Brecknock, Built, and Hay. circuit - - j Glamorgan - - - f LlandafF, Cardiff, Cowbridge, Neath, f J and Swanfey. rAnglefea - No* th Weft J Caernarvon circuit - - j ;.¥»^U^,«.. (Merioneth • C Radnor Lancaftcr ; the afliztt at PiirJiam, 'Mewcaftle, Appleby, and Carliflr, bciog held only in tbt. autun'o^ uftd diiliu^uilbcd bj the appcUiiton of the hng drcuk. ' »' CltttriTf. ' COUMTIES. E N G L AN D. '' CHIEF TOWNS. ao^ rPembroke - - -" South -Weft J Cardigan - - - circuit • - J { Caermarthen • 1 St. David's, Haverfordweft, Pem- broke, Tenby, Fifcard, and Mil- fordhaven. Cardigan, Aberiftwith, and Llanba- darn-vawer. Caermarthen, Kidwelly, Llanimdo- very, Landilobawr, Langharni and Lanelthy. Ik ENGLAND. 40 Counties, which fend up to parliament - - 80 knights. 25 Cities (Ely none, London four) - •,. 5, - 50 citizens. "* , . 167 Boroughs, two each - .---.- 334 burgefles. e Boroughs (Abingdon, Banbury, Bewdley, ") - w, (T Highanrj-Ferrars,and Monmouth,) one each I S ourgcues, ., ft Uaiverfiti'^s • ---------- 4 rcprefentatircs. 13 Cinque ports (Haftings, Dover, Sandwich,! Romney, Hythe, and their three dependents, > 16 barons. _; > W-iV-w Rye, Winchelfea, and Seaford,) two each WALES. 12 Counties ----------- 12 knightt. 12 Boroughs (Pembroke two, Merioneth none,) 7 bureefles .-■ J■^.•t■^i^..:^K SCOTLANE^ ' "^" 'J.^-;-' , V^ ' " 33 Shires - - .. - 37 Cities and Boroughs 30 knights. 1 5 burgefles* ■^',- .'Si'i^-^V Total - 558 II Befid'es the fifty-two counties into which England and Wales are di- vided, there are counties corporate, conHfling of certain di{lri(fls, to which the liberties and jurifdiflions peculiar to a county have been granted by royal charter. Thus the city of London is a county di- ftinft from Middlefex; the cities of York, Cbeftcr, Bri^ol, Exeter, Norwich, Worcefter, and the, towns of Kingfton upon Hull, and New- caftle upon Tyne, are counties of themfelves, diftln6t from thofe in which they lie. The fame may be faid of Berwick upon Tweed, which lies in Scotland, an.l has within its jurifdit^ion a fmall territory of two miles on the north fide of the river. Under the name of a|Sp«'n, boroi.ghs and cities are contained; for every borough or city i', a town, thougii every town is not a borough or city. A borough is.fo called, becaufe it fend up burgefles to par- liament; and this makes the difference between a village or town, and a borough. Some boroughs are corporate, and fome not corporate ; and though decayed, as Old Sarum, tliey Hill fend burgefles to parlia- meat. A city is a corporate borou^i, that has, or has had, a bifliop; fot if the biflioprick be diflbivcd, yel the city remaifls. To have fub- ^ . r :.. . 'i V- • ■■'A. ^ Jr. to6 ENGLAND. urbs, proves It to be & city, dome cities are alfo couhttes, as before mentioned. SoiLf AIR, SBA80V8, AND WAtBKt] The foil of England and Walei differs in each county, not (o miich from the nature of the ground, though thi.. muft be admitted to ocdafion a Very confiderabk altera- tion, as from the progrefs which the inhabitants of each county have made in the cultivation of lands and gardeiis, the draining of marflies| and many other local improvements, which are here carried io a much greater degree of perfe^ion than they are perhaps iti any other part of the world, if we except China. To enter upon particular fpecimens and proofs of thefe improvements, w*uld require a large volume. All that can be faid, therefore, is, in general, that if no unkindly feafon happen, England produces corn not only fufficlent to maintain her own inhabitants, but to bring large fums of ready money for her exports. The foil of England feems to be particularly adapted for rearing timber; and the plantations of trees round the houfes of noblemen and gintlemen, and even of peafants, are delightful and afloniibing at the me time. Some have obferved a decay of that oak timber which an- ciently formed the great fleets that England put to fea ; but as no pub- Be complaints of this kind have been heard, it may be fuppofed (hat great {lores arc ftill in referve; unlefs it may be thouf];lit that our flyip. yards have lately been partly fupplied from America or the Baltic. As to air, little Can be added to what has been already faid con- ceraing the climate *. In many places it is certainly loaded with va- pours wafted from the Atlantic ocean by wefterly winds; but they are ventilated by winds and ilorms, fo that in this refpe^t England is, to foreigners, and people of delicate conflitutions, more difagreeable than iinraUibrious. It cannot, however, be denied that in England the wea- ther is fo exceffively capricious and unfavourable to certain conflitu- tioos, that many of the inhabitants are induced to fly to foreign couiv tries, in hopes of obtaining a renovation of their health. After what we have obferved on the Englifli air, the reader may form fome idea of its feafdns, which are fo uncertain, that they admit of no defcription. Spring, fummer, Ikutnmft, and winter, fucceed each other; but in what month their different appearances take place, is very un- determined. The fpring begins fometimes in February, and fometimes in April. In May the face of the country is often covered with hoar- froft inftead of bloflbms. The beginning of June is fometimes as cold as the middle of December; yet at other times. the thermometer rlfes in that month as high as it does in Italy. Even Augufl has its viciffi- tudes of heat and cold ; and, upon an average, September, and next to it 0£lober,.are the two moft agreeable months in the year. The natives ^ The climate of England hai more advantages than are generally allowed It, if We admit the opiUion of kin^ Chailcs the Sccund upon thii fubjedl, which is cor- roborated by that of fir William Ttniple : and it niay be obferved, that they were both travellers. " 1 muft needs add one thing," fays fir William, in his Mi/cillauM, |»art ii. p. 1 14, edit. 8vo. i6<)0, •• in favour oT our ciimate, which 1 heard the king ** fay, and I thought new and right, and truly like a ki:ig of England, that loved and •• eilcemed his own coiinti7. It wa» in r ply to fome company that were reviling om- ■' climate, and extolling thofe of Italy and Spain, or at leall ot France. He faid, *' He thought that wa« the bed climate where he could be abroad in the air with « pleafui e, or at leaft without trouble or inc«mvcnier.cc, the moft dayi in the year, « and the tnoli hours in the day; and this he thought he could be in England, more «' than in imy country he knew in Europe." «• And I believe," adds fir WiU'am, •' it *■ is true, not only < f the hot and the cold, but even among ' ur neighbours in fi France and the Low Countries themftlves, where the heats or the colds, and changes <' of fcafou5, arc icfi> treatable (or moderate) than they are wiih u^." EN G LAND. •>! «07 fometimet experience all the font feafons withyi the'coinpaCs of one day, cold, temperate, hot, and mild weather. This inconftancyv however, is not attended with the etfeAs that ihight be naturally apprehended. A fortnight, or at moft^hree weeks, generally make up the difference with regard to the maturity of the fruits of the earth ; and it is hardly ever ob- ferved that the inhabitants fuffer by a hot fummer. Even the greateft irregularity, and the moil unfavourable appearaoce of the feafons, are not, as in other countries, attended with famine, and very feldom with fcarcity. Perhaps this, in a great meafure, may be owing to the vaft improvements of agriculture ; for when fcarcity has been complained of, it generally, if not always, proceed^^d from the cxceffire exporta- tions of grain, on account of the drawback and the profit of the re- turns. The champaign {5arts of England are generally fupplied with excel- lent fpriligs and fountains ; though a difcerning palate may perceive that they frequentUy contain fome mineral i'upregiiatton. In fome very high lands, the inhabitants are diftrelTed for water, and fupply them- felves by trenched, or digging deep wells. The conftitutions of the £ngli(h, and the difeafes to which they are liable, have rendered them extremely inquiHtive after falubrious waters, for the recovery and pre- fervation of their he.iith ; fo that England contains as many mineral wells, of known efficacy, as perhaps any country in the world. The moA celebrated are the hot-baths of Bath and Briflol in Somerfetfliirr, and of Buxton and Matlock in Derbylhire; the mineral waters ofvTun- bridge, Epfom, Harrowgate, and Scarborough. Sea-water is ufed at commonly as any other ror medical purpofes ; and fo delicate are the tones of the Englifli fibres, that the patients can perceive, both in drink- ing and bathing, a difference between the fea-water of one coaft and that of another. Facs of the country, ) The indiiftry of the Englifh is fuch, as AND MOUNTAINS. j *<* fupply the ahfcncc of thofe favours which nature has fo laviflily bellowed Aipon fome foreign climates, and in many refpe£ts even to exceed them. Na-jiation in the world can equal the cultivated parts of England in beautiful fcenes. The .variety of tiigh-Iands and low-lands, the former gently fwelling, and both of theiu forming the moft luxuriant profpefts, the corn and meadow grounds, the intermixtures of inclofures and plantation, the noble feats, comfortable houfes, cheerful villages, and well-ftocked farms, often rifing ia the neighbourhood of populous towns and cities, decorated with the mofl vivid colours of nature, are objeifils of which an adequate idea cannot be conveyed by delcription. The moft barren fpots are not without their verdure; but nothing can give us a higher idea of the Englilh induftry, than obferving that fome of the pleafanteft counties in the kingdom are naturally the moft barren, but rendered fruitful by labour. Upon the whole, it may be fafely affirmed, that no countryHn Europe equals Eng- land in the beauty of its profpeds, or the opulence of its inhabitants,., Though England is full of delightful rifing grounds, and the mod enchanting (lopes, yet it contains few mountains. The moft noted are the Peak in Derbyfhire, the Endle in Lancailiire, the Wolds in York- fliire, the Cheviot-hills on the borders of Scotland, the Chiltcrn ia Bucks, Malvern in Worcefterfliire, CotAvould in Gloucefterfliire, the Wrekin in Shropftiire; with thofe of Plinlimmon and Snowdon in Wales. In general, however, Wales and the northern parts may be termed mountainous. iliviiRS AND LAK£s.] The rivcfs in England aJd greatly to^its beau- ?!'. h^i. n[:[ soS ENGLAND. ty as well as its opulpncc. The Thames rifes on the conffnes of Ctlnn* cefterfliire, a little S. W. of Cirencefter ; and, after receiving the many tributary ftrtams of other river-!, it pafles to Oxford, then by Abingdon, Walliiigford, Reading, Marlovv, and Wiiidfor. From thentc to Kingf. ton, where formerly it met the tide, which, fince the building of Weft- minfter-bridge, is laid to flow no higher than Richmond; from whence it flows to London, and after dividing the counties of Kent and fifTex, it widens in its progrefs, till it falls into the fca at the Nore, from whence it is navigable for Targe (liips to London-bridge. It w«g formerly a re- proach to England among foreigners, that fo capital a river iliould have fo few bridges; thofe of London, and Kingfton being the only two it had, from the Nore to the laft-mehtioned place, for many ages. This incQjivenicncy was in fome meafure owing to the dearnefs of materials for building flone bridges, but perliaps more to the fondnefs which the Englifli, in former days, had for water-carriage, and the encouragement cf navigation. The great increafc of riches, commerce, and inland trade, is now multiplying bridges ; and the world cannot parallel, for commodioufnefs, archittdiire, and workmanftiip, thofe lately erefled at Wefhiiinfter and Black Fi iars. Batterfta, Putney, Kew, Richmond, Walton, and Hampton court, have now brtJ^^es likewife over the Thames, and others are projeAing by public- fplrited pr.iprietors of the grounds on both fides. The river Medway, which rifesnear Tunbridge, falls into thcThames at Sheernefs, and is navigable for the largeft fliips as far as Chatham. The Severn, reckoned the fecond river for importance in England, and the firft for rapidity, rifes at Plinlin^mon-hill in North Wales ; becomes navigable at Wclfh-pool ; runs eaft to Shrewfbiiry ; then turning fouth, vifits Bridgnorth, Worceller, and Ttwkefbury; where it receives the Upper Avon ; afte.- having paffed Gloucefter, it takes a fouth-weft di-^ rcftion ; is, near its mouth, increafed by the Wye and Uftre, and dif- charges itfclf into the Briflol Channel, near King-road, where lie the great fliips which cannot get up to Briflol. The Trent rifes in the Moorlands of Stafford fliirc, and running fouth-eaft by Ncwcaftle-under- Line, divides that coui^ty into two parts; then turning north-eaft on the confines of Derbyfliire, vifits Nottingham, running the whole length of that county to Lincolnfliire, and being joined by the Oufe and fevcral other rivers towards the month, obtains the name of the Humber, fall- inginto the fea fouth-eaft of Hull. The other principal rivers in England aie the Oufe (a Gaelic word fig- nifying -ivater in general) which falls into ':he Humber, after receiving the waters of many other rivers. Another Oufe riles in Bucks, and falls into the fea jiear Lynn in Norfolk. The Tyne runs from wefl to eaft through Northumberland, and falls into the German fea at Tinniouth, *;*♦•• ^elow Newcaftle. The Tees runs from weft to eaft, dividing Durham ; : '' from Yorkfliire, and falls into the German fea below Stockton. The Tweed runs from weft to eaft, on the borders of Scotland, and falls in- to the German fea at Berwick. The Eden runs from fouth to north through Weftmorland and Cumberland, and palTing by Carlifle, falls into Solway Frith below that city. The Lowei; Avon runs weft through Wiltfliire to Bath, and then dividing Somerfetfliire from Gloucefter- fliire, runs to Briftol, falling into the mouth of the Severn below that city. The Derwent runs from eaft to weft through Cumberland, and pa fling by Cockermouth, falls into the Irifh fea a little below. The Ribble runs from eaft to weft through Lancaftiire, and pafling by Frelloa, dil'charges itfelf iuto the Iriih fea. The Mcrfey runs ']■« '^ ENGLAND. «09 e many inc,iion, Kingf- f Weft, whence d Eflex, whence ly a re- M y two It s. This tiaterials hich the •agcmcnt d inland allel, for f ercfled chmond, over the )r5 of the cThamcs Chatham, land, and 1 becomes ing fouth, ccives the i-weft di-. , and dif- ;re lie the ifes in the He-under- eaft on the length of nd fevcral nber, fall- : word fig- receiving , and falls reft to eaft rinn»outh, g Durham Lton. The nd falls in- h to north rlifle, falls eft through 51oucefter- below that mberland, ittle below, nd paffing Icrfey ruas 11 from the fonth-eaft to the north-weft through Chciliire, and then di- viding Chcfliire from Lancafliire, pafTes by Liverpool, and falls into the Iridi Tea a little below that town { and the Dee rifes in Wales, and (lividei Flintfliire from Chediire, falling iiiiiS the IriHi channel below Cliefter. The lakes of England are few; though it is plain from hiftory and an-. tiquity, and iMdeed, in fome places, from the face of the country, that meres' and fens have been frequent in England, till drained and con- verted into arable land. The chief lakes remaij>ing are Soham mere,. Wittlefea mere, and Ramfey mere, in the ille of eFv, in Cambridge-- fliire. All thefe meres in a rainy feafon are overflowed, and form a lake of 40 or CO miles in circumference. Winander mere lies in Weftmori. land, and fome fmall lakes in Lanca(hire go by the name of Derwenl waters. ' Forests.] The firft Norman kings of England, partly for political purpofes, that they might the more cfFeftually enflavc tlifiir new fiib- jefts, and partly from the wantonnefs of power, converted immenfe trafks of ground into forefts for hunting : and thefe were governed by laws peculiar to themfelves, fo that it was neceflary, about the time of paffing the Magna Charta, to form a code of the foreft-laws; and Juf- tices in Eyre, w called from their fitting in the open air» were appoint- ed to fee them obferved. By degrees thofe vaft trails were disforefted ; and the chief forefts, properly fo called, remaining out of no fewer than 6ci, are thofe of Windfor, New Foreft, the Forcft of Dean, and Sher- wood Foreft. Thefe forefts produced formerly great quantities of ex- cellent oak, elm, afli, and beech, belides wainut-irees, poplar, maple, and other kinds of wood. In ancient limes England cont^iined large woods, if not forefts, 'of chefiuit trees, which exceeded all pther kijids of timber for the purpofes of building, as appears from many great houfes ftill (^anding, in which the cheinut beams and roofs remain ftill frefh and undecayed, though feme of them are above 600 years old. Metals AND minerals,] Among the mineral;, the v.t, mines of Cornwall defervedly takje the lead. They were known to ihe Greeks and Phoenicians, the latter efpecially, fome ages bbfore the Chriftian sra; and fince the Englifli have found a method of manufadturing their tin into plates and white iron, they are of immenfe benefit to the nation. All ore called mundic is found in the beds of tin, which was very little regarded, till, above 7o^ears ago, fir Gilbert Clark difcovered the art of manufafturing it ; and it is faid now to bring in i 50,0001 a year, and to ^ equal in goodnefs the beft Spanifti popper, yielding a proportionable quantity of lapis calaminaris for making brafs. T^ofe tin works are under peculiar regulations, by what arc called the ftannary laws ; and the miners have parliaments and privileges of their own, which are in force at this tiniC. The number of Coruilli miners are (aid to amount to 100,000. Some gold has likewife been difcovered in Cornwall, and . the Engliih lead is impregnated with filver. The Englifli coined filvcr is particularly known by rofes, and that of Wales by tlie prince's cap of fcatheis. Devonftiire, and other counties of England, produce mar- ble; but the beft kind, which refembles Egyptian granite, is exceffively hard to work. Qiiarries of freeftone, are found in many places. North- umberland and Chefliire yield alum andi^lt pits. The Englifli ful- ler's earth is of fuch confequcnce to the clothing trade, that its exporta- tion is prohibited under fevcre peaalties. Pit and i'ea-coal is found in rtiany counties of ^ngland ; but the city of London, to encourage the imritiy of feamen, is chiefly fupplied frpm the pits of Northumberland, ; iSi 2IO ENGLAND. .; :^: and the bifiiopfic of Durham. The cargoes are fliipped at New^aftW and Siindeiland, and the exportation of coals to other coiintrjes isvery confiderable. The mines of Northtimberland alone fend every year im^ wards of 600,006 chaldron 'of coah to T.ondon ; and 1500 veffels are employed in carrying them to that harbour along; jhc eafltrrn coaftof Engfand. iii.^-.:' ' ^: nzi'un.U r ■ '• ■ ■ ■iih.at mv^re fuccefsful than in tlw cultivation of clover, cinquefoil, trefoil, faintfoin, lucern, and otherVneliorating grafTes f t r the foil. It be igs to a botanift to recount the various kitids of ufeful and falutary herbs, flihibs, and rootj, that grow in different parts of England. The foil of Kent, Effcx, Surry, and Hampfliire, is mwfl fevourable to the dirticiilt fliid tender culture of hops, which arc now becon^e a very confidwablft | Jirticle of trade. 8 ENGLAND. 2n With re"4i'd to aniMal productions, I fliall begin with the qua- drupeds. The Englifli oxen are Irirge and fat ; but fome prefer for ths table the fmnller b/ced of the Scotch and Welch cattle, after grazing in inglifli paftures. The Englifli horic.. are the belt in the world, whether we regard their fpirit, ftrength, fwiltnefs, or docilitv. Incredible have been the pains taken, by all ranks, for improving the breed of this fa- vourite and noble animal ; and the fuccefs hfts been anfwerable; for they now unite all the qualities and bpautics of Indian, Perfian, Arabian, Spanifli, ana other foreign horfes. The irrefiftible fpirit and weigh": of the Enolifli cavalry render them fuperior to all others in war: and nii Englifh hunter will perform incredible things in a fox or ftag-chafe. Thofe which draw carriages in the ftreets of London are often parti- cularly beautiful. The exportation of horfes has of late become a con- fiderable article of commerce; The breed of afles and mules begins likewife to be improved and encouraged in England. The Engiifli flieep are of two kinds ; thofe that are valuable for their fleece, and thofe that are proper for the table. The former are verr large, and their fleeces conftitute the original ftaple commodity of Eng- land. In fome counties the inhabitants are as curious in their breed of rams, as in thofe of their horfes and dogs; and in'Lincolnfhire parri> tularly, it is no uncommon thing for one of thefe animals to fell for 50!. It muft, however, be owned, that thofe large fnt flieep are very rank eating. It is thought that in England twelve millions of fleeces an: fliorn annually, which, af a medium of 2s. a fleece; make? i,20o,oooL T'le other kind of flieep which are fed upon t' e downs, fuch as thofn ofBanftead, Bagfl-iOt-heath, and Etevonfliire, where they have what the farmers call the Ihort bite, is little if at all inferior in flavour and fweetnefs to venifon. The Engiifli maftiffs and bull-dogs ire faid to be the ftrohgeft an^ fierceft of the canine fpecies in the world ; but either from the chzinoe of foil, or feeding, they degenerate in foreign climates. James I, of England, by Avay of experiment, turned out two Engiifli bull dogs upon one of the fierceft lions in the Tower, and they I'qof conquered him. The maftifF, however, has all the courage of th^* bul'-dog, without its ft-rocity, and is particularly diftinguiflied for his fidelity and docility. All the diff^erent f|)€iles of dogs that abound in other countries, for the fid'i as well a« domeftic ufes, are to be found in Enpland. What I have obferved of the degeneracy of the Engiifli dogs In fo- reign countries, it applicable to the Engliih gair.e-cocks, wliich atRjrd much barbarous dlverfion to our fportfmen. The courage, of thefe birds is aftonifliing, and one of the true breed never len'cs the pit alive without viftory. The proprietors and feeders of this generous Anixal are likewife extremely curious as to his blood and pedigree. Tame fow46 are much the fame in England as in other countries j turkeys, peacocks, common poultry, fuch as cocks, pullets, and capons, geeTe, fwans, ducks, and tame pigeons. The wild fort arc buflards, wild geefe, wild ducks, teal, wigeon, plover, pheafants, partridges, woodcocks, gronfe, qu.ul, landrail, fuipe, wood pigeons, hav J-.s of dif- ferent kinds, kites, owls, herons, crows, rooks, ravens, magpies, jack- daws and jays, blackbirds, thruflies, nightingalci, goldflnciif s, linnets, larks, and a great variety of fmaU birds ; canary bird: alfu breed in Env^- land. The wheat-ear is by many preferred to the ortolan, for the deli- cacy of its flefli and flavour, and is peculiar to England. Few countries are better fupplied than England with river nrd fea- fifli. Her rivers and ponds contain plenty lA fulmon, troi;t, cds, pifce^ 212 ENGLAND. perch, (nselts, carp, tench, barbel, gudgeons, roach, dace, grey mullet bream, plaice, flounders, and craw-fifli, befides a delicate lake-fifl/ called char, which is found in fome frelh-water lakes of Wales and Cum'. berland, and, as fome fay, no where elfe. The fea-fi(li are cod, mack. arel, haddotk, whitings he-fings, pilchard, Ikaite, foles. The john.dory found towards the >ve*, on the other hand, the few connexions they form, are fin- cere, chej": :1, and indifi'oluble. The like hal^its defcenu prettv far into the : *' -r > ->•'!'>•, and are often difcernible among tradesmen. This love cJ iDqg.icfs and conveniency may be called the ruling pafHon of the Englifli people, and is the ultimate end of all their application, labours, and fatigues. A good ecoriomift, with a brift run of trade, is generally, when turned of co, in a condition to retire frohi bufi- neis; that is, either to purchale an eftate, or fettle his money iij the I funds. He then commonly refides in a comfortable houf'S in the coun,- [tr/, ofieu his i^tivc comity, auci ?xpe<^s ta b» Ueatc<;l oji the footing P 3 314 ENGLAND. of a gentleman ; but his ftyle of r, 'ng is always judicioufly fuited tQ hi§ circnnftances. ' The humanity of the Englifh h difcovered is nothing more than ia the large fubfcriptio':s for public charities, raifed, by all degrees of both fexcs. An Englifhman feels all the pains which a fellovv-creature fuf. fers ; and poor and mifeiable obje(5ts ^re ^-elieved in England with the greateft liberality. The very peifons who contribute to thofe collec- tions are at the fame time afleifed in proportion to their property for their parochial poor, who have a legal dempnd for their maintenance; nnd upwards of three millions ftcrling is faid.to be coUefted yearly in, this country for charitable purpofes. The inftitutions, howeyer, of extra-parochial infirmaries, hofpitals, and the like, are in fome' cafes reprehenfible. The vaft fiims bellowed in building them, the con- tracts made by their governors, and even the eleftion of phyficians tvho thereby, qualified or unqualifitd, acquire credit, which is the fame as profit, very often beget heats and ^cabals, which are very diiFerent irom thp purpofes of difiqereiled charity, owing to the violent at- tacnments and prepolFcflions of Iriends, and too often cveii to party confiderations, \ . \ The Englifli lifte. r '* v voice of misfortunes in trade, whether real qr pretended, deferved cideiital, and gerieroufly contribute to the relief of the parties, fou> .mes evert by placing them in a more cre- ditable condition than ever. The loweft-bfed of the Englifli are capa- ble of thefe and the like generous aflions : but they often make an often- tatious difplay of their own merits, which diminiflies their value. There is, among the generality of the Engliilj of all ranks, an unpardonable preference given to wealth, above inoft other confiderations. Riches, both in public and private, are often thought to compenfate for the ab- icnce of almoft every good quality. This offenfive failing arifes partly from the people being fo much addifted to trade anj commerce, the great object of which is gain ; and partly from the democratical part 6f their conllitution, which m;ikes the poficffion of property a qualifi- cation for the legiflature, and for nimoft every other fp«cies of magiftra- cy, government, honours, and dillinClions. An Englifliman, of eJucation and reading, is the moft accomplifhed gentleman in the world : he is, however, fliy and r^ferved in his com- munications. This unamiable coldnefs is fo fa^r from being affefted, that it is a part of tlieir natural conftitution. Living learning and fenius often mett not with their fuitable regard even from the tint-rate Ingllfiimen ; and it is not uiiufual for them to throw afide the beft pro- du^ions of littraturo, if they are not acquaifited with the author. While the Ihte diftlnrti^n of Whig and Tory fubfifteci, the heads of each party affe<5led to ( atronife men of literary abilities; but the pecu- niary encouragements g^ven them were but very moderate; and the very few who met with prcfernu-nts in the ftate, might- have earned them by a competent knowledge of bufinefs, and that piiability which, the dependents in oflice .generally poflefs. We fcarcely have an in- ftance, even in the nuinificent reign of queen Anne, or of her prede- ceflbrs who owed fo much to the prefs, of a man of genius, as fuch, being made eafy in his circumftanccs. Mr. Addifon had about 300I. a ytar of the pulilic money to alfift hiiTJ in his travels ; and Mr. Pope, though a Romr.n catholic, was offered, but did not accept of, the Hke pienfion fro.n Mr. Crag^s, the whig fecrelary of ftate; and it was re- marked, that ;;is tory friend and companion, the earl of Oxford, whcii ENGLAND. it$ jbic minifler, did nothing for hinn, but bewail his mlsfbrtiirie in being st napift* Indeed, a few men of diftinguiflied literary abilities, as well as Tome without, have of late received penfions from the crown ; but from the condmft of feme of them, it fliould feem that ftate and part/ fcrvices have been expected in return. The unevennefs of the Englifli in their converfation is very remark- able : fometimes it is delicate, fprigbtly, a>id replete with tr«e wit ; feme-' times it is folid, ingenious and argumentative ; fometimes it is cold and phlegmatic, and borders upon diiguft ; and all in the fame perfon. In niany of their convivial meetings they are very noify, and their wit \i often offenfive, while the loudeft are the moft applauded. This is par- rl'-ularly apt to be. the cafe in large companies ; but in fmaller and more feleft parties, all the pleafures of rational converfation and agreeable fo- ciety are enjoyed in England in a very high degree. Courage is a qua-* |ity that feems to be congenial to the Englifli nation. jBoys, before they (Can fpeak, difcover that they know the proper guards in boxing with their fills ; a quality that perhaps is peculiar to the Englifh, and is fe- conded Tjy a ftreagth of arm that few other people can exert. This gives the Englifli foldier an infinite fuperiority in all battles that are to he decided by the bayonet fcrewed upon the mulket. The Englidi cou- rage has Ijkewife the property, under able commanders, of being equally paffive as active. Their foldiers will keep up their fire in the mouth of danger; but when they deliver it, it has a moft dreadful effeft updn their enemies; and in naval engagements they are unequalled. , The Englifh are not remarkable for invention, though they are for their im- provements upon the inventions qf others ; and in the mechanical arts they excel all nations in the worlfl. The intenfe application which an Englifhman gives to a favourite ftudy is incredibk, and, as it were, ab- forbs all his other ideas. This creates the numerous inilances of men- tal abfence that are to be found in the nation. All that has been faid concerning the Englifli, is to be underflood of them irj general, as they are at prefcnt ; for it is not to be diflembled, that every day produces ftrong indications of great alterations in their man- ners. The great fortunes made during the late and the preceding wars, the immenfe acquifitions of territory by the peace of 1763, and, above all, the amazing increafe of territorial as well as commercial property in the Eaft Indies, introduced a fpecies of people among Hfp Englifli, who have become rich without induftry, and, by diminifliing the value of gold and filver, have created a new lyftem of finances in the nation. Time alone can fliow the event ; hitherto the confequence feeftis to have been unfavourable, as it has introduced among the commiercial ranks a fpirit of luxury and gaming that is attended with the moil: fatal eife£ls, and an emulation among merchants and traders of all kinds, to equa[ or furpafs the nobility and the courtiers. The plain frugal man- ners of men of bufinefs, which prevailed fo lately a? the acceHion, of the prefdnt family to the crown, are now difregarded for taflelefs ex- travagance of drefs and equipage, and the mofl expenfive amufements and diverfions, not only in the capital, but all over the trading towns of the kingdom. Even the cuftoms of the Englifh have, fince the beginning of this century, undergone an almoft total alteration. Their ancient hofpira- lify fublifls but in few places in the country, or is revived only upon eleftionecring occafions. Many of their favourite diverfions are now dii'ufcd. Thofe remaining are operas, dramatic exhibitions, ridottos, and fometimes mafquerades in or near London ; but conceits of mu« P4 • 3l6 ENGLAND.- lic, and card and dancing aflemblies, are common all over the king. dom. I have already mentioned flag and fox-hunting, and horle. racesi of which many of the Englilh are fond, even to infatuation. Somewhat, however, may be oflFered by way of apology for thofe diver-" lions : the intenfe application which the Englifti give to bufihefs, their fcdentary, lives, and luxurious diet, require exercifc ; and feme think that their excellent breed of horfes is increafed and improved by thoife amufements. The Englidi are remarkably cool, both in lofing and winning at play; but the former is fometimes attended \vith acts of futcide. An Enj»lifliman will rather murder hinifelf, than bring a fliarper, who iit knows has fleeced him, to condign puni(hment, even. though warranted by law. Next tn horfe-racing and hunting, cock- iightmg, to the reproach of the nation, is a favourite diverfion among the great as wrfU as the vulgar. Multitudes of both clafles aflehible round the pit at one of thofe niatches, and enjoy thie pangs and death of this generous animal ; every fpe^tator being concerned in a bet, fometimes of high fums. The athletir diverfion of cricket'is ftUl kept up in the fouthern and weftern parts of Ei.j'Jand, and is fometimes prac- tifed by people of the higheft rank. Many other paftimcs are common in England, fome of them of a very robuft nature, fuch as cudgelling, • wreftling, bowls, (kittles, quoits, and prifon-bafe; not to mention duck- hunting, foot and afs-races, dancing, puppet-fliows. May garlands, and, above all, ringing of bells, a fpecies of mufic which the Engli{l> boaft they have brought into an art. The barbarous diverfions of boxing ana prize-fighting, which were as frequent in England'as the (hows of gladi- ators in R^ome, are now prohihiteci, though often pradiled ; and all piaoes of public diverfion, excepting the royal theatre, are under reg;ulations by aft of parliament. Other diverfions, which are common in other countries, fnch as tennis, fives, bUliards, cards, fwimming, angling, fowling, courfing, and the like, are familiar to the Enjliili. Two kinds, and thofe highly laudable, are perhaps peculiar to them ; and thefe are rowing and failing. The latter, if not introduced, was patronifed and encouraged by hU prefent majefty's father, the late prince of Wales, and may be confidered as a national improvement. The Englifli arft amazingly fond of fkating, in which, however, they are not very expert ; but they are adventurous in it, often to the danger and lofs of their lives. The gamevafts have taken from the common people a great fund of diveriiop, though without anfvivering the purpofes of the rich ; for the farmers r«nd country people deftroy the game in their nefts, which they dare not kill with' the gun. This monopoly of game, among fo free a ppopte as the Englifli, has been confidered in various lights. Di;e88.] In the drefs of both fexes, before the prefent reign of George III. they followed the French: but that of the military officers partook of the German, in compliment to his late majcfty. The EnglifS, at prefent, bid fair to be the diftators of drefs to tlie French themfelve?, at leaft with regard to elep'ance, neatnefs, and richnefs of attire. People of quality and mrtunr, of both fexes, appear, on highoccafions, in cloth of gold and filvcr, the richeft brocades, fatins, filks, and velvets, both flowered and plain : and it is to the honour of the court, that the foreign manufactures of all thefe are difcouraged. Some of thefe rich Huffs are faid to be brought to as great perfeftion in England as they are jn France, or any other nation. The quantities of jewels that ap- pear on public occalions are incredible, efpecially fince the vafl acqui- fitions of the Enflifli in the Eaft Indies. The fame nobility, and pcr- Ibas of dilUn^iou, on ordinary occafiuns, drefs llRe creditable citizens, ENGLAND. ai; that Is, neat, dean, and plain, in the fineft cloth and the beft oflinen. The full drefs of a clergyman confifts of his gown, caflbck, fcarf, beaver-hat and rofe, all ot black; his tindrefs is a dark-grey frock, and plain linen. The phyficians, the forpiality of whofe drefs, in larpe tie perukes, and fwords, was formerly remarkable if not ridiculous, begin now to drefs like other gentlemen and men of bufinefs. Few Englifh- men, tradcfmen, merchants, and lawyers, as well as men of landed pro- perty, are without fome paflion for the fports of the field; -on which occafions, they drefs with remarkable propriety in a light frock, nar- row-brimf«,ed hat, &c. The people of England love rather to be neat than fine ill their apparel ; but fmcethe accellion of his prefent majefty, the drefft§ at court, on p^rricular occafions, are fuperb beyond. defcrip- tion. Few even of the loweft tradefmen, on Sundays, carry about them lefs than lol. in cloathing, comprehending hat, wig, {lockings, flioes, and linch; and even many beggars in theflreets appear decent in their drefs. In fliort, none but the moll abandoned or both fexesi are other •' wife; and the appearance of an artifan or manufafturer, in holiday. timeS) is commonly an indication of his induftry and morals. Religion.] Eufebius, and other ancient writers, pofitively aflert, that Chriftianity was firft preached in South Britain by the apoftles and their difciples ; and it is reafonable to fuppofc that the fuccefs of the Romans opened a way for the triumphs of the gofpel of peace. It is certain alfo, that many of the foldiers and ofBcers in the Roman armies, were Chriftians ; and as their legions were repeatedly ftnt over to Eng- hnd to extend as well as preferve their gonquells, it is probable that thus Chriftianity was diffufed among the natives. If any of the apoftles vifited this country and our heathen anccftors, it was St. Paul, whofe zeal, diligence, and fortitude, were abundant. But who was the firft preacher, or the precife year and period, the want of records leaves us' at a lofs ; and all the traditions about Jofeph of Arimathea and St. Pe- ter's preaching the g6fpel ir) Britain, and Simon Zelotes fufFering mar- tyrdom here, are romantic fables, and monkifh legends. We have good authority to fay, that, about the year 150, a great number of perfons profelTed the Chriftian, faith here : and, according to archbifhop Ufljer, in the year 182, there was a fchool of learning to provide the Britifii churches with proper teachers; and from that period it feems as if Chriftianity advanced its benign and falutary influences among the in- ' habitants in their feveral diftridls. It is unneceflary to repeat what has been faid in the Introduftion refpefting the rife and fall of the church of Rome in Europe. I fliall only obferve in this place, that John Wick- lifFe, an Englifliman, educated at Oxford in the reign, <>f Edward III. , has the honour of being the firft perfon in Europe who publicly called. in queftion, und boldly refuted, thofe dpftrii>es which had paflTed for certain during fo many ages. The conftitution of the church is epifco- pal, and it is governed by birtiops, 3ath and Wfells, Salilbury, Exeter, Chichefter, Norwich, Gloucef- * T© the following lift I have fubjoincd the fwn each fee is charged in the king'* boolfs ; fo( though that fiun is ftir from being the real annual value Oif the fee, yet it alTifts in forming a comparative edimute between the revenues of cadh fcfraiid thofe of another, ARCHBISHOPRICS. £.l6i^ IS » I York, . w . £.i6io o o BISHOPRICS. Chichcfler, - - . Canterbury, - London, - * • jroo Durham, i8;i I 3 ■Winchefter, - »ii4 12 8 Thefe three biftopiics taVe priccdcncy of ill other* in Enjildnd ; and the others according to the feniority of their confccratiuns. riy. - -. - ZI.U i8 6 Bath and Wells, - 53.1 « 3 Hereford, 768 II o Rochtfter, 3J8 4 Litchfield and Coventry, 55<) «7 ^ Ohcfttr, 420 I 8 Wt-rctfter, 9jy 13 3 St. Afaph, Salilbury, Bangor, Norwich » Giouccfter, - Lincoln, Landaif, Briftoi , Car me, E.ietcr rLtcI>burougb, Oxford, St. David'8> • I II S 16 677 .87 138s l^^ 834 II '5 7 94 18 154 14 394 II 53> 4 500 o 414 17 8 381 It o 426 > f ENGLAND, l»9 ivate perfoiK^ ivings. prebendaries, I exceeding jn arFchdeanry, .t prefer. , the are in a moll eafes with the g in England, ry VIIJ. have Lirch ; but this ■egal power to to Aibftitutc with regard to The kings of fs by prevent- e contented tq ; monarchical veuty-four bi-. ing poiTefled of riie two.aich- nified with the the realm, aa ecedence, next e is enabled to :rly cognifaWe f God, or the ►f granting, in the pj^obate of )unds. Befides n, Winchefter, :ford, Worcef- ficU, Gloucef- rged in the king'« : of the fee, ytt it ih feea^id thofe of £.i6tQ () 677 I J )37 II i 1385 5 13! 16 3 834 II 7 2'5 7 3 894 18 I 154 14 % 294 It 53 > 4 9 500 o o 414 17 8 381 II o 426 a { ter, Oxford, Peterborough, Bri(loI ; and, in Wales, St. I)avid*s, LandafT, gt. Afaph, and Bangor. The archbifhop of>Canterbury has, by the conftitution and laws of Jingland, fuch extenfive powers, that, ever fince the death of archbi- ihop Laud (whofe charaAfr will be hereafter given), the government of England has prudently tho\ight proper to raife to that dignity men qf "ery moderate principles ; but they have generally been men of confii derable learning and abilities. This pradnce has been fittended with excellent e'lFefts, with regard to the public tranquillity of the ^huiTch, and confequently of the ftate, . , The archbiihQp<)f York takes place of all dukes not of the blood royal, ^nd of all officers of ftate, the lord <;hancellor excepted. He has in his province, befides his own diocefe, t^e bifhoprics of Durham, Carlifle, Chefter, and Sodor and Man. In Northumberland, he has the power pf a palatine, and jurifdiiflion in all criminal proceedings. The biflmps are addrefled by the appellation of Your Lordfliip, ftyled ♦' Right reverend fathers in God," and take the precedence of all tempo- ral barons. They have all the privileges of peers ; and the biftio^rrcs of London, Winchefter, Purham, Salifmiry, Ely, and Lincoln, require no additional revenues to fupport'tbeir prelates in the rank of noblemen.. Englifli biihops are to examine and ordain priefls and deacons, to coaf):- ^rate churches an^ burying places, and to adminifter the rite ipf confir- mation. Their jurifdiftion relates to the probation of wills ; to grant ad» miniftration of goods to fuch as die inteilate ; to take care of perifhable goods when no one will adminifter ; to collate to benefices j to grant in- ftitutions to livings ; to defend the liberties of the church ; and to vifit their own diocefes once in three years. ■Deans and prebendaries pf cathedrals have been already mentioned :^ hut it would perhaps be difijcult to affign their utility in the church, far- ther than to add to the pomp of worfliip, and to make provifion for clergymen of eminence and merit ; but intereft often prevails over merit' in the appointment. England contains about fixty archdeacons, whofe office is to vifit the churches twice or thrice every year; but their oflices are lefs lucrative than they are, honourable. Subordinate to them are the rural deans, formerly ftyled arch-pre(byters, who fignify the bishop's pleafure to his clergy, the lower clafs of which confifts of priefts and deacons. Theecclefiafticalgovernment of England is, properly fpeaking, lodg- ed in the convocation, which is a national reprefentative or fynod,. and ani'wers pretty nearly to the ideas we have of a parliament. They are convoked at the fame time with every parliament ; and their bufinefs is to confider of the ftate of the church, and to call thofe to an account who have advanced new opinions inconfiftent with the dod^rines of the church of England. Some clergymen of an intolerant and perfecuting fpirit during the reign of queen Anne, and in the beginning of that of George L ralfed the power of the convocation to a height that was in- confiitent with the principles of religious toleration, and indeed of civil liberty ; fo that th"; crown was obliged to exert its prerogative of calling the members together, and of dilTolving them; and, ever fince, they have not been permitted to fit for any time in which they could do bufinefs. ,, The court of arches is the moft ancient confiftory of the province of Canterbury ; and all appeals in church matters, from the judgment of the inferior courts, are direfted to this. The procefibs run in the name of the judge, who is called dean of the arches ; and the advocates who plead in this court mull be doctors of the civil law. Xh^ court of audience f 2 20 ENGLAND. has the fame authority with this, .to which the archbifliop's chancery was formerly joined, Tiic prerogative court is ttiat wherein wills arc proved, and adminiftration taken out. The courts of peculiars, relating to cer- taiii pariflies, have ajurifdiftion among thcii\ielves, for the probate of wills, and are therefore exempt from the bifliop's courts. The fee of Canterbury has no lefs than fifteen of thcfe peculiars. The court of de- legates receives its name from its confifting of commiffioners delegated or appointed by the royal commilhoa ; but it is no llanding court. Every bifliop lias alfo a court of' his own, called the confiftory court, Ev^ry archdeacon has likewife hi^ court, as well as the dean and chapter of every cathedral. , , The church of England is now, bej'ond any other national church, tolerant in its principles. Moderation is its governing charatfter ; and in England no religious feft.is prevented from worlhipping God in tliat manner which their cojifciences approve. Sortie fevcre laws were, in- deed, lately in force againft thofe protcftant diflenters who did not af- fent to the doftrinal articles of the chul-ch of England ; but thefe l^ws were not executed ; and, in i775>, religious liberty received a confider- able augmentation, by an aft which was then pafled for granting a legal toleration to diflenting minifters and jchoolmaflers, without their fub- fcribing any of the Articles of the church of England. Not to enter upon the motives of the reformation under Heiiry VIII. it is certain that epi- fcopal governmetit, excepting the few years from the civil wars under Charles I. to the reftoration of his fon, has ever fince prevailed in Eng- land. The wifdom of acknowledging the king the head of the church, is confpicuous, in difcouraging all religious perfecutipn and intolerancy;. and if religious feftnries have multiplied in England, 4t is from the fame principle that civil licentipufnefs has prevailed ; I mean a tendernefs iti matters that can affc6l either confcience Or liberty. The bias which the clergy had towards popery in the leign of Henry VIII. and his fon, and even fo late as that of Elizabeth, occaHoned an Interpotition of the civil power for a farther reformation. Thence arofe the puritans^ fo called from their maintaining a fuigular purity of life -and manners. Many of them were worthy, pious men, and fome of them good patri- ots. 'Their defcendents are the' modern prelbyterians, who retain the fame charader, and have true principles of civil and religious liberty; hut their theological ftntinvents have undergone a confiderable change. Their doftrine, like the church of Scotland, was originally derived from the Geneva plai\ inftituted by Calvin, and tended to ap abolition of epifcopaty, and to veiling the government of the church in a parity of prelbyters. But the rriiodern Euglifli prelbyterians, in their ideas of church government, differ very little from the independents, or congre- gationalifts, who are fo called from holding the independency of coi-- jrrcgational churches, without any refpeft to doftrine; and, in this fenfe, almoft all the diffenurs in England are now become independents. As to points of (loftrine, the prielbyterians are generally Arminians. Many of their minifters have greatly dittinguirticd themfelves by their learning and abilities; and fome of their writings are held in high cllimation by many of the clergy, and other members of the edabliQied church. The iame may be faid of fome of the independent and baptift minifters. The indr pendents are generally Calvinifts. The baptifts do not believe that infants are proper fubjeds of baptifm; and in the baptifm of adults they pra<^ife immerfion into water. They are divided intc- twoclafles, which sre ftyled general baptifts, and particular baptifts. The general baptifts "are Arniiniaus, and the particular baptifts are Calvinifts. The mode- ENGLAND. ZU [lancery was arc proved, itiiigtocer- e probate of The fee of court of de- ;rs delegated idiiig court, jftory court, . and chapter onal church, i«Etcr ; and in God in that ivvs were, in- o diid not af- mt thefe laws d a confider- anting a legal )Ut their fub- to enter upon rtain that epi- il wars under ailed in Eng- )f the churcn, d intolerancy;, From the fame tendernefsiti he bias which . and his fon, ofttion of the |e puritans^ (o iud manners. In good patri- \ ho retain the Igions liberty; rable change, [ually derived a|i abolition h in a parity their ideas of Its, or coiigre- llency of cor- I, in this feiife, \(hvts. As to Ins. Many of Ithcir learning ]clHmation by ;hurch. The tinifters. The jt believe that lof adults they Iclafles, which pneral baptifts The mode- fate clergy of *^^ church of England treat the proteftant diflenters with jiffeftion and frlendfhip : and though, the hierarchy of their church, and the charafter of bifhops, are capital points in their religion, they conftder their differences with the prelbyterians, and even witli the bap- tifts as not being very material to falvation; riot" indeed do many of the eftabliflied church thmk that thtfy are ftriftly'and confcitntiouHy hovnd . to believe the doftrinal parts of the Thirty- nine Articles, which they are obliged to fubfcribe before they can enter into holy orders. Several of them have of late contended in their writings, that all fubfcriptlons to^ religious fyftems are repugnant to ^he fpirit qf Chriftian}ty, and to re- formation. Some doftrines, which were formerly generally confidered a/ too facred to be.oppofed, or fcven exdmlned, are now publicly con- troverted, particularly the tloftrine of the Trinity. Places of worffjip have been eftabliflied, in which that doftrine has been openly renounced ; and fevcral clergymen have thrown up valuable Hvinas in the church, and aifigned their dilbelief of that doctrine as the motive of their con- The MefkoJtJfs are ti feft of a late Inftltution, and tlielr .founder h ge- nerally looked upon to be Mr. Oeorge Whitfield, a divine of the church of England } but it is difficult to defcribe the tenets of this.oumerous feft. They pretend to great fervour and devotion ; and.thcir founder thought that the form of ccclefiafticilworfiiip, and, prayers, whether taken from a commpn-prayer book, or poure^ forth cJt^empore, was a matter of in- difference.: he accordingly made ufe of both thefe methods. His foU lowers are rigid obferversof ifhe doftrihal articles pf the church of Engn land, and profefs themfelves tobe tJalvinifts. But even the fed of me- thodifts is fplit attiong themfeLves, fpme of them, acknowledging Mr. Whitfield, and ptliefs Mr. VS'^efley, for their leader ; not to mention a variety of fubordltiatc fefts (tome of whom are from Scotland, particu- larly tht SaHeiemaniaris] vfho haVe their feparate followers, but very few at London and ot?ief places in England. Mr, Whitfield died a few years fince; buV the places of worfliip, erefted by him near London, are ftill frequented by perfaW of the fame principles, and they profefs a great ' rcfpeft for his mfempl-y. Some of the Calvuiiflic doftrines were op- pofed by Mr.' Wefltfy and his followers, particular'; that of predeftina- tion ; but they appear ftill to retain fome of them. Fie erected a very large place of public' worfhip^ near Moorfields, and had under hinj a confiderable number of fubordinate preachers, who fubmitted to their leader very implicitly, propagate his opinions, and make profelytes throughput the kingdom with great induftry. After a very long lite,.* (pent in the moft ftrenuous endeavours to do good, and hav,iiig been Weft in reforming the morals plthouAinds of the Ipwer'ranks of Society, he died in I79i. ' , The Quakers Sittn religious feft which took its rife about the middle of the laft century. A fummary account of their tenets having been, publiflied by tliemfelves, the following is abftrafted from it. " They believe in one eternal God, the Creator and preferverof the univerfe, >ahd in Jefus Chritt his Son, the Meffiah and Mediator of the new. covenant. '* When they fpeak of the miraculous conception, birth, life, mira- Ides, death, refurreftion, and afcenfion of our Saviour, they ufe fcrip- tural terms, and acknowledge his divinity. I «' To Chrift alone they give- the title of the Word of God, an^ not to , [the fcriptures, although they highly efteem thefe facred writings, in fub- ordiuation to the fpiiit frpm which they were given forth. &2i fe K G L A N tJ. u § I B ** They believe (and it is their diftinguifliing tenft), that every r^z^ toming Into the world is endued witli a mcfurp of the light, grace, or good Ipirit of Chrift, by which, as it is attended to, he is enabled to ilirtinguirti good from e^il, and to corretf] the corrupt propenfitieiofhij nature, whicli mere reafon is altogether infufficient to overcome. ** They thiilk the Influence of the Spirit efpecially neceflary.to thd i)erformance of woC^ip; and confider as obftruflion« to pure worlbjp^ all forms which divert the attention of the mind from the fecrct iijflu- ertct of this unftlon from the Holy One, Thev think it incumbenton Chriflians to tneet oAeu together, and to M-ait in iilence to have a true £ght of their condition beUowed upon th^m } believing even a fing{e iigh arifing from fuch a fenfe to be more ai^ceptable to God than any performances, hbwdVer fpecious, which originate in the will of man. " As thby do not encourage any miniftry but that which is believed to fprtng from the influence of the Holy Spirit, io neither do they re. ftraih this influence to perCbtis of any condition in life, or to the hiale fex alone ; but as male, ana female are one m Chrift, they allow fuch. of the ■ female fex as are endued wtth a right qualification for the miniftry, to cxercife their gifts for the general edification of the church. " Refpefting baptifffl, and what is termed the Lord's fup|itfr, they be- lieve that the baptifm with wat6r, adminiftend by John, belonged to an itiferior and decreafingdifpcnfatlon. « With refpedi to the other ritii^ thvjr belteVe that communion be- fween Chrift and his church is not maintained by any external perform- ance : but only by a real participation of his divine nature by faith. « They declare againft oaths and war { abiding literally by Chrift's ?■ lofitive injunftion, " Swear not at alt/* From the precepts of the go- pel, from the example of our Lord, and from his fpirit in thar hearts, (ncy maintain that wars and fightings are repugnant to thegdipel. *♦ They difiife the names of the months and days which were given in honour of the heroes or falfe gods of the heathens ; and the cuftom o^ fpeakhigte a fingle perfon in the plural numbei', as having arifen alfo from motives of adulation. Compiimints, fuperfluity of apparel aii^ furniture, outward fliows of rejoicing aiid mourning, and oWervatiOns of days and times, they efteeni to be incompatible with the fimplicity and fincerity of a Chriftian life; and public^iverfions, gaming, and other vain amufements of the world, they condemn as a wafttf of time, and diverting the attention of the mind from the fobcr ^uties of life. *' This fociety hath a difcipline ettabliflied 'among themy the purppfcs ^ of which are the relief of the poor— the maintenance of good order— ttie fopport of the teftimonies which they believe it, is their duty to bear tn the world— and the help and recovery of fuch as are overtaken In faults. *• It is their decided judgment that it is contrary to the gofpel to fue each other at law. They enjoin all to end their differences by fpeedy and impartial arbitration according to rules laid down. If any refufe to adopt tills mode, or, having adopted It, to fubmitto t}}c awardj it is the, nle of the fociety that fuch be difowned." I It is well known that William Penn, one of this fociety, founded the province of Fennfylvania, and introduced therein a plan of civil and religious liberty, particuiarW of the latter, at that time utiexampled. I .The government of the province was at firft, and for many years,! chiefly in the hands of the quakers ; but as perfons of otherperluanonsj increafed, and became partakers of power, they grew uneafy at the pa- cific plan of the quakers, and at length fucceeding- to'cftablini fuel: E N G L A J^ D. lij It every rtiiH ht, grace, or ' is enabled to icnntiei of hh rcome. ccflary.tothd pure wolfhipj e fecret influ- incumbenton to have a true even a fin^e God than any will of mau. ich is believed \cr do they re. to the tnale fex lowfuch.af the K miniftry, to ch. upjier, they be- ,n, belonged to :otTirnunion be. iternal perform- lit by faith. •ally by Chrill'i cepts of the go- t in their hearts, the ebipel. hich were given nd the cuftom of avingarifenalftf of apparel and ind obiei-vatibns le fimpUcity and ming, at>d other fte of time, and s of life. em^thcpurppfes good order— the leir duty to bear are overtaken m th? gofpel to fue ■ences by fpeedy If any refufe to i : award', it is the. ;iety, founded the plan of civil and imc uriexampled. I for many year9,l lother'pcrfuafions luneafv at the pa-' Ito'cflablifli futh tnod^s of defence for their country as did not nccord with the prlnci^ nles'of'thclattfr,'thefe gridiially wirlidrew t he mfe Ives from aftivc eni» ploymcnts of tJie ftate. For fome time previous to the late revolutio^n^ few of them wei'e found in any bther ftatioh than th;it of private citfe. lefts; and, during its progrcls, their refufing to arm expofcd them to much iuflfcring, by liiftraintb levied on them, in order to procure thcj^ qtiota in fupport of tiie war. «. - f ' Mnny families in England ftill profcfs the Rotnan catholic religioaj, and its exercife is under, very mild ?nd gentle rettricSions. Though the penal laws againft papifts in England appear at firft tg be fevere, yet they are either not execnted, or ivith fo much lenity, that & Roman ca- tholic feels himfclf under few hari)(hips. Uegal evafions are found out far the double taxes upOn their iahded property { and, as they are fub* jeft to none of the expenfes and troubles (unfefs voluutar\) attendin|r public ofHce^ parliamentary eledions, and the like burthens, the £ug-< lilh papifts are iq general in good circumftances as to their private fbr;t tunes. Some of the perraflaws againft them have alfo lately beeii re-r pealed, much to the fatisfaftion of all liberal-minded men, though a vehement hutcry was' afterwards raifed againft the meafure by igno« runce jiHd bigotry. The papifts now feem to be convinced t^^t 4 cKahgc' of government, inftead of bettering, would hprt their fituatjoo, becaufe it Vvould increafe the jealoufy or the legiflature, which m\^ rndoiibtedly expofe them daily to greater burthens and heavier peiuuh tics. ',THsTenriDle confideiation has of late made the Roman car' oIica[ to appear as dutiful and zealousfubjefts as any his majefty has. hcarosj 'v aay Epglilh papiltg, eJtceptiag thofe who were, bred or had ferveti ivyaai V«i% "thg^ged in tiie rebellion of the year 1745; and thoug|| 'e aft h.bme were tnoft carefully obferved, feW or none of them wers teiind gyifty of djfloyal praftices. .. "i ' As Etigiand has'been famaus for the variety of its religious fie^ls, ^ ' it has alio. .for its Pree-thinkers \ 1)ut that term has bten applieil intj very different fenfei. It has fomstimes been ufed to denote pppofers of re« Rgio'n in general, and in paVticufaf of revealed religion ; hut it has alfo. beeii applied to thofe who have been far from dilbelieving Chriftianity^ and' who haVe only oppofed fomc of thofe do^rines which sire to biff, found in public creeds and fbrnriularies, but which they conceive to bet no part of the original Qhriftian fyftem. As to thofe who are. truly; dtifts or ittfideh^ th*re is abundant reafon to believe that this crafs 0^ men is much mor(; numeroufi in fome popifh countries than in Eag* land. Chriftianity is fb muc;h obfcured and disfigured by the fopperies, and fiipci'ftitiqns of the Roman church, that men who think freely are, naturally ijit to be prejudiced againft it, when they fde it in fo difad- rantaeeoiis a form: and this appears to be in fa£t very much the caf^l abroad. But in England, where men have every opportunity of feeing^ it exhibited iu a more ratiortal tnanner, they have lefs caufe to be pre- i«diced againft it; and therefor^ are more ready to enter into an ex- amination of the evidence of its divine origin. No/ does it appear that the writings of the delfts againft Chriftianity have been of any real dif- fcrvice to it. On the contrary, they have caufed the arguments in its, ifevour to be nfed with greater force and clearnefs, and nave been the jiteans of producing fuch defences of it, as all the acutenefs of modern delity has bten unable to overthrow. Language.] The Englifti language is khown to be a compound almoft every other lajiguage in Europe, particularly the Saxan, the Drench, and the Celtic. The Saxon, however, predominates; and the 424 ENGLAND. ^:?i| vords that are borrowed from the French, being radically Latin, art common to other nations, particularly the Spamarda and the Italians. Ta defcribe it abftradledly, would be fnperfluous to an Englifli reader' l>«t, relatively, it eiyoys all the properties, without many of the defeft/ of other Eurrtpean languages. It is more energetic, manly, and e^- ^reffivfr,, than either the French or the Italian ; more copious thaa the 6^ifii» and ttiofc eloquent than the German, or the other northern toimies. Jt is, however, fubje£t to.fome coiiGderablq provincialities tn tt» accent, tfiere being much difference in the promineiation of the inl^bitants qf different couritiesf but this chiefly iftefts the lowed of Ih* people ; for a$ to well-educated and well-bred perfons, there is little difference in their pronunciation all over the kingdom. People of for. tDtie and rducatipn in Kngtand, of both fexes^ alfo commonly either f^\ ir undetftand tht' French, and man ' of them the Italian and SpaniOi; but it has becii obferveo that forei^-n nations have great difi fScuhy iii Mndcrftanding the few Englifli who tnW Latin; Which is per- hzps the reafon why that language is much dlCi'ed in England^ even by th* learned prof eflitms. • Leakj^ing and LEAiiNftf) MEN.} England may be looked upon as knottier word for the feat of learning and the Mufcs. Her great Alfred cultivated both, in ^e time cf the Saxons, when barbarifm and igno- rance ovcrfpread the reft of Europe; nor has there, fince his time, been wanting a continual fucceHion of learned men, who have diftlnguiflied fhtmi'elves by their writings or ftudies. Thefc are fo numerous, that a bare catalogue of their names, d6wn to this day,- would form a moderate f olurac. The Englifli inftitutions for the benefit of ftudy partake of the cha- rafter of their learning. Th;y are folid and fubftantiali and provide for the eaTe, the difcncumbrance, the peace, the plenty, and ihe con- ▼eniency of its profeffors; witnefe the two univetfities of Oxford and Cambridge, inftitutions that are not to be matched in the world, and which were refpeftcd even Mnidft the l?arbarous rage of civil war. The tnduftrious Leland, who was himfelf a moving lit>rary, was the firft who publiflied a (hort coUeSion of the lives and charadters of thofe learned perfons who preceded the reign of his mafter Henry VIII. among whom he has inferted feveral of the blood royal of both fexes, particu- larly a fon and daughter of the great Alfred, Editha, the queen of Ed- v^jird the Confeflbc, and other Saxon princes, iomc of wHoin were, equal- ly devoted to Mars and the Mufes. ;In fpeaking of the dark ages, it would be unpardonable to omit the infhtion of that prodigy of learning and natural philofophy, Roger Bacon, who was the forerunner in fcience to the great Bacon lord Ve- rnlam, as the latter was to fir Ifaac Newton. Among the other curious works written by thi>i illuftrlous man, we find treatifes upon grammar, mathematics, phyfics, the flux and reflux of tlie Britifti fea, optics, geo- graphy, aftronomy, chronology, chemlflry, logic, metaphyfics, ethics, rnedicine, theology, philology, and upon the impediments of know- ledge. . He lived under Henry HI. and died at Oxford aboiit the year 1294. The honourable Mr. Walpole has prcfcrved the memory of fome noble and royal EnglHli authors, who have done honour to learning and the Mufes; and to his work I muft refer. Since the Rcforniaiion, Fngland rcfembles a galaxy of literature *; and it is but doing juftice to the niemory of cardinal Wolfey, though otherwife a dangerous and * Sec the Biographia Britannica. £ N C L A K I)i Ml Uy Latin, atf 1 the Italians, nglifli reale and fti-i couraeement laid the foundation of the polite arts^ and greatly contii* ■ • ' >• '>^ -"—-'-- ^- '--'---1, Aamanyofthf ttiattef 6 at the titM ^^ , ^ „ learned foreigners ttf Fettle'in England. Edward vTl. during hirihort life, greatljr encc unagei theie foreigners, and fliowed difpoflr-ions for cultivatinf the moft life* ful parts of learning^ had he lived. i^Mrning) as well aS HliMtrtirf fuflTer- fed an almofl total eclipfe in England, during the bloody bigoted TtAffk of queen Mary. Elizabetlp, her (ifter, was hcrfelf a Larned princefs* jBhe advianced many perfons of confumitiate abilities to high rajUKa, both in church and ftate; but flie feems to have confidered their literarr accomplifhments to have been only fecondary to their ciViL In thif inie (bowed herfelf a great politician ; but (he wbuld have been a more amiable queen, had (he raifed genius from obfcunty: for though (h< was no (Granger to Spencer's Mufe^ (he fuffered herfelf to be fo niuch impofed upon by a taftelefs miniiler, that the poet laneuiflie<| to fpeare, ytt we know not that he was diftinguiOied by any particular afts of her munificence ; but her parfimony was ncbly fupplied by her fit* vourite the fearl of EfTex, the politeft fcliolar of his age, and his friend the earl of Southampton, who were liberal patrons of genius. The encouragement of learned foreigners in England continued to the reign of James I. who was very munificenl to Cafaubon^ and other foreign authors of diftinAion, eVeh of different principles. He was hinnfelf no great author} but his example had a cohiiderable fffedt upon his fubje^ts ; for in his reign were formed thofe great mailers of polemic divinity, whofe works are almofl inexhauflible mines of knowledge. Nor mufl A be forgotten, that the fecond Bacon, whom I have already mentioned, was by him created vifcount Vehilam, and lord high chan- cellor of Englanci. He was likewifdi the patron Of Camden and other hifiorians, as well as antiquaries, whofb works are to this day flandards in thofe (ludies. Upon the whole, therefore^ it cannot be denied, that Englifli learning is under obligations \o James I. though, as he had a very pedantic talle himfelf, he was the means of diffiiling a fimilar taft« among his fubje^ls. i His^ Ton Charles J, cultivated the polite arts^ efpccially fculpture^ aintiiTp;, and architefture. He was the patron of Rubens, Vandyke, nigo Jones, and other emlnetit artilts; fo that^ had It not been for th |ttty; hut fuch was his generofity in encouraging genin* and merit of Itvery kind, that he increased the falary of his poet laurcui:, the famous l^njonfon, from 100 marks to 100 pounds per annuno> and a tierce if Spanidi wine; which falary is continued to this day. The public encouragement of learning and the arts fuffered indeed «clipfe| during the time of the ciyil wars^ and the fuccceding uucr' S iiH %%k Jg;«r G L AN DC tegnutn. Many \cry learned men, however, found their (itiiation» under Cromwell, though he was no ftranger to their political fenti. 9ients« fo eafy, that they followed their fludies, to the vaft benefit of evety branch of learning; and many works of great literary merit ap. peared even In thofe times of diftra^tion. Uflier, Walton, Willes, Harrington, Wilkins, and a prodigious mimber of other great names' were unmolefted a.ijijd even favoure>.t by that ufurper; and he wouU alfo have filled the uniyeifities with literaiy merit, could he have done it wi^h any degree of fafety to his government. The rcign of Charles II. was chiefly (fiftinguiflied by the great pro; flfciency to which it carried natural knowledge, efpecially by the iuftj. tution of the Royal Society. The king was a good judge of thofe ftudies; and, though irreligious himfelf, England never abounded more with learned and able divines than in bis reign. He loved painting and po- etry, but was far more munificent to the former than the latter. The incomparable Paradife Loft, by Milton, was publiflied in his reign, but was not read or attended to in proportion to its merit ; though it was far from being difregarded fo. much as has been commonly apprehend- ed. Thp reign of Charles II. notwithttanding the bad tafte of his tourt in feveral of the polite arts, by ibiiie is reckoned the Auguftan age in England, and is digM[ied with the names of Boyle, Halky, Hooke, Sydenham, Harvey, Temple, Tillotfon, Barrow, Butler, Cowley, Wal. )er, Dryden, Wycherley, and O'tway. The pulpit afTumed more ma- jefty, abetter ftyle, and truer energy, than it had everkupwn before. Claffic literature recovered many of its native graces j and though Eng. land could not, under him, boafl of a Jones and a Vandyke, yet fir Chriftopher Wren introduced a more general regularity than had ever *been known before in architefture. Nor was fir Chriftopher Wren merely diftinguifhed by his fliill as an architcft *. His knowledge was very extenfive; and bis difcoveries in philofophy, mechanics, &:c. con- tifibuted much to the reputation of the new-eftabliftied Royal Society, i Some excellent Englifli painters (for Lely and Kneller were foreigners)] alfo flourifhed in this reign. That of James II. though he likewife had a tafte for the fine arts, is| chiefly diftioguiflied in the province of literature by thofe compofitions that were publifliod by the Englifli divines againft popery, and whiclij for ftrength of reafonujg and depth of erudition, never were equalleJl in any age or country. The names of Newton and Locke adorned the reign of William IlLj and he had a particular efteem for the latter,. as he had alfo for Tillotfonj and Burnet, though he was far from being liberal to men of geniiisj Learning flourifhed, however, in his reign, merely by the excellency ofl the foil in which it had been planted. The moft uninformed readers arc not unacquainted with the'imj provernents which learning, and all th^ poVi'c arts, received under th aufpkes of queen Anne^ and which put her court at leaft on a footin witli that of Lewis XIV. in its moft fplendid days. Many of the grea| men wl;o had figured in the reigns, of the Stuarts and William, wer fill alive, and in the full exercife of their faculties, when a new rao * Mr. Hiirace Walpolt fiiys, that a variety of knowledge proclaitn* the univerfaliti a multiiilic ty of v/v\Vi he abuadauce, and St. Paul's the greamefs, (i firChiiftopherl f;cn!us. So many jrcMt aTliitedts a« were employed on St. Peter's, have not left, upT the whole, a morp pcifcift tdificc than this work of a fingle mind. The nob!«fl ttii pie, the lartfcft palico, and tlie n oft fumptuoiu hofpital, in fuch a kingdom as Brita J are all tlie wo ke of the fnme hand. Ho rtftored London, and rocorocd iti fall. "■ buiU ahout fill/ f aiiili t;luit«li£!>| and defij^ned the Monument. uation» I femi- uefit of terit ap. WJttes, : names, e wouU ive done reat proi the iufti- i ftudies ; lore with r and pe- ter. The reign, but igh it was ppreliend- ,fte of his Auguftan :y, Hooke, I'ley, Wal. more ma- wn before, lougii Eng- [yke, yet fir an had ever -pher Wren iwledge was :s, &c. con* yal Society. : foreigners) i fine arts, is] [ompofitions I and whichil lere equalled I riUiam IllJ iFor Tillotfonl n of geniusT Excellency of] jith the'im. led under tl« Ion a footin of the greal J^'Uliam, wer^ a new rac Ihc univerfalit firChiiftopherl le not Uft, «r' the nohkil tct Idom as Svu^ led ill fall* ETl^GLANDi Vi^ fprdtig tfp tn the^'fepiiblic of' learning and the arts. Addifoni Priof, Pdpe, Swit'f, Idt-d Bolingbroke, loi-d Shafteibitry, Arbuthnot, Congrevfj Steele, Rowe, and many dther cM^Uent writers hctii In verfe and pr6fei need but to be mentioned, to be admired 5 and -the Englifh were a* triumphant in literature ds- in war; Nat 'ral and moral philofophy kept pacii vfith the polite arts; and eVen religious and poHtical difputei tfotttrJboted to the advancefmaht of learning, by the unbounded Itberty w^ich the te.vs of England allow '.il fpeculative matters, and which hai hctti foun highly advantageous in the promotion of true rad valuable knowledg*.. >• ■ ■ - The minifters of George I.were the patrons of erudition, and fomti Af therti werft no mean proficients themfelves. "'George II. was hinifelf flb M*cehis: yet his reign yiddedto noneof the preceding, in tho huniBers of learned and ingenious men it produced. -. The benth of blfliops vsras never known to be fo well provided with able prelates as i* was in the eaHy years of his reign ; a full proof that his nobility and miniflers were judges of literary qualifications. ' In other departmentsi aringly, of the flowers of fpeeco ; t|nd there, is itaCbn to think that a pleading in the Ciceronian manner wouI4 09A«e a ridiQuIous4ppearui1>ofe. In ihip-bnilding, ciock-vrbrk^ and th? various branches olcutlcryt they lland unrivalled. ' UstY«K«n;i-as.} I iMve already menfioned the twb univerfities of Oxfiordiai^ i^ltmbridge, wjiich havt hrcn thefeminaHes of more learned ^lucnthuia^in^^umpc^ Mid iome have ventured to fay, than all other riHeruey inftitutiojbs* it it certain that their magniBcent buildings,. , Which in (pUod^Mr and trphite^ture rival the moft fuperb royat edificcSf vthetith eM0W«n{«!.»* .,>iv'4 The fcnate-houfe at; Cani^bfidge' is a rhelft ele^ftt edffid^^'^^utteil entiwly in theJCorinthiaii bi^er, ind i;| faid to^hal^coft fixtelth thou fand pounds/ Tripi(v'coireW Irbra'rv is alfo* a vei^ mBgnificerttihuc- ture; and in Cbrpus Qbriftr*^ott«ce library, is a valiiab^ colleAion of anijicni; ihanufcripts, whIcV were prcferved at tlic diflblutioii tf d»e \tnor nafteries, arid jgiveit to tbis pofleee by archbiffiop Piirkcrr'\i 'i^''-'^ji'-'X ArjTiau j tibs a Nb pipRijosims^ 1 The inti^uitirt' cff j|ii^tijnd are . NATURAL AKD ARTIFICIAL. J eithc^'Brlitlbk Roman, Saxon, Da- nifti, or Anglo-ISfjoirmannie i but thefe, ixcept^ng'the Rdtriirt, tterow nor great light upon ancient htttbrvJ Th« chiel Britiih knti^utties are thofe circles of fiohes, particularly that called' Stonehenge in Wiltfliirtf) ««rhich tnrobabljr were placed o'f'^orfci)) in the titn)ei of tiie t)fuidi. Stone- henge is, by Inieo ]fones, Dir. StukeVeVi and bthers, defcribed las a neg^- Jar c^culac ilruaure. The body of the work conlllh of two circles attd two ovals, which are ^hus compofed : the! upright ilones ar^ placed at three feet and a half diftance from each other*, arid joined tf tbe'^t^'by over-thwart ftones, with tenons fitted to the mortifes in the uprights, j|br keeping them |n their due poiitibh. Sotne of thefe flones ate vaftl/ large, meafu'rjng two yards in breadth, biteinthlcknefs, and above feveii 4n height } 'others' are lefs Wj^rbjibi'tkln. ' The itprights are wrought 4 Kttle with a chilTel, and fi^menmes' tapered i but tW thmfdms, or over^; thwart flob'es, are quite pUln. Thb outfide circle H nttr one hundred j|nd eighty feet in dianieter, between which and the next circle, there is a walk of three hundred feet iti iftrqumfcfretide, which has a furplifing; and awfui>ife6t upon the beholders. '' .*. ' • * Monuments of the fanrie HM as that of ^tprt^htnj^ wk td be mift «fith in 9un^berland,/Oxfordlhirt,'e6rnwaH,'DBvOl(iih»re, and many other parts of EngHad.^k^'j^dtii in ScotJAndfiM the Wet nirhich have beenalreadymeh»ea.''''':^'^:"-'----^'^''^--'^^^''^-^:.'';^'^' > --^ ' The'Roman antiqbltle^ ih 'Hht^l^nd confift chiefly «faltbri and moiiu- roeatalinl^rfj^tions, which ihi^u6|''bs Sit! t;o^th«'kghi>nary fbtions of the Rbi^ins in Bri^ion, ahd iUe names bf fbhle'of thdr''CO|)nmanders. The*R6man miIitar;JfVa^y* give us thi hi^ft Idea of the dvil as well as military policy of'thofe d^ridueroVi, Their veftiges are numerous ;' one is mentionp^ by lLei«ndV ^s ({eginniti|g at Pover, and palling through Kent to tondoH, frbi^ thaib| to St. Albati's, DunftaVle^ Stratford, T(jwcc^k Uttl«?burni Sti Gflb'trt's Hill near Shrewftury, then by Stratton, Bd fo thrbvjgh' the? ntfddle of Wiles to Cardigan; The great Via Militaris called Bfertneh-f^reet, pafledfrom London through Lincoln, where a brandi of ft, firoiYi Pontefraft to Doncafter, flrikes. out to the weft.ltatio;)& of tbie, Roman /pUiier$ in j^n^^t^^i thoiigli it is certain, from J;|^ei^a|^hs'?ndjtie|ijeUate4,p»veipent?,,t^ have been found in (^iflfercnt Starts, that fheir cl»ie? oflij'ccrs, or magiftrates lived in towns or villas, loipan wajis have like wife been foun aodtuyrr^/Wrth a_^tcj»,jt; Vl*i^?^^•^^^.IWl|^ ?' w^th'^pne forts ai^(j turrets at pfopfr' diftifjiccs, io.uiat; cac^v n^igh^"'havi|a'fpee(iy,^ com, TOumcatioij miji tl^e ' other ; .^ndij^" Was a^^ncj^d, ^^l ^Ip^g^ .hy a deep fe^!Qi;V?!Wr.V> ftp north,,aM )f ilrpflgtij. ; ,^f, ^Jj^H^ltijr . A^^ kith t}iC,Akffe5, Of jbj^ .knights.. ^Thc ^pfjc^uity pf this jM?,,^hd, places. pfilrpflgtij.;,^f,^5j^ fbojvni t^hf^jow^ table fl^ji:i|k^i;thur,.with t}icAkffe5,QF .knights.. ^Thc ^pff^juity pf this ^l?It;^]^?is been d|fp«te4.,fjy,Carl)4fi«Jf ,ftn4M?tfir, .writer,. pe^h^ps with reafpa;. Du^ if it b«flQt,S«tJfU|i^Mt^ijnrly is Sax9'ij.^Xh^«/ithe^ of Wjflj^neftcr fervf^ a^'thiejfaJMryi^fcpkc^^^, reji^^ral^.§^o'ii»,]^jngj^ .'whofe ^.erc, cp|lc(3^4 tpgcit jier: 6j^ V»|^dp;Fpx^ n?omip««(,t5of,^a^|i3^jp»tj^q\iitw a^,,9y"?r tbej ,they,i^r|^/^jften|;ipt^9l)94i(cerr4i4,ix^^ ^i^^ QWitains Xcvipral firiliing Joijgmal .fpe4i?i«ns of W^^nx n^omifii ;^nd|piaBriti{lCTVIuf^jl^ "g^tainsXc'vipral ftraliing,*ongiiad lJe4i?'«P of their learning. 'Many Sixon'chart^jsi^'.pgp^^^'by jthe king.^ud.^s np^ S^S, ;^it^a.|iaaift^pJ4 mge^ ql |ljcir,Mme?ft,^fq mU.^oT>^,i»eLwith^^ Tp? Wf M ^s nC9t ^ legiWe, and mt^Hnf,P^^orxpf^, l?yj^ /jjergy;> W^jQ, wh0jjiffix,^fli^pjriajne4n^, qumyqf.f^ifpry't^ to jKis rieipeAjve crofs. Tne'Daiiifli erections in ^glan(|,^^e.hardiy iiif-, c.Wt^bje from dje ^xoi^rd J^ form 9^ ^hcir^ cMfjps,^ j^pjjpd.'.^d they ^ jftjl ^ngland is, full pf AMlo-Norraa^iiwc moniuja^ntp,«^h^^^ J.choofe, ^.,^^ ifQ^,bfcai}f«j, tbf^'gljthc, priiicesj jtindjpj;.\v)spni they .were; «aifed. imi^ Nor'wn Qr^MLjvptiih'e cxpcnfe ^^s .f 4i?i«PS of. flg.^nd,l};s nO' obe,q34iWitn- ^or wifftels, to jj;e.hariiy .dif- >jjpd,,^d they (oiiAi^e,: , i Jvbi(f|^X.cl>oof& 1^ .werq «piie<^' jaU;audr^bey, '.of t|ip Grcel^^ mrches ,in the §t,'Paul's. Iir I pftb9 p^tjvcjjj ,arcti#,<9,¥S tog wpoAi anjj, ticablc; but It is hard to fay where the excavation, WliiA is continued in a fquare paflage, about fix feet high, and four Wid^, terminates, be-, caiife the work is fallen in, in fome places. The natural cUriofrties df England are fo various that a general ac- count can only be given. The Bath waters are famous through all thef world, both fw drinking and-bathing. Spas of $he fame kiiid are! found at Scarborough, and other parts of Yorkfhire; at Tunbridge, in Kent; Kpfom artd Dulwich in Surry ; arid at Adlon and Iflingtpn in Middlefex. There alfo are many remarkable fprings, of which forae are impreg-. nated either with fall, jw that at Droitwich in Worcefterfhire ; or ful-^ phiir, as the famous well of Wigan in Lancafliire ; or bituminous msitf, - tcr, as that at Pitchford in Shropfhire. Others have a ptetrif\?ng qua-^^ litv, as that near Lutterworth in Leircefterfliire, and a dropping well in the Weft-riding of Yorkflrire. And, finally, fome ebb and flow, as thofe of the Peak in ij|,erbyfhire, and Laywell near Torbay, whofe waters rife! and f:ill fever»l times in an hour. To thefe we may add that remark- able fountain near Richard's ca:ftle in Herefordfhire;" commonly called Bonewell, which is generally- foil of fmall bones, lijce thofe of frogs oif fifli, though often cleared d^tv A'tAnciifF, neai* Wigan iri Lancaftiire^ is the fanplying a light to it, the top of the water 19 corcrc^ with a llaiTie, like that of burning fpiritir,' which lafts feVirral hoars, and emits, fo llrong a iieat that meat m&y be' hoili;d' oVer it*. The fluid itfelf wil^ not burti when takerr out of' the well*. ' ' ' , Derby (hire is ceUbraied fj+' tnany natural curiofities. The Mam. Tor, or Mother Tower, is faid tb be. ctfntinually mouldering away, biit! nev<;r diininiflies. The Eldeiit Hole^ about fbur miles fi'om thfc fame place, ivs a chafm in the fide ofa mounrain, near fe^ert yards' wide, andf fourteen Ibng, dlminifliing in exteiit within the rockj butof whatdeptf^,* is not known. A plifmmet* brite drew 884 yafds of lirie after it, whereof the lafteighty were '^etj \Vrthol'rt findlng'a bottom. The entrahce of Poolifr's hole near Buxton, for fe vera! pacts, is very low, biit foon'6;^nii^ into^a very Ibfty vault, llftf the 'Infide of a (Sbtl»l(i cathedral. The^ height is certainly very gtesif, yet'iiiuth fhort of what fome have ^ff^rt-,, ed, who reckonUt a quArtef^ of' k nfiile perpendicular^ though itilerigth it eJcceedsthat' dimenfion ;^'rffcvfrHent of water,- which" runs along' the, iniddlcj add«,'bylit8 fOtimifti*'iflfreJinr,'i-e*^eCHbtdt)n'all fides. Very n^UiiH to the aftonilhnierU of all who vjfit this vatl cavern. The drops of water which Hang from the tiSbf,'' and on the fides, have an amufing. effeft ; foT'they not only refitft mimberlefs rays from the candles car- ried by the guides, but as they are of a petrifymg quiality, they harden in feveral places into various -fbrms, which, with the help of a ftfong imagination, may pafs fo* H^9. blmij the folds sqd wBSftths cJf » |«'P<'"1* , «^% 9*^'^ fton^* of iev,<»itl likes, thd {oeimlyr6un4i^^^^^ for c»uw>,i>Ms, which , bcitig broken do comiipoWy .^phjai^ihe /orpi'^. Jikepfli .of fcrp«nts, wrpat:.*.^ in crrp les, but ijeiieMy ^|if<;jvt*hf;^(M« jlnjipJiJJ? parjs of ploucefteraiue, ftone^ are|9JinaTcfemblin^coc)cIcf, oy^er^, i\\d other teftaceotisniarine a(^ima|^. Tt\ofc cu'ripiUaps^ howeyef, jur<; of ten nifig, nificd by i^norohce anfi credulity. ^, t- jj - Cities, towns, fo^t;^, AVif 0T*|t» ") > Thjs fie«d is {o ypty ^jtten- ^- 'apiFicES, Ptrp^tic a>id prxvatb, , 3 five, that I can only touch Vfpdn obje£ts that may aflift in giving the reader fbme idea of its ini; portance, grandeur, or utility. I«ond^n% ttie tpetropolisof the Britilh empire, is the firil in thisdi* viiibn. |t appears to have jjeen founded between the reigns of Julius Caefar and Nero ; but by ^vhpro, is uncertain ; for we are told by Ta- fit^s, that it was a place of great trade in Nero's time, and foon after became the capital of the ifland. It was 6rft walled about with hewq ^jtones and Brltiih bricks, by Conftantine the Great, and the wa|ls form- ic an oblongfquarie, in cdmpafs about three miles, with feireu princi* pal gates, ihe fanie einperor made it a bifliop's fiee; for it appears Hhat the biihops 6f llondon and Yorlt, and, another Engliih biihop, were itt the council of Aries, ih the ye^r 3 14 ; he alfo fettled a mint in it, aii ts plain from focne of hfis coins. Londoo, In its large ^enfe, including Weilmiofter, Soiithwark, an4 part of f/lidiilfCeXt is a city of furpnfiug extent, of prodigious wealtbt aoiid of ^he moil exteiifivc trade. This city>'when confi^red with all its advant^g^, is now what an9ient Itoihp pnce was ; the £eat of liberty, the enpou|ageir of arts, and the admtratipn pf the yvhole wprld. Londoq }8 the centre of trade ; it has an intimate conne<^lon w]th all the couui* t}es in the Mngdopi; it is the grand mart of the natiop, to which al} |Mrts fend their commodities, from whence they are again fent back intei •▼lery town ip the nation, aj^d to every p^rt of the vvorld, ^rpm hence fnnunien^ble carnages by l ^i* ^^% blotter ilocKed. ""/'.-•,, '-a' '''•^J^" "iilv^-lrl'iiH --vi- . ^i|,>.«y>i'V .;,■■•; ■ It is fituated on th^ batiks of the Ifruu^ & ^v^ whtch, though not the largeft, \s the ripheft.iMid moft comn^odious for commerce, of any in the wp^ld ; it being Cvontinually filled wl|h flet^ts iailiiig. to, or frod tlie moft dlftant climates ; and its banks extend from Lpndon-bridge tq Blackball, almoft one continued great magai^ine of naval (lores, con- tabif)g three large wet docks, 32 dry docks, and 33 yards for the build- ing of jjiips for the ufe of the merchants, befide the places allotted fot the building of boats and lighters ; and the king's yards down the »iver, for the building of men of war. As (his city is ,aJboi;it £xty miles diflant from the fea, it enjoys, by means of this beautiful river, all th^ {benefits of pavl|^tion, without the danger of being .fi^rprifed by * London it Otvated |n ^if 31' qof^ laVitu^e^'^e^ (nilM|butb'o|']la:nbttrgh> ami 170 f 'Uth-caft of Dublin ; ijto niilpt weft of An:i|lenlam, s 1 o north-weft of t^aris, 50Q fenth-wcft of Coprnhjiiiten, $00 'mQe» ndrtb-Weft ol Vkiina, 790 fi»ntb-Weft of Stock- holing 8oe npfth-eaft of Madrid, tzo nortk-weft of Rome', tjp nortb-caft df i('!i*?i • E N Gi. A N D. 133 foreign Bfnrts, or of being annoyed by the moift vapow^ of the fea. It rifts regularly from the water-fide, and, extending itfelf pn both (idea along its banks, reaches a prodigious length from eaft to weft in a kind of amplntheatre towards the north, and is contmned for near »p miles on all fides, in a fucceHion of magnificent villas, and populoua Tillages, the country-feats of gentlemen and traidermen ^ Whither thj:. latter retire for the benefit oftrefh air, and to relax their. hi^inds froiii the hurry of bufinefs. The regard paid by the legiflature to the pro- perty of the fubje£t has hitherto prevented any bounds bfing fi»ei(| for its extemloti. The irregular form of this city makes it diiHcult to afcertain it^ ei(r tent. However, its length from eaft to weft is generally allowed to be above feven miles, from Hyde-park corner to Poplar; and it^ br*eadtl^ in fome places three, in others two^ and in others again not much above half a mile. Hence the circumference of the whole is almoA 1 3 miles; 0r, according to a modern meafurement, the extent pf continued buildingf is 35 miles^ two furlongs, ahd 39 roods. Bqt it.Jjs/much eafier to form an idea of the large extent of a city fo Irregularly built, by the number of the people, wlio are computed 'to t)eii^)r ^ mUli9fl» and from the number of edifices devoted to the ieryice.of reltgloq^i. « ' Of thefe, befides St. Paul's cathedral, and the collegiate^cjiurcK at Weftminfter, here are 103 pariih churches, and^i69 chapebi o^f^^c ejflai- bliAied religion ; 21 French proteftant chapels ; ii chapels bieJor^tngtq the (jennans, Dutch, Danes, &c. 26 independent meetings ; 34. preft byterian meetings; 20 baptift meetings; 19 pbpilh chapelsa and meet-. fng boufes for the ufe of foreign ambafladors, and people of varioga ifem; and three Jews' fyna^ogues. So that there are 30$ places de- voted to religious worfhip, in the compafs of this vaft piiepf buildmgs,^ without reckoning the at out-pariAies ufiially included 'in th^, bills 9I mortality, and a great number of methodift tabernacks. ^ There are alfo m and near this city rod alms-hbufes ; about ZQ}?.6Cr pitals and infirmaries ; 3 colleges ; 10 public prifon^ |' i e jlefli-mark'etis.; I market for live cattle, a other markets mOre particuwrly for herbs; and 23 other markets for corn, coals, hay, &c. 15 inns of cdui-t; 17 public fquares, befides thofe v^ithin (jlnglie buildings, as the temple,' ^c. jbridg-s, 49 halls for companies, S public fchools, called free-fchools, and 131 charityfchools, which provide education for 5034 poor child- i«h; 207 innffr^ 447 tjiverns, 551 coffee-houfes, ;;97< alehoufes; 1000 hackney coaches ; 400 djtto chairs; 7000 ftreets, lanes, courts, and atieys, and 1.50,600 dwelling- houfes, containing, as has been already obferved, about 1,000,000 inhabitants^ who, according to a late elUmate, cohfume anniially the following articles of provifions : . ;, > .,, Slijck cattle ^ - - . -.^'I^,'98,a44 $heep and iambs ' ■' *■ • ■ ■'♦-''•^H-Vp.:;;•-.■^if'•|^■■-^^^i:I,^,a-■ Swine . . ^^ •:'^ vv^^^;v■?ly«^^•'^.^f^,M mtry and Wild fiywli'itihu^wable ''■' Tf'^'K^'- Mackarel fold at Billingfgate - • ^ •)*:'^'^i--:^}.iitr^tCOQ Oyfter?, hulhels ' - - . \y '-->■. ^^^^^^^H^:^ "5>536 i^inail boats of cod, haddock, whitiiig,^&o. over) i;nd ai^ve thofe brought biy land-cairiage, an4 > - 1,398 .^reat quantities of river and falt«fifll-^ - M WV ^Ji -» \ S Butter, pounds weight, about w ■4'«iii w^* •' . 16,000,000 Cheefp, ditto, abou^ - y»« ^'i*4iK*a, .«* . . ao,ooo,ooo • I a34 E NG L A N D. Gallo(is of^milk # r- ; - BsgrreU of ftroiig beer <. i • .. > Barrels of fmall beer ♦ '•*. >i- •■,-,.■. ^ s, Tons of foreign wines , , -^- - ■ - Gallons of rum, braiidv, and -other diftilled . waters, above - ... Founds weijgbt of candles^ above -" J. I X •"'7.000,000 798495 3»044 00,000 ■yfi "tiit . . 11,000,000 . • London-bridge was firfl bui}t qf ftone in the reign of Henry II. about the year 1 163, by a tax laid upon wool, which in the courfe of time gave rife to the notion that it wa» built upon wooi-packs : from that time it li^s undergone many alterations and improvenaents, particularly fince the year 1756, when the houfes were taken down, and the whole ren-^ dered more convenient and beautiful. The pafliige for carriages is 51 feet bi:oad, and 7 feet on each iide ifor foot paiTengers. It croiTes the Thames where it is 915 feet broad, and has at prefent 19 arches of a< bfiut 20 feet wide each ; but the centre one is coafiderably larger. Weftminfter-bridge is reckoned one of them oft complete and eleganl firu^ures of the kind known in thQ world. It is built entirely of ftone^ and extendad over the river ait a place where it is i,»2.3 feet btoid; which is above 30Q feet broader than at London -bridge. )Qn eaeh'Ode IS a line baluftradif'of ftone, with places of flielterfrom the rain. Tbe width of the bridge is 44 feet; having on each fttte a-fine foot-way fon paflengers. It (^onfifis of 14 piers, and 13 large and two fmall- arches, all femicircular^ thsit in the centre being 76 feet! wid^, artd the reft creating four feet each from. the other; fo that th« two leaft arches of the 13 great ones are each 52 feet. It lsxomp(tf«d that the value of 40,0001. in flone and other oiat^rials is always uader water. Tliis mag« i)i6cent ftru6ture was begun in 1738, and finifhed 1750, at thei expeafe of 389,0001. defrayed by the parliament. • , if ii *• i . v "» . Black-friars bridge is not inferior to that of Weftmihfter, eitheHift magnificence or workmanfliip; Uh tlic fituatiow of the ground on thq two lliorcs obliged the archite^ to employ elliptical. arches; which, however, have a very fine effe^i and many perions,eYen prefer itLto Weftminfter-bridge. Thisbridge was, begun in 17601, /wdf finifliediii^ 1770, at the expenfc of 15^,840!. to be difcharged: by,a toll upoiiih^ paflengers. It is iituatedalmoft at an equal diftpnc« betw.een tlK>fef;ol Weftminfter and London, cojtmiahds a view of. the Thsunes from, the latter to Whitehall, and difcovers the majefty, of St. Paul's in a veryi ilriking manner.. ■: ' , The cathedral of St*^ Faul'&is the moftcapaciousv magnificent, and «*•• gular proteftant .glAurch in the worlds. Th# length wjthin is 500 feet ^ and its height, from the marble pavement to the crofs on th« top of the cupola, is 340. It is built of Portland ftone, according ttftltcGreek and: JLon)an (Orders, in the form, of a crofs, after the model of St. Peter's aft Rome, to which.in foniej-efpeiflsJt is fuperior. St. Pawl's xhurch is tb« prlutipal work of fir Chuftopher Wren, and undoubtedly the only work of the fame magnitude that ever wa8:co,mplfted;b,y,oi)e( fftftn. He lived to a great age, aad finifliedthe building 37 ye^re^9^ttr hehirafelf laid the firft ftone. It takes up fix acres jof ground, though the whole length of this church meafures nnii0n.ftefiitl£^< Weftmijifter abbey, or the collegiate chiirch.of W«OjJ>i.ofter»is ave^| nerable pile of building, iivthe Gothic tafte. It was firil ttuUt by M* EN GLAND. 235 7,000,000 1,174,494 798,495 3.044 00,006 I 1 ,000,000 iry II, about : of time gave n that time it cularly fince le whole ttn^ arriages is ;i It crofles the ^ arches of a« y larger. ; « it »nA elegsnl Irely of ftonej ,3 feet biold ; ,0,n eaeh'fide he rsiin. The B foot-'Way foil » fmall' arches; txd the reft tw,e€n tl'H>fe^>OB 19111 es from.rttt aul's in a verjn niScent, and rt- jin is 500 feet J n ih« top of the jtheGreekand: of St. Peter's .ab 'sxhurchistbe V the only worki ttiftn. He Uvea heihirofelf law he whole length. I . Veter's. The s defrayed by a (yij|ifter»isavev| ri\ttuUtbyB4^ vardthe Confei^f ; klpg Henry III. rebuilt it from the ground, and Henry VII. jidded a fine chapel to the eaft end of it ; this is the repofi- tory oi the deceofed Britifli kings and nobility ; and here are alfo mo- nuntents er^ed to. the memory of many great and illullrious perfoa« ages, commanders by fca and land, philolophers, poets, &c. In the reign of queea A^mtp, 4000I, a year, out of the coal duty, was granted by parliament for keeping it in repair. Theinfide of the church of St. Stephen, Walbrook, is admired for {f^lightnefs a^4 elegance, and does honour to the memory of fir Chrif* topher Wren. The ii^mc ma - b« faid of the ftecples of St. Mary-le- Bow, and St. Bride'$f which are fuppofed to be the mod complete in their k'^nd c^ ^tiwiio Europe, though architei^ure has. laid down no rule fpr Aich ereaioos. Few churches in and about London are with- out fome beauty. I'fa'e fimplicity of the portico in Covent Garden is WDCthy the.pure0agesof ^cient architedure. That of St. Martin's in the Fjicl^^ vtcoulf^bp noble and (Iriking, could it be feen from a pro-t per pojncof view. Several of the new churches areJRiilt in an elegant tjidief aDd.evef) £an)e of the chapels have gracefulnefs and proportioa tp r^cpmhien4 them. The bitaiquetiqg-houfe at Whitehall is but a v^' foiail part of. a noble palace defigned by Inigo Jones, for the royal r^deno^; ^, ^ l,t, now flands, i\nder all its difiidvantages, its fym- nietty f nd x>fa,axnei^t^r a^e in the higheft llyle and execution of archi- tetture.' , ,, • ;, _ ! ., \(V^^{lminf{erthall, tboi^gh pn the outfide it makes a mean and no very advantageous .appearance, is a noble Gothic building, and is faid to be thelargeil room.iu.tbe world, whofe roof is not fupported with pillars; it. being A39 ^^t long, and 70 broad. The roof is the fiaeft of its kind that caa l>e fcf p.- H^re are held the coronation feafis of our kings and ^\i^eii3 ; alf9 tljecpurt^ of chance|ry, kiug's-bench, and common-pleas| af^^ ^b^ve JJf ir^i tijiat of excheqj^er. -^ , f T^{it beaij^fijl cojunan, called ^he Monument, ere£led at the charge of [tljpjfity, tq^R^pjefpatc ttie menwy of its buag^deftroyed by fire, isjuft- ly worthy or notice. This column, which' is of the Doric order, ex- c?fdfi all th^ pjbeljflis and pillars pf the anciepts, it being aoa feet KWt wkiv.JtijtBlr-icare la the.middte.toai'cead to the balcony, which is about jplvetlfiioEt of^lhe top, from whence there are other iteps, made for perfons td'tepk' ddt at the top of all, which is falhioned like an urn, vWth a fWnie' jlfiilng from it. On thfc bafe of the monument, next the ffwiCt,' tl^e djsi^rui'^iwx.Df the city, and the relief given to thefufferers by CiiarlesuL ai*d4i» brother, are emMematically reprefented in bas relief. The north i|ng when the pillar \|[f^^.begu,n aJvJi-iJA^iOllfi'J' The charge of ereftingthis nionumcnti which: m begun byfir.Chriftopher W^ren iii 1671, and fiaiftied by him in 1677, amounted to upward of 13,000!. The Royal'Exchange'is a large and noble building, and is faid to have jEne terrace in. the 4delphi is a very fine piece of architefbure, and & laid: open* one of ihe fineft pro fpecf^s in the world. Wefcnight here|[>ve adefcriptJonof thlu>ufe. Sir H«R« Sloan;, Hfit. (who died in 1753) may not impreperly bewailed the fout|der of the Bi^iifli Muficuoii for iti being eftablifhed by parliamfzit wai only in confcquCnce of hi* leaving by will hij noble colleAiunnI natpral hiftory, ^is lavge library, and ttivnumejrou* curiofititSi \vhich colt ^im 50,090). to the ufe of the public, x>ti' conottit^^m 't]tf parliament would pay io,Qo6l. td his exerntors.' To this colUdiioo were ad^ea u>£ Cottoni^lt* brary, theHarlciaa maQufcripti, cuileAed by the Oxf!^r4;fasli%, 'ami p$r<;hafed likdt wife by the parliameat, and a colle^.on of book* given by the ijateipajor Bdwariii. Hjs late OK^eft]^, in confideratioo of ita Kccaf ulefulQ^(f«,.W4* gncioufly pleyfedb ud I thereto ll{e royal libraries , of book* ^dJAanu^crij^i ^blUi^^? 'PY^e |(c>ler^;lwn||i ot £n|;1and. " ".'-,. '' - ..'/•■ ■ ■ The Sl(/anian collt A400 Oonfi^s of an ofhaaing; nuaiWr j Sj42 f Teftacca or Ihelta, &c. s.Saj. Echini,. eth>nit«, &c. 659. Afie^iaii, trDthU cmrochi, &c. a4i. Cruflace»,craiM, lobftera, ^c. |6a. .^«l|je pauii>*].ft.ar*i)lhe|] &r> 173. fiih,andtheirp;)tt9,4cc. M55.. Birds, a^d their pvts> e{g*> and the Ddl|[ of different rpecies. I, I72. Qi^vadrupe^s, &e. 1,886. V^ri, Kr|^ts,'6cii..\;2t. lo fcAt!, &c. SAJ^' Vegetahle.1, 12 .506. ' Kbnus fictua, orSrOluHies Q|f dried plUtits,l]|i Hunnani, an talculii anatomical preparation^ 756. Mi^o^Uatieftus ihii^ i);at|itu ifCy^. Mathematical inni\uncHtt, $f. A catal(^«iCi of all ijine ab««c iitfnt^|14^ j Ausibcr qI latjc voiumcit xAn^i^^^ o^;.*,t,;. t-NO L A N01 2jf ^^ ^ji) pni^^lve of coAfcqucnces which m.ide ample fh« tofl^B niftaineii by indiv;idual8<, a new city arofc on the amends for the tofl^< rxitaineii oy tnaiv;iauais<, a new ciiy aroic on tne niiiH of the ij . i^t though'more regular^ open, convenient, and healthful than the &>fiDer \tt it ^? '^^ means anfwereci to the charadenof magirifi'' ctnce or ekgance, !n man^ particuUn ; and it it ever to be lamented lU\c\i was the infatuation of thoib times) that the magnificent, elegant, and ufeful pUh of the great fir Chriftopher Wren wa^ totally difre- Mfded and facrificed to the mean and felflfli views pf private proper- ^f views which did irreparable injury to the citizens themfelvet, and to the nation in general; for hnd that great archite£V's plan been fol<* lowedi what has often been aiTerted^ nnift- have been the refuit ; the metnpolif of this kingdom would inconteflabl / have been t^ie moft flitcnificent and elegant city in the unlverfey and of confequenoc muft, from the prodigious refort of foreigners of diftinflion and tafte wha wotiM havevilited it, i>ave become an inexluiuilible fund of riches to tbii nadon. But as the deplorable bitudnefs of tkatage has deprived us pear, to Very moderate judj^s, to be as injudicious a dilpofition as can eafily be, conteived for a city of trade and commerce, on the border of fo ftoble a river as the Thames. The wharfs and quays on its banks ut extremely mvan and inconvenient. And the want of ^regularity and uniforinity in the ftreets of the city of London, and the mean avenues tomahy part4 o^ it, arealfo circumftances that greatly ieifen the grandeur of Its appea'^nce Many of the churches, and other public buildings, ire'Kkewife ;..i> a up in corners. In fuch a manner as might tempt fo- reigners t& believe tnat they were defigned to be concealed. Ths im- provements of the city of London fof fome years pad have however been very great ; and the new ftreets, which are numerous, are in general more fpscious, and buiit with greater regularity and elegance. ia the centre of the town, and upon the banks of the nobleft river in Europe, was a chairi of inelegant, ruinous houfes, known by the name of DuAam-Yard, the Savoy, and Somerfet-Houfe. The firft, being jN^jvate property, engaged the notice of the ingenious Adams, who opeii- id the way to a piece of fcenery, which no city in Europe can .equal. On the fitt of Durham-Yard was raifed upon arches the pile of the Adelphi, cdebr&ted for its enchanting profpeft, the utility ofits wharfs, I iodjts fubtterraneous apartments anfwering a variety of purpofes of ge- I neral benefit. Contiguous to the Adelphi Hands the Savoy» the pro- perly isf government, Mtherto a nuifance ; and, adjoining to the Savoy, h>#ards the Templej ftdod Somerfet-Houfe, where, being the property I ijA* government alio, a pile of buildings for public othces has been |i;R^d{ and here, in a V,er}r magnificent edi6ce, are elegant Apartments [WQpriaxMirlor the ufe of the Royal Society^ the Royal Av^demy of ||ttDtiog Aiid fcvlptuye, and the Society of.Antiquaries. I Though si variety of circumftances have hitherto been difadvantageous Rtbie embelil(hrnent of the meti'ojioHs, it' muft at the fame time be ac- |];oo\)tledged, thtta fplrit of improvement feems univerfal among all de- tes of peo|ifl^ The very elegant aqd neceffary method of paving and ligfatciiing th« flreetsis felt in the moft feniible manner by all ranks 'degrees of people. The roads are continued for feveral miles a- ad, upon the iame model; and, exclufive of lamps regularly placed t38 ENGLAND. on each fi(Je at fliort diflances, are rendered more fecure by watchmen fiationed within call of each other. Nothing can appear mote brilliant than thofe lights, when viewed at a diftance, efpecially where tjie roads run acrofs ; and even the principal ftreets, fuch as Pali-Mall, Ne\» Bond-ftreet, Oxford-ftreet, &c. convey an idea of elegance and mag* nificence. Among the lift of improvements worthy notice, may be included the Six Clerks' Office, in Chancery-lane, and that very fubftantial building in the Old Bailey, which does honour to a peQple celebrated for their cleanlinefs and for their humanity. Here the unfortunate debtor will no longer be annoyed by the dreadful rattle of chains, or by the more horrid Qjunds ifTuing from the lips of thofe wretched beings who fet de- fiance to all laws divine and human : and here alfo the offender, whoffc crime is not capital, may enjoy all the benefits of a free open air. Windfor caftle is the only fabric that deferves the name of a royal pa- lace in England ; and that chiefly through its beautiful and commanding fituation, which, with the form of its conftru£tion, rendered it, before the introduflion of artillery, impregnable. Hampton court was the fa- vourite relidence of king William. It is built in the Dutch tafte, and has fome good apartments, and, like Windfor, lies near the Thames, Both thefe palaces have fome good pifturcs; but nothing equal to the magnificent colleAion made by Charles I. and diffipated an the time of the civil wars. The cartoons of Raphaiel, which for deiign and expref- lion are reckoned the mafter-pieces of painting, have by his prefent ma- jefty been removed from the gallery built for them at Hampton -court, to the Queen's palace, formerly Buckingham-houfe, in St. James's Park. The palace of St. James's is commodious, but has the air of a convent; and that of Kenfington, which was purchafed from the Finch family by king William, is remarkable only for its gardens. Other houfes, tfhough belonging to the king, are far from deleaving the name of royal. Next to thefe, i; not fuperior, in magnificence and expenfive decora- tions, arc many private feats in the neighbourhood of London, and all Qver the kingdom, wher°in the amazing opulence of the Englifh nation ftiines forth in its fuUett point of view. Herein alfo the princely for- tunes of the nobility are made fubfervient to the fipeft claffical tafte » Witnefs the feats of the marquis of Buckingham and carl Pembroke. At the feat of the latter, more reiriains of antiquity are to be found, than are in the poffeffion of any other fubjeft in the world, v But thofe capital houfes of the EngUfli nobility and. gentry have an excellency diftinft from what is to be met with- in any other part of the globe, which is, that all of them are complete witbbut and Within^ all the apartments and members being fuitable to each bther, both in conftru^ion and furniture, and all kept in the higheft prefcrvatidtt. It often happens, that the houfe, however elegant and coftly, is not the principal obje t.:er was for fome time the feat of the Weft Saxon" kings ; and the walls. Which at this time inclofe it, were built by king Athelftan, who encompafled it alfo with a ditch. It is one of the firft cities in England, as well on account of its buildings and wealth, as its extent, &;id the number ofits inhabitants. It has fix gates, and, including its fuburbs, is more than two miles in circumference. There are fixteen. parifli churches, befides chapels, and five large meeting houfes, within tbe walls of this ci^y. The trade of Exeter, in ferges, perpetuans, long- dls, druggets, kerfeys, and other woollen goods, is very great. Ships come up to this city by means of fluices. The city of Gloucefter ftands on a pleafant hill, with houfes on ever3r defcent, and is a clean well-built town, with the Severn oxi one fide, a branch of which brings tliips up to it. The cathedral here is an ancient' and magnificent ftrufture ; and there are alfo five parifii churches. Litchfield ftands in a valley, three miles fouth of the Trent, and is divided by a ftream which runs into that river. The cathedral was founded in the year 1148 : it was much damaged during the civil war, but was fo completely repaired foon after the Reftoration, that it is now one of the-nobleft Gothic ftru(ftures in England. Litchfield is thought to be the moft coiifiJerable city in the north-weft of England, except Chefter. Chefter is a large, populous, and wealthy city, with a nohle bridge, that has a gate at each end, and twelve arches, over the Dee, which falls iiito the fca. It has eleven pariflies, and nine well-built churches. The ftreets are generally even and fpacious, and crofling one another in ftraight lines, meet in the centre. The walls were firft erected by £deU 240 fi N d 1 A k t)f lleda, a Mercian lady, ^n tke year 908, and join on (he foiMli fide of ^ city to t^ cafile, from whence the^ 3» ifdcannt walk rmmd the city Upon the waUii c»«ept where it is int er cqwt d by (6^ of the towcft dver tha gates i and iroai thenct there is ft jiloi^eft «l Ffintftire; and th<; moiiatains of WaleSi^ 4 Warwick is a town of great aatiqtitty, aMd *fppan t» liilire been of^ eminence even in the time of tbe Rotiamal. It ftands nptm a rock of free-ftoae^ on the bank» of the Avon : and a %krayllcw ttf it through the rocks, from each of the four cardinal points. Tht town is populous^ and the (Ireets are fpaciout and rsgular, and all hieet iii the centre of the town. The city of Coventry is large and populous: it has a handfome town, houfe, and twelve noble gates. Here is alfo a fpadous mirket-place, witha crofs in the middle, 60 feet high, which is addrned with ftatues of feveral kings of £ogIand, as large as life. Salisbury is a large, neat, and well-built city, fituated in a valley, an*} watered by the Upper Avon on the weft and fouth, and by the Bourne on the ealt. The ftreetsare generally fpacicus, and built at right angl hich wtas nniflied' in 13 $8, at the expenfe of abo The cathedraU, which wtas ^niflied iii 13 $8, at the expenfe' of abor^ s6,6oo ^unds, is, for a Gothic building, the moft etej^t and regular In the kingdom. It Is in the form of a lantern, with a beautiful fpire of freeftone in the middlti whicH is 410 feet high, being the talleftiit j^ngland. The length of the church ii 478 iect« the breadth js 76 f^^ aha the height of the vaulting 60 feet. The church has a cloifler, which fs 150 feet fauare, and of as fine workmutftiip is any in England. The; Chapter-houfei which is an^afloo, is 150 feet in circumference ; and yet the roof bears all upon onclmall pillar in the centfe, fd much tod 'weak in appearance for the fupport in fuch a prodigioui w«ght, that the conftru^ion of this building is thought one of tm grtatefk curiofi^ ties in Eng(and. • The city of Bath took its name fntm {bme natural hot baths^ for th< medicinal waters of which, this place has Seen long celebrated, and much frequented. The feafons for drinking the Bath-waHrrs are tht fpring and autumn; the (pring feafon beg«ns with April, and ends whh june; the autumn feafon begins with September, and lafts to December ; and fome patients remain here all the winter. Inii>c fprin);, this place is moflfre. quented for health, and in the autumn for pleafure, when at ieafl two thirds of the company, confifting chiefly of perfous of rank and fortune; come to partake of the amufemtnts of the place. In feme feafons there have been no lefs than 8coo perfpns at Bath, befides its inhabitiints. Some of the buildings lately ere^ed here are extremely elegant, particiw larly Qucen's-fquare, the I^orth and South Parade, the Ro>':u Forunii the Circus, and Crefcent. Nottingham is pleafantly fituated on the afcent of a rock, overlook- ing the river Trent, which rims parallel with it about a mile to the fouth^ and has been made navigable. It is one of the neaccll places in £ngland|. and has a conHderable trade. No nation in the world can fliow fuch dock*yards, and all conveni" ences for conitru^ion and repairs of the royal navy, as Pftrtfniouth (the moft regular fortificat,ion in England), Plymouth (by far the beftdock* yard), Chatham- Woolwich, and Deptford- The royal hofpital at Greenwich, for fuperaunuated fcamtn, m fcarccly exceeded by any royal palaci ..8«jiiy mM ill I'L r'wl Pllll^l From th!s neceflity^ thu* juftly eftimated, arofe a plan of tfoftlhierw IK'kich was for many years profccuted with an htduftry and fucceh per! haps never feen in the world before ; and by which the poor tenants of tnud-walled villages and impaiTabie bogs ere^ed themfelves int6 hwh and mighty dates, who fet the greateft monarchs at dc^ance, wh'ofeal< liance was courted by the proudeft, and whofe power was dreaded by thefierceft nations; By the eftablifl)ment of this Hate, there arofe to England a new ally, and a new riv;il. When queen Elizabeth entered upon the government, the cuftotni produced only 36,0001. a year 1 at the Reftoratidn, they were let to fanti ids 4ioe,oool. and ^odbced conliderably above double that fum befdre the Revolution. The peopleof London, before we had any plUntatioftj and when our trade was inconfiderable, were computed at about 100,000' «t the death oi queen Elizabeth, they were increafed to i^Ojdooy and are now above ux times that number. In thofe • -• ■ ■ ' . ..A.Ciiy/i"i ,:)itr)._i<>yiui-. ■' ■■■'J\ The American colonies are the o^jcSti which ^md natiira!!/ 1 ]^N G L AN D, Hi of cfofhhierce, d fuccefs per- oor tfehants of elves intft Wgh nee* wKofeal- was dreaded by , there arofeto rttj the cuftom* were let to farm ithatfumbefdw J any p^^ntatiohj, at about 100,000', , to 1 50,dooj wid s we hac'. not onlj nany furnifljed uj paper, line", an^ iigal furnilhed us red upon us from IS the commodWts the legal intereft of of our land, tenflt nufaftufcs were few,, ilh Merchants vm itelybeloftgedtotl* loft proper fortnde',1 L freedom and excelJ V pvoduces roany( , butter, cheefc,cori,| ^countnesfromfeN ,.orld andh^hly^ and ftrengtb. wa , only ourownfi r iron we export' lProdigwu8.atvd^«J hence exported, T , beer, re«Ifiem«! Lbands, toys &c. jut what scrfe^ly univ is brought its „.. .cceffaril isthcmoftconfii of aiiy other m Le^tools, gunS' J rtiamifaftures««^^ do not lee«i to " L wijttld nauwallf £r(l prefented themfelves, before the unhappy conteft between them and the mother country commenced ; but a$ a reparation has taken pUce, though a commercial treaty has lately been concluded, little can at pre- ?eftt be faid of the trade between Great Britain and America. the princip^ iflands belonging to the BingUih in the Weft Indies,! are Taroaica, Barbadoes, St. Chriftopher*s, Grenada, Antigua, St. Vincent, Dominica, AnguiUa, Nevis, Montferrat, the Bermuda* or Somers* Iflands, and ti.e Bahama or Lucayan iHands in the Atlantic ocean. The £nglii^ ?rade with their Weft India IQands coniifts .chiefly in Tugars, rum, cotton, logwood, cocoa, coffee, pimento, ginger, iudigo, inaterlakfbr 4ycri, mahogany and manchineel planks, drugs and pre- ferVes; for thefe, , he exports from England are ofnaburghs, a coarfe kind of linen, witt which the Weft Indians now clothe their Oaves; linen of all forts, w th broad-cloth and kerfeys, for the planters, their ovcrfeers, and families ; filks and ftuffs for their ladies and hnufebold fervants 5 hats ; red caps for their flaves of both fexes ; ftockings and dices of ail forts J gloves and millinery ware, and perukes; laces tor linen,, woollen, and filks ; ftrong beer, pale beer, pickles, candles, but- teri and cheefe ; iron ware, as faws, files, axes, hatchets, cluflels, adzes, hoes, mattocks, gouges, planes, augers, iiails ; lead, powder, aiidfliot; brafs and copper wares; toys, coals, and pantiles; cabinet wares, fnutfs, and in general whatever is raifed or manufactured ia Great Britain ; aifo negroes from Africa, and all forts of India goods. the trade of England to the Eaft Indies conflitutes one of the mofl fiupendous political as well as commercial machines that is to be met with in hiflory. The trade itfelf is exchifive, and lodged in a company, which has a tempoiary monopoly of it, in coniideration of money ad- vanced to tlie government. Without entering into the hiftory of th» £a^ India trade within thefe twenty years jsaft, and the company's con- cerns in tiiat country, it is fufficient to lay, that, befides their fettle- ments on the coaft of India, which they enjoy under certain reftriftion? iyafl: of parliament, they have, through the various internal revolu- l(ion« which h^ve happened in Indoftan, and the ambition or avarice of beir fervants and officers, acquired fuch territorial poiTeifions, as render hem she moft formidable commercial republic (for lb it may be called aitsprefent fituation) that has been known in the world ever fince the ?molition of Carthage. Their revenues are only known, and that but BperfeClly, to the directors of the company, who are chofen by the roprictors of the ftock; but it has been publicly affirmed, that they imount annually to above three millions and a half fterling. The ^x- lenfes of the company in forts, fleets, and armies, for maintaining thofe quifitions, are certainly very great: but after thefe are defrayed, the mpanji not only cleared a vaft fum, but was able to pay to the go- nrpqiit four hundred thoufand poinds yearly for a certain time, partly way of indemnification for the expenfes orthe public in prote^ing Compny, and partly as a tacit tribute for thofe pofTeffions that are ritorial and not commercial. This republic, therefore, cannot be id tQ be independent ; and it is hard to fay what form it may take, en the terra of the l^rgain with the government is expired. For ma-» years paft, the company's fervants abroad haye enriched and ferved Hiielves more than the company or the republic. [This company exports to the Eaft Indies all kinds of woollen many- «it, all forts' of hardTware, kad, bullion, and quickfilver. Their torts confift of gold, diamonds, raw-filks, drugs, tea, pepper, «r* k, porcei»inor China ware, falt-uj^tre far home coufampuoni an^ 944 •inn EN G J- AND* ji> r Si ) of wrought filks, muftiiu, callicbes^ cottons,' «nd* all the vroren itftnu* ia^tures of India, for exportation to foreign countries. "To Turkey, England fends, in her own bottoms, woollen cloths; tin, lead, and iron, hardware, iron utenKlls, clocks, watches^ verdigris, fpiceij cochineal, and logwood. She imports from Whence raw-filks, carpets, (kins, dying drugs, cotton, fruits, medicinal drugs, coiFee, and ^me other articles. Formerly, the balance of this trade was about $oo,oool. annu«| tfe; and brings M ned plates, timbmj Lc the late war,thebl annually, to the H reduced, as moft of t 'their armies in Enq trade with Denmal ,'was againft W^ khtf gifeat improv«« ' making r-7**';5] dtoherbythenortl* flvbythewav^f'fl PMa.ny articles i«J land in other H Ullen gowjs, hart« f i«an«faft"^«^ j". ' the balance 0" Ltityof majy^; tmU, Hde«. t^r",J aivd other American produftions ; and makes return in fine linen, lace, cambrics^ thread, tapes, incle, madder, boards, drugs, whalebone, train- oil toys, and many other things ; and the balance is ul'ually fuppofed to be much in favour of England. The acquifitions vtrhich the JBnglifh made upon the coafl of Guinea, particularly their fettlement at Senegal, opened new foiirces of com- merce with Africa. The French, when in pofleifion of Senegal, traded there for gold, flaves, hides, oftrich-feathers, bees'-wax, millet, amber- eris, and, above all, for that ufeful commodity, gum Senegal, which was nionopolifed by them and the Dutch, and probably will again, as Senegal is now delivered up to France by the late treaty of peace. At prefent, England fends, to the coaft of Quinea fundry forts of coarfe woollen and linen, iron, pewter, brafs, and hardware manufa«5lures, Jead,fliot,fword8, knives, fire-arms, gun-powder,and glafs manufactures. And, befides its drawing no money out of the kiiigdom, it lately fup- plied the American colonies with negro flaves, amounting in number to above 100,000 annualty. The otner returns are in gold-duft, gum, dying and other drugs, red-wood, Guinea-grains, and jvory. To Arabia, Perfia, China, and other partJ of Ada, England fends much foreign filveriqoin and bullion, and fundry Englifh manufactures of wonllen goods, ^nd.of lead, Iron, and brafs; and brings kome froiii thofe remote regions, muflins aud cotton.s of many various kinds, calli- coesj raw and wrought fi}k, chiqtz, teas, porcelain, gold-dufl, coffee, falt-pctre, and many other drugs. And fo jgr^it a quantity of tbofe va- rious merchandifes are exported to foreign .European nations, as more than abundantly- comp^fates - for all the iilver bullion which j^ngland carries out. , During the infancy of cornmerce with foreign parts, it yirs^ judged r expedient to grant exclullve charters to particular bctUes or corpor^- [ lions of men ; hence tlie paft India, $o.uth Sea, Hudfon's Bay, Xurkey, ] Ruffia, Royal African companies ; but the trade, to Turkey, Kuifia, ai^d I A£nca, is now lal4 qpen, though ^l^e merchiint who propofea^^ to- trade thither, muft become a member of the company* be fubjeft to their laws I and regulations, iind advance a fnjall funi it admi^on, for the purpofe loffuppoj^ng.cojiifuls, forts, fcc. ...j ., -, •• With regard ta thS?" general aipcount of the foreign baUnce of Eng- land, the exports bave been computed atfeven millions fleidi^g, aqd its imports at Jive, of which above one mitUbn is re-exportedi-fo, thai if I this calculation be trut?, England gains annually three millions Uerling {in trad? ; but this is si point upon whi,ch the moft experieiice(|l jner* ttjiants, and abieft calculators, diffier. ^t ir^/n^^ J 'Xet our foreign trade does not ampupj^to one-fixth part of the In- IJu^lff the annual produce of the natural produ£ti> and nnanuiaCtures of mglandamou^ing to above; forty-two millions. The gold and filver Wlngiand is rc;ceived from FortUgal, Spaii>, Jamaica, thje American Icolonies, and Africa ; but great part of t|\is gold and filve^r we again iport to Holland an4 the Eaft Indies; audit is fuppofed th^t two- ds of all the foreign traiftf of England is carried pain the port of ondon. . . , , , ,•' We fliall conclude this account of our trade, with the following omparative view of Oiipping, which, till a better table can bjc farmed| Day have its ufes. Jf the fliipping of Europe be divided into. twenty parts, theoj Great Britain &c. is computed to h;ive - • - - - -. -6 JTiitVoitedProviftCgs. ,-. V - - r .- - • - - -A, 'Y<^-:1 ^46 E KG L AN D. fiiii '•*••? "l *i>? '^^ •• -Mir.. • Denmark, Swedtrt, and Ruffiii - ' - - The tracing cities of .Germany, and the Auftrian Netherlands 7 France - - - -- - - --i-- -- - - - •» . ^^ , $pain and Portugal - - - 7 ,,5;,, - - - - - - • :^ ^.^J,,l((aly,apd the reift of Europe c-;>,^ - - - - - - . ., Oiif bounds will hot afford room to enter Ipto a particular detail of the places where thofe EngliJh manufaftures, \»hich are mentioned in the above account, are fabricated ; a few general ftriAures, howevcL may be proper. Cornwall and Devonfliire fupply tin and lead; and woollen manu/ac- turcs arc common to almoH; all the weftern coqnties. Dorfetfliire makes corda<;e for the navy, feeds an incredible number of fheep, and has large !ace-manufaftures. Somerfe'tfhire, bcfidesfurnifhinglcad, fopper, antj lapis calaminaris, has large manufaftures rif bone lace, ftockmgs, and caps. Briftol is faid by fome to employ 2000, yeflels of all fizes, coalierj •»s well ns flilps employed in foreign voyasfes: it has .many very impor. tant manufactures; its glafs-bottle and drinkitig glafs one alone occij. ■ pying 'fifteen iai"ge, houfes : its brafs-wire manulaftures are airo very confiderable. Extenfive manufa(5lures of all kinds (glafs, jewellery, clocks, watches, and cutlery, in particular) are carried on in Londoii, 'and Its . heighbouWiood { the gold and filv'er bannfaftures of London. througfi the encouragcrhent given them by the court and^ihe nobility, alr^idy' equal, if they do iiof exceed, thofe' of ahy countt^ in Europe. 1 Coldttfler is famous for its manufa^'.irrs of baiie and ferges; and alfq "Exeter for ferges and long ells; and Norwich for Tt's excellent ftulfs, | J camltts, druggets, and (lockings. Birmineham, though no corpora. 'tion, is one .bf the largeft ananipf- po{)Uro\ls towns in England, and I carries dti a'n' amaiing tr^de in excellent and ineenious hardware rna-l * iiufafttires, particvilarty fnuff'fihd' tobacco- boxes, buttons, fhoc-bucklei, I etwees;' xm rh'ahy bther fdrts of fiecl ^nd brafs wares ; it is here, zm in $h'ef!retd^,''U'hith i^' fimo^ fb'f icutleryj that the truegenlus ofEng-j llfli "ift 'aii^' indifftry is to''be feen ', for uich are their excellent inveii.j ■ '^ibh'ifot'rabrtcating hardwares, that they can afford them for a fonrtljl part' , of the price ^t which other nationi'can furnifli the famedfaQih-r ferior kini^ ': the chcapnitis of cials and all niectfflaries, ' hnd the c^v?J ni^Cy "df'ftt'natio^j'ho doiibt, contribute greatly to this. One compaBW ' of Vron nrrahufeftlirers iiV'Shropfliire ufc every day 500 tons of coals fri l^'l^ir'irbrt woj-ks. lii tJJreat Britain there is' madle every yearftdn 5^6 to' 6tJ,tibo'tbhs (if pig-irbrt, and from 20 to, ^0,060 tons of bar-irqh,| The northern counties of England carry' oh' a 'prodigious trade in iw ; coaricr arid {lighter wopjl^n .'thanufaftures', wlthefs thofe of Hafiftji '^ Leeds, Wakefi'elcl, 'and RicK^'Hbhtt ; andl aboVe'all, MariBh'efte'r,' iMM ^' by Its variety of beautlfuf Cbitotis, dirnities, ti^ckeh, chir r '^> .' •■ "V ♦ i w It 1 lEN G L AND. 447 fcj* pctre, which was firft attempted in Eugland by flr Walter Raleigh, but was dropt afterwards in favour of the liaft India company. After all that has been faid on this head, the feats of manufactures, and confeqiiently of trade, in England, arc fluftuating; they will alway» follow thofe places where living is cheap and taxes are eafy: for this reafon they have bepn obferved of late to remove towards the northern ^ouptics, where provifions are in plenty, and the land-tax very low ; add to this, that probably, in a few years, the inland navigations, which are ppeiiing in many p^rts pf England, will inaHe great alterations as to luifttcrn^lftiite, ifaftures of London. M SHotT View ^ tlu Stocks, or Public Funds //xEngIand, wt/^^tf Historical Account cf the East India, theBANK,fl«mo|iey, and the difference between tnat and ^c^rrent fpecip. Money is the ftandard of the value of all the necef- jfaiies and accommodations of life; and paperrnioney is the reprefen- tativ^ of that ftandard to fuch a degree, as to fupply its place, and to aniWer all the purpofes of gold and fllver coin. ■ f>jothing is neceflar/ t^ inal^e this jrepi^efi^ntative of money fupply the place of fpecle, but jte ciedit of tljat office or coro^pany wno delivers it; which credit ccniiijs in its always being ready t9 turn it into fpecie whenever re- , quired, Thi? is cxaftly the cafe of the Bank of England ; the notes of ^company are of the fanie value as the current coin, as they may be turned into it whenever the pofleflfor pleafes. From hence, as note» ^t^ kind, of money, the (Qunterfelting them is puniilied with death^ IS well as cqinhig, ., J, . . . > ' The method of depositing inoney in the Bank, and exchanging it for iiofes (though they bear no intereft)} is attended with many conveni- qcies, as they are not only fafer than money in the hands of^the owner himfelf, but as the notes are m^re portable, and capable of a much more I eafy conveyance, fi nee a banj^^no^e for ^ very large fum may he fent by the poii, and) to preyent the defigns of robbers, ui^y, without dam^e, r|| cjit in two, an4 ,fvo feveral times, Or bills, called 6a|ik-^ rpoll-bins, may he had by application to the Baqk, which are pafttcu* rarly calculated to pirevent loflcs by robberies, they being made payable [fp the order of the perfon who tal^es tl^ein out, at a certain nuhiber of iiby»i afifer fight ; which gives an opportunity to flop bilUat the Bank, TJfth^y flioula l^e Joft, and prevents thfir being fo eafily negotiated by [jjiai^ersas common banU-no^s are : and whoever confiders the hazard, l|heexpenfe,{\qd trouble, ^her? would be, in fending large fwms of gold rini filver to and -from dilj^nt places, n\v ft alfo confider this as a very [fn2«][ar advanjige. Befides which, another benefit attends them ; for riftney arp deftroyed by time, or othtr accident, the Bank will, on oath [liiDgnBadc of fuph ficcident, and Yecurity bejng given, pay the money ItoAf pipiffbn vyho was in pcif^^ V AaMrMo/a differ from all kinds of ftock in thefe three particulars; [i. They are al\vayS 6f the fame value. %. They are paid 6fF without iij^i transferred ; and, 3. 1'hcy bear no intereft ; while ^oc^j are a |itie In a cbmpaiiy's fund, bought without any condition of having 4he ''"'''-^^iUetui'^d. ^A(//.i-^w> cafe, called the Bull, and the feller, the* Bear V one is forraifiiM pr tolling up, and the other for lowering or trampling upon the'ftock.| ^ejides thc;fe, there is another fet- ot men, who, though of a hijjf Tank, piay properly enough come under the fame denomination. Th «re the great moneyed men, who are dealers in (h>ck, and contTKhw with the,government whenever any money- is to be boTrowcd. Thtli indeed, ar^ liot fi^icious but real bU}Ti9 and fellefs bf ftock j 4^tt E'NGLANDr rtljM7.lfo hopes or crrating- groundltis f.. u *^' jfferi'targ. quantities of ftock o.fI fit bv"«^^ P«««'Wlrtg to h,.^ ftto/meii as their inftnimpn*. - j . '"• "M "^"2 the fnf,.F«r l" ^ *W to n.ife or fall ftlXo^'ortt?" '"'^^ However, thr «al v^ue ^ oJZck'^LT' "^ PIw^ut'c ^ "^ *"' itt being more profitable to the nr^nrW ^""^ another, on accounr r gvernment hv u^hich that credit is f^ ,r^d rT"^'^'* «="d»nge?'he rpne.0,^ .tor. i„ It fti^k of".'-,;:''!' '"i^a •■> ti.er„«"r„f S: jl. ot 61. per cent, ptr anmim m.^n t ^'"8 '°i>ip«iiy, wliicl, n^j *" , «iDf. per annum : and confrn.,«„.i r ? "" '"or* than ?J «r !i J^ hriceSanfucha^ J^uYj'^'S^^^ dock muft fd/at a tH"' I a the ftock of a t^„l^„ J''""«^ « muft, be observed L. ^l^^"" Imm^ .ill not fetch KK';' P'-'^"<='"8 sL o af.^p^^cent ''*' Jiuity producing the fameTf^ir T"^^ ^ "^^tet ^s aJJZ^''\ P^' L reckoned eonal fi Sa/S^'*"'^^ ^h* Security of^^ c^""* '»»- lltaV payiiwr fo 4nuch nlr 1 ^•^e'nflient, and the rm,f^P^"^ '> lp."««. are diltingvufljed bySem di '^"^ '^' ^^"^ S com^^ liferent natiire," we {hall «iL }l "^'^oniniat ons anH « ^ "" K l"l' kft than 7; r .'o°te"^ -' ""'■^■'•. i"I k »fte„"r2 ' ' WWn. i"""!^'"/. however, raZeT, '"''■"'""<" '•" their wtMiMiUand „„;„„ am| ,k, '.A"?".'™ Jg'Mi mterfll both if " tS9 E W G L A N D, 'I ? 'Jrcwr i?o8, th< ytarly fund of 8 per cent, for two miHioni, was redq(e4 ta $ per cent, bv a loan of 1,200,000 1, to the public, without m adds tiding iafcrcft; for which conftder&tion the company obtuineil a pro. |png^tion of ks exclufive privileges; and a Jiew charter was grantettto ^m, under the title of ** Tfie United company of Merchants tradin^to tQW M9A Indies.*' It; exclufive right of trade was prolon j;ed from time tq t»i|nc r and a farther Cam was lent by the company in 1 730 ; l)y wiiich, tnpueh the company's privileges were extended for thii ty-thrce yean, jet the intereft of their capital, which then amounted to 3,190,000!, v^ feduccd to 3 p«r cent, and called the India 3 per cent. an|iu< Tft^ aanpities are different from the trading flock of the company, the proprietors of which, inftead of receiving a regular annuity, have, according to their diflPerjnjt fliares, 9 dividend of the profi's arifiiigfroin the company's trade; and that dividend rii'es or ffdkaccordiag to th| «irc«inr..iAce8 of the company, either real, or, as is too pften the<;afe^ pretended. A proprietor of ftock to the amount of 500I. formerly lud, Duinow of loool. whether man or woman, native or foreigner,' hat a rig)it to be a manager, and to give a rote in the general (council. Two thottfand pounds is the qualification for a dire£U>r. The dire^lonar; twenty-four m nu^nber, including the chairman, and deputy-chiiirraan, who ooa^ be rt-ele£ied in (urn, fix g year, for four years fucceffivfly, , Tb^ cbairoian has a falary of 300I. a year, and each of the d\fe&m 150I. The noeetings, or court of dire^oirs, are to ht held at leaft onci a week ; but arc commonly oftener, being fnmmoned aa ocCafion rtr quires. Out of the body of dire&ors are chofen feveral cammitteesj Hbo have tJie pepuliar infpedion of certain branches of tlie companyij 1)ufinefs ; as the committee of correfpondence, a coriimittee of treafiiry,! a I)ou(e committee, a comtnitti^c of warthoufe, acQDimittee offlupil jping,! a committee of accounts, a committee of Uw-fuits, andaconhl mktee to prevent the growth of priirate trade ; who have under theoiJ ^cretary, cafluer, clerks, and Warehoufe-keepers. . . The amaziz^^erritorial acquisitions of this company, computed t^l 9Sa,Qoo fqua^e mijks,. and.containing thirty nulUons of people, mufti ficceflarily atticndcd with a proportionable inercafe of trade ^^ ; and tb' juitKtt to the diflVniions among its managers bpth at home and abrAKJj Jkas of late greatly engaged 'the attention of the legiflature. A reftrictidij l)fts occafiopally been laid on their dividends for ^ certain time. From jrhercport of the committee in ^773, appointed by parliament, onlndiai ;ifrf»irs, it appeal's that the India company, from the year 1708 totheycr 175,6,: for tlie.fpacc of forty-feven years and a hajf, divided tljiei"uni( X2,ooo,oool. or. above. 2;8o,<3ool. per annum, which, pn a fi^fitaitii ;i[; 9,190,0001. amounted to above Vight and a half per cent, and that atti nft-mentioncd period it appeared, that, befides the above dividfqdt t{ capital ftock of the company had been increafed i8q,ooo1. Confident alterations were made in the atfairs and conftitution of the Eafi Id' company, by an a(^ paded in 1773, intitled, *' An aft for e(i , J^ certain mle* and orders^ for the future management of the afl r>ff the Eaft Infiia ^omp^ny, as well in India q> in Europe." . • According to I>(h! Uid before tljc H|i)uG:,of €pmmoii(, the cornpapy wplojti j "iiiM, ^Bil 8170 men.* [ > jijT ' jl(.tw*en India and E^rcpc, ia carrying cargoes to aod \ ,q n,fc«»ndTiib .•' -" ■:■ ■^.,n''■»'«^»r..■?'^,|'.■'^ ■^•' 6 packet*- 3J*J i- J In tjic cjwt|7 If adff, and from CUiw .^ j",,^.'^< j^^ .^„ ,f 34 ,c«?k|»;- f • 7*» JtJ ENGL AND. *P tTjewby enafted, that the court of dlreAoro fhould, In future, be elefte^ ftockof qualification Hiould, inftead of $ool. aiit had fcrifterly betOf be loool. That the mayor's court of Calcutta fhonld, for th^ future^ be confined to firall mercantile caufes, to which onlv its jurifdiAloa extenflftl before the territorial acquiHtion. That, in lieu of this court tlius taken away, a new one be eftablifhed, confifting of a chief juftlct and three puifiie judges, and that thcle judges be appointed by the crown. That a fuperiority be given to the prcfidency of Bengal, ov«t the other prefidencies in India. That the right of nominating the got teraorand council of Bengal fliould be veftcd in the crpvvn. The fa- liriei of the judges were alfo fixed at 8000I. to the chief juftice, and 6000I. a year to each of the other three. The appointments of the^o- yernor general and council were fixed, the firfl at 25,000!. and the four othenat io,oool.each annually. This was certainly a very extraordinaij aflj and an immenfe power and influence were thereiry added to the croivn. But no pr6p(irtional benefit has hitherto refulted to the comr fmy, on the coi^trary, the new-eftablifhed court of juftice has paid fo [ttle attention to the manners of tt^e inhabitants of India, and to the ufages of that country, as to occafion the moft alarming dlfcoqtenU amdiiz the natives, and great di(Iktisfa£tion even an^on^ the company's 1 pii^n fovants. In the month of November, 17^3, Mr. Fox, then fecretary-ttf ftate^ brought forward a bill for new regulating the company, under thefup- pofltion of the incompetency of the directors, and theprefent infolreot ftate of the company. [ The bill pafTed the commons ; but, it feems, by the fccret inflndnce [(if (he crown, an oppofition was formed againft It in the houfe of lords, ru placing too dan|;erout a power in the hands of any men, and i^hich [would he fure to operate againft the nece/Tary power of the Crpwn ; and* faft^long debates, it was thrown out by a m^ority of nineteen peers. ithe coni«c|uence of this was the downmll of the miqlftry, and a gene* [ijirevohuion of the cabinet. >.-';;;.. . . I By the new bill, which paffed at the clofe of th« feffiont, f/B^'tiuKC- pines were intended : ■«. . I Rrft, the eftabtlfliin^ a power of controul in this Iiingdom, by wMch Itlie executive govertiment in India is to be connected with thalt aver the til of the empire. Secondly, the regulating the conduft of the company's ferrants in |n^ in oKler to remedy the evils which have prevailed there. f Tnirdly, the providing forthe punifbtnent of thofe perfons who fliall jlle^ei'thdefs continue in thf praAiee of crimes which liavc brought dif- jracif upon the country. .Accordingly, fix perfons are to be noniiriat^d bv the king as comimif-' ponprs for the affairs of India, of whom one of the fecfetairies of ftate, |nd the chancellor of the exchequer forthe time being, fliall be two; and f prefidcht is to have the caQing vote, if equally divided. New commif- lone^s to be appointed at the pTeafure of the crown. This board is to l|R:rtntend, direct, atid controul all ads, operations, and concerns, ihich in any wife relate to the civil and military governnneat or reve- res of the Britlfb territorial poffeffions in the Eaft Indies. They^re worn to ekee'Ute the feveral powers an jPUtfs, ordei]5| andrefolutipps of them f elves, ^nd of the courts of proprU #toR(, and copies of all letters, orders, and iaitruflions, propofed to be fe4i^fbf»ad, iortheir^^pprobatjon or alteration; none to be fept until /after (ijqh previous commuiucation, on, any preteace whatfoever. The idire£tprs are iftill to appoint the fervants ^road ; but the king has a |>pwer^ by his fecretarj/ of ftate, to recall (?ithpr of the governors or members of the councils, or any perfon holding any office under the x:9mpanyjn their fettlements, and make void their appointment. By .this bill there is given to the governor and counc'u of Bengal, a con- Jtroul over the other prefidencies, in aU points which relate to any tranf. aftiqus with the. country powers, to peace and war, or to the applica- tion of their forces or revenues; but the council of Bengal are fubje<5l- ■e^ to the abfolute dire.<5tion of the company at home, and, in all cafes except thofe of immediate danger ^nd neceifity, reftrained from ading ^yithoiut oj;de?s received from hence. ,. Ba.n,< OF.i)i49l.AND.] The company of the Bank was incorporated hs parn;.nf|fht, in the <;th and 6tn years of king William and queen ^ary^ by the name of tSjae Governors and Company of the Bank of Eng- Uad, m confideratton of the loan of i,20p,oool. granted co thegovern- ,jB£nt; fojr whijcb the fubfcribers received almoft 8 per cent. By this /charter^ tlje company are not to borrow under their common feal, iin- lefs bv aft, of; parliament ; they arc not to trade, or fuffer any perkm in truft Tor them to trade, in any goods or merchandiiie ; but they ma •. deal in bilU of exchange, ,4p bpying or felling bullion, and foreign go&d and 'filr.ex^cJili^,... ^, . ^f.,,,j ;,. . . ~ % an atSk of parliament paHed in the 8th and 9th years of^iiriam III. they were impoAvered to enlarge their capital Hoot to 2,.:iai,if il. los. Jt.W'^fi th^"(,aIfo enapuld be good in Igw, utilefs regiftered in the books pi tile BanV vvithin ^vca days, and the flock transferred in fourteen days.; and tha* it. fliould. jbe felony, without the bene^t of clergy, to {Counterfeit the common feal of the Bank, or any feaied Bank-bill, or any Bank-note, or to alter or erafe fuch biUs pr notes. ^ 5y aiaover ad palFed in the jrth ot queen Anne, the company yKtjt impoWered to augment their capital 104,402,343!. and they then ad- vanced 1400,0001. more to the government,; a(«d in i7'4, they advanced .sinothfrjo^n of i,S0O,oool. In tht third year of the rpign of king George X- the intereft of their f:apil4l,fiqck was reduced to 5 \ytt cent, whpn the Bank agreed to deliver pp^s mauv Exchequer bills as amounted to 2^ooo,opol, and to accept an j,S,nnui^y 0^ ioo,oool. and it was declared lawful, for the Bap k to call froai their members, jn prqportiop to their interefts in th*ir capital j^ock, fuch funis of money as in a genera.1 court (hould be found ne- „ cj(Ci&fy, Jf fny member .^puld npgle£l.to pay his (hare of the moneys ,.^^0 cziXpi .for^ at the ti^e appoiiUcp, bv notice in the London Gazette, jWid iixed upon the.Koyjal Ejjchange, it'lliould be lawful for the Bank, pot oifly to flop the dividen4 of fuch ^ member, and to apply it toward ,. payn:>ent of the money in queltion, but alfo to flop the transfers of the ' ; iUare of fpch 4<;^aultcr, {ind to charge him with the intereft of 5 per ' ceiit. per at^nuQi for tiae money fo omitted to be {>aid ; and if the prin- ppal afid iuteref^ fhould be, three mouths unpaid, the Bank fliould then jiave power to fell fo raucji of the ftotk belonging to the def^ult^ri as ^'ould Aitii fe^KOL AKU m I board x\\ m\. ourts of propri- propofed to be to be fept until atfoever. The the king has a e goveraors or sffice under the )ointment. By Bengal, a con- te to any tranf. to the applica- igal are JTubje*^ and, in ail cafes led from ading as incorporated liam and queen le Bank of Eug- 1 to the govern- r cent. Bv this imtBon feai, lin- er any perion in lU they mav deal foreign goid and sof "Cilliamlll. a^ai,i7ii. 105. priwiuii and not . |, for buying nt red in the boolts rred in fourteen (it of clergy, to ed Bank-bill, or e company were d they then ad- , thev advanced intereft of their »greed to deliver and to accept an the Ba^k to call in tUfir capital lid be found ne- e of the moneys .ondon Gazette, ul for the Bank, apply it toward transfers of the ntcreft of 5 per and if the prin- ank fliould thea ;he 4ef?\uiter) as After tlilsj the Bank r«duced the Intereft of the a,00o,t)oot. leiit tb th* •Wrnment, from 5 to 4 per cent, and putchafed feveral other afnhnitles^ which were afterwards redeemed by the government, and the national debt, due to the Bank, rddueed to I,6t5o,0bol. But in 1742, the cbrn- 6any engaged tb fupply the government with r,6oo,oool. at three per ccat. which is now calwd the three per cent, annuities ; fo that the go- verntnent was now indebted to thA company 3,200,060!. the one half carrying 4, and the other 3 per cent. In the year 1746, the company agreed tha:t the futn of (;86,Bool. due to them in the Exchequer bills unlatlsfled, on the duties for licences to fell fpirituous liquors by retail, (liould be cancelled, and in lieu thereof to accept an annuity of 39442I. the intereft of that futri at 4 per cenr. TKc company alfo agreed to advance the farther fum of i,ooo,oool. in- to the Exchequer, upon the credit of the dilt' arifing by the malt and land-tax, at 4 per cent, for Exchequer bills i be iiYued for that pun pole; in confideraticn of which, the company were enabled to aug- ment their capital with 986,800!. the intereft of which, as well as that of the other ahnuities, was reduced to three and a half per cent, till the 25th of Elccember, 1757, and from that time to carry only 3 per cent. And in order to enable them to circulate the faid Exchequer bills, they eftiibliflied what is now called Bank tifculation; the nature of which not being well underftood, we fliall take the liberty to be a lit- tle more particular in its explanation, than w? have been with regard to' the other ftocks. V The company of the Bank are obliged to keej) cafli fufficient to . v^nce of a million j A- 30)00Mi-npn^ This is the (late of the cafe, provided fhe company ihonld make no call on the fubfcribers, which they will be very unwilling to do, be- eaufb it would not only lelfen their profit, but iSt&. the publie credit in general. Bank flock may not improperly be called a trading flock, iince with this they deal very largely in foreign gold and filver, in difcounilng bills of exchange*, &c. Befides which, tl>cy are allowed by the government very confiderable fums annually, for the management of the annuities paid at their office. All which advantages render a (hare in their (lock very valuable ; though it is not equal in value to the Eaft hidia flock. The company make dividends of th*^ profits half yearly, of which no^ tice is publicly given ; when thofe who have oecahon for their money, imay readily receive it: but pri/ate perlbns, if they judge convenient^ arc permitted to continue their funds, and to have their intereft added to the principal f . We fhall here give a brief account of feme recent events of confj* ^erable importance in the hiflory of this great company. In the be- ginning of the year 1 797, a fcarcity of fpecie prevailing, and an alarm caving been excited by the reports of an invafion, the run became fo great on feveral banks in the north, that they were unable to make their payments, and obliged to draw largely on the Bank, ;"hich hav- ing liefore advanced great fums to government for foreign loans and public fcrvices, found the drain of its fpecie fo great, as to be com- pelled to reprcfeni the prefling necelfity of the cafe to the miniftcr. An order of the privy-council was in confe.) t..vu<,jr*s;i ii4i4^;i i.X Outftandlng demands - - - ... - /.i 131770,390 Ftittds for oifchargine thofe demands, not iqcludipg the permanent debt due from government, I i,686,8ooL which bears an intereft of three per cent. .-*----* Surplus of etFe^ls of the Bank, exclufive of the a- 7 borementioned permanent debt of t i,686,8ool. 3 3,826,89a This company Is under the direftion of a governor, dsputy-goverlic^, and twenty-rour dire^ors, who are annually elected by the general-court* in the fame manner as in the Eaft India company. Thirteen^ or moiv* compofe a court of direflors for managing the atfairs of the company. Tne officers and fervants of this company are very numerous. SouTH-$EA Company.] During the long war with France in th« reign of queen Anne, the payment of the failors 01 the royal navy be- ing neglected, and they receiving tickets inflead of money, were fre^ quently obliged, by their neceffities, to fell thefe tickets to avarkioot men, at a difcount of 40I. and fometimes 50I. per cent. By this an4 other means, the debts of the nation, unprovided for by parliament, and which amounted to 9,471,321!. fell into the handj> tf thefe ufurers. On which Mr, Harley, at that time chancellor of the exchequer, and afterwards earl of Oxford, propofed a fcheme to allow the proprie- tors of thefe debts and deficiencies 61. per cent, per annum, and to in- corporate them, in order to their carrying on a trade to the South-Sea; and they were accordingly incorporated under the title of " the Go- vernor and Company of Merchants of Great Britain, trading to the South-Seas, and other parts of America, -;nd for encouraging the fifliery," &c. Though this company feemed formed for the fake of commerce, it is certain that the miniftry never thought ferioufly, during the courfe or the war, about making any fettlement on the coaft of South America, which was what flattered the expedations of the people ; nor was it in- deed ever carried into execution, or any trade ever undertaken by thif company, except the Affiento, in purfuauce of the treaty of Utrecht, for furnifliing the Spaniards with Negroes, of which this company was deprived, upon receiving ioo,oool. in lieu of all claims upon Spain, by a convention between the courts of Great Britain and Spain, fooa after the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, in 1 748. Some other fums were lent to the government in the reign of queen Anne, at 6 per cent. In the third of George I. the intereft of the whole was reduced to $ percent, and they advanced two millions more to the government at the fanrc intereft. By the ftatute of the 6th of George I. it was declared, that this company might redeem all or any of the re - deemable national debts; in confidcration of which, the company were impowered to augment thdr capital according to the fums tney ihould diicharge: and for enabling the company to raife fuch fums for pur-> chafing annuities, exchanging for ready money new Exchequer bills, carrying on their trade, See. the company mig.' by fuch means ag they ftould think proper} raife fuch fujms of mone/i a« ifi a gcotraji «9urt «f ,S5^ £ N G L A K li m mm ' a RV»: !|f .i ;«^ r the company fliould be judged neceflary. The company ttrfcre alfo Jij,^ powered ^ raife money on the contradSf bonds, or 'obligations under theii! cpmmon fi»l, on the credit of their public ftock. But if the fub. governor, deputy-governor, or other men>''trs of the company, ihould purchafe. lands or revenues of the crown upon account of the coroo. ration, or lend iponey by loan or anticipation on any branch of the revenue, other |han fuch part only on which a credit of foan was grrnit- cd t^ parUameht, fuch fub-gOvernor, or other member of the comw^ ny, mould forfeit triple the value to lent. The fatal South-Sea' fcheme, tranrafted in the year "1726, wasejcecut. ed upon the laft-mentioned ftatute. The company had at firft fee out ■with good fuccefs ; and the value of their (lock, for -the firfl five years had rifen fafter than that of any othe'f company; and his majefty, after purchafin'g io,oool. flock, had condefcended to be their governor. Things were in this fituation, when, taking advantage of the above ilatute, the South-Sea bubble was projected ; the pretended defign of which was, to raife a htnd for carrying on a trade to the South-Sea, and purchafing annuities, ice. paid to the other companies; and propofals were printed and diftributed, fliowing the advantages of the defign, and Inviting perforis into it. The fum neceflary'for carrying it on, together with tjje profits that were to arife from it, were divided into a certain number of fluires, or fubfcriptions, to bepurchafed by perfons difpofcd to adventure therein. And the better to carry on the deception, the direftors engaged to make very large dividends, and aftually declared that every lool. original ftock would yield 5^1. per annum : which oc- cafioned fo great a rife of their flock, that a iliare of lool. was fold for upwards of Bool. This was in the month of July ; but befbre the end of September, it fell to 150I. by which multitudes were ruined, and fuch a fcene of diftrefs otcafioned, as is fcarcelv to be conceived. Moft of the direftors were feverely fined, to the lots of nearly all their property ; even thofe who had no fhare in the deception, becaiife tjiey va^ht to have oppofed and prevented it. By a ftatute of the 6th of (rcorge II. it wa« ena.^ed, that, from and after the 24th of June^ '733> fh^ capital ftock of this company, which amounted to 14,631,103!. 8s. id. and the Ihares of the refpeftive pro- prietors, Hiould be divided into four equal parts; three fourths of which Ihould be converted into a joint ftock, attended with annuitieh after the rate of 4 per cent, until redemption by parliament, and fliould be called the New South-Sea annuities, and the other fourth part ihould remain in the company as a trading capiril ftock, attended with the refidue of the annuities or funds payable at the exchequer to the company for their whole capital, till redetnption ; and attended with the lame funis always allowed tor the charge of management, with all effefts, profits of trade, debts, privileges, and advantages -belonging to the South-Sea compa- liy : tliat tbtf accountant of the company Ihould, tv\ ice every year, at Chriftmas and Midfummer, or within one month after, ftate an account of the company's affairs, whii'h fliould be laid before the next general court, in order to their declaring a div'idend ; and all dividends fliould be nude out of tt.e clear pirofits, and fliould not exceed what the com- pany might reafonaWy divide whhout incuiTingany further debt; pro- vided that the company, ftiould not at any time divide more than 4 per cent, per annum until their debts were difcharged ; and the Souih-Sea company, and their trading ftock, fliould, exclufi\ely from the uevr joint ftock of annuities, be liable to all debts and incumbrances ol the company ; and that the i:oinpany fljoukl caufe to be k«pt, within the ENGLAND. 257 few aifo iiijk tions under t if -the fub. »ny» fhauld f the corpo- •anch of the I was grant- the compa- wasejtecut. firft fee out ft five years, najefty, after if governor. i the above led defign of lUth-Sea, and ind propofals e defign, and on, together into a certain fons difpofed eception, the jally declared n : which OC" . was fold for »efore the end ; ruined, and >e conceived. larly all their becaufe they iKt, from and ^ipany, which tfpeftive pro- Irthsof which litieh after the mid be called Ihould remain Ihe refidue of Ipany for their fums always |ofits of trade, ■Sea compa- Ivery year, at tc an account next general [dends fl»ould Ihat the corn- ier debt ; pro- Ire than 4. per ic Souih-Sei >m the wevr lances of the |>t, wilUu) tilt . „f Londop, an office and books, in w:hjch all trah9fcrs''of the heW Llties fliould be "entered, , and fjgned, by the ptfrty rnakiug fucH Thiier or his attorney} aud the perfon to whom Tuch transfer flipuld beoiade, or his attorney, (bould underwrite his acceptance ; and nd ther method of transferring the annuities fiioiild be good in law. ' ° The aniiuities of this company, as well as the other, arfc now reduced tall PC' cent. - ' , This company is under the direftion-ef ^ govei'nor, fub-governor» , jjiy-overnor, and twenty-one direftori^: bin no perfon is qualifiied lobe governor, his majcily excepted, unkfs fuch governor has, in his ji^„ ifsjine and "right, 5000!. in the trading ftock ; the fub-goveiri'flf is to have 4000I. the deputy-goVernOr 3000I. and a direftor ioQbl. irj the fame ftock. In every general court, every >nember, having in his own name and right 500!. in trading (lock, has ohe vote ; if aoool. twQ votes ; if 3000I. three votes, and if 5000I. four votes. The Eaft India company, the Bank of England", and the South-Sear company, are the only incorporated bodies to which the government is indebted, except the million bank, whofe capital is only' one miilidh, 1 conftltuted to purchafe the reverfion of the long Exchequer orders. The int^reft of all the debts owing by the govcrninent was fomi Ivearsfinre reduceJ to. 3, per cent, excepting only the annuities for tht hear 1758) the lile annuities, and the ExcliCquer orders; but the South,- I6ea company (till continues to divide 4 per cent, on their prefent ca- Ipiul ftock ; which they a-e enabled to do from the profits they make Ion the fums allowed to them for management of the annuities paid at liheir office, and from the intereft of annuities which are not claimed Ibythe pVoprictors. I As the prices of the different flocks are continually fluAuating above Lnd below /ar ; fo when a perfon, who is not acqviainted \Mith tranfac- Itions of that nature, reads in the papers the prices of Itocks, where Bartk ilock is marked perhaps 127, India ditto, 134 a 134I, South-Sea ditto, ^ni' &c. he is to uudtrftand t!iat lool. of thofe rcfpedlive (locks fell at luch a time for thofe feveral fums. In comparing the prlcts oi" the different flocks one with another, it mift be remembered, that the intereft due on them trom the time of the bft payment is taken into the current price, and the feller never receives Unv Separate confideratioi\ for it, except in the cafe of India bonds, (ifhere the intereft due is calculated to the day of the fale, and paid by ie purchafer, over and above thf premium agreed for. But as the in- lerellon the different ftocks is paid at different times, this, if n*,t right- niiuierftood, would lead a perfon, not well acquainted with them, L confiderable miftakes in his computation of tlitlr value ; fome al- lays having a quarter's intereft due on therji more than others, which lakes an appearance of a coiifiderable difference irt the price, when in litv there none at all ; thus, for inftance, Old South -Sea annuities [for 8511. or 83I. los. while New South-Sea annuities fetch only l^i|.o^84l. 15s. though each of them produce the annual fum of 3 rcent. ; but the old annuities have a quarter's intereft more due on itmthan the new annuities, which amounts to 158. the exa<5l diffe- sice. There is, however, one or two caufes that wiil always make one ce> of annuities fell fomewhat lower than another, though of the Imereal value.; one of which is, the annuities making but a fm&H capital, ithr? not beinj^ for that reafon, fo many people at all ti^nes ready lir. '[?.'.:•> it, as into otiicrs where the quantity is ai-j;er; bccaufc it Upprchcndfd that whenever the government pay* olf the national . m •"•ft *,♦■ ■> isS E N O JL A N D. Oebt, tMey will begin with thijit particuUr fpccies of annuity, the cap!. tal of which is the fmalleft. i" While the annuities, And intereft for money advanced, are regularly paid^ 9nd the principal infured by both'prince and pegple (a fecuriiv not to be had in other nations), foreigners will lend u» their property jmd 9U Euroj^ be interefted in our Wdfart ; the paper of the compa! nies will be converted into mon^y and merchandife, and Great Britaia can never want ca(h to carry her fchemes into execution. In other nations, credit is founded orith£ word of thp prince, if a monarchy or. that of the people, if a reiiiiblic; byt here if }3 eftabliihec) on the Jntereft of both prince and people, which is the ftrongeft fecurjty; for, ho^ji'ever lovefy ind engaging hopefty may be in other fubjefts, in! tereil in money tnatters will always obtain confii^ence 5 becayfe many ■ Peopje pay gre«>fg^rd to.^hejr.im^wft^^w^^ but little veneration for Virtue. •• :; ...;'"*.;■■:' ' ■;.',.■",-}/';, Constitution ANti laiivs.'| Tadtii^,In d^'feribing fuch a conftitu- tion aI that of England, feems to thltik, that, however beautiful it may Ibe in theory, it will be found ithprafticabje in thi execution. Expe. rienCe'h^s proved th}s tb be a miftake ; for, by contrivances unknown to antiqvity, the Englilh conftitution has ^xifted for above 500 years. \t nnift at the fame time be admitted, that it has received, during that tiriie,' maiiy arhehdments, and fbrne intcrrujptioris ; but its principles , are the fame With thofe defcribed by the above-mentioned hiftorian ^s belonging to the Germans, and the other northern anceftors of |he Engliflt nation, and >hich are very improperly blended under the name of Gothic. On the firft i'nvafion of feneland by the Saxohsi who cnme from Germany and the neighbourmg countries their laws and manners were pretty rnuch the fam« as thofe men- tioned by Tacitus. The people had a leader in time of war. The conquered Jands, in proportion to the merits of his followers, ancl their abilities to ferve him, were diftpbuted among them ; and the whole waj confidered as the .common property, which they were to unite in defend- ing againft all invaders. Frefn adventurers coming over under feparate Jtaders, the ojd inhabitants were driven into Wales ; and thofe leadersat )aft aflumed the titles of kings over the feveral diftrids they had con- ' miered, This change of appellation made them more refpeftable among thte Britons, and thtij' neighbours the Scots and PiA^, but did not in- f reafc their power, the operations of which continued to be confinedto military affairs. All civil matters were propofed in a general affembly of the chief of, l^cets and the people, till, by degree?, (lierifts and other civil officers were appointed. To Alfred we owe that mafler-piece of judicial policy, the fubdivifion of England into wapentakes and hundreds, and ihefiib. divifion of hundreds into tythings, names that ftill fubfift in England; and overfeers were chofen to direft them for the good of the whole.! The fh^riff was the judge of all civil and criminal matters within thej county; and to him, after the introduftion of Chrifiianity, wasaddi the bifliop. In procefs of time, as bufinefs multiplied, itinerant ai other judges were appointed ; but, by the earlieft records, it appeal that all civil matti-rs were decided by 12 or 16 men, living in tf neighbourhood of the place where fhe difpute lay; and here wehai the original of Englifli juries. It is certam that they were in iifea- mong the earlitfl Saxon colonies, their inftitution being afcribedH bifliftp Nicholfon to Woden himfelf, their great legiflator and captaii Hence wc find traces of juries in the laws of all ihofe nations whici adopted the feodaJ fydcin, as in Germany, FrancCj aiiid Italy ; wholu; ENGLAND^ 259 all of ^hem, a tribunal compofed of 12 good men and tnjp, equals or noers of the party litigant. In England we find aftual mention made ofthem fo w^X *s the laws of king Ethelred, and that not as a new in* Before the introduftion of Chj-iflianity, we know not whether the Saxons admitted of juries in criminal matters; but we are certain that thwe was no action i"o criminal as not to be compenfated for by mo- ney*. A mulA was impofed, in proportion to the guilt, even if it was murder of the king» upon the malefaftor ; and by paying it, he pur» chafed his pardon. Tnofe barbarous ufages fcem to have ceaf;:d loon after the Saxons werp converted to Chriflianity ; and cales of felony and murder were then tried, evpn in the king's court, |>y a jury. Royalty, among the Saxons, was npt, ftriftly fpeaking, heredijtary, though, i« fa£^, it came to be rendered fo through the affeftion which the people bore for the blogd of their kings, and for prcferving the re- ffularity of government. Even eftatcs and nonoprs were not ftriftly he- reditary, till they were made fo by William the Norman. In many rcfpe£ls, the firft princet of the Norman line after\yards did all they could to efface from the minds of the people the remembrance of the Saxon conftitution ; but the attempt was to no purpofe. The nobility, as well as the people, had their complaints againft the crown; and, after much war and bloodflied, the famous charter of Englifh li- bertic?, fo well known by the name of Magna Charta, was forcibly, in, a manner, obtained from king John, and confirmed by his fon Henry in. who fucceeded to the crown in 12 16. It docs not appear that, till this rgroflqd to thtinfelves the difpofal of property. 3 The precife year when the houfe of commons was formed, is not known: but we are certain there w^s one ju the reign of Henry III. though we (hall not enter into any difputes about their fpecific powr ers. We therefpre now proceed to defcribe th^. ra^ ^] ^ ^m^MYi [ ^^^^^°'^i^^i^fm^^. <#h>vV t6Q E N G L A N D. queen ; whofe eldeft daughter Margaret having married James IV king of Scotland, king; James the Sixth of Scotland, and of England the Firit, was the lineal defteudant from that alliance. So that b his per. fon, as clearly as in Henfy VIII. centred all the claims of the different competitors, from the Norman -invafion downward; he being indif. putably the lineal heir of William I. And, what is ftillmore remark, able, in his perfon alfo centred the right of the Saxon monarchs, which had been fufpended from the Normain invafion till his accclfion. For Margaiet, the fifter of Edgar Atheling, the daugliter of Edward the Outlaw, and grand-daughter of king Edmund Ironfide, was the perfon in whom the hereditary right of the Saxon kings (fuppofing it not abolifhed by the Conqueft) refidcd. She married Malcolm III. kiiiff of Scotland; and Henty If. by a defcent from Matilda their daughter is generally caUcd the reftoi'er of the Saxon line. But it mufrbe re! mcmbered, that Malcolfln, by his Saxon queen, had fons as well aj. daughters ; and that the royal family of Scotland, from that time down, ward, were the offspring 6i Malcolm and Margaret. Of that royal fa- infly liing Jannes I. was the direct atfd linaal defcendant ; and, therefore united in his perfon every poffible claim, by hereditary right, to the !{inglifli as weU as Scottilh throne, bdng the heir both of £gl)ert and i William the Norman. i At the Revolution in 1688, the convention of eftates, or reprcfenta- j tivc body of the natiotj, declared that the mifconduft of king James II. amounted to an abdlcsltion of the government, and that the throne vajj ^hereby vacant. In ct>nfequence of this vacancy, and from a regard to the ancient line,! this Convention appointed the next protefta«t heirs of the blood-royalj of king Charles I. to fill the vacant throne, ih the old order of fucJ ceffion ; with a temporary exception, or preference to the perfon of kinM William III, ' ^ f On the impending failurfc of the proteftant line of king Charles 1.1 (Whereby the throne might again have become vacant) the king an/ parliament extended the iettlement of the crown to.the proteftant lina of king James I, viz. to the princefs Sophia of Hanover, aiid.the hein of her body, t>eing proteftants ; and Ihe is now the common ftock, froq whom the heirs of the crown muft defcend *. * A chronology of Eng'ifli Kings, fince the time that thii country became Bm'td under one monarchy, in the perlon of Egbert, who fubdu« s„^„ "* ^ ii- I 5 (Commonly called the Coft^neirbr) dtafcc of Ndhmhdi^, a ptBvIhce :z6i William l. ^ fj^ng the fouth of England, now annexed to the French monarchy. »o»7 Wiliiimir. > g^jjjj ^f ^j,g Conqueror. jojj StepheHi grandibn to the Conqueror, by his fourth daughter Adela. n 5 (r'lantagcnet) grandfon of Henry I. by his daughter the empre& j 1154 Henry ifc ^ Maud, and her fecond hufband, Gebnirey Plantagcneu , "89 R'.*«<* ^- 1 fons of Henry n. JIM Join, \ W16 Henry HI. fon of John. , ' M71 Edward I. fou of Henry III. M07 Edward II. fon of Edw ard I. Imr Edward ril, fon of Edward IT. . |»j); Richard II grandfon of Edward IIT. by his eldeft fon the Black Princii. K Houfe of Lancafter. ^ ,-, yfon to John of Gaunt, duke of Lancafter,") ,j99 Henry IV. ^ fourth fon, of iidwarU HI. f ,41, Henry V. fon of Henry IV. r I4» Henry VI. fon to Henry V. ) |u(i Edward I V. defccndid from Edward III. by Lionel hii third fon. ") |,4g) Edwerd V. fon of Edward IV. C Houfe of York. 11483 Richard III. brother to Edward IV. ) ( (Tudor) fon of the countefs^ 485 Henry VII. < of Richmond, of the houfc 1 Hrtufe of Tudor, in whnm were I of l.anc^Oer; -^ I united the houfes of L:tncaft(.r [jOj Henry Vlll. foti of Henry VH. > ard York, by Henry Vll.'s mari riage with Elizabeth, daughter of Jidward IV. { V/illiani ^ ai'd ( Mary J47 Edward VI. fon of Henry VIII. 'jiESeth, (Daughter, of Henry VIIL i . 5 ^reat-grandfon of James IV. kinjf of Scotland, by Marp^aret, daughter 03 James i. -^ ^^ j^^,,^ yjj_ ^^^ ^^.^^ ,,£ ^^^ ^^^^^^ family in England. Mt; Charles I. fon of "James 1. ' nmnnwcalth aud protedlorate of CromwelL 4, Charles II. ?f^^^^f Charles 1. ^i James 11. ^ ' V/illiam III. nephew jind fon.in-law of Jamci II. US ■{ ai'd 5 DaU)ihters of James II. in Whom ended the proteftart lire of ^ Charles I. For James II. upon his abdicatinj^ the throi.e, catrici ) with him his fuppolied infant (on (the late Pretender), who wa« excluded by aCl of parlianieUr, wh-ch fettled the fuccelEon iu the 1 est proteftant heirs of jam. si The furvivtng illuc of Jumea, at the time of his death, wtre a fon and a da'ijrlttr, viz. Charl s who fucceedcd him, and the jTiiiceCs Elizabeth, who ma.Ticd the elctftor I'alatine, who took the title of k^nx of Boherjua, and left a daughter, the prlncefs Sot hja, who married t!u du»c o( Bn.n!V. wiek Liinenhurgh.by^hom (he had ficnrge, cIlcI or of Hauovrr, who arccidrdtht: throne, by nA of parllau,tiit Cipr^-fsly mjijis iu favour of his mother. |i^ George I. iGcuriid II. fon of Georj'e I. iGcurjfc HI. grandfon of George II. m Anne • Ho"ife cf Hanover. S3 van.4 .^'.i;?^' IM E N G L A N t>i iii no king in betng< For in t full aiTembly of the lords and common) rtiet in convention upon the fuppofltion of this vacanty, both houfcscim ' to this fefoluti^n : *' that king James II. having endeavoured to fubveit the con(li(ution of the kingdom, by breaking the original contraftbe. twetn king and people j and, by the advice of Jefuits and other wicked perfons, havins violated the fundamental law^, and having withdrawn nimfelf out of this kingdom, has abdicated the government; and that the throne is thereby vacant." Thus ended at once, by this fudden and vnexpeAed revolution, the old line of fuccelDon, which, from the Nor- man invaiion, bad lailed above 600 years, and from the union of the Saxon heptarchy in king Egbert, almoft 900. Thougn in fome points the revolution was not fo perfeft as might ha /e been wiued, yet from thence a new aera commenced, in which the bounds of prerogative and libtrty have been better defined, the principles of government more thoroughly examined and underflood, and the riahts of the fubjeft more explicitly guarded by legal provifions, than in any other period of the EngUfti hiftory. In particular, it is worthy obftrva. tbn, that the convention, in this their judgment, avdided with great wifdom the extremes into which the viOonary theories of fome zealout republicans would have led them. They hefd that this mifcondudof i king James amounted to an endeavour to fubvert the conftitution, and not to an aftual fubverfion or total difTolution of the government. They therefore, very prudently voted it to amount to no more than an abdi-f cation of the government, and a confequent vacancy of the throne- whereby the government was allowed ft approved, and in all pro- bability in duration the moll permanent. This conftitutioa it i» tfa# duty of every Briton to underlland, to revere* and to defiend. The principal duties of the king are cxprefTcd in his Oath at the co^ ronation, which is adminiftered by one ot the archbifliops or btfl)op» oftbc realm, in the preftrnce of all the people, whoj on their parts, do ttciprocally take the oath of allegiance to the crown. This coronation oath is conceived in the following terms : « The arMifitpt or if/ioff jkaufayj Will you fokmnly premife and fwear, to govern the people of this kingdom of England, and the domi-f nions thereunto bdonglng; according to the ftatutes in parliament I agreed on, and the laws and cufioms of the famef *-•, J4« king or quetn Yjtilfth I Solemnly pfomife fb to do. -«>trf ? «• J^chbifiop or btjhop. Will you, to your powcr^ caufc law and juftice, io mercy, to be executed in all your judgments }-^King or ^uem, I will. u Arckbijhop or bijhop. Will you to the utmoft of your power maintain the Jaws of God, the true profeffion of the gofpel, and the protettant re- formed religion eftabliflied by the law^ And will you preferve unto the biibops and dcrjgy of this realm, and to the churches committed to [(heir charge, all fuch rights and privileges as by the law do or (hall ap- Ipertain unto them^ or any of them i->—King or queen. All this I pro- Imife to do. ♦* After tihf the king or queeny laying hi) or her hand upon the holy gefpels^ itUfnyf The things which I have here before promifed, I will perform [and keep : fo help me God. j^nd then kifs the boei." This thr form of the coronation oath, as it is now prefcribed by our aws: and *-c may obferve, that, in the king's part in this original con- Itrad, are exprefTed all the duties that a mouarcn can owe to his people ; fiz.to govern according to law ; to execute judgment in mercy ; and to ihaiiitain the efiabliihed religion. With refped to the latter of thei'e khree branches, we may iarth' remark, that by the i6t of union, 9 \nD. c. 8, two preceding ttatutt ire recited and confirmed ; the one of he parliament of Scotland, the 'therof tiic parliament of England) ihicb enaA, the formery that every king at his acceffioo fliall aketind bbfcribe'an oath, to preferve the proteitant religion, and prelbyterian kborch government in Scotland: the latter, that, at his coronation, lie all take and fubfcribe a fimilar oath, to preferve the fettlement ot the drcb of England within Errglitnd^ Ireland, Wales, and Berwick, and 8 territories thereunto belonginr. The king of Great Britain, nnlwithftandini; the limitations of the pov/- lof the crewn, already mentioned, is the greatefl monarch reigning Irer a free people. His perfon is facred in the eye of the law, which pakes it hij^h treafon fo much as to imagine or intend his death ; neither ihe, in hinofelf, *•" deemed guilty of any crime ; the law taking no jnifance of hit <; . :>, but on)y in the perfons of his mintfters, if ley infringe the Kmvs ..'1 the land. • As to his pi>\tfer, it is very great, Btighhe nas no .'.!^' 'o extend- his prerogstive beyond the antieut nitsor theboundaii ; prdcribed by the conflitution ; he can make • new laws, nor raife any new taxes, nor ad in oppofirion to any of : laws ; but he can make war or peace ; fend aijd receive ambafTa* inake treaties of league and commerce; levy armies, and fit out «is, for the deiencc of his kingdom, the S 4 i anoyance o f his enemie^y / IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) .V' .<^ .V •*■ .-^ 't ^"a^ % /a 1.0 I.I ■-1^ 12.5 50 ■■■ Hi u ^ V.UU 1^ ■:£ 12.0 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 < 6" ► V Photographic Sciences Corporation ''b 23 W^ST . '. * N bVREET WEBSTER, NY. MS80 (716) 872-4503 6> Mi s44 XN GL-ANP. or the fuppreiCon of rebeiy^ons ; gr^nt commiffions to his officers, both by fea and Und, or revokr*t|icm at plcafUre j difpofe ofiall magazines, caftles, &c. fummoh the parliament to meet, an8, ^Yhen met, adjourn, ?>rbrogue, ordiflblve it at pleafure; refufe liis aflent to any hiil, though t has paired both honfes j which, confequchtly, 6y fucha refufal, has nO' mere force than if it had never been moved ; but this is a preroga- tfvc that the kings of England have very feldorn ventured to exercife. He poflefles the right orchuofirig his own council ; of nominating all the great officers or ftate, of the houfet^old, and the church; and, in fine, is the foyntain of honour, from whom all degrees of nobility and knighthood are derived. , Such is the dignity aud power of a king of Great Britain. 0F "tHB FMliament.] PaHiaments, or general councils, in fome fliape, are, as has been before obferved, of as high antiquity ns the Saxon government in this ifland, and coeval with the kingdom i If. Black- none, in his valuable Commentaries, fays, " it is generally jreed, that in the main the ccnftitution of parliament, as it now flands, was mark. «d out fo long ago as the 17th of king John, A. D. 1215, in the Great Charter granted, by that prince; wherein he promifes to fummonall archbifiiops, bifliops, abbots, lord^, arid greater barons, perfonally ; and all other tenants in chief under the crown, by the Iheriffs and bailiffs, to meet at a certain place, with forty days' notice, t. aflefs aids and fcutages when necefTkry. And this conftitution Iiath fub^fted. in h&, at leaft Jrom the year 1266, 49 Henry tit. there being ftill ejctant wtftsof that-date-to fummon knights, citizens,-and burgeflfes to parlia- meint." ^ *rbe parliament is aflembled by the king's writs, and its fitting muft not be intermitted above three years. Its conftituent parts are, the king fitting there in his royal political capacity, and the three eftates of the fM; ,1 ; the lords fpiritui'l, the lords temporal (who* fit together with the king in one houfe), and the commons, who fit by themfelves in another. The kiiig and thefe three eftates, together, form the great corporation or body politic of the kingdom, of which the king is faid to be caputs frincipiurty et finis. For, upon their corning together, the king meets them, either in perfon, or by reptefentation ; without which there can be no beginning of a parliament; and he alfb has alone the power of diflblving them, . It is .highly neceffjry, for preferving the balance of the conftitution, that the executive power fliould be a branch, though not the whole, of the legiflature. The crown cannot begin of itfelf any alterations in the prcfent eftabliftied law ; but it may approve or difapprove of the altera- tions I'liggefted and confented to by tlhc two hoiiles. The legifl'-tive ^ therefore cannot abridge the executive power of any rights whidh it i)«Sw has by law, wiwhoiu its own confent ; fince the law muft perpetu- ally itand as'it now does, unlefs ?JI the powers will agree to alter it. And herein indeed confifts the trive excellence of the Englifli government, were it maintained in its purity, that all the parts of it form a mutual check upon each other. In the legiflature, the people arc a check upon the nobility, and the nobility a check upon the people, by the mutual privilege of rejefting what the other has refolved ; while the king is a check opon both ; which preferves the executive power from encroach- ments. The lords fpiritual CQnfift of two archbifiiops and twenty-four bi- ftiops.' Theiords tfniporal coiififl of all the peers of the realm, the bi- &\o^H not bei,^ in Itrid^iefs held to befuch, but merely lords of parlla- E ^^ G L A N D. ^i merit. Some of the peers fit by dcfccnt, as do, aINnclent pfien j foaae by creation, as do all the new-made ones; others, fince the ^'iibi^ with Scotland, by election, which is the cafe of the fixteen peefv who reprefent the body of the Scots nobility. The number of peers is ia-» definite, and may 't>e increafed at will, by the power of the crown. A body of nobility is mpre peculiarly necefTary in our mixed ami compounded conftitution, in order to Tupport the rights of both the crown and the people, by forming a barrier to with^laiid the encrpach- ments of both. It creates and prcferves that gradual fcale of dignity, which proceeds from the peafant to the prince; riling like a pyramid from a broad foundation, and diminiftiing to a point as it rifes. The nobility therefore are the pillars, which are reared froin among the peo> pie, more immediately to fuppprt the throne; and if that falls, they muft alfo be buried under its ruins. Accordingly, when in the la(l century the commons had determined to extirpate monarchy, they alfo voted the houfc of lords to be ufelefs and dangerous. The commons coniifl of all fuch men of .any property in the king- dom, as have not feats in the.houfe of lords; every one of whom has a voice in parliament, either perfonally, or by hi,s repreferitatives *. In a free fiate, every man who is fuppoled a iree agent, ou^ht to be, in fome meafure, his own gpvernOr j and therefore a branch at leaft of the legiflative power fhoulareiide in the whole body of the people. It| fp large a flate as ours, it is very wifely contrived that the people ihould do that by their reprefentatives, which it is impra£licable to perform in perfon, — reprefentatives chofen by a number of minute and feparate dillrifts, wherein all the voters are, or eafily may be, diftinguilhed. The counties are therefore reprefented by knights, eletfted by the pro- prietors of lands : the cities and boroughs are reprefented by citizens and burgeffes, chofen by the mercantile part, or fuppofed trading intereft of the nation f. The number of £ngUfli reprefentatives is 51J, and of, Scots, 45 ; in all, 55S. And every member, though chofen by one pa*-- ticular diftrift, when elected and returned, ferves for the whole realm. For the end of his coming thither is not particular, but general : not merely to ferve his conftituents. but alfo the conimonweahh, and to advife his majefty, as appears from the writ of fummo^s. Thefe are the conflituent parts of a parliament, the king, the lord* fpiritual and temporal, and the commons; parts, of which each is fo neceflary, that the confcntof all three is required to make any new law that fhould bind tl^ fubje£t. Whatever is enacted for law by one, or * This mnfi be underftooj with fome limitation. Thofe who are pofleired,^f land cflates, though to the value of only 40s per annum, have a right to vote for msnnben ol parliament; as have mod of the memljcrs of curporations bormlghs, Sec. But there are very large trading town?, arid populou.s places, which fend no members to parlia- ment ; and of tholie towns which dofeiia members, great numbers of the inhabitatit* have no votes. Many thoufanii perfous of great perlonal property have, therefore, no reprefentatives. Indad (he inequality and dcf-divencH of the reprefcntation ha« been Juftly confidered as one of the greatell impei fciSlions in the Englifh ronilitutinn. The duration of parliamcnis bein^ extenUcd to leven years, has alfo been viewed in th« fame light. t Copy «yf the bribery oath, whirh jt a'lminiftercd to every perfon before they poll : "I .do fwear (os being one of the people called Quakers, oo fo- Icmnly affirm) I have not rereived or had,.by myfelf, or any perfon whaUoever in tiufL for me, or for my ufc and benefit, dircflly, or indireflly, any fum or.fums of money, office, plac«, or employment gift or reward, or any promife or fccurity for any mon«y, office, or employment, or gilt, in order to give my vote ^t this cltiTiou ; aud that t b«ve not before been polled at thi< dcdiuu. So help it)e God." T ' ( m E K G L A K D. by two only, of the three, is tio ftatute ; and to it no regard Is due, int.* lefs in matters relating to their own privileges. The power and.jurifdidlion of parliament, fays fir Edward Colce, is fo franfcendent and abfoiute, that it cannot be confined, either.for c?.ufe» or pcffoDs, within any bounds. It hath fovereign and uncontroulable authority in making, confirming, enlarging, retraining, abrogating, re< paling, reviving, anc* expounding df laws, concerning matters of all poffible denoniinations, ecclofiaftical or temporal, civil, military, rnari* time, or criminal ; this hieing the place where that abfoiute defpotic power, which muH in all governments refide fomewhere, is intruded by fhe <;onAituttoa.of thefe kingdoms. AU mifchiefs and grievances, oppreffions and remedies, that tranfcehd the ordinary courfe of the lawSf are within the reach of this extraordinary tribunal. It can re- gulate or new-model the-Aiccefiion to the crown; as was dphe in the reigns of Henry VlII. and William III. It can alter and eflablifh the, reliaon of the land ; as was done in a variety of infiances in thi> reigns of ^enry VIII. and his three children, Edward VI. Mary, and Eljia' beth. It can change and create afrefli even the conftitution of the kingdom, and of parliaments themfelves ; as was done by the aft of union, and the feveral (iatutes for triennial and feptennial eIe£lions. It can, in ihort, do every thin? that is not naturally impoflible; and therefore fome have not fcrupled to call its power, by a figure rather too bold, the emttifctence of parliament. But then its power, howeVer great, was given to it in truJr, and therefore ought to be employed ac- cording to the rules of jufiice, and for the promotion of the generat welfiire of the people. And it is a matter molt eiTential to the liberties of the kingdom, that fuch members be delegated to this important truft, as are mou eminent for their probity, their fortitude, and their know- ledge j for it wa»a known apc^hthegm of the great lord treafurer Bur- leigh, ** that England could never be ruincfd but by a parliament;*^ and, as fir Matthew Hale obferves, this being the higheft and greateft court, over which none other can have jurifdiftion in the kingdom, if by any means a mifgovernment fliould any way f^ll upon it, the fub- jtfts of this kingdom are left without all manner of legal remedy. In order to prevent the mifchiefs that might arife by placing this ex- tenfivf authonty in bands that are either incapable or elfe improper to manage it, it, is provided, that no one fliall fit or vote in either houfe of parliament, u^lefs he be twenty-one years of age. To prevent inno- vations inifc;Iigion and government, it is enafted, that no member fliall vote or fit in either houfr, till he hath, in the prefence of the houfe, taken the .Q?^ths of allegiance, fupremacy, and abjuration; and fub*- fcribed and repeat^ the declaration againit tranfubfiantiation, th6 in- yocatioji of faintf, and the fiu:rifice or the mafs. To prevent dangen that may arife. to the kingdom from foreign attachments, connexions, or dependencies, irjs enafljtd, that no alien, bom out of the doipiuions of the crown of Great Britain, even though he be naturalifed, fiialt be c^Ue of being a member of either iioufe of parliament. dome oi thf moft important privileges of the members of either houfe' are, privilege of fpeech, :of perfon, of their domeftics, and their lands and goods. As to the firfi, privilege of fpeech, it is declared by the fta- tute of r W. & M. ft. a', c. 2, as one of the liberties of the people, " that the freedom of fpeech, and debates, and proceedings in parliament, ought Mot to be impeached orqueAioned inany court or place outofparliament." And thl& freedom of fpeech is particularly demanded of the king in per- Ibn, by the fpcaker ot the houfe of comuious, at the openinjg of every JEl^C LAND. 26 f 1 Is ^ue, Hit" d Co1(e, is fo ler.for caufe* icontroulabic )rogating, re- natters of all ilitary, mari- (lute delpotic ;, is intniiled d grievances, courfe of the 1. It can re- i dqne in the d eftablilh the, } in thfe rsi^^s ry, and Eliza-^ itution of the by the a'ft of al ele£tions. It npoflible; and a figiire rather jwer, however ! employed ac- of tW general; to the liberties m porta nt truft, id their know- treafurer Bur- a parliament;" sft and greateft he kingdom, if on it, the fub- I remedy, placing this ex- fe improper to either houfe of } prevent inno- o member fliall e of the houfe, tion ; arid fub- itiation, thfe in- srevent danger* ts, connexions, f the dotpinions iralifed, ihall be It. s of either houfe' and thfeir lands ared by the fta- ic people, "that arliamenr, oivght It of parliament." the king in \yef- pcning of every new parlianfient. ^ -60 are the other privile^e^, of perron, fenrants, Iands«' and goods, fhis includes not only privuege from illegal violence, but alfo from legal atrefts, and feizures by procefs jfirom the coiim of Uw.^ Toa^aalt by yioitence a member of either houfe, or hit menid fer> vants, is a high contempt of pariiandent, and there puniflied with the utmoft fevprity. .Neither can any tnember of dther- houfe he ariefftid and taken into cuftod^, nor Served with any procefs of thecoum of- law; nor can his menial fervants be arrefled; nor can any entry be niade on his bnds ; nor cart bis eoods be dtftrained or feized, withoiic, a breach of the privilege of paniament *. The houfe of lords have a'nght to be attended, and coilftquently ire« by the judges of the courts of king's bench andcommon pteas, and filch of the barons of tht exchequer as are of the degree of the coif, or have' been made ferjeanta at hiw, as likewife by thie itiaften of the itxnirt of chancery, for their advice in points of law, ^i^ % die'griiateillightfy of their proceedings. ;W'--. ■ •<"■'■ ■^;-'; \k i^iui^ •":'/-'"'■■•■ The fpeaker of the houfe of lords is generally the lofd ^d^ahcelTdr,' or lord keeper of the great feai ; which dignities are comn^dnly vt&ed in the^ (ameperfbn. , '^t^mrt'- . ; tv -.r .^..^.f'tv^ i* Each peer has a right, by leaveof the houfe^ as being his 95ivn rqjre* fentative, when a vote jpaflbs contrary to , his fentiment9,tb enter his diflent on the journals of the houfe, with the' reafoni of fiich dUfent ; which is ufually ftyled his proteft. Upon particular occafions, how- ever, thefe protefts have been fo bold as to jgive offenee to the majority of the houfe, and have therefore been expunjred from their journals; but this has always been thought a violent meamre, and not vety i^oofiftent with ;he general right of protefting. The houfe of commons may be properlv "ilyled the grand in(|uefl; of Great Britain, impowered to Inquire into aU national sjjnevances, in or-* der to fee them redrefled. , ■•* The ptctiliar laws and culloms pf the houfe i>f commons relate prin- cipally to the tM&ag of taxes, and the eleAions of members to I^rve la p^liament. Whh regard to taxes«^it is the ancient indifputableprivilege and right; of the houfe of commons, that all grants of Aibiidies, Or parliamentary aids, do begin in their hoUfe, and are (irft beftowed by them ; although their grants are not effeiftual to ail intents andpurpofes, until they have the aflent of the other two branches of the legiflat^re. The genehil rea« - fon given fbr'this exclufive privilege of the noufe of comnions is, that the lupplies are raifed ppon the body of the peo{5le, and therefore it is proper that they alone ihould have the right of taxing themfelVei. The method of making laws is much the fame in both houfes; In each houfe, the i& of the majority binds the whole ; and this majority is de^ dared by votes publicly and openly given j not, as' ^t Venice, and many other fenatorial aflbmbiies, privately or by ballot. iThii latter method may be ferviceable, to prevent intngue.s and uneonfh'tutionat combina- tions ; but it is impoffible to be pradtifed with us, at teaft in the hdiifs of commons, where every member's conduA is fubjedl to'the fjitiire cenfure of his conftituents, and therefore iboAld be openly fubmitted to their iofpe6lion. ' n tit> ?.; i . » na ,ilirt no i-$ . !.'^.v.> . ■■■■] ■• ■VT ^vtr ■■, ■ - ' * Thi»«ieinption from arrefti fi)r lawful debts «^m dways ednfidorid bf the Uubl'e a» « gricveoce. The lordit aj;i4 conunont therefore f^neronfly relinqniiked their pri- Tikges bjr aa of parlwueat iu 17:91 and mcmlM;!* fjC^Mth l^ttl«* may avff \^imi like ather debion. .?/? Ji;% m E^ G L A N D* To bring ^ biU into the tjoufe of commonsi if tiie relief fought bytt. il of a private natui'e, Jt is firil n«cefl!a/y to prefer a petitioi^, which mufl be prefented bv a inember, and ufualty fetg forth toe grievance defired ^o he remedied. *ri>is petition (when founded on h^i that may be in their nature difputed) is referred to a committee of members, who ex- amine the matter alleged, 9nd accordingly report it to the houfe ; and then ^or, oth^rwlf^ upon tlie m(|riies ponfent* aJl4 to fettle all points of technical pro. priQty.). This mtf^d a firft tinrie, and, at a convenient diftaoce^ a fe. cpnd'tionet 91^ ^ft^r e^ch readii\gt ^be fpeaker opens to the boufe the fubftance of the bUi« ai\d PMts the q^ueilioji whl;ther it (hall proceed any farther. The introdu(£tion of the bill may be originally oppofed, as the bill itfelf rn^ai ^tber of tlic readings ; and if the oppofit^bn fuc- ceeds, the j|»iU piyft be dropt for that iielSon ; as it muft alfo, if o{)pofed vith fuccefs in any of t|ie fpbiequeut fiages. After the fecpnd reading, jit is conMnitted* that is, referred to a com< mittee, wlawh is either felji^l^d ]by the houfe, in niatters of fmsJl im- port^nce, or dfe, if tl^i. biU is & mt^tte^ pf great or national coofeauence, the houfe refolves itfelif into % cofPniittee of the whole houfe. A com< mittee of th^ whole hou(jb, is qampofed of ev^ry tnember ; and, to form it, thefpeaker quits, the chair (another member, being, appointed chair- man), and may lit apd debatf;:^^ a, private member, ^n thefe commit* tees, the bill^ is debated, claufe by claqfip, amendments made, the blanks 411ed up,jaqd ;fpm.?!i(ne;S the UUl i» SfJtirejy new-.mod(;lied. After it has gone throueb the comii^ittee, the chaiiir.an reports it to the houfe, with luch amendments as the committee have made ; and then the houfe re> consider the whole bill again* and the queiUon is repeatedly put upon every claufe atvl amendment. When the houfif have agreed or dif. agreed to the amendments of the committee, and fometimes added new amendments of thpMC Q)vn, the bUI h then prdered to be engrolTed, or written in a ftrong grofs hand, on one or more long rolls of parchment fewed together. When this is finiih^, it is read a third time, and amendments are foipetimes tjien made to. it ; and, if a new claufe be added, it is done by tacking ? fepfirate piece of p^chmpnt on the bill, whicivis called a rider. The Tpeaker (hen ag^tt opens the contents, and, holding it dp in his hands, puts the queilipn whether tl^e bill 0iall pafs. If this De ):;greed to, the title to i^i is then fettled^ After this it is carried tp the lords, for thfir concurrepce, bv One of (he ipembeirs, who, at- ten()ed by feveral more, prefents it at the bar of the houfe of peers, and there delivers it tp their fpeaker, who coines down from his woolfack to receive it. It there pafles thrpugh the fanu; forms as in the other houfe (except ergrol&ng, which is jilceady done), and,, if rejefted, no more notice is tak?n, but it paffesyii^^/fw/xV, to prevent unbecoming altercations. But if it be agreed to, the lords fend p meflage by two inafters in chancery (pr (bmetimes, in matters of high importance, by two of the judges) that tliey have agreed to the fame ; and the bill re- mains with the lords, if they haye made no amendment to it. But if any amendipents are made, fuch amendi^ents are fentdowo with the bill, to receive thp concurrence of the cpinmons. If the commons dif- agree to the amendments, a conference ufually follows between mem- bers deputed frpm each houfe, who, for the moll part, fettle ajfid adjuft 6 EN GL A NB. 169 the difference ; but if both hoiifes remain indexible, the bill is drbpped. If the cominoos 9gr(^e to the amendments* the bill 4s fent back to the lords by one of tlie members, with a meiTage to acquaint them there- with' The fame forms are obferv«d, mutatis miionait^ when the bill begins in the houfe of lords. Bujt.when an^ai^ of grace or pardon is paired, it is iirft figned by his maje^yr and then rea4 once only in each of the houfes, without any new ^ngrol^ng or amendment. And when joth houfes have done with any biU, it jalways is deppfited in. the houfe df peers, to wait the royal aflsut ; ^fes and in theii- f ommittees, theilightcft expreffloni or moft miniite alterauon, does not pafs till the fpeaker f>r the chairman puts the queftion; which, lu the houfe of cprnmous, is aufwered by lyt tt no \ and in the houfe of peers, by content or not conifni* -> irhe giving the royal aflent to bifls is a matter of great form. Wben the king is to pafs bills in perfon, he fipptars on his throne in the houfe of peers, in his royal robes, with the crown on his head, and attended hy his great officers of Aate, and heralds. ^. feat on the^rfght hand of the throne, where the prinpes of Scotland,, vf hen p^ei-s aif £,n|laAd|/ornnerly iat, is referved for, th« prince of .Wale^, The, pthc^r p»rkcep of the blood fit ^n.the left hand,o|.the kiag,ta{i(l.t)be]chancellor,|9Mft^^l*9fe bench ret nioved a little backw;ards. Thevi^Qui>t^4i:^d tempofal barons, or lordsf ^ce the throne, 9^ pe^iche?, or.Wfpl-paqks, covered with red cloth or baize. The benchiQf.Vilhopsri^f ^l^ng the. houfe, tptbe^baron the right fiariH.pf the throne; a^ the dukes and ^^^ n folemn occaHons, appear in their par|iam?ht^y robes. None o|.j(h^.90,iT>niQns have any robes, excepting the fpe^ker, who wears a long bUck filk gov.ji; and when he appears before the king, it is trimmed with gqld.- . rt The royal afient may be given two waysj 1. In perfpn. When thb kine fends for the houfe oif coninious to the houfe of peers, the fpeakcu cai-nes up the money-bill or bi(^ in his hand ; and, in delivering them^ he addrefTes his majefly in a foleijip Speech, in wliich he feldom fails to ^xtol tljie ^herofity and loyalty. 6£ the commons, and to t«U'his majeftyt how necieflary it is to be frugal o^ the public money. It is wpoh this od-* tafion, that the commons of Grejat, Britain appear in their highefl lufh-e. The titles of all bills that have pajTed both houfes are read ; and the king's anfwer is declared by the clerk^ of the parliament in Norman French. If the king confents toa public bill, the clerk ufually declares, Uroy le wp/, " the King wills it fo to be :" if to a private bill, fo'ttfai* (me il eji iefirl^ " be it as it is defired." If the kinjj refufes his afTent, it is in the gentle language oile roy iawfera^ " the king will advife upon it." When a money-bill is paffed, it is carried up and prefented to the king by the fpeaker of the houfe of commons, and the royal afTent is thus exprefled, le toy remercie fes loyal fubjellsy accepte Uur benevohnct^ e( ^K^/e WW, "the king thanks his loyal lubje£ls, accepts their benevo- " lence, and wills it lo to be." In cafe of an aft of grace, which ori-» ginally proceeds from the crown, and has the royal affent in thfe firfl jtage of It, the clerk of the parliament thus pronounces the gratitude of the fubjeft : les prelatSyfeigneur^^ et commons^ en ce prej'ent parliament affem* }\ts^ au ifom de tout vfs afitres JuijiilsyranercUni trls humblement voire mo- n 870 E N G li ^ K Q. jefie I // firtfHl a Dieit vew domef enJhaifSiinilie vie et longue : " t|je pra. mtit Ibrds^ anci cdniiiibiiiti, iti thi^ pr^ttk rii>lhirtient afl'embled, in the niimfr^r^U ydur otHel* fdbj^^ moft httnitily thank your majefty and pray to God to ffruit^ VOQ in' healtB and wdritK lorig to live." a. By the ll»tift<"33 li*lfa^VlH;ci ir, the'WogirayijiveMs aflfeht by letters patent under ^h'irdkt feat, figUed wim hii Mnd, and notified, in his Bbfen«i»,; t&htnh hoiMM ■ffembled togetfiter in the hi^h hbufe, by com- iliiffloh«r»titt^ditAnbtf)tig i^rcfeht fhiereiit bv his reprei^ntatives. However, copies t1)etvdflii>etMiUafy printed atthe khtg'sprdfs; for the informatioti ©fthewholellaiidi"''^' '^^'^^ r-: ..:<:• -;^. '^i .':T-., ;: :■ «^ 9rm th(t kbove general view bf thie Errgliih tlohftitutioh, it zpptim that'iioftseUrfly foir Its perJAnaneticy^ which the wit of man'tan detife, is wat^ltv^i If H ihouM'be bbj^cd, that parliaments mky become To cor< ropted, ts IS* give Up bifbetra)^ the liberties bf the pebple, the anfwer is, that parlidmeMtSf aci^ek^ other body pblitic, are ftiptbred to watcli ov^r their pi»lititMl>ki(rMiei«s% fAtailepettim does ovler his naturallife. If 9 parit jittieM tl^eire tb-afft iM illicit matimr, it' ntuft betomeftU eltji^ an evlj that no^ baman prbvifions ckn giiiird agaSnft. But there ari great re4 fourtetfoflibmyih England; Utid thSti^ ^he cbMtttjidon has b(!^^ cvco- o¥i|rttarni^; tod febietiih^ danijj^iibttfly wounded, yet its bwn \ti: »ate pb#fe«f^ hav* reiebvered and fiill pitferve it. Mbrif: 'Mezcby, thii* Hm&^shtfkwiia, faid to a cbtkntfj^n of oiirs, ih the clb^ oS the laft tentuiNr, <« Wehitd* bhci^ i|i Fh^nce the fahie happlnefs and the fame privileges which you have ; mr laws wtre then made iy rtprejtntativet tf ««* awn chojhg'f iherefiite amr mvnejif iifki M4t taiett/rtitt w, hu(zr^ntt4 fy'Mt% Owe kings wire ^en fubjeft to the )-ules of law and rea^n : •-» notir,'a1as! wb ate mjlerable, and alllrlbft. Think nothing, lir, tob deartb maintain theft pttecfbuiiadiranhrges; if ever thbre ihould be oc< ctfiott^tcMute your H^ And efllte rather than bafelv and fooliflily fub- mit to vhat abje A cbiiditibil to which fon fee tls reduced.'* The kitig of Enjgland, befides hSs Irigh cburt of parliainebt, has fub. ordinate officen ind ^lilficti to ftffil( bini» and ivho are refponfible for their iidvicettnd'cwhnduA. They are' made by the king's nomination, withtwt dther MttMt oi* griMt ; ahd^ unkooMin to the _iigH(h conftiftition, though the <^ce,;iQeiFfeAt is perhaps ncceflkry^ T^he conftitjition pointy out the iord.hJ^h'chjmceUsar ,as xniniftejrj but tb'c aflfeUrs of Jil^'^fn; court gj.ve hftm ;fo|Sf M cmploym;^nt. When (he officeof the frw lord of.tbc tr^jifyry Is jumtcd withfthi^t o£<:han- cellor ;of tl^e exche^uf r ^[officw: whkK I imn fMin >?riiaf£er) in the iarae perfo.?,, be is jf^Biidere^a? fir4 miniifcr«.,T.hc truth is, his ma- jetty may make ^f^ ipf bU ifer^gnts b»^ m^ miitiiftfr. . Birt though it is 1^0 o^ce, y^t ^tbere ^, a rf jl^pnabilitv ^rtaexcd to the qanasi and cojn- P)On repwte^tl^t render? i| a po^ of difeltK, anij danger. I iball now tjkeji flibrf ,fj5yij[-i^ pfth^e .nine g^eat officers of the crpwn,.who, by Ij^ir pofts,, tal^e jB](^ce ne^t , to ,tihe princes of the royilfjimilyan* the . 'the'firft i?^tj»f7pr.that is, at a coro^^ tinpv Pr ^*;9 ¥ ^A^^&i on,* i«^,«»^i Pe«'''K wIm^i trW for 4 i^ipM cr^c, Jn.^oro^ajiqnJi, U is held forthat % Anly,.by fbra^higfe^, bTeituln. In cafes of trjals. It, is exwcifed generally by the lQ«d .^hanv fcellor^or lord kej^er, >v^iofe commi%n as high ftcward^eiKis, witfathe t^jal, by break,ihg bis white ro4, the w ' ■^'■- - " ^ I y^'iOMO m'fh Tbe tord; hijgl^* hAncellbr p m the fevcriti^s 6f the iaw^Jln fll cafes where the property ©f tbfl fub- i^,v)t i^ ,C!fn?frq*d;,and he i$ to deteOTr^;ai;cordipgto>he.di<^ of per annum in |:he tint's books.; ttjels the general guardian of all in- ^nts, idiots, and luja?^^, and hath. tlie fuperintendence of all ehvitable iiies in the kfngdbm, over apd above the extenfiyc jurifdiaion which he exercifes in his jOtOcTjil. capacity ia the coiirt of chancery. ,The ppft of lord bigH. treafurer has of late.beeiji vffte^ jn a cpinnuf^ ^**A»>9^^^»?>ft>f %p9i;lc^?,,whd arc called Iprds of the trej»Airy; ^ SrWA.l^flP^ iii th«.,.«cI)«quef;^.aaaIfo't*ie lettihg of rhe leafes of all wpv*'?\.|PiV,^ ai^.«hegi&.ofjUl.p4acf« befoijgiog t0 Wedtjftoms in th« fc^'pfcppm*f|hcki»g]rfQiii, ., f * .; 1 '? >' jl'JCv^ ^Pr'j'WreNflftt qf ib^ co»ncil was ^nbfB^btti6iinMy of great IKi|wefc^:jjnfLt)Jktb',|>rei«4eo«c next aftdrthe lordclianfenoT and lorj tiiil^i^tr. Ifto.rf^ hufincfs tranfafteij at tfie ^_.. 1 -_- _.j._ . . .L ... . -.-.^ .. L,_ '>y is rtot pre- It dignity aJ m and Weft the board ; ^ubjeft, by king's ftal to king, in order le flidutd apply «:cN)p(^J^aid|.a94 to reportjp the 'king, ^heii his m jTeatf a|li^ dic^tiif w»d; proceedings. It isr a plAcfe well 2^ 4i wci^ity, on account of the vaft numbcif^of A Jndl»fk^f(|8|^f^tiir«»ianf |hrul^ed» to the viR convenience T^Op^epf :lor4 pFivy'feal.conriB5 in oiitfi' iNdii^ifXh -K^ant^ on^. the likey whtcH Atri ttt ^g^vrjf^mg rh^ great feal ;^and he is refp ui^ri|r)r-f^^^ any tjiirtg aenlJnft the law of ti. i. T^ej3^?^ of jord great chaiDberlain of fpglaud is htredltary in th^ dukiq of Aw^ft(!|r's fan^Iy. H«.%t|e«Xivi(d fojr.fCcprQi&tioo. ^» Tl^|p4^ oj^Kprf^*!^ i^.qeffdiiary earl maHhal of^nghind. Befoi^e ^glanjl b^jc^one lb commercial a country as it has bceajdr la hundrej yeacs.^i, t|^^ -|fU)iwred |[reat abintles, learning, «'nd k«6wi.edg6 of the Ehf uOi'Brftoryt for its difdiarge. In war tirfte He Was jud?e of lumi}r.caMie8,,.and decided. accor^Qg to the principles of t1^ civil lawr! I^ .ti!^^'?^u,fe,, dicl opt f ctttiit iof fuch a dccifion, it waS left, to a ^rfonaj comity which ww> atteiuJcd. with'jtyaft varietur of deremoniis ; th6 arr imigeQj^Mt of wMch, evjjn to tbeimalleft thfle, ftlV'withlii the mar* fcaPs^Movifl(;p., ipOj),His ^ayhe orhis deputv reflate* all pdirfti of preccjl^cy.gpcor^li^ to the aitehives kepi in tM; WniM's bfBce, which IS ett^^l/v within. hifijjiirifUiflion. He ^ire^s aUJblpftvi |3^teffions, coronations, prov|lam9tipii4, general mournings, aha the -like. t^.pfficp. pf; |pry C(uiimi£of|» MfXii is e^4;ln ^H iroportaTice t<$ ahy of the pr^cedit^g. eipejva^y ^^^ inwcafe.ol jt^ Briti/h ntval powei;. The Erixliffi iila^f^^fl^^g.^fotn t^t ««ftrd.; and the nieml^rs irijil^ fi^fi'«fv'eri thi fleaijh^^i^^^t^.fii^ir.egecuijofb;. b»t. it ma^ be eaJHly conceivea, that, ai they arcv^^i^yabk at.pk?fun:j ithcy do ibothing th«^^iqa**^arfi ^^'ith the prerogative of the crown^ Mdconform tnemfclvcj; to the direflrditi they ref^eitVe^fi-Qiti his itia^y.; "TAe lx>air qveeo ENGLAND. 373 x of lord high kc rcvinues of lie leafes of all ;itiftomd in thi -v" • ■ ■ tliiWly of great letloT arid lor4 ihf»ae« at tU '>y is not pre- at dignity ai xn and Weft the board ; ; fubjeft, by ' ■ > king's feal to king, ih order acHiould apply hf tedltary in the n, on his corona- fe of lords during r-hall foi-'coroha- ifi^e the attainder h^ydkir ijaijbut "Eri^and. Bcfor? ig, and kn6wledgfe_ « hi; was judge o| , of tl've civil law. 1^ to a perfonal prirnoniisj thearr fv'WUhiri thft niar* »M'« bffite, which 'ihe^ke. ft^W KUcwife held ^ciftHcpr^4^llUtftdto and its proceedings are according to the method of the civil law; but all criminal matters, relating to piracies, and other capital offences committed at iea, are tried and determined according to the la«rs of England, by witnefles and a jury, ever fince the reijgn of Henry VIII. It now remains to treat of the courts of law iA Engiahd. CotrRTs or Law.] The court of chancery, which is the court of equity, is next in dignity to the high court of padiartieht, and is de- figitfd to relieve the lubjed again ft irauds, breaches of trait, and other opprtfions, and to mitigate the rigour of the law. The lord hieh chan- cellbr flt^ as fole judge, and, in his abfence, thi! mailer of the rolls. The form of proceeding ts by bills, anfwers, and decrees ;■ the WitneiTes being^examined in private :. however, the decrees of this court are only binrd ch«ncellbr as often as he fits for the difpatch of bufinefs. Through his hands pafs all writs for fummoning the parliament or choofing of members, comnofflioas df tbepeace, pardons, &c. The King's ^enchffo called either from the kings of England fome- times fitting there in perfon, or becaufe all matters determinable by common law between the king and his fubje6ts are here tried, except fudb affairs as nropeiiy belong to the court of Exchequer. This court it, likewife, a kind of check upon all tlie inferior courts, their judges, ud juftices of the peace. Here prefides four judges, the firfl of whom isilyled lord chief juilic^ of fiitgland, to exprefs the great extent of his lJariidi£tion over the kingdom : for this court can grant prohibitions m inycaufe depending either in fpiritual or temporal courts; and the houf'e if peers does oft^n dire& the lord chief juftice to iffue ov^t his warrant apprehending perfons under i'ufpicion of high crimes. The other le judges are called juftices or judges of the King's Bench. tlbe court of Common Pleas takes co^nifance ot all pleas debatftble, ^ civil anions depending between fubje^ and fiibjeft ; and in it, bd- , all real adioas, Hne<, and recoveries, are tranfa(!!ted, and pcohi- os arc likewife iffiied out of it, as well as from the King's Bench, firft judge of thb court is flyled lord chief juilke of thq Coitirnon i, or common bench: beiide whom there are likewife three other if», or juftices of this court. None but ierjeants at law are allowed bad horf. ' •■ y he court of Exchequer was indituttd for managing the revenues of crown, and has a power of jutting both according to laW and ac- ling to equity. In the proceedings according to law, the lord chief R of the Ex6inted for every county (except Wcftmorland and ]\Iiddlefex) by tne k!og * i whofe office is both minillerial and judicial. He is to exe- cute the Kite's mandate, and all writs dir^^ed to him out of the king's Court»'of juitjce ; to innpanel juries; to brin^ caufes and malefaiJlors to trial ;' tQ tee fehtence, both in civil ap4 Qrjmmal affairs, executed ; and at the afllze to attend, the judges, and guard them all the tjine tlie,y are jn his county. He is likewife to decide the elections of knights of the ihire, of coroners and verdcrers; to judge of the qualifications of vo'- ters, anq J,o return fuch as he fljall deterrnine tp be duly eleftgd. It is alfop'art of Ills office to coUeft all public fines, 'diftreiTcs, amerciaments, into the Exchemipr, or where the king fhall appoint, an^ to make fuch payments out *qi them as his maje{j^ mall think proper. As his office is judicial, he keeps a court, called the county court, which is hel^ by the flieriff, or his und^r-iheriflTsj to.hear and determine all civit caufes in the county, under forty fliilhngs : this, however, is no court of record; but the coyrt, fprmerly called the IherifF's tourn, was one ; and the king's leet, through all the county: for in this courx fnquiry was made 'nto all crinnnal offences againii the comnion lavv, where by the ftatuti Jaw there was. no rcftraint. This court, however, lias been long fince abolifhed. As fhp kfepep of the king's peace, both by common law and fpeiial con>niiffioh, he is the firft man in the eoun- ty, and /uperior in rank to any uob(cm3.n^theriein, durinjj ills- office. He «fay command all thepcople of his couiity to attciidhim, whichis called the pr^e comitatus, or power of the county. . Under the flieritf are various officers,, as the under-flicriffs, clerks, ftewards of courts, bailiffs (in London called fcrjeauts), cojift^hjet, gaolers, beadles,^c. . Xbft expcntion^ in relation to thtf hignways^ the poor, vagrants, trtafous, felonies, riots, the prefervation of the .gamc,^c. ^c. and they examine and commit to prifon all who break or difturb the peace, and difquietthe king's fi\bjefts. in orde; CO'pupiil^ the offenders, they m^pt every quarter iit the touoty-town, ' when a jury of twelvie men, called the grand inqueft' of the cou'jty,iij fum<9Qned t« apjjeaf. This jvuy, upon oath, is to iaq,uire into the ■^cafe^ijpf^^l.dplijOiquenls, and t^J preient them by bill, gulUy of thein- ' diA'iiiint, or ipiot guilty :. the juitices commit the former to ga^l fpf their tr: ait the. next affizes, and the latter are acquitted.- This is cdlledj the'.q.u«iiter-fel!ion8 for the' county. Tliejuflice of peace ought to fcej ' •iflMsrifR #e«'t-*nier!y chAfen by »hc inlwbitant* of thcftw**! fcountie*. Infomjj ; miiniies the itsaitSk wrre furnierljr hcrcdiury, »nii ItUt. conttiAir in the eonotytC , W^Oim^rljintk Tbe city of lA>ii<]un hath »lio th^, iithcriuiKe »i il>* ihrlcv4t^: *-^ illiiiidlerei; vtrfted in their body by chuitrr. E N C L A N a MS court proceeds lancellor of the matters tou.hing re tried and de- rc belong t(T the ites all accoMnts (d fubfidies, 8cc. c lord treafui er'« 8 agamft flieriffs, lieriff is annually d Middleltx) by al. Heistnexe- out of the king's tnd malefaaors to rs, executed ; and i the time they arc s of knights of the jalifications of vo- lulyeleaed. It u (Tes, amerciaments, , an4 to malie f^^h I the county court, hear and determine 's; this, however, IS the iTierifF's tourn, : for in this cour: u the commou b^v, 'his court, however, le kin&'s peace, both •ft man in the eoun- ,uriniihi»oftcc. le him. whichJS called ^der-'fl^eriff*» ^^j}^' cojift'^hlei, ace, fcvcraV of whom intruitedthepo^vct In in relation to tM Us, the prefervafon ^,it to prifon^ah who Utthetounty.town, l^-of the cou.p,^i .'l^rSer to p^H Ltted.. This ^s called Ppc.acc<)U&lUtol.e I perfon of great good fenfe, fagaclty. and inte|jrity« and to be not with- out fome knowleilge of the law: for otncrwifc he may cotnmit mif? takes, or abufe hi» authority ; for which^ however^ he is amenable to the court of King's I^ench. ,. * .. ^ Each county ConUins two cotytuts^ wno are to inquire, t>y a jury of fieighbours, how and by whom ahy perfon came by a violent death, The civil government of cities is a kind of ihnatl independent po llcy of itfelf; for every city hath,, by charter from the king, a jurifdic- tion within itfelf, to iudge in all matters civil and criminal fwi^h this reftraio't Otnly* that all civU caufes may be removed from theii[ courts to the higher courts at Weftminller ; and all offences that are capital are conunitted to the judge of the affize. The government of cities differs according to tlielr different charters, immunities, and coniftiti. tipnsk They are conftituted with a mayor, aldermen, and bvirge(P;s, who, together, make the corporation of the city, and hold a court of tudicat^re, wh^re tha mayor prefides as judge. Some cities iiine coun- ties and choofe their own flieriffs: and. ail of them have' a power of Riaking bye^Iaws for their own government. Some have thought the government of cities, by mayor, aldermen, and common>r the ptelervation of the peace, and 2^6 £ N 6 L A N D. the more eafy Jrecovery af finall debts, has been regretted by many emi- nent lawyers ; and it has of late been found neceiury to revive feme of them, and to appdnt others of a iimilar nature. Befldes thefe there are courts of confcience i n many parts of England, for the relief or the poor, in the recovery of payment of fmall debts, jiot exceeding fortv (hillings. There neither is, nor ever was,-^ny conftitution provided with fo many f^nces^ as that ttf England is^jfor the fecurity of perfonal liberty. Every man imprifoned has a right' to bring a wrk before a judge at WeftminAer-hali, called his Habeas Corpus. If that judge, after con-> £dering the caufe of commitment, ihall Had that the offence is bailable, the party i^ immediately, admitted to bail, till he is condemned or ac- quitted in a projper court of juftice. ' The rights of individuals are fo attentively guarded, that the fubjeft • spa}!, without the Ie;ill danger, fue his fovereign, or thbfe who afk in his name, and under his authority: he may do this fti opep courr, where the king may be cnO, and be obliged to pay damages to his fubjed. The king caanot take away the liberty of the mearieft individual, un. lefs he has, by fome illegal aft' of which he is accufcd or fufpefted upon oath, forfeited his right to liberty ; or except when the flate is in iianger, and the repreferatatives ^f the people think the public fafety makes it hecefTary that he fhouid have the.power of confining perfons On fuch a fufpicion of guiit; fuch as the cafe of a- rebellion within the kingdom, when the legiflature has fometimes thought proper to pafs a temporary fufpenfion of the Habeas Corpus a(ft. The king has a right to pardon ; but neither he, nor the judges to whom he delegates his authority, can condemn a man as a criminal, except he be firu found guilty by twelvemeu, who inuft be his peers oij his ccjnals. That the judges may not be influenced by the king or his miiiifters to mifrepre- fent the cafe to the jury, they have their lalaries for life, and not during the pleafiire of ^eir Sovereign. Neither can the king take away or endanger theiiiffipf any fUbjeft, without trial, and thd perfons^ being iirft chargejtblf with a capital crime, as treafon, murder, felony, or fome other ac» injijrious tptifociety ; tjor can any, fubjeft be deprived of his liberty, ^r tl^jfUMjiili^ft crime, till fome proof of his guilt be given upon oath beitrfye a^H^jfrftrate ; and he. has then a right to infifl upoa his being brought^-the hill opportunity, to a fair trial, or to be reftored to libertv on giving ffaiJL JiQr , h» ^ appearance. If a man is charged with a capita} offence, he nui ft not unil^rgo tiie ignominy of being tried for iiis life til) the evidences of his guilf'Hjrtf laid before the grand jury of the town or county in which the raft is alleged to be committed, and not unlefs twelve of them agree to a bill of indidtment againft him. If they do this, he is to (land a fecond trial before twelve other men, wliofe opinion is definitive. By the 28 Edward III. it is cnaded, that where either party is an alien bom, the jury (liall be one half aliens, and the other denizens, if required, for the more impartial trial; — a privi- lege indulged to ftrjugers in no other country in the world, but which is as ancient with us as the time of king Ethclred *. In fome ca«es, the man (who is always fupphfed innocent till there be fufficient proof of his guilt) is allowed a copy of tlie indictment, in order to allift him to make his defence. He is alfo furniflied with the pannel, or Uft of the jury, who are his true and proper judges, that he may learn their characters, and difcover whether they want abilities, or whether they * Statuta (le Mcnticolii Waliiie. ENGLAND. 977 aw prejudiced againft him. He may in open court pefenip'torily ob- JG& to twenty ot the number * ; and to as many more as he can give reafon for their not being admitted as his judges ; till at laft twelve un- exceptionable men, the neighbours of the party accufed, or living near the place where, the fuppofed hA was committed, are approved of, who take the following oath, that Wxty Jinll ivr.ll and truly try^ and true deli' 1/erance make htiioeen the king and the pri/dners^ -d'hom theyjkall have in charge^ acswdiugto the evidence . By challenging the jury, the prifoner prevents all pombility of bribery, or the inifluence of any ftiperior pow- pr ; by their living near the place where the fat'it >*^'s committed, they are fuppofed jto'be men who knew the prifoner's courfe of life, and the (iredit of the evidence, Thefe only are the judges from whofe fentence the prifoner is to expeft life or death ; and upon their integrity and pnderftanding, the lives of all that are brought in danger ultimately depend ; and from their judgment there lies no appeal : they «re there- f(H-e to be all of one mind, and, aftei* they havt; fuHy heard the evi<« derjce, are to be confined withoiit meat, drmk, or candle, tilt they are unanimous in acquitting or condemning the prifbner. Every juryman is therefore vefted with a fDlemn and awful truft: if he without evi- dence fubmjts his opinion to that of any other of the jury, or yields ii^ cqmplaifance to the opinion of the judge ; if he rteglefts to examine with the utnwft care; if be queftions the veracity of the wifnefTes, who may b? of an infamous charafter ; or after the moft.impartiai hearing, has the leaft doubt upon his mind, and yet joins in condemning the perfon gccufed, he will wound his own confcience, and bring upon himfelf the complicated guilt of perjury ai,id murder^ The freedom of Eng- liflimen CQnfiftj in its being out of the power of the judge on the bench to injure them, for declaring a man innocent whom he wiflies to bring in guilty. Were not this the Cafe, juries would be ufelefs ; foi"far from being judges theinrelves, they would, only be the tools of another, whofe province is not to guide, but to give a fan(SHon to their determination, Tyranny, might triumph over the lives and liberties of the fubjeA, and the judge on the bench be the minifter of the prince's vengeance, • • Trial by jury is fo capital a privilege, and fo great a fccurity to the liberty of the fubjeft, that it is much to be regretted, that perfons of education and property are often too ready to evade ferving the office. By this means juries frequently confift ot ignorant and illiterate per- fons, H'ho neither have knowledge enough to underftand their rigiits and the privileged of Engliflimen, nor fpirit enough to maintain them. No man (lioujd be above ferving fo important an office, when regu- larly called upon; and thofe who, from indolence or • pride, decline difcharging this duty to their country i feem hardly to deferve that fe^ purity and liberty \vhich the inhabitants of England derive' from this in- valuable inftitujion. Juries have, indeed, always lieen cqnfidered a^ giving the mod efFedual check to tyranny; for in a nation like this, where a king can do nothing againil lavv, they are a fecurity that he fliall never make the jaws, by a bad adminiftiation, the inftrument^'df cruelty and oppreffion" Wert it not for juries, the advice given by fa- ther Paul, in his maxims of the republic at Venice, might take etFeft in its fulled latitude. »' When the otfence is committed by a nobleman againft a fubje£^," fays he, " let all ways b*^ tried to juIHfy him; and if ^at is not polfible to lie done, let him be ch^difed v^ith greater uoifit - TJic party may challenge thirty-five, iii caiip of tr^ofoQ* T 3 ' a>8 E N G L A'N'D; thaii daniagf . If* it be a fubjcA that has affronted a nobleman, let him be puniiiitd with the utmoft feverity, that the fubjeAs may not get too great a ciiftom of laying their hands on the patrician order." In fljort, was it not for juries, a corrupt nobleman might, whenever he pleafed, aft the tyrant, while the judge would have that power which is now denied to our kings. But by our happy conftitution, which breathes nothing but liberty and equity, all imaginary indulgence is allowed to the meaneft, as well as the greated. When a priioner is brought to take his trial, he is freed from all bonds ; and, thotigh the judges are fuppofed to be counfel for the prifoner, vet, as he may be incapable of vindicating his own caufe, other counlel are allowed' him 5 he mav try the validity'and legality of the indiftment, and may fet it afide, if 5t be contrary to law. Nothing is wanted to clear up the caufe of inno. cence, and to prevent the fufferer from finking under the power of cor- rupt judges, and the opprelfion of the great. The racks and tortures that are cruelly made ufe of in other parts of Europe, to make a man accufe himfelf, are here \inknown, and none puniflied without con- viftion, but he who refufes to plead in his own defence. As the trial of malefaftors in England is very different from that o( other nations, the following account may be ufeful to foreigners and others, who have hot feen thofe proceedings. The^court being met, and the prifoner called to the bar, the clerk commands him to hold upiiis hand, then charges him with the crime of which he is accufed, and afks him whether he is guilty or mt guilty. If the prifoner anfwers guilty^ his trijil is at an end ; but if he anfweis not guilty^ the court proceeds on the trial, even though he may before have confefTed the faft : for the law of England takes r.o notice of fuch confeffion; and unlefs the witnefTes, who are upon oath, prove him guilty of the crime, the jury muft acquit him ; for they are direfted to brine in their verdift according to the evidence given in court. If the prifoner refufes to plead, that is, if he will not fay in court whe. ther he is guilty or not guilty^ he might, till lately, by tht: law of England, be prefTed to death, with a load of iron upon his breaft; but, at pre- fent, the fame f*ntcnce is pad'ed on him as m cafe of conviction. When the witnefTes have given in their evidence, and the prifoner has, by himfelf or his counftl, crofs-examined them, the judge recites to the jury the fubftance of the evidence given againft the tuifoner, and b'iis them difcharge their confcience ; when, if the matter be very clear, they commonly give their vcrdift without going out of the court; and the foreman, for himfelf and the reft, declares the prifoner guilty or mt guiltyy as it may happen to be. But if any doubt arifes among the jury, and the matter requires debate, they all withdraw into a room with a a copy of the indictment, where they are locked up till they are unani- irioufly agreed on the verdidt; and if any one of the jury fliould die during This their confinement, the prifoner will be acquitted. When the jury have agreed on the verdift, they inform the court by tin ofhcer wl>o waits without, and the prifoner is aeain fet to the bar to hear his verdift. This is uiialterable, except in lome doubtful cafes, ■^hen the verdift is brought in y^tc/a/, and isi therefore to be deter.iiined by the t\j'elve judges of England. If the prifoner be found guilty, he is then a/Tced what reafon he can give why fcntence of death fliould not be paO'ed upon him ? There is i»ow properly no benfcfit of clergy; it is changed to tranfportation, or burning in the hand. Upon a Capital col^viftion, the fentence of death, alter a fuUiOiary account of the trial, is |)ronounccd 6u the priloner« ENGLAND. 179 •bleman, let hin may not get too >rder." In (liort, icver he pleafed, cr which is now , which breatiies ice is allowed to > ler is brought to fh the judges arc tnav be incapable 7e(f him ; he may lay fet it afide, if thecaufeof inno, the power of cor- acks and tortures e, to make a man lied without con- ce. srent from that of to foreigners and the bar, the clerk im with the crime guilty or mt guilty, ; but if he anfwess ugh he may before s no notice of fuch II oath, prove him t- they are direfted ni'vcii in court. If fay in court whe. IK law of England, jfeafb; but, at pre- f conviction. and the prifoner , the judge recites I the fuifoner, and latter be very clear, : of the court; and rifoner guilijr or ml "es among the jury, ito a room with a till they are unani- he jury fliould die ^quitted. inform the court by ain fet to the bar to )me doubtful cafes, re to be determined what reafon he can pon him ? There is o tranfportation, or le fentence of death, cd 6u the prifoner, in thefe words: Tie law /V, TAat thufliaU return to thflmcefKtm luhence thou cnme/i^ and from thence be carried to the place of execution, where thou /halt he hanged by tlie neck till thy body be dead ; and the Lord have mercy on thfoul: whereupon the flieriff is charged with the execution. ' All tl>e prifoners found Kot guilty by the jury, are immediately acquit« ted and dilcharged, and in fome cafes obtain a copy of their indictment; from the court, to pruceed at law againfl their profecutors. Of punishments.] The law of England includes all capital crimes ' under high trea/on, petty treofon^ v.'R^ felony. The firit coniifts in plotting, confpiiing, or rifing up in arms againft the fovereign, or in counterfeit- ing the coin. The traitor is puniflicd by being drawn on a fledge to the place of execution, when, after being hanged upon a gallows for fome minutes, the body is cut down alive, the heart taken out and expofed to public view, and the entrails burnt; the head is then cut otf, and the body quartered ; after which the head is ufually fixed on fome confpi- cuoiis place. All the criminal's lands and goods' are forfeited, his wife lofes her dowry, and his children both their eftates and nobility. But though coining "f money is adjudged high treafon, the criminal is only drawn upon a fledge to the place of execution, and there hanged. Though the fentence pafled upon all traitors is the fame, yet, with rr» fpcft to perfons of quality, the punifliment is generally altered to be- heading: a fcatfold is creAed for that purpofcj on which the crimiiial placing his head upon a block, it is ftruck off with an axe *. The punifliment for niifprifioii of high treafon, that is, for negleCiing or concealing it, is imprifontnent for life, the forfeiture of all the of- feixler's goods, and the profits arifing from his lands. Petty treafon is when a child kills his father, a wife her hufband, a cler- jtyman his bilhop, or a fervant his mafter or miflrefs. This crime is puniflied by the offender's being drawn on a fledge to the place of ex- ecution, and thei'e hanged upon a gallows till dead. Women guilty both of this crime and of high treafon, were fentenced to be burnt alive ; but this law has been very lately repealed, and the punifliment of burning aboliilied. Felony includes murders, robberies, forging notes, bonds, deeds, &c» Thefeare all puniflied by hanging : only murderers f are to be executed foon after fentence is palTed, and then delivered to the furgeons In or- der to be publicly difTet^led. Perfons guilty of robbery, when there were fome alleviating circuniftances, ufed fometimes io be tranfported for a term of years to his majefly's plantations ; but fince the American war, they are now generally condemned to hard labour in works of public utility, upon the river, &c. for a certain number of years *, and , lately fome have been fent to Africa, Nova Scotia, and Botany Bay. Other criiTits puniflied by the laws are, Mauflaughtei-^ which is the unlawful killing of a perfon without pre- meditated malice, l^ut with a prefcnt intent to kill ; as when two who formerly meant no harm to each other, quarrel, and the one kills the other 5 in this cafe, the criminal is allowed the benefit of his clergy for the firfl time, and only burnt in the hand. Chance-medley is the accidental killing of a man without an evil intent ; for which the otfeuder is alfo to be burnt in the hand, unlefs the offender * Til's h not to be confidcrcd as a difTcrent punilhmcnt, but as a remilTion of all the pirts of the fentence mentioned before, exceptine the article of beheading. t liy a late ad, murderer* are to be executed within twvnty-four hours after fent' »ce i meat, drink, and clothing, due to the king froni an abbey or monaftery. and which he generally beflowed upon favourite fervants ; and his fend- ing one of his chaplains to be maintained by the biHiop, or to have a penfion beflowed upon him till the biiliop promoted him to a ben.;fice. Thefe corodies are due of common right, but now, I believe, difufed. 3. Extra-parochial tithes. 4. The firft-fruits and tenths of benefices. But fuch has been the bounty of the crown to the church, that thefe four branches now afford little or no revenue. The king's ordinary temporal revenue confifts in, 1. The demefne lands of the crown, which at prefent are contra£led within a narrow compafs. 2. The hereditary excife ; being part of the confideration for the purchafe of his feodal profits, and the prerogatives of purveyance and pre-emption. 3. An annual fum ifluingfrom the duty on \yine li- cences; being the refidue of the fame confideration. 4. His^foreils. 5. His courts of juftice, &c. In lieu of all which, 900,000!. per annum is now granted for the fupport of his civil lift. The extraordinary grants are ufually called by the fynonymous names of aids, fubfidies, and fupplies, and are granted, as has been befo^re hinted, by the commonsof Great Britain in parliament aflembled ; who^ when they have voted a fupply to his majefty, and fettled the quantum of that fupply, ufually refolve themfelves into what is called a commit- tee of ways and means, to confider of the ways and means of railing the fupply fo vo. ' And in tliis committee, every member (though it is looked upon as the peculiar province of the chancellor of the ex- chequer) may propofe fvich fcheme of taxation as he thinks will be lead detrimental to the public, The refolutions of this committee (when approved by a vote of the houfe) are in general efteemed to be (as it were) final and conclufive. For, though the fupply cannot be a^ually raifed upon the fubje6t till dire6led by an a6l of the whole par- liament, yet no moneyed man will fcruple to advance to the govern- ment any quantity of ready cafli, if the propofed terms be advantageous,' on the credit of the bare vote of the houfe of commons, though no law be yet pafled to eftablilh it. The annual taxes are, i. The land-tax, oi* the ancient fubfidy raifed I 38a E N G L A IJ D. upon anew afleflhieat. s. The tnalt-ttur, being an annual exelfe on niaJt, muirif cider, and pynrry. The perpetual taxes are» i. The cuftotns, or tonnage and poundaee ©f all mercl'andife exported or import'ed. 2. The excile duty, or inland impofition, on a great variety or commodities. 3. The fait duty. 4.. The pod-oflice *, or dOty for the earriage of letters. e Bant for m»M, Some other fees if office " ' '9'|H s 8 , ' ' 090 12 ^ SincelMs report, thSfimtred debt in. h,h-.- • -^-^ii_l_l Total an^ount of the old revenue un '^ °^^P"^ ^;97. of four years . . revenue, upon an average New faxes impofed in i"79; 1 / ./ ^ " ; 13,919,000 .'" 1794 - - '. . * " " 245,000 m 1795 ---"""' 904,000 ■ ^f ,200,000 o o o o o o o o o o '9»coo,ooo 6 I. "To provide for the fervic#'«F ^i, ^ ' ~*^^^^ ' " ^ ,, ^.NGLANa bdides which a loan of twelve milUo^.5 is tp be raided, and three mil* Ijloiis borrowed bSF the Bank, to bchercaftcr provided for. ^'^i Is:' indHputably certain, that the prefeiii tnagni^ade of our national ■li^ciirhbrances very far exceeds all calculatioii^ of commercial benefit, apdis prodtiftivie'of the created inconvenieneei. tor, firft, the enor. noos taxes that are raifed upon the necedariet of life, f^r the paytnent of the intereft of this debt, are a hurt both to trade and manufaAllres^ by ralfing the piic^E as well of the artificer^ fubfifcence, as of the raw nuiterial, 9nd of courfe, in a much greater proportion, the price of the €;oimmodity itfelf. Secondly, if part of this debt beotiring to foreigners, t^^her they draw out of the kingdom annually a confiderable quantity urces wliifch (hould be referred to dtrfeud it in cafe oF^nectiTityi "jThe lHtet«ft We nbwj)ay for our debts Would be nearly iufiicieqt to lihaintain any'wor, ttiat anv national motives could requife« And if our aiicefters in kiiig William'^ time had annually paid, fo long as their exigencies tailed, even a lefs fum than we itow annually raife ut>* on their accountj they would, in time of war, have home nogreattr burdens than they have bequeathed to and fettlei) upon their poiterity iq the ttme of peace, and might have been eafed the inftail't the exigence was over. ' The produce ^f the feveral taxes before mentioned were originally fe. parafe and diftma funds; being fecuritics for the fums advanced on each feveral '^;ix, and for them only. Btttat laft it.becamc nfCelTary, \n order to avoid confuiion, as they multiplied yearly, to reduce the number of thefe feparate funds, by uniting and blending them together, ftiperadding the' faith of parliament for the general' fecurity of the Whole. So that there are now only three capital fund* of any account : the aggregate jfunJy the whole produce of which hath been for fome years about 2,6oo,oool, fcr aunum ; the general /u»df fo called from fuch union and addition; which for fon^e years have amounted to rather more than a million per annum ; and the S»uth Sea fund, being the produce of the taxes appropriated to pay the interefl of fuel) part of the national debt as was advanced by that conipanyand its annuitants, the produce of which lately hath been about half a million ^«- tmnum : whereby the feparate funds, which were thus united, are become mutual fecuritics for each other ; and the whole produce of them,, thus aggregated, liable to pay fuch intereft or annuities as were, formerly vfhargcdiupon each diftinft fund; the faith of the legiflature bting moreover engaged to . fupnly any cafual deficiencies. . '''v . ' The cuhoms, excifcs, and other taxes, wlilcti are fo fupport thefe fiuirfs, depending on contingencies, upon exports, imports, and confumption, muft neceflarily be of a very uncertain amount : but they have always Ijeeft conlTdcrably more than fufficient to ani^wer the charge upon them. The furpluffe? therefore of the three great iiational (ands, the aggre^att, general, and South-Sea funds, over and a&ove the intereft and annuities charged Tipon them, are direfted by ftatute 3 Geo. I. c> 7, to be carrieici togeuieir, and to attend the difpoiition of parliament ; and are ufuaUy denominated the /«4/'«jf /«»<'♦ becaufe originally deftined to be held fa» cred, aod to be applied iaviqiably to the redemption of the national feN G LAND. cd, and three mil* I for. ideof our national lommercial benefit, ^or, firftt the enor> e, fpr the payi^ent and manufadflrcs^ cnce, as of the raw on/thc price of the ttving to foreigners, nfiderable quantity ment to grant thena refideherc. Third- charging the adtlvc xes, to maintain the :ly, and prircipally, ticipating thole re* 1 cafe «r 'ncctiSty. nearly iufficient to Id require. And if ily paid, fo long as nr annually raife un. re borne «o greater jon their potterity in inftah't the exigence dWMC originally fe- ma advanced "on each le neceflary, \n order :duce the number of ogethet, fbperaddiHg th« iwhole. So that ount: the aggrfgatt T fome years about rom fuch union and rather more than a th^ produce of the of the nat'vonal debt nts, the produce of (mnum : whereby the me mutual fecurlties us aggregated, liable >f harged lupon each rioreover engaged to fupportthefeftinrfs, s, and confumption, )Ut they have always e charge upon them. :t»n48» the aggregatt, ntereft and annuities I. Q> 7, to be carrie,4 lent ; and are ufually ftined to be held fa» tion of the national ^ s4 debt. To this have feeen fiiice Vdded naany other entire duties, granted in fiibfequent years ; and the annual intereft of the funis borrowed oft their refpeftive credits, is charged on, and payable out of the prodttce t)f the finking fund. However, the net furpluflw and favings, after alt deduAions paid, amount annually 4o a very confiderable fum. For^ as the intereft on the national debt has been at feveral times reduced (bf theconfent of the proprietors, who had their option either to lower their intere^i or be paid their principal), the favings from the appropri- atod revenues muft needs be extremely large. This (Tnking fund is the Jaft refort of the nation ; its only domeuic refource, on which muft chiefly depend all the hopes we can entertain of ever difchareing or moderaHng our incumbrances. And therefore the prudent application of the large fums, now arifing from this fund, is a point of the utmoft importance, and well worthy the ferious attention of parliament. Between the years 1727 and 1 732, feveral ei>croachments were made upon the finking fund; and in the vear 1733, half.a million was takcA from it ^ fir Robert Walpole, under pretence of eafing the landed in- tereft. The praAice of alienating the finking fund being thus begun^ hath continued of courfe; and in 1736, it was anticipated and mortgage ed; aiid every fiibi'eqaent adminiflration hath broken in upon it, thus converting this eacellent expedient for faving the kingdom, into a fup- ply for extravagaiKe, and a fnpport of corruption and, defpotifnl. In fome yearsj the fihking rund hath produced from two or three millions per annum^ and if only i,2ir^oool. of it had been inviolably applied to the redemption of the public debts, from the year 1733* i«*- iiead of only eight millions and a half paid off by it, as is the cafe at prefent, one hundred and fixty millions would have been paid, and the nation have been eKtrtcated and faved. Different fchemes have been . formed for payinc the public debts : but nb method can be fo expedi- tious and e^e^tualas an unalienable finking fund, as this money is im- proved at nmftund inttetjly and therefore in the moil perfe6t manner ; but money procured by a loan, liears only fimplie interefh ** A nation therefore, whenever it applies the income of fuch a fund to current ex- penfes rather than the redemption of its debts, choofes to lofe the be- nefit of coippound intereft in order to avoid paying fimple intereft, and thelofs in this. cafe is equal to the difference between the increafe of money at compound and fimple interefl *." * Dr. Price's calculation plainly fliows what this diSorcnce is : '** One penny put not at our Sa.viour't birth at 5 per cent, compound intcreil, would, in the year 1781 , have ioO'cafed to a greater fum than would be contained in zoo,coo,oco ot earths, all foUd gold ; but if put out to fimple intereft, it at the fame time would have amounted to no more than feven fhiltings and fix-pence. All governmcht^ that alienate funds deftined for reimburfisments, choofe to improve money m the /aj) rather than the Jirjl of tliefe ways." He adds, «♦ A million borrowed annually for twenty years, will puy off in this time, 55 millions 3 per cent. fl:ock^ if difcharged at 60I. iu money for every tool. Hoc Ic ; and in 40 years more, without any farther aid from loans, 333 millions (that is, 38X millions iu all) would be paid oiT. " The addition of nineteen years to this period would piy ofl" 1000 millions. *< A furplus of half a miJlion per annum, made up to a million by borrowinjf half a million every year for twenty years, would difcharge the fame fums in the fame period.i. " In ihort, fo nccf flary Is it at jprefent to expedite, by every poflible means, the re- demption of our debts, that, let the furplus which can be v':)tained for a finking fund be what it will, an addition to it by nnnual loans will be proper, in order to give it greater efficiency and a better chance for living the kingdom. The increafe of taxes which fuch a meafure muft occafion, would be fo inconfiderablc and fo gradual, ^s to be fcarcely perceptible ; and at the fame time, it would ma iLll Fuch a deterraimd rrfulution in oiir rulurs to reduce our debts, as might have the happicll iufiuence ou public credit.'* ■Bd E N G L A N a ( ': lit > Before »ny part of the aggrtgafefuad (the Airphiffe* whereof are4Mrt ipl the chief ingredients that form the (inktng fund) can be app^ed to dimini/h the principal of the public debt, it itands mortgaged by par. liament to mile an anoual fum for the maintenance of the kmg's houiei. bold and the civil lift. For thi* purpofe, ia the late reigns, the pro. duce of certaia branches of the excife and cuftoms, the po(l-o(Hce, tht duty op wineiUceaces, tlie revenues of the remaining crown-lands, tbr profit arifing from courts of juAice (which articles include all the here* ditary revenue of the crown), and aMb a clear annuity of tao,oool. in OToneyy were fetU«d on the king for life, for the fupport of his majefty'i boufehold, and the honour and dignity of the crown. And as the aaoiount of thefe feveral branches were 4incertain (though in the Uft reigA they were coui, Mted to have fonietimes raifed almoft a million), if they did not rife annually to 8oo»«ool. the parliament engaged t^ itiske up the deficiency. But his prefent majefly having, foon after hii accefTidn* fpontaneouily fignified nis confent, that his own heroiitary revenues might be fodifpofed of, as might beft conduce to the utility and fatisfaAion of the public ; and having accepted the limited fum of 800,000 1, per annum, for the fupport oi his civil lift (and that alfo charged with three life annuities to the prince& of Wales, the duke of Cumberland, and princefs Amelia, to the amount of 77,0001.}, the laid liereditary aod other revenues ate now carried into and made part of the aggregate fund ; and the aggregate fund is charged with the pa}N ment of the whole annuity to the crown, befides annual pyments to the dukes of Gloucefler and Cumberland, and the repreientatives of Arthur Onflow, efq. and the earl of Chatham. Hereby the revenues themfelves, being put under the fame care and management as the other branches of the public patrimony, will produce more, and be better colleded, than heretofore. The civil lift, thus liquidated, together with the millions intereft of the national debt, and the fums produced from the linking fund, befides the iiucertai^iiums arifing from the an- oual taxes on land and malt, and others lately impofed, make the clear produce of the taxes, exclufive of the charges of colle6ting, which I are raifed yearly on the people of this country, amount to upwards of fourteen millions fterlii^g. The amount of the capitals of the refpec- live public funds, as tney flood in the year 1 794, may be feen in tlic following page. I' ; E N G L A N D. mj ) can be app&d to tnortgaBcd by par> >f the king's houi^ te reigns, the prof the poft-oiEce, the g crown-lands, thv aclvde all the here* lity of iao,oool.i| >ort of hit majefty'i own. And as the (though in the laft d alnncft a million), ilament engaged t^ iving, foon after hli hi> own hereditary | nduce to the utility i the limited fum of il lift (and that alfo Wales, the duke of >f 77,oool.), thefaid to and made part of larged with the pay'-< annual payments to lie repreientatives of Hereby the revenuei la^ment as the other more, and be better liquidated, together the fums produced arifing from the an<. ed, make the clear coUeding, which nount to upwards of ipitals of the relpec- may be feen in tlit ':'.-.i ■ '- ^ M ENGLAND. II' t M The cx^fes defivyed by the civil lift are thofe that in any fhapi* relate to nvil government } at the expenfca of the houfehold,. all falarlc) to officers of ftate, to the judges, and evevv one of the l(ing*i fervantt; tbfc appointmenta to foreign ambafliidors, the maintenance of the queen and royal family, the Iting'i private expenfes, or privy purfei and other very numerous outgoings { u fecrct fervicr Money, oicnfions, and other bounties. Tliefe lomctimes have fo hr exceeaeii the revenues ap- pointed for that purppfe, that application haa been made to parliament to difcharge the del>ts cootraaed on the civil lift ; as pi licularly in 1724, when one million was granted for that p,..^(e by the ftattite 1 1 Geo. I. c. 1 7. Lar^e fums have alfo been repeatedly granted for the payment of the king's debts in the prefient retgn } and the confider- able augmentation of 100,000 1. has Itkewife been made to his anouai income. When the bill for fupprefling certain offices, as the board of trade, &c. .vas debated, by which faviags were to be made to the amount of 72,3081. per annum, it a|>peared that the arrears due on the civil lift at that time, June 1781, amottated to 9 5,8771. i8s. 4d. notwithftanding fo liberal an allowance had been recently made, and the king's debts had been repeatedly liquidated by parliamciiiary grants ; and for the payment of this other debt, pcovifioa was made by the bill. *l'he civil lift is indeed properly the whole of the king's revenue in his own diftintft capacity ; the reft being rather the revenue of the pub. lie, or ifs creditors, though colkAed and diftributed again in the name and by the officers of the crown.; it is now ftuitdingTii the fame place as the hereditary income did formerly ; and as that has gradually di« miniilied, tiie parliamentary appointments have increafed. MXLITAXT AND MA^tlNE STRENGTH ) TilC miUtWy Jtatt incIudcS OF Great Britain. 3 the whole of the folUiery, or fuch perfons as are peculiarly appointed among tiie reft of the people, for the fafeguard ivnd defence of the realm. In a land of liberty it is extremely dangerous to make a diiiinft or. der of the profeffion of arms. In fucb^ no man fliould take up arms, but with a view to defend his country and ita laws: he puts not olf the citizen when he enters the camp ; but it is becaufe he is a citizen and would wiili to continue fo, that he makes himfelf for a while a foldier. The laws and conftitiition of rbefe kingdoms know no fuch ftate as that of a perpetual ftanding foldier, bred up to no other profef. fion than that of war; and it was not till the reign of Henry Vil! that the kings of England had fo much as a guard about their perfons. it fecms iiiiiverfally agreed by all hiftorians, that king Alfred firft fettled a national militia in this kingdom, and by his prudent dii'ciptine made all the fubje^ts of his dominions foldiers. . ^ In the mean time we are not to imagine that the kingdom wsis left wholly without defence, in cafe of xlomeftic infurre^ions, or the prO' fpe£t of foreign inyadons, Befides thofe who, by their military teAure]j^4 were bound to perform forty days' fervice in the field, the ftatute of Winrhefler oMiged every man, according to his eftate and degree, to provicic a determinate quantity of fuch arm& as were then in ui'e, iii order to keep the peace ; and conftables were appointed in all hundreds, to fee that fuch arms were provided. Thefe weapons were changed by the ftatute 4 and 5 Ph. and M. c. z. into others of ntore fnodern i«-vice; but both this and the former proviCons were repealed in Ihe reign of James I- While thefe continued in force, it was ufual, ^om time to time, for our pt iiices to iiTue commilhons of array, and fead into every 9 E NG L A M p. »h thtt in any (tiapp ehold,. all faUrwi • king*! fervann ; nee of the queen purfe, and other tnfions, and other the revenues ap- adc to mrliament as p:i licttlarly iu (fe by the ftattite atcdly granted for and the confider- lade to his anouai :Sf as the board of be made to the he arrears due on 95,8771. i8s. 4d. ecently made, and tfy parliamcniary ifion was made by 5 king's revenue in evenue of the pub^ again in the name g in the fame place It has gradually di. eafed. itaiy fiate includes of the foldiery, or reft of the people, make a diftinft or. tould take up arms, ws: he puts not off :aufe he ia a citizen ifelf for a while a oms fcnow no fuch to no other urofef. of Henry VII! that their perfons. at king Alfred firft prudent difcipline county officfcrs in whom they cbiild confide^ to mufter and array (or fee in mWI«*ry^«f) lh# rtittbihnlts of.ei^ery dIAHA ; ahtf the'fpnn of the commiftmi of 'array was fettltd In 'parliament^ i/i thi? j/ ^eii- rylV. Bom compelled confent of pariifchTtnt. Abtout the i^eijpn of king H«i*ry V^t. Vof^f-Jlitii'. tenants began tdW ihtrodtrv?.d}asilandf queen Eiiiabefh' as MtMordinaty iiiiglftratel, ctiAltitute^ bnly in timts ofdttficulty and danger. '•'- ' / v Soon aher the re^.orfttr(iyn of king Charles II. when the j^nnitary te- nures were aboltitaed, it was thought proper to afcertain the power 6f the inilhi% to recognifethe fdei^ht of rhe crown to sovern and ^oiiht^arid them, and to put the whole iifto a biore regulair mentod of military fubor-^ diaation \ and the order h)r#Mch thi^ mintla now liandi by law, is prin- cipally built upon the ftatiites which were then enaded. |l is trtie, the two la(fr of them are apparc;ptly repealed ; but many of their pfovifions aie re>enaAed, with the. addition df fbme new regulations, by the pne- fent militia laws; the general fcheme of which is, fo difetpiine a car- tain number of the inhabitants of every county, chofen by lot for thrlEt years, and offictited ^y the lord lieutenant, the deptity-lieut^nantSj< antt other principal land-holders, unddr a cb{htAiffioti,fron> the crown. They are not compellable to march out of their countiesj unlefs in cafe of an invafion, or a^tial rebellion, nor in any cafe to be fent out of the king- dom. They are to be exercifed at ilated times, and their d^ifciplide in general is liberal and eafy : but when drawn qiit in aAttai fervice, they are fubjeA to the rigours of martial law, asacceflary to keep them ill order. This is tite conftitutional fecurity which our laws hafvc provided for the public ptace, and for proteAing the realm againft foreign or do- meftic violence, and which the ftatutes declare is eflentially neceflkry to the fafety and profpm'ity of the kingdom. But as the mode of keeping ftanding armies has utriverfally prevailed overall EuroP'r of late years, it has alfo for many years pad been an- nually judg d neceflary by our legiflature, for the fafety of the kingdom, the defence of the poflTefBonS of the crown of Great Britain, and the pre- fervation of the balance of power in Europe, to maintain, even in time ^f peace, a ilanding body of troops, under the commanti of the crown \ who are, however, ipfofaffo, diibanded at the expiration of every year, unlefs continued by parliament. The land forces of thefe kingdoms, in time of peace, amount to about 40,000 men, including troops and garri- fons in Ireland, Gibraltar, the Eaft Indi 3, and Aiiierica *, but in time of war, there have formerly been in Briti(h pay^ natives and foreigners, above ijo,ooo ; and there have been in the pay of Great Britain, lince the com- mtacement of the American war, 135,000 rnen, besides 42,000 militia. To govern this body of troops, an annual aft of parliament pniK:3, ''to jptmifli mutiny and defertion, and for the better payment of the. army attd their quartets." This regulates thie manner m'which theyifcre'to be difpeded among the feveral inn-keepers ami vi(5tuaIlersjh"ro]jgh^ut I the kingdom ; and eftabliffies a law-mSrtial for their govehimcnl- ~ ^.V^ The Maritimb ttate ^s nearly related to the former, though mucK t more agreeable to the prmciplcs of our free conftitution. The royai navy |cf £n^Bnd has ' itis iw ',#■ fc I 296 ENGLAND. ancient and .latiiral ftrength; the floating bulwark of the iflandfan army, from which, however llrong and powerful, no danger can cVfr he apprehended to liberty ; and accovciingly it lias been affiduoiifly cii|. tivattd, even from the earJieft ages. To fo muih perfcftion was oijr naval reputation arrived in the twelfth century, that the code of marl. time law s, which are called the laws of Oleron, and are received by all nations in Europe as the ground and fiib(tni(^ion of all their marine conititutions, was confefTedly compiled by our kirhg Richard I. at the IHc of Oleron, on the coaft of France, then part of the pofleflions of the crown of England. And yet, fo vaftly inferior were onr ancel^ors ia this point to the prcfent age, that, even in the maritime reign of queen Elizabeth, fir Edward Coke thinks it matter of boaft that the royal navy of England then confided of 33 fliips. The prefent condition of our marine is in a great meafure owing to the falQtsry provifions of the ftatHte cahed the navigation aft; whereby tlie conflant incrcafe of EnoHfn fl)ij>ping and feainen was not onl^ encoviraged, but rendered unavoidably neceflary. The moft beneficial ftatute for the trade and commerce of thefe kingdoms, is that navigation aft; the rudiments of which were firft framed in 1650, partly with a narrow view ; being in- tended to mortify the fugar illanos, which were difafFefted to the par- liaoient, and ftill held out for Charles II. by (lopping the gainful trade •which they then carried on with the Dutch ; and at the fame time to clip the wings of thofe our opulent and afpiring neighbours. This prohi- bited all fliips of foreign nations from trading with any Englifli planta- tions without licence from the council of ftate. In 165J, the prohi- bition was extended alfo to the mother country ; and no goods were fuffered to be imported into England, or any of its dependencies, ia any other than Englifli bottoms, jr in the fliips of that European na- tion, of which the merchandife imported was the genuine growth or manufaftnre. At the Reftoration, the former provifions were conti. rued by ftatute 12 Car. II. c. 18. with this .very ma rer " Improvement, that the maiters and three-fourths of the mariners fhatl alfo be Eiiglifii fub}efts. . The complement of feamen, in time of peace, ufually hath amounted to 12 or 15,000. In time of war, they for ^'rly amounted to abnut 80,000 men ; and after the Gommencement jt the American war, tb above 100,000, including marines. The vote of parliament for the fervice of the year 1797, was for 120,000 featnen, including marines. This navy is commonly divided into three fquadrons, namely, thel red, white, and blue, which are fo termed from the differences of their colours. Each fquadron has it', admiral: but the admiral oftherei fquadron has the principal command of the whole, and is fly led vice- admiral of Great Britain. Subjeft to each admiral is alfo a vice am rear-admiral. But the fupreme command of our naval force is, nextti the king, in the lords commiflioners of the admiralty. Notwithftandini our favourable fituation for a maritime power, it was not until the y.i armament ient to fubdire us by Spain, in ijSS, that tli'e'nation, by vigorous effort, became fully fenfiblc of its true interell and natural ftrength, which.it has fince fo happily crltivated. We may venture to aflirmfthat the Britiflt rtavy, during the waro] 1 756, was able to copeAvith all the other fleets of Europe. In the courfij of a few years it. entirely vanquiflied the whole naval power of Franci .difabled Spain,'and kept the Dutch and other powers in awe. I'orthi protfftion of the Britifli okupire, and the annoyance of our enciiiiei iit was then divided into feveral powerful fquadronS, fo judidoufiV If E N G L A ^ t). M iflandf-ati ngcr can eVer fiduoufly cul. ?tion was our code of mari. cceivcd by aU II their marine :hard 1. at the ifleHionsof tire (ir ancertors ia reign of queen that the royal nt condition of y provifions of ant increafe of 1, biit rendered r the trade and he rudiments of /iew ; being in- fted to the par- he gainful trade ar.ie time to clip •s. This prohi- • EngUfli planta- 1651, theprohi- 1 no goods were lependencies, ia j lat European na- ■luine growth or] ons were conti. ' Improvement, i alfo be Knglilhl ly hath amounted lounted to abmit] American war, tb krliament for the] floding marines. jns, namely, tlie Ifferenres of their| Jmiral of the rd fnd is ay led vice- Is alfo u vice an( |i force is, nexttt Notwithftaudinj Inot until the yai the "nation, by lerell and natutal [luring the war ol \e. Inthecourfj [power of Francf 1 in awe. I'orthj (if our eneuvd \o judidoyl^y It S^'l tronc3, as at one* to appear iri every iijuartei- of thfc globe ; and white foiiK fleets were hiimbling the pride of Spain in Ada and America, o- thers were eniployeti in fruftrating the deiigns of France, and efcorting home tlic riches of the eaftern and weftern worlds. I Ihall clofe this account 6f thiniiied. The bill ENGLAND. 293 tiftochtfixrU pfrpetusl dean of the order, which has likewife a re- gffter and other officers. The order of the Thistle, as belonging to Scotland, is mentioned rn the account of that country 5 as is alfo the order of St. Patrick, newly inftitutcd for Ireland, in our account of that kingdom. Xhf origin of the Englifh peerage, or nobility, has been already men- tioned. Their titles, and order of dignity, are dukes, marquiflijs, earls, nifcounts, and lords or barons. Baronets can fcarcely be faid to belong to an order, having no other badge tlian a bloody hand in a field, argent, in their arms. They are the only hereditary honour under the peerage, and would take place ercn of the knights of the Garter, were it not that the latter are always privy couiifeilors; there being no intermediate honour between them and the parliamentary barons of England. They were inftituted by hmesl. about the year 1615. Their number was then two hundred, and each paid about loool. on pretence of reducing and planting the province of Ulfler in Ireland : but at prcfent their number amounts to 700. A knight is a term ufed almoft in every nation in Europe, and in ge- neral fjgnifies a foldier ferving on horfeback ; a rank of no mean elti- mation in ancient armies, and entitling the parties themfelves to the appeJlation of Sir. Other knighthoods formerly took place in Eng- land, fuch as thofe o{ bannerets^ bachelors, knights of the carpet, and the like; but they are now difufed. Indeed, in the year 1773, at a re- view of the royal navy at Portfmouth, the king conferred the honour j of Knights Bannerets on two admirals and three captains. They have DO particular badge on their garments, but their arms are painted on a I banner placed in the frames of the fupporters. It is fomewhat difficult to account for the origin of the word efquire^ vfhich formerly fignified a perfon bearing the arms of a nobleman or kiiieht, and they were therefore called armigeri. This title denoted any perfon, who, by his birth or property, was entitled to bear arms; but it isat prefent applied promifcuoufly to any man who can afford to live in the chcrafter of a gentleman, without trade ; and even a tradefman, ifheisa juftice of peace, demands the appellation. This degree, fo late as in the reign of Henry IV. was an order, and conferred by the king, by putting about the party's neck a colKir of SS, and giving him a pair of filver fpurs. Gowcr the poet appears, from his effigies Ion his tomb in Southwark, to have been an efquire by creation. Ser- Ijeants at law, and other ferjeants belonging to the king's houfehold, jjuftices of the peace, doctors m divinity, law, and phyfic, take place of [other efquires ; and it is remarkable, that all the fons of dukes, marquif- jfc, earls, vifcounts, and barons, are in the eye of the law no more than [lefquires, though commonly defignated by noble titles. The appella- Ition of gentleman, though now beftowed lo promifcuoufly, is tlie root [of all Englilh honour ; for every nobleman is prefumed to be a gentle- man, though every gentleman is not a nobleman. |HisT0Ry.] It is generally agreed that the firft •inhabitants of Britain ilerea tribe of the Gauls, or Celtic, tliat fettled c ^ the oppolite fh6re ; a IJippolition founded upon the evident conformity in their language, Ijrianners, government, religion, and complexion. I When Julius Ciefar, about fifty-two years before the birth of Chrift, jjifdlated the conquefl of Britain, the natives, undoubtedly, had great pnfc^ions with the Gauls, and other people of the continent, in go- ||trniiicnt, religion, and commerce, rude as the latter was. Cseiar U3 ^U 'III ■ ml M ju ^^ EN G LA 111 IX- wrote the l^iftory of his two expedition^, which he pretended w/cre ac ' companied with vaft difficulties, aiid^attended by fuch advantages over I the iflanders, that they agreed to pay tribute. Jt plainly appears how. ever, (rom contfmporary and other authors, as well as Caefar's own rarrative, that, his vidories were incomplete and indecifive; nor did I the Romans receive the leaft advantage from his expedition, but a letter I knowledge of the ifland thap they had before. The Britons, at the i time of Ctefar's defccnt, were governed in the time of war by a politi. ' cal confederacy, of which jCaflibelan, whofe territories lay ip Hertford' '' fliirc, and fomp pf the adjacent cpunties, was the head , and tWs form of governn;ent continued among them for feme time. | In their manner of life, as defcribed by Cipfar, and the^eft autjiors they diftierEd little from the rude inhabitants of the northern climates that I have been already mentioned; but they certainly fowed corn, though I perhaps they chiefly fubfifted upon animal food and milk. Thpir cloth. jng was fkins, — and their forcificalions, beiinVs of wood. They were incredibly dextei'ous in the manjagenient qf their chariots ; and tliey fought with lances, darts, and fwords. Women fometimes led their armies to the field, and were recognifed as fovereigns of thtir panicv.lar dlilrids. They favoured the.primngenitnre or leniority in their fuc, cpflion to royalty, but fet it afide on the fmalltil inconvenience attend- ii>git. Tiiey painted their bodies with woad, which gave them a bluifh or greeniih caft ; and they are faid to haye had figures' of animals qnd heavenly bodies on their (kins. In rheir marriages they were not very delicate, for they formed thenifejves into what we may call niatrinio- ' Rial clubs. Twelve or fourteen men marripd as many wives, and each ! wife was in commqn to them all; but her children belonged to the ! orioina! hufband. The Bfitons lived, during the long reign of Auguftus Caef^r, rather as I the aliies than the tributaries of the Rpnjans; but the communications hetwecn Rome and Great Britain being then extended, the emperor Claudius Cxifar, about forty-two years after the birth of Chrill^, under- tCfOk an expedition in perfon, in which he feems to have been fuccefs. ful, againft Briuin. His conqutfls, however, were imperfed ; Cjrafta- cus, and Boadicea, though a woman, made noble ftands agahift the Romans. The former was taken prifoner after a defperate battle, and carried to Rome, where his undaunted behaviour before Claudius gain- ed bin) the admiration of the vigors, and is celebrated in the hiftories of the times. Boadicea being opprefled in a manner that difgpces the Roman name, and defeated, diidained to furvive the liberties of her country ; and Agricola, general to Domitian, after fubduing South I Britain, carried his arms northwards, a; has been already Ceen in the hif- i tory of Scotland, where his fuccedbrs had no reafon to bqaft of their pro- I grefs, every inch of ground being bravely defended. During the time | the Romans remained in tfiis ifland, they erefted thofe walls whifh have been often mentioned, to p'ntedt the Britons from the invafions I of the Caledonians, Scots, and Pi(fls ; and we nre told, that the Koman | language, Jearninp, and ciifton.5, became familiar in Britain. There feems to be no great foundation for this aflertion ; and it is more pro- bable that the Romans confulercd Brit-un chiedy as a nurfery for their ^armies abroad, qii account of the fuperior ftrength of body and courage ' ^f the inhabitants wlien difciplmed. That this was the cafe, appears (^nly enough from the defencelefs ftate of the Britons, when the go- rnmtnt of Rome recalled her forces from that ifland. I have already taken notice, that, during the abode of the Romans in Britain, they in- t'O^uccdciato it ail the luxuries of Italy ; and it k certain, that under ENGLAND. m fhetn rtic South Britons were reduced to a ftite of great vafTalnge, and fhat the ecins of liberty retreated northwards, where the natives had adea brave refiftance againft thefe tyrants of the world. For though the Britons were unqueftionably very brave, whtn incorporated with the Roman legions abroad, yet we know of no ftniggle they made in later times, for their independency at home, notwiihltanding the many favoiiwble opportunities that prcfented themfelvcs. The Roman em- cerorsand generals, while in this illand, affifted by the Britons, were frequently employed in repelling the attacks of the Caledonions and Pifls (the latter are thought to have been the fouthern Britons retired northwards) : but they appear to liave had no difficulty in.irl^kjntaining their authority in the fouthern province?. Upon the mighty inundations of thofe barbarous nations, which, un- der the names of Goths and Vandals, invaded the Roman empire with infinite numbers, and with danger to Rome itfelf *, the Roman legions were withdrawn out of !Britain, with the flower of the Britifli youth, for the defence of the capital and centre of the empire; and that they might leave the ifland with a good grace, they affifted the Britons in rebuilding with ftone the wall of Severus between Newcartle and Car-" lifle, which they linei'Cb duuueci it as a tribute due to St. Fctcr and h.s fucceiTurs. •ENGLAND. 297 lere their Un- know but lit- 8 ; and public heir bards and on. te the feparate :hy. It IS hi. England with i. to keep their ways magnify. IS that the An- sfts and monks, T to fliut them< Rome, where n kings, during nd among thctn fpefts he was a Saxon kings to :lwald, king of 'y houfe, which wcaufe paid on rity, the Anglo- e continent ; be« F Mahomet, who the Roman, and ^ondon was then elieve the Saxon paid at One time 1. fterling in the avC' been about ,e venerable but urch hiftory of year 731- The tic monuments fuch as it was, Ingland; and we jferved in filver oins, which are ll of them mean. about the year England, when, ut with the ty- ernment of the ch of the race n Pritain. On |he became king I king of France, ftatejcaloufies, ^e, for the education e of Rome-Sfol : but [andb.sfucccffotj. to flv to the conrt of Charles for proteftion from the perfecutions of Eadburga, di^ughter of OfFa, wife to Brithric, king of the Weft Saxons. Egbert acquired, at the court of Charles,'the arts both of war and go- vernment, and therefore foon united the Saxon heptarchy in his own perfon, but without fubduing Wales. He changed the name of his kinedom into that of Engle-lond or Eingland ; but there is reafon to believe that fome part of England continued ftill to be governed br independent princes of ths blood of Cerdic, though they paid perhaps afmall tribute to Egbert, who died in the year 838, at Wincheuer, his chief refideflce. Egbert was fucceeded by his fon Ethelwolf, who divided his power with his eldeft fon Athelftan. By this time England had become a fcenc of blood and ravages, through the renewal of the Danifli invafions ; and Ethelwolf, after fome time bravely oppofing them, retired in a fit of de- votion to Rome, to which he carried with him his youngefl fon, after- wards the famous Alfred, the father of the Englifli conftitution. The gifts which Ethelwolf made to the clergy on this occafion (copies of which are ftill remaining) are fo prodigious, even the tithes of all his dominions, that they fliow his intejlleft to have been diilurbed by his de- votion, or that he was guided by the arts of Swithin bifliop of Win- chefter. Upon his death, after his return from Rome, he divided his dominions between two of his fons (Athelftan being then dead), Ethelbald and Ethelbert : but we know of no patrimony that was left to young Alfred. Ethelbert, who w»s the furviving fon, left his king- dom, in 866, to his brother Ethelred : in whofe time, notwithftanding the courage and conduft of Alfred, the Danes became mafters of the fea-coaft, and the fineft counties in England, Ethelred being killed, his brother Alfred mounted the throne in 871. He was one of the grcateft pwnces, both in peace and war, mentioned in hiftory. He fought feven battles with the Danes with various fuccefs ; and when de- feated, he found refources that rendered him as terrible as before. He was, however, at one time reduced to an uncommon ftate of diftrefs, being forced to live in the difguife of a cow-herd :'but ftill he kept up a fccret correfpondence with his brave friends, whom he collefted to- gether, and by their affiftance he gave the Danes many fignal over- throws, till at laft he recovered the kingdom of England, and obliged the Danes, who had been- fettled in it, to fwear obedience to his go- vernment ; even part of Wales courted his prote<5tion ; fo that he was probably the moft powerful monarch that had ever reigned in Eng- land. Among the other glories of Alfred's reign, was that of raifing a mari- Itime power in England, by which he fecured her coafts from future in- vafions. He rebuilt the city of London, which had been burnt down by the Danes, and founded the univerfity of Oxford about the year 895: he divided England into counties, hundreds, and ty things; or ra- Ither he revived thofe divifions, and the ufe of juries, which had fallen linto difufe by the ravages of the Danes. Having been educated at [Rome, he was not only a fcholar, but an author; and he tells us, that lupon his acceffion to the throne he had fcarcely a lay fubjeft who could Iread Englifli, or an ecclefiaftic who underftood Latih. He introduced lllone and brick building into general ufe in palaces as well as churches, Ithough it is certain that his fubjefts, for many years after his death, Iwere fond of timberbuildings. His encouragement of comtnerce and pavigati»ii may feem incredible to modern times : but he had merchants iho traded in Eaft India jewdsj and William of Malmcibury fays, that W ai98 ENGLAND. Hi] : a! ■ i m i i'lll ,i6 1,1 Come of their gems were repofited in the church of Sherborne in his time. He received from one OAher, about the year 890, a full difco- very of tlie coaft of Norway and Lapland, ?is far as Riiflia ; and he tells the king, in his memorial, printed by Hakluyt, " that he failed ^long the Norway coall, fo far north as commonly the whale-hunterj lifed to travel." He invited numbers of learned meii^into his donii- nions, and fou^d faithful and ufeful allies "in the two Scotch kings hig contemporaries, Gregory and Donald, againft the Danes. He is faid to have fought no lefs than fifty-fix pitched battles. He was iaexorablf againfl his corrupt judges, whom he iifed to hang up iu the public highways, as a terror to evil doers. He died in the year 901, and his charafter is fo completely amiable :md heroic, that he is jufilv diftjn. guiflied with the epithet of tiic Great. Alfred was fuccceded by his fon Edward the Elder, under whom though a brave prince, the Dunes renewed their invafions. He died im the year 925, and was fucceei»s ENGLAND. 299 and dying ui fPHy his fon* Harold Harefoot, did nQtbing mei^orable; and his wceflbr Hardicanute was fo de^en^rate a prince, that the Danift royalty ended with him in England. The family of Ethelred was now called to the ^lirone; and Edward, who i( commonly called the Confeflbr, mounted it, though Edgar Athel- • 5y being defcended from an elder branch, had the lineal right, and was alive. Upon the death of the Confeffor, ip the year 1066, Harold^ (onto Goodwm earl of Kent, mounted the thron.e of England. William duke of Normandy, though a baftard^ wa3 then in the un- rivaled poflelfion of that great duchy, and refolved to allert his right to the crown of England. For that purpofe he invited the neighbouring princes, as well as his own vaflals, to join him, and made liberal pfomife^ to his follower^ of lands and honours in England^ to induce, theni to ak^ l>im effectually. By thefc means he collected .40,000 of the brareil and moil regular troops in Europe ; and while Harold was emr barrafled with the trefh invafions from the Danes, William landed in England without oppofition. Harold, returning from the North, en- cpuntered William at the place now called Battle, which took its name from that event, near Haftin^s in Suflex, and a mod bloody battle was fq^joht between the two armies ; but Harold being killed, the crown of Engtan^ djevolved upon William, in the year jo66. Wc have very particular accounts of the value of proviflons and ma« nufa^ures in thofe days; a palfrey cod is. an acre of land, (according to bilhop Fleetwood in his Chronicon Pretiofum) la. a hide of land, containing lao acres, loos. but there is great difficulty in formr ing the proportion of value which thofe (luUings bore to the prefent (hiidard of money, though many ingenious treatifes have been written on that head. A flieep was eftimated at is. an ox was computed at 6s. a cow at 4s. a man at 3I. The board-wages of a child the^rft year was 8s. The tenants of Shireburn were obliged at their choice to pay either 6d. or four hens. Silk and cotton were quite unknown. Linen was not much ufed. fn the Saxon times, land was divided among ail the male children of the deceafed. Entails were fomctimes pradlifed in thofe times. With regard to the manners of the Anglo-Saxons we can fay little, t but that they were in general a rude uncultivated people, ignorant of letters, un(ldghrh year of his age, in 1135. Not withftanding the late fettlement of fucceflion, the crown' of £n^. land Was claimed and feizcd by Stephen earl of Blois, the fon of Adeb, iourth daughter to William the Conqueror. Matilda and her fon were then abroad ; and Stepiien was affifted in his ufurpation by his brother the bifhop of Wincbeder, and the other great prelates, that he might hold the crown dependent, as it were, upon them. Matilda, however, found a generous proteAor in her uncle, David, king of Scotland ; and a worthy fubjedt in her natural brother Robert Earl of Gbucefter, who headed her party before her fon grew up. A long and bloody vt ar en- fued, the clergy having abfolved Stephen and all his friends from their guilt of breakmg the a6t of fuccelFiPn ; but at length, the barons, who dreaded the power of the clergy, inclined towards Matilda ; and Stephen, who depended chiefly on foreign mercenaries, having been abandoned by the clergy, was defeated and taken prifoner in 1 141 ; and being car- ried before Matilda, fhe fcernfuUy upbraided him, and ordered him to be put in chains. Matilda was proud and weak ; the clergy were bold and ambitious ; and, when joined with the nobility, who were faAious and turbulent, were aa overmatch for the crown. They demanded to be governed by the Saxon laws, ".ccording to the charter that had been granted by Henry I. upon his acceiTion : and finding Matilda refractory, they drove her out of England in 1 142. Stephen, having been exchanged for the carl of GlouceOer who had been taken prifoner likewife, upon his ob- taining his liberty, found that his clergy and nobility had in fa6t eX' eluded him from the government, by building 1 100 caftles, where each owner lived as an independent prince. We do not, however, find that this alleviated the feudal fubjeCtion of the inferior ranks. Stephen was ill enough advifed to attempt to force them into cortipliance with hk will, by declaring his fon Euftace heir apparent to the kingdom ; and this exafperated the clergy fo n^uch, thrttthey invited over young Henry of Anjou, who had been acknowledged iuke of Normandy, and was fon to the emprefs; and he accordingly leaded in England with an army of foreigners. This meafure divided the clergy from the barons, who were appre- henfive of a ftcotid conqueil; and the earl of Arundel, with the heads of the lay ariftucracy, propofed an accommodation, to which both par- ties agreed. Stephen, who about that time loil his fon Euftace, was to retain the name and office of king; but Henry, who was in faft invfft- ed with the chief executive power, was acknowledged his fuccfllbr. Though this- accommodation was only precariouS'and imperfect, yet it was received by the Englifh, who had fuffered fo much during the late civil wars, with great joy ; and Stephen dying very opportunely, Htnry i^ouiited the throne, without a rival, iti iic;4. lienry II. iuf nan>ed Plantagetiet, was by far the greatefl prince of liis lime. He foon difcovered extraordinary abilities Tor government, and ijad perfornvcd, in the fixteenth year of his age. ajf all the, earls and barons Qf the territories of the king of Scotland, hA7in!,w]^q[j,Hu*uine an'' Poitou^ he became altn^ ^i, powerful io F*raw:e as the French king himfelf, and the greateil ptince in Qhriftcniloni. In his old age, however, he was far from being, fqfijinatd^ He. ha^, a turn for pleafure, and embarra(ted himfelf in intr^i^p^ \v.i^ women, particularly ihe fair Rofamond, which were refented by nis queen Eltanorj who even engaged her fons, Henry (^honri his fathei: h»4 Mq^tdvifedl^ caufedl to be rrQwneil in his own life.time), l^icnard^and Jobnt i'^^o r^eated r^el- lions, which affeded their father fb niucb asjp ^Jtirow h^ctl intp a .fever, ' and lie died at Chinon, lii France^ Int the year 1189, and^fty^feventb *>^ ki$ age. The fum he left in ready money at.^iii death hasi perhaps beett exaggerated ; bur the mofl moderate accounts make it amouutto: 200,900 f>o|>jads of our mpney. . , . ' ,, puling the reign of Henty^ cdrporatrpjncl^new were eftabH/hcd a» ©♦^f England; by wbSch* ajs, I have already hinted* the. p^wer of the barons was greatly reduced: Tbpfe corp^ntipns encouraged trade; ^iM mannfk ^ures. e(pecially thofe . of Jilk^ feein iljltto have been confined to Spkm and Italy ;. fpr t^e iilk.corpnation fobes,,made ufe of by youjig Henry and his queett« co(l 871. los. 4d. in the flieriff of London's ac> count, printed by Mr. Maddpx i a yaft (\>m iji'thrfe days.. Hepry in- troduced the ttfe pf glafsjn windows, into Engluid, atxd^ ^one :«che« itt buildif)gs. ■/. ."■ ", ,,_,.,-,'; ." . ' ■_■ I..,. ,'".v, ■.: ,' ; III this ireign, and it^ tbpfe barbi^^rous .ages^ it iuas..a ciifiUjm the amount of a nua4red pr ^offii olf ^he foils and rdi&ttphs of eminent f:)ttietts, to form thieqntliily^ii into a licentious : confede^y, to bjreak into ilch houfes a^.pt\itnder themi tpi^b^nd ,, murder pa%nger5, and to :C,<4nn^U* with impunity, all Xprts of diforder<.ri| Henry, about ttie year i i 76, divided England into fix parts, called eu- ,\ tuits\ appointing judges to go at certain times of the year and hold.o^z^r or adtninifler j(\^^^ce to the people, as is pr^ii^ifed at tbif d^yt, Het|,ry Co far abyllllicd the liVrbaroys arid isibfyfd praifikiceof forfeit- ing flii^,whjierf«n3l ejtates of hU fjjbj^as,jjwt?lo»,w wcU To ihow th^ genius of r.hefe agcs, ItWy ribttieimproper to mention the Quarrel between Jlpger archbiiliop .pf. li^Pri^ ajid Aiunard archbidiop of Canterbury. We may; juc^ Pf tbe virlende of ifuKtary men and lav ■ men, when ecclefiaftics could proqeesd txi fuch •cxtrerhHics. Th^ pope's legate having fummoned an utTcmbly pf the clergy at Loodpn) both Ur nK/heda»V the p^vv.er ot m raged tra4e» 1^1^ ,ve been confined nfe.of hy youflg of London's ac- days.. tteW »?' d ftone :«che« m Bt ciiftom in toi- [woreiO^Ahefoitt I into a licentious : khemi «<» »^*'^^° ' lliprtsof diterder«<^^ \ parlRa, called «»- Lr an*l holdfl/a^f [iiftict of Meit- Vt lion* «"«"^ fcte tcftpf ^<^ ^° *•** Vaj^ -ntbemovj- bl!,asy«opk. T» lerto mention the lafd«rchWfl»oDof lary »««» •"" ''> ■ties. Th^. pop^^ ' ondon, both w ENGLAND. trchbifliops claimed the privilege of fitting on his .right hand; H'l^ictl, - queftion of pfecedency begot a controverly between tbeni. Tlie monks, and re'ainers ©f archbiibop Richard fell upon Roger, in the prcfence of the cardinal and of the (^nod, threw him on the^r^und, trampled hin», under foot, and fo bruifed him with blows, that he was talmi up htflf dead, and hit life was with difficulty faVed froin their violence. Richard I. furnamed Coeur de l^on, from his jreat courage, was th« third but e'deft furviving fon of Henry II, The clergy had round means to gain him over ; and fof their own ends they perfuaded him to make a moft magiflficent but ruinous crufade to the Holy Land, whert he took Afcalon, and performed aftio 3 of valour that gave counte*. nance even to the fables of antiquity. After feveral glorious but fruit- leh campaigns, he 'made a truce of three years with Saladin emperor of the Saracens ; and in bis return to England was treacheroufly fur^ nrifed by the duke of Anftria, who, in 1 193, fent him a prlfoner to the emperor Henry VL His ranfom ^'as fixed by th? fordid emperor at 150,000 marks j about |oo,ooo pounds of our prefei\t meney. Wbilft the Scottifh kifies ea)o]fed their lands in England, thay found It their intereft, once generally in every King's reigxt^ to perform ho* mage ; but when they were deprived of vam uid laiw$, they paid it no more*. Woollen broad cloths were made in England ^t this time.. An ox fol4 for three fliiliings, which anfivers to une (hillings of our inoiifty, and a flieep at four pence, or one fliilllng.^Veights and meafuics were now , ordered to be the fame all ever the kingdom. Richard was flain in , befieging the caftle of Cb&lonv in'the year 1199; the foriycir fove- 'tiM tod liege lordk, am that utejr didk«au|e for the kingdum tf Sccthnd aecttrd* Ijr : hot ihif tdv^ntnge wa^ giTco up by lUduid I. Viae 1 ti Lytticton't Hiftorr V«My tl. Vol. T. f tto, 111, US' «^u- «dit> ¥t EU G L^ N p. baroos withdrfw their allegiance from John, and transferred It to Lewis, thp eidefl; fion of Philip Auguftus, kin|; of B'rance. This gave iimbra« tb thi? pope; anvi the barons being apprehenfive, of their country^ cprtiing a pryvince to France, they returned to John's allegiance] but be Was unable fo p/bteft them, till the pope refqftd to confirm the title tWity; The city of London owes fome of her priyikges to him. The oj^ce df mayof, before his reign, was for life ; but he gave them a cl^Jirter to dioofe a mayoi* out of their own body, a: i^ualiy, aiid to eleft their Iheriffj ahd common council annually, as at prpfetit. < [ 'England was in a deplorable fituatioii when the crown devolved upon Henry IIL the late kind's fon, who was Ijut nine years of age. The carl of Pembroke was chofen his gt;iardian; aiid the pope taking part with the younc prince, the French 'vere defeated and driven out of the king. dbni, and tWir king obliged to renounce all claims upon the crovitnof England. ' The' regent, earl of Pembroke, who h^id thus retrieved the imrepen^ftcy of hts countn^, dipd 1219, and the regency devolved vlpon the biflidp of ^inchefter. The king was of a (bft pliable liif^. mioii, aftd bad been peffuaided to violate the CSreat Charter^ ^"\i\n hp fcemed alvyays eodeavouring^ to evade tjCi,e privileges whiclj ... been cotiipelled* to gr^nt and confirm. An aljbciationof thehangs xhik forrned againft him and his g|||irernment ; apd a civil war breaking J out, Henry feemcd to be abandoned by all but his Qafcons andforeiga tnercenaries. His profufion brought him in'^o inexprefGWe difficul. [ ties; and the famous Stephen Monitort, who had married his tiiler, andl was made earl of Leicefter, being chofen general of the aflbciation, the! king and las two fons were defeated, and taken prifoners, at the battle! of LeweS. A difference happening between Montfort and the earl ofj Oloudtfter, a nobleman of great authority, prince Edward, Henry'ij ^etded fon, obtained his liberty, and aiTembling as mai.^ as he could of] his^ father's fubje£ts, who were jealous of Montfort, and weary of thej tyranny of the barons, he gave battle to the rebels, whom hedefeat^ at Evefliam, i.uguft 4th, 126$, and killed Montfort. The reprefbnta] tlVes of the cominons of England, both knights and burgeHTes, foroKi now part of the EngHfli legilTature, in a feparate houfe; and this gati the firft blow to feudal tenures in England : but hiftorians are m agreed in what manner the commons before this time formed any [ of the Englifli parliaments or great councils. Pripce Edward beid afterwards engaged til a crufade^ Henry, dm;iug his.abfeacei died if liya, the fixty-foutth year of his age^jind fifi){-j^th of his reign, vihkl was uncomfortable and inglorious ; aad yet,' to ths ftrUgglej of,th3 reign, the people, in great nieafure owe ihe liberties of the prefentdnyr Interfll had* in that age liionntcd to an eopri^pu^ height. T!ier(e»rj ihdances of (;o per cent!. bei<)g paid/fofrponey, which tcjupted thj jjfws to remain in England, notwithflanding the grievou;) opprefTioij fney laboured up'ier, from the bigotry of the age, and Henry's extoij ttons. In 1255 Henry made a freQi demand of 8090 marks fromta Jews, and threatened to hang,then() if they re/u fed compliance. Tha ribw loft air patience, and defited leave to retire with their effedsoij of th^ kingoom: but the king replied^ ** How e.Tn I remedy llrlpped of all my revenues ; I owe above 200,000 rnarks; and i^ hcnl ftut 3oo,r»oo I, frtould not exceed the truth j 1 a»»uobHgc(i 10 1 isferred it to LcTrk, This gave umbragie )f their country be- in's allegiance ; bv^t to confirm the title ear of his reign, a(>d of refuming his au> i to him. The ofi|ce ve^thcm ach^krterto 1 to cleft their fheriffi ;rpwn devplved upon ears of age. Thewrl )op€ taking part with riven out of the king. IS iiponthe crown of 1^4 thvis retrieved the ;he regency devolved of a ff>it pliable dif^- reat Charter! ^ -iJti ivilegcs whicU 3ciation,of the V»arti)s d a civil vwar breaking is Qafcoos and foreiga • inexprefUble djflicul. 1 married his filler, »nd il of the aflbciation, the I prifoners, at the battle ontfort and the earl of incc Edward, Henry'r as maiv as he could of] tfort, and weary of tb' bels, whom hedefeau tfort. T!hc repreftnta- sand b'urge(res,form(' ,te honfe ; and this ga but hifto*!*"' ^^ ~ lis time formed any ._ Piipce Edward bci?| ,g hU abfeoct?, died ii Ltth of his reign, wlufc to ths flrUgglej of th^ ■rtie^of thcprel6ntdaI• ,pui,heieht, ,TherM| ney, which tquptedtl the grievou;. oppreflioi age, and Henry's extoi of 8oQo marks from tl Mfed cOjTipliance. Th( re with their effcasoi ,w enn I remedy ^^ I^Wat Brlffol;a'ild, on his feAifal, ordered one of his tc/etit to be (irawrrt imf dAy till heifllbiilJ cohf? lit. The Jew loll feyeo . tc,et|i, ancj ihe;i| paid the futti rif,3, ariA matrifd Ifabclla, daughter of the French king, who re* n' . bin a. t of the tefritories which Edward I had loft in France* * Laif6i)s, however, obliged him once more to banifli his favourite, Jto Confirm the GreaJ Charter, while king Robert Bruce fecovet^d 'Wand, excepting the caflle of Stirling; near to which, at Ban- Iblirn, ftd<*.nrd in perfon received the grealefl defeat England evgr *" d, in i^3t^. Gavefton being beheaded by the barons, they fi|^«d X a 3o8 E N G L A N D. upon young Hugh Spencer as a (py upon the king] buthefijonk, carhe lij« favoafitc He, I'u -^tigh liU pridci ATirice, and ambition wu biniftiedv together widi his mhory whom he had pfocured to be nude earl of Wla\ph«fft«r. The qu«en, a furious, ambitious woman, ptr. fiMtfed her hoiband to jHscailrhe Spencen, while the common p'eo^ iromtheif h«tr«(d to the barons, joined the king's ftandard, and, i^ter defeating them, reftored Kim totht exf^fcife of aU his prrrogatives. a cruti Ufe Was Iriade of thofe finccefles; and many noble pairiota, witK their efi^es, f^U vi^liros to the queen's revenge ; but at iaft (he became ettamoured with Ro^er Mortimer, who M'as her prifoner, and had beta, is to one i always remembering that their money coRtif ined i^hrict '» > -thuch fi^lver^s our money or coin of the fam^ deno* Riinatton do«9. T!his, for examplei if a goofe then coft a^d. that is 7^, Af our nrohey^ or aeeording to the proportion of fix to one, it wpuld MOW icoft us ^ r. 9^d. The knights Templars wext ftipprcflcd in thlsrekn, 4winjg't»theii'et>ormotts vices. , . l :>.• i Emi^rd III. mounted the throne in i 3s f.^^ He was then underthe tuhion<^f his mother, who cohabited with Mortimer; and they en^j deavoured to keep poireffion of their power by executing many populvi meafures, and piuttini^ an end to an national difi«rencei with Scot.} land } for which Mortimer was created earl of March. Edward, young] as he was, was fooii fenfible of their dcfigns. He forprifed them ia] Sribn at the head of a few ^ <'>etr men were equally undill ..fipiiaed and dirobetiienr, thoi)|h'fhf inore-numeroua than tneit>eRe| Mts {tt» the -field. The EdgliAi freemen^ on the other hand, hava 8 ng} buthefqonbe. p, and ambition, wit procured to be n»de >itiou« w6man, ptr. the common people ftandard, and, afte^ hi? prrrogativei. \ f noble pairiots, witll 3ut at laft (he became ifoner, and had been, . A breach botvireea er to France wi.'h ^'» England, that, return. pencer to an ignotnU rted liira to sbdicate fifteen years of age, wanting to Oomplet« I in Berkley-caftle, by paramour Mortimer, 1 i and now, feems to be ing that their money ;oin of the fame denoJ icoft ft^^. thatisjid.' f fix to one, it wpuldl ftpprcflcd in this re^ le was then under the rtimer; arvd they en>l ecuting many popttiiri iflierences with Scot J irch. Edward, young] Ht furprifed them inl Civile of Nottinginmij I traitor on the com*] as fluit ttp in confinej >t long before Edwa btkna, though he | y Edward Baliojiiii i general, and/ ;her bad done tiHl e Fair, king of Franc the Salic law, whichJ n to that crown, Flo| ale by fucceflion; '^bella, mtIeR} wasfill irft in the fiemaiefui e being doubtful, Ed a powerful anur/ le Kudal conftittttio ' government of En The French offio were equally undil^ lerous than tneil'enq other baud, havii E fi G L A N b. m vjft prop^ to 'fight fiMT, ivhichtliey could call their Wi, l^tfe^ 0^ a feudal kw^ knew its value,trho f^ere totidly' ii£t'i^ I /e)t'nl/>"<^^'^^''' '^'"S ""^ his favf^rtte fon Philip take^'prifoiieriit lE'' ittbottght that the iraaaberiof Fnfsoch killed ii^|haab»aiw»|ri^doiiM^' that of all the Fnglifli army; but the modefty and polit(^C».vii^h whHiilt' tiieprkce treated his royal prifoAen, -forilK^ tbe brii^fftrfM^r^at^t) llBgtrland. ■ ^ ■■: tnx'ojH,?;-:. ,r -v-^' < ■ -- '*':^^ '•P'ff-j^^^- Jdward's glories frereniot confined to Franieer^ayi«g{(jft^'»4 a«d died jat tfte palace of the Savoy. After the treaty of Bre^gnt, into which Ifidmn^Ifl. is faid td have been frigh^ned by » (ii-e»dfdl ilottni Mi [bitan^ declmed. 'He had reft^ned his Fi^ch doniflnions entirely to Itteprrace of Wales; and he funk tn the efteem*of hts^fubjefls at home, iMtacoount of his attachment to his miftrefs, one Alice Pierce. The lioceof Wales, commctnly called the Bbck Prtnee *, from his wear- ;ihit-armourt while he was making a glorious campaign in Spain, ere he reinOated Peter the Cruel on tiiat throne, was ieiaed with a BMfumptive difbrder, which' carried him off in the year t^fii His' ittBr)-». b fit i«ai alfo thr tttUt: in EnglMd that had the tirh of AiM' bciiif crested by kis i^iiihii kmg offngland ^ttj tfli)Aike«f Cornwall. X3. •- ,v. m. E^f Q J, AND. ^U»'IW?«^''^<^?P<^'^y'" THfr^t^ of giving hi hJa raign feetnyt*, h«»* tf^'Ji^Wfl^ijlj^ ^m^M »n the preceding; and fejv of the Eaglin, (hiJ «?Wmf fW.^^95JW4 f«fy or fifty tons. But notwithftanding the vS J«;»*^fft%. prvafion of %nce: Imt it (^r! .... 1 ..c l:- j-vj^^ The magnificent caftle of bis method of eoDdufting that . , ..^ . ,j . . . - ..-. condition of the pcopleohlJ ^jbfrii»*^ftft W ^mm ^^Qrl^.^^^nky. contra«as and wages, healftfled fiJ»W ^9 fcn4,bfO) fo many mafon;,, tilers, ancj car* BRft^»,*^J(MfM l^eenJevyiiig'an army. Soldiers were enlifledonlv flfed to Ve a fmall fortune to a 11^ if V^l^jf ^,^^^,gr?W;STV?ope who piWicly eaHed i Tm truth i$, agriculture was] then in \o floaiflQiing a Aate, that corn, and other victuals, were fuf>] fered to he tra^fported* and ^he BnglilU h^d fallen upon a way of ma* i^ufaAuring, for expbftatiout their lea^iier, horns, and othsr native comt npoditicfi; and with regard to the woollen manufa^u^i;, they feem, from] records, to have been exceeded by none in Europe* John of Gaunt'?! foreign coiinc^ions with the croons of Portugal and Spain wer«iofl prejudice to England; and fo many men were epiployed in unfuc*! c'efi^u} wars, that the commons of England, like powder, reci^iving a fpafk of fice, all at once filmed oijt into rebellion, under the condi^il o'f Ball, a priefl, Wat Tyler, Jack Straw, and others, the lowelt of thl people^ The conduft of thefe iqfurgeots wa« very violent, and in many refge^s, extremely ynjuftifiable ; but it cajioot juflly be deniedJ that the ^om^on people o| England then labqureti undfr many ojp E N G LAND. jVi^ .^QOi^ purticularly a ppll'tax^ aad had abundaat reaibn to be diicoi^*. f {j^^itbtbegoyerjMnenr. ^ ■ - l^ipl„i^,w«i« pot th?n above fixteen ; but he a^ied with great fpirit, and wiiiJom. He feced^tbe ^oxva of the infurgenis»at.tbf hcavI.,ortHfSr Loodttners, while. Walworth the mayor, and Philpot aa aldercn,an..1iad, the courage *o put Tyler, the, leader o^tbe malcontents, to. dcatp, mi ti» (ludft »^ his adherents. R^ichaVd then aflbcjatcd to bimfe^ra ttfiw, /jgf^vouritcs. His, people and great lords again took up a^j|; aady teing headed by the duke of Glaucefter„tbe king's uqclc, tjiey; fp^cctl, Ricljatcl once more ji\to, terms;, hut beiug infincere in all his coq^i-j anas, he was upon tl^e point of. Seconding more defpotic thapany kiqig/ j„ England ever had heefl, wh^n Ke loft bis crgvKn a^^4 life hy^i'^^vi^ \^ qwarrel happened bietWc^ivt^e duke of Hereford, ton to the.du^^{ ofLancafter, aim the diikie of Norfolk; and Eic'haVd, banilhe(i,th^^ bptlt with particular nivks ofrinjuftice to th^ foripief^ \vho now -be^i^apie jukeof Lancafter by J»is tatliier's death. Richard, cafryiiig ovej f^jfflaalr iKPy to 9"^^* ^ rebellion ia iT^laiHiU * ftf<^& P^'-'^X f^V^w ia EngM^J tfenatural refuft of Richard's tyr^ony, who QfFer94,i!^e^<|4%.,w tggri cailei tlie crcwn. Hcjaiided from, France, »V %?j5|}WW..i^il'i«|]t.wY^^ and )vas foon at the head of 6o,ooQ jnen,,aU of thw ^gUlIUj^R^^h^ifl^ huriW back to England, whe,re,Jiw troops »^#^^^^ ful)jefis,whom,Jie h«l affeited ta d«fpife, geijrage tQ.r^mqj^: ^. tlumeat againft the ufury, which was but ioo;ni>ic)»,of^4if^4Ajii^u figd other abufes of both clergy and laity; and 4>e.4f ftr^^OQ [liudal powers foon followed, . t; Jp; a. j «. .h Henry the Foiirth-i*, fon of John of Gaunt duk^j^f X»%C^|[j^Vr^ IiD of Edward HI. being ^-'-' -■ -- '■-- -'-— — r T^.^^if ._ — i- m the elder branches |ii|nopes that this glaring jiipoo them. At firft fome cenA>iracies wcrfc ^n^e^ ,agififlij|jum ^pon|^ [1)5 great men, as .the dukes of Surry and Exeter, the.€ari^o£cjjQug^pCj Ud Salifljury, and the arcbbifliop pf York i bu* h^ .cfjufl^^^^t^i^ ^^^1v iftivity and fteadinefs, and laid a p\an for reducing |Vjf over£|pw/i [pec' This was underftopd by the Percy familv, the.gre^ji'u iit thV, iporth of England, who, complained of Hepry j;)£Lyj;ig,deprived, them ,0^ ijime Scotch prifoners, wh^im they had taken In^ qattp ; ^d the dangef-^ ; *' The throne being now vacant, the dujce of Lancaftei-.ltejipetf fo^th, utid KavingK Ifltillcd himlclf on his forehead and oti his bread, and called npoti the na'tne of CKrift^ t Ik pronounced thefe words, which I fliall give in the onginal language, because, o£) /• RN,t5;L A,RDil iUi mm piM JWJblsIlion brqke out luider.ttiedd rarL,«f Northumbierland, smd/Ms ^ ^ CvtBous tH^ney Pciic}'> furnamed'H^tfpurti l>ut it vitied tatb* dffcat «f t^p fDbeJfi, d)if fly bly tibis valour «F'tbt)piltiit€eiC|f Wnl^.; Whli «9tt«li ^d4 .conUDOh^jMi;dctilai!lvt^^h^^ lift ctei^ered alt oppofitn 1(i^ii^'^toi^lvtf^ithe^feQti(>l hi&tirk^thfipMrliiinen tht cnxm^ WX^him^ Ku)( chrhcksi mah 6f his body .inwfuUy begottan, th^-.^y UBttrng; put ^U^femek Aiccejion. The young dUkr of Rothfay, aetr to the-^iiiMi.of. Scotland :(9ftdP«rds JainfOs II of thnt jkingitoni), Jkl^ng « prifoner Jfw»;Hf nry'a hands about thiittinne, tmnii of infiiute ferrke to ji!s jdof^trntnene ; < artd, ' be fore ills dcath« which' bappeived in 141-3^, in tht ^tSh'fyahyjtzr xyf l^ «g*, and thirteenth of Ws reign, he had the fwij. fa^ion to fee his« fqn andfucceflbr, the prince of Wales, diibnga/w IftinMiii^ nwitjrgrQmhIttI follies, Which tin th«D had difgraced his t'Olatdt^. ' ' : ^^iv: ■; :.■.■''• ^ ;'.. * h ■ ". - •; :• Hie Eneiiiht marint was;Doiv fo jsreatly;i|ijere«frid, th«t wefindin J^ijj^ vcittl ofiMd tons in the BalfiC, Midjniin'other ft»ips of eoual iMiraea cartyihg oq an iimmeiife tiwde aH over Europe, but with tin Hihl^ lioiiins .la CMticuliin Wjii) regard to public fiberty^ , Henry IV^ 4 ftiijf^ iJl!«^JP.Mij*»^ jvts: the £ril prince who g»ve tb#dtfFereilt or* ^iiJ'M i^arilatnpent, kfeecially that i>f the common*, their due. weigte. ftfs How^ a IHtle' Aivprtfins. that jearnbg wasat this time iaaniHch WUK^^tt itk fiikghiad, and alfover'fiiini^e, than it had beett zoo yeatt lidVwev' Bi^opv, when teftifylng fynpdafa^ were often iorcedtadi [Jaiiil'iteintngiies of the clergy, ui a^ was obtained ia the feffionk f40i, M the buruing of hereti.cs, qceaSoned by the great iAijMtlfil tf'tlw'WtckHfi^ or Lollards; and immediately after, one ^liii} l^mi^^iet «f St. Oiith( in London, was burnt alive by the Jf^W^ WfilV'^^>'<^<' ^ ^'^ mayor and flieriffil of London. , v.- ; <^» bilaftcc nr eidiB with foreign parts was againft England atthe ■libtifDil tf Hewy' V. « i 4 1 3 ; To greatly bad luxury increafed. The Itf^rdSi Of tht followers of Wickliflfe,, were exceffively numerous t A»^^r|aiti.<%lcaAfe and lord Cobham haying joined them, k was ^n^tf^l^ H^ hfld-ffreed to put himiir^,^^^wiick he-oppoled the fuperftitvon of the age ; and be ^as tJfi^fh#of t^^ ndbility who fufteredjOn accoum 4>f i^ligioii. Henry s^as^bciiit thWVtlme engaged in. a conteft with France, which he hd M^iiy iticitiEitt4!Qh for invading^ He demanded a reftitutitm of Nor. alandy^, and ether pfWvincet - that had been taken from England in the -wtctding reigt^l ali%» the payment of certain arrears due for kinr ioha's' taafomfince the reign of Edward III. and availing himfeif tf ifMTidittfaAeU (late of that kiti^doro by the QrleaQi and Burgundy hct kfcma^he ittv«d«d it, where he.'firft t^olt HarHetif, and then defeated the fkteheb ia the battle of Agincourt, which equalled thofe of Crefly and BiHli^ in iglory to the £iiKli|(h, but exceeded jth^ni in its confequenct;, ^>iiettmat of the va(l number of French pfirtces of the blood, aad «lh«r jrretf noblemen, who « ere there killed. Henry, ^ho was as great il-'fioKlkijlU^VB a> warriori 0)ad« i'ucbimiiuxces, and divided the fteudb EN O-L A KD. n h tfiAied lath* ietfWaW;Whfc wV<»fnrlia« edaUoppofith: , ittilrd %ht crQw:^ >e|Ottin, thr.ay f Ruthfay, aeir to ingitorn), iaIUnga infinite fenrke u wd in 1 4 15, in tht I, be had the fitis. Walest di&ngajiii had difgracni 'hu 4*,; ;^ ■ . ..' •4 thait we find in thef ihips bf e<{uat ropCt J>ut witbthi fiberty,. Henry iV, yetbtfdiffereilt(»» I, their due. wei|Ul. Ihis tme in a n(rach hadibwettixooyeatt >ofteAioKedtadk ;»nnot readmyfelf, }i(hop caonot wrHf he influence of the taihediajbefeffiort iSon^d by thiegreat nediateiy after, one J burnt alive by the >ndon> . ;: •:».iq linft England at: tht iry iiiiereafed. Tiw effivrty tttimeroos) oined Ihcm, it wu headi with a dcfiga iBvcbeena ground* lough he was put to fcems to have been of: the .age; and he of iteligioM' Henry -ancc, which he had fcftlttitiim of Nor- rotn England in the rreara diic for king availing himfelf w jand Burgundy fact ndth«n4lefeatedthe i thoft of Crefly and in its confeqqencts, of the blood, and ,, who was as gttn divitled the Ficntk 3tJ Prince, marrying her mOHi tbcoMelvei £> cHlr^atlyt that be forced the q»«en of #bi^htiftmdt Charles VL Was a lunatic, to agree to his marrv ihi^ter> the 'priiKefo Citl^itie, to difinherit the dauphin, and to de- clMHtnty 'regent of^ France during her hu (band's lire, and him and l^^i^ fuccmbrito the FVench monarchy, wh:«h muft at this time have been eoitettninated, had rtor the Scots (though their king Alll eon. timed Henry's captive) fumiflied the dauphin with vaft fuppUes, and' piefti.ted the French crowni for his head. Henry, ho wevff, matde a . trituBphil entry ibto Paris, whiere the dauphin wau profcribed; and-af. t let receiving ttiefeahjf of ttieFn^ch nobility^ be return«d>toi England < toievy a!i«rce'that might. Craib the dauphin and \\ia Scoctiib auxilia. ' iit>< lie prob^bljr :woQld hkve been fuccef»ful, had he not died oF a plenritic difordert 1449/ th« thirty-fourth year of his age, afd: |ha tenth Jf:hls.leigH.^ ■'■■■ ■ ■ , ,,''r»'1:- . fyairylr.H wfl facceiires in France revived th^ trade of England, and at the lame time increafed and eilabliflied the privileges and Ubeeties of tfae'fingfiih conimoh&tty. As he died when he was onlyi thirty -lour 5 ears of ag< ir U hfktd to fay, if he h^ lived, whether ht mi.i^ht not rivtf^eo the l*w 'to all the continent of Europe, which vvas tnen ^fdatty diftra^ed by the divisions among its princes y but whetrer thia wonlcThtfire been of fervice or prejudice to the g^rowing liberties jcf his > Etwlifli fubJcAs, we cannot determine. By an autherttie and exa^ account of the ordinary rev^nnnvf the crown durinf this rdgii/h appean that they amounted only to $5^714!, a yeat, wbidi is nearly: the faine with the revenues in iHenryiII;'s . time; aiid the kings of England had neither become much richer nor poorer in the courfe df apo yeajps. The ordindiy* expenfvis of the goV^rh. merit amounted to ^2i5t>7l. fothat the king had of forplus only, j^soj^K jfoc the fupport of his boufehold, for his wardrobe, for the lel^nfcs of eisbaflies, and other artides. This fum #as not 'nearly ftit&cientteyiBn in time of peace ; and, to canpr on his wars, this gr^at conxfueilorAras reduced to many miferable fliiftsj he borrowed iromaQ! quarters^ he pawned his jewels, and fblnetimes the crown itfelf; heira,niBSfi;earis ttt'his amiy; and he was often obliged to flop in the \nidft of faisicarecr «f vidory, and to grant a truce to the enemy. I nuntlon tkeii par^- ticuUrs that the reader may judge of the fimpHcity and tempeAmce of •ur predeceflbrs three centuries ago, when the expenfes of thii gre^eft Icing in Europe were fcarcely equal to the penfibn of a iuperannwMsA courtier of the prefeiit age. *{; :^a^i> '4ii#j^vv\ .yV***'^«ataWy »^ the'EhgllffiV with Cliarlek Vll. contvibutei' t»tMi«i»r(H*'rtiin of.the feiigHfti InWreft IffVnnve^ and the lofs ^f all tlidrt>Aiie {^ovintrt in that'kfngdom, HoJvTithltartdfhg the amdzhii c*wil|«<©ft<«Pirtb« rhe firft c«u4 »rSht^ftttfy'/*a6d'rhcil' ojher officers Tlieii^tttl««fl*ifonime <*f Ehrfind, at' thiy' ttniii, was Its dlfuiubh at' hemci. 1rh«»«lttke «iF ^^roHtcerfts- loft his anrthbrtfj^'iii the goycriiqicht;' aiM.tli«>%ilig^marritm, but it \rainoil6ng before the que'ert refumed All her iaiS»eiil>e'»n-rhe government^ and the king, thtiugti' his iveikuei'? be- came •♦»i«f day more and mort yifible, recovcfed all tils author i1;y, \ 'T'he dtfl5e Vf York ifpdn this threw off the m^flc, and, in 1459, he c^eAlychiiflied the crown, and the queen was again defeated by the eari of Warwick, wlw was now called the king-aiaker. A parliamejil vpoa this boivig afiembkd^ it was cnaflcd thanHehi-y illoQld^otiVfs' tlie' EKG L AN D. sn throor for ljfr» but (fakt the duke of York (bould fucceed hjrn, to the •xclufittu of all Henry 's i Out. A U, «xc«^tmg the -nwgna n imous ^ueeii^ letMi ^0 1^'^ corapromife. She retreated nonh^ards i «rid tbe'kilig blejiiK A^' * pri£o»ctt flie pleaded hii; caufe fo wcll« that^ afTembling a fre^ ^''^y* ^'^ fought the battle of Wakefield, where the dbke of York wiiieated and ftaiOf in 146a .]t ii rdtnarkable, that, though the diikfof York and hif party openlr fgfgtdhu cla|n> tP 4he crown, they ftill profefled allegiance to HeacyV bottjie duke of York's fop, ajfterwards Edward IV. prepared tore* yenge blsiather'K dc9[^,ai|d ohtai^eU fav^ral vi^orie» over the royalifts. Tbf fliKW, bowevef, advw^ed towards London; and d«(^ting the ti of Warwick, in. the fecowd batjle of St. Alban's, (jite delivered her. ifi»ai; bul thftdtfordcra fpnirBktjsd by her northern troops difguAed tbe lowioners fo much, MihiH flm riyrft not e«ter JUondon^ where the duke of Yorkwaa i«ceivcd> ,^ thao4,.th« unfortunate Henry, was^ carried prjfonii toliondon. : v^ The duke of York, no*?^ Edward IV. being crowned on the »9th of June, fell in love with, and pdvatciy nnarriea Elizabeth, the widow of ^ John Gray, though lie had fome time before fent the earl of War- wick to demand the king of France's filler in, marriage, in which em. be^y he was fuccefsful, and nothing remained but the bringing over tbe princefs into Englamlt When the feeret of fidwavd's marriage: broke out, the haughty earl, deeming himfelf affronted, returned tp England iai)amed with rage and, indignation; and, from being Edward's bed friend, became bis moft formidable enemy ; and gaining over the duke of Clarence, Edward was made prifoner, but efcaping from his confinement, the earl of Warwick and the French kit^gt Lewis XL dwlared for the reftoratiojx of Henry, who was replaced on the throne, and Edward narrowly efcaped to Holland. Returning from thence, he advanced to London, under pretence of claiming his dukedom of Tfiprk; but bping received ipto the capital, he refumed the exercife of royal authority, made king H«nry once more his prifoner, and defeated and' kilkd Warwick, in ttH; battle of Barnet. A few days after he de- feated a fre(h army of Lancaftriaris, ind made queen Margaret prifoner, together with her ibn prince Edward, whom Edward's brother, the duke of Glouceiler, murdered in cold blood, as he is faid (but with no great llioiv of probability) to have done his father Henry VI. then a pri^neet^ [ io the^tower of London, a few days after, in the year 1471. j i Edward, partly to amufe the public, and partly to fupply the vaft exi""' [^s Qf hi& ^ui^rt, ||>reten4e4 fametimes to qwrf 1^ and fometimes ta ^^ i 111: flffll^ WTlh Fmrice : bftt h!* 1rr«gtilaritie» mrmigbl him to liis death fi^<) in tJii"Wet«5f -third year of his nc'gn, ai»«l fofty-fecoml of hii age. ' )SJiptwitli(ianJir\g tlitf- turbulence of tti^e ttmw, thetrade and manuAie- toxes of £pfll.ind. particularly the woQlUn,< iocreafed during the reignt of lUnry yj. an^ kdwar^lV. $o e»rly as 14,40, a Jiavigation a^ nn ihougjtjt ,of by,thc £ngU;(h,,;M the only me^n to prefcrve to themfcUct m b<^^iich i» genenkliy fuppofed to have been im. ported into Englanfr by Wiltiam Caxton, and which received (ome countenance from Edward, is the chief glory of his reign; but leara. Ing. ill. general was then b a poor ftate in Eag^land; The lord Tiptoft ykl»' ii^weH. ,p«itron, arid (eemn to have been f nefirft Engliih nobleman i^^<». cultiyfiteil what are now ca)M th« Mlt» lettrea. The boolu fnateoby/CiUtot) are moiHy re-tranTIatiQiiiier compilationifromthe renfh or tno()^(h; Lpt).n; but it muft be acltoowiedged, at tbe iafue time, that nteriiturey after ri^s period, «^iid<) a more tapid and general progref;i a/cnoipg i^hie 1^n£;lifli, jduA it dM iinan^ other Eur»p«an nation. The f^fhous Littletoh, judge of the ComoMo Pleat, and fortefcne, cbancfilor (^f Eagla^cl, ^ouriflifld At f his perM-^ , 3<(^*i'<{ IV. left two ioi^ by hi^queeit, whohadetxerci(^d her power anting the great men, found means to baftardife her i0ue, by a£t of parliaffient* under the fcandalous preteNt of a pre-cootraA betwees' th(^ir ffither and another lady. The duJqe, at the fame time,; was detlared guardian oi the kinadoin, and at Uft accepted the crown, which was cflfered him bfX the liOndoners; having ird-pvl to death all the nobi.. lity and g^eat men, whom he thofiabt to be well affeded to the late jung^s ^mOyr \Vhet|)er the kiug and his brother were murdered in the Tower tt^ his direAion, i$ doubtful. J^e inoft probable opinion it^, that (hey were clai^deftinely fentvabioad 'by his orders^ ana that the cider died, jiiit that the youn^r ftiryiveda aiKl ^^a the fame who wat well kpp\vn by t^'name pf rer,kJn;Warbeck. Be this^aa it will, the Englidi were prepoirefled fo flrongly ^ininfiBlichlvd, as being the muro defer pf ))|i nephews^ that the earl of Richnnondi who ftilLvematned in Franc^ (^ftr^j^ ofi a Xecret correfpondenci; wi^) the remains of Edward iV.^s fr^hd^j, i^ Iw ojfei^ng t^ marryi bU el^il daughter* he was en- cotrragedtb'iiiVa^i*, England at therhead^ about sooo foreign troops; but they Vcfe loon Routed by^ joqq ^t^glilb t(nd Welch< A battle be^ tweeri hin;i apd' RTcliard, who was at tl;ie,.hea4 «f -15,000 men»enfuedflt BAfwtfrfh-fie|d^ in which £ljchard» after <)%^yii}| mod afionlOiing aat. of perfoaal yalour, was ^lkd», having. beeaifl^.abattdoned by a m&ia div^iiibh of His, army^ .under, l9rd:StV^\leyi<^ brother,, in the year 1485. ■ ■■' . ' .1-^ ijt \' 'uiu •'A: -y .-n'-yil^ ' ' ' , >• Thdtigh the i^nlic a^pf biiftardy afFf^^jthetdavghteriaawellas the fo|T9 of the ^te king, yet no idii^)]re»„ ^li^ B^^Mtily put: lUt eod to the long and bloorfV wgrs i^weenii|ic bontp^^^gho^fei YiQik amd JUncafler. Henry,' hdiwever, reftea his dgM ypORi^WnflWJftf/Wd fe«nied to pay little regard to the advartt^ges of his marriage. He waa the firllwlM' E N QL A N D. VI of hit age. de and manuAic* luring the rdgnj ivigation iA was vc to themftlvct handife ; but fo- kat purpota. Tho' 9 have been \m. H received (otne ' reign ; but learn« The lord Tiptoft LngUih noblemia rMi The books filationi from the dgcd, at tbe fane rftpid »nd general European Mtion. a, ana Fortefci»| erc^ftd her power of her obfcure re>^ n ; and tusuQolc, ien> unpopularity er iflue, by aft of contraft betweea- time^ was detlared CTOwfif which was Icath all the not»* ifeaed to the late « murdered in the ibsble opinion it^ deny ana that the tbe fame who wair this M it will, the a» beitig the muri o flilLvemainedin emtins of £dwani ighter» he was en-. 30 loreign troops; lch< ' A, battle W^ QO m«ni cnfued nt ift i^onlQiing a^ wloocd by a m&ia sother^in the year \ten at well as the I the legUknaey of • and 3ivho, as had ^rJi4>f Richmond, od to the long and ik and vLancafler. qd fe«ni«d to pay WM the&ritwlM' . n}(uted that guard called Yiothen, which dill fubdfls; and, in imita- don of fai* predeceifor, be gave an irrecoverable blow to the daxi^oua rivil(2^ afliitntrd by the barons, in abolifliing (iveries and' rctaincrty L wh^h ey^'y malefaiflor could (helter hintfelf from the Uw«^ on af- lumine • nobleman's livery» and attending hi* perfon. Tft* dfefpotic court of iiarchamber owed its original to fienry j bur, at tlie Caaye time, it >cu^ he acknowledged, that he padini many vu^tf efpecially iot trade and navigation, that were highly for the benefit t>f his jfub' kSt; andf as a finifhing ftroke to the feudal tenures, an aft paff^ d,' b# which the barons and gentlemen of lamUd Intersil were at libcity to fell and mortgage their landa^ without fines or licence* for the atieiia- liojw Tbis» if^* **%*'^ tti confequences, is perhapt-the tnoft important t& that ever paffed in an Englim parliannent, though iti tendency feenra Qply to have oeen known to the politic king. Luxui-y, by ihc increaiia' «f trade, and thedifcovery of America, had broken \leith irirnAible fitrcmy igt(^£agland J and moneyed property being chiefly in 'the hands of the ooaMMMiSi the eftates of the barons becamrinfubfidies for foreign alliances ly hie h he iu- The vaU alteration which happeited in the conftHuticwi ibf Engjfantf immg Htary VU.'s reign^^has bettn already mentioned* His exceifir« love of money, and his avarice^ was the probable reafon why he did not becoiae mafter of the WtH ladies, he iMving the,£rft offer of the difcovery from Columbus; whofe propofals being reje£ked Dy Henrv^ that great man applied to the court of Spain, and he fet out upon the iifcovery of anew, world in the year 149?, which he effef^ed aftera paflage of thirty -threo days^ and took poflbffion of the country in the, name of the king- and queen of Spain. Henry, howeverj made fomS, amends by encouri^ng Cabot, a Venetian, who difcovered the m^in land of North America in 1498 ; and -we may obfefvc, ia the praife of this king, that fometimes, in order to promote commerce, he lent to mer- chant! iums of money without intereft, when be kneW that their Aock was not iuflvcient for tiiofe enterprifes which tiiey had in view. Fro&i the proportio/ial prices 6t living, produced by Tvladifex, Fleetwood, an<| ether ^-I'lers, agriculture and breeding of catt': ttuft have been prodi^ gioufly advanced befo'-e Henry's tteatfe. An iniiv^nte of this is given i« %e cue of lady Anne, filter to Henry's queen^ wt.6 had ah allowance of aos. per week iof her exhibition^ iitftentation^ and convenient diet of meat and drink; alfo for two gentlewomen, one woman child, one genflen^an, one yeoman, and three grooms (in all eight perfons), 51I, ms.Bi, per annum> for their wages, diet, and clothing; and for tht maintenance of feren hories^ 16I. 98. 4d; t.e. for each horfe^ al. 7s. 61^^ yeax-ly, money being ftili 14 times as weighty ae our modern fllvcf coin. Wheat was at that day no more than 39. 4d* a '^luarter, which' anfwers to 55. of our money ; confequently it was abmit hven times a» cheap as at prefent : fo that, had all other neeefflTaries been equally cheapo i^xe could have lived as well as on i»6ol. ips. 6d. of oiir modern nnoneyi' or ten times as cheap as at prefent. » -. •» ' ^ ' The fine arts were as far advanced' In England at the acceilicn of Henry Vlil. 1509, as in any European country, if we except halyj and perhaps no ptinc^ ^ver entered with greater advantages than he did on the exercife of royalty. Young, vigorous, and rich, without any ri- val, he held the baian.ce of power in Europe; but it \t certain that he regle£ted thofe advantages in commerce withwhich his father becamrf too lately acquainted. Imagining he could not dand in need of a fup- ply, he did. not improve Cabot's difcoveries; artd-he fifffered the Eaft ^aid Weft Indies to be cngrofTed by Portugal and Spain. His vanity engaged him too much in the affairs of the continent ; a»>d his flatterers encouraged him to make pi^parations for the conqueft of all France. Thefe projefts, and his eftablifliing what is properly called a naval rcyal, for the permanent defence of the nation (a moft excellent meafure), led him into incredible expcnfes. He became a candidate for the German empire, during its vacancy; but foon refigned his pretenfions to Francis I. of France, and Charles of Auftria, king of Spain, who wa» eJeded in 15 19. Henry's condu6^, in the long and bloody wars be- tween thole pritnces, was direded by Wolley's views upon the pope- dom, whichvhe hoped to gain by the intereft of Charles; but finding himlclf twice deceived, he perfuaded his matter to declare himfelf for Francis, who had been taken prifoner at the battle of Pavia. Henrj', however, coutinued to be the dupe of all parties, and to pay' great part of their expenies, till at laft he was forced to lay vaft burthens upon his fubje^s. Hen:/ continued all this time the great enemy of the reformation, and the champion of the popes and the Romifh church. He wrote a E#thilt their 'ftock lad in view. Fropt (fox, Fleetwood, and lift have been prodi- ce of this h given ill .6 had an allowance and convenient diet ^e woman child, one I eight perfons), 51I. lothing % and for the cbhorfe>»1. 7s.6|d» 5 our niodern (?lvcf ^. a -quarter, whicit' about ftven times^as s been equally cheapo f our modern money, 1 at the acceffivn of if we except Italy j vantages than he did rich, without any fi- it it certain that he ch his father bccamtf nd in need of a fwp- he firffered the Eaft Spain. His vanity t ; and his flatterers ueft of all France, called a naval royal, excellent meafure), candidate for the ned his pretenfions of Spain, who wa* d bloody wars he- ws upon the pope- harles ; but finding declare himfelf for of Pavia, Henr)', d to pay' great part burthens upon his If the reformation, lurch. He wrote a ljoek-agsii'?ft Lather/ ^-of the 5«>*» ^tf<;ra«w rtei.M'- .•,«;(_..•. : . , A variety of .cjrcumftances, it is well, known* andttoed Heniy atlaft m trial, he cut off her head! in the Tower, and put to death fome qf her ncareft relations j and id ipany refpefts he aAcd in the moft arbitrary manner; his wifhes^ liow- ever ufireafonable, being too readily complied wkh, in confequencfc off the ftiaraeful ferviUty ot liis parliaments. The diObUition rtl the reli- l^ious houfes, and the immenie wealth that came to Henry by feixing^' the ecclefiaftical property in his kingdom, enabled him to give YqH fcope to his fanguinary difpofition ? fo that the beft and moft innocsia hiood of England was fl>ed on fcaffolds, and feldom any long, time pafftd without beiug marked with fo.me illuftrious victim of his tyranny.-4J Among others, was the aged countefs of Salifbury, defcended immedi> atelyfrom Edward W. and mother to cardinal Pole ; the marquis of Sxeter, the lord Montague, and others oi the blood roval, for bolding a correfpondence with that cardiual. , ' '< His third wife was Jai^ Seymour, daughter to a gentleman of fortune ilfia family ; but (be died m bringing Edward VI. into the world. His fourth wife was Anne, fifVer to the duke of CIcves. He difliked her fo BBUch, that he fcarcely bedded with her; and obtaining a divorce he fuflFered her to refide in England on a pen (ion of 300QJ. a year. 'liTis fifth wife was Catharine Howard, niece to the duke of Norfolk, whofe head he cut off for ante-nuptial incontinency. His laft wife, was queea Qatharioe Par, in whofe pofleflion he died, after (he had narrowly e* fcaped being brought to the (take, for her religious opinions,^ which fa- voured tlie reformation. Henry's cruelty increafed with his years and was now exercifedpromifcuouay on proteftants and catholics. I-eput the brave earl of Surry to death, without a crime being proved a?aiiift him; and his fatlier, the duke of Norfolk, muft have futfered the next day, had he not hecfi .fayed by Henry's own death, 1547, in the c6th year 91 his jige, and the 38th of his reign. ^ ■ The ftate of England, during the reign of Henrv VIII. is, by the roeans of printing, better known than that of his predecefTors. His at- tention to the naval fecurity of England was highlv com tiendable : and It IS certain that he employed the unjiift and arbitrary power he fre- ^T^'^«J"T^''» .'" "'^"y refpefts for the glory and intereft of his fub- ^f:^' r ^°y^ inquiring into his religious motives, k muft be can- duUy confeffed, that, had the reformati^jn gone through all the forms precribed by the laws and the courts of juftice, it>robabiy never cpjld have taken place, or at lead not for many vears: and whatever 3to E N G L A N D. ',1 w*^ <« III Henry's perfonal crimes or failings might have been, the partition h^' madcof the ct irch's property among his courtiers and favourites, ni thereby refctii.ig it from dead hands, undoubtedly promoted the pre; lent greatnefs ofEngland. With fegard to learning and the arts, Hea. Swas a generout encourager of both. He gave a peniion to firafntui e moft learned m^n of his age. He brought to England, encoiirag.' •d, and prote^cd Hans Holbein, that excelient painter and arciiite^ • and in liis reign, noblemen's houfcs began to have the air of Italian magnificence and regularity. He was a conftant and generous friend to Uranmer; and though he was, upon the whole, rather whimficat than fettled in his own principles of religion, he advanced and en* couraged many who became afterwards the inftruments of a itiore pure i^sfooAation. In this reign the Bible was ordered to be printed in Englifii. Wales was united and incorporated with England. Ireland was created into «. kiMdom, and Hen^-y too'; the title of king inftead of lord of Ireland. ^ward VI. was bu|< nine years of age at the time of his father's death ; and after fomedifputes'were over, the regency was fettled in the perfon of his imcle the earl of Hertford, afterwards the protedor, and duke of Somerfet, a declared friend and patron of the rerormation, and a bitter enemy to the fee of Rome. The reader is to obferve in general, that the reformation was not ef. feAed without many public diitarbances. The common people, during the reigns of Henry and Edward, Ixriiig deprived of the laft relief they l»d from abbeys and religious houfes, and being ejeded from their fmail corn>growing farms, had often taken arms, but had been as often fup. prelTed by the government ; and feveral of tJhefe infurredions were cruihed in this reign. The reformation, however, went on rapidly, through the zeal of Craomer^ and others, fome of them foreign divines. In fome cafes, particularly with regard to the princefs Mary, they loft Cght of that mo- deration which the reformers had before fo ftr^ngly recommended ; and fome cruel fanguinary executions, on account of religion, took place. Edward's youth excufes him from blame; and his charitable endow, ments, as Bridewell, and St. Thomas's hofpitals, and atlb feveral fchools which ftill exift and flourfih, fhow the goodnefs of his heatt. He died of a deep confumption in 1553, in the i6th year of his age, and the 7th of his reign. Edward, on his death-bed, from his zeal for religion, had made a very unconftitutional will ; for he fet afide his fifter Mary from the fuc- cciiion, which was claimed by lady Jane Grey, daughter to the ducbefs of Suffolk, younger fifter to Henry VIII. This lady, though (lie had fcarceiy renched her 1 7th year, was % prodigy of learning and virtue ; but the bulk of the Englifli nation recognifed the claim of the princrft Mary, who cut off lady Jane's head. Her hnfband, lord Guildford Dud- ley, Ton to the duke of Northumberland, alfofuffered in the fame man' ner. Mary being thus fettled on the throne, fuppreired an Infurreftion un- der W'yat, and proceeded like a female Fury to re eftablifh popery, which ihe did all over England. She recalled cardinal Pole from ba- nilhment, made him inilrumental in her cruelties, and lighted up the flames of perfecutton, in which archbilhop Cranmer, the bimops Kidley, Hooper, and Latimer, and many other illuftrious conteffors ox the Eng* lilh reformed church, were confumed ; n>t to mention a vaft nqmber ci other facntices of both fcxes, and .all ranks,^ that I'uffered through E" N G L A N D. t^*f urthioii ^«' >urites, and ed the pre* : arts, Hen- :o Erafmui, f encourag- d nrchiteft j ir of Italian ;rous friend r whimficat :ed aiid en- 1 itoore pure lifh. Wales reated into i of Ireland. ' his father's fettled in the roteftor, and rmation, and n was not ef. leople, during »ft relief ihev )m their fmall as often fup- reftions Avere h the zeal of n fomc cafes, ht of that mo- imcnded ; and I, took place, itablc cndow- evcral fchools a^t. He died I, and the 7th ,, had n»ade a 1 fr«n the fuc io theduchefs kough (lie had [g and virtue ; If the princf f» lildford Dvid- le fame nian- JTurreftlon un- Iblifh popery, i>ole from ba- iighted up the [iAiopsKidleyt >8 0ttheEng- vtft nqmber fercd tbrough .',•1- ".'♦i.ii eviVV Sarl/rlof the ,ki,ns4om. / Jonherr bi(hop of [loiiddri, aiifl ^OlrJ" tliifer;biifliQp'of^ WuicJit;ft^, .^yer^ ^hc:chSelFcxeoutioii^fs;0f Hiel-^51d6a|r - maiidates : and had Aie lived, jlhe would liavV endeSvoiirtdt«^t*kWftiii*' " natesili-herproteft^nito^,!-, ' -, ■,. i^-^-mm .- .•■^^y.r":^ r^^i^^>^ ^r. %y hok mafne4:?JHUR «, of Sp^n, .wb<^, like herfelf, ,<^ftS art'tifi-'^ ' ■ feelipe ^igot topop^ty.ijafidthe chief praife ofrhertelgrlW,'thatb<'1fRd'"* marria^'? -afticles, provifipn ^waa made ftjr the •, ftdepend^ncy of tlie feh^- lifli'^t^w,!!,., 0y the a^ftatijjt of i troop* which Ihe ftimiflVedtd h&ir hufi band, fi^ gainetJ *t»e important' batt' 3 fjf St. Quintin 5 bitit that V'iiJVorj^ was'^^foill improved, that tb<; French^ under the duke of GiiFfe^ iborf '^ affter iook Jalais, the pn(y place then reikiaming to the ilftglifti tKi France, ana which had been held ever fince the reign of Edward' irij'^' This left, which was chiefly owirtg- to cafdifial Pole's' fecfefcbiiifit6libns tvith t^e F/ejicK courti is faid to have . broken. Mary'sll^att^ AvhtS 'died ''] in I'^jS.in the ^zd year of her life, and' 6th df 'heP fftl^'rtj " Ift t^d ^ heaiof hgr piirfecuting flames (fays a contemporary' \*'ritfcrbf ertdir) tvere bjirnf to aflies, oneafchbiiHiop, 4 bifliopsy ai divinesr; 8 giehtki»" men, 84 artiffcers, and lotj hufbandnien; 'rervants, and labollrcri^' Sd ' wiv^s, 20 widows, 9 yirgios, 2 boysy and 2 infants; one of th^oi whipped to death by JBonner, and the other, fpringing 6ttt df th6'm6'-| ' jther's. womb from the .ftake as five burned, thrown agairt into thtf , Ifire." Several alio,, di«4.i«) pfiifon, and many were other^Vffe fcrudly '^ ] ECzabeth, daugtjter to Henry VIII. by Anne Bbleyn,' mdtiiiteff'tKft '" [throne under ihp moft 4>^<^Puragiiig circumllances, both at hoitie and labroail. Popery .\\ as the eftablillied religion of England; her title td [the crown, on account of the circumltances atteniing her mothet-'a Imsrriageand death, was difpured by Mary queen of Scots, grandchild \oH6r.ry'VlI.*s eldert daughter, and wife to the da.iphia of France ; find the only. ally (he had en the continent was Philip king of Spain, ^'ho was the life and foul of the popilb caufe, both abroad and '1 Eiig^ land,' Elizabeth was no. more than 25 years of age at the tin f" her Inauguration; but her fufFerings uader her bigoted filler, joined . the lupenority of her genius^ had tstvigbt her caution and policy ;'atid 0i6 uon conquered all difficulties. ..>• ' t:j When Philip was no longer to be impo^ upon by Elizabeth's arts which had am u fed and baffled him in every quarter, it is well known (hat he made ufe of the immenfe fums he drew from Peru and Mexico in equipping the mo(^ formidable armament that perhaps ever ha( been put to fea, arid a numerous army of veterans, under the prince o Parma, the beft captain of that age ; and that he procured a papal bul for abfolving Elizabeth's fubjefts from their allegiance. The largenef of the Spani(h (hips proved difadvantageous to them on the feas where they fought ; the lord admiral Howard, and the brave fea officers under him, engaged, beatj and chafed the Spani(h fleet for feveral days; and the feas and tempers finiflied the deftruAioti which the- Englifh arm> had begun, and few of the Spanidi fliips recovered their ports. Next to the admiral, lord Howard of Eiiingham, (tr Francis Drake, captain Hawkins, and captain Frobifher, diflinguiflied themfelves againft thii formidable i»va(ion, in which the Spaniards are faid to have loft gi fliins of war, large and fmall, and 13,500 men. £lizabeth had for fome time fupported the revolt of the Hollanden from Philip, and had fent them her favourite, the earl of Leieeder, who a^led as her viceroy and general in the Low Countries. Though L« ^efler behaved ill, yet, her meafures were fo wife, that the Dutch elbi' jbliflied their indepejtdency ; and then (he fent forth her fleets nnder Drake, Raltigh, the earl of Cumberland, and other gallant naval offiters, into the Eaft and Weft Indies, whence they broivght prodigious trea fures, taken from the Spaniards, into England. Elizabeth in her ©Id iige grew diftruftful, pcevifli, and jeatous. Thoui file undoubtedly loved the earl of EfTex, (lie teafed him by her capri( oufnefs into the madnefsof taking anus, and .then cut off his head. SI complained that (lie had bctn betrayed into this fanguinary meafuKJ and this, occafioned a (inking of her Ipirits, which brought hertohi grave ii; 1603, , the fevtutieth year of her age, and 45th of herreigi having previonfly named her kinfman James VI. king of Scotland, fon to Mary, for her fuccelTor. The above iorm the great lines of Elizabeth's reign ; and from th ihay be traced, either immediately or remotely, every aft of her govei ment. She fupported the proteilants in Germany againft the houfe Aiiftria, of whicii Pl.ilip king of Spain was the head. She cruflied papifts in her own dominioi.s for the fame real d, and made a fai riefprmation ift the church of Knglancf, in whi a ftate it has remai ever fiiKT. In 1600 the Englifh Ealt-India c(>'-.ipany received its I forn ation, that tr.idt- being then inihe hands ui die I'ortugucft; (inci fequcnceof their having firft difcovered the 1 iifag^to India bytheCi •F Good Hope, by Vako de Gama, in the leiuu of Henry VII.) E JJ GLAND. 3^3 icr Ute lifter, upon her ; but flic dcxte* ul negotiations be- ilance of Europe fo }le at home, and to ms. She fupported princes and the pa< on^ brother! of the >ther of them fliould tio dreaded Spain, at ment, thi^itfhowed d. . a by ^.liaiabeth's arts, •ter, it is well known 3jn Peru and Mexico, »at perhaps ever had », under the prince o{ procured a papal bull -iance. thelargenefj 'hem on the feas where jrave fca officers under forfeveral days; and rhichthe- Englilharm»l cred their ports. Next Francis Prake, captain thetnfelves againft thij xe faid to have loftSi evolt of the HolUhdetij jcearlof Leiccfter,who| juntries. ThoughLei- fe, that the Dutch efta-l t forth her fleets undnl her gallant naval offiterJ '•iroiight prodigious treaJ li(h,andjeatous. Thouji Wedhimbyhercaprid^ len cut off his head. SW this fanguinary mcafuitl ,hich brought her to M ,and45»bofherre.sj 1. king of Scotland, am Hi's reign; and from thf^ f every aft of her go«n Inany againft the houH lehead. She cruftitdtl V'.'H a"*^ made atari hi.ii ftate ithasremaij Jcompany received Its tt fui ihe I'ortuguefc (mcj Vag^ to India bvtheCi ,iuiTofHeury\U-V r O who at that timt werfc fubjefts to Spain ; and faftories were eftabliftied in China, Japan, India, Araboyna, Java, and Sumatra. As to Elizabeth's internal eovernment, the fucceffes of her reign have di^uifed it; for ihe was far from beinga (riend to perfonal liberty, and ihe was guilty of many flretcbes cjf povwer againft the moft facred rights of Engliilnnen. The fevere ftatutcs aoaiiift the pxiritans, debarring them of liberty of confcience, and by which many fuffered death* muft be condemned. ^ ' We can fcarcely require a ftronger proof that the Englifh began to be tired of Elizabeth^ than the joy teuified by all ranks at the accedion of her fuccefTor, notwithflanding the long, inveterate animofities between the two kingdoms. James was far from being deftitute of natural abilities for government ; but )ie had received wrong impreffions of the regal of* fice, and too high an opinion of his own dignitv, learnbg, and political talents. It was his misfortune that he mounted the Englifh throne un^ der a ftill conviction that he was entitled to all the imconftitutional powers that had been ocealionally exercifed by Elizabeth and the hovfe of Tudor, ahd which various caufes had prevented the people from op- pofing with proper .vigour. The nation had been wearied and ex- haufted by the long and deftrUftive wars between the houfes of Lan- cafter and York, in the courfe of which, the ancient nobility were in «reat part cut off; and the people were inclined to endure niuch, rather than again involve themfelves iii the miferies of civil war. Neither did James make any allowance for the glories of Elizabeth, which,* as I have obferveti, difguifed her moft arbitrary afts ; and none for the free, liberal fentiments, which the improvement of knowledge and learning had diffufed through England. It is needlefs to point oiit the vaft increafe of property through trade and navigation, which enabled the EhglifU at the fame time to defend their liberties. James's firft attempt of great eonfequence was to effeft an union between England and Scotland ; but though he failed in this through the averflon of the Englifli to that meafurc. on account of his loading his Scotch cotirtiers with' wealth , and honours, he fhowed no violent refentment at the difappointmeut. h was an advantage to him at the beginning of his reign, that the j courts of Rom» and Spain were thought to be his enemies ; and this opinion was inefeafed by the difcoVery and defeat of the gunpowder [treafon*. ♦ This was a fclieme of the Rntiian cathrHcs to cot off at one blow the liin^, lords, [jn4 commons, at the meeting of Parliament; when it wa* alfo eipt^ed that the JMin aid prince of Wales vvotild be ptcfer^. The manner of enliftin^ any new cou- _ pitator va^ by oath, and ndminiftcing the farrnment ; and this dreadful licret, after "being religlouUy kept near eighteen months, was happi'y difcovercd in the following naDDer: about ten days before the long-wiftied-for meeting of parliament, a Roman athiilic peer received a letter, which b*e6t all tha vatilts lelowthe houfes of parlament; but the fear(!h Was purpofcly delayed till the nii^ht pimdiatcly preceding the meeting, when a juftice of peace was Qtat with proper at- jtmlaiits ; and beiore the door of the vault, under the upper houfe, finding otie Fawkes, ■hn had juft finiflied all bis preparations, he immediately feiznd him, and at the fame V« difcovered in the vault 36 barrel? of powder, which had been carefully concealed kider f»Kgot8, and piles i,f wood. The match, with every thing ptoper fo' fetttng fire |the train, Were found in Fawkcs's rocket, whofe countenance oeipoke his favage Mftoo, and who, after regictting tnat he had lull the opportunity of deftroying fo y a , mummt JJ4 E N G L A N D. James and his mlnifiers were continually inventing nei* w«y9>to raife money, as by monopolies, btrnerolences, loans, and other iUegal methods. Among other expedients, be fpld the titles ot baron, vifcount, and earl' at a certain price ; made.a number of knights of Nova Scotia, each to pay fuch a fum, and inftituted a new order of knights baronets^ which was to be hereditary, for which each peifon paid' 1095U . His pacific reigrt was a feries of theological conteils with ecclefiadicat cafuills, in which he proved himfelf more a theologian than a prince t and in , 161 7 he attempted to eilabiifh epifcopscy in Scotland ; but the seal of the people baffled his defign. \ James gave his daughter, the princefs Elizabeth^ in marriage to the debtor Palatine, the moft powerful proteftant prince in Germany, and he foon after ftfliimed the crown of fiohejnia. The memory of Jamej has been much abufed for his tame behaviour, after that prince had loil his kiugdom and eleftorate by rhe imperial arms ; but it is to he ol>. (erved, that he always oppofed his fon-in-law's afluming the crown of Bohemia ; that, had he kindled a war to re-inftatc him in that and his tleflorate, he probably would have ftood fingle ittthe fame, excepting the feeble and uncertain aifiitance he might have received from the eleftor's dependents and friends in Germany. It is certain, however, that James furniilied the eleftor with large lums of money to retrieve them, and that he aftually raifed a regiment of jjoo men under dr, Ho- race Vere, who carried diem over to Germany, where the Geriiiani, under the marquis of Anfpach, refufed to fecoud them againit Spinola the Spanifh general. James has been greatly and juftly blamed- for his partialhy to fe. rourites. His firft was Robert CaKr, a private Scotch gentleman, who was raifed to l>e firft minifter and earl of Somerfet. Hi« next favourite was George Viliiers, a private Englifli gentleman, who, upon Somerfet's difgrace, was admitted to an uniifiial Ihare of favour and familiarity with his fovereign. James had at that time formed a fyftem of policy I for attaching himleU intimately to the court of Spain, that it might aiiift him in recovering the Falatinate ; and to this lyftem he had facri- fied the brave fir Walter Raleigh on a charge of havhig committed hoftilities agajnft the Spanifli fettlements in the Weft-Iodies. James I having loft his cldeft fon, Henry prince of Wales, who had an invinci- I b'.e antipathy to a popifli ma-tch, threw his ev^s upon the infanta of I Spain jiS a proper wite for his fon Charles, who had fucceeded to that I principality. Buckingham, who was equfclly a favourite with the fon I as with the father, fell in with the prjnc*'5 romantic humour; and, I againft the king's will, they travelled in diigtvife to Spain, where a moft I folenm farce of couiifliip was played ; butihe prince returned without I his bride ; and had it not been for the royal partiality in his favour, the I earl of Briftol, who wa*! ticn ambair^dor in Spain, would probably hm I brought Buckingham to the block. I James was all this while perpetually jarring with his parliament, whorol he could not perfiiade to furinfti money equai to his demands ; and atlaiil he a'MCcd to his fon's marrying the princefs Henrietta Maria, filler idB Lewts XIII. ai;d daughter to Henry the Great of France. Jamcb dicjl jhany heretics, made a full difcovcry ; and the confpiratorg, who never exceeJcd lightfH in number, btiiiji Rined by the country people, ronfeffed their gailt, and were e:»ecutrfH in different paitb of Lng'ind. Notwithllanding this h«rrid crime, the bigotrfH cvitiiolics wvrc fo devoud to Garnet, a Jefuit, one of the confpiratorii, that they f;inci(ifl aiir . Charles had made Wentworth earl of Strafford, a- nan •f great abl, litjea, preiident of the council of the North, and lord lieutenant of Ire. land : and ,he was generally believed to be the firft minifter of htt, Strafford had been aleadine nrtemberof the oppofition to the court ; but he afterwards, in conjunction with Laud, exerted himfclf fo vigorouflj in carrying the king's defpotic fchemcs into execution, that he became ,an obje^ of public detelUtion. As lord prefident of the North, as lord lieutenant of Ireland, and an a nniniftcr and privy .counfellor in £iig. (and, he behaved. in a very arbitrary manner, and was guilty of mtoy anions of great jnjuftice and oppreffion. He way, in confequende, at length on the aad of May, 1641, brought to the block, though mud) agaiuli the inclinations »f the king, who was in a manner forced by the parliament and people to fign the warrant for his execution. Arcb> biibop Laud was alio beheaded ; but his exeeution did not take place ,till a conliderable time after that of Strafford, the 10th of January, 164;, . In the fourth year of his reign, Charles had palT^d the utitm qfri^bi into f law, which was intendtd by the parliaments^ the future fecurity ^f the liberty of the fubjed. It eilablimed particularly, " That no man ber«afrer be compelled to make or yield any gift, loan, benevolence, tax, or liich like charge, without common confent by a^ of parliat ment ;" but he afterwards violated it in numcfous inftances, fo that an , Unirerfal difcontent at his adm:niftration prevailed throughout the na- tion. A rebellion alfo broke out in Ireland, on 0(Siober 33, 1641, •iivhere the proteftants, without diftin£lion of age, fex, or condition, to the amount or many thoufands, were mafTacred by the papiils; and great pains were taken to perfuade the public that Charles fecretly fa- <■ voured thein out of hatred to hjs Engltfli fubjeAs. The bifhops were expelled the houfe of peer^, on account of their conftantly oppofing the defigns and bills of the other houfe ; and the leaders of the Engliil) houfe of commons ftiU kept up a correfpondence with the difcontent- ed Scots. Charles was ill enough advifed tc go in perfon to tht houfi: of commons, January 4, 1642, and there demanded that lord Kimbol- ton, Mr. Pym, Mr. Hampden, Mr. Hollis, fir Arthur H^felrig, and tjdr. Stroud, fliould be apprehended; but they had previoufly made rtheir efcape. This a6t of Charles was refented as high treafon againil bis people; and the commons reje£led all the offers of fatis£a£tion he j ' could make them. ' Notu'ithftanding the 'many a^s of tyranny and oppreffion, of which the king and his minifters had been guilty, yet, when thi; civil war broke -out, there were great rmmbera who repaired to the regal ftandard. Many | -fidered their own honoifrs as connected . with it; and a great parti iof the landed intereff was joined tc the roy^ party. The parliament, however, took upon themfelves the executive power, artd were favour- ed by mipft of the trading towns and corporations; but Its great re- -fouice lay in London. The king's general was the earl of Lindfey, a| -brave but not an enter{>rifing commander ; but he had great depem dence on his nephews, the princes Rupert and Maurice,, fans to thel ele^or Palatine, by his lifter the-princefs Elizabeth. In the beginningi of the war,, the royal army had the afcender.cy.; but. in the progrefs oil it, affairs took a very different turu< The earl of Effex was made gene-l ral under the parliament, and th^ firjd battle was fought at Edgehillinl Warwickihire, the 23d of Ofkoher, 164a, .Both parties claimed thef victory, though the advantage lay with Charles) for the parliameiid 8 ENGLAND. 32? t-vian ttf great tbt. rd Heutenaut of Ire. ft minjfter of ftatf, jn to the court ; but )imfelf lb vigoroufly :lon, that he became jfthe North, as lord -counfellor In £11;. was guilty of many ;, in confcqucnde, at block, though md\ a manner forced by his execution. Arcb^ 1 did not take pUct >th of January, 1645. fed the tftition ofri^k 9i the future fccuiity ilarly, " That no maa t, loan, benevolence, ent by t^ of parlii' s inftances, fo that an ed throughout the m- n Oftober 43, 1641, , fex, or condition, to I by the papifts; and at Charles fecretly fa- s. The bifhops were r conftantly oppofing leaders of the Englifli e with the clifcontent- n perfon to the houfe ded that lord Kimbol- Arthur Hs^felrig, and had previoufly made 18 high treafon againft ■ers of fatisfaflion be I opprcffion, of wWcli pn thfe civil war broke [regal ftandard. Many I the crown, and con- it; arid a great part ty. The parliament, irer, and were favour- Lns; but its great re- khe earl of Lindfey, 1 he had great dcpen.l Maurice* f^>ns to the! fh. In the beginningi ^ut in the progrcfs ofl feflTex was made gene-l [fought at Edgchill ml Ih parties claimed thel i i for the parliameiiS wai fo mwh diftreflTed, that they invited the Scots to com* to their ?>f- Ififtauce; and they accordingly entered England anew, with about^ i 30 009 horfc and foot. Charles attempted to remove the parliament to Oxford, where rhauy members of both hoyfes met ; bnt his enemies were ftili fitting af Wcftminftcr, and continued to carry on the war ' againft him with great animolity. The indepet^dcnr party, which had fcarcely before been thought of, began now to increaic and to figure at Wcftniinlter. They were averfe to the preibyterians, who till then had cottAa&ed the war againft the king, nearly as much as to the royalifts ; and fuch was their management, under the direftion of the famous Oliver Cromwell, that a plan was formed for difmiiiing the earls of Ef« fex and Manchefter, and the heads of the prefbyterlans, from the par-: Hament's fervice, on the fuggeftion tiiat they were not for bringing the, - war to a fpeedy end, or not foi: reducing the king too low ; and for in* troducing Fairfax, wlw was an excellent officer, nut more manageable,' though a prefbyterlan, and fomc independent officers, Jn the mean- while the war went on with refentment and lofs on both fides. Two battles were fought at Newbury, one on Septemhdraoth, 1643, and the other Oftober a7th, 1644, in which the advantage inclined to the king. He had likewife many other fuccefles ; and having defeated fir William Waller, he purfued the earl of Eflex, who remained ftili in command, into Cornwall, whence he was obliged to efcape by fea ; but his infantry furrendered themfelves prifoners to the royalifts, though his cavalry de« livered themfelves by their valour. • i The tirft fatal blow the king's army received, was at Marfton-moor, J'llyzd, 1644, where, through the imprudence of prince Rupert, the carl of Manchefter defeated the royal army, of which 4000 were killed, and 1500 taken prifoners. This vifiory was owing chiefly to the courage and conduft of Cromwell; and though it might nave been retrieved by the fuccefles of Charles in the Weft, yet his whole conduct was a feries of miftakes, till at laft his affairs became irretrievable. It is true, many treaties of peace, particularly one at Uxbridge, were fet on foot during the war ; and the heads of the prefbyterlan party would have agreed to terms that very little bounded the king's prerogative, They were out- witted and over-ruled by the independents ; who were aflifted by the fliifnefs, infincerity, and unamiable behavio-jr of Charles himfelf. In fhort, the independents at laft fticceeded in perfuadi^g the members at Weftminfter that Charles was not to be trufted, whatever his conceiliond might be. Fom that moment the affairs of the royalifts continually be- came more defperate; Charles by piece-meal loft all his towns aiid forts, iind was defeated by Fairfax and Cromwell, at the decifive battle of Nafcby, June 14, 1645, owing partly, as tifual, to the mifcondu£t of prince Rupert. This battle was foljowed with frefh misfortunes to Charles, who retired to Oxford, the only place where he thought he could be fafe. The Scots were then befieging Newark, and no good underftandJng fubfifted between them and the Englifh parliamentarians ; but the beft and mofl loyal friends Charles had, thought it prqdent to make their peace, In this melancholy fiiuation of his affairs, h^ efcaped in difguife from Oxford, la^nd came to the Scotch army before Newark, on May 6, 1646, upon ^ promife of proteftion. The Scots, however, were fo intimidated by the reifolutions of the parliament at Weftminfter, that, in confide- ration of 400,0001. of their arrears being paid, they put the perfon of Charles into the hands of the parliament'b cojiiiniffioners, probably not fufpeftlng the confcquences. ' Y4 ■ ^«9 ENGLAND. # Tjic prefljyterlan?. w«re now more inclined than ever to make peace ^UhthekiAg; but they wt^re no longer mailers, being forced to receive r^ws firurn the army and the independents. The army now avowed their intentions. They firft by force took Charles out of the. hands of the CP.t^milfiotiers, June 4, 1647 ; and then dreading that. a treaty tniuht flili take place with the king, they imprifoned 41 of the prelhyterbu mem- l}crs,, voted the boufe of peers to be ufel^fs, and that of the commons ^^s rieduc*(l tp i,jo, nioft of them officers of the army. In th« mean lyhile, Charles^ who unhappily prpmifed bimfelf relief from thofe diflen- ilons^ was ci^^^ed from pnfon to prifon, and foi^etimes c«jol«d by the independents w,ith hopes of dteliverance, but always narrowly watched. Several treaties were frt on foot, but all miftarriedi and he had been ipnpri^dent enoit^h, after his cfFe6J:ing an efcape, to put himfelf into co- lonel Haromo^^s hands, llie parliament's governor of the-We of Wight. A frcih npgotijStiipn was begun, and almolt finiihcd, whem the indepen- dents, dreading tHe general difpofition of the people for peace, and Arong- ly perfuaded of the infincerity of the king, once more ^ized upon Itis perfou, brought him prifoner to London, carried him bffore a court of jx^iixcfpf their own ere£ling ; and, after an extraordinary trial, his head w^^Ctit o/^, bei^Offhis own palace at Whitehall, oi>the 30th of January, ipl8-9, being the 49th year of his age, a^nd the 24th of his reigp. !^ Charles is allowed to have had many virtues; and fomc ha,ve fuppofed tnat affliction ha^j tauglu him (o much wlfdom and moderation,' that. Had he been reiVored to his throne, he would have become an excellent pxjnce ; but there is abundant reafon to conclude, from his private letters, tliat he retained his arbitrary principles to the kll, and that he would again have regulated bis conduft by them, if he had been re-inftated in j^ower. It is however certain, that, jiotwithftanding the tyrannical na- ture of his governtr.ent, his death was exceedingly lamented by great numbers ; and many in the courfe of the civil war, who had been his great opponents in parliameijt, became converts to his caufe, in, which Uiey loft their lives aud fortunes. 1^he,furyiving children of Charles were Charles and James, who were fuccei&vely kings of England, Henry duke of Gloucefler, who died foon after his brother's reftoration, the princefs JkJaty, married to the prince of Orange, and mother to William prince of Orange, who was afterwards king of Engl^twl, and the princefs Hen- rie^ta Maria, who was married to the duke of Orleans, and whofc daugh- ter was married to Viftor Amadeus, duke of Savoy, and king of Sardinia. ' Th^ey vv ho brought CHarles to the block, were men of ditferent per- fy^ifioijs ancj prineij^^s ; but many of them poflefled very extraordinary ibilities for government. They omitced no meafure that could give a perpetual exLlufion to kingly power in Englan^; and it cannot be de- nied, that, after they ereited themfelvesinto a commonwealth, they made very fucceisful exertions for retrieving the glory of England by fea. T^hey were joined by n.any of the prefbyterians, and both; parties hated Cr^mwtU and Irctcn, though they were forced to en>ploy them in the jeyix^ion of Ireland, and a/terwards againft the Scots, who had receive*^ tharles II. us their king. By cutting down the timber upon the royal do* h)ains, they produced, a. fleet fuperior to any that had ever been feen in feurope. Their general, Cromwell, invaded Scotland ; and though he Svas there reductd to great difficulties, he totally defeated the Scots at the baules of Dunbar and VVorcefter. The fame commonwealth paffed ^n aiSf of n^vigatloti ; aqd, declaring war againft the Dutch, who were thought" till then invincible, by fea, they effcftually humbled thofe re- j[>ut)Hcan!S ih repeateti engagements. . • ,;. .^. E N q L A N D. 3*9 . Py this tiane, Cromwell^ who hated rubordination to a patiiament, had the flddrefs to get himfelf declared commander in chief of the Englifli army. Admiral Blake, and the other Englifli admiral, carried the ter- ror of the Engliih name by fea to all quarters of the globe ; and Crom* well, having now but little employment, began to b^afraid that his fer« vices would be forgotten; for which reafon he went, April ac, 1653, without any ceremony, with about 300 mufqueteers, and diflblved the parliament, opprobrioufly drivinc; all the members, about a hundred, out of their houfc He next i^nnihilated the council of ila^e, with whom the executive power was lodged, and Iransferrjcd the admininration.of government to about 140 perfons, whgm he fummpned to Whitehall, pn the 4tb of July, 1653. The war with l^oUand, in which the Englifh were again vi^lorious, flill continued. Seven bloody engagements by (ea were fought in little more than the comp^fs of one ye^ir ; and in the lad, which was decifive in favour of England, the Dutch loft their brave admiral. Van Tromp. Cromwell all this time wanted to be declared king ; but he.perceived thaj he mud encounter unfurmountable difficulties from Fleetwood and hi^ other friends, if he (liould perfift in his refolutipn. He was, however, declared Iwd protelivr of the commonwealth of England ; a title undeE which he cxercifed all the power that had been formerly ajinexed to the regal digmty. No king ever a£ted, either in England or Scotland, more defpotically in fome refpe^is than he did ; yet no tyrant ever had fewer real fHends; and even thofe few threatened to oppofe him, if he ihoulite,'\is knight's fcrvice, andthefocage in chief, and likewife the courts of wards and liveries. Several other grievances that had been complained of during the late reigns, were likewife removed. Next year the total charge or public expenfe of England amounted to two millions three hundred. tw9|ity-fix thoufand nine hundred and eighty-nine pounds. The coUeftions by aflefTments, excife, and cuiloms, paid into the Ex- chequer, amounted to two millions three hundred and fixty-two thou- and pounds, four fliillings. Upon the whole, it appears that England, from the year 1648, to th# year 1658, was improved equally in riches and in power. The legal in- tereft of mon^. y was reduced from 8 to 6 per cent, a fure fymptom of in- crcafing commerce. The famous and beneficial navigation aft, that palladium of the Engliih trade, was now planned and eftablidied, and afterwards confirmed under Charles II. Monopolies of all kinds were abolilhed, and liberty of confcience to all fefts was £r|tnt«d, to the vtil 3P fe N d l! A N 1>. f!,i; advantage of population and manufaAures, which had Tuffered greatly bv Laud's intolerant fchemei having driven numbers of artlfans to Ame- rica, and foreign countries. To the above national meliorations we may add the inodelly a'^d frugality introduced among the common peo- ple, and Ihe citizens in particular, by which they were enabled to in- crrnlfe their capitals. It appears, however, that Cromwell, had he lived, Knd been firmly fettled in the government, would have broken through the fobcr maxims of the republicans; for fome time before his death, he atfe^ed great magnificence in his perfon, court, and attendants. He maintained the honour of the nation much, and in many inftances in- terpofed efFeftiially in favour of the proteftants abroad. Arts and fci. ence^ were not much patronifcd, ana yet he hud the good fnrt\ine to meet, in the perfon of Cooper, an excellent miniature painter ; and hij coins done by Simon exceed in beautyand worknjanfhipany ofthatage. He certainly did many things vi'orthy of praife ; and as his genius and capacity led him to the choice of fit perfons for the feveral parts of ad, miniftration, fo he fhowed Tome regard to men of learning, and parti- cularly to thofe intruHed with the care of youth at the univerlitie$. The fate of Richard Cromwell, who Aieceeded his father Oliver as jprote^tor, fufficlenily proves the great difference there was between them, as to fpirit and parts, in the affairs of government. Richard was placed in his dignity by thofe who wanted to make him the tool of thetrtown gortrnmcnt ; and he was foon after driven, without the lead ftruggleor oppoHtton, into obfcurity. Jt is in vain for hiftorians of any party to aicrlbe the fcftoration of Charles II. (who with his mother and brothers, during the nfurpatlon, had lived abroad on a very precarious fubfiftence) to the merits of any particular perfons. The prelbyterians were vtry_ xealous in promoting it ; but it was effeAed by the eeneral concurrence <»f the people, who feemed to have thoucht that neitheP peace nor pro- ieAion were to be obtained, but by reftoring the ancient conftit^tion of monarchy. General iVioiik, a man of military abilities, but of no principles, excepting fuch as ferved his ambition or intereft, had the fa- gacity to obferve this ; and after temporifing in various ihapes, being at the head of the army, he a£Ved the principal part in reiioring Charles IJ, For thift he' was created duke of Albemarle, confirmed in the command of the army, and loaded with honours and riches. Charles IT. being reftored in 1660, in the firft vear of his reign feem. ed to have a real defire to promote his people's liappinefs. Upon his Confirming the abolition of all the feudal tenures, he received from the parliament a gift of the excife for life ; and in this ^A, coffee and tea are firfl mentioned. By his long refidence and that of his friends abroad, he imported into England the culture of many ufeful vegetable » ; f«ch?$ that of afparagus, artichokes, cauliflowers, and feveral kinds of beans, peax, and fallads. Under him, Jamaica, which had been conquered by the Engliih under the aufpices of Cromwell, was greatly ifiproved, and made a fugar colony. Tne Royal Society was inuituted, and many po- pular afts refpe^Ving trade and coloniiation were pafTed. lit fiiort, Charles knew and cultivated the true interefts of his kingdom, till he was warped by pleafure, and funk in indolence ; failings that had the fame confequences as defpotifm itfelf. He appeared to intereft himfelf in the fulFeringsof his citizens, when London was burnt down in 1666; and its being rebuilt with greater hiftre and conveniences, is a proof of the increafe of her trade : but there Wt-re no bounds to Charles's love of f)l«ifure, which led him into the moft extravagant expenfes. He has licen feverely cet.fured for felling Dunkirk to the french king to fupj)|y E N G L A N I>. 33« his neceffities, after he had fquandercd the immenfe fumt rrante^ htm by parliament. The price was about 150,000!. (lerling. But even in this, his conduct was more defenftble than in his fecret connexions with France, which were of the mod fcandalous nature, utterly repugnant to th? welfare of the kingdom, and fuch as muft ever reflet infamy On his memory. Among the evidences of his degeneracy as a king, may be mentioned his giving ^oy to t^^ popular clamour againft the lord Clarendon, a* the chief advifer of the fale of Dunkirk ; a man of extenfi ve knowledge, and great abilities, and more honeft in his int. ntions than moft of bis other minifters, but whom he racri6ced to the fycophants of hts plea< furable hours. The firft Dutch war, which began in 1665, was carried on with great refolution and fpirit under the duke of York; but througli Charles's mifapplication of the public money which had bean granted for the war, the Dutch, while a treaty of peace was depending at Breda, found means to infiilt the royal navy of England, by failing up the Mcd- wayas ^r ^s Chatham, and deftroying feveral capit^ fliips of war. Soon after this, a peace was concluded at Breda between Great Britain and the States-general, for the prefervation of the Spanilrt Netherlands ; and Sweden having acceded to the treaty^ 1668, it was called the tnj>U al* lianee. lo 1671, Charles was fo ill advifed as to feizeupon the money of the bankers, which had been lent him at 81. per cent, and to ihut up the Exchequer. This was an indefendble ftep; and Charles pre- tended to juftify it by the neceffity of his affairs, being then on the eve of a frefli war with Holland. This was declared in 1671, and ad almoft proved fatal to that republic; for in this war the Englifh ^ t and army a£led in conjim£^ion with thofe of France. The duke of 1 ork commanded the Kngliih fleet, and difplayed great gallantry in that ftation. The duke of Monmouth, the eldeft and favourite natural fow of Charles, commanded 6000 Engli/h forces, who joined the French in tiie Low Countries ; and all Holland muft have fallen into the hands of the French, had it not been for the vanity of, their monarch Lewis XIV. who was in a hurry to enjoy his triumph in his capital, and fome very unforefeen circumilances. All confidence was now loft between Charles and his parliament, notwithftandin-j;the glory which the Englifli fleet obtained by fea againf^ the Dutch. The popular clamour at laft obliged Charles to give peace to that republic, in coniideration of ioo,oool. which was paid him. In fome things, Charles aAe'd very defpotically. He complained of the freedom taken with his prerogative m cofFee-houfes, and ordered them to be (hut up; but in a few days afterwards they were opened, again. Great rigour and feverity were exercifed againft the prelbyte- rians, and |I1 other nnnsonformifts to epifcopacy, which was again eftabliftied with a high hand in Scotland as well as in England. His parliament addreded liim, but in vain, to make war with France in the year 1677; for he was entirely devoted to that crown, regularly receiv- ed its money as a pennQner,- and hoped, through its influence and pow- er, to be abfolute. It is not however to be denied, that the trade of England was now incredibly increafed, and Charles entered into many vigorous meafures for its proteftion and fupport. Charles's conncelions with France gave him no merit in the eyes of his parliament, which grew every day more and more exafpei'ated againil the French and the papifts ; at the head of whom was the king's eldeft: brother, and prefiunj'tive htir of the crown, the duke of York. Charks 932 EN G L A NDi Kill (P l!|H li I i dreaded the proCprft of a, civil war, and offered many cohceflions td avoid it. But many of the members of parliament were bent upon fuch a revolution as afterwards took place, and were (ccretly deteronincd that the duke of York never (liauld reign. In 1678, the famous Titus Oates, and fojne others, pretended to difcovera plot, charging the pa- pifts With a dcfign to murder the king, and to introduce popery by means of Jefuits in England, and from St. Omer's. -Though nothing could be more ridiculous, and more ftlf-contradiftory, than fome parts of their narrative, yet it was fupported with the utmoft zeal on the part of tbe parliament. The aged lord Stafford, Coleman, fecretary to the niukf or York, with many Jefuits, and other papifts, were publicly ex- ecuted on the teftimony oi evidences, fUppofed now have been perjured, by thofe who believe. the whole plot to have been a fiftion. , Tbe queen nerCrif efc^pcd with difficulty ; the duke of York was obliged to retire iiito foreign parts ; and Chade$, though convinced, as it is faid, that the whole was an impofture, yielded to the torrent. At laft it fpent its iorce. The earl of Shafte&ury, who was at the head of the oppofition, P)l|(bc^ on the tdtal excUiHon of the duke of York irom the throne. He was fecondtd by theill-advifed duke of Monmouth ; and, the bill, after pairing ti " common?, niifcarrie^Jn the houfe of peersk AU England was again in a flame ; but the king, by a well-timed adjournment of the puliament to Oxford, foeqied ta recover the affections 0^ hia people to * very great degree. The duke of York and his party made a,fcan4alo"S ufe of their vi£lo> jrv. They fabricated on their fide a pretended plot of the proteftants for KJZJng and killing the king, and altering the government. This plot was as faife as that with which the pap'iits had been charged. The ex- cellent lord iluflel, who had been remarkable in his opposition to the popiih fucceflion, Algernon 5>idney, and feveral other diflinguifhed pro- teuants, were tried, condemned, and fuffered death ; anci the ,king fet kis foot on the neck of oppofition. £!ven the city of -London was inti- midated into the noeafures of the court, as were almufl all the corpo- rations ill the kingdom. The duke of Monmouth and the earl of Shaltef- bury were obliged to fly, and the duke of York returned in triumph to Whitehall. It was thought, however, that Charles repented of fome af bis arbitrary fleps, and ititended to have recalled the duke of Mon^- mouth, and have executed fome meafures for the future quiet ol his reign ; when he died, February 6th, 1684-5, in the 55th year of his aj^o, ana 25th of his>eign. He had married Catharine, infanta of Portugal, with whana li^ received a large fortune in ready money» befides the town and forircfs of Tangier in Africa; but he left behind him no lawfid iffue. The deuendents of his natural Tons and daughters are now a»- mongfl the viiod didinguifhed of the Britifl) nobility. The reign of Charles has been celebrated for wit and g^^llantry, but both were coarfe and indelicate.. The cou?^ was thenurfery of vice, and the ftage exhibited fcenes of impurity. Some readers y/tf^ found, who could admire Milton as well as Drydcnj and never perhaps were the pulpits of England fo well fupplied with preachers as in this reign. Cur ianguage was harmonifed, refined, and rendered naturt^l; find thedjys of Charles may be called the Auguflan age of mathematics and natural philofophy. Charles loved and uiwlerftood the arts more than he en- couraged or rewarded ^em, cfpetially tliofe of Englifh growth ; but this neo?feft proceeded not from narrow-mindednefs, but indolence and -want of reflexion. If the memory of Charles II. has been traduced lor being the full Engliflj prince who forpied a body gf Handing forces, k guards to his perlon ; k ought to be r.o, L . ^^ roya navy of England^t thi'di;" ^^ ".f ^? P!^^«**<»" ' «nd SfSS am his brother's knowledge of „7vaJ ift • ' *?^^ '"^Pr^ycmcmtlu- rtbgion, James, foon afte? ht death '?,'^^ '"'chit^urr A ^ t" brother notwithftauding his rene. ^ ^"^i'2?"** '«* ^^e wor d rL^ J-" teftant faith, was a papiij an^E^ ^°^'^0'« of rc^^ Iw conteftable proofs, ^^ '' «nddiedfuch; of ■ which !&''"= ^Il^* All the oppofition which Hn • u . ^*^ *"* throne, feems to have v^n flf;/ ."!!« ^^' ^«« ""gn had n,.t pularaffedion towards S ^*. ^'''^ "^"'Son of W^ 7 r '^t" **« Jnade in favour of the ^h.» '"^V'"C''eafed by the ear^w i ^^ P«- had formally Jronouneed a I °'^a"«'^"^' ^-WcH, du^^^l^iT*^". i^* lawful. T^Soariile prtv'i flfe^° ^^« r^«nin?k n"^^^^^^^^^^ tantjfm. The armv an j ■ '^®' *° James, and al*,A "^ ° °^ "«- certed rebellW Zhe'^lrP'f ^I^rted ^rnln cX^'""^ P^**^*^- Jau'ful -fon of Charles H ' °i Monmouth, who Dre^i?,^/" '"'^*»»- ThatdukeVheadt ntcut'cff 1? f"*^'^ ^^^^^^•"^e^tKl^^.*^^^ his followers hanged dr^"„°''' /"'^ '5, i68c, and fom. ?** ^^ ^'"ff- exhibitingafc.ne^?bfel."^,^r^^^^ Jheinftruiiientalitvof S^ ^ Scarcely ever knou-n in fh ! ^"g'an<*» folved to try ho7far &,*'"'* ^"^°"*' ^irke, Jal d ^""'7' ^^ '^as due to the minH??;/J'"f''^'-. »«^ 8«ve them '^^"'"'r^ '"^« '^^ Aome, and re,e ved «? M ' ^°^''""g" P""<^e. S f" u ! ''^Pt^ ^''«« n^cnts he n,ade upon both L'°^''.', ^^'^ P'>P^'s nuncio Tfll'"''"''"^^ '* '■^ almoft b-unn^r"?."^ ^V« C'v^l ahd , elision, »• J. I., ^^/e'lcroach- touisXfV.'whSihen threS-d'f '"' ^"^' ^he 'nv? ^e^r^-^. Orange was the nephew aTd? -^T^'' ''•'^'^ chains ?,f '"^""y ^f pnnccfsMary, that fc;! ... ^"n-ni-law of fames hJ • '" P'''nce of « fleet of 5oo^ft rL K. /^ ^'"^^^"' «''^ I. .;r laft 1'^ K^^r'^'^ ^'>^ ^i^urch and ftate to their! ne'^^'r^^'"^ « ^« ^e hi derf.nT.""^"'^ ^"'^ ;as joined not only b v he Wh"^ u ^P«" ^"^ arri valln V "'^''"' '^'^ fi''' ^'^^ *^>' "^«"y whom t. "^>^' '^e prince of Oran.; faif ^^ •'? °^ Denmark, lefth m ^'''!]''^^^' ^nnc,' mounded with K'ncrJ-Jr^^'S^'^ ^'» '^Hve , reieL ."I' "V^J"'"^d th?^ , "°^ fo reign rafherth,"'' '"'^ 'g"«"-a"Si u ^" ^«« f^r-' oW, to France ?n3?o' f"u ^""' ^"' ^^ Pretended tL T''-' P'rfuadcd' I '" '68fi, ended } retnl °p '^'"' '" P^''"-' " n hicS ." ^^^ '^^ ^^^^s ^^--ii^nown that kin, Wiliia., ,,,,,,. . "^"^'»«-yis. 7 n,ef objed was to bumbk thc^ ■iV 334 ENGLAND. fovrtr of Fninetf, and his reigii was fpent in an almoft uninterrupteif Gourfe of hoftilittea with that power, which were fiipporfed by England, at an expehfe (he had never known before. The nation had grown can. tiofiis^ through the experience of the two laft reigns ; and he gawe hit (onfent to the SHI ^rigittf by whieh the liberties of the people w«re fonirmed add fecured ; though the friends of liberliy i>^ general com* plained that, the biU of rizhts was very inadequate to what ought to have Deen infifted on^ ata period fo favourable to the enlargement and fecu- rity of liberty, «s a croira beftowed by the free voice of the people. The two iaft kings had niade a very bad ufe of th? whole national re- venue* which was put into their hands, and which was found to be fuf- ficient to raife and maintain a (landing af niy. The I'evehue was there- fore now divided t pare was allottAi foi^ the* current national fervice of the vear, and was to be accounted for to parliament; and part, which is fiiU called the civil lift money, was given to the king) fo^ the fupport of his houfe and dignity^ .. It was the juft fenfe the people of England had of their dvit and reli' nous rights alone, that could provoke them toagrea to the late revolu- tion ; for they never in Other refpe^s had been at fo high a pitch of wealth and profperity as in the year 1688. The tonnage of their mer-^ chant fliips, as>appears from Dr. Davenaht, was, that year, nearly double vrhat it had been in 1666; and the tonnage of the royal navy, wl^ich^ In 1660, was only 62,594 tons, was in x688 increafed to 101,(532 toni. The increafe of the cuftoms, and the annual rental of England, was in the* fame proportion. The war with France, which, on the king's part, was far frona being fucccfsful, required an enormous expenfe ; and the Irifti continued, in general, faithful to king Jamos. But many Engliflij who wished well to the Stuart family, dreaded their being reflored by conqueft : and the parliament enabled the king to reduce Ireland, and to gain the battle of the Boyne againft James, who there loft all the milii tary honour he had acquired before. The marine of France proved fu- pen'or to that of England, in the beginning of the war j but in the year 1692, that of France received an irrecoverable blow in the defeat at La Hogue. « * Invaftons were threatened, and confpiracies difcovered evei^daya- gainft the government, and the fiipply of the continental war forced the parliament to open new refourccs for money. A land-tax was impofed, and every fubjcd's lands were taxed, according to their valuations givert in by the feveral counties. Thofe who were the moft loyal gave the higheft valuations, mid were tiie heavieft taxed; a^d this prepofterous burthen continues ;' but the greateft and boldeft operation in finances that ever took place, was eftabiiftted in that reign, which was the car- rying on the war by borrowing money upon the parliamentary fecuritiesj and which form what are now called the puhlic funds. The chief pro- {'eftor of this fcheme is faid to have* been Charles Montague, afterwards ord Halifax. His chief argument for fuch a projeft was, that it would oblige the moneyed part of the nation to befriend the Revolution intereft, becaufe, after lending their money, they could have no hopes of being repaid but by fupporting that intereft, and the weight of taxes would oblige the commercial people to be more induftrious. . Wil iam, notwithftanding the vaft fervice he had done to the nation, and the public benefits which took place under his aufpices, particularly in the eftablifhment of the bank of England, and the recoining the CI- vcr money, met with fo many mortifications fmn Iiis parliament, that he Equally refolvcd upon iui abdication, and had drawn up a fpeech ior JE N O L A N I>. m^ ift uniitterruptcd rfed by Brtg|land, had grown cau. and he gave his the people ware in general com> lat ought to have ;ement and fecu- ; of the people, lole national re- found to be fuf- rehue was there- itional fervice of and part, which r, fof the fupport eir civil and reli- o the late revolu- high a pitch of age of their mer* ;ar, nearly double yal navy, wl^ich, to 101,(332 tonu ' England, was in n the king's part, expenfe ; and the 3ut many Engliflij being reftored by pc Ireland, and to t loft all the mirw ranee proved fu- but in the year in the defeat at ercd eveiy day a- tal war forced the tax was iinpofed, valuations given \ loyal gave the this prepofterous ation in finances )ich was the car- lentary fecurities, The chief pre tague afterwards as, that it would volution intereft, o hopes of being t of taxes would me to the nation, Vices, particularly recoining the fil- parliarricnt, that II up a fpeech ior that purpofe, which he was prevailed upon to fuppreTs. He long-hori^ ihc affronts he met with, in hopes of being fupported in his war iritli France; but at laft, in 1697, he was forced to conclude the peace of Ryfwick, with the French king, who acknowledged his title to the crowa •/England. By this time William had loft his queen*, but the govern- ment was continued in his perfon. After peace was reflbred, the cont- mons obliged him to difband his army, all but an inconfiderable humber, and to difmifs his favourite Dutch guards. . Towards th« end of hi& reign, his fears of feeing the whole Spanifli monarchy in poffeffioa of France at the death of the cathclic king Charles li. which was every day expeAed, led him into a very impolitic meafure, which was the parti- tion treaty with France, by which that monarchy was to be divided be- tween the houfes of Bourbon and Auftria. This treaty was highly rc- fented by the parliament, and fome of his miniftry were impeached for idvifing it. It was thought William faw his error when it was too late His minifters were acquitted from their impeachment j and the death of king James difcovered the infincerity of the French court, which im- mediately proclaimed his fon king of Great Britain. / This perfidy rendered William again popular in England4 The two houfes paited the bill of abjuration, and an addrefs for a war with France. The laft and moft glorious ad of William's reign was liis paff- ing the bill for fettling thefucceffion to the crown in th<^oufe of Han- over, on the i2th«f June, 1701. His death was haftened by a faR from his horfe, foon after he had renewed the grand alliance agalnft France, on the 8th of March, 170J, in the 52d year of his age, and the 14th of his reign in England. This prince was not made by nature for popularity. His manners were cold and forbidding ; he Teemed alfo lomctimes almoft to lofe iight of thofe principles of liberty, for the fup- port of which he had been raifed to the throne ; and though he owed bis royalty to the Whigs, yet he often favoured the Tories. The former had the morification of feeing thofe who had adcd the moft inimical to their party, and the free principles of the conftitution, as the tnarquis of Halifax, the tarl of Danby, and lord Nottingham, taken into favour, and refume their places in the cabinet ; And the whole influence of go- vernment extended to filence all inquiries into the guilt of thofe who had been the chief inftruments in the cruel perfecution& of the paft reign, and to the obtaining fuch an a^ of indemnity as effe£lually fcreened every delinquent from the juft retaliation of injured patriotifm. The refcue and prefervation of religion and public liberty were the chief glory of William's reign; for Enzland under him fuffered feverely both by fea and land ; and the public debt, at the time of his death, amount- ed to the unheard-of fum of 14,000,000!. Anne, princefs of Denmark, by virtue of the aft of fettlement, and being the next proteftant heir to her father James II. fucceeded to the throne. As (lie had been ill treated by the late king, it was thought flie would have deviated from his meafures; but the behaviour of the French in acknowledging the title of her brother, who has fince been well known by the name of the Pretender, left her no choice ; and (lie re- folved to fulfil all William'6 engagements with his allies, and to em- ploy the earl of Marlborough, who had been imprifoned in the late reign on a fufpicion of Jacobitifm, and whofe wife was her favourite, as her Seneral. She could not have made a better choice of a general and atefman, for that earl excelled in both capacities. No fooner was he placed at the head of the Englifli army abroad, than his geniui and a£ti- * She died of the itnall-pux, Dec. 28, 1694, in the thirty-third year of her age. m £ N a L A NR iriQr gave a new turn to the war, and he became as much the /ayijuritc Af the Dutch as his wife was of the qu6en. V Charles II. of Spaip, in confequence of the intVigNcs of ffanc^, an^ at the fame time refenting thepartition treaty, to which his confent had notl>een afltetL left his whole dominions by will to Philip, duke of Anjoii, grandion of Lewis XIV. and Philip was rrpmedhtely proclaim* cd king of Spain ; w^iich laid the foundation of the family alliance be. tween France and that nation. Philip's fucceffioii was difputed by the fecond fon of the emperor of Germany, who took upon himfelf thcti. tie of Charles III. and his paufe was favoured by the empire, England Holland, and other powers, who joined in k confederacy againftthe houfe of Bourbon, now become more dangerous than ever by the ac- quifition of the whole Spanilh dominions. The capital meafure of continuing the war againft France being fixed the queen found no great didicultyin forming her miniflrry, who were for the moft part Tories : and the earl of Godolphin, who (though af- terwards a leading Whig; was thought all his life to have a predilection for the late ki^ig James and his queen, was placed at the head of the trcafury. His fon had married the earl of Marlborough's eldeft daugh" tcr ; aod the tarl could truft no other with that important department. In the courf^ of the war, feveral glorious viiVories wefe obtained by the ?arl, who was foon made duktf of Marlborough. Thofe of Blenheim ' and Ramillies gave the firft efFeftual checks to the Freneh power, fiy that of Blenheim in 1704, the empire of Germany w.s lav^d from im- itnediate dettru6tion. Tl»ough prince Eugene w^-j that day joined .in command with the auke, yet the glory of the day vas confeffedly owing to the latter. The French general Tallard was taken prifoner, and fent to England ; and ao,ooo French and Bavarians were killed, wounded, or drowned in the Danube, befides about 13,000 who were taken, and a proportionable number of cannort, artillery, and trophies of war. A~ bout the fame time, the Englifli admiral, fir George Rooke, reduced Gibraltar, which ftill remains in our poneflion. The battle of Ramil- lies, in 1706, was fought and gained under the duke of Marlborough alone. The lofs of the enemy there has been varioufly reported ; it is generally fuppoftd to have been 8000 killed or wounded, and 6000 tak- en prifoners ; but the confequences fhowfcd its importance. After the battle of Ramillies, the ftates of Flanders affembled at Ghent, and recognifed Charles for their fovereign, while the confederates took pofTeffion of Louvain, Bruflels, Mechlin, Ghent, OudenarJc, Bruges, and Antwerp; and feveral other cohfiderable places in Fianders and firabant acknowledgetl'the title of king Charles. The next great battle gained over the French was at Oudenarde, 1708, where they loll 3000' on the field, and about 7000 taken prifoners ; and the year aft^'r, Sep- tember II, 1709, the allies forced the French lint-s at Malpliqu^t near Mons, after a bloody aftion, in which the French lofl: i f;,ooo men, Thefc flattering fucceflts of the Englifli were balanced, however, by great misfortunes. The queen had fsnt a very fine army to affift CharlfS III. in Spain, under the- command of lord Galway : but in 1707, after he had hcea joined by the Portuguefe, the Englim were defeated in the plains of Al- manza, clviefly thi'ongh the cowardice of tlieir allies. Though fome ad- vantages were obtained at fca, yet that war in general was carried on to the detriment, if. not the difgrace, of England. Prince George of Dpim lajirk, bufband to the queen, was then lord high admiral. 'At tte fain«> EM O LA t^D. 3Jf the favourite Ffatif^, an(i iconfent'hai \\\p, duke o! ely proclaim- y alliance be- fputed by. tht himfelf the ti- •ire, England, :y sgainft the ver by the ac- ce being fixed, Vry, who were \o (though af- a prcdileftion he head of tht s eldeft daugh" department. ;fe obtained by >fe of Blenheim eh power. By iav'd from im« cUy joined 'in nfeffedly owing ifoner, and fent lilled, wounded, :"ere taken, and ies of war. A- iooke, reduced )attle of Ramil- )f Marlborough reported ; it is , and 6000 tak- .ce. mbled at Ghent. nfederates took enarJc, Bruges, 1) Fhnders and [Sext j^reat battle le they loll 3000' lycar aft^-r, Stp- 'lalpl iqiiet near ft 11; ,000 men. |d, however, by III. in Spain, Iftef he had been [he plains of Al- Ihough fome ad- las carried on to leorge of Den- II. 'At vte laiii«' r< time EnglsUid felt fevefely the fcarcity of hands in cirn Jug on hei; tirade «nd manufaf^nres. As Lewie Xi V profclTed a readirjcfs for peace, and fiied earheftly for it, the Whigs at fait gave way to a treaty, and the conferences ycreheiti at GertruydeaUirgh, 17 19* They were managed on nued, was an a^ of the greateft imprudence, and ex- ':cd the aitoniftimeiu of all Europe. So numerous had been his fuc* fles, and fo gr?at his reputation, that his very name was alriioft equi- ilent to. an army. But the honour and intefeft of thtre of England 1 it yCan, ami that of ScMland 145 y"!"*'! the arcefljon of Robert II. anno f 371 Janic*, the late pretend.T,^ Ton ot Jamnl and brother to ((ueen Anne, upon his lather's deccafe, anno 1 701, waspiod'ijf kio^ of Enghinri, by Lewii* XIV. at St. Ccrntain's, and tt>r fome time treated ul hy the courts of Rome, France,. Spain, and T»iiin. Ik. refided at Rome, wlxq kept up the appearance of a cuurr, and continued firm in the Romilh faith t death, which happened in 1761;. He leffc two Tors, viz. Charles Hdward, I 1720, wl>« vras defeated at C'ulloden in t'^(^, »th\ upon his father's death rtpnir^ Rome, whtre he continued for fomc tiim.', and afterwards refided at Floiciiti, «< the title «f count Albany, .but died lately. Heniy, hisfecond foh, v/lio eiijuyu^ nifled place in the church of Koine, and is kniiwn by the n imc »( cardinal \ March »8th, 1771, Chailcs married Louifa Ma\ImiHcnlic, born ScjititnbtrJ 1751,' daughter to a prince of the fafnily of Stolheru Grudern, int he (-iicl*i'f[| Saxony, atid grand-daughter, by th« moth;/,' of Thnaa* Htuce, lati; earl of ^' kuryv • . • txts L A N n: lons among \m loral jirince o( A- and (hcwaj sU into a lethar. 1714, »«^itt^«ff' Notw'ithftahd' btrecht was coa- ted by her death, millions i fofirm of parliameiu. any iaiporiant in' fo indecifjve I ri terms of the aft I jn of the prince^ king of Great Bti* eifion, having ditU .vith lirong prepoU le difplaceiU Thiil England; butniiJ r and other chiefs,! ppily fuppi-elVcdlkJ aj the mVniftiy ^'m ubers of thatwhiclil from three to feve»| [iretchofparliamenv A Several other «» Z. Mr.Shippen,aJ Tent to the Tower y he meridian of HiW m, ayoungjoiH tmphlei, that 111 m ^nimadverfujii. 1« us of every tbing^, 1. though a fagacioj toofublervicsittota^ 0U8 and comphta'/i eir German con«ta filled foci-ltically as] raded by that uorr iiatpurp.ol"k Kngland in the year 1720, by the ludde«rifeof 'th« South Se4 ftock, one of the trading companies ; but of this we have already givfeA an account, under the article of South Sea CompaKv. ' - ■ • '<^it Tl»e [acohites thought to avail themfelves of the national dififdiVtehl [at the South Sea fcheme, and England's connexions with the coutiiient^ which every day increafed. One Layer, a lawyer, vpas tried and exe^ cuted for high treafon. Several perfons of great quality awd dlftinftiort jwere apprehended on fufpicion : but the fform fell chiefly on Francis lAtterbury, lofd bifliop of Rochefter, who was deprived of his fee ao4 Ifeat in parliament, and baniflied for life. There was fome irregularity ]in the proceedings againft him ; and therefore the juftice of the bifliop** [fentence has been queftioned, though there is little or no rcafon t» loubtrhere was fufiicient proof of his guilt. ' 80 fludtuating was the ftate of Europe at this time, that, in September [1725, a ifrcfli treaty was concluded at Hanover, between the king* of JGreat Britain, France, and Pruflia, to counterbalance an alliance that id been formed between the courts of Vienna and Madrid. A ftju»« Iron waitient to the Baltic, to hinder the Rulfians from attacking Swe^i^ Icn, another to the Mediterranean, and a third, u'nder admiral Ho6er^ I the Weft Indies, to watch the Spanifli plate-fleets, 'i'his laft was ok was crtnfidered its firft minifter of England vhtii tScbrge 1. died ; and fome diffrrcjices havji»j< hapfiencd between 'hinwkwJ the prince of W.ilt>, it wa.v generally tliougbt, npon the acccflionofthe Utter to the vmiirn, that lie Kol^rt would be difplaced. That might* have been the c«ir, ciMild tinoilier perfon have been found, equally ca. pable to manage ttie huufeof conmnons, and to gratify that prcdila£liou for Hanover WhtcKGeoigeU. iaherittd froiir his father. No miniiler ever uiiderftoo4 ^ttcr tbe^ temper of the people of England, and none perhaps, ever tried it more. "He filleil all places of power, trull, and groftt, and aimoitthe hoirf* Of coinmnns. ittelf^ with his own creatures; ut peace was hia daiUiii> objeA, be^auie^ he thought that war muft be ^lal to his power. During bis long adminiftration he never ioil aquef. tjon tliathe VHks in earned to carry . The excile fcheme wasthefiril ineaftire'thar gave a fliock to his power; and pveatbat he coiild have carried, had b« not been afraid of the fpirit of the people without-doors, which iTnghtiiave either produced an infurccdion, or endangered hisia. tereft in the tt^xt general trtcftton. . His pacific fy(wni ^nought him, however,- into iaconvtniences both at home antitabroad.- It encoMraged the iipani^nls to canliuue their de. fredations upon the Britilli fliif)ping in the * Ameri/can Teas, and tht rench to treat the EngUih court with infolence and hegled. At home, many of the grciit peers thought themfelves (lighted, and they intereflat I themfelvdK 4vcte than ever they; had done rn efe^lions , This, tegethur , ^ith tlie difgttit of toe people at the prnpni'eUe.xcire fchemr^ and paifing the Gi*jtd\n the year 1736, increa fed the minority in the houfeofj common^ to rjo, fome ofwhotn were as able pnea and as good fpealaij ^s ever had fat in a parliament; and taking advantage of the inQr^[i||| complaints agaiuil tne S))aniard3, they attacked the niiniHer>^tb gr^j Hrength of argunnentai:d with great eloquence. In juilice to Waipoy it fltould beiooferved, tlmthe filled the courts of juftiqfc withabkapif] upright judges, nor was iie ever known: to attempt any pl^rverliofl afi the law of the kingdom; He vas fo Ur from checking the freedoqtilf| (lebate, that he bore with equanimity the nioll fcurrilous nbufe tlutN Ihrown out a'gwnft bim; He ga«e way^to cine or two profipcutiQflifoi libels, in compliance to hi& friends, who thought ihenifclvesatfek^djl by them ^ but it is certain, that the prefs vf Bngldnd never vvaii idor] open or free than during his ftdminiftratioit^ , And as to his, pacific i\i\ ten), it undoubtedly more than refiaid to the nati<(ia4llthat »:asre(;uil«| to I'uppott it, by the incretUc of her trade iiud (life JQipmvtttieuu aft reamito»6tures. . •-• ■,. •. • — c^K r ... ' Queen Caroline, confort to iGeorge II, had b()ettaiw:M'S,.a iirinfric to the minifter: bttt ihe died Novenibuer^ioth, ..i;};* witCii.vi variaai lubfifted between the king and his fany the pC^Uice (^ .Wale«. Thei cer complained, that through WaipalefsJl>Attel|^e^he wa^ depri*«lil only of tlie power but the provilioi» ^triil .Vlei>j(«i, who h;ucd the aiiniittr, w.as i^itt m tyjy, withaii dron ofiix (bips to the Weft lories, vi><^W he.td d«^iiolii!itdf ffiello i but brint; a hot, iutradb the ambition of France, who had filled all Germany with her ai-mies, and many othen Concurrent caufes, induced George to take the leading part in a conti- nental war. He was encouraged to tlus by lord Carteret, afterwards earl of Granville, an able but headltrong minifter, whom George had made his fecretary of ftate, and indeed by the voice of the nation in ge* jhral. George accord! ninly put himfeif at the head of his army, fought ; and gained the battle of Dettingen, June 16, 1743; and his not futitr- ing ni^ general, the earl of Stair, to improve the blow, was thought to proceed from tendernefs for his eleftorai dominions). j I Great Britain was then engaged in a very expenfive war both againft the French and Soaniards ; and her encm es thought to avail ihemielves of the general discontent that had prevailed in England on account of Irianover, and which, even in pariiamrtitary debates, was thought by jfome to exceed the bounds of decency. Tnis natumtiy fuggelted to itbeni the idea of applying to the Pretender, who reiided ^t Rome ; and m afrSed that his Ion Charles, who was a fprightly young nun, (liould [repair to France, from whence he fet fail, and narrowly ^fcaped with a kw followers, in a frigate, to the weftem coads 6i 8cot|audi, between iheiflandsof MuIl»ndSky, where he difcovered him felf^ aflembled his ifollower>, and publiilied a manifeHo exciting the natioa to a rebellion, it neccflarv, before we relate the tr,ue caufe of this eoterprtie, to make I lliort reiro/'ped to forei;;n pans. ? ■ \, .i 1 he war of 174 1 proved unfortunate in the Weft Indies, through thie atal divifions between admiral' Vernon, and general VVentworth, who bmmanded the land troops; and it w^s tlu>ught that above 20^^000 M\\(k fnidiersancf Teamen perilhedin the impracticable attempt OD.Car- agena, and by the inclemency oi the air and climate duting other idk ^idiucn*. The vear 1742 had been fpcnt in negotiations with the jurtf of Pcterlburgh and Berlin, which, though e>pcn(ive, proved of tdeor nofervice to great Britain: fo that the victory of Dettingen left he French troops in much the fame fituation as before. A diffierence etween the admirals Matthews and Leftock had given an opportunity >tlie Sp^niili and French fleets to efcape out of Toulon with i)ut little bfs;\aHd foon after, the French, who hnd before onlyat^ed as allies to |ie Spaniirtls, dechred war,a|;ainft Great Britain, who,. in her turn, xlared war agaioft tlie French. The Dutch, the natural allies of nglaud, during this war, carried on a moft lucrative trade; nor could kgr be brought to 9A agnlnft the French till the peoplv entered into af- xutions and infui regions a^ainil the government. Their marine wrt lamiferable condition ; and when tbey at iaft fent a body of troops to 'j the Britifli and Auftrian -armiesf which bad been wretchedly com- ndcd for one or two cantpaigns, they did it in fuch a manner, tliat it a» plain they did notintend to aifcin earneu. When the duke of Cum- p^and took upon himfeif the comm;ind of the ajrray, the French, to cgieat reproach of the allies, were almoft mailers of the barrier of the Z3 , 31* ENGL A KD. lihi NethfrlifndF, an^ were beiiej^ing Tourniy. The 6\ike atMmpted t(r rtifc the fi^gC : but i)y the coldnefs of the Aviflrians, the cowardice of the Dutch, whofe governmcut all along held a fecrrt correfpondeiice >vitb France, and naifcoiidu^ fonieu'licre eife, he loft ttie battle oiJeon- tenpy, and 7000 of his beft mtn ; though it is generally allowed that his 6i{pofitioa% were excellent, and both he and his troops behaved with uii. cxampled intrepidity. To counterbalance Inch a train of misfortuiiej •diniral Anfon returned thiii year to England, with an immcnfe treafure (aboyt a million fterling), which he had taken from the Spaniaidsii) his voyage round the world ; and commodore Warren, with colonel Hepperel, took from the French the important town and fortrefs of Lou- iiburgh, in the idand of Cape Breton. . Sucb was theftute of aftairs abroad in Auguft, 1745, When the Pre. tender's eldeft fbn, at the head of fome HigtUand toliowers, furpriitt) and dilarn.ird a party of the king's troops in the wcftern Highlands, and advanced with great rapidity to Ferth< The government |iever fo thq. roughly «:xperieiiced, as it did at that time, the benefit of the puWie debt for the fupport of the i^evotution. The French and the Jacobite party (lor fiich there was at that time in England) had laid a deep fbhetne of diftrelTing the Bnnk; but common danger aboliflted all di- ftinftions, and united them in the defence of ot»« Intei-eft,. width was prj|Vftic property. The merchants undertook, in their addrefs to tlw.l king, to fupport it by receiving bajil' res in payment. This feafon- able nieafure fa»td public credit; bu. iie defeat of the rebels by the duke of Cumberland at Ciilloden, in the year 1746, did nwt reftore ti'anquilliiy to Europe. Though the prince of Orange, fnn-in-l.iw to his majefty George II. was, by the credit of his majelly, and the Ijiirit oi the people of the United Provinces, raifcd to be their lladtholder,tlie 1 Dufch never could be brought to a6l heartily in th war. The allies were defeated at Val, near M»ellricht, and the duke of Cumberland was in danger of bciivg made prifoner. , Bergen-op-^oom wa t.iken iiuj manner that has never yet been explained. The allies fuffered other j difgrac;e$ on the conp.nent ; and it now became the general opinion : England, that peace w^a neceilaryto fave the duke and his army from j . total deftru^ion. By this time, however, the French marine and com. merco were in danger of being annihilated by the Englifli at fea, under | the command*Df the admirals Anfon, Warren, Hawke, a i other gaj. lant officers ; but the Enghfti arms were not fo fuccefsful as could have) bt-en wished under rear admiral Bofcawen in the Eafl Indies. In this! ftate of affairs, the fuucelFes of the French and Euglilh during the war may be faid to have li^en balanced, and both mioifters turned their] thoughts to peace. j However this might he, preliminaries for peace were figbtd in ApfilJ 1 74^, and a definitive treaty was concluded at Aix-la-Chapclle in OcloJ b^r; the bafts of wivich was the reftitution, on both fides, lif all placwj taken during the war» The next year the intereft of the national debtj was reduced from four to three and a half [xr cent, for feven yeari,| after which the whole was to uand reduced to three j>er cent. This was tlie boldeft ,llroke of'financing.thet ever was attempted perJ baps in any country, conliilently with public faith ; for the creditors of J the government, after a fn>alj inetfeftual oppofition, continued theirf money in the funds; and a fi^w who fold out, even made intereft tohavej it replaced' on the fame fccurity^ or were paid off their j)rincjpal pe and America. The fijcccirca of theFiijiliih in the Eaft Indie?, 'under colonel CliTe, are 344 rEN GLAND. X m. almoft Incredible. He ilef«;at«rtl Sunja Dowlj, nabob of Pttngil, H^i^ 4nd prixa, aiul placed Jariicr Ally Cawn in tlif ancient fiat of the n».' bobi of thofe provinces. -Surrtja Dowla, who was in the French latereft a fe«>; daytk after his being deleatfd, was taken by th* iie* naUuh, [aflj„' Aliv Cawn's fon, and put to death, ThLi event laid Mh" foundation uf the jirtftnt amazing extent of riches and territory whitli the iiugliji, now ijoffefs in the haft Indies. Mr. I'itt introduced into the cabinet a new fyftcm of operations aoainft Fraiue, than which nothing could b." better calcnla,tcd toreftoietttefpi. rits of his countr)'men, atul to alai n th.rir enemies. Far from drcadino All invaiion, he planned an expedition for canying the aruis of England into Fiance itftlf ; and the dftfccnt was to be in.irie at Roclrfort under general fir John Mocdaniu, wlio was to command the land troops. No- thing could be niore proii)ifing than the difp»ifuions for tliis evf)cdition. It fail'd on ihe 8tU of Septtniber 1757; and admiral Huwkc brouglit both t]ie fca and land forces I'ack on tiic 6th of O^^ober, 10 St. Helens without the general making any attempt to liuid On the cnaft of Frame! He was tried and acq!>'»teq, without the p>il)lic mirrmuririg; fogieatan opinion had the jieople of ,ths miniftrr, who, to dp -him jultiic, did n t AifFer a man or a ftiip behn^ing to the Englidtarmy or navy to lie idle. The French having attacked the elertorate of Hanover with a nioft powerful army, the tni^lifli parliamenf \ oted Ur^f fnpplics of men and nionry in defence of the rlecfoial dt^miaions. 't'iie duke of Cumber- land liad been fent tl-.ither to command an army of obfervation, but was fo po'» trfully prerted by a fuperior army, that he foudd hiinfelf obliged to lay down his arms; and tiic French, under the dtikeof Richc lien, took pofTeflion of that eleftorate and its capital. At this time, a fcarcity, next to a famine, rasped in England : and the Hctfian tropps, who, with the Hanoverians, had been fent to deifend tht; kinj^dom Irom an invafibn threatened by the French, remained ftill in Knglanwards fo burthenfome to England, was intended tu unite the pro* teftant mtereft in Germany. • . George II. with the confent of hisjPruffian tnaiefty, dsclarino that the J French had violated the 'convention concluded Uetwfen ihtm ami the I duke of Cumberland at Cloftcrft.ven, ordered his Hannverian ruhj"d$ to refume theii' arms under prince Ferdii'and of Urunfwick, a INiiliian general, who inftantly drove the Frruch out of Hvirrover; and the duke of Marlbprough, after the Englifli had repeatedly infnlted the Krcncli coalU by deftroying tlieir ^.orcs and fliipping at St, Malo and Clier- bourg, n>arched into Gerniany, and jointd prince Ferdinand wifb li,ooo Britifl) troops, which wer? afterwards increared to 25,000. AJ war enfucd. In the courfe of which the Englifli every where pcrlormeilj wonders, and were every where viAorious ; b:.t upthing decilivefol-l lowed, and the enemy o) ened every campaign with advantage, tvenj the battle of iVIinden, the moft glorious, perhaps, in the Engtifh annatsj in i»rhich about 7000 Englifh defeated So.ooo of the French regukl troops^ contribute,! nothing to the conclufion of the war, or towardjl weaJceuing the French in Germany. < j The expenles of the war were tarnc with chtiarfulaefs, and the aiSi-j of B>ng«i, Bahir, cnt feat oi the nj- heFrencli latereft, lew n?l).ih, jaffifr i 'he fduiiitaticn ui wlikit the Euglifb f operations ajjainft td to rcftore tl.ie f|)i. Far from dreading learnis ot England at Roeliffort under If land troops. No- for this expedition, iral Havkc brouglit (»ber, to St. Helen's, the coaft of France. rmuring; fog>catan .him jultiic, did nt w or navy to lie idle. lanover with a moft fupplit'S ot men and he duke of Cumber- of obfervation, bm ,i9t he found himfelf ler the d^ike of Riohe- (iiai. At this, time, « id the Hclfuin troQp-s m\ tl»- kiiv^dooi Irom dill ill Riigland. So If mvituahdeieiccwas iijfiia : in confequtnce IPrufliaii iwAyih \ and ) two miHioiis a yur, r, HePe-C Jfel, Saxt- tv, which ptovedaf- a to unite the yfit- Ifty, dsclarino tbntthe letWfen ihnn and the , Hanoverian Uibj"its! Jrunfwiok, a I'nilfian |v,m>ver; and tlio duke iiifnlted the l-rfuA St.MidoamlChcr. fince Ferdinand with! lireaCcd ti> 2 j,coo. A I i/ery where perlormeilj . Qpthing (letilivt fol-l [ith advaittav;e. ^M lit) the tn!f|ilhannab,l jf the i-'renth rtgM the war, or lowatdsl rfulnefs, and thcaaij ENGLAND. i^f/ .vilvlnJ fpirU fif Mr. Pitt's admiiiinration were greatly applauded. Ad- iininil Bofcawen and i^enerai Amherft, in Aiiguli 1 -jiH, reducod smU «t(;- ■nMUflMd Lottiftxirgb in North America, wUkh had ixeit rdHjrti tothfl* French by till) treaty of Aix-ln-Chapellr*, and w«8t>«cain« the fcojii^^e. . of tlic Brttiih trade, and took five or fix FrtiKh fliips of tlir line { t,!^i. tentc and Fort du Quene, hi the fame (piartrr, M\ aifo into the liiritla q( the EnjiliQi ; acqitiiitions that far overt>aLinced « check tr hi ch the £ngHfli received at Ttconderogji, and the ^o(h of abo«^ 300 ^f the Rn^,. titti guards, as they were returning under general Otigii from the coalt of Irance. The EngUfli afTairs in the EaA Indies this year proved eqtfa^y fbrSti. nate; and the lords of the admiralty rec eiyed letters from thiince, yith an accotint that admiral IVicocke had el>gu^ed the French ntttt near Pot^r St. pavid's on the a^th of March, lii which engQgement a French man of . war, called thie Bien-aim^, of 74 guns, was to iiiiich damaged that they nin her on fliore ; that, on the jd of Aitig^ilVfbl lowing, he engaged the trench fleet a fecond time near Pimdicherry ? when, after a brilk firing often mimiteii the French bore away \t-ith ail the fail they couid make, and got fafe into the road of Pondi«^rry ; and that on the 1 4th of Decem- ber ioUowing, general Laily, commaoder of the French army in tlVofe ' nai'ts, marched to b^fiegelVfadrRs^ which was defend(;d bv the finglini co. ionels Lawrence and li^cr; a,jM after a briik cannonade, which lafted till the i6thof February h>IIo\^ing, the Englill) haring reecived a re-ift' forccment of 600 men, geneialLally thuuzht proper to raife the fiege, and retire with precipitation^ leaving belilnd him fdrtv pieceK< of cannon. Tha year 17C9 was introduced by Hie taking of the idiind of Gor6e, on the co.ift of Africa, by commodore KeppeK Three capital expeditions had been planned for this year in America, and all of them proved fuc- ^efsful. One of them was againft the French iflands ia the Wdl Indies, where Guadaloupe was reduced. The fecond expedhiftn wasagainil Que- bec, the capital of Canada; Ti^e commend was given, by the'minider's advice, to general Wolfe, a young ofKcer oH truly military geniUs. Wolfe was oppofed, vvidi far fuperior force; by Mdntcalme, the befl and mofl fucteisful general the French had. Thbu^ih the fittiatinn of the coudtry which Wolfe was to jittack, and the works the French threw up to prt- ventadefcent of theEogiiili, were deemed impregnable, yet Montcaline ncyerrelaxed in his vigilance. Wolfe's courage and perj'everance, how- ever, Airmounted incredible difficulties: he gained the l*ights of Alira- bam, near Quebec, where he foitght and^efeated the French army, but vas himfelf killed, as was iVlontcalme; general Monkton^ who was next in command, being wounded, the completion of the French defeat, and tlif glory of red ucmg Quebec, was referved for brij;adiicr-general (now lord vifcounO Townfiiend. ^ General Aml^rft, who was the firft Englifli general in command in America, conducted the third expedition. His (trders were to reduce all Canada, and to join the army under general Wolfe on the. banks of t|i» river St. Lawrence. It is to the honour of th% minifter, Mr? Amherft in thb expedition was fo well provided with eve^v thing that could make it fuiccfsful, that there fcarcely appeared any ciiance for its mifcarriage ; and thus the. French empire in North America became fubje^ to Great Britain. •TheafFairs of the French being now defperate, and their credit Ruined, ihiy refolved upofl an attempt to retrieve all by an jnvafion of Great Bri- tain: but on the 8th of Auguft, 1759, adnfriral Bofcawen attacked the Toulon f^uadron, commanded by j/H. de la'Ciue, near the fU'aits of Gib- i^^ ENGLAND. raltar, took Le Geiitaurc of 74:, Lt Temeraire of 74, and Le Modeftc of 7+ guns; and burnt L'Oc^aii of 8 other projects for accommodation ; but on the aqth of Oftober 1760, George J I. died ftiddenly (from a rupture in the right ventricle of tlii heart), full of years and glory, in the 77th year of his age, and 34th of 'h)r reign, and :\'as lucceeded by his grandfun, now George 111. eldtll fen to the late prince of Wales. The merrcy of George II. is reprehenfible on no head bot his predl- Icftion tor :r,s elttloral dominions. He never could fenafate an idea that there was any difference between them and his regal aon)inions; and he was fonietimcs i!' enough advifcd to declare fo much in hi'^ fpeeclies to parliament. We are, however, to remember, that his people gratified ^hini in this partiality, and that he never afted by power or prt-rogative. He was n.n very accellible to convcrfatioil; and thefefove it was no won- der, that, having left Germany after he had attained to man's cftate, he ftill ref'incd foreign notions both of men and things. In gorernnicnt he had no favourite, for h? parted with fir Robert VValpole's adminidia- tion with great indifference, and flioH ed very little concern at the fiibfe- quent revoUuions among his fervants. In his perfonal difpofition he was pa fli on ate, but placable, fearlefs of danger, fOnd ot military parade, and enjoyed the memory of the campaigns in which he ferved when young. His affedions, either public or private, were never know.i to interfere with the ordinary courfe of juftice; and though his reign was dlllrafted by party, the courts of juftice were never belt r filled thai) under him ; this was a point in which all faftions «'ere agreed. King George III. afcended the throne with great advantages. His be-, ing a native of England prejudiced the people in l)yis favour; he vii,as irt. EV GLAND. ^ t^ettcJbm iof yortfh, in hisptfrflwn tall and comely, and at the tioie of hit acceffion, Great Britain was in the highcft degree of reputation and pro- fperity, and tl^e (tioft falutary unanimity and harmony prevailed among tne peo»)t,c, The firft afts of his reign ftemed alfo calciiJared to con- vince the public that the death of his predeccllbr ftiould not relax the operations of the war. Accordingly, in i 76 r, the illand of Belleillc, oa the coart of France, furrendered to his majelly's fllips and forces under commodore KeppeJ and general Hodgfon ; as did the im porta tit fortreft of Pbndicherry, in the taft Indies, to colonel Coote and Admiral Ste- vens. The operations againft the French W'fcft Indies fhll continued imder general Monkton, lord Rollo, and fir Jnmfs Doiij^las; and ia i;762, the ifland of iVjardnico, hitherto deemed impregnable, with the iflands of Grenada, St. Lucia, Orenadillas, St. Vincent, and others of iHs note, were fubdued by the Britifli amis vh\\ inconceivable rapicfity. In the mean time Mr. Pitt, who had condb vd thi war againlV France with fuch eminent ability, and who had received the befl information of the liortile intentions and private intrigues of the coutt of Spain, pro- pofed in council an immediate declaration of war againft that kingdom. But he was over-ruled in the council, all the membtrs of which declared themfelvcs of 'a contrary opinion, exceptin^^ his brother-in-law carl Temple. Mr. Pitt now found I he decline of his influence; and it wa« fuppoltd that the earl of Bute, who had a confiderable {bare in dire6l- ing the education of the king, bad acquired an aCcendency in tlie royal favour*. Mr. Pitt, however, faid, «' that, as he was called to the miniftrf by the voice of the people, to whom be confidercd himfclf as account- able for his conduA, he would no longer remain in a fituation which made him refponfible for meafures that he was not allowed to guide." He therefore refigned the feals, and lord Temple alfo gave up the poll: which he held in the adminiftratimi. Iliif the next day the king fettled apenfion of three thnufand pounds a year upon Mr. Pitt, and at the fame time a title was conferred upon his lady aiid her ilTuc ; and the penfion was to be continued for three lives. The war ftill continued to be carried on with vigour after the refigna- tion of Mr. Pitt, and the plans were purfi.ed that he had previoufly con- certed. Lord Egremont was appointed to fucceed him, as fccretary for the fouthcrn department. It was at length alfo fouiul indifpenfably ne- cefTnry to engage in a war with Spain; the famous family compa*^ among all the different branches of the Bourbon family being generally known , and accordingly war was declared againft that kingdom, on the 4th of January, 1762. A refpeftable armument was fitted out un- der admiral Pococke, having the earl of Albemarle on board to com- inand the land forces ; and the vitals of the Spanifli monarchy were ftruck at by the rcduftion of the Havannah, the l>'-oogeft and moft im- portant fort which his catholic majcfty held in the VVeft Indies, after a fiege of two months and eight days. The capture of the Hcrmione, a Jaige Spanifli regifter fliip, bound from Lima to Cadiz, the cargo of which was valued at a million fterUng, precedeti the birth of the Prince of Wales, and the treafure palled in triumph through Weftminfter to the bank in the very hour he was born. The lofs of the Havannah, with the fnips and treafures there taken from the Spaniards, wa'o fuc- ceeded by the reduction of Manilla and the Philippine iflands in the * U wan on the i^ih of March 1761, that the etrl of Bute was appoin:cd one of the piiiicipiil fecietarhs ot ftate ; and on the ^th of Odobcr fuUuwiug, Mr. 1*111 k- figncdthc Ita.*. . .v..^., ,, , , . .... ! : ,1 V 4 ; '' i $ii E N G r. A N D. Bkft ImKilr Hftd^ fnvcral Di*|lvr aiiU admiral Coi-nifli, uidi the rap. t«re tti' the Ifriaiitui, rKktwed worth three nullions of dollars. To: «9rHmto^aA.4(ti«ft l^MMutfiir bia^ft given to the family compact, tlic fwniiph p|»4'%^feilifft!ifK^^ i|»'t'rtfo\jrc«', which was toi^uarrtl wW^Mihtvmi ftii tiiy i^ wlwvJt hatt be«n alwnyruiuier the f>eairmr pre te^Ml^)'^ iht:S#it{iki ariTM. WH(iM)«r thi» qttnr^el \vas real nr pretended, ti A«|!lbir,i)«Martd«ci<^« it cc^tMidly embairaDed his Britannic iu;.jcliv, «li*iiNit<4iti)%iid^la ihvrf' \\^tvm armaments l^oth by Tea Rixi'lnnd. Yhft inj^illo nt 'ht ptstetm^vt nnw rdnn^tf\-\ and the enemy at l»f^ ofKiredi^tcA terms a« the liHtiiVi4nitt}0r« thouxhtHdiiiitiibleWKlatieqiiato Oft the occfAfm,' Tlie dete^loti nt tlve Kolhai)!! from the rmilederaoy agi^nft tbt kinf of IVuflSi^ Hud: tirl tiorifoqutnt fiuce(re», produced a mfflttiniHot inHMin QbrMiiitn'tlltTd in all other quartirrs; and on the i«ftlrl>f l'«bnfiry if6$i tt>e, were couflinied to (rrcat- liritaini tHo the i#» Floriil.t*^, ttmuining the on the fame footng as before the war. The war to which a period was now put, wasthe-moft brMIknt, and diffinguilhed with themolt gloriou"* events, in the Brififh annals. No national prejudices or p'-rty difputes then esifted. The fame tnily firitiOi fpirit by which the iuiivi%: wfti animate*!,- fired thei>reall of the foldier and feaman. Tue nation had then arrived at a degree of wealth n N r. L A N b. m with til* mj). dollars. To'' compact, tlie was* to t^unrrt'l e peculiar pfo- or pretended, annic msjcily, thd'iand. t enemy »tl»f> e ti>d tiiKquutc. ie cAniederacy r«, produced a rs ; and on the irween h\t Bri* mia* w«i con. Mareh lO, the pface waft fo- f. treaty hayiny; apfirobntion of 1 t!>e inands of inied to (JrcJJt- lie continent 6f Tow ft of Nt'v to us byl'Vance l;»nd of Cnba 5 ariepaiHiiU't and !?«'tijcl» the two ♦ Newtound- ! of St. fyin-ia, rrci.adillas, and ^inctnr, Douii- ent of Senegal^ thsr ( o\uury ; , Tbc article .)rs of the Eng- laces they liad rtuiiiiain nci- city of Manilla s tiie liberty of 1. In Kuijpe, rca, and wt rc» X years fpent in bioody batUts, the expenfe of ■, it v^'as agrtAl and each party which they be- pain, botii fides tinknown to former ages ; and th(? moneyed tnan, plefifed with th'-* afjxft nfUio tiine8,>conHding in the nbilities of the minifter, and cut)i^{!;e' of the people, cheerfully opened his pnrfe. The iiitTcdlble i'uitis ot iV, »9, and %% nVillions, raifed by a few citizens of L<>n!(]on, tipon tt (iiort notice, for the fervice of the years 1759, 1760, and 1761, wt'f* no lei* allonidiing to Europe than the fiucely whicl> attended the HfUi^ ^eetf and armies In everv quarter of the world. . . ' " but the peace, tliough it rcceiveti the fttiiiHion of a inajority of both hoiifcs of parliament, was ht from giving univerliil fatiitfa^iloii to the prople. And from this prri(id various caiife* contributed to occalioiiA great difconteni to prevail throughout the nation. Onthe 30th of April, 1763, three of the king's meflen^^ers entered- the hoiife of John Wilkes, efq. member of parliament for Aylrfljury, an«! feizrd his pcrfon, by virtue of a warrant from 45. On the firft day of'^the meeting of parliament a*t»-r thefe tranfaAionx, Mr. VViJke* flood up in his rlace, and ttiade a fpeech, in »i'hich he comi)laincd to the houff, that in his perfon the rights of all the commons of Kngland, and the privileges of parliament, had been violated by his imprifonmenr, tlie plund;Ting of his honfe, and the fci/,ure of h's papers. Tlw fame day a mclfage was f«nt to H<'<|uaitH the houfe of co!iimoiis with the in- formation his tnajeft y had received, th^t J»>hn Wilke-, efq a m-^mbcr of that houfe, y^-as (be author of a molt fj^ditious and dangerous libel, and the meaAusrs ihtt -hjd'heen tiiKen tbereupt)n. The. next day a duel was fought ij> Hyde Park, tietween Mr. Wilk(s atid Mr. Mariyn, another Hiepiljcr of parllamei t, arid fecretary of the treafury, ' in which Mr. WHkes rerejvH a ds»oj{'r<»iis wound in the belly with a pillol bullet.. Botti hoiifes uf p;irli:Affient fpoa concurred in voting the North griton, No. 45, to be ad&iJfc, katidalous, and fedltions libel, and ordered it to be burnt by «hccvm/non hangman. This order vvas ac- cordingly executed, though not without great oppofition from the po- pulace ; and Mr. Hitrlty, onegrf rU< flidrilts who attended, was wounded, and obliged to take (belter in tjiw maUIion-houfe. Ai.other profecu- tiou was commenced againll Mr. lyilkes, for '"^nn? caufed ati obfcene and profane poem to be irinf^d, intifled, " An Kl'itv on Woman." Uf this, ouly twelve copies hadtfen pxivatdy printtd ; and it did not $S9 ENGLAND. JpjjMr to ha.ve been intended fpr publication. Findings however, that « fliould. continue to be profecuted with the f*niQft rigour, when hi» iround was in forpe dpgre* healed, he thought proper to quit the kiiw^ 4qu)> He _waii feo^j aiter expelled the houfe \^ commons; vfrdifti were aUagivea againU him, both on account of the North Briton ai)(| ^e J^flajf o^> Wpoiaij J ai)d towards- the end of the year 1 764. be was om, iawed. Sundry other perfons h^d been taken up for being concerned |» printing' and pubUfluog the North. Briton ; but fome of them obtain, cd verdjdls agajnft the King's melienger$ fqr faUk iftiprifonmcnt. In jhe mean time, the (,^t,\ of Bute, who had b^c^u in^(ic iirfi' lord of liie tieafury, refigiHtl that o(iice, and was tucceeded by Mr. George itJreBville. And under this gentlfn\an's adoiinillration, an a£t was paflcdi iaid to have beenirained by hini, which was productive of th« piott pejuith)us conl'equentes to Cijeat Britain ; *' an aft fqr laying 9 _^ii«/ du/y in the BritiOi colonies of North America," which received the royal alfent pli the ^^d of March 1265. Some other iDJudieiouj previous regulations had ;;li"o been made, under prctcijcc of preventiiij iVnuggllng iji An^^'ica; but whiitii in eff'cA fo craipped the trade the colonies, as to be prejudicial both to them and tlic mother country. A» foon as it was knpwn iu, North America that they/^m/'-at? was pair. f€nce of their iiitin»ate coune<£tion with thulo-who are adluaily reprcfeuted ;, and that therefore the attempt/to tax the colonics in the Britdh parliament was oppreflive and unconfti.tutional. On t!ie other hand, it was contended, that the colonies, who had btcii protecteii fcy Great Britain, ought, in reaiba and juftice, to contribute towards the expenfe of the mother country. *» Thofe children 0/ our own planting,''' faid Mr. George Greaville, fpeaking of the Amerit;»u,s, ** nourifiied by our indulgerjce, luitil they are grown to a good decree of ftrcngth and opulence, and protected by our arms, will they gnuijre to contribute thtir muc to relieve us. frona the heavy loud of national expenfe which we lie under ?"■ When the (lamp-aA, printed by royal authority, reached the colonies, it was treated with every nidrk of indignation and contempt, bevtral a£ts of violence were likewife committed, with a view of preventing the operations of the ftamp-,af them obtain* nwcnt. |i(]c firft lord of ))' Mr. treorg^ n, an a£t was aduiSive of the aft for laying 4 wliith rctcived iht-r injudicious c of preveatine ed the trade of uotber country. mp-a^L was paff. the AiT.ericaus n their provin- ainent, in which [tideed, the fame ijent, when th« it was faid, that , even as the dt- ir own reprefeij* eV were not even of Cxreat Britain h thulo- who are tax the colonic itional. On t!is dbcea protecied Intribute towavis Icen of our own the Ameritaus, o a goad dcarte will ihey griKii;e loud ol national Ihed the colonies, [itenipt. Sevtval l>t preventing the ll'o formed in the I'cs not to import V>vld be repealrd. Lhcd coinn^itttes lucernUig the "gc- [from thefc conir Jombleil together icoogrcb ht,id ott m ;ilarm in Kng- lilcrs. 'A he «i(U:*' Mit of Rockingham was appointed firft lord of the tiwafury; ao4 fome of tiii lordlhip's friends fucc<;eded to the vacant places. In March, iy66, an aA was paffed for repcaiing the American flamp-a^, fhjs was| counleuanced and fupported by the new miniftry ; and Mr. P'ltJ, thp^lgl^ not connefted with them, yet Ipoke with great force in favour of thi? lepeal. H& ^\^o aflcrted, that the profits of Great Britain from the tradi^ of the colonics, through all its branches, was two millions a ytar. At the time thjit the ftamp-aft was repealed, an aft w^s alfo pafled faf feturinff the dependence of the American colonies on Great Britain. The marquis of Rockingham and 'his friends continued in admini- Cration but a fliort time; though, during their continuance in power, feveral public mcafurea were adopted, tending to relieve the burthen* of the people, and to the fecurity of their liberties. But on tlie 30th of July, 1766, the duke of Grafton was appointed firft lord of the trea- fury, in tne room of the marquis of Rockingham ; the earl of Shel» burjie, fecretary of ftate, in the room of the duke of Richmond ; Charles Townfljend, chancellor of the exchequer -. and Mr. Pitt, nowf created carl of Chatham, was appointed lord privy feal; but that eminent ^tefman's acceptance, of a peerage, as it removed him from the houfe of commons, greatly leffened his weight and influence. Indeed, thi» political arrangement was not of any long continuance, and Amdry ' changes followed. Mr. C. Townfliend, who was a gentleman of great abilities and eloquence, made for fome time a confiderable figure -both iu the cabinet aud in parliament ; but on his death, the place of chan- cellor of the exchequer was fupplied by lord North, who afterward* became firft lord of the treafury, and obtained a great afcendency in tkc adminiftration. In the year 1768, Mr. Wilkes, who ha4 for a confiderable time re- fided in France, tame over to England, and again became an objeft of public attention^ The limits of our work will not permit Ui to enter into all the particulars refpefting the profccution of this gentleman, and the fiibfequent tranfaftions concerning him ; for thefe we mnl\ refer to our quarto edition. It is well known that vtrdifts were found againft hinn on account of the North Briton, and for the indecent poem, '« Eilay on Woman;" that he Aiffered a long imprifonment of two years, aud paid two fines of 500L each ; that he difplayed great abilities during his contefts with the miniftry, and was chofen member for the coonty of Middlefex, on the 28th of March, 1768. He was alfo again expelled for being the author of fome prefatory reinarks on a letter which he p^ibiiftjed, writteii by one of the fecrttarics of ftatc to the chairman of tlif q.iiarier-feUions at Lambeth, in which the fecretary had recommend- ed to tlie magifti"atcs, previous to the nnhappy affair of St. George's fields, their calling in the afliftance of the inilitary, and employinff t\\e.m effu'iua ^, if there (liould be occafion. In the vote for his ex- pnlfioa, his former offences, for which he was now fuffering imprifon fiient, were complicated with this charge; and a new writ was or- dered to be iflued for the clcftion of a member for th« county of Mi4«- dlcfex. '1 he rigour with which Mr. Wilkes was profecuted only increafeil hi« popularity, whi<.h was alfo much augmented by the fpirit and fismitefi which on eviVa an alderman of London: and on the i6th ot Febniarv, i;'69, he w ;u re-eleftcd, at Brentford, metiiber for the vvv.t\tv of Middle- fex, withoHt oppofition, The return having been maUe to the houla, U iva^ aioived, thai Mr. Wilkes, having been expt-llcd that feflion, wa^ vm 111 wjk ■r W W\ , m^ M^'l W^ pi ^ '« mb ! li P 1 ^ pf fr. V V" , S' * ..,f .' J|2 E'NO L A M~D. i !i"!! , iii; fooiiMblp of heint ce^ed f ^arn^flof that MrlUircnt Tfie laie .f|kilKdi\, tht-refort, wisi^atn €l«el>#«d void, tina a new writ ifliied for ||Mt|tier< He w«»cm(;eiiiore sli^itmiirdtiflv re eleAed i)y the freeh^ilders, .in4the elision waf i^\i\ ik^MfiA vtw bv^tfae haufe of coinmbhs. Aft*r tW'^ ■new cteAron bdinf VvM^* coI«ar«4(jg|Uteflrb1m^^^ ©f deaion; the numbers lor Nl^iikes iitfJMi^^ tt^^i jind feir |4K^rei only %$6. Notwithibndinz tltiVtWodty«^tm«rtti#ff^^ in the houfe of comm&nt, that xr/lrtlftth^^i^ to1iM«l)«Bf| returned . a knight of the fhiitlv^'theiediraty df IfMfdnaexritftf the t i^i etrery part of tlte kingdom. ' ■ • After the term of Mr. Wilkes's impHfOt^tit was expired in the year 1 77 1, he was chofen on^ of the fltejfjtfsiin>£.9ndfmand Middle(ex;'and was afterwards again chofen member hif tii^oauhty of fiArdiUefek in tke fnbfeqifent parliamenr, and permltred'aiiitf ijrt<> taW his iirat there; ^n the year r77^, heexcciired thcofflceqiritofB mayor of the city of Lon- don ; aud has been fince eleded to the liu^r^fve office of chamberlain of that city. In the yeaV 1783, after the change of lord North's admini. flratbn, On Mr. Wilkes's motion^ all the declarations, orders, r.nd reib- lutions of the hotifc of corrtmons I'efjpefting his eled to meflengers. •d with great joy m\s new atti-mi^ti [h/befides the ex- ownal, a gentle- ,nift», faid »n t le ,oufeoughtto be ica, uuWerlaily, »anv internalta/ have not a (hare |M this claim mult s of partv leader* It Imciilative en- n i^aSon which .aitial: — '^'»^''' Ltfsinthecoun. Us; yet the lame •, ahfs, tea, ic. or the purpol^' nt ears after, tt,«as ontai hwtabrt tt-ajr mjt the amvfi't of the datieS, but the tig^t of the pari iatnent of Great Britain to iftipofe raxes in America, which was the fubjeft of ilifpute, the repealing the other duties anfwered no pwrpoftv while that on teafc- Biaiited j which accordingly became a frefli fubjedl of con^teft, between the mOthcf-coimtry and the colonks. Ill order to induce the Eaft India company to become inftrumentalin fnforcing the tea-duty in America, an aft was paflbd, by which they were enabled to export th^ir teas, duty free, to all places whatfoever. Several fhfps were accordingly freiglited with teas for the different co- lonies by the company, who alfo appointed agents there for the difpodkl of that comrhodity. This was confidercd by the Americans as a fcheme calculated merely to circumvent them into a compliance with the reve- nue law, and thereby pave the way to au unlimited taxation. For it was eafily comprehended, that if the tea was once landed, and in the cuftody of the confignees, no atTociations, or other meafures, would be fufficient to prevent its fale and confumption: and it was not to be fuppofed,- that, when taxation was eftablithcd in one inftance, it would reftrain it- felf in others. Thefe ideas being generally prevalent in America, it was Ircfolred by the colonifh to prevent the landing of the tea-cargoes lamongft them, at whatever hazard. Accordingly, i&itee (hips laden with ea having arrived in the port of Bofton in December, 1773, a numrber tf armed men, under the dhfguife of Mohawk Indians, boarded thefe lips, and in a few hours difchargcd their whole cargoes of tea into the ;a, without doitig any other damage, or oflFering any injury to the cap- lint or crews. ScMie fmillef quantities of tea met afterwards with a imilarfate at Bottoft, arid a few other placed ; but in general, the com- ^liflioners for the fate of that commodity were obliged to relinqoifh their Imployftwpts; and the mafters of the tea ve(rels,,m)m an apprehenfion ff danger, returned again to England with their cargoes. At New York, idced, the tea was landed under the cannon of a man of war. But the irfons in the fervice of government there wf re obliged to confent to i being locked up from ufe. And in South Carolina fome was chrovcn ito the river, as at Bofton, and the reft put into damp warehoufes, where perilhed. Thefe proceedings in America excited fo much indignation in thei^o* irnmcntof England, that, on the 31ft of March, 1774, an if\ was paSed removing the cuftom-houfc officers from the town of Bofton, and itting up the port. Another acft was foon after paHed ♦' for better iulating the government iii the province of Martachufetts Bay." The Igii of this ah was to alter the conftitution of that province ar, it flood the charter of king William ; to take the whole executive power out :he hands of the people, and to veft the, nomination of the counfcl- Judges, and magiftrates of all kinds, including flieritfs, in the crown, in lome cafes in the king's governor, and all to be removable at the ifure of the crown. Another aft was alfj pailed, which was confi- as highly injurious, cruel, arid iinconftitutional, empowering the ;rnor or MafTachufetts Bay to fend perfons accufcd of crimes there, e tried in England for /uch ofTericcs. Some time after, an aft was Iwifepafled '* for making more'^effeftual provifiou for the e;overnment; province of Quebec," which excited a great alarm both in Englami America. By this aft, a legiflative council was to be eftablifiied for eatfairsof the province of Quebec, except taxation; which council to he appointed by the crown, the office to be held during pleafure; his majefty's Canadian Roman catholic fubjefts were entitled to a in it. The Frcuch laws, and a trial without jury, were alfo efta" Am r \ ■ ' 8W fi N O L A N D; bliflied in civil cafes, and the Engli(h laws, with a trial by jury, ia cth ifiinal ; and the popiih clerp' were invelled with a legal right to their tithes from all who were ot their own religion. No aflembly of the people, as in other Britilh colonies, was appointed, it being faid ia the ti&, that it was then inexpedient : but the king was to ere£t fuch courts of criminal, civil, and eccleHaftieal jurifdi^iion, as he Ihonld think prc< per. The boundaries of the province of Quebec were likewife ex. tended, by the a£l, thoufands of miles at the back of the other colonies, whereby, it was faid, a government little better than defpotic was efta-^ bliflied throughout an extenfive country. The meafures of government refpe^ing America bad fo univerfajly cxafperatpd the colonics, that provincial or town meetings were held in every part of the continent, in whith they avowed their intentions of oppoHng, in the mod vigorous manner, the meafures of adminiftration. Agreements were entered into in the different colonies, whereby the fubfcribers bound themfelves, in the mofl folemn manner, and in the prefence of God, to fufpeild all commercial intercourfe with Great Bri. tain, from the lail day of the month of Auguft, 1774, until the Bofton {>ort bill, and the other late obnoxious laws, were repealed, and the co- ony of Maflachufetfs Bay fully reflored to its chartered rights* Other tranfa£tions fucceeded ; and the flame continued to increafe and extend in America, till at length twelve of the colonies, including that whole extent of the country which ftretcbes from Nova Scotia to Georgia, had ij appointed, deputies to attend a General Congrefs, which was to be held at Philadelphia, and opened the 5th of September, 1774. They metac cordingiy, and the number of delegates amounted to fifty -one ; whore* 1 prefented the feveral EngliQi colonies, of New Hampfliire (2 delegatet), MafTachufetts Bay (4), Rhode Ifland and Providence plantations (2), Connefticut (3), New York (7), NeW Jerfey (4), Pennfylvania (7), the lower counties on Delaware (3), Maryland (4), Virginia (7), North J Carolina (3), and South Carolina (5 delegates) ; Georgia afterwards ac- ceded to the confederacy^ and fent deputies to the Congrefs. Tiiey drew up a petition to the king, in which they enumerated their] feveral grievances, and folicited his majelfy to grant them peace, liberty,! and fafety. They likewife publilhed an addrefs to the people of Gre.it| Britain, another to the colonies in general, and another to the inhabiJ tants of the province of Quebec. The congrefs broke up on the 26th| of Odober, haying refolved, that another congrefs (hould be heidia the fame place on the loth of May following, unlefs the grievaiicesoa which they complained fliould be redrefTed before that time ; and the recommended to all the colonies to choofe deputies, as foon as poiBblti for that purpofc. Shortly after thcfe events, fome meafures were propofed in the| ment of Great Britam, for putting a flop to the coniinotions which 1 happily fubfifted in America. The earl cf Chathatri, who had beenloii in an infirm flate of health, appcareti in the houfeof lords, and exprtfll In the ftrongeft terms his difapprobatioa of the whxile fyftem ofAmfl] ; can meafures. He alfo made a motion for immediately 'recallingtl troops from Boflon, as a meafure which fliouId be inftantly adoptcJ urging, that an hour then loll, ia allaying the ferment in America, migl produce years of calamity. He alleged that this conciliatory meifil yould oe well-timed ; and, as a mark of affciftion and good will on oj fide, would remove all jealoufy and apprebenfion on the other, and* flantaneoufly produce the h.ippieft effes to both; His lordfliip's motij was reje^ed by a large majority, 68 againA iS; as was alio a bill ^^ ^>^ GLAND. 35^ Jebrouglitfafoon after for fettling fk a . -*^ The methods propofed in the houfe of r *"""" *«'"bl«» by 6i t g«era/aS f ^^^^^ ^^ ^ch of thcLlon ras'iouT by the k ng in parliament/ TWsmoMn'"''"'^""' ^ >ye/« "proved S tvoother American a Je„f«fr'''T"* 5 thereupon ir fS '^^ ''"'. of commons, onbeKof the cof"'-'^ '''•^' ^'''^ « >« baf^.t'i: 'f theirapnlicationwas e/efted ?r-''»r"^^ fc uniappy ckif „„ „P,"!' •''''^' *"•'» «r(f blood „«j pi. »« occafioLd bi t^rjP"" ?•"' Concord Wn" r"? '> can ipUitia inverted the t^wn of Iff'"' «"«nercus bodies of the a ""^'"^ I troops were, hi all th^ r^\ • ^?^*°"» ^o which gener)»l A '''^^'■ dirpLh, and a f?op 4s i?S ^''^>' P'^^P^red forT^JiSl?"'^ ^i' I prov iions Tk- *^ . almoft every wher«» r>„f * .l "" ^"^ u moft py alfo ftriaiy prohibUed th? r^' ,"°'^'"«I value oTthsr^"'"' Jjnthemean.time/abodvnf • ' ^^'^'-^^ «'" mamed m HO men, fufprifed {h. P''?r^"cial adventurers arrnn .• I Aaa ' ''^^"'"«* governor, ^fli^. ill 11 i!it ihah U$ ENGLAND. «nts, and hou<^ of al&nikly, according tp tbe powers contsinrd in their original charter. Onr limits will not permit v$ here to ieU'lie, as' In the quarto edition, •U the partict)lar» of this fatal war,' We can only mention fome of the moft important tranfa^ions. On the 17th of June, 1775, a bloody aAion took place at Bunker's Hilt, near Bofton, in which the Icing'} troops had the advantage, but with tlie lofs of 216 killed, and more than s fo ably defended by the Americans under general tee, that the Britifl commodore and gerieral w ere obliged to retire, the kiog's (hips having *tained cuo 'iderable lofs ; and a twenty-eight gun Ihip, which ran a-gii., tnd, was obliged to be burht by the otlicers and ibmeo. However, a m nch more important and fut cefsful attack againft the Americans was foon after mad ' under the command of general Howe, then joined with a lar^e body of Hellians, and a confiderable number of Higlilanders, fo that his whole force was now extremely fori- niidable. The flee; was commanded by his Iirother vice-admiral lord Howe ; and both the general and the admiral were inverted with a power, under the title of " Comm'ffiorsers for granting peace to the colonies," of granting pardon to thof who would lay down their arms But their offers of thiii kbd were treateiJ by the Americans with contempt. An attack upon the' town of New York feems to have been expected by the provincials, and therefore they had fortified it in the beil martner they (were?! .. On Long Ifland, near New York, the Americans had alio lalarg' ocr of troops encamped, and feveral works thrown up. Ge- JBerallriv.': firft lauded on Staten Ifland, where he met with no oppo- fition; ' 01 (4rly in the morning of the 22d of Augurt, a defcent was made by tne Britifli troops upon Long Ifland, and towards noon about fifteen thoufand were landed. They had greatly the advantage of the Americana, by their fuperior (kill and difcipline, and being better pro- jvided with artillery, and every kind or military accommodation; and jthe American palles were far from being properly fecured. Some actions iinil Ikirmiflics happened between them during feveral fucceilive days, Iw which thfliiitifti troops engaged their enemies with great a'rdoyr, ^y 5^ \'^^^' IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 1.0 I.I ■^ 1^ III 2.2 S i;£ lllllio 1.8 L25 U 1.6 ^ 6" ► V] /^ / '/ /^ Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST M^^IN STRfET WEBSTER, NY. MS^O (716) 872-4503 4g^ 4^ z. ! 3^ e'ngl a'nd. i^h4 ^||e Americans (^^flfered exceedingly. Fihdifi| tKemfeli^es fo iiiiic& overpowered, they at lenjjitK relTolved to quit the" i(I|Ad, and general "W^alhijigtpn cacpe oyer from New York to condu6^ their retreat, in which lie difplay^ great amtity. In the night of the zgtk of July, t;hc Ame*- ;^ic^n tro<;ijps^wet:f|W.it[idrawn fronn the camp,^ and their difFcent works; t^^i!^,^uu^e»'((pre8, aq^d. part of tbelir artillery, were conveyed to the iyatji:r-;iK^^embarkQ^ and paifed over a long terry to New York, with iV(i^ extraordmaiy Slenc.e and ordti}^ that the Britilh army did not per- j^eive |:he|leaft motion, and were furprifed in the morning at iiuaing ^h^^j^fn^jcan lines abaqdqced, and feeing the laft of their rear-guard ja thj;ir bp^tSt and out of danger. The provincials had been fo fur< rounded by the Qritid^ troops, and the latter had difplaved fuch fnpe* rior military flkiU, that jt was a fubjed of wonder that the greateft part pf the American army iI\ould be able to effe^uate their retreat. In the diferent affcions^ previous to this, the lofs of the Americ is had'beett > very copfiderabie. Upwards'of a tjftoufand of them wc taken pri- roner8,includiDg three kcnerals, three t:olouels, and many uiferior c^ii- cers : their . nunaber, kuled and wounded was computed to be flill greater; they loftalfo five field-pieces, and a quantity of ordnance was found iq, their different redoubts and forts on the ifland; whilft the \^hble loik of the Britifli troops, if fiuthfully pubrifiied, did not amount tiQ more than three hundred killed and wounded. ; Kewil^ork was now fpon abandoned^ and the royal army ob6ined A)me.other confidcrable advantaged over the Americans, at the White rlauis, taking Fort ]Wa(hihgton, with a garrifon of 2 coo men, ^nd Fort l«ee with a great quantity of (lores; which lofles obhged the Americail general to i:^treat through the Jerfeys to the river Delaware, a diftance of ninety miles. Alfo on the 8th of December, general Clir^ton and fir !^eter Farker obtained polTeifion of Rhode- ifland : and the Britiih troops CO tred'the Jerfey?. This was the crifis of American danger. All fheir fort3 wdre, taken, the time of thegreateft part of their army to ferre was expired, and the few that remained with their officers were in a deAitute ftate, with a well clothed and difciplihed army purfuing; Had |;eneral Howe i>uflied on at that time to Pliifadeiphia, after Wafliington, },l has been . maintained there would have been an end to the conteil; put Providence directed otherwife; and the central's orders from hoAie ye faid to have prevented him. This d^ay gave time for volunteer reinforcements of gentlema^ inerchant, farmer, tradefrnaiij and la- bourer, to join gentral Wafliington, who, in the night of the ajth of Pecen>ber,>amidil fnow^ ftorms, and ice, with a" wiall detachment, CfofTed the r>elaware, "and furprifed a brigade of the Heffian troops it , !J'renton. He tp'ok upwards of 000 of them pri foners, with whom he l^pafled the river ; having alfo taken three ftandards, fix pieces of br^Ti roceedin{jto attack hun, fuppofing him ill hU foirmej^ ppfitiob. : ■ ■ i '■' • '•"' '\''" III the nionth of September 1777, two «6l:ion»6f fome importar j^^ j^ap^ened betivten the armies of general Howe and general Wa{nington|' in Doth of which ihe forrti^r had the advantage t addfoon after, thecltjr el Philadelphia (urrendered to the king's troOp!i>. But an expeditioni that had for fome time been concerted, of invadifig the northern cobr aies by way of Canada, proved extremelv unAlcceGfill. The comnAn^ of this expedition had been 'given ^o lieutenant<-geileral Biirgoyhe, | very expeiienced officer. He & out from Qjjebec with an army of near io,oob men, and an ejctraordinary ifine tniin of artillery, dnd was joined by a confiderable body of Indians. For fome time he drove the Ame« jricans before him, and rfiade himfelf mafler of Ticonderoga ;^but at liength he encountered Aich difficulties, and was fo vigo^oufly oppofed by the Americans under Qates an<\ Arnold, that, aftertwo fevers anions la which great niin^bers fell, general Burgoyne, and his army of 5,600 men, were obliged to lay down their arms, Oftpber 17,1777. About the fame time, fir Henry Clinton and general Vaughan mado t fuccefsful expedition againft the Americans up the North River} they made ^eoifelves roafters of feveral forts; but the Americans con^- plaided, that in this expedition, and fome others, the Briti/h troops had wantonly i^et fire to houfes and towns, particularly Efopus, and carried on the war in a manner not ufual among civilifed nations. Thefe de- vaftations greatly incr^fed the averfion of the AmeriiQ^s to the Briti(h government, which had already taken a deep root. General Howe foon after returned to £ng|lttd, and the command of the Britifli army in Atneric^ devolved upbif general Clinton ; but it wa& now found ne« ceflary to evaluate Philadelphia ; and accordingly Clinton retreated with the army to New York, in juhe 1778. The Britiih troops were at- tacked on their march by the Americans; but the retreat was £p ably condudedj or the American general Lee behaved fo ill, that their lou didnotatnqunt to 5c>o, killed and wounded. During part of this unhappv war between Great Britain and the colo- nii^, thelatter received confiderable fupplies of arms i|nd ammunition from France ; and the French court teems to have thought this a fa. vourable opportunity fbr le(fening the power of Great Britain. Some French Officers alfo entered into the American fervice ; and on the 6th of February, 1778, a treaty of alliance was concluded at Paris, between the French king and the Thirteen United Colonies ; and in this treat/ it was declared, that the eflential and dircA end of it was " to maintain einduaily;^e liberty, fovereignty, and independence, abfolute and un» limited, Of the United States of North America, as well in matters of g»vernm^nt as of commerce." * The parlijiment ahd people of Great Britain now began to be in ge- neral alarnned at the^tal tendency of the American war : and in June, 1778, the earl of Carlifle, William Eden, and George Johnftoh'ej efqrs. arrived at Philadelphia, as commiffioners from his majefty, to fettle thtf difputes'between the mither-ceuntry and the colonies. But it was now too late: the terms which, at an earlier pM'iod of the conteft, would have been accepted with gratitude, were now rejected with difdain ; and the congr^fs pofitively refufed to enter into any itreaty with the Britlfli commiffioners, if the irvdependency of the United' States of .Aniorica was not previouily acknowledged, or the^Britifli fleets and vmies withidniWD from Atnoica. Neither of thefe requilStioaa bring Aa4 \ 3^ STNf GLAND. CQffi|pj!^4i wUb, the Ml V cominued to be carried on with muttiatani. The condi^ft of France towards Great Britain, in taking part with- the l^volted cplflniee^ occaTmned hoftilit.ifs to be commenced between the two nations, though without any forn»l declaration of war on either 4d«. On the a7th oi Jwoe*. 1778, the Licornc and l.a Belle Poulc, £ 9. fiieivck frigates, were titken by admiral Keppel. Orders were iilfdiatfly ifiiicd I^ the French covet fof ivaJ^iog cu^rifais on the ^-paol Great Brtniu; «idon thea;th of July, « battle! wa* hxwhi B^il between tl». £ogli0i. Aeet, under the conMsand of adnriral .^ ppei, 1^ the French fleet,, under the co^im^nd of count d'OrviU M$n. Tfht fingjifli fleet coiiiified of ym ihips of the linjs, and the French j»» beMes Wgatef : the}, engaged for about three hours; butthca^on TM notdecifivet 00 ih>p being taken on either iide. and the French 4eet at liengtU retreated tiUo the harbour ^ Brcft. Of the EngliOi, 1 ^ ivere kiUed in the adioiy;, and 373 wounded } and the lofs of the French M Cuppored to have, beep very great. After the engagement there was mucn murniitring throughout the £i»glifli fleet, 'becaiife a decifive vic< tpry had not been obtained oi-er the French; at iaft the blaine wa» thrown ^!p ai,nd Ul-fQundcd J' But fir Hugh Pailifer being afterwards tried by ^iptner courtTiaartlal^psurtly compofed from fonu:. of the captains of his oWn divifiion, he Ilkewtfe was acquitted ; his difobedience.to the^dmi* ral's ard«ra was confidered as being qccafio^ed by the difabled (late of bisihip; aflight(:enfMreonly W9s pafled ou. him ^or not making the ftate of his. fl)ip knoiw'n to the admiral; and his conduct in other refpedts was declared to have been meritorious. In thf £all Iiudies alfp an engagement happened between fome Enelifli ftips of Avar ander the command of fir fi^ward Vemon, and lome F/ench fhlps uode^ the commaud of Monf. d« Tronjolly, r()urs were rifols on the wa$ h\whi i of admiral nmt d'OrviU 4 the French Etuttttea^ion [ the French Englifli, 173 »f the French •nt there wu I decifive vie- 10 btatne wa» U(t, who was iQce of ctrders. he requited of unfavourable niraldeclmed; ir Hugh PallU ajimi rally (of ig^inft admirii 4 continued to A mode of ccnfured; bat 4Mld for the held, admiral and fir Hugh to be " mali- rwards tried by captains of his le .to the^^dmi* fabi<;d ilate of taking the fbte other rcfpefts FitocK aJid Americans were driven oS with great lofs» and I>*Eftaing foon after totally aban i -tned the coaf^ of America. At the clofe irf the vear t779» f«v^"l French fljips of war, and merchant fliips, wer«) tak- In'm the Weft Indies, by a fleet under the co^nmand of fir Hyde By the intrigues of the French c(xiii;t, Spain wa? at length brotitbthi enmfi with France in the war againfl England. On? of the firft enter- nrifciin wbich the Spaniards engaged w»s the ficgft of Gibraltar, wHlifb was «lefended by the garrifon wrtl» great vigowr. The naval for^fe'^ Spain was alfo added to that of France, now become extremely for- midable* miA their combined fleets feemed for a time to ride altpoft tri- umnhant in the Britiflv Cijannel. So great were their arma,meffts,| fb«t thf nation was under no inconfiderable apprehcnfions of an invafion; but they did not venture to make an experiment of that kiiid ; and after parading for fonae tim< in the Channel, thought proper to retire to their own po""^* without effeAing any thing. On the 8th of .Ja;iuary 1780, it George Brydges Rodney, wfio had a large fleet under his command, cultured feven Spanifli fliipaand yedkls of war belonging to the rbyti company of Caraccas, with a number of trading veflels under their con- voy; aad in a few days after, the fame admiral engaged, near Cape St. Vinceot, a Spanifii fleet, conCfting of eleven ihip of theiine,^ and twit fri^tes, un^er Don Juan de Langara. Four of thelargefi Spaniih fhipi were tidLen, and carried intcv^wraltar, and two others driven on fbore^' eQC of which was afterwards recovered by the EngUfb. A Spaatfh 70^ sun (hip, with 600 men, was alio blown up in the a^ion. In April and fSxf three actions likewife happeoed in the Weft Indies, between the Engliih fleet under adnniral Rodorr, who was now arrived in that part of the world (having previoufly thrown fupplie$ into Gibraltar), and tjbe French fleet under the count de Guichen ; but none of thefe adion* were decifive, n bogflioadsof tobacco ^ ut none of thefe events at that time j^irilTed ^hjrTpeedy termin^Uoo of the war; they rather contnbuted tib disawthe attention of th« ^qic ricans and the French at Rhode ifliind to that quarter, where the next year t\it decifive blow was (truck, wluch firmly eiftabliflied American in. dependence. Lord CorhwaU.is's fituatioh at Wilmingtoii was very dif. agreeable, and his force reddoed folow that he could not think of nvircb* ing to Charles-town by lan'*'; heturoed his thoughts then to a co-opeiqt* fton in Virgtoia with Philips aikd Arnold, and began his macvh, April %^t 1 78 1. In this central proving, all tbefcattered operations ofac tiv« hoiHIity brgan at length to coi^erge into a pointy aod the grand ca. tafttophe of the Americau war opened to the world. By djffereut re-tq. forccments, lord Cornwallis's force amounted to above 7000 excellent troops; but fuch was their plundierinj; and deva(btions op, their route, and the order of the Americans, his fitUation became at length very cri. cical. Sir Henry Clinton, the commander in chief, was prevented from fending thofe fuccours to him which he otherwife would ha v-^ done, hy ki^ fairs for New York, againft which he apprehended Wafhington me- ditated a formidable attacR. This American general played a game of great addrefs : as many of their pofta and difpatches had been intercept* [ id, and the letters publifhed with great parade aod triumph iu the New I York papers, to expofe the poverty, weakiiefs, and, difunion of the Americans,— Waffiington foon turned thetableson the British command. and derived public advantage from this fource of ve;(atjon anil crs, Jirejudice^ He wrote letters to the fouthem officers and ethers, inform ng theni of his total inability to relieve Virginia^ uiile^s by a,dire(9t at- tack with the French troops on New York, Ho afl«rted it wasabfp- lotiiBly determined on, and: would foon be executed* Thefe letters were : intercepted (as was intended they (hould), with others of the likel^ind .firom the French officers ; and the prnjed was. iuccefsful. Sir Henry Clinton 'was^ys aautfed and deceived, 4Utd.ftcpti from foriDing at^y^u* fpicioo of the real defigns of the enemy. 9f i^ Variety of • judicious ^mi^tavy maHcenvrM, Waikingtoo *^cpt| New York and its depeudenctcs in a continual ftate of alarm for a ' ENGLAND 365 hAut fix weeks, «n^ then ftfddenl/ mlkrched acrofs tlie Jerfeys and tbiooth ?tMfvhtmh tothe Heitd of EI)c, atthe bottom of the Chefa< ^Mik fforti wftlcb the light trc*ops were conveyed by fl)ip||>i.is down {he bay ao^ the* bulk of the army, after reaching Maryland by fitrcMl marches, weft ai(b tl\trt embarked, and foon joined the other body un- derthe marquis de la Payette. Sir Henry CHiiton reteivtng informatioa that the codnt de Grafffe vm expefted every i^iomeht in iht Chefapeak« JfA i lotfe lYeRch fleet to co-operate with Wafhington, now feiioufly atttmtn^d to re-inforice k>fd CornwaUtt,,bQt without fatoth ; forba wb (th of September, mfiter a partial aftfon of a few hours lietween the BH- m fleet under admind Graves, and that of the French under de Oraflcf, <2n«es returned tw New York to rciit^and left the French mafleft of tbe aiflgsrion oftheChefape«k. Peiisntly tfaemoftefleAaalm^aAireiweit l^Med bv ceneral Walhington for ftirroontding lord ConiwalUt's itrmyf ttfd^n the uft of Se^embcr it w>af doMy inv^fhd in York Town, and »(Slr'th^ni. " " " " ~ 'ntfror feflun), au^ another 74 funk during the englgeii ot th-4 Bri, feneh un. IcttstSe. 'ppoftvthe rench ad- ityofParii id one of 64 •is in our pot few days after, two more of the fame fleet, of 64 guns each, were .aptiured. By this vi^ory of the lath of Aprlii the defi|;a aeainft Jamaica was fruftiatd. The new miniftry had fu perfeded admiral RqKin^y, and intended to have .profecutcd the inquiry into his tranfafiiontat St. Eufiatiusi bjit thisjvicf tory filenced all complaints, aad^procured him the dignity of an £n^& peer." < .. . . ■ i" '■ May 18th, the Bahama iflands furrendered to the Spaniards ; but the eredft of the Britifli arms was well fufiained at Giualtfir, under^^n^n^ £!liot, the governor; and the formidable attack on the 13th of S^ptem. jber with floating batteries of aizbra& canon, &c. in fhlps from. 140019 4Soo tons burdtii, ended in dinrppointment, and. the deftruAion of all the fhips and xpoit of the aflailauts.>n them. The garrifon was relieved by lord Howe, in the month of OAober, who offered battle to the combined force of France and Spain, though twelve fail of the line in< ferior. The military operations afitr this were few, and of little confe. quence. Negapatnam, a fettlement in the Eaft Indies, and Trincomale on the i '7 and of Ceylon, were taken from the Dutch by the Bntilh forces; but the French foon receiving confiderafole fuccours from Europe, took XTuddalore, retook Trincomale, forced the Britilh fleet in feveral aflioiu, Jhut none decifive, and enabled Hyder Ally to withftand, with various Xuccefs,, all the eiforts of fir Eyre Coote, and his troops. The death oi^the marquis of Rockingham, 'on the ifl of July, occa- fioned a violent commotron in the cabitiet, and leflened the hones which liad been formedi of important national benefits from the new adminifira* rion, lyord Shelburne fucceeded the marquis as firft lord of thetreafury, and, it is faid, without the knowledge of his eoUeagues. ; By the treaty of peace between Great Britain and France *, Oreat Bri. tain ceded to France all her pofleifions before the war, the iiland of Tobago, in the Weft Indies, and the river of Senegal in Africa, « ithj |t$ dependencies and the forts oh the river; and gave up a few didriflsin] the Eaft Indies, as dependencies on Pondicherry, and Karical ; it agree " ilfo to reftoce the iflands of St. Lucia, St. Pierre, and Miqueion, a; :i ^ ^rrjclunjoiryarticlfttfrttkdjinuarf so,,i783i ENGL AN D. :^^^ l)i|Hbod of Goree ; with Pondicherrvt Karical, Mahr,<7bandenMgf>r0^ ml the consptoirc of Sunt, in the mft Indies, which had been <;oa- AMlcdfrom the French during the war. To prevent difputes abo^it houncUries >a ^^ Newfoundland fiflieiy, it wag iq;reed, that the Francm line for filing fl)oul(U>ecin from Cape St. John on the eaftcrn fide, aa__? ^1 £.k.._- ;/ 1 _.^ At.... i}_:..:/u A.w:^xi^ /1....1J u—^ (be fsid tWttt for unalterable, boundaries. Spain a^ireedT to refiore the illaodi of Providence and the Bahamas to Great Britain,; but they had ijlieenrttaken before the pieace was figned. ' h ^e treaty with thd United States of America, the king of GreaT ^tiin acknowledged New Hampftiire, Maflachufetts Bay, Rhod« I^ndand Providence PUntations, Connecticut, New York, New Jer- jey, Fennrvlvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia^ North Carolina, ,Soiitb Carolina, and Georgia, to htfree^fovayi^n^ and. indipendentfiatest jwi for himfel^ his heirs and fucceflbrs, reUnquiflied all claims to the mvernment, propriety, and territorial rights of the fame, and everjr jirt thereof. To prevent all difputes iq future on the fubje£l of boun- jjuin between theie itates and ;he remaining provinces of Great Britain^ iioei ^ttt very minutely drawn, which will be noticed ip, the propcf place, and fome favourable ciaufes were obtained for the loyalifts., Th« uvigation of the MifiilBppi to refnain open to both parties^ as alfo tt^ Ifcwfoundland iiflieries. Inthe treaty with the Dutch, great difficulties arOfq :. but at length it tu fiipulated, that Great Britain fhould reftore Trincomale in theifland i){ Ceylon, but the French had already taken it; and that the Du'^ch Ibould yield to us the town of Negapatnam, with its dependencies, iol tb( EadiaJics,. with liberty to treat,for its reflitution on the point oF loequivalent. > thus a period was put to a mod calamitous war, in which Great India loft the beft part of her American colonies, and many thoufand |nlittble lives, and expended or fquandered nearly 150 millions of Idohey. The t-rins of the peace were, to many, a fubjeft of great re- E;t; but, had the war continued, it would have been neceflary to hav^ rrowed annually 17 millions and a half, by which a million, ^r«i«xt»/!| would have been added to the taxes, and 25 millions at leaft to the ca* iul of the public debt, according to theufual modes of funding., ^Th< Mrefs of thanks for the peace was carried in the houfe of lords by a JQ/'ity of ^ to 59, but loft in the houfe of common^ by a m^odty of' iftd'zbS. , % The majority of th« conunoins thus enlifting under the banners of jhp jSI ts 6lahj3, fnmu euiHirm IfJirt^ Mr.' Fox aftd lord M6ft^, plainly indtcited t ait aifterial reroluHoq to be ncjnr at hand, unle(» t^e caMnet would MJ « ^w parHaiti«nt, At they dU fiot, tm peace-anakers were oblirtd tn «1tbdira>ir froth power. The two fentlemep jaft r^«ntioned were mub ftcretxriet of flat«, and the dnke^of Portland fii lord of the treafurSt miAprHthead, \^t^. AUptaniof reformation In public olBcea IH fbrnew regulatingtheffovemment of the £aft India cqnf>pany, and their commercial affikir^ ana territories ; a p}ai\ of wbieh iiill, its progrefs an! Ate, we have already given in our account of that trading companv Thia bill being rejeAed b the houfe of lordj, on December 1 7; Itar § mtfority of ic), occafioned a great ferment in the cabinet, and in bot^ boufes of parliament. A rml meflTage was fcn^ betweeri t cefllon. terpofedi the country witn diitraaion ; but thcif endeavours to form what they called a fimi, fedlcient, extended, and united adminiHration, proved on* foccefsfiil. At laft, aft^ drodi^iind repeated contefts between the two parties, oft the 35th of March, 1 7^4, a proclamation was iiTued far diflolving tht prtrliament, and calling a new one, agreeable to the defires andaddreifet of a great part of the kingdom. ' JuK at thattnritical period, the great feci was if oKn tttm the houfe of the lord chancellor; which occa(iene4 many infpicions, as if done by more tHap ordinary feloi^s ; but nothing lartHer apbedtred, and k new leal was prefently made. On the iSth of Maiy the netv ptfrliameot t^d^mbled, and the commons chofe Mr. Corn- wall, tfte fpeaker of the laf:* houfe, for their prefent fpeaicer. The next daV, his majefiy addrelfed tbem from the throne. A very feeble oppo< fitmo was made to the addrefs of thanks in the houfe or lords, ana it foon appeared that the appeal to the people had turned out greatly ia Mr. Pitt's favour; for on May 34th, on a divilion of the hpufe forqi addrefs to the kin^s fpeech, tfie numbed for it without any alteratioa i or amendment, were 383 aeainft fi^. Mr. fttt brought in his fttmonv Eaft Indhi bill the 5th of July, the leading particulars of which we have given in our account of that com* pany, with a few obfervations upon it. The builnefs of parliameniary reform having been taken up by MtA Pitt, he accordingly introduced a ipeciHc plan for that purpofe on thij i8th of April, i^C. The plan was to eive one hundred members to! the popular intereft of the kmgd'om,. and to extend the right of elcAionj t9 Wtmte one hundred thoufand perfons, who, by theexifting proviiionsj Wf law, were excluded firom it. This acceffion to the popular intereftl was to be principally obtained by the fuppreffion of decayed borough%| nml tRetranSfcr of their reprefehtatives to the counties ; fo that the mim"! %erof the houfe of commons would remain the fame.— irfter a debatt of confidctable length, it v6as rejected by i majocity of 74; the no Wing 348^ and tie ayet 1 74. aidlla.m f^i^Jk^ ltd » art. ould ol t obligM to were madi le treafaM )(Bcci, tni semed not ition admW famous US y, and thi^ irogrefs and g company. »er I ii by i and m botit ; orningoftha reals of thelt rtland as firft ftive depart- roajefty's ac^ iero(elves)in. irliatncnt and rtn what thty »n, proved oa* :wo parties, oA ' diffolving the s and addrcflfel riod, the great ich occaiioned i ; bul nothing )o the 1 8th (it ofe Mr. Corn- cr. The next feeble opoo- lords, ana it I out greatly ift hoofc form any alteratioa of July, tht It of that com* «'A»*V» ln«r "A *'»'*■* *'J «(« by Mf 1 ^cnup , jurpoic on tnt Id members to tghl of elcftion lingprovifions lopuiar intcreft tyed borough I that the nuw Mter a debat 74 i the no IgrcftabTiihing > imittt fbndf iiid ihtployitig « mijUon Ma}ifJ\y,itifl MhitiM the nitioMl to<{lture,' hv the Tuili of 990,099!. vv^icK ' r inertufed to * miilioh by me|ihk m ffo \vife burthenfoinc tol ibn S, Thii tn«liAire, tii^hith had t()c ton(;urs charj^es upon. The^ were produced, and Mr. Haftings heard at the bar of the houfeof 9019- [ jgoM in his de'Fente. The debates which arofe on (he fubje£| tcrtti- bated in iefolutions, that certain of the charges contained matter of im- jxacliment againft the late governor-eeneral of Bengal. Mr. Hifmngs fu therefore impeached by the commons at the Bar of the houfe of peers. His trial otcupiea a confiderable portion of eight (effious of ilprliament; ahd, ou the Icth of Aprils 179 c, the lord chtm^tWor j^o- BMOced the diecifioh of the peers in 'the following words :— <* Mr. Mines, the houfeof lords, after a very minute inveftigation, have ac* 'ted you of alt the charges of high crimes and mticiemeanbr^ pre- k) againft you by thte commons, and every article thereof} and you your bail are difcharged upon paying Vuur feed;'* Thus ended a tfial, which, for Irngtii of time, exceeded any in the fety of the world, having lafted feven years and three months. The conA)Iidation of the cUftoms and excife ws|s the mod important imfisnce deferving 6f attfcntidnin the year I787. This was a mea^ le^ of incredible labour and derail, as weil as of infinite advantage t6 mercei by facilitating gnd Amplifying the intricacies attendant on eantile traufaftions, and th^ paynlcnt of duties ; a regulation which daly and permant^ntly effefted. The trade carried on by this country, and other European naitions, M the coaft of Africa, for the purpofe of purchadne ne^ro flaves, to tmployedin the cultivation of the Weft India iQands andccrtainl jof the continent of America, does not appear, till of late years, to^ been cbnfid^red with that general attention which fuch a practice ' have been expected to excite ; a praftice fo abhorrent i^ its n|-„ thfe mild principles of modern policy and manners. The firil Ib'^attempt, we believe, that was made to put a ftop to thi$ tra£^c,. 1 l)y the Qjjakers of the fdathiirn provinces of America, ^n (iyat g j lathe fame Society appear^ iilfo to have taken the Fend, and,^after ^^^j "mole of thiir American brethren, prrefented a fimilar pejitipij^. ^, liamettt of this kingdom. . ,« ^«» taufe foon after breathe e*ttemely popolar. A great num^<5r,9i^ .^ lets werfc pubfiflttd tipdt^rhis fubje^t : feveral eminep^.diVif^Ss^,,;, imendcd it from th6 pulpitf and in printed difco\irres; ay<^j>e|U', j were prefented to the legiflature froni the two uiiiverri^iifi, j^ncl^ \^ feveral of the moft conmicihdjie towns and corporation^ ia^|be^^ nom. 8 3 \' >•■'' > majelfy's minificn thought it proper to inftitute an in^uirjc, b«" U b l>h lips 370 t N G L A $^iD. fore a committee of the privy council, intrif'tfiefa^sand allegations «!on. tained in tlje reprefentations of both parties. The firft public notice that was taken of the fubjeft, was an information communicated by Mr. Wilberforce,'foon after the meeting of parliament, of his intention to f>ring forward a pr-afure refpefting the flave-trade. . That gentlcraan being much indifpofed, Mr. Pitt came forward on the 9th of May 1788, jji the name of his friend, and mored the following refolution! ** That this houfe will, early in the next feffion of parliament, proceed to take into confideration the circumftances of the flave-trade, com. plained of in the petitions prefented to the houfe, and what may be fit to be done thereupon ;" which was unanimoufly carried. After this, on the 2ifl of May, lir William Dolben moved the houfe for leave to bring in a bill to regulate the tranfportatiohs of the natives of Africa to the Bri- tifli colonies in the Weft Indies*. By the bill now propofed, the number of flaves to be tranfported in any fljip was to be regulated according to its bulk or tonnage, allowing nearly one ton to each man. This was only intended as a temporary relief till fome more permanent expedient could be deviled by the k- giflature. Having pafled through the commons, it was carried up to j the lords, where it alfo palTed, after having received feveral amend- .ments; fome of which being thought to interfere with the privileges of the loXver houfe, a new bill was brought in, which paHed both houfesj and received the royal aflent. J The year 1788 being the hundredth anniverfary of the glorious revo.| ' lution in 1688, the fourth of November being the birth-day of kined, a tempoTarv 0dva&'/"^/° ^«ve J^ed as terregnum in fa«^ took nlatc • f U I °" °^ ''^«fon. A (be.i*.! f?*- ciK.fn,ftH„ces «-hich.ul£a, ; dSJ ""accompanied i^Tn^'Xir; foverc.g«, betrayed no fvmpron^s of '- f r ""^^ **""^'^ed towards thl^; moiion. Ti.e firft minifter Jn^^f j=°"^"fion, anarchy, or cilw ' ^ and confent, the pit/^Sred' {^ S^' ''^ ,« gen'S? brf: Wion; and the po tical mari?;^ :? """ before the kJna'c :„j-/- piH fuftaineS nrJer'teSt":" .*^°"^^"'^*^^'^' pfopelt" ihock, except thofe infeparabfyToXS J^^V?. T^^^°^-^^ C th£ yjation met ia a few days fvh}ZTnfT.?? ""^'^^ P'^^edihg pro. Tjegenfcra agitation and ci.riofitv^ /"I v 'u *'^^^*^"«''dinary eve^?, other emotions of hope and fS' of 111 v'^ ^^'^ ^°^ been^aiSed bv would alone have Drodnr-.^ , ' °f ambition, and of n»kr j ^ tbefubjeaoftiieJrmee npin"""""'""' ^'t^^n'dance Mr^S' ^"'^' «d theocca/ion c" rff^^/.'^'''^ concifeand patheric nf." "P'".'** joummentof a fortniphr S % "^''^^^» ^fl^^jfed an imm.i-^f ''' J" ,Mr. Fo. laid clai,; 7the vacant" '' '^-^ ^^i '"rnment ITat In?^/ iof the heir apparent as h!Jn ■ ^"P^*"*^ '" the name anrfn.! fJ Z ^"*'' _ Mr.PittdfmaKhet-^^^^^^^^^^ [received his croVn and ' T '"^'"'^ « '^'"^ of Emrland h.f'^ -^^ ^^^* tfdeciaringitfrTf foleL P^'-''^'"^"t, roufcl to a fe^nfe „/!? °"«'"«"y ^ ta.10 limitations. ""'' -'lueft^il to accept the re~„ ' P""," i rt.„„„,h of D.c™„^^ P «S"cy unto .tommejiced under rhp m^a , P'^° '" thefe contefts anrf »i, fey, fo ardently a'nS e<, ^ JIT '"«' "f coC^.^ »; H'ed influence fnlV-T' ''"'* ^^ '''^'"^er th^fcemr; ^.^ ^''^^'•^"gn Fhtd by everv fZc?, ^^^^^- ^^i le the KnaUnT ^' already 37* ENG liAKD. \ whutever abiiUies they might colIeAir«ly poflTeft, certiinty neither me- rited nor enjoyed the geiirral approbation and confidence. But the term of interregnum and miifortune was now arrived; and the impending calamity, which had menaced England with all the eviii of a regency, far more to be deprecated and dreaded than thofe from which the country had efcaped in 1784, was fuddenly and unexpe^edlf diflipated. The diforder, under which the king had fuifered during three months, and whofe violence bad hitherto appeared to baffle all medical (k\\[ and exertion, gradually, but rapidly, Tubfided. Sanity of Ip.ind and reafon refumed their feat, and left no trai:e of their temporary fubverfion. lime confirmed the eur(^, and reilored to his fubje^s a prince, rendered fupremely and pecuHarlv dear to them by the recent profpe^t and apprehenflon of his lofs. The vifion of a rtgency feded and difappeared, as the fovereign came forward to public view, and ivas totally extin^iAied by his refumption of all the regal funaioii). The demonftrations of national joy far exceeded any recorded in the Englijlt annals, and were probably more real and unfeigned than ever were offered on fimilar occafions. It was not only that a king, beloved thd refpefted, was recovered from the moA afti£ting of all fituationsin. 1 cident to hutnanltv, and enabled to re-afeend the throne; but fenti- ments of difapprobation and, of general condemnation, affixed to the meafurei and conduct of the oppofite party, heightened the rmotiotii of pleafure, by a comparifon with that ftate from M^hich the kingdom had been fo fortunately delivered. No efforts of defpotifhi, or maadatttl <>f arbitrary power, could have produced the ilhiminations which not! only the capital, but almoft every town and vitlage throughout thel kingdom, exhibited in tcftimorny of its loyaltv ; iind thefe proofs of itJ tachment were renewed, and even augmented, on the occafion of bisl niojefty's firft appearauce in public, and his folemn procelTion to StJ Foul's (on the a^d of April, 1 789), to return thanks to heaven forh^j recovery. , Whi 1ft the ancient ;;ovemmcnt of France was entirely overthnwB ind 9^ revolution the moft unexpe^ed was effected, it is diflici;!t to imi^ gine a picture of more complete ferenity,than England prefented. peace with a!I the world, in the bofom of repofe, me faW her comme and nianufa(Vfurcs extend, her credit augment, and her name excid refpe^ among the mofl diftant nations; while many of the great furl rounding European kingdoms were either mvolverf in foreign war, a defolatcd by domeftic troubles. In this happy fituation, a ftornfunexj pedtedly and fuddenly arofe from a quarter, where it would fcem th; 110 forefight or precautions could have nntieipated the danger. Amot the new and unexplorfd paths of commerce, which tllFfpirit of adij cerning and advantorous people had attempted to open fincethepa of 178^* were particularly two, which appeared to promife the m beneficutl returns. The firft was a whale fifhery, fimilar to thandiid had been carriedoaforagesnewthecoaft of Greenland; buttiansfew to the foiithern hemifphere, near the extremity of Patagonia, andiatj ftormy fcas which furround Cape H^n, as well as in the Pacif Ocean. In the courfe of a few years, this branch of trade badaii ircnted rapidly, an»l was found on trial to afford very important a vantages ) nor had it rcceive pan. thjc hops of procuring a ponfiderable quantity of thofe rare and eo(t\y ikins, for the fale of which a very advantageous market prefentcd ftfelf at CaiUon in phios^, was the Ip^diwg inducement to the adven* furers * a engaged in the expedhion, Z Animated by thefe views, and ha^'ing rpcpived the moft affirmative marks of the proteAion of governme.it previous to their departure, five (hips were fitted out from London in 178^, and the two fucceeding rcsrs. Four pf thjcfe veflels, after doubling Cape Horn, arrived iCifely on the north-weft coaft of Ameripa. "Jhe fanguine expe^tions which hid been entertained of effefting a lucrative exchange of commodities vith the natives, were fully and fpeedily realifed, Cargoes of the fineft jlurs were procured, and fold to ^ne Chinefe, even under ^reat commer- cial difcouraeements and pecuniary impofitions, at fo high a price as amply to reTmburfe and enrich the adventurer^. Other attempts of a fimijar nature were made frqm Bengal ; and two veflels were fucceflively difpatched from thp Ganges to the fame coaft in the vear 1 7S6. A fac- tory was eftabliihed at Nootka Sound, a port fituated m thie fiftieth de- gree of northern Ifititude, oi> the fliore of /Vmfrica. fofleffion of it was folemn)y taken in the name of the fovereign and crown of England : amicable treaties were concluded with th^ chiefs of the (neighbouring difbrids; and a traft of U^nd was purebred frpm one of then), on which tbic new proprietors proceeded to fqrm a fettlemenc, and to conftruA ftorehouiet. Every thing bore the appearance of a rifing cploiiy, and (Ach year opened new fources of commerce and advantage. Although individuals, occupied in exertions of this privatp fixture, could not be expected to extend their views or efforts to obj^f^s of pub- fie utility, yet fome further informatiop was collaterally and incidentally acQuired refpe^ing the continent of America, in tl^e courfe of their voyages. It is even pretended that a ftoop, named the *' VVafliiqgton," Bavkated for fome hundred miles along a vaft number of iflands fcat- l^in a fea which interleAs that continent in a nnrtheaft direction : and though the accounts hitherto received or trjmfmitted, of this e}(tra- Urdinaryand interefting fa6l, ar^; not either |b minut9 o^ io acquratc. It by any meaps to fntitre them to be impUpitly received, yet they ap- pear to be not totally deftitute of foundation or probatnlity. That, upon every principle of the layy of nations, upon the ^ftabllfl^ed vfage in all fimiiar cafes, and'aa being the 6rft fettlers, the Britifli adr venturers had an undoubted title to the place in aueftion, is beyond '^ifpute. Notwithftanding this, in^^e month of May 1789, a Spaniel lip of war from St. Bias in Mexico, called the PrinceiTa, comnunded by M. Martinez, and mounting aoguns, anchored there. The various Ivocations of trade having led the greater part of the perfuns employed ttthis fettktneiU to 4!%''THt parts of the coaft, tl^c quly ^gUfli trading fi bj 37^ E N G L1\ N D. Ihip remaining in the Sound was the Iphigenia. The PrincefTi waj foon joined by a Spaniih fnow of i6 guns; and, for fome time, miitnai civilities pafTed between the Spaniards and En^lifli. Thefe, however were at length interrupted by an order being (pnt to capt. Douglas (the commander of the Iphigenia) to come on board of the PrinccfTa ; when he was informed by M, Martinez, that he had the king of Spain's orders to-ftize all veiTcls which he might find upon that coaft, and that he (capt. Douglas) was his prifoner. In confequencfc of this, M. Martinez took poflellion of the Iphigenia in the name of his Catholic majeiiy, and coaveyed the prifoners on board the Spanidi (liip, where thty wero ironed. M. Martinez alfo took pofTeiiion of the fettlement, hoiked the Spailifh flag, and proceeded to eredl various buildings, on which he em-. floyed, together with his oWn men, fome of the crew of the Iphigenia. {e afterwards permitted captain Douglas to refume the command of his fhip; and on reprefenting that he had been ftript of his merchandife ana other flores, M. Martinez gave him a fmall fupply of ftorts and provifion (for which he took bills on the owners), by means of which about a fortnight after he was at firft detained, he was enabled to pro. ceed to Ghfina. Shortly afterwards, the Englifli veflcls, the North Weft America, the Argonau^ and the Princcfs Royal, arriving feparately at Nootka from their trading voyages, were captured by M. Martinez, their crews were made prifoners, and their cargoes feized. After fome detention, the crew of the North Weft America were fent to China, the two other veflels with their crews were fent to St. Bias in Mexico, and fome Chi. nefe, who had been brought to the fettlement by our peopje, were de- tained and employed as labourers. - Of the North Weft America, fent to China, no authentic account lia^ been received ; but on the arrival of the two veflels at St. Bias, a repre- fentation of their cafe having been made to the Spanifli governor, the fliips were reftored (on the omcers giving ftcurity to indemnify the go. vtarnor, fliould it be proved they were lawful prizes), the crews were fiirniflied with provifions, ftores, and money, to enable them to refume their voyage. Of thefe tranfaftiohs only a partial, vague, and unci'curnflantiaUc count was known by his majefty's niiniftcrs till the 30th of April 1790, when captain Mears prefented his memorial to Mr. Grenvjlle. This paper indeed conveye4 an intelligence of a very different nature from that which had been previoufly received. Within one week after tlie aflfifiir was communicated, the moft a<5livc and formidable preparations were made, a poutive demand of preliminary ftttisfatftion and reftitu. tion was fent to Madrid, and the people of England were called iijwn to adopt the national vindication. The (itft communicarion of tins bur finefs to the public was by his majefty's mcffage to parliament on the 5th of May, An attention to the honour of their country made it therefore nefef. fary for our minlfters to call upon the court of Spain itielf to givedireil ] fatiifa6lion for an injury committed by an ofiiccr af pfrtecution %nd alj.the ?^rtifice$, pt bigotry^ ^ not furprifmg; jj j, onty.furprjfing that th?y (hoyld Mte b««H fufl^ntd to remain in force for centuries of jjeace and tranquility, 'when the pQwer of the popt u aADJh^tedif^enJii countries profeUQf hb religion, and when alfthe pphia^iQUs principle^ of that religion are^dKavowed by Us profeflbrs. A fijfor'm-iii thp peo^l ftatutes hfcamie the more neceflary, flncc^ ijuij^ Cburfe qf ^he year 1790, a larae body of catholic dKTenters had fermaliy" protpfted^gainft the tdnporal power of the pope, againft h^safTumeS authority .pf releafing men firoip their civil' obi<|^ioii;,ctr difp«nfin» iffth the. Vacredneis of oaths. : . ' ■ It was iippq thjefe prijiciples, and Supported by ihefe arguments, thn Mr. Mitford jiibved, on the aift of February, 1701, for a committee o( the wHp^e houfe to enable him "to bring ifi.ft' bill to relieve, vpon con. ditions a^id under reftri6tions, peribns Callted protefting catholic dif. ftnters, from certain penalties and diitthsilities, to which papiftg, or ptr- fons prbfieijivg tW popifli religion, are by law fobjcA,-" This bill, Mr. Mitford added, would be ftn^ilar to that whiph had pafled ^n (rebni fome 'years lince; and as no ill confequences had refulted ia a country ^h^te the Roman catholics were fo m«€h more numerous than in thisj he fliould hope the houfe would fee no imprpprietv in $ho propofition,' The hoi^fe entered upor^ the fubje£l with a Uberality which does than) jiidnife honour ; an^ the bill proceeded thrQojh its< kV. at images with> but oppofition. The rights of juries had ,long been in an inde^nite and indeterminatt^ itate, particularly in the cafe of libely; and difputefl, difgrac^ful in them* felve$, and injurious to the admiiiiftratioa of iuftice, ht^d frequebtly ari(bn between the court and the jury, between tnejudges and the conn* fel; even among the profeflbrs of the law, a difference of opinion ha^ j long exi^edj. : While the hfrd of mere technical pra^itioners earneftl)r 1 fjLipported tiie indefeafible authority of the b^neh, tha^ oracle of conitt^ tutional jurifprudence, Iqrd Cam4en, Mr,. ErHiine, and many others or the greatefl eminence^ held the r'^hts of an Englilh jury (n too i(acre4i Ifgliit to fiifTer the great conftitutional principle on which that inftitu. j tlon was founded, to be und^rmiacd by the fallacious dodrihe of pre. cedents. On the 2 5;th of May, in this yeaf, M^, Fox prei^tfd hU billfeMToj movino donhts with rcfpeft to the rights of juries In criminal cafes. The bUl fets forth that juries,, in ^afips of libelis, iboutd have a powtrofl ju iging the whfie matter, aud of ifinding a general verdid of guilty «| hot guilty. With a flight oppofition from the Ifgal profeffion, it com^J f>leted its progcefs through ^ houfe of comKDpns. In the hdufem ords, where the influen9e pf ^e law is ii^ore predominant, it expe^l rienccd a very cU^jrent reception, and w^s ftrongly oppefed. Hoff-f ever, in the fpMowing year, tni§ great conflitutional'point was at laftdc-j cided by the lords and commoq^ that ji^alfil Ate judged oi bom THg LAW AND THB FACT. Early in the fefiioivs of 1791, Mr. Wilbcrforcfl made a motion, ini committee of the hpufe of commons appointed for receiving and m mining evidence on the flave-trade, *' that the c|jairman be inftrufio to niovc for leave to bring in a bill to prevent the furllier impoitatioij of African n^^grocs into tNj Britiflv colonie«»" Although this queftio ivas fupporte^ with gre^t at?ility and elofjucuce by Mr. i^ncis, K(r.^" KVOhA^ltl^ m i(hed in tU ther'i'goors rifiog; itts in in force the pope is. hen all the rofeflbrs. A [ince, in the [lad formaliiF : h\s affumea V d»fp«nftng uments, thil GOOitnittee of ^e^ vpon con« cathotic dif- aplfts, or per- This bill, Mt. J' 4 \ti lrt)aai ifi a country IS than in thisj he propoiitioni iiich does tham •ai ftagts with. d indeterminate rac<;ful in them» 1 h^d frequ«stlf 5s and the coun. of opinion hai [ioners earneftif Eiracle of conWi many othe" of | rintoo^creii jich thatinftitu.; doftrine of pt^- Ic a motion, in ceiving and ex 3an be inftrufl ttier impottatioi ligh this Quefti'' [FranciJjS^''^ lliitbf the chancdtor ir^ ilj|lrttln| <^0(|l|hdia and other tropiMl- produAions at Siem Leone, on the toall pf Africa, the |jiU for chtirtecing wh|ti\ was intro^uce^ on the i8th of March, by'Mr.Thorfjton. Inpurl^oance of a mei^agc from Ms ma)efly^ a bill yas tfftn^ht intp parliament for fettling the cc^nftitution of Canada, a matter of great Ifflr aortance, apd lon^ in agitauon. The province is to be divided Into ItfO gorernmenta, callecT Upper and Lower Caaa^da; and it is hoped that thi$ divifioii will put an end to the debatca between th; old Prenc!)i lohabitants and the Bntifli fettlerf, as e^ch will have a majority in their own department. A council and a houfe of aflembly are intended ib^ eich government : the members of the council hein^ fuch for life, an4 leferving power to the Br|ti(h fovereign of annexing to certain ho- pours an hereditary right of ^ttiog in the council ) the taxes to be levied and diJTpofed of by the kg^flatare of each divinon ; and the pre? Tent laws at^d ordinance^ to rewlwi^ till altered by the new legiflature^ On the 28th of March, 179 1,' a meflige was delivered from nis ma- je%,iinporting that the endeavours which he bad ufed, in conjan£)ioi\ tritb his allies, to eife^ a pacification b«tween Rvflia and the Porte, 1^ having proved fi^ccefsful, his m^j^fty judged it requifite, in ordef to add wf ight to hi^ repref^ntat^ons, f o m^e Tome further augmentar tion of his i\aval force, In confeqifence of a majority in fujpport of fhij meafure, a'^ery larj^ naval armament wps prepared. Our fleet, colle£led tofupport the caufe of the Turks aj^inft Kuffia, amounted, in April, t<> thirty-thr<^e ibips of thf line^ at}d ^fter TMaintaining this {(m equipinent for fqar months at an enormoui expenfb, it was, at uf; dil'miflTed. Th» propofed Itiuflian war was certainly moR unpo- yjir; and the receptbiv which the propofition of It met Wltb in the loufe of commons, ought perhaps to have induced the imntediate de. fdidioR of 3 meaft)re, whi^tf, however meritorious its Intentlbiis might W, was pot crowned by the publie favour. No valuable purpofe was ittained'by tKi§ arfflaif|ent. Ruifia has yielded little or nothing more ikm ber nrfl propoial ; and we have not to effe£^ual^y ftffif(6d the Turks* litto have any claini to their gratitude. The minifter's popidarity w^ innfiderably injured by thefe expensive and injudicious preparations^ Ijn which £urq|pe was ailoniftted to behold, for the fir A time, Britaiii iaingiq a fuk^f^iclnit Capacity to the narrow and interefted politics of |niflSa:--':'^i'7.HJi-M.;f ^---M.'- --. ■^/p^Hl:A' Soon after the rifinfrof thf parlSan^nt, the nation was difgi^ced by'a ries of outrages ana violencea; as unprovoked and wanton, as have tr darkened the ani^aUo^a dvilifed people^ aind'which, for thefpace four ()ajs, fpread terror and alarm througb the large^ opulent town BitiDihghatn, and the adjacent country. Concerning the French revolution, much difference of fentiment pre> ".damqng th^ hieher ordera^of fociety in this country; and much «i^ ill temper the difcuffiqn of that (bbje^ su>peared unneceffarily provoke.— -The fame eauile of difcord was found to pervade the ferior clalfes, and confiderabl? pains were taken to excite the paffions ' prejudices of the people ag-jinft the afli^rtors of Gallic liberty. Oti othbr hand, a confiderable body of the Whig party in Great Bri> i«joiced intbe emancipation of a neighbouring nation, and flat- Ithenafelves that they faw, in the eftabnlhmcnt of the French coi>- jtitioh) not only the annihilation 0^ detpot^m in that coAtntry, but '.i ■. V*--.^fr3>.?- *'t.t V^ ^^m i] fl 378 EJJ GL A.'UU* the.^nmmenoemeat of i'tievr fyftem of.pelitias' in Uurapsj the bails n/ wbich mas peace, Jupptner*, and mutual con cn'd. ,. v^!; . ln,||||6 where the niieetingwas^^hekj the company^ dtfperfed at an early hour. . ; ' A(, Birmingham the caufes of difcor^ were more numerous than even in London. A violent animofity hsd fubfifted for years bjetween the high church party andthe dlffimters of liiat place; and the, religious coiuro. verfies which took plicc between Dr.Prieltley and forac of the cfcrgy of Birmingham, greatly contributed to iiicxeafe this.animniity. In fuch circumft^hces, it is not furpriliagithat tlie ignorant part of the inhatntants /bould confound tbeeatife of. the French revohition with that of the diflentcrs,' efpecially fincei the 'majority, of. that perfuafioa have, fince the Revolution jawit688) been ticmly attached tothewiiig tfyftem, ai\d fince Dr. Priefticy,. whom the populace confidered as « Ibe head.of the di(}eiiters there,, had diftinftinfli^dvhimfelf by opppfing |he celebrated amphletof Mr. Burke. Fcoimilhe pubikntion indeed of the ,doftoit!s paniphlet on that fubjejfit, it i^ faid thtt the.,profane hai bit of drinking *' damnation-and inniufion to,thei>rtibyteriansj'*atth«, convivial entertainmenHt.in the town, was vifibly.increai'cd. A feftive meeting in commemoration of the Fjrench rcvalutionwu projected at Birmingham on.Thurfday the 14th of July; and oii tbej preceding Monday fix copies of a.moft inftammatoryand feditjoui hand-bill, propofing the French revolution as a model to the Englifli, and exciting them to rebellion, u-ere left by fome perfgm unknown ii a public boufe. As the contents of this hand>biU were pretty general ly circulated, they caufed fome ferment in the town ; the magiftratti thought it proper to offer a. reward. o£ too guiaeas;.10r difcovermg th( author, printer, qr piiUifl)er of.ihe o.bnoxious paper; and the friend of the n>eeiinR intended for the 14th, tho,ught it ncceflary at the fara time tQ. pubiifli an adyertifenient,, explicitly denying the fentimen^am doctrines of the ieditious hand-bill, ai)dU)ii»vowit)gaU conne£lionwi its author or publi fliers* r. j - ■ > . . !.- The views and jntentionsof the nieeting having^ hpwevcr, beennw mifreprefentcd, the nutjority of, the gentletnep who projeifled it, thouj it advifable to rtUnquiflj the fcheme ; accofdingly notice was given that effe£^; but,lhe,intenUon was revived, and the company metatti appointed tin'.e to. the amount of between eighty and ninety, Theii genious Mr, Keir, well known for his great attainments in chemi and other branches of phjlofophy, and a iTi. ai ENGLAND. church aivd kine, ' wi 3'^ was furroiiniled buon by hiirc^ ai , and by the (hout of " church aivd king," which beearAe the"- ^ tch-word on this occadoii. At five o'clock the company difperfed : ^ **, r Q^ afterwards the windows in the front of the hotel were dtnwM I'ihed notwithftanding the appearance ?nd interference of the mai f ^' Dr. Pricfttey did not attend the feftival, but dined at home, at Fairhill, itha fric"'* (^^* celebrated Mr. A. Walker, the philofopher) from Lon* v Ion After fiippcr they were alarmed with the intelligence that the nJob'* ' alTembled at the new diffsnting meeting houle (Dr. Prieftley's)iil and were threatening both the doi^or and his houfe. The rioters foon fet '* theiTjecting-houfe on fire, and nothing remained that could be confumedit'*' ^ The old meeting-hoiile fliared almoft a fimilar fate. After this thejr oroceedcd to Dr. Prieftley's houfe, the doAor and his family having julfc had time to efcape to a fmall diftance, where they could diftin£tly hearty {vtry fljout of the mob, and the blbws of the inflruments which were '^ ' liifed to break down\he doors. The whole of the doftor's library, hi«>' Talu«3)le philofophical apparatus, his maniifcripts and papers, were de^^ firoyed by the mob. The next day this infatuated multitude demoof> lillied the elegant manfion of Mr. Ryland, where, finding aprofufion'" of liquor, a oreadftil fcene of intoxication enfued ; and feveral of the<" wretched rioters periflied in the cellars by fuffocation, or by the flailing intof the roof. The country refidcnce of Mr. Taylor, the hqufes of ' jJIf, Button (the ingenious hiftorian of Birmingham), of Mr. Hum* ^ iphrev, of IVTr. Ruflel, and feveral others, were cieftroyed by therefift- HsAiry of the mob, who continued their depredations until Sundajh lijrhf, when three troops of the fifteenth regiment of light dragoons ar*' rei The town was then illuminated, and all was acclamation and ly,— Of the unfortunate and infatuated wretches who were taken in aft of rioting, five were tried at Worcefter, and one was found ulty and executed. At Warwick twelve were tried; but only four ;eived fentence of death, of whom one was reprieved.— For the hr- ourof our country^ we indulge the earned hope that the difgraceful' enes which were afted at Birmingham in 1791, will never be reviv- ; but that, while the continent of Europe is unhappily drenched ins man blood, this ifland will remain as confpicuous for its harmonyv ier, and tradquilUty, as for its confiitutional freedom and national jfperity. , . -», The marriage of the duke of York with the princefs-royal of Pruffia Dk place on the agth of September, this year, at Berlin ; and onthe jjth of October they arrived in England, and were received with public and applauft. The Prufliaa monarch gave to the princefs a portion 100,000 crowns. A formal renunciation is made, in favour of the lie fucceffion, of all right of inheritance arifing from the houfe of la and Brandenburgh, as ufually done on the marriages of the ian princefles. The fum of 4000I. flcrling is annually aifigned for •money and other expenfes; and 8000I. annually of jointure, in cafe the death of her bufband. In confequence of this union, and to ible his royal hjghnefs to live in a ftyle fuitable to his exalted fta- u,and to the high rank of the iiluftrious perfonage to whom he was ed, parliament have voted the fum of i8,ooqI. per annum to his alhighnefs. His majefty has alfo fettled an additional 7000I. per |liumiipon him out of his Irifli revenue; which, with i2,oool. per lumthathe before enjoyed, make the fum of 37,0001. per annum. I revenues arifing frorn the bifiioprick of,Ofnaburgh are faid .t» lunt to abouj; 17,0001. per 4nnui?i. '^;t. ' su E N G L A N b. On tlie«d of April, 1179a, the hoiife of commons, !n « tommiteee of the whole houfe on the African Ouve trade, ctmie to a refolution, atn Mpiaft 85, for the erradoal abolition. This ftibjeft was ftmported by fbc united talents of Mr. Wilhirforce, Mr. Fox, and Mr. Rttj for the immediate abolition. Mr. Duqdas took ft middle courfej and argued or the gradual relinquiftiment of a traffic, which every good mm mnft abhor, as degrading and debaHng our fellow -creaturei to a level with bcafts. This bill, however, met with « different reception in tht hoiife of lord^ , The royal proclamation on thie aift of May, 179a, agaii^ft feditlont Writing^, Which was fol|owed by orders fpr the embodying the mititii of the kingdom, engaged a con'ilderable ih«re of the public attention. ' "It had fhe intended efFoft, and e|:c!ted numerous -adf^e"<(s, teftifying the "^.-'-^alty of the people. In the beginning of the year 1793, numerous aflbcia^ions were form. pd thxnughout the fcingdoi.i againft repiiblipan principj^ and theories, pr, as the phrafe ufbaUy adopted by luch affociations was, againft re, pttblicans an^ jevellers. To fdV jthat there were no perfons who had embrace^ republican principles.' and would have been willing to con. cur in changing the form of the g6vernment of this country, wonld beabfunt] but there appears no reafi^n to fuppofe that the caufe for alarm was fo great^ as hiany imagined, ai^d others ^t leafl affeAed to be^ iieve. The truth lies between the two extreme?. The controverfies occa. fioned by the pamphlets of MeiTrs. Burke and CaloUne, and particularly ' the writings qf Mr. Paine, writings well adapted to the conoprchenfion of the lower clafs tif people, and pregnant with pointed rernarks on fome exiting abufes, though, perhaps, ^vith little of found policy or principle; to recommend them, had undoxibtedly contributed to render the exam^ pie of the French revolution in fome degrfie Contagious. But the dif. affeded party was neither numerous nor refpeAfable, The church, the ariftocracy, and all the tnoft o|[)Ulfnt of the community, were averfe Ija any clvinw or iniMvation whatev(;r. It was among the lower put | of the middk clafs of fbciety, that d^mocratical opiniotis were cbitfly j entertained, and among fhem more probably as a matter of cpnverfa. tion, than as a projetft to be reduced tp p]piftice. The violent prs- ceedingi Qf the French^ however, ha^ terrified the ^ell«difpbfed parti of the people, and almoft difgufted thcin w^th the very name of refwm. From the oeriod of the fatal loth of Auguft, the converts from the French fyftem were numerous ; the profcriptipn and perfecotion of th« •miinnts rapidly increafed thie number; and the premeditated ill I Iranment and unjuft death of the hingalmo(l entirely annihilated the I fplrit of republicanlfm in this country. The publicwanted onlytoil be excitedLto give the moft forcible proofs of its attachment to a conJ ftitiition ^hich had To wifely provided iigainft the intolerable p?rfecu.' tions of tyranny, and the nojefs deplorame mifchieft of fadion. The firft difpofition manifefled by <*« P^* "P***^ *'*'' ?*•"• . tlnitai The alien ^^^t which the French complained was an iafra£l!on,9f tiic commercial treaty, wai the next caufe of difpute; and this offence VM augmented bv tlve prohibition to export corn to France, wbih it was freely allowed to the powers at war with that country. At length, towards the end of January, M. ChauveUn was officially informed by the Kngliili court, that his character and fuuv^ions, fo lon« juipended, had entirely terminated by the fatal death of ti;e king ot Fnnce ; that he bad no more any uublic charafker here, where hit> fur- ther refidencc was forbidden. 'Eight days were allowed for his de- parture ; auii this I^)tification was publiOied in the gazette. M. Martt liiul been fent by the executive council of France with enlarged pow« trs, and, it was faid, with very advantageous propofals to Great Bri- tain 4 but arriving in England exaAly at tht period of M. Chauvelia's ^ihfiflion, he thought it prudent jmmiediately to return home. Mr. fecrecary Dundas, oa the 28th of January, prefented ^to the hoafe of commons a meflag^e from the king, in which his majefty «x- prelfol the neccffity of makmg a further augmentation of his forces by fea and land, for maintaining the fecurity and rights of his own do* minions, for fuppprting bis allies, and for oppofing views of aggran- diienient and ambition on the part of France. The queftion in rela' . tion to tl^is fubjed was carried by a groat majority in favour of nji- liiften. On the &3.a of Miirch> 1704* lord Grenville and S. Comte Woron- sow figned a convention at London, on behalf of his Britannic ma- icAy and the emprefs of Rulfia, in which their majeflies agree to em- t^oy their refpetlive forces in carrying on the *< juft and necel^rv ^ar" in which they were engaged againft France ; and they recipro- (sUv promife *«/ /« Uy dvton their arms^ but by common confent. Not- withnanding this folqnn treaty, Catharine took no aflive part what- ever in the war. Ancther treaty was concluded between his Britanni9 mtjefty and the kin^ of Sardinia, figned at London, the 25th of April, by which Great Britain engaged to pay 20o,oool. per annum, to the king of Sardinia, and three months in advance. A treaty was likewife concluded between his bighnefs the prince of HelTe-Caflel and hiy Brittnnic majefty j the former was to fiirnifti 8,000 men for the war, during ihret years j in return for which, England was to pay loo^ool. , levy^money, and $6,QOoli fterling per annum for fix years,.. 4n, .(bis Ireatyi Great Britain ^ngages to pay the landgrave a fum of J^ai^y for each Hefii^n that is $ain ;. i^<:f^}^ the more of bis men ace kitUld, he will get the more money. ,,,»,,; ..; '^ For the nulitary operations of the war, we muft refer btjr readers fo eur account of France^ foiti^ehillory ctf >yhich country they ntoil pro- perly appertain. ,,.,;> , .*;, . o.^ ,,, . : The profecutions, wJ^U:h have taken place in En^^land and Scotland . W, fe^itiflus word^ and for libellous and dangerous publications, -may ;.iCfrtainly beco.nfidere^ras ftrongly charaiSterifing the fpirit of t\\t times; I wcfliall therefore glv? a coaciie account of iome of the principal of Ltbefo trials. I . At Edinburgh, Thomas Muir, cfq. was tried ^pforjs thelygh cotirt I «f jurticiary, forfediti,ous praftices. la the inijiitraeut, the prifoner 1W8 charged with^wic)cedjy an^ felotiioufly exciting, by means of fedi- tious ^cechefi and aaxanguc?, a fpirit of dijQoyaky and difaffci^ion i^ 38a E K G L A N D. the king and the rAabliflted j^overnment; of productnfi; and rtiiirt aloud in a piibiic meetings a iedirious and Inflammatorv writing ctl! J ** An Addreft from the Society of United Iriftimcn in DnbHn to th» ]>eiegate8 for Promoting a Reform in Scotland," tending to jfrlninct in f. the minds of the people an infurre^tou and oppofition to the eftabiiflied fforemment. The jury being named, Mr. Muir objeAtd to moft of them ! he obferved, that as the gentlemen, however rcfped>ablc were all fubfcribers to the Cjoldfmiths'-hall affbciation, and had offered are. w«rd for difcovering thofe who had circulated what they called feditioui writings, they had already prejudged him, and were therefore improper perfons to pafs Upon his afiizc ; but this objedion was repelled [ ■> iZ court. The moft material witneri againft the accufed was Anne Fidier a fervant to his father: (he faid that flie carried from him to the printer a Declaration of Rigl.ts, marked with fome corrections, to be printed) ihe added, that (he had heard Mr. Muir talk to the countrymen coming to the (hop of bis father very often, concerning Maine's Rights of Man which flie heard him fay was a very good book; that he wiihed his hajr! drdfer to purchafe them, and keep them in his fliop to enlighten the people ; tfwt Mr. Muir faid, when the reform took place, he would be inember for Calder ; that members would then be allowed thirty or forty ihillings a day, «nd that none but boned men would be admitted, to keep the conftitution clean ; and that ilie had caufed an organic in the ftreets of Glafgow to play fa'ira at Mr. Muir's defire. Afte^ a trial of fixteen hours' duration, the jury returned a verdiA finding the prifoner^»//(y. The court then proceeded to pronounce fentence, and ordered him to be tranfported beyond the fean to fuch place as his majefty, with the advice oi his privy-council, (hould judge proper, for fourteen years. He was foon after fent to Botany Bay, whence he found means to efcapc in an American velTel, and after a vj. riety of extraordinary adventures and efcaprs, if the accounts that have been received are authentic, arrived in France, where he was received with public congratulatliins, as the matrtyr of liberty, and where he Aill continues. Oil the 1 7th of September, of the fame year, the reverend Mr. Pal. mer, a unitarian clergyman, refilling at Dundee, was tried by the cir* cuit court of jiiflitiary, before lords Efgrove and Abercrombie. The indictment charged him with being prefent at a meeting held at Dun- dee, denominating itfelf ♦♦ A Society of the Friends of the People;" that he did there put into the hands of George Mealmaker a writing of a fcditioub import, in the form of an addrefs to their friends and fellow- citizens, containing, among other leditious expreflions, the following words : " You arc plungeiinto a war by a wicked minifter and a compli. ant parliament, who feem carelefsand unconcerned for your welfare; the end and defign of which is almofl too horrid t4| relate ; the dellru^iion of a whole people merely becaufe they will be free." — When the court 1 proceeded to the examination of witnefles, George Mealmaker, weaver j in Dundee, acknowledged himfelf to be the author of the paper inqiief- tion; it appeared, however, that Mr. Palmer had correftcd it, ordered it to be printed, and circulated it. The verdift was returned the fame | day, finding the prifoner guilty ; in confequence of which he was fen- fenced to tranfportation for fourteen years. This gentleman was fent to j the hulks with Mr. Muir, and failed with him to Kotany Bay. On the 2 1 ft of January 1 794, the two houfes met. The fpeech from the throne enumerated with fome degree of minutenefs the advantage) E N G L A N D.i 3^3 nlitaUied by the allies, and exhorted to a fpirired proftcution of tbe war, and to a rdiancc on the rel'ources of the cuuDtryt, an«i ttre Orength ii*' ourallie»» f^or ultimate fuccel's. The addrcfs to his majerty.Ju which tiie pariia'^ent agrr^d to fiipport hiiii in the continuance of tlie «rar, was giffitd in favour of minirtry by a very gnat msijority. In March following, the feceHion of the king of Prulia from the ff(itcau(c of the allies, agitated the political world for I'everal weeks, vheait was announced that the whole proceeded from hi« inability to 6ippiy hti troops from the refourc^s oi bis own country, aod therelors ttwt ne mull be i'ubfidircd to enable him to employ his forces for tiK (reit purpofe of relloring regular government to France. 1 he parlia^. nient, inHuenced by the arguments which were advanced by tliA mini-* (ter voted the fum of 2,;oo,oool. to be granted to hit majefly, to en- ibie him to fulfil the ilipulations of the treaty lately coucliidcd with Pntlfia f(^- •^^ more vigorous profecution of the war, and for Aich exi- eencies as might arife in the year i794* Notwithflanding this freOi treaty, the Prullian monarch foon after entirely relinquidied the war, laving found full occupationt'or bimfelf and his troops in endeavouring to fupprefs the infurre^ions in Poland, which we fliall particularly no> ticein oiir narmtive of the events ol that unfortunate country. On the I zth of May 1 794, a nieflage from his majefty was brought iowti th the houfe by Mr. fecretary Dundas, in.which he mformed them I "that the fcditious pra<5iices which haveibeen for fome time carried oa by certain focieties m London, in correfpondeiice with focieties in dif- ferent parts of the country, had lately . been purfued with increafed aftiritv and boldnefs, ami had been avowedly directed to the objet^ of gfembling a pretended general convention of the people, in contempt and defiance of the authority of parliament ; that his majefty had given orders for fciziiig the books and papers ofthefe focieties, which were to be laid before the houfe ; and that it was recommended to the houfe to confjder them, and to purfue fucb meafures as were necefTary in order to prevent their pernicious tendency." The fame day Mr. Thomas Hardy, a flioemakerin Piccadilly, who had aifted as fecretary to the London correfponding fociety, and Mr. Daniel Adams, the- fecretary to the fociety for conllitutional information, were apprehended, by a warrant from Mr. Dundas, for treafonable prac- tices, and their books and papers feized. Mr. Home Tooke, Mr. Je- remiah Joyce, preceptor to lord Mahon, and Mr. Thelwall, who had for fon\e time enter lained the town as a political lefturer, were after- wards, in the courfe of the week, arrefted and committed to the Tower, on a charge of high treafon. On the day following the fcizure of the papers of thefe focieties, they were brought down fealed to the houfe of commons by Mr. Dundas, and referred toa committee of fecrecy, confifting of tweuty-one members. In confequence of t|»e firft report of the committee of fecrecy, with jtfpeft to the plans which had been formed by ^hefe focieties for hold- ing a general convention of the people, ana iulimating their fufpicions that large Hands of arms had been coljefted by thefe focieties in order todiftribute them among the lower orders of the people, the chancellor of the exchequer moved '* for leave for a bill to empower his majefty to fecure and detain fuch perfons as his majefty fufpefted were confpir'ing againfl his perfon and government." By this bill the temporary fufpen- (lon ot*the Habeas Corpus ^(k is efFtded. It was carried, ou the. miiuuer's j motion,' by a majority of 16a. ft < ^» „< ,i». < On the 6rft of June i794> the Britifli fleet under the command of ad- ./- • II ;; (■" (:-'¥ Jlil wu is N Git A K 13.1 mini tori Hovl'e ibta^td a (ifnal ri&ary over that 6f tlttf Fi'e'ncit, {^ wliich ewe fiitps wereiiink, one borntf ana fix' brought into Fortfmoudi karbour. On the loth of September a fpecM commiflBoti of ojrer and terminer tvas iflued for the prHbaers confined on a charge of high trfcafon in the Tower of London ; and on the fecond of 0trcafon with which tiie prifoner was charged^ When he had finiihto^ fir John Scott, the attom^'^general, in a fpeech of nine hours, went into a very minute detail of the fubjoA of thefe' profeci*tiuns fok high treafon. The counfei for the profecution then proceeded to^ produce their evidence, which confifled of papers that sad been found in the cuftody of different perfons, and feized under the vi^arrant of the privy council. Previoufly to the court's breaking up, about twelve o'clock, a con. irerfation enfued refpeding the gentlemen of the Jury, who wiihed ta be difcharged on their honour; to which Mr. Ermine, on behalf of thd prifoner, conCented ; but the court were of opinion that the law would not permit the jury to feparate after hiving been once impanelled; The jury were therefore coniigned to the care of the flieriffs, by whom' preparations for their accommodation in the feifions houfe had been previoufly made ; end, the next day, the jury having complained that their accommodations were uncomfu.. able, and incapable of affording them the necefljiry reft, they were provided thaf evening, and all the fubfequent evenings of the trial, with beds at the Huiiimumsin Covent , Garc«^n. The 29th, 30th, and 3iftofO(ftober, were employed in the produc. tion of evidence for the crown, both documen'ary an.l oral, which lat- ter took up grca* part of the morning of November r. This bein^ iiniflied, Mr. Erlkine, in behalf of the priloner, f^drcflred the jury for the fpace of fix hours. The remainder of the da_, was occupied in the examination of witnefTes for the prifoner ; many of whom gave him an excellent character. The court adjourned at half paft twelve oii Sunday morning Novern* ber s, till the Monday following, when the counfei for the prifonff proceeded with their evidence ; after which Mr. Gibbs likcwifeadckeir. ed the court in his favour. He was followed by the folicitor-gcneral in reply. The next day the folicitor-gentral concluded his reply, und the lord prefident commented the fiiminiug up of the evidence ; which he refumed the following dav, and finilhed about noon. The jury thq retired, andi, ^^^cr having been abfent two hours and a h-.lf, returned, an| delivered their verdiA — Not guilty. On Monday November 17, the court again met, and proceeded oB the trial of John Home Tooke, efq. on the fame charge of high treafon. This trial was eondufted in the fame manner as the preceding, and ended on the Saturday following about eight in the evenii)g, when the! jury retired, and, in a few minutesj returned with their Verdift — Not giiHty. On Monday the 6th of December, thb court agftin niet, and John Au^ gullufi fifriuiey, Jeremiah Jo^^ce, Stewart Kyd,- and Thomai fiokfoA £4J G L A K D5 m til* hendi, tt into Portfmouth rtt and tertriiiief h trtilbn In the 'as opened at the Eyre, in an da- their proceedings tdy, John Home •r, Thomas Har- ciety, was put on •adings, and ftated jner was charged* tneraV, inafpecch B fubjoft of theK ; profecution then ted of papers that \ and feized under Ire o'clock, a con. rv, who wiftied W ne, on behalf of tM , that the! law would n once impanelled; ,e (licriffs, by whoirf ons houfe had been in« compl^ned that , JpaWe of Hffordmg 'evenings and all the urtimumsinCovent jloyedintheproduc- an A oral, which lat. Imberi. Tbs b«n^ Iridrclfed the jury tor was occupied m the ,f whom gave him aa Jay morning No;:em. infel for the prifonj Vibbslikewifeaddrefl- fc,e foV.citor-gcneral m Ided his reply, •An'ijJ; evidence; which he lOon. Thejorvtht idah-.lf.retuf"^*^''^' ,ct, and proceeded on ;hirgeofhifehtreafon; las the preceding, aji he evening, whentM h their Vcrdift-N'« h->na.et, and John A^l (whQ, much tp his honoufv though «dt in cuftddV^- h^ /ut-renderfd, himfeljf as foon as the biijl was found againft him ^y the ^rand jurv),r were arraigned ; and a jury was fworn in; when th? atlprnex geuyral informed the court tha^ he niouM dccKoe goittg iiii^ the evidence againft the prJibners, as it was the fame that had oeen additcecf"6n the two late' trials, afld on which, after the moft mature Wnfideratiort,' a verdift^f- acquittalhad been given. The prifoners were, of courfe, acquitted ah4 diichargcd, . Mr. Thetwdll was then put to the bar, andj after a trial of five days* acquitted., ' .'^i.f V'-' -h Thu? ended thefe memonkbJe trials, ^he ifliie of which th'e country a-, waited wrth the utmoft agitation and anxious fufpenfej until the juft, and temperate verdidk of an honeft jury had defended the law of tii» land againft the dangerous innovation of conftruftive t'reafoiis. On The 8th of April, 1705, were celebrated the nuptials of his royal hnefs the prince of Wales, with her highnel's the priticefs Caroline Brunfwick: on which ocCiUion, a bill was paHed for enabling^ ' *- jefty to grant a fuitable e(i[abUfliment to his royal highnefs, and ii4 highnefs the prince of Brunfwick : on which ocCiUion, a bill was paHecI foF enabling his majefty to grant a fuitable e(i[abUfliment to his royal highnefs, and for regelating the liquidation of his debts. Another bill was likewife pafled for preventing future princes of Wales from incurring debts. Towards the clofe of this year, a dreadful and oppreffive fcarcity per» vaded the kingdom. The price of the half-peck loaf rofe in the me- tropolis to half a crown ; and in feme other places it was Itill higher. Several inftances occurred of perfons who periQied through abfolut* want; and the poor were every where in the utmoft diftrefs, A com- . Inittee of the houfe of commons was appointed to confider of the high price of corn, Th^y drew up, and entered into, an engagement to ufe only hrown bread, and reduce the confumption of wheat in their [families, by every poffible expedient. This engagement was figned by .he principal perforts in the minlftry, and a great number of the mem- icrs df both houfes. On the 29th of October, the king opened the feffidn (if parliament! immenfe crowds were alTembled, who at length became riotous, loudly ixclaiming "No war !— No Pitt ! — No famine !" A few voices, it is aid, were heard to exclaim — " Down with George I" — In the park indin the (Ireets adjacent to Weftminfter-Hall, fome ftones and other Vings were thrown, nine of whichv it is aflerted, ftnick the ftate- * pach; and one of them, which was fufpeifled to have proceeded from a. indow in Margaret-ftreet, near the abbey, perforated one of tlie win- )W8, by a fmall circular aperture ; from which circumflance it wa^ ippofed, by fome, to have b^en a bullet diicharged from an air gun# i^ome finiilar engine ofdcftruftion; bpt no bullet was found: and latever It was, it neither touched the king nor the noblemen who at- idcd him. As his majefly rciurned from the houfe through the park, jugh the gates of the Horfe-gu#rds were fliut to exclude the mob, this jecaiition was not fufficient to prevent a renewal of the outrages; and [other ftone was throwr at the carriage as it pafll'd oppofite to Spring- ■den terrace. After the king had -ilightcd at St. Jamts's, the populac«j |cked the ftat^-carrlage ; and, in its way through Pall-Mail to the ps, it was almoft dcnioliflied. In confequencfc of thefe daring infults and outrage*, a proclamation lilTued, otFerinp; a reward of one thouland pounds to any perfon or Ifons, other than thole a£lually concerned in doing any ah by which |raaje(l)'s royal pcrfon w^ .immediately endangered, who fliould jive Jkv ■II ,m; 386 England. Information fo that any of the authors and abettors in that eutraffe might be apprehencied and brought to juftice. ^ Several perfons were apprehended on fufpicion of having Infulted hit majeftv, one of whom, named Kyd Wake, a journeyman printer, wm brought to trial, and found guilty of hooting, groaning, and hi^Qg ar the kmg. lie was fentenced to nand in the pillory at Gloucefter, ou « market-day, to be imprifoned, and kept to labour, during five yean in the penitentiary houfe at Gloucefter, and, at the expiration of hisiiji! i>rifonment, to find fecurity for one tfaoufand pounds for his good be* havjour for ten years. (;•' In the two houfes, after an addrefs had been voted teftifying their in. Hignation and abhorrence at the daring outrages offered to his majefty two bills were immediately brought in, the one by lord Grenvillein the tipper houfe, entitled, " an Aft for the fafety and prefervation of hii hiajefty's perfon and government sigainft treafondble and feditious prac* lices and attempts;" and the other by Mr. Pitt, in the houfe of com* Dions, entitled, " an Aft to prevent feditious meetings and aflemblles." Thefe bills were vigoroufly oppofed in both houfes, though only by the I lifual minorities, in point of numbers. Petitions, with very nunierouj fignaturesf were likewlfe prefented againft them, from every part of tht kingdom. They, however, palKd, and are now become apart of tbel law of the land. j On the 8th of December, a hieira|;e from his majefly was broughlj (down to the houfe of commons, Hgnifying a difpofition to enter intoal negotiation with France, the government of that country having aj length aflumed fuch a form as to render a treaty with it prafticable. Nr.l Wickham, the Britifh plienip(5tentiary to the Swifs Cantons, was ap.| pointed, in confequence, to makie fome overtures, through the mediuml of Mr. Barthclemi, the French envoy at Bafle j but this feeble attcmpl at negotiation foon terminated without effeft. An apparently much more ferious offer of this nature was madet ^ following year. Abouttheljftterend of the month of September, m through the intervention of the Danifh rninifter at Paris, apaflportwJ applied for and obtained, for a conBdential perfon to be fent to Pu -from the court of London, commiffioned to difcufs with the Frenchg| vernment the means moft proper for conducing to the re-eftabliffinia 6f peace. Lord Malmeibury was the perfon appointed by the Brill Court to undertake this miffion. His lordfliip accordingly repiredj Paris, where he contini .'d about two months. It was propofed, onl pRrt of England, as the bafis of the treaty, that France would reftoretij Netherlands to the emperor, and evacuate Italy; in which cafe Enj land engaged to reftore all the conduefts made on that power in the£ and Weft Indies. The French direftorv replied that they couldi coufent to propofals contrary to the conititution, to the laws, and the treaties which bind the republic. Thus ended this negotiation. The beginning of the year 1 797 was diftinguifhed by as oxtraordipj An event as perhaps ever occurred in this orlny other war — tiitl vafion of Great Britain by a force of twelve hundred men withouti tillery, and a^moft without accoutrements. The alarm at firfl wasgcj ral and great throughout the whole of Pembrokefhire, on the m vhich the landing was made ; but the men furrendered on the appn of a very inadequate force, and almofl without refidance. On luquj It appeared that they confined entirely of galley flares, and other cri ti»\Sf from Breft ; and -the objeft wai luppofed to be at, once to en '\i- iVl-|.. .i'/tf iit ENGLAND. 3«7 , in that outrage laving infuUcdhii rman priiiter, wa ingt andhiffinjit t Glouceftcr, ou* during fii»e y«»^» ipirationofhwim- dsfor Wsgoodbc- dtcftlfyingt^^i'lfi- Ted to his majefty, tordGrenvUlemthe I prcfervation of M e and Seditious prac. in the houfe of com- ings and affembks." s. though only by the vfrith very wimtm rom every part of thi become a part of the ; majefty was brpugM .ofitiontoentermm iat country havmg* .vithitpraaicablc^l .wifs Cantons, was ap-l .s, through the mediuffll but this feeble attemUl >is nature was made! ith of September, 1)1 Ut Paris, a Paffport i •rfontobefenttoM nfs with the Frcnchj^ ,tTh*re-e(labhM Appointed by theBrJI 1 Lcordingly reja> jl laly ; in which cafeE Ion that powenatkl tlSd that they could U to the, laws, »n^ tded this t^egotlauon. fuifhedbyaswraot^ Irlnv other war -w hun^dred men withou^ Ke alarm at firftj«; lokcftilre, on the Irrenderedonthcapp Lflaves,andotteci 'to be at. once to ci ilarm on the Britiih coaft, and to rid the French republic of a number ef defperate pierfonsi but whatever the intentions of the enemy might be/ they met, on the whole, with a complete ^ifappointment ; for, not oaly the France ; the difficuhy which had broken off thelaft] negotiation, appeared to be in fome meafure removed, and application were again made to the French government for paifports for a perfoi who might enter into difcuffions relative to the bafis of a future treaty, jLord Malmefljury was again ap]»ointed to this miflion; but the Freud •lireftorv obje£led to his coming to Paris, and appointed Lifle forthi place oi^ the conference with commlflionera they fent thither for thi purpofe. Whauhe Netherlands, however, had been in the former ai tempt to treat, the cape of Good Hope and Ceylwi proved in the prefen and, after a flay of nearly three months, lord Malnnefbury, not being abl to declare himfelf empowered toconfient to the furrender of all thecoi quefts made from France or her allies, was abruptly ordered to dcpa and on the 20th of September returned as before, not having efred>edtl objdil of his million. In the following month, the definitive treaty between the French public and the emperor was conclude i and ratified; andtheFren having little other employment for their armies, began to talk loudly an immediate invafion of England. The directory has decreed tl an army fhall be irartiediately afTembled along the coafts oppofite Great Britain, which fliall be called the army of England, andwhii they fondly imagine, fliall be able to effeft the conqueft, and feize fpoiis, of the only enemy that has hitherto been able to refill tl power. £ut, by fuch menaces,, En^lilhmen, we trud^wiUbe little terrified ji •.'^ *[-*>».v /* :i "irfni. «ieii conii tV A L E S. .3?9 er they choUe, ; Richard Paf- ue treafury,as ing reduced to g among them- •rtA theiftfelves others; but at 10, with a num- e mutiny, were others fentenced ird Parker, who mutiny, was the refence of mind, hnavy, thefleeJ which had been iled foon after to rhere it remained n engagement en- iriaory, taking the c Ihips. uncan was crtated her naval fucceffes ) be obferved as a :h houfes of parlia- turn thanks to hea- made by tbe Britifli The preVwrtinati^l tiperor having bftnl ch the Netherlands! broken otf the.hftj ed, and application^ tffports for a perfod is of a future treatyJ on; but the Freuclj Dinted Lifleforthj fent thither for thij •en in the former ad roved in the prefenfl [bury, not being abl enderofallthecoJ ly ordered to dcpaj ►t having etfet>edti Leen the French li led • and the Frend laai to talk loudly! Ky has decreed ti V coafls oppofiw] fentland, and whij tnqueft, and euej ^ able to refill tM IbeUttle terrified ij tie indeed, will they be to be feared, if Britons, reverting to the public foi'rit and principles of their anceflors, fliall ,yigorouny exert themfelves in defence of their honour and their liberties. England, happy in her infular fituation, and the ilrepgth of her navy, may bntve the utmoft fury of her foreign foes"; but let her carefully guard, not only 'againft the attacks of unprincipled fa^ioi> on the one hand, but againn the, perii^s, niU greater danger to be apprehended from utipriiicipled cor- TuptiM, and a bafe and' mercenary fpirit, on the other. GEif I ALOGIC A L. List bt THftRoYAL FaMILY OF GK£AT BRITAIN. George-William-Frediric III. born June 4, 1738 ; proclaimed king ef Great Britain, Fratictfj; atid Ireland, and eleAor of Hanover, Oftobcr 26, !y66; and" married, '^ptember 8, 1 761,. to the princefs Sophia- Charlqtte, of MitlTd^bur^h Strelitz, bom May 16, 1^44, crowned September 2a/j*V^$i,,ind now have iflue: :v«-'i - .,'"'^'i:ji^ !i.Cicorgi-Att|ulhJ^.Preder!c, prince of "Wales, bofmAuguft i3,''t^6z.' i^ Prince FHweric, 1)i)rn Augaft 16, 176^, eleftcd bimopof Ofna- hxrgif, Februafr ii7i 1 764, created duke of "JTork and Albany, No'v«m- (beni r7%, KI G. and K» B. married, Septenhber 29, 1791, Frederica- 1 'ChMfcfta-UWcaliCatharina, pri nc;ft royal of Proffia. J. Wndt William-Heriryi born Auguft ai, 1765, created duke of Clarence, K.Ci. and K.'T.' 4. Chartottfe^Augultii-MatSlda, princefs royrf of England, born Sep- teraWrig, i766rmarr»id, M&yl'if, 1797, tohisferene highnefs Frcde* I fic-William,. hereditary princ* of Wurtemberg-Stuttgardt. , jj*. Prince tedward,1jbrt' November 2, 1767. . f^'l I «:' Princefs Aug^fl^-Sophia, bom November 8, iy69,'**> ' y/^r%* M^rPrineefsfelizabeth, bornMay27, 1770. ■ , -i fy* '^' 'WJ'^. 1 8. Prince EVridl-Auguftus, born June 5, 1 771.*- ^''^'^f M ^ If^*J ■ 9. Prince FredcHci-Aiiguftus, born January 27, 1773. ' jtTir /o. Prince Adplphtii-F/ederifc,borri February 24, 1774. - v'^^^l^ 11. Prhi'ctfs Mary, borh April 25, 1776. ^ t"^'*.*''^^./, 12. Princefs SoiJliJa, born November 3, 1777. i''H'?if:^^,'^^?#-'i^*^'* 13. Princefs Amelii^i' born Ahguft 7, 1783. jlfiiie of thtf'iate prince of WafeS by the princefs, AuguAa of Saxe-Go- |lia, now living: '^•^■■- ■■»i- ,--ja->\!'m ->.^jinijM» ji.-'j; ^■•-' ^[W v^v^-Si ^ui', I. Her royal highnefs Augufta, born Augufl 11, 1737; married the- ditary prince (no^ duke) of Brunfwick Lunenburgb, January 16, t<^ '>■■■,: v-\\\% nba, r.nj r ; »^).',*'/• 4. flis'prefent majeflyi' ■' ' :- '3. Prince William-Henry, duke of Gloucefier,- born November 25, IHJ- "^'^ ' "" - ■'■ ■ ■■ "' ■rnr "aofnijii Jii;j;t» ' UTI ..■r» 'VA 'i'- •*'ti t'^'.iTiS'jdgVv'ltfe^. ''>■■>; W ALE S. »-,t!:«-^ ^rv jr.'. •'^ .i,..ii>^ H0tt^jli$|riiicj"pali'ty1s pollttcallif' deluded in England, yet, jsit has diiiiu^ion in language and manners, I have, in conformity- common cuftbm, alTigned it a feparate article. Cc3 1 m m WALES. :i\' ;^^: P' ' ExrtNT AHt> SiTUAtrow. Miles. Pegtut: )"t^trt.'^i*n»i Breadth 96 } ^^'^^^ { 2,41 antf 4,j6 ^^eft ff^ngituic, Area in fouare fniies, 7011.'' '""^ ' ' Name and language.] The Welch, according to the beft ami. y their keeping up the ancient hofpitality, and their ftri£t adherence to ancient cuftoms and manners. This appears even among gentlemen of fortune, who in other countries commonly follow the ftrfcam of fafliion. We are not however to ima^ gine, that many of the nobility an4 gentry of Wales do not comply with the modes and manner of living in England and France. All t^itf better fort of the Welch fpeak the Engliih lan{;uage, though numbefs of them underftand the Welch. Religion.] The maflacre of the Welch clergy by Auguftine, th^ popiih apoille of England, becaufe they would not conform to the Komifli ritpal, has been already mentioned. Wales, after that, fell un^ der the dominion of petty prijnces, who were pllen yi^eak and credulous, the Romlfti clergy infinuated- themfelves into their favour, by theiy pretended power of abfplving them from crimes; and the Welch, when their ancient clergy were extinct, conformed themfelves to the religioi^ of Rome. The Welch clergy, in general, arc but poorly provided for; and in many of the country congregations they preach both in Welch and Englifli. Their poverty was formerly a vaft difcouragement to re- ligion and learning ; but the meafureft taken by the fociety for propagat- ing chriftian knowledge have in a great degree removed the reproach of Ignorance from the poorer fort of the Welch. In the year 1 749, a hun- dred and forty-two fchoolmafters were employed to remove from place to place for the inltru£lion of the inhabitants : and their fcholars amounted to 7^,264. No people have diftinguiftied themfelves more, perhaps, in proportion to their abilities, than the Welch have done by a^s of national munificence. They print, at a vail expenfe. Bibles, Common-prayers, and other religious books, and diftribute them gratis to the poorer fort. Few of their towns are unprovided with a free- fchool. The eftabliflied religion in Wales is that of the church of England ; but the common people in many places are fo tenacious of their ancient I cuftomsj that they retain feveral of the Romiih fuperftitions, and fome I ancient families among them are ftill Roman catholics. It is likewife I faid that Wales abounds with Romifli priefts in difguife. The princi* I pality alfo contains great numbers of proteftant dif^nters. For BisHOPaicKs,— fee Eagland. We arc to obferve, that in former I times, Waliv comtaifiod more bifliopricks ttian it does now ; and aboul iil •i ^fl^T /O-iJ i; 1^ i- ii i I 39* WALES. the time of the Norman invafion, the religions foundations there far ex- Ceeded the wealth of all the other parts of the principality. Learhing and learned men.] Wales was a feat of learning ata Very early period : but it fnffered an eclipfe by the repeated niaflacre^ of the bards and clergy. Wickliffifm took (helter in Wales, when it was perftcuted in England. The Welch and Scotch difpute about the nativity of certain learned men, particularly four of the name of Gil- das. uiraldus Cambrenfis, whole hiftory was publifhed by Camden, was certainly a Welchman; and Leland mentions feveral learned men of the fame country, who Houriflied before the Reformation. The dif- covcry of the famous king Arthur's and his wife's burying place was owing to fome lines of Thalieffin, which were repeated before Henry II. of England, by a Welch bard. Since thef Reformation, Wales has pro- duced feveral excellent antiquaries and divines. Among the latter were Hugh Broughton, and Hugh Holland, who was a Roman catholic, and is mentioned by Fuller in his Worthies. Among the former were feve- ral gentlemen of the name of Llhuvd, particularly the author of that invaluable work, the Archaeologfa. kbwland, the learned author of the Mona Antiqua, was likewife a Welchman ; as was that great ftatefman and prelate, the lord-keeper Williams, archbifliop of York in the time of kme Charles J. After all, it appears, that the great merit of the Welch learning, in former times, lay in the knowledge of the antiquities, language, and hiftory of their own country. Wales, notwithftandlng all that Dr. Hicks and other antiquaries have, faid to the contrary, fur- niihed .tiie Anglo-Saxons with an alphabet. This is clearly demon- Jlrated by Ml*. Llhuvd, in his Welch preface to his Archceologia, and is confirmed by various monumental infcriptions of undoubted authority. (See Rowland's Mona Antiqua.) The excellent hiftory of Henry VIII. written by lord Herbert of Cherbury, may be adduced as another pro- du6l:ion.of V^elch literature. *• With regard to the prcfent ftate of literature anOong the Welch, itii fufficient to fay, that fome of them make a confiderable figure in the republic of letters, and that many of their clergy are excellent fcholars. The Welch Pater-nofter is as follows : ». £in Taiiy yr hum ivytj yn y nefceJd^ fanffeiddier dy enw ; deued dy dgr-, iiat ; byddtd dy evjyllys ary ddaear^ mcgisy maeytty nefoed ; dyrt in i htd' Jjw eiti' baia beunyddhl ; a maddeu i ni tin dyledion^ fel y mqddcmm ti i'n dyledivyr ; ac nae arwain ni i brofedigaeth etthr gwai'cd ni rliag dm'^i canys eiddet tiyK'r deyrnaSj a'r gaJluj a'r gogouianf, yn eos eofoedd. Amen, V Cities, toubted authority, y of Henry Vm. as another pro- the Welch, it is ble figure in tht xccUent fcholars. It); deued dy deff'.] )ed : dyro in i hcl ■el y mqddcKVin «i ■cd ni rhag driq'- •OS eofoedd. Amen. contains no citits [hat are remarkable ) is the chief town | kck trades in doth- [he neighbourhood bridge, and is go- \vearfcarlet gowns,! pited bv gentlmeil [nd pleafant, that'll If North Wales, isf«r- l/herciti»dWW«"fn li»aybev.-^fledonto lioaa, and cgntams A is called Little England. The other towns of Wales have ttothing par- ticular. It is, however, to be obferved, that Wales, in ancient timts, was afar more populous and wealthy country than it is at preftnt; aiid though it contains a© regular fortiflcations, yet many of its old callles arefo ftrongly built, and fo well fituated, that they might be turned into ftroiig forts by a little expenfc : witnefs the vigorous defence which Ynany of them made in the civil wars between Charles I. and his parliament. Antiquities and curiosities, 7 Wales abounds in remains of NATURAL AND ARTI71CIAL. j antiquity. Several of its caflles' areitupendoufly large; and in fome, the remains of Roman architefture are plainly difcernible. The architedture of others is doubtful; and fcime appear to be partly Britifli and partly Roman. In Brccknoi^k- (hire ate fome rude fculptures, upon a (lone fix feet high, called the MfTiTVTioN i»ND covBRWMENT.J Wales was United and incor. ntfd with England, in the 27th of Hetjrv VIII. when, by afl of par. ent» the government of it was modelled according to th« Knglifh form i ^ laws, cuftoms, ajid tenures, contrary to thofe of England, be. ing aWogated, and the inhabitants admitted to a participation of ail the ^ngliih liberties and privileges, particularly that of fending megibersto paiHi^menr, vlj. a knight for every flure» and a burgcfs for every flijre. tOMfOf except Merioneth. By^ the 34tb and 3 5th of the fame reign, there were ordained four feveral circuits for the adminiilration of juliice in the iaid ib|res, each of which was to include three (Ir es ; fo that the chiel*ju(t{ce pf Chefter has under his jurifdiftion the three fevf^ral fltirei of Hint, Denbigh, and Montgomery. The fliires of Caernarvon, Me. rionetbf and Anglefey, are under the judices of North Wales. Thofe of Cacunarthen, Pembrokefhire, and Cardigan, have alfo their juiiices; f s have Ukewife thofe of Radnor, Brecknock, and Glamorgan. By the 18th of qu$en Elizabeth, one other juftice-afiiilant was ordained to the formier juilices ; fo that now ev^ry one of the fald four circuits has two jnftices, viz. one chief-ju(lice, and a fecond juftice-afiiflant. f KEyfiNVBs.} As to the revenpes, the crown has a certain tho-igM fmall property in the produ£l of the filver and lead mines ; but it iJ jaid that tJie revenue accruing to the prince of Wales, from his princi«| pality, i!^t& not exceed 7 or 8,oooL utyear. I Aims.] The arms of the prince of Wales differ from thofe of EngJ )and, only by the addition of a label of three points. His cap, or badgJ of oftrich feathers, was occafioned by a trophy of that kind, whifhEdJ ^ard the Black Prince took from the king of Bohemia, when he wJ ijiilied at the battle of Poitiers, and the motto is Ick Jien, I ferve. StJ Pavid, commonly called St. Taffy, is the tutelar faint of the WeichJ |ind his badge is a leek, which is worn on his day, the ift of March. History,] The ancient hiftory of Wales is uncertain, on accoim .df tlic number of petty princes >vho governed it. That they wtrefo] yereign and independent, appears from the Englifli hiftory. Itwai formerly inhabited by three different tribci of Britons ; the Silures, thl ■pimetae, and the Ordovices. Thefe people cut out fo much workfoj jhe Romans, that they do not appear ever to have been entirely ful> jiiued ; yet part of thtir country, as appears from the ruins of caftle^ was bridled by garrifons. - Though the Saxons, as hath been alreadyobj ^eryeri, conquered the counties of Monmouth and Hereford, yetthiT jpever penetrated farther, and the Welch remained an independent p«a j)lc, governed by their r.wn princes and their own laws. About t^ year 870, Roderic, king of Wales, divided his dominions among} 'fhrec fons; and tlie xumcs of thefe divifioas wcrei pimetia, or Sou c t II h of ni £ IDI unc He Wi Mm ftct aboi of tl com] wet lanoi price ,M jfimeJ Ufthi hi^al ma ani ISLE OF MAM. 395 Wale** Povefia, or Fowls land ; and Venedotta, or North Wales. ThJa divifion gave a mortal blow to the independency of Wales. About the vear mif Henrv I. of England planted a colony of Flemings on th« ^ntien of Wales, to ferve as a barrier to England, none of the Welch princes being powerful enough to oppofe them. They made, however, many vigorous and brave attempts againit the Norman kinga of England, to mamtain their liberties; and even the Englifh hilloriana idmit the juilice of their claims. In 1137, the crown of England vasfiriifupplicd with a pretext for the future conqueft of Wales; their old and infirm prince Llewellin, in order to be fafe from the perfecu-« tions of his undutiful fon GryfTyn, having put himfelf under (ubjedtiofi and homage to kina Henry III. _ ^ But no capitulation could fattsfy the ambition of Edward I, who re* folfedto anliek Wal^ to the crown of England ; and Llewellin, prince of Wale^, difdalnlng the fubjeAion to which old Llewellin had Tub- nitted, Edward railed an army at a prodigious expenfe, with which he penetrated as far as Flint, and taking poffeflion of the ide of Anelefey, he drove the Welch to the mountama of Snowdon, and obliged thein lofobroit to pay a tribute. The Wiclch, however, made feveral eiforta und;r young Llewellin; but at laft, in 138a, he was killed in battle. Hewa8rucceede4 by his brother David, the lad independent prince of Wales, who, facing }nto Edward's hands through treachery, was hf himmoift barbafoufly and unjuftly hanged ; and Edvvard, from that time, pretended that Wales was annej^ed to his crown of England. It wai about this time, prpbably, that Edward perpetrated the inhuman mafTacre of the Welch bat^s. Perceiving^ that this cruelty was not fufficient to complete his conqueft, he fenf his quepn in the year 1284, to be deli* i med in Caernai^pii caftle, that toe Welch, having a prince born anong themfelves, nnight the more readily recogniie his authority. Tiiis prince was the unhappy Edward II. and from him the title of prince of Wal^ has always fince defcended to the eldeft fons of the LDgliib kings. The hiftory of Wales and England becomes now the jjaffle. It is proper, however, to obferve, that the kings of England havo always found it their intereft to foothe the Welch with particular marks lof thrir regard. Their eldeft fons not only held their titular dignity, but Uftually h^pt a f mjrt at Ludlow ; and a regular council, with a preiident, [was named by the crown, for the adminiftration of all the affairs of the Ipfincipallty. This was thought fo nec^flary a piece of policy, that If hen Henry VIII, had uo fon, his daughter Mary was created princef^ ofWal^L'"" - ' v,.i\"..hy>-M-.',r'i ..-t' *. ><^' '^5 >-(:.;■. -iU '.-.('.-' . rr-fraTTi ISLE OF MAN. ^r* :^* . L HE Mona mentioned by Tacitus was not this ifland, but the ifle of Anglefey. Some think it takes its name from the Saxon word ^ong (or among), becauf^, lying in St. George's Channel, it is almoft t an equal diftance from the kingdoms of EQciand, Scotland, and Ire- lod; but Mona feems to have be?n a generical name with the ancients Qrany detached ifland. Its length Irom north to fouth is rather more [ban thirty mi(es, its breadth from eight to fifteen ; and the latitude of V middle of the ifland is fifty-foiir decrees fixteen minutes north. It ^ laid that on a clear day the three Bntannic |iingdoms may be feeli ^ra tliis ifland. The s^r here is wholcfom^ and tb? cUmate^ only i m V' -t-t- S9fi ISLE OF MAN. !• 1 making an Tillrnvance for the fitiiatlon, pretty much the fame as that In the north of England, from which it does not differ much in otiw fefpefts. The hilly parts arc barren, and tlic cl)au)paign, fruitful la uhe.1t, bariey, oatsj rye, flax, hemb, roots, and piilfc Tlie ridge of fountains, which, as it were, divitfe the illand, both protefls and fer- tilifes the vaUty$, where ther though un- wrought; as are the quarricaof marble, flate, an4 {l<;>ne. | • ' The Ifle of Man contains feventeen pariflies, and four towns on the ^'ere!for fomeagts maflers of tbofe feas. About the year ia63, AUnin^tx II. king of Scot- land, a fpirited prince, having defeated the-D^nes, JSj^jJ cl"iiil to thefu. periority of Man, and obliged Owen or John, it^i kingpi fo: aic^nowledge him as lord paramount. It feetns to hav^ contiim'etl' ^i^ier tributary or in proptrty of* the kings of Scotland, till it was ^•educed' by Edward I. and the kings of England, from that time, exercifed thje fuperjority over the ifland ; though we find it Hill poflefled by the jibfl^rity of its Danifli Jjrinces, in the reign of Edward III. frho difpoflTefTed tKe iaft queen of I the ifland, and brflowed it on his favourite, Mdntague, earl of Sa-, lifljury. His family honours and eftate being forfeited, Henry IV. bev ^owed Man, and the patronage of the bifliaprick, firH-upon the Norik. umSerland family, and, that being frr[tit'.d, upon fir John Stanley,! wliofe polterity, the tarls of Derby, cnjoved it, till, by failure of heirs male, it devolved upon the duke of Athol, who married the filter of the lafl lord Derby. R^-afons of flate rendered it neceflary for the crown of j Great Britain to purchafe the cuftoms of theifland from the Athol fami- ly ; and the bargain was completed by 70,0001. being paid to the duke I 1765. The duke, however, retdins bis territorial property in the | ]n ifland, though the form of its government is altered; and the king hajj jS»ow the fame rights, powers, and prerogatives, as the duke formerly | enjoyed. Th*: iniiai>it»nts alfa retaiu many of their ancient conflitu- tions and cuftoms. ; ^-•i.ur- 1" ."' . The eftablilWd religion in Man is that of the tburch of EnglaDd,! The bilhop of Sodor an^ Man enjpys all the fpiritual rights andpre«| eminences of the other Uflitoin, but aces not fit in the firitiOi houk til 1 S 1. E O F W I G H T. $99 T^s.'fws, whoipi ?,'and their, chief id i\xc Hebridips, ;en mentioned in *ir.tucceflion,an4 ere for fome age's i. king of Scot- QlaiiT)totliefu. . to atHnowIedge jrtier' tributary or pcd'by Edward I. 2 Superiority over irUyof its thnifli ,tl\eiaft queen of] eue, earl of Sa-. , Henry lV.be. lipon the Norih. ! fir John Stanley, )V faiUire of heirs :d thefifteroftlie for the crown of HjiheAtholfami' paid to the duke property in the I and the king ha»| he duke formerly I ancient conftitu- mrch of EnglaDd.! lal rights and pre-L ; BritiOi houk Ml i,f(rs< hisfeencv(r having been ereifted into an Eiiglifli barony. One ^the' moft excellent prelates who ever adorned the ciulcopal charafter, wa« Dr* Thomas Wil foil, bifttop of Max, who prciidcd over the -i.fi 4 ISLE OF WIGHT. ■ iiAHirtAi. .;iii;kii'' i itmiyr- ' 'i-i.'. This Ifland h fituated oppoflte the coaft of Hampfliire, from\vhrch it is feparated by a channel, varying in breadth from two to feven miles; it is confidered as part of the county of Southampton, and is within the diocefe of Winchefter. Its greateft length, extending froru tjfttoweft, meafures nearly twenty-three miles; its breadth froni nortli I to fouth, above thirteen. The air is in generjtl healthy, particularly iti the fouthern parts: the foil is various; hut fo great is' its fertility, that Ik was many years ago computed, that more wheat was grown here in lone year, than could beconfumed by the inhabitants in eight ; and it is Ifuppofed that its prefciit produce, under the great improvements of lagriculturt, and the additional quantity of land lately brought into jtillage, has more than kept pace with the increafe of population, I A range of hills, which afford fine paiturc for flieep, extends from eaft Ito wfft, thrpugli the middle of the iflaiid, The intevior parts' of thq 39« .-■f.- 'SCrtLY, JERSEY, &c.' !■' 'il'ii ifland, as well ta its extfemities, afford a great number of 1)eautifui ni pidturefque profpeAs, net only in the paftoral but alfo in the great Und romantic ftyle. Of thefe beauties the gentlemen of the ifland have availed themfelveSf as well in the choice of fituations for their houfes, as in their other improvements. Domeflic fowls and poultry «re bred here in great numbers; the outward-bound fhips and veiTels at Spitheadf the Mother-bank, and Cowes, commonly furnifhing them. Jelves from this ifland. Such is the purity of the air, the fertility of the foil, and the beauty «tid variety of the landfcapes of this ifland, that it has been called the garden of Englitid; it has fonte very fine gentlemen's feats; anditii •ften vifiteu uv parties of pleafaie on account of its delightful fcenes. The ifland is divided into thirty parifhes : and, according to a verv accurate calculation made in the year 1777, the inhabitants then mrouthed to eighteen thoufand an(^ twenty-four, excluiiveof th: troopi quartered there. Mofl of the ^rm-houfes are built with flone, and even the cottages appear neat and comfortable, having each its little garden, The town of Newport Hands nearly in the centre of the ifland, of which 't may be confidered as the capital. The river Medina empties itfelf into the channel atCowes harbour, dif^ant about five miles, and being navigable up to the quay, renders it commodious for trade. The three principal ftrects of Newport extend from eafl to wefl, and are crofn^d at right angles by three others, all which are fpacious, clean, and well paved. Carifbrook c&flle, in the Ifle of Wight, Ras been rendered remark- able by the confinenrc^nt of king Charles I, who, taking refuge here, was detained a prifoner, from November 1647, to September 1648, After the execut:cr. of the king, this caflle was converted into a place of confinement for his children ; and his daughter, the princefs Elizabeth, died in it. There are feveral other forts in this ifland, which were all ereded about th*: 36th year of the reign of Henry VIII. when many other forts and bbckhoufes were built in different parts of tbe codfl of i^ngland. The SCIIXY ISLliS, ancientiy'tlie SILURE5, are a clufter of dan- fjrous rocks, to the number of 140, lying about thitly miles fi-om the and's End in Cornwall, of which county they were reckoned a part. By their fituation between the Englifli Channel and St. George's Clian- jiel, they have been the deflrudion cf many fliips and lives. Some of the iflsnds are VvtW inhabited, and have large and fecure harbours. In the Englifh Channel are four iflands lubjed to England: thefe ire Jcrfey, Guernfey, Alderney, and Sark ; which, though they li« jtnuch nearer to the coafl of Normapdy than to taat of England, are within the dioccfe of Winchefter. They lie in a clutter in Mount St. Michael's bay, between Cape la Hogue in Normandv, and Cape Fre- belle in Britany. The computed diftance between Jerfey and Sark ii four leagues ; and between tnat and Guernfey, feven leagues ; and be< tween the fame and Alderney, nine leagues. JERSEY, anciently CiESAREA, was known to the Romans, and Jies farthett within the bay, in forty-nine degrees feven minutes' north latitude, and in the fecond decree twenty-fix minutes weft longi- tude, 18 miles weft of Normandy, and 84 mite, fouth of Fortlan(i^ Tiic north fide v inacccffii'k Uiroii^h lofty cUffs^i the fouth is aim»ft GUERNSEt, ALDERNEY, &:c. 399 Jerel with the water ; the higher land, fo its midland part, is well olanted, and abounds with orchards, Arom which is sfiade an incredible. fluantity of excellent cider. The valleys arc fruitful and well culti- vated and contain plenty of cattle and Iheep. The inhabitants negleft tillage too much, being intent upon the culture of cider, the inaprove* pient of commerce, and particularly the nianufaflure of ftockin2>« The honey in Jerfey is remai^biy fine ; and the ifland is well fivf^ plied with fiih and wild-fowl of almoft every kind, fome of both being peculiar to the ifland, and very delicious. The ifland is not above twelve miles in length : but thie air is fo falu« brious, that, in Camden's time, is was faid there was here no bafinefs for a phviician. The inhabitants in number are about 20,000^ and ace di> vidcd into twelve pariflies. The capital town of S.. Hdier, or Hilarys wliich contains above 400 houfes, has a good harbour and caftle, and jnakes a handfome appearance. The property of this ifland belonged fomwrly to the Carterets, a Norman family, who have been always at- tached to the royal interefl, and gave prote&ion t6 Charles 11. both whed king and prince of Wales, at a time when no part of the Britiih dotni- nionsdurft recognife him. The language of thle inhabitants is FrehjAi * with which moft of them intermingle £ngli(h words. Knit flocking* and caps form their ftaple commodity ; but they carry oft a conflderabie trade in fifli with Newfoundland, and difpofe of their cargoes in the Mediterranean. The govtrnor is appointed by the crown of England* but the civil adminiftration refts with a bailiff, aflifted by twelve ju- rats. As this ifland is the principal remain of the duchy of Nor- mandy depending on the kings of England, it preferves the old fteudsl fomis, and particularly the alfembly of %tes, which is, as it were, a ininiature of the Britifli parliament, as fetiied in the time of Edward I. tiUERNSEY is thirteen miles and a half from fouth*weft to nonh- lafl, «nd twelve and a half where broadell, eaft and weft ; has only teii pariflies, to which there are but eight miniftersj four of tht pariihes teinj; united, and Alderncy and Sark, which are apperdagei of Guern- fcy, having one a-piece. Though this is a much finer ifland than that 0/ Jerfey, yet it is far lefs valuable ; becaufe it is not fo well cultivated, nor is it fo populous. It abounds in cider; and the inhabitants fpeak ', French: but want of firing is the greateft incouveniency that both iflands labour under. The only harbour here, is at St. Peter le Port^ which is guarded by two forts, one called the Old-Caftle, and the other Caftle-Cornet. Guernfey is like wife part of the ancient Norman pa- trimony. ALDERNEY is about eight miles in compafs, and is by much the neareft of all thefe iflands ro Normandy, from which it is fcparated by f, narrow firait, called the Race of Alderney, which is a dangerous paflage in ftormy weather, when the two currents meet ; otherwife it is fafe, and has depth of water for tlie largeft fliips. This itland is heolthy, and the foil is remarkable for a fine breed of cows. SARK is a fmall ifland depending upon Guernfey ; the inhabitants sreioag-lived, and enjoy from nature all the conveniencies of life; their number is about 300. The inhabitants of the three laft-meutioned idaiids, together, are thought to be about 20,000. The religion of all the four iflands is that of , the church of England. rfnu i(>^)itt( Amis a iiit.\- U!^ , i>U'tj «'i-' 'i ■'•■'^^ - 'V^'ii-rft't* V « '4 ? : .3' ;>; Ill lit; s' )', , I R E LA N D. . Situation, Boundaries, and Extent. The ifland of Ireland is fit^iated on the weft fide of England, bctwecti 6 and xo degrees of wed longitude, and between 5 1 and ^ j deerees 30 minutes north latitude, or between the middle parallel of the eis^hth clime, where the longeft day is 16^^ hours, and the 24th parallel, or the end of the tenth clime, where the longeft day is 1 7^ hours. The extent or fuperficial content of this kingdom is, from the neareft ■computation and furvey, found to be in length 285 miles from Fairhead north, to M iflfenhead fouth ; and from the eaft part of Down, to the weft part of Mayo, its greateft breadth 160 miles; and to contain 11,067,712 Irifli plantation acres, which makes 17,927,864 acres of Englifli flatute meafure, and is held to bear proportion to England and Wales as i8 to 30. Mr. Templeman, wl'.o makes the length 275, and the breadth 150 miles, gives it an area of 27,457 fquare miles, with 127 inhabitants to each. From the eaft part of Wexford to St. David's in Wales, it is reckoned 1 5 miles, but the paflage between Donaghadee and Portpatrick in Scotland is little more than twenty miles, and the paflage from Dublin to Holyhead in North Wales^ about 52 miles. Names and divisions, / Many conjeftures have been formed ai ancient; AND MODERN, j to the Latin (Hibernia), the Irifli (Erin), as well as the Englifli name of this ifland. It probably takes its rife from a Phoenician or Gaelic term^ fignifying the fartheft habitation weft ward. It is pretty extraordinary, that even modern authors are not agreed as to the divifions of Ireland ; fome dividing it into iive circuits, and fomt into four provinces, thjfc of Leinftcr, Ulfter, Connavight, and Mun. fter. I fliall follow the laft divifion, as being the moft common, and Ukewife th^^ moft ancient. ipiftA^r, I a co^^tiss. TJlftcr, 9 counUcs Counties. ''Dublin Louth N\ick!ow V/exford Longford Eaft Meath Weft Meath King's County Qijeen's Cpunty Kilkenny Kildare Carlo w. (Down I Armagh I Monaghad ; Cavan i Antrim Londonderry Tyrone Fermanagh Doaegall. Chief Towns* Dublin Drogheda Wicklow Wexford LongJord Trim Mullingai' Fhilipftown Maryborough Kilkenny Naas and Athy Carlo w. Down Pati'ick Armagh Monaghan Cavan Carrickfergua Derry Omagh Enniikillen Lifford. :iH I R EX A N D. ■^ ¥^hy land, bctwecrt ml 5 5 degrees I of the eighth larallel, or the s. om the neartft from Fairhead Down, to the ind to contain ,7,864 acres of to England and etigth 275, and mUes, with 127 o St. David's in ;en Donaghadee f miles, and the at 52 miles. : been formed ai the Irifli (Erin), t>ly takes its rife kttneft habitation ate not agreed as ircuits, and fom« vird town Lorough |\ny ind Athy Patiick Ighaa [kfergu9 Ih ciUen td. Connaught,' ties i coun- rLeitrim n^.&-yih'^. Carrick on Shaiuion I Rofcommon ■ ' Rofcommon J Mayo I Siigo V.Galwa ;A»i>'' Baliinrobe and. Cafllebar Sligo Hunfler, 6 counties < /ay. Oalway. f Clare Ennis Cork fi'jjfl*// M Cork Kerry -?,, , Tralee Limerick -^ ■ . < ;- Limerick Tipperary .'/oi^iti; Clonmtl .Waterford. Waterford. Climati, seasons, and doiL.] The climate of Ireland differs j not miicli from that of England, excepting that it is more moift, tlie-^ I'eafons in general being much wetter. From the reports of various re- , Lifters, it appears that the number of days on which rain had fallen [in Ireland was much greater than in the fame years in England. But. Iwithftiit the evidence of regifters, it is certain, that moiflure (even with- . lout rain) is noi only more charafteriftic of the climate of this ifland Ithan that of En^Jand, but is ;iHb one of the worlY and moft inconve- ; pientcircumlhiices. This is accounted for by obferving, that, "the , j-efteh winds, fo favourable to other regions, and fo benign even in , lh>, b ' ( '••'fyiiig the rigour of the northern air, are yet hurtful in the , bsir • - ting with no lands on this fide of America to break their , lorct, und proving in the general too powerful for the counteraftion of : Ihefliifting winds from tl'.e eaftem and African continents, they waft litherthe vapours of an i>l]yMP^c ocean. By this caufe, the (ky in Ire- Udis much oSfciired ; aif||p^om the nature of reft and condenfation, We vapours dcfcend in fiicn conftant rains, as threatea drftruftion to Lefniits of the earth in fome feafons. This unavoidable evil from na-. , jral caufes is aggravated bv the increafe of it from others, which are . jther moral or political; The hand of induftry hath been long idle in. JcoHntry where almoft every advantage muft be obtained from its la- hurf and where diftiouragements on tiie labf'urer muft necenkrily pro- . Iceaftate of languor. Ever (ince the negle£i: of agriculture* irj the hth century, the rains of fo many ages fubfiding on the lower grounds, i Ive converted moft of the extenfive plains into molfy moraites, and ■r a tenth part of this beautiful iUe is become a repofitory for flag- led waters, which, •"^. the courfe of evaporation, impregnate the air Vi noxious exhalar- ,. *." But, in many refpe6fs, the climate of [land is more ag>e( . ' t' a\ that of England; the fummers being, kier and the winters lei., f veA . The piercing frofts, the deep fnows, i the dreadful etFefts of tliunder and lightnmg, which are fo fre- ,• |ntly obferved in the latter kingdom, are never experienced here. . ., The dampnefb above alluded to, being peculiarly favourable to the »thofgrafs, has been ufed as an argument why theinhabitants ftiould fine their attention to the rearing of c:ittle, to ...e total defertion of ■ Jge, and confequent injviry to the growth of popuiatiou; but the fis !"c infinitely varisus, as to be capable of almoft every fpecies of Ivation fuitable to fuch latitude, with a fertility equal to its variety^ lis fo confpici' >i , that it has been obferved by a refpeftable Eng- traveller, that ' ' air ' ff"- tility, acre for acre, over the two king- i, is certainly in favoUi of Ireland ; of this there can fcar:ely be » |i entertained) when it is confidered that fome of the more beauti* * O'Csnnor's DiOcrtatlona. Dd K' 4di'^ IRELAND. beft cultivated coim.'-s in Englahd, owe almoft every pital art and iiiduftry oi its inhabitants." ful, and even thing to the capital art and induftry We fliall'conclnde this article with the further fentiments of the fame author (Mr. Young), whofe knowledge ofthe fubjeft, acquaintance with the kingdom, and candour, are uninnpt;M:hable. " The circumftance which ftrilces mc as the greateft fingnlarity of Ire. land, is the rockinefsof the foil, which ihoiild feem at firft fight againft that degree of fertility ; but the conrrarv is the fad. Stone U fo gene- ral, that 1 have good reafon to believe the whole ifland is one vail rock of different ftrata and kinds rifing out of the fea. I have ran ly heiirci of any grtat depths being funk w itUout meeting with it. In general itap. pears on the furfacc in every part of the kingdom ; the -flattefiand moft fertile parts, as Limerick, Tipj>€rary, and Meath, have it at no cveat depth, almoft as much as the more barren ones. May »e not rtco^iijfe in this the hand of bounteous providence, which has given, peritaps, the moft ilony foil in Europe to the moifteft climate in it ?• If as much rain fell upon the clays in England (a foil very rarely met with in Ireland and never without much ftone), as falls upon the rocks of htr filler ifland, thofe land ^ould not be cultivated. But the rocks here are clothed with verdu ; j '3 of lime-ftone, with only a thin coverinzof mould, have the fofte; ' moft beautiful turf imaginable. " The rockinel's of tl.^ foil in Ireland is fo univerfai, that it predo- minates in every fort. One cannot ufe with propriety the, terms clay loam, fiind, &c. it muft be a ftony clay, a ftony loam, a gravelly fand. Clay, efpecially the yellow, is much talked of in Ireland ; but it is for; want of proper difcrimlnation. I have :^ra|ee or twice fecn almofl a pure clay upon the furface ; but it is extra|Bly rare. The true yellow I clay is ufually found in a thin flratum, uiraer the furface mould, and over a rock; harQi, tenacious, ftony, ftrong loams, dilHcult to work are not uncommon, but tiiey are quite ditferent from Engiifli clavs. *' Friable faiidy loams, dry, but fertile, are veh' common, and theH form the beft foils in the kingdom for tillage and flieep. Tipperaryandj Rofcommon abound particuhrrly in them. The.moft fertile of all-are] the buUock-pallures of Limerick, and the banks of the Shannon la] Clare; called the CorcafTes. Thefe arc a mellow, putrid, friable loam. I " Sand, which is fo common in England, and yet more commoiil through France, Germany, and Poland, quite from Gibraltar to Pe-j terfbiirg, is no w-hcre met with in Ireland, except in narrow flips of] hillocks, upon tl>€ fca-coaft. Nor did I ever meet with or hear of j chalky foil, 'f'^t i»«i ;i i'^ Hsh nsifii ';.t}l-rfvi!i i^wm " Befides the greMt fertility of the'foil, thei^e are other cir<'umftancei which come' within my iphere to mention, Few'countries can be beliti watered by large and beautiful rivers ; and it is remarkable that hy muclJ he fineft pans of the kingdom are on the banks of thefe riveri. Wit. nefsthe Suir, Bladcwater, and LifFey, the Boyne, the Nore, theBarroifJ and part of the Shannon; they wafli a fcenery that can hardly w ceeded. From the rockinefs of the ootintry, however, there arefH of them that have not obftru'"e falls into Sr r" , li'ly remarkable fbr^atcrlr rh^^"^">' "^ ^^e bav of D.fbiin T > larbonr. The Barrow ?h'i^'' "'5'^^'' "^^^re it forms i/n'"'^ " le«», fJn,\,l Sf'tej^e "7^»- ^h-h^very „,,„e indent Hany country i» EuroVi^eft toS'/"^ '"•■'''' ,hat co„„," be IIwIomJ * . y""cgan, Killebe<'s. I nurrh c 1,0' ^^^nnonmouth I rela nd contains a vaft number of Int^*""'^'-^' '"" J-ough-FoX ' 404 IRELAND; On the top of one of the fnrroiinding mountains in a fmall round lake about a quarter of a mile in diameter, called the Devil's Punch Bowl / From the furface of the lake to the top of the cavity, or brim of the bowl, may be about 300 yards ; and when viewed from the circular ton it has a moft aftonifliing appearance. The depth of it is vaftly great . but not unfathomable, as the natives pretend. The difchnrge of the fu.' ,/ , perfluous waters of this bowl, through a chafm into the middle Jake' ' ' forms one of the fineft cafcades in the world, vifible for 150 yards.' The echoes among the hills furrounding the fouthern parts of the lake, which is moftly inclofed, are equally delightful and aftonifliinjr The proprietor, the earl of Kenmare, h^s placed fome cannon in the moft proper places, for the amufement of travellers ; and the difcharoe •of tl.efe pieces is tremendous, refcmbling inoJl the rolling of a violent ■' pcal of thunder, which feems to travel the furrounding fcenery, and die away among the dillant mountains. Herealfo mufical inftrunient? elpecially the horn and trumpet, afford the moft delightful entertain' ment, and raife a concert luperior to that of a hundred performers. Among the vaft and craggy heights that furround the lake, is one ftupen-' cjous and frightful rock, the front of which towards the water is a moft horrid precipice, called the eagle's nej^ from the number of thofe birds which have ihcir nefts in that place. Inlakd navigation.] The inland navigation of Ireland is veryim- provable, as appears from the canals that have lately been cut through • different parts of the kingdom ; one in particular, reaching an extentof I 60 miles, between the Snannon and the Liffey at Dublin, which opens a communication from the Channel to the Atlantic Ocean. In furvev- ing the grounds for this canal, it was found heceJiary to carry itthrouoh . a bog 24 miles over, which, from the fpungy nature of that foil, became a work of incredible labour and expenfe, in ftrengthening the fides, and] other works, to prevent falling in. Mountains.] Tiie Irirti language had been more happy in dillin. guifliing the fize of mountains than perhaps any other. A knock fignifosj ■a low hill, unconncflred with apy other eminence \JIieve marks a craggyj high mountain, gradudllv afcending and continued in fevcral rid:;es';a| liidtm or binn Signifies a pinnacle, or mountain of the firft m:ignitudK ending in a fliarp or abrupt precipice. The two laft are often feen and compounded together in one and the fame range. Ireland, howeveri when compared with fome other countries, is far from being moiinJ fainous. The mountains of IVlourne and Iveagh, in the county ol Dowji, r.r" reckoned among fome of the higheft in the kingdom; ol r.nich Slieu Denard has been calculated at a perpendicular height ol . ^056 yards. Many other mountains arc found in Jreland ; but thej contain little or nothing particular, if we except the fabulous h'ftoriJ that are annexed to fome of them. Some of thefe mountains contaii in their bowels, beds of minerals, coals, ftone, Hate, and marble, nit^f lioiife veins of iron, lead, and copper. ^H He Forests.] The chief forells in Ireland lie in Leinfter, the King^B avoic and Queen's counties, and thofe of Wexford and Carlovv. In Ullt^B the , mere are great forefts, as in the co'.inty of Donegall, and in tl^H W( north part of Tyrone; alfo in the county of Fermanagh, along Loii^Billoiv Earne, and in the north part of the county of Down, whcrtriii is fnRoouc- ) There IS little that falls TiONS BV SEA AND LAND. 3 Under this head thatispecu-« liar to Ireland, her productions being much the fame as thofe of Eng- jand and Scotland. Ireland affords excellent turf and mofs, which- (re of vait fervice for firing, where wood and coals are fcarce. A few wolves were formerly found in Ireland; but they have long fince been txfenninated by their wolf-dogs, which are much larger than maftifFs, Ihaped like greyhounds, yet as gentle and governable as fpaniels. What Ihave already obferved about the Irifli exportation of fait provifions^ fiifficiei^dy evinces the prodigious numbers of hogs and fliecp, as well as black cattle, bred in that kingdom. Rabbits are faid to be more plen- tiful there than in England. The fifli that are caught upon the coaftji of Ireland are likewife in greater plenty than on thofe of England, ancfc fome of them larger and more excellent in their kind. At the commencement of the prefent century, the number of inha- bitants in Ireland was thought to be about two millions; whereas, hi i672,^there were, according to fir William Petty, no more than 1,100,000. But from the accounts laid before the ihoufe of commons in 1786 (as returned by the hearth-money colleftors), the number of houfes in Ireland amounted to 474,23.4. If .we add to this the proba- ble increafe fince, and allow, for the numbers intentionally or un- avoidably overlooked in fuch returns, we may rcafonably c'ouclude that the I refcnt ai!itual amount is 500.000. -^ ;'• We are iie> t to confider what average number of perfons we fliould [illow to each houfe. In the peafants' cottages in Ireland (perhaps the [ mod populous in the world) j Mr. Young in fome parts found the tvtrage 6 and 6 J ; others have found it in different places to be 7; and Dr. Hamilton, in his account of tlie ifland of Raghery, enumerates the houfes, and difcovered the average therein to be 8. In the cities and friiicipal towns, the houfes, partkularlv in the manufaifturing part*, Dd'^ 4d6 IRELAND; SI generally contain feveral families ; and from different accounts the numbers in fuch are from lo up fo high as 70 *. from thefe e called the father .red arts and letter |thc great anc(;ftor jcnts have yet bee of ChriltianityiiitJ previous to this pf rs, and their collec leemed to have bee tind, he found msi [votaries were pioi It fcholars of St. P Ithe fuccecding a| Iks fo greatly exc( Icks of nioft learni ounders of Lieuxi |ly ; of Wirlzbur( JhutMr. O'HilloraDi ljec«i«ik,tl»Atl'»triA< ]„ Fianconia ; St. Gall, in bwitzeriauU j and of Malmlbury, Lindisfarran, lid many other monafteries, in Britain." We have alfo the tcllimony crahle Ucde, that, about the middle of the Xeventh century, many ofventr ,_ , . nobles, and other orders of the Anglo-Saxons, retired from tneir own coiintrv into Ireland, cithtrfor inftruftion,or foran opportunity of iiv- ing ill inonafteriea of ftriAer difcipline: and that the Scots (as he ftyle^ thelrifh) maintained them, taught them, and furniflied them with books, without fee or reward : " a moft honourable leftimony," fav» lord Lyttle- ton "not only to the learning, but likt:wife to the hofpitality and boun* tvoVthat nation." Dr. Leland remarks, that a conflux of foreigners to a retired ifland, at a time when Europe was in ignorance and confufion, cave peculiar luAre to this feat or learning : nor is it improbable or furprifnigi tliat fcven thoufand ftudents ftudied at Armagh, agreeable; to the accounts of Irifli writers, though the feminary orAxmagh waR but one of thofe numerous colleges ert-fted in Ireland. In modern times, the Irilh have alfo diftinguiflied themfelves in the republic of Utters. Archbifhop Uflier docs honour to literature itfelf* Dean Swift, who was a native of Ireland, has perhaps never been equal- jtJ in the walks of wit, humour, and fatire. The fpriglitiinefs of P'ar- (jiihar's wit is well known to all lovers of the drama. And among the men of dilUnguilhed genius whom Ireland has lately produced, may al- fo be particularly mentioned fir Richard Steele, biftiop Berkeley, Par- flt), Sterne, and Goldfmiih. L'nivkksity.] Ireland contains but one univerfity, which is deno- minated Trinity -college. It confifts of t^'o fquarcs, in the whole of »hich are thirty-three bnildings, of eight rooms each. Three fides of one of the fqu; r:s are of brick, and the fourth is a very fuperb library; but being built of bad ftone, it Is unfortunately mouldering away. The inCde is beautiful and commodiotfs, and embcllilhed with the bufls of feveral ancient and modern worthies. A great part of the books on one j lide were collefted by archbifliop Uflier, U' ho -was one of the original Lembers of this. body, and the moft learned nan it ever produced. ITiie new fquare, three fides of which have been built within about tiventy years, by parliamentary bounty, and from thence called Parlia- Lent-fquare, is of hewn ftone ; and the front of It next the city of JDuHin, is ornamented with pilafters, feftoons, &c. The provoft's Ihoufe has an elegant little front, entirely of Portland ftone. The chapel lisi very mean ftrudure, as is alio the pld hall, wherein college excrcifes lire performed ; but the new hall, in which the members of the college Idine, is a fair and large room. In their mufeum, is a fet of figures iti liax, reprefenting females in every ftate of pregnancy. They are doi\e upon real IlielVons, and are the labours of ai^nofl ,tb?-Wjiiol? lif^oif a [french artilh ,'VJ in. '•\:hyi^i'i'^ tt[h 'i^\>Ar i^-ic«ii This feminary was founded and endowed by qwecn Elizabeth ; but :orifi;inal foundation confifted only of a provoft, three fellows, and ee fcholars; which has from time to lime been augmented to twen» |-two fellows, fcventy fcholars, and thirty fizers. However, the wholf amber of ftudents is at prefent about four hundred ; who :u*e of thre« fellow-commoners, penfioners, and fizers or fervitors.' Of th? lUows, feveral are called fcniors ; and the annual income of each of bfe is about feven hundred pounds. The provoftfliip is fuppofed to fworth three thoufand pounds a year. Trinity-college has a power ^conferring degrees of baclielors, mailers, and do<.%!-a, in, all the art| ifaculties. The vifitors are, t|>e «il^^9tllp^, 4»r v^«,--..•,■,.■,...,. ^ot n > -'t?' \ ''PL. ., ^w m ■jig 1 1 i ^«<^ &n II! T .1 4^ tl^ E: L A N D. 1 - AKTi cuKio»i'nEf, ") The wolf-dogs of Treland hii»e NATURAL AND ARtfnciAL. \ already bwH mentioned. The Irifh gofliawks and gerfalcons are celebrated for their fliape and bfau. ty. The moofe-deer is thought to have been formerly a nativ'e of this ifland, their horns being fometimes dug up of fo great a fize, that one pair has been found near eleven feet from the tip of the right Imrn to the tip of the left ; but the grcateft netural curiofity in Irelanrl Is tli« Giants* Caufeway in the county of Antrim, about eight miles from Colerain, which is thus defcribed by Dr. Pococke, late bifl)op of Oflbry, a celebrated traveller and- antiquary. He fays, '• that he niea- 'fured the moft wefterly point at high water, to the diftance of 360 feet from the cliff; but he was told, that at low water it extended 60 feet farther upon a dtfcent, till it was loft in the fea. Upon meafuringtne «eftern point, he found it 540 feet from the clifF; and Caw as muclj more of it as of the other, where it winds to the eaft, and is, like that loft In iht water. ' »• The caufeway is compofed of pillars, all of angular fljapes, from three fides to eight. The taftern point, where it joins the rock, ter. minates in a perpendicular cliff, formed by the upright fides of the pil- lars, fome of which are thirty -three fe^t four inches high. Each pillar confifts of feveral joints or ftones, lying one upon another, from fix inches to about one foot in thicknefs ; and, what is very furprifinff fome of thefe joints are fo convex, that their prominences are nearly quarters of fpheres, round each of which is a ledge, which holds them together with the greateft fii mnefs, every ftone being concave on the other fide, and fitting in the exafteft manner the convexity of the up- per part of that beneath it. The pillars are from onie to two feet in diameter, and generally confift of about forty joints, molt of which k- parate very eafily ; and one may walk along upon the tops of the pillars •s hr as to the edge of the water. " But this is not the moft fingular part of this extfaordinary curiofity, ■the cliffs themfelves bt-ing ftill morbfurprifing. From the bottom, which is of black ftone, to the height of about fixty feet, they are divided at 1 equal diftances by ftri[>es of a reddifli ftone, that refembles a cement, a- bout four inches in thicknefs ; upon this there is another ftratum of the I ■fame black ftone, with a ftratum of fi''e inches thick of the red. Over this is another ftratum ten feet thick, divided in the fame manner ; then f a ftratum of the red ftone twenty feet deep, and above that a ftratum of j upright prllars ; above thefe pillars lies another ftratum of black ftonej twenty feet high; and, above this again, another ftratum of u^yrightpii- lars, rifing in fome places to the tops of the cliffs, in others not fo high,k •nd in othiers again above it, where they are called the cf.imneys. The| face of thefe cjiffs extends about three Englifli miles. The cavities, the romantic profpefts, catarafts, and other pleafing ani{ uncommon natnral objeflsto be met with in Ireland, are too numerou to be called rarities ; and feveral pamphlets have been employed in it\ fcribing them. As to the artificial rarities in Ireland, the chief aretha found Pharos, or ftone towers, found upon>the coafts, and fiippofedt^ he built by the Danes and Norwegians in their piratical incurfions, wb made life of them as Tpy-towers or barbicans, light-houfes or beacons.! Cities, towns, forts, and other 7 Dublin, the capital of Irtj EDIFICES, PUBLIC AND FsiVATE. \ land, is, in magniti.;d the number of inhabitants, the Itcond city in the Britifli dominion much about the fize of Stockholm, Copenhagen, Berlin, and Marfeillfl aod is fuppofed to contain near 200,000 iuliabkants. It is fituated 3;| Ireland have ioncd. The pe and beaw- natWe of thi* fize, tliat one right horn to Irelaivi is tlw [\t m\le8 from ate bifliop of " that he mea- iKc of 360 feet tended 60 feet I meafvujng the \ law 88 mucli nd is, like that, lar fliapes, from IS the rock, ter. fides of the pil- gh. Each pillar nother, from fix very furprifing, ncnces are nearly I'hich holds them g concave on the ivexity of the up- le to two feet in molt of which fe- tops of the pillars )rdinary curiofity, ;he bottom, which hey are divided at nble* a cement, a- her ftratumofthe of the red. Over ime manner ; then |e that a ftratum of im of black ftont, umofui/rightpil. ptboi-s not fo high, [e tf.imneys. The] i other pleafingani J are too numerou In employed in de- L the chief are tin Is, and fuppofedti >al incurfions, w Lufes or beacons. I, the capital of in 1 in magnitude at iBrit'illi di>miiiio" Ilin, and Maifal It is fiiuated i ' f R E L A*N D. • : 4ti miles nnrthwcft of London, and near fixty miles weft frrrm Hotyhi^din North Wales the uAial ftation of tlie palfagc-veirels between Great Bri- tain and Ireland. Dublin (lands about fevcn miles from the fc.i, at the bottom of a large and fpacious bay, to which it^ives name, upon the river Liffcv, which divides it .ilmoll into two equal parts, and is bank- rl in through the whole length of the city on both fides, which form fpucious and noble quays, where vcfl'els below the firft bridge load and unload before the merchants' doors and warehoiifes. A ftranger, upon entering the bay of Dublin, whiclvis about firven miles broad, nnd in llormy weather extremely dangerous, is agreeably fifrprifed with the beautiful profpcft on each fide, and the diflant view of Wicklow moun- tains; but Dublin, f;om its low fituation, makes no p/eat appearance. Thcincreafe of Dublin within thefe laft twenty years is incredible, and it Is gcnenilly fuppofed that 7000 houfcs have been added to the city and fuburbs fince the reign of queen Anne. The number of houfes in the ytar 1777, was i7fty, and uniformly built, \ni a gravel walk runs through the whole at an equal difVance from the fidcii. The river Liffcy, though navigable for fea veflels as far as thecuftom« iioufc, or centre of the city, is but fmall, when compared with the Thames at London. Over it are two handfome bridges, lately bullr, of ilone, in imitation of that at Weftminfter, and there are three others tbt ha' ''ttle to r(;commend them. Formerly the centre of Dublin, towar cuftom-houfe, was crowded and inconvenient for commer- cial p' . ; br.t of late a new ftrect has been opened," leading from Eflex bridge to the caflle, where the lord-lieutenant refides. A new ex- ichange has been lately ere(5kcd, an elegant fvrufture of white Jlone, richly [tmbelliflied with (em'i-columns of the Corinthbn order, a cupola, and other ornaments. The barracks are pleafantly fituated on an eminence near the river. [They confift of four large courts, in which are generally quartered four Httalions of foot, and one regiment of borfe ; from hence the caftle and :ity guards are relieved dailv. They are faid to be the largeft and com- pletcK building of the kind in Europe, being capable of containing 3000 foot, and 1000 horfe. « The linen-hall was erefted at the public expenfe, and openM in the rear 1728, for the reception of fuch linen cloths as were brought to (hblin for fale, for which there are convenient apartftients. It is cn- fcrely under the direftion of the truftees for the encouragement of the jnen manufa(?tory of Ireland, who are compofed of the lord chancellor, leprimate, the archbifhop of Dublin, and the prindpal part of th^ iobility and gentry. This national inflittition is produ6tivc of great ^d'^ antare, by preventing many frauds which otherwife would become jittcdin a capital branch of trade, by which many thoufauds are em- loyed, and the kingdom greatly enriched. Stephen's Grc^n is a mofl extenfive fqnare, round \vhich is a gravd "Ik of near a mile. Here genteel coinpany walk in the evenings, nnd Sundays after two o'clock, and in fine weather make a very gay ap- irancc. Many of the houfes round thf green are very fhitely ; but a It of unifomiity is obrcrvable throughout the uhole. Ample amendit a 412 IRELAND. EWI| 11' I'i' m m will be made for this defeft by another fpacious fquarc near Steolw ♦ Green, now laid out and partly built. The houfes being lofty, unifor"' and carried on with ftone as far as the firft floor, will give the whole '^* air cf magnificence, not exceeded by any thing of the kind in Britai^n" if we except Bath. The front of Trinity- college, extending above loo feet, is built of Portland ftone in the fineft tafte. ' The parliament houfe was begun in 1729, and fini(hed in 17*0 the cxptn(e of 40,0001. This luperb pile was in general of the ioaic order, and was juftly accounted one of the foremoft architeftural beau- ties. The portico in particular was, perhaps, without parallel ; the in! ternal parts had alfo many beauties, and the manner in which the build* ing was lighted has been much admired. Thisfuperb building, on the 27th of February 1792, was obferved to be in flames, about five'o'clock in the au-rnoon, when the houfe of lords, as well as the commons was fitting, and in full debate. When the alarm was given, one of the members made his way to the roof, and looking do.;'n into the houfe from one of the ventilators, confirmed the apprehen.lons of thofe within by faying the dome was furrounded by fire, and -vould tumble ihtotht houfe in five minutes. The volume of fire, by which the dome was furrounded, foon made apertures on all fides, by melting the capper from the wood-work, and thus exhibiting the cavity of the dome filled with flames like a large furnace, which at about half paft fix tumbled into the houfe with one great crafli. The valuable library, and all the papers of importance, were faved. But one of the greateft and moft laudable undertakings that this m can boafl of, is the building of a ftone wall about the breadth of a mo' derate ftreet, and of a proportionable height, an'j three miles in lennh to confine the channel of the bay, and to ihelter vefrds in ftoilny weather. 'The civil government of Dublin is by a lord-mayor, &c. the fimeaj in London. Every third year, the lord-mayor, and the twcnty-fourj companies, by virtue of an old charter, are oblig:ed'to perambulate the! city, and its liberties, which they call riding the Franchifes. Uponthii occafion the citizens vie with each other in fliow and oftentalion, whici is fometimes produftive of difagreeable confequences to many ofthei families. In Dublin there are two large theatres, that are generally well filled, and which fervc as a kind of nurfery to thofe in London. Inthii city are eighteen parifti-chi:rches,eightchapel8, three churches for FrencI and one for Dutch proteftants, fevcn prelo"* rian meeting-houfes, twi for methodifts, two for quakers, and fixteen Roman catholic chapels. royal hofpital, like that at Chelfea, for invalids; a lying-in hofpital, witi gardens, built and laid out in the fineft tafte; an ho^ital for Innatici founded by the famous Dean Swift, who himfelf died a lunatic; am fundry other hofpitals for patients of every defcription. Some oft! churches have been lately rebuilt, and others are rebuilding, in a moi elegant manner. And, indeed, whatever way a ftranger turns himfe| 3n this city, he will perceive a fplrit of elegance and magnificence ; ai if he extends his view over the whole kingdom, he will conclude thi works of ornament and public utility in Ireland almoft keep pace wii thofe ercfting, great as they are, over the ditferent parts of Great Bi tain. For it m\^ft be ncknowledgetl that no nation in Europe, con paratively fpeaki/ig, has expended fuch fums as the grants of the Irij pafliament; witncfs the many noble ereftions, churches, hofpitar brid{>c!;; the formitigof harboitrsi publ,Ic roads, caaalS| a^id other pi lie and private ;pni4ert»lungs, . ^i-;^-':, -^ ■'.;\.'^':::::^]''Ti. ' IRELAND. 41* if It haSi however, been matter of furprife, that, with all this fpirit of • iticaal improvement, few or no good inns arc to be met with in Ire-> land.' ^^ t^^ capital, which dlay be clafled among the fecond order of cities of Europe, tiiere is not one inn which deferves that name. This, may in Tome meafure, be accounted for, by ttt© long and fometimes ijZjgrous paiTage from Chefter.and Holyhead to Ireland, which prtf«.v vents the gentry of England, with their families, from vifitinj, that idand j but as it is now propoied to malte turnpike roads to i'ortpatrick in Scot- land, from whence the paffage is iliort and fafe, che roads of Ireland may' bv this means, become more frequented, cfpecially when the ru- ral beaiuies of that kingdom are njore generally known. For though, in England, France, and Italy, a traveller meets with views the moil lux- uriant and rich, he is fometimes cloyed with a famenefs that runs through the whole; but in thofe countries of North Britain and Ireland, the ruMcd mountains, whofe tops look down upon the clouds, the exten- five lakes, enriched with t)u(hy iflands, the qavities, glens, cataraAs, the numerous feathered creation, bopping from cliff to cliff, and othtr pleafiug and uncommon natural objefts, that frequently prei'ent them- felves in various forms and (liapes, have a wonderful effeft upon the imagination, and are pleafing to the fancy of every admirer of nature^ however rough and unadorned with artificial beauties. ;a Cork is ilefervedly reckoned the fecond city in Ireland, in magnitude, riches, and commerce. It lies 129 miles fouth-weft of Dublin, and con- tai iS above 8500 houfes. Its haven is deep, and well fheltered from all winds; but fmall veflels only can come up to the city, which (lands iboutfeven miles up the river Lee. This is ths chief port of merchants la the kingdom ; and there is, perhaps, more beef, tallo^v, and butter Ihipped off here, than in all the other ports of Ireland put together. Hence there is a great refort of fliips to this port, particularly of thofe bound from Great Britain to Jamaica, Barbadoes, and all the Carib lee. iflands, which put in here to viftual and complete their lading. It ap- pears, that in. the reign of Edward IV. there were x i churches in Cork, though there are now only feven, and yet it has ever rd at Dublin, is under as jud and nice regulations a I anv commercial houfe in Europe. i . i I Constitution and go>ernment.'1 Ireland formerly wasonlyfn-l titled the dominion or lordfliip of Ireland, and th^- kingV ftyle wasnoj other than Dominus Hibeiniae, lord of Ireland, till the 33d year ofkinjj Henry VIII. wlu-n he afliuncd the title of kir.?, which is rrcognifcd bjrl aft of parliament in the faine reign. But ;is England aiid Scotland are! now one and the fame kingdom, and yet differ in their municipal laws;! fo England and Ireland are diftinft kingdoms, and yet in gentMal agrtej in their laws. For, after the conqueft of Ireland by king Henry ii. tbel laws of England were received and fworn to by the Irifli nation, affiriB-j Wed at the i,ouatil of Lifmore. And as Ireland, thus Cv.*fi^MereJ, piajt-j I R E L A N p< 41s 1 and governed, continued in a ftatc of dependence, it was thought e'ceflarv that it fliould conform to, and be obliged by, fuch laws as the ' Jiperior ftatc thought proper to prefcribe. But this ftate of dependence being ahnoft forgotten, and ready to be difputed bv the Irifli nation, it was thought neceflliry fonie years ago tO' ' declare hoi'' that matter ftood : and therefore, by ftatute 6th of George. :' I it was declared, " that the kingdom of Ireland ought to be fubordi- nateto, and dejKtident upon, the imperial crown of Great Britain, a»- being i'nfeparably united thereto; and that the king's majefty, with thei conlent of the lords and commons of Grea* Britain in parliament, hath power to make laws xo bind the people of Ireland." This dettrminationt of the Britilh par' tmentj however, bccafioned much diflatisfafti''ii a-? mon? the Iri{l>, who at length,, after many ftrugglcs, feeling their own' . ftrePith by means of tlieir volunteer aflbciations, and encouraged and: favoured by tiie leveral piaitlcs contending for the adminiftifation iii' Endand, the Irifli oDia'nedin! the year 178*, a formal repeal of the ab()ve galling ftatu to, whi;ch was.confidered as a renunciation on the- pjrt of the parliament of Great Britain of every' claim of legiflation over Ireland. ' ' ' ■,'■'' ^ Tlic conftitution of the.Irifli government, as it flands at prcient,with- rerard to diilributive jufticej is nearly the l.ime with that of England,- A chief governor, who generally goes by the naioB of lonUlieutenant, is fent over fmrn England by the king, whotr? he reprefents; but his power' is in feme nieafure reilraincti, and in ofchers.enlarged, according to thet king's pleafure, or the exigency of the times. On iiis entering upon thist honouiable office, his letters patent arfc publicly read in the council- chamber; and having tak(?n the ufual oaths before tire lord chancellor,* the fword, which is to be cdrried before him, is delivered into his hands,/ and he is feated in the chair of itate, attended by the lord chancellor, tfje members of the privy-council, the peers knd nobles, the king at arms, a ferjeant at mace, ajnd other officers of ftate; and he never appears pub- licly withonr being attended by a. body of horle-guards. Hence, with nfpeift to his authority, his train, and fplendor, there is no vicero' n: Chriftendom that comes nearer to the grandeur and majefty of a ki.,^. He has a council compofed of the great officers of the crown ; namelv, jthe chancellor, treafurer, and fuch of the archbifliops, bifliops, earls, batons, judges, and g'.ntlemen, as his majefty is pleafed to appoint. .The )arliament here, as well as in England, is the fnpreme court, whicli is ' onvened by the king's writ, and generally fits once every year. It con- fts, as in England, of a houfe of lords, arid commons. Of the former, lany are Englifli or Britifli peers, or commons of Great Britain; a few ire papilts, who' cannot fit without being properly qualified ; and the iiimbcr of commons amounts to about three hundred. Since the accef- ion of his prefent majefty, Irifli parliartients have been rendered often-i iai. The reprefentation of the people in the fenafe of Ireland is, in any inftances, like that of England, partial and inadequate. As long' ia majority of the commons is compofed of members for infignificanc oroiighs, and where a few individuals are devoted to t'le felfifli or im-' triouswillof a ftill fmaller number of lords or abfohite grandees, a piritof venality muft pervade the political fyftem through all the de-' artments of ftate, corrupt the reprefentatives, and deftroy the freedom fthe legiflative body. If parliaments were ftill more limited in their uration, it would be better for the public, and greatly promote na- onal profperity. The laws are made by the houfes of lords and com-' [ons, after which they arc fent to England for the royal approbation } ■ 4^^ I !^ £ L A N D. m mm ■when, If approved of by bis maiefty and council, they pa fs the pre t fcal of Englatnl, and are returned. *^ ^ For the regular didribution of juftice, there are in Ireland four ter held annually for the decilion of caufes ; and four courts of juftjce .l* .chancery, king's bench, common-pleas, Jind exchequer. The hi t flierttts of the I'everal counties were formerly chufen by the people ht are now nominated by the lord-lieutenant. From this general view t appears that the civil and ecclefiaftical inftitutions are almoft the fame in. Ireland a? in England. Revenues.] In Ireland the public revenue arifes from hereditary and temporary duties, of which the king is the truftee, for applyin./ jtto particular purpofes: but there is, befides this, a private revenue arifm? iirom the ancient dcrnefne lands, from forfeitures fortreafon and felt,,,- prifage of wines, li?hthoufe duties, and a fmall part of the tafual re-' venue^ not granted by parliament; and in this the crown has the fame unlimited property that a fubjeft has in' his own freehold. The extent of that revenue is perhaps a fecret to the public. The: revenue of Ireland is fuppofcd at prefent to exceed half a million /lerling, of which the Irifl) complain greatly and juftly, that about 70,000], is granted in penfions, and a gpeat part to abfentees. Very large fums aj'c alfo g» anted by their own parliament for more valuable purpofes the improvement of their country and civiiifing the people; fuch as the in. Iditd navigation, bridges, highway?, churches, premiums, proteftant fchooks, and other particulars, which do honour to the wifdom and pa- triotifm of that parliament. Coins.) The coins of Ireland are at prefent of the fame denomina. tjoivs and the like fabric with thofeof England, only an EngliJh fliiHino , paflTes in Ireland for thirteen pence. What the ancient coins of thelrifti j were, is at prefent ai matter of mere curiofity and great uncertainty < Military stUKNCiH.) Ireland now maiintains and pays a conlider- able body of troops, who have been often offingular fervice to tng. 3and; and the military force of Ireland was at onetime greatly incrtafedj by the many volunteer alTociated companie;?, which were formed in that kingdom, but have been lattly fupprefled by aift of parliament. Thofel p.nrts of Ireland that are moft uncultivated, contain numbers of inha. hi^ants that have very little fenfe either of divine or human laws, and re- gular forces are a'>folutcly necelfary for keeping them in order; witnelsj the late infurrtiftions of the Whiteboys, and other banditti, who were! ii-ftii',ated by their priefts ; though it mult be confefled, tluit inanyofthej common people in Irfhind have laboured under fuch oppreflions as af.| forded them juft groutuls for dilVoutent. It does not however appear, that the bulk of the Irilh catholic> ire foi, i of a revolution in j'overn.l roent, as few or none of them joined Thiirot in his defcent ii.ion Car.J rickfcrgU!-, or took any part with the Pretender in the lad rebellnn. Order of St. Patrick.! This order was iailituted February 5, and the inftallation of the firft knights was performed on the 1 7th of Maichj 1783. It confifts 01 die fovereign and fifteen other knights companions! Tlie lord-lieutenants of Ireland for the time being offici;ite as grand nul fters of the order, and the archbifliop of Armagh is the prelate, the ardi| bifhop of Dublin the chancellor, and the dean of St. Patrick the rewiftei of the order. The knights art inftalled in the cathedi 1 of St. Patrick! Dublin. Their robes are fplendid, and the badge is thne crowns unitej together on a crofs, with the motto round, Quisfe^ai,r'>,t? i783,faM »d bv an Irifli harp to the crpwij imnerial. A ftar of ^ight poiiitseiKii e]es It on the coat, .(t? --1 li^iiJiJftXv: ma^^;;. .:..' , -;. IR E L A NDJ 4'3r >afs the greai ti four terms of jviftke, tht '. The higi^ i€ peop\?, but Micral view, it noft the fame hereditary and applyiiv^ it to revenue arifinf; fon aiitlfeli)!,;,, f the cafual re- m has the fame d. The extent ;d half a millioft at about 70,000!. Very large fums ble purpofes, the ; fuch as the in. nums, proteft i. h> III the twelfth century, Henry the Second of England formed a defign annexing Ireland to his domiaioos. He ,is faid to have been induced this by the provocation he had received from fomc of the Irilh chief- , who had afforded confiderable afliitance to his enemies. His. de- was patronifed by the pope, and a fair pretext of attacking Ireland 'fed about the year 1168. Dermot Mac Murrough, king of Lein- and an opprcffive tyrant, quarrelled with all his neighbours, and led off the wife of a petty prince, O'Roirk. A confederacy being ed againft him, under Roderick O'Connor (who, it feems, was the ount king of Ireland), he was driven from his country, and took ige in the court of Henry II. who promifed to reliore him, ikjou mgan oath of lidelity to the crown of England, far himfelf and all fetty kings depending on him, who were very numerous. Henry, was then in France, recoraniended Mac Dermot's caufe to the Eng- barons, and particularly to Strnngbow, carl of Pembroke, Robert Stephen, and Maurice Fitzgerald. Thnfcnoblcinen undertook the ition upon much the fame principles as the Norman and Breton did the conqucft of England under William I. and Strongbow was karry Mac Dermot's daughter Eva. In 1 16;;, the adventurers re- W the towns of Wexford and Waterford ; and the next year Stionjj- Ett fiB IRE L.A.KOX bow arriving wii!h a finong reinfwCenient, his marriage was cele brated. The defcendents of tbe Danes contiinued ftiU pofleflfed of Dublin which, after fome inetfe^uai oppofltiojk made by the Iiing O'Connor' was taken and plundered by the EngUih foldiers : but Mac Turkil the JDanifli king, elcaped to his Aiipping. Upon the death of Dermot, Heji- ry II. became jealous of carl Strongbow, feized upon his eftsrtes in En?! land and Wales, and recalled his fubjeds from Ireland. Thcirilhabout the fame time, to the amount of above 60,000, befieged Dublin, undej king O'Connor; but though all Strongbow's Irifli friends and allies had tiovf left him, arid! the city was reduced to great extremity, he forced the Irilli to raife the fie^ with great lofs; and going over to England he arppeaied Heory by fwearioi^ fealty to him and his heirs, and refignin» into his hands all the Iriih cities and forts he held. During Stroiigbow'l abfence, Mac Turkil returned with a great fleet, attempted to retake the city of Dublin, but was killed at the fiege ; and in him ended the race ot the Eaficrling princes in Ireland* In 1 1 73, Henry IL attended by 400 knights, 4000 veteran foldiers, and the flower of his Eqgliih nobility, landed near Waterford ; and not only all the petty princj Spaniards ; arjdW of the natives, ■leaders. . Tohn,who,mn»|l i\ddyNormai|COtt(j fdtUemfelveshattM ed towards the Mj crufadestopayanl after his acceflioi triflu Heenlaj Ufli laws and othci UnftcrandMuDfc counties, princes in ot /hev eovcrned by Kylithiu the.ro, '^lateasthcreigni Lia wars and capJ'J ttj government dui^ ^?et^nder hisfon .;,t the fuccefeoJl [fatal to the Enf UoftransJemDj' in sllegiance from the kings of England to Edward Bruce, king Robert's brother. That prince accordingly invaded Ireland, where he gave re- Dtated defeats to the Englifli governors and armies; and being fypported bv his brother in perfon, he was aftually crowned king at Dundalk, and ' narrowly nnlTcd being mafter of Dublin. The younger Bruce feems to have been violent in the exercife of his fovereignty, and he was at laft defeated and killed by Bermingham, the Englifli general. After this Edward II. ruled Ireland with great moderation, and palTed feveral ex- cellent afis with regard to that country. But during the minority of Edward III. the commotions were again renewed in Ireland, and not fupprefled without great lofs and difgrace ion the fide of the Englifli. In 1333 a rebellion broke out, in which the Englifli inhabitants had no inconflderable fliare. A fuccellion of vigo- Iroifs brave governors, at laft quieted the infurgents ; and about the yeir 1361 prince Lionel, fon to Edward III. haying married the heirefs of luifter, was fent over to govern Ireland, and, if poffible, to reduce its inhabitants to an entire conformity with the laws of Enaland. In this tmadc a great progrefs, but did not entirely accompHfti it. It appears, at this time, that the Irilh were in a very-flouriflxing condition, and that pne of the greatelt grievances they complained of was, that the Englifli ent over men of mean birth to govern them. In 1394, Richard II, jiding that the ejtecution of his defpotic fchemes in England muft be [bortivc without farther fupport, pafled over to Ireland with an army of kooo men, well armed and appointed. As he made no ufe of force, Irilh looked upon his prefence to be a high compliment to their na- n, and admired the magnificence of his court. Richard, on the other id, courted them by all the arts he could employ, and beftowed the inour of knighthood on their chiefs. In fliort, he behaved fo as en- ijy to win their afFeftions. But in 1 399, after having a&ed in a very fpotic manner in England, he undertook a frefli expedition to Ire- id, to revenge the death of his lord lieutenant, the earl of March, who [been killed by the wild Irifli. His army again ftruck the natives ;h confternation, and they threw themfelves upon his mercy. It was ing this expedition that the duke of Lancaflier landed in England; Richard, upon his return, finding himfelf deferted by his Englifli ijeSs on account of his tyranny, and that he could not depend upoa Irifli, furrendered his crown to his rival. 'helrifh, after Richard's death, ftill retained a warm afFeftion for the fe of York ; and, upon the revival of that family's claim to the crown, weed Its caufe. Edward IV. made the earl of Defmond lord lieute- |t of Ireland for his fervices againft the Ormond party and other ad- its of the houfe of Lancafter, and he was thejirft hljh chieftain that lined this honour. Even the acceirion of Heniy VII. to the crown ngland did not reconcile the Irifli to his title as duke of Lancafter: therefore rendilv joined Lambert Simnel, who pretended to be the " fon of Edward IV. but for this they paid dear, being defeated in attempt to invade England. This made them fomewhat cautious "^ of j6ining Perkin Warbeck, notwithftanding his plaufible pre- 5 to be the duke of York, fecond fon of Edward IV. He was, iver, at laft recognifed as king by the Irifli ; and, in the preceding i, under the hiftory of England, the reader may learn theevenl of his nfions. Henry behaved with moderation towards his favourers, 'as contented with requiring the Irifli nobility to take a frefli oath igiancc to his government. This lenity had the defired eflFe6l dur- le adminiftratioo of the two earls of Kildare, the earl of Surry, and £ e 2 420 IRE LAND. the carl of Ormond. Henry VIII. governed Ireland by funponinf lu chiefs againft each other : but they were tampered with by the emner Charles V. upon which Henry made his natural fon, the duke of Rich"^ mond, his lord lieutenant. This did not prevent the Irifli from brealc' ing out into rebellion in the year 1540, under Fitz Gerald, who had been lord deputy, and was won over by the emperor, but was at laft hanged at Tyburn. After this the houfe of Auftria found their account in their quarrels with England, to form a ftrong party anjong the irifli. < About the year 1542, Tames V. king of Scotland, formed feme pre. tenfions to the crown of Ireland, and was favoured by aftronepartv among the Irilh themfelves. It is hard to fay, had he lived, what the confeqiience of his claim might have been. Henry underftood thatthe Iriih had a mean opinion or his dignity, as the kings of England had hitherto aflTumed no higher title than that of lords of Ireland. He therefore took that of king of Ireland, which had a great effeft with the rative Irifli, who thought that allegiance was not due to a lord ; and to fpeak the truth, it iu fomewhat furprifing that tliis expedient was not thought of before. It produced a more pcrfcft fubmiffion of the native Irifli to Henry's government than ever had been known; and evt O'Neil, who pretended to be fuccefibr to the laft paramount kino oi Ireland, fwore allegiance to Henry, who created him earl of Tyrone. The pope, however, and the princes of the houfe of Auftria, by re. niitting money, and fometimes fending over troops to the Irifli, fiiUkf up their intereft in that kingdom, and drew from them vaft numbers men to their armies, where they proved as goodfoldiers as any InEui rope. This created inexprefliWe difficulties to the Englifti governmei even in the reign of Edward VI. but it is remarkable, that theRefori tion took place in the Englifh part of Ireland with little or no oppo] tion. The Irifli feem to have been very quiet during the reign of quei Mary ; but they proved thorns in the fide of queea Elizabeth. Tl perpetual difputes flie had with the Roman catholics, both at homeai abroad, gave her great uneafinefs; and the pope and the houfe of Ai ftria always found new refources againrt her in Ireland. TheSpaniai pofleflTed themfelves of Kinfale ; ana the rebellions of Tyrone, whobi Ued and outwitted her favourite general the carl of EflTex, ^-e well kuoi in Englifli hiflory. The lord deputy Mountjoy, who fucceeled Eflex, wasthefirftEi 11 fh man who gave a mortal blow to the praftices of the Spaniards Ireland, by defeating them and the Irifli before Kinfale, aiidbringi Tyrone prifoncr to England ; where he was pardoned by queen Elii beth in 1602. This lenity, Ihown to fuch an offender, is a proof of dreadful apprehenfions E!ii:abeth had from the popifij intereft in land. James I, confirmed tiie polleflions of the Irifli ; but fiitnwas influence of the pope and the Spaniards, that the earls of Tyrone Tvrconnel, and their party, planned a nevv rebellion, and atteniptei ieize the caftle of Dublin ; but their plot being difcovered, tlieirct fled beyond ftas. They \fere not idle abroad ; for in i6o8 theyi iligated fir Calim O'Dogherty to a frefti rebellion, by promifing fpeedy fupplies of men and monty from Spain. Sir Caiim was r in the difpute, and his adherents were taken and executed. Tbi ' tainders of the IHfli rebels, which pafied in the reigns-'of James and! zabeth, vefted in the crown <; 11,465 acres, in the feveral counti Donegal), Tyrone, Colerain, Fermanagh, Cavan, and Armagh abled the king to make that protefiaut plantation in the !Noi'th 01 laiii Wr. Hul the pr(| id ties, 'lie mol ocarr IRELAND. 421 rmed fome pre. y a ftrong piny Vivcd, what the. derftood that the of England had of Irtlaiid. He :at effeft with the to a lord; and, to I ;xpedient was not! iffion of the native] tnown; and even araraount kino oj earl of Tyrone, ; of Auftria,byreJ >thelrin\,ftiirkepj em vaft numbers ( diers as any in Eu] i nglifti governmen e, that the Reform I little or no oppofl g the reign of qued .la Elizabeth. Tli :s, both at home ai^ d the houfe of ' land. TheSpaniarj of Tyrone, who hi .ffex, i)i*ewellM land which, from the moft rebellioxis province of the kingdom, became, formally years, the moft quiet and indiiftrious. Thofe protligious attainders, however juft and neceflary they might be operated fatally for the Englirti in the reign of Charles I. The Irilh Roman catholics in general were influenced by their priefts to hope not only to repofltfs the lands of their forefathers, but to reftore thepopifti religion in Ireland. -They therefore entered into a deep and deteftabie conlpiracy for maflacreing all the Englifh proteftants in thai kinedom. In this they were encouraged by the unhappy diffenfions tha broke out between the king and his parliaments in England and Scot" land. Their bloody pfan being difcovered by the Enguflj government at Dublin, prevented that city from falling into their hands. They, however, partly executed, in 1641, their horrid fcheme of maffacre; I but authors have not agreed as to the numbers who were murdered; perhaps they have been exaggerated by warm proteftant writers: fome of the more moderate have eftimated the numbers of the fufferersat 40,000; lother accounts fpeak of 10,000 or 12,000, and fome have diminiflied Ithat niimher •, What followed in confequence of this rebellion, and [thereduftion of Ireland by Cromwell, who rttaliated the cruellies of Ithelrifli papifls upon themfdves, belongs to the hiftery of England. Ilf is certain that they fmarted fo fcverely, that they were quiet during Ithe reign of Charles II. His popifli fucceflbr and brother James II. ^wii after the Revolution took place, found an alylum in Ireland ; and »as encouraged Vo hope, that, by the affiflance of the natives there, he night remount his throne: but he was deceived, and his own pufiUani- nity co-operated with his difappointment. He was driven out of Ire- land by his fon-in-law, after the battle of the Boyne, the only vi<5tory iatking William ever gained in perfon ; a vidory, however, on which Upended the fafety of the proteftant religion, and the liberties of the Iritifli empire, l^ad James been viftorious, he probably would have lecn re-inflated on the throne, and nothing elfe could be expefted than I', being irritated by oppofition, victorious over his enemies, and free I every reftraint, he would have trampled upon all rights, civil and [ligious, and purfued more arbitrary defigns than before. The army William confifted of 36,000 men, that of James of 33,000, but ad- bntageoufly fituat^d. James, it is true, fought at the head of an un- ilincd rabble : but his French auxiliaries were far froqi behaving as hoes. It muft be acknowledged, however, that he left both the field Id the kingdom too foon for a brave man. [The forfeitures that fell to the crown, on account of the Irifh rebel- Ins and the Revolution, are almoft incredible; and had the a(5ts of ]rliament which gave them away been ftriftly enforced, Ireland mufl ^ebeen peopled with Britidi inhabitants. But many political reafons jcurred for not driving the Irifli to defpair. The friends of the Revo- lion and the proteftant religion were- riifticiently gnitifieVl out of the Jfeited eflates. Too many of the Roman catholics might have been Iced abroad ; and it was proper that a due balance ftiould be preferved *een the Roman catholic and the proteftant intereft. It was the re- thought prudent to relax the reins of government, and not to put Iforfeitures too rigoroufly into execution. The experience of half a IMr. Hume, after enumerating the various, barbarities prndlifed by the papfts Ithcprottftants, fays, " by fome compulations, thole who pcriflied by ali tliofe rachies, are made to amount to an hundred and fifty, or two hundred thoufand; rthemoft modtratc and probably the moft rcafonable account, they muft have I ucar 40,000." Hiliof England, vol. vi. p. 377, edit. 8 vo. 1763. I r 422 R E L A N D. century has confirmed the n-ifdom of the above coniiderations. Tk. lenily of the mrafures purfued in regard to the Irifli Roman catholics. and the great pains taken for the inltru^tion of their children, with the progrcfs which knowledge and the arts have made in that country have greatly diminiflied the popifli intereft. The fpirit of induftry has en. abled the Irifh to know their own ftrength and importance; to which fome accidental circumftances have concurred. All htr ports were opened for the exportation of wool and woollen yarn to any part of Great Britain ; and of late years, a£ts of parliament have been made occafionally for permitting the importation of fait beef, pork, butter cattle, and tallow, from Ireland to Great Britain. ' But though fome laws and regulations had occafionally taken pUcefa. vourable to Ireland, it muft be acknowledged, that the inhabitants if that country laboured under conHdei able grievances, in confeqrenceof fundry unjuft and injudicious reftraints of the parliament of fineUnd refpe£ting their trade. Thefe reftraints had injured Ireland without be' nefiting Great Britain. The Irifli had been prohibited from manufac- ttiring their own wool, in order to favour the woollen manufaftorv of England ; the confequence of which was, that the Irifli wool was fniug. gJed over into France, and the people of that country were thereby en. abled to rival us in our woollen manufadure, and to deprive us of a part of that trade. An embargo had alfo been laid on the exportation of provifions from-Ireland, which had been extremely prejudicial to that kingdom. The diftreflcs of the Irifli manufa£l)irers, as well as thofeof Great Britain, had likewife been much increafed by the confequencesof the American war. Thefe circumflancfs occafioned great murmuring in Ireland, and fome attempts were made for the relief of the inhabitants of that kingdom in the Britifti parliament, but for f^e tim- without fuccefi ; for a partiality in favour of the trade of England prevented juf. tice from being done to Ireland. But feveral incidents wliich happened afterwards, at length operated ftrongly in favour of that kingdom. When a large body of the king's troops had been withdrawn from Ire- land in order to be employed in the American war, a confiderablenum- ber of IiIHi gentlemen, farmers, traders, and other perfons, armcdand formed themfelves into volunteer companies and alTociations, for the defence of Ireland againft any foreign invaders. I3y degrees, thefe vo lunteer affociations became numerous and wcll-difciplined ; and it wasl foon difcovered, that they were inclined to maintain their rights at home, as well a^' to defend themfelves againft foreign enemies. VVheni thefe armed afFociations became numerous and formidable, the Irifli bC' gan to afTume a higher tone than that to which they had before bea accuftomed, and it was foon manifeft, that their renionftiances mei with unufual attention, both from their own parliament and from that ol Gfeat Britain. The latter, on the i ith of May 1779, prtfeatea an ad. drefsto the king, recommending to his majef^y's inoft fericnis confidera' tion the diftreHcd and inipoveriftied ftate of tiie loyal and H-cli-defem'ni people of Ireland, and dtfiring him to direft that there fiiould be pre pared and laid before parliament, fuch particulars relative tothetradi and mamifadures of Great Britain and Ireland as fliould enable the 11a tional wifdom to piirAie efFeAiial meaCurcs for pi'omoting the comnioi flrength, wealth, and commerce of his irajefly's fiibjeAs in hothkinj doms. To this addrefs the king returned a favourable anfwer: and Oftober, the fame vear, both houfes of the Irifli parlianitnt alfo pi fented adf'relTcs to his msijelly, in which they declared, that noth'ngbi granting Ireland u free trade could (ave it fiora ruiu, NotVvithftandii i ( IRELAND. 413 wTilch it being foon after fiif|)e6Ved by many of the people of that king- dom that the members of their parliament would not exert thcmfelvea with vigour in promoting the Interefts of the nation, a very daring and numerous mob afTembled before the parliament houfe in Dublin, crying out for a/>f« trade and ajkwrt monty-bill. They adaulted the mfmbers, and endeavoured to compel them to fwear that they would fubport the intereft of their cmmtry by voting for a fliort money-bill; ami they de-, nioliflied the houfe of the attorney -general. The tumult at length fub-' jided : and two Irifti money-bills for fix months only were fcnt over to- England, where they pafled the great feal, and were immediately re- turned, without any diflatisfadion being cxprelTed by government at this limited grant. In the mean time the members wf the oppofition in the Enelifh par*, lianjent ver)' ftrongly reprefentpd the necelfity of an immcdia:e atten- tion to the cojnplaints of the people of Ireland, and of a compliance with their wiflies. The arguments on this fide of the queftlon were alfo enforced by the accounts which came from Ireland, that tho volunteer aflbciations in that kingdom amounted to forty tlioufand men, unpaid, felf.app»inted, and independent of government, well armed and ac- coutred, daily improving in difcipline, and which afterwards increafed' to eighty thoiifand. Tl^ Britifli miniftry appean d for foiiie time to be undetermined what part they fliould aifl in this i.nportaut bufiuefs; but, the remembrance of the fatal effects of rigorous meaiures n-fpcding Ame- nca, and the very critical fituation of Great Britain, at length induce'', thefirft lord of the treafury to bring in fuch bills as were calculat,*d to. afford cffeftual commercial relief to the people of Ireland, hw., were accordingly pafled, by which all thofe afts were repealed, v/J^ich had prohibited the exportation of woollen manufactures from ItelanJ, and other afts by which the trade of that kingdom to foreign cou';'- ries had been retrained ; and it was likewife enadted, that a trade between Ire- land and the Britifti colonies in America and the Weft Indies, and the Britifli fertlements on the coaft of Africa, (Iiould be allowed to be ear- ned on in the fame manner, and fubjefl: to iimilnr regulations and re- . UriAions, with that carried on between Great r.ltain and the faid colo- nies and iettlements. Thefe laws in favour 'jf Ireland were received with much joy and I exultation in that kingdom : and thelrilh nation being indulged in their j requifitions refpc<5ling trade, now began alfo to aim at important confti- tutlonal reformations : and in various counties and cities of Ireland, the right of the Britifli parliament to make laws which fliould bind that kingdom was denied in public refolutions. By degrees, the fpirit which had been manifefted by the Irilh parliament, feemed a little to fubfide,; and a remarkable inflance of this was, their agreeing to a perpetual mu- tiny^bill, for the regulation of the IriHi army, though that of England had always been pafled, with a true conftitutional caution, only from [year to year. This was much exclaimed againft by (ome of the Irifh Ipatriots; and it is indeed not eafy to clear their parliament from the Icharge of inconfiftency : but this bill was afterwards repealed, and the Kommercial ad vantages afforded them by late afts in their favour have IJjreatly contributed to promote the profperity of Ireland. As before ob- jfenred, by the aft repealing the flatute of the 6th of George I. they are ■now fuHy and completely emancipated from the jurifdiftion of the Bri- lilhjjarliament. The appellant jurifdiftion of the Britifli houfe of peers ilrilh caufes was like wife given up. But though the Irifli have ob- ...-.-., . Ec4 . . .. ~ '■n >^ M IR ELAND. I I ained fuch great extcnfion of their Hbcrt\c8, it is qutftloned whether it wiil terminate to their country's real advantage: their parties and dilTcM.\ fions increafe, and ^.\\c controvcrfy of England with that kingdom is far {jfonx bting ended ; much remains to ertablifli fuch a commercial and political coiinei5tion as will promote the intcrcil and happincfs of both countriis, and make them one great, ftabit, and invulnerable body Every change of adminiftration in England has produced new lordiieui tenants, but hatmony and confidence are not yet rcftored. In the year 1783, the government, the nobility, and the people of Ireliind, vied with each other in countenancing and giving an afvlumto many families of th«5 Genevefe who were batumed from their city and to others Who voluntarily exiled themfclves for the caufe of liberty not willing to fubmit to an ariflocracy of their own citizens, fupportcd by the fwords of France and Sardinia. A large traft of lahd in the county of Waterford was allotted for their reception, a town was marked out en- titled New Geneva, and a fum of money granted for ei^tfting the ne. cefTary buildings. Thefc preparations for their accommodation were however, rendered ulimately ufelefs, by fomc nufundtrftanding (not fully comprehended) which arofe between the patties; and the fclieme accor'linpjy fell to the ground. Upon the occafioii of the unhappy malady with which the king was afniAed, the lords and commons of^ Ireland came to a refolution to ad- drefs tlie jirlnce of Waits, rcqueding him to take upon him the govern- ment of tliat kingdom during his majefty's indifpofition, undertheft) > and title of Prince Regent of Ireland, and to exercifc and adminj. fter, according to the laws and the conftitutlon of the realm, all the royal authorities, jurifdii^ions, and prerogatives, to the crown and go- ternmeitt thereof belonging. The marquis of Buckingham (being then lord-liciitenaht) hnviiig declined prefenting the addrefs, as contrary to his oath and the laws, the two houfes refoTved on appointing delegates from each ; the lords appointed the duke of Leinfter, and the earl of Charlcmont ; and the commons, four of their members. The delegates qrocecded to London, and, in February 1789, prefented the addras j (o his royal higKnefs, by whom they were moft gracioufly receI«a^J but his majefly having, to the infinite joy of all his fubje(f\s, recoN(ertd] from his fevcre indifpofition, the prince returne^l them an anfwerfraiight tvith the warmeft fentiments of regard for tWe kingdom, and of grati- tude to parliament, for the generous manner in which they propofedin-l vefting lilm with the regency, bur, that the happy recovery of his ro) all father had now rendered his acceptance of it unneceflary. '^ '^ ^ I The parliament of Ireland h.is extended liberal indulgences to thel Roman catholics of that kingdom, by eftabllflying ijie legality of iiitcr.l marriage between them and the proteflants, by admitting them totliel profeflioii of the law, and the benefit of education, and by removing al|| obftrurtions tipoii their induftry in traiie and manufa(5tures. A reel.! procal preference in the corn trade with Britain has been eflabiiOiedJ Further progrefs has been made in checking the immoderate life of fpiJ . rituous liquiTi; and fbme wife inftitution? have been ordained for tha regulation of charitable foundations. 1 In the year 1793,. i» confequence of the conceiiidns of governmenJ a bill pafled the legiflature, bv which the Roman catholics, beingfreej holders, are entitled to vote for members to ferve in parliameLt. Th| patriots of Ireland have been lefs fuccefsful in their attempts to piocuH in. parliament itfelf, as, notwithftaadiHe the refolutioii iu tb| zjcioxm -go j«* IRELAND. 4«| beeiiui'ig ^^ ^^^ feffion to Inquire into the ftate of tlie re prHentation, Ajng f ffeftusl luis been done; the times, it is alleged, diltouragiiij ufcfiil mnovations from thejuft drradof ruinous or hurtful ones. Early i" the feffion of the fame year, a fecrct commiuce of tlie houfo of lords was formed, to inquire into the rife and progrfU of that fedi^ tioiis fpirit which appeared in different pans of that Kingdom. After fometime fptnt in the inquiry, the fccret committee made a report of their difcovcries, in which they declared that fcditious clubs and meet- ings had been held in various parts of the kingdom, and that fcveral of thefe advocates for liberty had aflumed the national cockad'^, appeared inarms, and connniitted various infults upon the eftabiifhid modes of oovernment. The lord-lieutenant and council, therefore, ilTued a pro- clamatio" grounded on the above report, directing the magiflrates and peace olHctrs of the town of Belfaft and the diftri<5ls adjacent to i-l;fperfe jili fedifious and unlawful armed alfemblics, and, if rcfifled, to apprehend tht offejiders. The embodying of the militia in this kingdom, in the fame year, ere. ated riots and difturbances in different places. At Caflle-reah, in par- ticular, on the 28th of June ij^h feveral perfons were killed, and the jjiob withllood a party of the military for feveral hours. Subftquent to that time, there have been various meetings of rioters and armed men, jnthe other pari > of the kingdom ; and, in attempting to quell them Sjr '.theafliflaace of the military, many have been killed on both fides. The "[ovcrnment of Ireland, apprehenlive of the confequenies that plight attend popular meetings, have paflTed into a law an «6t " to pre- vent ilkgiil aflembiies of the people." Upon the lecond reading of this bill in tlie huufe of commons, ^f r. Grattan oppofed it with great frec^ dom and boldnefs, r'fTcrting that the bill would diflurb that tranquillity which it aiFt'fted to preferve. Ndtvvithflandinfr the catholics of Ireland had been reftored, in fome meafure, to their c. il rights, by the concelfion of the eleftive franchife, it does not app ir '■ at either their own leaders or their parliamentary adherents wtic fati-fic'cl with what had been granted, or were likely to be contented with lefs than a total repeal of all remaining difqualifica- tions; and when in the beginning of the year 1795 earlFitzwilliam wa« appointi;d lonl-iitiiienant of Ireland, after the accelTion of the Portland arty. to adminilhation, they confidered the point in difpute as abfo- Jteiy conceded by lljc miniftry. A committee was therefore appoint- ed to bring forward ;i petition to parliament for a repeal of all remaining difqiialifications. Notice of this his lordfliip tranfmitted to the niini- ller, dating at the fame time his own opinion of the abfolute neceffity of concellion, as a meafure not only wife hut elTential to the public tranquillity. To this no anfwtr was received, and on the 12th of Fe- bruary Mr. Grattan moved for leave to bringin a bill for the further re- lief of his niajefty's fiibjeds profcfling the Roman catholic religion ; and after a feeble oppofition, leave was given. By the intrigues, however, of another political party, at the head of which was Mr. Beresford, a gentleman Who had united in his own perfon, or in that of his fon, th« important and difcordant offices of miiiifter — commiffioner of the trea- fiirv — of revenue — counfel to the commifljot^ers — ftore-keeper, and banker — the meafure was defeated, and lord Fit?william fuddenly re- called. His lordfliip left Dublin for England on the 25th of March, which day was obferved in that city as a day of general mourning : the fliops were faut ; no bufinefs was tranfafted ; and the citizens appeared in deep mourning. In College-green a number of refpct^able gentle- S fm. k\ w ¥ I: 4t4 F A A NCE. i»i«n, drelTed In black, took the horfes from his exdetlency's carriage and drew it to the water-fide. His lordfliip 'vifticd, as ufual on fuch occa fions, to diftribute money ; but, with the nobteft enthufiafm, the offer WM rejeftcd, even by a mob. The military had been ordered out in cxpe£lat)on of fome difturbance ; but nothing appeared among 'th» populace but the ferious emotions of forrow, and the utmoft order and decorum. Earl Camden, who was appointed to fueceed his lordihip, arrived In Dublin on the 31ft of March, to afliime the government. Some diflur, bances took place on the evening of his arrival, but they were fooij quelled by the intcrpofition of the military. A fyftem of coercive mea- Aires has fince been principally relied on ; but thefe meafures have only tended to render necelTary the adoption of others ftill more rigorous. The ^tuation of the country, and the progrefs made by the principles of tlnofe who ftyle themfelves Z7»/W Iriflmen, ha"? infpired government with the greatell alarm. The peoale throughout the north of Ireland have l(cen di(armed, in fome cafes, in a violent and oppreffive manner- many places have been abfokitely put under martial law^; and the mofi odious cruelties, it is faid, have been employed to extort confeflions from perfons AifpeAed, though, we truft, without the approbation or knowledge of government. A great part of the country is certainly ft\\\ in a ftate ot « ^'content and fermentation, of which it is not eafy to forefee the confequences. " FRANCE. Having gone over the Britifli ifles, we fliall now return to the con- tinent, beginning with the extenfive and mighty kingdom of France, being the neareft to England, though part of Germany and Poland lies to the northward of France. Situation and Extent. Miles. Degrees. r.ength 600 .7 u,».„,-„ 5" 5 Weft and 8 Eaft longitude, : Breadth 500 | ^'^een | 4a and 5 1 North latitude. ' .'^ Containing 160,374 ^eche ^Uhone and Loire f PuY DE Dome ■JCantal ^pper Loire, ri-ious ns is pretend- ed; a,nd it miift be acknowledged, tiiat the French li.ive been ^it too fuccel'sfulin giving the inhabirr-nts of Great Rritan falle prepofltffions In favour of their own country. It miifl inclcid be owned, that their treather ia more clear and fettled than in England, hi the northern J 4^8 F R A N C E. m. province*, however, tlie winters are more intenfely coid^ and the'm. habitants not lb well fupplied with firing, which in France is chietiy'of wood. Soil, AND WAT^R.] France is happy in an excellent foil, which pro. duces corn, wine, oil, and almoft evfcry luxury of life. Some of their fruits have a higher flavour than thofe of England ; but neither the pafturace nor tillage are comparable to ours. The heats in ni^ny parts burn up the ground, fo that it has no verdilre, and the foil barely produces as .much rye atid chefnuts as ferve to fubfift the poor inhabitants ; but the chief misfortune attending the French foil is, that the inhabitants, hav. ing but a precarious fecurity in their own property, do not apply themfelves fufliciently to cultivation and agriculture. But nature has done wonders for them, and both animal and vegetable produdtions are found there in vaft plenty. I- Notwithftanding great efforts made in aginculture, much of the laud remains uncultivated ; and, although fome provinces, as Alface and Languedoc, yield an exuberance of corn, it is frequently imported, hi. deed all Europe, one year with another, does not produce fufficient corn for its own confumption ; and it is ncceflary to have fupplies from , the luxuriant harvefts of America. I The French had endeavovired to fupply the lofs arifing from their ' precarious title to their lands, by inftituting academies of agriculture, and propofing premiums for its improvement, as in England ; but thofe * i expedients, however fuccefsful they may be in particular inftances, can never become of national utility in any but a free country, where the hufbandman is fure of enjoying the fruit of his labour. No nation is better fupplied than France is with wholefome'fprings and water; of which the inhabitants make excellent ufe by the help of art and engines, , for all the conveniencics of life. Of their canals and mineral waters, •tdiftinft notice will be hereafter taken. ! MouHTAiNs.] The chief mountains in France, or its borders, are ; the Alps, which divide France from Italy ; the Pyrenees, which divide pFrancefrom Spain ; Vofges, which divide Lorraine from Burgundy and I Alface ; Mount Jura, which divides Franche Cnmtc from Switzer- land ; the Cevenncs, in the province of J^anguedoc ; and Mont d'Or in the province of Auvergne. RivE*s AND LAKES.] The principal rivers in France are the Loire, the Rhone, the Garonne, and the Seine. The Loire takes its courfe north and north-weft, being, with all its windings, from its fource to the fea, computed to run about 500 miles. The Rhone flows on the fouth-weft to Lyons, and then runs on due fouth till it falls into the INIediterra- rcan. The Grironne rifts in the Pyrenean mountains, takes its courfe, firft north-eait, and has a communication with the Mediterranean by means of a cani'.l, the work of Lewis XIV. The Seine, foon after its rife, runs to the north-weft, vifitiiig Troyes, Paris, and Rouen, in its way, and falls into the Englifli Channel at Havre. To thele we may add the Saone, wliich falls into the Rhone at Lyons; the Charente, which rifes near Havre de Grace, and dii'charges itfelf in the Bay of Bifcay at Rochefort. The RMne, which rifes in Switzerland, is the eaftern boun- dary between France and C>ermaiiy, and receives the Mofelle and the Sarte in Its paflage. The Somnie, which runs north-weft through I'i. cardy, and falls into the Etiglifh Channel below Abbeville. The Var, which rifes in the Alps, and runs fouth, dividing France from Italy, and falling into the Mediterranean, weft pf Nice. The Adour rm« ; FRANC E, 4aSK from eaft to weft, through Gafcogne, gind falU iuto the Bay of BlCcajr^ below Bavonne. ,^ . \i ..." ^ The vaft advantage, both in commerce andconven'cncy, which arifc* to France from thofc rivers, is wonderfully improved by the artificial rivers and canal? which form the chief glory of the reign of Lewis XlV. That of Langiiedoc was Degun in the year 1666, and completed ia ]68o; it was intended for a comm.uriication between, the ocean and the Mediterranean, for the fpeedier paflage of the French fleet; but thougl* it was carried on at an immenfe expenfe for 100 miles, over hills and vAlleys, and ^ven through a mountain in one place, it, has not anfwered tliat purpofe. By the canal of Calais, travellers eafily pafs by water from tiience to St. Omer, Graveline, Dunkirk, Ypres, and other places. The canal of Orleans is another noble work, and runs a courfe of eiehteen leagues, to the imnienfe benefit of the public and the royal re- venue. France abounds with other canals of the like kind, which rea- der her inland navigation inexpreflibly commodious and beneficial. Few lakes are found in this country. There is one at the top of a hill nearAlegre, which the vulgar report to be bottomlefs. There is another atlffoire, in Auvergne ; and one at La Befle, into which if a ftorve be thrown, it caufes a noife like thunder. ' "^ ' .'<.'',' • .' ' ' Mineral WATERS, AND 1 The waters of Bareges, wliich lie near REMARKABLE SPRINGS. ) the bordcrs of Spain, Under the Pyrencan mountains, have of late been preferred to all tbe others of France, for the recovery of health. The beft judges think, however, that the cures performed by them are more owing to their accidental fuccefs witli fome great perfons, and the falubrity of the air and fr'l, than to the vir- tues of the waters. Tiie waters of Sultzbach, in Alface, are faid to cure the palfy, weak nerves, and the ftone. At Bagiieiis, not ifar from Bareges^ are feveral wholefome minerals and bathcJ, to which people refort as to theEnglifli baths, at fpring and autumn. Forges in Normandy is ce- lebrated for its mineral waters ; and thofc of St. Amand cure the gravel and obftnidlions. It would be endlefs to enumerate all the other real or pretended mineral wclis in France, as well as many remarkable fprings; but tliere is one near Aigne, in Auvergne, which boils violent- ly, and makes a nojfe like water tiirown upon lime; it has little or no talle; but has a poifonous quality, and the birds that diihk of it die in- ll^ntly. , Metals and minerals.] France has many nnworked mlnesy which would be very produdive, if duly attended to ; but at prefent do not yield minerals fulfitienr for confumption ; Iteel alone is imported, to the annual value of 125,000!. Langiiedoc is faid to contain veins of gold and lilver. Alface has mines of lilver and copper, but they are too ex- peiilive to be wrought. Alabafter, black marbie, jafper, and coal, are found ia many parts of the kingdom. Brttagne abounds in tnines of iion, copner, tin, and lead. Salt peti e is made in every part of the king- dom, -AwA Jai-Jhli is now procured free from oppreilive duty, but not re- markable tor its purity. At Lavcrdau, in Cominges, there is a mine of chalk. At IJerrv there- is a mine of oker, which ferves for melting of nutals, and for dvina, particularly the belt drab cloth: and in the. pro- vince of An ou are feveral quarries of fine vvl ite (lone. Some excellent turquoifes (the nulygein that France produces) are found in Languedoc ; and great ca;e ii t.iken to keep the mines of marble and free-ftone open all over the kingdom. Vegetable and animal pro- 7 France abounds in excellei.t oucTiowsuY SEA A^fD LAND, j roots, which are mofc propcr foi iJt'-w 430 FR A NCE.^ ill:' riiii ■■ i foups than thofe of England. As to all kinds of feafoning and faliarf they are more plentiful, and in fome places better than in England! th^ being, next to their vines, the chief objeft of their culture. ' France produces excellent/r»// of all kinds, particularly grapes fig. prunesj chcfnuts, cider in the nortliern provinces, and capers In th foutbern. It produces annually, though not enough for Confumption* abqve twelve million pounds of tobacco, befides hemp, flax, manna faf! fron, and many drugs. Alface, Burgundy, Lorraine, aad efpeciall'y the Pyrenean moimtains, fupply it plentifupy with timber and other wood Silk is fe plentifully proauced, befides what is imported, as to afford a confid/erable trade. The cattle and horfes are neither very numerous nor very good ; but it has many flocks of Rntjheep ; yet fo great is the confUmption, that both fheep and wool are imported. The province of Gatinois produces great quantities of fafFron. The wines of Champagne £urgundy, Bourdeaux, Gafcony, and other provinces of France, are fo well known, that they need only be riientioned. It is fufficient to ob. ferve, that though they differ very ftnfibly in their tafte and properties' yet all of them are excellent, particularly thofe of Champagne, Burjun' dy, Bourdeaux, Poutacke, Hermitage, and Frontiniac : and there arefew conflitutioDs, be they ever fo valetudinary, to which fome one or other of them is not adapted. Wine, the ftaple, is made to the value of 15,000,000!. annually, more than an eighth part of which, befides brandy and vinegar, is exported. 01i>e oil is made in large quantities, particularly in the provinces next the Mediterranean ; but the confumption is fo great, that much of it is imported from Italy; the inferior fort fupplies thefoap manufaftori's of which there are thirty -fix at Marfeilles. Oak, elm, aQi, and othe" timber, common in Englana, is found in France ; but it is faid, that the internal parts of the kingdom b'gin to feel the want of fuel. A great deal of fait is made at Rhee, and about Roche. fort on the coaft of Saintonge. Languedoc produces an herb called kali which, when burnt, makes excellent barilla, or pot-afhes. The French formerly .were famous for horticulture, but they are at prefent far infe- rior to the Englifli both in the management and difpofition of their gardens. Prunes and capers are produced at Bourdeaux and near Toulon. France contains iew animals, either wild or tame, that are not to be found in England, excepting wolves. Their horfes, black cattle, and iheep, are far inferior to the Engliih ; nor is the wool of their flicep fo fine. The hnir and fkiri of the chamois, or mountain goats, are more valuable than thofe of England. We know of no difference between the marine prodiiftions of France and thofe of England, but tliat the former is not fo well ferved, even on the fea-coafts, with fait water fid), j There is a confide; able herring fiflitry, and one for anchovies, to the an- nual amount of 83,0001. befides more important fiflieries upon the coaft I of America and Newfoundland. i Forests.] The chief forcfts of France arc thofe of Orl6ans, which] contains 14,000 acres of wood of various kinds, oak, elm, afli, &c. and] the foreli of Fontainebleau near as large ; and near Morchifmoir isa forelH of tallj ftriight timber, of 4000 trees. Befides thefe, large numbers ofj woods, fome of them deferving the name of forefts, lie in differentf provinces ; but too remote from fea-carriage to be of much national! utility. Population, inhabitants, manners, 7 According to thelateftj CUSTOMS, anii diversions. j ^"^ ^^^ calculation!i,| France contains at prcfcnt about 25,000,000 of iahabitants. It was lau* FRANCE. 43» and falladf, n England; turc. grapes, figj, >pers in the onfumption, manna, faf- fpecially the other wood. ,8 to afford a ry numerous > great is the E province of Champagne, ?'rance, are fo ficient to ob. nd properties, igne, Burgun- I there are few e one or other nnually, tnore r, is exported, jrovinces next t much of it is manu^aftori's, ci, is found in im b'gintofeel I about Roche- lerb called kali, , The French refent far Infe- jfition of their d near Toulon. It are not to be ack cattle, and their flicep fo ;oats, are more 'rence between ,d, but tliat the fait water fi(b. 1 Ivies, to the an- ; upon the coaft ' |0rl6ans, which ji, aft, &c. and| tfmoirisaforeft ige numbers of ■Uc in different Imuch national! Ing to the lateftl S calculations,] kti. It was laU. 1 (aa^M ^ ^"^"^^ fpeculative men, that the popuktioa of France had / mwy y^^ ^®" upon the decline ; but, upon an accurate invefli- tion the reverfe appeared to be faft { though this country certain!/ f ft a great number or valuable inhabitants, by the revocation of the % of Nantes*. The French, in their perfons, are rather lower than their neighbours ; , hut they are well proportioned and adive, and more free than other na- t'oDS, in general, from bodily deformities. The ladies are celebrate4 . ore for their fptightly wit than perfonal beauty: the peafantry in ge- neral arc remarkably ordinary, and are beft ^^efcribed by being contraft- I ^rith women of the fame rank in England. The nobility and gen- trv accompli fli themfelves in the academical txercifes of dancing, fenc- iij. and riding ; in the praftice of whiph they excel all their neighboura , All an(j gracefulnefs. They are fond of hunting ; and the gentry, before the revolution, had left off their heav- jack- boots, their huge ujrfaddle, and monftrous curb bridle in that exercife, and accomrao* iite themfelves to the Englifli manners. The genius and n^anners of the French are w'«;ll known, and have been , the fubjeft of many able pens. A national vanity is their predominant ciurafter: and they are perhaps the only people ever heard of, who have derived great utility from a national weaknefs. It fupports them under . misfortunes, and impels them to actions to which true courage infpire* (Hfcer nations. This charafter has been confpicuous both in the higher- ind middling ranks, where it produces excellent officers ; and in the (omraon foldiers of France, who, it mufl be confefled, in the prefent waragainft the allied powers, have exhibited prodigies of valour. The French afFeft freedom and wit; but fafliionable drefles and di- Ttriions engrofs too much of their converfation. Their diverfions are much the fame with thofe of the Englifli ; but their gallantry is of a wy different complexion. Their attention to the fair degenerates into arofs foppery in the men, and in the ladies it is kept up by admitting of adecent freedoms ; but the feeming levities of both fexes are feldom at- ttnded with that criminality which, to people not ufed to their man- jjers, they feem to indicate ; iier are the hulbands fo indifferent as we 'are apt to imagine, about the condudl of their wives. The French are ttceffively credulous and litigious : but of all people in the world thejr lltar advcrfity and reduction of circumftances with the beft grace ; ugh in p -ofperity many of them are apt to be infolent, vain, arbi- ff, and imperious. the French have been much cenfured for infincerity ; but this charge IS been carried too far, and the imputation is generally owing to their cefs of civility, which renders their candour fufpicious. The French, private life, have certainly many amiable qualities ; and a great num- of inftances of generofity and difintereilednefs may be found a* ngft them. _ • It is doing the French no more than juftice to acknowledge, that, as ly are themfelves polite, fo they have given a polifli to the ferocious iners and even virtues of other nations. Before the revolution, they e difpofed to think very favourably of the Englifli. They both imi- I * la the year t^()%, Henry IV. who was a protellant, and juftly ftylcd the Great, aF- tfightiog his way tu the crown of France, palTcd the famous edidt of Nantes, which iredthe proteftants the free exercife of their religion ; but his edid wm revoked bf msXlV. which, with the fucccfding perfecutiuns, drove thofe people to England^ Ibd, and other proteftaot countries, where they eftabliflied the filk manufaiitHref ktlitsrtat prejudice of the country that pctTcfiuted them. 43* r RAN C E. "1 'i: ^1! m tate and admife our wflters; the names of Baton, Locke, Neivfo Milton, Pope, Addifon, Hume, Robertfon, Richard fon, and man v "' thers of the laft and prefent century, are facred amon^ the French f nay education. But we cannot quit this article of the manners an°l cuftoms of the French, without giving a more minute view of fomen tuliartties recently prevailing among this people, from the rernarksof late ingenious traveller, who was alfo diftinguiftied by various othe* produAions in polite literature. - . "^ " The natural levity of the French," fays Smollett, » is re-infofced by the mod prepofterous education, and the example of a giddv peonlf eugaged in the moft frivolous purfuits. A Frenchman is, by fome prieft or monk, taught to read his mother tongue, and to fay his' prayers in a language he does not uiiderftand. He learns to dance and to fence bv the marters of thofe fciences. He becomes a complete connojfleur in drelHiig hair, and in adorning his own perfon, under the hands and in- ftruAious of his valet*de-charabre. If he learns to play upon the flute or fiddle, he is altogether irrefiftible. But he piques himfelf upoubeinf I poliflied above the natives of any other country, by his converfation .with the fair fex. In the courfe of this communication, with which he is indulged frorii his tender years, he learns like a parrot, by rote the whole circle of French compliments, which area fet of phraies ridicuJ Ions even to a proverb ; and thefe he throws out indifcriminateiy to all women without diftin6lion, in the exefcife of that kind of addrefsl which is here diftinguifhed by the name of gallantry. It is an exercife I by the repetition of which he becomes very pert, very familiar, and vervl impertinent. A Frenchman, in Confequence of hrs mingling withthel females from his infancy, not only becomes acquainted witli all theirl cuftoms and humours, but grows wonderfully alert in perfomiinc al tlioufand little offices, which are overlooked by other men, wliofe time hath' been fpent in making more valuable flcquifuions. He enters, without ceremony, a lady's bed*chamber, >Vhile flie is in bed, reache her wliatever flje wants, airs her fliift, and helps to put it on. Heat'j tends at her toilette, regulates the ^iiftribf^ion of her patches, andadJ vifes where to lay on the paint. If lit'^vilits her whtn flie is dreffedj »ud perceives the ieaft impropriety in her coitfvire, he infifts onadjuftJ ing it with his own hands. If he fees a curl or even a lingle hairaJ mifs, he produces his comb, his fciffors, and pomatum, and fetsittf rights with the dexterity of a profefled frifeur. He fcjuires her to even! place (lie vilits, either on bufinefs or pleafure ; and. by dedicating hil whole tirrie to her,xrenders himfelf neceffary to her occrUions. In fliorl of all the coxcombs on the face of the earth, a French petif tiiaitre isthj moft impertinent ; and they are all peths maifres, from the marquis whj glitters in lace and embroiocry, to the jrnrron barhier (barber's bov}ca vered with meal, who ftruts with his hair in a long queue, and his i under his arm. " A Frenchman wiil fooner pnrt with his religion than his hair. Evd the foidicrs in France wear a long queue, and tins ridiculous foppery hj defcended to the loweft clafs of pi'ople. The boy who cleans (hoesf the corner of a ftrect, has a tail of this kind hanging down to his riima and the beggar who drives an afs, wears his hair en queue, though, pa haps, he has neither fliirt nor breeches. ' '' -. I " I (hall only mention one cuftom more, which fcems to carry hi man aflfeflation to the very fartheft vert,«« of folly and extravagancj that is, the manner in which the faces of the ladies are primed ai painted. It is generally fuppofed, that. part of the fair fcx inotlf FR AN C E. 433 :ke, Newton, and many o. the French of manners and iw of fome pe- le remarks of a various other ■' is re-infofced a guUiy people, , by fome prieft his prayers in a and to fence by B connoifleur in le hands and in- y upon the flute I nfelf uponbeinjj his converfation n, with which he I rot, by rote, the if phrales, ridicu- 1 criminately toalll : kind of addreftl It is an exercife,! familiar, and very] mingling with the ited witti alltheirl t in performing; • men, whofetime ions. He entersj is in bed, reache put It on. es, He at-j and adJ patch hf n i\\c ib drefledl ie infifts on adjuftj /en a tingle hairaj |t\>m, and fets it tij )uires her to ever] by dedicating hij Iccalions, In (liorl! isth wh m fetit nmitr In the marquis (barber's hov) o [queue, and bis hi than his hair. Eve lie nlous foppery hi Vvho cleans ftioes down to his rum; vitut, though, pi feems to carry and extravagr.nci ies are pnn edai Ic fair icx Ui oil^ (ountries makeufe of far J znd vernnilion for very different purpofes; namely* to help a bad or faded complexion, to heighten the graces, or conceal the defers of nature, as well as the ravages of time. I (hall not inquire whether it is juft and honefl to impofe In this nnanner on mankind ; if it is not honeft, it may be allowed to be artful and politic, andihou's, at leafl, a deiire of being agreeable. But to lay it on as the fafliion in France prefcribes to all the ladies of condition, who cannot appear without this badge of di{lin6tion, is to difguife themfelves in fuch a manner, as to render them odious and deteftable to every fpec- titor who has the leaft relifli left for nature and propriety. As for the fefdot vb'hitef with which their necks and flioulders are plaiftered, it maybe ^ ^"•"'* meafure excufable, as their (kins are naturally brown, orfallow ; but the reuge^ which is daubed on their faces, from tiie chin aptothe eyes, without the lead art or dexterity, not only deftroys all iiinflion of features, but renders the afpeft really frightful, or at leaft conveys nothing but ideas of difgufl and averfion. Without this horr* rible ma(k, no married lady is admitted at court, or in any polite alfem- bly; and it is a mark of diilinftion which none of the lower clafles dare iiime." The above picture of the manners of the French nation is drawn with iiitandfpirit ; and is in fome refpefts highly charaderiftic ; but it is rtfinly not a flattering portrait. With all their defeds, the French TC many good qualities ; politenefs of manners, attention to flrangers, la general talte for literature among thofe in the better ranks of life, e French literati have great influence even in the gay and diflipated ;yof Paris, Their opinions not only determine the merit of works tafteand fcience, but they have confiderable weight with refpeft to manners and fentiments of people of rank, and of the public in ml, and confequently are not without efFe£l in the mcafures of femment. DiEss.] The French drefs of both fexes is fo well known, that it needlefs to expatiate upon them here; but, indeed, their drefs* in iesand towns is fo variable, that it is next to impoflible to defcribe , They certainly have ipore invention in that particular than any of , ■neighbours, and theit conftantly changing their fafliions is of in- tefervice to their manufaftures. ELiGioN.] By the laws of the new conftitution, no man is to be ' Hed for his opinions, or interrupted in the exercife of his religion, territoriai pofleffions of the Galilean church have been claimed as inal property, and difpofed of through the medium of a paper :y, called ailignats, for the creditors of the ftate ; and the clergy dependent upon penfionary eftabhfhments paid out of the national ry; out of which are alfo paid the expenfes of worfliip, the reli- and the poor. All monaftic eftablifliments are fupprefTed; but fent friars apd nuns are allowed to obferve their vows, and nuns '■; inally lo remain in their convents, or retire upon penlions. clergy are eleftive by the people, and take an oath to obferve iws of the new conflitution *. They notify to the bifhop of Rome union in do£trine, but do not pay him fees, or acknowledge any dijiation to his authority. They are fupplied with lodgings upon livings, whereon they are obliged to redde and perform the duties . buy of the clergy, called rcfraAory priefts, from a confcientious refufal of thit Wbceneje^ed from th«ir benefices, and many of the popular curatet madCr if i:;i:iE!il Ff 434 FRANCE. of their office. They vote as aftive citizens, and are eligible to fome lay-offices in the diftrifts, but to no principal ones. ' ^ Archbishopricks, BisHOPRicKs, &c.] France, divided into nine me. tropuHtan circles, has a metropolitan bishop with a fyn^ in gg-i, befides one for Paris. The metropolitan bilhop is cor.firmed by the eldeft bilhop in his circle. Appeals are made from the bifliops to their fynods. A BISHOP is appointed to each of the eighty-three Jepartments, which form fo rnany diocefes. They are appointed by the electoral aflemblv of the department, and confirmed by the metropolitan bifliop, but muft have held an ecclefiaftical office fifteen years. The falaries are from 500I. to,84ol. per annum. Each diocefe has alfo a./eminaryf with three vicars, and a vicar-general to prepare fiudents for holy orders j and ;htfe vicars form a council for the bidiop. Vicars of bifiiops are chofen by the bifliop front among the cleruy of his diocefe who have done duty ten years. The falaries are from 84I. to 250I. per annum. Ministers of pariQies or cures in the diftrifls are confirmed by the bifliop, and they muft have been vicars to minifters five years. Thev have falaries from 50I. to i6ol. per annum, and, when infirm, receive penfions. Vicars of minifters are chofen by the minifter from amon? the priefts admitted in the diocefe by the bifliop, and receive falaries from 30I. to lool. fterling per annum. France contains more than two millions of non-catholics ; and the froteftants, who are greatly increafing, are, in proportion to the catholics, as one to twelve. There are already many regular congregations, viz! German Lutherans, French and Swifs Calvinifts, Bohemian anabaptifo and Walloon or Flemifli diflidents, befides many chapels for the am. bafladors. It alfo contains many Jews. Languaoe.] One of the wifeft meafiires of Lewis XIV, was his encouragement of every propofal that tended to the purity and perfec lion of the French language. He fucceeded fo far as to render it tlid moft univerfal of all the living tongues ; a circumftance that tended equally to his greatnefs and his glory ; for his court and nation thereby! became the fchool of arts, fciences, and politenefs. The French i)| chiefly compofed of words radically Latin, with many German derivj. tives introduced by the Franks. It is now rather on the decay :iti corner-ftones, fixed under Lewis XIV. are, as it were, loofened ; am in the prefent mode of writing and exprefling themfelves, the modti French too often difregard that purity of expeflion which alone cai render a language claflical^nd permanent. As to the properties of the language, they are undoubtedly greatly ioj ferior to the Englifti : but they are well adapted to fubjefts /oid ofclej vation or paflion ; and well accommodated to dalliance, complimcal and common converfation. The Lord's Prayer in French is as follows: Nitre tire^ quits cieuXytoHnomfoit/anflifie. Ton regne vitnne- Ta volonte foit jaitc a terre comme au cicl. Dmne nous aujourJ'hui mtre pain quotidien. Park mu$ nos offences^ cemme nous partionnons a ceux^ qui nous ont offcnfts. Eli nous indui pO'.Kt en tentatioHf mats nous Jelivre du mal : car, a tot e^ltr^i la puijfance, et ia gloire aux fiicles da Jiicles. Amen. Leaxning and learned men.] The French, like the other tions of Europe, were for many centuries immerfed in barbarity, ' firft learning they began to acquire, was not of that kind which i| |vcrfa/ /le/iii jthe ixi Ffechii V> ibrp ftfrcni \i\ lent 0, felon a Man wy f(^ 're fo I »'e api n will 1 t •V — .. "/ '--M FRANCE. 435. ble to fomy ito «ine me- aq^ in each, •med by the fhops to their tments, which toral affembly hop, but muft aries are from ary, with three ders ; and ihtfe long the clergy diaries are from onfirmed by the ^e years. They I infirm, receive From among the live fabrics from atholica •, and the | >n to the catholics, ongregations, yiz, emian anabaptifts, »apels for the am* ;\vis XIV. was his ipurity andpetfecl \ as to render it th{j ttance that tended! and nation therebjl Is. The French ijl Uy German deriva-j [ on the decay '. n ere, loofened ; ani hfelves, the modtn In which alone cad loubtedly greatly tii| ffubjeas /oidofeltl \ance, complimtnt^ W/rtf pirf, fi«' p qtiotidien. ?»rH \us ont offtnjis. £(j car.a toi ejiltm [h, like the othd Id in barbarity. 11 [that kind whicbi I roves the untlerftanding, rorrf'Sin the ta^ie, or regulates the affeftions. t confifted in a I'ubtle and quibbling logic, which was more adapted to nervm than to improve the faculties. But the ftudy of the Greek and Roman writers, which firft arofc in Italy, difFufed itfelf among the French, and gave a new turn to their literary purfuits. This, together with the encouragement Which the polite and learned Francis I. gave. to all men of merit, was extremely beneficial to French literature.. Dtirin? this reign, many learned men appeared in France, who greatly diftinpuiHied tliemfclves by their writings ; among whom were Budfcus, Clement Marot, Peter du Chatel, Rabelais, and Peter Ramus. Thr names of Henry and Robert Stephens are alfo mentioned by every real. fcholar with refpeft. It was not, however, till the feventeenth cen« tiirv that the French began to write with elegance in their own lan^^uage. The Academie Fran9oife was formed for this purpofe : and though' their labours, confldered as a body, were not fo fuccefsful as might have, been expeate« [bout the year 356, after the fame model as the baths of Diocleflan^ The Remains of this ancient edifice are many arches, and within them large faloon. It is fabricated of a kind of madic, the compofition of rhich is not now known, intermixed with fmall.fquare pieces- of ree-ilone and bricks. But the molt extraordinary of all artificial cii4 olities is the fubterraneous cavern at Paris. For the fird building that city, it was neceffary to get the done in the environs. As ii was enlarged, the dreets and fuburbs extended to and were pilt on the ancient quarries from which the done had been taken ; whence proceed the caverns or frightful cavities which are found pder the houfes in feveral quarters of the city. Eight perfons late- periflied in one of them, a gulf of 150 feet deep, which excited police and government, to caufe the buildings of feveral quar> |fs to be privately propped up. All the fuburbs of St. James's, pe-ftreet, and even the dreet of Tournon, dand upon the anci- It quarries; and pillars have l)een erefted to fupport the weight of houfes; but as the lofty, buildings, towers, and deeples,inow tell :eye what is feen in the air| is wanting und^e]^ ^e jffft, fo i^ yrQIjM F f J - . " 43* FRANCE, I' 'IBS not require a very violent (hock to throw back the flones to the dUcm from whence they were raifcd. At Aries in Provence is to be feen an obelifk of oriental mnite which is ta feet high, and feven feet diameter at the bait-, and all but one ftone. Roman temples are frequent in France. The nioil particular are in Burgundy and Guiennc ; and other places, btfidcs the neighbourhood of Nifmes, contain magnificent ruins of a(iiie. d\i&». The paflage cut through tlie middle of a rock near Brian" ^on in Daupniny, is thought to be a Roman work, if not of preater antiquity. The round buckler of mafly filver, taken out of the Khone in 1665, being twenty inches in diameter, and weighing twenty.one pounds, containing the ftory of Scipio's continence, is thought to be coeval with that great general. Some of the modern works of art, particularly the canals, have hfcn before noticed. There are fome fubterraneous paflages and holcj efpecially at St. Aubin in Brittany, and Niont in Dauphiny, really Hu- penduus. Cities and towns."] Thefeare numerous in France; of which we 1 fhall njention only Paris, Liile, and their principal fea-ports, Brefl, and Toulon. Lifle, in French Flandctt, is thought to be the moft regular and I ftrongeft fortification in Europe, and was the mafter-piece of ihe fa- mous Vauban. It is generally |;arrifoned with above tui thoufand regulars : and, for its magnificence and elegance, it is called little] Paris. Its manufaftures of filk, cambric, and camblets, are very con- fiderable ; and its inhabitants amount to about one hundred thoufand. Every reader is acquainted with the hiftory of Dunkirk, which thel French were obliged by the treatyof Utrecht to demolifh, but is ftillal thorn in the fide of the Englifh, oy being a harbour for their fmugglen.[ The reft of French Flanders, and its Netherlands, abound with fortitieil| towns, which carry on very gainful manufaftures. Proceeding fouthward, we come to the Ifle of France; the capitall of which, and of the whole kingdom, is Paf-is. This city lias been fJ often defcribed, that it may appear fuperfluous to mention it more parJ ticularly, were it not that the vanity of the French has given it a prtJ fereoce, which it by no means deferves, to all the capitals in tha world, in every refpe^l, not excepting even population. Many oi the £ng!ifh have been impofed upon in this point; particularly bfl the computing from the birjhs and burials within the bills of mortalityJ which exclude the moft populous pariihes about London. Another mirl take lies in computing from birtiss and marriages. The number of dilf fenters of all kinds in and about London, who do not rcgiihrthj births of their children, is very great ; the regifters of others are not kno\r| by the public; ahd many of the poorer'fort will not dfford the fmal cxpenfe of fuch » regiftering. Another peculiarity exiflin;', in Lojj don is, that many of the Londoners, who can afford the expfntt[ when they find themfelv^s confumptive, pr otherwife indifpoitd, i tire into the country, where thiy are buried, and thereby excldej from the bills of mortality. The population of Paris, therefore, who the regifters are more exaft and accefTible to the poor, and where 1' religion and the police are more uniform aiul ftrirt, is far more eafil afcertaiiied than that of London ; and by the beft accounts it does 1 exceed feven or eight hundred thoufand, which is far fliort of theinlii bitants of London and the contiguous nariflies. i<" Paris is divided into three parts; tne city, the univerfity, andtlij which was formerly called the town, Tiie-city is old Paris; theuDl FRANCE. 439 ones to the places ■ oriental granitf, the bale, and all ancc. The molt er places, befiii« : ruins of a(]uc. rock near Brian- «, if not of preattr r» out of the Khone righing twenty -one ;, is thought to be e canals, have been palTages and holc» luphiny, really ftu- ance ; of whicli we I [ea-ports, Breft, and I \e moft regular and [ler-piece ofihe fa- above tai ihoufandl :e it is called littlel nblcts, arc very con-l le hundred ihoufand.l Dunkirk, which tliel emolifti, but isftilUl ir for their fmugglen.1 abound with fortlfiedj France; the capiti his city has beenfol mention it more patT \ has given it a preJ the capitals in thJ opulation. Many oj )oint ; particularly b^ the bills of mortality] ^ondon. Another mifl The number of dilf do not rcgiilertlij others are not kiiowJ not dtford the fmal arity exifting in Loif in afford the expenff icrwife indifpoled, n and thereby exckid{| Paris, therefore, wh' ; poor, and where tH .rirt, is far more eafil ft nccGunis it does nj isfarfliortoftheinli he univerfity, and tfc« y is old Paris; the ui^ 10 Ter7itv and the town sre the new. Paris contains more works of public p,gj.,iificcnce than utility. Its palaces are fliowy, and fome of its Itreets, fquarcs, hotels, hofpitals, and churches, fuperbly decorated with A pro- fitdon of paintings, tapeftry, images, and ftatues; but Paris, notwith- ftandiiig its boaded police, is greatly inferior to London in nianv of the convenicncies of life, and the folid enjoyments of focicty. Without entering into more minute difquifitions, Paris, it muft be bwncd, is the paradiic of fplendour and difnpation. The tapcftry of the Gobelins ♦ IS unequalled for beauty and richnefs. The Louvre is a building that does honour to architefture itfelf. It was adorned by many excellent inilitutionsfnrthe arts and fciences, particularly the three academies, and ennobled by the refidence of the learned. TheTiiilleries,thepalaceofLux- tmliourg, where a valuable collcftion of paintings are fliown, the royal palace ami library, the guild-hall, and the iioipital for invalids, are i'u- perb to the highefl degree. The city of Paris is faid to be fifteen miles in circumference. The hotels of the French noblefle at Paris take np igreat deal of room with their court-yards and gardens; and_fo do their convents and churches. The ftreets are very narrow, and the houfcs very high, many of them feven Itories. The hoiifes are built of Hone, and often contain a different family on every floor. The river Seine, which runs through the centre of the city, is not half fo large as the Thames at London ; it is too far diftant from the fea for the purpofcs of navigation, and is not furniflied, as the Thames, with vcfTcIs or boats of any Ibrt; over it are many (tone and wooden bridges, which have nothing to recommend them. The ftreets of Paris are generally crowd- ed, particularly with coaches, which gives that capital the appearance of wealth and grandeur ; though, in reality, there is more fliow than fubftance. The glittering carriages that dazzle the eyes of ftrangers are moftly common hacks, hired by the day or week to the numerous fo- reigners who vilit that city ; and, in truth, the greateft part of the tradf ofParisarifes from the conftant fucceflion of ftrangers that arrive daily j from every nation and quarter of the globe. This afcendency is un- donbtcdly owing to the reputation of their language, their public build- ings, their libraries, and colle^ions of paintings, that are open to the Ipublic; the cheapnefs of provifions, excellency of the French wines, [and above all, the purity of the air and climate in France. With all I thefe advantages, Paris, in general, will not bear a comparifon with JLondon, in the more effentiat circumlUnces of a thriving foreign an4 |domtftic trade, the cleannefs of their ftreets, neatnefs of their houfes, lefpecially within ; the plenty of water, and that of a better quality Ithan the Seine, which, it is fiiid, difagrees with ftrangers, as do likewife Itheir fmall wines. In the houfes of Paris moft of the floors are of irick, and have no other kind of cleaning than that of being fprinkled vith water, and fwept once a day. Thefe brick floors, the ftone llairs, the want of wainfcoting in the rooms, and the thick party walls pf ftone, are, however, good prefervatives againft fire, which fcldom jloes any damage in tliis city. Inftead of wainfcoting, the walls are levered with tapeftry or damafk. The beds in general are very good, |nd well ornamented with tefter and curtains. Their fliops are but oorly ftored with goods ; and the fliop-keepers and tradefmen, an in- lolem, loitering people, feldotn make their appearance before dinner in I * One GoiW, a noted dyer at Rhcjms, wan the firft who fettled in this place, in the mn ofFraocis I. and the houfe h»n retained h s name ever fince : and h«rc the j^reM Aibm; about the year 1667, cflablifVicd tlut valuable mauttfaAory. iiMfm 'li. 440 FRANCE. any other than a morning drefs, or velvet cap, (ilk night-gown, and Morocco flippers; but when they intend a vifit, or going abroad all .<: punftilios of a courtier are attended to, and hardly the refemblance of a man remains. There is a remarkable contrail between this clafs of people and thofe of the fame rank in London. In Paris, the women pack up parcels, enter the orders, a,nd do moft of the drudgery bufi. nefs of the fliop, while the hulband loiters about, talks of the great of fafliions and diverfions, and the invincible force of their armies. The fplendour of the grand monarque ufed to be alfo with them a favourite topic of converfation, previous to the change in their political fyftem. The I'arifians, however, as well as the natives of France in general, are' remarkably temperate in their living ; and to be intoxicated with liquor is confidered as infamous. Bread, and all manner of butchers' meat ?nd poultry, are extremely good in Paris ; the beef is excellent ; the wine they generally drink is a very thin kind of burgundy. The common people in the fummer feafon, live chiefly on bread, butter, grapes, and fmall wine. TliC Parifians, till lately, icarcely knew the ufe of tea ; but they have coffee in plenty. The police of Paris ufed to be fo well attended to, ihat quarrels- accidents, or felonies, feldom happened; and Grangers from all quarters of the globe, let their appearance be ever fo imcom. ition, met with the molt polite treatment. The ftreets are patrolled at night by horfe and foot ; lo judicioufl/ ftationed, that no offender can efcape their vigilance. They likewife vifited the publicans precifelvat the hour of twelve at night, to fee that the company were gone ; for in Paris no liquor could be had after that time. The public roads in France were under the fame excellent regulation, which, .with the torture of rhe rack, prevented robberies in that kingdom ; but, for the fame reafon; when robberies did happen, they were always attended with the dera of the unfortunate traveller; and indeed this is the general pnftice ine^tay country of Europe, Great Britain excepted. The environs >f Paris are very plealant, and contain a number of fine "feats, fniall towns, and villages; fome of them, being fcattered on the edges of hills rifing from the Seine, are remarkably delightful. The palr.ce of Verfailles, which ftands twnlve miles from Paris, though tnagniticc-nt aiu! expenfive beyond conception, and adorned with all th.it art can fnrnifh, is a collection of buildings, each of exquifite arclii. tefture, but net forming a whole, agreeable to the grand and fnblime i of that art. Th« gardens, and water works (which are fupplied by means of prodigious engines, acrofs the Seine at Marli, about three rnifes diftance), are altonilliing proofs of »-he fertile genius of man, and I highly worthy of a Granger's attention. Trianon, Marli, St. (nrmainl tn Layc, Mcrdon, and other roynl palaces, are laid out with talleandj judgment; crch has its peculiar beauties for the entertainment audi amufement of that luxurious court which lately occupied thimibull fome of ihem are in a lliameful condition, both as to repairs and clean- linc(^. I BrcH is a fmall but very flrong town, upon the Englifli channfl,! with a moft fpacious and finely fortified road and harbour, the beftandl fafeft in all the kingdom: yet its entrance is difficult, bvrcafonofl many rocks lying under water. At Brcft is a court of admiralty, anJ academy for ''fea affairs, docks, and magazines for all kinds oF naval llorcs, rope-yards, ftore-houfes, &r. iufomnch that it may now beterniJ ed the cauital receptacle for the navy of France, and is admirably well adapted for that end. ] Lewis XIV; rendered Toulon, from a pitiful village, a fea-port ol FRANCE,' 44« -gown, and ; abroad, all refemblance 1 this clafs of , the women -udgery bufi- of the great, r armies. The ;m a favourite )litical fyftem. in general, are ted with liquor ;hers' nieat?nd ; the wine they )mmon people, apes, and fmall »f tea -, but they "o well attended I ; and Itrangers ever fo nncom- > axe patrolled at no offender can cans precifelyat ;erc gone ; for in iC roads in France the torture of the the fame reafon,- with the des-i of praftice in - rv i a number nf fine ^r fcattered on the lightful. Voin Paris, though adorned with all of exqiiifite archi- and and fublime are fupplied by arli, about three! [enivisof msii, and arli, St. (tcrmsinl >nt with tifteandl ;utertainment andl :upied them ; biitl repairs and clean- Englifli chnnnelj Kiour, the heft and! eiilt, bv reafon ofl of admiralty, andl all kind's of naval Imavnowbeternij is'admirabiywtl llage, a fea-porl oi rttat importance. He fortified both the town and hartionr for the re- Dtion and protection of the navy. Its old and its new harbour lie contiguous; and by means of a canal, Ihips pafs from the one £0 the thcr°both of them having an ovitlet into the fpacious cutter harbour. Its arfenal, tftabliflied alfo by that king, has a particular llore-houfe for tach fliip of war ; its guns, cordage, &c. beln| feparatcly laid up. Here arc fpacious workfliops, for blackfmiths, joiners, carpenters, lock- fmiths carvers, &c. Its rope-walk, of ftone, is 320 toifes or fathoms in length, with three arched walks,^ Its general magazine fupplie* whatever may be wanting in the particular flore-houfes, and contain* an immenfe quantity of all kinds of (lores, difpofed in the greateft Commerce and manufactures] Next to Henry IV. juftly flyled the Great, the famous Colbert, n\lnifter to Lewis XIV. may be called the father of the French commerce and manufactures. Under him there was a great appearance that France would make as illuOnous a figure as a trading as the did then as a warlike people; but tL- '.ruth is, the French do not naturally pofTefs that undaunted perfeverance which is neceflary for commerce and tolon^fation, though no people, in theory, u.iderftand them better. It is to be confidered at the fame time, that France, by her fituation, by the turn of her inhabitants for certain ma- mifaftures, and the happinefs of her foil, muft be always pofTe/Ted of great inland and neighbouring trade. The filk maniifai'-hire was introduced into France fo late as the reigti of Henry IV. and in the age of his grandfon Lewis XIV. the city of Tours alone employed 8000 looms, and 800 mills. The chy of Lyons then employed 18,000 looms; but after the impolitic and unjuft re- vocation of the edi£t of Nantes, the expulfion of the proteftants, and the ruinous wars maintained by France, they decreafed to 4000; and their filk manufafture is now rivalled by that of England, where the French proteftants took refuge, and were hajipljy etuiiiiraged. Next toTov.rs and Lyons, Paris, ChatiUon, and Nifmes, are molt celebrated for filk manufadlures. France contains 1,500 filk mills, ai,ooo looms for fluffs, 12,000 for ribbons and lace, 20,000 for filk (lockings, all of which employed two millions of people. They alfo manuraiflure gloves and (lockings from fplder-filk. On the other hand, the French woollen cloths and (luifs, more efpecially at Abbeville, Amiens, and Paris, are faid to be now little inferior to thofe of England, and have greatly injured them, particularly in the Turkifh market, a(rilled by tiie clandedine importation of Englifli and Irifli wool, and workmen from this country. In manufaftures the French have always been didinguifhed for their invention, and the Englifli for their fuperior improvement. Abbeville is famous for cloth, linen, fail-cloth, and foap; Auvergne for fine thread, lace, ftufFs, and paper; Nifmes for fine ferges ; Cambray for cambrics ; St. Qnentin for lawns ; and Picardy for plate glafs. The diftrifts adjoining the Britifli channel contain many flieep of the I Englifli breed, which arc faid to degenerate by removal from their na- I five foil. Befidcsthe infinite advantage arifing to her inland commerce, from her [ rivers, navigable canals, and a connexion with two feas, her foreign trade may be faid to extend itfelf all over the globe. It is a doubtful point whe- ther France was a lofer by its ceflion of Canada and part of Louifiana Iby the peace of 1763. But the moll valuable part of Hifpaniola in the I Wed ladies which flie pofleired by the partiality and indolence of fell 44^ FRANCE. ., :.s.^. ! Spain, is a mofl iiViprovaMe acqnifition, and tlie moft valuable of ill i, iorejgn colonies. In the Wtlt Indies, ihc likewife held, till the Tent war, the important fngar illands of Martinico, Giiadaloupe ''^s'" J.ncia, St. Bartholomew, Pcfcada, and Marigalante. Her pofltflio'n • North America are only a fmall trat'i upon the Wifliflippi. '" The French porteliions in the Ka(l Indies are not very confideral I though, iuul their genius been more turned for commerce llian war il ' might liave engrolled more territory and revenues tiian are now in' 7 i'eflion of the KnglHh; but they over-rated botli their own power a i At and pre their courage, and their Kaft Jiuiia company never did much lent (fays Mr. Anderfon) " her land trade to Switzohnui and IihIv"'' by way of Lyons — to Grrmany, through^ Mctz and Stralburirh^lf'' tlic Netherlands, through Lille — to Spain (a inoft provable onei through Bayonne and Perpignan. As lor her naval coimnertp he' ports in the chan^iel, and on the wellern ocean, are frequented liv all tl ' trading nations in Europe, to the great ailvant.ige dl France lim . t'lpecially rerpe(5ling what is carried on with I:^ngland, Holland and Italy. The trade from her Mediterranean ports (ai(;re partic ularK- from Marfeilles) with Ttirkey and Africa, lias long heen very coisli tlerable. The negro trade from Guinea fupi-lies her fu^ar colonies befides the gold, ivory, and drugs got from thence." ' ' The cxjwrrs are wine, vinegar, brandy, oil, (ilk ;, latins, linens, uooiint cloth, tapeftriei, laces, gold and filver embroideries, toys, trinkets pir- fumery, paper, prints, lx>oks, drugs, dies,^&c. The imports arc hard. ware, eavtlien ware, cottons, metals, hemp, llax, lilk, wool, liorlcs, ]•;;;(} and Weil India goods, &c. It employs one miliion tons of (hippin.r with ncsr 50,000 feanicn ; and before the revolution, the imports were vi^ed at ;>,i;83,333l. the exports at i2,qoo,oool. and it had a Ulanu^i trade of more thnn two millions in its favour ; but its tract and ni.inu- la£furcs have ftncc declined. 1*' u vHAMNc. To.vi'AMEB.] It has no trading Companies (having i abolifiiwl all monopolies^ but al)^}^ or caijje d'ejcompte^ and a bank of cxtraordinaries. .■,.>^i^. . j Constitution ant g* .'hRNMHKT.] iPranc*', by the revolution in , 17^9, founded a ne-ivc'onjtttutiou, upon the piiiiciple that ;.ll men art free, I and equal in their rights. After the death of the king, in the year 179^, anotiier coniVitution was framed, and adopted, which was again iuc- ceeded by another, ufually cillcd the conjiitution of the thiulytar. This Hill remains in force, at leaf! nominally \ for, on certain occafions, .ve| i'ave feen the ruling party exercife a revolutionary power not cirtiim- fcrihed by th^' limits of any conftitution. By ihis conllitution, evcrvmaii j borw and refidcnt in France, who is twenty*onc years of age, h.is iafciihuj his name In the civic regifter, lived one year on the territor\ oftlic n.[Hib.i lie, and pays a dirci't contribution, is a French citizen, Fiirei«4!U' sarel jiaturalifcd by fevcn years' refidence or marrying a French woman. The government is veiled in tlic lej.nflalive body, ami a diiei%r) ofl (■\\t members. The legillativc body is compoied of a council of aii-f tienrs, of two hundred and tifty members, and a council of live hun- dred. The membeis of t! e*. coumils are elected by the people, who! meet, in full right, on the iit ol Germii\al (March 21) of e.icli yt;ir,j in wl»at are called primaiy ojfi-mhlics, and nominate one elei'tor for every! two huiulred citizens ; which elet'tors compote the ekdoral affanblit , iiiidl thooje, as there may be ticralion, the memlu-is of the legillative br lyJ tlie judges of the civil tribunals, and otiur magiflrates. j One third of the numbers of each of the councils compufing the le- fiihjc.^! V\'lieii fucli piir))(i sdoprf'( i()iinil;i nii'ii (1 U'ii, reiiiicr 'liumaiii lion of lidve I tlit'ir.i I /orcicjn Tiieir t Ipearanc japjieanu theolilr finaiioti! I dills JIT |lfntcro| FRANCE. 443 p'ldative body is renc". cd every year; the members, therefore, are three ^gi'rs in the cxercifc of tlirir iimdions. They may be re-elt\'tv.d im- inecli'Wly once ; after whicli there iiiult l)e an interval of two years be- tore they can be elerted ntrain. The members of tlie dirciitory mnft be forty years of age at lead, and mult have been irunibors of the I'.-gillalive body, or general aj^cnts of execution J but cannot be chnfcti till the expiration of one year alter thev have ccaied to be members of the legiilative body.' The direftory ii partially renewed by the ek\'.tIon of a new member every year. None of the menil)ers who have thus ^one out can be rc-elefted till after an interval ot five years. The dIrehefs of provilions, wines and rujujrs ; the forn)idnble aiiiiics and ilecu flie has f ;nt iorlh, to the terror of l^nropp ; and tiie na- [ tmal chara<^kr o; her inhahiunits, their fprightlinefs and g liets ; lie will iiii(ii)uhttdly conclude that her people are the ipoft opulent and happy ill Hiirope. The reverff, however, appears to be the Hate of that nation at piefeiit ; and we do not tind that in any former period they were morf rich or mi^-e hap[)y. The moll obvious caufes of this tational poverty took their rife from theanibitionand vanity of their kinjfs and courtiers, whiih led them into tchenies uf univirfal dominion, the agi!;randillm<"il ol their name, and theenOaviiig of (Jhridendom. "I'heir wars, which they fometimes car- rid on ai;ainfl one half of luiro|)e, and in which they were generally iintoituiiate, led them into diliicuhics ro which the ordinary revenues \vere inadequate ; and hence proceeded the arbitiary demands upon the fiibjift, nntlcr various pretences, in the name of loans, free gift;, &c. When tlitie failed, other methods, more defpotic and unwarrantable, (uch as railMig and reducing tlie vahie of money as it fuited their own piirpofes, national bankruptcies, anvi other grievous opprcHions, were adopted, wliich gave the riiiilhing blow to public credit, and (hook the loumlations of trade, commerce, and indulby, the fruits of which no ; nwii could call his own. Wiun vve confidcr the motives of thcfe wars, a defire to enflave and rfiiiicr milerable the nations around thetii, that man mult be devoid of humanity whofe bread is not railed with indignation ujion the b,u-e men- |tion oFthe blaod th.it has be;'n ipilt, the niilcries and defolations that have happened, and the numerous [)laces that have fallen a facrilice to tht'ir ambition. It appears too jilain, that, while they thus grafp after I foreign conqued", tiieir country CAhibiis a pii'^ure of mi'ery and b ggarv. Tiieir towns, vtry few excepted, make a moil difmal and folifary ap- pearance. The fliops are mean beyond delcrijnion. That this is tlie apiiearance of their towns, and inany of their cities, we may a[>|)eal to Itheolifervation of any one who has been in that kingdom. We have liii a. lother place mentioned the natural advantages of France, where the Ihills arc covered with drapes, and molt extenfivc plains (iroduce excel- Ibt crops of com, rye, and barley. Amidll this prof ufiou of plenty, *:* >■■ i ■ ^' 444 FRANCE. the peafant and his family barely exifted upon the gleanings, exbihitine a fpedlacle of indigence hardly credible ; and to fee him ploughing the f round with a lean cow, afs, and a goat yoked together, excited in an inglifli traveller that pity to which hinnan nature '•' entitled. The f rench peafant is now become a citizen ; but time mult decide whether his fituation be eflentially and permanently amended. Revknues.] Some authors make the amount of the affefTed taxes for the year 1792, only 300,000,000 livres, equal to 12,500,000!. fterline ami with the incidental taxes, in all 15,500,000!. fterling; near nine millions lefs than before the revolution* when the noble^e and cler?y "Were exempted. All excites and excifemen, tythes, and game laws, are now aholifhed and the roads maintained at public expenfe. ' ^ The Revenue in the year 1788, before the revolution, was ao mil. Kons and a half fterling ; and its ordinary expenditure exceeded the re> venue five millions and a half. The public Debt, 1784, was £. 141,666,000. Military and marine strength.] There is no nation in Europe where the art of war, particularly that part of it relating to gunnery and Jbrtification, is better underftood than in France. Befides other methods for cultivating it, there was a royal military academy eftabliflied pur« pofely for training up 500 young gentlemen at a time, in the feveral branches of this great art. AxMY.] The peace eftabliflimcnt of the army^ for the year 1792, wa% 'ft'.- i .-♦* U;>,"^.l['-»L,_.-<, '4ti^'J ■' Infantry, Cavalry, Artillery, Total, J 1 1,000 30,000 1 1,000 1 52,000 Thefe are called troops of the llne^ and, along with the volunteer national •ijards, form an army, at prefent on the frontiers, of 224,000 men. . The municipal army, or national guards, are a kind of embodied mili. lia for the interior defence of the kingdom, and amount to between three and four millions. The gendarmerie are an auxiliary body of troops, for the proteftionof laws and police. This was the eftablilhment before the war, but fince the attack made upon the French by the allied powers, the number of troops they have brought into the field almoft exceeds belief. In ttie year 1794, they had 780^00 effeAive men in arms, which force was diftributed as follows: 7"* ' ' The army of the north, 420,000 The united armies of the Rhine and Mofelle, 280,000 The army of the Alps, The army of the eaftern Pyreneet, The army of the fouth, The army of the weft, 60,000 80,000 60,000 80,000 ' Total, /' " ■ ••' / 780,000 Navy.] The report of the miniller, towarO* the clofc of the yor j ^Hlfoii-' FRANCE. 44$ I, exhiMting oughing the xcited in an fitled. The :ide whether [fed taxes for lool. fterling, I ; near nine fe and clergy c»w aholiihed, , was ao mil* ;eeded the re* ion in Europe gunnery and other methods [labliflied pur« in the feveral year lygij^w^ ',-",-,'1-.'^ t'-v lunteer national ]4.,ooo men. . embodied niili« nt to between Iheproteftionof Ithe attack made of troops they ■1 tlie year 1794, as diftributed a 120,000 1 80,000 60,000 80,000 60,000 80,000 U8o,ooo clofeof theyafl , ftates the flups in good condition-^to be eighty-fix of the luie^ Jd including thofe building, as follows; Large 6rfi rates, 8 100 guns, 5 80 guns, 10 r 74 guns, -67 . 64 guns, X Total, 91 Frigates, j9 befides fireihips, corvettes, galleys, and cutters. But from this accouat we muft probably make a deduftion, in confqiience of the naval fuc- cefles of England, and the fliips dcftroycd at Toulon and in different fca-engagemcnts. There are twenty-eight of the line and five frigates in commifllioii, and 80,000 feamen, with officers regiftered to man the fleet ; but the French navy is at prefent without proper fubordination. Royal titles, arms, mobility, ) TheNATioNAL As9EMBLY,de- AND ORDERS. 3 firous of eftabUftiing the French conftitution on the principles it has declared, aboliihed, irrevocably, Jiofe inftitutions which are injurious to liberty and equality of rights. There is no longer any nobility^ nor peerage, nor hereditary difiin^hns^ \m difference of 9rdersy not feudal government^ nor patrimonial juriJJi^ion^ nor any of the titles^ dmominationSj and prerogatives, which are derived from them ; nor any of the orders of ciivalty, corporations^or decorations, for which proofs of nobility were required ; nor any kind of fuperiority but that of public funftionaries in the exercife of their funftions. Royalty, which was one branch of the ancient conftitution, is nowr jboliflied, and the unfortunate monarch decapitated. History.] The hiftory of no country is better authenticated thtin j that of France, and it is particularly intcrefling to an Englifli reader. j This kingdom, which was by the Romans called Tranfalpme Gaul, or Gaul l)€yond the Alps, to diftinguifli it from Cifalpiae Gaul, on the Ita- lian fide of the Alps, was probably peopled from It;ily, to which it lies contiguous. Like other European nations, it foon became a defirable objeft to the ambitious Romans; and, after a brave refiftance, was an- nexed to their empire, by the invincil)learms of Julius Ca-Iar, about for- jty-eight years before Chrift. Gaul continued in the poflelfioi. of the Ro- jmans,till the dow.-fall of that empire in the fifth century, when it became li prey to the Gotl i^, the Burgundians, and the PVanks, who fubdued but Idid not extirpate the ancient natives. The Franks themfclves, who mit it the name of Fran ,, , or Frankenlasd, were a colleftion of feveral jpcople inhabiting Germany, and particularly the Salii, who lived om jthf banks of the river Sale, and wno cultivated the principles of jurif- Iprudence better than their neighbours. Thefe Salii had u ru'e, which Ithc reft of the Franks arc faid to have adopted, and has been by the mo- Werii Franks applied to the fucceflion of the throne, excluding all females Ifrnm the inheritance of fovereignty, and is well known by tiie name of pc ^alic Lav). The Franks and Burgundians, after eftablifliing their power, ai>d rr» iucidg tht' original natives to a ftate of flavcry, parcelled out the r«Tds pju^ tlwir principal leaders ; and fucceediiig kiiigs louad it ncceilary to \l 446 FRANCE. iVi confirm their privil'ges, allowing them to exercifc fovereign authoritv in their refpeftive governments, until they at length aflumed an indepeiZ dency, only ack.iowledging the king as their head. This gave rile t* thofe numerous principalities that were formerly in France, and to tl feveral parliaments; for every province became, in its policy and en. vernment, an epitome of the whole kingdom ; and no laws were made or taxes raifed, without the concurrence of the grand council, confiftlnB of the clergy and of the nobility. » Thus, as in other European nations, immediately after the difTolution of the Roman empire, the firft government in France feems to have been a kind of mixed monarchy, and the power of their kings extremely cir. cumfcribed^nd limited by the feudal barons. The firftChri(!ian monarch of the Franks (according to Daniel, one of the beft French hiftorians) was Clovis, who began his reign anno 481 and was baptifed, and introduced Chriilianity, in tlie year 496 ; the mind of Clovis had been atfefted by the pathetic tale of the paifion and the death of Chrift; and, infenfiblc of the beneficial confequences of the myflerious facrifice, he exclaimed, with religious fervour, " Had 1 been prefent with my valiant Franks, I would have revenged his injuries." But though he publicly profeffed to acknowledge the truth of the gofpel its divine precepts were but little refpedted. From this period the Frentii hiftory exhibits a feries of great events; and we find them generally en. gaaf:d in domeftic broils, or foreign wars. The firfl race of their kings prior to Charlemagne, found a cruel enemy in the Saracens, who then over-ran Europe, and retaliated the barbarities of the Goths and Van. dais upon their pofterity. In the year 800, Charlemagne, king of France whom we have often mentioned as the glory of thofe dark agts, became niaftcr of Germany, Spain, and part of Italy, and was crowntil kingof the Romans by the pope: he divided his empire, by will, among bis fons- which proved fatal to his family and porterity.^^oon alter this, the Nor- mans, a fierce warlike people from Norway, Denmark, and other parts of Scandinavia, ravaged the kingdom of France ; and, about the vwr coo, obliged the French to yield Normandy and Bretagne to Rollo thtir leader, who married the king's daughter, and was perfuaded to proftfs himfelf a Chriftian. This laid the foundation of the Norman powerin France, which afterwards gave a king to England, in tbf perfon of William duke of Normnndy, who ful)dued Harold, tlie laft ba.von kliiir, in the year 1066. 'J'his event proved unfortunate and niinniis to France, as itenj;aged that nation in almod perpetual wars with England, for whom it was not an equal jnatch, notwithftanding its mimbeib, and the afliffance it received from Scotland. The rage of crufading, which broke out at this time, was of infinite fervice to the French crown, in two refpeds : in the fiiit place It carried off hundreds of thoufands of its turbulent fubjtfts, and their leaders, who were almofl independent of the king: in tjie next, the kin-^ fiic- ceeded to the eftatcs of many of the nobility, who died abroad without j heirs. But, paffing over the dark ages of the crufades, their expedition to the j Holy Land, and wtrs with Fingland, which have already been mentioned, we Ihall proceed to that period when the French began to extend their j influence over Europe, in the reign of Francis I. contemporarywithj Henry VIII. of England. This prince, though he was biave to exctfs in his own perfon, and had defeated the bwifs, who till then were deemed invincible, was an unfortunate warrior. He had great abilities and giciit deledtb. ilc was a candidate for the cinpiie of Genuany, bm j FRANCE 447 ereign authority ned anindepen. his gave rile to •ance, and to the s policy and go- laws were made, mncil, confifting ter the diflblution :ems to have been gs extremely cir- 5 to Daniel, one of 5 reign anno 481, ear 496 ; the mind he paffion and the (nfeqiiences of the our, " Had 1 been iiged his injuries," ruth of the gofpel, ; period the treiitli them generally en- race of their kings, Saracens, who then lie Goths and Van- rne, king of France, e dark ages, became ras crowntd kiniijof 'ill, among bis fons; I after this, iheNor- .uk, and otb.er parts iiul, about the ytar :tagne to Rollo their perfiiaded to prottfs ic Norman power in 1, in tlu- perfon of the laft ba.von king, ite and ruinous to wars with England, [11 g its niunbeib, and Itime, was of infinite lirlt place it carried ts and their leaders, i next, the kin<^ fiic- I died abroad without j Lir expedition to tk I lady betMi mentioned, 1 Lgan to extend their contemporary with - was bvave to exccfi 'who till then were .le had great abilities iiie of Germany, but I Iftft the imperial crown, Charles V, of the houfe of Auftria, and kiijg rtf Spai"' being chofen. In the year 1520, Francis having invited Henry VlH'. of England to an interview, the two kings met in an open olain near Calais, where they and their attendants difplayed their mag- nificence, >*ith fuch emulation and profufe expenfe, as gave it the name of the Field of the Cloth of GoU, Feats of chivalry, parties of gal- laiitrv together with fiich exercifes and paftimes as were in that age reckoned manly or elegant, rather than ferious bufinefs, occupied both courts, during eighteen days that they continued together*. Francis made Come fuccei'sful expeditions againft Spain, but fufFercd his mother, of whom he was very fond, to abufe his power: by which he difobliged the conrtable of Bourbon, the greateft of hts fubjects, who joined in a confederacy againft him with the emperor and Henry VIII. of England. In his adventurous expedition into Italy, he was taken prifoner at the battle of Pavia, in the year 1524, and obliged to agree to dilhonourable terms, which he never meant to perform, to regain his liberty. His non-performance of thofe conditions was afterwards the fource of many wars between him and the emperor; and he died in 1547. France, at the time of his death, notwithltanding the variety of dif- joreeable events during the late reign, was in a flourilliing condition. francis I. was fucceedied by his fon llenry II. who, upon the whole, was an excellent and fortunate prince. He continued the war with the em- peror of Germany to great advantage for his own dominions ; and was fo well ferved bv the duke of Guife, that, though he loft the battle of St. Qiientin, againft the Spaniards and the EngHlh, he retook Calais from the latter, who never fince had any footing in France. He married his fon the dauphin to Mary queen of Scots, in hopes of uniting that king- doiTJ to his crown ; but in this fcheme, he, or rather his country, was unfortunate, as may be feen in the hiftory of Scotland. He was killed in the year 1559, at an unhappy tilting-match, by the count of Mont- gomery. He was fucceeded by his fon Francis IF. a weak, fickly, inaftive prince, and only thirteen years of age, whofe power was entirely en- crofled by a prince of the houfe of Guife, uncle to his wife, the beau- tiful queen of Scotland.. This engroflinent of power encouraged the Bourbon, the MonT.iorenci, and other great families, to form a ftrong oppofirion nj^ainft the government. Antony, king of Navarre, wa:; ut the head of the Bourbon family ; but the queen-mother, the fa- iTioiis Catharine of Medicis, being obliged to take part with the Guifes, the confederacy, who had adopted the caufe of hugonotifm, was broken in pieces, when the fudden death of Francis happened, in the year ij6o. , v , * The French and Englifti liiftoriani defcrlbe the pomp of this interview, and the ▼aiiou!.fp(?6ticles, with j;reat minuteneli. One circuni (lance mentioned by the vniTc- fchal de Heurangcs, who was prcfunt, and which appears fingular in the pnfent atrr;, iscommonly omitted. '* After the tournament,'' Jays he, 'the Fiench ami Enjriife I wreftlers made their appearance, and vreftled in prelciue of the kings and the ladti ; I and as there wci e m;iny (lout wrclllera rhcte, it alTorded cxcelcnt raHime; bur as the [kinjjot' t-ranctt had ne|rls(iled to bring r.ny wrefllers out oj" Breragnc, the hnglifh gain- [td the prize. — After ti>is the itjni;$ oC France and England retired to a tent, where they jdranlt together, and the king of England feizing the king of Fiance by the collar, fatd, J" A/v irotber, I muj} ivrejile luitb you," and endeavoured once or twice t" trip up his Ikels; hut the king of France, who vva-. a dexterous wn.ftler, twilled him mund, ami llhrcwhim on the catth, with prodigious violi-nce. Tlie king of En^'iand w.uited tq [renew the combat, but wa« lueventtd."— AifwwVw a"! fieunin^cs, tamo. Paris, I75J» ft''' 44* FRANCE. This event took place while the prince of Cbnde, brother to the of Navarre, was under fentence of death, for a confpiracy againirih^ court; but the queen-mother faved him, to balance the intereft of the Guifes ; fo that the fole direction of affairs fell into her hands, durinir the minority of her fecond fon, Charles IX. Her regency was a con? tinued fcries of diifllimulation, treachery, and murder. The duke of Guife, who was the fcourge of the proteftants, was airalfinated by one Poltrot, at the fiegc of Orleans ; and the murderer wasunjuftiy thoueht to have been inlligated by the famous Coligni, admiral of I'raiice who was then at the head of the proteftant parry. Three civil wars fuccecded At length the court pretended to grant the hugonots a very advan.' tageous peace, and a match was concluded between Henry, the youn? king of Navarre, a proteftant, and the French king's lifter. TheheacU of the proteftants were invited to celebrate the nuptials at Paris, with the infernal view of butchering them all, if poffible, in one night. The projeft proved but too fuccefsful, though it was not compktely executed on St. Bartholomew's day, 1 572. The king himfelf afiiUed in the maf! facre, in which the admiral Coligni fell. The fignal for the inhuman flaughter of fo many thoufands was to be made by llriking the ^reat bell of the palace. At that dreadful knell, the work of death was begun and humanity recoils from the horrors of the fatal night of St. Bartho* lomew; yet the reader may expeft, amidft the general carnage, that fome few moments fliould be devoted to the fate of Coligni. He had long retir- ed to reft, when he was aroufed by the noife of the afTafRns, who had fur- rounded his houfe. A German, named Befme, entered his chamber; and the admiral, apprehending his intentions, prepared to meet death with that fortitude which had ever diftinguiftied him. Incapable of refiftance from the wounds he had received by two balls in a late attempt to af. faffinate him, with an undifmayed countenance, he had fcarce uttered the words, " yonnj» man, refpeft thefc grey hairs, nor ftain them with blood," when Befme plunged his fword into his bofom, and, with his barbarous afTociates, threw the body into the court. The young duke of Guife contemplated it in filence ; but Henry, count d'Angouleme, natural brother to Charles, fpurned it with his foot, exclaiming, "Cou- rage, my friends ! we have begun well ; let us finifli in the fame man- ner." It is faid that about 30,000 proteftants were murdered at Paris, and other parts of France: and this brought on a fourth civil war, Though a frefli peace was concluded in 1573 with the proteftants, yet a fifth civil war broke out the next year, u'hen the bloody Charles IX. died without heirs. His third brother, the duke of Anjou, had fome time before been chofen king of Poland ; and hearing of his brother's death, he with fome difficulty eftaped to France, where he took quiet pofteflion of that crown, by the name of Henry HI. Religion at that time fupplied to the reformed nobility of France tht feudal powers they had loft. The heads of the proteftants could raifear-j luies of hugonots. The governors of provinces behaved in them as if they had been independent of the crown ; and the parties were fo equally| balanced, that the name of tiie king alone turned the fcale. Aklf league was formed for the defence of the catholic religion, at theheaij of which was the duke of Guifc. The proteftants, under the prince of Conde and the duke of Alen^on, the king's brother, called the German princes to their afliftance; and a fixth civil war broke out in 1577, iaj which the king of Spain took the part of the league, in revens^eofthe duke of AUu^on declaring himfeii lord of the Netherlands. Tlie civl FRANCE. 449 !r to the king ;y aga'mft tlvt itereft of the tands, during y was a con- The duke of finated by one ijuftiy thought i I ranee, who /ars fuccecded. a very advan. nry, the young tev. The heads ! at Paris, whh >ne night. The pktely executed, ilied in the maf. for the inhuman Iriking the great death was begun, ht of St. Bariho- arnage, that fome He had long retir- (Tins, who had fur- his chamber ; and leet death with that pable of refiftance, late attempt to af- bad fcarce uttered ^r (tain them with fom, and, with his The young duke Vint d'Angouieme ^jr was finiflied within the year, by ahother pretended peace. The king irom his firlt acccflion to the crown, had plunged himfclf into a courfe of infamous debauchery and religious extravagancies. He wa was jplirely governed by his proilij^ate favourites, but he pofTefled natnral £0od lenfe. He began to lufpeft that the profcriptions of the pro - tcftants, and the fetting afide from the fucceflion the ki'ng of Navarre, on account of his religion, which was airned at by the holy league, was with a view to place the duke of Ouife, the idol of tiie Roman cathplics, on the tiirone, to which that duke had Tome dlftant preten- fioDS. To fccurc birlifelf on thc_^throne, a feveuih civil war broke out in iC79i and another in the year 1585, both of them to the difadvan- tageof the proteftants, through the abilities of tl:e duke of Giiife. The: king thought him nowfo dangerous, that, after inviting him in a friendly manner to court, both he, and his brother the cardinal, were by h\i> naiefty's orders, and in a manner under his eyes, bafely aflaflinated in 1588. The leaguers, upon this, declared that Henry had forfeited his irown, and was an enemy to religion. This obliged him to throw him- lelf into the arms of the protell^nts : but while he was befieging Paris, Iwhtre the leagueri had their greatefl force, he was in his turn aflaf- nated by one Clement, a young enthufiallic monk, in 1589. In erry III. ended the line'of Valois. The readers of hiftdry are well acquainted with the difficulties, oW iccoiiht of his religion, which Henry IV. king of Navarre *i head of houfe of Bourbon, and the next heir by the Salic law, had to en- ounter before he mounted the throne. The leagufers were headed by le duke of Maine, brother to the late duke of Guife; and they drew m his cell the decrepit cardinal of Bourbon, uncle of the king of lavaire, to proclaim him king of France. Their party being flrongly ipported by the power of Spain and Rome, all the glorious adtions per- med by Henry, his courage and magnanimity, feemed oniy to make mmoreilluftrioufly unfortunate : for he and his little court were fome- les withoiit common neceiraries. He was, however, perfonally he- ed; and no objeftion lay againft him, but that of religion. The iguers, on the other hand, fplit among themfelves; and the French ion in general being jealous of the Spaniards, who availed them- es of the public diftraftions, Henry, after experiencing a variety of and bad fortune, came fetretly to a refolution of declaring himfelf Oman catholic. This was called a meafure of prudence, if not of effity, as the king of Spain had offered his daughter Ifabella Clara [cnia to be queen of France, and would have married her to the ng duke of Guife. 1J93, Henry vvent publicly to mafs, Ai a mark of his converfion. complaifance wrought wonder? in his favour ; and having with ^t difficulty obtained abfolution from the pope, all France fubmitted ibility of FratvcctntMjjjujijp^j^y^ g^^j j^g i^^j ^j^jy j[,g (-rown of Spain to contend with ; ants could '^*"*^*,^ch he did for feveral years with various fortune. In 1 598, he pub- " the famous edift of Nantes, which fecured to his old friends the Hants, the free exercife of their religion 5 and next year the treaty [trvins was concluded with Spain, Henry next challifed the duke voy, who had taken advantage of the late troubles in his kingdom ; pplied himfelf with wonderful attention and fucccfs (affifted in all ndrrfalrinni) iwr ViSc mifiiOor »li<» rrrfttt Snll\'^ tr\ r>ii!fiwaf» th(» Kur*. [xclaiming, "Cou- in the fame man* Imurdered at Paris, fourth civil war. [he proteftants, yet Sloody Charles IX. le time before been Lath, he with fome kio'^of^^*^"°*°» .havedinthemas I Irtieswerefoequallyl ibcfcale. A_ leligion, attheheaJ I umler the prince off , called the Gemd lokeoutint577,[r I - : vpn«Oii"' lie. \n rcveni'^e lerlands. ThecvvB jndertakings by his minifter, the great Sully) to cultivate the hap • fcwllkirgdom lyinj? upon the Pyrcnean mountains, of the preatcft part of , Upper Navarre, Hrnry'sprcdeceff. rt had becin unjuftijr difpou«l|tci by Ivt^i" kiijf of Spain^ about the year 1511. .^f G g .. i .* f" 1' ': 4J0 F R A N 'C E. i^i (Sr. . f ■ J pinefs of his people, by encouraging manufaftures, particiil.irly tliat of nik, the benefit of which France experiences at this day. Havinjt rr- ;eftabliflied the tranquillity, and in a j',rcat meafure fecnred the happintf,' of his people, lie formed connexions with the neighbouring powers for reduci iig tlicaniljition of the houl'e of Auftria ; for winch purpcWe, it is }m^ Jie had formed great fchemes, arul coUeftcd a forniidahle arniv; otheri fay (for his intention does not clearly appear), that he dcfigne'd to havj formed Chriitendom into a great repuDlic, of which France was to be the head, and to drive the Turks out of Europe ; while others attribute his preparations to more ignoble motives, that of a crimiiial palTion for « favourite princefs, whole hulhand had carried her for protection into the Auftrian dominions. Whatever may be in ihefe conjeftures it jj certain, that, while he was making preparations for the coronation'ofhis 3ueen, Mary of Medicis, and was ready to enter upon his grand expc. ition, he was alTaffinatcd in his coach, in the ftreets of Paris, by out Kavaillac, another yoling enthuHafl like Clement, in t6io. Lewis XIII. fon to Henry IV. defcrvedly named the Great, was but jiine years of age at the time of his father's death. As he grew up, hj , difcarded his mother and her favourites, and chofe for his minifter'thej famous cardinal Richelieu, who put a period, by his refolute and bloody meafures, to the remaining liberties of France, aiul to the religious eftj. bliflimentof the proteftants there, by taking from them Rochelle, thoiisl . Charles I. of England, who had married the French king's (ifter, mad .fome weak efforts, by his fleet and arms, to prevent it. This put an em to the civil wars on account of religion in France. Hiftorians fay, tlii in thefe wars above a million of men loft their lives; that i5o,ooo,o( livres were fpent in carrying them on ; and that nine '.ities, foiirliuiidn villages, two thoufand churches, two thoufand nionafteries, and tt thou (and houfes, were burnt or otherwife deftroyed, during their coi ;• titniance; Richelieu, by a mafterly train of politics, though himftlf bigoted '• popery, fupported the proteftants of Germany, andGiiftavus Adolphi againll the houfe of Auftria. After quelling all the rebellions and co| fpiracics which had been formed againft him in France, he died foi months before Lewis XIIL who, in 1643, left his fon, afterwards \.fMii()us Lewis XIV, to inherit his kingdom. During that prince's non age, the kingdom was torn in pieces iiw the adminiftration of his mother Anne ot Auftria, by the faftionsof great, and the divilions between the court and parliament, for the irifiing caufes, and upon the moft defpicable principles. Thepriiici Con*.II flamed like a blazing ttar; fomttimes a patriot, fometir courtier, and fometimes a rebel. He was oppofed by the celebi Tureunc, >who from a proteftant had turned papift. The nation] France was involved at once in civil and domeftic wars ; but theqo mother haying made choice of cardinal IVlazarin for her firfl minil he found means to turn the arms even of Cromwell againft the" iiiards, and to divide the domeftic enemies of the court fo effeA amonythemfflves, that, when Lewis alFumed the reins of govcriiinci his o>vn hinds, he found himfelf the moft abfolute monarch that «vf r fat upon the throne of France. He had the good fortune. 01 death of IMazarln, to put the domefiic adminiftration of his afi,iirs the liands of Colbert, who formed new fyftems for the glory, commi and manufadurcs of France, in all of which he was extremely Vcfsful.. To write the hiftory of this reign, would be to write that of allE'Ji 'ncl Po Its B'ee agj lap ignorance and ambition were thf nr,i . ^^* former, he was blind to every natr?J- ^T""'" ''^ ^e^"; throu^l, th^ theintereftsofhi3fubjeas onwZTthJ''^.'' ' '''"S' «"d promo cd purpofesoflmgreatncfs: bvthe Jai .A^ "^'g' t the better .inCr he ne,ghbours, and wanronly rendte 'S/nv /d /' fl^'^^' ^^^ "' hi' tion. By Ins impolitic and imiiift re'Z?,"^ .'*'"''*' '^ene of (Jevr.ft. tL-rar 168^5, and his perfecu iot of^ '" "1'''^ '^'^'<^ of Names i a to take Jelter in Englatid. Ho ad an/ Jfr"'"''^' ^^ «^>Iigec^the^^ where they eftablifl.ed the filk m^ „?aaure 7'"!. ^''''' °^ Germany' • n.?. '^- "•'■>'•. "^ ^^'^ ^" blimil bv fl.m '^".^^'^^^ prejudice of iiimfelfthe divine honours paid to it n/ '"''>'' f^^ ''e arrogated to n. eand bro'.e treaties for his ^v^„ £f^'" ^'^i^^''"^« of Ro.rfe H^ againlUimft.; a confederacy of, h!^ft^7/",^"'^ncy. and at laft raiS wd ferved, that he made head for foml I "^ ^"S''''"d. He was « having provoked the Englifl, by hu" ^'^^'"ft t'^-'s alliance bii? |«,...wm..,ucu leries of defeats and cil.n, • ^ , ' ^o.", to 1712, „,al canon of feeing thofe places XnftnTt- '' '"^' ^'^ ^^'^ the nurt fi! part of his reign, were acquired at the e.l r""' c""^'^''' "^ ^'^« formed JM as he vvas reduced, old as he L l f "" ^'^"-^ ^honfand li Jls Eift '^'^ f^'^^J:^^' «"<^ '<^-g a h'ei "hJr/f^'^'"'''^*^ refolution of liinsiifliToryminiftrydefertincrfh^' tneir head, he was faved hv thl Indcoucluding-the peace o 'Kit"" ^ ^^'^''^^-'-l^ from the'ir^ e,^ Iverance but t«'o years; ahd, H.'shft V^'^' .H^^'>rvived his S life 5th of Drcember E J^ r^'/'' '■^P'^ce his father in 1. c V'^ "Ucndon of the mmssBmpsB pn the vear i7r, p' . — r v» ^ijc-.,. krf'^ -'^"K^^^nSd ;'.:'^:^^^ wretch, who^ n,„en. P s r l„„^,,,^ relative to rel ^ on ^ i ':f'^'?' '^«"'^'^n the kin^ f J temptnig the-Hfe of his fov rei" 'jrlK'^!,^:;^^--^^^ -"erolut ilnlt'^ P'-^Tared to enter histwh" h 'K"^""' ""^ ^^e even-' I Gg-a ^"^gi'aiUs. The daring. ^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) // Jo ■^^'A ii. A f/. 1.0 I.I l^|28 |2.5 1^ mil 2.2 1.8 \M ||_U lA < 6" ► "^v^ 9 Photographic Sdences Corporation 23 WeV'i MAIN STRtCT WIBST« 'NIY. 145i«0 (716) 872-«:j»J;' It ^ AS% FRANCE. affiiffifi bad mingled vinth the crowd of courtiers, ir 4 was inftantly be< tirayed by his diftrafted countenance. He decl. red it was never his in. tcntioa to kiU the king ; bvit that he- only meant to wound him, that Ood might touch his heartf and incline him to reilore the tranquiilityl pf his dominions by re-eftabli(hinjir the parliament, and banifliing the arcbbiO)op of F»ris, whom he regarded as the fource of the prefent commotions. In there fVantic and incoherent declarations he perGft^ amidft the mofl^xquifite tortures ; and afti^r human ingenuity had been exhaqfted in devifing new modes of torment, his judges, tired out tvjth bis obftinacy, ^onfigoed him to a. death, the inhumanity of which is ia- creafed by the evident riiadnefs that ftimulated him to the deiperate at- tipmpt ; and which might fill the hearts of favages with horror. He was CdnoMifted to the common place of execution, amidft a vaft concourfeof iltie populace; ftripped naked, and fafteoedto the fcaifold by iron gym. Ot|e of his hands was theni>ur' in liquid flaming fulphur. His thigha, legs, and arms, were torn with 1 ^ hot pincers; boiling oil, melted lead, rpGo, and fulphur, were poured into the womids ; and, to complete the b^rrid catallrophe, he was torn topieces by horfes. ^ The Jcfuits having rendered themfelves univerfally odious by their Wire in the confpiracy againft the late kmg of Portugal, fell in Fr?nce under the lafli of the civil power, for certain fraudulent mercantile tr&nfaAions. T hey refufed iO difcharge the debt^. of one of their body, wbo had become bankrupt foralarg^e fum, and who was Aippofedto z€t for the benefit of the whole fociety. As a monk, indeed, he tnu^ nece0arily do fo. The pariiameutG eagerly feized an opportunity of bumbling their fpiritual enemies. The Jefuits were every where cited before tbofe high tribunals in 1761, and ordered to do jufiice to their creditors. They feemed to acquiefce in the decifion, but delayed pay- ment, under various pretences. New fuits were commenced againft them, in 1 762, on account of the pernicious tendency of their writ. ings. Tn tl^ courfe of thefe pfoceedings, which the king endeavour- ed in vain to prevent, they were compelled to produce their Injiitutif or the riiles or their order, hitherto (ludioufly concealed. That rayfte- rioiis volume, which wis found to contain maxims fubverfive of all ci- vil government,^ and even of th^ fundamental principles of morals, completed their ruin. All their colleges were feized, all their tSc&i connfcated ; and the king, afliatied or afraid to prote£t them, not only reiigned them to their fate, but finally expelled them the kingdom, bf ft fmemn edi<£t, and utterly abollflied the order of Jefus in France. Blated with this vidlory over ecclefiaftical tyranny, the French pariii- nents attempted to fet bounds to the abfolute power of the crown, and feemed determined to confine it within the limits of law. Not fatisficd with refufing, as ufual,. to regiHer certain o{>preffive edi£Vs, or with tt- JnonHrating againft^ them, they ordered criminal profecutions to be j commenced againft the governors of feveral provinces, a£ling in the b|ttg's name, who had enforced the. regiftration of thofe edi£ts. The j magnanimity of thefe afTemblies hind awakened new ideas in the bo< foms of the French ; they were taught by the late reraonftraricei to I confider their inherent rights.; and this ^ame, in the fuccecding reign, burft forth with accumulated force, and overwheltned the>tbroucof d^ ^tifm. As to the war with Oreat Britiitn, which was ended by the peaceefj Fpntainebleau in 1763, the chief events attending it, fo humiliating t»| 'Jrance, have been already mentioned in the himry of Ikngtand, «w| tbenforc need not be recapitulated here* FRANCE. 45} CoHica, a rmall ifland in the Mediccrranean, had long refiiled with imnly iirmnefs the opprefllve councils ofthe C-enoefe, who ciumed the fovereignty over k by right of conqueft. B ^t, unabltf to fupport thofc pretennons, Genoa transferred them to F;an(e, on cor^Jition that Lew- b (bouid put her in fnil poiTeffion of the adjacent ifland of Capraia, which the Corficans had lately invaded and reduced. To execute hi$ CngHj^ements, powerful armaments were fitted out by L^wis, at Antibes JSi Toulon ; twenty battalions of French were landed in Corfica ; and tiie iiQliv^cs, whofe free fufFrages had fummoned Paoli^.one of their principal chiefs, to the fupreme governmeat of the iflandf deterfnin«f p) defend their li'oertics to the utmoft. * ' , , - A (liarp and bloody war, fuch as fuited the inferior numbers ofthe in* hi^itants and the nature of the country, was carried on in all the fafi- Dcffes and inountainous pavts of the ifland ; Jind it was not till alter the French had fatally experienced, in two fucceffive campaigns, theen« thuGaftic courage which animates the champions of freedom, that they overwhelmed by their fuperior numbers this unfortunate people | nor had Lewis much ffeafon to triumph in an acquifition, to attain which, he had facrificed feveral thoufanas of his braved troops; and only extended his dominion over a rugged and unnrodu£live ifland. The lare unfortunate king, Lewis XVL lucceeded his grandfather, Lewis XV. on the loth of May, 1 774. Several regulations were made after his acceAion, highly favourable to the s>^neral interefts of the fic- tion, particularly the fuppreffion of the Moufquetaires, and fome other CQips, which, being adapted more to the^par^de of guarding the royal penbn than any real military fervice, were Aipported at a gre^t ex> penfe, without an< adequate return of benefit to the (late. One re- mvkable circumftance which attended this reign, was the placing of Mr. Nccker, a proteftant, and a native af Switzerland, at the heaa of the French (finances, in 1776. PofTefled of diftinguiflied and acknow> ledged abilities, his appointment would have excited no furprife, had it not been contrary to the conftant policy of France, which had care« fully excluded the aliens of her country and faith from the controul of the revenue. Under the direftion of Necker, a general reform took Elace in France, through every department in the revenue. When pftilities commenced, in 1777, between France and Great Britain in fonfequence of the affiftance afforded by the former to the revolted Britifli colonies in America, the people of France were not burtbened with new taxes for carrying on the war; but the public rev^enue was augmented by the economy, improvements, and reformation, that were ' introduced into the management of the finances. In confequence of ^his national economy, the navy of France was alfo raifed to fo great » height, as to become truly formidable to Great Britain. Aduated by a laudable zeal to extend the limits of fcience, Lewis fit« ted out feveral vefTels for aflronomical difcoveries. The chevalier de Borda was inftru£ted to afcertain the exaft pofition of the Canary iflandt Ind Cape de Verd ; and the different degrees of the coaft of Africa from Cape Spartel to the ifland of Goree. The chevalier Grenien who bad traverfed the Indian feas to improve the charts and ^orrea: th? errors of formef navigators, was likewife liberally rewarded. The vifit of the e^^per9r of Germany to the court of Paris ti^as another occurrence that excited the attention of Europe. He chofe to travel under the humble title of count Falkenfteiu ; he was received by Lewis *iih that refpeft which was due to the imperial dignity, and the regar4 fJ»t he wj^s impatient to teftify to the brother of hU royal confort. Uur« Ggj 454 FRANCE. ing fix weeks that the emperor remained at Paris, his hours were inccf- iantly devoted to examine the various efiablilhments of that capital and iii viewing the manuf^^ures. With th^ fame fpirit of, inquiry he made a topr through the different provinces o^the kingdom, and m hit journey endeavoured to glean virhatever mlghi be advantageous to his own dominions. , Amidft t^e fury of war, Lewis difplayed a regard for fcience. Pre. vious to the commencement of hoOilities, the EngUni had ftnt t^ veflels into the South feas^ comrhanded by captains Cook and Gierke to explore ,the| coafts and Hlands of Japan and C^ifornia ; the rettfrn of tlioie veflels was hourly expe^ljfcd i\\ Europe ; and Lewis, with a confi, derate humanity which reflects the higheft nonour>on his character, by a <;ircular letter to all his naval officers, commanded them to abftain from all ho^ilities againil theie fliips, ^d to tretit them as neutral veflels. The letters mentioned alfo in terms of the greateftrefpeft captain Copki vho had long diflinguifbed himfe)f in fucceflive voyages of difcovery. £ut death sallowed not that celebrated navigator to enjoy this "grate- ful teHimony to his merit; for in one of the nevvly-difcovered iflands, he had already fallen a vi£tim to the blind fury of tne favageiu. habitants. At the beginning of the year 1780, in confequence of the reprefenta- tions of Mr. Necker, a, variety of unneceflary offices in the houfehold of the queen were aboliftied ; and fundry other important regulations ad- opted, for the eafe of the fubjeft, and the general behefit of the king- dom. Could wc implicitly credit his memorial, he changed the exceU of the difburfenwnts fat leaft one milllpn literling) of the year 1776, into *n excefs of revenue in the year 1 780, to the amount of, 445,000!. But the meafures of Mr. Necker were not calculated to procure him friend; «%t court : the vain, the intereflcd, and the ambitious, naturally became his enemies; and the king appears not to havepoflefled fufficient iirm- nefs of mind to fupport an upright and able minifter. He was there- fore difplacedj and is faid to hare been particularly oppofed by the queen's j^aity. The freedom of America had been the grand objeA of France ; and ^hat having been acknowledged in the fulleit and mod exprefs terms by -i TH A^CE. 455 flvince of arbitrarj^ power at home. The difmiffion of monficur Nec- ]((rfrom the direAion of public aflFairs, and fucceeding mihilters being ^dowed neither with his integrity nor abilities, thef'finances of the Wa» tionvcre on the point of be!ng entirely mined. When the edift folr fwiftering the loan at the concTnfion of ij^^t which amounted to the [< (m of three millions' three hundred and thirty thoufand pounds, wai preifnted to the parllameot of Paris* the murmurs of the people, and the jqnonftrances or that afTembly, aiTumed a more legal and formidable' fewiii The king, howcvei', fignified to the feleft deputations that Were £(uniniffion(cd to convey to him their remonftratices, that he expelled to t)eo^yed without farther delay. ThCj^ceremony of regiftentig took p|i(^ on the next day, but was accompanied with a refolution, Im- I pottiftg, that public economy was thf onl^ genuine fource of abifndant' ' jcven«e» the only meatis of providing for the nece^ity of the ftate, an<| itlloring that credit which borrowing had reduced to the brink of ruin. This proceeding was no fooner knpwn than the king required theat- ten^nce of the grand deputation of parliament ; he erafed from their ' ttcorda the refolution /that had been adopted ; and declared hinvfelf fa- tisfied with the condu^ of Monfieur de Calonne, his comptroller-ge* neral, . . However gratified by the fupport of his fovereign, "Tnonfieur dc Ca- tonne could not fail of feeling htmfelf deeply mortified by the oppontion of tho parliament. An anxious inquiry into the ftate of the public fi- iquices had convinced him that the expenditure had far exceeded the re- fcnties ; in the pr«fent fituation» to impofe new taxes was impoffible, te continue the method of borrowing was ruinous,' and to have recourfe • only to economical reforms, would be found wholly inadequate; and he (lefitated hot to declare thaf it would be impoijible lo pl^^ce the finan- (csona fdlid baiis, but by the reformation or whatever was vicious in tbe conftitution of the ftate. To give weight to this reform, the mini- fier was feniible that fomething ;nore Was neceflkry than royal au thority ; be perceived that the parliament was neither a fit inftrument for intro* dticiog a new order into public affairs, nor' would fubmit, to be a psiifive machine for fan6lioni|ig the plans of a uiinifter, even if thofe plans were IV tbe emanations of perfed wifdom. Under thefe circumftances, the only alternative that feejned to re- main was to have recourfe to fome other aiTembly, more dignified and folemn in its charaAer, and that ftiould confift, in a greater degree, of members from the various orders of the ftate, aaa t!he different provinces of th( kingdom. But the tfue and legitimate aiTembly of the nation, the ilates-general, had not met flnce the year 1^14. Another aflfembly had occafionally been fubftituted in the room of the fiates-general ; this was dillmguiftted by the title of the notables, or men of note, and confifted of a number of perfons from all parts of the kingdom, chiefly fele6ted from the higher orders of the ftate, and nominated by the king himfelf. This aiTembly had been convened by Henry the Fourth, and again by Lewis the Tiiirteenth ; and was now once more fummoned by the au- thority of the prefent monarch; and the agth of January, 1787, was the peiiod appointed for their opening. It was under great difficulties that monfieur de Calonne firft met the aflcmbly of the notables, and opened his long-e»pefted plan. He be- gan by ftating that the public expenditure bad for ecnturies paft exceed* fid the revenues ; that a very confiderable deficienc}!' had or courfe ex- ified : and that at his own acceffion to office it was three million? three )uQdr(d Had thirty tliouiiind pounds. Gg4 4S« FR A N,e E. To remedy th!? eyil, the comptroller-eenf rfl rDcqinmendcd t teyri, torialiitipbtt, in the nature of "the Enghih tjuid-tax, from' whici\ m rauk or order of (nen were to be exempted ; and an Inquiry into the poflTcffionsof the clergy, which hitherto had been exempted from htu. mg a propoitipu pf the public burthen^, "tiit various brf nchrs of in. temal taxation were atfo to undergo a ftrid examlqation; and a coni fiderable refourcf was prefented in mor$gagtpg thf dem^fne lands of tlw ^ Heiofb monfieur Neck^r retired from the management of the finaoces, I^had publiil)^ his *«'ComjHe rendu au Roi," in whjch France was repre! fented asameful cuftom exempted, both thcmfelves aqd theiif pofterity, froiq contributing proportionably to the expenfes of the flate ; the magiftracies Ukewiie throughout the kingdom enjoyed their fliare of exemptions ; fo that the whole weight of the taxei fell on thoCe who were le^ft able tq ^ar tbemi Thus the nobility, the clergy, and the magifiracy, were united againft the niinifler; and the event was fuch as might be exped^ ed. The intrigues oiFthofe three hc^dies raifed againft him fo loud acla* mour, that, finding it imppffible to ftetn the torrent, monfieur de Ca< l talking and eQtering Paris, it is not tobe doubted, that, unprepared as h.ftiU was, and unwilling to expofe to the licence of ati incenfed foU dicry the lives and properties of its citizens, the capital would have been without diSiculty reduced to obedience. But the delay which fucceeded gvre the inhabitants time to recover from their firil emotions of fiirprifa and appreheniion. They faw the timidity ^nd imbecillity of the go- vernment, which, having founded the charge, dared not advance to the attack. They profited by this wgnt of exertion ; \hd pafling from one extreme rapidly to another, they almoft ungnimouily took up ariiisa*^ gainll their rulers. Joined by the French guards, who, from a long re. £dence in the capital, had been peculiarly expofed to feduflion, and who at this decifive moment abandoned their fovereign, the Parifians broke through every obftacle by which they had hitherto been reftrain- ed. The fupplies of arms and ammunition which had been provided for their fubjugation, were turned againft the crown; and the *' Hotel des Invalides," the gre^t repofitory of military (lores, after a faint re-f fiflance, furrendereo. The prince de Lambefc, who alone, of all the officers commanding the royal troops in the vicinity of Paris, attempted to carry into exe^ cution the plan for difarming the capital, was repulfed in a premature and injudicious attack, which he made at the head of his dragoons, near the entrance of the garden of the Tuilleries. Already the " Prevot «Ies Marchands," monHeur de Fleflelles, convicted of entertaining a cor< refpondence with the court, and detcftcd in fending private intelligence to monfieur de Launay, governor of the Baftile, had been feiged by the people, and fallen the firft viAim to general indignation^ His head, borne on a lance, exhibited an alarming fpedacle of the danger to which adherence to the fovereign muft expofe in a time of anarchy and Snfurre^lon. The fiailile alone remained ; and while it continued in the power of ttie crown, Paris could not be regarded as feeure from the fevered chafr tifcment. It was inftantly inverted, on the 14th of July 1789, by a mixed multitude, con pofed of citizens and foldiers who had joined the popular banner. De Launay, who commanded in the caflle, by an i^ of perfidy unjuftiiiable under any circumftances, and which rendered his fate Icfs regretted, rather accelerated than delayed the capture of that important fortrefs. He difplayed a flag of truce, and demanded ^ parley; but abufing the confidence which thefe fignals infpired, hedif- charged a heavy fire from the caunon and mufquetry of the place upon the befie^rers, a^^d made a coiifidgrabic QVai^c, faf flora ia|iiaid«^i||| F R A N C K. 4$9 {le only augmented, by fo treacherous a breach of faith, the rage of an iQceftied populace. They renewed their exe:;>ns with a valour raiCed to frenzy, and were crowned with fuccefs. The Baftile, that awful^ engine of defpotifm, whofexname alone dlifufed terror, anjd which for many ages had been facred to Hlence and defpair, was entered by the vidorious aflailants. De Launay, feized and dragged to the ** place de Grire," was inftantly difpatched, and his head carried in triuropii through the ftreets of Paris. fn this prifon were found the moft horrible engines for putting to the 'cvereft tortures thofe unhappy perfons whom the cruelty or jealouiy of 4erpotifm had determined to deftroy. An iron cage, about twelve tons in wtiglit, was foivnd with the (keleton of a man in it, who had proba- bly lingered out a great part of his days iti that horrid manfion. Among the priioners releafed by its deftrudlion, were maj6r White, a Scotfmao, earl Maflarene, an Irifli nobleman, and the count de Lorges. The for- mer appeared to have his intellectual faculties ahiioft totally impaired by the long confinement and miferies he had endured; and, by being unaccuflomed to converfe with any human creature, had forgtien the uie of fpeech. Earl Maflarene, on his arrival at the Britifli fliore, eagerl/ jumped out of the boat, fell down on his knees, and killing the ground thricef exclaimed, <♦ God blefs this land of liberty !" The count deLorge:% at a very advanced period of life, was alfo liberated, and exhibited to the public curiofity in the *< Palais Royal." His fqualid. appearance, his white beard which defcended to his waifl:^ and, above all, his imbe> cillity, refulting probably from the effeft qf an imprifonment of thirty- two years, were objefbs highly calculated to operate upon the fenfes and paffions of every beholder. It is indeed impoflible not to pairticipate ia the exultation which a capital and a country, fo long opprefled, muft have experienced, at the cxtin£bion of this deteftable and juftly dreaded prifon of ftate. With the fiaftile expired the defpotifm of the French princes, which Ipng prefcription, fubmi/Son, and military (Irength, feemed to render equally facred and unaiTailable ; which neither the calamities of the (clofe of Lewis XIV. 's reigt^, the profligacy and enormities of the fuc- rteding regency, nor the flate of degradation into which the monarchy funk under Lewis XV. had everfliaken : that power, which appeared to derive its fupport almofl as much from the loyaUy and veneration at from tlte dread and terrors of the fubjeA, fell prollrate in the dull, and never betrayed any fymptom of returning life. So many great events have arifen in confequence of this revolutiony that the limits of our prefent work will not permit us to give any more than the mofl prominent features and important confequences of it. 'I'he next morning after the capture of the Baftile, the monarch appear- ed in the national aflembly, but without the pomp and parade of de- fpotifm. His addrefs was affeftionate and confolatory. " He lamented the difturbances at Paris ; difavowecl all confcioufaefs of any meditated .. attack on the perfons of the deputies; and added, that he had iflued or- ders for the immediate removal of the troops from the vicinity of the ijietropolis." The tear of fympathy flarted into almoft every eye. An expreffive fllenjce firft pervaded the aflembly, which prefently was fud- ceeded by a burft of applaufe and acclamation. On the i6th, the king having intimatpd to the national aflTembly his intention of vifiting Paris the following d^y, he accordingly, on the morning of the 17th, left Verfailles in a plain drefs, and with no other equipage than two car- m|(» with ei|;ht l^prfes ea(;h ; iu the firit of which he rode himfelf ; t 4^0 FRANCE. plimentary addfefles of tl< of pathetic emotion, whi pie mAy always rely upon of the ihayor " natidd^ window with . haH- longer be reftrai. 'heard in the forii. refoUnded from oik part of the national affembly in their robes accompanied him on foot* and ttte militia of Verfaillci compofed liis only guard till the proccHlon arrived at the Seve, where they were relieved by the Paris militia, with the marquisi de la Fayette at their head : and from this place ihe fuite of the monarch amounted to about 20,000 men. The progrcf^ was rcnr.rk- ably flow ; and no fljout was to be heard but Five la natiun ! Mr. Bail- ly, on pr^fentinz the keys of the city, addrefled his majcfty in a fliort Ipeech, the exordium of which was ; — " Tliefe, fir, are the keys which were prefented to Henry i' He came to rc-conqiier ins people; it \f our happinefs to have re jered our king." On receiving the com. "'"*"' or, &c. the king exclaimed with an air rceljj allowed him utterance, *' My pco. (feftion.** Hi received from the' hands vade; and when he'ftjowed himfelf atthe itriotifm, the jov of the people could no ut tiyivhU Rot: Which had icarcely been the day, filled the whole atmofphere, and nlty of the city t^ the other. The return of the king to Vcrfailles was a reaf triumph. The citizens, almoft intox- icated with joy, furrounded his carriage ; his countenance^ which in the morning bore the afpe£t of melancholy, was now cheerful and fmiling; and he appeared fincerely to partake in the general fatisfa£tion. The events which followed, are by the candid oT all parties allowed to.be enveloped in an almoft impenetrable veil of obfcurity. An inci< dent which occurred 't Verfailles, contributed to excite a moft unhapuy Commotion. On the ift of O^ober an entertainment was given by the fardes du corpi, or king's body guards, to the officers of a regiment of landers, who had juil joined them in the fervice of guarding the mo- narch. Several of the officers of the national guard, with others of the ntilitarv, were invited. At the fecond c^ourfe, four toafts were given : *Mhe king, the queen, the dauphin, and the royal family." ««The nation" was propofed, but, according to a number of witnefles, exprefs- ly rejeded by the gardes du corps. After this, the (^ueen, having been informed of the gaiety of the fcene, p'erfuaded his majefty, wlfQwasjuft fetumedfrom hunting, to accompany her, with the heir apparent, to the ifaloon. She appeared with the dauphin in her arms, afFe Ing a drum, paraded the adjacent ftreets beating an alarm, and exciting rtic people by clamours refpe(fting the fcarcity of bread. She was fooo F k A K C E. 4*1 I on foot ; procclfion ilitia, with he faite of asrenr.rk- Mr. Bail, in a fliort Leys which ;oplc ; it i« g the com- with an air *' My pco- 1 the hands nfelf at the [e could no arcely been phere, and le return of moft intox- vhkh in the ndfmiling; on. ties allowed . An inci> oft unhappy given by tne regiment of ing the mo- ithers of the were given : y." "The ^cs, exprefs- having been t|iQwa&juft tent, to the onate as flie I, amidftthe enthufiafm, he dauphin, eftfully and with fomf , Nothing nific played Idonsthee!" Itiiot enfign; Iknefs to ac- % Iwith all the ^tal banquet iarly on the led out fromi andfeiz* |ind exciting iie was ioa^ jntned by ft very numerous mob, chiefly of women, to the (unoun^ of 800, wlio proceeded to Vcrfaiiles, where the king, upon benring tbeir compliiints, figned an order for bringing corn from S^nlis andXagni, and for removing every obtlacle which impeded the fupplv of Paris. This ordL-r was reported to the women, and they retired witti gratitude ujdjoy. This band of Amazons were no fooner difperfed, thMi it wai fucceed- ed by another. The national atTembly continued fitting; but the fefltoa was tumultuous, -and intrrrupted by the fliouts and harangues of the Pa- rifian (ifli- women, /who filled the galleries ; their applaule waa mingled with affe^^ing murmurs and complaints, the muLuude crying out li at tlicy were aAually (larving, and that the majority of them had eaten no- thing for upwards of twenty^four hours. The prefident therefore hup manely ordered that provifions fliould be fought Jor in every part of the iiiwa. { aiid the hall of the aflembly was the fcene of a miferabie, fealty, and tumultuous banquet. Indeed, fuch was the dreadful famine, that the borfe of one of the gardes du corps beingjkilled ip a tumult, ht wan immedietely roafted, and greedily devoured by the mob. Etarknefs and a deluge of rain added to the r reign countries, where they applied themielvesindefritigabiy to the pur. |)ole of exciting war againu their country. Great preparations were made for the celebration of a grand confe> deration, in which the rep: efentatives of the nation, the king, the foU diery, and all who were in oftenfible fituations, (Iiould folemnly and in the face of the whole nation renew their oaths of fidelity to the neur conftitution ; and this confederation was decreed to take place on the 14th of July, 1790, in honour of the taking of the BaAile, and of the firft eftablifhment of Gallic liberty. The cJiamp de Mars^ fo famous for having been the rendez-vous of the troops which in the preceding year were intended to overawe the capital, was chofen for this folemnity. This piece of ground, which is about 400 toifes, or 800 yards, in diame- ter, is bounded on the right. and left by lofty trees, and commands at the further extremity a view of the military academy. In the middle of this vaft plain an altar was erected for the 'purpofe of adminidering the civic oath; and round it an immenfe amphitheatre was thrown up, of a league in circumference, and capable of containing 400,000 fpec* tators. The entrance was through triumphal arches. The king's throne was placed under ah elegant pavilion in the middle, and on each lide of it were feats for the members of the national afTembly. • The important i4tJ* of July at length arrived. The national guards of the departments, diftinguifhed by their refpe£Hve ftandards, the bat- talions of infantry, and the different troops of cavalry, the marine df France, and the foreigners who ferved under its banners, being arranged in military order, the kiiig and the national afTembly took a folemnoath to niaintain the conftitution ; the armed citizens repeated it amongftthc applaufes of innumerable fpe£tators. They fwore to live free, or diej and this oath was taken on the fame day through the whole extent of the kingdom. The efcape ofi the king and queen with their infant children, and monfienrand madame, on the 20th of June, !7j9i, menaced France with lUe convulfions 9f aoar«hy aad the horrorg pr citii war. The routt of PR A NCHi *t hem ordertd ! the king ;" ! apartments, momeat be the balcony, n the foldieri ,mcd~" Th« liverfal accla* lem :— " You lat I am to be red by rc-lte* ernoon before ;aJcty and joy peft in which king, that the rcfence would king was con- ion of the loy- ic principles of ilarly the king's ik refuge in fo- ibly to the pur- a grand confe- E king, the foU folemnly and in elity to the new ke place on the tile, and of the /, fo famous for I preceding year this folemnity. ards, in diame- commands at In the middle |f adminiftering as thrown up, 400,000 fpec- je king's throne on each fide of I national guards \dards, the bat- [, the marine <»f I being arranged |k a folcmn oath I itamongftthe yt free, or die; ^hole extent of It children, and l:ed France with The route of |)ie roval fugitives^ which had been exped^ed to iuilrB been towards the ANftnan Netherlands^ the neareft frontier of the ^icdom, was in fa£^ dirvAed towards Metz, from the prefence of fo galtant^ild accompli (ned «roy»iift at M. de Bouilli in that quarter, from it& vicinHy to the prince of dondi's army in Germany, and from the probable reluClance of Leo* pold to hazard the tranquillity of his Netherlands, by permitti ig any lacurfion from them into France.— -They reached St. Menehould, « fmall town about 150 mites from Paris. The king was there rccognifcd by the pof^iliion, wlu) faid to him, ** Mm Roijje whs cwmh^ maisj^ ne vout ff»kir»i i^/." " I know you, my king, but I wiii not betray you." But the poft-mafter, M. D^ouet, lefs full of monarchic prejudice, adopted a (iHEefent condu£t. He avoided, with great uextcrity and prefence of mind, betraying his knowledge of the rank of the reval travellfrj, being much ftruck with the reremblartce which his niajefty's countenance bore t» bis effigy on an aflignat of 50 li%-res. The carriages taking the foad to Varennes, he went a crofsinforced by the Marfeillois, and kit- rates from Breft, bodies which the Jacobins feem ta have brought to Pirii to balance the Swifs, and by national guards, the gates of the palace were burft open. The artillery joined the afl'ailants. The confequences wen, that, after a flaughter of about four hundred on each fide, the Swili guards were exterminated, and the palace ranfacked. The ?o«fla.y crime Ch,k'' '*''' "*> **^fcScan l^'^'/'^^^P nnd coit to coflceivrwhn. ..i''\^«n^Wrted armKfi, ">p°^'^''^d '^'^ this r**i 'lie modeaS""! 'i'*' •>"' raiTft vote as ,1,." '".." "''""■I ■* |,,s»^"N «•„ .i^XS^/ f'^' "« e"S **'"'2M. ',,yi.W •,466 'I* ft A K C E. I i ;j|>roach that, under the pretence of liberty* they maintained th^ delW. iive maxims of their ancient government ; and that their wifltes to i 4 trea'fe theilr territory ^ perhaps to fubjugate Europe, remained the fame* Admiral T^ftiguet, commanding a fquadron in the Mediterranean cani t«i*ed N^ce^ Villa-I^ranca, and the fortrefsof Montalban, belonpmi»T! the Sardinian king. - ^ ^ "* The cbn^MR of Savoy m^ re^ard«d as a trifle; but when Cuftjne i>egan his acquiiiHbns in Gernaany, £v«rv eye was turned to the ra. I^dity and importance of his progrefs, till diverted by the wonders of -jDumourieK. Spires yielded to the French arms on the 30th of Sen- tember, and W6rms foon after followed ; ample fupplics of provifionj Imd ammunition were founc^ in thefe cities. Guiiine, purfuino hit courfe along the left fh ore of the Rhine, next captuued Mente, and af. f erwards f rankfort. He was eager to proceed to Coblentz, that natci 4eshi of the eounter-revolutionifts ; but ohe Pr: ""ans and Auftrians at length indicated a i:enewal of hoiUiitaet by gsHrifoning that town, and •ncarapiitg in the adjacent country. /^ The conqueft of the Auftr'tan Netherlands forms the next grand obi ^c&: ' >Dtt'rii0urie2 had prowiiftd to^pafs ihJ« Chriftmas at Briiifels; and %1iat was regarded as an idle vauiit proved very modeft, for th»tcitr -Iwis in his hands by the 14th of November. That able general,. Jiivicj on «he 6th of November, a deci.j teve battle «ra$ fought at Jeinappe, iwbich decided the fate of the N( ^heriatod^< The conteft was very gr ^* iQtb of November tttm^ed -the ;tttentioi| there iJien which atw-ar Frovinc In • large violent and his paratioi] their cff •fw'hic .Thel m:an Netherh army at wafon t FRANCE, 4ft fitry nation in Europe. It is in the following terms : « The national tonverition declare, in the name of the Frencii nation, that they willt •mnt fraternity and affiftance to all thofe people who wifli to procure liberty ; and they charge the executive power to fend orders to the ge- nerals' to give affiftanceto fuch people, and to defend citi^etls Who have fuffered, or are now fufFering, in the caufe of liberty.** l^hls decree, gnd others of a fimilar tendency, feemed to inflitute a political ctxifaide:^ jMJnft all the powers of Euroj». ^ No fooner had Antwerp yielded to the French armSj than^ Jn order. to conciliate the Belgians, the opening of the rtavi;^tion of thie'Schdtft, ^ut up by the treaty of Munfter, 1648, was projefted and ordered ^ notwithftanding this treaty. To far as AfpeZts the (nutting up of Ih,^ na- vigation of this river, has been confirmed to the Duttih in fljcfcfefedirig treaties, guaranteed both by the courts of VerfaiHes and 'Lon^iK The Biotch regard this meafure as injurious to their trad6V''^^A&fw*l'pi. might prove a dangerous rival to Amfterdam. The infraAiOii df tli^g treaty is one of the reafons which had induced the pariiamentof^ 6rcat Britain to oppofe the unwarrantable pretftnfiond of t-hi Fi-enc^.- - *' The memorable trial of the king commenced on the i ittf 6f EfccelA* beri The iflue is too well known. The firmnefs of .this tiiffortunate monarch during his trial; and at the place of execution, ort'thif 2\ftif January^ J793,increafed the commiferation of every indiffeifeht fpeflli- tor; and callous indeed muft be the perfon who docs hot par(^(l0edTtiRe fympathy whibh was felt.through all Europeup'vn this traiifaffJltbA'J ''*^' it would be a tedious and diugreeable uiidertakihg to'trateihintitehK and gradually the progrefs of ihe difpUte between Frahce afid EhgWno. Without affixing any degree of cretju to the reports thafQWilt'BHtift^ 1.1 __ 1- L..^ ^ecretly accedr-^'- ***-- ^ -' i.J!-■J^-^ .a^ji ■^t^u^.^^^ s natural to jealous eye the progrcl wards a turbulent democracy. We muft, however,, do thfc Ffw, ./ 468 FRANCE. ... , \ . provinces! fetid the eafy furrender of Breda and Gertruydenberg encoti- raged him to boaft that he would terminate the conteft by a fptedv ao! proach to Amfterdam. Certain events, however, enfueil, which ctfec- jtuallypteyented him from tlie performance of this promife. (jreneral Miranda, who had befieged the city of Maeftricht, and fum- tnoncd the governor to furr.^nder, >vas attacked by prince Frtdcric of Brunfwick, and defeated with confide^^able lofs. The Auftrians, after this, divided themfelves into threecolumns, two of which marcbed to- wards Maellricht, and the fiege of that place vi'a? immediately raifed. The third purfued the advanced guard of the repulilic ; and the abfencc of feyeral commanding otHcers was fuppofed to have greatly facilitated the fuccefs of the PruUianif in thefe rencounters. On the 14th of March, the iniperialifts advanced from Tongres to- . wards Tirlemont, by St. Tron,and were attacked by general Dumourier focceffively on the 15th and following days. The firfl attempts were attended with fuccefs. The Auftrian advanced pofts were obliged to retire to -St. Trqn, through Tirlcmont, which they had already pafled. On the ^^th, a general engagement took place, at Neerwinden, the , French army being covered on the left by I)ormael, and on the right ■ by I^anden. The aftion continued with great obftinacy on both fides . from feyeti ill the morning till five in the afternoon, when the French ..Were qtiiVtged to fall back, and the Auftrian ^^valry coming up, put them ^tirely to flight. The lofs in each array was great. The French -difplayedconfiderable coiirage and addrefs, but were overpowered by the 'fuperior numbers, and perhaps by the more regular difcipline, of ' ^j^bdr eij!Bn»\es. ' ,: , Dtunpiiiciez was now fufpetftetl of ffeachery, apd general Miranda intjrnated his fufpicions, in a confidential letter to Petion, dated thei *iji^ 9Jf i^^arci^. . Four conunHTioncrs were.irnmediately feiit from Pa- ^jriswt^poi^iifi^lto fufjpend and arreft all generals and military officers j^1vbon-tMj|fd(^pu}a fnfpet^, an^ bring them to the bar of the conven- {Aio^. : TljfiijCficonpmilfioners, p,n the ift of April, proceeded toSt, A- ,*iandrlbe;iiea^-quarter» of Dumouricz, and being admitted to his pre- ^ fence, explainec^ to hip\ tke objeft of their miiTion. After a conference •f fome hour^ t^e^^fifral, iipt finding that he could perfuade them toj '^ favour his inte^tioofiy gfive the Cgnal for a body of foldiers who were j •izj \vaUin«{, and ordered the minifler of war, BcurnonvUIe, who was] ^fpnt to fuperfcde Uim, and tbe commifTioners, Camus, Blancal, UJ , ^larque, and QHinette, immediately to be conveyed to general Clair-j Liait's head-quarters at Tournay, as huilages for the faf'ety of tberoyall *^/amily. J ^; Dumouriez, notwithftanding his fplendid talents, found himfelfl , grofsly miilake,n with refpe^ to the dilpofition of his army j i..,; had refented the affront fo imprudently offered to their general ; but when he came to explain to thcra his plan, and propole'the leftoration ofl .4, royalty in the pcrfou of the prince, they all forfook him ; aud hewaii ' obliged to fly with a very ifew attendants, making his efcape througlj a dreadful difcharge of mufketry, which the whole column poured upJ on him and his aflhciates. ^ I The latter end rf June, and tha beginning of July, were cliiefly djj fjingr.illied, in the n«irth, by fome petty fkirraithcs between the m f;rand armies. In the latter part of July, the Auflrians obtained fomj uccefTes of more import-ince. The garrifon of Conde, after fiiftainj ^ ing a blockade of thrtc months, fufrciidered on the i&th, by capitula FRANCE. 46f jjon, (o,the prince of Cobourg ; and Valenciennes, on the coth of the fame month, to the duke of York, not wirhout fonic fufpicioiw of tKKchery in both cafes. Encouraged by thefe fucceifes, a large detachment front the combin- ed army, under the command of the duke of^York, proceeded, wiiliout' lofsof time, to attack the port and town of Dunkirk. Ontheaad ofAu- guftithedukeof York marched from Furnes to attack the French camp at Ghivelde, which was abandoned at his approach, and he was almoft im- mediately enabled to take the ground which it was his intention to occu- py during the liege. On the 24th, he attacked the outpofts of the French, who, with fonie lofs, were driven into the town. In this ac- tion, the famous Auftrian general Dalton, and fome other otHcers of note, were killed. The lucceedine day, the ficge might be faid regu- larly to commence. A confiderable naval armament from Great Bri- uin was to have co-operated in the fiege ; but, by fome negieA, ad- miral Macbride was not able to fail fo early as was expected. In the meaii time, the hoftile army was extremely haralTed by the gun-boats of the French ; a fuccefsful fortie was efFefted by the garrifou on the 6th of September ; and the French collc6ting in fnpeiior force, the duke of York, on the 7th, after feveral fevereaftions,in which, the allied forces fiifFered very confiderably, was compelled to raife the fiege, and leave behind him his numerous train of artillery. General Houchard was af- terwards impeached by the convention, and beheaded, for not having in)J)roved his fuccefs to the beli advantage, as it was ^(Terted that he had it in his power te capture almoft the whole of the duke of York'^ army. Tlie difafFe6tion of the fouthern provinces of France was «t thi^ time prodiK^ive of ferious dangers to the new republic. It is well known that tlie deputies and people of thefe provinces were among tiie mcfftaftive t^ prornqtc the dethroning of the king on the toth of Au- jruft, 1792. It is, therefore, fomewhat extraordinary, that the fame oien (liould be among the firft to rebel againft the authority of the con- Tttition. The formidable union which took place, under the name of fthate republic anifm^ between the cities of Marfcilles, Lyoi^s, and Tou- lon, in the coiirfe of the months of June and July, feemed to threaten almoft the diflbUitloh of the exifting authorities. A confiderable ar^iy was, however, difpatchtd againft Lyons, and the city clofely befieged. The Marfeillois, in the mean time, opened thtir ;.;ates on the approach of tlie republican army, and fubmitted ; but the people of Toulon en- tered into a negotiation with the Englifli admiral, lord Hood, whp was then cruifing in the Mediterranean ; and he took j ofleflion both of the town and fliipping, in the name of Lewis XVII. and under the pofitive "piilation that he fliould affift in reftoring the conftiti'tion of 1789. Among the victims of popular rcfentmcnt which fell about this pe- liod, was the celebrated genernl Cuftine, whofe former fervices, what- tvermijrht have been hisfubfequent demerits, ought to have fecured him Tnorclenieiit treatment. He was recalled to Paris, from the command [of the northern army, in the beginning of July, and on the 2acl, com- Imitlcd, by a decree of the convention, a prifoner to the Abbev. He jwis tried by the revolutionary tribunal, and acrufed of having main- Iteined an improper correfpondence with the I'ruflians, while he com* ■minded on the Rhine, and of having neglefted various opportunities V throwing reinforcements into Valenciennes. It is necdiefs to fay ihat he was found guilty : to be fufpe^ed was then to be condeuned • "ItbcpopHlaccof Paris, now accuftomcd to fuch fceues, hcheld ifei H4i 3 " i! \'b i I 4fi FRANdfe. Sacrifice of their foriftn, and declared the o- ther reprcfentatives traitors to their country. The people, however, did not efpoufe their caufe ; the national guard, who had ai fird obey. ed their orders with reludtance, forfook them ; and the deputies who liad been difpatched for that purpofe, attacked them in the Hotel de Ville. Bourdon de I'Oife, after having read the proclamation of the convention, ruflied into the hall of the commune, with a fdbre and piftols ; the infurgents were completely deferted, and now endeavoured to tjirn their arms againft themfelves. Robefpierre the elder difcharg. ed a piftol in his mouth, which, however, failed of its effeft, and onlj wounded him in the jaw, while he received another wound from a gen- darme in the fide. The^ounger Robefpierre threw himfelf out of a win. dow, and broke a leg and an arm ; Le Bas (hot himfelf upon the fpot; Couthon ftabbed himfelf twice with a knife ; and Henriot was thrown out of a window. .^i^-ioi The prifoners were immediately conveyed before the revolutionary tribunal, and their perfons being identified, they were condemned to fuffer death, in the Place de }a Revolution, where the two Robef- pierres and nineteen others were executed at feven in the evening of the s8th of July, 1794. In the campaign of this year, the arms of the new republic werefuc cefsful on evtry fide againft the allies. . In Flanders, general Jourdaa gained the battle of Flcurus ; and Charleroi, Yprts, Bruges, and Coiir- tray, furrcndered to the French ; Oftend was evacuated ; general Ciair- fait defeated near Mons, which immediately furrendered ; and the prince of Cobourg compelled to abandon the whole of the Netherlands, tirhile the victors, without oppoiition, entered BrufTels and Antwerp. Landrecy, QMefnoi, Valenciennes, and Cond6, were fucceflively re- taken ; and the Frencl? armieti, purfuipg their fuccefs, took Aix-la« thapelle, defeated Clairfait near Juliers, and made themfelves mafters of Colo'^n and Bonn. Maeftricht ^nd Nimeguen were like wife taken. The United Provinces began, now to be feriqufly alarmed. Tl» iUtcs of .Frielland wer^ the ^icft tp icel their danger, and„ in tke^mPiUJi FRANCE. 473 efe barbarooa B unfitrtunate i pretexts, was to the fcaffold :al detnugogue sd againft him I foaie others, the arreft of with applaufes (hers of the hall which thepre- )fficer hefitated I of obedience; vere conduced :e ; but the ad- their creatures, i, rather iatri* r. had alfo been fans, who took yfhere they pre- declared the o- :ople, however, ad at 6r{l obey. le deputies who in the Hotel de lamation of the ith a fdbre and w endeavoured elder difcharg. fFeft, and only nd from a gen- if out of a win. upon thefpotj iot was thrown revolutionary condemned to ic two Robef- I the evening of lublic were fuc Icneral Jourriaa iges, and Coiir- general Ciair- lered ; and the lie Netherlands, and Antwerp, fucceflively re- took Aix-la» ilelves matters iikewife taken. Marmed. Tlie iixtke:mqj\di nf OAober, thefe (Istei deterniined to acknowledge tbt French repub- lic, to break their alliance with England, and to «at(,r into a treaty of )eace and alliance with France. In Tome other provinces, refolutioas lofiile to the ftadtholder and hit government were iikewife pafled ; anU ucb appeared to be the temper of the people, evrn at Amfterdam, that, 00 the 17th of 0£lober, thie gQvernment of Holland publifhed a pro- clamation, prohibiting the prefcnting of any petition or memorial, up- «n public or political fubje£ts, ai^d all popular meetings or aflembiies of the people, upon any occafion. On the 7th of December, the French made a feeble attempt to croia the Waal, but were rqpulfed with lofs ; but on the 1 5th, the froft fet in with unufual rigour, and opened a new road to the French armies. In the courfe of a week, the Maes and the Waal were both frozen over; and on the 27th, a flrong column of French crolFed the Maes, near the village of Driel. They attacked the allied army for an extent of above twelve leagues, and, according to the report of genera! Pichegru, ** were, as ufual, vi6lorious in every quarter." The army of the allies retreated jxfore them, and in its. retreat, endured i ncredible hard Hi ips from thefe- verity of the weather and the want of necellaries. On the loth of Ja- nuary, 1795* general Pichegru, having completed his arrangements, nude his grand movement. The French croiTed the Waal at different points, whh a force, according to fome accounts, of 70,000 men. A ge- neral attack was made upon Walmoden's pofition, bets^een Nimeguen and Arnheim. The allies were defeated in every quarter ', and, utterly unprepared either for reliflance or for flighty futfered equally from the tlements and the enemy. It was in vain that the ftadtholder ifliied manifefloes, proclamationtx, and exhortations to the Dutch peafantry, conjuring them to rife in a mafs for the defence of the country. , The French continued tc ad- vance, and the allies to fly before them, till Utrecht furrendered to them on tt^ i6th of January, Rotterdam on the, i8th, and Dort on the fucceeding day. The utmofl conftern^tion now prevailed among the partiffins of the fladthr.lder. The princefs of Orange, with the younger and female part of the family, and with all the plate, jewels, and move- ables that could be packed up, efcaped on the 15th. The iladtholder and the hereditary prince did not leave Holland till the 19th. His fe- rene highnefs embarked at Scheveling, in an open boat, with only three men to navigate her, and arrived f^ife at Harwich. In England, the palace of Hampton-court was afligned him for his relidence, where he dill remains. On the 20th of January, general Pichegru entered Amflerdam in triumph, at the head of c,ooo men, and was received by the inhabi- tants with the hnideft acclamations. The whole of the United Pro- vinces either fubmitted to or was reduced by the French, in a feiv weeks. An aflrmbly of the provifional reprefentatives of the people met on the 27th of January, and the whole government was changed, and modelleil nearly after the French plan. In the mean time, the king of PruUia, Hnding he could derive no ad- vantage from the war, began to relav in his efforts. The PrulFian and Anftrian forces, as well as their leaders, were on bad terms with each other V but it was not fufpefled that any dcfedion was about to take place, on the part of the Pruliians, till they began to retreat towards the Rhine, which they foop after pafTed. A negotiation between Prullia and France foUowed, which ended in a treaty of peace, figned at Barte, ou the jth of jApril, 1795, l?y::whk^ hi$ Prulfiaii majefty entirely abau< ioaed'thc coalition, ' . !1' m fit ANCE. I The PruflRaA fteg6tl«tlrtn was fbllbwed by tht treaty made betwtf^ tht French republic and Spain, in wbich country, tlie arnis of France had made* progrefs equally fuccefsful and rapid. Fontarabia, which guards the entrance of Spain, and ^hkh had coft the duke of Berwick 8,000 men, had been taken, almoft ihiMediately, by a detiiciinient from the Ffench army ; Kofas was Hkewife taken ; and the troops of the re. public had made themfelvei mafters of the greater part of the rich pro. winces of Bifcay and and Catalonia, and were, in fa6V, in full march for the capital of the kingdom. Orders were therefore difpatched to M. DTriarte, at Bafle, irtnmediately to conclnde a treaty ; which waj accordingly figned by the Spanifh minifter and M. Barthelemi, at Bafle, on the 22d of July. . Abbift the middle of this year, died the infont fon of the unfortunate li^wis XVI. An unjuft and clofe imprifonment, if it did not pro- duce, at leaft, it is probable, haftened his fate. He had always been an unhealthy child, and fubjedl to a fcrofulous conriplaint, a diforder it) which confinement ancj inactivity are frequently fatal. For fome time previous to his deceafe, he had been affli£ted with a fwelling in his knee amd another in bis wrift. His appetite fiEiiled, and he was ai! length at. tacked with a fever. It does not appear that medical aid was denied kim, or neglefted. The difeafe, however, continued to increafe ; an the Aiiftrian en. Yoy, at Bafle in Switzerland, and the deputies vere reflored to their country. In the torirtc of this year, an expedition was planned by the Engliil\ miniitry, ts invade the coaft of France, in that part where the royalifts, known' by the name of Chouans, were in arms againft the republicans, The force employed confifted chiefly of emigrants, under the com- mand of M. Puilaye, M. D'Hervilly, and the count de Sonnbreuil, They landed in the b^y of Quiberon, and took the fort of the fame Dame ; but foon after experienced a fad reverfc ; the fort being liirprif- ed by the republican troops, under the command of general Hoche, who killed or made prifoners the greater part of the emigravits, chouans, and Englifi), in the lort, amounting to nearly 10,000 men. The count de Sombreuil, the bilhOp of Dol, with his clergy who accompanied him, and moft of the emigrant officers, who were ma !e prifoners, were tried by a military tribunal, and put to death. Before the month of April, in the enfuing year (1796), the force of the infurgents in this part of Frartce was entirely broken, and their chiefs, Charette and Stoflet, taken prifoners, and put to death. In Germany, the French afmy had eroded the Rhine, near Man- helm, and blockaded Mentz, to which they had already liid (iege tot feveral month:. In this attempt, however, they weVe unfucceisful; they fuffercd a defeat from the Auftriansj and were compelled to re-pafs the rtvor. A fufpeufioa 9( trm»i fof: t|M:9C-(ftQ#tii^> ^^ ^?^^J^^^* FRANCE. 4ii ptti to ^y ^^ic generals of the contending armies, which was ratified by the rcfpeAive powers. In the lucceeJing year (1796), the campaign opened in the fouth, on the 9^^' "f April, when the rapid and fignal VK^ories of the republican troopS) under the command of the then obfcurc and little known, but now julUy celebrated Buonaparte, ended, in little more than a month| the war with Sardiiiia. The battles of Milleffimo, Dego,- Mondovi, ]^onte Lerino, and Monte Kotte, compelled his Sardinian majefty to accept fucH terms as the conquerors thought proper to offer; and a treaty of peace, by which he ceded Savoy and Nice to France, was; jjgned on the 17th of May. one part of the republican forces, while the remainder entered Milan, on the 1 8th of May, without further refinance, and the French armies gained pofleflion of the whole of Lombardy. The armiftice which had been concluded on the Rhine, was after- wards prolonged, but at length declared to be at an end on the 31(1 of Jlay ; when the army of the Sambre and Meulc, under general Jour- 2lan, gaining confiderable advantages over the AuHrians, advanced into ihc heart of the empire ; while: another army, under general Moreau^ paired the Rhine at Stralbburg, took the fort of Kehl, a po(l of grett Wortance, on the oppolite bank, and penetrating through Bavaria» jiearly to Ratifljon, endeavoured to form a junftion with the army of Jourdan. This attempt, however, did not fucceed ; both armies expe- rienced a reverfe of fortune, and were oblieed to retreat till they re« (roffcd the Rhine, ^he fituation of general Moreau was highly criti- cal, and his retreat is acknowledged on all fldes, to have been con- dufled with ereat military ikili. The archduk'e Charles, who com- inandied the Auftrian army, followed Moreau in his retreat, and laid fiege to the fort of Kehl, which he re-took, after a moft obftinate re- finance on the part of the French. To reftore the affairs of Italy, the emperor affembled a new army, tompofed of the flower of the German troops fervirtg on the Rhine, and gave the command of it to general Wurmfer, one of the oldeft and abieft of the imperial generals. This force, on its firft arrival, was fucccfsful. The French were repulfed, defeated, and compelled to raifc the fiege of Mantua. Buonaparte, however, ibon returned to the charge; and, after a feries of hotly-contefted a6tions, the army of Wurm- fer was fo reduced and haraflfed, that he was obliged to fhut himfelf up in Mantua, where he was clbfely befieged by the viftors; who at the fame time, made incurfions into the Tyrol, and, by the battle of Rove- redo, and the bofleffion of Trent, became mailers of the pafTes that led to Vienna. The Auft'rians, at the fame time, made a great effort, un- der general Alvinzy, to refcue the gallaat Wurmfer and his befieged army ; but the battle of Arcole completely defeated their defign ; and Mantua was foon after obliged to furrender. The vi£tories of Buonaparte compelled the pope, the king of Na- ples, and the inferior princes of Italy, to conclude fuch treaties as the French thought proper to di^tat^. The viftors likewife founded a new republic in Italy, at firft called the Cifpadane, but now the Cifalpinc republic, to which they have annexed fuch parts of the papal territory »s they have judged convenient. After til? taking of Mantua, the viflorious Buonaparte penetrated in« 1. 1 I ! r 476 FRANC E. to the Tyrol, and directed his courfe toward* the imperial capital Th archduke Charles was oppofed to him, but was unable to dietk hi progrefa. The republican armies had at length advanced fo nrar to Vienna, thi\t the utmoft alarm and conhifion prevailed in that titv The bank fuf^ended its payments, and the emperor was prepariny t ' ^oifake his capital, and remove to Olmutz, In this criticaifituaii n of hih attains, his imperial majcfty opened a negotiation with Buonapaiti- a fliori armifticc waa agreed to, and the preliminaries of peace bctweni the emperor and king of Hungary, and the French republic, were fi.n fd at Lcoben, in the month o? 'Vpril, 1797. ^ ' In the mean time, a tumult ' iving taken place at Venice, in which a number of the Frencii loldicrs were murdered la the hofpitalg of th u city, the French armies, on their return, alioliftied the ancient j-overu. ment of Venice, planted the tree of liberty in St. Mark's Place ellai' bliflied a municipality, and propofed to annex the city and tirrit'ory to the new Cifalpine republic. But the coiiclufion of the dtfinitive treaty of peace with the emperor being protrafted 011 account of the Frtmlj refufiiig to rtftore Mantua, as it is alleged it was flipulated they fliould in the prelinunaries, they at length agreed to cede to him the city ajid a part of the territory of Venice in compenfation for Mantua. . The definitive treaty of peace between Fiance and the emperor wai figned at Campo Formio, on the 1 7th of Oftober, 1 797. Bv this treaty the emperor ce^es to France the whole of the lylctherlands^ and all his former territory in Italy. He is to receive in retlirn the city of Venice Iftria, and Dalmatia, and the Venetian iflands iu the Adriatic : the French are to polTefs the other Venetian idands. The peace with the empire of Germany is not yet concluded. A congrefs is now aflcmbled at Radadt, to difcuft the terms of this peace and adjuft the claims of the feveral princes. The decifions «f this con.' grefs, or rather of France and the emperor, will, it is probable, fome- what reduce the linuts of the empire, and be produftive of confiderable changes in the claims and fovereignties of feveral of its princes. Genealogical list of the late royal family of France. Lewis XVI. the late unfortunate king of the French, was bom Augtift 24, 1754 : married, April 9, 1770, to Maria-Antoinetta, archduchefs of Anftria, born November 2, 1755; Aicceeded his grand-father Lewis iXV. May 10, 1774; crowned at Rheims, June 11, 1775, ''vieaded January ai, 1 793. The iffue of Lewi& XVI. and Maria-Antolnetta, js I. Madame Maria-Therefa-Charlotta, born December 19, 1778. Brothers and fifters to his late majefly. 1. Lewis- Staniflaus-Xavier, count de Provence, born November 17 1755; married, May 14, 1771, Maria- Jofepha-Louifa, daughter of the king of Sardinia, born September 2, 1753. 2. Charles-Philip, count d'Artois, born Oftober 9, 1757, married, November 6, 1 773, to Maria-Therefa, daughttr of the king of Sardinia, born Jan. 21, 1776, by whom he has iffiie; JLouifa-Antoinc, born Jan. 24, 17/8. A princefs, born Auguft 5, 1780. Another princefs, born Jan. 8, 1783. 3. Maria- Adelaide-Clot ifda-Xaveria, born Sept. 2.3, 1759. KTue of Lewis XV. now living, are . I. Maria-Adelaide, duchefs of Lorraine and Bar, born 1733. a. Vittoria-Louifa-Marie-Therefa, born 1733. 3. Sophia- Philippina- Elizabeth- Juftinia, born 1734. NETHERLANDS, 477 4. jLouira- Maria, born 1737, who went into a convent of ^anaeWtr md took th? vcii in 1 770. . Oi NETHERLANDS. ThB fei^enteen provincci, which are known by the name of t^ Netherlancis, were formerly part of Gallia Belgica, and afterwards ofthe circle of Belgium or Burgundy, in the German empire. Tliejr obttined the general name of the Netherlands, I'ais-Bas, or Low Couii- kits, from their Htuation in refpeA of Germany. fixTKNT, SITUATION AND BOUNDARIES OV TUK SbVINTBEIT PaoviNccs. Miles. Degrees. . , Length, 360 1 between J ^^ a"d 54 North lat. ' .. ,„ Breadth, 260 1 between | 3 ^nj y ^gft jong. They are bounded by the German lea, on the north ; by Germany, nft; by Lorraine and France, fcnith j and by the firitifli Channel, wel^. We Ihall, for the fake of perfpicuity, and to avoid repetition, treat of tk: Seventeen provinces under two great diviiions: firlt, the Northern^ which contains tlie Seven United Provinces, ufually known by the name of HottANo: fecondly, the Smtkern^ contaming the French Nettierlands. The United Provinces are, properly fpeaking, eight, vl^. Holland, Overyflll, Zealand, Friefknd, Utrecht, Groningen, Gejder- land, and Ziit}>hen ; but the two latter forming only one fovereignty, they generally go by the name of the Seven United Provinces. Situation and bj^tent or the U«it£d PaoviNCEa. Miles. Degrees. „^^'^„ ; Containing 1 0,000 /qpare iniles, with 275 inhabitants to (vcjli* < The following, from Templeman's furvey of the globe, is the moft fatisfadory account we meet with of the geographical diviHon,. incluq- ingtljcTexel, and other illands: . -,, . ii. ■ : '1 ; , Countries^ Namei. United Province*. square J 00 Chief CitieA 1 fOveiyllU 1 800 (to 50 Ucventir HolLnd 84 5» Amstirdam i Geldcrland 986 810 50 40 Niairgueii S Friffland 34 Lfuwardea !i\ Zuiphen 644 33 Zntphrn 1 Grttpingen 540 37 Groningen rtrecht 450 2Z Utrecht ' Zeabnd 303 2* Middleburg LtcxcI and ofJicr iflandt. I 1 n3 Total 7 •46 AiK, SEASONS, SOIL, AND FACE 7 Thefe provinces lie oppofite to OF THE couNTav. j England, at the diftsnce ofgo miles, .upon the e^(l (ide of the Englifh Channel, and are onlv a narrow flip of W fwampy la&d, lying between the mouths of feveral great rivers, and n 47^ KE T HERL AND Si 11 II what the induftry of the inhabitants have gained from the fea bymeaflw of dykes, which they have raifed, and ftillfupport, with incredible labour and cxpenfe. The air of the United Provinces is therefore fom and grofs, until it is purified by the froft in winter, when the euft wind ufuaily fets in for a(»o»it four months, and their harbours are frozen ud The nioifture of the air caufes metals to ruft, and wood to mould more than in any other cnuntry ; which is the reafon of their perpetually rub- bing and fcoiiring, and of the brightnefs and cleanlinefs in their houfes fp much taken notice of. The foil is unfavourablo-to vegetation- but* Vy the induftry of the inhabitants in making canals, it is rendered fit for pafture, and in many places for tillage. Holland, with alHts commer- cial advantages, is not a defirable country to live in, efpecially to fo^ reigners. Here are no mountains, nor rifing grounds, no plantations purling flreams, or catarafts. The whole face of the country, when viewed from a tower or fteeple, has the appearance of a continued marfli or bog, drained, at certain diftanccs, by innumerable ditches ; and many of the canals, which in that country ferve as high-roads, are in the fum- iner months no better than ofFcnfive ftagnated waters. Rivers and harbours.] The rivers are an importam :onfideration to the United Provinces ; the chief of which are the Rhine, one of the •largeft rivers in Europe ; the Maefe, the Scheldt, and the Vecht. There ari' mafiy fmall rivers that join thefc, and a prodigious number of ca- iqals ; but there are few good harbours hi the United Provinces ; the beft ?re thofe of Rotterdam, Helvoetfluys, and Fliifliing; that of Amfter- dam, though one pf^hedargeft and fafeft in Europe, has a bar at the en^rapce of it, oyer which large velTcls cannot pafa^ without being .lightened. . tXy^GETABLE AND AjjiMAL PRO-") The quantity of grain produced rH r^ :tions, by sba and land. 3 here is not fufficient for home con- Itimprion ; but, by draining their bogs and marfties, they have many ev. cellent meadows, which fatten lean German and Danifli cattle, to a vail fize ; and th^y make prodi^, rus quantities of the beft butter and cheefe in Europe. Their qountry produces turf, ttiadder, tobacco, fome fruit, and iron ; but r>'l (he pit-coal and timber ufed there, and, indeed, mod of the ccMiforts, and even the neCeflaries of life, are imported. They- Kaye a $ood brc ' of (lieepj whofe wool is highly valued; and their norfes and hornetl cattle are of a larger fize than in any other nation in Europe. It is faid that there are lome wild bears and wolves here. . Sitorks.build and hatch on their chimneys ; but ^ing birds of pafTage, they leave the country about the middle pf Auguft, \ftith their young, and return the February following. Their river-fifli is much the fame as ours; but their fea-fifli is generally larger, owing perhaps to their fifliing in deep water. !No herrings vifit their coafts; but they have many excellent oyfter-beds about the iilands of the Texel, prodiicinj very large and well-tafte,d oyfters. Notwithflanding all thefe inconve- niences, the induftry of the Hollanders furtiiflies as great a plenty of the . necefTaries and commodities of life, and upon as eafy terms (except to , travellers and ftrangers), as they are to be met with in any part oi Europe. i Population, inhabitants, man-") The feven United Provinces N£Rs, customs, AND DIVERSIONS. J^ arej)erhaps the beft peopled of any fpot of the fame extent in the world. They contain, according to the beft accounts, 113 cities and towns, 1400 villages, and about «,ooo,ooo of inhabitants ; belides the twenty-five towns, and the people, in whav is caUed (he Lac^ds of tJite Generality, or conquered 9 -^ ftl E T H E Bl i A N D & 49» ^tihtrics ind towns of otlicr parts of the Netherlands*. TElie manner^ Ihabits, and even the minds of the Dutch (for fo the inhabitants of the United Provinces are in general called), feem to be foi:med by their fitua- tion, and to arife from their natural wants. Their c^^ntry, y hich is pre- ferved by mounds and dykes, is a perpetual incentive to labour; anil the artificial drains, with which it is eve'y where interfet^e^, muft be Icept in perpetual repair. Even what may be called their Jiatu^ral com- modities, their butter and. cheefe, %re produced by ^ conftant atteption to the laborious parts of life. Their principal food they earn out of the fea, by their herring-fifheries ; for they difpofe of moft of their v». luable fithes to^ the Engliflx, and other nations, for the f^keofg^i^. The air^nd temperature of . their ;6Um».te incline them to phlegmatic, flow dii\y)iStiions, both of body and mind ; and yet they are irafcibl^, efpecially if heated with liquor.. ^ventbeU v,irtues are owing to thie^ coldnds with regard to every .obje^ tjifit does not immediately con- tern their own interefts; for, in all other refpedls, they are quiet neigh- EngUi)d and France. Their boors, though flow of underfiaindiQg, ,«re m^nage^ible by fai^- means. Their fesmiBn are, plain, blvrnt, b^t roughs fuifly, and aaiU- liatur^ fort (6f people^ and appieiir to.bf iofea^ble of public fpirit, and tffefiion; for each othen . Their ttiadefmen in gjqneii^ pre reckoned lioiieft iii 'their dealingSj and very fpariag of their wQi-ds. Smoking tokccoisprajbifedbyold aiKl youiig, of both ff^es ; and as they are ge;ciq> lailx plodding upon ways and niean^ o| getting 'mptiey, uq people ace fp unfeciable. A Dutchman of low rank, whep drunk, is guilty of ever/ ^^ciUs (Of brutality. The Dutch havf aUb been known to exercife the inoft dreadful'inhumanities for intereft abroad, where they tho^^t ihemfelves free from difcovek-y ; but they are ing^a^rpl quiet and in- ^iflfenfive ki iheir own country, which exhibits but few inftances qi rounder, t»pine, or violence. A&:ts» tbejigbitual fipp\ing and drinkifig ,«hai*gi:d upon both fexes, it is owing, in a great m^afurj?, to i;he natures of their foil and climate. In general all app^tite^ a^d paQions feem ta frm lower and cooler here> thail inmoft o.th?r countrici^, , that of avarice ♦xcepted. Their tempers arc not, airy iCOiough for joy, pr any unufus^l 0jfains of pleafaht humour, nor w^rit) finough for love; fo that ^hc fofter paiSons feem no nativies of this.coiPntfyi »fidi love itfelf is little better than a mechanical atfeftion^ ariGng from Jatereft, coaveniency, or kbit C'lt is talked of fometimes among^t^jyitjiing meu, but as a thing ibeyhave lieard of rather thanieU,.and)&$'^ A difcourfe that becomes theip 'ttitiher than affefts them. '. i In whatever relates to the management of pecuniary affairs, the putc}a Are certainly the moft expert of any people ; as, to the knowledge of ,ac- quiniig wealth, they unite the no lefs neceflary fcience of preferviug it. Itis a'kind of general rule for every man to fpend lefs than his income, be that whit it will ; nor does it often enter into the heads of this fagaci- 0U8 people, that the common courfe of expenfe ftiQuld equal the revenue; • Monf. de Wit, at the beginni-ig of this cfntiiry, computed the people of Holland ati,ioo,oco, but Mr. Tcmpleman cftimatcs them only at 2,oco,ooc; which, in pro- portion to the populoufnef* of England, is more than fix to one, conliderinR theexfont of the country. Holland is alfo reckoned to have ai many fo'ds as the othr lix pro- vinces; which if true, the people «[ th« fov«D provittc«», with thgjr apptijkduges, luuft ie very nuowruui, 3' 48o NE t H £ R L AND S. ,1 i and whfn this happens, they think, at leaft, they have lived that year t» no pufpofe; and the report of it ufed to difcrodit a. man among rhem as mnch as iany vitrious or prodigal extravagance does in other conn* tries. But this rigid frugality is not fo univerfal among the Dutch a$ it was formerly 5 for a greater degree of luxury and extravagance has been introduced among them\ as well as the other nations of Europe Gaming is likewife pra Dress.] Their' drels formerly was noted for the large breeches of the men ; anil the jerkins, plain mobs, lliori: petticoats, and other oddities of ■women; all which, added to the natural tbicknefs and clumfinefs of their perfons, gave them a very grotefque appearance. Thefe dreflesnovir prevail only among the lower ranks, and more particularly amongft the fea-faring people. Religion,] The eftablidied religion here is the prefliyterian and Calvinifm ; none but prelbyterians are admitted to any oflite or pod in the government, excepting in the army; yet all religions and fc(^sa^ NETHERLANDS. tolerated, and have their refn^A- *' ^ ^' ^®*^- uorfliip, among which the paSYnrr"''"^' or aflcmblfe, for nub He indeed, this country m-Av k/^ ; , "" J'-ws are very niim«, P^ouq allowed to u-orfl,ip God ^"^ V-'"^^'-'^' ^o'eration^ 1'^! °^ ^''^ b^" fcience, perfons Zh?! ft''"''^'"^ '^ ^^e dictate of hl!''^ '"'" " pcrka harmony and peT-^^"» U^'-^cht/croningen Hard I Theuniver/ityofLevden .. i • u S^n, Harder- tdmoft ancient in '7rh ' ^'^^^ • , rmberof printed bon f ""'"''^ ^'«her!ands L fi?^' '« tJ^e largeft . f which arSnArabic ?'L T T ^^"'^'-^ " enta numir ' ^^'''^^ * IK and .novir/b^' f"V «'-g^ ^P'^ere adapted o'?f^^^' "'«^y b;to.ica|.,theatfe'^ ^'"'-'•^- «-- is affo a ^t gaX'^S iThLMiniverfitvofUtrr.rl,f • , ^ J' ^ garden, and I* recreation o;S;e «T !' ^^^'^^'g^'den here te t "'''^ '° ^''^ '"«' li ■"V»r-' 48* NETHERLANDS. ■*,' There tre abundance of youth, of the principal nobility and nntiy from moft countries in Europe, at thefe feminaries of literature ; and as eveij one may live as he pleafes, with6ut being obliged to be profufe In his expenfes, or (o muchias quitting his night-gown for either weeks or montm together, foreigners of all ranks and conditions are to befeen here. The force of example is ftrikingly exhibited at thefe uMirerfities • for frugality in expenfe, order, a compofed behaviour, attention to fifidy, and affidoity in all things, being the chara£teri flics uf the natives ftrangen who continue amongil them, foon adopt their manners and forms of living. And though the lludents live as they plcafc, and ftudy ■s much or as Tittle as they think fit, yet they are in general remarkable ibr their fobriety and good manners, and the affiduity and fuccefswith llF^ich they apply thcmfelves to their fludies. No oaths arc impofed toer any rcdigiors teft^ ; Co that Roman catholic parents, and even Jews' liend their children here with as little fcruple as proteflants. ' ANTiauiTiEs AND cuRiosiTiEiit 1 The prodigious dykes, fomeof MATVKAL AKO ARTIFICIAL. ) which are faid to be feventeen eUs in thicknefs, mounds, and canals, conflriided by the Dutch, to prefcrve their ctountry from thofe dreadful inundations by which it Tormeriy fuifered fo much, are ftupendous, and hardly to be equalled. A ftone quarry nctf Maeftricht, under a hill, k worked into a kind of | isbterraneous palace, fupported. by pillars ttprenty feet high. The ftadt- j houfe of Amfterdam is perhaps the beft building of that kind in the world r it ftand»:npon 13,659 large piles, driven into the ground ; and the infide :s eqiimly convenient and magnificent. Several mufeums, containing antiquities and curiofities, artificial and natural, are to be! found in Holland and the other provinces, particularly in the nniverfitjl of Leyden ; fuch as the effigies of a peafant of Rulfia, who fwalloned al Itntfe ten inches in length, and is faid to have lived eight years after it} was taken out of his ilomach ; but the truth of this feems to be doubt-l ^1. A fliirt made of the entrails of a man. Two Egyptian mummieiJ being the bodies of two princes of great antiquity. All the mufclesandl tendons of the huirian body, curioufly fet up by profeflbr Stalpcrt Vaq der Weil, CiTies, ToWKs, AMD OTRKR EDIFICES, 1 Amfterdam, which it| PUBLIC AND PRrvATB. ) built upon piles of wo lstI>ought to contain 241,000 people, and to be^ next to London, tin woft commercial city in the world. Its conveniences for commerce and the grandeur of its public works, are almafl beyond defcriptioir| In this, and all other cities of the United Provinces, the beauty of tbr canals, and walks under trees planted on their borders, are adnrinble| but above all, we are ftruck with the neatnefs and cleanlinefs that i every where obferved within doors. This city, however, labours uv ier two great difadvantages ; bad air, and the want of frefii wholefon water, which obliges the inhabitants to prefervc the rain water in refa Voiri. Rotterdam, is next to Amfterdam for commerce and wealth; 1 Inhabitants arc computed at 56,000. The Hague, though but a viiliu Is the feat of governiT»ent in the United Provinces, and is celebrated t the magnificence and beauty of its buildings, the rtfort of foreignanj baOadors and ftrangers of all diftinftions who live in it, the abuiftlaM tnd chcapntrfs of its provifioiis, ^nd the politenefs of it* inhabitants, iva •re computed to be about 40,000 ; it is no place of trade, but it IwsIct lor many years noted as an emporium of pleafure «nil politics. Leydd *nd Utrecht*nfe fine cities, 3s well as famous for their uuiverfiti^ S««rdsiin* UMUj^h » wealthy tradiug pl<(ce,^ h menti<)i)tui here u i' 1^ E t H fe R L A N JD 1 483 #ork(hof) where Peter the Great, of Mufcovy, in perfon, ferved his iptyenticefliip to fliip-building, and laboured as a common handicraft,i'" Tlie upper part of Gelderlaiid is fiibje^t to Pruffia, and the capital city^;. Gclder. *^- Iniand navigation, CANALi, AND } Th* ufual way of parfling MANNER OF TRAVELiiNG. j from town to town, is by tovered boats called treckfcuits, which aire dragged along the canal by bories on a flow uniform trot, fo that pafTengers reach the different (ovns wher* they are to ftop, precifely at the appointed inflant of time. This method of travelling, thotfgh to ftrangers rather dnll, is extremely eonvenient to the inhabitants, ?.nd very cheap. By means of thefe ca- hals, an extenfive inland commerce is not only carried on through the irboic country, but, as they communicate with the Rhine and other large fivers, the pfodudStions of every country are conveyed at a fmaWexpenfe into various parts of Germany," and the Auftrhm and French Flanders, Atreckfcuit is divided into two different itpartments, called the roof and Iteniim; the firft for gentlemen, and the other for common people, who may read, fmoke^ eat, drink^ or con verfe with people of various nations, dreffc*, and language*. Near Amfterdam and other targe cities* J traveller is aflonifhed when he behoWs the effefts of an extenfive ami Sourifliing commerce. Here the canals are lined for miles together with elegant neat coUOtry-honfey, feated in^he raidf! of gardens and pleafure (rounds, intermixed with figures, bufts, ilattfes, temples, Sc:. to the very water's edge. Having no obje£ts of amufement beyond the limits (iflheirown gardens,- the families- in fine weather fpend mtfch of their Be in thefe little temples, ftno'aking, reading, or viewing thie paflen-^ Kfs, to whom they appear complaifant and poKte. Commerce tiftti MANUf/fCTURss.J An account of the Dutch com- merce would comprehend that of almoft all Europe. There is fcarcely jmahufa^ure that they do not csmry on, or a ftate to virhichthfty m ftot trade. In this they are ailifted by the popnloufnefs of their fcbuntry^ Ihe chcapnefs of their labour, and, above aH, by the water carriage^ which, by means of their canals, gives them advantages beyoiid all other nations. The United Provinces are the grand rttiagarine of Eu- rope: and goods may be pnfcbafed here fometimes cheaper than in the countries where they grow. The -Eaft India connpany have had th« monopoly of the' fine fpiees for more thatn a hundred years, and, till' the late and prefent \*ars with England, Was extremely opulent and powcr- iitl. Their capital city in India is Batavia, which is faid to exicetd m (agnificenCe, opulence, and commerce, all the cities of Afia. Here le viceroys appear in greater fplendour than the if adtholdeir ; ari'dfome i the Dutch fubjedfc in Batav'ia fcarCely ax knowledge any dependenee IP the mother country. They have otlier fettlements in India ; but the ' nd of Ceylon, and the Cape of GoodHftpe, the gra-nd rendez-vous of Ihe fliips of all nations, outward or homeward bound, haVe been lately iken by the Englifh. When Lewis XIV. invaded Holland with an my of ffo,ootf men, the Dutch made fome dlfpofitioivs to fliip them- Ives off to their fettlemCnts in India ; fo great! was their averfioii to the rtnch government. Not to mention their herring and whale fifficries, hich they have carried otF from the native proprietors', they are di* "ngiiiftjied for thehr pottery, tobacco-pipes, ;'i?id Groningen, one. Thefe deputies, however, did not vote •provincially, but perfonally. Their bufiuefs was t^i prepare eftimatesJ and ways and means for raifing the revenue, as well as other matteri that were to he kid* bef;Te \k& $ates-general. The ftates of the pro ■ vinces were ftyled '♦ Noble and Mighty Lords," but thofe of Holland, ** Wpbie and MoftMighty Lords;" and the flates-general, « Higliam Mighty Lords," or, " The Lords tlie States-gential of the imiteLN'e. iherlands;" or, " Their High MightinefTes." Subordinate to thefe nv bodies, was the chamber otaccompts, which was likewife coir.pofedo .provincial deputie>, who, audited all public aecompts. T!;c admiraJr formed a feparatc board, and the executive part of it was coir.;i:itti i !( five coUci^es in the tiucee maritime provinces of HoU.uid, Zeahiid, aw .FritflAnd. In Hulland the people had not!. ing to do either in chrolin their rtpreitJJtutives or thfir ir.agiftratrs. In Aniflerdaai, which tool the had ia all public deiiberauuns, the magiilracy was lodged iii thiity] it fenj was filli (orcprc The of them Cfsfronr erfliip H femiiy h NETHERLANDS. 4«S jrfenafors, who were chofen for life, and every vacancy irthong them was filled "P by the furvivors. The Time fenate alio ele5^ed the deputies torfprcfent the cities in the province of Holland. The above particiilirs are mentioned, becaufe, wihout a knowledge ofthetn, it is impoflible to underftand the hiftory of the United Provin- cesfrom the death of king William to the year 1747, when the ftadthold- erlliip was made hereditary In the male and female reprefentatives of the femily of Orange, This office in a manner fuperfeded the conftitution already defcribed. The Il.idtholder was prefident of the flates of every province; and fuch was his power and influence, that he could change thedeputies, magiftrates, and officers, in every province and city. By this he had the moulding of-the ajrembjy of the ftates-general, 'hough he hadno voice in it: in (liort, though he had not the title, he had more real power and authority than fome kings ; for, befidesthe influence and revenue he derived from the ftadtholderfliip, he had feveral principalities and large eflatea of his own. The prefent ftadtholder is William V. prince of Orange and NafTau, fon of the late ftadtholder William Charles, who married Anne, princefs royal of Great Britain, and died 1751. Though Holland under this conftitution was called a republic, yet its government was far from being of the popular kind; nor did the people enjoy that degree of liberty which might at firft view be apprehended. Jt was indeed rather an oligarchy than a commonwealth; for the bulk of the people were not fuffered to have the leaft fliare in any part of the gor verriment, not even in the choice of the deputies. It may alfo be ob- ferved, that very few perfons in this fl:ate dared fpeak their real fenti- ments freely ; and they were generally educated in princi})les fo extreme- ly cautious, that they could not reliuquifi) them when they entered more into public life. • Withrefpeftto the adminiftration of jnftice in this country, every province has its tribunal, to which, except in criminal caufes, appeal lies from the petty and county courts; and it is faid that juflicc is no where diftributed with more impartiafity. ,i Since the entrance of the French into the country, Holland is under the government of a convention, elected by the people, in the manner of that of France. A conftitution has been framed- and prcfenred to thp . people for their acceptance J but it was rejetled by a l^rge majority, ou the grouud- that it was not fufficiently free. The con'ttitutionalcopa- I Diittee was therefore ordered to draw up a new one. . . Revenues.] The government of the United Provinces proportion their taxes according to the abilities of each province or city, Thofe taxes confiftofanalmoft general excife, a land-tax, poll-tax, and hearth- money ; fo that the public revenue amounts annually to about two mil- lions and a half ftcrling. The province of Holland pays nearly half of this revenue. The following is the rate at which each of the feveii United Provinces is feid to contribute towards the public expenfe ; » \s Of every million of ducats, the Province of ) Holland coruributes 3 Zealand ------ Friefland - - - . - Utrecht _ _ - - . Groningen - - - - - Gelder'and . - - - - Overyflfel - - - Of the 420,000 ducats paid by the province of Holland, the city of lAQillerilam furniflies upwards of*^ 32o»ooo. The taxes in thefe provia- 420,000 '^: 130,000 ■■ u>.- 1 70,000;.. . r- 85,000 aj 75,000 ' ' ''? 70,000 -^ . , ^^ 50,000 "_ -lu; 486 NETHERLANDS. Ccs are fo Kcavy, and (o many, that it h not without reafon a certaia author aflerts, that the only thing which has efcaped taxation there, ii the air they breathe. But, for the encouragement of trade, the duties'on foods and nierihandife are exceedingly low. The immenfe fums in the ritlfli funds have giveji rtafon for fome people to imagine that Holland labours under heavy debts; but the chief reafon is, the ilate only payi two and a half per cent, intertft for money. Military and marine strength.] The number of land forcei in the United Provinces in time of peace commonly amounts to about forty thoufand : twenty-five thoufand of whom ferve in gairifons j ma. ny of them are Scots and Swifs; and in time of war they hire whole re- emieuts of Germans. The chief command pf the army is vtfted in the ftadtholder, under whom is the fifrld-marnial general. The maiine force of t^ie United Provin<:es ufed to be very great, and they foimtily fitterf out very formidable fleets : but their r.ayy has of late been much neg. 1e£ted. Thcjr late war with Great Britain obliged them to increafe if and they have great refourccs for that purpofc. Their navy mufl at prefenj be in a very fecbl? and fhattered flate, la confequence of the furrendcr of admital Lucas's Cquadron at the Cape of Good Hope, and the recent vidtdry gained by admiral Duncan, They are now, however, making great efforts to reftoreit b- voluntary coniriUutions ; and a tax for that purpofc ha^ been decreed by theBa» tavian convention, of an eighth of every perfqn's income above a cer- tain fum, to bear an intcreft of three per cent. 0«DER oy Teutonic KNIGHTS.] This was one of the moft power- ful as well as ancient orders iq Europe, now divided into two branches^ the firft for papifls, and the fecond branch for proteftants. This branch has a houfe at Utrecht, w!.ere they t'ranfa6^ their bufmefV. The nnblej of Holland, if they propofe a fon to be a knight, enter his name in the regifter, and pay a large fum of money to the ufe of the poor maintained by the order; and the candidate fucceeds in rotation, if he brings wit^ him proof of his nobility for four generations on the father's and mo- ther's fide. The cnfign is a crofs pattic, euamelled white, furmounted with another black ; above thp crofs is a baft twifled, white and black; it is worn pendent to a broad black watered riband, which is worn a- bout the neck. The fame wrofi is embroidered on the left breaft oftliJ uppergarment of each knight. Arms.] The enfigns armorial of the feven United Provinces, ortiip States of Holland, are, Or, a lion, gules, holding with one paw a cutlafs, and with the other a bundle of feven arrows clofe bound together,ina!- lulioato the feven conffderate provinces, with the following motto; CoHcoiJia res /ariuf (re/cuat, . ,-, ■ History.! Sep the AuQrian Netherlands. " William V. prince of Orange and Naflau, hereditary fladtholder, captain -general and admiral of the feven United Provinces, and knight of the gaiter, was born March 19, 1748, married, in 1767, the prir.cefs Friderica-Sophia-Wiihelmina, of Prullia, born in 1751 ; by whonl lie has ifTiie : I. Frederica-Louifa-Wilhelmina, born Nov. a8, 1770; marrried to the hereditary prince of Brunfwick. 4. Williatn-Fredcric, hereditary prince, born Aug. a, 177a; married, j Oi'>. I, 1791, to princefs Frederica-Sophia-Wilhclmina, of Pruffia. 3. Wiliian)-George- Frederic, born Feb. 15, 1774. The fradtholdcr has one filler, Wi I helmina -Carolina, hotn i;4j, •nd married lo the prince of NafTau Wiclbur. V C 4«7 J FRENCH AND ]pATE AUSTRIAN NETHERLANDS. • ITVATIOM AMD JSXTBNT. Miles. Degrees, Length aoo ).. J 49 >"<* S* North latitude. Breadth aoo j °«^"" | a and 7 Eaft longitude. BooKDARiEs.] Bounded by the United Provinces on the North; by Germany, Eail; by Lorraine, Champaign, and Picardv, in France, South ; and by another part of Picardy, and the Engliriifea, Weft. As this country fo lately belonged to three different powers, the Au- ftrians, French, and Dutch, we fhall continue to.diftinguifii the pro* vinces and towns belonging to each ftate. Subdivifions Dutch Brabant 1. Province of BR/iBANT. Chief Towns. 'Boifleduc Breda Bergen-op-Zoom Grave, NE. Lillo i- 8q. M. '374 3. Late Auftrian Brabant tSteenbergen j ^^* Bninels, £. long. 4 deg. \ . aSmin.N.lat. 50-51 § "9» i Louvain 1 Vilvorden S in the middle. VLanden y ^. ANTWERP, and, 3. MALINfiS, are provinces independent of firabant, though furrounded by it; they were fubjeft to the houfe of Aullria. 4. Province of UMBURG, S. E. j.ChiefTownk ti- (Limburg, E. long. 65. N. lat. > 50-3 7, late fub. to Auftria. ) Maeftricht Dalem Fauquemont, Valkenburg ub. to Auitria. ) f fub. to the 1 t, or r Dutch { 3i» 300 ^. Province of LUXEMBURG. Late Auflrian Li,xe*borg \ ^^"J.";^"'^' ^' ^°"8- ^' ^' ^' '*** 5 Thionville ) o^, tMontmedy S' r-..^-*' Ffcncb Luxemburg 6. Province of NAMUR, in the middle, late fubje^ to Auftria. 2406 29» born i74}>H Cld^f Towjw -v. ( Namur, oiv the Sambre and Maefe, 7 .? E. long. 4-50. N. lat. 50-30 J (^Charleroy on the Sambre ' I » 4 4»S 4fi9 NETHERLANDS. 7. Province of HAINAULT. Late AuiUiau HainauU ) ^J*,|- 5°-30 ^ Mons, E. long. 3-33. N. "J f in the 7 4 middle. 3 French llainault (Enghien f Valenciennes J BoHchain ")Cond6 • (^Landrecy ' 8. Province of CAMBRESIS. > S. W. 640 800 Subjeft to France SubjeA to France rCambray, E. of Arras, E. long. 1 < 3-15. N. lat. 50-15. I (^Crevcccear, S. of Catnbray. 9. Province of ARTOIS. 'Arras, SW. on the Scarpe, E. long. 2-5. N. lat. 50-20 St. Omer, E. of Boulogne ^ Airf, S. of St. Omer St. Venant, E. of Aire Bethune, SE. of Aire Terouen, S. of St. Omer ic. Province of FLANDERS. 150 990 Subdivifions. Dutch Flanders Late Auftrian Flanders Chief Towns, C Shis, N. J Axel, N. S Hulft, N. (^ Sans van Gent, N. ■ Ghent, on the Scheldt, E 3-36. N. lat. 51. Bruges i Often d V N W. near the fea Newport J Oudenard on the Scheldt Sq.M. 280 ion. i :t Courtray 1 Dixmude J ' i, N. of Li y i9» on the Lis -iii French Flanders Ypres, N. of Lifle Tournay on the Sciieldt IVIenin on the Lis r Lille, W. of Tournay I Dunkirk, on the coall E. of Calais J Douay, W. of Anas ,- ♦1* 1 Mardike,,VV, of Dunkirk*: - I St. Amsnd, N. of Valenciennes I Gravelines, E. of Calais > 760 J Am, SOIL, aHO PRonucB.] The air of Brabant, and upon tliecoaft of Flanders, is bad ; that in the interior parts is more healthful, and the fcafons more fettled, both in winter and fnmpicr, than they arc in Eng-r NETHERLANDS. 4«9 hnd. The foil and its produce are rich, erpeciallv in corn and fruits. They have abundance of pafturc ; and Flanders itlclf has been reckoned the graiwry of France and Germany, and foinetimos of England. T»>c jnoft barren parts for corn rear far more profitable craps oi flax, which isher; cultivated to great perfeAion. Upou the whoh, the late Ait- ftrian Netherlands, by the culture, commerce, and indiiftry of the inha- bitants, was formerly tlie richeft and mod beautiful fpot in Europe, wliether we regard the variety of its manuf^ures, the magnificence jind riches of itb cities, the pleafantnefs of its road!> and villages, or the fertility of its land. It it; has fallen off in latter times, it is owing partly to the neglcd of its government, but chiefly to its vicinity to England tnd Holland ; but it h iVxll a maft defirahle and agreeabfe country. There are few or no moiinta-ns in the Netherlands : Flanders is a flat country, with fcarcely a (ingle hill in it : Brabant, and the rcfl of the provinces, confid of little hills and valleys, woods, inclofed grounds, and champaign fields. KivERs AND CANALS.] The chicf rivers are the Maefe, Sambre, D trade, now contains pretty gardens, walkv, and arbours. Bruflels retains fomewhat of its ancient manufactures ; and having been the refidence of the governor or viceroy of the Aulljian Netherlands, is a populous, lively place. Antwerp, once the emporium of the European continent, is now reduced to be a tapeftry and thread. lace fliop, with the houfes of fome bankers, jewellers, and painters ad* joining. One of the firil exploits of the Dutch, foon after they threw off the Spanifh yoke, was to ruin at once the commerce of Antwerp, by fmking veffels, loaded with itcne, in the mouth of the Sclieldt ; thus iliutting ap the entrance of that river to (hips of large burthen. Tlili was the more cruel, as the people of Antwerp biri oeeu their friends and fellow- fufferers in the caufe of liberty ; but they forefaw that the profperity of their own commerce was at flake. It may be obferved here, that every gentleman's houfe is a caftlc or fhateau ; and that there are more ftrong towns in the Netherlands than \n all the reft of Europe; but fince the decline of their trade by the rife of the Englifh and Dutch, thefe towns are confiderably diminiflied in 6ze, and whole ftreets, particularly iu Antwerp, are in appearance un- inhabited. In the Netherlands, provifions are extremely good and cheap. A ftranger may dine at BrufTels, on feven or eight diflies 0^ meat, for lefs than a (hilling Englilli. Travelling is fafe, reafonable, and delightful, ia this luxurious country. The roads are generally a b-oad caufeway, and run for fome miles in a ftraight line, till they tef" ntinate with the view of fome noble buildings. At CafTel, in the Frcnck . Netherlands^ may be feen thirty-two towns, itfdf being on a hill. NETHERLANDS. m (Ted tapeftry wea?> 1(1 St. Omer. The rabant, and cnjuyi IS univerfity '..» the 'rlamls, which right man monuments of d other buildiags are I, churches, and the the magnificent old 'ive evidence of their 1600 gold coins, and Lucius Verus. re volumes publiflwd an Netherlands were ent, formerly the ca. id woollen manufac- noccupied, and great fo noted for its trade I, is now dwindled to (nvcnient harbour for Britain and Holland, it and populous. In to it many privileges jftant religion. As to fame may be faid of iftead of its flourifhing pretty gardens, walks, ent manufaftures ; and iceroy of the Auftyian •p, once the emporium a tapeftry and thread- illers, and painters ad. foon after they threw immerce of Antwerp, thoftheSclieldtjthoi large burthen. Thii ml oeea their friendi they forcfaw that the ,»s houfe is a caftk oj the Netherlands than / their trade hy the rift Rderabiy diminiflied in are in appearance un- : extremely good and yen or eight dilhes of Rng is fafe, reafonable, I roads arc generally i laight line, till they ter. ItCafTeljintheFreack If being on a hill. ipotfUiicB And MANurACTUftif.} The chief matiufiiAuret of the Nethtrlands are their beautiful linens and laces ; in which, notwith* landing the boaftcd improvements of their neighbours, thty are yet un- rivalled ; particularly in that fpecies called cambncc, from Caml>rayi (he chief place of its manufa^ure. Thefcmaaufa£ture» forna the prin« K^pal article of their commerce. Constitution and oovkknment.] The Auflrian Netherlands were coofidered as a circle of the empire, of which the archduaal iiuufe, as being fovereign of the whole, was the fole diredor and i'um* moning prince. This circle contributed its fliare to the impolis of the jtmpire, and fent an envoy to the diet, but was not fubjeft to the ju> jdicatories of the empire. At prefent they mufl be confidered »s an- nexed to France, and under the fame conflitotion and government. Revenues.] Tltefe arofe from thedemelnc lands and cuftoms: but fo much was the trade of Auftrian Flanders reduced, that they aie faid pot to have defrayed the expenfe of their government. Tlic French Netherlands brought in a confiderable revenue to the nation. Akms.] The arms of Flanders are, Off a lion fable, langued gules. HuioRY.j The feventeen provinces, and that part of Germany which lies weft of the Rhine, was called fielgica Gallia by the Romans. About a century before the Chrillian aera, the Batt» removed from ?e(re to the mariby country bounded by the Rhine and the Maefe. hey gave the nam- of Batavia to their new country. Generous and bravej the Batavians were treated by the Romans with great refpedk, be- ing exempted from tribute, governed by their own laws, and obliged pniy to perform military f«rvices. Upon tlte decline of that empire, the Goths, aqd other northern people, pofleffed themfelves of thefe provinces fiyrft, as thev paiTed through them in their way to France, and other parts of the koman empire ; and afterwards being ere£ted in- to fmall governments, the heads of which were dcfpotic within their own dominions, l^a'avia aivi Holland became independent on Gcr~ many, to whifh it had been united under one of the grandfons of Charlemagne, in ^he beginning of the loth century, when the fupreme authority was lodged i|) the three united power.s;| of a Count, the Nobles, and the Towns. At l^ft^ they were (wallowed up by the houfe of Burgundy, ' 101433, The emperor Charles V. the heir qf that faptiily, transferred them, in {he year 14, 7, to the houfe of Auftria, ^ad ranked them as part of the ; empire, under the title of the Circle of Burgundy. The tyranny of his fon, Philip 11. who fucceeded to the throne of Spain, made the inha- oitants attempt to throw off his yoke, which occafioned a general in- furreftion, tlie counts Hoorn and Egmont, and the prince of Orange, appearing at the head of it ; and Luther's reforqjation gaining ground about the fame time in the Netherlands, his difciples were forced by perfecution to join the malcontents. Whereupon king Philip intro- duced a kind of inquifition, which, from the inhumanity of its proceed* ings, was called the " Council of blood," in order to fupprefs them j and many thoufands were put to death by that court, befides rhofe that perifhed by the fword. Count Hoorn and count Egmont were taken and beiieaded ; but the prince of Orange, whom they eledtcd to be their fladtholder, retiring into Holland, tliat and the adjacent pro^ vinces entefed into a treaty for their mutual defence, at Utrecht, in the year 1579. And though thefe revellers at firft were thought fo defpi- cable as to be tern)ed Beggars by their tyrants, their perfeverance and courage were fuch, under the prince of Orange, and with the alUitance •1 tl{ afforded- thetti by ijueett Elizabeth, bdth in troops and money, tliat tlisy |«rced the ffowh of Spain to declare them a free people, in t!ie year 1609 ; add afterwards they were acknowledged by all Europe to be an independent ftate, under the title of The united PRoyiNcps. 6y their feawiirs with Etigland, under the Commonwealth, Cromwell, aud Charles I L they juftly acquired the reputatioh of a formidable naval power. Whiin t|je houfe'of Auftria, which for fqme ages ruled over Germany, Spain, and part of Italy, with which they afterwards conti- nued to carry on bloody wars, was become i>o longer formidable; and when the public jcaioufy was direfted againft that of Bourbon, which was favoured by the government of ildlland, who had difpcifefled the ))rincr of Orange of the fladtholderfhip ; the fpirit of the people was fucb, that they revived it in the perfon of the prince, who was after- nvards William HI. king of Great Britain ; apd during his reign, and that ©r queen Anne, they were principals in the grand confederacy againft l^wis XIV. king of Eraince. Their condnft towards England in the wars of 1742 and 1756, has been difcufled in the hiflory of that country, as alio the occurrences %hich led to a rupture between them and the EnglKh in the year 1780. As it was urged that they refufed to fulfil the treaties which fubiifted between them and Great Britain, fo, all the treaties which bound Great Britain to them were declared nuj| and void, as if none had ever exifted. By the war, their trade fuffered conliderably , but Negapatnam, in the £aft Ifidies. is t^^ only plac^.not rellorcd to then by the late peace. ^^■■-^^■y withftattding this apparent advantage, and fome others which after- wards took place, the difputes ftil) continued with extreme violence, infomucb that the princefs of Orange herfeif was feizgd, and detained prlfoner a night by the patriots. Thefe molt turbulent commotions were, however, at laft fettled by the king of Pruflia, who, for this purpofe, marched an .urm/ into the territories of the United Stafes, and took pofTelfion of th cuy af Rot< terdam, and fome other places, without reftftance. This .>* . « 1 over- awed both parties, that they quickly came to an accoi ir :"!0- . and a treaty wai conclinied between that monarch and the itatt ' > VA' land. By this, the two contending parties were formally rec<^!iv.ued, and the courts of London and Berlin guarantied the ftadtholderfliip, as well as the hereditary government of each province, in the houfe of Orange, with alj the rights and prerogatives fettled In the years 1 747 and 1 748 ; by wliich all attempts to difturb the dc neftic tranquillity ofthe republic, by meaus of any foreigu interference, appeared to Leef- fmually gctfded again,ft L/ the clofe uniou >hat fublifted between thofe two important powers. / The late revolution in Holland, in confequence e : he irruption of the French, and the expulCon of the ftadtholder frotu r «. co'.mtrv, iias already been 'xiefly ourated ia^aurhillory of Fraace^ tt> whic;^ .ve mufi! fttfcr tiic reader. *Sin»*jf3lWi^-«. ■'J ■'i\ /? 'Hi /iir .**■*■ !4 ■ NT. TH E R L A N D S.' 4« AFTER the5ndepend«ncy of the Seven United Provinces wasacknow- ledged, the Spaniards remained po(fefled.of the other ten provinces, or, !i5 they are -termed, the Low Cotjntries, until the diike of Marlbo- rongh, a gei.eral of the allies, gained the n:emorable vi:!^^r. of exterminating people who contended, only for their rights. Thefe things, they owned, might be terrible at the time, and eafily impofe upon weak minds, but " the natural courage of a nation rouled by repeated injuries, and animated by defpaif, would rife fuperioc to thofe laft efforts of vindidivc tyran. ny, and render -chem as irapoient and abortive, as they were wxCked and unexampled." For all which reafons they declared thevnfelves In- P£PENt>ENT, ami for ever ttleafedfrom the houft of Austria. The emperor, now perceiving the bad efFeds of bis cruelty, publiflied procJamatUms of indemnity, &c. but they were treated with the utmoft contempt. The patriots made the moft rapid couquefts infomuch, that before the end of the year they were mailers of every place in the Ne- therlands, except Antwerp and Luxemburg. Notwithftanding they thus appeared for cyer Separated from the houfe of Auilria, yet the death of Jofcph, happening foon after, produced fuch a change in the conduft of government, as gave a very unexpected tura to the fituation of affairs^; and the mild and paciiic difpofition of Leo- pold, who fucceedtd his brother, the couciiiatory mcafures he adopt- ed, together with the mediation of Great Britain, Pruffia, and Hol- land, made a material alteration in the affairs of thefe jiiovinces ; and a convention^ which was ^giied at Reichcnbach, on the 27th of July^ 1790, by the above-mentioned high contratling powers, Ivid for itsol). jecl the re-eftablifliment of peace and good order in the Belgic pro- yinces of his imperial mnjfsfly. ', Their majeftics of Great Britain and Pruffia, and the llates general of Holland, became, in the moft folemn manner, guarantees to thp emj;tror ,and bis fyfi^edbrs for the fovereignty of the lielgic provinces, now re- united under his dominion. The ratification of this convention was exchanged between the con- trailing parties within two months from the date of fi:.;r!ing, which was executed at the Hague, on the lotb of Decemb>^, 1790. ;j he incurfion of the French into thele provinces, their complete conqucft, and the final ceflion of them to France by the tivaty of . Campo Formio, have already been relattd in our hillory of the late "tranfaaions of that people ; wiiich will fuperfede the ncceliity of auy re- ctitton of it in this place. 4 t 497 1 GERMANY. SlTUA.TIOH AND ExTEMT. Miles. J Degrees. 8q. Miles. , Length 600 | k-m.,--.„ i 5 and 19 Eaft long. 7 „ /: Breadth 540 ] ^«*^"" j 45 and 55 NTorth lat. \ '^^'^S'- GiKMANY and Bohbmia contain 191,573 fquare milesy nrith 13 j inhabitants to each. BoBNDARiEs.] 1 HE empire of Germany, properly fo called, is bound- ed by the German Ocean^ Denmark, and the Baltic* OD the Nwth ; by Poland and Hungary, including Bohemia, on the Eaft; by Switzerland and the Alps, which divide it from Italy, on th«' South; and by the dominions of France and the Low Countries, on [the Weft, from which it is feparated by the Rhine, Mofeile, and the iMaefc. : Grand divisions.] The divifions of Germany, as laid down even [.by modern writers, are various and uncertain. We fliall therefore ad- there to thofe that are jnoft generally received. Germany formerly wai Idivlded into the Upper, or Southern, and the lower, or Northern. The iteiperor Maximilian, predeceflbr and grandfather to the emperor" Kharles V. divided it into ten great circles; and the divifion was cort- [irraed in the diet of Nuremberg, in 1 55:1 ; but the -tircle of Burgundy, lirthe feventeeft provinces of the Low Countriesj being now detached m the empire, we arejo confine ourfelves to nine of thofe divifions^ iiiiey now fubfift. " Of thefe, three are in the north, three in the middle, and t^ree ia tho. «th. ^ . : northern cirflei [circles in the middle sfottthern circles f Upper Sdxony < Lower Saxony Weftphalia ( Upper Rhine < Lower Rhine (^ Franeonia fAuftria < Bavaria iSwabte I. Uppbr saxony CiKCiE. Kvifions, Subdivifions. Chief Tovrns. jjjg f Pruf.Pomeraniia,NE^. f Stettin, E. Stf. M. ami, m North l^. ( Stettin, E. 1. ^4- 7 ;«,^: . }\ 50. N. lat. 53.30.} 4^** T.) (Stralfund . . 2991 iSwed. Pomer. NW jiiuienburg in r lieiniddle,fub. 1 Altmark, weft 1 fStendel *> Bits own elec- / Middlcmark > v Berlin, Potfdam > 10, the K. of I Newmark, eaft ) (Frankf.Ciiftria.) K,k • ' ' 919 # 49« ^ GERMANY. Civifions. Subdivifions. its own elector { Milnia, marq. fouth 1 Chief Towns, r Wittenberg ■^ Saxony Proper,in ( Duchjr of Saxony, N. '^ i Bautzen, Goi litz thefouthjtub.^o < Lufatia, marq. eaft > < Dref. E. Ion. 1 3 i 36. N.lat. CI. tMeiflen Thuringia, langr. weft f Saxe Meinungeni .5 ISaxe Zeitz -g g Saxe Altenb. SE. | © -^ The duchies of -< SaxeWeimar,W. ^"'o I SaxeCJo*ha, W. | their refpec- < Belchingen ( Mansfel. N. ) tive counts ( Mansfeldt. Erfurt fMeinungen Zeitz I Altenburg \ Weimar j Gotha j Eifnach t Saalfeldt The duchies of The counties of Principality of fiifliopric of - Duchy of - - ( Hall, mid. fub. to Pruf. -^ Saxe Naumburg, fubje£t ( to its own duke CStolberg, north-weft I Hohenftein, weft Hall Sq. ivr. 7500 3620 I40 IJOO 96 319 iltck ton king [Mer lHorthL W/ionj Naumburg Stolberg Northaufen Deflau, Zerbft 1 ., BernbergKothenpO'' Hall ' Anhalt, north — - Saxe Hall, weft Voigtland, fouth, fubjeft to ") p, the eleftor of Saxony C * '*^^'* 2. Lower SAXONY Circib^ \ 696 m MernD w'fion. HolfteinD. north of the •< Elbe K^el, fub. to Hoi- ftein Gottorp 1 5,j Ditmarfh, weft 2 ^3 5 Meldorp 7 fub. to r ">S^ Stormaria, fouth < ^ ^^ai Glucftat J Demn. Hamburg, a fo- j '5;^"^^ Hamburg, E. 1. 10-35. vereign Ihite | e^o'o I N. 1. 54. an Imperial ci rHolftein Proper,! c.>^'S &• p -^3 P WeDi. [fifiort. - ■•"CO- tWagerland, eaft J jS '"jC (.Lubec, an Imperial city £1 Xiauenbur? Duch\, north of the llbe, fub. >f , ^ ' jJa to Hanover - - JLauenburg "D. firunfwic 451 SubjeA to the duke \ Proper, S* ofBrunfwicWol-ie« to the { ^ ^^P^-i 0^^ ] '^°^ f ' 3. WESTPHALIA C.kc.., ' '^^ pmbdertC. or Eaft Frier > rp w ^ Oldenburg, e. ^ib,>;"'^^ penal dty j;3a I Pelmeiihurft f v Irl:^^ O'denburjrh J Olden burgli ^elmenhurft rM„W«B/fub''^rrf, J LMephol, p. . • "'"1 f»'""«5'-.E.Ion.> , ofPruffia °"'='"°8] f Clev«, E. i„l , , f«'K- fro"-/. '-P^latii^ ' '°"'^^'''°" -^ 8;o 400 495 '444 840 I20 Dufleldorf ^ , Juliers, Aix ; Ham Q Liege.,E.Ion.5.r6 7 ' ^^ N.lat. 50.40 J-J94* 1300 080 4. IJPPBR RHINE Circle. ^N. lat. 5o.;o • j Bentiieim 4i3 1x4 jHeflb CafleJ, landg. N. ,HefleMarpurgh,Iandg.N iu°'^'''''f-Sx-2o] 3^00 Hefle Darmftadt land! ^arpurgh "^ ^^^^h of the abive ifbdi- ' ^^'"'^^^t , , •;^n;el^dgrave. f^ 39«5 lio -4 I B^ G E R M A 1^ 'S'. DiViiions. X^^ountieS in the Wetteraw, ibulh 3 ^^ ■2**- •^ a u o o 4^ g S Subdiviilons. ^Naflau Dillenburghl .5^ NaiTau Diets NafTau Hadamar NaflTau Kerber~ Naflati Siegen NaiTau Idftein Nikflau Wielburg NaHau Wiibaden Naflau Blelfteid Naflau Otweiler t Naflau Uiingen (FrankfortontheMain, " E. Ion. 8- 30. N. lat. 50 10. an imperial city County of Erpach, fub. to iti own count Erpach eaft Biftiopric of Spire, a fovercign ftate | ^P^ °riaUif ^'"'' "" } ^"i^KfoTlfe^T^^^^^^ i ^"Tonts in the Palat. j»a Chief Towns. Sq.M fDillenburgh -| Diets Hadamar Kcrberg Sicgen Idflein Weilburg Wifbadci Bielfteid Otweiler Ufiiigen >noo i3d 10 County of Catienell>ogen,fub. to Hcfle CafleljCatzenclbogcn on theLhoi ' Wiildec, fub. to its own count ) f Wald«c Solms, fub. to its own count S(>ln'vs Hanau, fub. to Hcfle CaflTel Hanau , Ifenburg, fub. to its own count Ifenburg Counties of ^ Sayn S. ^ Savn VVied W'ied Wirgenftein Witgenfieirt Hatzfield ^ Hatzfield Wefterbur^ J I Wcfterburg Abbey of Fulda, fiibjeft to Its abbot - * - - - Fulda Hirfchfeld, fubjea to Hcfle Cafly >* HirfchfeW m 4 6i Diviflons. LOWEE RHINE^^rclb. Chief Towns. Palatinate of the Rhine, onl CH^del'j^'g on the Neckar, E. both fides that river, fub. i ^ JT'^'^"": kJ \*^'*° a ^ to' the eleftor Palatine j ) Ph.hplburgh, Manhe.m, and ■' (. Frankcndal on the Rhine. Divifions. Subdivifions. Chief Towns. ICologn ■ Mrntz : •53 « {Cologne, on the Rhine, E. Ion. 6-40. N. lat. $0.50. Bonn, on the Rhine Me.ntz, ort the Rhine, Af- J I chaffenb. on the Maine j Triers on the Mofelle Bifcopric of Wo,.. . fovereigo fta» { ^^T^prUi.^"-] , Duchy of Simmeren, fub. to its own duke. Simmeren. Triers J3 3 (A Counties of 'Rhinegraveftein Meurs, fubje^ to Frulfia Veldentz, uibjeft to the elec> tor Palatiiie , Spanheim- Leyningea 'RhinegravefteiBJ Meurs '■j Vddcntz j Creutznach [_^Lcyninjjca [SuWJvi/ion «chy of J wiaprof on the D oube ^latinate Bavaria fffffingpn, opric of G E R M A N f . P* \ — 6. FRANgONIA C^ctE. Divi/ions. Chief Towns. fWuit(burg,W.") fSub. to r tVurtfburg rics of < Bamberg, N. > < their rcf. V Bamberg ( Aichftai, S. ) ( bl^iops ( Aichftat {Cullenback, 1 (Sub. to their C Cullenbacit north-eaft > < refpcftive ^ Anfpach, S. ) (. margraves. ( Anfpach Subdivifions. Cnief Towns. Priacipality of Henneberg, N. " - - - • Henncberg Buciwof Cbburg, N. fubjeft to ks duke - Coburg pucKy of Hilburghaufen, fubjeft to its duke - Hilburghaufen Bargravate of Nuremberg, SE. an indc-j Nuremberg, an) pendent ftate I imperial city Sq.M. »64S J 700 90Q 1009 4Q4 640 Tmitory of the great mafter of the Teu- 1 Mcrgentheim towc order, Mergentheim, SW. - 3 fReTneck, W. ") f Reined ICounliei of < >< Bareith, £. fub. to its own mar. Paptnheim, S. f. to its ownC. Weftheim, W. CafTel, middle Schwarlzburg, fubjeA to its own count HolacH, SW. 7. AUSTRIA CiRCLi^. Reineck Bareith Papenheim Wertheim CafTel Schwartzburg middle Holacli } 56 f 188 120 96 220 Vit whole circle belongs to the emperor, as head of the houfe of Au< ftna. Plvifions. . ^ Chief Towns. ii Lj u e \ n. • (■ Vienna, E. Ion. 1 6- ao. N.lat. I Archduchy of Auftna proper j ^g-ai. Lints, Ens, weft iStiriaandCiUcy,C.^ r Gratz, Cilley, SE. 5000 Carinthia / XCIagenfurt, Lavem.SE.3000 Carniola > < Laubach, Zerknitz, J . <- i i Tnefte,St.Veits,SE.J^57& Goritia J (. Gorjts, SE. Pounty of Tyrol - - - - Infpruck 1 5W. on the confines f 3900 C Brixen ) ( Bijxcn > of Italy and Switz- < 1300 I Trent j (Trent ) erland \ a 19 8. BAVARIA CiRciE. IBillioprics of |Subdivi(ions, uchy of Ba-1 Subjeft to the varia proper cleftor Pala- on th? Da- 1 tineas fuccef- rube I for to the late j ^latinate of | eleftorofBa- | Bavaria J varia. (_ Ireflin^n, fubjcft to its biihop Chief Towns. Munich, E. len, 1 1-32. N. lat.*) 48-5. ;t,andfchut, Ingpld- 1 , flat, noith-\vei>: I^onawert I « [Ratif. N. an imperial city.] r*S®9 Amberi^ [SuUzbach], north j of the Danube. J Freffingen i]Ct "! ^f "!' ^f \'° '!' ?"] p^fl"^". £• «>f ^« ^^^ 240 940 I Si! ' i ,504 GERMAN Y. I §ubdivifions. Chief Towns. Sq. M, Puchy of Neubere, fubje^ to the7 XT u \xt r .l in eleaorPHlacine - - - - Ncubcrg, W. of the Danube ^ hs ^"Kl^;;'.^:'^'^:^' ':"': "^ 1 Saltzburgh, SE. Wea. its own archbifliop 450 as4o 9. SWABIA Circle. Duchy of Wurtemburg, ( Stiitgard, E. Ion fubjef the world ; many of whom do not repair thither for health, but for amufement and converfation. Mktals and MiNERAts.] Germany abounds in both. Many places in the circle of Auftria, and other parts of Germany, contain mines of filver, quickfilvcr, copper, tin, iron, lead, fulphur, nitre, and vitriol. Salt-petre, L It-mines, and falt-pits are found in Auftria, Bavaria, Silefia, anjd the Lower Saxony ; as are carbuncles, amethyfts, jafper, fapphire, agate, alabalkr, fcveral forts of pearls, turquois flones, and the fined of Tubies, which adorn the cabinets of the greateft princes and virtuofi. In Savaria, Tirol, and' Liege, are quarries of curious marble, (late, chalk, ochre, red lead, alum, and bitumen ; beiides other foiiils. In feveral places are dug up ftones, which to a ftrong fancy repreftut different ani. mals, and fo-netimes trees, or the human fo Many of the German circles fiirnifli coal-pits; and the terra fg. of Mentz, with white, yellow, and red veins, is thought to be an ^..^uote againft poifon. Vegetabl£ and ANiMAi, rRODiJCTioNs.] Thcfe differ iu Germany very little, if at all, from the countries already defcribed ; but naturalilis are of opinion, that, had the Germans, eve > before the middle of this century, been acquainted with agriculture, their country would have been the moft fruitful of any in Europe. Even in its prefent, what we ina3' call rude ftate, proviiions are more cheap and p'r ttiful in Ger* Oiany than in any oth* country perhaps in the world ; v. itnefs the pro- digious armies which the moft uncultivated part of it maintained dur- ing the late war. while many of the richeft and moft fertile provinces remained iftitouched. The Rhenifti and Mofelle wines differ from thofe of other conntriw in a peculiar lightnefs, and deterfive qualities, more fovereign in fome difeafes than any medicine. The German wilu.boar differs in colour from our common hogs, and is four times as large. Their flefh, and the hams made of it, are pre- ^red by many even to thofe of Weftmoreland, for flavour and grain. ^he gii/tion of Germany is faid to be the moft voracious of all animals. Its piey is almoft eVery thing that has life, which it can tnanage, efpe- cialiy birds, hares, rabbits, goats, and fawns; whom they furprifeart- fully, and devour greedily. On thefe the glutton feeds la ravenoufly, that it falls into a kind of a torpid ftate, and not being able to move, he i» killed by tlie huntfmen; but though both boars and wolves wilL kill him in that condition, they will not eat him. His colour is a beau- tiful brown, wth a faint tinge of red. Germany yields abundance of excellent heavy horfes ; but their horfes, oxen, and Iheepare not comparableto thofe of England, probably owing todtheir wantLof |k^l Jn iveding and rearing them. Some parts of Ger* GERMANY. fof. 1,100,000 300,000 380,000 4,150,000 1,148,438 350,000 565,890 soo,ooo 40,000 400,000 g^any ai^ fcnfiArl^Al^'c for 6ne larks, and great variety of fiitging birdi, irbich arc fent to aU parts of Europe. Population, ivHABiTAMS, MANNBR8, 1 As the empire of Ger< CUSTOMS, DIVERSIONS, AND DRESS. j many is a colle£tion of (eMrate dates, each having a ditferent government and police, it hath been difficult to fpeak with precIHon as to the number of its inhabU tints ; but the following eftimate has been formed of them : Moravia - - - - - Auftrian Silefia - . - • • High and Low Lufatia • - • Circle of Auftria - . - Bavaria , - . . . Archbifliopric of Saltzburg - • Wurtemberg - , . Baden - - • Augfburg ^ - . • V Bamberg and | Wnrtlburg j Nuremberg - . - . » . Juiiers and Berg * . Munfter - - . • • ' Ofnpburg - - - - ThePruffian Eftates in the Circle of Weftphalia Naflau, Dillenberg, Siegen, Dictz, a' 1 Hadaman Oldenburg - - - Mentz - . • - . Palatinate of Rhine - . * Hefle Caflel and Darmftadt - • ' Fttlda ^ - - Frankfort on the Main , - - - High Saxony, and Circle of Franconia Swedifli Pomerania •> •> • Pruffian Pomerania .- * • Brandenburg ? • - " fiotha - - ( - Sciiwartzburg, Magdeburg, and Mansfeldt " Halberiladt and Hohenftcm • Hanover - - • - Brualu'ic - '■■* - • Holftdn - - ; ri'\. [Mecklenburg Mulbaufen [Hamburg . • • • 70,000 260,000 1 50,000 116,664 550,000 74,699 314,00a £89,614 700,000 7,000 42,600 1,326,041 ioo,54<> 462,970 x,oo7,23» 77,898 371,461 130,761 750,000 166,340 300,000 220,000 13,000 100,000 17,166,869 ' This calculation extends^only to the principal parts of Germany ; and [when the inferior parts are added, the number in all, including the [kingdom of Bohemia, is now computed at twenty-fix millions; and lulien the landholders become better acquainted with agriculture and jcuiiivation, population mull naturally increafe among them. I The Germans in their perfons are tall, fair, and flrong built. The liadies have generally fine complexions; and fome of them, efpeciali/ [in Saxony, have all the delicacy of features and fliape that are fo be* lititching in fume other countries. I m ^,u.> $m GERMANY. Both men and women aPeft rich dreflfes^ which in fafhion are the fame as in France and England : but the better fort of men are excef. fively fond of gol ' and filver lace; efpecially if they are in the army. The ladies at the principal courts differ not much in their drefs from the French and Englifli, only they are not ib exceffively fond of paint as the former. At fome courts they appear in rich furs-, and all of themi ar^ loaded with jewels if they can obtain them. The female part of the burghers' families, in '.r.any of the German towns, drefs in a very dif. ferent manner, and feme of them inconceivably fantaflic, as may be feen in many prints publiflied in books of travels; but in this refpeft^ they are gradually reforming, and many of them make quite a different appearance ii their drefs from what they- did thirty or forty years ago. As to the peasantry and labourers, they drefs, as inother parts of Eu- rope, according- to their employments, conveniency, and circumftan- ccs. The flores aiade ufe of in Germany are the fame with thofe aU ready mention ed in the northern nations, and are fometimes pade porta, ble, fo that the ladies carry them to church. In Weftphalia, and many other parts of Germany, they fleep between two feather beds with Iheets ditched to them, which by ufe becomes a^very comfortable praftice. The moft unhappy part of the Germans are the tenants of little needy princes, who fqneeze them to keep up their own grandeur} but in general, the circumftances of tl^e common people are more com- fortable than thofe of their neighbours. The Germans are naturally a frank, honcfl, hof^itable people, free from artifice and difguife. The higher orders are ridiculoufly proud of 'titles, anceftr)', and Ihow. The Germans in general are thought to want animation, as theij- perfons prpmifemore vigour and aftivity than they commonly exert, even in the freld of battle. But when commanded by able generals, efpecially the Italians, fuch as MontecucuH and •prince Eugene; they have done great things both againft the Turks and the French. The imperial arms l;ave feldom made any remarkable ble people, free iloufly proud of arc thought to nd aftivity than hen commanded [ontecuculi and „ the Turks and iy remarkable fi- [swedes or Spat loffibly might be for' in the two valour and ge- lat charafteriftics rt of it. Their tie, efpeciallvm drawing, paint- ,e{liallhaveoc. with intempe- lowing to the vaft IvervVrnd. M great eft tables, [ |e vepaft is i^o">- toalis have been! Bs, funerals, and |h honoui', that a j Is with more cre-l her nation. Alll pveatlypepl'«i Uian hvillwnM^"«l [es to their la^'^Sl who are not entitled to any pre-eminence at the table ; noir indeed do they feem t6 afFeft it, being far from cither ambition or loquacity, thoigh they are faid to be fomewhat too fond of ganrting. From whal bas been preniifed, it may eafily be conceived, that many of the Ger- man nobility, having no other hereditary eftate than a high-founding title, eafily enter into their armies, and thofe of otheV fovereigns. Their fendnefs for title is attendedwith many other inconveniences. Their princes think that the cultivation of their lands, though it might treble their revenue, is beiow their attention; and that, as they are a fpecies of beings fupeiior td lab'^urers of every kind, they would degrade them- felves by being concerned in the improvement of their grounds. The domeftic diverfions of the Germans are the fame as in England ; billiards, cards, dice, fencing, dancing, and the like. In fummer, - people of fafhion repair to places of public refort, and drink th \<^aters. As to their field diverfions, befides their favourite one of hunt..ig, they have bull and bear-baiting, and the like. The inh.<')itant8 of Vienna live luxupoulfy, a great part of their time being fpent in feafting and carouf> ing; and in wmter, when thefeveral branches of the Danube are fro- zen over, and the ground covered with fnow, the ladies take their re- creation in fledges of different Ihapes, fuch as griffins, tigers, fwans, fcallop-ihelk, &c. Here the lady fits, drefl'ed in velvet lined with rich furs, and adorned with laces and jewels, having on her head a velvet cap; and the fledge is drawn by one horfe, flag, or other creature, fet off with plumes of feathers, ribands, and bells. As this diverfion is taken chiefly in the night-time, .fervants ride before the fledges with torches ; and a gentleman, ilanding on the fledge behind, guides the horfe. Religion.] This is a copious article, but I fliall confine myfelf to what is mofl necelfary to be known. Before the reformation introduced by JLuther, the German bifhops were poffeffed (as indeed many of them arc at this day) of prodigious power and revenues, and were the tyrants of the emperors as well as the people. Their ignorance was only equal- led by theii; fuperftition. The Bohemians were the firfl who had an idea of reformation, and made fo glorious a ftand for many years againft the errors of Rome, that they were indulged in the liberty of taking the facrament in both kinds, and other freedoms not tolerated in the Romifli church. This was in a great meafure owing to the celebrated Englifh- man, J6hn Wickliffe, who went much farther in reforming the real errors of popery than Luther himfelf, though he lived abdut a century jmd a half before him. Wickliffe was feconded by John Hufs and Je- rome of Prague, who, notwithftai.ding the emperor's fafe-condu6l, were infanjoufly Burnt at the council of Conftance. The reformation introduced afterwards by Luther *, of which we have fpoken in '.he Introduftion, though it flruck at the chief aDufes in the church of Rome, was thought in fome points (particularly that of confubftantiation, by whi 5<^ GERMANY t! HOW pradifed in the church of Scotland) was introduced into Germany and is the religion profefled in the territories of the king of Pruffia, the hndgrave of Hefle, and fome other princes, who maintain a parity of ordors in the chflrch. Spme even aflert, that the numbers of proteftanti and papifis in the empire are now almoft equal. Germany, particu- larly Moravia and the Palatinate, as alfo Bohemia, is over-run with fedaties of all kinds ; and Jews abound in the empire. At prefent, the modes of worfliip and forms of church government are by the proteftant Cennan princes confidered in a civil rather than a religious livht. The protefta'nt clergy are learned and exemplary in their d portment, but the popifli, ignorant and libertine. - AacH«iSBOF AND SI3HOP-8BES.] Thcfe are differently reprefented t)y authors : fome of whom reprefent Vienna as beit|g; a futfragan to the archiepifcopal fee of Saltzburg ; and others as being an archbiihopric ' but depending immediately upon the pope. The otherr are the arch' bifliop of Mentz, who has under him twelve fuffiragans ; but one of them the bifliop of Bamberg, is faid to be exempted from his jurifdidion :-! Triers has three l\iffragans ; — Cologne has four ^ — Magdebiir<^ has five • •— Saltzburg has nine, befides Vienna ; — and Bremen three. At different periods iince the Reformation, it has been fomid expe- dient, to fatisfy the claims of temporal princes, to fecularife the foijow. ing bifliop-fees, Bremen, Verden, Magdeburg, Halberftadt, Minden, Lubec, and Ofnaburg, which laft goes alternately to the houfes of Ba- varia and Hanover, and is at prefent held by bis Britannic raajefty's fe- cond fon. Such of thole fees as were archbiflioprics are now confider- ed as duchies, and the biflioprics as principalities. Lakgvage.} The Teutonic part of the German tongue is an origi. nal language, and has no relation to the Celtic. It is called High Patch, and is the mother tongue of all Germany ; but varies fo much in its diale£i:, that the people of one province fcarcely underftand thofe of another. Latin and French are the mod ufeful languages in Germa- ny, when a traveller is ignorant of High Dutch. The German Pater- nofter is as follows: Un/er Vater^ der dubifi'm iimmel, geheilig(t werde dein name. Zukomme dein reich. Dein ■wille gefcJuhtj ivie im h'lmmel a'lfo auch atif trden. Uti/er tcegfich jrtdt ^iL teute. Und vergib uns unftre fchuldeity als wir vergeheti unfem^f *"' " Undfuchre uns nicht in verfuchung. ^fndtrn nijrfe um mn dein" \ , dein ijl das reich^ und die krafft, und illttJjeirfl(:hk))iUi^^igkeit; A men. Learning, ^earned men, 7 J!>i'fl<>uniaf^'J|lfcprodiJced a greater AND UNivERSiTiES/^v yvariety ofauthofs than German", and there is no where a more, general tafte tor reading, efpecially in the pro- teftant countries. Pr-i^ting is encouraged to a fault; almoft everv man of letters is an author ; they multiply book,* without number ; thoufands of thcfes and difputations are annually pnbliihed ; for no man can he a graduate in their univerfities, who has noi; pubiiflied one difpiuation at lead. In this country there are 36 univerfitics, of which i7arepro- teftant, 17 Rrman catholic, and t>.vo mixed; befides a vaft number of colleges, gymnafia, pedagogics, and Latin fchools. There are alfo many academies and focieties for promoting the ftudy of natural philo- fophy, the belles-lettres, antiquities, painting, fcujpture, architecflure, tec. as the imperial Leopoldine academy of tlie natura curioft : theaca- demy of fcicnces at Vienna, at Berlin, at Gottirigen, at Erfiirth, at Leip^c, at Duilburg, at Giefeu, and at Hamburg. At Diefden and Nmtipberg are academies for painting: at Berlin a royal military aci. demy ) and at Au^urg 1$ the imperial Franqifcan acadet^y of fine arts; GERMANY. $0f (o«»hich we ttiay add the Latin fociety at lena. Of the public Wbn^ rie6 the moft celebrated are thofe of Vienna, Berlin* Halle, Wolfen- buttle^ Hano\?r, Gottingen, Weymar, and Leipfic. Many of the Germans have greatly diftinguiflied themfelves in varJ* •us branches of learning and fcience. They have written largely Hpoil the Roman and canon laws. Stahl, Van Swieten, Stork, Holrman, and Haller, hive contributed greatly to the improvement of phytic ; Ruvi« BUS and Dillenius, of botany ; Heifter, ot anatomy and furgery ; and 2^ewman, Zimmerman, Pott, and MargrafF, ofchemiftry. Inaftrono- my, Kepler defervcdly obtained a great reputation; and Puffendorf t« one of the firil writers u>: the law of nature and nations, and has alftf tnerit as an hiftorian. But at the end of the laft century, and thfrbegin^ ning of the prefent, Germany, by her divines, and by her religious fefts^ was fo much involved in difputes about fyftematic theology, that few comparatively paid any attention to other parts of learning, or to polite literature. The language alfo, and the ityle of writing in German books, which at the time of the Reformation wais pure and original, he» came ridiculous, by a continual intermixture of Latin and French words; which, though they were not underflood by the people in ge- neral, were thought to give an air of fuperiority to the writers, and therefore much affected. For an opinion prevailed among the learned ill Germany, suu) many have not yet divefted thcmfelves of it, that compiling huge:~yfilumes, and larding them with numberlefs quotations from all forts of authors, and from all languages, was the true ted of Jreat erudition. Their produftions, therefore, became heavy and pe- antical, and were in confequence difregarded by other nations. It was about the year 1730, that the profpefts of literature in Ger- Wny began to brighten. Leibnitz and Wolfius opened the way to a better philofophy than had hithcto prevaile'L Gottfched, an author and profeflbr at Leipfic, who was greatly honoured by Frederic 11, king of Priiflia, introduced a berti r rafte of writing, by publirtiing a German grammar, and by inftitut: ' literary fuciety for polifhing and reftor- ing to its purity the Germaii ^u^ge, anl by promoting t' . udy of the belles-lettres. We may coiili(ier thi as the epocha fron. which the Germans began to write with cleg^i.^e in their owi language upon learned fubjedls, and to free themfelves in \ confidera e degree from that verboienefs and pedantry by which they had been ch if-aiflerifed. About this time feveral young men in the univerfity of L. ipfic, and other parts of Lower Germany, united in publill iig fome periodical •works, calculated for the general entertainment perfons of literary tafte. Some of thefe gentlemen afterwards became enynent authors ; and their works are held in Germany in high eAimation. The ftyle of preaching among the German divines al now under* went a coniiderable change. They began to trandate te beft Englifh ind French fermons, particularly thofe of Tillotfon, oherlock, Saurin, Bourdaloue, and others. They improved by theie models : and Mof- beim, Spalding, Zollikofer, and others, have publifhed fermons which would do credit to any couritry : altho'igh thoy ftill retain too mucKof that prolixity for which German divines and corrimentators have been fo much cenfured. Nor can it be denied, that great numbers of the German preachers, even in large ^nd opulent towns, are flilltoo much diflinguimed by vulgar language, abfurd opinions, and an inattention to the dilates of reafon and good feiife. Some of the Englifli periodica! writings, fuch as the Speftatof, Tat- ler, and Quardiaiii, beiug traaQuted into the German lanj^uagej cxcitei 11 i Vo G E R M A N Yw great emulation among the writers of that country, and a number of p^/ riodical j^apcrs appeared, of various merit. One of the firft and bed was ptibliflied at Hamburg, under the title of "The Patriot; " in whicb Dr. Thomas, the late bifliop of Saliftury, was concerned ; he beinw at that time chaplain to the Britifh faftory at Hamburg, and a conliderabltf mafter of the German language. The late profefl;)r Giilert, who is one of the moft elegant of the German authors, and one of'the moft eftecm* ed, has greatly contributed to the improvement of their tafte. His way of writiiig is particularly adapted to touch the heart, and to infpirefen^ timents of morality and piety. His fabled and narrations written in German verfe, his letters, and his moral romances, are fo much read in Germany, that even many of ih"' ladies have them almoft by heart. His comedies are alfo very popular; though they are rather too fentiw mental, and better adapted for the clofet than for the ftage. Haller, the famous phyficiaii, Hagedorn, Uz, Cronegh, Leffing Gleim, Gerftenberger, Kleift, Klopftock, Ramler, Zacarie, Wieland* and others, have excelled in poetry. Schlegcl, Cronegh, Lefling, Wiel land, and Wiefe, have acquired fame by their dramatic writings. Ra- bener has, by his fatirical works, immortalifed his name among the Germans ; though fome of his pieces are of too local a nature, and too much confined to German cuftoms, manners, and charafters, to be read with any high degree of pleafure by perfons of other nations* Gefner • whofe Idylls and Death of Abel h^ve been trandated into the Englifh language, and favourably received^ is better known to an Englifli readen- In chemiftrv and in medicine, the merit of the Germans is very con^ fpicuous ; and Reimarus, Zimmermann, Abt, Kajftner, Segner, Lam- bert, Mayer, Kruger, and Sulger, have acquired fame by their philo- Ibphical writings. Bufching is an excellent geographical writer ; and Mafco, Bunau, Putter, Oatterer, and Gebaur, have excelled in hifto- rical works. But it cannot be denied that the Germans, in their ro- mances, are a century behind us. Moft of their publications of this kind are imitations of oufs, or elfe very dry and uninterefting; which perhaps is owing to education, to falfe delicacy, or to a certain tafle of knight-errantry, which is ftill predominant among fome of their novel* writers. Jn works relating to antiquity, and the arts kno'-'n among the ancients, the names of Winckelman, Klog, and Lefling, are familiar with thofe who, are fkilled in this branch of literature. In ecclefiaftical, philofo- plilcal, and literary hiftory, the names of Albertus Fabricius, Moflieim^ Sq mler, ai "i Brucker, are well known among us. Raphelius, Michaelis, and Wakii, are famous in facred literature. Cellarius, Burman, Taub- man, Reilke, Ernefti, Reimarus, Havercamp, and Heyne, have pub- iifhed fome of the bed editions of Greek and Latin claffics. It is an unfavourable circumftance for German literature, that the French language fliould be fo fafliionable in the German courts indead of the German, and that fo many of their princes fhould give it fo de- cided a preference. Frederic II. king of Pruflia, had ordered the Philo- fophical Tranfadioiis of his royal fociety at Berlin, from the beginning of its inflitution, to be publiflied iathe French tongue ; by which, fome of the Germans think, s niajcfty call a very undeferved reproach upon his native language. With refpt^l to the fine arts, the Germans have acquitted themfelves very well. Germany has produced fome good painters, architeds, fculptors, and engrnvers. They even pretend to have been thefirfl in- venton of engraving, etching, and xnezzotiutp. Prmtlng, if firU w GERMANY. iH. tented in Holland, was foon after greatly improved iti Germany. The Germansv are generally allowed to be the firft inventors of great»guns, as alfo of gunpowder, in Europe, about the year 1 320. Germany has like- wife produced fome excellent muficians; Handel, Bach, Hafle, and Haydn, of whom Handel (lands at the head, having arrived at thefub-^ lime of mu fie* Cities* towns, forts, and other edifices,! This is a copious PUBLIC AND PRiv ATE ; with occiifionaheftimates > head in all coun* ofREVENUEs AND population. 3 ^'^'^^* ^"^ "^^ro par> ticularly fo in Germany, on account of the numerous independent iiatcs it contains. Though Berlin is accounted the capital of all his Pruflian majefty's dominions, and exhibits perhaps the njoft illuftrious example of fudden jmprovemeat that this age can boaft of; yet,duringthe feven years* war^ it was found a place ofno ftrength, and fell twice, almoft without re* Cftance, into the hands of the Auftrians, who, had it not been for the politeuefs of their generals, and their love of the fine arts, which al- ways preferves mankind from barbarity and inhumanity, rvould have levelled it to the ground. Berlin lies on the river Spree, and, befides a royal palace, has many other fuperb palaces ; it contains fourteen JjUtheran, and eleven Cal-* vinift churches, befides a popifh one. Its ftreets and fquares are fpacious^ and built in a very regular manner. But the houfes, though neat without^ areillfiniflied, and ill furniflied within, and very indifferently provided with inhabitants. The king's palace here, and that of prince Hcnry^ are very magnificent buildings. The opera>houfe is alfo a beautifuf ftrafture : and the arfenal, which is handfomely built in the form of it fquare, contains arms for 200,000 men. There are fundry maqufadures, in Berlin, and feveral fchools, libraries, and charitable foundations. The number of its inhabitants, according to Bufching, in 1755, was. 126^1, including the garrifon. In the fame year, and according to the feme author, there were no.fewer than 443 filk looms, 149 of half filks, 2858 for woollen ftuffs, 453 for cotton, 248 for linen, 454 for lace-work, 39 frames for filk rtockings, and 310 for worded ones. They have here manufaAures of tapeftry, gold and filver lace, and mirrors. The decorate of Saxony is by nature the richeft country in Germa- ny, if not in Europe; it contains aio walled towns, 61 market-towns, and about 3000 villages, according, to the lateft accounts of the Ger- mans themfelves (to which, however, we are not to give an implicit belief); and the revenue, eftimatingeach rix-dollar at four fliillings and fix-pence, amounts to 1,350,0001. This fum is fo moderate, when compared to the richnefs of the foil (which, if we are to believe Dr. Bufching, produces even diamonds, and almoft all the precious ftones ' to be found in the Eaft Indies and elfewhere, and the variety of fplendid 1 manufeftures),that I am apt to believe the Saxon princes to have been I the moft moderate and patriotic of any in Germany. We can fay little more of Drefden, the eleftor of Saxony's capital, I than has been already faid of all fine cities, that its fortifications, pala- ces, public buildings, churches, charitable foundations, and, above all, its fuburbs, are magnificent beyond all expreflion ; that it is beau- Ififully fituated on both fides the Elbe ; and that it is the fchool of Ger- jmany for ftatuary, painting, enamelling, and curving; not to mention jits mirrors, and founderies for bells and cannon, and its foreign commerce jcarried on by means of the Elbe. The inhabitants of Drefden, by the jiitcil accounts, amount to 110,000. . ' . §i* GERMANY. 1* i 151 Th* city6f Ldpficin Uppef Saxony, 46 miles diftant from Drefden » 4tuitted'>h i t)Ieafant and fertik plain on the Pleiflb, and the inhabitants •re Aid to amount to about 40,000. There are alfo large and well.built Aiburbs with baridfome gardens. Between thefe fuburb» »nd the town it a fine walk of liitle- trees, which was laid out in the year 1702 and cncompafles the city. Mqlberry-trees are alfo planted in the town- ditcbk^ : but the foftifications feenti rather calculated for the ufe nt the inhtkbitartts to walk on, than for defence. The ftreets are clean, cotn- fliodious^ and agreeable, and are lighted in the night with feven hundred lamps. They reckon 436 ni^chant houfes, and 192 manufa6torie8 of different articles, as brocades, paper, cards, &c. Leipfic has long been diftlnguiflied for the liberty of confcience allowed here to perfons of different fentiments in religion. Here is an univerfity, which is ftiH very confiderable, with fix churches for the Lutherans (theirs being the eftabllflied religion), one fortheCalvinifts, and a chapel in the caftle for thofe of the Komini church. The univerfity-Iibrary confifts of about a6,ooo volumes, 6000 of which are folios. Here is alfo a library for the magiftrates, which confifts of about 36,000 volumes and near 2000 maruifcripts, and contains cabinets of urns, antiques, and medals with many cui ioQties of art and nature. The exchange is an elegant building. The city of Hanover, the capital. of that electorate, (lands on the. river Leine, and is a neat, thriving, and agreeable city. It contains a- bout twelve hundred houfes, among which there is an eledlorai palace. It carries on fome manufaftures ; and in its neighbourhood are the pa. lace and elegant gardens of Herenhaufen. The dominions of the e- ledlorate of Hanover contain about feven hnndiYd and fifty thoufand people, who live in fifty-eight cities, and fixtv market town§, befides villages. The city and fuburbs of Bremen, belfmging, by purchafe,t(» the uid cle^or, contain .about fifty thoufand inhabitants, who hare a tonfiderable trade by the Wefer. The other towns belonging to thii dedorate have trade and manufactures ; but in general, it muu be re- marked, that the eleftorate has fuffered greatly b^ the accelBon of the Hanover family to the crown of Great-Britain. It may be proper to mention, on account of its relation to our royal family, the fecularifed bifhopric of Ofnaburg, lying between the rivers Wefer and Ems. The chief city, Ofnaburg, has been long famous all over Europe for the ma- nufaAure known by the name of the duchy, and for the manufacture of the beft Weftphalia hams. The whole revenue of the bifhopric a- founts to about 30,0001. Breflau, the capital of Silefia, ivhich formerly belonged to the king- dom of Bohemia, lies on the river Oder, and is a fine city, where all fcifh •f Chriftians and Jews are tolerated ; but the magiftracy is Lutheran Since Silefia fell under the Pruffian dominion, its trade is greatly im- proved, being very inconfiderable before. The manufactures of Silelta,! which principally centre at Breflau, are numerous. The revenue of the whole 18, by fome, faid to bring his Pruflian majefly in near a million fierling ; but this fum feems to be exaggerated i if, as other authors of note write, it never brought in to the houfe of Auftria above 500,000), f yearly. Frankfort on the Main, fo called to diftinguifli it from another of] the fame nime on the Oder, is fituated in a healthful, fertile, and it-\ Jightful country, on the river juft mentioned, by which it is divided in- to two parts, dilUnguiflied by the names of Frankfort and Saxenhaufen.! The ioniier of thcre> being the largeil, is divided into twelve wi ' — > "III '"•from t "Wefometo iBaffigned t( of wrman '"HI prevails "•ops of the J The houf 'afothemacri I; but the eiTc '^fiy in its ''"^Veaspoo ,J*7»AL AH ^ t'lis artici "7 produce GERMANY. ind the htter info two • a^^ u u S'l thoufand houfes. Th^*f^'J'°^h'^^^ computed to cnt^f.' ^ form a decagon or fia» "'^"'''^''^ ^hich aVe both "? *«"' »^«, outWks are plL7 • J^^P» ,«"d fiJlcd with frefl, iff'"'* '^^"^ ^'^^ .nd imperi.! ciry. ullZfl ''?' ^'"«^ *»^ ^^^ Romans anS^'^.rP'"" °' toebnvateflruaurft, o/a kni.f ''^' '''""S^ ^^''•e are &1^^ of palaces; as the hi, i^; Kintfof re4 marblel thar/^Jr ^*^ "^"^'■ DMT the bridge over f h. iJ^^ German-houfe, an aui„ft i-^'"°"^°'^' ^^e Vienna is the canhJr^f J^*^'*" ^'^ ^'^ewife three nW. • ^.'"> J'^'^^u. •ffte emperor isTn. r j*'*^ ^''''-'^^ o^ AulWa and ^K " ^^^ ^'^•-^'■«- Bothmg thaf cou/d " nt?ihPr"'"^f f''^ houfe o^^^^ J' " ^ "oble .«^«s a'n excellent Z^^ '^ ''' i^^eur and rkh« vT °'^'"^** krownmajTiilrate^ l»i ^' ® ''3"^» "'hich is in V? ^jtnna con- tie auiiccoSri*'r'.' '°"''*^^ commerce i"''^J."'^"«gement of Wa /ixth part of i f £'°"^'^"J^^'"g«. with th^ Ss anH^'^ '"i^^'^ '« h°"'$l be endlefs tn V ' ''"' ''>*= Suburbs ar?ji'"l«^'''^^"«. oc-, k which are"mperial ;rr"'' '^' -"any paiac,3 ^?,?;^*" .'^'^ ^"X- "ongothers, the fin. '"'^I^^'^^h academies an/rK'-*''*^'''^' ^«'« hits of c'uSt ' Amoif ">^^ .^"S-^with histT;? ^ •^°'^' ^-' fcion, built in honour nf S "^ "' "^^ consents is nn^ ?! 'mperial . Nria; and one ofThe fi^/J ^o""trynian Sr cVl^"/ t'^' Scotch' Wmbrance of fome nof IP^^' °^ ^^"^ city is called fh' l^ P'"'^" °f > nation. TheTnhabiL : ""^I^^f P^'-^^^med £ bv th'^' 2^^^' ^" hutedat about Xeeh-'/^i""""' ^•ncI..dW Z ^k'T^* °^ wn them' by their fovr-"^''^*^ thoufand ; and £ "^" '"''«' «« . ■H. 5»4 GERMANY. Clent and modern. The tun at Heidelberg holds 800 hogHieads, and U generally full of the beft Khenifli win«, from which Grangers are feldom ruffered to retire fobert Vienna itfelf is a curiofity ; for here you fee ^e greateft variety of inhabitants that is to be met with any where, a Greeks, Tranfyivanians, Sclavonians, Turlis, Tartars, Hungarians Croats, Germans, Poles, Spaniards, French, and Italians, in their pro- per l^bits. The imperial library at Vienna is a great literary rarity, on account of its anaent manufcripts. It contains upwards of 80,000 Voldmcia, among which ate many valuable manufcri]pts ui Hebrew, Syri> ac, Arabic, TtJniifl), Armenian, Coptic, and Chinefe; but the antiquity of fome of them is queftionable, particularly a New Teftanie'nt in Greeks £tud to have been written 1500 years ago, in gold letters, upon purple. Here are likewife many thoufand Greek, Roman, and Gothic coins and medals ; with a vail coUeAion of other curiofities in art and na> ture. The vaft Gothic palaces, cathedrals, caftles, and above all, town- houfes in Germany, are very curious, and imprefs the beholder with their rude magnificence ; many caflles have the fame appearance, pro- bably, as they had 400 years ago; and their fortifications generally confift of a brick wall, trenches fiUed with water, and baftions or half- moons. Next to the lakes and waters, tiie caves and rocks are the chief na. tural curiofities of Germany. There is faid to be a. cave, near Blacken- burg, in Hartz-foref^, of which no perfon has yet found the end, though many have advanced into it for twenty miles. But the mod remarkable curiofity of that kind is near Hamelen, about thirty miles from Hanover, where, at the mouth of a cave, (lands a monument which commemorates the lofs of 130 children, who were there fwal- lowed up in 1284. This faft, however, though it is very ftrongly at- teftcd, has been difputed by fonie critics. Frequent mention is made of two rocJts near Blackenburg, exa6Uy reprefenting two monks in their proper habits ; and of many iiones which feem to be petrifactions of fifties, frogs, trees, and leaves. CoMMEacE AND MANUFACTURES.] Germany has vail advantage in point of commerce, from its fituation in ^he heart of Europe, and being interfered, as it were, with great rivers. Its native materials for commerce (befides the mines and mineral I have already mentionnl) are hemp, hops, flax, anife, cumin, tobacco, faffron, madder, tnifflo^ variety of excellent roots and pot-herbs, and fine fruits, equal to thofe of France ai>d Italy. Germany exports to other countries, com, to-j bacco, horfes, lean cattle, .butter, cheefe, honey, wax, wines, linen isi ti'oolltn yarn, ribands, filk and cotton fluffs, toys, turnery wares it wood, metals, and ivgry, goat-fkins, wool, timber both for fliip-buiU' ing and houfes, cannon and bullets, bombs and bomb-fliells, iron plati^ and (loves, tinned plates, (leel work, copper, brafs-wire, porcelain tlMJ fineil upon earth, earthen-ware, glaffes, mirrors, hogs' briflles, moiiiii beer, tartar, fmalts, zafier, Pruflian blue, printers' ink, and manyc' things. Some think that the balance of^ trade between England Germany is to the difadvantage of the former ; but others are of a ferent ooinion, as they cannot import coarfe woollen manufadurn, fcvcral bther comthodities, fo cheap from any other country. T^ie revocation of the edift of Nantes by Lewis XIV. which obi ed the French proteftants to fettle in different parts of Europe, was Infimte fenricc to the German manufaflure^. They now make vel' filks, fluffs of all kinds, fine and coarfe; linen and thread, andv thing heccfiary for wear, to grcit pcrfeftion. The procclain of Mi' Mil lea^ beei com ofC C( fflanj |ovei confe empei reftor iiipjrcr peror, the em thecoi The that, be <'epufie! their ov duced to Thed Wonged German ChirJes ' A the el puppofcd, «'meem /"id the r pcceeds, , ^^nchif '0 taxes, '^•hfn and *aneJe«f^J N- m ,:'<"ge JJ.] "^ while J ^nenind 'Pfrial coi » in order] N, ThJ /f *^en ir [oecond, i hird, Tl ^'«ciet 80,000 ew, Syti« antiquity ;m Greek, on pMTple. ►thic coins trt and na^ :aU,town- ^oWer wAth irance, pro- 15 generally ions or half* the cWef na« tear Blacken- jnd the end, But the moft I thirty m\K a monument .fc there fwal- iryftronglyaj. enlionismaof monks in their jetrifaftionsot raft advantagtJ f EuropeiaM re materials fM idy mentioned) | ladder, tr\iiae» I ^ equal to thok tries, com, to* ^ vines, Vrnen"!* ,rnery waf J, X for fliip-h«* hells, iron pl«'" re, porcelain . briftles, ram and many ot"" en En&l»7 Ws are of a lanufaaures, [iV. which oi'i : Europe, wf [ow makevf ceUinofMcH 5»5 in tfie cleft orate df Saxony, and its paintings, have been long in great repute. Trading companies.] The Afiatic com]»any of Embden, «lYa- blilhed by Frederic II. king of Praflia, was, exclufive of the Hanfcadc league, the only comnaercial company in Germany ; but no fliips have been fent out fince the year 1 760. The heavy taxes impofed on the company have been the caufe of its total annihibtion. In the great cities of Germany, very large and extenfive partnerfhips in trade fubfilh Constitution and government.] Almou every orlncc in Gel*- many (and there are about 300 of them) is arbitrary with regard to the government of his own eftates ; but the whole of them form a great confederacy, governed by political laws, at the head of 'which is the emperor, and whofe power m the coUeftive body, or the diet, is not di. reftorial, bnt executive ; but even that gives him vaft influence. The fupreme power in Germany is the diet, which is compofed of the em • peror, or, in his abfence, 01 his commiffary, and of the three colleges oi' the empire. The tirft of thefe is the electoral college; the fecond is the college of princes ; and the third, the tollege of imperial towns. The empire was hereditary und^r the race of Charlemagne, uut after that, became eleftive; and in the beginning, all the princes, nobility, and deputies of cities, enjoyed the privilege of voting. In the reign of Hen- ry V. the chief ofHcers of the empire altered the mode of eleflion in their own favour. In the year 1239, the number of electors was re- duced to feven. One elector was added in 1649, and another in 1692. The dignity of the empire, though ele£kive, has for fome centuries belonged to the houfe of Auftria, as being the moft powerful of tie German princes; but, by French management, upmi the death of Charles VI. grandfather, by the mother's fide, to the emperor Jofeph II. the elector of Bavaria was chofen to that dignity, and died, as it is iluppofed, heart-broken, after a fliort uncomfortable reign. The power oftiie emperor is regulated by the capitulation he figns at his election ) and the perfon, who in his life-time is chofen king of the Romans, [fucceeds, without a new ele£lion, to the empire. He can confer titles and liranchifements upon cities and towns ; but, as emperor, he can levy taxes, nor make war or peace, without the confeut of the diet. Vhen that confent is obtained, every prince muft contribute his fso/a f men and money, as valued in the matriculation roll, though perhaps, an elef^or or prince, he may efpbufe a different fide from that of the iet. This forms the intricacy of the German conftitution; fojf jeorge II. of England, as eleAor of Hanover, was obliged to furnifii fijtcta againft the houfe of Auftria, and alfo againft the king of Pruf- while he was fighting for them both. The emperor claims a pre* lency fdr his ambafladors in all Chriftian courts. The nine ele^kors of the empire have each a particular office in the iperia! court, and they have the fole cleftion ot the emperor. They f in order, Firft, The archbiftiop of Mentz, who is high- chancellor of the em- fe when in Germany. joecond, The archbifliop of Triers, who is high chancellor of the cm* in France. hird. The archbiftiop of Cologne, who is the fame in Italy. he king, or rather elector of "Bohemia, who is cup bearer. he eleetor of Bavaria, who is grand fewer, or officer vfha iervti otft Keafkj. . , Hie cleftot of Saxony, who is great marfttai of the tm^iEe. L 1 2 Si6 GERMAN Y. The eIc(Jlor of Brandenburg (now king of Pruffia), who is great chatrv. berlain. The eleftor Palatine, :jf ho is great Reward ; and, The eledtor of Hanover (king of Great Britain), who claims the poft of arch-treafurer. It is neceflary for the emperor, before he calls a diet, to have the ad- ▼ice of thofe members; and, during the vacancy of the imperial throne, the eleAors of Saxony and Bavaria have jurifdiflion, the former over the northern, and the latter over the fouthern circles. The eccleHaftical princes are as abfolute as the temporal ones in their fevcral dominions. The chief of thefe, befides the three ectlefiaftical eledlors already mentioned, are the archbifliop of Saltzburgh, the bU ihops of Liege, Munfler, Spire, Worms, Wurtzburg, Stra(burg, Ofna. burg, Bamberg, and Paderborn. Befides thefe, there are many other ccclefiaftical princes. Germany abounds with many abbots and ab- befles, whofe jurifditflions are likcwife abfolute, and feme of them very confiderable ; and all of them are chofen by their feveral chapters. The chief of the fecular princes are the landgrave of Hefle, the duke$ of Brunfwic, Wolfenbottle, Wiirtemberg, Mecklenburg, Saxe-Gotha, the marquiffes of Baden and Culmbach, with the princes of Naflau, Anhalt, Furftenburg, and many others, who have all high titles, and are overeigns in their own dominions. The free cities are likcwife fove- reign ftates : thofe which are imperial, or compofe part of the liiet, bear the imperial eagle in their arms; thofe whitih are Hanfe townsi of which we have fpoken in the IntrodudVion, have (111! great privileges and immunities, but they fubfift no longer as a political body. The imperial chamber, and that of Vienna, which is better known by the name of the aulic council, are the two fupreme courts for deter- mining the great caufes of the empire, arifing between its refpeftive members. The imperial council confifts of fifty jiidges or alTtflbrs. The prefident and four of them are appointed by the emperor, and each of the eleftors choofes.one, and the other princes and ftates the reft. This court is.at prefent held at Wetzlar, but formerly refidedat Spire : and caufes may be brought before it by appeal. The auiic council was originally no better than a revenue court of the dominiooi of the houfe of Auftria. As that family's power increafed, thejurii". di£tion of the aulic council was extended upon the powers of the im- perial. chamber, and even of the diet. It confifts of a prefident, a vice.j chancellor, a vice-pre(ident, and a certain number of aulic counfellor;, of whom fix arc proteftants, befides other officers; but the emperor, ii fa£t, is mafter of the court. Thefe courts follow the ancient lawsol the empire for their guides, the golden bull, the pacification of Falfai and the cfvil law. Befides thefe courts of juftice, each of the nine circles I havcalreadi mentioned, has a direAor to take care of the peace and order of the cItj cle. Thefe direftors are commonly as follow : for Weftphalia, the" Ihop of Munfter, or duke of Neuburg, For Lower Saxony, the elei of Hanover or Brandenburg! For Upper Saxony, the elei^lorofSi pny. For the Lower Rhine, the archbifliop of Mentz. For the Up| Rhine, the eleAor Palatine, or bifhop of Worms. For Franconia, tl biihop of Bamberg, or marquis of Culmbach. For Swabia, thedul of Wurtemberg, or bifliop of Conftance. For Bavaria, the eleftor Barnria, or archbilhop of Saltzburg; and for Auftria, the archduke Auftria, his imperial majefty. Upon any great emergency, after the vptes of the diet are collei!li an ti)< it I 10 I I M cbci Au{\ that met kqm bepr lyapi This prefer thene provifi /fria, 1 vie* J, alJ the the Jate from tb It iiasii %ned t( eutirely peaJ to I fuhjefts ( happy; the more domeftici ofmijfic, win po.. Wth ref; many pJat fraiicoiiia Pfrfotai *^ereas, i ravia, Boh though in ["nperor, \ jferling, ari I Auftrian re Jerling in ( rredfric-W p/eas thofe jfhough he r P;,ooo,c( Pwa miijio [of the Germ P incomes *" that coun; '"faftures. q E R M A N Y. Sir cbanv-' the poft ; the ad- l throne, met over ■5 in their kfiaftical h, thebl-^l irg,Ofna- lany other ts and ab- le of them i\ chapters. , the dukes ,axe-Gotha, of Naffau, iiles, and are kewife fove- the liiet, bear fe towns', of ;at privileges sdy . better known irts for deter- its refpeftive 1 IS or affeffors. ieiTiperor, and and ftatesthel erly refidedati \l The aulicl ■he dominions I [fed, thejutif- •rs of the im- .fident,avice.| [ic counfelloRj ic emperor, itt ,ncicntlawso^ tion of Paffj'^ 1 1 have al Irderoflhecitl ^phalia, the W Ljy theelea^ eleaorofM I FortheUpt lFranconia,« Vabia, thedul 1 the eleaon [he archduke I let arc colW< and fcritence prt)nounccd, the emperor, by his prerogative, commits the execution of it to a particular prince or priiicefs, whnfe troops live at tree quarter upon the eftates of tne delinquent party, and he is obliged 10 make go d all expenfes. Upon the whole, the conflitution of the Germanic body- is of itfelf a ftudy of no fmall difficulty. However plaufibly invented the fevcral checks upon the imperial power may be, it is certain that the houfe of Auftria has more than once endangered the liberties of the empire, and that they have been faved by France. The houfe of Auftria indeed met with a powerful oppofition from the houfe of iTrandenburg, in con- feqitence of the aftivity and abilities of the king ot i'ruffia. It may here be proper to inform the reader of the meaning of a term which frequent- ly appears in the German hil^ory, I mean that of the Pragmatic San^ion, This is no other than a provifion made by the emperor Charles VI. for preferving the indivifibUity of the Auftrian dominions in the perfon of the next defcendent of the laft podeflbr, whether male or female. This provifion has been often difputed by other brjtnches of the houfe of Au- ihia, who have been occafionally fupported by France from political views, though the pragmatic fan^ion is ftrongly guaranteed by almoft all the powers of Europe. The late emperor, elector of Bavaria, and the late king of Poland, attempted to overthrow it, as being defcended from the daughters of the emperor Jofepli, elder brother to Charles VI, It has likewile been repeatedly oppofed by the court of Spain. Few of the territories of the German princes arc fo large as to be af- , figned to viceroys, to be oppreflTed and fleeced at pleafure ; iior are they eutirely without redrefs when they fufFer any grievance ; they may ap- peal to the general diet or greac council of the empire for relief. The fubjefts of the petty princes in Germany are generally the moft un- happy; for thefe princes, affefting the grandeur and fpiendor. of the more powerful, in the number and appearance of their officers and domeftics, in their palaces, gardens, pictures, curiofities, guards, i^ands ofmufic, tables, drefs, and furniture, are obliged to fupport all this vain pOi.-p and parade at the expenfe of their vaffals and dependents. With refpeft to the burghers and peafants of Germany, the former in many places enjoy great privileges : the latter alfo, in fovne parts, as in Franconia, Swabia, and on the Rhme, are generally a free people, or pfrform only certain fervices to their fuperiors, and pay the taxes : whereas, in the marquilate of Brandenburg, Pomerania, Lufatia, Mo- ravia, Bohemia, Auftria, &c. they may juftly be denominated (laves, though in different degrees. Revenues.] The only revenue fialling under this head is that of the emperor, who, as fuch, has an annual income of about 5000 or6oool. fterling, arifing from fome inccmfiderable fiefs in the JJlack Foreft. The Auftrian revenue<5 are immenfe, and arc thought to amount to 7,ooo,oool« ifterling in Germany and Italy ; a fum that goes far in thofe countries. Frederic-William I. of Pruffia, whofe revenues were not nearfo exten- ifiveas thofe of his fon, Frederic II. the uncle of the late king of Pruffia, though he maintained a large army, was fo good an economift, that he llefi 7,ooo,oool. fterling in his coffers ; and Silelia alone yields above jialf a million fterling annually, To behold tiie magnificence of many lof the German courts, a ftranger is apt to conceive very high ideas of Ithe incomes of their princes; which is owing to the high price of money ^that country, and, confequently, the low price of provifions and ma- Bufaftures. , MiiiTAiY STRENGTH.] Dufing the two laft wntSf very little regard LI5 S»8 GERMANY. WM ptid, ki carrying them on, to the ancient Gernnan conftitutions ; the whole ntanagemcnt being engrofled by the head of the houfe of Auftria, The ele^or of Mcntz keeps what is called a matriculation book, or re- gifter, which, among other nnatters, contains the aflefl'ment of men and money, wlych every, prince and ftate, who are members of the empire, ts to advance when the army of the empire takes the field. The contri* bntions in money are called Roman months, on acconnt of the monthly aflTeflTments, paid to the emperors when they vifited Rome. Thoie ai. feflments, however, are fubjeA to great mutability. It is fufficient here to ftLy^ that, upon a moderate computation, the fecular princes of the empire can bring to the field 379,000 men, and the eccleliaOical 74,100, in all 4$ 3*50* * of thofe, the emperor, as head of the houfe of AuAria, is fuppofcd^to furnilh 90,000. * The ele^or of Mentz niay maialaia • • The eleftor of Triers - -. « ♦ - The elt:£tor of Cologne • - 4 • The bilhop of Muimer • • . - . The biflinp of Liege - » • • The archbifltop o^ Saltzburg > • The bifliop of Wurtzburg n ., • The bifliop of Bamberg <. . - The biftiop of Paderborn ... The bifliop of Ofnaburg - - , ' The abb^t of Fulda • - . - The other biflioprics of the empire The abbeys and provoftfliips or the empire Total of the ccciefiafiical princes 74,500 .The The The The The The The The The The ,#The The The The The The emperor, for Himgary - - >. for Bohemia, Silefia, and Moravia for Auftria, and oth^r dominions king of Pruffia . • » • . eleftor of Saxony • v • elector Palatine • • > duke of Wurtemberg - . - . landgrave of He^e-Caflel ... prince 0^ Badea -. ■ . . ele^or of Hauover n •> duke of Holltein dyke of Mecklenburg * prince oj^ Anhalt - n prince oiF Lawenburg ■ ^, . n ele«5lor of JB^varia >♦, ' . - dukes of 5axony - - prince of Naflau ot^er princes and imperial towns "I .•^*^'* o^hc fecular princes , .T^ JCcljBjSaJicaj) prjnce? 379.«» I 74.500 uihi i;i:slfi :„■iH■>'i..■ 'By ^is co|np,utation, whfch i&.(af froi^ being exaggerated, it app that the emperor and empire form the motl pjowerful government in Eij top9''r ^:,if ^h^ ^c^leiio.wc wa^^uftil«jl» aiid properly dircfted, Gq * * -,,)^ GERMANY. 5«f s ; the uftria. orrc- en and impire, contri- fionthly lofe ai. snt here I of the cfiaftical Koufc of 74»50<> 379,000 74.S<»| 453»5<»J H, it appg mmentinbii lircaed, Gef I itatKf would havr nothing to fear from any of it» ambitious netshboiirfv Bat the different intcrefts purfued by the feveral princes of (>ermanjr render the power of the emperor of little confequence> AMD OTHER > The cmperof of Germany pre* TiT^BB) ARMS, AH D ORDERS. J tcnds to be fucceflor to the empe« (tin of Rome, and has long, on that account, been admitted to a tacit precedency on all public occafions among the powers of Europe. An- Uria is but an archdukedom ; nor ha^ he, as tne head of that houfe, a vote in the ele^ion of emperor, which is limited to Bohemia. }njni< merable are the titles of principalities, dukedoms, baronies,, and the like, with which he is veiled as archduke. The arms of the empireare a black eagle with two heads^ hovering with expanded wkig«4 io afield of gold; and over the heads ci' the eagle i» ieen< the imperial crawn. On the breaft of the eagle is anefcutcheon quartelrly ol eight, £ar HvM' rary, Naples, Jenifalena, Arr^^on, Anjou, Gelder9, finrbant, and Ban. t would be as ufelefs as difficult to enumenate all the diifereat q^artem inn and armorial bearings of the archducal family. Every (ildfUtf', and indeed every independent prince of any importance in Germany, claima a right of inttituring orders ; knit the emperors pretend that thi^ are not admifible unlefs confirmed by them. The emperors of Germany, as weH as the king? of Spain, confer the order of the Goldea Fleece, as dtf- fcendcd from the houfe of Burgundy. The eWprofti dowager Eleo- nonuin 1662 and i666,.cneated two orders of ladies, or femaie knighta; and the late emprefs-queen inflituted the order of St. Tere^i^. The order of the GoUeit FUece was inflituted at Bruges* in Flanders, on the loth of January, 1429, by Phiup duke of Burgundy, onthe'day of his marriage with hi; third wife. It is fuppoled that be chafe tiie badge^ it being the chief of the flaple manufactures of his countey. St atnrft confifled of thirty knights, including the fovereign, who were ofthefiril families in the Low Countries, and it ftiU continues to be dalled with the moft illuftrious orders of knighthood- in Europe. At prefeot there are two branches of it ; of the one, the emperor is. {oyfi- icign, and the king of Spain of the other; all mufl prove their noblfc dtfcent from the twelfth century. The motto of the ordbr is " Pretinm mviU lalorum." The Teutonic order owed' its origin to fome religious Germans in Jerufalem during the crufades, who aiTUmed the title of ''Teutonic knights, or brethren of the hof^ital of our Lady of the Gee- mans at Jerufalem." Conrade, duke of Swabia, invitied tbem into Pruffia, about the year 1230; foon after, t4iey conquered Pnifllaiiir theinfelves, and became one of the mofb poweiful orders in-. Etircmc, By their internal quarrels, they afterwards loil their power andpomf- fions: and Albert, marquis of Brandenburg, grand-mafterof tbe'orde*, lOu his abjuring popery, abdica!tedthe^and«>ma[Aerfliip, fubdoed IVuft fia, andexpelled: all the papifts who would not follow his example: Th? onier is now divided into two branchiss': the prcrtefhintbrancii, which ' uaboufe at Utrecht, has been notieedtia ofup account q£ orders in the ttherlands:-— that fof papifh has a. houie at Mergeittbeim, in Gcrma- ly, andithe members inuft take the oath of celibacy. Tiieenfign worn fthis branch is worn roiind the neck, . pendent iftr aigotd chaiA. ' The time of the inftitxrtioa o,f the •♦ Order rf tk» Rtd'Et^c" is uncer* 7^ mu°pvK of; J[^iti^ is foyereigp. o| ic^ 9to4ifi'isf which the tormer was attached to the pope, and the latter to rhe emperor ; and both, by their violence and inveteracy, tended to difquiet the empire forfeveral ages. The em- perors too were often at war with the Turks, and fometimes the Ger- man princes, as happens in ail eleftive kingdoms, with one another aboi'* the fucceffion. But what more deferves the attention of a judi- cious » \sr than all thofe noify but nninterefting dXputes, is the pro^ grefs 0; j^overnment in Germany, which was in (ome meafure oppofite to that of the other kingdoms of Europe. Wheqi the empire raifed by Charlemagne fell afunder, all the different independerit princes afli'med the right of ele£tion ; and thofe now difliriguiflied by the name of elec- tors, had no peculiar or legal influence in appointing a fucceffor to the imperial throne ; they were only the officers of the king's hbiifehold, his fecrctary, his fteward, chaplain, marftial, or mr.lter of his horl'e, &c. By degrees, as they lived ne^r the king's perfon, and, like all othfcr princes, had independent territories belonging to them, they in- creafed thf-ir influence and authority 5 and in the reign of Othq III. of the hmife of Saxony, in the year 984, acquired the fole right of elefting the emperor *. Thus, while, in other kingdoms of Europe, the dignity of the great lords, .vho were all orignally allodial or independent ba- rons, was diini.iifhed by the power of tlie km^, as in France, and by the influence of the people, as in Great Brjlain; in Germany, on the other hand, the power of the ctedors vvas r^fed upon the ruins of the emperor's Aipiemacy, and of the people's jurifdiftion. Otho I. having, in the year 962, united Italy to the empire of Germany, procured a de- cree from the clergy, that he and his fucceffors fliould have tee power of nominating the pope, ^nd of grantit>g invellitures to bifliops. Henry V. a weak and wicked prince, in the year 1 122, furrendered up the right of inveftiture and other powers, to the difgrace of the imperial dignity ; ♦Wiquefort ftiys, thtt nothing vvas fettUd a« :o th^ number of elciSorj, or the deftoral dignity, till Charles IV. who was chofen empcrdr in lU'* and marie that fa- mous conditution for the eleiSion of emperort, called the Gi>ld4ii Bull, from the empe- fw't golden fcal /"^ir/Za; afl^Ked to it. 5»a GERMANY. lint p^r)e Hen«ied by John Sobiefkf, kiog of Poland. Prince Eugene, of Savoy, was a young adventtiref inarms, about the year 1697; and being one of the imperial generals, gave the Turks the firft checks they received in Hungary ; and by the ?»ce of Carlowitz, in 1699, Tranfylvania was ceflea to the emperor. he ennpire, however, could not have withftood the power of France, had not the prince of Orange, afterwards king William III. of England, laid the foundation of the grand confederacy agatnft the French power, the confequences of which hA^re been already deicribed. The Hunga- rians, fecretly encouraged by the French, and exafpcrated by the unfeel- ing tyranny of Lee, >oId, were ftUl in arms, under the protection of the porte, when that prince died, in 170c. He was fucceeded by his ion, Joseph, who put the aledlors of Co- logne and Bavaria to the ban of the empire ; but being very ill ferved t)y prince Lewis of Baden, the general of the empire, the French partly recovered their aft'<4irs, notwithfVanding their repeated defeats. The duke of Marlborougli, though he obtained very fplendid vi6Vories, had not all the fuccefs he expe^c^dor defervedi JofepK himfelf was fu- fpeftcd of adedgn to fubvert the Gennanic liberties ; and it was evident, byhisconduft, that he expe iititn to Philip, Juke of Anjou, grandfon to Lewis XIV. When the peace of Utrecht took place, in 1713, Charles at firft made a (how as if he would continue the war; bur found himielf unable, now that he was forfaken by the Englifli. He thwefore was obliged to con- clude a peace with France, at Baden, in 1714, that lie might oppofp the progrefft of (he Turks in Hun|pwy, whem they received a total de- S«4 GERMANY. /eat from prince Eugene, at the battle of Pcterwaradin. They received another, of equal importance, from the fame general, in 1717, before Bcjgrade, which fell into the hands of the imperialifts ; and the follow. ing year the peace of Paflarowitz, between them and the Turks, was concluded. Charles was continually employed in making arrangements for increaling and preferving his heredit-ary dominions in Italy and the .Mediterranean. Happily for him, the crown of Britain devolved to the houfe of Hanover ; . an event which gave him a very decifive weight in Europe, by the conneftions between George I. and II. in the empire. Charles was fenlible of this, and carried matters with fo high a hand that, about the years 1724 and I7&5, a breach enfued between him and George I. and fo unfteady was the fyftem of afiFairs all over Europe at Jhat time, that the capital powers often changed their old alliances, and concluded new ones, contrary to their intereft. Without entering into particulars, it is fufficient to obferve, that the fafety of Hanover, and lis aggrandiiTement, was the main objeA of the BritiCh court ; as that of the emperor was the eltablifhment of the pragmatic fanfVion, in favour of his daughter, the late emprefs-queen, he having no male iflue. Mu- tual conceifions upon thofe great points reftored a good underflandine between George II. and the emperor Charles ; and the eleAor of Saxony being prevailed upon by theprofpeft of gaining the throne of Poland, relioquifhed the claims he had upon the Auftrian fucceflion. , The emperor, after thb, had very ill fuccefs kt a war he entered into with the Turks, which he had undertaken chiefly to indemnify himfelf for the great facnfices he hd^ nade in Italy to the princes of the houfe of Bourbon. Prince Hugene '/as then dead, and he had no general to fupply his place. The fyftem of prance, under cardinal Fleury, hap. pened at that time to be pacific, and flie obtained for him, from the Turks, a better peace than he had reafon to.expeft. Charles, to pacify the German and other European powers, had, before his death, given his eldeft daughter, the late emprefs-queen, in marriage to the duke of Lorraine, a prince who could bring noacceflion of power to the Auftrian family. Charles died in 1 740. ^ He was no fooner in the grave, than all he had fo long laboured for muft have been overthrown, had it not been for.the firmnefs of George II. The pragmatic fanftion was attacked on all fides. The young king- of Pruffia, with % powerful army, entertd and conquered Sileda, which he faid had been wrongfully difmembered from his family. The king of Spain and the eleftor of Bavaria fet up claims direftly incompati. ble with the pragmatic fandion, and in this they were joined by France; though all tholfe powers had folemnly guaranteed it. The imperial throne, after a confiderable vacancy, was filled up by the eledor of Ba- varia, who, took the title of 4ilharles VII. in January 1742. The French poured their armies into Bohemia, where they took Prague: and the queen of Hungary, to take off the weight of Prulfias was forced tp cede to that prince the nn^ valuable part of the duchy of Silefia, by a formal treaty. Her youth, her beauty, and fufferings, and the noble fortitude with ' which flic bore them, touched the hearts of the Hungarians, under whofe proteflion (lie threw herfelf and her infant fon ; and though they had been always remarkable for their difafFeition to the houfe of Auftria, they declared unanimouA/ in her favour. Her generals drove the French out of Bohemia; and George II. at the head of an Englifhand .Hanoverian army, gained the battle of Dettingen, in 1743. Charles Vr^<» «jrj^ aJ.tW?,timc diitiefftd on the imperial throne, an'i driven out G E R M A N V". 525 cfhiseleftofal dotninions, as had been his anceftor, in queen Anne's jeien, for lading with France, and would have given the (juecn of Hungary almoft her own terms ; but fhe haughtily and impoliticly re- jeftcd all accommodation, though advifed to it by his Britannic majefty, her beft, and indeed only friend. This obftinacy gave a colour for the king of Pruffia to invade Bohemia, under pretence of fupporting the imperial dignity ; but though W: took Prague, and fubdued the greateft p;rt of^he kingdom, he was not fupported'by the French ; upon which be abandoned all his conquefts, and retired to Silefia. This ev^nt con- firmed the obflinacy of the queen of Hungary, who came to an accom- modation with the emperor, that flie might recover Silefia. Soon after, his. imperial majefty, in the begihning of the year 1745, died ; and the duke of Lorraine, then grand-duke of Tufcany, confort to her Hun- , garian majefty, after furmounting fome difficulties, was chofen em- peror, by the title of Francis I. . . The bad fuccefs of the allies againft the French and Bavarians in the Low Countries, and the lofs of the battle of Fontenoy, retarded the operations of the emprefs-queen againft his Pruflian majefty. The latter beat the emperor's brother, prince Charles of Lorraine, who had before driveathe Pruffians out of Bohemia; and the conduct of the e^mprefs- flueen was fuch, that his Britannic majefty thought proper to guarantee to him the pofleffion of Silefia, as ceded by treaty. Soon after, his Pruffian majefty pretended that he had difcovered a.fecret convention which had been entered into between the emprefs-queen, the emprefs. of Ruffia, and the king of Poland, as eleftof of Saxony, to ftrip hii>i of his dominions, and to divide them among therafelves. Upon this he fuddenly attacked the king of Poland, drove him out of Saxony, de- feated his troops, and took pofleffion of Drefden, which he held till a treaty was made under the me'diation of his Britannic majefty, by which the king of Pruffia acknowledgeTd the duke of Lorraine, now become great-duke of Tufcany, for emperor. The war continued in the Low Countries, not only to the difadvantage, but to the difcredit of the Auftrians and Dutch, till it was finiflied by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, in April, 1748. By that treaty, Silefia was once more guaranteed to the* king of Pruffia. It was not long before that monarch's jealoufies were renewed and verified ; and the emprefs of Ruffia's views falling in with thofe of the emprefs-queen and the king of Poland, who were unnatu- rally fupported by France in their new jc hemes, a frefli war was kindled in the empire, in the year 1 756. The king of Pruffia declared againft theadmlllion of the Ruffians into Germany, and his Britannic majefty againft that of the French. Upon thofe two principles, all former differences between thefe mortarchs'were forgotten, and the Britifli par-' liament agreed to pay an annual fubfidy of 670,000!. to his Pruffian majcfly during the continuance of the war, the flames of which were now rekindled with more fury than ever. His Pruffian majefty once more broke into Saxony, defeated the im- perial general Brown, at the battle of Lowofitz, forced the Saxons to lay down their arms, though almofl impregnably fortified at Pima; and the eleftor of Saxony again fled to his regal dominions in Poland. After (bis, his Pruffian majefty was put to the ban of the empire; and the French poured, by one quarter, their armies, as the Ruffians did by another, into Germany. The conduft of his Pruffian majefty on this occafion is the moft amazing that is to be met with in hiftory. He broke OQce more into Bohemia with inconceivable rapidity, and defeated an 1 (fw;, 1 SS'i 526 GERMANY. army of 100,000 Auflrians^ under general Brown, who was killed aj the brave marflial Schwerin was on the fide of the Pruffians. He then beiieged Prague, and plied it with a moil tremendous artillery; but. juft ab he was beginning to imagine that his troops were invincible' they were defeated at Colin, by the Auftrian general Daun, obliged to*raife the fiege, and to fall back upon Eifenach. The operations of the war now multiplieil every day. The imperialills, under count Daun, were formed into excellent troops ; but they were beaten at tlie battle of Lifla and the Pruflians took Breflau, Jtnd obtained many other great advan! tages. The Ruffians, after entering Germany, gave a new turn to the a(pe6l of the war; and the cautious yet c'-^rj-'-'^no; genius of count Daun laid his Pruffian majefty under infinite difficulties, notwithftand- ing all his amazing victories. At iirft he defeated the Ruffians at Zorndorf ; but an attack made upon his army, in the night-time, by count Daun at Hbchkirchen, had alfo proved fatal to his affairs, though he retrieved them with admirable prefencc of mind. He was obliged however, to facrifice Saxony, for the fafety of Silefia; and it has been obfervcd, that few periods of biftory aifbrd fiich room for refleftion as this campaign did { fix (ieges were raifed almofl at the fame time ; that of Colberg, by the Ruffians ; that of Leipfic, by the duke of Deux Fonts, who commanded the army of the empire ; that of Drcfden, by count Daun ; and thofe of Neifs^ Cofel^ and Torgau, alfo by the Au< firians. Many important events' which palTed at the fame time in Germany between the French, who were driven out of Hanover, and the Englifli or their allies, mufl be omitted on account of the brtvity necefTary to be obferved in this compendium. The operations on both fides are of little importance to hiflory, becaufe nothing was done that was decifive, though the war was extremely burthenfome and bloody to Great Britain. Great was the ingratitude of the emprefs-queen to his Britannic majefty and his allies, wno wc;re now daiUr threatened with the ban of the em- pire. The Ruffians had taken poifeffion of the kingdom of Pruflia, and laid (lege to Colberg, the only port of his Pruffian majefty in the Bahic. Till then, he had entertained too mean an opinion of the Ruffians ; but he foon found them by far the moft formidable enemies he liad, advanc ing under count SoltikofF, in a body of 100,000 men, to Silefia. In this diflrefs he a£ted with a courage and refolution that bordered upon defpair ; but was, at lafl, totally defeated by the Ruffians, with the lofs of 20,000 of his beft men^ in a battle near Frankfort. He became now the tennis-ball of fortune^ Succeeding defeats feemed to annotince his ruin, and all avenues towards peace were (hut up. He had lofl, fince the drfl of 06tober, 1756, the great marflial Keith, and forty brave fcrnerals, befldes thofe who were wounded and made prifoners. At dndfchut, the imperial general Laudohn defeated his army under Fouquet, on which he had great dependence, and thereby opened to the Auftrians a ready gate into Silefia. None but his Pruffian majefty would lia ve thought of continuing the war under fuch repeated loffes ; but every defeat he received feemed to give him frefli fpirits. It is not per- haps very eafy to account for the ina(^ivity of his enemies after his de- feat near Frankfort, but by the jealoufy which the imperial generals entertained of their Ruffian allies. They had taken Berlin, and laid the iohabitants under pecuniary contributions; but towards the end of the campaign, he defimted the imperialiits in the battle of Torgau, in which ceuat Daun was wounded. This was the beft fought aSion the kiug GERMANY. 517 n, were of Lifla, t advan- rn to the jf count ithftand- Liflians at time, by s, though > obliged^ has been deflion as ime ; that of Deux cfden, by ly the Au" flf Pruffia h«d ever been engaged in ; but it coft him 10,000 of his beft tfoopsf And was attended with no great confequences iu his favour. Is'ew rc-inforccments which arrived every day from Kuflia, tlie taking of Cotberg by the Ruflians, and of Schweidnitz by the Auftrians, feetned aloioft to have coraplced his ruin, when his nioft fomiidablc enemy, theemprefs of Ruffia, died, January 5, 176a. George if. had died on the a 5th of Oftober, x 760. The deaths of thofc illuilrious perfonages were followed by great con- fluences. The £rittfli miniftry of George III. were folicitous to pujt an end to the war, and the new emperor of Ruiiia recalled his armies. Hi? ftuflian tpajefty was, notwithflanding, fo very much reduced by his loffes, that the emprefs-queen, probably, would have com}>leted h>s jeftniftion, had it not been for the wife backwardnefs of tne other German priuces, not to annihilate the houfe of Brandenburg. At Sr& the emprefs-qneen rejefted all terms propofed to her^ and ordered 10,000 men to be added to bsr armies. The viiible unwiilingnefs of her generals to execute her orders, and the fuccefles obtained by his Pniffian majefty, at laft prevailed upon her to agree to an armiftice, vhich was foon followed by the treaty of Hul>ert{burg, February 1 j, i;6}, which again fecured to his Pruffian majefty the poflelfion of Silcfia. Upon the death of the emperor, her huflband, in 1705, her fon Joieph, who had been crowned king of the Romans in 1 764, fucceeded him in the empire. Soon after his acceffion, he difcovered great aftrvity and ambition. He joined in the difmemberment of Poland, with Ruffia and Pruffia. He paid a vifit incognito, and with moderate attendant^- to Rome, and the principal courts of Italy ; and had a perfonal intcr- tiewr with his Pruffian majefty, though this did aat prevent hoftllities from being commenced between Auftria and Fruflia, on account of the Hicceffion to the eiedlorate of Bavaria. The Auftrian claims on this » occafion were very unjuft ; but, in the fupport of them, while the conteft continued, the emperor difplayed great military Ikili. Though vail armies were brought into the field on both fides, no a<5^mn hap- pened of much importance, and an accommodation at length took place. The emperor afterwards demanded of the Dutch the free navi- gation of the Scheldt, but in this he likewife failed. He endeavoured, however, to promote the happinefs of his fubjcfts, granted a moft liberal religious toleration, and fuppreiled moft of the religious order* ifbothfcxes, as being utterly ufelefs, and even pernicious to fociety; and in 1783, by an cdieated inftapces of moderatioa jaiid folid princi i>les. His former management of his Italian foverelgnty, Iviuch was prudent and beneiccAt, ftowcd that he aipifcd to triier xc* if 1 *i 528 GERMANY. putation, than can be acquired by the mere fplcndours oWoyalty. One of the bifhops of Hungary having refufed his licence to a carholic fub. jeft to marrj' a proteftant woman, the emperor difmiffcd hin\ horn his fee ^ but pardoned him afterwards upon conceflion, and dcHred the bifliop to exhort his brethren to comply witb the imperial ordon. nances, elfe no favour ftiould be fliown.. The French revolution now attrat?Ted the attention of the powers of Europe. A conference was held at Filnitz between the emperor the king of PrufGa, and the eleflor of Saxony, at which the plan of attack- ing France was propofed and difcufled. Leopold for fome time was ▼ery irrefolute, but at lafl feemed to be rcfolved on war, when he died of a pleuritic fever, on the lirft of March, i 792, after an illnefs of four days. His fon Francis was raifed to the imperial throne in the middle of July following, He embraced the politics of his predeceflbr, and em- barked with zeal in the political cru facie againfl France. The difailrous cenfequences of this war to the houfe of Aiiflria, and the difgraceful treaty by which it was terminated, as more propeily belonging to the affairs of France, are related in our account of that nation, under which they will apj5ear n^ore clear and connected. Jofeph-benedift-Auguftus, emperor pf Germany, was born in 1741, crowned king Of the Romans in 1 764, fucceeded his father as emperor in 1 765, married the fame year the princefs Jofcphina-Maria, of Bavaria, who died in 1767. He had by his firft wife (the princefs of Panra) a daughter, Therefa Elizabeth, born in 1762; but Ihc is dead, and the emperor had no ifliie by his laft coiifort. Peter-Leopold, the late emperor, fucceeded his' brother, as king of Hungary. and Bohem'a, on Feb. 10, 1790, and was crowned king of the Romans on the 30th of Sept. following. He was born May c, 1747; married, Feb. 16, 1765, Maria-Louifa of Spain, and died March i, 1792, not without fufpicion of poifon. His emprefs died the 15th of May following;. Francis-Jofeph-Ckarles, emperor of Germany, and grand.-diike of j Tuf'cany. He was born Feb, 3, 1768; married, Jan. 6, 1788, Eliza- beth, princefs of Wirtemberg, who died 1790. He married 2dly, Sept, 17, 1790, Maria-Therefa, of Naples, his coufin. On the death of his father Peter- Leopold, late emperor, March iff, 1792, he (ucceedecj^to the crown of Hungary and Bohemia; and July I 14, 1792, was elefted emperor of Germany. He had no iflue by his firfl marriage. By the latter he has a daughter, Maria-Therefa, born Dec. 12, i?0i. The late emperor Peter Leopold had 15 children, the eldeft of whom is the prefent emperor; the others are, Ferdinand- Jofeph, born May 5,' 1769; married, Sep. 17, 1790, Maria- Amelia of Naples. Charles-Lewis, born Sept. 3, 1771. "^ ;j Alexander-Leopold- Jofepb, born Aug, i, 1772. Maximilian, born Dec. 83, 1774; died May 9, 1778. Jofeph-Antony, bornMay 9, 1776. V >??; Aotony-Vi6lo'r, born Aug. 3J, 1779. A fon, born Jan. 20, 1782. Regnierjerom, born Sept. 30, 1783. Therefa Jofcpha'Charlotta-Jane, born Jan. 14, ij6j. . ..f G E R M A U V. 5^9 Sep. i7i ^m 18. ..Maria, born Jan, 14, 17675 married, Oft. 18, 1787, A»itony, brother tjjj^he cle^PiT of Saxony .^ Mary-Ann-Ferdinanda-Jofepha, born April a r, 1770. Ifary-Cleinentina-Jofepha, born April 24, 1777; married, Sept. 1790, Fjgflcis-Xapii^rius, prince royal of Naples. Maria- Jorepha-Tberefa, born Oft. 151 1780. A priuicefs, born OA. ^2, 1 784. Maria-Ahtoiiietta, bqrn and died in 1 78^. The late eoiperor ba^f living, two fibers, ^nd one brother vftmarrle^. Thofe married are, Maria-Chriftian9-J<^epba, born May 13, 174?; married, April 8, |.^ to prince Albert of Saxony. Maria-Amelia- Jofeph?, bprnFeb. 2.6, 1746; ir^rr^iqd to the reigninj^, dukeof Parma, June 27, 1769. Ferflinand-Charles-Antonine, born June i, 1754; married to the puacefs Maria- Beatrice of Modeoa, and has iifue. Mary-Caroline-Louifa, born Aug. 13, 1752; married, April 7, 1768^ to the kinjg of the Two Sicilies. Mafia- Anlojixetta, bom Nov. 2, 1755; mwrJ*^ to Lewis XVI. th« lite unfortunate king of the French. Electors.] Three eccleHaftical eleftors, called Eleftoral High- neiTes; and five fecirlar ones, ^oA Serene £le6tor(il Highneffes. EcctEsiASTicAL Electors.] i. Frederic-Charles- Jofeph, baron of " ; Enhal, archbifhop and eleiflor of Mentz, horn July 18, 1774. j a. Prince Clement of Saxony (fon of Augullus III. kmg of Poland) boril Sept. 28, 1739, archbifhop and eleftor of Treves, Feb. 10, 1 768; lilfo bifhop of Treifingen and Augfturg, by difpenfation from the pope. 3. Maximilian-F'rancis, brother to the late emperor, grand mafter of lie Teutonic order, archbifliop and eleftor of Cologne, and bifiiop of iMiinfter, born Dec. 8, 1756. Secuxar ^lectors.] I. Francis-Jofeph-Charles, emperor of Ger-'" uny. king, of Hungary, Bohemia, &c. born Feb. 3, 1768. j.Frederic-Auguftus IV. elector and duke of Saxony, born Dec. aj, bjoj married, Jan. 1 7, 1769, to tlie princefs Amelia- Augufla, of Deux fonts. - ' * 3. Charles«Fredenc, eleflor and marquis of Brandenburg. 4. The prince of Deux Fonts, eleftor Palatine, &c. 5.| George III. king of Great Britain, ele£Vor of Hanover, &:c. Saxe-Gotha.] JErneft-Lewis, duke of, nephew to the late princefs lowagerof Wales, born Jan. 30, 1745^ married, Blay, ai,- 1769, to paria-Chartotte of Saxe-Meningen, by whom he has, 1. Erneft, born Feb. 27, 1770. 2. Eniiiius-Leopold, born Nov. 24, 1772. His brother Auguftus, born Augi 14, 1747. "^ [Mecklenburg.] The houfe of Mecklenburg is divided into ti^fb pnches, viz. |I. Mecklenburg Schwerin.— Frederic, reigning duke, born Nov. 9, 117; married, in 1746, Louifa-Frederica, daughter. of Frederic-Loius, pditary prince of Wurtemberg Stutgard, born Feb. 3, 1722; they \t no iffue. — Iflue of the late prince Louis, by the princefs Charlottc- pliia, of Saxe-Coburg-Staelfield. Frederic-Francis, born Dec. 10, 1756. ; Princefs Ulrica-Sophia, fifler to the reigning duke, born July »» p)} govcrnefs of the convent of Ruhne. < ,- .- . Mm -"^ '-■.■/:^->^ ■..?:;: S30 P R U S S J A. II. Mecklenburg Strelitz. — Adolphus-Frederlc, reigning di/ke (knight of the garter), born May 5, 1738.— His brothers and fif. ters are, I. Charles-Louis-Frederic, a lieut. general in the Hanoverian frr. vice, born Oft. 10, 1741 ; married, Sept. 18, 1768, to Frederica-Char- lotte-Louifa, tf Heflc Darmftadt, by whom he had iffiie, I. Carolina-Georeina.Louifa-Frederica, born Nov. 17, 1769. a. Therefa-Matilda-Amelia, born April j, 1778. 3. Erneft-Gntlob-Atbert, major-general ni the Hanon^erian fervicf ana governor of Zell, born Au^. 7, 1 742. 4. Chriftiana-Sophia-Albertiua, born Dec. 6, 1735. 5. Charlotte, queen confort of Great-Britain, born May 19, 1741; married Sept. S, 1761 ; crowned Sept. 22, 1761. The kingdom of PRUSSIA, formerly DUCAL PRUSSIA. Lat. 52O-40'— to SS^-^o' N. Long. io*'-oo''— to 23''-23' E. Containing i»i44 fquare miles, with 67 inhabitants in each.— The whole dominions 6o,ocO fquare miles, with 104 inhabitants to eacii, Situation, bovndaries, ) A HIS country is bounded to the AND EXTENT. J North by part of Samogitia; to the South, by Poland Proper ..nd Mafovia ; to the Ealjt, by part of Lithua- nia ; and tq the Weft, by Polifli Pruffia and the Baltic. Its greafeft length is about 160 miles, and jreadth about 112. Name, air, soil, produce, I The name of Pruffia is probably 1 AND RIVERS. J derived from theBoruffi, the ancient inhabitants of the country. The air, upon the whole, is wholefome, and the foil fruitful in corn and other commodities, and jffords plenty! of pit-coal and fuel. Its animal productions are horfes, (heep, deerandl game, wild bears, and foxes, 'ts rivers and lakes are well llored with! nfltes; and amber, which is thought to be formed of an oil coagulatedj with vitriol, is found on its coafts towards the Baltic. The woods fur-l nifti the inhabitants with wax, honey, and pitch, befides quantities 0^ pot-aflies. The rivers here fometiines do damage by inundations ; and the principal are, the Viftula, the Pregel, the Memel or Mammei, tli^ PafTarge, and the Elbe. Population, inhabitants, manners, JF^ to the Pruffian srawjo, \» -i^,;'* sai /»,»// v-v^m- f-, ,,.) . There;arc fqnr orders of knighthooa, the " Order of Concord" \x\* ftituted by Chriftiap Erneft, margrave of Brandenburg, in the yqar 1660, to difUnguifli the part he had adted in refloring peace to mai^y of the princes pf Europe. Frederic III. eledor of Brandenburg, and af-. teruards king of Pru^ia, inflitme|d, in 1685, ^l^e " Order of Genero/ty." The knights wear. i| <;r,Q^ of eight points, enamell^^ blue, luving in ^h^ ceqtre tliis mottP) ^\^a Gentrofiti^^ pendent to a blue riband. TIib fagrc pripce ifi^Up^ed the '♦ Order of the li\a(;k £agZ,»^" on the day of 14^ coronation f^t Konmgiberg, ia the year 4700 : tt^efove reign is al- ways grand-^njaiUf? and tl^ number of knighis, exclufive of the royaj family, is lifnHed to thirty, who mull alfo be admitted intjOtlje " Order of Gsnerofity" previous to tneir Receiving this, unltjls tl^^y be fovereigi^ princes, ~ The >♦ Order of Merits" was inilituted by the Ifte king in the ye^ 1740, to reward the merit of perfons either in arms or arts, with- out diijtiiivStion of birth, reiigipn, or country i tbeJciijig is fovereign, an4 il?e.number of knightsAinlimited. History.] The ancient biftopy of Pruffia, like that of other ktngf doros, is loft in the clouds of fi61:ion and romance. The early inhabiT tants,abrave and warlike people, defcended from the Sclavonians, re- fund lo ;A)b^it to tlje neighbouring princes, who, on pretence of con- verting' them to Chriftianity, endeavoured to fubjeft them to fl^yery. They inade ft^noble (land ^gainft thekings of Poland} one of whomj pleflaus IV.'was by thf'.n defeateol and killed in 1163, "yhey continue^ iiid,ependeDt, aipd pagans, till the time of tlit' crufades^ when the Ger- man knights of the Teutonic order, about the year 1227, undertoolf their convetsCpn by wars, in which the knights endeavoured, but unfuccefsfully, to throw off their vaflalage to Poland. In Igr^, Albert, margrave of Brandenburg, and the lait grand- maftes of the Teutonic order, laid afide the habit of hi* order, embraced Lutheranifm, and concluded a peace at Cracow, by which the margravt was acknowledged duke of the eaft part of Priiflia (fbrmerly tailed, for that reafon, Diical Pruffia), but to be held as a fief of Polandj and to defcend to his male heirs ; and upon failure of his maJe ifliie; to his brother, and his. male heirs. Thu-^ ended the fove. rejgjity of the Teutonic order in Pruffia, after it h-id fubfirted near 30^ years; In 1657, the ele(Sbor Frederic William of Brandenburg, de- fervcdly called tjie Great, had Ducal Pruflia coti firmed to him ; and by t^e conventions of Welau and Bromberg, it was freed by John Cafimir, king of Poland, from vaflalage; and he and his defcendents were de- clared independent and fovrrcign lords of this part of Pniffia, As the proteftant religion had been introduced into this country by the ipargrave Albert, and the eleftors of Brandenburg were now of that perfiiafiOn, the proteflant intereft favoured them fo mlTch, that Frederic, the fon of Frederic-William the Gre.:, was raifed to thp dignhy of king of Pruflia, in afolemn affenKriT or the ftates, proclaimed January 18, I 701, and foon after acknow^iedged as fuch by all the powers of Chriliendom. His gra^dfon, Freneric IP. in the memoirs of his family^ gives us no high idea of this firt^ king's tabns for government, but expatiates on thdffc^ nic majeily. JfTiie by the latter marriage, !. Frederic- William, f v* prefent king, born Auguft 3, 1770. tj a. Frederic-Louis-Char' is, born Auguft 3, 1773. 3. Frederica-Sophia-Wilhelmina, born November 18, 1774 j mar- ried, Oftober 1, 1 791, to the liereditary prince of Orange. ^^i, 4. Frederic-Chriftian-Auguftus, born May i, 1780. 5. Another prince, born December 20, 1781. 0. A'lotlirr prince, born July, 1783. Queen dotyagef, Elizabeth- Chriftina, of Brunfwick Wolfenbuttle, bjrn November 8, 1 7 1 5. Brother and fifter to the late king. ;r-^^' t. Frederic-Charles-Henry, born December 30, 1747, i. Frederica-Sophia-WiUitrimina, born in 1751} and married in 1767, tpthe prejlpnt prince of Qiange, 117,1786, libliflied 3 ■in his do- leace con- :iave been rxr''""""'' (he fnrmf i Icragamftl The KINQDOM of BOHEMIA. ;H' Situation and Extent,* _^^,i^ ivjrv • ,•,, i« :j * Miles. Degrees. , ... Length 478 ) ^^ r 48 apd 52 North latitude. , ■, ,,; Breadth 322 j (^ 12 and 19 Eaft longitude. . ^„ Boundaries.] BOUNDED by Saxony and Brandenburg, on the' I north ; by Poland and Hungary, on the eaft ; by Auftria and Bavaria, on the fouth ; and by the palatinate of Bavari.i, on the weft; formerly comprehending, i. Bohemia proper j 2. Silefia; [wd 3. Moravia. Divlfions* I !■ Bohemia pro^ per, W. moftly iiibjeft to th'e< l)oufe of Au iiria Chief Towns'. 'Prague, E. long- 14-20, N. lat. 50. Kouinofgratz, E. Glatz, E. fubjea to the king of Frufliai. tEgra,W.-. , Miles. Sq. M. ^ /i;B<; :'U; lii., Length j6z\ Breadth 14a > 1 2,06a * In ennmernting the kings of Pruflia, we hive thought itmoft proper to follow the |»tthodufe. • ■ •■- M m 4 ^ '■■ ■■' -' *■ * ' n Silefja, Eaft, BOH iE MT*^. s,. fchiefTovns. 'Breflaw, E. Ion. 17. N. lat.' 5;f-i5. Glogaw, N. Croflfen, N. ^o the king ofV^s .g fnbjeatothe I Tefchen, S, ful^jea to the (. houfe of Aum-ia. 5. Moravia', ^.eft- rOlmutz, E. long. 16-45 'tirely fubjeft to ) N. lat. 49-40. thchoufeof Au-*! Brin, middle. ftria (B|la, S. W^ AlUes. S(j. M. Length 196 Breadth ^z I 10, ^H U.f.% Length 120} Breadth 88 J 5.424 SoiE ANiJ #fR.] 'the air of Bbhemia proper Is not thought fo whole- fome as that of the titt. of Germany, though its foil artfl {Produce arc pretty much tKe lame. MouKTAiN* AND riVbrs.] Bohemia, though alfnoli furroun'ded with mountains, contains none of note or diftinftiott : its wqpds are many, and the chief rivers arfe the Elbe, Muldavv, and Eger. Metals and minerals.] This kingdom contaihs rich mines of filv'er, quickfilver, copper, iron, lead, fulph'ur, and faltpetre. Its chief n)am5fattures are Hficu, copper, iron, and glafs. • IWht'ATtc/t!r, i!»^/^nrr,\NtR, manners,! About 150 years ago, CUSTOMS, ANP nivERsioNS. J Bohemia was compiifid to contain near 3,000,000 of inhabitants ; but at prefent they are tliought not 10 exceed 2,100,000. The Bohemians, in their perfons, habits, and manners, refemhie the Germans. There is among them no middle Itatf^ df peopl'e ; for every lord Is a fovereign, and every tenant a (lave. But the emperor, Jol'eph II. generouily difcliarged the Bohe. mian penl'ants, on the imperial d^ielhes, from the llate ot villanageiu which thfv have hren fo long and fo unjullly retained; and it will be happy if his example fbould be followed by the Bohemian nobility, and they be thereby induced no longer to deprive their vaflals of the rights of human nature. Although the Bohemians, at prefent, are not re- riiarkable either for arts or Jirms, yet they formerly dilVmgui(hed them- felves a" the nwft intrepid aflfertors of civil and religious liberty in Eu- rope ; witnefs the early introdu^lion of the reformed religion into their country, when it was fcarcely known in any other ; the ijiany glorious defeats they gave "to the Auilrian power, and their generous flrugglesfor independency. Their virtues mav be confidered as the caufes of their decay, as no meaws were left unemployed by their defpotic maftersfor bvcaKiiig their fpirit : theiigh it is certain their internal jcaloiifies and dilTenfions greatly contributed to theif fiibjeftion. Thiif cuflomSttndj fiiverfions pre the fame as Germany. ' '' ' Rw^iGitN.] Though popery i« the eftablifhed religion of Boh^itilii | yet there aWfnany proteftants among th^ inhabitants, wfio are now to- lerated in the free exercife of their religion : and fome of the Moran-- ans have embraced a vili^nary unintelligible proteftantifm, if if deieryesl that nanrtff, which they have' pi^pagated, by their zealous miflionaries, in feveral parts of the gl<)be. They liave a meeting houfe in London, and obtained an aft of parliament for a fettlemetit in the plantations. AscjhBJsuopaics ANn bishoprics.) Prague is the only Bohemian 1 archbifhopric. The bifhoprks are Koninfgratz, Brellaw, and Olmutt. 6 b ri fi M I A* S(|.M. \ 10 ,a$<5 l\ S.4H iht fo wbole- {)r6duce arc I furroimded ts wQods are er. "ich mines of tre. Its chief 50 years ago, /as compiiftd fent they are tlieir perfons, (r\ong them no (l every tenant •ged the Bohe- ot villai'.ageiii and it will be n nobility, and s of the rights |it, are not re- igviilhed them- iberty in Bu- nion into their \)iaiw glorious IS Itrugglesfor cavifes of their tic maflers for 1 jcaloufies and \\r cuftomSitndj j)n of Bohemia, |no ai-e now to- )f the Moravi-. ^1, if it defervcs Ife ir\ London,! hihuUations. Inly Bohemian k and Olmutt.' Stf lAfJGUAOB.] The |iroper language of the Bohemians ts a dialect of (he Sclavonian, but they generally fpeak German an4 High Dutch. UNIVERSITY.] The only wwverfity irt Bohemia i» that of Prague. Cities and towns.] Prague, the capital of Bohemia^ iione M th«^ (ineft and mod magniiicent cities in Europe, and famous for its noble bridge- Its circumference is fo large, that the grand Pruffian army, iay itslaftfiepe, never could completely inveft it. For this reafon it is able to mal^e a vigorous defence in cafe of a regular fiege. The inlia- bitants are thought nojt fo b* pfopbrtiofied (o hi capacioufnefs, being computed not to exceed 70,000 Chrillians, and about 13,000 Jews, ^it contains ninety-two churches and chapeW, aitd forty cloifters. It b a place of little or no trade, and therefore the middling inhabitants are liol wealthy ; but the Jews are faid to carry on a large commerce in jeweFs. Bohemia contains many other- towns, fome of which are. for- tified? but they are neither remarkable for ftrerigth or manufaftures. Olmutz is the capital of Moravia ; it is well fortified, and has manufac- tures M woollen, ifon,- glafs, paper, and gunpowder. Breflaw, the ca- pital of Silefia, has been already deicribed. CoMMfiRCE AND MANUFACTURES.] See Germany. CoNSTiTtJTioN AND GOVERNMENT.] The forms, and only the foftiis, of the old Bohemian conftitutlon ftiil fubfift; but the goveni- rtitnt under the emperor is defpotic. Their ftates are compofed of the ■clergy, nbblHty, gentry, and reprefentatives of towns. Their fovc-* reigns of late have not been fonr* of provoking them by ill uf4ge, as they hav6 ft general averfron towards ttie Auftrians. This kingrtem i$ frequently defci-ibed as part of Germany, but with little reafon, for it is not in any of the nine circles, nor does it contribute any thing. towards the forces or r« venues of the empi»'e, nor is it fubjeft to any of its laws. What gives fome colour to tliis miftake, is, that the king of Bohemia is the firil fecular eleg upou them, and at length iifurped that throne themfelves. In the year 1438, Albert II.*of Aiiftria, received three crowns, Hungary, the em- pire, and Bohemia. . ^ In 414, John Hxifs, and Jerome of Prague, two of the firft reformer*, and Bohemians, were burnt At the council of Conftance, though ths ehiptfror of Germany had given them his protection. This occalioiied an infurrcftion in Bohemia : the people of Prague threw tire emneror"?J officers out of the windows of the council-chamber; and the famous Tiifca, aiFembling an army of 40,000 Bohemians, defeated the emperor's forces in feveral engagementJ, and drove the imperiaUfts out of the kingdom. The divifions of the.Huffites among themfelves enabled the e;p.perdr to regain and keep wofteflion of Bohemia, though an attempt JMasmade to throw olf the imperial yoke, by ekfting, in the year t6i8, bproteftant king in the perfon of the prince Palatine, fon-in-law to [James I. of England. Tlie misfortunes of this prince are well known. I He was driveft from Bohemia by the ent)peroi's generals, and being 1 r^'''\.;U 538 HP N CJ A l^ Y. an >: 1 m >' g Hi ; i 1 . JB i ■ i ili i' i 1 ;; ftripped of hls-other tbrninions, was forced to depend on the cotjrt of England for a fu. uftence. Since the war of thirty years, which defo. lated the whole empire, the Bohemiii^it h^ve ^-em^ined fubje^ to the hQufe of Auiirla, imt& .^^.um,. ,. H^^U N.-G A K'Xm- ElTBNT AND SjTlTATIOl^l ' :.itf*;»fertt..;Hjjj„^ 8q.M, Degrees,' .,: Length 300 7 k..„„,„ C ^^'35 ^H^J 26 Eaftlong. 7 , . :;•;' breadth 200} *'''*^"" 144-50 ^^nd 49.35 Nortt lat, j 36,o6« .ii- Containing,87,575 fquare miles, with 57 inhabitants to each. " SooNDARiEs.] JL HAT part of Hungary which belongs to the houfe of Auftria (for it formerly included Tranfylvania, I Sclayonia, Croatia, MorlacWa, Servia, Wj^l^chia, and other countries) ■ > bounded by Poland, on the north ; by Tranfylvania and Walacha eaft J by Sclavonia, fouth ; and by Auftri* ^oi' The Kngdpm of Hungary is ufually divided into the Upper and Lower . ,^.1; . ;, , .■ , , > Hungary. ' XilTi^0kGAm'^fl^^ OF Chief Town;s. Vr ^w:. Freiburg, fituated on'the'Danube, , E. long. 17-.S0. N,i^t^^8-^o, , ]S>whaurel,N.W. ..7;,,..,; Leopoll^adt, N. W. ' . , ,. Chiemnits, NT. W. \ Scheninits, in the middle. Efperies, N. Calchavv, N, Tokay, N. E. Zotmar, N. E. Uiigiiar, N. E. Mongats, K. E. Waradin, Qrtat, E. ^|^,,^,.„,, , Segedin, S- E. Agiia, in the middle. yelt, ou the Danube, oppofite to Buda. • To which may be added Temefwar, which has been confiderediil 4iftiii(^ from Hungary, be;aulV it was formerly governed by ai. i!{ but in 'Germany, and the continent of Europe; but i^ll thofe mines arenow greatly diminiflied in their value, .their works being de^ '• (Iroyed ot dem'^liilied : fome of them, however, (till fubfift, to thft '• ^rtatenioliinieiu of the mtives. . ;!,, '^*'- VECETAfiLE ANi> ANjMAL psotvucT.ioNS.} Hnngarv is remarkabl(»af [era hue b eed of hqrfes, generally moufe-cololir^d, and highly efleer)n|^ by njilitary officers, fo that great number^ qf.th^m are exported. here is a remarkable breed of large rams in the neighbourhood of rcfburg. Its other vegetable and^inimal productions are in general the me with thofe' of Qerrpany, and the neighbouring countries. The "iingariMn wines^ however, particviUrly Tokay, are preferable to vhofe if any other country, at leaft in Eawpe. !„ Population, inhabiha^ts, wan- 7 It wftsjate before the north* tiE»i,.clusT0Ms, ANO PiVEHSioNs. ) em barbarians drove the Ro- lansoutof Hungary ; and fomc of thcdefcendents oi their legionary [orcesare ftill to be dittingtiilhed in thein^nd parts, by tiieir fpeaking ' tin. Before the Turks obtained poJ^ffiou of Conftantinople, Hutl- 17 was one ot the moft pcr^nlous and flQorigdoins in En- ipetiand if the houfe of Au tria ihould give the pvo;>er encourage- enttotbe inhabitants to repair their works, and cle^i their fenj, it i^Ht become fo ngahi. Thr population ot Hmu'.avy, exclufive of f^ylvartia, Sclftvonia, and Duliuatla, was eilimated, in 1776, by the S4?> H U N G A R T, II '. r^elebpated BurcVmg, to be 3,170,000^ an4 M. Windifli, an Hungarian in his Geography of Hungary, publiflicd in 1780, fays " the popuia' ri6ii, accordijig to a new accnnue 'eiiiniriation, is J, 1 70,000, excluding U^ranfvlvaniajScIavonia, and Dalmatiok** But the committee appoinr. ed by the diet of 1 791, to inquire into thin^ of thi^ nature, " fome of whofe notes," lays Mr. Townfon, a late intelligent traveller in thi« countryj *' I havie had in my hands, eftimate the population of Hun. gary, in hs greateft extent, but always excluding Tranfylvania, at a. inut S,ooo,ooo, which, they add, is 1 777 fouls per fquare mile. In No. 61 of Mr. Slotzer's. iS/fl«/x ^/la^/fifs, there is a detailed account which nia^es the total poipulation 74^r«4'5-" ' The Himgarians are a brave, generous, and hardy raceof men ; their biann^rs are peculiar to themfelves, aijd they pique theml'elves on being dcfcended from thofe heroes who formed the bulwark of Chriftendoni againft the infidels. "^ In their perfons they are well made. Their fur. cips, their clofe-bodiert coats, girded by a fafli, and their cloak or manj tie, which ik fo contrived as to buckle under the arm, fothat the right, Jiand may be always at liberty, gives them an air of military uignitv. *^fje men fhav« their heards, but preferve their whirtters on their up, per lips. Their ufual arms are the broad-fword, and a kind of pole. axe, befides their fire-arhns. The ladies are reckoned handfomer than thofe of Auftria; and their fable drefs, with fleeves ftrait to their arms, and their ftays fattened before with .gold, pearl, or diamond little buttons, are well knoWn^to the! French and Engli^ ladies. Both men and women, in what they call the mine towns, wear i\ir Siid even f the prefent century, were fo jealous of their li berties, that, rather than be tvrannifed over bv the houfe of Auftria, they often put themffelves under the protection of the Ottoman court but their fidelity to the late emprefs-queen, notwithftanding the provo cations they received' from her houfe, will be always rcmembtred ti their honour. Tl»e inhabitants of Temefwar, a province lately incorporated inti the kingdom of Hungary, are computed at 450,000. There are inthii country ttiany faraons, or gypfies, fuppofed to be real defceiulents the ancient Egyptians. They are faid to refemble the ancient Rgypj tians in their features, in their propenfity to melancholy, and in man] of their manners and cuftoms ; and it is afferted, that the laicivioui dances of Ifis, the worfliip of oriiohs, many famous Egyptian fuperfii tions and fpecifics, and the Egyptian method of hatching eggs by mean of dung, are ftill in ufe among the female gypfies in Temefwar. Religion,] The eftabliflied religion oi the Hungarians is theR man catholic, though the major part of the Inhabitants are protcfiami it>r Greeks; and tlhey now enjoy the full exercilV of their religious" beities. *i ARCHBisHpfR'cs ANO BISHOPRICS.] Thc archbiflioprlcs arc Trei Hir», Or Vefprin, Langi nians, anc is faid to i ranks fpe; fpeak Lati be here Hi L/nivef called) of veral arts Lutherans (holies in I AwTitiy NATUl baths, and Dtave, is, ] fcngth, fort jbIs during of boats ru Peil; anda remains of a jificent of a ft)dilliu£ui{] One of th( inamountai thefouth, is in Hungary, Cities,' EDIFIC fcence; but rood order, iept. The Icftheempero txcited fnch where it was hole city an year 1000, b) ■was male afte iiie marks a % rubies arls, B(?fid iarchs. Tli [which was aft. lony of the i rnfs U derived under the iikI the globe ot fine linen ^% they fay, 1*1 muy othe r( H UNG A RY. Sit' Ijurff, Gran; and Colocza. The biflidpncs afti Great Waradln, Agrtij" ' Vefprin, Raab, and Five Chujches. ■; Language.] As the Hnngarians are.hiixed with Gemnians, Srlavo« nians, and Walachians, they have a variety of dialers, and oneof theirt isftiid to approach near the Hebrew. The better and the middlemoft ranksfpeak German;, and almoft all, even of the common peopfe,- I |>ppaj[ Latin, either pure or barbarous, fo that the Latin may be faid to -^ ^ here Hill a living language. ... Universities.] In the univerfities (if they can be properly fo called) of Firnan, Buda, Raab, and Cafchaw, are profefibrs of the fe- veral arts and fciences, who ufed generally to be Jefuits ; fo that the Lutherans knd Calvinifts, who are more numerous than the Roman ca- iholicsin Hungary, go to the German and other univerfities. AHTiQiJiTiEs AND CURIOSITIES, 1 The artificial curiofities of this NATUR At ATJD ARTIFICIAL. CcouHtry confift of its bridges^' i baths, and mines. The bridge of hfreck, built over the Daliiibe and ' ptave, is, properly fpeaking, a continuation of bridges, five miles in' , fength, fortified with towers at certain diftances. It was an important: pj(s during the wars between the Turks and Hungarians. A bridge of boats runs over the Danube, half a mile long, between Buda and! Pcfl; and about twenty Hungarian miles diftant from Belgrade, are the itinains of a bridge erefted by the Romans, judged to be t'ne moft mag- ; Ijilicent of any in the world. The hatha and mines here have nothing . Ldiftiuguifti them from the like works in other countries. One of the mod remakable natural curiofities of Hungary is a cavern, I in a mountain near Szelitze ; the aperture of this cavern, which fronts ' . [thefouth, is eighteen fathoms high, and eight broad: its fubterraneous (Tagfs confift entirely of folid rock, ftretching away farther fouth than ' Ihasvet been difcovered ; as far as it is prafticabie to go, the height i» Ifouiidto be fifty fathoms, and the breadth twenty-fix. Many wonder-' Ifiil particulars are related of this caverii. Aftonilhing rocks are common' linHungary, and fome'of its churches are of admirable architecture. Cities, TOWNS, forts, and other i Thefe arc generally decay- EDiFiCES, PUBLIC AND PRIVATE. f cd iVom their aucient magni- ficence ; but many of the fortifications are ftill very Hrong, and kept in good order. Freiburg is fortified. In it the Hungarian regalia are kept. The crown, in the year 1 784, was removed to Vienna by order ofthe emperor Jofeph II. But this meafure gave fo great offence, and txcited fuch violent difcontents, that it was fent back to liuda in 1 790, where it was received with the mo(t extravagant teftimonies of joy, the [vholecity and fuburbs being illuminated. This crown was fent, in the year 1000, by pope Sylvefter II. to Stephen, king of Hungary, and was male after that of the Greek emperors ; it is of folid gold, weighing jUine marks and three ounces, ornamented with fifty-three fapphires, ifty rubies, one large emerald, and three hundred and thirty-eight arls, Befides thefe ftones, are the images of the apoftles and the pa- arclis. The pope added to this crown a filver patriarchal crofs, which was afterwards inltrted in the arms of Hungary. At the cere- lony of the coronation, a biftiop carries it before the king. Frohi the iftfsis derived the title of.apoilolic king; the ufe of which was renew- under the reign of the emprefs-queen Maria Therefa. The fceptre ind the globe of the kingdom are of Arabla-i gold; the mnntle, which of fine linen, is faid to be the work of Gifele, fpoufe of St. Stephen, ho, they fay, embroidered in gold the imntjeof Jefus Chrili crucified, od many other ima^'^ of the patriarchs and apofilts, with a number of m If Wi k' ■ft n 542 k n N G A R Y. / infcriptlons. T\ie Cword is two-cdgcd, and ro;jnded at the point, Ba- da, formerly the capital of Hungary, retains little of its ancient magnj! ficeoce, but its ftreqgth and.foftific^tions ; and the fame may be faido/ Peft, which lies 09 the opp<)iliteTide of th^ Danube. Raab is iilcewife a ftrong citr, as arc Gran and Comorra. Tokay has been already mto. tioned fertile excellency of its wines. CoMMBRCE AND MANUFACTURES.^ Aftcr tavlhg tncntioned tiic na- tural produce of the country, it is fufficicnt to fay, that the chief manu- faftures and exports of the natives conHflt of metal«, drugs, and fait. GoNSTXTtjTioN AND GovERNMENT.J The Hungarians difUke the term of queen, and even called their late fovereign, king Therefa Their government preferves the remains of many checks upon the reeal power. They have a diet of parliament, which affembly confifts of ta. Ues or houfes, the firft compofed of magnates, or the great officers of the crown, princes, counts, barons, a;id archbifliops; and the fecoiid of the abbots, prelates, and deputies from the chapters and each of the two and fifty counties into which the kingdom is divided. Thefe houfes, however, form but one body, as their votes are taken together. The diet, befides feeing convened on all great national events, fliould meet at ftated times. Under Matthias Gorvinus and Ferdinand I. it was decreed they fhould be annual; and, under Leopold 1. that they 1 fliould be triennial ; which was confirmed by Charles VI. and is ftill confidered as the conftitutional period, ^ut fovereigns and their mini. fters often wifli to get rid of thele incumbrances; and lately, from 1764' to 1790, no diet was held ; though many important affairs had happen. ed within this period. It ought not to fit more than two moiiths.l There is like wife a Hungary-office, which refemtles our chancery, and which refides at Vienna ; as the fladtholder's council, which comes I pretty near the Britifli privy-council, but has a irjunicipaljurifdiftion,'! does at Prefburg. Every royal town has its fenate; and the Gefpan-I fchafts refemble our juftices of the peace, Befides this, tl^ey have an ex- chequer aiid nine chambers, and other fubordinate courts. Military strength.] The emperor can bring into the field, at anvl time, 50,000 Hungarians in their own country, but feldom draws outofi it above 10,000 ; thefe are generally light-horife, and well known in nio.| dern times by the name of HufTars. They are not near fo large asthej German horfe ; and therefore the hii'Jars Hand up on their Ihort ftirrupfl when they ftrike. Their expeditipn and alertnefs have been found fol ferviceable in war, that the greatefl powers in Europe have troops that! go by the fame name. Their foot arecalled Heydukes, and wearfeathersj in their caps, according to the number of enemies they pretend to havel killed : both horfe and foot are an excellent militia, very good atapurT fuit, or ravaging and plundering a country, but not equal to regularl troops in a pitched battle. The fovereign may fummon the Hungarianl nobility to take the field and defend their country. This ferviceiscallJ ed an hifurre^io^ and from it the high clergy are not exempt. Intlitl frequent wars in which Hungary was formerly engaged, principally a- gainft the Turks, this fervice wasarather fevere obligation. ThenumJ ber ot combatants each brought into the field, was in proportion tohiJ eftate. The archbifhop of Gran, and the bifliop or Erlau, broiiglil| each two ftands of colours, and under each fland a thoufand men; archbifliop of Collotza, and feveral bifiiops, a thoufand each, hi tin •fatal battle of Mohatch, feven biflmps were left on the field. Agene^ lal itt/urrtiiiott of this kind has been fummoned by the emperor in I TRANSYLVANIA, SCLATONIA, &c.' 545 prefent 1»^ar ; But the treaty of Campo Formio having been concluded before the troops fo raifed began to i&, thty have returned liome- CoiNB.] Hungary was formerly remarkable for its coinage; and there lit flill extatit, in the cabinets of the curious, a comj)lete feries of coini of their former kings. More Greek and Roman medals ha^e bee^ dif*, covered in this countryi than perhaps in ainy other iii Eurdpdt Aims.] vThe emperor, as king of Hungary, for aritlori^' (infigns, bears quarterly, barwife, argent and gules, of eight pieces. .. History.] The Huns, after fubduing this country in the middle of the third century, communicated their ilame to it, being then part of the ancient Pannonia. They were fucceeded by the hirious Goths; rte Goths were expelled by the Lombards : they by the Avari ; who were followed by the Sclavi in the beginning of the 9th century. At theclofe of it, the Anigours emigrated from the banks of the Volga, ind took pofleffion of the country. Hungary was formerly an aflfem- blagc of different flates ; and the ^rft who affbmed the title of king was Stephen, in the year 997, when he embraced chriftianity. In his reign, the form of government was eftablilhed, and the crown rendered elec- tive. About the year 13 10, king Charles Robert afcended the throne, and fubdued Bulgaria, Servia, Croatia, Dalmatia, Sclavonia, and ma- ny other provinces ; but many of thbfe conquefts were afterwards re- duced by the Venetians, Turks, and other powers. In the 1 5th cen- tury, Huniades, who was guardian to the infant king Ladiflauf, bravely repulfed the Turks when they invaded Hungary; and upon the deatti ofLadiflaus, the Hungarians, in 1438, raifed IVlatthias Corvinus, (on of Huniades, to their throne. Lewis, king of Hungary, in 1526, was killed in a battle, fighting a^ainfl: Solyman, emperor of the Turks. This battle almoft proved fatal to Hungary: but the archduke Ferdinand, brother to the emperor Charles V. having married the filler of Lewis, he claimed the title of Hungary, in which he futcceded, with feme diffi- culty; and that kingdom has ever fince belonged to the houfe of Auftria, though by its conftitution its crown ought to be eU:dtive. For the reft of the Hungarian hiftory, fee Germany. ITUNSYLVANIA, SCLAVONIA, CROATIA, and HUNGARIAN DALMAllA. llHE&E c«untries appear under onedivifion, for feveral reafons, and particularly becaufe we have no account li^fficiently exafl of their Itttentand boundaries. The moft authentic is as follows : Transyl- vania belongs to the houfe of Aufrria, and is boirnded on the north |by the Carpathian mountains, which divide it from Poland ; on the eafl: |by Moldavia and Walachia ; on the fouth by Walachia; and on the seft by Upper and Lower Hungary. It lies between twenty -two and »ehty-fix degrees ot eait longitude, and forty-five and forty-eight of north latitude. Its length is about i8o, and its brei^dth 120 miles ; and [contains nearly 14,400 iijiiare miles, furrounded on all fides by hij^>,h ngiintains. Its produce, vegetables, and aniinals, are almoft the fame fith thofe of Hungary. The air is wholefome and temperate ; but the "'iiie of this country, though good, is not equal to the Hungarian. Jt» fchicf city is Hernianftadt, and its interior government ftill partake^ itJaily of the ancient feudal fyttero, being compofcd of ma!>y indep^ii- ii] 1 1^ i 4 M i\m 544. TRANSVLV^M: SCtAVdNlA. ^^ dcBtfci^s,ap.(5l.prijouc(;», wt«^«re,lilt|.c more xt^a n<(npiinally fubjefl totfi* Aiidrians. FapiAs, jUHb«i;iH)|, Cajvinifti, Sjnciuiaiu, Arians, Orerkt MAijbometans, an4 olhcr ^"^arjc?, her* enjoy their feveral religiong! TranOdv^nipt U thought to 94d4>utliM|ajP;the Auftrian revenue, though it (U^Dprts fome met^iT^ and Mt to Hungry.. The other large places are SagefwaTi Millenback, and T^ewmark. AILfortsof provifionsarevery cbcati, an^ excsUeiU HI thK>r Jciadv Herinauftadt is a large, ftrong, and well biijlt city, as arc Claurea^iirg aiui Weiflcnburg. The feat of go* verameotis^ J[Ier(nanilad|tt And the governor is adifled by a council niadus up.of(Ko(n«n'cathplii;s, Calviniftoj and Luthr laus. The diet, or par)wnv:nt, meets by fumrixops, and receives, the Cummands of the fo. ycrisf^n, to whom of late they have been iT\ore devoted than formerly. They have a liberty of making remonftrances and reprefentations in cafe of grievances. Tranfylvania is part of ancient Dacia, the inhabitants of which long employed the Roman arms before they could be fubdued. It was over< run by the Goths on the decliiie of the P.oman empire, and then by the Hun?. Their defcendents regain tlie fame military charafter. The po. pulation of the country is not afccrtai,ned ; but if the Tranfylvanianj [ can bring into the field, as has been aflerted, 30,000 troops, the whole iuiraber of inhabitants muft be confiderable. At prefent, their militarv force is reduced to fix regiments of 1500 each ; l)ut it is well known, that, 0iqA, ad |4| Greeks, eli;;ions, , though laces ate are very ong, and «t of go* k council e Jiet, or )f the fo. formerly, tations in hich long was over- leii by the The po. ifylvanians the whole ;ir military nown,that, >s engaged, ts only bi- themfelves catholic is introduced Is 1 "rned I ons in ::ieir though the anfylvania, enjoy what not think 1 or ft':-; led mitted -reat them. )«• their lives, iburg ; and terms of a dom from the punifli- longitude, |e about aoo I b,ooo fq'jare Danube on Iftria on the I lia, and the ts, contain* I Ind manners, irms, wi^'"^'' [ey had cm- I the rapidity [r reliftanc«i Turks, the si,, tlu ,^r jden^y. Without r«|irdlng the •^rtngttmeftts msdc by the i£|^ ^(tA of iKurope, thcv #re %^i^\ und|tlr the'|overnmcnt tmt leay*^ inioft aj libcirty, Thrt jhi^ ure EC iMJ^ af we piri^rtiat)c wri^tesn; and kept t^' Ijkipcriai croven in tbf people, wKofe names were never known even to the Auftrians ifwesj hut ♦rpm the military muder-roUi. wheit they poured their iritQjhe field during the lafttwo wars. In r746, Sclavonia was Ittdto Huhg^dryj and the ftatei fend reprefentativcs to the diet of ICiiyATiA lies between the i^th and 171^ degrees of eaft longitude, the4tthand 4J'th of north latitude. It is eighty miles in lengthy Ifryeiity in breadth, and about 2,500 ft^uare miles. The manners^ trnment, rel' on, laqgpage, and cuftpms of the Croats, *are" ft milar ftlwfeof thie ^ vvoni^n) .!• J Tranfylyauians, wh/o, are their neighi> They are t. ellent irrcgalar troofs, and, asfuch, are fanied ia lil)ift&cy» jmiicr the papnc of Pandpurs,* and various other defigt »nj. The truth is, the' houfe of Auf^ri^ find* its intereft in fuffef- [thetn and the neighbouring nationa to live in their owrj manner. itownsare blended with each' other, there fcartely being any di- "'on of boundaries'. Carolftadc is a p)a< e of fome note, but Zagrab }y mentioned; is the capital pf Croatia. All the fovercignty exer« over thetn by the Auftpstis feems to confifl in the military arrange- for bringing them occai4ona|ly into the fidd. A viceroy prefidet Croatia, jointly yyithScltfottia, an(j •..••■• lungarian DAtMAtiA. T|jis lies jh the Vfpp^r pfrt of the Adrlalip aiidconfifis of five dt#rias^ |n which the mod reiriarkable places <'o folhwihg^^ •^gna, which is a royaUfr«e town, fortiiied v .Qrje fnd art, and fitnatnt near the Tea, in ^ ^eak, mountain- ll ;:vi • arrent foil. The biflioiJOf- thfe place is at fujRVagan to the- ■fi ! of Spalatrp. B(ene are itwejye:- churches, aiid two conventa. igoveroor r.efides in the old palade, called t^e^ioyalCaflle. 2. Ot- miy a frontier fortification oi> theriver Qat»ka. That part of the Vfs where the governor and the greateftpiit of the garrifon refide, )uj)4c(j.witb a,yvviil and fomi^ tpWers : but the reft of the Jjaildings, tnare .n?fan, are erefted pn pi^es in thj|jM|^ f ^ ^0 ottf neigh- "^wnngt v;fit another without *-beat, - r^»»-y oppnf. fionV efcapcd out of D^matia, from whehce Yhi^ ob^iiie; the luune of { t^icoqs, from the word Scoco, wMch lignifies a de/ef-titr. They arealfo galled fprin^rs, or le^p<^, frcih the agmty wi^h whtch they leap, rather j tbaa wald, aldng thii nigged and mdtin^inbtts cpuhtry. Some of them five ia^cattered houfes, ahd others in targe villages. They are a roueb, i&yag(! peopile, lareerbodied^ cdiirageoQ^ and given to i^pine ; but their irffible employme^ is g^ingv. Theyiifei the Walachian language, and 1 in their Telinous lentioients and mode of worfliip approach nearefi to] Ibe Greek church ; but iome of theni are Roman catholics. I ^ A" part of Walachia belopgi alfo to the emperor as well as to the] Tories. It lies to the eaft of Tranfyivahla, ana its principal towns arel fregobltz, duchaJreft, and Scyerih. *' ' • „ ' -ii, •» » ■■ t - , . -, y .. ,f^ .. . , , ■■.%^ji-%f,jg' '*'-'^' '■'■ - - '' ■-■■'■•■ ■■ - - ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ '" - " i V ROLAND, mcLVDi ^ LITHUANIA* ]•' / SITttATloW A|r^ BXTEIW.' ■'''■'-'"" ■ Miles. ■' ' ,' ''' '-"■•■' ■ .Degrees. ; Length jrdo I ; xA^... J 16 and 34 eaft longitude. ' Breadth 680 f ^^"^^^^ I 46 and 57 north latituae. Containing i^iyiB/oo fqyare miles, :with cc inhabitants to each. v B«i;NDAa^>] -; PEFORE the bte extraordinary partition of tbi| p:i^'fvh f <;; '^t k country, the Iiingdom of Poland, with theg duf^jf of Lithuania anne,xed i(ancieatly, cs^lled Sarmatia), was boon on the North by Livonia, MuCcovy^ and the Baltic fea ; on the, Eaft I MuCcovv; on tlie.$ou(^b^ iJyngary»;Turkey,.aad Little Tartary; » the Weft by Germany; anil, bad the form of its government been i perfc£k as its fitOation waft cnmpa4£t« it might have been one of the mo potyerful kingdoms in the i^nlverfe. Its grand .diviilons were, ?! > " ? Vl rl" 'yti^':'\ t:ffiv^ t:>r>'. iC^^-''^'^ PdtAMp; t^puu r Initbiania,, Volhliliii; ^'!:: Lllik; Pobiid, M%byia, , ^luttogiitia, PNAAiKoyal, , ■■ • or .• •• P«>ifli Pr«18» ' jipoiwbi? ;- Milei. ■» 174 333 3*5 40tl 130 ; ite if. '^ ^1 "iiti' • 11(0 Miles. H CUIKT G^TIU. MitUW Karfifileck Lvcko 180 40aefna ■97 104 Lemburg Cracow flreflici >. VVa«»a^' {J. Raflem ' Elbing Bielik K long. It. 5.1 lat. 5S.>i>| ^ai^tzic. Tli<^. and Elbing, in PrbiSill ifd, ate fljrled free cities, and w« " tfte briwftidU cf PbiUdrbut yrttt (txitd by the late kmg of PruoU. ■- ' ' ' . ^ - ' ijtf ' I ' I ' " ■ . ' . ' > ■ -: — ""^ 't mm the name of ! They are alfo! cy leap, rather I Some of them y are a rough,! (ipe ; but their language, and I ach neareft ta| ics. well as to the] cipal towns aie| Pus kinds of fruits and herbs, andfome grapes, are produced in 1, and are excellent when they meet, with culture ^ but their wine i or never comes to perfedion. Poland produces various kinda clay fit for pipes and, earthen ware. The water of tnany fpriugs is jied into fait. The virtues of a fpriug in the palatinate of Cracow* fUchincreafes and de^reafes with the moon, are faid to be wonderful tlu^preferyation of life ; and it is reported, that the neighbouring in- ' 2Dti commonly live to loo, and iome of them to i$o ye.v% of %se., Iprinzis inflammable, and by applying a torch to it, it flames like^ {ubtieurpiritofwine. The flame, how|ever, dances on tlie furface,, ri&out'heatine the water; and if n« glebed to be cxtiagui^Led, which it: SyeaiGly be, it communicates itfelf, by fubtenfaeouf conduits, to th» Ks of trees in a neighbouring wood, wh'ohit cpnfumes; and abiqut, my-five years ago the flames are faid to ha/e laffed for three yiBars be^ Kthey could be entirely exringuifhed. ' f &iTia.s.] The chief rivers of Poland arc, the Vifhila or W^jffel, the after, Neiper or Borifthenes, the Bog, and the Dwina. Wat.] The chief of the few l^^^es contained in Ppiand is Gopto, the palatinate of Byzefty ; and Birals, or the White Lake, which is B to dye thofe who wafii in it of a fwarthy complexion. VioETABLB AMD ANIMAL ) The vegetable produdiions of Poland- PRODUCTIONS. I have been already mentioned under the ideof Soil., though fome are peculiar to itfelf, particularly a kind of; "^Da(if it can be called a vegetable) which in May and Tune the in-, tints fweep into fieves with the dew, and it ferves for rood, drelled, ways. A great quantity of yellow anther is frequently dug up in- uania, in pieces as large as a man's fifi, fuppofed to be the produc- ofarefmous pine. Theforefisof Warfovia or Mafevia contain great numbers of uri, buffaloes, whofe flefh the Poles powder, and efleem it an excellent^ Horfes, wolves, boars, the glutton, lynx, t.lk^,| and derr, alt of- > wild, are common in the Polifh fbrefls ; and theite is a (jpecie^ of 'horfes and alTcs, and wild oxen, that the i»o4>i|}ty of the ukraioc». Nn* 141 VtJi^Cm, ikhtmi^a LlTOiiTANM;- ai^eim AAtves, ir^mi 6f. A kind erftcution W thovght to affcft the eHc witi) le falling ficknefs^ By WItich fruHii^ it is ft^efitcntly taitcrt, more «i% «iari it would be dthentfife. | Ptilat)^ i>rodiicbs dr ^^tnrcf called bolfac i it refemblet a girinea>t peiteiveth»t Poland contains any fptt^ ^ of birds peCtiliai* t6 RIbtf i 6t\\y Wc «tt: tbid that the qihiiis there bm ^ *Jt*n KJg*, llnd- their flefti is reciconed to hi unwhbltfom^, Lithiritoii flkiond^ln bitds ; t^itiong th'ofe c^ proy are ttie eagle and vulttnre. Tk -; ^t^tfiht, otHttlifyi<^ bf titmo^ff, iisfrr6«i 6f inhabitartt!} t ana when we conlrder ^ (fte Pefles ha^e no cofotaie^^ and fdrmetim^sf'h^e enjoyed pea^e ^nt< ny y'eien togdtb^r, and thiiiiibfbwtr than SfOooiOoO of Jews are liddtoj Shhabit there, perhii^ thi§r caftcuiatibh has not been exaggerated, fi IhideffMr parttfidrt tAmS1!fffi^HA>rrin«nt of tlie IdingdOiA, ttie nurnber: «iHly^9,boo,d66j erf WMch 6obiooo art Jew». The provinees taktt ' ' Rtifl^'are the hirjieA'-, IJi Aiifllrla'theWibft poptiloos} and hj Pro^i moft commerci^. The RuiTijin ^ntain tf^ their 'an'd*tirkingdoit». ThePbl<^, h their perfonsi maltea woJJfleappeBrdnefej.theirci rfltkhSh is ftifj and tbrtr (baptt at*e Wdl proportioned. They are biiii ' noneft, and hofoital>le; and tiffeir wortWn fprightiy, yet modeft, - ' ftbrniffive to their hafbamJs; Thf a Folifli grandee, befides a coach and fix, |i$(fa a great number of Ifervants, attended by an old gentleman uiher, la dd gentli^oman for her gonvernante, and a dwarf of each fex to ihdd up her trains Aod if it be night, her coach is furronni^ l^ a ||wt nuhiber of iflambeaux, 1 1^ Poles are divided inldnobles» clergy, citizens or burghers, and |iBtibt'ti; ibepe.rvnts are divided into two forts; thofe of the crown, ltd ^dimfii! belonging to individuals Thdugh Poland has its princes, MMI» and biw^S) y«t Ihe whole-body of the nobility are naturally on iki^ except the difference that arifes firom thr. public polls they en- •j^. Hence all who are of noble birth CaH one another brothers. They dl Aot Value titles of Itonour, but think Z gentleman of Poland is the lM[iKft appellation f hey ckn enjoy. They have many cbniiderable pri- [l^wges; and, indeed, the boafted Polifh liberty is properly limited to |ili.,*^,u..-. I :i ip ; ifeLAttt^, Wcto^mNorL^tntTANrA. I li^-1mVe eA«te#1r(Hn five to/tnirtf}tzmit!t'\kejttcnt^znAne0(t\itn. ditiny fivereigns of cities, with wliieh the king has no concern. One if th^i' ndbies polR^flestbove 4oootou>ns and tiilages. ' Some of thetncaft riKi'Bot to^ooo men. Thehoufeof a nobleman is a fecttre afyium fb^ p^dunx who have committed any crime ; fo/'none muft prefum'e to takb th*m ffom thence by force. They have their ^borfe and foot gum-ih iivhich ai'e upon dut>^day and night before their palaces and in thri^an.' te-ehambers, aiid march before them when they eo abroad. Theymake Ml extraordinary figure when they come to the diet, fame of them har. ing 5000 guards arid attendants ; and their debates in the fenate are oftea dttermined by the iWord. Wherv great meii have fuits at law, the diet or othe^ tribunals decide them ; yet the execution of the fentence muft be- left to the lon^eft fword ; for the jufticeof^the kingdom is common* ly^too weak for the grandees. Sometimes they raife 6000 men of a fidf, plunder and burn one another's citjes, and beHege caftles and forts; for ' they think it below them to fubmit to the fentence of judges, without a field-battle. As to the peafants, they are born (laves, and have no id«a of liberty. If one lord kills the peafant of another, heisnotcapi. tally con vi^ed, but only Obliged to make reparation, by another pea. fant equal in value. A nobleman who is defiroiis of cultivating apiece ' of land,' builds a little wooden houfe, in which he fettles a peafant and his family, giving hirn a cow, two horfes, a certain number of geefej hens^ iic. and as much corn as is fufllicient to maintain him thefirftl ' year^ and ttf improve. for his own futijre fubfiltence and the advantage V' of his lord. :> ffn^' i^^n-^M"-/-K^^f.:-*. ■•■•,■ The clergy have many immunities' ; they are all free men, and, in fome inftances, have their own courts of juftice, in which the canon iawii pra^lifed. A bifiiop is entitled to all the privileges of a fenator; was ufwtlly appointed by the king, and confirmed by the pope,' but after< wards nominated>by the king out of three candidates chofen by the permanent council. The'archbifliop of Gnefna is primate, the firftj fenator in rank, ^nd viceroy during an interregnum. The burghmj flill enjoy fome freedom and privileges ; they chufe their own burgoma- iter and council, regulatetheir interior police, and have their own crimi* nal courts of juilice, and when defendant againft a noble, he muA be I cited before the magiftrate of his own town, from whence an appeal! lies only to the king in his aneflori;l tribunal. Without this exemption I from the jurifdl6tion of the nobles, they would long fince have been re»| duced to a Hate of vaffalage. , I The peafants of the crown, if opprfefled, may lodge a complaint in the! royail court of juftice, which is fome check to injuftice ; but peafantij belonging to individuals are at the abfolute difpofal of their maftef,an(l •11 their acquifitions ferve only x6 enrich him. They are indifpenfabiy obliged to cultivate the earth ; they are incapable of entering upon anyl condition of life that might procure them freedom, without the pcr-f miflion of their lords ; and they are expofed to the difmai, and frequent-] ly fatal efFefts of the Caprice, cruelty, and barbarity of their tyrannical mailers, who opprefs them with impunity ; and having the power oil life and property in t+ieir hands, too often abufe it in the moft grofsanw Vinton manner, their wives and daughters being expofed to the liioC brutiil tr*atrnejvt.. One blefling, however, attends the wretched fituij lion of the FoUfli peafants, which is thtir infenfibility. Born flav«,an(^ ♦cctiflomed froii) their infancy to Imrdfliips and (evert labour, the[ ueWlitV of them fCafcely eiltertarri an idea of better CircumftancesanJ ftwrrilbtj-ty. fhcj- tfeganj tiicir mailcfs arft fuj^crlor order of btingij til htf 41X4*!^?/*^:?*"?? ^,^Mr feverc Ipt Chciurfii) »nd cop|em«4t ^tlieir cpndiiop,^ ,t^ey,are. feadv upop every, opc^fion to,riH:^4<^' ^(^vcs and their fumlm fpr their .nuiiftcr, eitpef^jally if the Iajtte;> ii^l care to feed them. well. Moil of them feem to think that a na^ ca|i;^v$T l)e.very wretti^hpd ^hiL^J^e has apy thii^g to cat.' Tkept.v jpir^^led Qerman pe^fai^iSf whflfe foc^ora u^ere }nd>i,lged> on fettlti^. Jjvjffl^nd, ill the pie oJF J^e German V»w», who fojpy feveralj^riviHigf^ aoipoPefled by the generality, of the PoUib p^afao^ ; their yiUageS:ar& ^jr bpilt, they poiTejTs i]^oi;e fattle, pay t|i^ir quit jrcht^ better,, ai¥|> ^(^afier and neater in theiir perfoQS. Wp I^ave been, the jpgre cii{ii< wpftintial in defcribing the nfianners and prefent |[Ute pf the Pol^ fyf tW, bear a near refemblanqe, in many particulars, to thofe of Eurc^.. '^;«»«ral during the feudal agei ; but their tyranny over their tenanif ud tafl^s feems to be carried to a much greater, height, lately, in^ ia^f a ffw nobles of enlightened underuandings ihave vel>tur<|d to I flf^ liberty to their v^ilals. Tbe firil who granted this freedom wa« I lunoiflci, formerly great chancellor, who, In 1 760, enffanchifed fix vU^ I ^(t in the palatinate of Marovia, and afterwai^ds o^ all his efl;ates. , .Th|p j^v of ihq king of Poland, .like wifjfc JtnfnUichifed four villages near WaVfaw, and not only, emancipated, hi^ ciyfants from flavery, but condefcended to dire^. their affairs. So tliat tt|ff times jn that diftreffed country may be' cxpeAed. . ;v ^Torture was aboliljied in4^oland in 1770, by au%d}(£t of thedlet^tttif [jtrtbe influence of the king. Atrocious crimes, fuch as murder, &c» ji^punifhed by beheading or hanging; lefler delinquencies by whip* Uiog, imprifonment, and hard labour: the nobles never fuHer anjc^ l^poral punidiment, but are liable only to imprifonment and death. ^ I.Tiie inns in this country art long (lables built w|th boards, and co* Inred with flraw, without furniture or windows ; there are chambers *t |«Be(i)d; but none can lodge there, becaufe of flies and other vermin; »i that ftrangers generally choofe rather to lodge among the horfes. Itnvellers are obliged jto carry provifipn with them ; and when foreign- tnwsnt a fupply, they apply to the lord of the village, who forthwith provides them with neceffaries. [^ P|E«s.] The drefs of the Poles is rather lingular. They ihave their |q«|«, kaving only a circle of hair upon the crown, and men of alftranks >eo£ra)ly wear large whifkers. They wear a veil which reaches down tq b{c,mid(il,e of the leg, and a kind of gown over it lined with fur, and Brded with a fa^, but the lleeves fit as clofe to their arms as awaift* Mat. Their breeches are wide, and make but one. p^ce with th^ pockjngs. They wear a fur cap or bonnet; their {hirts.are without ollaror wriftbands, and they wear neither ftock nor neckcloth.. In- ad of Ihoes, they wear Turkey leather boots, with thin folcs, and ep iron heels bent like a half moon. They carry a pole>ax, and a (•r^i or cutlafs, by their fides. When they appiear on horfeback, >ey wear over all a Ihort cloak, ;which if commonly covered with ^urs Mh within and without. The people of the beft quality wear fabl^ ad others the (kins of the tigers, Jeopards, fyjf. Some <^. them faavd ttv f»jit8 of clothes,, all- a^ .rjch as poffiblf, ajid which diefcend ixom Kner'to Ibh. Were it iiQt for ctur own partii^iky tQ,^ort,dfc:^s./^«iv thi tbetosiil^ proteRantsa fMIK^it f>ytiQ()ilk%r(b^ m4 W bi ^7^ 4^ W^cfiiiatne b%n ihaaie In favbtiV ofthef pWteftanVs an^ the meinberisofi ; iW&OAfek'Idhtjircfii indeed, it his fee'en ichictty owing to the in|i«!Dct| *"«hld'fci6ni*0tt'bfkKe p>bprifti i;rergy, thatfht peafants in Poland havefct^l V tMiicirdtoftrthia ftafetif Wifetdied'f^ . ^- Theprin'ciplei of Sociniaaifm made a very early and confidcrable'prL itTi tn Poland/. A ti'ahflstion of the Bible Into t'hfe' toHIh language wai ^if^lift^fedth V^72^, aht! two yekfsarteVj'dnderthc djr'eftidn of thiefaiiiM ypf(bn$i mi Cdtrchifni'^ or Bon^effibn, of the Uhita^ia'ns, >as publilhtir . JtBtAt6^.\ The:jil)iliijl;^ 'ahd wi^itioj^s of So'cVnus'grfatly tontribiiM •fc['f he iw^i^hfi^ propaj^iitioh' bf i^ls dpiniohs ; liiit tVovgh the SociniaDl i liV'?iJlaii3'-havc'bc'ea very nubnerdu?, they biVe at difftreht times bcciij >*Wftlrj!»^eWtjWd. nfta^tvW;ieWas lately reforved bcWeen therepuW VB^aVii'^pai^jtibttltfjg'tobWerS, tHat kll'di&dtht? 'ihlai}l havf j^ Um!>9R( Si #hcre we I fel' Tntb 1»6!ah4i prbVjkBlv totted th^^K-'dmVh feWetfebi^^f ife eiiHifreh'<^k^<)red InBeA^b^ds^ #'here we mul^ ;»b^^ ^fi^e lii^fP by Biears and other wild beafts t oHM^rwife It i^ di^cult tQ ^ccd'uai P- Keii'TubnfiiBhce, . Ft i^ t^jftiih' Ihdt fuVb beings h'aV% beeii jfbtin^ ii^ the '^rty miles round it, which were wn&t the protection of the iiingand the republic of Poland. Its magistracy, and the majority of itsinha* bitants, are Lutherans; although the Romanifts and Calviniflsbe equal- ly tolerated in it. It is rich, and has 46 pariflies, with many convenrsl and hofpitals. The inhabitants have been computed to amount to £oo,Doo; but Dr. Bufching tells \X8, that, in the year 1752, there di«lj but 1946 perron<(. Its own fliipping is numerous ; but the foreign Um Conftantiy re^rtjng to it are more (b, of which 1014 arrived there loj the year .175a.; in which year alfo^iBS Polifli veflTels came doan thej "^Viftula, chiefly laden with corn, tor its matchlefs granaries; whence] that gr^in ifl diftribnted to many foreign nations; beHiies whidnj Dantzic exports great quantities of naval ftores, and vaft variety ofj dtl:ier articles. - Di^ Biifchirig affirmf^ that it appears froni ancient m POLAND, WdLUDtM LITHUANM.^ It in hiftory on ad-of the Han- is fituated on arge, b«auttf«l, and many of larbour, and is to be fomewhat time that the fui Temporis^ in coitiiTierce and tf rrUory about of the king and )rity of itsinhav vinifl s be equal- rr.any convents id to amount to 175a, there ditd] the foreign fliip* arrived there m came down the' anarles ; whwce^ ; befides >»hiclHi vaft variety ol frorii ancient r^ tfitHih M early as the ycmr 997; that Bantzio wif a Jirglf'cmnlM^di|* ci(y,4ndnot« village or inconfiderabk town, at fonM pretend'. *' The inhabitaMii of Dantsic have tften chniged their mlifteri, ah^ have fometinies been under the protedion of the Engliih and Ditfch ; but gtneraUy have fho«i()'«i"a great prtdlteftion for the kkitfdolii ind re* public of Poland, as being lefs likely to rival them in' theh* trade, or •bridge them of their iifhmtinitks, 'wnich extend even to the privilege of coiaine money. Thoiich llrongly fqrtified, Mid pofTeflied of icd^ lirge brais cannon, ii could not, through its fituat^h, ftand a regufar itats being furrounded with eminences. lu 1734, the iiihabitants dif- covered a remarkable attachment and fidelity^ towards Staniflails, Icing of Poland, not only when his enemies, the RuHians, were at their gates, but even in poiTefnon of the city. The reafon why Dantzic„ Tnora^ ind Elbing, nave enjoyed privileges, both civil and neligtous, very dif- ferent from thofe of the relt of Poland, is becaufe, not beihe^aibte to en' dare the tyranny of the Teutonic knights, they put theiMelves under the protection of Poland, rcferving to themfelves large and ample pri-*> vileges. This city, as well as that of Thorn, were exempted b^ the iuog of Pruifia (Frederic II.) from thofe claims whici> he made on the ntighbourinc countries ; notwithfhinding which^ he foon af^er thguglit proper to ferae on the territories belonging to Dantzic, tirfder ^Mence of their having been formerly part of Polifli PruiTia. He then pro- ceeded to pOfTefs himfelf of tlie port* duties belonging to that city, anc^ treded a cuftom-houfe in the harbour^ where he laid arbitrary and in- fupportable duties upon goods exported or imported. To complete the fviietn of Oppreffion, cuitom-houies were erefted at the very gates of Dantaic, fo that no peifon could go in or out of the town without be- ingfearched in the urifteft manner. Such is the treatment which the cityof Dantiic received firom the king of Pruflia, though few citie* h*e ever cxifted, which have been comprehended in (b mafty general and particular treaties, and whofc rights and liberties have been fo irt- Huently fecured, and guarantied by fo many great powers, and by fuch a long and regular fuccei&on of public a£ts, as that of Danteic Jq^beeQ. In the year 1784, it was blockaded by his troopis, on various [pretences ; by the interpolition of the empt|?fs of Ruflia, and of the king of Poland, they u'cre withdrawn, and a negotiation carried on by de« pntiesat Wariaw ; which was concluded on the 7th of September; by Iwbich, as now acceded to by the citizens, the trade of the city vras to jbereftored to its former (lability. Notwithftanding this, however, iu, the year 1793, the Pruffian troops took pofTeflion of Dantzic; the bdr- Igemafter and council of the city, having, on the 2d of April, aflembled [It the town-houfe, at the requeft of the late king of Profli-i, by public Idtciaration, ordered every perfon to follow his trade and bufinefs as fual, and remain peaceably in his houfe, when the.Prniiians diould en- |tw that tity. The city of Thorn was alfo treated by the king of Pniffia in the fame unjuft and oppreflive manner with that of Dantzic, '. id is now added to his dominions. " CoMMEBCB AKp M ANUP ACTURBS.] The chief cxports of Poland arcl ifpecies of grain, hemp, flax, cattle, mails, planks, pitch and tar, ho- t;,wax,pot'afl) and tallow : its imports are foreign wines, cloths, fluffs, unufaduved filksand cotton, fine linen, hardware, tin, copper, (ilver, jid gold, glafs ware, furs, &c. Some linen and woollen cloths, filks, ' »8t,camletsy lace, and hardwares, are manufadured in the in'^erior arts of Poland and Lithuania; but commerce is chiefly confined to the ^ [ity of 0?.nttic, and the other towns on the Viflula and the Oaltic. CoNjiiTUTiou AND goVeummbnt.] Whofc volutiies havdt been i! It i ,„ ■ -I 1^ ]f>Q^^liM^r^^t^>i» tttHUAr^A; iNfiai^yi hettbe Ftfland btt Jbteik talleil • kiimlom Und common! WjNlth.' Th^lBAl'^Hitlie head vttU rtpuUict and «^«» ele^ed by th« NblHtV V^tf tbe dr^iil'%p)ahl^ bf W#ri«vr. Tbey ckAed bmi m A^e^9id|i Ihilln cale tb^re fliould H |i r^fbaorv Minority, the mft^ Mfity'lriil ntf Veiitrol d««t tfaeifi, but to cut theM in pieces witli their nm^ ftHlY^ihe h»iiioi4ty were Aifficientty ftrong, a civil war ehfu«i nirthMia^yjafid^ hU ileAIdo, he Ggned the/it^ti emfentu of the liitifr «Mi»J»V>Rkh))iipoM|ed thai the cr<>wn Oiould be elfcAiVeMhat hit 9^mh-ftimM ffi^p^iht^d duriDg hit life^ that the diets ihotild b( pNM^d t^if^y two ycart-* that every hobje or gentleman in the ¥b;Iih flfototid '^y< i Vdt« ill the diet of eledion, and that in cafe thi Whi HuiMl^^Hfrihti^ tfije. latlvs and privile^i of the bation. his fubjeai ItiJMMtf 1)e ^bfolVdd IVoito their alli;;giaht;e: — In ffft, the king was no Itt^lfhaii ^rdidirlV^ of (be fentt^t which tifed to be cohYporcd of ihi lri)i#t', the ardibtft^p of t«nibtitg, ^fteen biihops^ and ijo britien, d'StlfftKg df f hie erent officers of (late, the palatines, i^nd Cafiellans. The ^-^nel i^ thK |OVerudrs bf the pfovitlccs, who hold their officek /or >^Tti^ tiiJdelMia* o|liC« ititinne of peace isalmoft nbminal; bat ffjiell tbjf h™illt»tyi(r ftOi**! !er*ice» rt;e required, they are the IJeute, fiih^ 6f)^ paktiobi ina tiUnjahiud ttn troopt of th«ir feteni di. ' ¥w d!«^ otIPbteiJ ^ irfdinai^ ImJ WibWti^Vy i the former Sill^t 6'ikt fii lw6> ahd lblfifiettn(ie» three yeari ; the latter was fumiBoatd fiy thl^ klt^jl Up6n clriticaf 'ejmfefginipies, ahd cokittnUed ho longer thoik * fortAJght; fcyt to^e diifctit^nfi; voicfc rentjenjd'«ll their delibtratidBs in- teflrbai^iii. <^|!|viotjs to k gtiiiriA diel^ either bi^iAAry or extraordihi^, ^hx^qK"cbttJdtit bvrt fiit Wtek^ theit were dJetihes, 0^ proviAdal difts, ^1h illfeitn^ ^itliri^. iThe king, ^ith tlO^ advice of the pthY^ahtM 'cUdiitcO,^ehttheih t^tteirs^ CbnUinih^ the keSdH of tho bufibefsthat m f& "be; !i^t|i^ Idf In tht j^ifeAeral diet. IThe gentry bf each paUtinitt fotghV'(itirt the n«t^ iWd Vleptitiiss from provinces and tbwtv» viit. t^8 for Fokud i^d tiW^a^ia^ atiVr |6 fot> PrUflia : !« jltiei twice at WariflW) and enci A GrodtiOt ^iji iii'rMl. ifor Xht i^venierrcy of tbe LttKuanbns, who midt St bn'e of the'^rticIA ^f thieir linron wiiH Poland^ but fihce thi pwftnt Itlgii, they haVt Wn Hw^; funSttiiJivea lo Warfa^, Sach art ttie bWlntt of th's m which was laefJ fi]04^IItifl yith armbll' evitrV new king/iVdcordihgto tUe pttili mvririi Be was bbligect ktt %gh. HbW^r, in tfaia iftj^erfeft (ketch, we can Bl ceim titeir^a't fro,orthetribUhitiato negative, thatir' •yefftfl fiiietWHrdepdty Ol'ij'iriidbife king and fcnate,«i i)e^%1iil' always" be oeBtuftivc of order knd government. It is-fouiidvj jfedll^lfii 6t)tmc pH,^^^^^^ that wajinthed jnrii'di6tion which tljr St^fif Ibfds i)] fortrier iges tifed to entoy aft ove^r Europe. Accbrdingtt .Jay. C(^ie;' the privfljigf in i^ireftibn i* not to* bfe found in any period < f u fte IPofiih hiftory atitecedcnt to thb tei^tj'bf )iilm Cafmiir. It n uij^fr his adminiitr^tipi) that, in the year i6^s, when the diet of W*> ftvi' ^al%lyk an^ «e^a1firig imnr4i4Uljr to tli^ (^^ (filoTi protcfted, that 91 manyadt hfcj be«n prQpof«4«n4 ^med-^q(i» dtrji to tht conftitntion of th* ftqiiuWic, i( tha mt ct>ntinu«4 t^ ^r, 4^ g)0u)4 confidcr U a« »n infrWement of th« lawt» Tite'i^enibeicf W^ift ^«()crftnick it » proteft of tM' n&Mir«, tUtbeito unlM)0«9, nir^ ^Cf kHiVttQoJK. place about the proprteff of contin^ng^r d)|(r\lp wk^^ ft examine the b^ 4|vCQunt4 of tiie tOu(litutirmerly, and what Poland is at prefcnt. Ttok i^i^4lt)f i^s m i»iiifer« thUt the gorernment of' f'oUind caifnot be othefWife linptQ^ ||ii|a,by the innroduAion ufarta, mdttufai^uifes, atid ConY>t)tfrce| whji^ would rcfider the common people independent of the n«^ility,:«ln(lnK«> vent the latter from having it in theiC power to annoy their fottei^i^n, Iindt9 mai4t»in tixgff unc(^al priv}ljB|^ Whit:h are fo huetfu) (^ ihf tomnjunity. . Ildleeil the partitioning powers, befide difmembering thif be! mofs of Poland, proceeded to change and fix thie conftitutioa ^lid venamenti uqder pretence of amending it ; confirming aii i's deie^ ladan^vourltig to petpetnate the prmclples of a'hafchy Mitf cdnfuiidn. TlweKecMtive power, which was entrufted to the king and fena(e» n^as i^tA'm th^ permanent council, compofed of the: king, fenate, Aiid ih^ iquKi^ian ora^r* T^c king as prefidenr, the printite and three b^flippiL^ aine lay fenators, four from the m1^1ftr^r of thef republic, tJiie itiarfflaF vi(i) 11 counfeUors of the eqveftrtaii (»<(er, fn' i^H 36. Of (he 1 B fena- tbni ^x from each province of GreatI Pdtand, Little Polarid, arir«yereie£iiTe, and all order of fucceflioii profcribed;*' ihxa>' the-^ttf] clttfioo of a, king's (on and grandfon removed the profpJb^or an hekfi^ jifitiry foverieiSffflty, and entailed upon the kingdom all th^ evils mieparai^ blefrdm an elective monarchy. By tht/ecott^t ** thatioirelgh candidates* tot^lhroniP Audi be e)u;^ded,and ty» perfon can becliofeft kingf of Pd* htudy excroting a nativePolft of noble Qtkin,/an.d'ptiifli^l)^fig4iiii^dTn the^ |l[lngdg((2(Js a gold cVbfs entmell^cl re4( and qn the pentre of it i&,amedal» lion with the image of S^ $^taqiifliai)^ ^nanii^Ued iii propericoh>urs. It is . «/orn pendent to a red ril^and cdge4. with white. The (lar of the order.. iii^lver, aiid in the ceiiffe ba^ypht^r^of $. A, R. (Suniflaus AuguHus itex)>hcircred with the, mott9/*Pr^»i»fl««&«««/me. prince w,ho was paramount over the reft. , In the ye^r 700, the peoiile, through the oppreffion of their petty chiefs, rtve the fupreme command, under ^h^ title of duke, to Cfacus, the touridcr of the city of Cracow. . His poflerity failing, in the year 830s, ipeafaht, one Piaflus, was eleliled to the ducal dignity.. He lived to the age of I ao years, and his reign was fo long and aufpicious, that every native Pole who has fi nee been elected king, b called a PiaU^. From this period till the acce'ffion of Miciflaus IL 964, we. have no very certain records of the hiflory of Poland. The title oi^ duke was re- tiined till the year 999, when Boleflaus aHumed the title of king, and. cbnq^uered Moravia, rruflia, and Bohemia, niaking them tributary to Fohnd. Boleflaus II. added.Red Ruflia.to Poland, by marrying the heir* dsof that duchy, anno 10 C9. Jagello, who, in 1384, mounted the throne, was gratid duke of Lithuania, and a pagan ; but on his being deified king of Poland, he not only became a Chriftian, but was at {jains to bring over his fubjefts to that religion. He united his heredi- tiiy dominions to thofe of Poland ; which gave fiich influence to hit MKerity over the hearts of the Poles, that the crown was^ preferved in Qs family until the male line became extinct in Sigifmund Auguftus, in im; who admitted the reformed, with the Greeks and all other fet^s, t6 afeat in thediet, and to all the honours and privileges before confin- «i to the catholics. He gave fuch evident marks of fiivour to the pro- teftant confeflion, that he was fufpefled of being inclined to change his religion. At this time two powerful competitors appeared for the crown' of Poland. Tbefe were, Henry duke of Aujou, brother to Charles IX» king of France, and Maximilian of Auflria. The French intereft pre«v nited, by private bribes to the nobles, and W'3Tii '^'^'M,'^^'''^'^ t^'^fe- i»-^^^ ^a"^ -^'^' ,;"t:ui3o:> itMi ju jLi>Tb-J?".3t 33i'i* na^d 9vM> , 't ! ■i ■I :| J Ml I fi: ^-i ?6 that of itirftii II t»ltic «j^^^ Sj^hmieiu^rdefc^te^ the Pole; ifl t«ro gift^^' tiAl\Ufi, akd fOrolH ffietn'to a d^AionouJrable'. peace. It ap< ^U^ tKat^' d^r^H^ttic^ toUmpftW'w^ft^ nohflUy betiave^q the lirorft of niffiatrs, and tHe^ coii(l'i|. 'thU was followed l^jr the taking of mht^ aii4 omelf|ililrci^^V>'>^ thtfy comih^ fxipft horrid ravages in Lithuania^.! Nfext year Chatliis i'. of Sweden, ^feer oVj^-rtirinJni G^eat andJUttte j PW1^a4 entWt^ ihtoTPtfUih PrulRa, aft the to.^'ns of wWv^ rcceiv^ KiJJ; ' ei(6ept IJiantieitr. Ttie rb^ance madeliy t)vat city gave the PqVs tiine ttfrt^iifleilibli; iiitftlielf kihg, John qafimir, w1)o ha,d fled into Silefi^*, Wiifbtiiftf by'ttfe Ta^fatt as*efl ^i the.l*oles| fo'that tlje Swedes, wTbfl' W^^lje i||i^^grew d t^c ^^^^^ iiSk t'h;b«i ?«! .«'9% SacsintlM, patur,a|lyj [ JohA & Lce.. Itap-i •d by j«hii;r s came ij^* offac8,,theXt. Lithuani»f5 ^. and,Litj:^, ecejve4^% intpSneW: Swedes, wnfl ut in piectJ,. ice they b»4 ith no mor« ipn, thatch? >^ted hwTfaroiii^Mide^Ued tMf^'Af ««.^einr^ii«^^;(ffi!^iif4'' W far from being dflibicaWc. >|CiiT'. . ti *. <':-ti"'»a:«^«12^ -{ Xlie moft renNit»4ili;9eHik*fM)#lh^ Mdejij fiM#tfiiaif!^1n^78N^lfL , Sp^HnMPy. f«nd MsrJM|0£ii9v '^'^'i^^^li^'^^iiowiKF^ ' ''^^'^ wvt^efcefided from 'ft*f'tfae£h)liiR^4«^t«itiHM««^in^ pmttm$iW[ tbeMivwho cMiqi]*rbd.il^lidprof4|i/ees %l Fb^Jia, aEldidolif'k«np« uwJ^i'tiU theit tKbttgbt tnidi«gllftbl«^ ' ^^ gftst^psit of Pbl«{<|%»1«$ tbi^ay^geav aofditbePom arerc obtUjifed ^o"pv^ an ftnmial iribi|t« jit tbtftiltaoc ) Nptwitbftaftding'ditffe di(|racefuleTefif s^ the tredtc qf tnii^ ^(^ acnu was in fcMXievoieafunf ' ffiaintained by ^ob^ Sob}e/kf, tfU trwmfgenerdv'a brave and «£kir6 '^GontHnktHKer/ whb Jutd gWeW'^^ !lVit»rei«!Mddieats. Michatfl dyihg in i6;^5, Sobi^ffei i#as endftiji jui^t^and in i 67>6, hi- was f^^ foe^eiBftil -agaiiift; the infidels, th^i j^ , ;: jJNsed them ta remit the tribute tliey fatid impof^d upon Pofarid)' bUt ^ they^kept pofleifion of Kanntiieck. Iti 1683, Sobiefti, th(n>|;h he'hii^ wtbeen wdl treated by thehoufeof Avftm, was lb public-ifoirif*^ aj{; 1 )o«Kr intotbe leagti? that was farrftedfor the {defence of Chri^nddtA ' Kiiflft/tbe infidels, and acquired immortai honodr, by obliging fiAi{ t Jttfks to raife the fiege of Viertna, and making a terrible" (l»\^^i^ 0,, ' llbeeaemy ; for all Which glorious fertice», and driving the Tiirrki dliJ^ l«f Hungary, he wa« ungratefully requited by the -eniperor Leopofld;* '' Sobie/ki returning to Foland> continued the' war againft the Tiirki, it;unfortunately quarnellod with the fenate, who fufpefted that ft^ ^.. iqted-to make the crown^hereditary in his family. He' dleU^ after «'" ' lorious rcign^ in -16^. •■ ■■■• •:!'; '^^..-■*'' "itr - .■ ■■■'>}?- • ' '•••,;" ^^' ■• Poland fell into igreat diftraftibfis tl^poiiSobfe^i'fe death. l^JNifroq- ^ icieswerefbrmed^ but all parties feem^ imclirtcd to ixdirdfe tWfii* ;* iki himilyt In the meanwhile^ Poland was rnfulted bythe T^rtirl^ the crown in a manner put up to fale* The prince of Cbhrj^' Af ^ . .Wood royal of France, was the moft liberal bidder; but wfttte'l^^ H^bt the ele£lion almoft fure, he was difappbintedfby the iAtrigiyp^'^f^^"^ qaeen*dowager, in favour of her yoifnger fon, prince 'Aleicaridci' ilB(ki,ior which Ae was drivenifrom Wari-awto Dahtzicf S'udiSBhly' "•^s, eieftor of baxony^ ftartied up as a candidate, aiki aftfei* a ff'^ftj being proclaimed by the bifliop of Cujavia, he bok jioft*djSoi>,, BrandenbW|,B%"!0* with a Saxon army, and aiftuany was Grbw>!ied iA Aat'^ity^'' fubniitted W«^7' The prince of Conti made feverai unfitccefsful' iefforK tbVrff ". cr the SwcdoJ Royal l'n»ifi> .quit all prejS^ the dwchy <^ Lttsficd'wltJ \oi vvhomm of edacity |l of Gernn«l*J |(J was fcfti^ ' icrcafeil ev^J ricdiWcFM his intereft, and pretended thafh'e 'had been actually cKofeiis hr was afterwards oMiged to return to 'Ftianc779' The following year, 177s, it appeared, that the king of Pruflla^ the B^peffsf ahd eniprefs-queen, and emprefs of Ruffia, had entered into in>U)ao<:« to divide, and difmember the kingdom of Poland ; though IrttiB»>as formerly Jn a Aate of vaflklnge to Poland^ and the title of Bg of Pf uffia was iwver acknovkrledged by the Poles till 1 764. RuiHa Uig, [q the beginning of the 1 7th cetituryt faw its eapitiil and throne by the Pbleat while Auftria^ in 1683) wa^ indebted to A king |f Poland for the preferVation of its raettopolis, and alnioft for its Vehr "^fteace.' Thefe three altied bowers, acting in concertj fet up their nil pretehiions to thb refpeaive difirifts which they had allotted for '.••''■'.■ . '^■ b h t^4, the empJ^JTs df RnflSa traufmitted tb the Cottrt of Wgrfaw an iSt of km ktion^ figned ^tth her oWn halld, And fealed with theiealof the empire; in ^Ihe decTaiCB, *• That flie did bjr no tfi&LM arrogate either to herfelf, her h«irif I tutceiriirs, pr to h«f empire, any right or ciaioi to th': diIliri£U cr territories iareadiially iiipdfleiJti^nj or Albjei5l co the atith>N^\ of the kinedoni uf Poland, ^tduehyof Lithtiania''; htit that, bn the contrary, her faid majefty Would giia* t » the faid kingdoih uf Poland ihd dtfchy of Lithuania, all the imititinitiei, I territories, tod diftri<^B, which the did kingdom and duchy ovght by rigut tO H or did tlbw adiialiy pi||fl'«is| and wotild ,at ail times, aiid for cter, tiiaimain , in' the full and free enjoyment thereof, againft the attciiipU of all and every bns. flbaold, at aiiy Unte or on ilhy pfetrat, cnde^voiir to difpulTefs iJiein of the fame/*' (&me year did the king of Phiflia fign, with his own hand, an aA, wherein he ted, •< Ifaat he had no claims, fonrted ni) j>rekehrions oil Iceland, or any [tart lif: that he renounced all claims on that , kingdoin, either as king of Pruffia, or of Brandenburg, or dlike of Pomeranhi." In the laxBe inllrnment he ^uarai). kin die moft folemn manner, the territories and rights of Puldnd agalnit etery nt whatever. The etaprefs^qlieen of Hun^tryi fo late as the month of Jfcnuarfi I ^^e a letteir With her own hand tb the king of Fol»nd, in which (ha gave hint iroogdl affurances, '< That her Iriendihip for him and the repliblie was firtn and ||nble; that the motions of her tro ps ought nut to alariti hhn; that ihe had [oitertained a thought uf fcising any pari of his doMinibni, nor would even Tuy other power to do it." Front whieh, according tu the political creed ef we may infer, that to guarantee the righUi iihertietj^ and revenues of a »t» to annihilate thofe liiMrties, fciae Upon thoft: tights, aod appropriate tho|« liotheir ewnuGu Such is the faith of prinoes! .'-y O o a ■TT S«4 POLAND, tucLUWNC LFlJERJANt^ tod fuaninteed to each other;. Polifli dr^Weftdn f raffia, andfomi! diftrifts bordering upon BrandcAbura, for the king of Pruffia; almbft all the foiuh«eaft parts of the Idngdom bordering upon Hungary, to. gether with the rich falt->works of theciown, for the ei»prefs-queen of Himgary and Bohemia* ; and a large diftri£kiof .country about Mohilow, iJpon the banks of the Dnieper, for the empr^fs of Ruffiaf . But though each of thefe powers pretended to havie k leeal title to the territories which were allotted them refpe6tiveiy^ and^publiflied manifjrflos in juftification of the mcafures which they had taken, yet as they were confcious that the fallacies by which they lupportcd thtir pretenfions were too grofs to impofe upon mankind, they forced the Poles to call a;i;iew diet, and. threatened tiien), thit i£^ they. did not; confent unanU moufly to iign a treaty for the ceding of thofe provinces to th^rn re* fpeflively, thrwhdfc4iiigdom srouid foe hid under a military execu- tfon, and treated as a conqudred fiate.- i In this extremity of diftrefs, ieveral of the Foliih'nobili^proteft«] againft thisviolent a£i of tyranny, |ind retired into.foreigh ftates, choofing rather to live in exile^ and td have all their landed property confifcated, than' to be inftruments of Bringing their country to utter ruin ; but the king^under the threatening cf det}ofition and imprifonment, was prevailed upon tofign thil a6f,and his example was followed, by many of his f(ibje6».' .The kmg.of PruflSa^s ton )\& in Poland was the moft tyrannical that can be conceived. In the year 1771, his troops entered int With t&is bafe money he bougl vp com and forilge enough, not only to fuppiy his army for two who! ^ years, but to ftock magazines in the country itfelf, where theinhab^|^^"ft"' '* tants were forced to *;ome aiid rc-purchafo corrt: for their daily fuh^ **' fiftence, at an advanced price, and with good money, his csmmiflaiii refufing to take the fame coin they had p^w. At the, loweft calculatipi he gained, by this iopejt manoeuvre, feven millions of dollars. Havi iiripped the country of; money and provifjons, :t^s next atteinpt was thin it (liU more of its inhabitants. To jleople his own dominioia the expenfe of Polahd, bad been his great aim t for this purpofe, he c V rifed a new contribution ; every tOMfnanid^ village Was obliged to furai ji certain number of marriageable girl's] tl^e pari^nt§ to give, as a por* * The dtftri& cUimed by Auftria was o.bJI tbattrkA of land Ijingoa the r ^deof the Viftula, from Silefia above Sandonir, ta>the mouth of the San, atdi thence by Franepole, Zaoioire, and RubieObw, 10 the Bog:: Crom'theBogalgnKJ frontiers of Red Ruffla to Zabraa, on the bordem^of^VoUunJa. and Po4olia, and^ t ^a)i^wiQ« ftraight line to tlie NijBiier, where it receiTes tbe Sbrytz, takingioij •I Podolia, and then, along the bcun^rlos feparating Podolia and Moldatria." country is now incocjpoi'ated math Anftriai mdct; the j94>pellation of the Ungdi ^aUer cent, in] y he bougli r two«'h*' ; the inbal ir daily M ;9mmiffui( calcuW?^ ^s. Havn fefflpt «iM' VlorninionJ fpofe,b«^ redtofam^ as a poi * lingonxte Ic San, and leBog»J«« p4olia, a™" [tatongiy; koldatia" theW ktinaU otF [(ituatfdio a feather-be^, four pillows, acpw, two hogs, «nd three ducatB in golflf ^ome were bound* hand and foot, ^nd carried off as criminals. Hif ^xa^iions from the abbeys,' 'convents, cathedrals, and nobles, were fo heavy, and exceeded at laft their abilities fo^ much, that the priefls a* Inndoned their churches, and^ the nobles their larids. Thefe exa£kions continued with unabi|ted rigour, from the year 1 771, to the time the t^ty of partition was declared* «nd pofleffion taken of the; prpvince^ ufurped. From thefe proceedings it would appear that his Frufllaa inajefty knew of Qo rights. but hia own; no pretenfions but tliofe of th^ bsfofe of Brandeabttrg } no Qther |[ule of juuice but his own pride and anlMtion.. .' ■ The violent difmemberment tn<) partition of Poland has jufUy be^ f (lonfidered as the firft great breach in Che modern political fyilemof £u«> f(ffe. The furprife of a town, the invafion of an mfigiiiticant province, or the eleftion? of a prince whq had neither abilities to be feared nor '' ^i^es to br loved, would (ome y^rs ago haye armed one half of £up lope, and c^led f^b aU th$ attention of the other. But the deftru£lioi) ofagreatkingdoth, with the confequent difarrang^ment of power, dor piniod, ^nd [commerce, ^has bisen beheld by the other nations of £u- rops with the moft aftoniOfing iadifference and unconcern. The courU of London, Paris, StockbolnOi siad Copenhagen, remonftrated againit thtttfurpations; but that Was all. Poland was forc;:d to fubmit, and the piitition was ratified by their diet, held under the bribes and threats of th( three powers. In the ieiute there was a majority 9^ six, but in thp jp^erhoufe, or aflembly of nuncios, there was but one in favour of t^ paeifure, fifty-four agaioft fifty-threet This is a very alarming circurn" ' ^uce, and {hows that a moft importarit though not happy change, ha^ taken plage in that general fyftem of policy, and arrangement of pow^ ^ddminiok}* tiv'Hich had ..been for fome ages an objeA of unremitting attention with- «K>{1 of the ftatesl of Europe. Our anceftors might per- kfx, on fome occafions, difeover rather more anxiety about preferyii^ tk balance of {>ow«r in Europe than w^ neceflfary : , but ic has b«en weU fcmarked, that the idea of confidering Europe as a vaft commonwealib, of the fevcral paitit being diftin^t and feparate, though politically anU CommerclaUy.uiuted,. oflieeping them independent, though unequal i^ [fovcy, and of preveiuiiig any one, by any means, from becoming top Kwerful for the reft, was great and liberal, and, chough the refult of rbacifm, was founded upon the mod enlarged principles of the wifdft ^policy. It api^ars to be owing to this fyftem, that this fmall part of the wfiern world has acquired fo aftoniftiing a fuperiority over the reft of ,the globe. The fortune and glory of Greece proceeded from a fimilar iy([em of policy, though fomied upon a fmaller fcale. Both her fortune |4Uid glory expired with that fyilem. The resrolution which happened in this country on the third of May, '^(jii, defervedly engaged much of the public attention. The evils of Mive monarchy were indeH the chief caufe that Poland had almoll ';d to be confidered as a nation. The dynafty of future kings of Po- was'to commence in Frederic Auguftus,. elector of Saxony, with <; right of inheritnnce to his male defcendents : in cafe the prefeut le^or fltould have no mal^ ifiue, a hulband chofen by him for his bghter, with^the confent of the Polifti reprefentativi!^, ftiall begin thi^ lynafty. But after this boafted change, Poland would only have ad- "Bteq to (hat ccegreeof civiUfatioawmch other European countries ehr Ifi in the thirteenth century. Her hundreds of citizens would bavf wfree.- herihiUtons.of peafants would have fttUcontinue4ilavcs: 9t 566 POLANSi iNCLUDino LITHUANIA. thi; utmoft, not above Hv^ hundred thoufand out of fifteen milliont i^rould hfve been free. ^ After a fhort and unequal ftru^gle with Ruffi^ this unhappy countrv was forced p abandon the new conftitution, and nnay, with refyefk to the greater part of it^ be regarded a$ a Ruffian province. The Polifl) king feems, in the confoioufnefs of his own re(£Vitude and patrlotifm too much to hare ne^leAed the terpentine paths of prudence upon thil occafiop. The previous aifent of Saxony (liQi.ld have been procured i and the facrifice of Dintzic and Thorn to Pruflia/ though doubtlefs great, was yet to be preferred to the prefent national annihilation. The maqifef^o of the Kuwan empreis, replete with fentiments difgracefults htimanity, anci which only Ihow that (he, and foire other deiDni', have reifolved to infuU an enlightened age, by appearing in the dangerous cba. ra^er of profefled foes to mankind, was followed by feme ncirn-iilheit but it i$ faid that a letter, written with her own hand to the Poliai king, in which flie declared her refolution to double or triple her troops, ra! ther than abandon her pretenfions, inducc4 that benignant n^onarch to prevent the farther effuuon of blood. oh the 6th of January, 1793, the kipg ofPruffia iflued a declaratioa TefpeAing the march of his troops into Poland, in which he mentions tbti friendly interference of her imperial maje|ly, theemprefs of Ruflia, in the affairs of Poland. Tn the fame ftrain tu« majefty adds, tbat'he had en^ the (N-opagation of French democracy, by means ofdubs and jacobin fmiflaries, efpecially in Qreat Folaqdj had ahready rifen to fucha height j as to require his m6ft ferious attention ; his majefty, however, obfervn^ that he has determined to anticipate their defigns, by fending a fuffici« ent body of troops into the territories of the republic, after having con* f erted proper meafures with the friendly courts of Petcriburg an J Vien* na, Wifo ^ttt equally intereAcd with himfclf in the welfare of the re>[ public. The proteil publifbed ^t Grodno, in the fitting of the general confix deration, the 3d of February, againft this violent invafion, fufficientiji fvfnces the defeftation which the Poles themfelvss entertain of the taaA fures of their pretended frltnd. They aiTure hit majefty that a conti.| iJUfd correfpondcnce between the military commander^ and the civjlj inagiftrates nad enabled the confederation to declare, that pcrfe^ tranJ quiility prevailed from one end of the kin^donr to the other ; that thejrj were " afloniflied ai the /^//o/w of his majefty" in his laft declaratioit" and conclude by entreating that his majefty would revoke the ordtiii^ which hp had given for troops to enter the republic. Notwithftandinu however, thefe folemn aflurances — notwitbftanding the evidence anl ihe fa^s which were alleged in fupport of them, the PruiTian army ad] yanced, ^nd one of its drtachments appeared under the walls of Thon The inhabitants refufmg entrance to-(he tropps, the gates w^re forco the municipal guard diflodged froni their poft, and the PruiGan reril ments entered the defencelels citv, as if it had been a place takeoDi afiauit. At the fam^ time different Polifli detachments, difpKerfedthrougl^ put Great Poland, were attacked and driv$n ^oin their ppfts by Aiperioj force. In March, the manifeflo of her imperial maje((y appeared, relative I the partition. Religion wa?, as ufual, calleid in to.ianftion this atrociwi aft of rapine |^dinju((ice| and'thf cmprefs jium^Iy lamented the fid POLAND, iNDLUDiKO LITHUANIA. S» fcriflg* of the people of Poland, amon^ whom it had been, for thirty ■ears, her incelTant endeavour to maintain tranfuillity \ and her grief was vicreafed bv confidering them as defcended from the fiime race and pro- (effing the holy Chriftian religion,^ which- would be violated by the in- VoduAion of fuch dreadful dodrines sis were prc^Migated by fome un- worthy Poles, who adopted the deteftable and deftruAive plans of the lebeU of France. As an indemnification, therefore, for her lodes, to provide for the future fafety of her empire, and the Polifli dominions^ and to prevent all future changes of government, fhe graciouOy made known her intention to take ror ever under the fceptre of Ruma thofe tn^siof land, with their inhabtt;^nts, which lie between Druy on the river Dwina, to Neroch and Dubrova, and, following the border of the. raiwodfliip oi Vilna, to Stolptfa, to Nefvig, and then to Pinik : thence pi^ng Krenifli, between Vifkero aodNovogreble, near the frontier of GiUicia, to the river Dniefter, and terminating in the old bortler of Ruf- fiaand Poland, at Jegertie. In this partition, the increafe of the.happiner!» of the inhabitants was avowed to betheyo/ro^yV^of her imperial majefty. Thedeclaratipn of the Pruffian monarch, which was dated March a^. fchoed many of the fentiments contained in the Ruffian manifefto, ana avowed, that, in order to preferve the republic of Poland from thedread- iA.i'StBtB of its internal divifions, and to refcue it from utter ruin, no ipwans remained but to incorporate her frontier provinces into the ftates of Pruflia, which, therefore, had determined to take immediate poflef- lottofthe citiej of Danrzicand Thorn» andthe vaiwodfliip^'of Pofen, Gnefen, jCallfli, and! -Siradia, the city and mon^fteiy, of Czentochowa, ibeprovinfe of Wtelun, the vaiwodfliip of l^entlchitz, the province ofCgjavia, and of Dobrzyn, the vaitx^odfhips of Rawa and Plofzk, &c. TOn t))e ad of April the Pru^an troops took poOeffion of Dantzic; and about the &me time, the emprefs of Kuflia commanded the king of Po« hod tQ ricmove. to Grodno, under the cfcort of Ruffian troops, for thd nprefs pufpqQ; of fandioning the alienation and partition of his king- dom. ' . The mfan^ employed to elFeft thp mock ratification of- the partition of this unfortunate country were entirely chara6le,riflic of the bafcnefs of the cv^Cp. Tlie diet, in tlie month df- September, was aflailed for areeXuccc^ve day$ with official notes from the Ruffian ambafll|dor and tbePruffian tpinifter, full of threats, prelfing the fignature of the treaty. [The ftates, however, p^fifted in their refufaj, At lall M. de Sievers, die Ruffian amhalla^or, fetit hjs ultimatum in a note, which ended with jlhe following remarkable expreffions; " The underwritten muft befides ifbrm the nates of the republic aHembled it) the confederate dietf that thought it of 9bfol\|tp neceffify, in order to prevent every diforder, order /wo batUflions of gremdiers^ with four pieces of cannon,' to fur- ind the caftle, to fecur< the tranquillity of their deliberations. The erwritten expels that the fitting will not terminate, until the de- nied fignature of the treaty is decided." Conformably to this threat, Ruffian foldiers fo clofely furr6i|ncied the caille, that no perfon was ired to go out : fome of the officers took their ilation in the fenate, endmg to guard his maje{Vy*s perfon agaiitft leonfpirators. The king, the contrary, fent a delegation to the Ruffian ambafTador, declaring t he would not open the feffion in the prefence of the Ruffian officers, confequence, they were ordered to retire, except the general, who I i^H^l^c<^ publicly, that no member (hould be permitted to quit the fe- [ed, relativrHjK w«re the confent to the treaty was given. T'x debates were long Ithis atroctoiHiiv^oient: and it was not until three o'clock the next j|iorning, after kenned theloH O04 illion^ mtJtry )c£tto Polifli iotifm, loh thii )cured \ Qubtlefs in. The icefultO us have 'ous cha. rnriithe»\ liAi king, oops, ra« >narch to ieclaration intionttht i{ria,intht he had en^ 'c fubfide^ piCCUfMedii^ i, and thait ind jacobin ichaheightl T, obfervey, ! ng a (uffici* | [having con» ganJ Vien- of the R*| g6P P0LAY4D, iKctunmo LITHUANIA/ |i :l thtte fuccdfive divifldns, that the diet came to a refoltition, in wbkft they declare^ before all £urope, to whom they had frequently appealed, ^r, ** Contrary to the faith of treaties moft facrediy obferv'ed on their part, as well as to that of the treaty recently entered into with his ma. ^y, thekinsofPraffia, and at hi>owndeiire,intheyaar 1790, whereby the independence and the inte^y of Poland were guaranteed in the itioft fblemn manner ; that, bemg deptived of free^wfll, furrounded at '^e moment of the prefent aA by an armed foreien force, and threatened with a further in^afion of the rniflian troops, tney are forced to com* itniffion and authorife a dejputation appointed to treat with the faid king, Co (ign the treaty, fijch as it was planned and amended under the medi* jL^<4n of the Ru^ulnhoufe, whence the magiftrates led them in proceffion to the church of the Holy Virgin, where the confti- tution of the 3d of May, 17914 was publicly read with great fuleomity, and an oath taken to defend tt. ' '^' V If; the mean time Warfaw was in a ftate of the highefl fermentation. In that city and its vicinity there were not lefs than fifteen thoufand Ruffian mercenaries, fome of whom were quartered, to the amount of a hundred in a body, in feveral of the palaces* The mod vigorous rtieafures were adopted by the permanent council ; a decree jiafledj de- claring the infurgents rebels, and fubjefking them to the molt arbitrary punilhments ; and the police were charged to feize every ptrion fufpeiled of being inimicl to the exifting government, with the promife of mili- tary affiftance. The unpopularity of his Polifli nuijefty daily increafed, and a guard of Ruffians was appointed for iAifre/ewatien. About thiji time, the unhappy monarch iiTued a proclamation, exhorting his fubjefts to a peaceable acquiefcence, and urging the danger and 4eftrudion which attended their refiftance. The Polifli nobles had no fooner taken the oaths in the prefence of Kofciufko, than they departed for their refpe^ive eflates, in order to annand alTemble their vaflals. Baroil d'Ingeiftrohm,, about the fame time, furrounded the diet at Wariaw with a military force, «nd demandr (d the furrender of the arfenal. This demand was fpiritedly refifted ; and notice of it having been fent to Kofciufko, he, about the end of March, took the route to Warfaw with his army, and a reinforcement of 4000 peafants armed with pikes. &c. — On the 4th of April he was met by a detachment of 6000 Ruffians, with a park of heavy artillery, on their maixh to reduce Cracow. A fierce encounter enfued. The PoHih peafants being driven to defperation, noade a dreadful (laughter of the Ruffian plunderers. Genera) Woronzow wa& taken prifoner, above 1000 Ruffians killed on the fpot ; while the Poles loft only fixty men ; and took eleven pieces of cannon and all the ammunition. Aftei; the battle, Kofciufko fell back with his army towards Cracow, where be was joined by a very confiderable body of difaffeiEled Polifh troops. On the i6th of April, baron d'lngelfbrohm demanded the furrender of the arfenal, the difarming of the military, and that twenty perfonsof the firfl confequence fhould be arrefled, and, if found guilty, punifhed with death. This occafioned a general commotion, in which the citi- zens, having procured arms from the arfenal, after an incefTant combat of thirty-fix hours, drove the Ruffians out of the city with great (laugh- ter. A deputation had been fent to infonDi the king of the attempt of m rOLAND* INCLUDING tlTHUANIA.^ the Ruftinft to feize th« vfenal ; when the ntonarch had replied ** Oe, and defend your honour.'^ The fituation of the king after the conteft became very critical, and the people were extremely iedoiis of every movement h^ made. They compelled him to promlic repeatedly that he would not quit Warfaw.; and, not fatiaified with his afluranccs, iq. fifted upon placing two punicipal oflicert at a guard upon him i and he was deflnd frequently to exhibit himfelf to the people. Forty thoufand.RtilGant were now pu:; .'n motion towards Poland from the Ukraine, and fixtcen thoufanc* froir Livoniar About the end of M#f, the corps of Kofciulko amounted to nearly a3,ooo men; that of general Kochow(ki ^ 18,000; that of Jaffiniki to 6,000; a corps of i»,ooo was ftationed at Wilna, atad another at Wariaw, which confift. ed of 8,ooQ. The peafantry were not inchided in this calculation. About the end of June a manifefto was publiflied by the emperor, on the occasion of his troops entering Poland. On the lath of July, the iiead- quarters of the king and prince of PruflSa were only three or four leagues ffom Warfaw, whence they ifliied a placard, ftating that the enemy hiMl ^ed before them in their progrefs. In the mean time, how. ever, Kofciufko (who had eluded the Prullian troops) by a brave attack had defeated the forces which oppofad him, and had thrown himfelf into Warfaw. On the 31ft of June, the Pruffi^ns began to attack the city by a heavy cannonade, andfeveral hundred bombs were in the courfeof the day thrown into Warfaw ; a dreadful fire was kept up on the be« fiegers by night and by day, and an incredible number of liv^ were loft, The king and the prince royal are both faid to have been in imminent danger at this time. On the ad of Auguft his Pruifian majelly, whofe hopiss of fuccefs had probably been a Uttle damped, attempted to open a negotiation with the king of Poland for the furrender of the capital, which was re^jeded. About the middle of this month, accounts were tranfmitted to the Pruflign camp of infurredions having arifen in fouth Pruffia (formerly Great Poland), qf Which his Pruffian majefty had talien pofTeilion the preceding year ; and on the night of the 5tb of Septem* ber, the Pruflian and lluflian forces abandoned the fiege of Warfaw, after a fruitiefs attack of two months, much weakened oy the difeafps and defertions which prevailed in their Cf^mps, and difabled from the want'of protifioni ana ammunition. In the courfe of the fame month, the Ruffian grand army, coniifling of 20,0Q0 men, arrived in Poland, and on the xQth a fevere engagement took place near Brzefc, in which the Poles loft very confiderable num- bers, and were compelled to retreat acrol's the Bog. On the loth of Oftober Another battle was fought between the Rumans under general Ferfen, and the troops under Kofciuflio. The Ruffians advanced twice to the attack, but were repulfed by the Poles, who, however, unfortu- nately, not contented with the advantages they had gained, abandoned their favourable pofition on the heights, and prefled on to the attack in their turn. This movement threw the troops into foroe confufion ; and the RuiQans forming themfelyes anew, the rout foon became general The battle, which began at feven in the morning, did not end till noon. Kofciuflco flew from rank to rank, and was continually in the hotted part of the engagement. At length he fell, and a ColTack, who did not know him in the peafant's drefs which he conftantly wore, wounded him from behind with a lance. He recovered, and advanced a few f^eps, but was again knocked down by another Coflack, w\\o was preparing to give him a mortal blow, when his arm was (lopped by a ku^ah otficer, who is (aid to have been general Chrafizazow» to whofi wife Kofciufkc from Warfaw Jlored the offic [er to put an ^ him a prifoner. tj proportionec valour atmof} a The Ruffians faw to Airrende ferentc(N-ps un ceeded on the 41 feparated from than a hundred The Kufliatiii Ai themfelves unab of their force, i flift of eight hon ma/Tacre of the d felffted for thi^ i lagf iafled till no com|«titcd to hav imprifoned or dif srWJ; and their i sfter the battle ha fet fire to the tow Ihoufand perfons, fants, perifhed eii yhple of the fuhi it is computed thi) _ The citv being king was for a (hlj fupremc council On the 9th ofN( try into War^w, the inhabitants, fli The chief magiftn after which he rec went with much p To cwMplete the \ was fet apart for a for the triumph of in the mean tim Jheretheutmoftai Mm Chrnozazow. ^powerful miMt medeath^ofthclat, , [everal occafiohs fhi bm at liberty, alfi Jitner to return to h Jrred the latter, an Pn his way thithpr fnewarmefl weleom I OntheaothofD wmanding the arref FWf patriots, ^ijoj] POLAKO, iNCLUOiNO LITHUANIA. 57 « irife Korciufko h&d a fhprt time before pK>Htely si ven leave of departurt from Warfaw to join her huiband. The unrortunate KofduOio tm- Stored the officer, if h^ wlffied td render hitn a fervice, to allo^/ the fol- [er to put an end to his ¥xiftehc^; but the latter chOfQ rathof to malie liim a prtfoner. The Folifli infantry deff|nded themfefves vrirh'a brieve- ry proportioned to that of their general, and fought with a degree of valour almoft approachfnr to fury. ' The Ruffians under geiieral Perfen foon afterwards fummoned War. faw to furrender; and, on being refufed, after the junAion of the dif- ftrentc»rp« under Terfen, DernftflJt, Dernifiyw, ^d §i)ti|rarrow, pro- ceeded on the 4th of November ro attack the fuburb of PpM or Pragtie, fc'parated from Warfaw by the Viftuta, which was defended hy more than a hundred pieces of cannon difpofed upOn thirty three batteries. Tiie Kufliaiiii fucceeded in their aiTauIt, and the Polifh generals found thetnfelves unable to oppofe with 10,000 foldiers, whic'i was the whole of their force, iiie united attacic of co,ooo men. After a fevere con- fliA of eight hours, the refinance on the part of the Poles ceafed ; but the mafTacre of the deteftable Suwarrow, who from his habitual cruelly wa« U\e&^d for thiy fecyi^e, continued for two hours longer ; and the pii- lage lafted till nooii on the following day. five thoufand Poles were computed to have been flain in the alTault; the remainder were either imprifoned or difperfed. Thp citizens were compelled to lay down their snns; and their noufes wejre plut^dered by the mercilefs Ruflians, who, after the battle had ceafed nearly ten hours, about nine o'clock at night, fet fire to the town, and again began to mafTacre the inhabitants. Nine thoufand perfons, unarmed m«n, defencelefs women, and harmlefs in- funts, perilTied either In the flames, or by the fword, and nearly the vly)Ie of the fuburb was reduced to afhes. In the whole of this (iege it is computed th^t not lefs than 30,000 Poles loft their lives. The citv being thth reduced under the power of the Ruffians, the king was for a (hort time reftored to a kind of mock authority, by the fupreme council remitting into his hands that which it had exerclfed. On the gth of November, the Ruffian general made his triumphal en- try into Wariaw, in which the ftrects were lined with his troops, and the inhabitants, (hut up in their hbufes, obfervcda melancholy fiience. The chief magiftrate delivered him the keys of the bridge of the fuburb, after which he received the compliments of the king, and on the joth went with mucl^ P9,^P <^o *he c^ftle,' to pay his refpcfts to his.majefty. To cowplcte the \yHole of this execrable icene, the firft of December was fet apart for a day of folenin thankfgiving, and Te Drum was fung for the triumph of barbarous bppreffion. ' In the mean time Kbfciulko was iijid^r furgical care at Nozcylack, where the utmoft atteii.ion was paid tohis recovery, particularly by ma- dam Chrnozazow. He was afterwards ftttt to feterfburgh, under a very powerful military efcort, and was confined in the for^efs there, till the death* of the late emprcfs, when the prefent emperor, who has on feveral occafiohs ftiown great liberaHty towards the persecuted Poles, fet tiim at liberty, affig;ned him a pehnoh, and allowed him his choice, cither to return to his own country, or go to America. Kofciufko pre- ferred the latter, and has arrived fafely in the afylum which he chofe. Qn his way thitl^r he paifed through England, and was received with ihe warmed welcfome and congratulation by all the ffiends of freedom. On the aoth of December, 1794, a courier arrived from the emprefs, demanding the arreftation of copnt Ignatius Potocki, and feveral of the I (ltilPipatriqtS| vj'ljfom (he ordered tobe fent to feterlburg. The fame $^^ '8 WITvZE RL A N R '^ •; meiTenger -bTQUght a command from the emprefs to the unhappy niO| narch of Poland to repair to Grodno, who, in obedience to the fum» iiions, fet off from his capital on the 7th of January 1 795. The unfortunate king has lince rembved to Feterfhurg, where he at prefeht remains, and has a paUce and a fuitable penfion affigned hitn, There lias been a rumour that the prefent emperor had determined again io efiablifh him on his throne, and reftore; Poland to its former rank among the kingdoms of Europe} but this at prefent is certainly very doubtful. [ Staniflaus Auguftus (late count PoniatowHci) was born January 17, i73a,defl:ed kingqf Poland September 7, and crowned November ac, 1764. This prince, while a private nobleman, refided fome timc^ ijondon,- and is a fellow of the Royal Society. ^'i R :l S W I T Z E R L A N D. SITUATION AND EXTENT. Deorees. between ^7fli I 6 and 1 1 eafl: longitude. 46 ahd 48 north latitude. with 138 inhabitants to each. »• Milcj. Length 469 7 Breadth ibb 3 Containing 1 3,000 fquare miles, BovNDA&iES.] It is bounded by Alfafce and Swabia in Germany, on the North; by the lake of Conftance, Tyrol, and Trent, on the Eaft ; by Italy, on the South ; and by France, on the Weft. DivisioJtu.J Switzerland is divided into thirteen cantons, which ftand, in point of precedency, as follows: i. Zurich;. 2. Berne | j. Lucerne ; 4. Uri ; 5. Schweitz ; 6. Underwalden ; 7. Zug ; 8. Claris; 9. Bafil; 10. Fribourg; 11. Sole> ; 12. Scbaffhaufen; 13. Appenzei. The beft account we have of the dimenfions and principal towns oi tach canton, is as folbws : Miles Miles c onntrie»'Na' in in Chief Cities. ^itzerland- Length Breadth. ( r Berne III 87 Berne \ Zurich 34 3J Zurich Calvinifts < SchafTliaufcn 23 9 Schaefhaufen - /Bafi! 21 18 RASTI 5 47-40 N. Lat. BASIL I'^^.JoE.LoDg. -Lucerne 33 35 Lucerne Underwalden «3 16 Stantz Uri 48 21 Altorf Papiflif Schweitz 27 13 Schweiti Fribourg »4 21 Fribourg Zug ig 10 Zug Solcurc 31 24 Soieure, wrSolothurn Calrinifts and J Appenzei Papifts \Glaris 23 21 18 Appenza ♦ . i. Claris ••: ' (-Badcu J Baden BrenngartenS- 26 IX Bremgarten- The fubjedls Mellingeu 3 Mellingen )ftheSwitze^», Rhclnthal 20 5 Rhcineck Dalvinifts and-* Thurgau 18 II Frowanfield Papifts Lugano ^ Lucarno- f Lut;ano Locarno Mendris t 52 30 Mendris Map>t»« 3 . . Ma^f'uk __ ^^tr*:fE'KLAWA 575 lappy mo| ) the fum* irhcre he at igned him, lined again ormer rank riainly very January 17, )vembcr a^, tme time in ^^ itvide. itude. ;s to each. I in Germany, (lance, Tyrol, France, on the jntons, which a. Berne} j. !;ug ; 8. Claris; 13. Appenzei. cipal towns ot ie». .40 N. Lat. .40 E. Long. lolothura Allies of the Switzers. Coiintrits' Names, i it ,-, ' ' 'Length Subjcift^of the C Chiavanna J Grifon». Cal- < Bormio and > vfnfftsSiiPip. ^Valtelme S (Tbckenburg' iltihriiulb r^Gcaeva: .{NwfchateL I Valaii Papifts -jBaila ^ aoo. 4», if »3 3» 80 »3 zb Mues in breadth. 6%. Coirc 3^ « - It 20 30 r6 10 Chief Cities. Chiay^n% , Sondrio '>»^ !■, LiechtenfteJ^ * Geneva Neufchatel . Sion Pclfperg * St. Gall /MuHianfeni in Alface, is aHb united to them. "n- . Air, CLIMATE, sort, AND FACE 1 This being a mountainous OF THE COUNTRY. y country, lyine upbn the Alps (which form an' amphitheatre of more than lOo niijes), the frofts are confequcntly itrerc in winter, the hills being coveretJ with fnow fortie- times ail the year long. In fummer the inequality of the foil renders the fame province very unequal in its feafons ; en one fide of thofe nwuntains the inhabitants are often reapifig, while they are fowing on another. The valleys, however, are wai'm and fruitful, and well culti- vated, and nothing can be more delightful than the fummer months in this charming country. It is fubjcA to rains and tempefts ; for which reafon public granaries are every where erefted, to fupply the failure of their crops. The water of Switzerland is generally excellent, and often defcends from the mountains in large or fmail cataracts, which have a delightful effect. There is, perhaps, no country in the world where the advantageous effeds of unwearied and perfevering induftry are more remarkably con- fpicuous than in Switzerland. In paiTing over themmintainous parts, the traveller is ftruck with admiration, to obferve rocks that were formerly barreji, rnow planted with vines, or abounding with rich pa- fturc; and to mark the traces of the plough along the fides of preci- pices fo |teep, th'at a horfe Could not even mount them without great difficulty. In fliort, the inhabitants feem to have furmounted every obftru^tion which foil, fituation, and climate, have thrown in their way, and to have fpread fertility over vanous fpots of the country, which nature feem«d to have configned to everlaftvne barrennefs. The feet of the mo«nt;uns, and fometimes alfo the very fummits, are cover- ed with vineyards, corn-fields, .neadows, and pafture grounds. Other parts of this country are more dreary, confifting almoft entirely of bar- ren and inacceffible rocks, fome of which are continually covered with ^aow or ice. The valleys between thefe icy and fnowy moun • tains appear like fo many fmooth frozen lakes, and from them vaft i ftagments of ice frequently fall down into the more fruitful fpots be • neath. In fome parts there ie a regular gradation from extreme wild- [ nefs to high cultivation ; in others the tranfitions are very abrupt, and i ?ery flriking. Sometimes a continued chain of cultivated mountains, richly clothed with wood, and fludded all over with hamlets, cottages above the clouds, paftures which appear fufpended in the air, exhibitf the moft delightful landfcape that can be conceived ; anrL in other I places appear rugged rocks,- catarafts, and- mountains of a-prodigtous I ■ h I ;■ au BWlTZEllLAND. Meht, cohered with ice and fnowr. f' Behold our M'alt and bulwarj(>|'' exclaimed a Swifs peafant, pointing to the mountains ; " Conftantiuo- pie is not fo ftrongly fortified. " In ifaort, Switzerland abounds with the mod pidurefque fcen6s; and here are to be found fome of the inoft fublime exhibition* of nature in her moft awful and trfcinendoui forms. ■....: ^ M.(^; 4 ', Glaciers.] No fubjeft in natnral hiftoiyik mt>re curious than the origin of thefe glaciers, which are im:t>enfe fields of ice, and ufually reft on an inclined plane i being puihed forwards by the preiTure of their own weight, and but wealdy fupported'by the rugged rocks be- neath, they are interiected by large traalverfe crevices ; and prefent the appearance of walls, pyramids, and other fantaftic ilidpes, obfervedat all heights and in all iituations, wherever the declivity is beyond thirty or forty (iegrees. Mr. Coxe defcribcs the method of travelling over thefe glaciers. *' We had each of us a long pole fpiked with iron ; and in order to fe. cure us as much as poffible from flipping, the guides fallened to our fhoes cr/zmponSf or fmall bars of iron, provided with four fmall fpike) of the fame metal. At other times, inftead of erampmsy we had iarre nails in our flices, which more efFeftualiy anfwered our purpofe. The difficulty of croffingihefe valleys of ice arifes from the immenfechafms; We rolled down large ftones into feveral of them ; and the great length of time before they reached the bottom, gave jus fome conception of their depth ; our guides aflured us, that in (ome places they are not lefs than five hundred feet deep. I can ho otherwife convey to you an image of this body of ice broken into irregular ridges and deep chafms, than by comparing it to a lake indantaneoufly frozen in the midil of a vio^ lent ftorm." In fpeaking of an unfuccefsful attempt of fome gentle^ men to reach the fummit of Mont Blanc, he prefents to his readers i moft horrid image of the danger of thefe chafms. " As they were re- turning in great hafte (owing to the day being far advanced) one of the party flipped in attempting to leap over a chafm of ice. He held in his hand a long pole, fpiked with iron, which he ftruck into the ice; and upon this he hung dreadfully fufpended for a few moments, until he was releafed by his companions." i Mountains.] In this mountain jus country, where nature i} all upoii a grand fcale, Mont Blanc is particularly diftinguiflied frdm other mountains, by having its fummits and fides clothed to a confiderable dep .1 with a mantle of fnow, almolt without the intervention of the kafi rock to break the glare of the tohite appearance* According to the calculation of Mr. De Luc (by whofe improvement of the barome- ter, elevations are taken with a degree of accuracy before unattainable) the he;ight of this mountain above the level of the fea is i, 391]^ French toifes, or 15,304 Hnglifli feet; or, according to fir George Shuck* borough, 15,662 feet, which gives a difference of only 358 feet. The Peaks of Teneriffe and jEtna have been frequently fuppofed to be the higheft points of the globe : but from the moft accurate obfervationsj it will be found that Mont Blanc is of much more confiderableelevation^ and that there pre no mountains (except thofe in America, particulnrly Chimbora^o, the higheft point of the CordilleraSf the elevation of which^ according to Condamine, furpafl'es 3,000 toifesji or 19,300 feet, butac-> cording to others, 20,608 feet) which are equal to the altitude of Mont Blanc. RiTfiRs AND I.AKSS.JI The chief rivers are •:he Rhine (which rilct •';.)''' ttiU.iM} 'iisja', iv M>*.j- ■^ S'wa-T'Z^^.'L A^Na 575 In ^e chain of mountains bordering on St.Oothard), the Aar, the Reui^t the Tefin, .the Oglio, and the Rhone. The lakes are thofe of Geneva, Conftance, Thua, JLucerne, Zurich, fiienne, and Brientz. Mbtals AMD MiNEKALs.] The mountains contain mines of iron^ cryfial, virgin Ailphur, and fprings of mineral waters. Veoetablb and animal productions.} Switzerland produces (heepand cattle, win?^ wheatj' barley, oats, rye, flax, and hemp ; plenty of i^ples, pearSy nuts, cherries, plums, and chefnuts ; the parts towardTs Italy abound in peachea, aiur>nds, figs, citrons, and pomegranates; and ' Dion of the cantons abound in timber. Befides game, fifli, and fowl^ tie alio found, in fome of the higher and more inacceflible parts of the Alps, the bouqiietin and the chamois, whofe activity in fcouring along thefieep and craggy rocks, and in leaping over the precipices, is hard- ly conceivable. The blood of both thefe animals is of fo hot a nature^ that the inhabitants of fomr of thefe mountains,who are fubjeft to pieuri- £es, uke a few drops of it, mixed with water, as a remedy for that dlf- •nler. The flelli of the chamois is efteemed very delicious. Among the Alps is likewife found a fpecies of hares, which in fummer are faid perfectly to refemble other hares, but in, winter become all over white, lb that they are fcarcely difiinguiiliable among the fnow. But this idea has been lately exploded, nor is it certain whether the two fpecies ever couple together. The white hare feldom quits his rocky refidencet ■''■ • T ■" T**f * W" S;*'^ •1»!%j! 57^ SWITZ EH^-AND^ tQn$, eachcottagfha; its Itttletnmtoiy, confining generally of a ^eld^ tvfo of liritf pkfTOre'|miJii(}^,'and j&f^uevUy^fltute^^ trees, and well fimpHied With ^ater. Sunrij^tuari|' laws iire Jn ISra« in tnoft parts of sMiettaftWir^and'noidanchi^ is' allowed, except ufjipn particular oc€a- fions. Silk, lace,, and feyeral other articles of iWitfy,, are totally pKhi^ bited in foiti¥:ofllhe'e^ntorii'j ahd even the heid-^feflei of the ladies are reeirlatecf . ' -All |;aines' of Katard are alfb iiri^tty prolubttcd : and in othwlktties, th'i'paTif wMWes above fix florinsi, which is about nine ihirtings ^ «JOf nwhey, incijr^ a cbnfiderabfe Sne. Their diverfionsj therefofej, S^e chiefly Af the ai^rve and warlike kind; and as their time is netwaftedf in ganbes of chance, many of thttn employ part of thei* Jeifure hbte lb reading, to the ^rcat improvement of th^ir underfiaijd. ings, THi yonth^rc ailigently trained to all the martial exercifcs^ fuch as hmiifn^,'W;"ei!finjg^ throwing the hammer, and fltooting, both with thecrol'j-bgW'hndthe mulket. - GbtTteis xWD'ibioTs.} The Inhabitants in one part of this coun- try, [)4rticuliirty In the republic of Vallais, are 'very much fubjeft to ^o//ct/I or la/gft excrefccnces of fiefli that grow from the throat, and Oftien loicr^afe to a moil enormous fize ; but v/hat is more extraordinary^ idiotifAi alfo rcfnarkabiy abounds among them. " I-faw," fays Mr, Coxe, ** liiaijy Inflances of both Icinds ; as 1 ptfled throwgh Sion, fome ididits #efe oafk^iri^in the fub, with their tongues out, aivd their heads hanging down, eXmbiting the mdft afFefttng fpeftacle of intelleiftual ihi. becillity thjit cau ppffibly be conceived." The ctufes which produce it frequency of thcie phaenomena in this country, form a very curious queltion. ' The notion that fnow-water ocpiOons thefe excrefcences is totally void of foundaUpn. Fory on that fuppofition^ why are the natives of Ihofe places that lie moft contiguous to the glaciers, and who drink no other watei:,. than what defcenos from thefe immenfe refervoirs of ice and fnow, free from this malady? And why are the inhabitants of thofe countries in vvhich there is no fnow, afflifted with it ? For thefe guttural tumours are to be found in the environs of Naples, in the ffland of SutTiatra, and at Patna, and Purnea in the Eaft Indies, where fnow is.unknow'h. The fprings' that fupply drink to th6 natives, are impregnated with a calcareous matter, called in Switzerland /«/, nearly (imilar to the incrufta- iions of Matlock in Derbyfliirc, fo minutely diflblved as not in iheleaft lo afFeft the tranfparency of thd water. It is not improbable, that the impdpable particles of this fubftance, thus diflblved, lliould introduce ihemlelvcs into the glands of the throat, and produce goiters, for the j following reafons : becaufe tuf. or this Calcareous depoution, abounds jn all ^hofe diftii£ls where goiters are common. There are goitrous pcrfons and much tuf in Derbyihire, in various parts of the Vallais, la |he Valtelini?, £.. Lucerhe, Fribourg, and Berne, near Aigle and Bex, in feyeral places of the Pays de Vaud, near Drefden, in the valleys of Sa- voy and Piedmont, near Turin and Milan. But the ftrongeft proof in favour of this opinion, fays our author, is derived from the following fafts: A furgeon whom I met at the baths of Leuk, informed me, that! he bad not unfrwuently extrafted concretions of tuf ^me from feveral 'oiters ; and that from one in particular, which fuppurated, he had taken I Jevecil flat pieces, each about half an inth long. He added that the j fame fuhftance is found in the ftomach of cows, and in thegoitrowl 'tumours to which even the dogs of the country are fubjea. HehadI aiminiawd and cured the goiters of many young perfonaby cniollieii| fi $ W 1T2 £ R L AN a 577 this coun- fubjeft to hrdat, and raordinatyj " fays Mr. Sion, fome their htid* lUeftual itB' h produce « Kvy curious ces 13 totally he natives of rho drink no t-voirs of ice ihabitantsof } For theft pies, in the Indies, \»hert fiquors^ and external applications; and prevented them in future, by rvmovihg his patients from the pl^ce where the fpringsare impregnated with /^; i>nd, if that could not be contrived, by forDidding the ufe of water which was hot purified. Children arc occafionally born with guttural fwellings, but this may irife from the aliment of the mother. It. is to be prefumed that a peo- f»le accuftomed to thefe excrefcences will not be (hocked at their de-i ormity ; but it does not appear, as fome writers aflert, that they con«> i' fider them as beauties^ To judge from the accounts of many travellers^ litmight be fuppofed'lh'^t the natives, without exception, were either I idiots or goitrous ; whereas, in fa£t, the Vallaifans, in general, are a ro« bull race: and all that with truth can be affirmed, is that goirrous per- . Ifonsand idiots are more abundant in fame dif^ridts of the Vallais, than''' Iptrhaps in any other part of the globe. It has been afTerted that the {people very much refpeA thefe idiots, and even coiifider them i&blejp-^. |j»f;/r»w heaven. The common people, it is certain, eftcem them fo# {for they call them ^^ fouls of God "Jiitkout _fin i" and many parents prefer [thefe idiot children to thofe whofe underftandings are perfeft, becaufcj lis they are incapable of intentional criminality, they conGder them as, [certain of happinefs in a future ftate. Nor is this opinion entirely with* " jDut its good ene^, as it difpofes the parents to pay greater attention tt> luch helplefs beings. Thefe idiots are fuffered to marry, as well among lihemfelves as with others*. .' Religiok.] Though all the Swifs Cantons fornl but one political [tpubiic, yet tney are not united jn religion, as the reader, in the table jittfixed, may perceive. Thofe differences in religion formerly created any public commotions, which feem now to have fubfided. Zuin- llius was the apoflle of jproteflantifiti in Switzerland. He was a mo- [trate refdrmer, and differed from Luther and Calvin only in a few itculative points ; fo that Calvinifm may be faid to be the religion of : proteflant SwilTes. But this muft be underllood chiefly with re* eft to the mbde of the church government ; for in fome doctrinal joints they are far from being univerfally Calviniftical. There is, Wver, too much religious bigotry prevalent among them ; and loughthey are ardently attached to the interefts of civil lib^t-ty, theif mtiments on the fubjcft of religious toleration are in general much i liberal. [Language.] Several languages prevail in Switzerland; but the " common is German. The SwilTes who border upon France^ aliaballard {"rench, as thofe ncaf Italy do a corrupted Latin or lian. Lesrvino and learKeo MfeN.] Calvin, whof name is fo well |own in all proteftant countries, inftituted laws for the city of Gene- ^which are held in high efteem by the mofl learned of that country. I ingenious and eloquent RoiifTeau too, whofe works the prefe'nt fiijve received with {o much approbation, was a citizen of Geneva. pffeau gave a fot'ce to the French language, which it was thought in- able of receiving. In England he is generally known as a profe* ronly, but the French admire him as a poet. His opera of the \iAdt ^age In particular is much efteemed. M. Bonnet, and- CdeSaufTure and de Luc, alfo deferve to be mentioned with ap- life. Hallei-, a native of Bern, deferves the highell eulogy, as a )tphyfiologifl, and a philofopher. * Cexe** TraVftU through Switzerland, vol. i. f . ^ts; Ire. ; 1 -i- 578 SWITZERLAND. i 4 II I' fflounta town, a 101776, cerne, ;; Vis twel principaJ cost of 1 Iti&dum wgthcol V Ukiveksitiss.] The univerfity of Bafil, which Was founded in 1459, has a^ vcrjT curious phyfic-garden, which contains the choiceft txodcs; and adjoining to the library, which poflefles feme valuable manufcripts, is a mufeum well furuiflied with natural and artificial cu> rioiities, and with a great number of medals and paintings. In the ca< ■ binets of Erafmus and Amerbach, which alfo belong to this univerfity, there arc novlefs than twenty original pieces of Holbein; for one of vvhich, reprefenting a dead Chrift, a thoufand ducats have been offered. The other univeriitles, which indeed are commonly piily iiylci co|. leges, are tliofe of Bern, Laufanne, and Zurich. Aktiqjjities and curiosities, 7 Every diftri£l of a canton in NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL. ^ this mountainous country pre- fents the traveller with a natural curiofity: fometimes in the fliapeof wild but beautiful profpefts, interfperfed with lofty buildings, and voa.^*'^ ^^itif^ ■' ... the greateft curiofity of the kind perhaps in the world, as it contains a chapel, a parlour twen.y j^t#ight paces in length, twelve in breadth, and twenty feet in height, aj ;^ cabinet, a kitchen, a cellar, and other apartments, with the altar, benciMs, : $ooring, ceiling, all cut out of the rock. At SchafThaufen is a ^rery extraordinary bridge over the Rhine,, ly admired for the Angularity of its architefture. The river is extrei ly rapid, and had already deftroyed feveral floiie bridges of the ftrongel ,: conftruAion, .;when a carpenter of Appenzel offered to throw a woodi : |>ridge of a Hngle arch acrofs the river, which is near 400 feetwid ' "^he magiftrates, however, required that it fliould confiil of twoarcbi and that he fliould for that purpofe employ the middle pier of the bridge. Accordingly the archite£b was obliged to obey ; but he contrived to leave it a matter of doubt, whether the bridge is fupportej by the niiddle pier, and whether it would not have been equally as fa if £ormed folely of one arch. The fides and top are covered, and it what the Gertnans call ah^gnverij or hanging bridge; the road, wbii ^; Is almoft level, is not carried, as ufual, over the top of the arch; but, ' the expreffion may be allowed, is let into the middle of it, and ' fufpended. A man of the ilighteft weight feels it almofl tremble u liim, yet waggons heavily laden pafs over without danger. It has compared to a tight rope, which trembles when ilruck, but flill ferves its firm and equal tenfion. On confidering the greataefs ot plan, and the boldneis of the conflruftion, it is matter of alcoiiifhi that the architeft was originally a carpenter, without the leaft ti .. of literature, totally ignorant 01 mathematics, and not verfed in the ry of y general Pfiifen, a native of this ^wDf and an officer In tineJFreiich fiervJce. It is a' model in relief, and well deferves the atteution of the curious traveller. What was finiflied • io 1776,' coiliprifed about fixty fquare leagues, in the cantons of Lur cerne, Zug^, cerne, Uri, Schvveitz, and Underwalden *. The model was twelve feet long, and nine and a half broad. The coropofition is • principally a tnafiic of cltarcoal, lime, clay, a little pitch, with a thin coat of wax ; and is fo hard as to be trod upon without receiving the ' leafi damage. The whole is painted with different colours, reprefent- ing the objofts as they appear in nature. It is worthy of particiilar ob< ftrration, that not only the woods of oak, beech, pine, and other trees, tre diilinguinred, but alfo that the ilrata of the feveral rocks are mark- ed, each being fliaped upon tie fpot, and formed with granit^, gravel, calcareous fiotie, or fuch other natural fubftances as compofe the origi- Btl gnountaint. The plan is indeed fo minutely exa(£t, that it comprifes not only all tike mountains, lakes, towns, villages,' and forefts ; but Jerery cottage, every torrent, every road, and even every path, isdiiliu^ly in neignt, *^|d accurately reprefented. The general takes his elevations frorri\ the Itar, bencnesi^j^^gj ^^ ^^^ jj,j^g ^ Lucerne, which, according to M. de Sauflure, is ut fourteen hundred and eight feet above the Mediterranean. This del, exhibiting the mod mountainous parts of Switzerland, conveys fablitne picture of imraenfe Alps piled one upon another ; as if the lory of the Titans were realifed, and they had fucceeded (at leaft in fpot of the globe) in heaping Ofla upon Pelion, and Olympus upon I. From the account of this ofiicer, it appears, that there are con- iued chains of mountains of the fame elevation, riOng in progreflion the higheft range, and from thence gradually defcending in the fatre iportion to Italy. Near Roiiniere is a famous fpring, which rifes in midft of a natural bafon of twelve fquare feef ; the force that a£ts n it muft be prodigious ; after a great (liower of rain, it carries up lolumn of a water as thick as a man's thigh, nearly a foot above its irftce. Its temperature never varies, its furface is clear as cryftal, and depth unfathomal^le ; probably the end of fome fubterraneous lake, It has here fbund an iiuie for its waters. Cities.] Of thefe the mod confiderable is the city of Bern, ftand- on the river Aar. This city and canton, it is faid, form almoft a of the Helvetic confederacy, and can, upon occailon, fit out i00o armed men. All the other cities in Switzerland are excellent- til provided with arfenals; bridges, and public edifices. BaHl id lunted by feme the capital of all Switzerland. It is fituated in a le and delightful country, on the banks of the Rhine, and the con- of Alfaceand the empire. It contains two hundred and twenty ts, and fix market-places. The town-houfe, which (lands on the rBirfec, is fupported by very large pillars, and its great hall is fine- iiited by the celebrated Hans Holbein, who was a native of this The fituation of Bafil is pleafing : the Rhine divides it into the and lower town, and it is confidered as one of the keys of Switz> d. Baden is famous for its antiquity and baths. Zurich is far lefs iderable than Bern ; but in the arfenal is fliown the bow of the fa- William Teil, and iti the library is a manufcript of excellent Iet» canton m jntry pre- yt (hape oi 5, and won- . Thisvrjsl ' for twenty iofity of thtl lour t*ec;y : Rhine, er is exttei f the ftrongi row a wood( 400 feet wii of twoar pier of the ( .y ; but hel ge is fjiPpo^j vnt Stolberg, who faw this model in X79I, fiiyt of it : <* Thil BQcdel, tb« fisf H it T^a, contains »o Tfuat* ieaprucs.** :•- m I 580 S W I *r Z E R L A N i)t ! I ters, written by tho unfortunate ^^dy Jane Grey, to the judicious r(< former Bullinger, in elegant Latin and German. To prevent a repetition^ I iliall here mention the city of Genev^ which is an aflbciate of Switzerland, and is under the {}rote6tion oitht Helvetic body, but within itfelf is an independent ftate aiid republic. This city is well built, and well fortified, and contains 24,000 inhabi. tants, niofi of whom are Calvinifts. It is fituated upon the afflux of the Rhone from the large Hnc lake qf Geneva. . It is celebrated for the learning of the profeflbrs of its uuiverfity, and the good government of Its collegts, the purity of its air, and the pplitenels of its inhabitants, 6y its Htuation it is a thoroughfare from Germany, France, and Italy, It contains a humber of fine manufactures and artius; fo that the protef. tants, efpecially fnch as are of a liberal turn, efteem it a moil delightful place. But the fermentatibn of their polittcs, and particularly the ufur- 1 pation of the fenate, has divided the citizens into parties, and the late ilniggle of patricians and plebeians had nearly ruined all. Many of its citizens have accordingly left the place, and fought refpge and pro. te^ion in other countries. CoMMERCB AND M ANi}FACTUKE».] The pfodudlions of the loom, linen, dimity, lace, (t'ockings, handkerchiefs, ribands, filk, and paintr.w QPttons, and gloves, are common in Switzerland^ and the inhabitants are I iiow beginning, notwithftanding their fumptuary laws, to fabricate CilhA velvets, and wooUea manufat^ures. Their great pro^refs in thofe ma-| tjufac^ures and in agriculture gives them a profpeft of being able fooi<| to make confiderabre exports. 1 Constitution and ooveknmbnt.] Thefe are very compHcatedyl from the cantons, though belonging the fame body, being partly ariftoJ cratical, and partly democratical. Every canton is abfolute in itsownl jurifdidtionj but thofe of Bern, Zurich, and Lucerne, with other depea-[ dencies, are ariftocratical, with a certain mixture of democracy, Benjl excepted. Thofe of Uri, Schweitz, Undcrwald, Zug, Claris, and Ap penzel, are democratical. Bafil, though it has the afipearance of ad ariiiocracy, rather inclines to a democracy. But even thefe aiiftocraJ cies and democracies differ in their particular modes of governmentj However, in all of them the real interefls of the people appear to I nmch attended to, and they enjoy a degree of happiuefb not to beexj peifled in defjotic governments. Each canton has prudently recoiicilei itfelf to thelsrrors of its neighbour, and cemented, on the bafisofaffeC] tipn, a fyftem of mutual defence* The confederacy, confidered as a republic, comprehends three div| fions. The firft are the Swifles, properly fo called. Thefecondi the Grifons, or the ftates confederated with the SwilTes, for their com inon prote6liop. The third are thofe prefectures, which, though full je6t to the other two, by pur'chafe or otherwife, preferve eacl}it$oM partit nlar raagiftrates. Every canton forms within itfelf a little repulj lie ; but when any controverfy arifes that may atfcCt the whole confi deracy, it is referred to the gfcneral diet, which fits at BaJen, each canton having a vote, every queftion is, decided by themajoriij The general diet confifls of two deputies from each canton, beiidejl deputy from the abbotof St. Gall, and thecities qf St. Giill and Bien/ Jtisobferved by JMr. Coxe, to whom the public have bfen indebttdf the belt account of Switzerland that has appeared, that there is nocouj try in which happinefs and content more univerfally prevail among a 'p«opIe« for whether the go vernnvent be »riQocratical| deiuocraticu)] SWITZERLAND. S8« Ailxsd, a general fpirit of liberty pervades and actuates the fbveral conftitiu lions; fo that even the oligarchical ftates (which, of all others, v^rc ufu-* slly the moft tyrannical) are here peculiarly mild ; and the property of thefubjei^ isfecurely guarded againft every kind of violation. A harmo* ny is maintained by the concurrence of their mutual felicity ; and their fiimptuary laws, and equal divifion of (heir fortunes among thiir child- ttttf feeni to infure its continuance. There is no part of Europe which contains, within the fame extent pf region, fo many independent (ommonwealths, and fuch a variety of different governments, as are collcftcd together in this remarkable and delightful country; and yet, with fuch wifdom was the Helvetic union compofed, and fo little have Ihe Swifs, of late years, been aftiiared by the fpirit of conquefl, that, fincethe firm afrd copiipletc eftabli(hiiftent of their general confederacy, ttey have fcarcely ever had occafion to employ theii* arms againd a fo- reign enemy ; and h|ive had no hoftlle commotion^ ^m,ong themfelve^, that were not yiry foon happily terminated. Revenues and taxes.] The variety of cantons f' t coriflitute the Swift confederacy, renders [i difficult to give a precife account of their revenues. Thofe of the canton of Bern are laid to amount annuaUy t« 300,000 croui/is, and thofe of Zutich to 150,000; the other can^ tonsia proportion to their produce and manufactures. NVIiatever is ftvcd after defraying the neceflary expenfes of government, is laid up |i}lcomman ftock; and it has been faid, that the Swifles are polFefled j(rfjoo,oool, f^erling i(i the EngUfli fumis, befideji their property in I other banks. '" ■ r'' The revenms arlfe, i. From the proftts of the demefne land ; a, [The tenth of the produce of all the lands in the country; 3. Cuftoms" r»d duties 6n merchandifej 4. The revenues arifing fr^m the fale o^ I fair, and fome cafual taxes. Military ST«EN r)s and Zug, and admitted them to an equal participation of their rights. Bern united itfelf in 1353 ; Inburg and Soleure 130 years after; Bafil and Schaffhaufen in 150 1 ; and Appenzel^ in i J13, completed the cor. federacy, which repeatedly defeated the united powers of Fratice and permany ; till, by the treaty of Wefiphalia, in 1648) their confedecacy y(is declared to be a free and independent Aate. Nfufchatel, fince the year 1797, has been u^ider the dominion of 1 the king of PruiSa; but the inhabitants are free to ferve any prince whatever, and l>y no means bound to take an n&ive part in his wars. The king has the power of recruiting among them, and of naming a. governor ; but the revenue he derives is not above 50Q0I, yearly, great part of which is laid out, o() the rpads and qth^p^jsVc worksoftl)e| country. With regard to the military chara^lrri aind great acftions of | the Swifles, we mvu r^l^r the r^adei to thc^ hii^t:«» of ^ropc^ V -.f ~ ' ,' - SPAIN. gllfVATION AlHD ^XTBMT, Mil^s, Degrees^ 4' ^«ngth 700 7 bet^.gen f i o and 3 Eaft longitude. : tmy't^^eiidth 500 j •°"''"" 1 46 and 44 Notthlatitode. Containing 150,763 f<^uare miles, with Oxty-ninr inhabitants to each, ftovNDAKiES.] It is bounded on the Weft by Portugal and theAtJ Untie Ocean; by the Mediterranean ontheEali^ by the fiay of Bifcay and the Pyrenean mountains, which feparateil from France, on the North and by the ftrait of the feaat Gibraltar r \hc South. f^ Xt.hi ttfivf divided i^to fourteen dillri£tS| befidet iflandstin the iMediJ tfiTfUifiarfl* ri-<'^^:'r V.'*-' si* A I ^,' 5»$^ •^mimmmi ConaOriM* Nmtim. Sptin Caftile, Nevr Andalufia CBfrile, Old Arragon Eftretnadura Galiciii •{ L«j8 12, 600 11,000 1 1,200 9,co& 8, 100 6,800 4,760 4,600 3,600 3,000 I»40o 615 510 Total T 50,763 MO »73 '93 190 180 l»7 I7i tco 180 140 114 87 91 ;,. 37 4« 180 '1$ 140 105 «*3 lao 96 1x0 4J 75 55 55 63 4J 40 »5 10 CbicfCititib MADRID. Seville BvrgoR SaragolTa Bajaaos Compoflella Lcoit Barcelona Grenada Valencia iBilbua Oviedo Murcia Fanipcluna Majorca Yvica CitaddU 5 N. Lat. 49-»5. l W.LoBg.3-^0. The town and fortrefg-of Gibraltar, fubjeft to Great Brtatn. Ancibnt name* and divisions.] Spain formerly included Portu* pi, and WAS known to the ancients by the nameof Iberia, and Hefperia, H well as Hifpanta. It was, about the time of the Punic wars, divided iotoCiterior and Ulterior; the Citerior contained the provinces lying north of the river Ebro ; and the Ulterior, which was the largefl part, comprehended all that l^y beyond that river» lunumerable are the ; internal changes that it afterwards underwent; but they are lels acctt^. ntely known than thofe of any other Buropeaa country. , ' CtiMATB, SOIL, AHD WATE&.] Except during the equinoAial rains^, the air of Spain is djry and ferene, but excellively hot in the fouth- em provinces in June, July, and Auguft. The vaft mountains that, run through Spain, are, however, very beneficial to the inhabitants, by; the refrefliing breezes that come from them in the fouthernmoil parts; I though thofe towards the north and north-eaft are in the winter very told Such is the moifhire of the hills, bounded on the north by the bay of, i Bifcay, and to the^fouth by fnowy mountains, that no care is fullicienc topref(frve their fruits, their grain, their inftruments of iron, from mould, from rot, and from ruft. Bodi the acetous and the putrid fer», inentation here make a rapid proyefs. Be6des the relaxing humidity} of the climate, the comnu)n food of the inhabitants contributes much to the prevalence of mod difeafes which infeits that are to be found in France and Italy ; oranges, le. mons, prunes, citrons, almonds, raiftns, and figs. The wines of Spain, efpecially fack an^^herrytttte in high requtft among foreigners. There are, in the diftrift of Malaga (according to Mr. Townfliendl, fourteea thoufand winCTpreHes, chiefly employed in making the rich wine, which, if white, from the nature of the country, is called MoutuaiM; if red, from the colour, vino tinto^ known in England by the name of Tent. Good Mountain is fold from thirteen to fixteen pounds the butt, of one hundred and thirty^five gallons, according to quality and age. It is reckoned that from eight hundred to a tlioufand vcflels enter this port every year, of which about one-tenth are Spaiiifli, and the exports 'in wine, fruit, oil, and fifli, are computed at about 37c,oool. per annum ; but it has been confiderably more. Spain indeed offers to' the traveller large tracts of unpromifing, be. caufe uncultivated, ground ; but no country perhaps maintains luch a plumber of inhabitants who neither ^oil nor work for their food ; fuch are the generous qualities of the foil. Even fugar-aanes thrive in Spain; and it yields faffron, honey, and (ilk, in great abundance. A late writer, UHariz, a Spaniard, computes the number of Hiepherds in Spain to be 40,600 ; and has given us a mod curious detail of their coconomy, tlieir changes of pafture at certain time« of the year, and many other particu- lars unknown till lately to the public. Thofe fheep-walks afford ths finefi of wool, and are a treafure in themfelves. Some of the moun< tains in Spain are clothed with rich trees, fruits, and herbage, to the tops ; aiid Seville oranges are noted all over the world. No country prt)duces a greater variety of aromatic herbs, which render the tafte of their kids and flieep fo exquifitely delicious. The king, dom of Murcia abounds fo much with mulberry-trees, that the produ(ft of its filk amounts to 2oo,oool. a year. Upon the x^bole, few countries in the world owe mor? than Spain does to nature, and lefs to induftry. The medicinal waters of Spain are little kn6wn ; but many falutife. rous' firings are vcind in Grenada, Seville, and Cordova. All over Spain the wate is iue found to have futh healing qualities, that they»are excelled by thofr of no country in Europe; and they are continually mort and more rcfortcd to, efpecially at Alhamar, In Grenada. Mountains.] it is next to impolfible to fpecify thefe, they are fs niinverous ; the chief, and the highefV, are the Pyrei:ee8» near 200 miles in length, which extend from" the b^ of Bifcay to the Mediterranean, and divide Spain from France. Over tbefemoimtains there are only five I narrow palTngeS to France ; and the road over the pafs that feparatel RoiiffiUon from Catalonia, reflefts great honour on the engineer who filanned it-. It formerly require;! the ftrehgth of 30 men to fupport, and 1 liearly as many oxen to drag up a carriage, which four horfes now do ivith eafe. The Cantabrian mountains (as they are called) area iiiid of continuation of the Pyrenees, and re^ch to the Atlantic ocean, fouth of Cape binifterre. No Englifliman ought to be unacquainted «ith lilqiutc Calpe> now called the Hill of Gibraltar, and, in former tiracsj S P A 1 N,^ 5«i iges, nativf* led. It td moll Spain, \, There fourteen :h wine, ifonn/oia; name of lunds the jality ar\d rtd vefleU Spaiiiili, i at about nifing, b«" lins luch I food; fuch c in Spain; late writer, Spain to be nomy, their her parlicu- s afford tha the moun. age» to tlve o coui»try render the The king- tcs, that the the \, whofef 6rfl voir is never to forfake it. When the mountain is firfl perceived at a dillSMve, it has the appearance of an infinite number of rocks cut into conical forms, and built one upon another to a prodigious height, and feems like a pile of grotto work, or Gothic fpires. Upon « nearer view, each cone appears of itfelf a mountain : and the whole compofes an enormous mafs about 14. miles in circumference. The Spaniards compute it to be two leagnes in height '*. As it is like DO other mountain, (o it flands quite unconnected with any, though - npt far diftant from fome that are very lofty. A convent is erefted op the mountain, dedicated to our lady of Montferrat, to which piU griins refort from the fartheft parts of Europe. All the poor who come : here are fed grjtis for three days, ai^d all the Hck received inttJ the' ' hpfpital. Sometimes, on particular feftivals, (tven thoufand perfona * arrive in one day ; but people of condition pay a reafonable price for * what they cat. On different parts of the mountain are a number of hermitages, all of which have their littl*^ chapels, ornaments for faying mafg, water cifterns, and moft o\ then^ !"\le gardens. The inhabitant I of one of thefe hermitages, which is dedicated to St. Benito, has the* . i privilege of making an annual entertainment on a certain day, on' which day all the other hermi,t.s are invited, when they receive the i- facrament from the hands of the mountain vicar, and, after divine^' fervice, dine together. They meet alfo at tiiis hermitage on the days of '' the faints to whom their feveral hermitages are dedicated, to fay mai's, ■ • jandcoiTiii^une with each other. But at other times they live in a very Ifolitary and reclufe manner, perform various penances, and adhere to" jvtry rigid rules of abllinence. They never eat flelh ; nor are they? laUowed to keep within their walls either dog, cat, bifd, or any living f Itiiing, left their attention fliould be withdrawn from heavenly to earthly f liffeftione. The number of profcfled monks there is 76, of lay bro- lt(iers.38,.and of^finging boys aj ; befides pSyfician, furgeon, and I'cr- Ivams, Mr. Thick ne He, who has publiflicd a very particular defcrip-V ptiof this extraordinary mountain, was informed lly one of the he^-?, nits, that he often faw from his habitation the iflands of Minorca, Ma-'|; jorca, an^ Yvica, and the kingdoms of Valencia and Murcia. "* ' 1 Rivers and lakes.] The principal rivers of Spain are the Dou/*< 10, formerly Durius, which falls into the Atlantic Ocean, below Opor-i jo in Portugal ;■ the Tajo or Tagiis, which falls into the Atlantic i* tean below Li ibon ; the Guaditina. which falls into the fame oceaa^": kttr Cape Finilkrre ; as does the Guadalqulver, now Turio, at St. Lu-i f * Mr. Swii burne eftimati"-. its height at only 1,300 feet, iitid oliferves th t the arnia of t convent arc; Uic Vngin Mary littug ac the foot of a rock half cut through by a faw. 586 S P A r N. car; and the Ehro, the ancient Ibcras, which Ms ntothe Mediterra* nean fea below Tortof?. The river Tinto, the qualities' of which arc very extraordinary, riics ia Sierra Morena, aad empties itfelf into the Mediterranean, near Huel- va. The name of Tinto nas been given it from the tinge of its waters which ar^ as veltow as a topaz, hardening the fand, and petrifying it in a moft furpnfing manner, if a (lone happens to fall in, and reft upon another, they both become, in a year's time, perfeftly united and con- glutinated.~This river withers all tlie plants on its banks, as well as the roots-of tncvs^ which it ditc of the fame hue as its waters. No kindof verduK will come up where it reaches, nor any fitli live in its Aream^ It kills worms in cattle when given them to drink ; but in general no animals will drink out of this river, excepting goats, whofe fleili neverthelefs has an excellent flavour. T befe Angular properties continue; till other rivulets run into it and alter its nature; for when it patTes by Niebla« it is not different from other rivers. It falls into the Mediterranean fea, i\x leagues lower down. Several lakes in Spain, particitlarly' that of Seneventa, abound with fifli, particularly excellent trout. The water of a lake near Antiquera is-made into fait by the heat of the fnn. \ B AY».3 The chief bays are thofe of Bifcay, Ferrol, Corunna (com. monly called the Groyne), Vigo, Cadiz, Gibraltar, Carthagena, Alicant, AStea, Valencia, Roles, Majorca* in that inand,and the harbour of Port- Mahon in the ifland of Minorca. The firait of Gibraltar divides £uo TQ\:e from Africa: Metals AND minekaus.] Spain abounds in both, and in as great viriety, and of the fame kiiy their being exhaufiedl, or through the indolence of the inhabitants in not working then, we cannot fay; though the latter caufe feems to be jhc moft probable. ,^N FM A L PRODUCTIONS, 1 The Spanifti horfes, cfpeciaMy thofc of ^Y sJa and land. 5 Aivdalufia, are thought to be the hand- fbm^ cf any in Europe, and at the fame time very fwiftand fcrvice- able. Th» king diks all he can to monopolife the flneil! breeds for his own ftables and fervice. Spain furniftics likewife mules and black cattle; and the wild bulls have fo much ferocity, that the bv)ll-feafts were the moft magnificent fpe^cle the court >f Spfain \:owld exhibit ; nor are they yet difufed. Wolves are the chief bcaftis of prey in Spain, which is well ftored with all the game and wild fowl that are to be found in the neijghbouiing countries already defcfibed. ThcSpanifhj feas afford excel^nt fifti of all kinds, efpecially anchovies, which are i here cured in great pcrfeftion. This country is much infcfied with j locufts; and Mr. nilon obferves, that in 17^4, La Mane ha was cover- ed with them, and the hwrrgr* of famine alTailed the fruitful prorii;cej | SPAIN. ■fh 58y of Atidriafia^ Murcb, and Valencia. They have fometimes appeared ifl the air in fuch numbers as to darken the (ky; the clear atmofphere of Spain has become gioonriy ; and the fineft fummer day in Eftrema- (hjra been rendered more difmal than the winter of Holland. Their lenfe of fmelling is fo delicate, that they can difcoVer a corn field or a pid'en at a confiderable difiance ; which they vrll ravage almoft in aa mflant. Mr. Dllk)n is of opinion, that the country people, by timely- attention and obfervation, might deftroy the^ggs of thcfe formidable infefts, and thereby totally extirpate them. POfOLATitoM, iNHABiTANTSj M'AMNERSj 1i Spr.n, formerly ther CUSTOMS, DIVERSIONS, AND DRESS. \ moft populous kingdoRi in Europe, is now but thinly in..abited. This is owing, partly to rhe great drains of people fentto America, and partly to the indolence of the natives, who will not labour to raife food for their families. An> other caufe may be aiEgned, and that is, the vaft numbers of ecclefiaftics, (rfboth fexes, wht) lead a life of celibacy. Some writers have af- figncd feveral other caufes, fuch as their wars with th- Moors, and thj final expullion of that people. The prefent inhabitants of this king- dom have been computed by Feyjoo, a Spanifli writer, to amount to' 9^250,000 ; fo that England is three time.s as populous as Spain, cunfi- dOriBg its extent. The perfons of- the SjianiardS are generally tall, efpecially the Cafli- lians; their hair and Complexions- fwarthy, but thehr countenances are I very ?xpreffive. The court of Madrid has of late been at great paina' I to clear their upper lips of muftachoes, and to introduce among them I the French drefs, inft*. td of their black cloaks; tHei*- (hort jerkins, ftrait I breeches, and long Toledo fwords, ivhicli drefs i* now chiertv confined I to the lower ranks. The Spaniards, before the accellion of the honfiT I of Bourbon to their throne, affefted that antiquated drefs, in batred- I tnd contempt of the French; and the go ^rument probably will find" I feme difficulty in abolifliing it entirely, as the famt fpirit is far from I being extingniftied. An old Caitilian, or Spamard, who fees nonr I above him, thinks himfelf the mod important being in nature; and I the fame pridie is commonly communicated to his defcendents. Thi«' I is the true ' reafon why many of them are fo fond of removing to I America, where they can retain all their native importance, withs I o\it the danger cf feeing a fuperior. I RtdiculoiiSy however, as this pritl? is, it is produftive of th» moft exn I alted qualities. It infpires the nation with gcntrous, hur ane, and I virtuous fentiments ; it being feldom found that a SpanlHi nobleman, I gentleman, or even trader, is guilty of a mean a£^ion. During the molt I embittered wars they have had with England, for near 70 years part, we I Imowof no inftance of their taking advantage (as they might eafily have I (it>ne) of confifcating the Britiih property on board their galleons and I Plate fleet, which was equally fecure in time of war as peace. This i^ ■ the more fnrprifitigi as Philip V. was often, needy, and his >;?inifters I itere far from being fcrspulous of breaking their good faith witu Great ■ Britain. B By the bed; and mod credible accounts of the late wars, it appears that ■ the Spaniards in America ^ave the moil humane and noble relief to all ■ Wtiiii fubjefts who were m diftrcfs, andi^ell into their hands, not only ■ by fupplying them with neccTaries, but monay; and treating them iij Htbe moll hofpitable manner whili they remained among them. ■ Hiving faid thus much, we are carefully to dilHnguifti the Spanifli ■nobUity, gentry, and traders, fronvthe lower ranks of Spaniards, who ■v^ as twm 2(nd r^pa((ious as thoTe qf agiy otl^er country. Tiip iun^^i \\m 1 1 'i 58« S P A I N. If i|Hi of Spain, of the houfe of Bourbon, have feldom ventured to employ native Spaniards, of great families, as their minillers. Thefe are genet rally Prsnch or Italians, but moft commonly the latter, who rife into ^-•owc^- by the moft infamous arts, and of late times from the molt al> jeft ftations. — Hence it is, that the French kings of Spain, fincc their acceflion to that monarchy, have b^cn hut very indifferently fervcd in the cabinet. Alheroni, who had the greateft genius among them, em. broiled his mafter with all Europe, till he was driven into exile and difgrace ; and Grimaldi, the Uft of their Italian minifters, hazard- ed a rebdlior^ in the capital^ by his oppreflive and unpopular mea- fures. The common people who live on the coafh, partake of all the bad <)ualities tliat are to be found in other nations. They are an aifemblage of Jews, French, Ruffians, Irifti adventurers, and Engliih (iniigglers who being Unable to live in their own country, mingle with the Spa- i>»ar4s. — In time of war, tliey follow privateering with great fuccefs* and when peace returns, they engage in all illicit pm^ices, and ofteq enter into the Irifh and Walloon guards in the Spanifli feryice. There are about 40,000 gypfies, who, befides their trade of fortune-telling, are inn-keepers m the fmall towns and villages. The chara£ter o| the Spaniards is thus drawn by Mr. Swinburne. " T' r C; •ens appear to be the moft aftive iUrring fet of men, the beft ta •■ '•^ ' "ur bulj- nefs, travelling, and manufactures. The Valencians a.e n more fuUcij fedate race, better adapted to the occupations of hulbandmen, lefs eager to change place* and of a much more timid, fufpicious caft of ma^ than the former. The Andalufians feem to be the greateft talkers and rhodomo,iitalers of Spain. The Caftilians h^ve a manly franknefs, ^iid lefs appearance of cunning and deceit. The New Caftiiians ire perhaps the lead indoftrious of the whole nation; the Old Caftiiians are laooiioua, and retain more of ancient fimpiicity of manner; both are of a firm determined fpirif The Arragonefe are a mixture of the Caftilian and Catalan, rather inclining to the former. The Bifcayners are acute and djiieent, fiery and impatient or control, more refembling a colony of :epublicans, than a province of an abfolute monarchy ; and the Galiciaus are a plodding painstaking race of mortals, that roam ever Spain in fearch of a hardly earned fubfiftence.*' The beauty of the Spanifli ladies reigns moftly in their novels an-^ ...- nianccs ; for though it nuift be acknowledged that Spain produ^ » fine women as any country in the world, yet beauty is far froa i iiig their general charafVer. In their perfon?, they are generally fiiui; and fleiulcr ; but they are faid to employ gteat art in fupplying the de- fects of nature.— If we were to hazard a conjecture, we might reafou- ably fuppofe that thofe artifices rather diminilh tlUn inCreafe beauty, ei'pccially w hen tliey are turned of aj. Their indifcriminate ufe of paint, nor only upon their faces, but their necks, arms, and hands, un- doubtedly disfigures their complexions and flirivtls their /kin. It is at the fame time uuiverfdlly allowed, that they have great wit and vivacity. Among the many good qualities poflTefled by the Spanian^r. "iirfo- briety in eating and drinking is remarkable. They frequer /. f^eak- faftj'as well as flip, in bed. Their breajifaft is ufually choc na , te« being very ftldom drank. Their dinner is generally beef, mutton, veal, pork, a.id bacon, greens, &c. ail boiled together. They live niut-Ii lipon garlic, chives, fallad, and radilhcs ; which, according (o Oi>e of their pi overbs, are food for a ge«tletti::-u The ijica drink say. ivith at lutt|[ is however ibove t ^nd fecb much re ' prevent I ipecial p I orders. j;4.ooo U \ i^oral rel In Cat fc«s at all I •ccafions [*ai!S,ao lU the bad affemblage {'inviggleis, :h the Spa- at fuccefs •, and often :e. There jne-tellmg, harafter ot ■lens appear ')r bvjfi- rnore fulleii n»lefsea^er ift of min4 t talkers and jf franlcnefs, aftilians 4re A Caftilians anner; both ixtiire of the Bifcayners refembling )narchy,an(l that roam ovelsan'^ ...* >rodu^ > frori i nerally dviai: ying the de- ight reafon- reafe beauty, ninate ufe oi hands, i"i- ik'ia. It is rreat wit and ards net- j ; Hceak- chot 'Ja % tea beef, mutton, , They live, according to, I eft dtink veiy^ ' • sp Aiit 5^ little wme: ; and tVie w6mei\uft Wit^' or chdcdlatt. Botn ftxet ufually fleep after dinner, and take the air in the eool of the evening. This is the common praftice in warm countries, fiich as Italy, Spain, and Por- tugal, whercj generally fpeaking, the vyeather is clear, and the inhabi- tants are moftly in the habit of rifing "much earlier than in England. The human body cannot furnifli fpirits fufficient to refift the effcfls oi the violent heat^ through the whole day, without fome luch refrefhment ; it is therefore the univerfal praAite to go to fleep for fome hours after dinner, which in thofe countries is over early ; and this time of repofe, which latls for two or three hours, is in Spain called t^e Siejla^znd in Por- tugal M« Sejla. Dancing is fo much their f^ourite entertainmenf,thatyoiL may fee a grandmother, mother, and daughter, all in the fame country- dance. Many of their theatrical exhibitions are infipid and' ridiculous boinbaft. The prompter's head fometimes apj>ears through a trap-door-- above the level of the ftage, and he reads the play loud enough to be beard by the audience. , Gallantry is a mling paffion in Spain. Jea- . bufy, fince the acceffipn of the houfe of Bourbon, has flept in pea^e. The nightly mufical jfcrenades of m ftrefles by their lovers are ftill ia tifc. The nghts of the cavaliers, or bulUfeafts, are almoff peculiar to thiscpuntry, and make a capital figure in painting the jgenius and man- ners of the Spaniards. On thefe occafiotis, young gentlemen have afi opportunity of fliowing their courage and aiflivity before their mif- trelFes ; and tfie valour of rhe cavalier is proclaimed, honoured, and re- warded, according to the number and fiercenefs of the bulls he has killed in thefe encounters. Great pains are ufed in fettling the form and weapons of the combat, fo as to give a relief to the gallantry of the cavalier. The diverfion itfelf, which is attended with circumftances of great barbarity, is undoubtedly of Moorifli original, and was adopted by the Spaniards when upon good terms with that nation, partly through complaifance, and partly through rivalfltip. There is not a town in Spam but what has a large fquare for th« purpofe of exhibiting bull'fij>hts ; and it is faiJ, that even tlte poorefl! inhabitants of the fnialleft villages will often club together, in order to procure a cow or an ox, and fight them, riding upon alles for want or horfes, Rbligiok.] The Romifh religion is the only 6ne tolerated in Spain. The inquifition is ^ tribunal difgraceful to human nature; but though difufed, it is npt yet abrogated ; but the eccleliaftics and their ^fticers can carry no fenteiKe into execution without the royal autho- ' :/. The Spaniards embrace and praftile the Roman catholic religion *ith all its abfurdities ; and in this they have been fo fteady, that their kiu^ is diftinguiflied by the epithet of Moj} CnthoUe, It appears, however, that tiie burning zeal which diftingulnied their anceftors ibove the reft of the catholic world, hath loft much of its aftirity, <(nd fec'ms nearly ex^.nguiftied, and the power of the clergy has been much reduced ^of late years. A royal edift has alfo been i/Tued, to prevent the admiffion of novices into the different, convents, without Ipecial pertiiiflion; which has a great tendency to reduce the monaltic orders. It is computed that there are now, in the kingdom of Spain, J4,ooo friarS} 34,000 nuns, and 26,000 fecular clergy, but as little true Horal religion as in arty country under heaven. InCatalonia^ the confidence of tbe people in the interceffion of fainrj bis at all periods been a fourcc of coiifolation to them, but upon foiiie •ccafions has betrayfcd them into mjifchief. Every company of ar,- tilat)), aod every ftiip that fails, is und^r the immediate protecliou uf 590 SI? AlKl fome patron. Bdides folio volumes^ which teftify the Jnnumerabjlie miracles performed by our lady in Montfcrrat, every fubordinate ft»nne is loaded with votive tablets. This has been the parent of prcfump, tion, and among the merchants ha« brought many fanlilies to want. The companies of infiuance, in the laft war, having each of them it» iavourite faint, fuch as San Ramon de Penaforte, la Virgen de 1^ Merced, and others, aflbciated in form by the articles of partnerQiip. and named in everv policy of infurance; and having with the mou fcrupulous exa^neu allotted to them their correfpoodeiit dividend, the lame as to any other partner, they concluded th^i n :th fuch power- ful aflbciates it was iiot polfible for them to fuffer lofs. Under thi* perfuaHon, they ventured, about the year 1 7^9, to infure the French Weft Indiaroen, at fifty per cent, when the Englilh and Dutch had re- fiifed to do it at any premium, and indeed when moft of the Hiips were already in the EngliAi ports. By this fatal ftrokje, all the iniuring com. panies, except two, were ruined. Ak«hiishoprics AND pisHOPRics.J In Spain there are eight arch- odes, and forty-fix biihoprics. The archbifhop of Toledo i^ li^ the primate of Spain; he is great chancellor of Caftile, and has a revenue of ioo,oool. ilerling per annum; but the Sp.^ifh court has now many ways of leflening the revenues of the church, as by penfions, donations to hofpitals, ice, and premiums to the fo- cieties of agriculture. This archbifhopric pays annuaHy i$,ooodu. cats to the monks of the Efcurial, betides otner penfions ; and it is averted that there is not a bifhopric in Spain but has fomebody or other quartered upon it; and the fecend-rate benefices ;ire believed to be in the fame predicament. Out of the rich canonries and prebends, are taken the penfic%s of the new order of knights of Carlos Ter^ero. The riches of the Spaniflli churches and convents are the unvarying objects of admiration to all travellers as well as natives ; but there is a (amenefs in them all, excepting that they dltfer in the degrees of trea- fure and jewels they centaiu. Language.] The Spanifli language, like the Italian, is derived from the Latin ; arid it miglit properly be called a bailard Latin, were it not for the terminations, and the exotic words introduced into it by the Moors and Goths, efpecially the former. It is a majeftic and expref- iive langtiage : and it is remarkable, that foreigners who underfiand it befl, prize it moft. It makes but a poor figiue even in the beft tranf- lations ; and Cervantes fpeaks almoft as aukward Englifii, as Shak- fpeare does French. It may, however, be confidered as a ftandard tongue, having nearly retained its purity for upwards of 200 years. Their Paternofter runs thus : Fadre nuefira^ que ejlas en el cieio, /anfliji' Cit^oje el tu nomire ; venga a nos el iu reyno ; hagafe tu v^untad^ tiffien la tierra como en el cielo ; el pan tiuejlro de cada dia da nos de oy ; y perdona mi nuejiras deudas ajp como nos otros pttdonamos a nuejhos lUudoret ; no nos dcxis eair en la tentacion^ mas liSra nos de mal, porqae tao es ei reyno ; y la pM»' eta ; y la gloria per los figlos. Amen. ff KAaNXNO ANO LH Aft NED MEN.] Spain has not produced learned in proportion to the exceii^^nt capacities of its natives. This de- may, in fome meafure,be owingto the indolence and bigotry ofthi | Spaniards, which prevents them from making that progrcfs in thep(i> lite arta -which they othcrwlfe would : but the greateft iiiipediment to I literature in Spain is the def^otic nature of its government. Severall of the ancient fathers of theith the emperor Charles V. that the inimitable Cervantes, the author of Don Quixote, born at Madrid in 1 549, lilted in a ilation Ur^le fuperlor to that of ^ common f^dier, and died negle£led, after fighting bravely for his country at the battle of Lepanto, in which he loft his left hand. His fatire upou knight-errantry, in his adventures of Don Quixote, did as much fer- vice to his country by curing them of that ridiculous^irit, as it novr does honour to his own memory. He was in prifon for debt when he compofed the firft part of iiis hirtory, and is perhfips to be placed at the head of moral and humorous fatirills. The Vifions of Quevedo, and fome other of his humorous and fati- rical pieces, having been tranflated into the £nglifli language, have ren- dered that author well known in this country. He was born at Ma- drid in the year 1 570, and was one of the beft writers of his age, excel- ling equally in verfe and in profe. Befides his merit as a poet, he waS well verfed in the oriental languages, and pbflefled great erudition. His works are comprifcd in three volumes, 4to. two of which confift of poetry, and the third of pieces in profe. As a poet, he excelled botli in the ferious and burlefque ftyle, an,d was happ;^ in a turn of humour fimilar to that which we admire in Butler and Swift. Poetry was cultivated in Spain at an early period. The moft diflini* guiflied dramatic poet of this nation was Lopez de Vega., who was con* temporary with our Shakfpeare. He poffefled an imagination aftonifh-^ ingly fertile, and wrote with great facility ; but in his dramatic works he difrcgnrded the unities, and adapted his works more to the tafte of the age, than to the rules of criticifm. His lyric compoBtions, and fii« gitive pieces, with bis profe eflays, form a cOlle£lion of fifty volumes, befides his dramatic works, which make twenty-fix volumes more; ex- clufive of four hundred fcriptural dramatic pieces, called in Spain Jlut9t Sacrameniaks. Calderon was alfo a dramatic viritqr of conHderabb note, but many of his plays are very licentious in their tendency. Toftatus, a divine, the mofl voluminous perhaps that ever wrote, wa4 a Spaniard ; but his works have been long diftingulQied only by theif bulk. Herrera, and (ome other hiftorians, particularly De Soliii, have fliown great abilities in hiftory, by inveftigating the antiquities of Ame- rica, and writing the hiftory of its conqueft b^ their countrymen. — Among the writers who have lately appeared m Spain, Father Feyjoor has been one of the moft diftinguifhed. His performance* difplay great ingenuity, very extenfive reading, and uncommon liberality of feiuiment, efpecialiy when his fituation and country are confidered. Many of his pieces have been tranflated into Englifti, and publifhed ia four Volumes, Syo. Don Francifco Perez Bayer, archdeacon of Va- lencia, and author of a Diflertation on the Phoenician Language, may bs placed in the firft line of SpaniflV literati. Spa^n has likewife produced many travellers and voyagers to both the indies, who are equally amuf- ing and inftru(E):ive. Some of the Spaniards have diftinguifhed themfelves in the polite arts ; and net only the cities, but the palaces, efpecially the Efcurial, difcover many ilriking fpecimens of theif abilities as (culptors and archite^ls; I Palomino, in an elaborate treatiCe on the art of painting, in two vo* lu^et, folio, has inferted the lives of two hundred and thirty -three painters and fculptors, who flouriftied in Spain from the time of Ferdi^ oand the Catholic, to the conclufion of the reign of Philip IV. A- [npngft the moft emiueat Spauilh paiaters} w«re Vdiifqjues -, MuriUo^ S9« SPAIN- .•li who Is Comtnoiily fcalled the Spanifli Vandyke ; Rlbeira ; and Ctaudidj . Co«tlo^whofi: ftyheiof paimine was very fimil^r to that of Paul Vtta* ii«f*^«..,^ - * ^ .-^^l'- . ■•-• • .' ";■' y*i»fEK»iti»8.] Iij Spain are reckoned 24 tJniverfitieS^j the chief of M'hiBius SalamatK^fbunded by Alphonfus, 'ninth king df Leon, in tha yea* j2oo.* It ■coittainsii i colleges, lorhe of whith arp very magnificent* MoS. of the nobility of Spaiii'^end theirfons to be ediicated here. The oth«ttji.a«;<[,»S«viiieV Gr«riada, Coiinpoflella, Toledo,' VaUadolid, Alcala, Sigt}cnz% Valencia, Lkrich, Huefca, Saragofla, Tortofa, Oflfun^, Ona^ ta, QatTdui^ Bareeloni, Mtircia, Taragona» Baeza, Avila, OridUa, Ovle* do, and Falejicta. - ' '■■ ' AifTxauvriBS Airb curiosities, \ The fiormer of thcfe confift tikRXiKiciAL AND MATUHAL. '' J' chiefly^ of Rooian and Moorifli •ntiquitics. Near Segovia, a grand aqueduft, erefted by Trajan, extends oveiba deep valley't^tWern two hills, and is fupported by. a double row of i|9iaxcfaas. ^Othei' Romanaq'uedufts, theatres, and circi, are to be fouiid at T«rrttg«, hnd different parts of Spain. A ruinous watch- towte, nea»<^adi2, is vuigarly, but erroneoiirty, thought to be one of the pillars, of Hercules.' Near the city of Salamanca are the remains of a RoixMH way, )>av«tiw»rh large flat ftoncs j h Vi-as continued to Meri- da, and from thenet-to Seville. At Toledo are the Remains of an old Komaa tb«atre, which is now convei'ted into a church, faid to be one of tfar moft curious remains of antiquity. It js 600 feet in length, 500 in twreadth, and of a propoMonable height; the roof, which is amazingly* bold and lofty, is fupported by 350 pillars of fine marble, in ten rojvs, forming elevenliilcs, in which are 366 altars, and 24 gatfs; everyjpart "being enriched and adorned with the moft noble and coftly ornaments; At Martordfi a large town, where mtfch black lace is nia- Bufadlia'ed, is a v>&^fcended by a road bofdered with, h^ges.of double or imperial myrtles, and rows of elms. On this hlii. ut of ^m fhmes of different dimenfioqs., Almojd ijil tbc roonm htv« ituoco waU» ud ceilings, feme carveii, tome painted, and feme gilt, and coverc4>^ vith various Arabic fentences. , Here are feveral oaths, the waUi^ floors, and ceilings of Wliiph are of white marble. The gardens aboiMm with orange and lemon t^eCSt ^omeeranatec, and myrtlet. At the end of the gardf ns is another palace caUed Ginaraliph, fituated on n mori elevated ftation than the Alh»mbnt. From the balconies of tUs p^ace isoiieof the fined profpiids in Europe, over the whole fertile piMn of Grenada, bounded by Uie Cno#y mountains. The Moors to this daf regret the lofs of Grenada, and ftill offer up prayerf to God fwr the re- . covery of the city. Many other noble monuments, ere£(ed in the Moorn\: illitipies, remain in Sp^in ; fome of thtm in tolerable prefervation, ani others exhibiting fuperb ruin). Among the natural curiofities, the medicinal fprinn, and fome noUy lakes, form a principal part; but we muftnot forget the river Quadiana^ which, iii^c the Mole in England, runs under ground, and then rif«» uain. The royal cabinet of natural hiftqry, ai Madrid, wa» opened t» tM public, by his majefty's orders, in 1775. ^^^^y thing in this col- iedion is ranged with neatnefs and elegance, and the- apartments we opened twice a week for the public, beiides being fliown privately to Inngers of rank. The mineral part of the cabinet, containing precious [fiones, marbles, ores, &c. is very perfeA; but the colle£tion of birda beafts at prefent is not large, tho\^h it may be e»^pe£bed to im*^ " ivf rapidly, if care be taken to obtain the produftions of the Spanifh lerican colonies. Here is alfo a.curious colleAion of vafes, bafons^ ers, cups, plates, and ornamental pieces, of the fineft agates, ame- lylb, rock cryftals, &c. mounted in gold and enamel, fet with cameos, itagHos, &c. in elegant taAe, and of very fine workmauflup, faid to ebeen brought from France by Philip V. The cabinet alfo con- ios fpecimens of Mexican. and Peruvian vafes and utenfils. Iq blowing up the rock of Gibraltar, many pieces of bones and teeth ebeen found incorporated with the'ilone, lomeof which have beea lughtto England, and depofited in the Britiih Mufeum. On the wefl of the mountain, is the cave called St. Michael's, eleven hundred ten feet above the horizon. Many pillars, of various fixes, fome them two feet in diameter, have been formed in it by the droppings water, which have petrified in falling. The water perpetually dripc the roof, and forms an infinite number of flaladtites, of a whitifli lur, compofed of feveral coats or crufts, and which, as well as thf I, continually increafe in bulk, and may probably in time fill the le cavern. From the fummit pf the rock, in clear weather, not only town of Gibraltar may be feen, but the^ay, the ftraits, the towns $t Roque and Algofiriis, and the Alpuxara mountains; mount lii) on the African (bore, with its fnowy top, the cities of Ceuta, igier, and great part of the Barbary coaft. 'uir CITIM, StQ.] Madrid, though unfortified, it being only fur* ' by a mud wall, is the capital of &pain, and contains ab*ut iOoo inhabitants. It is furrounded with very lofty mountains, wbofe its are frequently covered with fnow. It is well paved and ') and Tome of the fiteets are fpaciout and handfome. The of Madrid are of brick, and are laid out chiefly for (how, can- iCy being little confidered: thus ypu will ufually pai» through or three large apartmenta of no ufe, in order to come at a fmaU It the end where the familjr fit. The houijet ia general look ^t prifoat thau the ItabUationt of p«oplt:lM>^tir liWtjr ; the imm 594 SPAIN. windows, beflde^ having a balcony, being grated with iron bars, partl« cularly, the lower range, and fometiines all the reft. Seprate famtliei generally inhabit the fame houfc, as in Paris and Edinbiirgh. Fo* nsigners are very much diftrefled for lodgings at Madrid, as the Spa. piards are not* fond of taking (Irangers into heir houfes, cfpeciRJIjif j they are not catholics. Its greateu excellency is the cheapneft of iti proviHons ; but neither tavern, coffee-houfi^, nor newfpaper. cxcq)tiiig the Madrid Gazette, are to be found in the whole city. The roy»l pa. la«e ftands on an eminence, on the weft fide of tlie city ; it iii a fpaci. j ous magnfHcent ftrutS^ure, confifting of three courts, and commands a very fine profpe(SV, Each of the fronts is 470 feet in length, and lool higi), and there is no palace in Europe fitted up with greater magnifi. ccrnce; the great audience-chamber efpecially, which is 120 feet l«ng,] and hung with crinnfon velvet riciily embroidered with gold. It isor.l namented alfo with 12 looking glaffes made at St. Ildefonfo, each tfnl feet high, and with ta tables of the fineft Spanifli marble. The otherl royal palaces round it are dcfigned for hunting (eats, or houfes of retire/ ment for their kings. Some of them contain fine paintings and good ilatiics. The chief of thofe palaces are the Buen Retiro {now Hripped of all its beft piflures and furniture), Cafa del Campo, Aranjuez, an4 St. Ildefonfo. A late traveller has reprefented the palace of Aranjuez, and itsgan deas, as extremely delightful. Here is alfo a park many leagues round cut ncrofs, in different parts, by alleys of two, three, and even four mil* extent. Each of thofe alleys is formed by two double rows of elml trees; one double row on the right, and one on the left, which renderf ^he fliade thicker. The alleys are wide enough to admit four coacha abreaft, and betw^ixt each double row there is a narrow channel through which runs a ftrcam of water. Between thofe alleys there aif thick groves of fmaller trees of various kinds ; and thoufands of it and wild^boars wander there nt large, befides numberlefs hares, rabbit| ^eafants, partridges^ and feveral other kinds of birds. The Tagus runs through this place, and divides it into two unequal pari The central point of this great park is the king's palace, which is pari ly furrounded by the garden, and is exceedingly pleafant, adorned wiJ fountains and ftatues, and it alfo contains a vaft variety of the hk/ beautiful flowers, both American and European. As to the palace j Aranjuez itfelf, it is rather an elegant than a magnificent building. The palace of St. Ildefonfo is built of brick, plaftered apd painted,! no part of the architecture is agreeable. It is two ftmies high, andj garden-front has thirty-one windows, and twelve rooms in a fuite. gardens are on a flope, on the top of which is a great refervojr of wati called here El Mar (thefea), which fupplies the fountains ; thisreferj is furniflied from the torrents which pour down the mountains. water- works are excellent, and far liirpafs thofe -.t Verfaillei. j;reat entry of the palace is fomewhat fimilar to that cf Verfailles, i with a large iron paliOde. In the gardens are twenty-feveii fountaij the bafons are of white marble, and the ftatues, many of which are[ cellent, are of lead, bronzed and gilt. Thefe gardens are in the fpn French ftyle, but ornamented with fixty*one very fine marble (lati as large as the life, with. twenty-eight marble vafcs, and twenty leaj vafes gilt. The upper part of the palace contains many valiij paintings, and the lower part antique ftatues, bufts, and bafTo relierj The pride of Spain, however, is the Efcurial; and the natives f ptrbapik with jujftkq^rtlMt the building of it coft more than that of j SPAIN. if9i It, ^her palacfe in Europe. The defcription of this palace forms » (tzeable quarto volume ; and it U faid that Philip II. who was its founder, ex< pended upon it fix millions of ducats. It contains a prodigious -.nimber of windows, 200 in the weft front, and in the^^lMP^d, and the apfrt- ' incnu are decoi'ated with an aftonifliing variet/Wtf ^intings, fcnlpture, [Upeft/yt ornaments of gold and iitveff marble, {Mi]^er, gems, and other curious ftones. This building, befides its palace, contains a church, large, and richly ornamented, a maufoleum, cloifters, a convent, t col- {lege, and a library, containing about thirty thoufand volumes; but it 1 1) more particularly valuable for the Arabic and Greek manufcripts Ifith which it is enriched. Above the flielves are paintings in frefco. [by Barthelemi Carducho, the fubjeAs of which are taken from facrea Ipr profane hiftory, or have relation to the fciences of which the (h.*lves Ibclow prefent to us the elements. Thus, the council of Nice is repre- llnted above the books which treat of theology; the death of Archi- jiuedes at the fiege of Syracufe, indicates thofe which relate to the ma* l|(inatics ; and Cicero pronouncing his oration in favour of Rabirius, ||t works relative to eloquence and the bar, A very Angular circum- IJbnce in this library may be agreeable to the curious reader to know, phich is, that, on viewing the books, he will find them placed the con- |inr way, fo that the edges of the leaves are outwards, and contaiii "leir titles written on them. The reafon for this Cuftom is, that Arius •Dtanus. a learned Spaniard of the fixtecnth century,' whofe library i ferved as a foundation for that of the fifcurial, had all his books bced and infcribed in that manner, which no doubt appeared to him fbe the moft commodious method of arranging them ; tnat he had in* j iiiced his own metlmd into the Efcurial; and fince his time, and ' rthe fake of uniformity, it had been followed with refpe£l; to the oks afterwards added. Here are alfo larze apartments for all kinds |irti(l8and mechanics; noble walks, with extenflve parks and gar- H, beautified with fountains at\d coflly ornaments. The fathers that in the convent are aoo, and they have an annual revenue of ,91. The maufoleum, or burviug place of the kings and queens Spain, is called the Pantheon, becaufe it is built upon the plan of I temple at Rome, as the church to which it belongs is upon the lei of St. Peter's. It is thirty-fix feet diameter, incrufted with fine bles. illowing to the Spaniards their full eftimate of the incredible fuma vedon this palace, and on its furniture, ftatues, paintings, columns. I and the like decorations, which are moft amazingly rich and 111, yet we hazard nothing in faying, that the fabric itfelf difco* I a bad tafte upon the whole. The conceit of building it in the n of a gridiron, becaufe St. Laurence, to whom it is dedicated, ^broiled on fuch an utensil, and multiplying the fame figure through lihqpal ornaments upon the doors, winnows, altars, rituals, and tdotal habits, could have been formed only in the brain of a tafte> bigot, fuch as Philip II. who erected it to commemorate the vic- f he obtained over the French (but by theaffiftance of the Engliffi ») at St. Quentin, on St. Laurence's daty, in «he year i C$7. The hfDt where the king refides forms the handle of the gridiron. The mg is a long fquare of i>40 feet by jSo. The height of the roof Ifctt. It has been enriched and adorned by his fucccfTors; but fide has a gloomy appearance, and the infidie is compofed gf dif- tflruftores, fomc of which are mafter-pieces of arcbitcfture, but [a4iiagr«e«Uc whole. Ii muft, however, be confeffcd, thattb^ / / 59* SPAIN. >r piAures and ftahies that hive found admiffibn here, «re excellentiin ;thehr kiddt aiid fome of them not tojbe equalled even in Italy itfelf,. Cadiz is the greatf^eniporium of Spanifli commerce. It ftands on«n ifland (cparated frp^a(^ continent of Andalufia, without the Straits of Gibraltar, by a vfi^^yTow arm of thefea, over which a fortifid hridve is thrown, aad^joihs it to the main land. The entr .nee into the bay IS about 500 fathoms wide, and guarded by two forts, called the Puntali. Tba entrance ha; never b«en of late years attempted by the £nglt(h in their wars with Spain, becaufe of the vaft intereft our mer- chants have in the treafures there,' which they could not reclaim from the captors. The ftreets are narrow, ill paved, and filthy, and fullofj fats in the night ; the lioufes lofty, with flat roofs, and few are without! *t turret for a view of the fea. The population is reckoned at 140,001 inlud^itants, of which 12,000 are French, and as many Italians. Thi cathedral has been already 50 years building, and the roof is not hal; .finiAied. ^The environs are beautifully rural. J Cor^Ava isjioiK an incoufiderahle place ; the ftreets are crooked an^ dirty, and but few of the public or private buildings confpicuous foi - their archite&ure. The palaces of the inquifition and of the biflioj are extenllve and well fituated. The cathedral was formerly a mofqui divided into (eventeen ailes by rows of columns of various marble! and is very rich in plate; four of the filver candlefticks cod 850I. Eiece. The revenue of the fee amounts to. 3(;ool. ppr ann. but as ifliops cannoi devife by will, all they die poflefTed of, efcheats to Seville, the. Julia of the Romans, !s^ next to Madrid, the largeil cii . itl^pain,' bu/K ia greatly decayed both ia riches and population. Tl ihape. is circular, and the wails ieem of Moorifli conftru^ion; itsd cumference is five miles and a half; The fuhurb of Triana is as as many towns, and remarkable for its gloomy. Gothic caftle, whi in 14S1, the inquifition was firfl eiaabliflied.in Spain. Its manual turesln wool and illk, which formerly amounted to 16,000, arem reduced to 400 ; and its great office of cotumerce to Spanilh Amerii is removed to Cadiz. The cathedral of Seville is a fine Gothic buil ^ ing, with a curious fleeple or tower, having a movable figure of a ^B^en^rv^ man at the top, called Lai Giralda, which turns round with the wiiBji^ j^^' and which is referredtoJA Don /Quixote. This fleeple is reckonedoHif pl^fu of the greatefl curiofities in Spain, and is higher than St. Paul's in ^'oBnoc. f idoii) ;itt'<(h« prefcaGe:«f king Henry III. The profpe^ of thecoi .. tryt^ rouad this city, beheld. £rom tiie fteepleof the cathedral, is eytrer ly dclightfttl. ; ., p .. . . .■ Barceldna,'formfrl]E Barci»o,:faid to.be founded by HamilgiH^i is j»j3tgeii Circular; trading, city, containing 15,000 houfes, fitqati . tise Mtiitncraneaiii facing Minorca, and is, faid to be the h^nfifoi i vlaAiAilc^paiotirlthe hQttrei,. andfit/.eyj fiippjiyjSpainc with ^moftiiof (tite c] :> :«tidftrns^or the troops. ?A.fm^ltf'Cuilom.t>revails among jM||fr||^pf.Navember|^);|i6eve4}iL'AUSoiU$| the,)- rua about irom.-'^unbct of 1 ntend dc firtJculai :RuherO)i iMaao iofe lufci iorn in uious, iplien tbe'poj w, at "*•. _ lecit) alleys feats, mh, fyJ \ SPAIN. •^97 ( the outlctm on the banks of the river; where there are great IttA^s of houfe^, and. gardens, which form a moft pleafing pro(pe£l| lirticularly in failiag:up- the river ; for, befides the beautiful verdurei Spam(h AmeriHfuinerous pbje in his Hiftdry of'Cbm- fcerce) other European nations fend their merchandife td be fftTpped I of in Spaniih bottoms for America, fheltered (or, as our old EnglJfH [phrafe has it, coloured) uhderthe names of the'Spahifli faftors.' Thofe [fbreign nations have here their agents and correfpondents ; i(nd th^ [tonfuls of thofe nations make a confiderable figure. CaiUz has beeil [(aid to have the fineft fiorehoufes an^ magazihesr for commerce of any mj in Europe ; and to it the flota and galleons regularly irtiport the . Safares of Spanifli America. The proper -^nifli merthandifes ex* orted fromCacliz to America are of ho preat'valu^ ; but the duty on 1 foreign merchandife fent thither %ould yield a great revenue (and onfejiuently the profits of merchants and thdr iigents would^ fink) rere it not for the many fraudulent praAictis for ehidhig thofe dirties'." 't St. Ildefonfo the glafs manufinfture is (Carried oH'to k degree bf pei-, on unknown in Englan.d. The >Iarg#ft niirrors utc mttle in a I frame, itz Juicbes loaj^ 93 wide, and fix deep|| weighing near oinp ;us .; "ll '•'.'iMff-ttl!- loo SPAIN. tons. Thefe arc defigoAd wholly .for the f o>'al palaces. And for prefenft from the king. Yet even for Uith purpofes it is ill placed, and proves _• « devouring monfter in acoUhtry where proviiions are dear, ftiel fcarce tnd carriage exceedingly expenfive. Here is alfp a royal manufafture of linen, employing abbiit^ 15 looms ; by which ic is laid the king is 3 '" confidcrable lofer. In the city of Valencia th«rc is a very refpec^able filk manufa£lure, in :' ^hich ^ve tholifand looms, and three hundred ftocking frames, give - «mpIoymenyi!b upwards of ao,ooo of the inhabitants, without enuine> rating thofe*who exercife profeffions relative to the manufaAure, fuch as perfohs who prepare the wood and iron work of fo great a number of machines) or fpin, wind, or die the filk. At Alcora, in the neigh- bourhtod of Valencia, a manufafture of porcelain has been fuccefsful- ly eftabilihed; and they very much excel in painted tiles. In Valen. 1 C'», tliieir beft apartments a 'e floored with thefe, and are remarkable for neatnefs, for coplnefs, an^ for elegance. They are llronger and much more beautiful than tbcfc of Holland. At Carthagena they make great quantities of the e/parto ropes and ca> bles, fome of them fpun like hemp, and others plaited. Both opera- tipnii are performed with lingular rM)idity. Thefe cables are excellent, ibecaufe they float on the furface or the water, and are not therefore li. able to be cut by the rocks on a foul cpafl. The efparto rufli mako good ipoats fQr houfes, alpargates^ or Ihort trqwfers and bufkins for pea- iants, and latterly it has been fpun into fine thread for the purpofeof inakUig cloth. If properly encouraged, there is no doubt that the ma- nufacture may be brought .Jo fuch perfeftion, as to tnake this onceufe- |efs ruih a fottrce of abiinJant wealth, to the fouthern provinces of Spain, for i. is the neculi<\r. and natural produi^ion of all the high and uncultivated mountains of the fouth. As,to the hempen cordage,v?hi|Ch is madein Spain for the ufe of the royal navy, M. de Bourgoant^e obferves that }t is better and more dur- lible than that of the principal dock-yards and magazines in Europe ; be- canfe, in combing the hemp, all the towy part we leave in it is taken out, and majijC ufq of in caulking, whence refults the double advantage ofmorefolid cordage, and the better caulking of veflTels. Another cuf- tpm in, our r^e-yartis, which the Spaniards have avoided adopting, is th< tarriiig thfi cordage apd keeping it a lone time piled up. In this ftate the; tar ferments, and eats the hemp, and the cordage is extremely apt to break after beiP" Jifed but a ihort fpace of time^ Thet Spaniards fprrperjy obtained their, hemp from the north ; at pre- ' fent thfy arc. able to do without the affiflance, in this article, of any other oa^tlom The kingdom of Grenada already furnilhes them with thegreateft part of the hemp they ufe; and, in (jafe, of need, they may 1 ' have recourie to Arragon ^md Navarre. All the fail -cloth and cordage in the magazines at Qadiz are made with Spaniih hemp; the texture of which J6 even, clofr,. and folid. The moft important prddudipn of this country, and the mod valu^ able ai:ticle of commeit^ is barilla, a fpecies of pot-aAi, procured by I burning a great v^rfte^y tfr plantS;aln[7oil peculiar to the kingdoms of Va- lenria aiid Murcia, fiich a8^«»», ^gazul^/uznuiy feyennes^ falicomia^ with ' iariUaf. It is ufed, for making foap, for bleaching, and forglafs. All| the oatioiisin Europe, by the combuftionpf various vegetable fubflances, mak($ fome kind of pot-adi ; but the fuperior excellence of the barilla! has hitherto fccuredthe preferppce. The country pro(Uicingit is about! fixty leagues in length, and ei^ht in,breadth| on the borders of the Me- , V *«.-•♦•. d proves tl tcarce, lufafturc king is a 'a£lure,in mes, give It enume- bure, fuch a number the neieh- fuccefstul- In Valen- remarkable ronger and pes and ca« 3oth opera- e excellent, therefore li- ru(h nuk« fins for pea- ; purpoftof that the ma- ils once u(e- >rovinces of ;he high and lie ufeofthe id more dur- iurope ; be in it is tsjken »le advantage Another cuf- adopting, is up. In this is extremely jrth ; at pre- rticle, of any IS them with fd, they may id cordage in [he texture of] lie moft valu- 1 procured by Idoms of Va. Uicorniaj with | pr-glafs. All lie fubftancesJ jof the_l)arilla ling it is about lis of the Me- S'PAfN, 6or dieiftffliJSfir Theq\ifcntit3r,exportejJiii\nHall¥ Spain (a!pcf>r4ling to the teftimonies of both Mr.J l^wtiifend, 9n4 vf. 4e ^tmj^wne) isabcpt a hundrtd and fifty quintals, moil of W;hifK ;}f<; fent tgTiwacc and Sitg« land, anda fmall quantity to iGenoa and ,y«upr« . , ,.,. v. . Spain is one of the richefl countries in Europe in jQ4t-pc4rc, «jnoft important article of commerce. The account ^of.thU iurprl^g nmnu- fifture we (hall abridge from Mr. Townfend!. «VJ,ohf«yedr^ %fbefl M a laree enclofure, with ^ number of mounts o)i,^bj»ut twenty f^et fc^h, at regular diftances fron. each other, Theie were. CQ)|c^d :fr9m<|be nibbiih of the city of Madrid, and fne fcrapv^gs.pt th( Mg|)Wfiys< T^iey' had remained all the winter piled up in the mahnerin widen I^^^nnd them. At this time men were employed. \^ wheeling thetn away, and Spreading abroad the earth to the thicknel^ of fibout'oa!e,loot»mbiift others were turning what had been previbufly.^>pQr<;d to ,the inifluence of the fun and air. The preceding fummcr thefe hcaptf had been wafhed* uid being thus expofed, would yield the fam? quantity ojf jCiJ^uigatn; and^ as hr as appears, the produce would never fail ; hxA, af^er having Seen waihed, no falt-petre can be obtained without .,a ^l>feqi{ent expofure, Someof this earth they can lixiviate once a year, fometbey |)av«,waihecl twenty times in the lafl feven years, and tome they haj^e ^iabjeded to this operation fifteen times in one year, judging always. by their eye when thiey may waih it to advantage, and by their tafte if it ha», yielded a lixivium of a proper ftrength ; from wl^iC"* by evaporating the water in boiling, they obtain the falt-petre." , - The other manufaflures of Spain are chiefly of wool, copper, and hard-ware. Great efforts have been made -by the government^ to pre- vent the other European nations from reaping the 9hief advantage of the American commerce ; but thefe never can be fuccefsful, tilla fpirit of induftry is awakened among the natives,/o as to enableithen^ to fup- ply their American poflellions with their own ccmmodities and mer« chaodife. Meanwhile, the eood faith and facility with which the £ng> lifti, French, Dutch, and other nations, carry on this contraband trade, render them greater gainers by it than the Spaniards themfelves are, the clfiu- profits Iteldom amounting to lefs than twenty percent. .This evi«. dently makes i( an important concern, that thofe immenfe riches (houl The privy council, which is conipofed of a number of noblemen, or^ {raudees, nominated by the king, fits only to prepare matters, and t* v09 ST A' I N. 11 dJgeft pajters f6r the cabinet council, or junto, Which coniiflt of the iiril iiacretary of Aate, and three of four more named by the king, and in them r^fi4es the direSion of aU> the executive part of government. The council of war takes cognifance of military affairs only. The council of Caftile U the higheft law tribunal of the kingdom. The feveral courts of the royal audiences are thofe of Galicia, Seville, Majorca, the Ca. Iiartes, Saragoffa, Valencia, and Barcelona. Thefe judge primarily in fit caufes within< fifteen miles of their refpedive cities or capitals, and Rceive appeals from inferior jurifdi6lions. Befides thefe there are many fittordinat« tribunals, for thp polke, the finances, and other branch ~s of bufihefs. ; /^i f The government of Spani/h Awerjca forms a fyftem of itfelf, and is delegated 'to viceroys, and other maeiflrates, who are in their refpe^tive AtbnUki almoft abfolute. A council for the Indies is eftabliflitrd in Old ^poin, and confifts of a governor, four fecretaries, and twenty-tvo (Toun^Uor^, : befides ofiicers. Their decifion is final in matters relating >o Ahptcvica; The members are generally chofen from the viceroys and iDagi(it;ate$ whp have ftrved iu tnait cbuntry. The two great viceroy. allies of Peril and Mexico arfc fo confiderabie, that they are feldom trull- cd to one perfbw for more thatt thtee years ; and then* emoluments are iiilficieut to make his fortune >iith!at time. The foreign poiTefiions of tjle^rowti of Spain, befides thofe in Ame- nca, are the towni^of Ceuta/^ran, and Mafulquiver, on the coaft of Barbary, in Africa; aud the iOaiids bf St. Lazaro^ the Philippines, and l.adrone^ lA Afia. ' ' KiBVEScBt.] The revenue* arifing to the king from Old Spain, year- ly amount to 5,ooo,odol. ftf!rl>ng, though fome fay eight ; and they form: the lureA fupport of his government. His American income, it is true, is itnmenlie, but it is generally, in a manner, embezzled or an^ ^cipated before it arrives in Old Spain. The king has a fifth of all the £lver mines thiat arii worked, but little of it comes into his coffers. He falls upoM means^ however, in cafe of a war, or any public emer- grdcjf toiequefter into his own hands great part of the American trea* Aires bdbhgutg to hils fubje£fcs, who never complain, becaufe they are always punctually repaid with intcreft. The finances of his prefent ca- tholic majelly are in excellent order, and on a better footing, both for hiin^^ait^ his people, than thofe of any of his predeceflbrs. As to the taxes vi^hence the internal revenues arife, they are various, arbitrary, and fo much fuited to conveniency, that we cannot fix them at any certainty. They fall upon all kinds of goods, houfes, lands, tim- ber, and provifions ; the clergy and military orders are likewife taxed. MiMTARX AND MARINE sTREMGTH.] The land forccs of the crown of'i^ain, in time of peace, are never fevver than 70,000 ; but in cafe of j war, they amount, without prejudice to the kingdom, to 1 10,000. The fftnX dependence of the kir^, however, is upon his Walloon or foreign fftariiu His prei'ent catholic majefty has been at great care and expenfe j to raifea powerful marine ; and his fleet in Europe and America at pr^ fcnt exceeds fevcnty fhips of the line. All along the coaft of Spain are watch-towers from mile to rtiile, with lights andgunrds at night, fothat from Cadiz to Barcelona, and from Bilboa to Ferrol, the whole king> dom may be foon alarmed in cafe of an invafion. KovAL AKMs, TITLE?, NO- 7 Spain formerly comprchendcd twcIve BiLiTY, AND ORDERS. J kingdoms J all of which, with feveralj others, were, by name, entered into the royal titles, fo that they a- mounted in all to about thitty-two. This abfurd cuilom is dill occa.* the firft in them t. The council al courts the Ca- Tiarily in tals, and are nwny brancl^ ^ ;lf, andJJ refpeftivc Jed in Old venty-tvo :rs relating CCToys and It viceroy- Idom trutt- undents are ife in Ame- he coaft of ppines, and Spain, y«"- ; . and they 1 income, it zzled or an- ;h of all the his coffers, (ublicemer- jerican trea- lufe they are 18 prefent ca • |ng, both for irs. are various, inot fix them |s, lands, tim- jwile taxed. of the crown ,ut h\ cafe «* 1 10,000. The fon or foreign and expenfe lerica at pr^ I of Spain are night, fo that whole King- lendcd twelve I withfeveral] that they a- isftillocW« SPA'iNv 66i fibndJIy'cdJItlhfied, btit the k^nW &i 'tto# jfi^Mferall^'^bhtent^d vrith the title of his Catholic Maji| :U a ftar of eight, points, enamelled white,^ and edged witfi goW :' in the ceittre pf .the crpD? is the image of the Virgin Imry, yeftjnents white and. blue. On the reverfethe lettew Cf, C. with the nunjfjer III. in the centre, .and this mottp, F'irtuti et j^jfi^/j^«. ,, .No^e but perfpns of iioble defcent can belong toihls order.., ,v.;:./. 4 'in, . r ■< History ok Spain.] jSpain was proSably firft pedpled by theCeltse from Gaul» to which U lies contijguous; or from Africa, froni which ,it is only f^ppatated bylthe narrow ftrait of Gibraltan The Pheenician* fent colonies tijiither, and built Cadiz and Malaga. Afterwards, upon the rife, of Rome and Cartilage, thejjolfeifeon of this kingdom became an obje^ of contention between thofe powerful republics ; but at length the Koman arms prevailed, and Spain remained in their poirelTion until ,the fall of that empire, when it became, a prey to the Goths. In the Jbegmning of the fifth century, the Suevi,' the -Vandals, and the Alan! divided this kingdom, among them i but in the year 584, the'Xjcths again became its mailers* . > :> , ' Thefe, in their turn, were invaded by the Saracens, who, about the end of the feyenth m the Moorsj till Spain at laft was djvuled into twelve or thirteen kingdoms ; and about the year 109,$, Henry of Burgmuiy was declared- by the |iag of teqjj, count'of Portugal ; but his fon, Alphonfo,. threw off his dependence on Leon, and^dicTatred himfelfking. A feries of brave princes gave the Moort rep<^at«;j3 overthrows in Spain, till abotrt the year 1492$ when all the kingdfimit in ^pain, Portugal excepted, were united b^ the tnarda^e of Ferdinand, king of Arragon, andlfabell^i, tj^e heiress and after- wards queen of Caftile^ who took Grenada, and expelled out of $pain .the Mpors and . Jews wlio would not be converts to the ChriftBn feitl]^.lo.the)5iumbi;r of 170,0c families. . ^ \ ■■ r' The expiul^^ ot the Mpois and Jews in a raanher d^pbjpulatedSpatn 4>f arti^, labourers, and mam tadturers ;' ,imd,t^e diicovery ,of Amjrl^a not oriiy*^d(lM -^o that 'calamity, but rendered the remaining Spaniacds 1 alt vdepldifkBiyjndol^i^i"9^r^ ^itf.aWlts horrdrJ,' into , their dommions, as a fateguard agaTnft tne r^turifof tneMo'drsand Jifrs* m an s i> A I n; «o< the Celts, ronrt which Phcenicians ards,'upon om became lut at length [Teflion until Lhs. In the i the Alanl, , the' "Goths e who diftin. cnown by the Mauritania); I. Hisfucceff- aiid thetwo ;rpetually cm- (oraries in arts of the throne >vhile thip reft the Moorifli ;ir chief mini- whicbatlaift bdoulrahman. lis empire, and Every adven- he Moorsi till ns; andab'oiit iiag of tepii, depepdence on inces gave ^e 492j when all (^ the tnarnafee ^e^s and aft^' ;d QytofV'i" the Chriftian f, ■•- ^■■' jhulat^d Spain ery,ofAn\5m» kiing Spaniawls I nes, Eerdmand i^s horrors,' Wo I6dtsand'J6WSi Charles V. of the houfe of Auftrla, ind tmptrot of Germany, fuc- ceeded to the throne of Spain, in light of his mother, who was the daughter of Ferdinand and Ifabelia, in the year i j;t6. The extenfive pofl'eflions of the houfe of Auftria in Europe, Africa, and, above all, America, from whence it drew immenfe'tVeafures, began to alarm the jcaloufy of neighbouring princes, but could fiot fatisfy t'He snjbitioii of Charles ; and we find him eonftantly engagcd-iri fb^ei^'waVs,"?)!- with bis own proteftant fubjefts, whom '-ne in vain atternrited to brifti; back to the catholic church. He alfo reduced the pbvver fif'tfte ^lyoMes In- Spain, abridged the privileges of the commons, and greatly eicteivxied the legal prerogative. At laft, aftera loiig and turbuleaiit' reign, he came to a refolution that filled all Europe with aftoniftimett't, withdrawing himfelf entirely from any concern in the affairs of this .' world', in order that he might fpend the remdnder of his days in retirement and folitude *. i * Charles, of all hii vaft pofllefliooi, referved tiothti»{^ for himfelf but' an anntikl penfion of 100,000 crownt; and chofe,for the place of his retreat, a vale in Spain, oE, BO «ezt eitent, vratered by a fmall brook, and furrounded by rifing grounds, CuVured witn lofty trees. He gave ftrid orders, that the ftyle <4 the building which he .ere^ed there, fliould be fuch as fuited his prefent fituatioD, rattier than his ^rmer difhity. It confifted. only of fix rooms *, four of them in the form of' friars' cells, with naked walls ; and the other two, each twenty feet fquare, were hung wtth brown cliith, and furnifhed in the moft fimple manner t they were all level with the ground, with a door on one fide into a garden, of which Charles himfelf had given the plan, and had filled ic with various plants, which he propofed to cultivate whh hi^ own hands., After fpending fonne time in the city of Ghent,' in Flanders, the place of his oativity,' he fetout for Zealand, in Holland, where he prepar«d to embark for Spain, accom- panied by his fnn, and a nunierous retinue of princes and nobility ; and taking an af- fcAionatc and lad farewell of Philip and his attendants, he. fet out, on the 17th of September, 1556, under eonvoy of a large fleet of Spaniih, Flemifh, and Englifh ihips. As foon as he landed in Spain, lie fell prodrate on the ground ; and confidering him- felf now a« dead to the world, he killed the earth, and faid, " Naked cime I out of my mother's womb, and naked I now return to thee, thou common mother of man* kind." Some of the Spanifh nobility paid their court to him as he pafled along to the place of his retreat ; but they were lb few in number, and their attendance was fo negligent, that Charles obferved it, and felt, for the firft time, that he was no longer amonareh. But he was more deeply »ffc&ed with his foil's ingratitude; who, for- getting already bow much he owed to his father's bounty, obliged him to remain fome weeks on the road, before he paid him the firft moiety of that fmall porti^A, which was all that he had referved of fo many kingdoms. At laft the money was paid ; and Charles, having difmilTed a great number of his domeftics, whofe atten- dance he thought would be fupeifluous, entered into his liumble retreat with twelve domeftics only. Here be buried in Iblitudo and filence his (;randeur, his ambition, toeether with all thofe vaft pro)e U ti Uid. wiU» a mijU^e of ^rprtl's and regrc^; o» Iws own foliy^ : 6o^ 5.P AIN. II ; . Agreeably tp this determination he reHgned Spain and the Nether. lands, with great formality, in the prefence of his principal nobility, to his Ton, Phiup it. but could not prevail on the pnnces of Germany to cleft him empexor, which dignity they conferred on Ferdinand, Charles's brother, thereby dividing the dangerous power of the houfe of Aulhia into two branches; Spain, with all its pofTeffions in Africa, and the New World, the Netherlands^ anu fome Italian dates, remicdned with the elder branch, whilft^the enipire, Hungary, and Bohemia, fell to the lot of the younger, which they flill pofle^. PhiUp II< iu^prjted all his ftthei-'s vices, with few of his good quali. ties. He wasauftere, haughty, immoderately ambitions, and, through his vvrhole life, a cruel bigot ill thdt cayfc of popery. His marriage with queen Mary, of l^ngland, an unfeeling bigot like himfelf, his unfuc< ce&ful addreiTes. to b<^r (ifter JBljutflbetb, his r(>fcntment and unfuccefsful wars with that princeis,- his tyrannv and perfecutions in the X»ow Coun* tries, the revolt and lofs of the United Provinces, with other particulars of his reign, have been already Oientioaed in the hifiory of thofe tountries. fc In Portugal he was more fuccefsful. That kingdom, after being go- verned by a ttic^ of wife and b|rave princes, fell to Sebaftian, about the Tear i ^^p Sebf i^ian \o& has Jife and a fine army, in a headftrong, un- juft, aad ill-concerted expedition aj^inft the Moors, in Africa ; and in the yew i^Soi, Philip united Portugal to his own dominions, though the Braganta fomtty* of Poftngalj aflerted a prior right. By this ac- quifitibn, Spaijp becatne poflelTed of the Portuguefe fettlemeuts in India, iome of which (be fiill holds. The defcendentt of Philip proved to be very weak princes ; but Philip and his father had fo totally ^ined the ancient liberties of Spain, that they reigned almoft unmoleued in their own dominions. Their vice- roys, however, were at once fo tyrannical and infolent over the Portu- guefe, that, in the reign of Philip IV. in the year 1640, the nobility of that nation, by a WeiUcondufted confpiracy, expelled their tyrants, and placed the duke of Braganza, bv tfafr title or John IV. upon their throne; and ever fince, Portugal ha»been a diftitlA kingdom from Spaui. The kings of Spain, of the Auftrian line, failing in the perfon of Charles II. who Idt no iflfue, Philip, duke of Anjou, fecond fon to the dauphin of France, and grandfon to Lewis XIV. mounted that throne, in virtue of his predece(k>r's will, by the name of Philip V. anno 1701. After a long ana bloody ftrugele with the German branch of the houfe of Auftria, Tupported by £ngund, he was confirmed in his dignity, at the conclufion of the war, by the fliameful peace of Utrecht, in 1713. And thus Lewis XIV. through a mafterly train of politics (for, in his wars to fupport his grandfon, as we have already obferved, he was al- moll ruined) accompliflieJ his favourite projeiSt of transferring the king- dom of Spainf with all its rich pofTeifions in America and the Indies, from the houfe of Auftria, to that of his own family of Bourbon. In 1734, Philip invaded Naples, and got that kingdom for his fon Don Carlos, the Sicilians readily acknowledging him for their fovereign, through the oppreflion of the imperialifls. After a long and turbulent reign, which was difturbed by the ambition in htvlrtg beftowed (6 mnch time uid labour on the more vain attempt of brin^in;; mankind to a weetf* Mnirormity of fentiment concerning the intricate and myftenAu* dodriiicaof rsiftloit. And here, after two yean' retirement, he win feized with i f«»rerWhiiekdai(>rkdbitl><«ffiio tb«59tbyc»r«fhiBsge. SP AlrN. W^<^ of his wife, Elizabeth of Parina, Philip died in 1 746, and was fucceed> ed by his fon Ferdinand VI. a mild and peaceable prince, who rcforni- fd many abufes, and endeavoured to promote thf commerce and pro^ fperity of his kingdom. In I759t be died without iflue, through me* iancholy for .the lofs of his wire. Ferdinand was fucceeded by hit brother, Charles III. then kin^ of Naples and the Two Sicilies, (on to Philip V. by his wife, the princefs of Parma. He was to warmly attached to the family compact of the houfe of Bourbon, that, two years after his acceffiorf, he even hazarded his Ame> rican dominions to fupport it. War being declared* between him and England, the latter took from him the famous port and city of Havan- oah, in the ifland of Cuba, and thereby rendered herfelf entirely miftfefy of the navigation of the Spanifli plate-fleets. NotwithiiandiAg the fuc« cefs of the £nglifh, their mlniftr}' thought proper, hailily, to conclude a peace, in confequence of which Havannah was reftored to Spain. Im 177;, an expedition was- concerted againfl Algiers by the Spanifh mi- niftry, which had a moft unfuccefsful termination. The troops, whicl| smounted to upwards of 24,000, and who were comrhanded by lieu* tenant -general conde de O'Reilly, landed about a league and a half to theeaftward of the city of Algiers; but were difgracefully beaten back, and obliged to take flielter on board their (hips, having 27 officers kilU ed, and 191 wounded ; and 501 rank and file killed, and 2088 wound- ed. In the years 1783 and 1784, they alfo renewed their attacks againft Algiers by fea, but after fpending much ammunition, and lofing many lives, were forced to retire without doing much injury. >yhen the war with Great Britain and her American colonies had fub. lifted for fome time, and France had taken part with (he latter, the court of Spain was alfo prevailed upon to commet^ce hoflilities againft Gi-eat Britain. The Spaniards clofely befieged Gibraltar, both by fea and land; it having been always a great mortification to them, that this fortrefs (liould be polTeHed by the Englifli. The grand attack was on the 13th of September, 1782, under the command of the duke de Crillon, by ten battering (lups, from 600 to 1400 tons burden, carry- irg in all 212 brafs guns, entirely new, and difcharging (hot of 26 pounds weight. The (bowers of (hot and (liells which were dire^ed from them, from their land-batteries, and on the other hand from the various works of the garrifon, exhibited a fcene, of which perhaps neither the pen nor the pencil can furnilh a competent idea. It is fura- cient to fay, t\\?x four hundred pieces of the heavieft artillery were playing at the fame moment: an inftatice which has fcarcely occurred in any' fiege fince the invention of thofe wonderful engines^of de{lrn£lion. The irrefiftible impreffion of the numerous red-hot balls from the gar- rlfoii was foon confpicuous ; for in the afternoon, fmoke was per- ceived to ifliie from the admiral's (hip and another, and by one in th» morning fcveral were in flames, and numbers of rockets were throwoi Qp from each of their fliips as fignals of diftrefs ; and thus ended all the bopes of the Spaniards of reducing the fortrefs of Gibraltar. Some, trifling operations continued on the Ode of the Spaniards till the re-% ftoration of peace in 1783. In other enterprifes, however, the Spaniards prored more fuccefsfuL The ifland of Minorca was furrendered to them on the 6th of February, 1783, after having been befieged for 171 days. The garrifon conlifted of DO more than 2692 men, while the forces of the enemy amounted toi^ j6,ooo, under the command of the duke de Crjllon. The Spanifh com- mander at^ril attempted to corrupt the governor (general Murray) a i m 6ol S'f AIKT, 5 n CO. The emperor befieged Ceuta, but peace is fince reftored. It was unjuftly furmifed that this virar was entered into« in order to divert the attention of the people, who might be imprefled with the affairs of France; but the reign of ignorance and bigotry is fo firmly eftablilhed in Spialn, that many yeirs may elapfe before any idea of freedom is form- ed in that unhappy kingdom. In France the crifis was prepared by in. numerable writings; but it is believed that not even a pamphlet exifts in the Spanifli language, which difplays any jull or liberal notions of government. The fudden difmiflion of count Florida Blanca from the office of prime min^fter originated in caufes not difclofed. It is imagined that the court found this ftep neceflary, to- appeafe thfe public murmurs at fome late meafurcs, particularly the edi Cb^rks |V> king of Spain, born Nov. 11, 1748, afc«ndAd.^he throne Jicci i}i 1788 (upon the death of his father, Charles III.) and was niar->, rie4, tp Louifi»-IVIaria-There(a, princefs o| ?uma, Sept. 4, i'/^5> hyri| «li«n> he b*» iflu?, |. Qhwrl^Ue, born April aj, 1775. V Mary-Loyifa, bprp July 9, 1777, ^ 3. Pbilij), born Awg- »o» >783. , ' , . U ;i^. Ferdina«?^d, born OA. 14, 1784. /^ 5. Maria-Ifabella, born July d, 1789. . ^t ;.< 9(pth9Es to the king : I I. Fer4inand« the prefis^t king of thu Two Sicilict, b^rn in, I7y5t»; ^ ni»nde«i[, J* »768, to th* ^fch-dycheft Mary-Cardire-Louifiit. ftfter toj^ J|off V< ! !! f " 1 f, . •t 'J.'l 8ItVATI<>)f Ai;ip EXTENT. fh'j;; 'Mi!e». Length 300 1 degrees. « , ^ K-».«— 1 37 ^^^ 4* "^''^^ latitude. ' Bre^^throof ^etwetn ^ ^ and io weft' longitude. Containing 33,000 fquare miles, with 72 inhabitants to each. BoONDARiES.] 1 T is bouudedby Sp^in on the North and Ea(l,an(l W the ?outh ».ndW«(ft by the Atlantic Ocean, be- |i;ig the mqfi weft^ly king<]pni on the continent of Europe. * ifi&n contains )AhinteJo ' ■' " (AigVvV* Prpyinces. Entrf Minho Ppufb V ana Tc*' l^s >^qn^a Mirapda'an^'yUla IR^j^l »t-_. . ^ ''fc^imbra - • Qu^rda, Caflct^darfeq 68 14- .« St tJbcs aiid JLeirt,' ;u64ff 4.'^:. ^m ves '■''j'^*-" J 6io" P O R T U G A L.' ! Sort, Ai«, ANB PRODUCTIONS.] TUc foil of Poftiigal i« not in gen«» fal equal to that of Spain for fertility, efp^ciaiiy in corn, which they import from other countries. Their frniis arc the fame as in Spain, but not fo highly fluvoured. The I'ortuguefe wines, when old and genuine, are efteented to be very friendly to the human Conftitution, and fafc to drink*. Pdrtugal contains mines, but they are not worked ; variety of gems, marbles, and mill-ftones, and a fine mine of fait petr? near Li(bon. The cattle and poultry are but indifferent eating. The air, efpecially aboiit Lilbon, is reckoned foft and beneficinl to coiifumptive patients; itii not fo fcorching as that of Spain, belhg refreflitfd from the fea-brfeies. Mountains.] The face of Portugal is mountainous, or rather rockv, fophe mountains are generally barren : the chief are thofewhicli di- vide Algarva from Aleniejo; thofe of Tra los Montes ; and the rockgf Liibon, at the mouth of the Tajo. ''" ' > ^ u.-.^'J, .^ Water and rivers.] ' Though evefybfortk in Portugal is reckoned ai rivet, yet the chief Portuguefe rivers are menti6ned in Spain, all of them AiUing'into the Atlantic Ocean. The Tagus or Tajo was cele- brated for its golden fand. Portueal cohtafris feveral roaring lakes and fpriogs; fomc of them are abfdrbeoteVcn'bf the Ughtcft fubftAnces, fuch as wood, cork, and feathers; fome, particularly one about 4; miles frtJm Lifboit, are mcdtcinaband fanativr; and "fome hot batlis are found in the little kingdom, or rather province, of Algarva. Promontories and bay*,!) The promontories or fcipes of Portugal are Cape Mondego, near the mouth of the river Mondego ; Cape Roca, at the north entrance of th? river X^yQ r Cape Efpithel, at the fouth entrance of the river Tajo; and cape St. Vincent, on the fouth-weft point of Algarva. The bays are thofe of Cadoan, or Stv;-Ubes, fouth of Liibon,. and I;agos B^ In vilgarv^. ^ .i , ' 1 Anim Ats.] ^Iie f?a-i^i[b, on tfje poaftof'Portugat, are.retkpned ex. cellent ; on the land, the. hogs an^ kide are tol^jrable eating,, [Their mules are fiire, an^ ferviceable " both for draught and carriage; and their horfes,' though flight, are* IWely. - ''' i>*J'>!.;' -^ ' ' . * r : .. . - PoPtJLAtitti*, i^HABitANl's, MA»-'I' 'Acfebi*ding to the beftcalcula- NERs, A Nb CUSTOMS. 'ytion, Portug&I cohtaiils near two millions of inhabitants. By a furvey made ih -the year i'732, there ^ere in that kingdom 3,544 paritties, and 1,^42,230 lay pierFons (which is but 52a Uity to each parifli on a medium) befidesfebove 300,000 ec- clefiafticB of both Aixes. ' .^•' --Ji ^uyw ■i.>^..^^^i^y. The modetn Portuguefe retain nothing of tfiat a i|i|; without taking o|f his liat,'aitd faluting him in thefe words, /;(« Ltni fr^rvi yw fw i;f(inj/ /fitrh In fpeakiug of an abfeiit friend he alwayt ijiyi— ♦ I die with impaiience to fee him. -^ They all imagine their touu- try is the blefTed filyiiumi and that Lilbon is the greateft city in the RiiLioioN.] The eftabliflied religion of Portugal is popery, inthi iliridleft fenfe. The I'Qrtuguefe liave a Mtriarch : but formerly he de. piended entirely upon the pope, unlefa VRCu a quarrel fubCfled between the courts of Rome and Lilbon. The pQwer of his holinefs in Portunat has been of late fo much cur,tailjpd, that it is difficult to defcribe the re. ligious ftate of tliat country : all wc know is, that the royal revenues are greatly increafed, at the expeufe, of the religious inftitutiops in the king. apm. The power pf the. inq,uiritioii is now taken out of the hands of thaeccl(e<|^icj^„f!MliitflnVcrtcd to a ftate trap for the benefit of the crown. , ■■;; ,(.,,,;,(,,.■ AxcHaiSHOfaici A);;pi/iisHorRici.] The archbifhoprics are thofeof Brafla, Evora* and I^i^pu. 'f he iSrft of thefe Itas ten fuffragaii bi Ijips ; theiecnud, two; ^^<| tKe lafl, ten, h)ck)i()ipg thofeof the rortuguefefet. tiements abroad* "^he patriarch efl^ilhon ' s generfdly a cardinal, and a perfuh of the higheft l^irtb. JL/LMGUAOE.f The Pprtuguefe )^uage differs but Ijttle from that of •Spain, and that proyincpallyf Tht^tr I^aternofter runs thus : PadnnsJJi qut ejlat ms uot^ fanf^ifitaj* Jtip. fu mme : ve/tioi a nos tuo rtyno^ ffia jfitu a tua volade^ '^ifffj*** ^'^t ("I*"** *" *«^'*''*' Q poo *Uilfo de cotiiiiia, Jfltiolo 9et uf/lio Jia, ^ ptrd^anot as nojas deviJas^ q/fi camo mi perdoamu « vs fiftjks Jfv^d^ries. ^fff0(>,ms 4^)icf ^cafir^of^ Uattt^f tn^ ifim ms d -lal, Amen. /-/ial:;;- **!<'•" ' LEAaNiVG ANp LBARKEO MEM.] Thefe are fo fewt that the) are meutioned with iiidjgnation, even by thofip of the Pprtuguefe thenifelves viho have the fm^^leu tip£^urepf literature. ^Sgu^Q efforts, though very weak, have of late been uia40 ^J > i^'^i tp draw t^eir cpuntrymea from this deplorable (late of ignorance. It is univerfally alJpwed, that the defeA is not owins to the wai^t of genius, but of a proper education, "Xhe anceftors of the prefect Pprtug^eif« weafe certainly polTefTcd of more true k|iowledge, with regard \o aftronomyi geography, and navigation, than perliaps any other ^urppean nation, about the middle of the i6th century, and iot fome time after. ^^moens> who himfelf was a great adventurer aud voyager^ was poflefTed pf a true, but negleded, poetical genius. UNivEksiTffEs.] Thefe are Coitpbra, founded ir. 1291, by kingDen* nis) aud which had fifty profeOprs : but it had been lately put under forae new regulations ;; ^vora, ifbundcd in^iC^Q; and the college of the nobles at ]Lilbon,,^hcfe theyom^iiobility are educated in every branch pf polite learning' and tly: fcien^s. All the books that did be. Ipng to the banifiied Jeiuit;s are kept here, which, oompofe a very large library. The Englilh l9)|>guage is likewife taught in this college. Here j U alfp a college wbere^c^uie a[ qMmnecLaet com^niffions in that corps. CuRjpsi^M&?.j 'I'he lakes andi.fountai OS which have been already Qjentioued, form the chief of th^it^ . "iThe ren^ins of fojne caftles in the! JNIpprifl) tafte are (lill , (landing,. . The ^oman bridge and aquedu^lat[ Cpitnbra ^re almoft qijpfie, and de^i^^edly ?t^ir«d. The walls of San- tareeri are faid tft, jbe of EUtQi^iif ^prk iikewife. The church and mo- ixa^ary si*^lAQiou,'»fhttc the j^ii^gspf Portugal are buried^ are inexoj P R T U (5 A t. 6.i preflibly magniBcent, and fevcral monafteries in Portugal are (Ills' out of the hard rock. The dhapel of St. Koch is probably one of the nneft ind richeft in the world ; the paintings are mufaic t¥orl(, fo cnrioiiflf wrought with (tones of all colours, as to aftonifh the beholders. To thefe curiofities we may add, tliat the king is pofTeflbd of the largeff, though not the moft valuable, tiht iond iti tne world. It was found in Brafil. CHtcr eiTiBs.l Lifbon it the capital of Portugal. Of the poptilatioh of this city (fays Mr. Murphy) no exa<^ account has been recently pub- liflied, and the rapid increafe of its inhabitants of late years muft ren> der any calculation of that kitid very uncertain. In the year 1 774, the forty pariflics into which Lilbon is divided were found to contain 33,764 houfes ; atid in the year 1790, thev amounted to 38,102. Hence kappcars to have increafed 4,3 j8 houfes, in the courfe of liiefe ten years. Now, if we eftimate each houfe on an average nt fix perfons, which, perhaps is within the truth, the population In the year 1790 wat at8,6ia. To thefe are to be added the religioira of both fexes, with their attendants, who dwell in convents an(' mqnafieries, tlie fojdrery, the profelTors and ftudents of feminaries of education, and fuch of the Gahcian labourers as have no fixed dwelling ; their aggregate amount, if my information be corre£V, is not very fliort of 12,000. According to this (latement, therefore, the population of Lifbnn exceeds 240,000. From the magnitude of the city, indeed, we llioutd be induced to f(ip« pofe that its population was confiderably more than above ftated ; for it is computed to be four miles long, by one and a half broad ; but many of the noufes have large gardens; and f^ich as have not, are, in general, laid out upon a large fcale, on account of the h^at of the climate. The fatal elfefls of the earthquake in 175$ are ftill vifible in man/ parts of the city, and never fail to imprefs every fpeftator with an awful wtnembrance of that difafter ; accordmg to the moft accurate accounts, there were'not lefs than 24,000 vi6!ims to it. The Pdrtuguefe have, how- ever, availed themfelves of this misfortune, and, like the Etiglifh^ after the deftruftive fire of 1666, have tJirned the temporal evil into a perinaiient good. All the new ftreets erefted in Lifbon, in the place of the old, are capacious, regular, and well paved, with convenient foot- paths for paflengers, as in the ftreets of London. In point of cleanli- nefs, Lifbon is no longer a fubjeft of animadverfion to ftrangers ; but i all is not yet done, as it ftill wants common fewers, pipe-water, and privies. Lifbon is defervedly accounted the grcateft port in Europe, next to London and Amfterdam. The harbour is fj)acious and fecure, I and the city itfelf is guarded fi-om any fudden atta«k towards the fea by i forts, though thev would make but a poor defence againft fliips of war. The fecond city in this kingdom is Oporto, which is computed to con- tain 30,000 inhabitants. The chief article of commcrct in this city is *ine ; and the inhabitants of half the fhops in the city are coopers. The merchants aflemble daily in the chief ftreet, totranfaA bufinefs ; and are pwtefted from the fun by fail-cloths hung acrofs from the oppoftte noitfes. About thirty Englifli families refide here, who are chiefly con* Icerned in the wine trade. Commerce wd manufactures.] Thefe, within thefe feven or Itight years, have taken a furprifing turn in Portugal. The miniftry IhaveprojcfVed many new crmpaniesand regulations, which have been h^and again complarined of as unjuft and oppreffive, and inconfiftent I with the privileges which the Britifli merchants formerly enjoyed by the "ifolemn treaties. 6x4 PORTUGAL. The Fortuguefe exchange their wine, fait, and fruits, and mod of their own materials, for torcign nianufaminions there. It is computed that the king's fifth of gold Xent from Brafil ammunts annually to 300,000!. iierling, notwithfland- ing the vaft contraband trade. The little (hipping the Portuguefe have, is chiefly employed in carrying on the flave-trade, and a correfpondence with Goa, their chief fettlement in the Eaft Indies, and their other pof- fefiions jthere, as Diu, Paman, Macao, &:c. Constitution AND government.] The crown of Portugal isab. folute ; but the nation ftill preferves an appearance of its ancient free conftitution, in the meeting of the cortes, or ftates, confifting, like oiu parliaments, of '".lergy, nobility, and commons. They pretend tq 4 right of being confulted upon the impofitiori of new taxes; but the only rca| power they have, is, that their aflent is neceflHry in every new regu- lation with regard to the fucceflion. In this they are indulged, to pre. Vjcnt all future difputes on that account. : This government may be fairly pronounced the moftdefpotic in Eu- rope. The eftabliihed law is generally a dead letter, excepting where its decrees are carried into execution by the fupplementary mandates of the fovereign, which are generally employed in defeating the purpofes of Tafety and protection; which law is calculated to extend equally overall the fubjefts. The people here have no more ftiare in the direftion of government, in enabling of laws, and in the regulating of agriculture and commerce, than they have in the government of Ruffia, or China. The far great- er part know''nothing of what is done in that refpeft. Every man has no other alternative but to yield a blind and ready obedience, in what- ever concerns himfelf, to the decrees and laws of the defpot, as pro- .mulgated from time to time by his fecretaries of ftate. How would an 1 iEnglirtiman, alive to all the feelings of civil liberty, tremble at reading the prearnble of every new law publiflied here! and which runs thus: *♦ /; the kingy in virtue of mji own certain knowledge^ of my royal luillandX pleafurey and of my fully Jupreme^ and arbitrary power^ which I hold only of \ Cody andforwhichlamaccountahUtonatnanonearth^ I do, in cortfquenceJ order and commandy £s?c. G/c ' All grekt preferments, both fpiritual and temporal, are difpofed of in PORTUGAL. jhp eouncUof itate, which is compofcd of an equal number of the clergy and nobility, with the fecretary of ftate. A council of war regulates all military affairs, as the treafury coul'ts do the finances. The council of the palace is the higheft tribunal that can receive appeals, but th6 Cafa da Supplica9ao, is a tribunal from which no appeal can be brought. The laws of Portugal are contained in three duodecimo volumes, and have the civil law for their foundation. Revenues and taxes.]. The revenues of the crown amount to above 3,000,000 and a half (lerling, annually. The cuftoms and duties on foods exported and imported are exceflive, and farmed out; but if the ortuguefe miniftry (hould fncceed in all their projeAs, and in eftablifh- ing exclufive companies, to the prejudiceof the Br[tifti ♦rade, the inha- bitants will be able to bear thefe taxes without naurmuring. Foreign pierchandife pays twenty-three per cent, on importation, and fifli from Newfoundland twenty-five per cent. Fifli taken in the neighbouring feas and rivers pays twenty-feven per cent, and the tax upon lands, and cattle that are fold, is ten per cent. The king derives a confiderable revenue from the feveral orders of knighthood, of which he is grand- mafter. The pope, in confideration of the large fums he draws out of Portugal, gives the king the money arifing from indulgences, and li- ce ices to eat flefli at times prohibited, &c. The king's revenue is now greatly increafed b; fhe fuppreffion of the Jefuits, and other religious orders and i.iflitutions. Military AND MARINE STRENGTH.] The Portuguefe government ufed to depend chiefly for protection on England ; and therefore, for many years, tlTty greatly neglefted their army and fleet ; but the fame friendly conne-^ion between Great Britain and Portugal does not at pre- fcnt fubfift. Hi ■ e late reign, though they received the moft effe(^ual affiftance from E;.^land, when invaded by the French and S[>aniards, jiis Mofl; Faithful Majefty judged it expedient to raife a confiderable body of troops, who were chiefly difciplined by foreign officers; but fince that period, the army has been again neglefted, no proper eh- ccurageaient being given to foreign officers, and little attention paid to the dilciplinc of the troops, fo that the military force of Portugal isnaiv again inconfiderable, amounting, it is faid, to 25,000 men. The na- val force of this kingdom is about feventeen fliips of war, including fix frigates. [ KoYAL TITLES AND ARMsl] The king's titles are, King of Portugal and the Algarves, Lord of Guinea, and of the navigation, conqueft, and commerce of Ethiopia, Arabia, Perfia, and Brafil. The laft king was complimented by the pope, with the title of his Moft Faithful Ma- jefty. That of his eldeft fon is, Prince of Brafil. The arms of Portugal are, argent, five efcutchcons, azure, placed crofs-wife, each charged with as many befants as the firft, placed laltier- wife, and pointed, fable, for Portugal. The fliield bordered, gules, charged with feven towers, or, three in chief, and two in each flanch, —The fupporters are two winged dragons, and the creft a dragon, or, under the two flanches, and the b^fe of the fliield appears * t the end of it; two crofles, the firft fleur-de-lis, vert, which is for the order of Aviez, and the fecond patee, gules, for the order of Chrift ; the motto is changeable, each king afliiming a new one; but it is frequently thefe words pro Rege et Grege^ " For the King and the People." Nobility and orders.] The titles and diftinftions of their nobility are much the fame as thofe of Spain. Their orders of knighthood are ^hrcej I, That oi Avit or Aviez^ firft inftituled by Alphonfus Henri- Rr/j. in ji 4 €t6 PORTUGAL^ !l ^uezj king of Portugal, in the year 1147, as a military Ttnd.rdigiftus order, on account of his taking Evora from the Moors. Ini2i3, itwat fubjeft to the order of Calatrtiva, in Spain} but when Don John of Por. tugal (Vized the crown, he made it again independent, a. The " Of. der of St. jAtnes" inftituted by Dennis I. king of Portugal, in the year 1310, fuppofing that under that faint*$ proteAion he became victorious over the Moors; and he endowed it with great privileges. The knighu prefefs chaftity, hofpitality, and obedience, and none are admitteutill they proye the gentility of their blood Their enfign is a red fword, thfe habit white, and their principal convent is at Dalmela, 3. The •' Or- der of Chrifi" was inftituted iii the year 1317, by Dennis I. of Portu- gal, to engage the nobility to affift him n>«re powerfully againft the Moors. T^e knights obtained great pofleffions, and eleded their grand- mailer, till 1524, when pope Adrian VI. conferred liiat otfice on John III. and his fucceflbrs to the crown of Portugal. Thefe orders have iiTmall commanderies i^nd revenues annexed to them, but are in fmall efteem. The <« Order of Malta*^ has likewife twenty-two conMnanderies in Portugal. History of Portugal.] This kingdom comprehends the greateft part of the ancient Lufitania, and (bared the fame fate with the other Spa- niih provinces, in the conteils betwctn the Carthaginians and Romans, and in the decline and fall of the Roman empire, and was fucceffively in fiibjeftion to the Suevi, Alans, Vifigoths, and Moors. In the eleventh century, Alphonfus VL king of Caftile and Leon, rewarded Henry, grandion of Robert, king of France, for his brafery and aififiance againft the Moors, with his daughter, and that part of Portugal tlien in the hands of the Chriftians. Henry was fucceeded by his fon, Alphon- fus Henry, in the year 1095, who gained a decifiye victory over five Moorifli kings, in July, 1139. This victory proved the origin of the monarchy of PortU;gal, for Alphonfus was then proclaiined king by his foldiers. He reigned forty-fix years, and was efteemed for his courage and love of learning. — His defcendents maintained themfelves on the throne for fome centuries; tndeed Sancho II. was expelled from his do- minions for cowardice, in the year 1240. Dennis I. or Dionyfius, was called the Father of Mis country f he built and rebuilt forty-four cities and towns in Portugal, founded the mili- tary order of Chrift, and was a very fortunate prince. He reigned for- ty-fix years. — Under his fucceflbr, Alphonfus IV. happened fevcial earthquakes at Lifoon, which threw down part of the city, and dcftroyed many lives. — John I. was illuftrious for his courage, prudence, and conquefts in Africa j under him Madeira wai firft difcovered, in 1420, and the Canaries; he took Ceuta, and, after a reign of forty-nine years, died in the year 1433. In the reign of Alphonfo V. about 1480, the Portuguefe difcovered the coaft of Guinea; and in the reign of his fuc- ceflbr, John II. they difcovered the Cape of Good Hope, and the king- dom of Moni-Congo, and fettled colonies, and built forts in Africa, Guinea, and the Eaft-Indies. Emanuel, furnamed the Great, fucceed- ed him in i49i;» and adopted the plan of his predeceflors, fitting out fleets for new difcoveries. Vafco de Ganna, \mder him, cruifed along the coail of Africa and Ethiopia, and landed in Indoflan : and in the year 1500, Alvaret difcovered Brafil. John III. fucceeded in 1581, and while he loft fome of his African fettlements, made new acquifitions in the Indies. He fent the famous Xavier as a miflionary to Japan, and, in the height of his zeal, ella- bliihed that infernal tribunal, the in(}uifition, in Portugal, anno 1526, P ition was not difting.uiflied'by the aifeAion that it acquired at home, the reputation which it fuftaincd abroad. It was deeply ftained with eftic blood, and rendered odious by exceffive and horrible cruelty. September, 1758, the king was attacked by aflaflins, and narrowly aped with his life, in a folitury place near his country palace of Be- . The families of Aveira .ind Tavora were deftroycd by torture, in fequcnce of an accufation being exhibited againft them of having ifpired againft the kind's 'ife. But they were condemned without per evidence, and their nnocence has been fince authentically de- ed, from this fuppofed coiifpiracy is dated the expulfion of the li 6)8 P R T U G A L. li'> Jefiiits (who were conjcftureq to have been at the bottom of the plot) from'all parts of the Portugiiefe dominions. The marquis de Pombal who was at this time the prime minifter of. Portugal, governed the kingdom for many years with a inoft unbounded authority, and which appears to have been fometimes direded to the moil cruel and arbitrary purpofes. In 1 76a, when a war broke out between Spain and England, the Spa. niards, and their allies, the French, attempted to force his Faithful Majefiy into their alliance, and offered to garrifon his fea-towns againft ihe EngliAi, with their troojjs. The king of Portugal rejefted this pro- pofal, and declared war againft the Spaniards, who, without refiftance entered Portugal with a confiderable army, while a body of French threatened il from another quarter. Some have doubted whether any of thefe courts were in earneft upon this occaflon, and whether the whole a very dilatory manner, and that, had they been in earneft, they might have been matters of Lift)on, long before the arrival gf the Englift troops to the afliftance of the Portuguefe. However, a few Englifli battalions put an effedual ftpp, by their courage and manoeuvres, t9 the progrefs of the invafipn . Portugal was favedy and a peace was con- cluaed at Fontainebleau, in 1763. N''>twithftanding this eminent fer- Vice performed by the Englidi to the Portuguefe, who often had been faved before in the like mam er, the l&tter, ever fince that period, can not be faid to have beheld th?ir deliverers with a friendly eye. Thel moft captious diftinftions and frivolous pretences have been invented by the Portuguefe miniijers, for cramping the Englifli trade, and deJ priving them of their privileges. His Portuguefe majefty having no fon, his eldeft daughter Was mar. ried, by difpenfation from the pope, to don Pedro,- her own uncle, to prevent the crown from falling into a foreign family. The late kiiigj died on the a4th of February, 1777, and was fucccedcd by his daugh. ter, the prefent queen. One of the firft z&s of her majefty's reign was the removal from power of the niarquis de Pombal ; an event whicli excited general joy throughout the kingdom, as might naturally be ex. peftcd from the arbitrary and oppreffive nature of his adminiftration though it has been alleged in his favour, that he adopted fundry public meafures which were calculated to promote the real interefts or PortU] gal. j On the loth of March, 1792, the prince of Brafi!, as prefumptive hei to the crown, publiftied an cdid, declaring, that as his mother, from ha junhappy (ituation, was incapable of managing the affairs of govern m^t, he would place his fignaliire to pubhc papers, till the return oj her health ; and that no other change fliould be made in the forms, Portugal, as the ally of England, took a feeble part in the war agaiiii France ; but her exertions were confined to furnifliing Spain withafe« auxiliary troops, and fending a fmall fquadron to join the Englifli flee A treaty of peace between Portugal and France has, however, latelj been figned, on terms not very honourable to the former power. The queen is difordered by religious melancholy ; and Dr. Will has been called to cure her ; but her recovery remaining hopelefs, tt government of the country refts with the prince of BrafiT. Maria-Frances-Ifabella, queen of Portugal, born December 17, i;j| iparried, June 6, 1760, to her uncle, 4on Pedro Clement, F. R. S " 177;. John-Ms 1785, Mari I. Her p i. Anna- 3. M.^nz to her neph Lenj Breai Containin I HE form t dimenfior tiers of Switz( 750 miles in ]| thofe of the ( breadth, aboii BoUNDABIl wards the £a/ on the South i by the lofty n Switzerland. Tlie whole dinia, the Vei following tabl Italy. i. bol potheki'ngof ' Sardinia, "* MO the king of V. Naples, T» the new ' Cifalpjoere.. public, I IT A L Y. 619 July Si »7^7» who died May 25, 1786; began, to reign February 24, ' Their iflue. John-Maria- Jofeph-Loiiis, born May 13, 1767; married, March so, 1785, Maria-Louifa, of Spain, born July 9, 1777. The iflue by the late king. 1. Her pre\>nt majefty, 2. Anna-Frances-Antoinetta, born Oftober 8, 1736. 3. Maria- Francifca-Benedifta, born July 24, 1746; married, in 1775, to her nephew, ti\e prince of Brafil, who died September 1 1, 1788. ITALY. SITVATION AND SXTENT, Miles. Length 6007 Breadth 400 3 Pegrees. between C 38 and 47 north latitude. \ 7 and 19 eaft longitude. Containing 116,967 fquare miles, with 170 inhabitants in each. The form of Italy renders it very difficult to afcertain its extent and dimenfions ; for, according to fome accounts, it is, from the fron'« tiers of Switzerland, to the extremity of the kingdom of Naples, about 750 miles ill length ; and from the frontiers of the duchy of Savoy, to thofe of the dominions of the ftates of Venice^, which is its greateft breadth, about 400 miles, though in fome parts it is fcarcely 100. Boundaries.] Nature has fixed the boundaries of Italy; for to- wards the Eafl it is bounded by the Gulf of Venice, or Adriatic Sea; on the South and Weft by the Mediterranean Sea ; and on the North, by the lofty mountains of the Alps, which divide it from France and Switzerland. The whole of the Italian dominions, comprehending Corfica, Sar- dinia, the Venetian and other iOands, are divided and exhibited in the following table : m-.r %\ Italy. CoHntries' Names. f Pieclmont Sardinia, V)„,^jia ^Sardinia I. To the king of S Naples Naples, \ Sicily I. i Milan T» the new \ Mantua Cifalpinc rc« -l Mirandola public, } Mafla ' \ Mndfna Square a Miles. 0»J a. 3- 98 6619 140 446 ^0 22 204 Zl 20 iji 24 7 6foc 135 SI 22,O00 27S 10-^ 9400 180 9^ 54^' 155 70 700 47 17 liG 19 10 . 8i 16 II it,(-o 6S 10 Chief Citiei. Turin Calai Aleflandria Oneglia Cagl ari N pies Palermo Milan Mantua Mirandola MafFa Mudena 6io ITALY. Italy, Countrien* Name*. Square Mile». r a35 1" «45 Chief Cities. • Pope's U(WJnion» '4.34* ROME.J^.Lar. I £. Lon. 4' 12 To their re-' fpeiftive ■ Tufcany 664.0 III; 94 Florenc'e ) Parma 1125 48 37 Parma 1 Piomliino J or ai 18 Hiombip^ princes^ ^ Monaco »4 12 4 Monaco ■ 1 . Lucca 28? 28 'J Lucca Rcpublki, - St. Marinu 8 St. Marino , Genoa 2400 8434 I24v 160 '75 6 55 95 31 Genoa Venice Capo d'Iftria To the empc-. [ Venice Iftria ror, ' Dalmatia P. .I4cp 13S 20 Zara 'Savoy 3571 «7 60 Chatnberry Corfica I. I^io 90 3« Baftia / (fles nf Dalmatia 1364 Cephaloiiia 418 4'^ 18 Ccphalonia To Fiance, Corfu, or-rorcyra 194 3' 10 Corfu Zant, or Zacynthus 120 *3 12 Zaut St. Maura. 5<> 12 7 S:. Maura . LUtlc CephaloniH 14 •7 3 •' L (Ithaca oiim) Total ,7>.''.^6 AS- Soil and air.] The happy foil of Italy produces the comforts and luxuries of life irt great abundance ; each diftrid has its peculiar excel- lency and commodity ; wines, the nioft delicious fruits, and oil, arc the tnoft general produ£lions. As much corn grows here as ferves the in- habitants; and were the ground properly cultivated, the Italians might export it to their neighbours. The Italian cheefes, particularly thofc called Parmefans, and their native filk, form a principal part of their commerce. There is Irere a great variety of air : and fome parts of Italy bear melancholy proofs of the alterations that accidental caufes make on the face of nature ; for the Campagna di Roma, where the an. cient Romans enjoyed the moft falubrious air of any place perhaps 011 the globe, is now almoft peftilential, through the decreafe of inhabi- tants, which has occafioned a ftagnation of waters, and putrid exhala- tions. The air of the northern parts, which lie among the Alps, or in their neighbourhood, is. keen and pierciiig, the ground being in many places covered with fnow in winter. The Apennines, which are a ridge of mountains that longitudinally almoH: divide Italy, have great effe^s on its climate ; the countries on the fouth being warm, thofe on the north, mild and temperate. The fea breezes refrefli the kingdom of Naples fo much, that no remarkable inconveniency of air is found there, notwithflanding its fouthern iituation. In general, the air of] Italy may be faid to'be dry and pure. Mountains.] We have already mentioned the Alps and Apen- nines, which form the chief mountains of Italy. The famous volcano | of Mount Vefuvius lies in the neighbourhood of Naples. Rivers and lakes.] The rivers of Italy are the Po, the Var, the j Adige, the Tyebia, the Arno, and the Tiber, which runs through tl« | city of Rome. The famoUs Rubicon forms the fouthern boundary be- tween Italy and the ancient Cifalpine Gaul. The lakes of Italy are the Maggiore, Lugano, Como, Ifco, and Gar- da, in the north ; the Perugia or Thrafimene, Bracciana, Terni, anl| Celano, in the middle. ITALY. 6i» me Seas, gui.fi, or bays, capes,") Without a knowledjK of thefc, rROMONTORiKs, AND STRAITS, j neither the ancient Roman su- ttors, nor the hiftory or geography of Italy, can be iinderAood. Tlic ((as of Italy are the gulf of Venice, or the Adriatic Tea; the feas of Naples, Tufcany, and Genoa; the bays or harbours of Nice, ViH* ifranca, Qneglia, Final, Savona, Vado, Spezzia, Lucca, Pifa, Leghorn, Piombino, Civjta Vecchia, Gaeta, Naples, Sakrno, Pulicaftro, Rhcgio, Squilace, Tarq^to, Manfredonia, Ravenna, Venice, Triefte, Illria, snii Fiiime; Cape Spartavento, del Alice, Otranto, and Aficona ; the ftr«U ff MeiiinS, between Italy and Sicily. The gulfs and bays in the Italian iflands arethofe of Fiorenzo, Baftia, XJada, Porto Novo, Cape Corfo, Bo;iifacio, and Ferro, inCorfica; and the ilrait of Bonifacio, between Corfica and Sardinia. The bays of Cagliari and Oriftasmi ; Cape de SardiE, Cavello, Monte Santo, and Polo, in Sardinia. ^The gulfs of Meflinai Melazzo, Palmero, Mazara, Syracufe, and Catania; Cape Faro, Melazco, Orlando, Gailo, Tra- mnp, Paflaro, and Ale^a, in Sicily ; and the bays of Porto Feraio, and Porto Longoiiei Jn the ifland of Elba. M£TALs ANp MjHsiiALs.] Manv placcs of Italy abound in mineral fprings; fome^ot, fome warm, and many of fulphureous, chalybeat, ad medicinal qualities. Many of its mountains abound in mines tjiat produce great quantities of emeralds, iafper, agate, porphyry, lapis la?uli* and other valuable flones. Iron and copper-mines are found in a few placet : and a mill for forging and fabricating thefe metals is ere£led near Tivoli, in Naples. Sardinia is faid td contain mines of gold, fiU ver, lead, iron, fulpnur, and alum, though they are now neglected ; and curjbus cryftals and coral are found on the coaft of Cor/ica. Beautiful iparble of all kinds is one of the chief produAions of Italy. VbGETAgLC AND AviiSM. FRO- 1 Bcjides the rich vegetable pro- pucTioNs, BY s^A AND I.ANP. ) duflioos mentiojied under tl\e ar- ticle of foil, Italy produces citronSf and fuch quantities of chefiuics, (herries, plums, and other fruits, that they are of little value to the pro- prietors. There is little difference between the animal productions of Italy, |flther by land or fea, and thofe of France and Germany already mei'i- ioned. PopuLATipN, ivHAit)TANTs, MAN- ) Authors are greatly divided NER8, CUSTOMS, AND DIVERSIONS. ) on the head of Italian popula- m. This may be owing, in a great meafure, to the partiality which Irery Italian has for the honour of his own province. The number of leking of Sardinia's fubje^ts in Italy is about 2,300,000. The city Milan itfelf, by the beil accounts, contains 300,000, and the duchy prpportionably populous. As to the other provinces of Italy, geo- apiiers ai^d travellers have paid very little attention to the numbers natives that live in the country, and inform us by Conje£tu're only of lofe who inhabit the great cities. Some doubts have arifen whether 1^ is as populous now as it was in the time of PUnyi when it con- ned 14,000,000 of inhabitants. It Teems probable that the prefent ubitants exceed that number. The Campagna di Roma, and fome othcT; the mod beautiful parts of Italy, are at prefent in a n^aPner defolate;, it we are to confider that the princes and dates of Italy now et^- lurage agriculture and manufactures of all kinds; which undoubtedly L A Qjf.^mQtes population ; fo that it may not perhaps be extravagant, ff we t^^Tctni anlBi"*^ "'V aPiQ0,o,9Q9 of inhabitapUj b^t fpme calculations greatr mforts and uliar excel- oil, arc the rves the in- ilians might jlarly thofc art of their parts of iital caufes lerethean. jerhaps ou of inhabi- itrid exhala- Alps, or in ing in many which are a have g«at rm, thofe on he kingdom air is found 1, the air of and Apen- loVis volcano the Var, the . through the lijoundary be- 622 ITALY. V ly exceed that number*. The Italians are generally well proportioned, and have fuch meaning in their looks, that they have greatly adifled the ideas of their painters. The women are well-flimped, and \cty a. morous. The marriage ties, efpecially of the better fort, are faid to be of very little value in Italy. Every .wife has been reprcfented to have her gallant or cicilbeo, w^ith whom (he keeps compaay, and fometimcs cohabits, with very little ceremony, and no offence on^lther fide. Hut this pra6^ice is chiefly remarkable at Venice ; and indeed the reprefen. tations which have been made of this kind by travellers, appear to have been much exaggerated. With regard to the m«)des of life, the beft quality of a modern Italian is fobriety, and they fubrtiit very patiently to the public government. With great taciturnity, they vdifcovcr but little refle£tion. They are rather vindictive than brave, and more fu- perftitious than devout. The middling ranks are attached to their na. live cutloms, and feem to have no ideas of improvement. Their fond- nefs for greens, fruits, and vegetables of all kinds, contributes to their contentment and fatisfaftion ; and an Italian gentleman or peafp.nt can be luxurious at a very fmall expenfe. Though perhaps all Italy does not contain many dcfcendents of the ancient Romans, yet the prefent inhabitants fpeak of themfelves as fucceflors of the conquerors of the world, and look upon the reft of mankind with contempt. The drefs of theltalrarrs is little different from that of the neighbour- ing countries, and they affeft a medium between the french volatility. and the folemnity of, the Spaniards. The Neapolitans are commonlv drefled in black, in complitnent to the Spaniards. It cannot be denied that the Italians excel in ihe fine arts : though they make at prefent but a very inconfiderable figure in the fciences. They cultivate and en- joy vocal mufic at a very dear rate, by emafculating their males when young; to which their mercenary parents agree without remorfe. The Italians, the Venetians efpecially, have very little or no notion of the impropriety of many cuftoms that are confidercd as criminal in other countries. Parents, rather than their fons (hould throw them- felves away by unfuitable marriages, or contraft difcafes by promifcu- ous amours, hire miftreffes for them, for a month, or a year, or fome j determined tir/ie ; and concubinage, in many places of Italy, is ana« Vowed licenfed trade. The Italian courtelans, or bona-robasy as they I are called, make a kind of profdflion in all their cities. Mafquerading and gaming,, horfie races without riders, and conveffations or airemblies,] , are the chief diverfions of the Italians, excepting religious exhibitions,] in which they are pompous beyond all other nations. A modern writer, dtfcribing his journey through Italy, gives us al ▼cry unfavourable pifturc of the Italians and their manner of living.Ln- - f - Give what fcope you pleafe to your fancy, fays he, you will nevefK^^ i'„ ?.°.!^" imagine h?lf the difagreeablenefs that Italian beds, Italian cooks, and^ ' "'"" ~" Italian naftinefs, offer to an Englifhman. At Tmin, Milan, Venici Rome, and perhaps two or three other towns, you meet with good ac commodations ; but no words can exprefs the wretchednefs of the o ther inns^ No other beds than thofe of ftraw, with a mnttrefs of to and next to that a dirty ftieet, fprinkled with water, and confequentj damp : for a covering, you have another Iheet as coarfe as the m like one of our kitchen jack-towels, with a dirty coverlit. The bedfiei * Mr. Swinburne fays, that in i779> the number of inhabitants in the kingdom^ Vaples amonnted'to 4,949,4 jo/exdufive of^e army and luval cftablifliBicati. I T A L \\ 623 fted be have imes But efen- have ebeft liently er but )re ftt- eir na- r fond- their ?.nt caA ily does prefenl s of the confifts bf four wooden forms or benches. An Englifli peer and peer- eft muft lie in this manner, unlefs they carry an upholfterer's fljop with, them. There are, by the bye, ho fuch things as curtains ; and in alt their inns the walls ar-e bare, and the Aoor has never once been waflied iirice it was firft laid. One of the moA indelicate cuftoms here, is tliat itien, and not women, make the ladies' beds, and would do. every ofEce, of a maid - fervant, if fuffered. They never fcour their pewter; thtir knives are of the fame colcun In thefe inns they make you pay largely, ^nd fend up ten times z.i much as you can eat. Tbe foi^p, like «'aih, with pieces of liver fwimming in it; a plate full.of brains fried in. the fhape of fritters; a difli of livers and gizzards ; a couple of fowls {il^ays killed after your arrival) boiled to rags, without any the leaft kind offaucebr herbage; another fowl, juft killed, ftewed as tHey call it; then two more fowls, or a turkey, roafted to rags. All over Italy, oit theroadf^ the chickens and fowls are To ftringy, you may divide the. breail into as many filaments as you can a halfpenny-worth of thread. Now and then we get a little piecp of mutton or veal ; and,^enerally. fpeaking, it is the only eatable morfel that falls in our way. The bread all the way is exceedingly bad ; and the butter fo rancid, that it cannot be touched, or even borne within the reagh of your fmell. But what Ij a greater evil to travellers than any of the above recited, arc the in- finite numbers of gnats, bugs, fie^s, aud lice, which infeft us b^ day and, ilight. ■ ^:,. ^ ■ ,,, ^- RfitiGioN.] The reHglon of the Italians is Roman catholic. Th«, inquiiitiqn here is little more than a fouiid ; and pcf-fqns of all religions live unmolefted in Itaily, provided no grofs infult is offered to theiT; * »o?fliip. In the Introduftion, we have given an account of the rife and enablilhmisnt of popery in Italyj from whence it fpread over all. Europe ; llkeWife of the caufes and fyniptbms of its decline. The ec-, defiadical government of the papacy has employed many vplumes in defcribing it \ The .cardinals, M^no are next in dignity to his holjnefs, arefeventy; Wt that number is fejdom or never complete : they are, appointed by the pope, who takes care to have a majority of Italian . utrdinals, that the chair m^y not be removed from Rome, as it was once , is an a- ■tB jvVignTDii in Frahrt, the then pope being a Frenchman. In promot*, |flj, as they ■jii'^ foreign |)relates to the cardinal(hip, the pope regulates himfelf ac-; ■ fquerading JtQrding to the nomination of the princes who profefs that religion. ,fiis chief niini^er i? tJie Cardinal patron, generally his nephew, or neafj ' wlation, Who'iihjirbves the time of the pope*s reign by amaffihg what ibecan. When met in a confiftory, the cardinals pretend to control , |fbepbpe, in matters both ipiritual and temporal, and have been fomc'*.- imes known to prcsvail. The reign of a pope is feldom of long dura- ion, being generally old men at the time of their election. The con--! liavc is a fccne where the cardinals principally endeavour to difplav :heir.ikbilities, and where many tranfa^tions pafs very inconfiflent witn leir pretended infpiration by the Holy Ghofl, During the ele^ion df ope, in 1 72 1, the animofities ran fo high, that they came to blow«' :h both their hands and feet, and threw the ink flandifhes at each ther. We (hall here give an extract from the ^reed of pope Plus IV".' {60, before his elevation to the chair, which contains the principal tints wherein the church of Rome differs from the proteflant churches. iter declaring his belief in one God, and other heads wherein Chrif* M in general are agreed, he proceed? as follows: ^* '* I moft firmly admit and einbrdce the apoftolical and eccleiiaftical aditions, and all other conflitucions of the church of Rome. ighbour- volatility. )mmonly ae denied refent but e atid en« ales when orfe. no notion riminal in ow them- promifcvi- or foiv.el • airemWies,! Exhibitions,! gives VIS al [r of living.] will neve cooks, andj Ian, Venice, lith good acl Ws oftheoj [refs of ftrtif :onfeqiienlJ as the fi™ :he bedftesj I the Vtng'l<"" j ft^A ITALY. 1 ^ > > I i i i 1 J ! i 1 '■'■ ' I 1 1; 1 [tll " I do admit the holy ftripturcs in the |an)e fenfe th*t holy mother- •clfareh doth, ivhofe burincfs it is to Jtldtt W the true fcnfc and mn: pretation of them; and 1 will interpret them accordinz tq tt^c lilious confent of the Others. unan|. -«i 1 do pi'ofefs and believe that thlere ^re ferfh fiiqratncnts of the law truly knd proptrhr fo called, inftltuted by Jcfiis Cftrift our Lord, and neceflary to tfie lalvatirtn of manKitid, tho\ijjh not all of them to every diie : hamVly, baptifm, confirmation, edcharifl^ penaQcc, extreme \\nc. fwtir thepri " i been d of the (Catholic church in her folemn adminiftrHtion of tlie abovefaid .Acraments. '■''** I do embrace and receive all and every thing that hath been de- fined and declared by the holy council o( Trent* cpncerning origii)al fin and juflification. , *< I do alA) profeft that in the mafs there is offered unto God a true, proper and propitiatory l^crifice for the quici: And the dead ; and ti)at in ttie moft holy facrament of the euchanft there is truly, really, and fubflantially, the body and blood, together with the foul and divinity, of o^r Lord JeAis Chrift ; and that there is a converffqn piade of the Mfholk fubftance of th< ad into the body, atid of the whole fubfiancc of the wine Into the bio. j ; which converfion the catholic church ca|l$ Tranfubftantiation. I confefs that under one kind'^ly, whole and entire, Chrift and a true fkcranrient is tak^n and received. " I do firmly be;ltev« that there is a purgatory ; and that the foul) kept prifoners there do receive help by the (uffrages of the faithful. " I io likewife believe tbxt the fa' :ts reigning together with Chrid are to be \^or(hipped and prayed unto : and that they do oflFer up pray- ers unto God for us, and that their relics ar : to be had in veneration. •♦ I do moft firmly aflert that the jma^es of Chiiil, of the blefled Virgin ^he mother of God, and of other faints, ought to hfi had and n- tained, and that due honour and veneration ought to be given unto themf. *• I do likewife affirm, that the power of indulgences was left by I Chrrft to the church, and that the ufie o- them is very beneficial t» Chrifiian people. I ** I do acknowledge the holy catholic, and apoftoHcal {lomas cliiir^U to be the mother and ipiftrefs of all churches; and | do promireandj * A convA^ation of Roman catholic cardinals, archbi{hq|M, biihops, and dinnf% who affeniihl«d at Trent, by yhtvtt of a bull from the pope, anno T546, and ^wt«|| to him, to dttcrmine upon certain point* of fiuth, and to .fupprf 6 what theji; nrcn' plcaied to term the rlfiag herefiet in the church. . ' i f An Eqeli^ traveller, (peaking of a religious Droce|fion fome yeari ago at Fl«*| nhte, in Italy, dcfcribes it as fullnwt : " I had occauon," fay* he, " to fee a proceilio»,| where all the noblefle of the city attended in their coache*. It was the annivi^iM^ ' of,a charitable iollitution in favour of poor maidens, a certain number of whoAjutj j|K>rtiOBe4 evnry year. About two hundred of thefe virgins walked in proceflioif t^4 tW* togetluar. They were preceded and followed by an irregular inob of tdnta, in fack-dotb, with lighted tapers, and monks carrying crucifixes, bawling bellowing the IttaJnies; but the grtateft objeA was the figure of the Virgin Mit] big as the life, ftanding within a gilt frame, dreiTed in a gold ftuff, with a large hi a great quantity of £su( jewels, her face painted and patched, and her ha'r friad aqd 9V0[M >9 tw VQ17 «atremity qf the faihiun. Very little regard had been paid the image of our Saviour on the er^b : but when the Lady Mother apppeared on Qiouldera of three or fowr h^ tf'mh W whQl« p<^ylac« fell upon Unir knus in dttti** l>nus, (jfelvej of the J^ftus, who , Pt'ie Trln TheltaliJ "i not onl' aruing, afl ITALY. 625 ffer up pray- kreneration. f the ble(fc4 ; had and re- e given un?o loman cliiircM promift and ps, anddJwK^ .6, and ^wt«< what th€)|;^««» fcari ago 3*l''*| o(eeaproceS»j t the annW|j|f»'l ber of whowj^l n proccffioiC liar x^oh of ,. ixes, bawliii(5 ; Virg-in M^n vUhalargejK h«r haa fn«! had been paid apppeavcd on ' fwear true obedience to the biihop of Rome, the fucceflbr of St. Peter, the prince of the apoftles, and vicar of Jefus Chrift. ** I do undoubtedly receive and pro/efs all other things which have been delivered, defined, and declared by the facred canons and oecu> menical councils, and efpecially by the huly fynod of Trent. And all other things contrary thereto, and all h^efies condemned, rejeded, and anatheimtilcd by the church, I dolil^ewife condemn, reject, and ana- thcmatife." Archbishopkics.] There are thirty-eight archbifhoprics in Italy, but the futfraoans annexed to them are too indefinite and arbitrary tor the reader to depend upon; the pope creating or fupprelBng them as he pleafes. . LANOtTAOB.] The Italian language is remarkable for its fmooth- neft, and the facility with which it enters into mufical compofitions. The ground-work of it is Latin, and it is eafily n^aftered by a good claffical fcholar. Almoft every ftate in Italy has a different dialeifl ; and the prodigious pains taken by the literary focieties there, may at UIl fix the Italian into a (landard language. At prefent, the Tufcan flyle and writing is mod in rt-quefl. The Lord's prayer runs thus : Pmdre nofiro chefei nel ciehy fiafanSH" f:ato il tuo name ; il tuo regno venga ; la tua vohnta Jia fatta ficcome in cielo afianche in terra: Jacci oggi il mjiro pane cttidiano: e timettici i noflri itiita^ ficcome not ancora rimettiamo a' nojiri debitori ; e nan inducici in ten- Itttione, ma liieraci dal maligno ; perciocche tut i il regno^ e la potemta^ e la ^erim in fempiterno. Amen. Lbarning and learned men, painters, 7 In the Introdudion STATUARIES, ARCHITECTS, AND ARTISTS, j we have particularifed fome of the great men which ancient Italy has produced. In modern times, that is, flnce the revival of learning, fome Italians have flione in wntroverfial teaming, but they are chiefly celebrated by bigots of their wn perfuafion. The mathematics and natural pliilofophy owe much I to Galileo, Torricelli, Malpighi, Borelli, and feveral other Italians. Strada is an excellent hiftorian ; and the liiftory of the council of Trent, by the celebrated fatoer Paul, is a ftandard work. Guicciardini, Ben- tivogliotand Davila, have been Qiuch commended as hiflorians by their feveral admirers. Machiavel is equally famous as an hiftorlan, and as Ipolitical writer. His comedies have much merit ; and the liberality lof his fentimtnts, for the age in which he lived, is amazing. Among llheprofe writers iu the Italian language, Boccace has been thought one |«f tkemofl pure and correft in point of flyle; he was a very natural lint* of life and manners, but his produAions are too licentious. (truth, who wrote both in Latin and Italian, revived among the mo- Ifcrnsthe fpirit and genius of ancient literature: but among the Ita- 'innoets, Dante, Arioflo, and Taffo, are the moft diftinguiflied. There •id to be upwards of a thouland comedies in the Italian language, [h not n)any that are excellent : but Metaftafio has acquired a great ition by writing dramatic pieces fet to mufic. Sannazarius, Fra- )rius, Bembo, vida, and otheif natives of Italy, have diftinguiflied ifelves by trie elegance, corre£tnefs, and fpirit of their Latin poetry, »jr of their compotitions not yielding to the clalfics themfelves. So- iftus, who was fo much diflingiiiflied by his oppofition to the doftrine ttlie Trinity, was a native of Italy. The Italian painters, fculptors, 'architefls, ai)d muficians, are tmrivaL 4, not only in their numbers, but their excellencies. The revival of Wtting, after the fack of Conftantinople by the Turks, revived tafte S s 626 IT A L Y. I :i likewire, and gave nuihkfnd a rrliflt for thilli and beauty iri delign and colouring. Raphael from his own ideas^ aflifted bv the ancients, llriick I out a new creation with his pencil, and ftill ftands at the head of the ^ art of painting. Michael Angela Buonarotti united in his own perfon painting, fculpture, and architecture. The colouring of Titian has perhaps nevvr yet been equalled. Bramante^ Bernini, and many other Italians, carried fculpture and architecture to an amazing height. Julio Rorttano, Correggio, Caraccio, Vcronefe, and others, are, as painters, luieqiialled in their feveral manners. The fame may be faid of Corelli, and other Italians, in muHc. At prefent Italy cannot juilly boad of any extraordinary genius in the fine arts. Universities.] Thofe of Italy are, Rome, Venice, Florence, Mantua, Padua, Parma, Verona, Milan, Pavia, Bologha, Ferrara, Pifa*, Naples, Salerno, and PeruHa. Ant auiTiEs and curiosities, 7 Italy is the native country ofal) NATURAL AND artificiXl. ) that is ftupeodous, great, or beautl- fal, either in ancient or modern times. A librarv may be filled by defcriptions and delineations of all that is rare and curious in the art<>; nor do the bounds of this work admit only of a very brief account of thofe objects that are mod diftinguiflied either for antiquity or excel- lence. The amphitheatres claim the firft rank, as a fpecies of the molt flrik* ing magnificence. There are at Rome confiderable remains of that which was creCted by Vefpafian, and finiihed by Domitian, called the Coliflco. Twelve ihoufand Jewifli captives were employed by Vef- peGan in this building ; and it is faid to have been capable of containing eighty-feven thoufand fpeCtators feated, and twenty thoufand fianding. The architecture of this amphitheatre is perfcCtly-light, and its propor- tions are fo juft, that it does npt appear near fo large as it really is. But it has been {tripped of all its magnificent pillars and ornaments, at va- rious times, and by various enemies. The Goths, and other barba- rians, began its deitruCtion, and popes and cartiinals have endeavoured j to complete its ruin. Cardinal Farnefe, in particular, robbed it of fome i fine remains of its marble cornices, friezes, &c. and with infinite pains j a:nd labour, got away what was practicable of the outfide cafing of mar- ble, which he employed in building the palace of Farnefe. The amphi- theatre of Verona, ereCted by the conful Flaminius, is thought tp be the j ipolt entire of any in Italy. There are forty-five rows of fteps carried! all round, formed of fine blocks of marble about,a foot and a half high! eiach, and above two feet broad. Twenty-two thoufand perfons mayl l>e feated here at their eafe, allowing one foot and a half for each perfon.] This amphitheatre is quite perfect, and has been lately repaired withl the greateft care, at the e^tpenfe of the inhabitants. THey fiequentlfj give public fpeCtacles in it, fuch as horfe-races, combats of wild bea(h,l 8(c. The ruins of theatres and amphitheatres are likewife vifible iOj ^■f . other places. T^ie triumphal arches of Vefpafian, Septimius Seveniij and Conftantine the Great, are (till ftandine, though decayed; T ruins of the baths, palaces, and' temples, anmer all the ideas we form of the Roman grandeur. The Pantheon, which is at prefent co verted into a modem church, and which from its circular figure is con monly called the Rotunda, is more entire than any other Roman tfoij pie which is now remaining. There are ftill left leveral of the nicha which anciently contained the ftatues of the heathen deities. The ollt^ fide of the building is of Tivoli free-ftone, and withiin it is incruli ITALY. 627 with marble. The roof of the Pantheon is « round dome^ without pillars, the diameter of which is a hundred and forty. Moore obfeives, that the ftreet itfelf is not fo broad as the narroareft part of the Strand, and is fuppofed to have been inhabited by trane people. The traces of wheels of carriages are to be feen on the pavement. The houfes ".re fmall, but give an idea of neatnefs and conveniency. The ftucco on the walls is fmooth and beautiful, and as hard as marble. Some of the rooms are ornamented with paintings, moftly fingle figures, repre- fenting fome animsj. They are tolerably well executed, and a little water being thrown on them, the colours appear furprifingly frefb. Moft of the houfes are built on the fame plan, and have one fmall room, from the pafTage, which is conjeftured to have been the fliop, 7ith a window to th^ ftreet, and a place which feems to have been contrived for fliowing the goodi, to the greateft advantage. In ano- thf part of the town is a redangular building, with a colonnade to- wa.-ds the court, fomething in the ftyle of the Royal Exchange at Lon- don, but fmaller. At a confiderable diftance from this, is a temple of the goddefs Ifis, the pillars of which are of brick, ftuccoed like thofe of the guard-room ; but there is nothing very magnificent in the ap- pearance of this edifice. The beft paintings hitherto found at Pom- peii, are thofe of this temple ; they have been cut out of the walls, and removed t6 Portici. Few Ikeletons were found in the ftreets of this town, but a confiderable number in the houfes. In one apartment (fays Mr. Sutherland), we faw the (kelctOQs of 17 poor wretches, who were confined by the ancles in an iron machine. Many other bodies were found, fome of them in circumftances which plainly (liow that they : vftre endeavouring to efcape, when the eruption overtook them. ' With regard to modern curiofities in Italy, they are as numerous as the remains of ^intiquity^ Rome itfelf contains 300 churches, filled with all that is rare in architei'tuir, painting, and fculpture. Each city and town of Italy contains a proportionable number. The church of St. Peter at Rome is the molt altonirtiing, bold, and regular fabric, that ever perhaps exilted ; and whan examined by the rules of art, it may be ITALY. 629 termed faultlefs. The houfe and chapel of Loretto is rich beyond iiTiagination, notwithftanding the ridiciilous romance that compofes its hiftory. The natural curiofities of Italy, though remarkable, are not Co nu- merous as its artificial. Mount Vefuviiis, which is five Italian miles diftant from the city of Naples, and^lVIount vEtna, in Sicily, are re- markable for emitting fiie from their tops. 'J'he declivity of Mount Vefuvius towards the fea, is every where planted with vines and fruit- trees, and it is equally fertile towards the bottom. The circumjacent plain affords a delightful profpe(5t^ ^nd the air is clear and wholefome. The fouth anil welt fides of the mountain form very different views, being, like the top, covered with black cinders and ftones. The height of Mount Vefuvius has been computed Jo be 3900 feet above the Uir- face of the fea. It has been a voh h^o, beyond the reach of hiftory or tradition. An animated defcription of its ravages in the year 79, is given by tie younger PUny, vyho was a witneis to what he wrote. From that time to the year 163 1, its eruptions were but fraall and moderate ; however, then it broke out with accumulated fury, and de- folated miles around. In K194, was a great eruption, which continued near a month, when burning matter was thrown out with fo nr.uch force, that fome of it fell at thirty miles diftance, and a vaft quantity of melted minerals, mixed with other matter, ran down like a river for three miles, carrying every thing before it which lay in its way. In 1707, when there was another eruption, fugh quantities of cinders and alhes were thrown out, that it was dark at Naples at noOn-day. In 1767, a violent eruptipn happenej, which is reckoned to be the a7th from that which qeftroyetl Herculaneum, in the time of Titus. Ill this eruption, the aflieii, or rather fmall cinders, fliowered down fo faft at Naples, that the people in the ftreets were obliged to ufe um- brellas, or adopt lomc other expedient, to guard themfelves againft them. The tops of the houfes and the balconies were covered with tliefe cinders ; and lliips at fea, twenty leagfies from Naples, were co- hered with them, to the great af.onifl»ment of the failors. An eruption happened alfo in 1766, another in 1779, which have been particularly defcribcd by fir William Hamilton in the Philofophical Tranfaftions ; and another in June, 1794, which laid wafte a confiderable traft of country, and deftroyed feveral villages, and a great number of habita- tions. It has been obferved by a modern traveller, that though Mount Vefuvius often fills the neighbouring country with terror, yet, as few things in nature are fo abfolutely noxious as not to produce fome good, even this raging volcano, by its fulphureous and nitrous manure, and the heat of its fubterraneous fires, conliibutes not a little to the un- common fertility of the country about it, and to the profufion of fruits and herbage with which it is every where covered. Befides, it is fup- pofed that, open and adive, the mount is lefs hoftile to Naples, than it would be, if its eruptions were to ceafe, and its ftruggles confined to its OW.J bowels, for tlien might enfue the moft fatal (liocks to the unftable foundation of the whole dillrict of Terra di Lavoro *. • Sir William Hamilton, in his account of the earthquakes in Calabria Ultra, and I Sicily, from February jth, to May, 1783, gives feveral leafonn for believing that they were occafioned by the operation of a vokini, the feat of which lay deeper either un- dtr the bottom of the fea, between Stromboli, and the coaft of Calabria, or i ndtr the I parts of the plain towards Oppid" and Terra Nuova, He plainly oWervefi a grada* tjon in the damage done to the buildings, as alfo in the degree of mortality, in pr<» pottloQ as the countries were more or lefs diflant horn this I'uppofcd centre «t ih icvil, ' 8 8 3 ■:■■ 'W mi^ tt- i;' ■ 1: !l i 'ii: If «3<> ITALY. .• ^ i! Mount iEtna h 10,954. feet in height, and has been computed to be 60 miles in circumference. It ftands feparate from all other moun- tains, its figure is circular, and it terminates in a cone. The lower parts' of it ai'e very fruitful ih corn and fugar-canes ; the middle al>oun(is With woods, olive-trees, and vines; and the ripper part is almoft the whole year covered with fnow. Its fiery eruptions have always ren- dered it famous : in one of thefe^ which happened in 1669, fourteen towns and villages were deftroved, and there have been feveral terrible eruptions fin(^ that time. There is generally an earthquake before any great eruption. In 1693) the port-town of Catania was overturn- rd, and 18,000 people periflied. Near the lake Agnano and Pozzuolo, there is a valley called Solfa- lara, becaufe vaft quantitiesoffulphur are continually forced out of the clefts by fubterranean fires. The grotto del Cane is remarkable for its poifonous fleams, and is fo called from its killing dogs that enter it, if forced to remain ther^. Scorpions, vipers, and lerpents, are faid to be common in Apulia. ' ; '"^ f'i 1- Among the natural Curiofitics of Italy, thofe vaft bodies of fnow and ice, which arc called the glaciers of Savoy, deferve to be particularly mentioned. There are five glaciers which extend alrnoft to the plain of the rale of Chamouny, and are feparated b^y wild forefts, corn fields, and rich meadows; (o that immenfe tmft» of ice are blended with the higheft cultivation, and perpetually fucceed to each othcr^ in the mod fingular and ftriking viciflitude. All thefe feveral valleys of ice, which He chiefty in the hollows of the mountain's, and are iome leagues in length, unite together at the foot of iVl .n't 'Bhinc ; the higheft mountain in Europe, and probably of the ancient worl^^ According to the cal- culations of M. de Luc, the height of this mountain above the level of the fea, is 2391^ French toifes, or r5',503 Ei^glifli feet. " I am con- vinccd," fays Mr. Coxe, " from the fituation of Mont Blanc, from the heig' • of the mountains around it, from its fuperior elevation above them,' artd its being fee n at a great diftance from all fides, that it is higher than any mountain in Switzerland ; which, beyond a doubt, isj next to Mont BlaiVC^ thP higheft ground in Europe." H ■ Statks oV Italy, cofisrirv- } Thus far, of Italy in general; ■' IroN, AND CHIEF ciTi»iS. 3 ^"* '^^ ^^^ Italian ftates are not, hke the republics of Holland or Switzerland, or the empire of Ger- rn^ny, cementtd by a political conf^doracy, to which every mtmberis acronntaWe (for every Italian fiate has a diftinft form of government, trade, and intcrefls), ir will be neceffairy to rake a feparate view of each, to alhrt the reader in forming an idea of the whole. The duke of Savoy, or, as he is now ftyhd, king of Sardinia, tak- itlg hisro\al title from th.".t ifland, is a powerful prince in Italy, ol which he is called the Janus, or keeper, againft the French; though in the late irruption of the republicans, his guardiatithip has proved of little avail. His capital, Turin, is ftrongly fortified, and one of the fiiieft ci- ties in Europe; but the country of Savoy is mouirtaiiious and bnrreii, and its natives are. forced to feek their bread all ov€r the world. They | are efieemed a fimplc, but very honeft people. The king is fo ahfi- lute, that his revenues confifl of what he jj'eafes to raife upon his lub- One circimihance he y^artxulirly remarlted :' if iwo towns wctp fituated at an equal «ji,ftanc.t: from thisfcnuc, the ere on n hill, the oiher on thf pluii, nr in tht bo'ii m, (^e| latter had always fuffl-r d grtatly more by the fhocks of fnc (•.•irfhqiiaWts, th-intlie.j f»ft«er ; Aifficiivit pnifif lo.hini ol the caufe coming from bcntatl), as this wuU iiatu* tiiraUy tavelicai piuduAivc of fuih »n cfTtsih ..".■.. * And dflivcrci feicd th( can forn- friend of IT A L Y. 6u jc&s. His ordinary income, beddes his ovrn farhily provinces, cannot be lefs than 500,000!. ^erling, out of which he maintains 15,000 men in time of peace. Ouring a warv when affifted bw foreign fubfidies, he cat! bring to the field 40,000 men. The aggrandifement of his prefent Sardinian majefty was chiefly owiag to England^ to whom, by. his fituation, he was efteemed a natural ally, for tlie prefervation of the ba- lance of power in Europe.^ I ■ •: The Milanese, lately belonging to the houfe of Auflria, was a moft formidable (late, and formerly gave law to a.U Italy, when under the governrtient of its own dukes. The fertiKty and beauty of the coun- try are almoft incredible. Milan, the capdtal, and its citadel, is very ftrong, and firrniihed with a magnificent cathedral, in the Gothic tafte, which contains a very rich treafury, confiding chiefly of ecclefiaftical furniture, compofed of gold, filver, and precious ftones. The revenue of the duchy was above 300,000!. annually, which was fuppofed might maintain an army of 30,ooo"men. Milan is now the capital, and feat of government, of the new Cis- alpine Republic, erefted by the French; which', it is not impof^ fible, may in time extend over the whole of Italy. Befides Milany k contains the cities of Mantua, Modena, Bologna, Ferrara, Cremona, Rimini, and feveral others. By the lateft accounts, the territory it em- braces has been divided into twenty departments, the total popula- tion of which, according to the report of the committee appointed to inquire into the ftate of each department, rTounts to 3,239,571. It is probable, however, that others will be added, as the pope's dominions are particularlv thrtatened by the'Cifalpine troops, which have taken pofleflion of feveral places in the ecclefiaftical ftate: and fhould tlie jFrench feize the whole of the territory of the church, in confequence of their prefent difpute with the pope, it will pro'bably be annexed to the new republic. The government of the Cifalpine republic is an exaft tranfcript of that of France. It conflfts of a direftory and legiflative body; the latter compofed of 240 members, forming t\Vo: councils,.ODe of ^^inci- cnts arjd one of juniors, and elected by the departments. 'Ji '«"iii>ir iriT The republic of Genoa is greatly degenerated from' its ^ancient power and opulence, thoiig-h the fpirit of trade ftill continues among its nobility and citizen^. Genoa is a moft fuperb city, and contains fome very magnificent palaces, particularly thofe of Doria *, and Durazzo. The inhabitants of diftincftion drtfs in black, in a plain if not an uncouth manner, perhaps to fave expenfes. Their chief manufadures are velvets, damalks, gold and filver tilfues, and paper. The city of Genoa contains about 150,000 inhabitants (but fome writers greatly diminifh that number), *mong whom are many rich ti^ading indlvi- dnals. Its maritime power is dwindled down to fix galleys. The com • mon people are wretched beyond expreffion, as is the foil of its terri- tory. Near the fea fome parts are tolerably well cuhivated. The old government of Genoa was ariftocratical^ being veftcd in the nobility ; the chief pcrfon was called the doge, or duke } to wjiich dignity no perfon-was promoted till he \ias fifty years of age. Every two years.a new doge was chofen, and the former becime incapable^, during five * Andrew Doria, the head of this fami' , fa'mou«'for his military exploitu, and the deliverer of Genoa, was born in the territory of Genoa, in the year 1468 ; he was of- fered the fovercignty of the (late, hut rcfuftd it, and gaytto. the people that republi- can form of government which ftUl fubfifls; he lived to the age of gji the refuge »n4 friend of the unfommatCt ". ' i '■ «... ■ »■ dp, ITALY. 'iifi f t ^ears, of hotding the fame poft again. The doge gave audience to am. bafiadors, all orders oi governr'^nt were iflTued in his name, and he was allowed a body-guard of two hundred Germans. . . This government has been abolKhed, by a revolution, under the di- ^reAion of the French ; and the republic of Genoa is now called the LiauKiAM republic. It is governed, like the Cifalpine, by a dire^lorv, and legiflative body confiding of two councils, one of juniors and onje of ancients, th'emembci"s of which areele^ed by the fifteen departments into which the territory of the new republic is divided. The total po- pulation of thefe departoieoti is eflimated at about 600,000 fouls. \- Venice is one or the mbft celebrated republics in the world, on ac- , count .both of its conftitiition and former PbNyer. It is compofcd of 'feveral fine provinces on the continent of Italy, fome iHands in the Adriatic, and part of Dalmatia. The city of Venice is feated on 72 iflands at the bottom of the north end of the Adriatic fea, and is fepa- rated from the continent by a marfliy lake of five Italian miles in breadth, too fliallow for large iliips to navigate, which forms its prin- cipal ftrength. Venice preferves the veftiges of its ancient magnifi- cence, but is in every refpe^l degenerated, except- in the padion wliich .its inhabitants flill retain for mufic and mummery during their carni* vals. They feem to have loft tl^cir ancient tafte for painting and archi- teAure, and to be returning to Gothicifm. They had, however, lately fome i'pirited differences with the couft of Rome, and feemed to be difpofed to throw off their obedience to its head. As to the (:onfti. tution of the republic, it was originally democratical, the magidrates being cliofen by a general affembly of the people, and fo continued for one hundred and fifty years; but various changes afterwards took place : doges, or dukes, were appointed, who were inverted with great power, which they often grofsly abufed, and fome of them were aflaf- finated by the people. By degrees a body of hereditary legiflative no- bility was formed; continued and pirogreflive encroachmefits were made ion the rights of the people, and a complete arillocracy was at -lengtbteflabUilied upoa the Tuins of the ancient popular government. The "nobility are divided; into fix clafTes, amounting in the whole to 2 5bo,:eachrDf whom, when twenty-live years of age, has a right to be ,a member tof the grand council. Before the l?te revolution, thtfe '«]fifited a doge, or chief magif^rate, in a peculiar manner by ballot, which was managed by gold and filver balls. The doge was inverted iiwitlt;great ftate, and wi.h emblems of fiipreme authority, but had very ''lictk.' '.power, and was not permitted to ftir from the city without the pcmiffion of the grand council. The government and laws were ^managed by different councils of ^he nobles. t«.lv>^.i -I The college, othervvife ealled the fignory, was the fupreme cabinet council of .the ftate, and alfo the reprefenfative of the republic. This court gave audience, and delivered anfwers, in the name of the repiib- ^Jic, to foreign ambafladors, to the deputies of towns and provinces, and ■ to" the generals of the army. It alio received all reqiiefts and liiemorials on ftate affairs, fummoned the fenate at pleafurc, and arranged the bu- . hnefs to be difcuircd in that aHembly. The council often took coj,ni- fatice of fta(e crimes, and had the f>owcr of fcizing accufed perfoas^ ex- aiiiiiiing them in prifon, and taking the'r anfwers in writing, with the evidence againfl them. But the tribunal of ftate inquifitors, which confided only of three members, and which was in the highed degree dtlpiitic in its manner t)f proceeding, had the power of deciding, with- out appeal, on the lives of every citizen belonging to the Venetian -^t^i • :*,«■ v^ , f, ■»-) «J»rt ITf.'i .« ,\: I T A L Yt :fMn-f»- 6S3 oani> \c was the di- ed the eftory, ind oni^ rtmeiits jtal po- ,s. , on ac- )oftd of Is in the d on 7a I is fepa- miles in its prin- magnifi- on which cir carni- md archi- ver, lately Tied to be he fonfti- nagiftvates vtinued for /ards took i with great were affaf- riflative no- tieiits were acy was at pvernment. 2 whole to right to be [Uion, thtfe by ballot, jis 'invefted ut had very without the laws were teme cabinet jblic. This the repvib- lovir.ceb, and la memorials iged the bu- 1 took co^ni- 1 perfons, ei- Jng, with the Vitors w^'*^" [ghell degree :iding, with- thjf Venetian (late; the higheft of the nobility, even the doge himfelft.QOt being ex-* cepted. To thcfe three inquifuors, was given the right of employing fpies, confidering fecret intellige/ice, iHiiing orders to fetze all perfons whofe words or ai^ions they might think repreheniible, and afterwards trying them, and ordering them to be executed, when they thought proper. They had keys to every apartn[ient of the ducal palace, and could, whenever tliey plcaftd, penetrate into- the very bed-chamber of the ciog^, open his cabinet, and examine his papers : and, of courfe, might command accefs to the houfe of every individual in the ftate. They continlied in office only one year, but were not refponfible after- wards for their conduft whilft they wcr^ in authority. So much dif- truft and jealoufy were displayed by this government, that the noble Ve- netians were afraid of having any intercourfe with foreign ambadadors, or with foreigners of any kind, and were even cautious of vifiting at each other's houfes. All the orders of Venetiaa nobility are drefl'ed in black gowns, large wigs, and caps which they hold in their hands. The ceremony of the doge's marrying the Adriatic once a year, by dropping into it a ring from his bucentaur or ftate barge, attended by thofe of all the nobility, was intermitted for the firft time for feveral centuries on Afcenlion day 1797, and the bucentaur has fince been carried away from Venice by the French. The inhabitants of Venice are faid to amount to 200,000. The grandeur and convenience of the city, particularly the public pa- laces, the treafury, and the arfcnal, are beyond expreifion. Over the feveral canals of Vcriice, are laid near 500 bridges, the ereateft part of which are flone. The Venetians ftill have fome manuta<^ures in fear- let cloth, gold and filver ftufis, and, above all, fine looking-glalFes, all which bring in a confiderable revenue to the owners ; that of the flate, annually, is faid to amount to 8,000,000 of Italian ducats, each valued at twenty-pence of our money. Out of this are defrayed the expenfes of the {late, and the pay of the army, which, in the time of peace, con- iiilsof 16,000 regular troops (always commanded by a foreign general) and io,ooo militia. They kept up a fmall fleet for curbiiig the info- lencies of the piratical ftates of Barbary. The French have, however, relTed into their fervice the fliips they found there ; and likewife car- ied away immenfe quantities of«arms and military ftorea ifo.oa the ar- The Venetians have fome orders of knighthood, the chief of which ite thofe of the Stola iPoro, fo called from the robe they wear, whch is loiiferred only on the firft quality ; and the military order of St. Mark ; which in the proper plate. In ecclefiaftical matters, the Venetians have two patriarchs ; the au- lority of one reaches over all the provinces, but neither of them have luch power; and both of them are chofen by the fenate ; and all reli- ious fefts, even the Mahometan and pagan, excepting proteftints,* are re tolerated in the free exercife of their religion. The Venetians are a lively, ingenious people, extravagantly fond of Wic amufements, with an uncommon relifli for humour. They are in eral tall and well made ; and many fine manly countenances are met ith in the ftreets of Venice, refembling thofe tranfmitted to us by the iicils of Paul Veronefe, and Titian. Tic women are of a fine flyl« countenance, with expreflive features, and are of an eafy addrefs. e common people are remarkably fober, obliging to (Irangers, and tie in their intercourfe with each other. As it is very much the om to go about in malks at V«nice, and great liberties are taken ing the time of the carai^ al, an idea has prevailed, that there is cti m m 1' T A L Y. initcl) more licrntloiirnefs of manners here than in oth^r places : but this opinion fedms to have been' carried too far. Great numbers of ftrangers vifit Venice during the time of the carnival, and there are eight or nine theatres here, including the opera hoiifes. The dominions of Venice, Iwfdre the government of the republic was fubverted by the French, confilled of a confiderable part of Dal. anatia and Iflria, the iflands of CorCp, Paclifii, Antipachfu, Santa Mau- n, Carzolari, Val di Comparie, Cephalonia, and Zante. The Venetian territories in Italy contain the duchy of Venice, the Paduanefe, thepe- ninfuU of Rovigo, the Veroneie, the territories of Vicenfa and Brefcia, the diftrifts of. Bergamo, Cremafco, and the Marca Trevigiana, with part of the country of Frjuli. Of thefe Dafmatia, Irtria^ and a gr«at ipTat of the Venetian Terra Firnja, have been ceded by the French to the «mpcror, by the late treaty of Gampo Formio : the iflands they retain pofleffion of themfelves. • The principal city of Tuscany is Florence, which Is now poflefled I by a younger brancrh of the houfe of Auftria, after being long held by _the illuftrious houfe of Medici, who made their capital the cabinet of all that is valuable, rich, and nmljlerly, in architefture, literature, and the arts, efpecially thofe of painting and fculpture. It is thought to contain above 70,000 inhabitants. The beauties and riches of the grand duke's palaces have been often defer! bed ; but all defcription falb I -fliort of their contents, fo that, in every refpeft, it is reckoned, after I Rome, the fecond city in Italy. The celebrated Venus of Medici, "^hich, take it all in all, is thought to be the ftandard of taf!e in fe- male beauty and proportion, ftands in a room called the Tribunal, The Jnfcription on its bafe mentions its being made by Cleomenes, an| cAthenian, the fon of Apollodorus. It is of white marble, and fur- rounded by other mafter-pieces of fculpture, fome of which are faid tdl be the works of Praxiteles, and other Greek mafters. Every corner ofl this beautiful city, which ftands between mountains covered withi olive.trecs, vineyards, and delightful villas, and divided by the ArnoJ is full of wonders, in the arts of painting, ftatuary, and architefturcJ It is a place of fome ftrength, and contains an archbifliop's fee, and anf univeriitv. The inhabitants boaft of the improvements they have madi in the Italian tongue, by means of their Academia dtlla Crufca; and fej veial other academies are now eftabliflied at Florence. Though thl Florentines affeft great ftate, yet their nobility and gentry drive a retail • trade in wine, which they fell from their ctUai* windows, and foni^ times they even hang out a broken flafk, as a fi2;n where it may! bought. They deal, befides wine and fruits, in gold and filver ftutfs,- Upoil the accefiion of the archduke Peter Leopold, afterwards emperd of Germany, to this duchy, a great reformation was introduced, boj into the government and inanufaftures, to the great benefit of the I natKes. It is thought that the great duchy of l-ufcany could bringj the field, upon occafion, 30,000 fighting men, and that its revenues we bbove 500,000!. a year.' The other principal towns of Tufcanyi Pifa, Leghorn, and Sienna : the firft and laft are much decayed; Ltghorn is a Very handfome city, built in the modern tafte, an^ wi fucli regularity, that both gates are feen from the market-place. Itl wel! fortified, liaving two forts towards the fea, befides the citaJ The ramparts afford a very agreeable profpcft of the fea, and of ni;j villas on the land fide. Here all nations, and even the Mahonitt have free accefs, and may fettle. The number of inhabitants isco pufed at 40,000, among vvliom are faid to be 20.,ooo Jews, who live! particular quartv'r of the city, have a handfome fynagogue; and,thoa ■Aintlia ITALY. - 6^ , ' ..1' V I - i .' ■• .' ' fubjeft to vei7 ^^^y imports, are In a ihrtving condition, the greateft part of the coniinerce of this city going through their hands. The iahabitants of Lucca, which is a frttalTfree commonwealth, ly. ingon the Tufcan fea, in a laioft delightful plain, are the moft induftri* ous of all the Italians. They have improved their country into a beau* tiful garden, fo that, though they do not exceed i»o,ooo, their annual revenue amounts to SOfOool. rterling. Their capital is Lucca^ whi 1717 > created a Cardinal ia 1773, and c^^^cd pope, Feb.^jfi 1775. ITALY. 637 I duke *, afwic it- IS, which iftria, and ilpine rc- iemnifica- to h'm. at rmerly tbe The ill ef. ere feen ih fters of the inding their t and nature xnarflKS and contained a ,ut a mifera- ng this, the iofc that his ither authors jratively, the om his terri- far exceeded order of thi ures taken by fical iffues of tneaneft iiabltations ; and temples, the boafted ornaments of antiquity, choked up by fhcds and cottages. From the drawings of this city Mr. Watkins (ixpe£ted to fee the flreets at lead as broad a!> in London, biit was difappointed. II Corfo, the principal and moil admired, is but little wider than St. Martin's-Iane ; but this mode of building their ilreets fo narrow, is done with a view of intercepting, as much as pof- ftble, the fun's heat. The inhabitants of Rome, m 1714, amounted to 143,000. If we confidcr that the fpirit of travelling is much in- creafed fince that time, we cannot reafonably fuppoTe them to be diminiflied at prefent. There is nothing very particular in the pope's temporal govern- ment at Rome. Like other princes, he has guards, or fbirri, who take care of the peace of the city, under proper magiftrates, both ecclefiaftical and civil. The Campagna di Roma, which contains Rome, is under the infpefiion of his holinefs. In the other pro- vinces he governs by legates and vice-legates. He monopbiifes all the corn in his territories, and has always a fuflicient number of troops on foot, under proper officers, to keep the provinces in awe. Next to Rome, Bolozna, the capital of the Bolognefe, was the moft coniideirable city in the ecclefiaftical (late, and an exception to the indolence of its other inhabitants. The government was under a legate a latere^ who wa^ always a cardinal, and changed every three ycars^ It is now annexed to the Cifalpine republic. The reft of the ecclefiaftical ftate contains many towns celebrated in ancient hif- tdry, and e\>en now exhibiting the mOft ftriking veftiges of theic flourilhiug ftate about the beginning of the i6th century; but they unts, the taxes ■jre at prefent little better than defolate, though here and there a lux- ;rs, who fpend Huj-ious magnificent church and convent may be found, which is fup- grcateft part of ■ported by the toil and fweat of the neighbouring peafants. ' the improve- ■ The grandeur of Feerara, Ravenna, Rimini, Urbino (the na- reat effeft. Hve city of the celebrated painter Raphael;, Ancona, and many :her ftates and cities illuftrious in former times, are now to be feen ' nly in their ruins and ancient hiftory. Loretto, on the other rand, an obfcure fpot never thought or heard of in times of anti- iiiity, is now the admiration of the world, for the riches it contains, id the prodigious refort to it of pilgrims, and other devotees, from notion mduffrioufly propagated by the Romifli clergy, that the houfe which the Virgin Mary is fald to have dwelt at Nazaretii, was tied thither through the air by angels, attended with many other liraculous circumftances, fuch as that all the trees, on the arrival of facred manfion, bowed with the profoundeft reverence ; and great re is taken to prevent any bits of the materials of this houfe froin :ing carried to other places, and expofed as relics, to the prejudice Loretto. The image of the Virgin Mary, and of th? divine infant, of cedar, placed in a fmall apartment, feparated from the others by ,, . L^ '^" baluftrade, which has a gate of the fame metal. It is impoffible tnowledgedth«jjfj,j.jjjg jj^g g^j^j ^.^ains, the rings and jewels, emeralds, pearls, and No city, ho*'Bbies, wherewith this image is or was loadfd j and the angels of ificence and P Jid gold, who are here placed on every fide, are eqiially enriched CCS we fee tn^th (^e jnoft prtcious diamonds. To the fuperftitioa of Roman ca- lic princes Loretto is indebted for this mafs of treafure. It ha* :n a matter of furprife, that no attempt has yet been made by the rks or Barbary ftates upon Loretto, efpecially as it is badiv fortified, ' Hands near the fea ; but it is now generally fuppofeci, that the treafure is withdrawn, and metals and ftones of lels value fubili- [ed iu its place. &c. isthirteea g to Mr. Wat. a vaft number , inconfiderable jy fmall boats, ;i its chief for- Ith, were it re. ancient Rome, feven hills ome as it nc exceeds ancieni ing in t^' ^} mpetiiioa *'« s in Rome ex Is, utenfils,ai married, AprH-J born April i| tnx »775' 1iii %-.^' 638 I T A L Y. The king of Naples and Siciiy, or, as he is more properly called, the king of the Two Sicilies (the name of Sicily being tonimnn to both), is poffcfled of the largcft dominions of any pruice in Italy as they compreiiend the ancient countries of Sandnium, Campania' Apulia, Magna-Grxcia, and the idand of Sicily, containing in all about 32,000 fquare miles. They are bounded on all fides by the Mediterranean and the Adriatic, except on the north-eaft, where Na. pies terminates on the ecclefiaftical ftate. The Apennine runs tl n unh It from north to fouth; and its furface is eftimated at 3,500 luare leagues. The air is hot, and the foil fruitful of every thing pro- duced in Italy. The wines called Vino Greco, and Lacrym2B Chriftj are excellent. The city of Naples, its capital, which is e\trtmely fuperb, and adorned with ail the profufiqn of art and riches, and its neighbourhood, would be one of the mod delightful places in Europe to live in, were it not for their vicinity to the volcano of Vefuvius, which fometrmes threatens the city with deftru£tion, and the foil being peltered with infefts and reptiles, fome of which are vene- mous. The houfes in Naples are inadequate to the population, but in general, are five or fix (lories in height, and flat at the top; on which are placed numbers of flower vafes, or fruit-trees in boxes of earth, producing a very gay and agreejible efFeft. Some of the ftrects are verv handfome : no ftreet in Rome equals in beauty the Strada di Toledo, at Naples ; and (till lefs can any of them be compared with thofc beautiful ftreets that lie open to the bay. The richeft and moft commodious convents in Europe, both for male and female votaries, are in this city; the moft fertile and beautiful hills of the environs are covered with them : and a fmall part of their revenue is fpent in feeding the poor, the monks difiributing bread and foup to a certain number every day be- fore the doors of the convents. ■ Though above two thirds of the property of the kingdom are in the hands of the ecclefiaftics, the prpteftants live her vith great freedom; and though his Neapolitan majefty prefents to In holinefs every year] a palfrey, as an acknowledgment that his kingdom is a fief of th pontificate, yet no inquifi^ipn is eftabliflied in Naples. The prefen revenues of that king amount to above 750,0001. fterling a year. Th exports of the kingdom arc legumes, hemp, anifeeds, wool, oil, wine, cheefe, fHh, honey, wax, manna, faffron, gums, capers, macaroni, fait, pot-afli, flax, cotton, filk, and divers maniifaAures. The king ha: a numerous but generally poor nobility, confiding of princes, dukes] niarquifles, and other high-founding titles ; and his capital, by far th moft populous in Italy, contains at leaft 350,000 inhabitants. Amoiii thcfe are about 30,000 lazaroni, or black-guards, the greater part which have no dwclllng-boufes, but fleep every night in fnmm under porticos, piazfeas, or any kind of flielter they can find, and ii the winter or rainy time of the year, which iafts feveral weeks, th yain falling by pailfuls, they refort to the caves under Capo di Montj where they fleep in crowds like flieep in a penfold. Thofe of theJ whp have wives and children, live in the fuburbs of Naples, near Pod iipo,in huts, or in caverns, or chambers dug out of that mountaij Sorne gain a livelihood by fifl)ing, others by carrying burthens to aif tromthefliipping; many walk about the ftreets ready to run on rands, or to perform any labour in their power for a very fmall recoij pence. As they do noit meet with conftant employment, their nag are not fufliicient for their maintenance: but the deficiency is in foij degree fupplied by the "foup and bread whiclr arc diftributcd atthedod of the convents. . j)cars in ants, th cording with gig wore ne this day, plainly d and all d of a cjtiz in the exi Throuj faid to tr( more beai of Canna under-gro and the R, ofRwhie, i «cityplac( >11 the plac once famoi C«far died, '^-•undufi! Roiii n tabl oils; and til a flate of U Except Ron ture as Bene i pezzt ii fangue^ " field of blood." Taranto, a city that was once the rival of Rome, is now remarkable for little elfe than its tiflit-ries. ' Sorento ii icity placed on the brink of fteep rocks, that overhang the bay, and of all the places in the kingdom, has the moft delightful climate. Nola, once famous for its amphitheatres, and as the place where Auguftui Caefar died, is now hardly worth obfervation. '^••undufium, now Brindifi, was the great fupplier of oyffers for the Rom n tables. It has a fine port, but the buildings are poor and ruin- ous; and the fall of the Grecian empire under the Turks reduced it to- a flate of inaiftivity and poverty, icovn which it has not yet emerged. Except Rome, no city ca i boaft of fo many remai s of ancient fculp- ture as Benevento : here arch of Trajan, one ot he moft magniifi ■ cent remains of Roman g v.ieur, on of Rome, err5ted in the year 114, i ftill in tolerable pi fervatinn. Reggio contains nothing re- jmarkaiie but a Goti)ic catheural. It was dtftr )ycd by iii earthq;uake [kfore the Marfian war, and rebuilt by JuJus Cdsfar ; part of the wall 1 ftill remains, and was much damaged by the earthquake in 17B3, I but not deftroyed: onh 126 loft their lives oir of 16,000 inhabi- ktants. The ancient city of Oppido was entirely i ined by the elrth- Iquake of the 5th of Febninry, the ereateft force ( f which feems to [have been exerted near thai fpot, a id at Cafal Nuova, and Terra iNuova. From Trupea to Squiilace, rJioft of the towns and vilages Iwere either totally or in part overthrown, and many of the inhabitants jburied in the ruins. To afcertain the extent of the ravages, Sir Wil- lliam Hamilton, "ho furvcyed it, gives the following defcription : " If Itaa map of iloly, rnd with your compafles on the fcale of Italian miles, l]Wu were to tnraii.re otf 22, and then fixing your central point in the jcity of Oppiu ; !" * 1 ich appeared to me to be the fpot on which the irthquake had i.>.erted its greatell force) form a circle (the radii of »hich will be, as I juft faid, az miles), you will then include all the owns and villages that have been utterly ruined, and the fpots where begrearcft mortality has happened, and where there have been the Boft vifible alterations on the face oif the earth. Then extend your ipafles on the -fame fcale to 72 miles, preferving the fame centre, id form another circle, you will include the whole of the country that i any mark of having been affeded by the earthquake." .,v,.v»,«. l<' ii..'. J., ,1, 1.- ...,-•. ■ .. - ■! . tj A A ''.ijj y _ - -. — - _ - -^ J , f ' 111 %1 b-'-i Ii . IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET {MT-3) // 1.0 I.I i^lM III !f 1^ 12.0 M 2.2 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 •4 6" — ► p <5>;i / Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 873-4503 u.. 640 I T A L y. '. The ifland of SititT, once the granary of the world for corn, ftiH continues to fupply Naples, and other parts, with that comnjodity ; but its cultivation, aiia> confequently, fertility, is greatly diminiftied. Its vegetable^ mineral, and aniaial produdtions, are jNretty much the faine with tbofe of Italy. Both the ancients and moderns have maintained, that Sicily was ori. ginaily joined to the continent of Italy; but gradually feparated from it by the encroachments of the fea, and the (hocks of earthquakes, fo as to become a perfect ifland. The climate of Sicily is fo hot, that even in the beginning of January the (hade is refreQiing : and chilling winds are only felt a few days in March, and then a fmall fire is fuflicient to banifh the cold. The only appearance of winter is found towards the fummit of Mount iEtna, where fnow falls, which the inhabitants hav a co'iitrivance for preferving. Churches, convents, and religious foiu dations are extremely numerous here : the buildings are handfome, and the revenues confiderable. If this ifland were better cultivated, and its government more equitable, it would in many refpe£ts be a delight* ful place of refidence. There are a great number of fine remains of antiquity here. Some parts of this ifland are remarkable for the beauty of the female inhabitants. Palermo, the capital of S^iciy, h computed to contain 120,000 inhabitants. The two principal ftreets, and which crofs each other, are very fine. This is faid to be the onlv town in all Italy which is lighted at ni^ht at the public expenfe. It carries on a confiderable trade ; as alfo did Meflina, which, before the earthquake in 1 783, was a large and well built city, containing many churches and convents, generally elegant (lru6lures. By that earth* quake a great oart of the Tower dtilri^l of the city and of the port was deftroyed, and confiderable damage done to the lofty uniform build- ings called the Paiazzata^ in the fliape of a crefcent ; but the force of the earthquake, thoueh violent, was nothing at Meflina or Reggio, to what it was in the plam; for of 30,000, the fuppofed population of the city, only 700 is faid to have periftied. ♦* The greateft mortality fell upon thofe towns and countries fituated in the plain of Calabria Ultra, on the wcftern fide of the mountains Dejo, Sacro, and Caulone. At Cafal Nuova, the princefs Gcrace, and upwards of 4000 of the inhabj. tants, loft their lives ; at Bagnara, the number of dead amounted to foi7; Radicina and Palmi count their lofs at about 3000 each ; Terra Juova about 1400; Seminari ftill more. The fum total of the morta- lity in both Calabrias and in Sicily, by the earthquakes alone, acconling to the returns in the fecrctary of ftate's oflice at Naples, is 32,367;" but fir William Hamilton fays, he has good reafon to believe, that, in- eluding ftrangers, the number of lives loft moft have been confulfr- ably greater ; 40,000 at ieail may be allowed^ ha believes, without j exaggeration. ,i^,iv/«6i.,i .r#/i'v-^;x The ifland of Sardinia, which gives a royal title to the dukeofj Savoy, lies about 150 miles fouth by weft of Leghorn, and has feven cities er towns. Its capital, Cagliari, is an univerfity, an arcl" 'jifnoprk, and the feat of the viceroy, containing about 15,000 inhabitants. Iti«l thought that his Sardinian majefty's revenues, from this ifland, cfanotj exceed 5000I. fterling a vear, though it yields plenty of corn and wiotij and has a coral fifljery. Its air is bad, from its marflies and high moun- tains on the North, and therefore was a place of exile for the Ro- mans. It was formerly annexed to the crown of Spain, but at thej peace of Utrecht was given to the emperor, and in 17 19, to the ho«w| of Savov. I The iflind of Corsica lies oppofite to the Gcnoefe continent m| i ■■''f. . ,•• 6j^t Lfc continent b^■^**W!fiiI kwicn the gulf !of'Gend^ zp^ the ifland of Sardinia) and !; better known- ey^t noble (land wh^cH; the* inhiabl(a«(5 ^ade.foril^etr liberty, againf^ their Genoefe tyrants, and afterV^^rdjt'A^iiitiiltlifrbi^e&nd ungenerous tifortsofthe French «d'enflave'th|i*ni,'than fW>fn any advaftta^^es th*y, tnjoy from nature or fikuation. Tho'6'gh tnotintainous tind. woody, it produces. corn, wine, figs, almonds^ chefnlits, olives, and other fruits^ Itha»alfo fome cattle.aitd hdrfes, ahd is plehti-ftiQy fuppliedj both by iea and nvers, with filh. /jphs inhabitaijfts are laid to amount td 130,000; Baftia, the caphi^^ is a pltee of l^meiljnepgtb;; thohgh other towns of the ifland that^were |a poflTcffioni pi the mucdhteiits, appeal^ tohavebecn but poojrlf fdriifielli I , - ;i , . r In the yesr 1 794 |t was taken by the En|;^inii and annexed to th6 crown of England. AiKoriftitntioiV w^sfranie^ fority a viceroy ap- pointed, and a parliament aHembledi But it has fince been retaken by|^ and ft'.U remains in the poflelfipn bf, the Frenchi >' CAm, the ancient CArasA, is an ifland to which Atrguftus Ca^raft*^'' often came for his h^lth and recreation, and which Tiberius made a fcentf of thfe mof^ infamous pleafures. It lies three Italian miles from that part^of the main l^nd whicn proje£ls farthetl into the fea. It ex* Unds four milvs in length from Bail to \¥e(l, and about one in breadths the weft^rn part is, for a^ut two miles, a continued roek, vaftly^* high, and inacceffible next the fea ; yet Ano-Capriy the largeff toVn af the ifland, is fituated here ; and in this part are feveral places covered with a very fruitful foil. The eaflern end of the ifland alfa rifes up in precipices that are nearly ks high, though not quite fb longj as the: wefterii. Between the rocky mountains] at each end^ is a flip of tower I grouiRl that runs acroTs the ifland, and is one of the pleafanteft fpotii tha: can eafily bi^ conceived. It is covered with myrtle?, olives, al^** monds, oran^:s, figs, vineyards, and corn-fields< >*hlch Idbk extremely frefh and beautiful, and afford a moil delightful little landfcape, wheu viewed from the tops of the neighbouring mountains. Here is fituat<&^' ledthe town of Gaprea, two or three convents, and the bifliop's palate**' [In the miaft of this fertile trad rifes a hill, which in the reign of Ti-- itierius was probably covered with binldings, fome renriain;^ of which are jliiilto be feen. Butth^ moll cortfi^erable ruins are at the very ex» ^^ jtremity of the eaflern prqmontory. , , \ '•n^ I Frohi tliis place thfere iifi a very rtbble profpeft ; on one fide of it thH^i mextends farther than "the" eye can reach; jud oppofite is the grectt/ ffomontory of Sarentumy and on the other fide tlte bey of Naples. ' A IscHiA, and fome other iftandi on the.coafl:s of Naples and Italyj**^ ave pothing to diftinguilli ttieni but th^ ruins of their antiquities, and '■fir being now beautiful fummcr retreats for their «)wners. Elba has en renowned for its miites from a*perit)d beyond tlie reach of hiftory/;' ^'irgil and Ar!flotle mention iti Its fituation is ab^ut ten miles fouth-'< ^cin'rom Tufcany, and it js 80 miles in circumfeience, containing^ ji^r^ooo inhabitants. It is divided between the king of Naples, to horn Porto t^oiigone belongs, the great duke of.TufcHnv, who is r of Porto Ferraio, and the prince of Pionibino. The fruits and ne of the illand are vei-y gbody aitd the tannery, linieries, aad iR. produced a good revenue. .'»' tfhall here mention, the ifle of MxifAi though it is not properly ■ ^nkcd with the Itzlian iffainls.' It was formes ly called Melita, aud is jtMied in 15 degrees £.'4o«fl;. and j6 degrees I>i. kit. 60 mileBfonth olv: Ppe Paffaro in Sicily, and is of an oyal figure, ao niih-s long, and i» 'pad. Its air is clears bat exce$velv hot : the whole ifland kimt tot :'r.>u >si ^Mk. >ii A»l#il-6f') \li l^iilU' t -■iV A be a ^fiite focfc, 'coVaii^'wItli'a tWh (tMixx of wftfij whrch'Js^ stre i6 refide on the idand, theri: mainder are in their fetninarieS in other countries, but at any fummons are to make perf6na\ M)peartinqc. 'They bid a femiria'ry in England, till Jt was fuppreiTed 67 Henry VIIL but they now give tb orne the title of 1 grand prior of England. They were cdnfidered as the btvlwark of Chriftcndom aeainft the Tmks on tliat fJdc» They wear the badgJof the order, a gold crpfs of eight pbints enamelled White, pendant to a black watered ribband at the breail, ahd the badge is decorated fo, aj to diftingurfti the country of the knight. They are generally of noble families, or fuch at can prove their gentility for fix defcenti, and arej ranked according to their nations. There are fixteein catled thtgreatwl erofles, out of whom rhc officers of the order, as the marflial, admiralJ chancellor, &c. are chofen. When tl* great-mailer dies, they fufferl no veliel to gO^ oiit of the ifland till another is dhbfen, to prevent thcl pope from interfering in the election. Out of ^e fixteen^reat-croflesl the great-mafter is eledled, whofe title is, " The hioft illuftrious, an moft reverend prhice, the lord friar A. B. great-miafter of the hbfpital on St. John of Jentfalem, prince of Malta and Oaza.'* All the knighti are fworn to defend the church, ta obey their fupei iors, and to live oij the revenues of their order onJy. Not only their chief town Valletta, or Malta, and its harbour, but the whole ifland, is fo well fortified fo be deemed impregnable. On the i8th of September there is an a nual proceffion at IVfalta in memory of the Turks raifing the liege c that day, 15^3, after four months aflault, leaving their artillery, dt behind. Xrms and ordbrs.] The chief ai morial bearings in Italy are follow; The pojie, as foVereign prince oVer the land of the churclJ bears for his efciitcheon, gules, confiding of a long headcape, or, fiiJ mownted with a crofs, pearled, and garniihed with three royal crownj together with the two keys of St. Tct^r, placed in feUier. The arms if Tufcany, gr, five roundles, gules, two, two, and onej and one in chlcj azure, charged wkh three fleurS-dclis, or. Thofe of Venice, azu a lion winged, fiejanr, or, holding under one of his paws a book coverd argent. Thofe of Genoa, argent, fj crofs, ^hles, \Yitha croWn cli for the iflarfd.of Corfica; and for fupporters, two grirtlus, or. arms of Naples are, azure, femee bf ilear-de-lis, or, with a b five points, gules. The "order of St. Jamarius'* was inlllruted' by the late king I Spain* when king of Naples, in July 1738. TheiHuitiber of knightsl limited to thirty, and after the prefent fovereign, that office of theo der is to be poffeflcd by the kings of Naples. All the knights m^ prove the nobility of their defcent for four centuries, and are to be a ■^:. The iHand of Malta i* j^verned by a grand mailer. I t A I, T- 643 h IS hi«s> js ithe pafro,ii pf this order. The " of^er 0/ Aitnuifeiaiip^* was inf^ituted in the year 1355, by Annad«u» V. count of Savoy, |n meqiary of VV>P?>49U3 J|. wh(? bravely defended R^ipodes agai^fttheTurkst and won ch^jie uririii which arf now born^ by the i»e foine ligixal fervacf to the republic. iThe ifcniglKts, ithcH made, if prefcnt, «ere dubbed with a fword on their fliouldprg, the duke faying « J&fit milts fiddh" (be a faithful foldier)* Abfent perfofls w«e invcUed by letters patent ) but their title, " Knghts ^^. M'riti" }i qrte, by pope Innocent III. about the yeai* 119B. They have a grand-niafter, and profefs obedience, chaftity, and .poverty. Their revenue is eftimatcd at 14,000 duCats daily, with whioji ithey euteruip .Of aU.gei's, relieve the pcor, train up deferted children, &c. Their enfign is a while patriarchal crofs with la points, fewed on tlierf bread on the left fide of a hlaek mantle. The " order of Je/us Clirifiy'* jttftituted Uy pope John XXII. was reformed and improved by pope; Paul V. The reigning pope was to be alvrays foveroign of it, and it was defigned as a mark ofdiftinftion for the pope's Italian nobility, but on account of its frequent proflitution, it hath fallen into diferedit. The "order of the GeUen Spur" is faid to have been inftituted by pop« Piiis IV. 1559, and to have been conne£ted with the •♦ order of Pius,-" inr ftituted a year afterwards ; but the badges were difFerent^ The knights oifius are fupprefl'ed, and all that the knights of the Golden Spur have prcferved to thenjfelves, is the title of counts of the facred palatje of ^he Lateran.' The badge is a ftar of eight points, white, and between the two bottom points, a fpur, gold. HisT02Y.j Raty was pi-obabiv fwft peopled itvm Greece^ j^s vr^ taivc ' T t 4 ler. 644 IT A L Y. Ill ':% 'is mentioned iu the Introduftion, to which we refer the reader fr r tfie ancient hiftory of this country, which^ fofr many ijges, ([strelaw vq the <>thrn known world, under the Rohians. " t The f mpii« of Chai^lemagne, who died in 9 14, foon expeilenced the fame fate with that of Alexander. Under his fucceflfbrs it wa^ in a (hort time«t*tirely difmembcrcd. His Ton, Louis the Debtihair, fuccecded to his dominions in France and Germahy, while Bernard, the grand* fon of Charlemagne, reigned over Italy and the adjacent iflands. But Bernard having loft his life by the cruelty of his uncle, ac^ainft whom he had levied war, and LoUis himfelf dying in 840, his dominions wer^ divided among his fotfs Lothario, Louis, and Charles. Lothario, with the title of emperor, retained Italy, Provence, and the fertile countries iituated between the Saonc and the RMne; LouiJi had Germany ; aird France fell to the fliare of Charles, the youngcft of the three brothers. Shortly after this, Italy was ravaged by diflFerefit contending tyrants; but in 964, Otho the Great re-united Italy to the imperial dominions. -Italy afterwards fufFered much by the contefts between the popes and the emperors; it was haraifed by wars and interna) divifions; and at length various principalitfes »nd ftafesrwere prefted uhder different heads. •i^ Savoy and Fiedmont, in time, fell ta the lot of the counts of Mau. rienne, the anceftors of his prefent Sardinian majefty, whAfe father be- came king of Sardinia, in virtue of the quadruple alliance concluded • in 1718*. !'>«S> . The great duchy of TttCcany belonged to the emperors of Germany, 'who governed it by deputies to the year 1440, when the famous diftinc- , tions of the Guelphs, who wtjre the partizans of the pope, and the Gibellines, who were in the emperor's irttcreft, took place. The popes then perfiiaded the imperial governors in Tufcany to put themfelvtj under the proteAion of the church j but the Florentines in a ihort time formed themfelves into a free commonwealth, and bravely de- fended their liberties againft both parlies by turns. Faftion at laft ihook their freedom ; and the family of Medici, long before they were declared eiiher.princes or dukes, in faft governed Florence, though the rights and privileges of the people fcemed ftill to exift. The Medic}, Sarticularly Cofroo, who was defervetlly called the Father of his Countrv, eing in the fecret, fliared with the Venetians in the immenfe profits of the Eaft-India trade, before the difcoveries made by the Porniguefe. His revenue in ready money, which exceeded that of any fovereigrt prince in Europe, enabled his fucceflbrs to rife to fovereign power; and pope Pius V. gave one of his dcfcendents (Cofmo, the great patron of the arts) the title of great-duke of Tufcany in 1 5 70, which continuui "¥■' ■ ' ' ■ ' * rharlc8Bmanncl-re-dinan*. ^. -W. ', .1 T A L Y.r^-j^.-u..,vr.t5ji': l:ii'^ ^5 in his family m the dealh~o£ Gafton de Medieis w 173^7, witKout iflTue; The fftat-duchy' was theh-claimcd by the tmpiror Charles VI. asa fieC of the embire, ' and given to his ion-in-law, the duke of Lorrain (after- wards emperor, and father of Jofeph li.) in lieu of the duchy of Lor* rain wl]ii'h was ceded tO' France by treaty. Leopold. his fecond fon (brother and fiicceflbrtotheenoperor Jofepli 11.); upon, the death of hif father, became grand-duke. When he fucceed^ to the imperial crown^ his fan Ferdinand entered npon the, fovereignty of the .great-duchy of Tufcany, who has now fucceedcd his father in thecq>pirfrof Gernianyi Leghorn, which belongs to him, carries on a greaC-tr^e: and few^ral (hips of very cpn6derable forctr.are none ilationed on tlHiTufcan coaflt to prevent the depredations of the infidels. ,i No country has undergone greater vlcilTitudes of government than Naples or Sicily, chiefly owing to the inconftancy of the natives, wl>is:h feems to be iacorpontecl with theirainChriftians and Saracens by tarns conquered it. The Norn\ans under Tancrcd drove out the Saracjcns^ and by their conhe<£llons with the Greeks, eUabUihed theire, while, th« ted or Europe was phmfed in monkifli ignorance, a moft refpei^aiil? monarchy ftoirrilhing in arts and arms. About the year 1 166, the popes being then all'tpowerrul iivEorope, their intrigues broke; in 1759, '^ being found, by the infpe£tion of phydcians, and other trials, I that his eldeft fon was by nature incapacitated for rcigriing, and hi| ftcond being heir apparent to the Spanifli monarchy, he refigned the I crown of Naples to tiis third fon, Ferdinand IV. who married an arch? [ducheftof Auftria*. , the Milanefe, the fatreft portion of Italy, went through U^er^ * Ferdinand IV. khig of the two Sicilien, third fon of Jii* l.itc catholic m.ijefty, the IkinjrofSpiin, born Jan. 11, i'5>, afcendt-dthe thrtJiie Of.tobtr 1;, t7?9; andnianied, I Aoiil 7, i7fi>f, to the archUuchefi Maria-Carolina- Louila, fifttr ro th^ late eniperur, by {wnom he ha«had ifTue 1 5 children, 10 of whom are hvihj^ aivon); vvhom are, I. .Via[ia-rherc£»ipreieQtcnipiefs«f Germany, born June 6, i77.<. ■( t.. ;,i Tt 3 M ? T A n T, IM.I ^1 hands; t^e V'lcflmtb were fud^eeded by fhi G^foekael ftnd (he Sfottac, but fetl lit left into the hands of the empet'orCharlps V. eboiit the ytAt r^ir, who gave it to bit Ton, Philip U. king of Spaui. It remained with that crown dU the French were driveii out of It^lyi in 1703, by the imperialifls. Tli0$r peror'f'ceifioiiJDf Naplbi The tir(^ duke of Parmsi was n^bmVfon to pope PaulIIJ. the ducby having l^eeri «hnexed to the holy feoj in i $45,' by pope JuU^a II. The d%fcehdant»»f the hOufe of Farnefe terminated in theJaite queendowa. Sef (>f Spaih, whofe 'fon, itis prefeat catlin)ic raRJeily,?new form of republican Government eftabKlhed there, ': ' The biftory »f the Papftcy is conneAed whh that of Cbriftendqin it- felf. The raoft foW foundations for its temporal powtr were laid by the famous Matilda, cowntefs of Tufcany, and hcirefs to the greateft I part of Italy, Who bequeathed a Urge portion of hw doAiliaioiis to thfl fammis pope Gregory VIS. (who, before hi« acceilit^n in 1073, was fo well known by the name of Hjldebrand). It would be too tedious here I ko enter mto il defail *f the ignorance of the laity, and the other caufes [ that operated to the aggrandifement qf thepapacy, previous to tnere- , a. Thercfa- Clementina, barn November; 83, Tjjy, married, September 17, 1790, J the. archduke Fardinand. 3. Francis. januiriMB, prince-royal, horn Auguft 17, 1777 ; marrkd Mari»-Clem«i' Una, the archduchtfs, ScptembM, 1793' .,.,^.,. .. -,. , ft* ' ■ ■ ■" ■" • ;? flSK KEY. M f0rvs\^t\Qn. Eiretf finpe that ae^a, the %te of Europe has bftn fuch, that the popes have hnd more than once great weight in its pubFic af- ^irs, chiedy thcpugh th« w^aknefs and bisotry pf temporal princes. The papal power is evidently now nearly exdnft. Even before the Srefent times, when ini^ovation ^nd revolution have made fuch rapid rides, th^ pope was treated by Roman catholiciprincep with very little more ceremony than is dye to him as bifliop of Kbmdi find boffirfl^d of (i temporal principality. In the prefent war, th<^ugh he a£(ea with con- fiderable caution and mpder^ion, he po-opefated with the allied pow« |rs ^inO Fri^nce : jf cooiipqi^irnqe of Mfhicb, the French made an in- curfion into his territories, where they i^et wi^h little refiftance, and compelled hith to Qgp a pe;ice pa fuch tenn^ ss they thought proper to i\&3ite. Ut bajid a conuj^^Ij: coqfrijaijti'Qn in, money ; and contented that i\ich (jff tnje iqooi^^^lukVie iiatues an^ pi^^res in Home* as com* jniffioners, appointed ]fpr that piirpoff fliould foleft, ihoyld be carried . away, anij conveyed to Paris. Another difpute has lately ari(en between ^he French andhis hoiijaef^, Jn'^confeqiiehtieof a riot at Rom^,ili whic)) ^e Frencji eei^eral !p*iphot was kiHea. -What will be the ilTue of this, time muftmow ; tiut tne te^npoial power an4 territory of the papacy certainly appear to be ii^ gr«:at danger. f Jqhn Angelp Br-aiJchi, ^rn' in 17x7, Waseleifted pope in 1775, and tool; uppn him the name of Pius Yl? X. 3- T U R K E Y.t - The Grand S'gnor's dqminions are diyidje^iin)^ >i«»#t«s£ TURKEY IN EUROPE.) , ■Tid|ri)^i!t4>4'^ TURKEY IN ASIA. V 9flo,o6<^ -irx') itmi^^^ TURjKPY *N AFRICA. ) "I TURKEY IN EUROPE, ' * ' ' ■*;' m4^4,. ',. .' fJTUAT;ON AMP. EXTENjT. Miles* Degrees. Length iQoo ) Ugtween ' J ^^^^^ ^° ^^^ *°"8v Breadth .900. \ "•'='■ *v«i» ^ ^^ ^^^ ^^ North'lstA ^r;* .,(| Containing 181, ,4.00 fquare miles, with ^4 inhabitants to ftach.'. BooNDAKiBS,] Bounded by Ruifia, Pojand, and Schvonia, oa t^ie North ; by Circaflfia,' the Black Sea, the Pro- pontis, Hellelpont, and Archipelago, on the Eaft; by the Medirerra- liean, oh the South ; faiy tl^e (anie jfiea, 4nd th/i Venetian and Auflrian territories, on the Weft. DivifioiiiS^ Sv^bdiviHons. Chief Towns. Sq. M. ~ ~ Precpp -^ 1= -S^^f f Crrm and little Tarta.- Qn the north coaft ofl ,i:y, and the apcient; I Brachifpria }r ' i6,20O the Bla^K Se^ are c Taurica (^Ji^U>»p,r >ltal|^ the provinces of J 'fas 1^ j m .Try-ji,! 'i*: seM 1 fiiidziac Tartaty J Oczakow ►1 * The Ruffians, in 178,'?, fcized on the Crime.a« the principal part of thisdtvilio'n ; and hy a treaty, figned jiniiary 9, 1784, the Turks ceded it lo • Taman, and th^t'part qf Cpbau which is bounded by the river of that name. 'I'he 1.2,000 itvilio'n ; hem, with the ifle of Turks ha v«,now 00I7 the Tartar nations beyond the river Cub^, andirom the Blac^ 14$ Divifions. TDRKEY iM EUROPE, v Subdivifions. " Chief Tovmi. Sq. Rf, I Korthof the Danube are the prpviop?? of .*}.'■■ -r ■ ■ h.. «: k SfiMth of the Panujse it •re % ,- . • BeflarabU *^ Bender Belgorod Ja^y Choc9 Moldavia, olim D^- cia Walachia, another part of the ancient Dacia '6ulearia» the eaft paft^ WIdin of the ancient My Serv in J Fai5»: Tprgovift: Nicopoli Srliftria Sco'irf 96,009 'Aj^r'^-^a l^ofpia, part of the an* cient Illyricuin NiiTa Seraip ^Hdfe^lr^' ""'* I Romania,olimThrace| f Macedonia f Qeuth of Mount Rho- ^ope, or Argentutn^ I ThciTaly, now Janua 'the north part of the I ancient Greeco ) Conftantinople, 41. £. ]. 29.ar. Adrianople ") Strymon Contefla )■ [ Achaia and Bceotia, now Ljvadia ^pirus (Bn the Adriatic fez or Qulfof Venice, th?^ ancient lllyricum Albama Dalmatij^ :^*?' ' W^k^pi ^ •j«iis'i^'.-:;n;):y' 8,640 N. i. i8,9Sq| . Salonichi 'Larifla Athens Thebes Lepanto Chimaera Burtinto Scodra IXirazzo PulcigQO \ 41659 3.420 955 6.37J Zara Narenza 4»S6p ,Ragu{a Republic ^ J Ragufa 430 ♦ The t(public<;f Rapififa, thon|{h reckuaed by |^o{rraphers pa^rt of Tutlcey 'n Eo. rope, is not under the Turki(h government. It i» an ^1 iilocratic3l (late, formed near- ly a(icr the mndol of that • f Venice. iTh^ goyernnient is in the hands of the nobilitv; and the chief'of ihe republic, who is filled redor, it changed every month, and elea> cd by fciutUiv or IrfL libring his fliort' adminiflration, he lives in the palace, and v'ears a ducal habit. As the Ra^fans are uiiable to protcdl.themfelves, they make life of thejr wc^th ta procure thin^ ptoteAorsj the chief of whom, for many yean. I was the grand flguor. Tht-y endeavour alfo to keep upon )iflc4 terms with the Ve- n'-tjaiis, add o^her neighho^nug dates, i^ut in ti^e year 1783) a difpute amfe bi- fwecn ti^iq,apd thq Hing °f Naples, refpedling a claim of r^tit to his appoiuting 1 comnnaallec^ the ^agufan troup. I: was temioated by th^ r/epubli;*> putting it/fU under that Kipg's ^roredl^bii 1 he city of kagu'ia is not abovfc two miles in circuip' ferenee« but, it is well built, -(tnd contains i^me haOdrome edifices. The aucicut Epi- PIvifiona. Sparta "^^KfiY ,„ EDROPE. ^ " Argos , . L Napofi di Ro- I mania I ^acedwmon, JntheMorM.thean- O" 'he river C)ent Peiopon nefus, J - 1 ^urotas beingrliefouthdivi."< OIvm»^;- i I '^'"<"" - - te„ EJis . Coron " j rartas I f'is, or Belvi t I "crc on the SotL *#. -'"v. Peoeus. j . ,» lnbb«:ntrof"7k^^^^^ Nature h.s Ia,;/1,^ '»' H though uni^p^J,^ i - f^^7 Jn rhofe t p^Sar^n^' ftlubnoijs, and frienWI» »« .l • ""^ beyond defcriniir if^^^' ^^e from the 'neighboS c^.J^r"^'""^'''"' ""feft Xn jt {7^^ ''^^ *» ."lar and p/elt,f a' %r"b::„l!'r of antjqu ty. The T...I, • " celebrated from th^ * "*'''* »■«• piis, celebrated in (ill.' ^"^.frg^^" <>a; the moiintrp- ? ^'^^'^^ <>" a but moft of the , rhn • ''''*'"''"^ o^en mention '^ J""^«. ''s well -iUelebrare^'i* ; 'aS ''^'^l-' «"<1 ^ Xrl ""r '^ ^'^^ Ifn'ed upon them hv tllii^ mentioned, have LZ ^"^'^ "»« ' ' Seas 1 T»,- I? . ' "^ others in theiV Ihuros w„ ntuatcd not far fr«n, »j.' • Turkey i„ r »« allowed to be or^^n IT. V^' "]'"• f'-«dom. th^/Ul'i''.'' *^'»!?''ns are twlr?' ,^/^ ■''.'^i 6s9 TURKEY IN EUROfp. I m it ^ur(vpe, particularly Ihat part of it where Conftaniii^opje ftiandj, of all other countries, had the heft claim to be miftrefs of the world. Straits,] T/iO^e of the HeilefpoiU tfuxd Bofpnrus are joined to the fca of jUarmora, and a:ie remariiaDie in modern as well a« in ancient hiftory. The former, viz. the Hcll*fpor\t, or Dardanelles, is only two n)iles :ucTioN8.] Thefc are cxccUent all over the EurOf pean Turkey, e^ciatiy when affified by the fmalteift <^^f^^ of induftry. JJcGdes ;p^t aAid garden herbs of almoft every ^ind, this country pro- iluces, i« gveaC abundance and perftdion, ot^nges, lemons, citrons, |)Qmegr»nates» grapes of an uuoommon fweetnefs, excellent fig$, al- iiioiuisi olives, ft(^ cotton. ^Behdes thefe, nian«• TCTRJCEY iN'aSUROPE. t^ 6^ •dmlrablf executed^ t-q»r«fcbtiuf the win of ihe Athfufoiii. To the youth-eaft of tht Acropolis, a. ciudil which defends ihe to* n^ ai*e (cveiiteen beautiful celutnnt of -the Corinthian ard«r, thought to b« the remains of the amfieifor Adrian's palace,: Thev are of fine white mar- blend i> adorned with {[be battle ^ the Centaurs, in lmlra»idieTO| that at the etrft end appears 10 be a (Ontinwition of th^ fanir hiftory : and on the outfide ot the portico*, in the fpaces between the triel3EphH ■'^ '^I'^^^^nted the ex. ))loits ot Thefeua. On the fi>utfafpi9ttg, with the jiiches for ftatocs in the rockf are ftiili difcemible^ The famous cave ti Tropl)enii||s is iinll a natural cinti)*fitfiiiki JLivadia, the old Bocotia. Mount Athos, wtiixh has^jc^n a)rhid)r Mention^, and Which is coi^ iROflly callitd MoOtefianto, liesibnaipeniiDfula ivhich extends into this ^geaa fea^ a^ is indeed a chain of mountains,' reaching the whole length of the pmiotfula, feren Tvrjtifti iniii«s in- length, and three iti kfeadth ; but it is oally a &nglo mountain' that is properly called Athos. This is (o lofty, that on the top, asthe ancients rclaiw, the fun rifing I was heheldf^nr hours foonertliaA by the inhal»itants of the coaft : and, et I thefolftice, itsiliade reached into the Agora or market-place of Myri- bs, atown in Lemnoey alfo live a very audere life; their ufual food, inj JAeM of fteflt, bein^ vegcar6 from /EJkn, that anciently the mountain in general, ndparticnlMrly the fummir, was accounted very I>eaUhy, and conducive (long life; whence the inhabitants were called Macrobii, or long-lived. l^eare farther informed by Philoflratus, in the life of ApoHc yus, tha*! umbers of pKilofophers iifcd to retire to this mountain, for the faettf)q«i hating efcapcd the deflriKtive rage of the barbarous nations, it vdalMlke greateft as well /Hs the muft beautiful city in Europe,^ and the oiily one, during the Gothic ages, in which there remained any image of the zincient elegance .in maDaers and arts. While it remained in the p'oflciliDn of the &reek «tnpc('or9, it was the only mart in Eairope fbr the ■commodities of the JBaft IndieS) It derived great advantages from its being the rendezvous ,of the cruiaders; and being thenin.the-meridian'^f its glory, the Eu. |-ppean writers, in the ages of thecrufades, fpeak of it with aftonifli. isnent. *♦ O what a vift city is Conftantinople (exclaims one, when he lirft beheld it), and how beautiful ! How many roonaftetits are there ,in it, and how many palaces built with wonderful art ! How many ina- nufa^ures are there in the city, amazing to behold Ik would be alio. , nifliing to relate ho^*' it abounds withalLgood things, with gold,! filver, • And ftuifs of various kinds; for evety hour fliips arrive acthis port with ;ali things neccflary for the ufe of mao.'^ Conftantineple is at this dsy jOne of the fineft cities in the world by its Htuation and its port* The profpeft from it is noble. The moft : re^ilar part is the Berqftin, in. .clofed with* wails, and gat«s, where the merchants havetheir iliop.' ex- cellently ranged. In another part of the; city is the Hippodrome, an ,. oblong fquarc of 400 paces by 160^ where they.fexercife oh horfeback. The Meidan, or parade, is a iangc fpacious (quare, the general refortof Jinn ranks. On theoppofite fide of the po.*» are four towns, but confi. (ieicd as a part of the fuburbs, their diftance bemg fo fnniall, a perfon .may eafily be heard on the other fide. .They are nam ei Pera, Galata, vpacha, and Tophana. In Pera the foreign ambaffadors and all the Franks or ftrangers refide, not being permitted to live in the city. Ga- Jata alfo is moftjy inhabited by Franks or Jews, and is a place of great trade. The city abounds with antiquities. The tombof Conftatitine the Great is ftill preferved. The mofqge of St. Sophia, once a Chrif. tian church, is thought in fome refpeds to exceed, in grandeur and -architedure, St. Peter's at Rome. The city is built in a triangular form, with the feraglio {landing on a point of one of the angles, fro« whence there is a profpeft of the delightful coaft of the Lefler Afia, which is not to l>e equalled. When we fpeak of the feraglio. we do not mean the apartments in which the grand fignor's women are confined, as is commonly iniagined, but the wholt^ ii»clofure of the Ottoman pa- iace, which might well fuffice for a moderate town. The wail which fnriounds the feraglio is thirty feet high, having battlements, embra- fures, and towers, in the ftylc of ancient fortifications. There are iiiit i rinc gates, but only two of them magnificent ; and from one of thefe 1 the Ottomah court takes the name of the Porte, or the Sublime Parity in all public tranfa£lion$ and records. Both the magnitude and population ef Conftantinople have been greatly exaggerated by credulous travellen. It is furrounded by a high and thick wall, with battlements after the Oriental manner, and towers, defended by a lined but flial low ditch, the works of which are double on the land fide. The bed authors think I that it does not contain above 800,000 inhabitants, three-fourths of I whom are faid to be Greeks and Armenians, and the reft are Jews and j Turks. Others fuppofe the inhabitants not to exceed 600,000. The! city has frequently fuffered great damage by fires, either owing to thel narrownefs of the ftreets and the ftruftuie of the houfes, or the pr«clicc$| ^s one, when he XURUEY ,N EUROPE. ofthe]sn\iifies.\,ht, itisf^i^ dr^ .u • '^^ contented with ^he govern men t^in^*^* ^''^ "'^ often a, they a« Ai(^ the quarter fituatedtowardTf hi* h«i?^"^"^' ^784, a fire broL in L783r were cohfumed. "^^ *'''*^^ '^^^i ^^^ rebuilt fii,cc^"he JS rinople, Galata, and Pe'ra Th.T'"^ 1-" °"^ ^^^^v the cilf„fn^^'*"« k and i. a peninMa, lyi„BonX''B" !'" """«' Ta„r!ca Ch,rf is bounded on the weft ,„j*r t' ^I'ine, or Black f-.k ''""'»",ls, that "a Tartar'fl.5r'" '""= ^« I<«l8i"e1i">h^f "''*"=''• ■*o..s are ran^^ ^^ ',j",^ '; " Pjf^f w'oode; 'f "^."e"""?' "'" F r^pi es hrr 'i^^'':.^'^h water. O^^^tiie n^ '^'^'''^^ '^'^ -^P X H been £ Th. I- ""'^'"'^ '"""^"fe caK es h """ °^ fJ^eferocW 1" , II- 6$4 /nmicEY IK EtjROPi!. iiful, on^'tfiey fcill tnc etrt^.to have tltmn b«f#«(?) ISLANDS belonging to TURKEY in EUROPE, *; being part of AncieM G%s.uck. jV«m.M%*; I SFiall mention thefe iftands chiefly for the ttfe orf fifch ftaders as arc converfani with ancient hlftpry, of wWch thtf ma£e ftf diftiiiguifli. td a part* ;^'* NEoaoi'O'NT, thcancient Eu9a?a, flfetchcs fron^ ffle fouth^eaft tothc fttfrth-weft, and oft the eiftern coaft of Achafa or liVadia. It i^ninety mileslongand twenty-tive broan3 Sfp^ral original J tliorhed. Thcfi ■^ «y^'- h\ their (klih rMeft fatiinj. it number of >ne coat, thh nbaiWor. what is called .d very cheap, fiyord-blades, nguiflitd from E.UROPE, h readers as are c ftf diftinguilK- fouth-'cafttothc i\». Ituninety joo fqiiare miles. I re if regular; anil fruit, ahdctttk, •xtremeV cheap. I ed by the Ofteksl , on the narroweftj flus. , I theiE^eanfeaQi tiles in length aiiM ;s prirtcip« richesl fometimes calkff e Turks, who re j Ito old Troy, anj pree'Ks retired, anJ the {ame name, I i remarkable chiefl >out three hundreJ and is famous fd The iiihabitanij t'vfna,' andisaboJ thr.ugh rocky aa" ' It is inhabited I latin<^. It has 3d rmkifli garrifonl Ik, velvet, goldal \k, and the lentil 1 its chief reveoi^ Jiflands, havcH Ifous have been I IftHtuaries. AJ the beavitififl I'f" L of thefe tfewl i.:' ttJRKEY IN EUROPE.' 65s iiftgit ti»e doors and windows, twifting cdttotr of flik, dremplo}*d in fpinningand needle-work, and accofted Us with familiaritv, bidding us welcome as we paiTed. The ftreets on Sundays and holidays are filled with them in groups. They wear ftiort petticoats, reaching only tc their knees, with white filk err cotton hofe. Their head- drefs*, wliich Is peciiUai' to the ifland, is a-klnd of tuf ban ; th€ linen fo white and thin, it feemed fntfw. Their flippers are chiefty vcUow, with a knot of red fi-irtj^e at the heel, Solne wortf thenrj faftetted u^ith a though Their gar- ihents were filk o.' v'arious colours ; and their whole appearance fo fan- taftic and lively as to afford iis much entertainment. The Turks in- habit a fq»rate (Quarter, and their women are conccikd." Among the poets .iftd hittdriaiiS faid to be bom here, the inhabitants reckot* Homer, and (hftw alittk fquare howfe, whi<:h thef dati Homer's fchool. Samos lies ~ owfite to Ephefus, on the coaft of Leflfer Afia, about feven miles from the continent. It is thirty m^iles long, and fifteen broad. This ifland gave birth to Pythagoras, and is inhabited by Greek GhtiftJans, who ak-e vvell treated fay the Turks, their maftew. Tht muf- cidi'ne Samian wine is in high requeft ; and the iilatid alfo prodnceu - wool, which they fdl to the French ; oil, pomegranates, and fitk. This illand is fnppdlVd tohave been thte native counfry ©f Juno ; ?mi fome travellers think that the rUins of her terrvple, and of the ancient city Samos, are the fineft remains of antiquity in tlie Levant. ^0 the fouth of Samflis lie's Patmos, afatont twenty miles in drcum- ferertce, but fb barreYi arid dreary, that it tYjay be calfed a rock rathei* ftian an iflsnd. It has,"however, a convenient haven ; and the few^ Greek monks who are upon the ifland fliow a cave where St. Jolio '» fiippofed to have written the Apocalypfe. '?^i>i'^w'» '>w >«'^ ttift tj-... The CvcLAOEs iflands tie like a circle r6hhd Dj^los, the cy?f of them, which is fouih of the iflffnds Mytone and Tirfe, and almofl mid» way between the coVitinetits of Afia aiid Europe. Though Delos is not above fix rhiles in circumference, it is one of the moft celebrated of all the Grecian iflands, as being the birth-place of Apollo and Diana, the rtiagnificent ruinS of whofe temples areUill vifible. This ifland isalmoft rfeftitute of inhabitants. Paros lies between the iflands of Lnxia and Melos. Like all the other Greek illanrfs, it coiitains the moft ftriking and n\agnificcnt ruins of anti- quity ; but is chiefly renowned for the beauty and whitenefsof its marble* CtRrco, or CVthera, lies fouth*eiafl ot the Morea, and is about fifty miles in circivrnferAice, but rocky and niwntainous, and chiefly femarkable for being the favourite refidence of Venus. Santoriw is one of *he moft fouthemmofUflands in the Archipelago, «nd «^as formerly called Califta, and afterwards Thera. Though feem- fnglv coviVed with piVmice-ftones, yet, through the ind!\iflry of the in- Lbitants, who are about io,<3ob, it produces barley and wine, with fome wheat. 'One-third of the people are of t?he Latin church, and ivb-i I jeft to a popifh bifliop. Near this ifland another arofe of the fame name, [ from the iTottora of the feft, in 1 ^0^7. At the time of its birth there vva« ttt earthc imke, attended with moft dreadful lightnings and thunders, and [boilings of the fea for feveral days, fo that when it arofe out of the fea, •twasya tnere volcano, but the burning foon ceafed. It is about 200 feet above the fca; and it the time of its firft emer-ging, it was about a ftiile hroad, and five miles in circumference, but it hasfinceincrealVd. [Several other iflands of the Archipelago appear to have bad the like loriginali but thefea in their neighbourhood i& fu deep as not to be ta- Ithorhed.' ""*•■'**'♦** *i>'M**!l •. -t -■-w<8|'-hi><,4T'.^ ha;, ,Jf:%t ^f''' . . t. The famous 'Hiand ^)f UWofi^s b lituated in thetweaty-eighth degree m h- ''-■■ I>' ii 65^ TORKErS EMb#. • ."^p-^ of caft l(ingitudc, and thirty- fix degrees' thirty minutes north fatlttidd al)OUt twenty miles fouth-weft bf the, continent of Lefler Afia, bein* about fixty miles long, and twenty -five broad. This ifland h healthfyl and plcafant, and abounds in wiite, and many of the neceflaries of life . but the inhabitants import their corn from the neighbouring country' The chief tpwn, which alfo bears the name of Rhodes, is fituatcd on the fide of a hill fronting the fea, and is three miles in circumference interfperfed with gardens, minarets, churches, jrnd towert» The harbmir of Rhodes is the grand fignor's principal ar(enal for fliipping, and the place is elteemed among the ftrongeft fortrefles belonging to the Tiirks. The coloflus of brafs, which anciently flood at the mouth qf the har- bour, and was fifty fathoms wide, was defervedly accounted one of the wonders of the world : one foot being placed on each fide of the har- bour, fliips pafied between its legs; and it held ii^ one hand a light- houfc for the diredion of mariners. The face ftf the' coloflus repre- fented the fun, to whom this image was dedicated; and its height was about 135 feet. The inhabitants of this ifland were formerly mafliers of the fta ; and the Rhodian law was the direftory of the Romans in ma.i ritime affairs. The knights of St. John of Jerufalcm, after lofing Palef. tine, took. this ifland from the Turks in 13084 but lofl it to ehein \a 1 522, after a brave defence, and afterwards retired to Malta. Cavdia, the ancient Crete, is ftill renowned for its hundred cities for its being the birth-place of Jupiter, the feat of legiflature to j|l Greece, and cnany other hiftorical and political diftinftious. It lies be-" tween thirty-five and thirty-fix degrees of north latitude, being aoo miles long, and fixty broad, almoft equally diftant from Europe, Afia, and Africa, and contains 3220 fquare miles. The famous Mount Ida (lands in the middle of the ifland, aiul is no better than a barren rock; and Lethe, the river of oblivion^ is a torpid liream. Some of the val- leys of this ifland produce wine, fruits, and corn ; all of them remark- ably excellent in their kind. The fiegc of Candia, the capital of the ifland, in modern times, was far more wonderful and bloody than that of Troy. The Turks invetted it in the beginning of the year 1645; *»d their account iu keeping confuls refiding upon it ; buf the oppreP fions of the Turks have depopulated and impoveriflied it to a furpriOng degree, fo tlwt the revenue they get fron> it does not exceed lajol.jj year. The ifland produces great quantities of grapes, /fom which ex- '.vllent wine is made ; and alfo cotton ot a very tine quality is herecu!'] tivated, and oil, filk, and turpentine. Its femak inhabitants do a-^?iicr..te from lijcir ^uccftorsKii devotees to Vmasi and i'aphof,thi < vj4«. ASIA. •V .'' ■J'S ■ 6sf ■i» incient feat of pleaftire and corruption, is 6ne of the divifions 6it th»000| and tjieir ^siann^rs more feyere than fit Za^te, ,, '* «' ( I Mtff ■i- i$ Afia exceeds Europe and Africa in thei ckt6nt df its t^rrJtorieJi it is alfo fuperior to them in the ferenity of its air, the fertility its foil, the delicioufnefs of its frtiits, the fragrancy arid balfamic lualities of its plants, fpices, and gutns ; the falubrity of its drugs ) le quantity, variety, beauty, and value of its gems ; the ridhiicfs of imetals, and the ^nenefs of its filks and cottons. It wai In Afi<|^ |:cording to the facred records, that the all wife Creator planted the irdea of Eden, it) which he fo*med the firft mari and firft womaij^ 91 whom the race of mankind Was to fpring. Afia became again nurfery of the World after the deltlge, whence the defcein'dentj [Noah difperfed their various colonics into all the other parts of thd lobe. It was in Afia, that God pk^ed his once favourite people, thfi Kuttfi, whom he enlightened by revelations delivered by the pro- tts, and to whom he gave the O'ricles oi Truth. It was h&rt tha( I great and merciful work of dur redemption was accotnplinied by his ^me Son ; and it was from hencfc that tn? light of his gloridus gofpel V carried, with amazing rapidity, into all the known nations by h\4 Iciptesand followers. Here the firft Chriftian churchfes wire found- land the Chriftiail faith miraculoufly prdpagated, and cherifliefd, In with the blood of ipmimcrable martyrs. It was in Afia that the [edifices were i'earedj and the firft empires founded, while the othei* ! of the globe were inhabited only by wild animals. On all thefa lounts, this quarter claims a fuperiority over the refl ; but it muft b^ Vti that a great change baUi happened in that ps^t of -it called Tur« i:- i i^ si 65# - \ ASIA. ^ key, wWclHias loft much of its ancient fpTendour ; and from the mod populous and bcft cultivated fpot in Afia, is become a wild and un- cultivated defert. The other parts of Afia continue much in their (ViWher condition, th* Toil being as remai'kable for its fertility, as nioft ©f the iixhabitanis for their indolence, efFeminacy, and luxury. This effeminacy is chiefly owing to the warmth of the climate, though in fohie meature heightened by cuftom and education : and the fymptoms of it are more or Tefs vifible, as the federal nations are feated nearer or farther from the north. Hence the Tartars, who live near the fame latitudes with us, are as brave, hardy, ftrong, and vigorous, as any Eui^pean nation. What ii wanting in the robuft fraifie of their bodies among the Chinefe, Mogul-Indians,, and all the inhabitants of the moft fouthern regions, is in a great meafure made up to them by the vivacity cif their minds, and ingenuidr in various kinds of workmanfliip, uhlch our moil flcilful mechanics have in vain endeavoured to imitate. >;; Thia vaft extent of territory was fucceffively governed, in part times, by the AflTyrians, the Medes, the Perfians, and the Greeks; but the imtneHfe regions of India and China were little known to Alexander or the conquerors of the ancient world. Upon the decline of thofe em- {►ires, great part of Afia fubmitted to the Roman arms ; and afterwards, I ti the middle ages, the facctflbrs of Mahomet, or, as they were ufiially itatled, Saracens, founded in Afia, in Africa, and in Europe, a'more ex- tenfive empire than that of Cyrus, Alexander, or even thr Roman, when in its height t)f power. The Saracen greatnefs ended with the death of Tamerlane; and the Turks, concjiTerors on every fide, took poiftffion of the middle regions of Afia, which they ftill enjoy. Befidtij the countries poflefled by the Turk* and Ruflians, Afia contains, atl prefent, three large empires, the Chinefe, the Mogul, and the Perfian J upon wtich the lefler kingdoms lEnd fovereignties of Afia generally dej pend. The prevailing form of government, in thii divifion of the| globe, is abfolute monarchy. If any of its inhabitants can be faid tc enjoy fome fliare of liberty, it is the wandering tribes, as the Tartan and Arabs. Manv of the Aliatic nations, when the Dutch firft camd among them, could not conceive how it was polfible for any people tJ live under any other form of government than that of a defpotic mo[ narchy. Tihkey, Arabia, Perfia, part of Tartary, and part of India] profcls Mahometanifm. The Perfian and Indian Mahometans are( the feft of Hali, and the others of that of Omar ; but both own i hornet for their lawgiver, and the Koran for their rule of faith and lift In the dlher parts of Tartary, India, China, Japan, and the Afiaiii iilands, they are generally heathens and idolaters. Jews are to b fmind every where in Afia. Chriftianity, though planted here\ri| Wonderful rapidity by the apoftles and primitive fathers, fufferedana moft total eclipfe by the conquefts of the Saracens, and afterwards i . the. Turks ; incredible indeed have been the hazards, perils, and fuifej Ings, of the cathoKc miifionaries, to propagate their doftrines in if moft diftant regions, and among the grofleft idolaters ; but their laboid have hitherto failed of fuccefs, owing in a great meafure to the avariij cruelty, und injuftice, of the European, who refort thither in fearchj wealth and dominion. - The principal laitguages fpoken in Afia are, the modern Greek,! Turkish, the Ruffian, the Tartarian, the Perfian, the Arabic, theMJ layan, the Clithefe, and the Japanefe. The European languages 3 alfo fpoken uport the coafts of India and China. The continent of Afi% is fituated bet\veen twenty-five aud ir I ,.. V "-tt ■•'S^ .,jk. ;j'i "i-iii^ - China I Nstolia M(«jpota l'{i *c or Chgldea Georgia* An'theiflam '^i.belDneiafi i ^'^^'^ AslAi-^^^"^ fes9 of north latitude. It is about 4740 miles in length, from the Darc^a- ncllcs oa Ihe weft, to the eaftera ilipre of Tartaty^^ and about^^So miles in bt^tftdth, from the moft fouthern part .of Malacca, to the moll northern cape of Nova 2ertibla..It is"toqndcd by the Frozen Ocean oA the north ; on the weft it li feparated from Africa by the Red Sea, and from Eiirop^ by the Leviint or Mediterranean, the Archipelago, thf HeUefpont, the fea of M^nnorji, the Bofporus^ the BliAckSea, ijie rii- rer Don, and a line drawn from it to the river Tobol, and from thence to the river Oby, which falls into the Frozen Ocean. On the eaft, it is bounded by the Pacific Ocean, or South Sea, which feparates it froni America ; aiid on the foiith, by the Indian Qcean ; fo that it is almofl furrounded by the fea, The principal regiohi wl^ich divide this coun* try i(re as follows : ,i f Rttfflii" Chinefe Mogulean Indtpead. I Nations. The bounelhi Siam Pegu Ifpahan Miscea Aleppo JcrufaJci'i ,„, „_Burfa 01 ''■95.^|Sinyrna 27iOOO Diarbeck 5O1400 Bagdad 55,000 Erzerum a5,6oo!Tefli» •°5\ *3,9 :i: *°5l *3,900j Mouful * ' I i j ■ ■ » II ■■ ■ i .r iw jm i j' i ^M I'll Uilb. ano ring Lund fiearing m.'Li D.H. vf time fVom London ai6oN.E. 448oN.£. (806 E: 4310 43«oS.£ 37108. E 5040 S. B< 4 10 bef 8 4 bef. 5 40 bef. 4 36 bef. 7 14 bef. S 16 bef. I 1 44 be^. Religion. fi. : \ 1 dh.«cl*agi Pagans Pagans Pagans Pagans Mah.&P Pag.&rM 1460 S.E. 3 20 bef. 16408 E. 2 s* bef. Mahom. MahoOI. i86oS.E.l2 30 bef.jCh.&Ma iQZoS.E 2 t4 bef. [440 ^.£. I 48 bef. 2060 S.E. 56 bef. 2240 S. B 3 04 bef. 'I *i 36o S.E. -s 44 bef Ujto E. 3 »o bef. 222C Ep J ^ btf. Ch.&Ma g.. Mahom Mctahs with ► fome few Chrif- tiaiiB. Mihom Alltheiflan4s of Ada ^Kcept Cyprus, already defo-ibed in the Le» K belongiag td the Tin'ks):iic'in; thla Piciflc or l^i|n% Oceaii, tfi«i ' ' ^ Ceorgii liai buff pat itfelf under the prvte^ion ^ KuiHa, Uu a ch the principal,. i|r)iere the Eyr^peiQi trade pr have fettlements, arf. iibwds.' The Japaoefe iflet . The LtidroMs S. MiU». Towns, ,;,.»)/ eddo, MfCactf.' •' « uara - - ' . . Formofk Tai-ouan-fou - - Ani«n • Kiontthe^w - - The P^ilippiiMt ManillA * * - lii« Molucca, or CWe iflet Vidori* Fort, TqrnaU The Banda, or Nutmeg iflcs Lantur - - • » Atnboyna VAirroundmg ( Amboyha •• *''**\. Ccli^bea {■ the Molucca^ < Macaffcr ■' * If* ■'■» Gilolo,&c. ) Danda ifles ( G^lolo - • 'Chin« Spain Dutch Dutch Dutch Dutch Dutch All Nation* Englifli and Dutch Dutch All Nation! Dutch " , Ail Nation* EngUfli *C-^' :. '■ Ma . ""^^'^^n.iHTURKET ■:v'6iftp'f'';^fj i. I ^,«|TUATIdN ANO BXTEMT * * «" Miles. ', Miles. ■ t Dcgreei. f ':. ♦ 8q. JLenethf 1000 ") i„..„^^ C 27 and 46 eaft longitude. 1 ,. o . Wdtfa, 800 i ^f^ [ »8 and 45 north laTitude. } 5«o.8»o. f TJotJNDARiEs.D Bounded by the Black Sea and CirQflia oni • the North ; by Perfia on the Eaft ; by Arabiil ttnd the Levant Sea, on the South; and by the Archipelago, thel Hellefpont, and Propontis^ which feparatc it from Europe, on tbel ' uDIviiionSi -r.^ ^^.^.'Subdivlfion«».;.Ji h^ V Chief Towns. ' f t-EyWc Arabia, or Chaldea BafTora aiid Bagdad. '**'^*^'"l'*"*'' ' I 2. Diarbec, or Mefopotamia Diarbec, Orfa, &c. *rhe eaftern " 3' C"'^*^""* *»^ Aflyria Mouful and Betlis. orovinces are"^ ^' Turcomania, or Armenia Erzerum and Van. , " I 5. Georgia, including Min- 1 Teflia, Armarchia, & I 1 „sH4 \ ■ j grelia and Iwiaretta, and > nie. Burfa, Nici, Smp^ . *a n'**^"'' L part" 0^ Cirpa^a. ..JandEphafjjs, .., Natolia, or the '' N^*°>^* Propcr^;:: 1 Amafia, Trapczond, LelTer Afia, < a. AmaflBT rr^*— ^j'/r, «<* Sihope. lontheweft. | . L (.1/ cr ,r« |'/^; 1 . .V,-.^ — «-rHj»t- " j-gv AJadal T a 'y . i yi ff f ? ^ -AjaTOO and Mawf. ' ' <*«; « '^M .'■ t4-Caramanii .jrK'jitr'v Sat^lia and Tcraflb. -**^*^rW 1^ the Hotv Tanrf- • 4 cu8,Tyre,Sidon,Trpc .f TURKEY i» EURbPE^ a5»p' ASIA. •.n"' ■'", tpeiQs trade or «switb,qri|«iougii n :h :h ch ch «h : Nation! (U(h and Dutch tch Nations tch 1 Nations gWh -'1:i {Tia ^ t 9q. Miles. and CirwfiPa on I : Eaft ; by Arabiij Archipelago, thel Europe, c^ithel Ihief Towns. , . aiid Bagdad, pc, Or fa, &c,, jI and BetiWi Ijtn and Van. . Armarchia, U ' jurfa, Nici, Smp»| Iphefu8,,j. :: b!c ^a, Trapciond, SiijiQpe. Ho-^i- ■'»*■* ■ lo and Marat and T duces ah the luxuries of life in the iitmoft ^buiidance, notwithflanding i\^e indolence of its owijiers. Raw ^k, corn, wine, oil, honey, fruit of evdry fpeCies, coffee, myrrh, frankincehfe, and odoriferous plants and drugs, are natives here almoft without culture, which is pratElifed chiefly by Gr^ek and Arn^enian Chriftians. Th^ bliyes, citrons, lemons, o- nitges, figs, and dates, producetl in thefe provinces, are highly delici- ous, and in fuch plenty, that they cofl the inhabitants a mere trifle, and, it is faidf in fon^e places nothing. Their afp^ragus is often a6 large as a man's leg, and thear graphs far exceed thofe of other countries in large- hefs. in fhort, nature ha^ brought all her productions here to the highefl perfection. 4^NiMAL PRODtcTiotts BY } The fame may be faid of their an!- SEA ANp LAND. |mals. The breed of the Turkifh an4 Arabian lidrfes, the tatter efpecially, are v.aluabje beyond amr in the Vortd,and have confiderably improved thai of the Englifh. We know of no quadrupeds that; are peculiar to thefe countlfes, but they contain all that Art nec^fTary for the ufe of mankind. Camels are here in much requeit, from their ftrength, their agility, and, above all, their modera- tion in eating and drinking, which is greater than that of any other known animal. Their manufacture, known by the name of camlets, was originally made by a mixture of camel's hair and filk, though it is now often made with Woo) and filk. Their kids and (heep are ex- quifite eating, and are faid to furpafs, in flavour and tafte, thofe ot Europe: but their butchers' meat in general, beef particularly, is not fo fine. .*■.-, -V As to birds, ihily Hive Wild fowl in great perfection: their oftriches sre well known by their tallnefs, fwiftnefs in running, and ftupidity. The Roman epicures prized no fifli, except lampreys, mullets, and byiiers, but thofe that were found in Afia,. MfiTAts AND MINERALS.] This country contains all the metals that are to be found in the richeft kingdoms and provinces in Europe ; and its medicinal fpfings and b^ths exceed thofe pf any ii^ the known world. .-■ jrt.-s^t.'^'ij; Of iHB TURi^s IV i;u?;oP5: ^wt* ajha/ .^. Population, INHABITANTS, manners,') J. HE population of thig CUSTOMS, AND DIVERSIONS. ^ great country is by np \ means equal either to its extent or fertility, nor have the beft geo- l^rauh^r^ been ablf |o ^certain it, becaufe of the , uncertainty of iu a i;-'> <»: t^ TUBLKjEY IK EUROPE av^ ASIA. limitt^ It certainly »8 not fo great 99 it was befprp the CbrlftUn on, or eyen under the Roman eitipetorji owing to y^lous caufcs, and, Above alf, to the tyranny under which the natives live, and their poly, gamy, which is undoubtedly an enemy to population, as may be evinced from many reafons ; and particularly, becaufe the (ireeki aii(| Armenians, among \yhom it i| not urafliiea,^ are incomparibly mfcre prolific than the Tvirks, notwithftawuing the ri^id fubjeftion in wlucl^ they arc Kept by the latter. The plague is another caufe of dcpopuU- tion. The Turkifli empe^^i how^yc^, :^^5 |»,o|w fu^jejjti ^han any two ^European princes. .' ". ' ' J^s to the inhabitants, they arc genefariy well madi^ and robuft mep ; when J^o^ng, their, complexions are fair, Ind their faces hand fome; their hair and eyes are black Qf dark brown. 'The women, when young, ar^ comrponjy bandrome, but they generally loo^k old at thirty. ^^ their ; where they fit converfing with their women, drinking coffee, fir.pking tobacco, or chewing opium. They have little curiofity to be inlormed of the ftatc of their own, or any other country. If a vifier, bafliaw, or other oflacer, is turned out, or ftrangled, they fay no mpre on the occafion, than^at there will be a new vifier or governor, •feldom in. quiring into the reafon of the difgrace of the former minifltr They are peifeA ftraneers to wit and agreeable converfationi Tliey hjvS few printed bocfes, aim feldom read any other than th« JCoran, and tha nents upon it. Nothing is negotiated in Turkey without pre- cc fents ; and here juftice may commonly be bought and fold. The Turks dine about eleven o'clock in the forenoon, and they fup at«^ve in the winter and fix in the fummer, and this is their principal | meal. Among the great people, their diflies are ferved up one by one; but they have neither kwife nor fork, and they are not permitted by I their religior* to ufe gpld or filver fpoons. Their vifluals are always I high feafohed. Rice i^ the common food of the lower fort, and feme- tiities it is boiled up with gravy ; but their chief difh is pilau, which is I ntutton arid fowl boiled to rags; and the rice being boiled quite dry, the foup is iilgh feafoned, and poured uppn it. T'ley drink waterJ flierbet, and coffee ; and the only debaudh they know is in opiuin, which gives them fenfations refeinbling thofe ci' into;(lcation. Guelis| TURKEY m EUROPE and ASIAr- 6^ of high rank fometimes have their bear4i perfumed by a femala^ve of the family. Th«v are temperate aivd folier from a principle of their religion, which forbids them the uCt of wine; though in private many of them indulge themfelves in the ufc of flrong liquors. Their com- mon falutation is by an fnclinatiou of the head, and laying their right liand on their bread. They fteep in I'lj^n waiftcoats and drawers, upon mattrefles, ancj cover themlclves with a quilt. Few or none o/ the confiderable inhabitants of this vaft empire have any notion of walking or riding either for health or diverfion. The mod religious among them 6nd, however, fufficient exercife when they conform themlclves to the frequent ablutions, prayers, and rites prefcribed them by Mahomet. . ^ Their aftive diverfions confift in fliooting at a mark, or tilting it with darts, at which they are very expert. Some of their great men are fond of hunting, and take the field with numerous equipages, which are joined by their inferior*, but this is often done for political pur- pofes, that they may kjiow the flrength of their dependeius. Within, doors, the chefs or draught board are their ufual amufements : and it never t)et money, that being prohibited they play at chance games,, they nev bythcKorMK --^'^^^ ■ ■■^/ ^f Dress.I *The men (have their 1 'Dress.] "The men fhave their heads, leaving a lock on the crown, and wear their beards long. They cover their heads with a turban, aiidj jieverput it off but when they lleep. Their fliirts ai-e without collar or wriftband, and over them they throw a long veft, which they tie with a fafli, and over the veft they wear a looie gown fomewhat fliorter., Their breeches, or drawv.j, are of a piece with their dockings ; and in* (lead of (hoes they wear flippers, which they put off when they enter a< temple or houfe. They fuffer no Chriftians, or other people, to wear white turbans. The drefs of the women differs little from that of the men, only they wear fliffened caps upon their heads, with horns foqne- thinglike a mitre, and wear their hair down. \Vhen they appear abroad, they are fo muffled up as not to be known by their neareft re- lation. Such of the women as are virtuous make no ufe of paint to heighten their beauty, or to difguife their complexion ; but they often* tinge their hands and feet with ienaaf which gives them a deep yel-. low. The men make ufe of the fame expedient to colour their beards. Marriages.] Marriages in this country ate chiefly negotiated by the ladies. When the terms are agreed upon, the bridegroom pays ^own a fum of money, a licence is taken out from the cadi, or proper ma- giftrate, and the parties are married. The bargain is t^brated, as in. other nations, with mirth and jollity; and the money Is generally em- I ploy'ed in furnifliing the houfe of the young couple. >Q?hey are not al- lowed by their law more than four wives, out tM^ may have as many, concubines as they can maintain. The wealthy Turks, therefore, be- , fides their wives, keep a number of women in their harams, or, as they are impri)perly called in Europe, their feraglios. But all thefe indul- gences are fometimes infufiicient to reflrain their unnatural defires. , FuNERAfcs.] The burials of the Turks are decent. The corpfe i| attended by the relations, chanting paflages from the Koran ; and after being depofrted in a nwfque (fo»fo they call their temples), they are bu- Iried in a Held by theiman or pried, who pronpunces a funeral fermon latthetimeof the interment. The male relations exprefs their for- I row by alms and prayers ; the women, by decking the tomb on cer- jUin days with flowers and gfeen leaves ; an4 in mourning for a huf» . -u U u A ■> I M - 11 '■ n ipt 61^ TURKEY IN EUROPE AKD ASIA J: band, they wear a pa^tjcuUr he«4:4^*> ""'^ '^^^ ^''^ ^'^ finery for tMrelve months. .. . ; . ^ Rbli^ion.] The eftabllfhed religion ii the IVjIaliometan, fo called f^'oiKi Mahomet, tne author of it, feme account of whom the reader will find in the following hiftonr of Arabia, jjhe native country of that im. pbftor. The Turks profeft ro bd of the fcft of Omar; but thclc arc iplit into as many fe^aries ^ ihcjr neighboun the Chriftians. There Is no ordination dmong their clergy ; any perfon may be a pried that pleafes to take the habit, and perform the functions of hi» order, and may lay down his ojfice when he plejafcs. Their chief pricft, or mufti, feems to ♦^ave great power in the ftatp. ,. .^, PCCX.E8IA8TICAI, iKiTiTUTioKs > Thc Turkidi government nav! ,g OF CHRISIIAN9. ) formed thefe mto part of its fi. pftnces, they are tolerated whert they are mpft profitable ; but the hard. are indulged, according as thev pay for their privilege, with a civil as ^eH as an ecclefiaftical authority over their votaries. The fame may be faid of tlie Ncftorian and Armenian patriarchs j and every great city that can pay for the privilege, has its archbifliop or bifliop. All male Chriftians pay alfo a capii^tion tax from feventeen year* old to fixty, according to their ftations. • ~ '"'... i... .^..V I^ANGUAGE ] The radical languages of this empire arc the Splavo- nian. "which feems to have been the mother-tongue of the ancient TufKS ; the Greek ntodernifed, but flill bearing a relation to the old language ; the Arabic and the Syriac, a dialed of which is ftill fpokeo, A njecimch of the modern Greek follows in their paternofter : Pater hemas^ epios ifo ecs tos ouranous : hagiafiliito to ouoma/ou : na ertHu hajillafou: to lllelrma fcu na genetex itzon eu to ge^ ps if ton ouranon: it pffomi hemas doze herpes fcmoren : Itejichorafe hemos ta crlmata hemon itzne, ktf }^mas Jickorajomen ekinoui opou hemas adiioun : ka meu terues hemas ii t» firafmoy aUa/ofon hemas apo to kaxd. Amen* Learninq and learned men.] TheTurkstill of late profcffed a fovcrejgn contt'mpt for our learnmg. Greece, which was the native crtuhtry of genius, arts, and fciences, produces at prefent, bcfide* Turks, numerous bands of Chriftian bifliops, priefls, and monks, who il> gf'weral are as ignorant as the Turks themfelves, and are divided into various abfurd fe«s of what they call ChriRianity. The education of the Tiirks feldom extends farther than reading the Turkifli language, anyi the Koran, and writing a common letter. Some of them under- hand aftrOnomy, fp far a$ to? "calctilate the time of an eclipfe ; but the number of thpfe' being very pn^i^jthe^ja^q. lopj^edj iij^op asutraordir, ■ nary perfons. ' .';'/■•,,/"•'"','"'",'.- V -.., •''■'" ^j'ANTitiuiTiEs AND ctiRjosiTiEj, I THcfc arc fp varimis, that they * '■ NAtu^AL ANii ARTiFicj^L, J h^ve furnifhed matter for many vplumihops puhlkiilidn^, an3 bthej-s are appearing every day. Theiel countries contaihed jill tha^ wa? rich and magnificent, in architeAiire J and fcXilpture; and neither the barbar^y of the Turks, nor the depre- dations they have fuftered from the Europeans, feem to have dinii< nTfhed thelf number. Th^y are piore or lefs perfeft, according tothel air, foil, or climaje, in \vhlch they (tand, and all of them bear deplo- rable "marks of t}cglcin?. Amldft fiich a vail variety oj( curioGUcf, , we fliall felcft fome of ihc moft ftriking. , , ,;^, fi. ^,.; r ',; ,; i.4 » Baltic is fituated on a riflng plain, between T^polif In Synt,' and* Dainafcus, at thi foot of Mount Lil)anus, and is the Heliopoli^ f : Coelo-Syria. Its rem lins of antiquity difplay) according to the beft , judges, the bolded plan, that ever was attempted in archtteAure. , The portico of the temple of Hetiopolis is inexprefltbly fuperb, tbougn disfigured by two Turkifh towers. The hexrjonal court be* ^ hind it is now known only by the magnificence of Its ruins. Tlut , wills were adorned with Corinthian pilafters and ftatues, and it opens fi into a quadrangular court of the fame tafte and grandeur. The great II lemple to which this leads is now fo ruined, that it is known only by an entablature, fupported by nine lofty columns, each confifling of, three pieces, joined together by iroii pins, without cement. Some of, thofe pins are a foot long, and a foot in diameter; and th le are There :ft that :r, and multi* fc,g f its fi. ie hard> ; ditpofe itinople, clr heads a civU as tmc may great city All male , to fixtyi ve Sclavo. e ancient :o the old ill fpokea, r: Md erliit uranon: I* mon itzoM, hemas is tt profeffed a the native |nt, befide» ^onks, who ivided into lucation of h language, \tm under* but the 666 TyRKEY IN EUROPE and ASIA. lonnade extending 4000 feet in length, terminated by a noble mauieleivm temples, fine porticos, periftyles, intercolumniations, and entablatures' ali of them in the hiehe(> f*yle, and finiflied with the moft beautiful ma' terials, appear on all hands, but fo difperfed and disjointed, that it i$ iq^polDbie from them to form an idea of the whole when pcrfe(5^. Thefc iJrikiog ruins are contrafted by the miferable huts of the wild Arabs, who reiide in or near them. ' J^othing but ocular proof could convince any man, that fo fuperb a c|ty, formerly ten miles in circumference, could exift in the midft of what now are trafts of barren uninhabitable fands. Nothing iiowever is.n)ore certain than that Palmyra was formerly the capital of a great kingdom ; that it was the pride as well as the emporium of the eaJlera world, and that its merchants dealt with the Romans and the weltern nations, for the merchandifes and hixuries of India and Arabia. Its prcfent altered fituation, therefore, can be accounted for only by natural caufei, which have turned he moft fertile tra^s into barren dcfeits. The Afiatics think that Ppimyra, as well as Balbec, owes its original to Splwmon ; and in this they reeeivt fome countenance ffom facred hif. tory. In profane hiftory it is not mentioned before the time of Maic -Antony ; and its moft fuperb buildings are thought to be of the lower empire, about the time ot Gallienus : Odenathus, the laft king of Palmy. ra, was highly carefled by that emperor, and even declared Anguftiij, His widow, Zenobia, reigned in great glory for fome time; and Longi- nus, the celebrated critic, was her fecretary. Not being able to br»)olt the'^Roman tyranny, (lie declared war againft the emperor Aurelian, who took her priioner, led her in triumph to Rome, and butchered her prin- cipal nobility, and among others the excellent Longinus. He after- "sviju-ds deftroyed her city, and maflacred its inhabitants, but expended large fums out of Zcnobia's treafures in repairing the teniple of tiie Suu, the majeftic ruins of which have been mtiitioned. None of the Palmyrene infcriptions reach above the Chriftian jera, though there can be no doubt that the city itfelf is of much higher antiquity. The emperor Juftinian made fome efforts to reftore it to its antjent fpl . dor, but without effeft, for it dwindled, by degrees, to its prefent wretched ftate. It has been obferved, very juftly, that l:-". arch.tefture, and the proportions of its columns, are by no means equal in purity to thofe of kilbec. Nothing can be more futile than the boafted antiquities fliown by the Greek and Armenian priefts in and near Jerufalem, which is well known to have been fo often razed to the ground, and re-built ancw^ that no fcene of our Saviour's life anti fufferings car be afcertaincd; and yet thofe ecclefiaftics fubfift by their forgeries, and pretending to guide travellers to every fpot mentioned in ^he Old and New Tefta- ment. They are, it is true, under fcvere contributions to the Turks, but the trade ftill goes on, though much diminiftied in its profits. The Vhurch of the Holy Sepulchre, as it is called, faid to be built by Kelt- mother to Conftantine the Great, is ftill ftanding, and of tolerable na good architefture ; but i's different divilions, and the difpofitioiis made round it, are chiefly calculated to fupport the forgeries of its kteptrs, Other churche? built by the fame lady are found in Paleftine; biit the country is fo altered in its appearance and qualities, that it is one oftlie moft de.fpicablB of any in Afia, and it is in vain for a modern travelltrto .attempt to trace in it any veftigt-s c^f the kingdom of David and Solo-j nion. But the moft fertile country, abandoned to tyranny and «il(| Arabs, muft in time become a defert. Thus opprelfion foon thinned TURKEY IN EUROPE and ASIA. 667 the delicious plains of Italy ; and the noted countries of Greece and Afia the Lefs, once the glory of the world, arc now nearly deftitut^ pf learnhig, arts, and people. , ' w, ♦i - v- 1 Mecca and Medina arc curiofitJfcs only through the fuperftition or the >Iahometans. Their buildings are mean, when compared to European haufes or churches ; and even the temple of Mecca, in point of archi- te^ure, makes but a furry ajipearance, though erected on the fpot where the great prophet is faid to have been born. The fame may be faid of the mofque at Medina, where that impoftor was buried ; fo that the vaft fums fpent yearly by Mahometan pilgrims, in vifiting thofe places, are undoubtedly converted to temporal ufes. Between the rivers Euphrates jind Tigris, where fome fuperflitious and vifionary people have fought the fituation of Paradife, there are fome trafts which undoubtedly de- (ervc that name. The different ruins, fome of them inexpreffibly mag^ hificent, that are to be found in thofe immenfe regions, cannot be ap- propriated with any certainty to their original founders ; fo great is the Ignorance in which they have been buried for thefo thoufand yeais paft. It is, indeed, eafy to pronounce whether the ftyle of their build- ings be Greek, koman, or Saracen : but 9II other information rnuil foine from their Jnfcripti*. -s. The neighbourhood of Smyrua (now called Ifmir) contains many vtlu^ble antiquities. The fame may be faid of Aleppo, and a number of other places, celebrated in antiquity. The fite of old Troy cannot bedi^ftinguiflied by the fmalleft vcftige, and is known only by its being oppofite to the ifle of Tenedos, and the name of a brook which the poets piagnified into a wonderful river. A temple of marble, built in jionour of^Aeuftus Cjefar, at Milaflb, in Caria, and a few ftruftures of the (atne l^ind in the neighbourhood, are among the antiquities that »re ftill entire. Three theatres of white marble, and a noble circuft DMr Laodicea, now Latichea, have fuffered very little from time or bjirbarifm ; and fome travellers think they difcern the ruins of the cele- brate temple of Diana, near £ph«fus> Chief cities, mosques, and 1 Thefe are very numerous, and, at OTHER BUILDINGS. (the fame time, very infignificant, j bjcaufcthey have little ar no trade, and are greatly decayed from their ancient grandeur. Scanderoon Hands upon the fite of old Alexandria, but it is now almoft depopulated. Superb ri'?riiains of antiquity are found ill its neighbourhood. Aleppo, however, preferves a refpe 'hW 66^ TURKEY iM PURQP^ and ASIA;' rous here, and tranfaft their buflncfs in caravanferas, dr large fq'ua,g buiWings, containing their warthoufeSj lodging rooms, and comptine. houfes. This city abounds in neat, and fdme of ♦hem magnmfcent mofxji^es, public bagnios, v/hlch are Ver/ refrdihing, and bazar? or market places, which ar? formed into' long, narrow, arched, or tover. ed ftreets, with little fhops, as in' other pkrts'(if the Eaft. Tlieircof. fee is excellent, and confiderCd' by the Turks as a high luxury j and their fvreetmeats and w-uits are delicio'us. European merchants Ijve fcerfe in freater fplertdour ahd fa£^ty than frt any other city of the Tarkifh empire, which is diving td particular capitulations withtlie Porte. Coaches or Carriages are 'hot ufed here, but perfons of quality ride on horfeback, with a number of fervants befbre'them, accordinj to thefr rank. The Endifll, Ffeiich, and Dutch, have confuls, who are much refpt&td, and appear abfoad, jhe Enelifli efpecially, with marks of;diftinftion. ^^ ' "r^'Jj '^' ^^f f ^ *'^^' *^ ' ^'^^ The heat of the country makes it c'onrveniem: for the inhabitants to fleep In the open air, here, all over Arabia, and many other parts of the Eafl ; for which feafon the^f houfes are flat on the rop. This praftice accounts for the carfy acqiiuiniantb ihofe nation's had with aftronomy ihd the motions of the beavenljr bodies, and evpbirts fome parts of the fcripture. A^ the Turks are vei'y uniform in their way of Hvihg, this account of Aleppo may give ■h, and feven broad. The circumference of the place is not more than a mile; and a half, and Chriftians and Mahometans make up the number of «bout five hundred. Some of the ruins of ancient Tyre are ftill vifible. ,The pavements of the old city, Mr. Bruce tells us, he faw, and obferves tliatthev were feven feet and a half lower than the ground upon which thsprelwit city ftands. Faffing by Tyre (fays our author, who defervcs M: m' 6)9 TURKEY IK EUROPE and ASIA. i? w much pfaife for fome happy ehicklationi of fctiphire), T came to be t mournful witncft of the truth of that prophecy, * That Tyre, Qgernof Nations, fliould be a rock for fifhen to dry th«ir nets on * '. j^q wretched fifltermeni with miferable nrti, havirtt luft given over Hieir occupation, with very littlcf fliccefN, I engaged tnem, at the expctifeof their nets, to drag in thofe places, where they faid fliell-fi(h mirht bs caught, in hopes to have brought out one of the famous p\rrple fdh. I did not fiKceed, but in this I was, I believe, as lucky as the old fiOieri had ever been. The purplefifh at Tyre feenns to have been only a con- •ealment of their knowledge of cochineal, as, had they depended upon the Hd) for their dye, if the whole city of Tyre applied to nothing ehe but finiing, they would not have coloured twenty yards of cloth in t year f. NatoHa, or Afia Minor, comprehending the ancient provincas of Ly. dia, Pamphylia, PifuiiH, Lycaonia, Cilicia, Cappadocia, and Pontui •r Amafia ; all of them territories celebrated ifi the Greek and Roman hlAory, are now, through the Turkish indolence and tyranny, either forfaken, or a theatre of ruins. The fttes of ancient cities are hill dif. cernible ; and fo luxqrious is nature in thofe countries, that in many |>i«ces file triumphs over hen forlorn condition. The felfifli Turks cul> tivate no more land than maintains themfelves, and their gardens and fummer-houfes fill u» the circuit of their moft flourifhing cities. The moft judicious travellers, upon an attentive furvey of thofe countries, fiillv vindicate all that has been faid by facred and profane writers of their beauty, ilrength, fertility, and population. Even Paiefline arid Judasa, the moft defpicable at prefent of all thofe countries, lie buried within the luxuries of their own foil. The Turks feem particularly fond of reprefenting it in the moft dreadful colours, and hatve formed • thoufantl falfehoods concerning it, which being artfully propagated by fome among ourfelvcs, have impofed upon weak ChriftiansJ. CoMMBKci AMD MANUFACTVRRs.] Thcfc obje^s are little attended to in the Turklfli dominions. The nature of their government deftrayt that happy fecurity which is the mother of arts, induftry, and com. merce; and fuch is the dcbafement of the human mind, when borne down by tyranny and oppreilion, that all the great advantages of com- merce, which nature has as it were thrown under the feet of the inha- bitants by their fituation, are here totally ncglefted. The advantages , e^Tyre, Sidon, Alexandria, and all thofe countries which carried oitj the commerce of llie ancient world, are overlooked. The Turks com- mand the navigation of the Red Sea, which 6pens a communication to I the fouthern ocean, and prefents them with all the riches of the Indies,] , ' l;\ ■« > ■ • ■ t ' '■ J r{ ■ , : .1 -,,'.,. .ill ...,•., . ♦ Bin. chap. xxvl. 5. ;, t Bmcc'* Travelt, vol. 1. IntroduAion, p. lix. ^ I The late reverend Dr. Shaw, profeffor of Creek at Oxford, who feemitojufflj txAmioed tkai country with an uncommon degree nt acruracy, and was (jiulified br I (hel'ooiideU philofophy to muke the moA jud shletvatious, iUv*, thar, «eic the Holfl land as well cultivated a« in former tiniCK, it would be mi re fertile than the very bdl {arts of Syria and Phoenicia, bccaulc the foil it generally much richer, aAd, cv^ry thingl onfidereu, yields iar^er crop*. Theref• uticnly a con- nded upon othing ehe cloth in t ncasofLy. snd Pontui, and Roman mny, either are ftill dif. lat in many \ Turks cul- gardens and cities. The fc countries, le writers of Paleftine and es, lie buried n particularly , have formed 1y propagated inianst' little attended ment deftroys ry, and com- , when home itages of com- 't of the inha; [he advantages lich carrifii on I [c Turks com- I muni cation to of the Indies, |>hofeeniito,lnn I wii quaiificd hi Lr, »ere the Holj fthanthcterybrt |,ahil, everything L, of which fotns If the country, Iwt lor g the fcw*l» I prince* who fliw Imtiou to cultivait L tl'C hulbindraijl libei of the fwi* lap (h« huv(ft< Whoever locki on t m»p of Turkey, mud admire rh« fltiiatlon of their capital, upon a narrpw (trait that fepat-ateit Euro|>e from Aria, aiKlcom« nninicates on the fouth with the Mediterninean i'ca, thereby opcnine « pilTage to all the European nntiunu hi well a« tlie coafi of Africa. Tlie fame Hroit, communicating norrhwar might endanger the commerce of their neighbours, efpeciallv thdr trade with India. Constitution AND ooveaNMKNi.l The TurkiiU government i« commonly e.xhibited as a pi^ure of all that is fliockiug and unnatural in arbitrary power. But from the late accounts of fir James Porter, iifh» ^ftded at the Porte, in quality of ambalTador from bi« Britannic ou* jfdy, it appears, that the rigours of that dcfpotic government are cnnfidcrably moderated by the power of religion. For though in thia empire there is no hereditary fucceiTion to property, the rights of indi- viduals may be rendered fixed and fecure, by being annexed to the cliurch, which is done at an inconfidcrable expenf'e. Even J^ws and Chridians may in this manner iiecure the enjoyment of their lands to the lited poflerity ; and fo facrcd and inviolable has this law been held, that there is no inftance of an attempt on the fide of the prince to trefpafsor reverfe it. Neither does the obfervance of this inftitution altogether depend on the fuperftitioii of the ftiltan ; he knows that anv attempt to vinjate it would (hake the foundations of his throne, which is (oleiy fiipported by the laws of religion. Were he to tranlkrefs thefc laws, he would become an infidel, and ceafe to be the lawful fovereign. The fame obfervation extends to all the rules laid down in the Koran, which wasdefif^ned by Mahomet both as a political code and as a religious fy- liein. Tlie laws there eimt^ed, having all the force of religious preju- dices to fupport them, are inviolable; and by them the civil rights of the Mahometans are regulated. Even the comments on this book, which explain the law where it is obfcnre, or extend and complete what Mahomet had left imperfe<5V, are conceived to be of equal validity with the firft inftitutions of the prophet : and no memb«r of the fociety, however powerful, can tranfgrefj them without cenfiire, or violaie them |*irhout puniflinient. The Afiatic Turks, or rather fubjefts of the Turkifli empire, who [Bold their pofTelfions 1/ a kind of military tenure, on Conditioo of their nerving in the field with a particular number of men, -think themfelvei. ■li' TURlCEV III ElJROPE iiNb^ASIA. ?,^i+ yi}^\^ th^lMSiform that agrtement, aliridft independent of the frnperof^ vrho feldem calls for the head of the efllM 4f a fubje£b, who is not an immediate feri^ant of the court. The mod unliais^y fubjeds of the Turklfb government are thofc \»ho approach the highell dignities of flatey and lithofe fortunes are conftatitly ezpofed to fudden aherations and depend-on this breath. of their nfafter. There is a gradation of great ofiicer^ in Turkey, of #hont the vifio*, or prime minifter ;' the chuya fecblid in power to the vifierj the reia eflfendi, or fecretary of ftatc, and the a^ of the janifaries, are the nOoft confiderable. Thefe, as well as the mufti, or hizh prieft, thehtaftiawi or governors of provinces, the cilnl judges, »nd many others, are commonly raifed, by thrtr appjica. tion and afliduity, from the meaneil (lations in life, and are ohtn the children of Tartar or Chriftian flavcs taken in war. Tutored in the fchool of adverfity, and arriving at pre-eminence through athoufand difficulties and dangers, thefe men are generally as dilUnguiflied for abilities, as deficient in virtue. They poflefs all the diffimulation, in. trigue, and corruption, which often accompanies ambition in a humble rank, and they have a farther reafon for plundering the people, becaufe they are uncertain how long they may poffefs the dignities to whiclv they have attained. The adminiftration of juUice, therefore, is extreme- ly corrupt over the whole empire \ but this proceeds from the manners of the judges, and not irom the law^s of the kingdom, which are found- ed upon very eqaitaWe principles. Revemvbs.] The riches drawn from the various provinces of this empire muft be immenfe. The revenues arife from the cuftoms, and a variety of taxes which fall chiefly on the ChriHians, and other fub. je^s, not of the Mahometan religion^ The rich pay a capitation tax of thirty (hillings a year; tradefmen fifteen fliillings, and common la- bourers fix ibillmgs and ten-pence halfpenny. Another branch of the revenue arifei from the annual tribute paid by^ the Tartars, and other nations bordering upon Turkey, but governed by their own princts .■^nd laws. All tlwfe, however, arc trifling, when compared with the 1.''* fums extorted from the governors of provinces, and officers of vai? ftate, wader the name of ^r^n//. Thefe harpies, to indemnify them felves, as we have already obferved, cxercife every fpocies of oppreffion that their avarice can fuggeft, till, becoming wealthy from the vitab-i of the countries and peopfe they are fcnt to govern, their riches fre- quently give rife to a prfttended fufpicion of didoyalty or mifcondud, and ^he whwle fortune oi the offender devolves to the crown. Thed^ voted yiftiin is feldom acquainted with the nature of the offence, or the a?me« of hr« accufers ; but, without giving him the leaft opportunity of making a defence, an officer is difpatched, with an imperial decree, to take off his head. The unhappy bafliaw receives it with the hijgh«il refpeft, putting it on his head,, and after he has read it, fays, *^ T/iewiS\ of Gail mJ the emperor bt dtne" or fome fuch expreflion, teftifying hit entire refxgnation to the will of his prince. Then he takes the filkenl cord, which the officer has ready in his bofom, and having tied itaboutBfic, danc/n Jii« own neck, and laid a (hort prayer, the officer's fervants throw hioBeft clothes Ffeii every ltd Katpn Ki. [one ftrvant f ''yrotatio, flierfejf. j^i '*'ienthe£l J'le iadies ,% fent ai. 'itm the ch i«>«ars fivx ■fs. which "^ women ■c'l- Sultan and tii^ j commitfed as G aftd ^n the floor, and drawing the cord tight, foon difpatch him j which his head is cut off, and carried to court. Forces.] The militia of the TurkMh empire is of two forts: thefirf have certain lands appointed for their mamtenance, and the otherr paid out of the treafurjr» Thofe that have -certain lands, amount t( ab6dt a68,ooo effeftive men. Befides thefe, there are alfo certain an iUvy forces laifcd by Iht ^ibntary eoqjiiriei- of thi* empire j aj » *. ' ttJiUCEV (ir EUKOPE AKtrjf^Jte ^3^ lot an of the ties of ationsy if mat chiaya, ite, and well as :es, the appUca- iftin the A in the ihoufand Iflicd for ition, in- a humble :, becaufe to whicW s extreitte- e manners are found- teftifying h»] [es the filken . tied it aboBtl fts throw hiittj him ; M forts -.the fir the other 1^ i, amount 19 certain a«i ipite i ttftin* W^aehians, Moldsviani, and« tiU •£ lata, tb« Georguuis^ ^rho/ ire commanded by thclr^rtfpWI^yc pnncea. Tbjt ICIkm) cif the Crian, tartars, before his country waifubjcAed to Ruffia, was uUiged tafur- hiih ioo,ooo raeni and to iVirve in perfan, when the gi'ikn4*rigiinr took< the iieid< In ei^ery war, bcfid«& the above forces* there are ^eat num- bers of volunteers, who live at their own charge, in expe^atiQn of fuc-t ceeding the oAicefrs. Thefe advcpmrers do aot^ tfuly promiii? themfcives aoeilate i^tbey furviiref but are tatighti that if they die in war Mainil; tb« Chriiiians, they iliall go immediately 4q P borre-giiards* and are in number about 12^000; and thejiniteries) or foot-guards^ who are elteemed the b«fl <0ldi«r9 iu the Turkiifh armies,, 2i)d on whom they principally depend in an engagement. Theis. amount to about 15,000 men, who arc qtiartered in and near Conftan-, daople. They frequently grow mutinous, and have proceeded (& far, fometimes as to depofe the fultan. They are educated in the fsmglio, and trained up to the exerci/e of arm» from their infancy ; and there ar«, Dot lefs than 1 00,000 foot foldiers, Scattered over every prvviaceof th«. (flfipire, ^Ho procure themielves to be regiflered in this body^ to enjoy; I the privileges of janifaries, which arc very great, beiiig fubje^ to no jurifdi^lion but that of their aga, or chief eommandcr. ^ Arms and title*.] The emperor's titles are fwelled with all the; [pomp of eailern magniticencei He is ilyled by bis fubjetf^s, tie Shadoia^ uGod, a Godm letrth^ Brother to th$ Sun and Moony Dtfpojer ^ all earthly, iCrnvu, ^(i The grand fifnor'd arms are, vert) a crefcent, argent, Icreiled with a turban, charged with three black plumes of heron's |l|i]il|s, with this motto, Dtmef totum mpledi orbem. , Court and ^ESAOLto.] Graat care is taken in the education of thtf. ||ouths who are defigned for the A&tt, the army, or the navy : but the/, - lieldom preferred till about forty years of age, and they rife by their; nerit. They are generally the . children oi Chriftian parents, either liken in wai*, purchaied, orprefents from the viceroys and governors MdiHaut provinces, the moit beautiful, well made, and fprightly chil- Iren that can be met with, and are always reviewed and approved of by,. E grand fignor, before they afe feat to the colleges or feminaries, where^ . ity are educated for employments according to their genius or ahili*, [The ladies cf thn the tafie of the reigning mio- . ch. Sultan Selini had two thoufand. Achmst hafi but three hun%,,. I and tii^ prefent fultan ha^ nearly 16004 Qn their admiffion^ thejr I committed to the earc of old ladies, taught to few and embrpider, ific, dancing, and other atcomplifliments, and furoifhed with tho, Tieft clothe? and ornariients. They all deep In leparate beds, an4 ^' *feii every fi^fth there is t jpreceptrcfe. Their chief gqvernefj i^ led Kat^n Kiaja^. or governefs of the noble young ladies. There ii^^, lone fferyant among them, for they are obliged to wait on one an^ rby rotation : the laft tlrat is antered, ferves her who preccdfcd her^ ^ jherfelf. Thefe ladies are fcarcely ever fuffered to go abroad, ex« l*hen the grand fignor rerhoVes from one place to another, when op of black eunuchs coare/s them \» th« boatSf .which aie inciofetl/ X "•ip»apw 67*"^ TUR'K^V IK XUROI^ Atjfn ASt/L 1 «»': \^t»h' lattices and linen cwrtains^; and when- they go by landj thpv >re" pKW into clofe ohark)t% and Hgnats are madn at certain diftances^ '0 eive iroticfthat nwie approach tl>e roads thrbugW which they march. Amon? tfie emperor's atrendahta are a- number of mwtesv- who a6t and converft bf^ %ns with great quicknefoj -And Comt dwarfe, who are exhibited for the diverfion 6f his majcfty. >' ^Oriojn and progress of the TOiftite.] It has been the fate of the more fouthern and fertile parts of A64, al different periods, to be con- quered by that waMike and hardy rat^e of men, who inhabit the vaft country, kiiott-n to the aucientr by ihel iKuneof Siylhia, and among the moderns by that of Tartary. Ona tribe of thef* people, called Turks or Turcomans^ which name figniftes waWfrir^'j, cxtendtd its conqiielU ihider various leaders and during feivwal centuries, from the (here of the Cafpian, to the ftraits of the Dal-danellcsi Being long refident, in the capacity of body-guards, about'th* doMttS 'of the Saracen^- they em- braced the doftrine of Mahomet, and'aded for a long -time as merce- liaries in the armies of contending princes. Their chief riifldence wm in the neighbourhood of mount Gaueafos, from whence th^y removed tb Armenia Major, And after being employed as mercenaries by theful- Pans of Perfia,.they feized.that kingdom, about the year 1037, and! fpread their ravages over all the neighbouring countries. Bound bv tReir religion to' make converts to Mahometanifm, they nevef were Without a pretent* for iiivading {IikJ 'ravaging the dominions of the | Gre<^K emperors,. and were fometimes commanded by very able geie- ntW Upoir the declerifion of the Ca'liphaje or ejnpire 6f the Saracens,! l^fey made themfeives- mafters of Paleftine j and the vifiting of the hnlyj city of Jerufalem being then part of the Chrirtian exercifps, in whicbl tlieyha'd been t6\iirit€d by the Saracen*i the Turkis laid the European! pilgrims under fuch heavy contributions^, and exerciftd fueh hon-ibl/ cruehies upon the Chrillian inhabitants of the country, as gave rifetol tlie fanK>us crufades, which we have mentianed more fully in the la-^ troduftion. j It unfortunately happened, that the- Greek emperors were gcnerallJ Aore jealous of theprogrefs of the Ghriftians than the Turks; and tTiou^h^ after oceans of blood we're fpilt, a Chriftian kingdom wai crefted at Jerufalem, under Goire at Adrianople,- which he took ?n the year i}6| tjnder him the order of janifaries w** eftablifhed. Such were thj conquefts, that Bajazet J. aftci* conquering Balgaria^ and defeating i Greek emperor Sigifmund, laid flege to ConflantinopHS, in hopef fobje^ting all the Greek empire. Hi* greatnefs and infolence provo Tamerlane, a Tirtarian prince, who was juft then returned fronij eaftcrn conquefts, to declare war againft him. A deeifive battler fougtit between thoi'e rfval conquerors, in Natolia^ in the plaiRwn TtJRKEY IN EUROPK and ASIA! «7^ Pompcy dcfented MUhridate^s, tvhen Bajatet's army was cut in pirfcrt, and ne himfclf taken priforier, and (hut up in an iron cage, where he ended his life. The fucceffors of Tatnerian,.n;vvnvi^<^ in the P^'^'WHc «'as ftioce«ded, in 1566, bv his fonSelimir. In'hls feign, t!ic Xxa Amuratb f«i ljntbeyew'5', Such weffi " anddefeaung ,nl«, in hope ^folenceprov .Vif 676 TURKEY' IN kuROPE Atno ASIA. Turkifl* marine received ?n irrecoverjible Wow ffom the dtirfftians, }q the ntt!- • L panto. .This defeat m\vM have proved fatal to the Turkilb power, I»ad the blow been purl'ucd by the Chr'iftiani, efpecially tht Spaniard*. Sclim» however, took Cyprus from the Venetians, and Tunis in Africa, from the Moors ; he was fupcfeded, in 1575, by hk fon, Amurath HI. who forced the Perdans to cede Tauris, Teflis, and many other cities^ tt> the Turks. He likewife took the important for. trefs of Raab, in Hungary; and in 1595, he v\as fucceeded by Maho. met III. The memory of t^is prince is d(ftingui(hed by hi.' srdcrin^ nineteen of his brothers to be ilrangled, and ten of his fathet's concu. bines, who were fuppofed to be pregnant^ to be thrown into the Tea. He was often unfucctfsful in his wars with the Chriftians, and died of the plague in 1604. Though his fucceflbr, Achmet, was beaten by the Perfians, yet he forced the ^.uilrians to a treaty in i6o6, and toconfent that he (hould keep what he was poffeflred of nt Hungary. Ofman, a prince of great fpirit, but no more than (ixteen years of a^e, being un. fuccefsful againft the Poles, was put to death hy the janifaries, whofe power he intended to have reduced. Morad IV. fucceeded in 1643, and took Bagdad from the Periians. His brotbi|r, Ibrahim, fucceeded him in 1640 ; a worthlefs inadive prince, and ftrangled by the janifaries in 1648. His fnccertbr, Mahomet IV. was excellently well ferved by his ffrand vifier, Cuperli. He took Candia from the Venetians, after it had been befieged fpr thirty years. This conqued cofl the Venwtiam, and their allies, So,ooo men, and the Turks, it is (aid, 180,000. A bloody war fucceeded between the Iniperialiih and the Turks, in which the latter were fo fuccefsful, that they laid fiege to Vienna, but were forced (as has been already mentioned) to raife it with great lofs, by John Sobiefki, king of Poland, and other Chriflian generals. Mahomet was, in 168;, fliut up in prifon by his fabj.e£ts, and fucceeded by his brother, Soliman IT. The Turks continued unfuccefsful in their wars during his reign, and that of his brother and fucceHbr, Achmet I. but Muuapha II, ulio mounted the throne in 1694, headed his armies in perfon. AftWi fome briik campaign;^, he was defeated by prince Eugene; and the pcK of Carlowitz, between the Imperialifts and Turks, was concludid in] 1699. Soon after, Muftapha was depofed, his mufti was beheaded and his brother, Achmet HI. mounted the tlirone. He was tlK princi who gave fl»eltcr at Bender, to Charles XII. of Sweden ; ami ended war with the Ruflians, by a peace concluded at Pruth. When theRufj flan army Was furrounded without hopes of efcape, the czarina inclmei the grand vifier to the peace, by a prefcnt of all tiie money, plate, aw jewels, that were in the army : but the kulHans delivered up to the Turli Afoph, Kaminieck, itnd Taiganrog, and agreed to evacuate Polai ' He had afterwards a war with the Venetians, which alarmed all tl Chriftian powers. The fcene of aflion was transferred to Hiingai where the las^hl general, prince Kugene, gave fo many repeated d( feats to the infidels, that they were forced to conclude a dilgracef peace at PalTarowitz, in 1718. An unfortunate war with the m(i; under Kouli Khan, fucceeding, the populace demanded the heads the vifier, the chjcf admiral, and fccretary, which were accordin[ ftruck off; but the fultaii ^\(o was depofed, and Mahomet V. advanci to the throne. He was unfuccefsful m his wars with Kouli Khan, ai at laft obliged to recognife that .ufurper as king of Perfia. He was,ai tliat, engaged in a war with the Imperinli/ls and Ruflians; againlltl former he was viftorious; but the fuccdfes of the latter, which tW H V TURKEY IN EUROPE and ASIA, ' 677 ened Confttntinqple itfelf, forced him to agree to a hafty treaty with the emperor, zna, after that, another with the Ruflians, which wai greatly to his advantage. Mahomet died 17 $4. He was.fucceeded by his brother, Ofrttan III. who died In 17^7, and was fucceeded by hib orother Mudapha III. who died on the 31ft of January, I774> uhltK eilgag^d in an unAiccefsAit war with the ttuf- fians, of whfchfome account has been already given in the hiUory of that country. In the cdurfe of this war, a cohfidertbk iluffian fleet wat fitted our, which fet fail from thv Bahio, with a view of attacking the remote parts of the Archipelai^o. This fleet having arrived at Minorca, departed from thence in the beginning Of February, 177O1 ^nd fiiaped its courfe for the Morea. Count Orlaw having debarked fuch land forces as he had with him at Maina, which lies a Httieto the weftwar?! of cape Metapan, and about 50 miles to the fouih wefV of Mifitra, the ancient Sparta ; the Mfeinotes, the defcendents of the La- cedxmonians, and who ftill poflefled the country of their anceftors, un- der fiibjeAion to the grand fignor, immediately flew to their arms in every quarter, and joined the Knlfiansby thoufands, from their averfion to the tyranny of the Turks. The other Greeks immediately followed their example, or rather only waited to hear of tiie arrival ^r the Ruf- fians, to do what they had long intended ; and tiie whole Morea iVenicd every where in motion. The open country was quickly over r'ln^ .,,v ■ . , w> i * li: fJ ":R .11- ' • 6^8^ TURKEY iw EUROPE avd ASIA^- 'I III* ^|ho!UtiO#»oifitionriQto the bands ofi prince Cobourg ; while Ak«N mao,, on the Ju»$k, S^Sii V4S'reduced by the. Ruffians ; and Bender fur- Tendered to prin/:e FotomkJ% not without fnfpioion of (inifter prac- tijucs, uA the i.$tii of ^avetnbfr^ One only-check prefented itfetf to ..tii« allied arim. The garrifoa of Orfova difpUyed the moft inflexible .c^pi^an^y ; 4iw] marftifil Lfludohn was ob4igescl to jraife the fiege of this pii^ ior the ii^iddle of. December, after having fa^ down before it for « period of .V. weeksh In a Hiort time after, the ficge was renewed, and ^Pl;rav^ w,as reduced the i6tb of /pril, 1790. After >th« irtdiu^ion of Orfbv^i tht; war was carried on with languor •<4 on.thc partcfiAiiftria |,«fid in the month of June a conference was agKced upQ% at Rdcheobach, at which the minifters of PruflS?, Auftria, ^igiand) United Provinces aflSfted, and at which alfo an envoy frpm ^oUdd w^f occaitonnlly prffent. After a negotiation, which con- .tuiiu^ 1 till the i 7tih of Augwflt It was agreed thata peace (hould be con- cluded bej^'^en thckin^of Hungary and the Ottoman Porte; that the -bail .^ of thi6,traat(y>fl9iould ibe a general fumtuler of all the conaueds ^mad^*. tivt^fofinec, retaining only Choczimat a fecuiity til) the Porte iliould acffde (o tbr tertnstof the agreement,! when it was alfo to be re- &or^, l^n ttie other hand, the king of Pruffia gave up the Belgic pro- vinces, and even ptonijifod liis afliftancein feducing thpip to the Au- ilrian dominions. :ti',tj The king of Pruffia was Icfs fucccfsful in his mediation with Ruffi?. Catharine h^d r'^t, like Leopold, an imperial crown at llt^ke, which, unfubflantiai as it is, iias always its charms wUh thofe wfap are educated in th& habitual ado!^tion of rank and dignities. Her conquefts alfo, on tlie fide of Turkiy, were too impoiftaDt to b(!f eafily.relinquiflied; and flje confidered her dignity attacked by the infolent ftyle of Pruffian mediation. The fubflance of her anfwer to the Pru(]£an memorial was thcrcfnrc, •*♦ Thf- die emprefs of RuiTia would make peace and war with whom ihe pleafed, without the interference of ^ny ioreigu pow- er." The campaign of 1791 opened, on the part of Ruflja, with the taking of Maczin, on the 4th of April, hy prince Gallitzin; and in a fiibfe- quent vlftory, on the rath, by the fame general, in the neighbourhood of Brailow, the Turks loft not Icfs than 4000 men, ^nd upwards of 100 officeis, befides many pieces of cannon. On the 14th the Rullian arms rxper«ence«l'a checkr by which they lM\ about 700 men, and were ob- lig.ed to . rdinquifli their intention of beiieging- Brailow. After re-iu- forcing this place, the vifier proceeded to the b^nk; of the Danube, near SiliftH*^ ^^'^ ^Y means cf a bridgie, which he threw acrofs the ri- ver, chis advartced pofts w^re enabled to make incurfions on the oppo- fite fide. The (ability of the v: fief, and the valour of the Turks, were hbweveriexerted'Jrt v*in ag^inft the difcipline and experience of Euro- pean arm iea.' In the mbnth of JUhe, r?,6oo Turkf. were defeated bv a party of clMr»lrv uVtider general ' KQtiiJR>w. On tue 3d of July, ti« fortrjsf? of Anip^was cakqi bv' general Guddwitfch ; and the garrifoii, to the anfou^rt 6f *6,^>o* itteii, mSde prffoners. Thife evetit was foll3w. ed on the 9th of the fame month by a fignal victory which prince Repnin ot^ffkinediodtq^ Maczin ovr»vUb«>dy ef 70,0c-) men, the flower of the Turkiijii araiy. ; "^Thc ,(ttib idtn jtilled, and be'iiVf^n apo and 300 wounded. '•' ■ '■''''* . While the, war wa« thus vigoroi;ity carried 00s the mediating; pcttrers jwrc not iraii^ivc, Gr^at Britain and Pruflia, in pMticuUrl declai terms which, coniidering the iH fiicoeft of (he #ar, cannot be accounted very difadvantageous t<» the Turks, Who have loft a fortrefs nore ufieiul for the purpofeof annoying Rpffia, than f0r defending their own territories ; but certainly of confiderab'e impor* tance to RniTia, which^ by this celfiMi, has iitxured thepea(ieablcpoflef«> fion of the Crimea. 'Tio-^ i.ii; o;i'M It is computed that in the laft war Turkey toft 4do,ood(bldters; RulTia, 100,00c ; the Auftriaps^ who feil in battle^ «r in the unhealthy niarfhes, are fuppofed to eitceed 130,000, ^« ^'^^^' ••'' '^** ii.nM6iKM.ii3' Sejim III. grand fignor, born in 1761, fuccefited' tO the fRrflnecf Jurkfiy, on the death of his uncle, the ktc fulun, April /^ 1789. o r\ V! 7i' fi:1'ilT<' If'-; i> v«l TARTARY IN ASIA. , between rt-.i:me > >;"tT ,'•' nf'.-'?!/; V'.' rr. 1-;/ 'I ■■; ., ■■'1 •-■'••'(:!' r ■•■ C 50 and 150 eaft longitudes nv . \ 30 and 7» north latitude. - •. * ^^....tength 4000 7 .,;-., Joreadth 4400 J ^^(|UHp^a;i§8,J IT would be deceiving ^hft reader to defire him to . ', V .^ ^, depend upon the. .accounts ^v en us by geogra» pfiers, of the extent, limits, and &u\^i\on of thefe vaft regions. JBvea tlie emprefs of Ruflia ai),d her miniitry are. ignorant of her preciftf limits with the Chia.efp,;tbe Perliaijs, ai»d otlicr nations. Tartary, ^kcn jh ffs fiiUeft extent, is bovuvded.by.thc, Frozen Ocean on the North ; by the Pacific Ocean on the Eaft 4 ^ China, India, Perfia, and the Cafpiin Sea, pn the Sou^h j and by Mqftc- /.on the Weft., . -vrnn- r- ;»n •- Hi(i arfl ;>,; //^ S^tix*i divifidfls. - Subdiviifionr/r ^ " Chief towfii.<^ <• -r^j North-eaft dlviiloii 5 ^afn^^hatka TaftiMt V Kamtfthatl^^ ' ^ ^"^ ■? Aor^H eait divUiOA | jifcatfftoi Tartars jjakhtlkol ' '■' .^' '^ ''' .life '1 m ::U' ^8^ JTARTiARlf^m ASIA. Vk^^.,.^ ^ »-..■- •.■»ixm4 ..ii M *fc *.4fi| South-tfafl divi&OH' North-weft ^iyifion ' Pubdivifions. f"#jt? Chief towns. $q. ftl. ^ Thibet !»;..<#»»• ©a,? iHi and Mogul Oftiack Prat/ki Thibet Polon ^ Kudak _ 1 Mangafia 3 Konflioi , v." Soulhi'wBft'^fUifroh- I Circ»ffian ancj, Aftra- / T«prki ■! «-• «•?«- can Tartary !',{' f Siberia -< Kalmuc Tartary-, , I Ulbcqk Tartary J Aftrac*«j,„T!-'f»!n ^, Tobollk .VBocharia S^ojoo* 3 S^^marcaud 339,840 Middle diyifioji^^^!^ •: i? «'-%^ v) «ii*» "*> • * ?«•!»'» 't^ . I.. , > ■ ' .' I ■ ■ ■ ' Kamtfchatka is a great {jeninfula,w,hich extends from n.orth to fouth fiTiQtrt fcven degrees thirty, xniAutes. It is divjded into four diftrifts, feolchereflt, Tigilfliaia Krcpoft, V.^chnei or Upper Kamtfchatkoi Oftrog, and, Nifliiiei ov J-pwer Kamtfchatju)! Oftrog.. . lVIoui|T^iNs.J fl»pj;infipal mountains are Caucafas iin Gircaffia^ ind tl»e .mou,ntaif»s of Taurus and Ararat, fo contiguous to it, that they appear like a continuation of the fame mountain, which cfoflcs all Afu from Mongalia to the, Indies; and the mountains oi Stolp^ in thf ]^ortb. Se Asi^ Thefe are the Frozen Ocean, the Pacific Qqean>^nd tlic Caf*. pian Sea. ■!f>^,»^.„jj^,:,.-,i' *s'*^-0^' •"^' h-'urt. Rivers.] The priijcipal rivers are, the Wolga, which runs « courfc of two thoufahd miles; the Oby, which divides Afia from Europe? the Tabui, Irtis, Genefa or Jenfka ; the Burrumpooter ; the Lena, and the Argun, which divides the Ruffian and Chinefe smpitee. Air, climat£, sotL, and produce.] The air of this country is very liferent, by reafon of its vaft extent ^'Gin north to fouth; the northerfl parts reaching ^)cyomi the an^tic polar circle, and ''^e fourt- cm being in the fame latitude with Spain, France, Italy, and part of Turkey. Nova Zembla anc. ftuffiati Lapland are moft uncomfortable regions; the earth, which is covered with fnow nine months in the year, being extremely barren, and every where incumbered with unwholefome marlhes, uninhabited mountains, and impenetrable.' thickneffes. The climate of Siberia is cold, but the air is pure and ^vholefome ; and Mr. Too.k obferv^s,'tbat its inhabitants, ip alLprobability, would Hve to an extreme old age, if they were not {6 much addicted to nn immocicrate ufe of intoxicatinjj liquors. Siberia produces rye, oats, and barley, fthiooft to the 60th degree of northern latitude. Cabbages, radilhes, turnips, and cucumbers, thrive here tolerably well ; but fcarcely any other greens. AH experiments to bring fruit-trees to bear have hither- to been in vain : but there is reafon to believe that indullry and pa- tience may. at length overcome the rudtnefs of me ciimate. Cuirants and ftraw berries of feveral forts are faid to grow hei-e in as great per. fcdipn as in th* Englifli gardens. Herbs, as well medicinal as com- mon, tojjjethur with vatiou6uf diftriAs, 4(ntichatkf filial love has diftinguillied them in all ages. Hif- tory tells us, that Darius, king of Perfia, having invaded them with all the forces of his empire, and the Scythians retiring by little ami little, JDarius fent an ambafl'ador to demand where it was they propofed to conclude their retreat, and when they intended to begm fighting. They returned for anfwer, with a fpirit fo peculiar to that people, »♦ That they had no cities or cultivated fields,, *pr the defence of which they fliould give him battle : but when once he was come to the place of their fathers' monuments, he fliould then underftand in what man* ner the Scythians ufed to fight." The Tartars are inured to horfenianfliip from their infancy ; they fel. dom appear on foot. They are dexterous in fliooting at a mark, info, much that a Tartar, while at full gallop, will fplit a pole with an ar< row, though at a confiderabie diftance. The drefs of the men is very fimple, and fit for a^ion } it generally rx>nfifts of a ihort jacket, with narrow fleeves, nnade of deerfs Ikin, having the fur outward ; trowfers aud hofe of the fame kind of ikin, both uf one piece, and tight to the limbs. The Tartars live in huts half funk under ground ; tbejr have a fire in the middle, with a hole io the top to let out the fmoke, and .benches roun be pteferred raw by fome fiorthern tribes, the general way of eat* Ing it it'aftirr it^UM been (Vnoked atn^ xirted. The Tartars purchafe their wives with cattle. In their marriages they are not very delicate. Lit' tie or no i(Hf!ierence' is madie between the child of a concubine or ^icvr^.andjthat^ the wi|eii-but«aiOAg; the heads of tribes, the wile's cattle } or their tiiey are ice, and ifpitable^ dentially an eafv, reffed by ic north- n North through f make % him with On fuch ling them lations of ke, and are \ for their eded ; and ;es. Hif. m with all ai>d little, ropofed ta I fighting, tat people, ; of which > the place what man* ; they feU nark, info* vith anar« nen is very icket, with I ; trowfers nd tight to lund; they the fmoke, IS to be tlie from Lap- rthern pro. it were, Hn» leir difpofi- each other, Tartars are and a little loiigh horfe- way of fi*^* ircliafe their licaie. Lit* ncvibine or i. ihe uite'J I TART A R V^ IN AS! A. fbfl Is always preferred to the fitcceflion. After a wife is turned of forty, flie ii eitiploycd in menial duties, as another fervant, and as fuch muft attend the young wives who fucceed to her place ; nor is it U>:<.omn)o», in fome of the more barbarous tribe;-, for a father to n;Arry his owa daughter. The defcendents of the . Btit tKe religion and government of the kitigdom of Thibet and Lartli, a large traft of Tartary, bordering upon China, are the moft re- markablei and the moft worthy of attention. TheThibetians are go- verned by the Grand Laima, or Dalai Lama, who is not only fubmittel vaults. The ramparts of Sibir, the aiii<* cient capital of Tartary, are itill feen Hhhut Tobbllk upjow the Irtiflt. The lofty, walls, of Tontpura appear yet in the Baraba, a little gulf in the river Om ; and near the molith of the Qural are the ditches of tlje eity Saratfchik. There are a great number of other ruins in Siberia j and the defert of Kirgtiis abounds in the relics of opulerit cities. Softie gbld and filver coins have likewite been foiind, with feveral ma^ hufcripts neatly written, which have been caVried to Peter fburg. Itl 1720, there were found in C'almuc Tartary a'ftifeferranettds houfe of ftphe, fomeutni, lamps, and ear-tinigs; an equiliHan Rafue^ an rffiaga of an orienlsil prince with a diadem oh his hiead, two women feated on thrones, and a roll of manufcripts, which was fent by Peter the Great to the Academy of Infcriptions at Paris, and 'proved to be in thelan-> piage of Thibet. The quantity of gold ornaments fotihd in the tombs of Siberia, and of elegant workmanftiip, as bracelets, collars in the ftape of ferpents, vafes, crowns, rings, bucklers, fabres, figures of ani- mals, Tartar idols, &c. is furprifing. It is fuppofed that theft buriat 5' laces were' made about the time of Zingis Khan, and thnt the fuper- ition prevailed in thofe parts, of departed fouls following the fame kind of life they did in this world, and therefore on the death of a prince, they facrificed his favourite wife> &c. and buried with him his arms and other valuable things. CiTFEs AND TOWNS.] Ot thefe we know little but the names, and that they are in general no better than fixed hordes. They may be faid (obe places of abode, ratiier than towns or cities, for we do not find that they are under any regi>lar government, or that they can nvake a defence againft an enemy. The few places, however, that are mention- ed in the precetling divifions of this country, merit notice. Tobohk M Aftracan are confiderable cities, the firft containing 15,000, and thcf Ittfer 70,000 inhabitants. Forts, villages, and towns, lure alio lately beerf k m ili: li. :V- ': ^ T A R T A X Vi It ASIA. ereiftcd in <)i^er«»4 iMftt of SiberUi Iv civHidnf the inhabitifnts^ uni rendering Uien) ohedieot tfl 1^4 RuffiaA governmeat. ' CoMi>(«Kt:& tkvvt WA|(tJrAcvp|litl.} ufa^H»rei. The Bucharians alfo ar^ a vanr cdqimercial pe«ftple: their caravans travel through a great mu't of Aua, an4 traffic with Thibet, China^ India, ftrdi, atld Ruffian Their prlndpal nsarts are Tomlk and Orenburg. dold>duft is oft^o, found in the fand of the rivers of Bucharia. ..;}:, x^^ .^tr-^, "^ •:'' HiaToaY.j TJM^ugh it h certain that Ts^rtzty^^irttMy iiiciwtiliy the name of ScythiiK peopled the northern parti of Europe, andfurpifl). cd thole amaung nuoibers, who, under, varioasnamts, deftroyed the Roman eoipire, yet it is now but very thinly ihhaVited ; and thofe Ane provinces,, where leafning and the arts re(iliedf are |ipw fcenes of hor- ror and barbarity. This muft have been owing to the dreadful maflk- cres made among the nations by the two above-mentioned conquerors and their defcendents ; for nothing is more common in their hiftories, than their putting to the fword three or fo^r hundred thoufand people in a few days. The country of UApc Tartary was once the feaj 9f,a mort power- ful empire than that of Rome or Greece. It was not only the native country, but the favourite refidence of Zingis or Jcnghis Khan, and Tamerlane, who encicbed it with fhe fpoiUpi of India and the eaften^ world. >■,'■ 1:' .'■^,;n
  • fpefted through all the neighbouring countries, -ri^*? srt -fp , -^ 'I' f ^ The fame of Tamerh^ne has befen more permanent than that of 2in- ' ^Is Khan : his defeat of the Turkifli emperor Bajazct has been noticed I in the hiftory of that nation. The honour of being defcended from' | hinu is claimed not only by all the khans and petty princes of Tartary^ but by the emperor of Jndoftan l^mfelf. The capital of this country is Bokharia, wluch was kuown to the ancients by the name of Buchariaj fiiuated in the latitude of 3a degrees ic minutes, and 13 miles didant from the once famous city of Samarcand,tlM bktb/piace <>f Tamerlane the Qfieat. . '.. ;t^ i,M'-^4~r^-U,.ix X:'.- The prefent inhabitants of this immenfe common compofe innn* n^epble tyibes, who range at pleafure with their flocks and their lierds, in tlie old patriarcltal manner. Their tribes are commanded by fepa-i rate Khans or leaders, who, upon particular emergencies, eleft a great ' khan, who claims a paramount power over flrangersas well as nat!vei,j and who can frequently bring mto the 6eld ioo,doo horfemen. His' chief refidence is a kind of nulitary (lation ; which is moved and fhift^ j ed according to the chance of war and other occafions. When the vail iloi^tii^aa (u 2dDg^ Khaa £eU to pieces, under hk fuccefTors in the i6tl(J .^ ■PS le ox« nf'^tr*. en and ms aUo a great , Ruffiai is often itfwri by ffunjith- oyed the hofc fine s of hor- 1 fol mafla- jnquerors r hiftoriesj, xA people rfe powcr- the native K-han, and the caftern Sf thole re- i.an enopire t peopled it ed with the fcended the irow off the tn, fubduei kis name r«« jhat of Zin- seen noticed ;ended from of Tartarv) 48 country is jf Buchariaj [rniles diftani If TaxnerlanJ 1^: t *. r&ii 119 /l' ''^ '^ m eenfiiry, the Mogiil 'an* Tarttir hb\dti whb hattTMhecf i{>tJ?'V»^p?r(*l*ffr gain fcpar^ted, and hart ftnce ctfnfttiued diffinflf. 'rtity are botinded bn every fic^« by tie Eufflan, the CMnefe^tlitelWWgiT!,''fhe' per(ian» ^ . the Turkifli empires : each of whom are pufhing qh thMr 6Qn(^ucfts in this extenfive, and iti foine places fertile country. " The'khani pay afri-'' biite, or acknowledgement or their dependency iip6h ortedr othef of their powerful neighbours, who treat therh with caiitiofi and lernty; as the? ' fricn(lfl)ip of thefc barbarians ra of thfc? "xlfmoft ftonfe^ueiice to' the: powers with whom they are aiiied. Sottie tribes, 'WjwWi;?, afffec^ In- dependency : and .when united they ^rfn a po\<'erftil botly, and of late ' have been very formidable to their neighbours, imrtjciiitttr to the" Chinefe. V"'l , l.'t f- The method of carrying on war bv wsfting the co\intry,' ftiery art-* cient among the Tartars, and praftifcd by all of thenrt from the Danifl^^ eaftward. This circumftance renders them a dreadful enemy to regti- V lar troops, who muft thereby be deprived of all fubfiftence ^ while the" Taitars, having alwaya-qaW 4j>a#« torfec to kill knd eat, ar6 attho \i>(s 1 forprovHions. , h, ,r4;Ar ^'r.v. fi ,.'^;flTMf-v -« . ,Vr' : S— ^ --Jv'- ''•-'■*♦* ■'■■ ■•-.;'■ ^^rr-v^^Vj-vbobtj^ i K II ii ' i ' i M ii i' i l tiii I i m II ' t l^i > ' ill I ■ I. . ■ td l , I !■ 1 1 .'% .!.) HOi ,„.i,:^>:,.:t«r EMPIRE ■<>? ■cSi?j£ ^'S^K:' length 14507 ^^^' "( 20 ahd 4i nortli tatitu^fc. " "J _; '^. "l Breadth :a^i o«tween, | « ^^^^ ^ . ^^^ lonat^dc. C '»*9?»oj*;. ,." i^T- is bounded on^ the North by Sioeria; orr fhe gaf|^ J \ mtfchatka and the EaUern Sea • on the Sotrth b^'l.' Irtipofe innn* their herds, fded by fep^ ' eleftaRieit" jU as native«,i pfemen. His ,edandft»ftr] rhen the va" krsinti^e iWl] Chinefe Tartary. "r. i,J*r '*>' %LifM 'I Bound ARX&8.] GhINA is bbunded by Tartaty, dnd anamatinjf rj ftone wall of five himdred leagues in Itngth,' oa .* khe North ; by the Pacific Ocean, which divides it from NoVth Ame< ^' lica, on the Baft; by the Chinefian Sea, South; and by Ttrvquiq*^ Ithe Tartarian countries and mountain* of ThibM antl Ruffifl, o^'-^ Weft. •- ■ - ^ Chinefe Tartary . the giilf of Kam Dhina; and on the Weft by the country ot the CalmonSs, wh© are efta- >, ililhed between the Cafpian Sea and Caf^ir^^; ::>V'*^«*'^'^^x^?54->**'« Eaftern Tartary extends north and fouth -frrtrh tft* 4ift td'ffiT^'jjtH !>. ,ree of north latitude, and eaft and weft frorp abovit 'he isTthdegrc^T *" longitude to tlie Eaftern Sea. It is bounded on the North brSfb'tfi V on the South by the gnlf of Leatong artd Corea ; Oh the t^d^hf * . e Eaftern Sea ; and on the Weft by the country of the Mn^h. Th4\ . luntry is divided into, three grand departments, the provinces of Ghen<' " ing, Kirin, and Tritcicar; of which the ehkf ttwjfft are Mcnf|yon| 1* irin, and Tritcicar. - f ^;4- DivttioN AND roPtJtATioN.l The empire' of China is divided W''. fteen provinces, eacii of which might, %r its e?fCent, fcrfility,'pd5 ' '" ufnefs, and opulence, rarik as a diftind' kingdom.- /The iiPatSrii!^^* mcnt of tb« di-viftcn^ population, and extent of China proper, v/a-i 'X'"< .\' it '■■^! 6^0 C H I N A.^ delivered to lord Macartneys at his requeft, by Clmw-ta-Zhin, t Chi. nefe mandarin, and is founded on authcutic docuiiictus, talieu 6roinoiK of the public oRices in Pt;kin«i'j>" '^"•' f'«';^ /^: *-- jivj^i-j j-.i •r\>:'< i. I < it" ' ,< Provinces. Pech* Ics Kiaiig-n:tn "l » provinces J KianK-fee Tchc-kiang Fo-chen ' Ho-nan ,t Shang-tung.' Shan- fee Shcn-fce ; Kan-fore -' Se-chueca Cantun Quang-fct Yu-nan Koei-cheou <'-'. ' ;, r. ^uang < I Fopiilation. 3)(,ooo,ooo 32,009,000 19,000,000 il,oco,ooo 15,000,000 14,000,000 "J 13,000,000/ 35,000 000 24,000,000 17,000,000 l)i,CO0,O00? ii,ooo,-'oo y 27,000,000 21,000,00* IO/3O0/>OO S,0OO,O0O 9,ooo,oco cir.-i Total 3n,ooo,opo II . Ill ' , >T [P— —»»<—. .sq .AjTi^r ' 5*.949 92,061 72,176 39.1 so 53480 •44.770 65,104 SS,x68 154,008 166,800 107,969 *4J54 '■»9"'999 Acre*. 37.7a7,i6o S9>49-'>040 4i)65i,8oo 4 '.666,560 41,666,560 106,751,000 50,851,840 50,080,000 69,100,160 4'.3i4 56o 830.7'9.3^oJ m- '■<: With rcTpeft to thrs flatemenT, fir George Staunton, who compilfti the judicious and authentic accrhmt of the late Englifh enibaiTy toChi^ na, obfcrves, that «• tlie extent of the provinces is afcertained by aftro. mitral obfervations, as well as by admeafurement. The number of indi. viduals is regularly taken in each divifion of a di(iri£l by a tything- man» or every tenth matter of a jfamily. Thofe returns are collefted by officers refident fo near as to be capable of correfting any grofs mif« take; and all the rettirns are lodged iii the great regifter at Pekin. Though the general ftatement is flnftly the refult of th< fc returns add* •«d taeach other, which feem Ktt're liable to error, or, taken feparately, to doubt ; yet the amount of the whole is fp prottigious as to ftaggtr belief. It muft, however, be rectjllefted that population in China ii «0t fubJeA to be materially diminiflied by war. No private foldier^ and a few oHicers only, natives of the ancient provinces of Chijij| were engaged in tiie conqueft of Weftern Tartary, or in the Thibrt] war. CeHbacy is rare, even in the military profeflion, among tin Chinese. The numbef of manufinftiirrrs whofe occupations are not i|i wayi favourable to health, whofe conftant confinement to particuW ipotfl, and fometiines in a dofe or tainted atmofphere, muft be injuriij 0U6, and whofe refidence in towns expofes them to irregularities,, btuw but a very finall proportion to that of hulbandmen in China. In m neral there feem to be lid other bounds to Chincfe populoufnefs, tha tlk>£e which the neceflSty of fubfirtence may put to Jt. Thefe bonndi' rie« Btt certtiiiily morr enlarged than in other coimtries. The vik fijrface of the empire h, with trifliiir exceptions, dedicated to the dadtion of food for tnan alone. There is no meadow, and veryfitl pafture, nor are fields cultivated in oats, beans, or turnips for thefii[ port of ciittle of any kind. Few parks or pleafure grounds are ft excepting thofe belptiginjg tt) the emperor. Little land is taken up roads, the chief communication being by v. ater. There are no « mons or hnds ftifered to lie wafie by thpxitglt&f or the caprice, ori fituatior raild, a;i ''Ihil of e| iicii the t>] CHINA. 691 vho compilrf ibaffy toChi' ined by aftro- imbcr of indi< iby a tythmj. sarecolleftea anygrolsmif. fter at Pekin. c returns add- ken feparately, IS as to ftaggH on in China" jrivatc foldien, ^ces of ChiM, in the Thibrt on, among tl ions are not 1^ It to partic«» iht fport, of great proprietori. No arable land Ilea fallow. The fo'A' under a hot and femliling fun yields double (;rops. in coiifequeme of adapting tlie culture to the foil, and fiipplying its defeats l)y mixture with other earths, by manure, watering, and careful and iilcful indiUtry of every kind. The labour of man is little ciiverttd from that induftry, to minifter to the luxuries of the opulent and powerful, or in employ- • cnts of no real ufe. Even the foldiers of the Chineft army, except during the fliort intervals of the guards which they are called to mount, or the extrciles or other occafional fervices which they perform, are nioftly employetl in agriculture. The quantity of fubfiftence i.^ increaf- ed alio, by converting more fpecies of animals aiul vegetables to that purpofe than is ufual in other countries. From ^ confidtratioa of the influcnceof all thefecaufes, the great population of China, afFcrted in this ftatemcnt, will not, perhaps, afjpear furprifing, though it appears from it that every fquare mile in that vaft empire contains, upon an average, about one third more inhabitants, being upwards of three hundred, thaa are found upon an equal qiiantity of land, alfo upon an avera;:*, in the moft populous country in Europe." '^ ■.■!<,<;. v ? Name.] It is probably owing to a Chinefe word, fignifying rhirftfle, from a notion the natives had, that their country lay in the middle of the world. _ . ^ .-(.yiijlu^i Mountains.] China, excepting to the north, is a plain country, and contains no remarkable mountains. Rivers and water.] The chief are the Ifamour and the Argun, which are the boundary betvween the Ruffian and Chinefe Tartary; the Croccus, or Whambo, or the Yellow River; the Kiam, or the Blue (liver; and tlif Tay. Comnion ivater in China is very indifPerent| and it in foiJie places boiled to mj^kc it fit for ufe- : ,ijv .,;,; , ; Bays.] The chief are thofe oif Nankin and Canton. .. . ., .-', Camax.s.] Thefe are fi^fficient to entitle the ancient Chinefe to the charaftcrofa moft wife aaid iuduft,rious. people. The commodiouf- inefs and length of their canals are incredible. The chief of them are lied with hewn ftone or^ the fides, and they are fo deep, that they car«» /large ved"els,and fometimcs extend above 1000 m''es in length. Thofe eflUs are fitted up for all the conveniences of life; and it has bcea- . bought by fome, that in China the water contains as many inhabitants - ij tbc land. They are furnilhed with flone quays, and fometimes with ;^ ridges of an amazing conflruiS^ion. The navigation is flow, and the elTels fometimes drawn by men. No precautions are wanting, that, uld be formed by art or perfeverance, for the {iifety of the pafTengers, cafe a canal is croffed by a rapid river, or expofed to torrents froinn 1 mountains. Thefe canals, a;td the variety that is feen upon their rders, render China delightful in a v,ery high degree, as well as fertile, ;; places that arc not fo by nature., 'r Forests.] Such is the indqftry of the Chinefe, that they are not eni^.s imbercd with fcrefts or woods, though no country is better fitted foe ^ ;oduciiig timber of all. kinds. They futFer, however, none to grpw;;^ it for ornament and ufe, or on the fides of mountains, from v^benffith^,., , when cut down, can be conveyed to any plac^ by w;ateir., ^ , ,j^5-y^ Air, SOIL, and proouce.J, The air of thi^ enapire is »cc«^di^^^qi^ fituation of the places. Towards the north it is iOharp, ifl ihe.(nid»ricpifi;eld8, f«:onv. ich the bulk; pf ;uc ioli^bit^ritsa^p clptljycd fiad |e4» >** ;ittSf J3WHI jrt?5fr n If 6^ CHI N Ai lii^ iU: ■■^i! tnoft bevon(i dcfcrlptlon. The rare trees, and aromatic produftlonr, citU(itt>fnMtnentn\ or rrecHcinaK thar abound in otbrr parts of the world, t*fc to hf fount* in Chin.i, and ionic are peculiar to itlelf. The tallow-tree has a Oiort trunk, a fmooth bark, crooked brancht!, red leavoj, fhaped like a hiart, and is about the height of a common ciierry tree. The fruit it produce* has all the qualities of our tallow, »nd M hen n>ainlfaftur#d with oil Atvcs the natives as candles ; bni they imcW ftrong, nor is their light clear. Of the other trees peculiar to Chi'. nil, are fome which yield a kind of flour ; fonic partake of the nature of pepper. The giini of fome is imifonou';, but affords the fined varnifh hi the world. After all that can be fdid of thefe, and many other beau. tiful ir\A ufeful frees, the Chinefe, notwlthftanding their induIVy, are fb weddei.,>iitj'> / vi'ij -f^gi.'^i Jo 11)1 Jo,ii .!>!) T.M'.i.i (f^jir ■■■■'•" i''J "" The PoftxT^efe' Ssd' iffie tnVlrt»tgs''lortg'b«fore thrEhgnflt,biif}Hi ^introduced amotig the* latter hfcforeithtf Relioration, as mention is rax of it in the firft »& of parliament that fettled the cxcife on the kins^ R/«i 1<»^^ t66.C?; €^ttbW*tt«,'«tf Ii/ift)<>nf, ^ifetuili)ed for its he»ling^ (juallties; and this inflance atone ought to teach U5 with what c»ut>PA the firmer accounts of Chinaare to be read. The ginfeug, however, U a native of the Chitiefe Tartary. JVIbtals and minerals.] China (if we are tobrlieve fome n»tur«i» lids) produces all metals and minerals th>u are known in the world* White copper Is peculiar to itfelf, but we know of no extraordinary quality it poflTcflcs. One of the fundamental maxims of the Chincfe go. vemmcnt is that of not in|;;-oducjng a fuperaUundante of gold and filver^ for fear of hurting induftry. Their gold mines, thrrefore, arc but (lightly worked, and the currency of that metal is fuppUed by the grains the people pick up in the f.uid ot rivers and mountains. The Hlver fpe- cic it furniflied from the njines of Honan. Pehsons, manners, and character.] Parents who cannot fupport their female children, arc allowed to caft them into the river; but they Men a gourd to tlie child, that it may float on the water { jmd there arf often companionate people of fortune, who are moved by the cries (^ the children to fnve them from death. The Chinefe, in tlieir perfons, Are middle-fized, their faces broad, their eyes blgn k and fmoU, their nofes blunt, and turned upwards : they have high cheek-bones, and large lips. The Chinefe have particular ideas of beauty. The pluck up the hairs of the lower part of their faces by the roots with t . eezers, leaving a lew ftraggliii^ ones \>y way of beard. Their Tartar princes oinpel them to cut off the hair of their heads, and, like Mahometans, wear only a lock on the crown. Their complexion, towards the north, is fair, but towards the fouth, fwarthy : corpulence is eftecmed a beauty in a man, but confidered as a palpable blemifli in the fair fex, who aim at preferving a flimnefs and delicacy of (hape. Men of quality aod lejrning, who are not much expofcd to the fun, are delicately com-r ple>!%'.>, rUiu-v, «<(iifi-.,, .;??»• The women have little eyes, plump, rofy lips, black hair, regular features, and a delicate though florid complexion. The fmallnefs of their feet is reckoned a principal part of their beauty, and no fwathing is omitted, when they are young, to give them that accomplifljment, ft) that when they grow up, they may tje laid to totter rather than to ^yalk. "Of moft of the women we Taw (fays fir George Staunton), even in the middle ajid inferior clafles, the feet were unnaturally fmall,. or rather Jruncatcd. They appeared as if the fore part of the foot had been acci- idemally cut off l';aving the rennainder of the vjfual fize, and bandaged like the ftump of an amputated limb. They undergo, indeed, much torment, and cripple themfclves in a gre;it meafure, in imitation of la- "Esof higher rank, ^mong whom it is the cuflom to ftop by preflure ! growth of the ancle as well as foot from thi^ earlieft infancy; and iving the, great toe m.its natural pofitiorj, forcibly to bpnd the .others, nd retain them under the foot, till at length they adhpre to, as if buried the fole, and can no more be feparated. It j? faid. indeed, tliai this fcraftice is now lefs frequent than fortHefly». atjea^fftinpipg thitloiwer |ort if) the northern province8.'*^ it .-ir.yrr'.piLnlo ^rh *- "l^he exterior demeamour of the jphinefe (o^fervcs the f^me writer) I very ce^cmomo^•. |t gonlifts of various evolutious of the bodv, and Yy3 « 'u if **' ;;. , • '1' 1i: ■■>t. .-''■" ii ■ In ■ Bssni ii'iiii ml nm fil I 'if -0M "3 i"*^-' " clHtN A. ineUAatioiispf theliea'], in b<;ncling or ftiflFening the knee, and in join- irtgE,ori>lifengagU*g the iwi4;^; all vyhicl) arc confidercd as ♦he perfection orgopd breeding and deportment ; while iKt nations whb are not f x- , pertin fuch difdpline are thought to be little better than barb2rians. Wh^o, hp\ycvcr, thofe Cbinefe ceremonies ai^ once ihown off, the pe^-formcrs of them relapfe into eafe and ifamiriarity. In their addrefs to Grangers, tliey are not reftrained by any baflifulnefs ; but prefent thcfn- fi?lve& with an cafy confident air, as if they confidercd themfelves as the inperiors, and as if nothing in their inanucrs or appearance co\ild be ._ ^ficient or inaccurate." ..y;.:vThe Chinefe, in general, have been reprefented as the moft difhoneft, l^W, theiving fet in the world ; employing their natural qnicknefs only to itnf>rovc the arts of cheating the nations they deal with, efpecially the . 5v?"t**^*'^.*' whom they cheat with great eal', particularly the Enelilh j but they obferve that none but a Chinefe car« cheat a Chintfe. They are fond of law difputes beyond any people in tt-s world. Their hypo. crify is tvUhoiit bounds;, ancj the men of property among them praftife tlie. moft a^'owed bribery, and the Idweft neannefies to obtain prefer- ; pient. It fl'.ould, however, be remembered, that fonu' of the late ac- , counts of China have been drawn up by tnofe who were little acquaint- ed with any pans of that empire, but the fea-port towns ; in which they probably met with many knavifti and defignin^ people. But it feems „ not juft to attempt to charaAcrifc a. great nation by a few iuftancesrf t?his kind, thougli well attefted ; and we appear not to be fufficiently ac- quainted with tl}e inteiior parts of China to form an accurate judgment of the manners and character of the inhabitarits. By fome of the Jsfuit j miffionaries, the Chinefe feem to have been too much extolled, and by , J|^er writers too much degraded. 1,tV DjtiJsa.} This varies according to the diftinftion of ranks, and is en. , tirely under the f^gulation of the law, which has even fixed the colours that dittinguifh the different condhioiis. The emperor, and princes- of tbeb^ood, have alone a right to wear yellow; certain mandarines are entitled to wear fatin of a red ground, but only upon days of cercmo. » ny; ia geaeral, they are clothed in black, blue, or violet. White i» only worn for mourning, and cannot be too much foiled for the occa- ,-: fion, tp avo;d every appearance of perfonal care and ornament. The l< colour tp which the common people are confined, is blue or black j and f, thfiir drefs is always comp.ofed of plaiji cotton cloUi. The men u-ear ;. capsf on their heads, of the f;afl)ion of & c Jl ; thole of quality are orna- meiUed wTth jewels. The reft of their drefs is eafyand loofe, confifting (Of-asveft and fafli, a coat or gown thrown over thmn, filk boots quilted with cotton, ^"^^>P/'T Tb«.4>arties never, fee each Qtnei-, m China, till the] Wft4%\0 *^'?C^'J^^^'^ by, thep3i:entp,,an4 that is generally when the par- tics arc 'perfe« children.* ' When ihe'nUptfels are celebrated, theladyiij U r iu ICHI N A. *95 earrifd (as y«t wnfeen b^tbe bridegroom) iq a gilt and gawdv cnair hiiug round with fcilobrfs of grtlficiai flowers, and followed by relations, atteildants, and fervartts, bearing the paraphernalia, bcbg the^nly por- tion given with a daughter in nfarriagc by her parents. TJext to being barren, the greateft fcahdai is to bring females into the world ; and if a wortian of poor family happens to liave three or four girls fucceflSvely, it not unfrequently happens that (he will expoie them on the high roads, or caft them into a river. Funerals.} The Chinefc, among other fnperftit ions, are particu- larly fcrupulous about the time and place of burj'ing their dcao. The delay occafioned before thefe difficult points are appertained, has often long detained the coffins of the rich from their lall rcpofitory ; many are feen in houfes and gardens under temporary roofs, to preferve them ia the mean time from the weather ; but neceflity forces the poor to over- came many of their fcruples in this refpeft, and to depofit at once, and with little ceremony, -the remains of their relations in their final abode. The following is the defcription of a Chinefe funeral proceflion ob- ferved by fir George Staunton, pafling out of one of the gates of Pekin. " The proceflion was preceded by fevera! performers on folemn mufic ; then followed a variety of infignia. Tome of filken colours, and painted boards with devices and characters, difpiaying the rank and office of him who was ho more. Itniliediately before the corpfe the mate rela- tions wjalked, each fupported by friends, occupied in preventing them from giving way to the exceflTes artd extravagance of grief, to which the appearance of their couiftenancc implied that they were prone. Over the mourners were carried umbrellas with deep curtains hanging from the edges. Several perfons wei e employed to burn circular pieces of pa- per, covered chiefly with tin-foil, as they paifled by burying-groundsand temples. Thefe pieces, in the popular oprnion, like the coin to Charon for being conveyed to the Elylian fiel<}s, areunderftood to be converti- ble in the next ftage of exiflence into ihi means of providing the n^cef- iaries of life." " The public burying-gro^inds are extremely extenfive, owing to that nfyeSt paid to the dead by the Chinefe, which prevents them from 6pen- ing a new grave upon any fpQt where the traces of a former one remaiik Jipon thefucface.^^'"''' , ' - ^^'^''''^•^ /.>tw. .f,r.i-aiit<>ip.-....j i;v:}v; ^jao ■ Every Chinefe Ve«fpsW^«*<^e « tibTe, ti|i6H w^fcVstfe mhen the names of his father, grandfather, and great grandfather, before which they frequently bum incenfe, and proftrate themfelves; and when the father of a family dies, the name of the great grandfather is taken away, and that of the deceafed is added. Language.] The Chinefe language contains only three hmdred and thirty words, all of one fyllablej biit then each word is r renounced with fuch various modulations, and each with a different meaning^ that it becomes more copious than could be eafily imagined. Thf mrffion- aries, who adapt the European characters as well as they can to thfe ex- preffion of Chmefe words, have devifed eleven diiFercnt, and fome of them very compounded, marks and afpiratnih^i to figrtify the various modulations, elevations, and depreffions of the voite, which dlftinguifli the feveral meanings of the fame mbnofylUble. The Chinefe oral lan- guage being thus barreh and contraifted, is urtfit 'fii- literature ; fend, therefore, their literature ii all comprlftd in arbitrary chai'/iifters, which are amazingly complicated and numerous, amounting to abdut eighty thoufand. This language feeing wbolly addrefled to ttit cVfei aftd having BO affinity with their tongue, as 0)oken» the latter has (^ cootiav^d in 0- r. ■' ' --l Mi' ^ •:^.' ii ' ^1 •' i ('■• M^ ' N. i jl* t^n' 1 ;i^ ■ ■hII 1 1 ffii^nl 1 HH 1 IH flii ill ■ % if-m \ li H Its original, rude/wncultiyated l^te, vh^'?j^it.l9«W9'f^r^*« wc«ived d(ll |»«ffi(*le irtiprovement. '• '>' t; -•'r!/ j-N."' ' ^• •■' MlGEwiwi^Awbtii/^WjilMQ.] TI)pg^^ of' the Ghinefe is peculiar to thtfrhfelveig'; ttiey hiiV'e no conception of wtat is beautiful in writing, r«. gular in arcHitefture, or natural in painting; and yet, in their garden- Wtto^pl^rtningtheiV grounds, they exhibit the true fublin^e and beau, tiralv Thklv perform all tlip operations of aiithmetic with prodigious quicknefs, but diflfferentl>^ fronn tlie Europeans, Till the latter came ?n)ong thetp, they were iguoranr of mathenjatical learning, and all its «leperiain|; atrts. Thiey SatTno proper apparatus for aftronomical obfer- «^fof^ pcioting was difpoveyed in Eu. The diffidiilty of ftaSermg and retaining luch a number or arbitrary marks and cliarafters as there are in what may be called the Chinefc wri<:te!i language, greatly retards the progrefs of their erudition. But there is no part of the globe where learning is attended with fuch ho- nours and rewards, and where there are more powerful inducements to cultivate and purftie it. The literati are reverenced as another fpecies, and are the only nobility known in China. If their birth be ever fo mean and low., they become mandarins of the higtieft rank, in proportion to the e?itent of their learning. Ota the other band, however exalted their biriii may be, they quickly fink into poverty and obfcurity, if they nt%- \t€t thofe ftudies u hich raifed their fathers. It has been obferved, that theren* n» naiion in the wprldwhere the. firft honours of the ftate lie fo open to the loweft of the people, and where thcfe is lefs of hereditary greatnefs. The Chinefe range all their works of literature into four claffes. The firft is the clafs of King, or the facred books, which con- tain the printiples of the Chinefe religion, morality, and government, and feveral curious and obfcure records, relative to thefe important fi»b. je6Vs. Hiftory forms a feparate clafs : yet, in this firft clais, there are placed fome hiilorical monuments on account of their relation to religion and gr>vernment, and among others the Tfkun tficou, a work of Confucius, ■whitth-fcontiiins the annals of twelve kings of Low, the native, country of that ilhiftrious fage. The fecord clafs is that of the Su^ or Cfie^ that i.s, of biftory and the hiftorians. The third clafs,. called' Tfu^ or Tfe^ corflprehenas philo^ophy and the philofophers, and contains all the works of the LhintTe literati, the produAions alfo of foreign fefts and religions, which the Chin^f^ confider only, in t".je light of philofophical opinions, and all books tefative to mathemaiitcs, aftronomy, phyfic, mi- Jitafy fcience, the ixt of .divination* asricaltpre, and the arts and ku ences in gentfal, Th^lQtiVf^" is called Tdey.or Mi/cfllaaia, and contains all the poetical bofjks tjf rbi^ Chtnere, tjbe^ij: pieces of eloquence, their fon}!;s, ronriai)Ci"?,'tragediesi, and'comcdjea.. The Chinefe literati, in all the periods of their monarchy,' h^ye applied themfeKes Jefs to the ftudy of nature, at>d to the kfei^ithes o^ natural pJiilofophy, than to moral inquiries, t^'p'i'a^flital fci'cncf^ o( li^e* aud intj^nal polity and maniierst C rf f N A. 697 ived iril •'^'Jl JEn?5iiO f J' )f arbitrary he Chinefe ition. But h fuch ho- icements to fpecies, and i^er fo mean ■oportiou to xalted their if they ncg- ferved, that ftate lie fo hereditary •e into four hich co«« (vernment, lortant fv»b- e are placed relij;ion and Confucius, ve country >r Oiey that r/u^ or Tfe, |ins all the 111 fe£ts and lilofophical jphyfic, mi- •ts and fci- id contains lejice, their Wati, in all |o the itudy I1 to moral iiiannerst It is' (M tha^ It W^'tiot Yiefi^'ihi^kfiy of fhc Sqng 'In, tie i^thiwl nth centuries after Chrift, tljiat the Chinefe pbilofoph^rs fortned hypo- thefes coticernine the fyftem of ilie tinlvirfe, acJd entered in,tp iliCQuf- fions of a fcholaftic kind, in cdnfequente; perhaps, of the inter courfe they bad long kept \\p \Vitb the Arabians, who (hidied with j^rdouF tljc works of Ariftdtle. And fiince the Chihefehave begun to pay fome at- tention to natural philolbphy, their pre *;reCf In it has been much inferior to that of the Europeans. ^ The invention of gunpowder is juftly claimed by the , Chinefe, vho made ufe of it againft Zing!. is Khan and Tamerlane. They feem to have \ lown nothing of fmall fire arms, and to havt been acquainted only » ith the cannon, which they call the fircrpan. Their induftry in their manufaftures of ftuiffs, porcelain, japanning,, and the like feden. tary trades, is amazing, and can be equalled only by their labours in the field, in making canals, levelling mountains, railing gardens, and navi^ gating t'leir junks and boats. Antkiuities and curiosities.] Few natural curiofitijs prefcitf thcmfelves in China, that hare not been comprehended under preced- ing virtJctes. Some volcanos, and fivers and lakes of particular quali- ties, are to be found in different parts of the empire. The Volcano of Linefung is faid fometimes to make fo furious a difcharge of fire and afhes, as to occafion a tempeft in the air : and fome of their lakes arc faid to petrify fifhes when put iilto them. The great wall Separating China from Tartary, to prevent the incuriions of the Tartars, is fup- pofed to extend from laob to 1 500 miles. It is carried over mouniaiiw and valleys, and reaches, according to M. Grofier, from the province of the Shenfee to the Whang-Hay, or Yellow-Sea. It is in ntwft places built of brick and mortar, which is fo well tempered, that though it has flood more than 2000 years, it is but little decayed. The begin ng of this Wall is a large bulwark of ftone raifed in the fea, in the province of Petchelee, to the eafl of Peking, and almofl in the fame laritude i it is built like the walJs of the capital city of the empire, bu :ch wider, being terrafTed and cafedwitn bricks, and is from twenty tv twenty-lSvc feet high. ¥i Rejjis and the other gentleman who took a ma() of tbef* provinces, often flretcheci a line on the top, to meafure the bifis of tii- angles, and to take diftant points with an inftrument. They always found it pa«ed wide enough for five or fix horfemen to travel abreaft with eak. Mention ' that are cut The artificial mountams pr and other edifices. The Chinefe bridges cannot be fufiiqientiy admired. They are built fometimes upon barges flrongly chained together, yet fo as to be parted, and to let the velTels pafs that fail up and down the ri- ver. Some of them run from mountain to mountain, and tonfift only of one arch; that over the tiver SafFrany is 4Q0 cubits long and 500 high, though a finglearch, and joins two mountains ; and fqme in the interior parts of the empire are faid to be Hill more ftupendous. Thq triumphal arches of this countrj' form the next fpecies of artificial curi-. nfities. Though they are not built in the Greek or Roman .ftyle of ar* cliite^Vure, yet they areftr^ierb arid beautiful, a;id crefted to thefliemo. ry of their great men, with vaflb labour and expenfe.- They are, faid. in the whrile to be eleven hhndred,' two hundred of which are particularly irmgnificent. Their fepulchral monuments make likewife a great figure. Their towers, the models of which are now fo common in Europe, qn- Ncr the name of p^odos, are vy h regukur order, and aU <}f them are finiflied with exquifitc carvings and g^ildings, and other orna- niehts. That at Nanking, which is »Qo (cet high, aiid 40 in diainetcr is the moft admired. It Js, called the Porcelain Tower, hecaufeitil Jincd with Cbinefe tiles. Their temples are chiefly remarkable for the -fanci'ful tafte in which they are bniit, for their capacioufnefs, their rWhirafical ornaments, and the ugUnefs pfthe idols they contain. The Chintfe are remarkably fond of bells, which give name to one of their rprincipal fe/livals. A bellof Peking weighs iao,ooo pounds, but its ^oundi^ faid to be difagreeable. The laft curiofity I ftiall mention Is ffheir fire-works, which in China exceed thofe of all other nations, 'in , ihort, every province in China is a fcene of curiofities. Their build. ■ings, except the pagodas, being confined to no order, and fuiceptihlc of mli kinds of ornaments, have a wild variety, and a plealing elegance ■mot void of magnificence, agreeable to the eye and the imagination, and' prefent a diverlity of objefts not to be found in, European archi. •iteftnre. Chief cities.] The empire is faid to contain 4400 wallt-d cities- /4lie chief of which are Pekiuj;, Nanking, and Canton.' Pelting, the .capital of the whole empire of China, and the ordinary refidence of the iHtenpcrors, is fitnated in a veiy fertile plain twenty leagues diilant from the great wall. It is an oblong fquare, and is divided into two cities: ;that which rontains the emperor's palace is calltd the Tartar city, be- f^taufe the houfes were given to the Tartars when the prefent family «9me to the throne; and they refufing to fufFer the Chinefe to inhabit it, forced them to live without the walls, where they in a fliort time built a new city; which by being joined to the other, renders the whole ;of an irregular form, fix leagues in compafs. The walls and gates of Peking are of the fui*prifing height of fifty cubits, fo that they hide the whole city, and are fo broad, that ccntinels are placed upon them on horfeback ; for there are flopes within the city of confiderable length, by whiclj horicmcn mayafcend the walls; ,ind in feveral places there are houfes built for the guards. The gates, which are nine in number, are neither embelliflietl with (latues, nor other carving, ail their beauty con- fifting in their prodigious height, which at a diftance gives them a noble apjMrarance. The arches of the gates are built of marble, and the reft with large bricks, cemented with excellent mortar. Moft of the ilreets are bitih in a direct line; the largeft are about lao feet broad, and a league in length. The (hops where they fell iilks and china-ware gene- rally take up the whole ftreet, and ifford a very agreeable pro?pe(?l. Euch filop-keeper places before his fl p, on a fmall kind of pedeftal, a b-iaid abeiut twenty feet high, paint* , varniflied, and often gilt, on •which arc written in lare,: charafters the names of the feveral coinmo. rii'ies he feWs. Thefe being placed on each fide of the ftreet, at nearly an equal diftance from each other, have a v«rry pretty appearance ; but the houfes atepoc -^y built in front, and very low, molt of them having only rig ground floor, and none exceeding one ftory above.it. Of all the build. Ings in this great city, the moft remarkable is the imperial palace, the grandeur of which does not confift fo much in the noblenefs and ele- gance of the arcbiteifture, as the niultltude^of its 'Miildings, courts, and gardens, all regularly difpofed; for within the v Ah are not only the pniperor's houle, but a little town, inhabited by tlie ofiicers of the court, and a multitude of artificers ettiployed and kept jy the emperor; butj the houfes of ti\e courtiers aud artificers are In *- and ill contrived. F. | Artier, a irencii Jcluk, .wlio v,w »^4«Mgc4,.*»'i^«*^;fisl»)t of U»e palace I •.1 I- ' C rf I N A., fcfi aiiid an ^f id other orna- p in diameter, ■, hecaufe it is irkable for the ;iov»fiiefs, their contain. The to one of their pounds, but its lall mention, is ler nations. la Their build- id fuiceptible of ealing elegance, magi nation, aud Luri>pean archi- K3 walkd cities; ,n; Peking, the r reiidence of the rues dillant from [ into two cities: Tartar city, be- ,e prefeni family :hinefe to inhabit y in a fliort time renders the whole widls and gates of khat they hide the c-d upon them on derablc length, by il places there are lie in number, are their beauty con- .ives them a noble A-ble, and the reft [Moft of the iireets feet broad, and a i china-ware gene- igrecable prolpea. And of pedeftal, a [nd often gilt, on le feveral commo. le ftreet, at nearly >pearance;butthe them having only Of all the build..] iperial palace, the [noblenefs and ele- idings, courts, and are not only the icers of the court, Ithe emperor; but 'ill contrived. F. li^ht of the palac« ] '^t^¥^^en% faylfVBat t!jc '(Jalide Is 'Mo¥c ^Ht tHm wites "in i^cam- fercnce, and that the front of the building fliities with gilding, paint, and varnifh, while the infide h fet off and furniflied with every thing that is moll beautiful and precious in China, the Indies, s^nd Europe. The garden^ of this pa^ce arelarge trafts of ground, in which are raifed, at nrbper diftances, artificial mountains, from twenty to iiyty feet high, which form a uumber of fniall valleys, plentifully watered by canals, which uniting, form lakes and meres. Beautiful and magnificent barks fail on thefe pieces of water, and the banks are ornamented with ranges of buildings, not any two of which are faid to have any refemblaace to each other ; which diverfity produces a very pleafing effeft. Every val- ley has its houfe of^pleiafure, large enough' to lodge one of our greateft lords iii Europe with all his retinue : many of thefe hnitfes are bmlr with cedar, brought, at a vaft expenfe, the diftance of $op leagues. Oftheie palaces, or houfes of pleafure, there are more than 200 in this vaft in- clofurc. In the middle of a lake, which is near half a league in diame- ter every way, is a rocky ifland, on which is built a palace, containing more than a hundred apartments. It has four fironts, and is a very ele- gant and niagnificent flrufture. The mountains and bills are covered M^ith tieiSy particularly fuch as produce beautiful and aromatic flowers j ' and the canals are edged with niftic pieces of rockj difpofed with fuch art, as exa6Vly to refemble the wildncfs of nature. Thteftimited population of Peking was carried In the laft century bythe Jefuit Grimaldi, as quoted byGemelKCarreri, to fixteen millionsi Another miflionary reduces, at leaft tha^ of the Tartar city, to one mil- lion and a quarter. According t6 the beft information given to the late Englifh embafTy, the whole was about three millions. The low houfes of Peking feem fcarcely fufBcient for fo vaft a population ; but very lit- tle room is occupied by a Chinefe family, at leaft in the middling and lower clafTes of life. A Chinefe dwelling is generally furrounded by a Wall fix or feven feet hrgh. Within this incTofure a whole family of three gtnerations, witH all their refpeiftive wives and children, will fre- quently be found. One'fmall room is made to ferve for the individuals of each branch of the family, deeping in different beds, divided only by mats hanging from the ceiling. One common room is ufed for eating. Nanking is faid to be ftill more extenfiv'e and populous than Peking ; but Canton is the great'dft port in China, and the only port tliat hasbeea touch frequented by Etirdpeahs. The city wall is above five miles in circumference, with very pleafartt walks around it. From the top of fome adjacent hiUs, on which fortstire built, you have a fine profped of the country. It is beautifully interfperfed with mountains, little hills, and valleys, a'll green; ahdtheCe again pleafantly diverfifitd with fmall towns, villages, high to«vers, temples, the (eats of mandarins and other great men, whith Are watered with delightful lakes, canal^ and fmall branches from the river Tiei; on which are numberlefs boats and junks, failing dilt'erent ways thrb-ugh the mort fertile parts of the comitry. The city is entered by feveral iron ^atcs, and withinfide of each there is a guard-houfe. The (Vrects of Canton are very ftraight, but generally narrow, paved with flag-ftones. There are many pretty buildings in this city, great numbers of tritimphal arthes, and te»t)ple9 well ftocked with images. Th6 ftreets of Canton are fo crowded, that it is difficult tp walk in them ; yet a woman 6f any faftiion is feldom to- be fceu, un- lefs by chance when Cbming out 6f her chair. There are great numbers of market-places for fifli, flefii, poultry^ vegetables, and all kinds af proviGonSi which ar» fold Very chc^. Thcw^re many private walks ««.'■ '■ ? i.fj,.:*«S 1 !''1 About the rt have thefr houfes, \vhich are very little frequented by Europeans, whofe bufinefs lies chiefly in the trading part of thfc city, where there are only (hops and warehoufts. Few of the Chinefe traders of any fubftance keep ihdr fa- milies in houfes where they do bufinefs, but either in the city, in tlie fnore remote fuburbs, or farther up in the country. Thty have all fuch a regard to privacy, that no windo vs are made towards the ftreets, but in fliops and places of public bufinefi, nor do any of their windows look towards thofe of their neighbours. The fliops of thofc that deal in filk are very neat, make a finie fhow, and are all in one place; fortradef. ii>en, or dealers, in one kind of goods, herd together in the fame ftreet. It is comput^ that there arc in this city, and its fuburbs, 1,300,000 people; and there are often 5O60 trading vefTels lying before the city, TtAfte AND MANUFACTURES.] China is fo happily fituated, and pro- ilnces fuch a variety of materials for manufaftures, that it may befaid to be the nat) e Chinefe afFe(ft to keep that manufafture ftill a fecret, yet it is well known that the princi- pal material is a prepared pulverifed earth, and that feveral European countries far exceed the Chinefe in manufaduring this commodity *. The Chinefe filks are generally plain and flowered gauzes, and they arc faid to have been originnlly fabricated in that country, where the art of rearing filk-worms was firft dilcovered. They manufaiflure filks like- ^ife of a more durable kind ; and their cotton and other cloths are fa- mous for furnifliing a light warm wear. X*TM«* trade, itib well known, is open to-all the European nations, wHh whom they deal for ready money ; for fuch is the pride and ava- fic* of the Chinefe, that they think no manufaAnres equal to their ' Bntit is certain, that fince the dlfcovery of the porcelain manu- fa**tiire, and the vaft improvements the Europeans have mide in the vcaving branches, the Chinefe commerce has been on the decline. •CoNSTiTOrrov and government.] The original plan of the Chinefe government was patriarchal, almoft in the ftriifleft fenfe of the word. Duty and obedience to the father of each ftmily was recom. 'mended and enforced in the moft rigorous manner; but, at the fame rime, the ertjperor was confidered as the fither <>f the whole. His jftiaudarins, or great ofiicers of ftatc, were looked upon as In's Aibfti- thie^,' »nd the degree^ of fubmiffion which were due from the inferior tanks fo the fiipendr, were fettled and obfervcd with the moft fcru- po?0M5 .preciGon, and'in aitianner thatto us feems highly ridiculous. Thi3'fi^.]^ie'claimbfobecfJen<;e required great addrefs and knowledgf ^f hunitn n^itiife to render ft effeftuil; and the Chinefe legiflators. * I :• !i:. ▼e thrfr bufinefs lops and ihcir fa- f, in the ' all fuch •ets, but 3WS look al in filk jr tradef- nrie ftreet. ,300,000 le city. , and pro- ay be faid It tafte or hey make »tton, biit Their ink faid to be hich rtg, w od, has al- vare gene- irope, and fe afFea to th^princi- , European mmodity *. nd they arc e the art of : filks like- nhs are fa- in nations, le and ava- lal to their [lain manu- idde in the xline. Ilan of the :nfe of the l^as recom* It the fame Ihole. His his fubfti. [be inferior imoft fcru- Iridiculous. Iknowledge llegiflators, l)f peifeAio», Iveral ]princ« Tect ■with'*"" Confucnis particularly, appear to Have been men of wonderful abilti tics. They enveloped their dictates in a number bt myftkal appear- ances, U) as to ftrik£,the people with awe siud veneration. The man- darins had modes of fpeaiing and writing different from thofe of other fubjedls, and the pepple were taught to believe that the princes partook of divinity ; fo that they were fddonji feen, and more feldom approach- ed. ♦' hi the great paLce of Peking (fays fir Gtorge Staunton) all fhe mandarins refident in the capital, alTembled, about noon, on his impe- rial majelfy's birth-day, and drelTed in their robes of ceremony, made the ufual proftrations before the throne ; inqenfe of fandal and rofe woods burning upon it at the fame lime, and offerings being made of viands and liquors, as if, though* abfen^, he were capable of en- joying them. Mti Barrow (a gentleman of the embafly) was prefent u'iiile the fame ceremonies were obfervcd at Yuenmin-yuen, and he was informed that they likewife took place on that day in everjr part of the enpire, the proftrators being every where attentive to turn their faces towards the capital. On all the days of new. and full moon, fimilar incenfe is burnt, and offerings are made before the throne by the officers of the houfehold in the fcveral palaces ol the emperor." Though this fyitem preferred the public tranquillity for an incredi* ble nuniber of years, yet it had a fundamental defcft, that often con- vulfed, and at laft proved fatal to theftate, becaufe the fame attention was not paid to the military as the civil duties. The Chinefie had paf- fions like other men ; and fymetimes. a weak or wicked adminiftratioa drove them to a:rms, and a revolution eafily fucceeded, which thev i'uftified by faying that their fovereig^ had ceafed to be their father; 3uring thofe commotion^, one of the parties naturally invited their neighbours, the Tartars, to their afliftance, who, poffeifing great faga- city, becaiTie acquainted with the weak fide of tlieir conuitution, and availed themfelves accordingly, by invading and conquering the em- pire, and conforming to the Chinefe inftitutions. Befides the great doftrine of patriarchal obedience, the Chinefe had fumptuary laws and regulations for the expenfes of all degrees of fubjefts, which were very ufeful in pieferving the public tranquillity, and preventing the effefts of ambition. By their inftitutions likewife, the mandarins niiglit remonftrate to the emperor, but in the moft fub« miffive manner, upon the errors of his government; and when he was • virtuous prince, this freedom was often attended with the moft falu- tary effefts. No country in the world is fo well provided with magi- iSrates for the difcharge pfjuftice, both in civil and criminal matters, as Chitia J but they are oftei; ineffe^ual through want of public virtue in the execution. The en^peror is ftyled " /L/y So» of Heaven^ Sole Gover- nor cf th Earth, Great Father of his People." . ,, Religion.] Thef^ is in China no ftate religion. , None is paid^ p^-eferred, or encouraged by it. The Cliinefe hav^ no Sunday, nor even fuch a divifion as a w«8ek ; the temples are, however, open every day for the vifits of devotees. Perfpns of that defcription have frotn time to time nwdc grants, thwgh to no great amount, for tlie. mainte- nance of their clergy, butnp lands are fubjeA tq^ecclefiaftical tithes. The emperor U of onC] fajth; many of the mandarms of another ; and the majority of the common people of a third, which is that of ?o. No people ar* in fa^l' mpre fiiperftitions than the common Chinefe.. ,£e- fide the habitual officts Mdevotmh oh'the part of the prlefts and fe- Wlcsj^he tc^pples: arc !, pjrt^ailarly ft^ueated _^yg|;fee dift^'ic* pf Foy .* ■>-. h'^L\ 70t C HTN A,^ ill preriAuHr t& My unckrtftking of ifnport»nce; «rhether to marrf, or go a joiirne^, or eonclude a bargain, or change fituarion, or . any oth«r material event Jn life, it h necefliry firil to conlUlt the fiip«rjM(hidant lieity. This is performed by various methods. Some place a parcel of eonfecrattd fticks, differently marked and num. bered, which the conAiltant, kneeling befor« the afltar, (hakes in a hollow bamboo, until one of them falls on the grmind ; its mark is ex. amined, and referred to a correfpondent mark in a book which the prieft holds optfn^ and fometimes even it is written upon a piece of paper palled upon the inikle of the temple. Polygonal pieces of wood •re by others tnrown into the air. Each fide has its particular markt the fide that is uppermoft whet^ fallen on the floor, is in like manner referred to its correfpondent mark In the book or Iheet of fate. If the firft throw be favourable, the perfon who made it proftrates himfelf in gratitude^ and undertakes afterwards with confidence the bufmefs in a< gitation* But if the throw fliould be adverfe, he tries a fecond time, and the third throw determines, at any rate, the qucftion* In other re- fpe£ts the people of the prefent time fccm to pay little attention td Ineir priefts. The temples are, however, always open for fuch as choofe to confult the decrees of heaven. They return thanks whea the oracle proves propitious to their widie^. Yet they oftener Cift lots to know the iflue of a. proje^ed ent fitting in an alcove with a child in her arms, and rays proceeduig from a circle, which are called a glory, round her head, with tapers burning conftauiiy before her. The re- femblance of the worfliip of the Chinefe to the forms of the Catholic church, in fome other particulars, has been, indeed, thought fo ftrik-, ing, that fome of the mifiionaries have conje^hired that the Chinefe had formerly received a glimpfe of Chriftianity from the Neftorians, by the way of Tartary ; others that St. Thomas the apoftte had been a. ijfiong them : but the miffionary Premare couk) account for it no other- wife than by ftippofing it to have been a trick of the devil to mortify the Jef«it3f. There aire other images, however, inthefe temples, which bear a greater analpgy to the ancient than to the prefent worfliip of the Ro. mans. A figure, reprefenting a female, apj ears to be fomething fimitar toLucina, and is particularly addrefled by anmarried women wanting hulbands, and married women wanting childrc». The doftrine of Fo, admitting of t fubordinate deit)' particularly propitious to every wifh which can be formed in the human mind, could fcarcely fail to fpreaci among thofe dafles of the people who are not fatisficd with their pro. fpefts as refultifjg from the natural caufes of events. Its progrefs. it not obftrufted by Any meafures c»f tlie government of the country, which does not interfere with mere opinions. It prohibits no be- lief, which i« not fuppofed to affeA the tranquillity of fociety. , Tte ieB>pfc*-fl>f-l'#kSrtg-«*«' tooV v?^ fvimptuous., . The religion of CHIN Aj> Tn^: 705 W ttiVttff uation, 01 :oni'ult the ids. Some and num* [hakes in a mark is ex- which tho I a piece of ces of wood cnlar tnai^ t like manner fate. If tho 8 himfelfin ufinefs in a- fecond time, lu other re- attention to for fuch as hanks when er cfift lots to :e for its be- tsgiving thaa *ound in troft naries has ob- of the Roman night imagine country. On ily a reprefen- ill the perfoa ith a chiid in tailed a glory, ler. The re. the Catholic ight ,fo ftrik-, the Chiuefe eftorians, by had been a- >r it no other* il to mortify vhich bear a |p of the Ro' \ething fimilar [men wanting loftrine of Fo, lo every wlfh 1 fail to fpreai Uth their pro« \ts progreis i» the country, Ihihits no be- . fociety. Ihe religion of the «mperor ts new in China, and its worlhip is performfcl with mod ■MgninccDce in Tartary. Ttit mandarine, tiie men of letters, fron^ whom are fele^ed the ma^iflrates who govern the empire... ai\d pvoC^ fcfs the upper ranks of life, venera«« rather than adore Coufuciw, and meet to honour and celebrate his memory in l)erforman^ce of moral duties ; but in lieu edf which, are too frequently fubflituted thofe of contributiocgi toward^ the erection or repair of templesf the raaintenanee .if priefls, and 4 ftrid attention to particular obfervances. The csgleft of thefc is an* nodnced as punifhable by the fouls of the «i<:faulters paifing into tbc bodies of the meanefl animals, in which the fufferings are to be prop9i:<|^,^ tioned to the tranfgreflioD committed in the human form. Public roads.] The fecurity of travellers, and an eafy nM>de of conveyance for paflfengers and merchandife of every kipd, ar« obj<£U to which particular attention feems to have been paid by adminiftra* tion in China. The manner in which tlie public roads are naanagedy greatly contributed to the former, Thefe roads are paved in all the fouthera provinces, and fome of th^ northern. Valleys have been wled up, an4 piifTages have been cut through rocks and mountains, in order to make commodious highways, and to <>referve them as nearly as poUible on a level. They are gene- rally bordered with very lofty trees, and fomctimes with walls eight or ten feet in height, to prevent travellers from entering into the fields. Openings are left in them at certain intervals, which give a paOag« into crofs roads that condu«^ to different villages. On all the greH roads, covered icats are ereded at proper diitances, where the traveller may Inciter himfeif from tlje ioeleoi^jiQy. gf fhs ^ffiafer, or Unf ^;^^fliiga heats of the fummcrw ;: •.(lj.'>.r.m<>il'f .^t*', tuiir i lafhr* ; -ft cm n't ■'\t^. vf^w.'.*::; 1 here is no want of inns on the |>riACipaUbIghway£, and even on the crofs roads. The farmer are very fp^cious, but they are badly fupraf: 0)jn(».«% (^Jilyc%. M l'» tv r * 1" m ^ • 'X \ -k-f-A'- ! '■;.- 704 CHINA; which mty be eqtlal to about fixty fix miHlons of pounds ilfrlinj;, of •bout four times thofe of Great Britain, and three tunes ihofe of trance before the late fubverfioo. Fioni the produce of tlic tnxcj, ill the civii and itiilitary expenfes, and the incidental and extraor. dinary charges, arc firft paid upon the fpot, out of the trea furies of the refpeAive province* where fuch expenfes are incurred; and the remainder is remitted to the imperial treaftry at Feking. This fur;ilus amounted in the year i79»» accordhig to an account take-n from a ftatement furniftied by Chow-taZhin, fo the fuin of 36,614,328 oim- ces of filver, or i2,2a4,776l. A land-tax was fubllituted in tr,** laft teign to the poll tax, as better projwttioned to the facilities of indivlJu, als. Moft imports, and all luxuries, arc likcwife taxed ; but the duty being added to the original price of the article is feldotu dilllngviifl)ed from it by the confuirier. A tranfit duty is laid likcwife on goods pair- ing from one province to another. Each province in China, which Jnay be compared to i Europeatt kingdom, is noted chiefly for the jpToduftion of fome particular article, the conveyance of which, to fupply the deiiiand for it in the others, raifes this duty to\a confi- derable fum, and forms the great internal commerce of the empire. Prefents from the tributaries and fubje^s of the emperor, and the con- fifcations of opulent* criminals, are not overlooked in enumerating the revenues of the public treafury. Taxes, fuch ats upoi/ rice, are received in kind. The feveral fpecies of ftrain, on which many of the poorer clafles of the people prirlcipally fubfill, are exempted from taxation : fo is wheat, to which riCe is always preferred by the Chinefe. Military and marine stbenuth.] China is at this time afar more powerful empire than it was before its conquefl by the eadern Tartars, in 1644. This is owing to the confummate policy of Chup- tchi, the firft Tartarian emperor of China; who obliged his hereditary fubjej^ v^, V. ^'. », 'iir?A • ,.^ but caution, and care, and circumfiie^ion, are much recommended tb \ their generals ; iiiid one of their maxims is, never to fight with rnemiei^i either more numerous or better arrncd than themfclves. -'^ History.] The Chinefe prefeiid, as a nation^ to an antiquity bcniis Vend all meafure of credibility, and their annals hnvc been carried beT<« yond the period to which the Scripture chronology alfigns the crea*^-;. tion of the world. ]Poan Kou is laid by theoi to have been the fir^;; man, and the interval of time betwixt him and the death of thkir cele- brated Confucius, which was in tiie year before Chrift, 479, hai beeti reck ned from 276,000 to 96,961,746 years. But upon an accurate invcftigatiou of this fubj % it appiears, that all the Chinefe hiftprical relations of events prior to the reign of the emperoi^ YaO, who lived 20J 7 years befoi-e Chrift, ai-e entirely fabulous, compofed in moderii times, tinfupported by authentic records, and full of coiitradi<5lions. It appears alio, that the origin of the Chriiefe empire cannot be placed higher than two or three generations before Yao. But even this is cari. jrying the empire of China 10 a very high antiquity, and it is certain that ■■ the materials for the Chinefe hiftdry are extremely ample. The grand an- ^ . n^ls oF the empire of Chind are comprehended in 668 volumes, and*;*: confift of the pieces that have hktn compofed by the tribunal or de- partment of hiftory, eftablidied in China; for tranfiiritting to pofterity the public events of the i&mpir6, and tiie lives, charafters, add tranfac-^ tiohs of its ibvercigris. It Is faid, that all the fadts which Concern the monarchy Cnce its folindation, have been depofited in this department, iand from age to age have betn arranged according to the order or times under the ihfpeftioii o"f government, and vyith all the precautions againft illufion or partiality that could be fuggefted. Thefe precautionSi have been carried fo far, that the hiftory of the reigii of each irriperial llaraily has only been publiflled after the extihftidn of that fiiriiily, and IwaS kept a profounif fecret during the dyiiafty, that neither fear nor [flattery might adulterate the trvith. It is afferted, that many of thfe IChinefe hiftorians expoied themfelves t'^ exile, aild even td. death, ri- per than difguife the defeats and victs of the fovereign. Bijt the em-,, . peror Chi-hoang-ti, at whof^ command the great wall wa^ built, iti " Iheyear £13 before the" Chriftian aera, ordered all the hiftorical bbok^ Ind records, which Contained the fiindamental laws and pwinciples df .; [he ancient gbverrimetit, to be bufnt, that they might liot be employed' ■.; by the learned to oppofe his authority, and the changes he prbpofed to . , Introduce into the monarchy. Four hundred literati vvere burnt, witii !. , (heir books; yet this barbaroiis edift Had not its full effcd ; feVeral "j^^ - looks were concealed, and efcaped the geiicriil ruiri.' Aftef this p^-., ^t nbd, ftridl fearth was made fbr the ancient books and re'cbrds thatj, \ let remained ', but though much ihduftry WAs employed f.jf this jJuxi..;,. ofe, it appears that the authentic hiftorical fourges of the Chinefe^. > . pr the times anterior to the year 200 before Chrift, are very fewj and,^'.' bat they are ftill in fmaller niimbfers fpr more remdtc periodsj But,^!, ptwithftdnding the depredations that have been made upon the Chir, ,^i* peliiftdry, it is ftill immenfely volviriiindus, aifid has been jiidged^*!^.. I fofhe writers fuperidY to that of aU. other nations. Of thegranfl,, .«i Inals before mentioned, which amount to 668 volumes, a. copy iCubiiftk at FariSj in the French Z 2 7o6 CHINA. II! Unguagf, a General Hiftory of Cliii)a, in la volumes 4to. fome of which have been printed ; and a fnialler work in 12 volumes 8vo. liy the late Father de Mailla, niifliouary at Peking, has lately been publKlicd. But the limits to which onr work is confined will not permit uv to cn- jarge upon fo copious a fubjcf?^ as that of the Chinefc hiftory ; and which, indeed, would be very uninterellingto the generality of European readeis. A fucceflion of excellent princes, and a duration of domeftic tranquillity, united leyflation with philofophy, and produced their Fo-hi, whofe hif- tory is enveloped in myfteries, their I^i-Laokum, and, above all, their Confucius, at once the Solon and the Socrates of China. After all, the Internal revolutions of the empire, though rare, produced the mod dreadful efFefts, in proportion as its conftitution was pacific, and they were attended with the moft bloody exterminations in fome provinces: fo that though the Chinefe empire is hereditary, the imperial fucceflion was more than once broken into, and altered. Upwards of twenty dynafties or difFcreut tribes and families of fucceffion, are enumerated in their annals. Neither the great Zinghis Khan, nor Tamerlane, thi-Jgh they often defeated the Cninefe, could fubdue their empire, and neither of them could keep the conquefts they made there. Their celebrated wall proved but a feeble barrier againft the arms of thofc famous Tartars. After their invafions were over, the Chinefe went to war with the Manchew Tartars, while an indolent worthlefs emperor, Tlbng-tching, was upon the throne. In the mean while, a bold rebel, named Li-cong-tfe, in the province of Se-tchuen, dethroned the emperor, who hanged himielf, as did moft of his courtiers and women. Ou-fan-quey, the Chintf; general, on the frontiers of Tartary, refufed to recognife the ufurpcr, and made a peace with Tfongate, or Chun-tcl.i, the Manchew prince, who drove the wforper from the throne, and took pofteffion of it him. felf, about the year 1644. The Tartar maintained himfelf in hi;^ autho. rity, and, as has been already mentioned, wifely incorporated his here- ditary fubjefts with the Chinefe, fo that in effeft Tartary became an acqiiifition to China. He was fucceeded by a prince of great natural and acquired abilities, who was the patron of the Jefnits, but knew how to check them when he found them intermeddling with the affairs of his government. About the year 1661, the Chinefe, under this Tartar fa-, mily, drove the Dutch out of the ifland of Formofa, which the latten had taken from the Portiiguefe. In the year 1771, all the Tartars which compofed the nation oftl)!J Tourgoutlis, left the fettlements which they had under the Ruffian gO' vernnient on the banks of the Wolga, and the laick, at a fmall diftam .from 'the Cafpian fea, and in a vaft body of fifty tlioufand families, tiifi pafTed through the country of the Hafacks ; after a march of eigl months, in which they furmounted innumerable difficulties and dan .gers, they arrived in the plains that lie on the frontier of Carapen, ni far from the banks of the river Ily, and offered themfelves as fubjV to Chen-Lui*g, emperor of China, who was then in the thirty-fixtl year of his reign. 'He received them gracioufly, furniftied them wil prpvifious, clothes, and money, and allotted to each family a portion land for agriculture and pafturage. The year following there was .fcLond emigration of about thirty thoufand other Tartar families, «i alfo quitrea the fettlements which they enjoyed under the Ruffian g( vernmen;t, and fubmitted to the Chinefe fceptre. The empcrt caiifod the hiftory of thefe emigrations to be engraven upon ftonti Jpur giflereut languages. I>e knov wve be. CHINA. :o. fome of sBvo. by the publiHicd. nnit w:- toen- •, and which, pcan rcadeis. ; tranquillity, hi, whofc hif- )ove all, their After all, the ced the moft ific, and they ne provinces: :rial fucceflion rds of twenty ire enumerated agh they often neither of them Lted wall proved Tartars. After 1 the Manchew ;hing, was upon Li-cong-tfe, in (hanged himfelf, .ley, the Chinefe nife the ufurpcr, Manchew prince, [effion of It him- felf in hi!^ autho. -porated his here- irtary became an of great natural] ;s, but knew how 1 the affairs of his| [er this Tartar fa- which the latin 707 The nopcs which were lately indulged of the rreat and manifold ad- vantages to be derived from the embafTy of lord Macartney to the court of Peking have ended in difappointment. ^'cver, perhaps, was there a chara^er better qualified for the management of an embaify of fuch de- licacy and importance than lord Macartney : but, notwithflanding his lordfliip's adroiti)efs, he fpund it utterly inipoflible to obtain permillion for the refidence of an Engliflmian at the capiti! ofChina, as ambaf- fador, conful, or in aijy other charafter, or any exclufiVe fettlcmtnt for the EngliHi withi^ the Chinefe dominions, even on a temporary grant, and folely for the purpofes of trade. According to a fundamental principle in Chineie politics, innovation, of whatever kind, is held to be inevitably pregnajit with ruin ; and on this principle the emperor declined to admit a foreign refidcnt at the court of Peking, or to ex- pand the principles on which our commercial intercourle with this co!'ntry are at prefent regulated and confined. \'.\e embafly arrived in the river Pei-ho, in the gtilf of Peking, the beginning of Augtift i7Q3» and on the 21ft of the ume month readhed the city of Peking. Tne'y remained here till the beginning of Sep- tember, when they were conduced to Zhe-hol, or Jehol, one of tne emperor's country refidences in Tartary, diftant about forty or fifty leagues from Pekmg. jHerc they had their audience of the emperor, 'who a( "epted the p'refents they had brought in the rnoff gracious man- ner, and returned others of great value, of which two are fo Angular as to claim particular notice. The one is a poem addrefied to his Bri- tanai . majefty, the compofition of the emperor himfclf, and in his own b.i'i-'-.i'ting : it is lodged in a black, wooden, carved box, of no great value,' but as an antique, to which chara£ler it has a jiift claim, having been two thoufand years in the poflcflion of the imperial family of China. The other prefect is a mafs of coftly agate, of unequalled fize ami beauty. It has always been thepraftice with the emperor to hold this agate in his han^, and to fix his eyes upon it, whenever he fpoke to a mandarin, or any of his rninifters ; as to look upon a fubjeft is confidered as not only derogatory to the imperial dignity, but to confer too much honour on the individual addrefTcd. Chen-Luiig, the prefent emperor of China, appeared, at the time he gave audience to the embafi)-, to be perfeftly unreferved, chearful, and unaffe(^ed ; his eyes were full and clear, and his countenance open. ! He was clad in plain dark fvlk, with a velvet bonnet, inform not much I different from the bonnet of Scotch Highlanders ; on the front of it was placed a largi pearl, which was the only jewel or ornament he ap- peared to have about hihi:*'' •'' > , -.u^ -r 1 ii i:i <■ '■. ..'J t ' i.'" ..v..>j-„t |«;^|ij;-.;*pi'^, n- QJ ..^4 nr. I % •-■•j( ■ J, tin '■"•\ '?' V,') MV''-- '.^■■'■1 i ill II '4;-^''^^15 tr/ri*/jn:: •^*^^■%"^ i-''"'-^ '^'T'*^^* -^^^^ i'V.».>>;4»..• - . etween the 6§tli igitude, and be- the North, by uth, by the In- >ea ; and on the tdla at large in(o ind the Ganges^ or the Mogul'^ the Ganges; all : is nece(rary,in of fome particu. ■hich {hall l)e ex- ers who have vi- 'any. an excellent and iftorian, compre- :an. The Maho- are computed to luhdred millions. , who derive their ill rights of fove- and obfcrving the 1 Priority.. lu other checks upon the I recautions of that ; and barbarity of IV e rendered them oos; or, as others ;'hey pretend that 1 religion, was in- fand years before |y, was fonne greati [pagan legillators,! lie honours. Th«l Itend, that he b»-| l)ing his do£trina| 1 they are ftill pof-l 'which is wrote inl fnly to the Brahf IthebeliefofaSuJ beings, fome fiip«J [y of the foul, ani bconfiflofatranll Is they have led J nan probable, tha ta. The necefcl ted doftrine, in'l the lower ranks, induced the Brahmins, who are by no means unani- mous in their doftrines, to have recourfe to fenfible reprefentations of the Deity and his attributes ; vfo that the original doftrines of Brum- ma have degenerated into i^latry; in the worfliip of different ani- roals, and various images, of the^mofl hideous figures, delineated or carved. ^« The Hindoos have, from time immemorial, been divided into mwr great tribes. The firft and' mofl noble tribe are th« Brahmins, Whoi*'. alone can officiate in the priefthood- Ji^e the Levites among the jews.' They are not, however, excluded-fforti government, trade, or agricul-' ture, though they are ftri£lly prohibited from all menial offices, by their laws. The fecond in order is the Sittri tribe, who, according to their original inftitution, ought to be all military me^; but they frequently follow other profeffipns. The third is the tribe of Beife, who ar«i chiefly merchants, bankers, and banias or (hop-keepers, The fourth tribe is that^of Sudder, who ought to be menial fervants j and they- are incapable of ifaifing themfelves to any fuperior rank. If any one of them , fliouid be excommunicate The foldiers are commonly called Rajah-poots',^^^ei^efts ide'feefndifd from Rajahs, and refide chiefly in the northern provinces, and are gene- rally more fair-compiexioned than the people of th% fouthern provinces, who are quite black. Thefe rajah-poots are a robuft, brave, faithful peo- ple, and enter into the fervice of th'ofe who will pay them; but when their leader falls In battle, they think that their engagements to him are finiflied, and they run off the field without any ilnin upon their repu- tation. The cuflom of women burning themfelves upon the death of their' hulhands, ftill continues to be pra£lifed, though much lefs frequently than formerly. The Gentoos are as careful of the cultivation of their' lands, anatneir public works and conveniences, as the Chinefe; and there fcarcely is an inftance of a robbery in all Indoftan, though the dia- ' mond merchants travel without defenfive weapons. Religion.] The inflitutions of religion, publicly eflabliflied in all the extenfive countries (^retching from the banks of the Indus to Capcj Cotnorin, pfcfent to view ar. afpeft nearly fimilar. They form a re- gular and complete fyflem of fuperftition, ftrengthened and upheld by every thing which can excite the reverence and fecure the attachlnent of the people. The temples confecrated to their deities, are magnifi- cent, and adorned not only with rich offerings, but with the moft ex- quifite works in painting and fculpture, which the artifts highefl in eftimation among them were capable of executing. The rites and ceremonies of their worfliip are pompous and fplendid, and 'the per-" formance of them not only mingles in all the tranfadions of Common life, but conftitutes an effential part of them. The 3rahmins, who, as" niiiiifters of religion, prefide in all its functions, are elevated above every other order of men, by an origin deemed not only more noble, but acknowledged to be facred- They have eftablifhed among them- felves a regular hierarchy and gradation of inks, whi':h, by (ecuririg fiibordination in their own order, adds weight to their authority, and gives them annore abfolute dominion in the minds of the people. This dominion they fupport by the command of the rmmenfe revenues with which the liberality of princes, and the zeal of pilgrims and devotees, have enriched their pagodas. The temples or pagodas of the Gentoos are ftupendous but difguflful ftone buildings, erefted in every capital, and under the direction of the Brahmins. To this, however, there are foine exceptions; for in propor- tion to the progrefs of the different countries of India in opulence and refinement, the ffrudure of their temples gradually improved. From plain builtiings they became highly ornamehted fabrics, and, both by their extent and magnificence, are monuments of the power and taflc of the people by whom they were erefted. In this highly finiflied ftyle there are pagodas of great antiquity in different parts of Indoftan, par-' ticularly in the fouthern provinces, which were not expofed to the de- ftruftivc violence of Mahomedan zeal. In order to affift my readers in forming a proper idea of thefe buildings, I fliall briefly defcribe two, of which we have the moft accurate accounts. The entry to the' pagoda of Chillambrum, near Porto Novo, on the Coromandel coaft, held in high veneration on account of its antiquity, is by a ftately gate under a pyramid, a hundred and twenty two feet in height, built with large ftones abpve forty feet long, and more than five feet fquare, and Z Z4 >. .,':j'" W*rm^^'. 1 71? INDIA IN GENERAL. ym coytred with plates of copper, adorned with an immenfe variety •( figures, neatly executed. The wbol^ ftruAure extends one thoufand, three hundred, and thirty-two feet in one direftion, and nine hundred and thirty ifix in another, 5oh(ic of the ornan}«a,ta^ ga^t§ axe finillied with an elegnncp entitled to admiration, '"'i ^| ,. .. f ■' The pagoda of Senngham, fuperior ip fanftlty to that of Chillambrum, furpafles it ^s ni\ich ^n grandeur. This pagoda is fituated about a mile frqni the weftem ejftremity of the ifland of Seringham, forced by tjic divifion of the great river ^averi into two channels. '"'■ It is com- pofed of feyeii fquaye inclofures, one within the other, the wails of which are twenty-five feet high, and foiir thick. Thefe inclofures arc three hundred aqd fifty feet dirtant from one another, and each has four large ^ates with a fquare to\^er ; which ^rc placed one in the mid- dle of ca9h fi4c of the inclofures, and oppofite to ^he four cardinal points. The butward wall i? near fpur niilps i^i circumference, and its gateway to the fputji is or.iamented \yith pillars, feveral of which are iingle ftones thirty-three feet long, and nearly five in diame,t?r ; and thofe whicli fprnri the rqof are ftill Urger : in the inmoft inclofures are the chapels. Herf, as in all th^ other great pagodas d^f India, the Brahmins liye in a fubordination which Jino^s no refinance, and (iunibcr in a yoluptuoufnefs which knows no wants *.". ' If the Brahmins are ina^lers of any uncoinmon art or fpie^ce, they frequently turn it to the purpofes of profit from their ignorant votaries. Mr- Scrafton lays, that they know how to calculate eclipfes ; and that; judicial aftfology is fo prevalent among thern, that half tup year is takeii up with unlucky days ; the head aftrologer being ajwayo ponfulted in toeir councils. The Mahometans likewife encourage thofe fuperfti- tions, and loqk upon all t^ie fruits o,f the Qentoo uidn.i^ry as belonging tp therhfelve?.' Tljough the Gentoos are entirely pafl[ive under all their oppreffions, and, by their ftate of exifience, the practice of their reli- rion, and the fcantinefs of their food, have nothing of that rdentmcnt 1(1 their nature that animates the reft of mankind j y^'t they are fufcep- tible of avarice, andfqmetimes b,ury their money, and, rather than dif. cover it, put themfelves to death by poiifon or otherwife. 'i'hiis p,ra<5lice, which it (eems is no^ uncommon, accoijnts for the vaft fcarcity of filver {nar, till riif late, prevailed in Indoftan. '5'he reafoi^* above mentioned account likewife for their beijiig lefs under the influence of theJr paflions thaii the inhabitants of ^ther coun- tries; The perpetual ufe of rice, their chieif food, givo ^un^d the Mo.nI ' ^ rpcc.ved under tlieir orntl'A- ,f' P'^^'^ff^ beioiT Sja nl*^^ S(^vcr^, who being a brave a?f?^'°".^^^'^«f prpfeJed fh./ ^''»ometanl ' natives. ^^'^^^ ^f^^ People, counS WcS i^^- ''I'gi^n* aS over which tfiev .nl -^^ ^'^^ introduced thp w? -r ?"1^^«^of tfae^ -''ich might b/ffi^"^^'^ ^°Vbah*; a^VX^iJ^^^^P'-o'^We^^^^^ e?ch nabog being r^i^^ wer^ rubdiy dedlT''\ "''^^ <^f cefs of time, befaml ,r f ■/ «<^Pountable tovJf^\!T "^'^obfliips. called, the Great Sr T^ ^"'Jepe'.dent on th. ^'^^^'^' ^''"'^ i" i>^ ' The Va/ifort?f jJrf ^' "•^i'" ^?'> pS ■hiT''^'''^'^* n^^ ^^ «^ ffi*.]lT,i, " °^ '^erfiananJ T^J„. 5?/ "§ "'m an annua *-:i-... ■> ■f; Ctntralion. .i..-° ""™n'; but it Is „hr....-T, . *"= ftrmgtlitned" tlie Mahon.S;ove^t^"„^"^ J-'^r trKslaXetife"^^^^^^^^"^^. generations, the Vo/enToV S"S" ^'^ ^''^^'-^ab e thaTw! f ""gth^ned »!l'"g with them bKL I 'r '''°^^ ^^^^nture/s wh ' k^° «f ^^'ee' «^ern indolence a"d W ^'"'^" aod their Wds ^ '""""S^* "o- MHn ^hpft trfbei" the &'l*^- * ^«g^"erated Jnta " « an appearance nf 1 r^"" ''^^ f«^l'gion i and [f ^ ?*** ^^id of v^'hile they are dr^ni°^ ^ofpUality, but it L ^bVr! ^'^ ^"^^'^ nn„ Jr l^m jo the^":r'"tt"ftrs"n ' kK', ^-^"-^g a ^7^ ""''^^^ n^M deprayity are cariL^ P'-^bable, that thefe reS. '/^.''>' «'''' «ab •The peV of Indofian 1re7°"^ '^^ ^ou^£ o!^^'"'"^' ^^ theirr ^^«'yer in their whole "f^°''^''"«d ^Y "o Written 1 ^y precedi^nts. the M^f P''" ' '"*^^^«''- courts of I'.n"'' ' "^^ *«'fi'<^reT to^^ns and their netfaSr^'j'" ^"fti^ut ^prevail n.r^^ f.'^peror i. heir o2 fo if "'''^°°^- The empire i.h"'^.'" '^'^^' gf4 ^°rd can pay hi mv.« ^'^' ^^^^ ^«^/i to rhe r k. '^"^ hereditary niutably i;/d7^ henuhr^i^' ^^ter" their rem bn f'^-^^ '*''"^'^'»' ^^ .'Pefn^I.nds are tho^K' ^^"'^ ''^ ea,.h d S Tr'"'*^ "-' '■'"-' ;"5 upon their dSrhVete^''; ■'?^"'^» theg^fat Jom'^'^'J^S^'''-* ^iihtenants, even ofthl'fJi ^ ^° ^^^^ ^^nperor • b?r /; ^ ?' '^""'^''s, , , Such are' thcomlScfl'Sf'' ''' ^"^^^^SfiW .' ^'^^ *^^^ "g'^s of:'th«'> '«ng fubfifted, wirC?,f ^^^ government by ^hirh »k- ofcs, eithe; c J ro'r-m Kf ^^^/^'^^^«^<^^of v^^, ,f '« g-^^t emplr^ ;^oa of Mahome Shah h?ir ^'T^^^^. how VeT^ff "\S'^'»*> great a diminution ofthl'- ^ *^°"'' ^han, whkh Zr ' ^^^^^ ^^e in-, "obs became abfo^uJe in JP^""^^' «"tho,itV,^,haf tt V.'l'f '^ ^^ ^^' ht alter the fundament^r ' °^" S'^^^.m.^iu^ ' Thn^"?"l' '"'^ ''«'> r«es, which beggared then "",' °^ P^"P^«>V yet S^^^ rheycquid" P.«;ff ; fo that mVny of thf^^^'f '° P^A^eir afmie andT""^^ ^^^^ I . ^ ^6"^a5ecJ government, u '-* t 'itel|**M*MMfl 4iiiLM 3ri ''nr/t (;v .r "■i! (' ! ;:ii|r-: TiiCiPiSKiNSui,Aofi INDIA beyond the Ganges, called . bjr>:. lPes.,^iA-^>!«^l««,r*Ve"^ Sq.lM,les. ,engtH'«oooVvlT"J^g^j^- J" r i and 30 noi^'tettt'tfde >p;ob:- Length' «oo»V't?aV- *.;.«" y'^ ^"'^ 30 noi^-tettttide. 1 BKkdJh«Oo63-".^^ I 9*/*»d 1.09 eaftioujjUmde. I ^^^'Soo BotrkDARt*^.^] Jt "HIS pSeninfuia is tJoutidtd by TJiibet ^nd^'Chfna; •on "the Norths by Ohina and the Chinefe Sea, on the Eaft i'byiihfe famefea »nAth« Straits of Malacca, ^oft the South ; and^y the Bay of Bengal arid thie Hither India, on the? Weft. The fp^e lytt- tweeta Bengal «nd China in BOW called the provinee of ^Miscltlus, and other idiAriftJ^ffbje^ to the king «f Ava, or Burniah, m-^/It ^rs i-vK,* Oft the f Adiam nort^- ^ Aa weft, ('Avican fouth- weft, ^V. ^;.t S->fi:{' I i Ava ■• ■ ^•vy.,'^^^T'M V^i'^'V'i^'^ "^^ y-" L^ J Martabah X M^rtaban ' - 6q. M. ■rf^;h ""Ssiam fSiim,£. long. 100-55. N.lfilt/ 14- r8 » {^^ Malacca J Malacca ^E. long. loi, N. kt. a-li On the f TOnquin 1 Cachao, oriKcccio, £. long. ^105. N. nofth^V ^■'■' -■'■^>'--4 lat.*i-30- i •^' '■-:■■ "'<' ' ' -^'l*^* eaft, (Lftos 3Lanchafigt?^f:ff..V-i5' Iwi fouth- ^ Gartlbttd. !^ Calttbodia'«'«%"^>^ j^r 4«;^« -nwftl'iajrnai^bn^l 'b^t Nam*..] The 'n«me of India is taken from the rtvcr Indus, which of all others was the beft known to the Perfians. The whole of this peninfulb^WM utikndwn to the ancients, and is pattly fo to the mO' derns. ' ■ . • Aiii 'l\Nitt e^ilM ATE.] The allP''df the foufhern parts of this country is hot arki d'i'yi but in fome plac«?s moift, and confequently unhealthy. The cUmaie i« fubj€ea, on the mh ; and hy ickiiis, ^d f -hrs •:•■;■«»<■'■» t'* '-Sq. Mi m f!C* !:M.; *-»l. ■ ■ . . - »f ft ■■ ■ ttr.,-80,000 i?d i.i'H ^■''•. r§;'ij;,o,ooo '**j« 70,000' INDIA B.VOftD Ttt,; OAHoks » *t 4 • that the peoble buiM ^f, • l ^MoJjs. length of the countr. k V" '""^ ''ortii to S„mi ? ""'^ "unfrr, •akin, a contrarv i' ""'""'^i"'' '!>« «ive biih >""![°'^'f<=G>.=«« Ganges with az^TmSe L^^^^/' ^"^ Joins tiwl'b h"^'"^^^^ '^' Ganges itreif. "'"''''' '^'^J' 9(,Wei>. equal, iSfeft^'^ We two noble rivers wKa,#''- "P"^^'» to the ceived, and which ^ ^ ^"^^ '"^'"d navLS.?"^''" "" extent. There channeraref?" ""'^^^^"^ ^'^PloySt fn ^'* "" ^^ ^on-' even in the drv ?pfr '^"•^^rous that very W 1 ^?'°?° boatmen ' feafon of the oL^!^f°"' "^ ""''" from a 4v1^1& «? "^ '^'' ^''^^ are 30 feet, aid Ctt:"J"'. ^^^^ ^-''flo- St nlT^ ' u'"'^ ^" ^he* goW, diamond? rnlZ .°^ ^^^- T'he native dril. ^'^ '=°'"'"0" ^ T«nquii, nrodml r ,' ^°P'^^s, amethyfts In!i u ^ S^eat trade in A«^ *-*«fS) CUSTOMS, > Til- *^^ . * ^'"d his fXr. r.fT^ ^"'^ g'-^at lords Th^t' '^'''"' but greathr Tonquneff/'^fj'y retail ^o the l3utdi^anr^t"«''°^^^ ^^e^tr^d? poifc^^ous Th/ 1°^- '''^"'" ho^fes which^ "'^''" ^^^^°ns. The , -^ed, :t,h iT47;!]yj; "the routh :?e ^ ttgrrac\""a't'°-« -^ - ^raceJets Tn -r ■ ^^^ Soii. -■ . ... ■• ' Major Rcn„eJ]'s Memoir, P-255i 'IJ- ■nyip,iji-ni»«,iiiiiji(imi,iin,iin 71^ INDIA BEypNp, THE Ganges. r. I' thought 0Q« of the beft countries in Afia, tlic inhabitants prefer dog's, iicfli to all other animal fpod. The people of that kingdom pay no tijxes, becaufe the kin^ is fple. proprietor 6f all the gold and filver and other metals found in his kirtgdom. . They live, however, cafily and comfortably. Almoft every houfekeeper has an elephant for the con- ▼eniency of his wives and women j polygamy being praftifed all over India. 'it is unqueflionable, that thofe Indians, as well as the Chinefe, had the pfe of gunpowder before it ivas known in Europe ; and the inveti- tion w'^fenmlly afcribed to,,the !Azimefe. The inhabitants of the fouthern dlvifion of this peninfnla go under the name of Malayans, from tfie 'nfcighbiH^ring country of Malacca, ^^ ; : • / '' ••/ r- - jThough the religious fuperftitions that prcVai^ In this'peninfuta are extremely grofs, yet the pedple believe in a future ftate; and when thejr kin^s are i^iterred, a number of animals ^re buried with them, and iuch vcfTels of gold' and fiiver as they think can be of ufe to them in their future life. T^i* people of th^? pejiinfula are commonly v^ry fond of Ihow, abcl often make an appear^ce ^eyqnd their circum- Aances. Thiey are delicate in no part of their drefe ()ut in their hair, whfch they' bWckJe up in a very agreeable manner. I« their food they are loathwWe ; for befides dogs, they eat rats, mi,ce, ferpents, ?ind ftiriking fifti. The people of Aracan are equally indelicate in their amours,, fbr th^y hire Dutch and other foreigners to confummate the nu^tfals with theJf virgins, dnd value their wonien moft when in a ffete of pregnahcy. Their treatment of the fick is ridiculo^us, beyond belief ; it hd'^in matiy places, when a patient is judged tb be incurablo, he is .^ifpoicd pn the bank of fome river, where he is eitheir drbwned, or dtVotiriid'by bii-ds'drbeafts bfpreyl' "^ '^Ke d!verfJons comrtion in this country are fifliing and hunting, the c;e!ebra|ing pf feilivals, and gifting compdics, by torch-light, from even- ilig to mbrning. ' ' LAKiEVrXGE.]'' 'The'language Pf the- co,urt of Delhi i^ Perfian, but in this per^inflala it is thie|iy Malay^ni &s( we have already obfervtd, inter-. Iperfed with other dialtifts. ' LearkiWg ANii LEA-HNED !»pN/[ The Bbhmins, wh6 are the tribe of the prieftlioodj'deicend from thofe Brachrnans who arei mentioned to us with fo much reverence by antiquity ; and although much inferior, either as philofophersor men pf learning, to the reputation of their anceftors ; :ts prlcfis, their religious doctrines are ftill impiicitly followed by the ■whole nation ; and as preceptors, ihey krt the fource of ail the knowledge which exlfts in Indoftan. But the utmpll ftretch of their mathematical knowledge feems to be the calculation of eciipfcs. They have a good idea of logic ; but it does not appear that they have any treatifes on rbctoric ; their i^eas of mufic, if we may judge from their praflicc, af-e barbarous ; and in medicine, they derive no alliftance from the know- ledge of anatomy^ fine? di(I5;ftions are repitgnarit to their religion. The poetry of the Afiatics is too turgid,, and full of conceits, and the 4iortance.g^,M,-f/,,,,^..j;V,.'.iiA../--:..^;.^', .: .-.tu; ■^^■?Xii^h<^>^^f-'. / CoNSTif CTtoN, GovERMME'tJ*, 7 This articW is fo fejitertfiVe, that RARIT1E6, AND CITIES. J it requires a flight review of the kingdoms that form this peninfula. In Azem, it has been already ob- Ferved, the king ife proprietor of all the gold and filver; he pays little dr nothing to the Great Mogul ; his capital is Ghergong, or Kirgaou. We know very little of the kingdom of Tipra, but that it was anciently fubjeft to the kiugis of Aracari ; and that they fend to the Chinefe gold and filk, for which they receive filver in return. Aracan lies to the fouth of Tipra, aiid. is governed by twelve princes, fubjeft to the chidf king, who refides in his cipital. His palace is very large, ajid con- tains, as we are told, feven idols caft in gold, of two inches thick, each of a man's height, and Covered over with diamonds and other pre- cious ftones. Pegu is about 550!' Englifli miles in length, and almoil the fame in breadth. In the year 1754, Pegu was reduced to the ftate of a dependent |)rovincc by the king of Ava. Macao is the gresit mart of trade in Pegu. W^ know little of the kingdom of Avd. It is faid the honours the king alfuraes are next to divine. His fub»e6t« 9 :^.. yi8 INDIA BEYOND T^E QaNOSS. trade chUfly in muOc ^4 jew«ls, rubies and fapphires. In other par. ticulars, the inhabitants refcmblc thofc of Pegu. In thofc kingdoms, and indeed in the grp^teft part of this ppnipuija, the doftrines of tlij Grand Lama of TWbet prevail, as well as thpfc of the Brahmips. The kingdom of Laps or Lahos formerly intluded that of Jangoma .or Jangomay ; but thjit is ppw fubjeft to Ava; yie know few particu- lars of It that can be depended upon. It is faid to be immensely po- puloui, to abound in all the rich commodities, as wel^ as the grofs fu. perditions of the EafJ, and to be divided into a number of petty kingdoms, all of thenj holding of one fovereign, lyho, like his oriental bretliren, is abfolutely dcfpotic, and lives in inexpreffible pomp and magnificence ; bu^ is of the Lpma religion, and often the (lave of his priefts and miniftprs. The kingdo;n of Siani is rich and flo.uri|hing, and approaches, in its government, policy, and the quicknefs and acutenefs of its inhabitants very near to the Chinefe. Jt is fgrrounded by high mountains, which, pn the eaft fide, feparate it from the kingdoms of Camboja and Laos : on the YfHf froip Pegu : and on the north, from Ava, or more pro- perly, from Jangoma ; on the fouth it is waihed by the river Siam, and joins the peninfula of Malacca, the nprth-wefl part of which is under Jts dominion. The extent of the country, however, is very uncertain, ,and it is but indifferefitly peopled. The inhabitants of both fexes are more modefjt than any found m the reft of this peninfula. Great care is taken of the education of their /children. Their marriages are fim- pie, and performed by their talapoin' priefts, fprinkling holy wa- ter upon the couple, and repeating foj. prayers. The government is jdefbotic : fervants muft appear before their mafters in a kneeling pofture ; and the mandarins are proftrate before the king. Siam, the ;Capital, is reprefented as a large city, but fcarcely one fixth part of it is inhabited ; and the palace is abdut a mile and a half in circuit. .Bankok, which ftands about 18 leagues to the fouth "^f Siam, and 12 miles from the fea, is the only place towards the coaft that is fortified •with walls, batteries, and^rafs cannon; and the Dutch ha 'e a fadory at Ligor, which ftands on the eaft fide of the peninfula of Malacca, but belonging to. Siam. The peninfula of Malacca is a large country, and contains feveral .kingdoms or provinces. The Dutch, however, are faid to be real ma- fters and fovereigns of the whole peninfula, being in pofTeffion of the capital (Malacca). The inhabitants differ but little from b. tes in their manner of living; and yet the Malayan language is reckoned the pur- eft pf any fpoken in all the Indies. We are told by the lateft travellers, ,that its chief produce is tin, pepper, elephants' teeth, canes, and gumt. Some miffionaries pretend that it is the Golden Cherfonefus or penin- .fuja of the a,ncients, and that the inhabitants ufed to meafure their riches by bars of gold. The truth is, that the excellent fituation of this country admits of a trade with India ; fo that when it was firft difcovered by the Portuguefe, who were .afterwards expelled by the Dutch, Malacca was the richeft city in the Eaft, next to Go.a and Ormus, being the key of the China, the Japan, the Moluccas, and the Sjunda trade. The coun- try, however, at prefent, is chiefly valuable for its trade with the Chi- ■jiiefe. This degeneracy of the Malayans, who were formerly an in- :duftrious ingenious people, is eafily accounted for, by the tyranny of ithe Dutch, whofe intereft it is that they fliQuld never recover from their .prefent ftate of ignorance and flavcry. The Englilh .carry .p,o a ftnwggUng l^ind of tjrade in their country INDIA BEYOND THE GaNCES. 719 )thcr par- dngdoms, nc3 of the lips. ■ Jangoma w particu- enfely po- le grofs fu- :r of petty his oriental pomp and (lave of hi* aches, in its inhabitants, tains, which, a and Laos : or more pro- cr Siam, and hich is under iry uncertain, both fexes are . Great care ■iages are fim- iing holy wa- government is in a kneeling ig. Siam, the fixth part of it lalf in circuit. Siam, and 12 that is fortified ha ^e a faftory : Malacca, but ontains feveral I to be real ma- offeffion of the , b, tes in their koned the pui- latefl travellers, ines, and gums, [nefus or pemn- Ifure their riches | ] of this country ifcovered by the |h, Malacca was )eing the key of ie. The couii- ie with the Chi- [formerly an in- the tyranny of ;over from tl\eit Ihips, from the coaft of Coromandel and the Bay of Bengal, to Malacca. This commerce is connived at by the Dutch governor and council, who little regard the orders of their fuperiors, provided they can en- rich themfclves. * "^. ,;•;<>,, Cambodia, or Camboja, is a country little known to the Europeans; but according to the beft information, its greatefb length, from north to fouth, is about 520 Englifh miles : and its greateff breadth, from well: to eaft, about 398 miles. This kingdom has a fpacious river running through it, the banks of which are the only habitable parts of the coun- try, on account of its fultry air, and the peftiferous gnats, ferpents, and other animals bred in the woods. Its foil, commodities, trade, aniiAalsi and prod\i6ts by fca and land, are much the fame wjth the other king- doms of this vaft peninfula. The betel, a creeping plant of a particu- lar flavour, and, as they fay, an excellent remedy for all thofe difeafes that are common to the inhabitants of the Eafl Indies, is the highefl luxury of the Cambodians, from the king to the peafant ; but it is very unpalatable and difagreeable to the Europeans. The fame barbarous magnificence, defpotifm of the king, and ignorance of the people, pre- vail here as throughout the reft of the peninfula. Between Cambodia and Cochin-China, li^s the little kingdom of Chiampa, the inhabitants of which trade with the Chihefe, and feem therefore to be fomevvhat more civilifed than their neighbours, Gochin-China, or the weftern China, is fituated under the torrid zone, ^nd extends, according to fome authors, about 500 miles iu length ; but it iS much lefs extenfive in its breadth from «aft to weft. Laos, Cambodia, and Chiampa, as well as fomc otlier fmaller kingdoms, are faid to be tributary to Cochin-China. The manners and religion of the people feem to be originally Chinefe; and they are much given to trade. Their king is faid to be immenfely rich, and his kingdom en- joys all the advantages of commerce that are found in the other parts of the Eaft Indies ; but this mighty prince, as well as the kings of Ton- quin, arc fubjeft to the Chinele emperor. ' The government of Tonquin is particular. The Tonqulnefe had revolted from the Chinefe, which was attended by a civil war. A com- promife at laft took place between the chief of the revolt and tlie repre- fcntative of the ancient kings, by which the former was. to have all the executive powers of the government, under the name of Chouah : but that the Bua, or real king, flioiild retain the royal titles, and be per- mitted fome inconfiderable civil prerogatives within his palace, from which neither he nor any of his family can ftir without permiffion of the chouah. The chouah relides generally in the capital, Cachao, which is fituated near the centre of the kingdom. The bua's palace is a vaft ftrufture, and has a fine arfenal. The Englifh have a very flourifhing factory ou the north fide of the city. ' . , n : .;■'•.:/ .. -y. .. . ' .J Mv'H 4' t: i .■■^S" ■ 'mi\^ their country 'I, ' It f,, . . . iNbtA within the Ganges, or the Empire of the (Grsa*^ Mogul. iSiTUATloft and Mkttkr, including the I^ciiinfula Weft df the Ganges; Miles. Degrees. Sq. Miles.. 11 I. Length zooo") »,-♦.. —u f 7 ahd 4b north latitude. 7 a^^ r 1 ' . Breadth 1 500 } ^'"^ "'^ \ 66 and 9a eaft longitude. | ^70,9 10 ,- BoUNDA&iEi.] 1 HIS empire is bounded by Ufbec Tartar/ and Thibet, on the North ; by Thibet and the Bay of Bengal^ on the Eaft ; by the Indian Ocean, on the South ; by the fame and PerHa, on. the Weft. The main land being the Mogul empire^ or Indoftan properly fo called. '^l-^S . Fort William > Hoogley ( Englifti Dacca ) Malda, EngUai^and DutcK Chatigan ► Cafllimbazar ^ j v* j ^^ Naugracuti,.,;^;;,^ .>.;;., Rajapour ..;V>;.: ,; ; Patna v.-KJ >. •. Gtand Div^fions; Provinces. v^)Wf/:-^:-f Bengal proper " The north-eaft divifi- on of India, containing the provinces of Bengal pn the mouths of the<[ Ganges, and thofeof the mountains of Naugra- CUt .;.f54 n' >;i>f '■^■4'-r (-•* ',,d'j h<^ ■'•:*■• ^iH'r Naugracut.V*. - Jefuar - v"*; ' Patna . - .,yc#. ,> Necbai - • ' Gore * (^ Rotas V .1 - 'Soret - '«; Necbai . ^ ' ^ ^^iiorth-weft divi- i^":"^..: fion on the frontiers of ^^^^^^^^ _ _ Perfia and on the nverl j^I^^l^^^ . - °^^"^"* Vf^n;:-' Kaicap •,'* • ; -fiv V rCandil */•, Th« middle diviilon ^ *.' .,1*"^.. 'tr .^«i^ Candilh Bei-ar .,|f*»f ' •.•»f^ Chitor -'• ^'if^i^ Navar ^'•»*i,%-i*' Rotas .f.'*'. • Taganal ,. , ,. ,,. . .: Jeflelmere J^[ *i, ^ | , . ; Tata .,j,^ ,,,>)| i^-. jv ... .J ).Bucknor ,„, ,,./,»„. , Moultan v,,'.. • »- 1 ■ . Haican .^ i ;• .. .; - ' J Cabui t. ■ . fi ^ .; , ., Medipour \-;--;o: ..•? j Berar 13, ,-., . ,. ^v , , Chitor .. ;.,•;♦,...;, '•< RatipoikjB^j^.J wr Navar;-.. -^ Gualedr Agra ii ;t Gualeor - - Agra - - - •.-^.- Delhi *■ ^.^--iPWf^'^T^BLHtt E. long. 77.40; N. lat. 39 Labor Hendowns Caffime.e JengapouT -, Labor, or Ptncah Hendowns -4% ■ Caflimefe Jengapour Afmcr, or Bando J Afmer Tlie Britifti nation poffefs, in full fovcreignty, the vrholft foubah tit I * A cortfidera ■P'"y was obt.iin< Plwamountof If ["«. equal to 41 ■ INDIA WITHIN THE GaNOEI. fU Bengal, an^ tTie grcnteft part of Bahar; in OriiTa, or Orlxa, only tlie dilhiift of Midnapoiir. The whole of the Britifli poirLfTions in thi« part of Indoltan, contain about 150,000 fquare Britifli miles of land; to which if we add the diftrift of Benares, the whole will be i6a,ooo, that is 30,000 more than are contained in Great Britain and Irelan J , and near eleven millions of inhabitants. The total net revenue, including Benares, is about 287 lacks of Sicca rupees, which may be reckoned equal to 3,050,000!*. With their allies and tributaries, they now oc» cupy the whole navigable courfe of the Ganges, from its entry on th» plains to the fca, which by the winding courfe is more than 1350 miles. Am AND SEASONS.] The winds in this climate generally blow for fix months from the (outh, and fix from the north. April, May, and the beginning of June, are exceffivcly hot, but refrefhed by fea breezes; and in" fome dry fcafons, the hurricanes, which tear up the fands, and let them fall in dry (liowers, are exceffivcly difagrceablc. The Englifli, and confequently the Europeans in general, who arrive at Indoftan, are commonly feized with fome illnefs, fuch as flux, or fever, in their dif- ferent appearances ; but when properly treated, efpccially if the patients ^re abftemious, they recover, and afterwards prove healthy. Mountains.] The moft remarkable niountains are tnofe of Cau- cafns and Naugracut, which divide ludia from Perfia, Ulbec Tartary, and Thibet; and are inhabited by Mahrattas, Afghans, or Patans, and other people more warlike than the Gentoos. The mountains of Bale- gaiit, which run almoft the whole length of Indii, from north to fouth, are fo high as to ftop the weftern monfoon ; the rains begi^ming fooncc on the Malabar, than they do on the Coromandel coaft. Rivers.] Thefe are the Indus, called by the natives Sinda and Sin- deh ; and the Ganges, both of them known to the ancients, and held in the higheft cQccm, and even veneration, by the modern inhabitants, Befides thofe rivers, many others water this country. Seas, bays, and cafes.] Thefe are the Indian Ocean ; the Bay of Bengal; the Gulf of Cambaya; the Straits of Ramanakoel; Cape Co- morin, and Diu. Inhabitants.] To what has been faid of their religions and feftS, in the general review of this great empire, it may be added, that the fakirs are a kind of Mahometan mendicants or beggars, who travel 1- bout, pra£>ifing the greateft aufterities; but many of them are inipofi* tors. Their number is faid to be 800,000. Another fet of mendicant^ are the joghis, who are idolaters, and much more numerous, but moft of them are vagabonds and impoftors, who live by amufing the credu- lous Gentoos with foolifti fiftions. The Banians, who are {o called from their afFefted innocence of life, ferve as brokers, and profefs the Gentoo religion. The Perfees, or Parfes of tndpftan, are originally the Gaurs, defcrib- led in Perfia, but are a moft induftrious people, particularly In weaving, ami architedlure of every kind. They pretend to be pofltfled of the 1 works of Zoroafter, whom they call by various names. They are known [as paying divine adoration to fire, btit it is faid only as an emblem of Itlie divinity. The nobility and people of rank delight in hunting with the bow as |well as the gun, and often train the leopards to the fports of the field. * A cnrfiderablc adiiition both to the territory and revenue of the taft India com* IpJiiy was obtained by the ccflion* in. the late treaty of peace with TJppoo Sultan to Ihc amount of 15,374 Tiiuarc niilea, a£fording a revenue v£ iijl^^j^j Coonteaiy pago* iJis, equal 10411,4501"' i-, ', , ,,,;«■■'•.• RinHztu , ■:■; » , i A.:.-: A f.?' 7S1 mD!A'Wi¥fiW¥ky'fejt^9Bii Mm r They tlFeft ftiady walTcs ?nd ^ool fquntaint, like other people in ho< countnes^ They.arcibnd of tumblers, hVountrbairks, and jugglers; of barbaroi^ mufic, both la, wind and ilriivg iivftruments, and play at cards ir\ thftir private parties. Their houl's make no appearance, and thofe of the commonalty are poor and me. n, and generally thatched, which rend«r»lhDinftibje(3t-to fire; but the manufa(5lurers choofe to work in the open air; >na thi; innde$ of houfes belonging to principal perfons are commonly neat, commodious, uid pleaf'ant, ari many of them mag<< nlficen^ CoMiiEicB of Insostan.] Thc commerce and manufa(^ires of India have alreajdjr been mentioned ; but the Mahometan merchants here carry on a ^rade.that has not been dtfcribed, which is that with Mecca* in Arabia, from the weftern parts of this empire, up the Red 8ea. This -trade is carried on in a particular fpecies of veifels called junks, the largell of which, we are told, befidss the cargoes, will carry 1 7^0 Mahometan pilgrims to vifit the tomb of their prophet. At Mec- ta they meet with AhyfCnian, Egyptian, and other traders, to whom they dirpofe of tlieir cargoes for gold and filveri fo that a Mahometan junk returning from this voyage is often worth ooo^oooL -/ PaoviKC£s, crriES, and other 1 The province 6f Agra Is AUZLDiKOt, PUBLIC AND PRIVATE. ^ the laigeft in ail Indoitait, containing 40 large towns and 340 villages. Agra is the grcateft city, arid hi caf^le the largeil fortihcaticu), in all tlM Indies. The Dutch have a faftory there, but the £nBlifh have not. The city of Delhi, which is the capital of that provincs, s likewife the capital of Indoftan. It is defcribed as being a fine city, and con- taining »'hc imperial palace, which is adorned with the ufual magnificetice of the jbaft. its ftables formerly contained 1 2,000 horfes, brought rroro Arabia, Perfia, and Tartary ; and 500 elephants. When ^le forage it l>urnt up by th^ heats of the feafon, as is often the cafe, thefe hones are faid to be fed in the morning with bread, butter, and fiigar, and in thi evening with rice-milk properly prepared. Tatta, thc capital of Sindia, ik a large city ; and it is faid that a plague fMhich happened there in 1699, carried off above 80,000 of its manu« fafturers in filk and cotton. It is ftiil famous for its man li failure of | palanquins, which are a kind of canopied couches, on which the great tnen all over India, Europteans as well as natives, repofc when they ap< {)ear abroad. They are carried by four men, who will trot along, morn- ng and evening, forty miles a day ; ten being ufually hired, who car^l the ( alanquio by turns, four at a time. Though a palanquin is dear at firft coft, yet the portfjrs may be hired for nine or ten Oiil lings a mftnthl each, out of which they maintain themfelves. The Indus, at Tana, A about a mile broad, and famous for its fine carp. '" '' ■' , "I Though the province of MonUan is not very fruitful, it yields ex«M lent iron ami canei; and the inhabitants, by their fituatlon,' are enableil to deal with the Perfiansaad Tartars yearly for above 60,000 horfes. [ The province of Caffimere being fiirrbunded with mountains, istliM ficulit of accefs, but when entered, it appears to be the paradife ©f ttrti Indies. It is faid iro coritain 100,000 villages, to be flored with cattlJ and game,, without any beads of prey. The capital (Caffimere) ft4n(i!J by i large, lake ; and both fcxes, the worjiln cfpetially, are alnioftasf' as tht Europeans, and arpfaid to be witty, d«»froug,'and ingenious. The province and city of Labor fofniril; made a grtat figure irrtli^ Indian hiiltey, and is dill one "of thc hir^eft and finell provinces intr Indies, prodifting the'btft fugaj^s of any in Ihdofian. Its capital *i! ouce about nine miles long, but u now much decayed. We know lit{ gglers; of ly at cards and thofe :d, which o work in >al perfons them mag< ifaftiires o{ merchants i that with up the Red Ellels called i, will carry t. AtMec- •s, to whom Mahometan of Agra is U Ictdoitai), xreateft city, ' Tbc Dutch E, is liltewlfc ,ty, and con- magnificence brought rron) i;he forage is tit horfcs are ir, and in tlii that a plague of Us manu" aniifaftiire of ikh the greai 'hen they ap- along, mom-! ^d, who carry I [uin is dear at lings a mfinthl !,atTatta,i>l f yields cxCfM [,' arc enabledl bohorles. I [iitains, is ^M aradife tf rti«l pd with am Smcre) ft4n(l| lalmoftasf [ngeilious. . figure in ^ rtvinccs in ^^ ks capital ' ft kuow li!l India withim the Gwaxtr 793 Ue of the provinces of Ayud, Varad, Bekar, Hallabas, that i^ not iij common with the other provinces of Indoflanj excepting that they arfe inhabited bv a hardy race or merlj who feem ncVer to have been cori^ quercd, and though they fubmit to tlie Moguls, Wvt in an eafy, Inde- pendent ftate. In fome of thole provinces many of tlie European fruits, plants, and flowersj thrive as in theit native foil. Bengali of all the Itidian provinces, is perhaps the ifloft irttereftrng to an Euglifli i-eaifirr. It h efteenied the ftorehoufe of the Eaft Indies. Its fertility exceeds that of fegypt after being oversowed by tht» Nile; and the proiJUcc of its foil v:on(ills of rice, fugar-tanes, cOni, fcfamum, fmall mulberry and othA^ trees. Its calicoes, ^Iks, fait petrcj lakka, iopiuno, wax, and civet, go all over the w or|d t and pre\^irions heteare in vaft pfenty, And incredibly cheap, cfpec li'.y pullets, ducks, and |cefc. The country is interfeacd by canals cut out of the Oangts for tile benefit of commer-e, and extends near iqo leagues on both fides the Ganges, fuUofcitias^ towns, caftletj and villages. In Bengal, the worlhip of thli Oentoos is praftifed in its greateft pu- rity, and their facr<:d river (Ganges^ is in a manner lined with their rw^nirtcent pagodas or temples, t he women, notwithftanding tlwir ireligion, are faid by fopie td be lafcivious and ttiticitig. The principal Englifli fadory in bengal it at Calcutta, «nd1s Called Fort William : it is lituated on the river Hoogley, the moft \»efterly branch of the Grai\gc». It is about too miles from the fca : and the river it navigable up to the town, for the largeft fliips that vifit Indian The tortitfelf is faid to be irregular, arid Untenable aaalnfl difciplined troops ; but the fervants of the company have provided themfelves with an ex- iEcllrnt houici and mod convenient iipariiDents fur their own accomrho- dation. As the town itfelf has been in fa6l lor fome time in poiTeflion Af the rompaay, an Englifli clVll government^ by a mayor and aldrr- 4nen, was Introduced into it. This was immediately uni^er the auth >ri- ty of the contpany. But, in 17^3, an a^ of parliament was pafTetl to regulate the aflfairs of the Eaft India coft.panv, as well in India as In Europe. By this *&!, a governor -general and four counfellors were ap- pointed, and chofen by the parliament, with whom was vefted the Vhole civil and military government of the prefidency of Fort Wilfiam ; and the ordering, management, and government of all the territorial licquifition: ind revenues in the kingdom of Bengal, Bhhar, and Orifla, fo long as the company Ihould remain pofTefTed of them. The grtverhor- !;etteral and council fo appointed, are mvefted with the power of fuper- nteitding and controirmg the government and nHtnagcmerit of the pre- fidencies of Madras, Bottibay, ahd Bencoolen. The governor-general ind covmcil to p«v obedience to the orders of the court of direftors, and to correfpond with tbtm. The governor-general and counfellors are likewife empowered to eftsbliih a court of judicature at Fort William : to confiil of a chief juftice and three other judges, to be named from time to time by hi* majefty ; they are to e*ercifcall criminal, admiralty, -and ecclefiaftical juriidi<5tion i to be a court of record^ and a court of oyer and terrniuer for the to^n of Calcutta, and fa£lory it Fort Wil. liam, and its limits} and the fadories fub^rdinate thereto. But the eftabliflmient of this fuptente court does not appear to HaVr promoted either the intcrcfts of the Eaft India company, Or the felicity of the peo- ple of the country. No proper attention has been paid to the manuers tod cuftotns of the tuitiv(«s »$i^ of great Opprelfion and injuflice have deen committed ; and the fupreme coQrt has been a fuurce of great qif- iiiti«£a6lIon| diforder, tii^ confuiton. For the rubiieij[uent rtcgul^ti^ti> : ill ^1 744 INDIA WITHIN THE Ganges. of the Eaft India territories and company, we refer to oai' accbuht In the Hjftory of England. * In r756, an unhappy event took place at Calcutta, which is too re. markable to be omitted. The Indian nabob, or viceroy, quarrelled with the company, and irviftcd Calcutta with a large body of black troops. The governor, and iyme of the principal perfons of the place, threw thenifelvf'j with their chief efFefts, on board the fliips in the river; they who remained, for fome hours bravely defended the place; but their ammunition being expended, they fnrrendered upon terms. The foubah, a capricion"? unfeeling tyrant, inftcad of obferving the capitu- lation, forced Mr Holwel, the governor's chief fervant, and i45Britifl» fubjefts, into a little but fecure prifon', called the black-hole, a place about eighteen feet fquare, and lliut up from alfnoft all communication of free air. Their mifcries during the night were incxpreflible, and be- fore morning no more than twenty-three were found alive, the reft dy- ing of fiiffocation, which was generally attended with a horrible phren- fy. Among thofe faved was Mr. Holwel himfelf, who has written a moft afFefting account of the cataftrophe. The infenfible nabob return- ed to his capital, after phmdtring the place, imagining he had routed the Englifli out of his dominicfns ; but the feafonable arrival of admiral Watfon, and colonel (aftervyards Iord)Clive, put them once more, with fome difficulty, in pofleffion of Calcutta ; and the war was concluded by the battle of Plaflly, gained by the colonel, and the death of the tyrant Surajah Dowla, in whofe place Mhir JatFeir, one of his generals, who had previoufly fig ned a fecret treaty with Clive to defert his mafter, and amply reward the Englifli, was advanced of courfe to the foubahfhip. The capital of Bengal, where the nabob keeps his court, is Patna, or Moorlhedabad ; and Benares, lying in the fame province, is the Gentoo univerfity, and celt brated for its fan(ftity. Chandenagore is tlie principal place pofleflTed by the French in Bengal; it lies higher up ..:e river than Calcutta. But though ftrongly fortified, furniflied with a garrifon of 500 Europeans, and izoo Indians, and de- fended by 123 pieces of cannon and three mortars, it was taken by the Englifli admirals Watfon and Pococke, and colonel Clive; and alfo was taken the lafl: war, but reftored by the peace. Hoogley, which lies fifty miles to the north of Calcutta, upon th« Ganges, is a place of pro- digious trade for the richeft of ?il Indian commodities. The Dutch have here a well- fortified faftory. The fearch for diamonds is carried on by about 10,000 people, from Saumelpour, which lies thirty leagues to the nsrth of Hoogley, for about fifty miles farther. Decca is faidto be the largeft city of Bengal, and the tide comes up to its waHs. It con- tains an Englifli and a Dutch l^ory. The other chief towns are Caf- fumbazar, Chincliura, Barnagua, and Maldo; befide"; a number of other places of lefs note, but all of tliem rich in the Indian manufaftures. We kndw little concerning the province or foubah of Malva, which lies to the weft of Bengal, but that it is as fertile as the other provinces, and that its chief cities are Ratifpor, Ougein,and Indoor. The province of Candid) includes tlial of Berar and part of Orixa, and its capital is Br-i-mpur, or Burhampnor, a flourifhing city, which carries on a vaft trade in chintzes, calicoes, and embroidered ftuffs. Cattac is the capi- tal of Orixa.* The above are the provinces belonging to the Mogul's empire, to the north of what i.s properlv called the Peninfuia within the Ganges, Thoie that lie to the fouthwarJ fall into the defcription of the peninfuia itklf. ' History.] The firft invader of this country^ India, whofe expedi- tion is authentically recorded, \^'as the famous Alexander of Macedoni r accouht in the vhkh is too re- quarrelled with jf black troops. ie place, threw 5 in the river; the place; but )n terms. The ing the capitu- and i45Britifli k-hole, a place communication eflible, andbe- I'c, the reft dy. horrible phren- has written a e nabob return- he had routed ival of admiral nee more, with IS concluded by ch of the tyrant 1 generals,' who his mafter, and : foubahfhip. rt, is Patna, or is the Gentoo ^nchin Bengal* ongly fortified, idians, and de- ls taken by the live ; and alfo ;ley, which lies a place of pro- 1. The Dutch onds is carried s thirty leagues )ecca is faid to walls. It con- :owiis are Caf- jmber of other niifaftures. Malva, which ;her province?, The province 1 its capital is rrics on a vaft tac is the capi- empire, to the J.injres. Thoie ninfuiaitfeU, vphofe expedi- r of Matedon. ^fnghis Khan alfo direjr Ws, mtftrefs fo abfolutcly, that his great omrah* confpire^ again ft him, and railied to the throtie cue of his nephews, who ftruck off bis'iincle's hicac}^. tTm new erpperor, whofc name was Furriikhiir, ;was governed luid at 4aO enflaved by two brothers of the nameof Seyd, Vh,pabiircd hjsWw^r fp-grofsly, that being afraid topunifh them pub- Ttfiy, he or4er«d the™ both to be privately aflTairinatcd. Th^y difcovered his TotwtioiJj and dethroned the emperor, in whofe place they raifed a jjrandfoji of iVyrenciebe, by his daughter, a yonth of fcventeen years of aigC, after iwprifoniiig aiiid ftrangling Furrukhfir. The young emperor proved difagceeable to the brothers, and being foon poifoned, they raifed to the throne hjs ^i^x broi hf r, who took the title of Shah Jchan. Th( fajah^.of Indoftan, tirhofe anceftors had entered into flipitlations', or what tpay hp aWtdpa^a nHveniih when they admitted the Mogul fami- ly, tooHthe6(;ld againft the two brothers ; but the lattir were vidorious, jund Shah jfehan was put in tranquil pofTeinon of the empire, but died in 17 r9. Ife wa« fuccteded by another prince of the Mogul race, who took the nai»« of iVIahommed Shah, and entered into private meafures .with his ereat rajahs for deftroying the Seyds, who w^re declared enc. miw to Ni»aiD al jVjuIuck, one of Aurengzebe's favourite generals. Ni- .zam, it is faid, wis privately encouraged by the emperor to declare ^himfelf Againft the brothers, and to proclaim himfelf foubah of Decan, which belonged to one of the Seyds, who was aflkfRnated by the empe- ror's order, and who immediately advanced to Delhi to de^roy the other brother ; but he no fooner underftood what had happened, than be pftoclaimed tlie fultan Ibrahim, another of the Mogul princes, em- peror. A battle enfued in 1730, in which the emperor was vi^orious, and is faid to have ufed his conqucd with great moderation, for he re- mitted Ibrahim 19 the prifon from whence he had bee:) taken; and Seyd, being likewife a prifoner, was condemned to perpetual confine- ment, but the emperor took pofTeffion of his vaft riclies. Seyd liid not Jong furviv€ his confinement ; and upon his death, the emperor abaii- doned himfelf to the fame courfe of pleafures that had been fo fatal m his prtdeceflbrs. As to Nizam, he became now the great imperial ge- neral, and was often employed againft the Mahrattas, whom he defeat- ed, when they had almoft made themfelves maflers of Agra anpeiicd, than prlines, em- as viftorious, 1, for he re- ,) taken ; and itual confine- Seyd did not iiperor aban- en io taul W . impeiial ge- ra a»v\ Delhi. I's the firft (ub- \eft legal guarantee of their polTeflions. We (lull now conclude the hiftory of Indoftan with fome account of the Bcitiib tra 'fa<5tions in that part of the world, fince 1765, when they were quietly fettled in the pofTelfion of the provinces of Bengal, Bahaf, and OrixH. not indeed as abfolute fovereigns, but as tributaries to tkt j emperor, ^''his ftate of tranquillity, however, did not long continue, for in 1767, they found ttiemfelves engaged in a very dangerous war I with Ilyder Ally, the fovereign of My fore. This man had originally been a military adventurer, who learned the rudiments of tiieart of war in the French camp; and in the year 1753, had diftinguifhed himfeif in their fervice. In 1763, having been advanced to the command t)f the army of My fore, he depofed his fovereign, and ufurpcd the fupreme liiithority, under xht title of regent. In a (hort time he extenoed his do«. Iminions on all fide<», except the Carnatic, until at Hft his dominions lequaikd the ifland of Great Britain in extent, with a revenue of not left |thaii lour millions flerling annually. The dilcords which took place ift * Jaghire means a prtnt of land from a rpT^relgn to a fiibjc^, rxvokable ind«e4 at msJuvt ; but f cDcrally httd fur life. 3 A4 728 INDIA WITHIN THE Ganges. I J m various parts of Indoftan, particularly among the Mahrattas, enabled him to aggrandife himfelf in fuch a manner, that his power foon became formidable to iiis neighbours ; and in 1767, he found himfelf in danger of being attacked on one fide by the Mahrattas, and on the other by the Britiih. The former were bought off with a fum of money, and the latter were in cenfcquence obliged to retire. Having foon, however, afTembled all their forces, feveral obllinatc engagements took place; and the Britifh now, for the firft time, found a fteady oppofition from an Indian prince. The war continued with various fucceis during the years 1767, 1768, and part of 1769, when Hyder, with a (trong detachment of his army, paffing by that of the Britifli, advanced within a little di- ilance of Madras, where he intimidated the government into a peace up. On hfs own terms. The advantages gained by this peace, however, were quickly loft by an unfortunate war with the Mahrattas, from whom, in the year 1771, he received a moft dreadful defeat, almoft his whole army being killed or taken. Hyder was now reduced to the ne- ceffity of. allowing his enemies' to defolate the country, till they retired of their own accord ; after which he retrieved his affairs with incredible perfeverance and diligence, fo that in a few years he became more tor- niidable than tver. In 1772, the Mahrattas made fome attempts to get pofleflion of the provinces of Corah, and fome others, but were oppofed by the Britifli ; who, next year, defeated and drove them acrofs the river Ganges, when they had invaded the country of the Rohiilas. On this occafion the latter had a<5ted only as the allies of Sujah Dowla, to whom the Rohilla chiefs had promifed to pay forty lacks of rupees for the pro- tC(51ion afforded them ; but when the money came to be paid, it was, un- der various pretences, refufed ; theconfcquenceof which was, that the Kohilla country was next year (1774) invaded and conquered by the Britifli, as well as feveral other large trails of territory ; by which means the boundary of Oude was advanced, to the weftward, within twenty. five miles of Agra; north -weftward to the upper part of the navigable courfe of the Ganges ; and fouth-weft^'ard to tiie Jumna river. "In 1778, a new war commenced with the Mahrattas; on which oc- cafioh a brigade, confifting of 7000 Indian troops, commanded bv Bri- ti(h ofticers, traverfed the whole en^pire of the Mahrattas, from the river Jumrtr to the weftern ocean. About this time the war with France broke out, and Hyder Ally, probably expe ft»♦«rrig^> of Myforc; and on t^nai^thof DwcmKe;?, he made writh a confi4erahlc forf:e adifoft attackupon the, lines of.t'r^^ vaocorc. On receiving a renionftraiice from the BritiHi govemineiit of Fort St; George, he defiftcd, and even apologifed. trooi the agth 0/ Dsatmber to t lie tft of March, Tippoo Sultan remained perfi|t6^Iy quiet^ ftill aflfcrting his claims to the feudal fovereignty of the forts ; but, it i» confidently affiraied, oge|-ing to fiifcH».lt tjjs, di^|U(L to An impai^i^^iu:* titration. . : ■ ^^ . ^ ','. '^; -'i>' : , iitiivL. mi /..'».-, Ow iliefirft of Mareh, Yf^^ the ft]iai'* troopi maefe an offenfiveat. tack upon Tippoo, who bad continued quiet withickhis lines frnjn the agth of December. Aa engagement took place; and the ^riajfli go* verrMuent conceived thcinfelves boun4 to take an a£kive p^rt. No p^. riod appeared more favourable to humble Tippooi, if that was the Qbje£i: of the Britifh adminiUration. With all the other powers of India, wc were not only at peace, but treaties of aUiaoQe exifled between Great Britain and the two moft powerful Aates of India, the Nizam and the Mahrattas ; and both declared themfelves in per£e£i re^dinefs to exerj^ their utmoft force to cruflt the rifrng pow^r of Myfcve. Wt (hall here prefent the reader with a brief account of the prqgrefs and termination of this war, by which the Britiih power \v^ more than ever eftabjiflied on the continent of Afia, from a narrative 4rawn up by major. Pirom, from journals and authentic dacyments. It (liould be remenabered, that the campaign here recorded was th* third of our war with Tippoo Sultan. The jf>y? commenced in June, 1790, and concluded with that year. It way confined b^Iow the Ghaut». ^ht fteond campaign contained the capture of Bangalore, which fixed tiie icut of war in the enemy's country, and concluoed with the retreat Qf .lord Cornwallis from Seringgpatam, towards the end of May 1791. The <«i((Vv/ commences almoll from that point, and terminates in March 1799, Obfcrving, however, as the author very properly flatcs, that, in tl)e fine climate of Myfore, campaigns are rcgyiatcAraliacr by. plans of ope- ratious, than by ieafons. i) Ji^jj. .viir^ i.»i-.ir, 1.. ,.,'c^> ,.nr .' The narrative commences with unfavourable cJrcnmftances ; the re- treat of the two armies under general Abercroniby and lord Cornwallis ; the lofs of cannon in both ; au epidemic di(iemp,er among the cattle ; and a dreadful fcarcity of grain. Tiiefe evils, however, vaniflied by degrees ; the jiin^ion of the Mahrattas afforded a fupply of neceffaries, and arrani^ements were made forobtaininjg in future the moft ample and Tegular provifioo of bullocks and grain, and for replacing the battering guns. On the return of the army to the vicinity of Bangalore, the ope- rations began, which were to fecure tlie communication with the Cariia- tic, and reduce the power of the enemy in thofe ^a,rts. The Briufli force was immediately and fuccefsfuUy employed to redupc Quflbor, Rayacotta, and the other hill forts commanding the Polit ode pafs, The nextobjeft was the forts to the north-eaftof Banga,k)re, which iinter/upt. ed the communication with the Nizam's army, and with the Carnatic, by that route. Thefe being foon reduced, Nundydroog, built on the fummit of a mountain, about one thoufand fev«n hundred feet in height, a place of greater magnitude and ftrength, was attacked, and after being befieged from September 22, wa» carried bv aflault, on the i8th of Oftober, in fpite of obllaclcs which mtgbt jrcafonably have been deemed 'infiirmountable. ' By means of difpofitions made iox that purple, fupplies of all kiud* now came in from the Carnatic. , Pena^ra was taiken at the end of Oc •ober; and Kiftdaghcri attacked on the 7th of November; this was XKDIA wxTinN TKs Ga^om*^ r3» ptmqft the ouly enterprife that was not cpmpletely facceftful \ the lovtt fort and pettali were taken ; but the upper fort ma'muined its defence, pndthc attack was r^UnquiOtcd. It i'eem; that it coiitd only have been carried by a <■«»/> dt m^i^y which unluckily failed! Qn thr ad of the £tnie moitth, another inftance of iU fnccefs hgpjjei^d to us ; the relief of Coimbetore haying been prevented, that garrifon vn\& obliged to ca- pitulate to Cummer-ud-Deeu Cawn. on.terjns wbtcb Tippoo did not afterwards fulfil. . i ' > . .1 ^ • f i , i Savendroog, or the Rock of Deaith, bore witqels, tri fhe mnntlil of De> cember, to the ardour and perfeverancf of the tiriti(h troops. This for- trcrs» ftanding in the way between Bangalore and Seriiigapatam, is thus defcribed : It is ** a vaft mountain of rock, and is reckoned to rife above half a mile In perpendicular height, from a bafe of eight or ten miles in circumference. Embraced by walls on every fide, and defend* cil by crofs walls and barriers, wherever it was deemeri acccflible : this huge mountain had the farther advantage of being (iividcd above by a ^afm which feparates the upper part into two hills, which, having. each their defences, form two citadels capable of being maintained, inde^ pendent of the lower works; and, affording a fecure retreat, fltotild tncourii^ the garrifon to hold out to the laft extremity," p. 67. Ic is no lefs tamed ^r its noxious atmofphere, occafioned by the furround* )ng hills and woods, than for Usi wottderfuliize^aad (Ireagth. l^euce it derives Us formidable naine.t fc^ **»!. >■ tit ,■-',•'?', if'i'n5i3. .ofO. 's The fultanis faid to have flatter^ himfelf, that before this place *' half the Europeans would' die of ftcknefs, the other half be killed in the attack;" he was, however, miftaken. The garrifon, fortunately for us, trufted mure to the ftrengtb of the place than to their own exer- tions, and, on the 21ft of December, only the nth day of the liege, this fortrefs, hitherto deemed Impregnable, was taken by aflault in left than an hour, in open day, without the lofs of a man, only one priv;ttc ibldier having been wounded. Outredroog, and other forts, fell focceffively after this brilliant fuc- refs. The forces of the allies were not equally fortunate during the fame interval. The army of the Nizam, after a long fiege of Gurram- condah, drew off to join our forces, and only left the place blockaded. To make amends for this failure, the Mahratta army, under Purferain Bhow, allifted by our engineers, took Hooly Onore, Bankapoor, 8i- moga, and other places. By the latter end of January, 179a, the whole allied force, excepting the Bombay army, was afl'embled in the vicinity ui H'^oleadroog. We come now to theoperations againft Serlngapatam. On the firft of February, 179a, the allies began their march, and by two o'clock oa the jih, were encamped acrol's the valley of Milgotah, only fix miles from the pofition of Tippoo before Scringapatain. It could not well be ex- pected by the fultan that he fliould receive fo early an attack as lord Cornwaliis deftined for liim. His camp was ftrontjly fituated and forti- fied hy a bound hedge, and feveral redoubts. Neverthelefs, after cauf- bg his pofition to be reconnoitred in the morning ol the 6th, the com- ma ider in chief iflued orders for the attack that verv evening. TliC arinv was to march at night in three divilions, and without cannon. '* The plan of attack," fays major Dirom, " was indeed bold beyond the expedation of our army; but, like a difcovery in fciencc, which excites admiration when dilcloled, it had o When the princes left the fort, which appeared to be manned as they went out, and every where crowded with people, who, from curiofity Of afffdion, had come to fee tliem depart, the fultan himfelf was on the rampart above the gateway. They were faluted by the fort on leaving it, and with twenty-one guns from the park as they approached our camp, where the part or the line they paffed was turned out to meet them. The vakeels condu£fed them to the tents, which had been feut from the fort for their accommodation, where they were met by fir John Kennaway, the Mahratta and Nizam's vakeels, and from thence accom- panied by them to head quarters. The princes were each mounted on an elephant richly caparifoned, and feated in a filver howder [a canopied fe;)t], and were attended by their father's vakeels, and the perfons already mentioned, alfo on ele- phants. The proceflion was led by feveral camel harcarras [meflengcrs] and feven Ilandard-bearers, carrying fniall green iiags fufpended from lluftratcd by tfie ken. irivcn from his l«'igenieiit efla- Suiart remained timr, for taking 'ould have bce^ the Bombay ar- rioiis obftucles, weft of the city, very, in a fitui- However, after ■the2irt, Tip. )repa rat ions for unced that pre- m purpofe had ntimied till the e, the conduft make it necef- Overawed, at and probably ant fultan fub- rch, the copies > to lord Coin- I's fon, print* Punt, thought n perfon, and as to cede one he was to jiay Toners were to ns were to be- te difficult ') ttled, the'un- he boys, who itreate'd to re- tomake fuit- Ilis, who had nt, had again anned as they Tom curiofity elf was on the rt on leaving proached our out to meet bad been feiit et by fir John lence accom- INDIA WTTrrr^lT^lp;"' "^ THE UaNgeI." * rf rotkets* fnii . '" ^"^ Gangei.- ,v, c^ Lord ^ornuaiJis, attended b,^' a*'! '^*^'"- ''^^^^^ ^PP<»mte4 officers o/thearmv, met the nri^ his ftnff a„d fom^ J ,. . cfirmounted fron/the eleohL^^ ''^*' '^•'^ do^'-of hiTh?!. .* P''"^'^' "•' «"« in each hand. t^hcTJr '".^' ■'^^^•- ^'^'''"^c nf g^J^^^ f^Ucy f", iheyoungciL MoZJ,,!^'' the ddeft, AbdnJ Jf «r , ' '<^^' 'hehi ^^ly «^erefe«tcd on.^Sln'"; ^'^°'" ^'^4 vea^'^'^'^' ^^^^ about vakee , addreffi-H u i /^ .* **^ ^°' ^ Com waiVi r- t? ^ ^S*^- Whe„ -orni^g?rronsofVeM?"P '' ^-^'o." "f i^^^^" h-T/^'>'' ^'''^ ^^^ and theu muft In.u ^"'^*"' my mafter • r h^.V r/f .^'"'^'•en wei'e thi. i'adafprieo/ T°""'^'^ ^^ '^r^^ bdlliarus ,' 1".'^ ^" <^n^erald of con "d inSX .\Kt -"^ "P f-iu iV?^ ;V'-^^^urban, eTl." '^eir condua!"'' ^" ^^^^^^ ^o ^ee the coJrtS ra^^ P^ji^en^^^ , pus ended a war in v.h- u ^ Propnety of Jy ftated thus • 1 r n ""^ ^^^ ^^v ^ nta''^^''^at]> i' '"ay be prefumed Jjur''''*"^^^* ^ '^RaM Th r'""!,^^''^^-' ^X 'even forts ««, "'♦ 't appears tha- T:,,,.!."^ *''ar. Bv a •J from ,l"e map- „t "J? S'":- "»"•■'' 'ttly IT''''' &"' «'"- barked. ""P" "» "-l"--^ «. « counttks ceded t n k "■' '" ~"'a- te Si?!; .4"«' t'l^nSr:?;!'"" "T""" cor„;;„| J - 'ff ' " All r,ll IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^ 1.0 I.I 1^128 ■ 50 "■■• '" HA M M 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 U- 6" ► Va ^'^' ^ v: ^?. />^ '># > ''^F # Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STRfcE^ WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 m/j 1$4 The PENINSULA. wixfwwTlrifGJltoIll : ; As to th« government «nd cpvAitution oC iKuioihn, w^ m^^ ^tf^ff^ wlwtwe have dre^^ypb^ierved., The emperor of Iii4o0an| Or Ureat B(«>gui (fo caUed fr9ih beji^g defc^iifleci irofti Tamerliiie, tbfe Mon|;i4 ttr Mogul Tartar), on hill adv^^f ejpent ttt the throne^ aflUmei (bfne grand title; as, ** Tht Qmquerirtr tftkmt/iMl ^Otmmtm*^m1imm%"^e. but he is na^ar^r^wiMt^'^MJ Jy.-f:i\ -, -un:\::u I. 'I^fiiilhfa.^''l. The PENINSi^LA WitHxN the GiNOES. ) '■-jt •-. X Madura ;;^H fit" p'.'ltV. 1 ^'■v^'Ijsi f *rjfi *^*iJ !*'«/ Mii '^b'ifiw . ^^fc^.i. ^ fort St. Datid, EnfflilH eaft coaft of India, fkimte on the bar of Beogalt ufui^-^ ly called t^e coaft of Go#o* ;|r^'^' Ai il i^H'^i rrr ivi^- Chief l^ilhtt KHltfui't . • Twija Tr|li( Hjifji)*t»«» &il fide of^Frf^lN'^pat.un, £i.gmit Auar. be, Car- B!fn«gaif ^..i- H! 'i>' : » Porta-no^a, Dnteh lajore -.. ^ • Sq.M. i6,40dl 4. Oriffa CoWon. ' frit,-,?b«fc,r>fn Sedrafpattn, Dtitch ' wli tol^ ff ftf^rr^^ ^Bt; Th«*ihM, Pofttigwefe' ■>^^i^^^\ ►Fort St. Gedrgeor Ma- '.S?'>J dtaiSfc E. long, to-ij "^^-t^ N. lat. tj-f* Eiiglifti *rfrn ?ettic«te, Dwtch - j Golcoiida «" • 62,tc0 Ganl, Of Cdutef, dia* «;«bJ mondfnines MafuFipAani, BnglUbaiid Vtzigapatam, Engtt#i " ^^-^' Bimhpataii, Dut«» ^^^* Cattack '• — " ^'^'^ji ' !«i«t iv ii.i J Balftfoi-e, Engtrfli ^i '^^ ' - ^ f'"!' :Weft fide of BifO Te^patan, 0Mtcft nagar, or Car- Anjengo, EngHih natlc. ' ; :'T Cochin, Dutch'; -»lir-v Calicut Vt^'^'4'J^ "• ,V* • ■''-ii^f- ^-Jri ^^|e itr;«oU 'h*t^%» '.'; 1 felflchery ^'-^"g*'* ' %< i^.^; ':«d ttu;*: ) f'«f ,T-^i^ "' 'Cannmtlofe, Duttlt ^: ^ . -q {?«{!,?« E?if k#| ^^* ^^vM r Martgalore T Dtitch and #- ;,'.:[ii;fH.,dH ^i^io'^^rw^ni^Vba '- ;-darcelote- f PortttgHefc * The ftjtith- "?>^ * ^'Jotfrt? n. HaolconSa, ^*md. i«>infes %eft coift o{\'^-^'''^^'''''''\Cvii»faryEhf(m Indh^ lifually i Deccsm, or Vilia. • Gbii, Port ugtreft called thtcosdt ^Mal»har. (- » r.t «J V ,I«W' Rajapofe, mnCh Dabal, EngHfll Bdmhay, ffle and «m^fi| EngliflT, t9vj8.N^lat< 72. 49. E'. tohg. Ballaim, FAftugfitfe-' Salfettfi EtigWfk fula it ^ into Dj fixes rlj niandel , Madi, fula. ftventJ I nj'ons, 7b Kotei||h Monjul negrani •• &e. S-. ft If-- 5? *" ■**►■;. '7;. ' If •■v-t if..- ■■■■■ . -A't ind sefe J:;j;'oK -1 ^ I Cambaya i ^ . v^ ,^--j 0-5i4^^ HirP :t!T >J Bin, fotto^tfiVi^'l ^Hi a ^ ItjtBRs.] Tbt QiHwk tr MaiuixudHi^ %ane «|^,,^i))^^ Uie l^ddcTf and the jEam09« l^ftn^r. r- Sj:*>r , CtiAtATB, SBAsoti«, K)io fjton'ucB^ Thft ctifii'K of mountBins &!• . ttn^ mentlonqd, fOikMit^fiFain nofth to fouth, render (t virinter on one fide of liiiis pem^fuia, wbiln it is 'Aimmer pn tjj^ otheis. ; About ^ne end ftf Juae, a fouth-weft wind be^ns to hlow Irotn (^(i fea|| on the coaft of Malabar, which) witb continual rwns, lafts fourm^nti^, during which time aUis for^iipoivshc coaft of:Coromandel (the wefternand eafiern coaft$ bring fo denominated). Towards the end of O^ober, the rainy (ahfi and the cfaaege of the monibons begin on the Coromandel coaft, which being defthute of good barbours, renders it extr(|mi%» ^ini fixeis the feat of his government according to his own convcnieiis^* JiV;e;(biIl fpeak of thofe provinces belnc^ing t.p the Malabar, or p^iio- mandej coaft, t^« two great pbje^ of Euglifli commerce in tj^t i^.^^ try ; aijd firft of the eafternj peo[^W fcoih the depredations of i^is aeighbourii 13^ The" in^'-^mii-fr- % NSl&LA WITHIN rki GtfjGtl, but by a tribute to buy them oflTj the cipttal is Ti-itchlnof-oly. Th« chief value of titis kingdom kimt to confift in a peari^fliery upon its co|«ft, Tanjore is a litftekingd^^nH lying to the caft of Madura. The foil is fertile, and its' prince was rich, till pUmdered by the nabdib of Arcot, and fome Britim fubjefts oonjRodcd. with hinn. Within it lies the Danifli £aft India fettleinent of Tranf ttcbar, and tb^ fortrefs of Negapatam, which was taken from thle Dutch during the laft war» an^ confirmed to the Englifh by the treaty of peace : the capital city is Tanjore. The Carnatic, as it is now caUed> h wpU known to the EngHfli. It is bounded on the ead by the Bay of Bengal; on the north by the river Kiftna, which divides it from Golconda ; on the weft by Vifapour ; and en the fouth by the kingdoms of Meflaur and Tanjore ; being in length, IrocD fouth to north, alxHit 345 -miles, and S76 in breadth froni ealt to veil. The capital of the CarnatU: is Bifnagar, belonging to the nabob of Arcot. The country in general is cfteemed healthful, fertile, and populous. Within this country, upon the Coromandei coaft, lies Fort St. David, or Cuddalore, belonging to the Englifli, with adifiri^roiind it. The fort is ftrong, and or great importance to our trade. Five leagues to the north lies Pondicherry, once the emporium of the French in the Eaft Indies, but which has been repeatedly takeh by the Eng- lifli, and 89 often reflored by the treaties of peace. ? Fort St. George, better known by the name of Madras, is the capital of the Englifli Eaft India Company's dominions in that part of the Eaft Indies, and is diftant eaftward from London about 4,800 miles. Great complaiats have been made of the fituation of this fort; but no pains have been-fpared by the Company, in rendering it impregnable to any force that can be brought againft it by the natives. It prote^its two towns, called, from the complexion of their feveral inhabitants, the White and the Black, The White Town is fortified, and contains an Englifli corporation of a mayor and aldermen. Nothing has been omitted to amend the natural badnefs of its fituation, which feems ori- ginally to be owing to the neighbourhood. of the diamond mines, which are but a week's journey diflant. Thefe mines are under the dircftion of a Mogul officer, who lets them out by admeafurement, and incloiing the contents by palifadoes ; all diamonds above a certain weight origi- nally belonged to the emperor. The diflri6t belonging to Madras, ex- tending about 40 miles round, is of little value for ics produ£t ; 60,000 inhabitants of various nations are faid to be dependent upon Madras ; but its fafety confifls in the fuperiority of the Englifli by fea. It car- ries on a confiderable trade with China, Perfia, and Mocha. Pellicate, lying to the north of Madras, belongs to the Dutch. The kingdom of Golconda, which, befides its diamonds, is famous for the cheapnefs of its provifions, and for making white wine of grapes that are ripe in January, has already been mentioned. Golconda is fubjeft to a prince called the Nizam, or Souhah of the Deccan, who is rich, and can raife ioo,coo men. The capital of his dominions is called Bagnagur, or Hyderabad, but the kingdom takes its name from the city of Golconda. Eafl-fouth-eafl: of Golconda lies Mafulipatam, where the Englifli and Dutch have faAories. The Englifli have alfo fa^lories at- Ganjam and Vizigapatam, on this coafl ; and the Dutch at Narfi* pore. The province of Orixa, from whence the Englifli company draw fome part of their revenues, lies to the north of Golconda, ex- tending in length from eaft to weft about 550 miles, and in breddth about 240. It is governed chiefly by Moodajee Boollah and his bm* province with the J bad a yeai IJOjOOQ { ^f^ry fruiti T«par, o na, und V nons on tl Guzeral tiiefiiieft i 'aid to cor wWe ther I'hericheft P"W, whe J Among lionging to pnilycon pki in len^ h»rare its pwvenience N the Clin: pn, and tc fomenefs. f'liherai Ntofiiont F'ofthepc m It to the •ys-- V -■• Th« >on its ■ The bob of 1 it lies jireft of ar, an4 tal city ifli. It he river lur ; and I length, n eaU to ie nabob tile, and lies Fort [ground «. t'ive te French thcEng- hc capital ,f the Eaft ;s. Great t no pains ible to any rotcfts two [itants, the intains an has been feems ori- les, which direftion incloling fight origi- idras, ex- ; COjOOO Madras ; la. It car- Itch. The ])us for the trapes that is fubjeft fho is rich, 18 is called am the city lam, where Tfo faftories Ih at Narfi- company Iconda, ex- Tin breadth Ind bis bta* 1?- •<•■■■•■- ■'■ • , ■■>,■•■■,'■■:' ' J- I ''•-•,■ ■■ ■', ,,-'. ...,_,, .Tnt I*£NINSULA withik the Qangw. 737 tkf, iUUes to the MahnHtas. In tiii« province Elands the temple of J** |«rnaut, which they fay ia attended by $qo prieftt. The idol is an ir- ' itgular pyramidal black ftone of about 4 or 5001b. weight, whh twv rich diamonds near the top« to reprefent the eyes, and th« nofe an4 month painted with vermilion. The country of Deccan* comprehends feveral kurge provinces, and fqme kingdoms } particularly thofe of Baglagna, Balagate, Tdenga, and tke kiii|[dom of Vlfiapour. The names, dependencies, and govern> ment ofthofe proviticea are extremely unfettled ; they having been re- duced by Aurengzebe,^ or his father, and fubjed to almoft annual revolutions and alterations. Their principal towns are Aurengabadj and Doltabad, or Dowlet-abad; and th« latter is the ftrongcfi place in all Iiidoftan. Near it is the fiunous pagoda of Elora, in a plain about two leagues fquare. The tombs, chapdt^ temples, pillars, -and many tboufand figures tliat furround it, are eut out of the natural rock. Ter lenga lies on the eaft of Golconda ; and its capital, Beder, contains « gsrrifon of 3000 men. The inhalntants of this province fpeak a laa- guage peculiar to the^itfeives. Baglana lies to the weft of Tclenga, and forms the fmalleft province ofthe empir«} ><» capital is Mouler. The Portuguefe territory begina here at the port of Dai^oan, twenty-one leagues fouth of Surat, and eXf tends almoft twenty leagues to the north of Goa. Vifiapovr is a large province: the weft'eru part is called Konkan^ which is internvngled with the Fortuguefe poflcffions The rajah of Viilapour is faid to have bad a yearly revenue of fix millions fteriitrjg^ and to bring to thi» iield 1 jOjOOO foldiers. The capital is of the lame name, and the country very fruitfuL Tiie principal places on this coaft nre, Daman, Bal&im Jrapar, of Taraporj Chawlj Dandi-Rajahhpur, Dabul-R^uper, Ghi- tia, and Vingurfa. "fhe fortuguefe have loft feveral valuable poflef* fions on this coaft, and thofe which remain are on the decline. Gu2erat is a maritime province on the Gulf of Cambaya, and one of I thefineft in India, bttt inhabited by a fierce rapacious people. It is faidto contain 3$:cities. -Ahmed-abad is the capital oT tbeprovince^ where there is an J^neliflv fa^orv^ and is faid, in wealth* to vie witk the rlcheft towns in Europe. About 43 French leagues diftant ftands iSurat, where the Eni^ifU have a dourifiiing factory. I Among the iftan^s. lying upon the fame coaft is that of JSlombay^ . be- llonging to the £ngi^(h Eaft India company. Its hybo^r Can .eonvfe^- Uiencly contain looafiiips at anchor. The iHandlJ^elf is about feven jmiles in length, and twenty in circumference} but:j|% Situation and har- bour are its chief recommendations, being deftitute of aii^oift all ther Icqpyeniences of life. The town is about a mile long and poorly built; Vod the climate was ^|tal to EngUfti ^onftitutions, till experience, catt > kion, and temperan<;^, taught them prefervatives againft' its: -umwhole- lomenefs. The beft water there is prefefvad in tajiks, ;\yhich ^reccive It in the rainy feafot^s* The fort is* regular quadraflgjq, and M'ell built of fbne. ^^y black merchai^tS;.fe|fide here. TMs ifland was hrt oiF the portion paid witJi the Infanta of Portugal to Charles II. who pis jtto the £^{yi)i}Ia company » ^o^sl^^J^^^t^ >* ^^^ divided into ^L' ''■•''T ■il*'*' l"*J' 'i' ^ i lu: I, |{ ■>!-.? ^fij'-'b-'n^:' <' ' T^U nutie ObccAm ugpiiftes the Sovta^ fipd hi itt moll tJtttmvo ngoificatroo, cludcithe whole ^iittifuia fouth of Inswap; Prop«f. However, in its ordiltaiy pification, It meinA <6iily the countries Ktti^ted IxAween Indoftah Proper, the Cat- ^^j^, and Ot'ifla ; tbt»t Ik; the provincts uf Candeiih, Amcdtutgur, Vififtpoar, ind Km si tta. .u OB to the-Mert^iit^pfiMi Mip gflpi^^ g^yiU ^ .,:f. . 'IIP .'J^'jrHp;, PENINSULA within the Gamoss.^ three R'om»n catiiclHc piriftieS* inhabited by Portuguelf «, »nd wliat vt called pupifli Meftizos and Canarios; the former be>o^ a mixed breti ' «f the nativeEi and Portuguefe, and t^e other the aborigines of the coHn^ ■ \ Iry. "tht Engtifh hj|ve found method* to render this ifland and tow,i, '; tinder all their difadvantages, afafc, if not an agreeable refidenqe* The ■ Wader (carcely nee^std be Informed,, that the governor and council of ^' Sombay have lucrative poAs^as well as the officers under them. The ' troops. QH the iiland are commanded bv £ng-liih (officers ; and thic natives, W'hemrfoirfrit'd into r^^gular companies, and dffcipiined, are here, and i. ttU over the Eaft Indies, called Sepoys. The inhabitants of the ifland limoutit to near 6oiOoo of ditferept nations} each of whom enjoys the |>raAicc of iiiK feligion unmolefted. 'W* i ' Near Bombay are feveral other ifland^, one of which, called tie* phantsi, contains the moi! inexpiicable antiquity perhaps in the world. Afi^ul>« of an elephant, of thi; neural (ize, cut coarfcly in fione, pre. l!td was furpaflfed ^cither in bulk or beauty by few of the i ^Ol^op^n citieSb Itisfaid that the revenues of the Jefuits upon this ilkiid' e^uaiUed titofe of the crown of Portugal. Goa, as well as the •♦iflvol l^ie Pottagutfe pofleffiotis of this coa-ft, kre under a viceroy, who itftiltitdlips up the remains of the aucieotfplendor of the government,! The rich penlnfula of Salfette is dependent on Goa. Sunda lies fouth 4 -of tii^~^oftj|^u«re territories, and is governed by a rajah, tributary t^j ' -the^Mogul; ' ,Th* tnglifli faAory of Corwar is one of the moft pit ' fant'and'hlMhhy^kny Upon the Malabar coaft. Ganara liesab^in '. Suiy miks to thtf^lbuth of Goa, and reaches to Calicut, its foil 1 "fctnous ift»r prodiWiing rice, that fupp/lies many parts of Europe,' t ■ fome of ♦he .Indies. The Canarines are faid generally to be goverft ?4y a iady, whofe fon has the titleof JRajah ; and her fubjefts are -cM«i(«Ml"the bravdl and moll civSlifed of any in tbat peniufuh/ Skj ■reJMKrkabty given to commerce. ijs'Thoi»gh Malabar gives haiim/i to the whole fouth-weft coaft ofil iunt». HThej; confift of tlwee difliid •■^■gdvernmenis, rii. ■■■''^^t ^*^•^r/t'nl.»'^.•|^lw««JW-.^■ ,{i^-.:iBit1 «5!:*™^1J19^ |fl«h£soubah I ^n the G»Bg«. ;.r ' ^Northern Circaw^ on the coaft of Orifliv CThela^ire. ") iTerrMry of Cuddalore f On ti>r€oaft-o£ Co- 'y^ ,1. 7 . » >of Beiiiicotta r itftmandcl. ^-u. ,,.M>** . t#|.lj|egipatam3- Govemmeut of Bombay, on the GuJf of Camhay; To thefe we have now to add ^ diArifts ceded by Tippoo 8iiltiiiii his late treaty, figned at ^ngapatam on the 1 8th of March, ^^9^ viz. , '-"■ - '■'if;-^ • ^*.i5pf?v-'' <••"' ov.'' ' " . ■■ '-A ■ ' KooiteWyiajj ;w,£:alii>ut«n «iiAt rate hi' own charadcr for modcrjtiau aiwtxlcmenoy, as" far above thcfsi rowianc, Nadir Shah, and Abdallah, aa he rated h» dilcipline aiiove theifs. -ea« ,0D5 ; Statis A ftates and _-xi5 :/.■.'• - "•■ 'Vj.1>v ■ '.' Brft\fhnttte,l j^^i Ireland) three diftiaft of OrifliV [inacndel. of Cambaj^ Ji^t-;theinte of 3^ rupe«9 to each Mfotla* ^"^^ ^^^ rupees reckoaed «t t9. id.^ac^t the ■finvitl.vjalue.of, tl^e. late firitifl) acqujGtions will be /.41 i,450f accoriiMig; to, Major Repnidl in his Memoir of a Map of the |«ninfulaof India, p. 53. ?or. jijp j:ev£nu^ qf> the otb?f ^riUihpoC- i«flions, fofi, before, p. yaf,,,, ^ri^-^^ r- uat; .^ j:' ;«/ ,„ ,-r GovBUNMENT OF Benoa-i.} ' Thj* govctflimnt IJB Tich, flourfm- vnf^ aud poptilous. It is hn«ly >vater«4 hy the, Ganses and Burrampoo- t^r^ with their numerous navi^le cbaniiels, and the Ceveral navigable i^vttt they receive : it is fertihfed by their periodical inundations; and by its natural (Ituation is well fecured againft foreign enemies. But for a more particular defcription of this, prpvincoy vr^ r^&r our readers to the account we have already givtn of it. Government of Madras.] The great defeft of thi» government U not only the,wvit of connection between its parts, which are fcatter* ed along an exteniive coaft, and feparated from each other by dates frequently hoftile, but that it is totally devoid of good harbours. Hopes, however, have been entertained of remedying the latter, by removing tlie bar «t the mouth of that branch of the Caveri called Coleroon, which falls into the fea at Devicotta. The capital and feat of govern- ment is Madras in the Jaghire, called atfo Fort St. George. It is ill fituated, without a harbour, and badly fortified, yet contains upwards of 200,000 inhabitants. — Fort St. David, in the territory of Cuddalore, jtrich, flourifliing, and contains 60,000 inhabitants. — Masulipatam, ia the northern Circars, at one of the mouths of the Kiflna, was for- merly the mod fiourifliina; and commercial dty oi> this coaft, and though much declined, is ftill confiderable. ; .>-„n .-.r t^.^ ; j*^u* 4 The northern Circars, which are denominated from the towns of Cicacole, Rajamundry, Elore, and Condapily, are defended inland by a flrohg barrier of mountains and extenfive forefts, beyond which the tountry is totally unknown for a confiderable fpace. ' Government of Bombay.] This government is watered by the I Tapee and Nerbudda. Its capital and feat of government is Bombay, ina fmall ifland, and an unhealthy fituation, hut it is well fortified, and tbas a fine harbnur.'^SuRAT on the. Tapee, which forms an indiiferent Iport, is one of the moll rich and coitimercial cities in Indoftan.— Tbi,- IlifHER&Y, on the Malabar coaft, is dependent on Bombay. . , - >poo Soluiiii ■^vf'^iTf()f04i'' V |M*rcb, 1^1 prices oll«i'1 ^ ^,.. ALLIES OF THS BRITIS«.-'^n^<*«'tl>" <».--► A dominions of the nabob ; 9fOude, y-^* f. omiaions of the nabob ^ of Arcof, compre- [ bending the eaftern^ part only of the an- cient Carnatic. Fyzabad. • . . ' ; \,\ . . "\ ''. ;^ Lucknow. ' " Arcot, on the Palfar, is the capital, though the nabob ufually refides at Madras. Gingee, the llrongefl Indian fortrefs in the Carnatic. Tritchinopoly, ivcar the Caveri, well forti- fied in the Indian manner, was rich and po- pulous, containing near 400,000 inhabitants, now almoft ruined by the numerous ileges it 1 is fuftained. Seringham Pagoda, in an ifland of the Ca- veri, Ts f^ous throughout Indoftan for Tts fanClity, and has no lets than 40,000 priefts, who conftantly refide here in voluptuous in« dolence. _;, . . ■',,,.... 3B3 • It! "■hi lil f.V u^ ITm Pi:KlKSULA Wfrftiw T*ilt Ois6tl V n .-J OhiWiffrgi^fi, the artcl^nt capkal tff tht Ai. jiire of Nartzingu«t formerly rich, powei** ful, ahd populous ; near it is the fartious pa. goda of Tripetti, the Lorefo of Indoftan, The offerings of the numerous pilgrtms who tefbri hither, bring in an iminenfe retemie. ladura, and Tinivelly, are the ill ftates of the fame na(ne, ^arawar, are de|>endent on the Aniedal Camb- celebrated foftrefs. Dominions oF the nabob Continued. "S ^ . "' I cafjitaU J which,' w (_ nabob of Tcnitbry of Futty Sing ( Guicker in the fou - btb of Guteraf. Territory of the raj«h ( «^ ofGhod, j iiMAHRATTA STATES, in alliance with theBtmsH, and their *'■ * TuiBUTAaiBs. ^- f;.. ^ ■ ■ ■ ■ "-'^i" 4? 'This extenfli^e country is divided among a number of chicfe or prin- °<"' ;;j&i::^.-iy^^i- Whh 13,16,666 y-tt^t 'flxiJ^^Tijlxfs'o?' flitf Nizam, %d ally to the Bj«>tish. , t»f ht p«yffefnons of the Ni«am or Soubih of the Dcccari (a younger j ^h of (lie iPambus Niz^ifi-aUMulack) comprife the prpvincc cfGolJ conda, that is the ancient province of Tcllirigaifa, or Tilling, inn itfdj bi^ween ^he lowi^ parts <:>ty of Aurungabadf wettwards^ fnd comes within 80 miles qf the city of Foonchi His capital is Hy. drab^d^ or fiagnagur, fituatcd on the Mouifi river, near the famous Toi trefs of Golconda. . , > ,, 'phf djftri£l« of Adoni in4 l^'wcborci ^yhich were in the hands of Ba- zalet Jung (brother to the Nt;um) during his Ufe>time, are now in thf hands of the Nizam. The Sourapour« or Soilapoor rajab,, on the weft of the Btemah river, tpgethcp* with fome other rajahs, acf bis tribtnar ries. The Guntoor circar alfo belongs to him.. Proijfibly, fays the nvQor, th«f« dominioDi, ifKlpd'og his tfi.l?utarie|s and fevdatofie^i are no lefs than 430 miles in length, frpm NVV. to SE. by 30o,wid«. To the above, we have now to add thofe wnich Tippoo Sukan ceded to him in the treaty of peace, figned, March 18, r79ft, vi», ■•■■•■■■'■.•■ •■ . ., . ' . Koonteary pagodat; Canoul, aftbrding a revenue of - - .. - - - J 9»/'»39 In Gootjr - - - «.- ,7 %< • '^i •ilj* ' • " S^*?^* In Adoni (Mooka) - - « -'^'- '- - - - - - 12,16a , In the Dooab, being parts of Racbore, and Moo^gul - 1^,8 1,33s 13,16,666 - . BERAR MAHRATTAS. :0(v, ,,ua. ..^^^ ' ' '"■ rNag^our 18 the cftpitak .^■,^,,\t'-^ii^^r* ■ I Balaiore bias confiderable tracle. tMi/cotintry1?v*fy lit- J Ctittaa^he Mthawda, aijitii|i«tM^ ♦1. i,„«.v« f« i?«.«^o.,4 *< which lenders this nation a formidable ene- tlc knotvnto European^ ^^ ^^ ^^ g^.^^ ^^ j^ ^^^ ^^ ^j^ ^^^^^^^ - . ; f aication between the gorernmen^ of Ben** 3«^«itr;t«*jsJ L S*i "od Madras. NORTHERN POONAH MAHRATTAS. ' y^a. , [Tltey are goveriied at f Ougein, the refidence of Sindia. -l^ ■^■:;-^'''- , prefcnt b^ Sindia^ HoU J Indoor, the r<(idence of Holkar.^'^ »iij^«t >_ ''} kar,and lotne other lefs j GalpV, the refidence of Gungdar FunCi''! le* / cdnfiderable priocd. / Sagur, the refidence ttf BaOagee. '3^ . Ltish. Iti {A youiig« ^ince of<^oi;' llling, fiHinted! partofBerarJ '.venue, to tW nab MaMJ te north; 'M ■ rll . :f TIPPOO SULTANAS TERRITORIES Kafve bnn greatly diminlflied in Cdnfequehcc of the late treatv of [peace, in which he confented to refign half bis dott&nions tdthe BffTt^ Mahtattas, and the Nuam^ Uis f enaaining domtntons'arc^ ? j .i^'i Provinces. ,■ . ^^f'-j^l-^'Ghief Towalv.; -tr** i^-''x-?'»«f ,,•',■ Kingdom of Myfore - - ^ r cSertttgapatam^n^the Cav^rkcunifil Bedndte f-m ii:?m--^vni^*vct^it\3o\ --Bednorej or -Hyier 'Nuggjer^'H/ Canaua^'Mi^^ w . 'm-»^m: ***'' ' iMaagalOiiit- i -i>i'. ^•>'id' .• •:ti« ■ft *?i} -.i: \ C^ufitfv pftbe AbcjJIi.' *Thii goveramtftt, which includes the fiwi. f}:^ah ff Caiki^, ahcl. tne lieighbduriflg parts 6f Perfia, was formed by A^* ,*<^»lii^ •Of of ())f generals or Thamas Kouli Khan; when, (»n the cieath of \^l^fi ^urper^ his empire was difmetnbered : its capital U Candahar, ia '^.fvM' ..'.>.- "." ^ . .J, .C^ntey of Uje §eiks. They afe ftid tcc^onfift of a number of (tnill ^f4Biatc< if^epenoent of eaci^other, but united by a federal union. )^ Country of the Jats o^ Qfetes, very little known to £uroMti)f, i, Qpuntiy of Zebeda Ciwn, an Afghan Rohilh. ' . ■r.vi ff Tjerrltora of 4g>^ on the Jumna. .j F«frukabad» or pountry of the Pattn i^ohill^s, Qh (he O^mgei, Air. P^ounded by the dominions of Oude, > " '^*' ; "'^ ' .,,' fiunddicund. ' . gr.c: 1^ lliL « U)» 'i ./ ' uy ■» »« wi " i im ' II I . I »n '^<>t;«'Jl*».i J A.; I. . - r . i'.,'%i|V, :(!« Wv/*iVj[»,;i(.ju; .,, ' iS;*?^^-'^*'- ■.4t • P^'-^- '*?^^•-««.^..8q. Miles. . vuffs Xength 1300 > ■v,»„..„ 5 44 »"<^ ?• **^ longitude. I q^^ _^ Vj f?. »/ea'ath i»po J ^'»^''«*" i ft* and 44 i,orth latitude. } l*|°'°°'', { :- «#oviiDAa{i« J JVlODERN Perfia is beundefd b^ the moi^ntaini 0/ ft ^1,; Ararat, or Daghiftan, which divide }t from f jr. .^fiCaffian Tartarv, on the North- Wieft ; by the Caipian Sea, which di- Hij-^vulesit £romJK.udia, on the North; by the river Oxus, which divides it ^jj.from Ufbec Tartary, on the North-£aft; by India, on the Eaft; and by ^,^,tbe Indian Ocean, and the gulfs of Perfia and OrmuS| on the South; «,0 ,^d by Arabia ai^d Turkey, on the Weft. I ii (> The kingdom is divided mto the following provihcest on the fron-j •{/.tiers of India, are Chovafan, part of the ancient Hyrcania, includingl flf Jlerat^ and Efterabad ; Sableuftaft, including the incicnt Batftriana anjj ,,,,iuand^hor; and Sioiftan, the ancient Pplngiana. The fouthern divifionj u Q-contaifls Makeran, Kerman, the ancient. Gedrofia, ani^ FgrfiAan, tkl , ancient Perfia. The South-Weft diviliop, oh the frontiers of TurksjJ ^i^.coutains the provinces of Chuiiftaft, the ancient Sufiana, and Jrac-A-f io 8?°^ the ancient Parthia. The North- Weft divifiqn, lying between tliel ^..^.jCafpian Sea and the frohtjersOfTu)*keyinAriJi, contains the pronnca .(J, of Aderbeitzen, the ancient Media j Gangea and Daghiftan, part of did j^^V ancient Iberia and Colchia ; Ghilan, part of the ancient Hyrcaniaj j,.i^|ghir»jin,and MazanderanV''Y •:'■.,?_•':»,«.'* V^itrrr •>-.''>-/< ^.^jh- .: ' .] Namb.] Perfia, ac.cOh!fn| tb tw pbtt«;^iterhnfttf Its oJitnfcfroni Prf its, the ion of Jupiter and Dauae. Lefs fabulous authors fuppofedi 5^, derivjcd from P«ra)(,jwi(iich'fignifies shorfeman ; the Perfians, orPaJ •tb|^&, b^ing always ,ceiebi()ited for thoir (kill in horfemanfliip. ; j^,. Aia.^ •;ThQi(e. parts which border upon Caucafus and DaghKlaaj ' and the moui&tains iMaBYthe Caljpiian Sfatlure cohl, as lyir ,' 1 theneigii| ^mthaod «f ^hefe tnoHAdkilM w|)ich are commonly covered with faow. The air in the midUnd provinces of I'erAa it lermc, pure, Md e^ila- rating ; hm in the fouthern provinces it is hoc, ami fometimei cOm- amnitiUoi noxious blafts.to ctie nitdland parts, which arc fo ohen nior* Hit, that the inhikbitants fottify thetr heads wirh very thick turbans. Soil, veostabls and animal PtoDDCTioNr.T THe foil ii Hm firom. being luxuriant towards ymmy and the Caipliui Ska, fotft with cultivation it might produce abundance of com and fruiti'. South of liouBt Taurus, the country abounds i(> corn, fruits, wine, and the other luxuries of life. It produces wine and oil In plenty, fenna, rliu. barb, and the Bneft drugs. The fruits are delicious, efpe'^ialiy the dates, oranges, pillachio nuts, melons, cuciimbers, and garden ftuff. Great quantities -of excellent (ilk ate likewife produced in this country, and the gulf of fiaflbca formerly furailhed great part tif E'.irt,pe and Afia ivith very fine pearls.' Some pskrts', near Ifpalian efpecially, prodbce al- nioft all the flowers that are valued,iti Europe; and from fome of them, the rofes efpecially, they extrad waters, of a falubri'tus a/id odorific kind, which form a gainful commodity in trade. In fl> )rt, the ^its, vegetables, and flowers of Perfia, are of a moft exalted flavour; and had •thenattv«s the art of horticulture to as great perfedliuu ?s fome nations in Europe, by tranfplanting, engrafting, and other meliorations, they would add greatly to the. natural riches of the country. The Perfian afTa-fcetida Hows from a plant called hiltot, and turns into a gum. S»me of it is white, and foine black ; but the former is lo much valued, that the natives make very rich fauces of it, and fometimes eat it as a rarity. , No place in the world produces the necefTaries of ,iife in greater ab- undance and perfedion than Shiriuz ; nor is there a more delightful foot in nature to be conceived, than the vale in which it is fituated, either Tor 'the faliibrity of the air, or for the profufton of every thing necefTary to render life''w>iBfortable and agreeable. The fields yield plenty of jrice, wheat, and barley, which they generally begin :o reap in the month of May, and by the middle of July the harveft is con^pleted. ^oft.of the European fruity are produced here, and many of the.m are fuperiur in flze and flavour to what can be raifed in Europe, partithHar- ly the apricot and grape. Of the grape of Shirauz there are feveral forts, all. of thcw very good, but two or three more particularly fo than the reft; one is the large white grape, which is extremely Uu'cioiis and itgreeable to the tafte ; the fmall white grape as fweet as fugar ; and the black grape, of which the celebrated wine of Shirauz is made, which is really delicious, ind well deferving of praife. It is prefTed by the Ar- menians and Jews, in the months of C^oberand November, and a vaft deal is exported manually to Abu Shehr, and other parts in the Perfiaa Gulf, for fupply of thp Indian market. The pomegranate is good to a proverb ; the Perfians call it the fruit of Paradife. The breed of hories in the province of Pars is at prefent very indif- ferent, owing to the ruinous ftate of the country ; but in the province of Pufhtiflaan, lying to' the fouth-wefl, it is remarkably good. The fheep are of a fuperior favour, owing to the excellence of the pafturage in the fieighbourhood of Shirauzj and are alfo pelebrated for the finenefs of their fleece ; " they have tails of an extraordinary fize, fome of which i have feen weigh," fays Mr. Francklin, •» upwards of thirty pounds; but thofe which are fofd in the mai;kc|a do not weigh above fix or fcvcn. Their oxen are large and ftrong, b»it their flefti is feldpm eaten by the :'patives, ^yho cotirtnethemfelyes chiefly to that of fliecp and fowls." , • f^j^viS^mii o|aU,klitUs^Are^verv cj^ctpj^a^dthj: ^eij^tibourlng moua* iaH '%J\ 'I'm ■'i!!|li m rV P.Ei^SI Ai ! Si ' Ut«n» iffbHiflg tn jajnpl.f f^pply ©f fj^QW; thfodghout th* yAr» the irifanJ elt^ artificer o^' bjiirjiua mjiy Mve ips water and fruits cooled without any exj)enfe worthy coolideratioii. This fwow being gathered on tijc tops ot the «ioui)t^iiis» and brqught in ^Wts to the city, is fold in the markets. The price of provifioiis is regulated in Shirauz, with tii« grtatelt exadntl's, by thfdafogii, or judge of the police, who fets a fixed price upon every article, and no iiiop-k«eper dar«8 to demand morci under the fevere p^dlcy o^ lofing his nofe and ears. MoONTAiws.J Tpefe are Caucafus and Ararat, which arc called the mouutaios of Paghi(lan ; and the vail chain of nxoiintaiuk called Tau- rus, and their diviiions, run through the niiddk of the country from Kaioiia to India. . . ' .••^,rr-4^;'>r vH*^^^^:*a'^ KvvERS.l It has been oblerved, that np country, «r fo great an ex* tent, lia« k> few navigable rivtrs as Perfja.. The moll conliderabie are the KuV, anciently Cyrus; and Aras, anciently Araxes, which rife in or near the mountains of Ararat, and, joining their flreamt., fail into the Cafpian Sea. • Some fmall rivulets falling from the mountains wa- ter the couutry ; but tlieir llreanis arc I'o inconfiderable, that few or none of them can be navigated even by boats. The Ox us can I'eaice- ly be called a Perlian river, though it divides Perfia from Ulbec Tar- tary. Periia has the river Indus on the call, and the Euphrates and Tigris on the weft. ♦Vaiur.j Tiic fcarcity of rivers, in PcrGa, occafions a fcarcity of water; but the defeat, where it prevails, is admirably well fupplied by means of refervoirs, aquedufts^ canals, and other ingenious methods. MtiALs AND MINERALS.} Pcrfu contaius mines of iron, copper, lead, and above all, turquoife Hones, which are found in Choralan. ijulphur, falt-petre, and antimony, arc found in the mountains. Quar- ries of red, white, and black marble, have alfe been difoovered near 'faoris. 'l-^'; : ^- ■•■■i.d^-v...:Jw*;,< 'Vir?.., ;,>.,./ FoFULATION, INHABITANTS, MAN- I It 18 im^ffiblc tO fpeak KERs, CUSTOMS, AND DivBRsioNs. J with any certainty concerns ing the population of a country fo little known as that of Perfia. If we are to judge by the vaft armies in modern as well as in ancient limes, raifcd there, the numbers it contains muft be very great. The Perfians of both fexes are generally handfortie; the men being fond of marrying Georgian and Circaffian women. Their complexions to. wards the foutli are fomcwhat fwarthy. The men fliavc their heads, but the \oung men fuffer a lock of hair to grow' on eacji fide, and the beard of* their chin to reach up to their temples ; but religious [leople wear long beards. Men of rank and quality wear very magnificent tur- bans ; many ol them coft twenty-five pounds, and itw under nine or ten. 'I'hey have a maxim to keep their heads very warm, fo that they never pull otf their caps or their turbans out of refpcd even to tlie fiihg* Their drefs. is very finipie. Next to their fkiu they wear cali- co mirts, over tbem a veft, which reaches below the knee, girt with a fad), and over that a loofe garment fomcwhat fhorter.. The materials of their clothes, however, are cenimonly very cxpenfive, confilting of the richtft furs, hlks, muflins, cottons, and the like valuable ftiiff% richly emjiroidered with gold and filver. They wear a kind of loofe boots on their legs, and llippeis on their feel. They are fond of rid- ing, and very cxpenfive in their equipages. They wear at all times a dag};(r in their fafli, and linen trowfers. The collars of their fliirts and clothes are open; fo that flieir drefs. upon the whole is far berter adapted for the [nirpofc both of health and a6tivity than the long How- f^aSiAi m fng tot>*s of the Turks. Tlie drels of the wotri^fi, asVdl as that of thrf m*n, is very doftly ; and th°y are at great pairti'to' heighten their beaiityi by art, colours, arid walhes. The Perfians accultom thetnfelves to frequent ablutiohs, which ar^ the morelicceflary, as they feWom change thiir lineh. In tbc mbrn,* efteem it an aborninatibh to cut either bread, or any kind of ihtat after it is drefTed, thefe cakes are made thin, that they may be eafily broken with the hand; and their meat, which is generally miittpn or fowls, is fopref)ared, that they divide it with then* fingers. When! every thing is fe't in ordet before them, they eat faft, and without any ceremony. But it is obferved by a late traveller, that vi^hen the oldeff ntan in me company fpeaks, though he be poof, and fit at the lower end of the room, they all give a ltri£l attention to his words. The/ are temperate, but ufe opiiim, though not in fuch abundance as tlie Turks ; nor art they very delicate in their ente^^ainments of eating anrf drinking. They ufe great ceremony towards their fuperiors, and po- litely accommodate Europeans who rifit them, with ftoob, that they may not be forced to fit crofs-legged. They are fo immoderatelv fond of tobacco, which they fmoke through a tube fixed in water, fo as to be cool in the mouth, that when it has been prohibited by their princes, they have been known to leave their country rather than be debarred from that enjoyment. The Perfians are naturally fond of poetry, moral fentences, and hyperbole. Their long wars, and the national revolutions, have mingled the native Perfians with barbarous nations, and are faid to have taught them dillimulation ; but they are rtiil pleafing and plaufible in their oehaviour, and in all ages have oeen remarkable for hofpitality. The Perfians write like the Hebrews, from the right to the left ; artf neat in their feals and materials for writing, and wonderfully expediti- ous in the art. The number of people employed on their manufcripts (for no printing is allowed there) is incredible. Their great foibl^ feems to be oftentation in their equipage and dreffes ; nor are they Igfs jealbus of their women than the Turks and other eaftern nations. They are fond of miific, and take a pleafure in converfing in large companies; but their chief diverfions are thofe of the field, hunting, hawking, horfemanfhip, and the exercife of arms, in all which they are very dextrous. Tirey excel, as th-ir anceftors the Parthians did, in, archery. They are fond'of ro^jc-dancers, jugglers, and fighting of wild beafts ; an J privately play at games of chance. There ere places in Shirauz (Mr. Franklin obferves) diftingnifliedf by the name of Zoor Rhana, the houfe of llrength, or exercife, to which the Perfians refort for the fake of exercifinp themfelvesV Thefe houfes confift of one room, with the floor funk abput Wo feet below the furface of the earth, and the Tight and air ar6 ad- mitted to the apartment by means of feveral fmall perforated aper- tures mad6 in the dome. In the centre is a large fqxiare terrace of CTth, well beaten down, fmooth and even; and on each fide are fmall alcoves raifed about two feet above the terrace, where tht mu- ficians and fpe£Vators are feated. When all the competrtors are af- fembled, which is on every Friday morning by day-break, they im-i mediately drip themfelves to the waift ; on which each man puts oni a pair of thick woollen drawers, and takes in his hands two wooden 94^ P E Jl S I;ili; '!i' (iubs Q^.afcv^ut a S^t and » half in leo^b, and cut in the~ihaf!« of a ^eari thejJE they reft upot^ their (houlder; mA themufic ftrikingup, tKey move them backwards and forwards with great agility; ftamping Viih,, their fe^t at the fame dme, and draining every nerve, till they produc* a very profufe perfpira^ioii. After continuing this exercife a,bout, half, an hour, ypon a fignal given they all leave otf^ q^it their Uubs, and joining hands in a circle, begin to move their feet very bJA^kly In iinifon with the muiic, which is all the 'while playing a lively tunc. Having. continued this for (bme time, they commence vr^^Ung, in which the mafter of the houfe }s always the challenger ; and being accufiomed tu the exercife, generally proves coMcjueror. The (peAators pay each a (hahee in mon^, equal to three-peace ^.igUHi, for which they arere^elhcd with a calean to fmol^e, and coffee. This unode of exercife mufl contribute to health, a$ well a$ add ftrength, vi< gour, and a manly appearance to the frame. It feems |q bear fome re. jemblance to the gymnaiUc exercifes of the ancients. The Feriiaus, with refpe6b to outward behaviour^ are cert:ainly the K0& polifhed people of the Eail. While a rude and tnfojent (lemean. oui^ peculiarly marks the ^haradler of the TurJiifk nation to^^rd fo. reigners and Chrillians, the behaviour of the Fcrfians would, pn the contrary, do honour to the mofl civilifed nations. They aire kind, courteous, civil, and obliging to all flrangers, without being guided by thofe religious prejudices fo Mery prevalent in every other, Mahom?|au nation ; they are fond of inquiring after the manners and cufloms of Europe ; and in return very readily afford any information in refpeft to their own country. The practice of hofpitality is with them fo grand a point, that a men thinks himfelf highly honoured if you wiL( enter his houfe and partake of what the family affords; whereas going je£t and fhty and and are leir moft )revalent [t ad van. educa» I of what- in con- ex pref- •y fome- iiig much, lebe«4iMlred!ni%ti«fa''c6iiVd*ra^ns, which b the ftjria attention thef tAwxyf^^f to thtt pcrfoh fpeakingt whom they never interrupt on any tccOttnt. Thw arc in general a ^rfoDable,**nd in many refptas a jhsmdfome people ; theiv contpiexioMf except thofe who are expdfedto the indem«fteie>4>f the weMtii< m acmit meafore owing to art, as they rab their ^c-bfWs and ey«-Udi wiltr thle black powder of antimony (called furma) sriAch. «ddt ia^iliGotnpaMblebriHiancy'to theirnaluni lufire. M*iiai«0Bs#3' When the patents of ayeimg man have dfet«t1tiin^ td upon marrying hifr, they look out amongft their kindred and dc- quaintande for a fuitabte match; they then go to the houfe wher« the femaic «hey tntend to demand lives, if the fiather of the womali approves, he Immediately orders fweetmeats to be brought in, wkich is taken as^a ^ireft flgn of comf liance. After this the ufual pre4 fents 6n the jpairt of the bridegrcom are made, which, if rheperTdtk be 111 middiiAg circumftance*, generally confift of two cortiplete fuits of apparel of the belt fort> a rmg, a looking glafs, and a fmali fum lit ready nf>on*y, of aboiit left-o* twelvfe tonwns, which is to pro^ "»ide for the wife in cafe of a divorce. There is alfo provided & 2uantity *f houfcbold fluff of al forts, fuch as carpets, uaats, bed- ing» atenfils for -drefeng ivifttjals, &c. The contra^ is witneflTed by the padi, or magiftratc^ The wedding-night being come, the bride is brought forth,' covered from head to foot in a vol of red (ilk, or painted muflinj a borfe is r^en irefcDtcd for her t6 mount, whtcb is feni hither exprefsly by the bridtgrocm ; and when (he is mounted, a large looking-glafs is held before her by one of the bridemaids, all the way tb the houfe of her hufband, as an admonition co her, that it is the laft time flie will look irto the glafs as a virgin, being |)0W «bouC to enter into the caret of the married ftate. The pro- ceffiort then fets forward in thie following order ;--firft, the mufic an4 dancing- girls, after which the prefents in trays borne upon men's ihoulders; next- come the relations and friends of the bridegroom, all flioucing, a|fd making a-great noifc ; wno are followed by the bride iierftelf, furrounded by all her female friends and relations, one of whom leads the horfe by the bridle, iU fcveral others on horfebacfc cloic the proceflion. Rejoicings upoi this occafion generally continue eight or ten days. Men may marryfoi life, <6r forany determined lime, in Perfia, as well as ttirbugh all Tartary ; and all travellers or merchants, who intend to flay forae tiJUc ii any city, commonly appiy to the cadi, or judge, fora wile during the tiTie be propofes to ftay. The cadi, for a Itated gratuity, produces a numbar of girls, whom be declares to be honeft, and free from diftafes ; and b become* (brety for them. A gentleman who lately attended the Ruij^i embafliy to Perfia declaresi^ that, amongft thoufands, there has not beei one inftance of their dif- honefty during the time agreed upon. Funerals.] The funerals of.the Perlian; are conduftedln a mannef fmiilarto thwe in other Mahometan couitries. On the death of a MuiTulrtfan, the relations and friends of thedeceafed being afiembled, make loud laraeetations o»^er'the corpfe; ^fter which it is waflied and laid out on a -bier, artd carried to the pUce of ixiterment witlraut tht city-walls, attended by a Mullah, or prie^, who chaunts pafTages from the Koran all the way to the grave, fi any Muflijlman (hould cliance to meet the corpfe during the proceflicn, be is obliged, by the {>rec;e]>ts ef hitrciigioA, t9 ruu up to the bier and offer hi» alfiliance '.&. Sli,,. m . < ■■>; ■ I.. ,4, i.)i.!' ■' !ir. : i i. m \ ^iM m ^TERfSIA. in <^arrj;ing it to the jjriiye, crying o»»< («t*ti« ^Wnc ftirt^t^li^ 'JHak^ H} Xlhqh ! Tliere is no Qod, but God. >V&«r iqiteraien^ jtb« idatious gi ^the dtrccafi^d return hoflpe, and thp woni£^ of t^ family make a mix.- ^yre of wheat^ hpney, and fpiccs, wbicjiribpyi-fiat in memory of the deceafed ; fending a part of U to tln^ir.friffiidii, and acquaintance, t^at ^hey may aifp pay hiin a XiV't iiitonqur. Tbis coftom feeins to })4 derived iroin very great. antiquity, a^ we rca^ io Hoeiei^ of facriftcea and liba- Ji^n^ being f^eqvicirtly made to the ^tmtffy pi departed fouls. Religion.] Thel^fr;fifns laifeiMabprnetansof tbeied ofAli; for .w})fcb Mafon tbe Turks, w^o follow the fucceiQon of .Qmar and Abu ^ekr, call tjhem heretics. Tbeir reSgiqnia, if poi&bJk* in fome things ^Ofre, fiAiMalHcal and ienfifai than that of the .TurJisj^ but io many ^oii}ts it is mijigled with fame Brahmin fuperilition$. A comparifon /pnay be made between the Brahn^ns and the Ferfian f»«4r/i or gaurs^ y/ho pretend to, be the difcipUs »nd re$, -This ground i» impregnates! ^'itb inflammatory fubf^ances, and contain^ fev.eral.oki little temple${ in one of which the Guebres pretend to preferve \.{\^ ifLOfftA flame of ^he univerfai fire, which rifes from the end of a large hollow cane iftuck into the ground, referoblini; a lamp burning with very pure spirits. Tiie Mahometans ar; the declared en«niks of thi^ Gaura, who Were baniflied out of Per li a by Shah Abbas. Their fie^j however, is iald to be numerous, though tplecaied ia a very few places. ', Tlie long wars between iie Perfiaos and the.Roeians'feem early to have driven the ancient Qiriflians into Perfia,, and the netghbourr ing countries. £ven to this iay, many fe<^» are foviod that evidently Jiave Chriftianity for the grouiUwork of th*ic religioji.rSftme of them, jcalled Souflaes.'whoare a kiid ofqnietifts, facrifico thfeir ipaffiOns to ^God, and profefs the moral duties. The Sabean Chriiftivn? havjc, io their rel'.gion, a mi^^wfc of Jjj^lifm and Malmmetanym ; and are nu- incrous towards the Perfian gi)lf,. The Armenian and G««r^an Chrif^ |ians are very numerous in Perfia.. The Perfians obfcrve the &ft.during the month of l^ama^n (the gto ^nonth of the Mabomedan y«ar) with greak Torkifli : and the Arabic probably was irttroduced into Peifia, under the caliphate, when learning floy- rifticd in thbfe couotries. M»»y of the learned Perfiins have written in the Arabic, and people of qwality-have adopted it as a modifh lan- gu^e^ as we do the French. The 'pure Perfic ij faid to be fpoketiia thefouthern parts, on the coaft of the Perfian gulf, and in ffpahadr but many of the provinces fpeak a barbarous mixture of the Turlk;Ulf, Rilffian, and other languages. Their Pater-noftir is of the fbllowiiig tenor : Ei Fadere ma k'th der ejmmi ; fat iafcKedm&m tu ; bay ayed tda-^ tjchahi tu ; fchiwd chivaJifie tii henzjun^ukih der ofnnn nix- derwmin • bih mora jmrotfX ndn iff of rvaivi mara ; ivadarguafar mara 'konahan ma zjftnaa- kikmanix mig/arim ormAn maru ; toadw ozmajijth mitredaxxmara ; Itki^ chalas iun mora ez e/cherir. Amen. LEA.R-wtMG AND LKARNBD MEM.} The Pcrfians, in ancient times. weric famous for both, and their poets renowned all oveV the Ea{J. There is a rtianufcript at Oxford, containing the lives of a -hundred and thirty-five of the fineft Perfian poets. Ferdufi and 8adi were amon^ the moft celebrated. The former comprifed the liif^ory of Berfia in 9 feries of epic poems, which employed him for near thirty yeans, and which are faid by Mr. Jones to be ** a glorious monument of eaftern genius and learning." Sadi was a native of Shirauz, and flouriftred in the thirteenth century, and wrote many fine pieces both in profe and in verfe, Shemlitddia was one of the moft eminent lyric poets that Afia has produced ; and Nakhfljeb wrote in Perfian a book, called the Tales of a Parrot, not unlike the Decameron of Bocctice. Jami w^s a moft animated and elegant poet, who flouriftred in thi mid- «lle-of the fifteenth century, and whofe beautiful cotnpofitions on a. frear variety of fubjefts, are preferved at Oxford in twenty-two vo- Jcrnncs. 'Hariri compofed, in a rich, elegant, and flowery fty'le, a mora! work, in fifty diflertations, on fhe changes of fortune, and the variouV conditions of human life, interfperfed with a number of agreeable ad- vcnmres, and feveral fine pieces of poetry. Of tlie Ibrightly and voluptuous bard of Shiratiz, the name auM ch¥- raftet^re fufficiently known to orientalifts^lt may, however, excite fhe.curiofity of the Englifli reader, that the^pW?t Hafez, here introduceif , 'is notice, conciliated the favour of an offtndcd emperor, by the delicacy of his wit, £tnd the elegance of his verfes ; that rhe moft pow- erful moparchs of the Eatt fought in vain to draw him from the Enjoy- ment of literary retirement, and to purchafe the praifes of his Mufc by ail tl^e honours and fplendour of a coyrt : and that his works were Hot onlyrhc admiration of the jovial and,the gay, but the mainial of myftic piety to the fuperftitious Mahometan*? the oracle, which, Hketlie S«iit\ ytt'glliana, determined the counci]|^d|fthe wife, and prognofticated tfitf fare of armies and of l^aies. Seven? :en^es have already been tranf^ jiared into Englifti by Mr Not, with 4i'>ii?rf» he has publiOYed the t>rigii nals^forthe purpofe of promoting tne ItuHy] of the Perfian laiiguaife. Thi aift ode has alfo appeared in an Englifti drefsl by the elegant hand loffir William Jones. X "^ ^-^•*'^ -> « TTle an unco.^'mon number of mofques, and is adorned by many noble buildings, but its flreets are narrow and inconvenient, and not above 4000 of its houfeS arc irihabited. Shiraun has many good bazars ancj caravanferais ; that diftmguifhed by the appellation of the Vakeel's ba- rar (fo called from its being built by Kherim Khan) isby faY thehand- fomeft. It is a long ftreet, extending about a quarter of a mil?, built entirely of brick, and roofed fomet'hing irr the ftyle of (he piazzas ir>' Covent-garden ; it is lofty and well made ; OTi each fide are the fliopj- jof the tradefmen, merchants, and others, in which are expofed for falp- a variety of goods of all kinds; thefe (liops are the property of thc^ khan, and are rented to thc tnerchants at a very eafy monthly rate. - [Leading out of this baxar is afpacious carAvanferai, of an oftagon form, built of brick ; the entrance through a handfome arched gatje-way ; ii^; [the centre is a place for the baggage and merchandife, and oh -the fidft^f labove and below, commodious apartments for the merchants and trivah* |lers; thcfe are alfo rented at a moderate monthly fum. Atit)\jt the entreof the above-mentioned bazar, is another fpacioHis qarat anf<>rai > jof a fquare form, the front of which is ornamented with a faijue aj«j^ »hitc enamelled work, in order to rfprefent China Avure, and fU^-ffj^ plcafuig cffcft to the cy<. ^^ ..>:.. ■^v» PERSIA.' 1 ♦■ It Tht cities of Ormus and Gombroon, on the narrow part of the ?cr. fian Gulfy were formerly places of grtat commerce and importance. The Englilh, and other Europeans, have faftories at Gombroon, where they trade with the Perfians, Arabians, Banyans, Armenians, Turks, and Tartars, who come hither with the caravans which fet out from va- rious inland cities of Afia, under the convoy of guard*. MosQ^Ks AND BAGvios.] It has been thought proper to place them here under a general head, as their form of building is pretty much the fame all over the IVfahometan countries. Mofques are Kligious buildings, fquare, and generally of ftone : be- fore the thief gate there is a fquare court, paved with white marble, and low galleries round it, whofe roof is fupported by marble pillars. Thofe galleries ferve for places of ablution before the Mahometans go into the mofque. About every mofque there are fix high towers, call- ed minarets, each of which has three little open galleries, one above another. Thefe towers, as well as the mofques, are covered with lead, and adorned with gilding and other ornaments ; and from thence, in- llead of a bell, the people are called to prayer by certain ofHcera ap. pointed for that purpofe. No woman is allowed to enter the mofque ; nor can a man with his' flioes or (lockings on. Near molt mofques is a place of entertainment for Grangers during three days ; and the tomb of the founder, with conveniencies for reading the K.oran, and praying. The jity of Shirauz is adorned (according to Mr. Franklin) with many Bne mofques, particularly that built by the late Kherim Khan, which is a noble one. Being very well difguifed, fays our traveller, in my Ferfian drefs, I had an opportunity of entering the building un- obferved. It is of a fquare form ; in the centre is a ftone refervoir of water, made for performing the neceflary ablutions, previous to prayer; on the four (ides of the building are arched apartments allotted for de- votion, fome of the fronts of which are covered with China tiles j but Kherim Khan dying before the work was completed, the remainder has been made up with a blue and white enamelled work. Within the apartments, on the walls on each fide, are engraved various fentences from the Koran, in the Nufliki character ; and at the upper end of the fquare, is a large dome with a cupola at top, which is the particular place appropriated for the devotion of the vakeel ; or for the fovereign: thisis lined throughout with white marble, ornamented with the curious blue and gold artificial lapis lazuli, and has three large filver lamps iui- pended from the roof of the dome. In the centre of the city is another mofque, which the Perfians call the Musjrdi Noo, or the New Molque, but its date is nearly coeval with the city itfelf ; at leaft, fince it has been inhabited by Mahomedahs : it is a fquare building of a noble fize, j ; and has apartments for prayer on each fidej in them are many infcrip- tions in the old Cufic character, which of themfelves denote the anti- quity of the place. The bagnios in the Mahometan countries are wonderfully well eoo- , ftrtiAed for the purpofe of bathing. Sometimes they are fquare, butl oftener circular, built of white well polilhed ftoneor marble. Eacbj bagnio contains three rooms ; the firft for dreflinjg and undtefCng; the] fecond contains the water, and the third the bath; all of them paveij ■with black and white marble. The operation of the bath is verfj ? curious, but wholefome^ though to thofe not accuftomed to it, itbl paijiful. The waiter rubs the patient with great vigour, then lian{ ; SleVaad ftretches his limbs as if he were diUocating every boaeia tfie bo very c mornir remov( ineir fii POLI ftria. is perm the diff remaini drums, ; fecond s founded judge of and con' next mo cannot g the baflii Civil . (particuli an office i ed in Per be, bf^jng puniflied ping up ri a gibbet ir lie expire! beries in '. are fo vari Manuf ceed, all tl pets, and h to richnefs and their d Their filve their luftre quailed; n fa<5lures. I jfts, which i Their jewel norant of lo the whole, tj their govern engrofseithe The trade is carried on tions, by the had; but th( tfieir commef feriiaiis throi J it has hith'ert( I of Peterfburg felvesupon t m the Ruffi broad in the < PE R S FA; nee. here trks, \ va- them hthe : be- arble, lillars. ins go , call- above h lead, ce, in- ;r3 ap- ofque i lofques ind the an, and n) with 1 Khan, raveller, ding un- ;rvoir of 5 prayer; d for de- lies } but linder has lithin the lentences |nd of the larticular ivereign; |e curiouj jnnps liif. [s another Mofque, ice it hail loble fiz«,| infctip- the ami. I'WeU coa- luare, bull tie. Each Iffing; the lem paveil Ih is vetfl Ito it,iti«| |then han« bone in the body ; all which exercifes are, in thofe inert warm countries, very conducive to health. In publip bagnios, the men bathe from morning to four in the afternoon; when all male attendants being removed, flic bdies fucceed, and when coming out of the bath difplay meir fineft clothes. ■ '^ Police.] The police in Shirauz, as well as all over Perfia, fs ve^ ftri6t. At fun-fet, the gates of the city are (hut; no pei'fon whatever is permitted either to come in or go out, during the night; the keys of the different gates being always lent to the hakim or governor, and remaining with him until morning. Diirin* the night, three tablas, or drums, are beaten at three different times ; the firft at eight o'clock, the fecond at nine, and the third at half paft ten. After the'third tabla has founded, all perfons whatfoever found in the ftreets by the daroga*, or judge of the police, or by any of his people, are inftantly taken up, and conveyed to a place of confinement, where they are detained until next morning, when they are carried before the hakim ; and if they cannot give a very good account of themfelves, are puniflied, eitl»er by the baflmado, or a fine. Civil matters are all determined by the c^zi, and ecclefiaftical ones, (particularly divorces) by the flieick al felkum, or head of the faith, an office anfwering to that of Mufti in Turkey. Juftice is adminifter- ed in Perfia in a very fummary manner; the fentence, whatever it may be, b^ing always put into execution on the fpot. Theft is generally puniflied with the lofs of nofe and ears ; robbing on the road, by rip- ping up the belly of the criminal, in which fituation he is expofed upon a gibbet in one of the mofl public parts of the city, and there left until he expires in torment : a dreadful punifliment, but it renders rob- beries in Perfia very uncommon. The punifliments in this country are fo varied and cruel, that humanity fhudders at them. Manufactures and commerce.] The Perfians equal, if not ex- ceed, all the manufafturers in the world in filk, woollen, mohair, car- pets, and leather. Their works in thefe join fancy, tafte, afid elegance, to richnefs, neatnefs, and fhow ; and yet they are ignorant of painting, and their drawings are very rude. Their dying excels that of Europe. Their filver and gold laces, and threads, are admirable for preferving their luftre. Their embroideries and ho-rfe furniture are not to be e- qualled ; nor are they ignorant of the pottery and window-glafs manu- faftiires. On the other hand, their carpenters are very indifferent art- ifts, which is faid to be owing to the fcarcity of timber all over Perfia. Their jewellers and goldfmiths are clumfy workmen; and they are ig- norant of lock-making, and the manufa£ture of looking-glaffes. Upon the whole, they lie under inexpreffible difadvantages from the form of their government, which renders them flaves to their kings, who often engrofs either their labour or their profits. The trade of the Perfians, who have little or no fliipping of their own, is carried on in foreign bottoms. That with the Englifli and other na- tions, by the gulf of Ormus at Gombroon, was the moft gainful they had; but the perpetual wars they have been, .-ngaged in have ruined 1 their commerce. Tlie great fcheme of the Englifli in trading with the I Perfians through Ruffia, promifed vaft advantages to both nations, but it has hitherto anfwered the expeftations of neither. Perhaps the court of Peterlburgh is not fond of fuffering the Englifli to ellablifh them- felves upon the Cafpian Sea, the navigation of which is now poffeffed by the Ruffians; the Cafpian Sea is about 68o miles long and 260 I broad in the wideft part. It hu» no tide, but is navigable by vcffuls. 3 C a "' '3 I' i'jf-'n n ?56. PERSIA. « « liir It^rffJV m> fflHIIII nil ta^wi MM drawing from g to lo feet water, with fevcral ^ood ports. The Ruffian ports are Kidar and Gurief. Derhent and Niezabad belong to Pcrfia, as alfo EinzcUce and Artrabad, with Baku, the moft commodious ha- ven in this fea, and which has a fortrefs furrounded with high walls. As the martufiirtures and filk of Ghifan are efteemcd the bf •! in Perfia, Rcfclid on the Cafpian is one of the firft commercial towns in this part of Afia, and fupplics the bordering provinces with European mcr- chandife. Constitution and oovernmknt.] Both thefe are extremely pre- carious, as rcfting Ih the bread of a defpotic, and often capricious mo- narch. The Perfians, however, had fome fundamental rules of govern- ment. Tliey excluded from their throne females, but not their male progeny. Bliodnefs likewife was a difqualificatlon for the royal fuc- ceflion. J-v other refpefts the king's will was a law for the people. The inftances that have been given of the cruelties and inhumanities pra(5lifcd by the IVIahometan kings of Perfia, are almoft incredible, e- fpecia|Iy. bility, lo that the rcfpetft due to every man, on account of his high ftation, expires with himfelf. Tli€ king has been known to prefer a younger fon to liis throne, by putting out the eyes of the elder bro- ther. Revenues.] The king claims one third of the cattle, corn, and fruits of his f«bjc»its, and likewife athird of filk and cotton. No rank or con* dition of Perfians is exempted from fevere taxations and fervices. The governors of provinces have particular lands alligned to them for main- taining their retinues and troops ; and the crown lands defray the ex- pcnfes of the court, king's houfehold, and great officers of ftate. The water that is let into fields and gardens is fubjcft to a tax ; and foreign- ers, who are not Mahometans, pay each a ducnt a head. Military strength.] This confifled formerly of cavalry, and it is now thought to exceed (hat of the Turks. Since the beginning of this century, hcwever, their kings have raifed bodies of infantry. The re. gular troops of both brought to the field, even under Kouli Khan, did not exceed 60,000; but, according to the modern hiftories of Perfia, they are eafily recruited in cafe of a defeat. The Perfians have few fortified towns; nor had they any fliips of war, until Kouli Khan built a royaJ navy ; but fiiice his death we hear no more of their fleet. A^MS AND TITLES.] The arms of the Perfian monarch are a lion cowchant looking at the rifing fun. His title is Shah, or Sovereign; Khan, and Sultan, which he aflumes likewife, are Tartsr titles. To afts of flate th? Perfian monarch does not fubfcribe hi$ name; but the grant runs in .this ixi^mierr " T,h»s a£l fs giveu by him whom the iiniverfe obeys." I History-] The Perfian empire fucceeded the AOyrian or Babylo- nian. Cyrus laid its foundation about 556 years before Chrift, and ret (loredtheIfra his high prefer a Idcr bro- and fruits ik or con- cfs. The for main- y the ex- te. The foreigu- T-EKS^A^.J 7S7 lor Babylo- lift, and re^ liberty. It cander 329 lahlsgrMtj gfneral officers, wliofe defcendents, in lef» than thtre centuries, vrere tongucrcd by the Romans. The latter, however, never fully fiibdued Fcrna; and the natives had princes of their own, from Arlaces called Arfacides, who more than once defeated the Roman legions. The AiccelFors of thofc princes furvived the Roman empire itCrlf, but were fiibducd by the fanious Tamerlanr, whofc pofterity were fupplantcd by a doAor of law, the anceftor of the Sefi or Sophi family, and who j)jetended-rto be dcfcendcd from Mahomet himfVlf. His fuccelTor*, from him fomelimcs called Sophis, though fome of them were valiant and politic, proved in gener.il to be a difgrace to hnmanity, by thletely to fubdue all his rivals; and finally to edahlifli liimfelf as ruler of all Ver/ia. He was in power about thirty years, the latter part of which he governed Pcrfia under the appellation of Vakeel, or regent; for he never would receive the title ot Shah. He made Shiraur the chief city of his refidencc, in gratitude for the afliftance he had receiv- ed from its inhabitants, and thofe of the loutln : n provinces. He died in tlic year 1779, in the eightieth year ' f his . gf , regretted by all his fubjcAs, who cfteemed and honoured him as the glory of Perfia. His charaAcr is moft dcfervedly celebrated for the public buildings which he erefted, and the excellent polioe which he maintained : fo that, dur- ing his whole reign, there was not in Shirauz a fingle riot produftive o^ bloodflied ; befides thcfe nierits, his averfion to fevere puniflmients, his liberality and kindnefs to the poor, his toleration of people of dif. ferent perfuafionS, his partiality for Europeans, and his encourage- ment of trade, together with his great military abilities, and perfonal courage, rendered nim not only beloved by his own fubjc<5ls, but great- ly refpefted by foreign powers. From the death of Kerim Khan, to the prefent time, a variety of com- petitors have been defirous of filling the throne of Perfia. Of thefe we fhall only mention the two principal. Akau Mahomet Khan keeps pofTeffion of the provinces of Mazanderan and Gliilan, as well as the cities of Ifpahan, Hamadad, and Tauris, where he is acknowledged as fovrreign. Jaafar Khan ha^pofTefilon of the city of Shirauz, and the provinces of Beaboon and Snufter : he alfo receives an annual prefent from the province of Carmania, and another from the city of Yezd ; Abu Shehr and Lar alfo fend him tribute. The fouthern provinces are in general more fruitful than thofe to the northward, they not having been fo frcquei^tly the fccncs of adion during the late revolu- tions. Jaafar Khan is a middle-aged (nan, very corpulent, and has a caft in his right eye : in the places where he is acknowledged, he is well be- loved and refpe^ed. He iji very mild in his difpofition, and juft. In Shirau7 he keeps up a moft excellent police, and good government. He is v(;ry kind and obliging to flrangers in general, and to the Englifli in particular, Oi the two competitors who at prefent contend for the government of Pcrfia, he is the moft likely, in cafe 0/ fuccefs againft his opponent, to rcftore the country to a happy and reputable ilate; but it will require a long fpace of time, to recover it from the calami- ties into which the different revolutions have brpught it : — a country, if an oriental metaphor may be allowed, once blooming^ as the garden of Eden, fair and fiourifliing to the eye; —now, fad reverfe ! defpoiled and leaflefs by the cruel ravages of war, and defojating contention. Jntelligence was received at Conftantinople, in December, 1793, that Jaaflw Khan had been dethroned by his brother Mahomed Khan, who entered into the puirefllon of his ^oniiuioas. ».;.>fc^'ii ><;*■ VV .i-v [ 759 ] '• V^.-.f. *.'!••* ARABIA. . f •■( T » — ir'7. •ITUATION AND BXTINT. Miles. Degrees. between 5 35 >"d 60 Eaft long. Sq. Milet. Length 1 300 1 Breadth 1200 5 700,000 12 and 30 North lal, \ BouNDAMits.] JdOUNDED by Turkey, on the north ; by the gulfs' of Perfia or Baffbra, and Ormus, which feparate it from Perfia, on the taft ; by the Indian Ocean, fouth ; and the Red Sea, which divides it from Africa, on the Well. Divifions. I. Arabia Petraea, N. W. Sub-divilions. Haggiaz or Mecca Chief Towns. 1 Suez, E. N. lat. Ion. 33-17. 29-50 "S Mecca, E.lc , Arabia Deferta, the middle. •30. in Tehama r Mocha 3. Arabia Felix, SE.. Sf' :/ Hadramut - - Cafleen . «», Scgur '" w> Oman or Mufcat Jama ma - - Bahara - - ■■ '" -^r '■■ . ._..on.43. r N. lat. ai-ao. > Siden I Medina J Dhafar MocHA,E.lon.44-4. N. lat. 13-4C. , Sibet ' Hadramut Caflcen M- Segur Mufcat Jamama Elcalf. , Name.] It is remarkable that this country has always preferved its ancient name. The word Araby it is generally faid, fignifies a robber, or freebooter. , The word Saracen^ by which one tribe is called, is faid to fignify both a thief and an inhabitant of the defert. Thefe names juftly belong to the Arabians, for they feldom let any merchandife paft through the country without extorting fomething from the owners, if they do not rob them. Mountains.] The moMntains of Sinai and Horeb, lying in Arabia Petraja, eaft of the Red Sea, and thofe called Gabel el Ared, in Arabia Felix, are the moil noted. Rivers, seas, gulfs and capes.] There are few mountains, fprings, or rivers in this country, except the Euphrates, which waflies the north-eaft limits of it. It is almoft furrounded with feas ; as the Indian Ocean, the Red Sea, the gulfs of Perfia and Ormus. The chief capes or promontories are thofe of Rofalgate and Mufledon. Climate, air, soil, and produce.] As a confiderabie part of this country lies under the torrid zone, and the tropic of Cancer paifes ever Arabia Felix, the air is exceffively dry and hot, and the country is flibjeA to hot poifohous winds, like thofe on the oppofite fiiores of VerGa, whiqh often provQ fatal} efpeclally to itrangers^ The foil, la aC4 1^.|»^ ■,: it , 1 ''■■'■■ii If ?% ■\.i ARABIA. fome parts, is nothing more than immenfe fands, which, when agitated by the winds, roll like the troubled ocean, and fomctimcs form moun- tains by which whole caravans have been byried ,or loft. In theft de- i ferts, the caravans, having no tracks, arc guided, as at fea, by a com' fiafs, or by the ftars, for they travel chiefly in the night. Here, fays Vr. Shaw, are no paftures clothe . with ffbcks, nor valleys ftanding thick with corn ; here are no vineyards or olive-yards ; but the whole 14 ftlonefonie defolate wildernefs, no other ways diverfified than by plains covered with fand, ancj mountains that are made up of naked rofks and precipices. Neither is this country ever, uiilefs fometimes ^t the equinoxes, refreflied with rain } and the intenfenefs of the cold itt the night is almoft equal to thaj of the heat in the day time. But tr ■ ioutherit part of Aiabia, deiervedly called the Happy, is bleflTed ynth an excellent foil, and, in general, is very fertile. There the cul- tivated lands, which are chiefly about the towns near the fea coaft, produce balm of Gilead, manna, myrrh, caflia, aloes, frankincenfe, fpikenard, and other valuable gyms; cinnamon, pepper, cardamom, /Oranges, lemons, pomegranates, figs, and other fruits ; honey and wax in plenty, with a fmall quantity of corn and wine. This country is ftriious for jt's coffee and its dates, whith laft are found fcarcely any where ii) fucH p^r/ection as here and ir) Perfia. There are few trees fit /oViim'ber in Arabia, and little wood of any kind. Animals.] The moft ufeful animals in Arabia are cameis and dro- medaries ; they are amazingly fitted by Providence for traverfing the dry and parched defeats of this counlry ; for they are fo formed that they c^a thrpw up the liq'ior from theitnftomach into their throats, by which rneans they can travel fix or eight days without water. The camels lifuaily cany 8oolb. weight upon their backs, which is not taken off during the \yhQle journey,, fot tl;ey patur'"y kneel down to reft', and in due time" rife with thtir Ipad. The qr^^niedary is a fmall .caniel with two bunches on jts back and rcmar'^rbly fwift. It is an obfervatioii among the Arabs, that wherev^'- there ^tre trees, the water is not far off; a..d when thev draw near n. pool, their camels will fmcll at a diftance, and ftt up tfitir^rea*- trot till.; ./ come to it. The Arabian horfes are vv ell known in Europe, and have contributed to improve the breed • of thofe in England, They are only fit for the faddie, xnd a'-e adm.ii • td. for their make. as much as for their fwiftnefs and high nij;t^lp. Tlie fiiicil breed is in the kingdo»ii of Sunnaa, in which Mocha is fituated. /^ ,Ikha3Itants, mannkrs, 7 The Arabians, like moil of the nations '.a';; ctJSTOMs, AND d;ie55. 3 of Afia, are of a middle ftature,'thin, "and of a f.varthy Cfmiplexipn, with black hair a.id bla^k eyes. They are fw'ft of foot, excellent horfeinen, aiid are fard to be, in general, a martial brave people, expert at the bow and lance, and, fince they be- came acquainted with fire arms, good markfmen. The inhabitants of the inland couifiiry live in tents, and Remove frpm place to place with, their flocks and herdj. i '••■,;-; i,(i.i-;i!;;ivi The J^^rabi.insia general are fuch tnievps, that travellers and pil^rjir.'.;. ^re ftaick. with terror on approaching the deferts. Thefe robbf^ri, icadecl by a captain, traverfe the country in confiderable troops on horfeback, and ;;(?ijiilt and plunder thjs caravans ; and we are told, tlial fp late as' the year 1750, a body of 59.000 Arabiant attacked a carrtvan of merqh^nts an.-j pilgrims returning from Mecca, killed about ()o,Qoo perfons, and pluriderexl it of evei y thiifg valuable, though ^fcorteci by a T'.irkifli army.' On the fea coaft thgy are lijqre pirates, a:;d make pii/f of cverv yefTel they can mailer, of whatever iijitiq^. i-,4.>!;i:{>!; »• I n .ite i« • ■'■Hi :)■ TJs.. ' - ARABIA. 761 len agitated form moun- In theft de- ; , by a cotii' Here, fays eys [landing at the whole fied than by yp of naked fs fotpetimes s of the cold y time. But ly, is blefled here the cul- the (ea coaft, frankincenfe, r, cardamom, oney and wax ftis country is 1 fcarcely any e few trees fit imels and dro- verfingthedry -med that they oats, by which The camels not taken off n to reft, and lall .camel with an obl'ervatioii r is not far off; . at a diftancc, Arabian horfci )rove the breed ■aul a'-e admii • iWi\\t. Tlie h^ is fituated. I of the nations e ftature,'thin, keyes. Tliey , in general, a fince they be- . inhabitants of e to place w'itli trs and pil^'riir.'j. 'hefe robbt;!-*, bble troopi on fe are told, liuv icked a caravaM about 0o,Qoo \\ efcorteu by a i:;d make piiif The habit of the roving Arabs is a kind of blue fliirt, tied about them witii a white fafli or girdle ; and fome of thein have a veft of furs or flieep-lkins over it ; they alfo wear drawers, and fometimes flippers, but no ftockings ; and have a cap or turban on their head. iVIany of them, go aimoll naked ; but, as in the eafiern countries, the women are f<> , wrapped np, that nothing can be dilcerned but their eyes. Like other Mehometcins, the Arabs eat all manner of flelh, except that of hogs; and prefer the flefli of camels, as we prefer venifon to other tneat. Thev take care to drain the blood from the flefli, as the Jews do, and like them refufe fuch fifli as have no fcales. Coffee, and tea, water, and -flierbet made of oranges, water and fugMr, is their ufual drink : they have no ftrong liquors. Religion.^ Of this the reader will find an account in the following hiftory of Mahomet their countryman. Many of the wild Arabs are ftiU pagans; but the people in general profels Mahomctaniff-/ ; Learning and language.] Though the Arabians In former ages were famous for their learning and (kill in all the liberal arts, there is Icarcely a country at prcfent where the people are fo uni verfally ignorant. The vulgar language ufed in the three Arabias, is the Arabelk, or cor- " rupt Arabian, which is likewife fjjoken, with fome variation of dialeft, over great part of the Eaft, from Egypt to the court of the Great Mo- gul. The pure old grammatical Arabic, which is faid to be a dialeil of the Hebrew, and by the people of the Eaft accounted the richeft, moft energetic, and copious language in the world, is taught in their fchools, as Greek and Latin are amopgft Europeans, and ufed by Mahometans in their worftiip : for as the Koran was written in this language, they, will not fuff"er it to be read in any other; they look upon it to have been the language of Paradife, and thinJc no man can be a malVer of it without a miracle, as conlifting of feveral millions of words. The books which treat of it, fay they have no fewer than a thoufand terms to exprcfs the word cawf/, ;and five hundred for that of a lion. The Pa- ter-nofter in Arabic is as follows : AlAita elladhi fi-J/amwat ; jetkaddas effndc ; tr.ti malacutac : taouri maf~ eiia/ic, cama f-Jfama ,* kedhalec ala larJh aating chobxena kefatna iaum ieiaum ; tua^J -r leua donubena ivachdtaiva, cama nogfor nachna lemen aca doina ! loala iadalchalna fihajarib ; laken meijina me nnefcherir. Amen. Chief ciTkEs, curiosities, ) What is called the Defert of Sinar, AND AUTS. ( is a beautiful plain near nine miles long, and ..bove three in breadth ; it Hes open to the north-eaft, but to the ibuthvyard is clclcd by fome of the lower eminenc^es of. Mount Si- nai ; and other parts of that mountain make fuch encroachments upon the plain as to divide it in two, each fo capacious as to be fufficient to receive t-he whole camp of the Ifrrielites. From Mount Sinai, may be fcen Mount Horcb, where Mofes kept the locks of Jcthro, his father-in-law, when he favv the burning bufli. On thofe raoLitains arc many chapels and cells, poflelfed by the Greek and Latin nionki, who, like the religious at Jerufalem, pretend to fliow the very fpot where every rpiricle or tranlaftion recorded in Scripture hap- pened. ' • The chief cities in Arabia are Mocha, Aden, Mnfcat, Suez, and jud- dah, where moft of the trade of this country .is carried on. Mocha is well built, the houfes very lofty, and are, with the walls and torts, covereil with a chinam or ftucco, that gives adaz/.ling whitc- nefh to them. The harbour is femicircular, the circuit of the wall is two mi!es, and there are feveral handfomc mofques in the city. {Juez, |r;M Uii £>''' ; I 'i:: ¥\ v^:^ 1 :■ II ? j;! ;. I! i 1| '1 76% . - A R A B I A. ■the Arfinofe" of the atlcienti, is fiirroundcd by the Defert, and is but a mean ill-built place. The ftjips are forced to anchor a league from the town, to which the leading channel has only about nine feet water. Juddah is the place of the greateft trade in the Red Sea, for there the commerce between Arabia and F.iirope meets, and is interchanged, the former fending her gums, drugs, coffee, &c. and from Europe come cloths, iron, furs, and other articles, by the way of Cairo. The reve- nues of thefe, with the profits of the port, are fhared by the grand fignor rjid the xeriff of Mecca, to whom jointly this place belongs. Mecca, the capital of all Arabia, and Medina, deferve particular no- tice. At Mecca, the birth-place of Mahomet, is a mofique, the moft magnificent of any in the Turkifli dominions; its lofty roof being raifed in fafhion of a dome, and covered with gold, with two beautiful towers at the end, of extraordinary height and architefture, which make a delight- ful appearance, and are confpicuous at a great dillance. The molque has a hundred gates, with a window over each ; and the whole build- ing within is decorated with the fineft gildings and tapeftry. The number of pilgrims vho yearly vifit this place is almoft incredible, every MufTulman being required by his religion, to come hither once in his lifetime, or fend a deputy. At Medina, about fifty miles from the Red Sea, the city to which Mahomet fled when he was driven out of Mecca, and the place where he was buried, is a ftately mofque fup- porttd by 400 pillars, and furniflied with 300 filver lamps, which are continually burning. It is called the " Mo^ Holy,'^ by the Turks, be- caufe in it is placn^l the coffin of their prophet, Mahomet, covered with cloth of gold, under a canopy of filver tifTue, which the bafliaw of E- gypt, by order of the grand fignor, renews every year. The camel which carries it, derives a fort of fanftity from it, and is never to be ufed in any drudgery afterwards. Over the foot of the coffin, is a rich golden crefcent, curioafly wrought, and adorned with precious flones. Thither the pilgrims refort, as to Mecca, but not in fuch numbers. GovERNMLNT.] The inland country of Arabia is under the go- vernment of many petty princes, who are flyled xeriffs and imans, both of them including the offices of king and [rieft, in the fame manner as the caliphs of the Saracens, the fucceflbr^ of Mahomet. Thefe mo- na'rchs appear to be abfolute, both in fpirituals and temporals ; the fuc- ceilion is h<^reditary, and they have no other laws than thofe found in the Koran, ^nd the comments upon it. The northern Arabs owe fub- jcAion to the Tprks, and are governed by baftiaws refiding among them ; but receive large gratuities from the grand fignor, for protefting the pilgrims that pafs through their country, from the robberies of their coirotrymen. The Arabians have no ftanding regular militia, but their emirs command both the perfons and the purfes of their fubjeds, as the neceflity of aff^airs requires. History.] The hiftory of this country in fome meafure differs from that of all others; for as the flavery and fubjeftion of other, na- tions make a great part of their hiftory, that of the Arabs is entirely compofed of their conquefts or independence. The Arabs are defcend- ed from Iflimael, of whofe polterity it was foretold, that they fhould be invincible, " have their hands againft every man, and every man's hands againft theirs." They are at prefent, and have remained from the remoteft ages, during the various conquefts of the Greeks, Romans, and Tartars, a convincing proof of the divinity of this prediction. To- wards the north, and the fea-coafts of Arabia, the inhabitants are, in- ^eed, kept in awe by the Turks; but the wandering tribes in the p \ is but a from the et water, there the nged, the jpe come rhe reve- nd fignor icular no- the moft ing raifed I towers at a delight- le molque ole build- ry. The incredible, ither once :niles from driven out ofque fup- which are Furks, be- vered with haw of E- The camel never to be u» is a rich lous Hones. Tibers. ler the go- |mans, both manner as hefe mo- s ; the fuc- |fe found in IS owe fub- jing among protefting ties of their I, but their lefts, as the Ifure differs other iia- lis entirely Ire defcend- fhould be irery man's ained from Is, Romans, liftion. To- Its are, in- Lbes in the r ■ ARAB! A. • ' 763 Southern and inland parts acknowledge themfelves the fubjefts of no foreign power, and do not fail to harafs and annoy all ftrangers, who come into their country. The conquefls of the Arabs make as wonder- ful a part of their hiftory, as the independence and freedom which they have ever continued to enjoy. Thefe', as well as their religion, be^aa with one man, whofe charafter forms a very Angular phaenomenon in the hiftory of mankind. Tl^'" was the famous Mahomet, a native of Mecca, a city of that divifion of Arabia, which for the luxuriancy of its foil, and hJippy temperature of its climate, has ever been elfeemcd \he lovelieft and fweeteft region of thq world, and diftinguiflxed by the epithet of Happy. " ." , ...4i<. : .« /,? ., Mahomet was born in the fixth century, in the year 569, in the reion of Juftinian II. emperor of Conftantinople. Though defcended of mean parentage, illiterate and poor, he was endued with a fubtile ge- nius, like thofe of the fame country, and pofTefled a degree of enterprife and ambition peculiar to himfelf, and much beyond his condition. He had been employed in the early part of his life, by an uncle, Abuteleb as a faftor, and had occafion, in this capacity, to travel into Syria, Fale- fline, and Egypt. He was afterwards taken into the fervice of a rich merchant, upon whofe death he married his widow, Cadija, and by her means came to be poffenbd of great wealth and of a numerous family. During his peregrinations into Egypt and the Eaft, he had obferved the vaftvariety of fefts in religion, whofe hatred againft each other was ftrong and inveterate, while at the fame time there were many particulars in which the greater part of them were agreed. He carefully took advan- tage of thele, by means of which, and by addreffing himielf to the love ot power, riches, and pleafure, palGons univerfal among men, he ex- Dcfted to raife a new fyftem of religion, more general than any which iiitherto had been eftablifhed. In this defign he was affitted by Ser<^i- us, a monk, whofe libertine difpofition had made him forfake his cloif-. terand p-.ofeflTion, and engage in the fervice of Cadija, with whom he remained as a domeftic when Mahomet was taken to her bed. This monk was perfeftly qualified, by his great learning, for fnpplyinw the uefec^s which his mafter, for want of a liberal education, laboured mi- der, and which, iu all probability, muft have obltruded the execution of his defign. It was necelTary, however, that the religion they propof- ed to eftablifh (hould have a divine fandtion ; and for this purpofe Ma- homet turned a calamity, with whith he was afflidted, to his advantage. He was o^'ten fubje£t to fits of the epilepfy, adifeafe which thofe whom itaffliftsare defirous to conceal. Mahomet gave out, therefore, that thefe fits were trances into which he was miraculoufly tlirown by God Almighty, during which he was inftrufted in his will, whkh he was commanded to publifli to the world. By this Itrange ftovy, and by leading a retired, abftcmious, and auftere life, he eafily acquired a cha- raftcr for fuperior fanftity among his acquaintance and neighbours. When he thought himfelf fufficientiy fortified by the numbers and the pnthufiafm of his followers, ''e boldly declared himfelf a prophet fent liy God into the world, not only to teach his will, but to compel man- kind to obey it. As we have already mentioned, he did not lay the foundation of his fyftem fo narrow as only to comprehend the natives of his own coun- try. His mind, though rude and enthufiaftic, was enlarged by travel- ling into diftant lands, whofe manners and religion he had made a pecu- liar ftudy. He propofed that the fyftem he eftablifhed fliould extend over all the neighbouring nations, to whofe doctrines and prejudices he ^^y'i 'tfrrrw^rwwrv'r^W^mff'rr (' \,hm If » " '■'It' fl'J i .' \f / ARABIA. • . had taken care to aS.ipt it. Many of the inhabitants of the eaftcrn countries were at this time much addidted to the opinions of Arius, who denied that Jcfiis Chriftwas co-equal with God the Father, as is declared in the Athanafian creed. Egypt and Arabia were filled with Jews, who had fled into thcfe corners of the world from the perfecu-. tjon of the emperor Adrian, who threatened the total extinction of that people. The other inhabitants of thefe countries were pagans. Thefe, however, had little attachment to their decayed and derided idolatry ; and HkjC men whofe relii^ious principle is weak, had given themfeives over td pleafure and fen^lality, or to the acquifition of riches, to be the better able to indujee in the gratifications of fenfe, which, together with the doctrine of prcdeftination, compofed the fole principles of their re. liginn and philofophy. Mahomet's fyftem was exadly fuited to tliefe three kinds of men. To gratify the two former, he declared that there was one God, who created the world and governed all things in it; that he had fent various prophets into the world to teach his will to man- kind, among whom Mofes and Jefus Chrift were the moft eminent; but the endeavours of thefe had proved inefFe6tual, and God had there. fore now fent his laft and greateft prophet, with a commiflion more ample than what Mofes or Chrift had been entnifted with. He had commanded him not only to publilh his laws, but to fubdue thofe who were unwilling to believe or obey them ; and for this end, to ettablifli a kingdom upon earth, which fljould propagate the divine law through- out the world; that God has defigned utter ruin and deftruftion to thofe ■who iliould rcfufe to fubmit to him ; but to his faithful followers, he bad given the fpoils and pofTclIions of all the earth, as a reward in this life, and had provided for them hereafter a paradife of all fenfual eiijov- ments, efpccially thofe of love ; that the pleafures of fuch as died in propagating the faith, would be peculiarly intcnfe, and valtly tranfccnd thofe of the reft. Thefe, together with the prohibition of drinking ftrong liquors (a reftraint not very fevere in warm climates),' and the dodrine of precleftination, were the capital articles of Mahomet's creed, They were no fooncr publiflied, than a great number of his country- men embraced them with implicit faith. They were written by the ricft before mentioned, and compofe a book called the Koran, or AI-' oran, by way of eminence, as we fay the Bible, which means the Book. The perfon of Mnhomet, however, was familiar to the inhabi- tants of Mecca ; fo that the greater part of them were futhcienth con- vinced of the deceit. The more enlightened and leading men entered into a defign to cut him off; but Mahomet getting notice of their in- tention, fltd from his native city to Medina Tahmachi, or the City of the Prophet. The fame of his miracles and doiftrine was, according to tuftom, greateft at a diftance, and the inhabitants of Medina received lum with open arms. From this Hight, which happened in the 622nd year of Chrift, the fifty- '^ourth year of Mahomet's age, and the tenth of his miniftry, his followers, the Mahometans, compute their time; and the aeri is called, in Arabic, Hegira, i. e. the Flight. Mahomet, by the alUftance of the inhabitants of Medina, and of o- thers whom his infinuation and addrefs daily attached to him, brought over all his countrymen to a belief, or at leait to an acquiefcence, in liis doran, or Al- means the the inhabi- ;ientl\ co;i- lea entered |of their in- the City of [ccording to, ma received (i the 622iid :he tenth ot time -, and ,, and of 0' im, bronglit lente, in hh ic Arabians Egynt aiul , and (icii- btans. I" a I'crfia 1 anti MahomCt, from a deceitful hvpocrltc, became a powerful monarch. H« was proclaimed king at Medina, in the year 627; and after fubduing part of Arabia and Syria, died in 632, leaving two branches of his race, both efteemed divine among their fubjc(5Vs. Thefe were the caliphs of Perfia and of Egypt, under the laft of which Arabia was included. The former of thefe turned their arms to the Eaft, and made conqu&flis of many countries. Th« caliphs of Egypt and Arabia directed their ra- vages towards Europe; and under the name of Saracens or Moors (which they obtained becaufe they entered Europe from Mauritania, in Africa, the country of t'le Moors) reduced the greater part of Spain, France, Italy, and the iflands in the Mediterranean. In this manner did the fucceflbrs of that imooftor fpread their religi- on and conquefts over the greateft part of Alia, Africa, and Europe ; and they flill give law to a very conf-derable portion of mankind. •,^^. j ;i daries of which he never once exceeds during his whole life. His hair, nails, and beard are accounted fo facred, that they are never fuftered to be cleanfed or cut by day. light ; but this miift be done by ftealth, dur- ing the night, while he is afleep. His holincfs never eats twice off the fame plate, nor ufes any velTel for his meals a fecond time; they are immediately broken to pieces after they are iifed, to prevent their fall- ing into unhallowed hands. He has twelve wives, only one of whom, however, is tiyled emprefs. He confers afl tifles l/ honour, but the real power of government is cxercifed by the kubo. ' The foil and produ!M^e of tobacco. Fans arc ufed by both fexes equally; and are, wirmn or without doors, their infeparable companions. The whole nation are naturally cleanly ; every lioule, whether pubhc or private, has a bath, of which conftant and daily ufe is made by the whole family. Obedience to parents, and refpe<'f to in- periors, are the charafterillics of this nation. I'heir falutations and couverlations between equals, abound alfo with civility and politentfs; to this children are early accuftomed by the example of their parents. Their penal laws are very fevcre j but puuifliment6 are feldom intlid- Indian and Oriental fsiANOsi 7^7 ^' srfally cd na« differs idown almoft rs. It a faili. cotton n mtn, gold or upright >ut and the up- »d with elevated mats are ger, it is lire, and appear- red witlj adorned keeps his iirs' walk lay vie in ertain di- rli ladder, yered, an e week. Neither pg-glafll'S, s^To.the oft floor- It twelve erfon in It a time, rnamental iy at their [h obliges have nei- pper pots oil which which .imes of it r, in theii by both lifeparable ry houle, daily "/e pedt to fu- tions and oliteneis; r parents, W Jill in tiia- tfd. Perhaps ,there is no country where fewer crimes againfl fociety are • committed. Commerce and manufactures flouriih here ; though, as thefe ; people have few wants, they are not carried to the extent which we fee in Europe. Agriculture is fo well underftood, that the whole country, even to the tops of the hills, is cultivated. They trade with no foreign- ers but the Dutch and Chinefe, and in both cafes, with companieti of privileged merchants. Befides the fugars, fpices, and manufaftured goods, which the Dutch fend to Japan, they carry thither annually up- wards of 200,000 deer Ikins, and more than 100,000 hides, the greateft part of which they get from Siam, where they pay for them in money. The merchandife they export from thefe iflands^ both for Bengal and Europe, confift in 9000 chefls of copper, each weighing 120 pounds,, and from 25,000 to 30,000 weight of camphor. Their profits on im- ports and exports afc.i»alued at 40 or'4$^ei- cent. As the Dutch com- pany do not pay duty in Japan, either o/i' beir exports or imports, they fend an annual prefent to the emperor, d^afift'^g Ok; doth, chintz, fuc- cotas, cottons, fluffs, and trinkets. The LADRONE ISLANDS, of which the chief town is faid to be Guam (eafl longitude 140, north latitude 14), are about twelve in num- ber. The people took their name from their pilfering. We know no- thing of them worth particular mention, excepting that lord Anfon landed upoii one of them (Tinian), where he found great refrefliment for himfelf and his crew. FORMOSA is likewife an oriental iOand. ' It is fituated to the eaft of China, near ths province of Fo-kien, and is divided into two parts by a chain of mountains, which runs through the middle, beginning at the fouth coafl, and ending at the north. This is a very fine illand, and abounds with all the necelFaries of life. That part of the ifland which lies to the weft of the mountains, belongs to the Chinefe, who confidcr the inhabitants of the eaftern parts as favages, though they are faid to be a very InofFenfive people. The Inhabitants of the cultivated part* are the fame with the Chinefe, already defcribed. The Chinefe have ■ likewife made themfelves mafters of feveral other iflands in thefe feas, of which we fcarcely know the names ; that of Ainan is between fixty- and feventy leagues long, and between fifty and fixty in breadth, and but twelve miles from the province of Canton. The original inhabi- tants are a fhy, cowardly people, and live in the moft unwholefome part of the ifland ; the coaft, and cultivated parts, which are very valua- ble, being poflefled by the Chinefe. j The PHILIPPINES are faid to be iioo in number, lying in the Chinefe Sea (part of the Pacific ocean) 300 miles fouth-eaft of Chinaj of which Manilla, or Liiconia, the chief, is 400 miles long and 200 broad. The inhabitants cowfifl of Chinefe, Ethiopians, Malays, Spa- niards, Pcrtuguefe, Pintadoes, or painted people, and Meftes, admix- ture of all thefe. The property of the iflands belongs to the king of Spain, they having been difcovered by Magellan, and afterwards con- quered by the Spaniards, in the reign of Philip II. from whom they take their name. Their fituation is fuch, between the eaftern and weftern continents, that the inhabitants trade with Mexico and Peru, as well as with allthe iflands and places of the Eaft Indies. Two fhips from Aca« pulco, in Mexico, carry on this commerce for the Spaniards, who make 400 per cent, profit. The country is fruitful in all the necefl!i»rie8 of life, and beautiful to the eye. Venifon of all kinds, buffaloes, hogs, fliecp, goats, and a particular large fpecies of monkeys, are found here |a great plenty. The neft of the bird faligan aifords that dHI'olving jeily^ IT' ' r 'IS: 1 i' 'i^'ih t* !* i, 768 IJ^DIAI* AN^DORIKNTAL UhAttOr, mm ■which is fo voluptuous a rarity at iioropean tables. Many Europeanr fruits sLnd flowers thrive fiirprifnigly in thefe iilaiids. If a fprig of an orange or lemon-tree is planted here, it becomes within the year a fruit- bearing tree ; fo that the verdure and luxuriancy of the foil are almoft incredible. The trceamet fnpplies the natives with water ; and there is alfo a kind of cane, which, if cut, yields fair water enough for a draught; tills abounds in the mountains, wKere water is moft wanted. The city of Manilla contains about 3000 inhabitants ; its port is Ca. vite, lyitig at the diftance of three leagues, and defended by the caftle of St. Philip. In the year 1762, Manilla was reductd by the Englifli un- der general Draper and admiral Cornifli, who took h by ftorm, and humanely fulfered the archbifliop, who was the Spanifli viceroy at the fame time, to ranfom the place tor about a million fterl-ing. The bar- gain, however, was u-ngenerenifly dHowned by hitn and the court of Spainy fo that great, part of the ranfom is ftill unpaid. The Spanifli government is fettled there, but the Indian inhabitants n»y a capitation' tax. The other iflands, particularly Mindanao, the largell next to Ma- itilla, are governed by petty princes of their own, whom they call ful- tans. The fubtan of Mindanao is a Mahometan. Upon the whole, though tlij-fe iflands are enriched with all the pro- fufion of nature, yet they are fubjert to moll dreadful earthquakes,^ thunder, rains, and lightning; and the foil is peftered with many nox- ious and venomnvis crtatures, and even herbs and flowers, whofe poifons kill almoft inftantaneouily. Same of their mountains arc volcanos. The MOLUCCAS, commonly called the Spice or Clove Islands. Thefe are not out of fight of each other, and lie all within the compafs of twenty-five leagues to the fouth of the Philippines, in -125 degrees' of eaft longitude, and between one degree fouth, and two north latitude. They are in number five, vh. Bachian,- Machian, Motyr, Ternate, and Tydore. Thefe iiknds produce neither corn nor rice, fo that the inhabitants live upon a bread made of fago. Their chief produce son* fifts of cloves, mace, and nutmegs, in vaft quantities; which are mo« nopolifcd by the Dutch with fo much jealoufy, that they deftroy the plants, left the natives fhould fell tite fupernumerary fpices to other nations. Thefe iflands, alter being fubjedt to varioais powers, are now governed by three kini^s, fubordinate to the Dutch. Ternate is the fergeft of them, though not more than thirty miles in circliniference. The Dutch have here a foit called Vi£toria; and another called Fort Orange, in Machian. ,:v f« The BANDA, or Nutmeg Islands, are Ctuated between 127 and 128 degrees eafl longitude,^ and bctvveen four and five fouth latitude, comprehending the illands of Lantor, the chief town of which is Lan- tor, Polerong, RofinginjiS Fooluway, and Gonapi. The chief forts belonging to the Dutch on thefe iflands, are thofe of Revenge and Naf- fau. The nutmeg, covered with mace, grows on theft- iflands only, aiul they are entirely lubjccl to the Dutch. The great nutmeg harveft is in June and Auguft. »; AMBOYNA. This ifland, taken in a large fenfe, is one and the moft confidcrable of the Moluccas, which, in fa^, it commands. Itisfitii- ated in the Archipelago of St. Lazarus, between the third and fourth degrees ot fouth latitude, and 120 leagues to the eaftward of Batavia. Ambpyna is about feventy miles in circumference, and defended by a Dutch garrifon of 7 or 800 men, befides fmall forts, which protec' their clove plantations. It is well known, that when the Portiiguefe were OftrtNTAt IslxnO^. ■!tJi.,.' tfj- ropeniY r of an a truit- almoft there is raught ; t is Ca- caftle of ;li(li uiv rm, and :>y at the rhe bar- court of ! Spanidv apitaticn' It to Ma. r call ful- l the pro- rthquakes^ nany nox- (fe poifons canos. ; Islands. le compafs 25 degrees' •th latitude. , Ternate, fo that the lUce coil' ch are mo- Ideftroy the les to other s, are now •nate is the kiniference. Icalled I'ort ten 127 ^"d ^th latitude, [ich is Lan- 1 chief forts \e and Naf- Is only, aiul lavvtil is ill id the mod It is fitii- and fourth [of Batavia. fended hy a )rotct' their Hguefe were Liigliili and tMch^ and the barbarities of the latter in flrfl torturing and then ifiurderrng th« Englifb, and thereby engroilin^ the wliole trade, and (bat of Banda, can never be forgotten ; but will be tranftnitted as a me- morial of Dutch infamy at that period^ to all pofterity, 'rhi5 tragical event happened in 1622. The ifland of CELEBES, orMACASiAn, is fituated under the equa- tor, between the ifland of Borneo and the Spice iflands, at the diftance of t6o leajgues from Batavia, and is ;oo miles long, and 200 broad. This ifland, notwithftanding its heat, h rendered habitable by breezes from the north, and pcriodioaii rains. Its chief products are pepper and opium ; and the natives are expert in the ftudy of poifons, with » Variety of which^ature has furnifhed theitt. The Dutch have a fortifi-r cation on this ifland y but the internal part of it is governed by three kings, the chief of whqm refides in the town of Macaffdr. In this, and indeed in almod all the oriental iflands, the inhabitants live in houfes built on large pofts, which are acceffible only by ladders, which they pull up in the night-time, for theiijecurity againfl: veno jus animali.- They are faid to be hofpitable and faithful, if not provoked. They carrv on a large trade with the Chincfis. Their port of Jampoden i» thflf moft capacious of any in that part of the world. The Dutch have likewife fortified GILOLOand CERAM, two other fpice iflands lying under the eqiuator^ and will fink any flrips that af tetnpt to traffic in thofe feas^. The SUNDA ISLANDS. Thefe are fituated in the Indian oceaif, between 93 and lao degrees of eafl longitude, and between eight de« grecs north, and eight degrees fbuth latitude, comprehending the iflands- 6f Bom«Oy Sumatra, Java, Bally, Lamboe, Banca^ &c. The three firi^, firom their great extent and importance, require to be fcparately de- fcribed. BORNEO is faid to be 800 miles long, and 700 broad, and till New- Holland was difcovered to be an ifland, was confidered as the largefl: ifland in the world. The inland part of the country is marfljy and un- healthy ; and the inhabitants live in towns built upon floats in the mid- dle of the rivers. The foil produces rice, cotton, canes, pepper, cam- phor, the tropical fruits, gold, and excellent diamonds. The famous ouran-outang is a native of this country, and is thought,- of all irratio- nal beings, to refemble a man the moll. The original inhabitants live in the mountains, and make ufe of poifoned darts ; but the fea-coafl is governed by Mahometan princes ; the chief port of this ifland is Benjar- Mafleen, and carries on a commerce with all trading nations. , SUMATRA has Malacca on the north, Borneo on the eaft^, and Java on the fouth-eai>, from which it is feparated by the ftraits of Sunda ; it is divided inta two equal parts by the equator, extending rive degrees [and upwards, north-wefl of it, and five on the fouth-caft: and is- 1000 liles long, and 100 broad. This ifla«d produces fo much gold, that has been thought to be the Ophir * mentioned in the fcriptures ; but [r. Marfden, in his late hiftory of the ifland, thinks it waa unknown |othe ancients. — Its chief trade with the Europeans is in pepper. The jnglifh Eaft India company have two Settlements here, Beiicoolen, and 'ort Marlborough ; from whence they bring their chief cargoes of pep- '^r. The king.of Achen is the chief of the Mahometan princes who . J* There is a mountain in the idand which b called Opbir by tbe Europeans, wHoft. Immit, above the level of the fea, it 13,842 feet, exceeding in fcoighc th»P«Aoff I'i.4 iJ:', i,n>-I«i;| ,i V- m n 4 ■ -y »,pv\.%^JW" i'■ tit;f .,'■'• ■ \" Rain is very frequent here ; fomet?me» very heavy, and atmoft alwayi attended with thunder and lightning. Earthquakes are not uncomnioR and there are feveral volcauos on the ifland. The people who inhibit the coaft are Malays, who came hither from the peninfula of Malacca ; tut the interior parts are inhabited by a very ditferent people, and who '. 1 ? all kind* fome curS^n ' t( ^'''"f"'^ '^ ^^^" ^vood dtd „ J '' ««' abound goats, W -d "r 1^ P^^" '«'• to itfelf, it has ^tJ of'^ ' ^"^ ^'^«d^» >o"s animals, n,ch as fe^pent 1''/^^'^"^ ^^ ^Po"''^ : but Wd ^ "^ in *-■ He efoV, ;^„=:™''"!."."-<> i, o, ';■„■,: /"^v^'r"' '■- "■« I ' ''' .»^w ^-^^:mm^ : u. i,; 3 D :^ " ^'^ '"^^^^^ ^vhom the/ , . . 4^/ - . « i ,'l i i 1:1 .4 ffk . TfTDTAN AND OllitNtAt IstAWtJrs. expelled, and have monopolifcd it ever fince to thcmfelves. Indeed, In January 1782, Trincomalc, the chief fe«. port of the iHand, was taken by the Englifli, but foon afterwards retaken by the French, and rcftorcd to the Dutch by the laft treaty of peace. In Anguft, 1 795, it was again taken bv the Enelifli, in whofe poffeflion it ftill remains. The Maldives. Thefe are a vaft chiftcr of fnrjall iflandi or little rocks jnft above the water, lying betw een the equator and eight degreei north latitude, near Cape Coniorin. They are chiefly reforted to by xh% Dutch, who drive on a profitable trade with the natives for couries, a kind of fmall (hells, which 20, or rather formerly went, for money up< on the coafts of Guinea antf other parts of Africa. The cocoa of tne Maldives is an excellent comniodity in a medicinal capacity. ** Of this tree (fays a well-informed author) they build veflels of twenty or thirty tons; their hulls, mafts, fails, rigging, anchors, cables, provifious, and firing, are all from this nfeful tree." We have already mentioned BOMBAY, on the Malabar coaft, in fpeaking of India. With regard to the language of all the Oriental {(lands, nothing certain can be faid. Each idand has a particular tongue ; but the Malayan, Chinefe, Portuguefe, Dutch, and Indian words, are fo frequent among them, that it is difficult for an European, who is hot very expert in thofe matters, to know the radical language. Tlie fame may be almoft faid of their religion ; for though its original is cer. tainly pagan, yet it is intermixed with many Mahometan, Jewlfli, Chrif- tian, and other foreign fuperftitions. The fea which feparates the fouthern point of the peninfuJa of Kamt- fchatka from Japan, contains a number of illands in a pofition from north- north'Caft to fouth-fouth-wcft, which are called tne KURILE ISLANDS. They are upwards of twenty in number, are all moun- tainous, and in feveral of them are volcanos and hot fprings. The principal of thefe iflands ai«e inhabited : but fome of the little ones art Cu'tirely defert and unpeopled. They ditFer much from each other, in refpeA both to their fituation and natural conftitution. The forefts in the more northern ones are compofed of laryx and pines; thefe in the fouthern produce canes, bamboos, vines, &c. In fome of them are bears and foxes. The fea- otter appears on the coafts of all thefe iflands, as well as whales, fca-horfes, feals, and other amphibious animals. Some of the inhabitants of thefe iflands have a great likenefs to the Ja- panefe, in their manners, language, and perfonal appearance ; others very much refemble the Kamtfchadales. The northern iflands acknow- ledge the fovereignty f if the empire of Ruilia ; but thofe to the.foutfi pay homage to Japan. The Kuril'ans difcover much humanity anil probity in their condinT'., and are courteous and hofpitable ; but ad vtr- iity renders them timid, and prompts them to fuicide. They have 3 J particular veneration tor old age. They .reverence an old man who- ever he be, but have an cfpecial affeftion for thofe of their refpeftive fa- milies. Their language is agreeable to the ear, and they fpeak and I pronounce it flowly. The men arc employed in hunting, fifliingforl fea animals and whales, and catching fowl. Their canoes are maue of 1 the wood that their forefts produce, or that the fea caftx upon their I fliores. The women have charge of the kitchen, and nwke clothes. Inf the northern ifles they few, and make different cloths of the thread of I nettles. The fouthern iflandcrs are more refined and polifhed than thw northern, and carry on a fort of commerce with Japan, whether theyj export whale-oil, furs, and e^jgles' feathers to fledge arrows with. lal return, they bring Japoaele utenfils of metal and vamilhed wood, fiil* A F RT C A. 773 kdeed, In as taken I rcftorf d was again s or little ht degreei I to by th< cour'ies, a roneyup. coa of the « Of this ty or thirty provifious, ir coaft, in he Oriental liar tongue; words, art ean, who i3 ;uage. The iginal is cer. rwifli, Chrif- ula of Kamt- uofitioti from Kc KURILE ire all n^oun- [prings. The lliitle ones art fach other, in 'he forefts in thefe in the of them are |l thefe iflands, lious animals. Lefs to the Ja- ranee; o\.\\tti lauds acknow- to the.fouth „iumanity and [e ; but adver- They have a J ,ld man who- refpeftive fa- ,ey fpeakand 4,g, filbinefoi [es are made ofl Ids upon their c clothes. In I the thread oil iiihed than thtl I, wither they. )vvs with, i"! ,ed wood, m \e.rs, fahres» different ftuffs, ornaments of luxury and p»rad«) tobaccoh all forts of trinkets, and fmall wares. ^ ' , •i'. . ' '. . . I A F R I C A. , ■ • ■ \ * - ■ Africa, the third grand dlvifion of the globe, is generally repre- fented as bearing fonne rcfemblance to the form of a pyramid, the bafe being the northern part of it, whicli runs along the (hores of the McditerrsipMn ; and the point or top of the pyramid, the Cape of Good Ho|Si Africa is a peninfula of a prodigious extent, joined to Afin only by a neck of lanJ, about fixty miles over, between the Red Sea and the Mfeditcrranean, ufiially called the Ifthmus of Suer ; and its utmoft length from north to fouth, from Cape Bona in the Mediter- ranean, m 37 degrees north, to the Cape of Good Hope in 34-7 fouth latitude, is 4,300 miles; and the broadeft part from Cape Verd, iix 17-20 deg. W. Ion. to Cape Guardafui, near the ftral^s of Babcl-Man- del, in $1-20 eaft longitude, is 3,500 miles from eadtoweft. It is bounded on the north by the Mediterranean fca, which feparates it from Europe ; on the ea(t by the Ifthmus of Suez, the Red Sea, and the Indian Ocean, which divides it from Afia; on the fouth by the Southern Ocean ; and on the wefl by the great Atlantic Ocean, which feparates it from America. As the equator divides this extenfivc coun- try almoft in the middle, and the far greater part of it is within the tro- pics, the heat is in many places almofl infupportable to an European; it being there increafed by the rays of the fun, from vaft deferts of burning fands. The coafts, however, and banks of rivers, fuch as the Nile, are generally fertile; and molt parts of this region are inhabited, though it is far from being fo populous as Europe and Afia. From what has been faid, the reader cannot expeft to find here a variety of eliinatcs. In many parts of Africa^ fnow f''.dom falls in theplamt; and it ifl generally never found but on the tops of the higheft mono- tains. The natives in thefe fcorching regions would as foon expe^ that marble flinuld melt, and flow in liquid ftreams, as that water by freezing fliould lofe its fluidity, be arretted by the cold, and, ceafing tq flow, become like the folid rock. The moft confiderable rivers in Africa, are the Niger, which falls into the Atlantic or weftern ocean at Senegal, after a courfeofaSoQ miles*. It increafes and decreafes as the Nile, fertilifes the country, ♦ This i« CKtrcmely difficult, if not impoffible, to afcerrain. For (according to Mr. («ucas'« communicatinnE to the Afriran Aflbciation) both the rife and the termi* nation of the Niger are unknown, but the courfe is from eaft to weft. So great ii iti rapidity, that no velTel can afcend its dream ; s^nd fuch is the want of Ucill, or ftich the abfcnce of commercial inducements, among the nations who inhabit its bor- ders, that even with the current, acither vcffels nor boats are feen to iiavi^^ate. lit one place, indeed, the traveller finds accommodations for the paifagc of himfeU'and his guodg; but even there, though the ferrymen, by the indul^rence of the fultan oS Camna, are exempted from all taxes, the boat which contains the merchandife is no- thing more than an ilI-con(lrii6led raft, for the planks arc faftened to the timbers with ropes, and the Teams are'c'.ofed, both within and without, by plafter of tough clay, of whtch a large provifion it always carried on the raft, fur the purpofe of excluding: Ae ftream wherever its entrance is obferved. The depth of ttte river at the place of paiTage, which is more than a hundred milea- to the fouth of the ci^y of C aftina, the capital of tbc empire o£ that name, ii cftsmatcA tttwcff tj-;hi'cc Q( (wc^i^ Dour feet En^ifb. 3D3 ■'1 f ;V i 1 •1 !!■■ I- ■• ; r J f I' i ^74 AFRICA. and has grains of gold in many parts of it. The Gambia and Senegal are only branches of this river. The Nile, which dividing figypt into two parts, diCchargcs itfclf into the Mediterranean, after a prodigious QOiirfe from its,ibuxLeiii.AbylIinia. . The moll confiderable mountains in Africa are the Atlas, a ridge extending from the weftern ocean, to wliich it gives the n:(me of Atlantic Ocean, as far as Egypt, and had its name from a king of Mauritan'a, a great lover of aftronomy, who ufed to obft.rve the Itars from its fummlt; on which account the poets reprcfent him as hearing the heavens on his flionlders. The moim- fains of tlif Moon, "xtending thenifelves between Abyffinia and Mono- niot:ipa, aad which are llill higher than thofe of Atlas. Thoi'e of Sierra Leone, of the jMountaiu of the Lions, which divide NJgritia from Guinea, and extend as far as Ethiopia. Thefe were fly led by the an- cients the Mountains of God, on account of their being fubjeft to tbihder and lightning. The Peak of TenerifFs, which the Dutch make their firft meridian, is, about two miles high, in the form of a fngar- loaf, an4,is fituated on an ifland.of the fame name near the coaft. The moll noted capes or promontories in thi? country, are Cape Verd, fo called becaufe th6 land is always covered with green trees and mofTy ground. It is ti.e mod wellerly point of the continent of Africa. The Cape of Good Hop:, fo denominated by, the Portuguefe, when they firft went round it in 1489, and difcovered the paiTage to Afia. It is the fo:nhern extremity of Africa, in the country of the Hottentots; and the general rendezvous of fl)ips of every nation who trade to India, >>Fi'ng about half way from Europe. It is at prefent iu the pofieflion of the Engliili, who took it from the Dutch in September 17.95. There is but one ftrait in Africa, which is called Babel-Mand?l, ^nd j.oi:is the Fed Sea with the Iijdian Ocean. The fituatiow of Africa for commerce is exti-emely favourable, {land- ing r.i it were in the centre of the globe, and having thereby a much r.j-er communication with Europe, Afia, and America, than any of the other quarters has with the rcll. lliat it abounds with gold, we have not-only the teflimony of the Portuguefe, the Dutch, the Eng- Ii{h, and the French, who have fettlements on the coafl o*" Africa, but that of the moll authentic hiflorians. It is, however, the misfortune of Africa, that, though it has 10,000 miles of fea-coaft, with noble, large, deep rivers, it fhould have no navigation, nor receive any be- nefit from them ; and thi-i it fliould be inhabited by an innumerable people; ignorant of commerce, and of each other. At the mouths of thefe fivers are the mod excellent harbours, deep, fafe, calm, flielter- ed from the vind, and capable of being made perfeflly fecure by forti- fications ; but quite dellitute of flu; ping, trade, and merchants, even where there is plenty of merchandife. In fliort, Africa, though a ful{ It« width is fuch, that evtn at the ifland of Oongoo, where the ferrymen refide, the found of 'he Icudet voice from the northern fhorc is fcarcely heard ; and at Tom- burt ;)nie of Gurwa, or bla.-k, is given to the Pi-eam, the 'Aidth isde- fcrjbed as hting thnt of the Thames at 'A'eftminft'T, In tlic lainy fcafon it fwclls «b(ive Its l.anks, and not oii]y fl. ods the adjacent laids, but often fweeps before it the cattle ard cot(a)rei> ot tl.e ffioit-fighted, or too confident inhabitr.nts. That the people who liv in thi ncighbiHirhood of the Nijier fliould lefufe to profit by iif navij^atiosi, may jufily (urprife the traveller; but much greater is his aftonifh- mcist, when he finds that even the food w lich the bounty of the dream would give, is uffl'-rsly otfcred to ihe r acceptance ; for fuch is the wai.i of {kill, or fuch 'he fet- tled oilihe of the people tn &■:: fort of provifion, that the fifh with which the river ;^auiuls, arcMt in uudifturbed poflefliorr of its waters. Proceedings of the African Aflbcialion, p. I? ?— 189. A^icrcA. 775 quarter of the globe, ftored with an inexhauftible treafure, and capable, under proper improvements, of producing fo many thing" deligluful, as well as convenient, within itielf, feems to be almoft entirely neg- leded, not only by the natives, who are quite unfotieitous of reaping the benefits which nature has provided for them, but alfo by the more civihfed Europeans who are fettled in it, particularly the Portuguefe. Africa once contained feveral kingdoms and ftates, eminent for the liberal arts, for wealth and power, and the mod: extenfive commerce. The kingdoms of Egypt and Ti'ihiopia, in particular, were much cele- brated ; and the rich and powerful ftate of Carthage, that once formi- dable rival to Rome itfelf, extended her commerce to every part of the then known world; even the Britifh fliores were vifited by her fleets, till Juba, who was king of Mauritania, but tributary to the re- public of Carthage, unhappily called in the Romans, who, with the affiftance of the Mauritanians, fubdued Carthage, a:.d, by degrees, all the neighbouring kingdoms and ftates. After this the natives, con- ftantly plundered, and confequently impoveriflied, by the governors fent from Rome, neglefted their trade, and cultivated no more of their lands than might ferve for their fubfift'^nce. Upon the decline of the Roman empire, in the fifth century, the north of Africa was over-run by the Vandals, who contributed ftill more to the dellruftion of arts . and fciences; and, to add to this coun*^ry's calamity, the Saracens made a fudden couaueft of all the coafts of Egypt aind Barbary, in the feventh century. l:^efe were fucceeded by the Turks; and both being of the Mahometan religion, whofe pvofeflbrs carried defolation with theiTi wherever they came, the ruin of that once flourihting part of the world was thereby completed. The inhabitantsof this continent, with icfpeft to religion, may be di- vided into thr<;e forts; namely, Tagans, Mahometans, and Chriftjans. Thjtffirft are the more ntmierous, poflefling the greateft part of the coiintry, from the tropic of Cancer to the Cape of Good Hope ; and thefe are generally black. The Mahometans, who are of a tawny complexion, pofiefs Egypt, and almoft ail the northern fliores of Africa, or what is called the Barbary coaft. The people of Abyffinia, or the Upper Ethiopia, are denominated Chriftbns, but retain many Pagaa and Jewifli rites. There arc alfo fo.ne Jews in the norti; of Africa, who manage all the little trade that part of the country is pi Tefled of. There are fcarcely any two nations, or indeed any two of the learn- ed, who agree in the modern divifions of Africa; and for this very reafon, that fcarcely any traveller has penetrated into the heart of the country ; and confequently we muft acknowledge our ignorance of the bounds, an^ even the names of feveral of the inland nations, which may be ftill reckoned among the unknown and und. fevered parts of the' world; but, according to the beft accounts and conje<5tu»f£, Afri- «^ may be divided according to the following tabic : fit i. ]] 1 '<; "i. ■ '!-■'• I M ,"Pii,i i t . t 3D 4 ^7& hV%lC h. Natio It. Morocco, Tafilet,4LC, Aljriers TUDU TripoU B»rca ] n a 09 500 480 220 700 400 IT r\ u s 3 O is I Abez 480 100 170 300 Square 5AC Egypt 600 450 Bile « T44T|^rchr&Tr I o bef. 58 bef o 58 bef. ♦ ♦ 3702 SE. Monomota. Chicov) Sofo'a No Towns '-."«=X4"' 4440 SE. 4500 S. 4.260 S. 4600 SE. « « « ;2oo S. 2 40 bef. % 38 bef. Ch. & Pa. Ch.&P». Pagans Uv- PagaMI Pagans Pagans I 18 bef. * 44 btf. I 18 bef. * * ♦ I 4 bef. Pagans Pagans Pagans Pagans Mnft flu pid Pajr. ' I ^M I iy L I WMI. I S .U^j p jJV ' ■ ; ' ■ .*! ' "■■■g.^J The principal illands of Africa lie in the Indian Seas nnd Atlantic Ocf an ; of which the following belong to, or trade with, the Europeans, jioj^ fcrv^ to rf frelli fhpjf IJiipping to an4 frpm li^dia s f^ Iflands. Zocotra.Jn the Indian 6ce*a |rhe Comora Iflc, ditto !^ .Wadagafcar, ditto - . iVfauritius, ditto ..." Bourbon, ditto - . St_ Helena, in -the Atlantic Oceanl A/cenfivn, ditto . , ^'^ '^"a"! St. Matthew, ditto . J St. Thomas. Anaboa, ) Prince,.iflan4,Fer-C ditto Cape Verd Wands, ditto - lOorce, djtto - - , . Canaries, ditto •..'.* Madeiras, ditto - The Azores, or Weftern' Jfl«», lie nearly at ap equal dirtajjce fyota Europe, A- jfiCi), and America E G V 1> X. H Miicv JBabel ivfand^ i.ootjjoanua . "S.oocjit. Agflin . i.84clVfduritius . 2,loc|Bourbon . Pt. Helenji ." yi7 i'**\i -ditt p.ThoB,a,,.4aaboa Portuguefe «>ooolst. Doming, . . L.« Fort St. iV^chael I?'"'*. '"' fliOooAngra, St. Michael Ditto <<• jj ildtes of Barbarv ft Ji-Vif- ^ , ° ^'^ifions j firft. Eavn^ /• "°^ On- Africa bctweerthe eXfc^?^^^^^^ «nd X^'^ ^^°"^ thelaft of thefe divtiTnnc : , V^'^er and the Cane nV r> . P^"«>^ other, that thev mav ^^^l/j, • ' "* ^"^^'^J* n moft r^fn«A ''^'^'^arous, ral head. "'^ ^"^' ^"^°Ht impropriety, be thrown & '° ""'^ ^- ^ G Y p X. . Miles. '"■ ■ D ^' ' LHgih 600 ? ^ , ^^'"^j^"- Sq. Mi/e« ' fireadth25o} between p?«nd 32 north latitude l ' »»"'■»-.-] It u J; ;:^'""'°"^''"'''•^*°''~ J Ji 1 IS bounded by the lVr-.,i;*« h Ethiopia, on the S^th '^1^'* ^^ft^bylTyS^"' ^«h.- ^-'^-- Subcuvifion. '^ChiefT * ^ ' •I • I *^*AND Cairo E J ^onherndivilIop,ontai„,JwEgypt BuJac ^' ^^^- 3- "'* - ^^^' f Alexandria I I I Rofetro h"-» <«iv«,. cp..,p. I :,pp„ ,^^. ] |jJ'Thcb« '..slj i'.=^ r 778 EGYPT. I'M' l-I y i fT, A»s.} It is obferved by M. Volney, that during eight months in tht year (from March to November) the heat is ahtioft infupportable by an European. " During the whole of this feafon, the air is inflamed, the fty fpark'.ing, and the heat oppreiUve to all unaccuflomcd to it." — The otlier months are more temperjite. The foutherly winds which fometimes blow in Egypt, are by the natives called poifonous winds, or ihe /let ivlnJi tf tie Defert. They are of fuch extreme heat and aridity, that no animated body c^pofed to them can withftand their fatal influence. Durii^g the tlwce days which it generally lafts, the (Iretts are deferted ; and woe to the traveller whom this wind fuiprifes remote from flielter; when it exceeds three days» it is infupportable. Very frequently the in- babirants are almoft bjinded with drilts of fancf. Thtfe evils are reme- died by the rifing and overflowing of .t-he Nile. , ' kju , • SorL AND PRODUCE.] Whoever is in the leafl: acquainted with li, terature, know* that the vaft fertility of Egypt is not owing to rain (lit- if" f?llfng in that country), but to the annual overflowing of the Nile. It ."' " '^'^ *o rife when the fun is vertical in Ethiopia ; and the annual rairi'. Tere, viz, from the latter end'of May to September, and fome- times w )ber. At the height of its flood in the Lower Egypt, nothing Ts to be feen in the plains, out the tops of forefls and fruit-trees, their terries and villages being built upon eminences either natural or artifi. cial. VVheq the river is at its proper height, the iuhabitants celebrate a kind of jubilpe* with all forts of feftivities. The banks or mounds which confine it are cut by the Turkiflx baflia, attended by his grandees; but according to captain N©rden, vvho was proCent oij the occalion, the fpedacle is not very magnificent. When the banks are cut, the water is led into what they call the Chalis, or grand canal, which runs through Cairo, from whence it is diftributcd into cuts, for fupplying their fields and gardens. This being done, and the waters beginning to retire, fuch is the fertility of the foil, that the labour of the hulbandman is next to nothing. He throws his wheat and barley into the ground in Oiftober and May. He turns his cattle out to graze in November, and in about fix weeks, nothing can be more charming than the profpeft which the face of the country prefents, in rifing corn, vegetables, and verdure of every fort. Oranges, lemons, and fruits perfume the air. The culture of pulfe, melons, fugar-canes, and other plants, which re- quire moifture, is fupplied by fmall but regular cuts from cifterns and rrfervoirs. Dates, plantains, grapes, figs, and palm-trees, from which wine is made, are here plentiful. March and April are the harveft months, and they produce three crops ; one of lettuces and of cucum- bers (the latter being the chief food of the !nhaV>itants), one of corn, and one of melons. The Egyptian pa(hirage is equally prolific, moll of the quadrupeds producing two at a tinrc, and the (heep four lambs a j ytar. Animals.] Egypt abounds in blflck cattle; and it is faid, thatthej inhabitants employ evc.y day 200,000 oxen in raifing water for their grounds. They have a fine large breed of afles, upon which the Chrif- tians ride, thofe people not being fufFered by the Turks to ride on any other bcaft. The Egyptian horles are very fine; they never trot, biitj walk well, and gullop with great fpetd, turn flicrt, flop in a monient,f and are extremely tra6la!)le. The hippopotamus, pr river horfe, »n| amphibious animal, refembling an ox in its hinder parts, with thehfadj like a horfe, is common in Upper Egypt. Tigers, hyaenaS, camels,! antelopes, apes, with the head like a dog, and the rat, called ichneu-f Biuu, are nativcK of Egypt. The canickou, a little aiiimali roiiK;ttiiiij| •y. ,/ -' EGYPT. 779 n tilt by an ti, the -The etinics f ivitiJs lat no luence. ferted ; flielter; the in- e renic- with U' rain (lit- he Nile. iC annual nd fome- , nothing ees, their I or artifi- , celebrate 1 )r mounds grandees; cation, the ^ the water ins through their fields r to retire, and man is ground in inbcr, and le pvofpeft tables, and jTie the air. which re- ifterns and rom wWch the harveft of cucum- ne of corn, olific, moft ur lambs a lid, that the Iter for their the Chrif- ride on any /er trot, but a nionient, ler horfe, » jith the head lUed ichneii- fefembllng a lizard, that changes colour as you fland to look upon him, is found here, as well as in other countries. The crocodile was for- merly thought peculiar to tliis country : but there does not feem to be any material ditierence between it and the alligators of India and Ame- rica. They are both amphibious animals, in the form of a lizard, and grow till they are about twenty feet in length, and have four fhort legs, with large feet, armed with claws, and their backs are covered with a kind of impenetrable fcales, like armour. The crocodile waits for his prey in the fedge, and other cover, on the fides of rivers ; and, pretty much refembling the trunk of an old tree, fometimes fiirprifes the un- wary traveller with his fore paws, or beats him down with his tail. This country produces, likewile, great numbers of eagles, hawks, pelicans, and water fowls of all kinds. The ibis, a creature (accord- ing to Mr. Norden) fomewhat refembiing a duck, was deified by the ancient Egyptians for its deftroying ferpents and peftiferous infedls. They were thought to be peculiar to Egypt, but a fpecies of them is faid to have been lately difcovered in other parts of Africa. Oftriches are common here, and are fo ftrong, that the Arabs fometimes ride upon their backs. The cerafies or horned viper inhabits the greater part of the eaftern continent, efpecially the defert fandy parts of it. It aboands in Syria, in the three Arabias, aqd in Africa : this is fuppofed to be the afpic which Cleopatra employed to procure her death. Alexandria, plenti- fully fupplied by water, muft then have had fruit of all kinds in its gardens. The bafkets of figs muft have come from thence, and the afpic, or ceraftes^ that was hid in them, from the adjoining defert, where there are plenty to this day. Population, manners, cus- 7 As the population of Egypt is TOMS, AND DIVERSIONS. J almoft coufincd to the banks of the Kile, and the reft of the country inhabited by Arabs, and other na- tions, vi'e can fay little upon this head with precifion. It feems, how- ' ever, to be certain, that Egypt is at prefent not near fo populous as formerly, and that its depopulation is owing to the inhabitants being (laves to the Turks. They are, however, ftill very numerous; but what has been faid of the populoufnefs of Cairo, as if it contained two millions, is a mere fiction. The defcenden;s of the original Egyptians are an ill-iooking flo.. veniy people, immerfed in indolence, and are diftinguiflicd by "he name of Coptes : in their complexions they arc rather fun-burnt, than fwarthy or black. Their anceftors were once Chriftians, and in ge-^ iieralthey ftill j)retend to be of that religion; but iVIahometanifm is the prevailing worlhip among the natives, Tliofe who inhabit the villages and fields, at any confiderable diftance from the Nile, confift of Arabs, or their defcendents, who are of a deep fwarthy complexion, and they are reprefented by the beft authorities, as retaining the patriarchal tending their flocks, and many of them have no fixed place of abode. iThe Turks, who refide in Egypt, retain all their Ottoman pride and jiiifolence, ajid the Turkifli habit, to diftinguifti themfelves from the [Arabs and Coptes, who drefs very plain, their chief finery being an [upper garment of white linen, and linen drawers; but their ordinary |(trefs is of blue linen, with a long cloth coat, either over or under it. iThe Chriftians and Arabs of the meaner kind content themfelves Kith a linen or woollen wrapper, which they fold, blanket-like, round ItWir body. The Jews wear blue leathtr dippers; the other natives of e country wear red, and the foreigu Chriftians yellow. The drcfs' of - y'- ' ' ''1.1 780 EGYPT. m' I *.:i: Cli^ women is tawdry and unbecoming; but their c^Dtbes are filk^wheu they can afford it ; and fuch of them as are not expofed to the fun, have delicate complexions and features. The women are not admitted into the focicty or men even at tabic. When th€ rich are defirous of dining with one of their wives, they give her previous notice, when Ihe accordingly prepares the moft delicate diflies, and receives her lord with the greateft attention and rcfped. The women of the lower clafs ufually remain ftanding, or feated in a corner of the room, while their huiband is at dinner, and prefent him with water to wa(h, and help him at the table. The Coptes arc generally excellent accomptants, and many of ■ them live by teaching the other natives to read and write. Their excrcifes and diverfions are much the lame as thofe made ufe of in Perfia, and other Afiatic dominions. All Egypt is over-run with jugglers, fortune-tellers, mountebanks, and travelling flightof-hand men. Religion.] To what I have already faid concerning the religion of £gypt, it is proper to add, that the bulk oFthe Mahometans are enthu- fii>.ih, and have among them their fantos, or fellows who pretend |o a fuperior degree of holincfs, and without any ceremony intrude into the beft houfes, where it would be dangerous to turn them out. The Egyptian Turks mind religions affairs very little; and it would be hard to fay, what fpecies of Chriftianity is profefled by the Chriftian Coptes, who are here numerous, but they profefs themfelves to be of the Greek church, and enemies to that of Rome. In religious, and indeed many civil matters, they are under the jurifdiftion or the patriarch of Alexandria, who, by the dint of money, generally purchaies a protect tion at the Ottoman court. Language ] The Coptic is the ancient language of Egypt. Thit was fucceeded by the Greek, about the time of Alexander the Great ; and that by the Arabic, upon the commencement of the caliphate, when the Arabs difpoffeffed the Greeks of Egypt. The Arabic or Ara. befqur, as it is called, is ftill the current language, but the Coptic and modern Greek continue to be fpoken. Learning and learned men.] Though it is pad difjjute that the Greeks derived all their knowledge from the ancient Egyptians, yet fcarcely a veiHge of it remains among their defcendents. This is owing to the bigotry and ignorance of their Mahometan matters ; but here it is proper to make one obfervation, which is of general ufe. The ca. liphs, or Saracens, who fubdued Egypt, were of three kinds. The firft, who wve the immediate fucceflbrs of Mahomet, made war from confcience and principle, upon all kinds of literature, excepting the Koran : and hence it was, that when they took pofleflion ot Alexan- dria, which contained the moft magnificent library the world ever be- held, its valuable manufcripts were applied for fom^ months in cooli- ing their viduals, and warming their baths. The fame fate attended upon the other magnificent Egyptian libraries. The caliphs of the fe- cond race were men of tatte and learning, but of a peculiar ftrain. They bought up all the manufcripts that furvived the general confla- gration, relating to aftronomy, medicine, and fome ufelefs parts of phi- lofophy ; but they had no tafte for tlie Greek arts of architefture, fculp? ture, painting, or poetry, and learning was confined to their own courtt and colleges, without ever finding its way back to Egypt. The lower race of caliphs, efpecially thofe who'called themfelv.es caliphs of EgypI difgraced human nature ; and the Turks hi^ve riuett^^ the ch^ips barbarous ignorance which tliey impofcd. , :ffft All d indeed triarch of a protec* All the Itarnin^, therefore, poflefTed by the modern iEgypt'^ns con- ififts in arithmetical calculations for the difpatch of bufinefs, the jargon «f aftrology, a few noftrums in medicine, and fome knowledge of Ara- befque, or the Mahometan religion. • CoRiosiTiKi AND ANTtQUiTtEs.] Egypt abounds morc with tlicfc than perhaps any other part of the world. Its pyramids have been often defcnbed. Their antiquity is beyond the reieaiches of hiftory itfelf, and their original ufes are ftill unknown. The bafis of the largeft co- vers eleven acres of ground, and its perpendicular height is 500 feet, but if meafured obliquely to the terminatmg point, 700 feet. It con- tains a room thirty-four feet lowg, and feventeeh broad, in which is a marble cheft, but without either cover or contents, fuppofed to have been defigned for the tomb of the founder. In fliort, the pyramids of Egypt are the mofl flupendous, and, to appearance, the mod ufelefs ftruftures that ever were raifed by the hands of men. The mummv pits, fo called from their containing the mummies, or embalmed bodies of the ancient Egyptians, are fubterraneous vauhs of a prodigious extent, but the art of preparing the mummies is now loft. It is faid, that fome of the bodies thus embalmed, are perfeft and di- ftlnft at this day, though buried 3000 years ago. The labyrinth in Up. per Egypt is a curiofity thought to be more wonderful than the pyra- mids themfelves. It is partly under ground, and cut out of a marble rock, conGfling of twelve palaces, and 1000 houfes, the intricacies of which occafion its name. The lake Maeris was dug by the order of ah Egyptian king, to oorrcft the irregularities of the >file, and to commu- nicate with that river, by canals and ditches, which flill fubfift, and are evidences of the utility as well as grandeur of the work. Wonderful grottos and excavations, moftly artificial, abound in Egypt. The whole country towards Grand Cairo is a continued fcene of antiquities, of which the oldefl are the moft ftupendous, but the more modern the moft beautiful. Cleopatra's needle, and its fculptures, are admirable. Pompey's pillar is a fine regular column of the Corinthian order, the fliaft of which is one ilone, being eighty-eight feet nine inches in height, or ten diameters of the column ; the whole height is 1 14 feet, including the capital and the pedeftal. The Sphinx, as it is called, is no more than the head and part of the flioulders of a woman, hewn out of the rock, and about thirty feet high, near one of the pyramids. The papyrus is one of the natural curiofities of Egypt, and ferved the ancients to write upon, but we know not the manner of preparing it. The pith of it is a nourifliing food. The manner of hatching thickens m ovens is common in Egypt, and now praftifed in fome parts of Europe. The conftruftion of the oven is very curious. Cities, towns, and 7 Evenaflightreviewofthefe would amount PUBLIC EDIFICES, ^ to a large volume. In many places, not only Itfmples, but the walls of cities, built before the time of Alexander the Great, are ftill entire, and many of their ornaments, particularly the cplours of their paintings, are as frefli and vivid as when firft laid on. J Alexandria, which lies on the Levant coaft, was once the emporium [ofthe world; and, by means of the Red Sea, furnifhed Europe, and gteat part of Afia, with the riches of India. It owes its name to it's rounder, Alexander the Great. It ftands forty miles weft from the iNilc, and a hundred atjd twenty north-weft of Cairo. It rofe upon fhe ruins of Tyre and Carthage, and is famous for the light-houfe ereft- rd Off the oppofite ifland of Pharos, for the direction of mariners, de« lervedly elleemed one of the wonders ofthe world. AU th^ other puts I.I'm- •'■ ^f•ira■'• j6a EGYPT; 14 I t' : of the city were magnificent in proportion, as appears from their ruins^ particularly the citterns and aquedufts. Many of the materials of iItc old city, however, have been employed in building New Alexandria, Vjhich at prefcnt is a very ordinary iea-port, known liy the name of Scanderoon. Notwithftanding tlie poverty, ignorancr, and indolence of the inhabitants, their mofques, bagnios, and ♦■he like buildings, erefted within thefe ruins, preferve an inexpreflii^lc air of majefty. Some think that Old Alexandria was built from the materials of the ancient Memphis. Rofetta, or Rafchid, ftands twenty-five miles to the north-weft of 'Alexandria, and is recommended for its beautiful fituatjion, and delight- ful profpe(Els which command the fine country, or ifiand of Delta, formed by the Nile, near its mouth. It is likewife a place of great trade. * ' Cairo, now Mafr, the prefent capital of Egypt, is a large and popu- lous, but a difagreeable refidence, on account of its peftilential air, and narrow ftreets. It is divided into two towns, the Old and the New, and defended by an old caftle, the works of which are faid to be three miles in circumference. This caftle is faid to have been built by-Sala- dine : at the wefl: end are the remains of very noble apartments, fonie of which are covered with domes, and adorned with piftures in mofaic work ; but thefe apartments are now only ufed for weaving embroi- dery, and preparing the hangings and coverings annually fent to Mecca. The well, called Jofeph^ well, is a curious piece of metflia- nifm, about 300 feet deep. The memory of that patriarch is ftill re- vered in Egypt, where they flio\y granaries, and many other works of public utility, that go under his name. They are certainly of vaft an- ticjuity ; but it is very qneftionable whether they were ereded by him. One of his granaries is fliown in Old Cairo, but captain Norden fu. fpefts it is a Saracen work, nor does he give us any high idea of the buildings of the city itfelf. On the banks of the Nile, facing Cairo, lies the village of Gize, which is thought to be the ancient Memphis. Two miles wefl, is Bulac, called the port of Cairo. The Chrifliaiisof Cairo pra£life a holy cheat, during the Eafter holidays, by pretending that the limbs and bodies of the dead arife from their graves, to which tliey return peaceably. The ftreets of Cairo are peftered with the jug. ■glers and fortune-tellers al.eady mentioned. One of their favourite exhibitions is their dancing camels, which, when young, thty place upon a iarge heated floor : the intenfe heat makes the poor creatures . caper, and being plied all the time with the found of drums, the noile 1 . cf that inftrument fets them a dancing whenever they hear it. The other towns of note in Egypt are Damietta, fuppofed to be the I ancient Pelufium; Seyd, on the weft bank of the Nile, 200 miles fouth of Cairo, faid to be the ancient Egyptian Thebes; by the few who have vifited it, it is reported to be the moft capital antique curiofity that is now extant; and Cofliar, on the Weft coaft of the Red Sea. | The general practice of ftrangcrs who vifit thofe places, is to hireaja- iiiflary, whole authority commonly prottds them from the infults ofj the other natives. Suez, formerly a place of great trade, is nowa| ■fmall city, and gives name to the ifthmus that joins Africa with Alia, Manufactures and commerce.] The Egyptians export great! quantities of unmanufa(!"turrd as well as prepared flax, thread, cottojij and leather of all forts, callicoes, yellow wax, fal ammoniac, faU'roaJ fuear, fena, and caHia. They trade with the Arabs for cotf'ce, drii»s,j fptceS| callicoes, and other luerchandifes, which are landed ut Sua frdfn \ con ful »re m: Alcxai nioft o, and M Con is both the paf pallia i; or rath< a divan head of confirm Jiis own riefide at fenfe of fuffer hi privileg( qiiered ] RfiVE natural i Some fa} the who I Mitn bodies of port auth to about EGYPT. ■t-» 7«J from whetKC they fend them to Europe. Several European ftates have confiils refident in Egypt, but the cuftonis of the Turkifli gnveriimeut are managed by Jews. A number of Englifli veflels arrive yearly at Alexandria; fome of which are laden on account of the owners, but inoft of them are hired and emplcved as carriers to the jtvf^, Armeniaui- and Mahometan traders. Constitution and governmint.1 The government of Egypt is both monarchical and republican. The monarchical is executeti'br the paflia, and the republican by the Mamalukes or fangiacka. The pallia iii appointed by the grand fignor as his viceroy. The itpublican or rather the aiiftocratical part of the government of Egypt, confifts of a divan, compofcd of twenty-four fangiacks, l>€ys, or lorrls, Tlw head of them is called the Iheik bellct, who is chofen by the divan, and confirmed by the paflia. Every one of thefe fangiacks is arbitrary in his own territory, and exerts fovereign power: the major part of tiaem rs^: ^ -^^^^^^ tG r vr. L,m ctI by Kt>tJT«tHn, whoftfoti, th^'Ammis Saladirie, prov-ed fo formlda. ble to theChriffian adventurers, and retook from them Jerusalem. He ioftituted the iniKtarjr corps of Mami^hikes, who^ about the year 1240^ advanced one of their own officers to the throne, and ever after chofe their prince out t)f their OWA body. Egypt, for fome time, floiiriflicd under thofe illuftrious tifurpers, and made a noble Hand againf^ the IMrevaillng power of the Turks, till the time of Selim, who^ abou.the j«ar 1517, after giving the MiimaUikcs feveral bloody defeats, reduced igypt to its prcfent ftate of fiibje£lion. While Sdim was " " fettling the govemmertt of Egypt, great numbers of the ancient inhabitants withdrew into the deferts and plains, uiuler one Zinganeus, from whence they attacked the cities and villages of the Nile, and plundered whatever fell i^n their way. Selim and his othcers, perceiving that it would be a matt«r of great diificuhy to extirpate thofe marauders, left them at liberty to quit the country, which they did in ^ttat numbers, and their pofterity is known all over Europe and Afia^ by the name of Gypfiei. An attempt was madie a few yelrs fince, to deprive the Ottoman Forte of itk authority over Egypt, by AH Bey, whofe father was a prieft of the Greek church. Ali having turned Mahometan, and being a mafi of abilities and addreft, rendered himfelf extremely popular in Egypt. A falfe accufation having been made againft him to the Grand Signor, his head was ordered' to be fent to Conftantinople ; but being apprifed of the defign, he feized and put to death the meflcngers who brought this order, and foon found means to put himfelf at the head of an army. Being alfoaffifted by the dangerous utuation to which the Turkidi em- pire was reduced, in confequence of the war with Kuffia, he boldly mounted the throhe of the ancient fnltans of Egypt. But not content with the kingdom of Egypt, he alfo laid claim to Syria, Palei^ine, and that part of Arabia which had belonged to the aticient fultans. He marched at the head of his troops to fupport thefe pretentions, and ac- tually fubdued fome of the neighbouring provinces, both of Arabia and Syria. At the fame time that he was engaged in thefe great enter- prifcs, he was not lefs attentive to the eftablilbmg of a regular form of government, and of introducing order into a country tnat had been lone the feat of anarchy and confuilon. His views were equally ex- tended to commerce ; for which purpofe he gave great encouragement to the Chriflian traders, and took off fome fliamefui reflraints and in. dignities to which they were fubjefted in that barbarous country. He 9lio wrote a letter to the republic of Venicfe, with the greatefl afluran- ces of his friendfhip, and that their merchants fliould meet with the utunoft proteftion and lafety. His great defign was faid to be, to make himfelf mafter of the Red Sea ; to open the port of Suez to all nations, but particularly to the Europeans, and to make Egypt once more the great centre of commerce. The conduft and views of Ali Bey fliowed 4n extent of thought and ability, that indicated nothing of the barba- fian, and befpoke a mind equal to the founding of an empire. He . aflumed the. titles and ftate of the ancient fultans of Egypt, and was r 41^1y iiipported by Sheik Daher, and fome other Arabian princes, uho warmly e'fpoufed his interefts. He alfo fucceeded in almoft all his en- terprifes a^i^nft the neigbmtring Afiatic governoM and bafliaws, whom he rfcpeatedly defeated : but he was afterwards deprived of the kingdom pf £gypt, by ^he. bafe and ungrateful conduct of his brothef-in-Iaw, ^ahomed.^ey Abudahah, his troopr being totally defeated, on the 7th of March) i773< He was alfo himl«l| wounded and taken prifoncr ; Th« States o» BARBARY. 7»» it\i dying of hi« wounds, was bwried horionmbly tt Grand Cairo. Abudahnb afterwards governed Egypt as Sheik fiellct, and marched io* to Falefiine to fubdue Sheik Daher. After behaving with great cracky to the inhabitants of the plact*s he took, ho whs found dcHcl in bis bed one morning at Acre, fuppoled to be ftranglcd. Shciit Daher accepted the Porte's full artinefty ; and truftiag to thtir alTuranccs, embraced the captain pacha's invitation to dine on board his {l)ip; when the captain produced his orders, and the brave Daher, All Bey's ally, had his head cut oifF Inthe 85th year of his age. T From that tiiT>e Egypt h4s been torn by a civil war, between the ad- herents of Ali) and other beys or princes^ who rofe on his ruins. Of tUfe the principal are Morad andlbrahfm, who havingdriven their ene» mies into banifliment, began to quarrel among themfelvcs. Alter- nately expelled from Cairo, they finally agreed to a compromifc, Marcha 1785; but it is not expefted that their agreement will be lading. \ The Porte ftill retains a pacha there; but this pacha, confined and watched in the caftle of Cairo, is rather the prifoaqr of the M>m>i»^l than the reprefcntativc oiF the fultan. ^j^ l'-';/?''^*' ■:;i)li'JC^^ \i .•/^' '*'y-i.f'(^''-f*t<^i^-' 1 . ■ 1': ',*v4f*. HE States or BAR B A R Y. S -^ Under this head arc included the countries of, i. Morocco and Feij 2. Algiers; 3. Tunis; 4. Tripoli and Barca. The empire of Morocco, including Fez, is bounded on the north by the Mediterranean Sea ; on the fouth, by Tafilet ; and on the eaft, by Segelmeifa and the kingdom of Algiers ; being 500 miles in length, and 480 in breadth. 'y ^ i Fez, which is now united to Morocco, is about 12$ miles in length,- and much the fame irt breadth. It lies between the kingdom of Algiers to the eait, aftd Morocco on the fout?^, and is furrounded on other parts by the fea; " , • Algiers, formerly a kingdom, is bounded on the eaft by the kingdom of Tunis, on the north by the Mediterranean, on the fouth by Mount Atlas, and on the weft by the kingdoms of Morocco and Tafilet. Ac- cording to Dr. Shaw, this cowntry extends in length 480 miles along the coaft of the Mediterranean, and is between 40 and 100 miles ia breadth. Tunis is bounded by the Mediterranean on the nc?th and eaft ; by the kingdom of Algiers on the weft ; and by Tripoli, with part of Biledul- gerid, on the fouth; being 220 miles in length from north to fc^th, and 170 in breadth from eaft to weft. ' '^ Tripoli, including Barca, is bounded on the north by the Mediterra- \ nean Sea ; on the fouth, by the country of the Beriberies ; on the weft I by the kingdom «jkf Tunis, 6iledulgerid, and the territory of the Gadamis ; and on the eaft by Egypt ; extending about 1100 miles along the fca^ 1 coaft ; and the breadth is from i to 300 miles. Each capital bears the name of the ftate or kingdom to which it, be- longs. 'j:Sh- ■'^■■'^•?r-'r'!p„ The Barbary ftates form a great political confederacy, howtrer Ifide* [pendent each may be as to the exercifc of its internal polit/i a«r li lE "^•v.k:-:'!^' 1 786 The States or BARBARV. m i\A ^^ mi ■ (, .Tr.A,.\ i I :\, w ■f'jS there a greater difference than happeni in different provinces of the fame kingdom, in the cuftomi and manners of the inhabitants. " " ': Air ANU sBAKUNs.] The air of Morocco is mild, as it that of Af- S'ers, and iudccd all tli« otUer ilates, except in the months of July and ugurt. -< JjijjhLi>' ft*'*- ,j.»i>)ii.«<,;.:in;.'r. w j - ■ Soil, viosTABLK AND ANiMAtrKo-V Thcfe ftates, under the DucTioNs BV3KA AND LAND. j Roman empire, werejiiftly denominated the garden of the world ; and to have a refidciice there was confidcrcd as the higheft fiate «)f luxury. The produce of their foil formed ihofe magazines which furnilhed all Italy, and great part of the Roman empire, with corn, wine, and oil. Though the lands are now uncultiva.tcd, through tlie oppreflion and barbarity of their government, yet they are Hill fertile ; not only in the above mentioned commodities, but in dates, figs, raiftns, almonds, apples, pears, cherries, plums, citrons, lemons, orauj^es, pomegranates, with plenty of roots and herbs in their kitchen gardens. Excellent hemp and flax grow on their plains; and, by the report of Europeans who have lived tnere for fomc time, the country abounds with all that can add to the pleafures of life ; for the great people find means to evade the fobriety prefcribed by the Mahometan law, and make free with excellent wines and fpirits of their own growth and manufafture. Algiers produces falt-petre, and great quantities of excellent fait ; and lead and iron have been found in fcveral places of Barbary. '.>,".* r"i Neither the elephant noi the rhinttceros are to be found in the ftates of Barbary; bat their deferts abound with lions, tigers, leopards, hyaenas, and monftrous ferpents. The Barbary horfes were formerly very va- luable, and thought equal to the Arabian. Though their bre*"d is now faid to be decayed, yet fome very fine ones are occafionall* ported into England. Dromedaries, alTes, mules, and kumrahs, "^ fer. viceable creature, begot by an afs upon a cow, are then ucalls of burden. But from the fervices of the camel they derive the greateft advantages. This ufefiil quadruped enables the African to perform his long and toil- fome journeys.acrofs the continent. The camel is, therefore, (fays Mr, Bruce) emphatically called the S/t!/> of the Defert, He feems to have been created for this /ery trade, endued with parts and qualities adapted to the office he is employed to difcharge. The drieft thiftle, and the bareft thorn, is all the food this ufeful animal requires, and even thefe, to fave time, he eats while advancing on his journey, without ftoppnig, or Qccafioning a moment of delay. As it is his lot to crofs immcnfc deferts, where no water is found, and countries not even moiftened by the dew of heaven, he is endued with the power, at one watering place, to lay in a ftore with which he fupplies himfclf for thirty days to come. To contain this enormous quantity of fluid, nature has form- ed large.cifterns within him, from which, once filled, he draws at plea- fiire the quantity he wants, and pours it into his ftomach with the fame effcft as if he then drew it from a fpring, and with this he travels, pa- tiently and vigoroufly, all day long, carrying a prodigious load upon him, through countries infcifted with poifonous winds, and glowing with parching and never cooling fands. Their cows are but fmall, and barren of milk. Their flieep yield in- different fleeces, but are very large, as arc their goats. Bears, porcu- pines, foxes, apes, hares, rabbits, ferrets, weafels, moles,, cameleons, and all kinds of reptiles are found here. Betides vermin^ fays Dr. Shaw, 4. • A (fpcakl dcr, i/i the, 4-0 riipi^ftu to a w^ of Wild capfa-fj, note, w live out the fincl the anci( Popuj N£RS it is nou whereas i tants; m populous foot, of /( The ci Jews, and popuJoufi by a frien and charai Tunis ij pital coutj its fiiburb tions to th( Hiiropean diflinftion; mercantile, European among the I quainted w wme in the I plexion of t in their dref ,v.'.w^ ;v, '\£ ^j'ji-vr H^ The Statrs of BAkBARY. the Al- and the viftly there their : part lands their :ioned crries, roots ow on ere for c-afvues fcribed 1 fpirits :re, and 1 found ftates of hyasnas, ftry va« \ is now ported ^ fer. jMAiii ot ■atitages. and toil- fays Mr. to have adapted and the en thcfc, topping, limmcnfe ened by iwatering I'lrty days las form- at plea- the fame vels, pa- lad upon glowing I yield in- porcu- ons, and ir. Shaw, 781 (fpcakinn of liis travels through Barbary) the apprcUcnfions we »re un der, in lome parts at kail of thii country, of bcu\g bitten or lUui^ by the it'orpioii, the viper, or the venon\ous fpider, rarely failed to intsr- ruptfftiir rcpofc; a refreUiment lo very grutcfiil, and fo' highly ncceliiiry to a w^ary traveller. Partridges, quails, eagles, hawks, and all kind-j of u-nd-fovvl, arc found on this coait ; and qI the finaller l)in.ls, the capf^-fparrovv js remarkable for its beauty, and the fwectnefg of itt note, woich is thought to exceed that ot any other bihl ; but it cannot live out of its own climate. The feasi and bays of Uarbary abound with the fincft and mofl delicious fidi of every kind, and wcr.e utcferred by the ancients to tlxjfie of Europe*, (.,. ^ ' 4.V, ^' r '*. t •;• Population, inhabitants, Man- 1 Morocco was certainly for- NEas,.cusjoMs, AND DIVERSIONS. \ iTjerly far iiiorc populous than it is now, if, as travellers fay, its capital contained 100,000 houfc», whereas at prefect, it is thought not to contain above 25,000 inliabi- tants ; nor can we think that the other parts of the country ai'e more populous, if it is true, that their king or emperor has 80,000 horfe and foot, of foreign negroes, in his armies. The city of Algiers is laid to contain 100,000 Mahometans, 15,000 Jews, and 3000 Chriftian flaves ; but no eftimate can be formed as to the populoufnefs of its territory. Sonic travellers report that it is inhabited by a friendly holpitable people, who are very dilfercnt in their maiinct^ and charaAer from thofe of^the metropolis. •;, ';;l . V - ', Tunis is the moft poliflied republic of all the Barbnry ftates. The ca- pital contains 10,000 families and above 3000 tra .men's (hops; and its fiiburbs confift of 1000 houfcs. The Tunifians are indeed excep- tions to the pther States of Barbary ; for even the moft civilifed of the European governments mi^^ht improve from their manners. Their liiftinAions are well kept up, and proper refpect is paid to the military, mercantile, and learned profellions. They cultivate iriendfliip wiih the European Ibites ; arts and manufacliires have been lately introduced among them; and the inhabitants arc faid at prclent to be well ac- quainted with the various labours of the loom. The women are liand- fome in their perfons ; and though the men are fun-burnt, the com- plexion of tlie ladies is very delicate; nor are they lefs neat and elegant in their drefs ; but they improve the beauty of their eyes by art, particu- ilarly the powder of lead-ore, the fame pigment, according to the opi- nion of the learned Dr. Shaw, that Jciebel made ufe of when (lie is faid I (j Kings, chap. ix. verfe 30) to have painted lier face; the words of the original being, that (lie fet off her eyes with t4ie powder of lead-ore. The gentlemen in gencial are fober, orderly, and clean in their perfojvs, their behaviour complaifant, and a wonderful regularity reigns through r |all the city. ■ Tripoli was once the richeft, moft populous, and opulent of all the [flates on the coart ; but it is now much reduced, and the inhabitants, who are faid to amount tp [between 400,000 and 500,000, have all the vicel Df the Algerines. t! .-.,■. . • i^^r;^.^f thdfe ftates are from the feats of their government, their ntianners arc tlie morp pure. Notwithftanding their poverty, they have a livelinefs about them, efpecially thofe who are of Arabic defcent, that gives them an air 6f contentment ; and bavhig nothing to lofe, they are peaceable among thcmftlves. The Moors arc fuppofed to be the original inhabitants, but are now blended with the Arabs, and both arc cruelly opprefled by a handful of infoleut domineerinfl; Turks, rhe refufe of the ftreets of Conftantinof Ic. w5;{il :»n^VV;;-vv'?/^fABi;^w.r)f:;^i.J! p--j~irs>nr'\u >-.:.•::. Drfs-.] The di-efs of thefe ptopfc is 4 Unen (hirt, ovt* wlifcB fhey ti^ a filk or cloth vtftmcnt with a faii. - and over that a loofe coat. Thiir drawers are made of linen. The umis and legs of the wearer are bare, but they have flippers on their fee. ; and perfonsof condition fometimes wear bufltins. They never move their turbans, but piiU off their flippers when they atrend religious dutits, or the perfon of their fovereign. They arc fond of ftripcd and fancied filks. The drefs of the women is not very difFcfent from that of the men, but their drawers are longer, and they wear a fort of cawl on their heads inflead of a turban. The chief furniture of their houfes confifts of carpets and mattrefles, on which they fit and lie. In eating, th«ir flovcniinefs is difgufting. They are prohibited gold and filvc** veflels ; and their meat, which they fwallow by liandfuls, is boiled or roaftcd to rags. Religion.] The inhabitants of thefe ftates ate Mahometans; but many fubjecfls of .Morocco follow the tenet* of one Hamed, a modern fcfftapft, and an enemy to the ancient doftrine of the caliphs. All of them have much refpeA for idiots ; and in fome cafes their prote6>ioa fcrec-as offenders from puniflutient, for the moft notorious crimes. The Moors of Barbary, as the inhabitants of thefe dates are n&w promifcu- oufly called (becaufe the Saracens firft entered Europe from Maurita- nia, the country of the Moors), have in general adopted the very worit pa»ts of the Mahometan religion, and feem to have retained only as much of it as countenances their vices. Adultery in the women is puniflied with death; but tho\igh the- men are indulged with a plurality of wives and concubines, t*-./ commit the moft unnatural crimes with impunity, AU foreigners arc allowed the open profcffi«n of their re- ligion.., >'t .--i-*.'*. •.^W5c'.'W><<'.-^i'^?":'i'i ••"ii ' ;;;,;;. :^f-tM-)>i'' LANotiAGR.*] As the ftates of Barbary pofllbfs thbf*e countries that formerly went by the name of Mauritania and Numidia, the ancient Afrltah language is ftill fpoken in fome of the inland countries, ini even by fome inhabitants of the city of Morocco. In the fea-port towns, and maritime countries, a baftard kind of Arabic is fpoken; itid feaf^riiig people are no llrangers to that medley of living and dead languages, Italian, French, Spanifli, &c. that is fo well known in all the ports of thp Medit'-'rranean, by t!ie name of Lingua Francjx. •ANTrauiT^KS and curiosities, I This article is well worth the iffATUKAi- AND Mtxi Hici AL. ( ftudy of an antiquary, but tht fubjefts of it are difficult of accefs. The reader can fcarcely doubt tlist tlte countries which contained Carthage, and the prid^ of the Phcenl- C.ian, Greek, and R(»mai» works, are rtpltte with the moft curious re- _;niiiin8 v^ antiquity : h\\\ they lie ftattered amidft ignorant, barbarous iirhi»bitai)fs. Some memorials of the ^lauritanian and Numidlau great' nef^arcftill to be mtt with, and rpany ruins which bear evidence of their ancient graiadcur and populoufnefs. Thci'e point eul the o to Ca niainij flH'les \ Vtiw, •nowne ^rifm i)hithft JWfifery mentj,' vaft tra ' ^ient ki duced t( cipal iox of few faJt-pits, hientioni ftiutton \ CiTlEi of Moro( court hz\ arc recon sccounts . Thecii ff is fomp 107 mofq niarble. 1 tiful, the ( for fevera ''o'n, it CO faid that t jfs inhabit: if '775. b 'fiey had n ffrent rate: alfo renf w ^fter fpend retire \vith< Mur is 500 i^and when The king fontaiiis tUt fondition. «Hd fortifies boiifes are n exchange fo fli-efled for y ehiefiy ufed , The cifv f| w ijioft fl'oi, ficuJarlv the ^oaft, isaboi; murr, Jt,v Wpody dlfpui in4 dit tlie >out n air long ants, dby jts of ithty Their bare, •times ipperj They is not :r, and e chief which hey are Uow by ns; but modern AH of 'Otc£Vion es. The omifcu- laurita- ry woril only as omen is plurality ues with their re- Tics that • ancient [ries, 4"«i lea-port fpoken ; land (iedd lin all the The States of BARBAI^Y. 789 tfovth the but the- [oubt ttiat le PhoEiu- lij-ious re* barbarous lau great- Id ei ice of the oU Jvilia Csefarea of the Romans, which was little inferior in magnificence to Carthage itfelf. A few of the aqnedufts of Carthage are ftili re- maining^ particularly at Manuba, a country hcufe of t[\c Bey's, four ahI^s from .Tunis ; but no veftige of its waifs. The fame is the fa»c of Vti^a, famous for the reireat and death of Cato ; and many other re- ■novrned cUics of antiquity ; and fo over-run is the country with bar- barifm, that their very fites are not k•-'^wn, even by their ruin?, am- phitheatres, and other public buildings, which remain dill in tolerable |)refervation. BcGdes thofc of claffical antiquity, many Saracen monu- ments, of the moft llupcndous magnificence, are likewife found in this vaft traft : thefe were erefled under the oaiiphs of Bagdad, and the an- cient kings of the country, before it was fubdued by the Turks, or re- duced to its prefcnt form of government. Their walls form the prin- cipal fortifications in the country, both inland and maritime. We know of few or no natural curiofities belonging to this countiv, excepting its falt-pits, which in feme places take up an area of fix miles. Dr. Snaw mentions fprings found here, that are fo hot as to' boil a large piece of mutton very tender in a quarter of an hour. Cities and public buildings.] Mention has already been made of Morocco, the capital of that kingdom, but now almofl in ruins, the court having removed to Mcquinez, a city of Fez. Incredible things are recorded of the magnificent pa'aces in both cities; but by the beft accounts the common people live in a very flovcnly manner. The city of Algiers is not above a mile and a half in circuit, though it is computed to contain near 120,000 inhabitants, 15,000 houfes, and 107 mofques. The public baths are large, and handfomely paved with marble. Theprofpeft of the country and fea from Algiers is very beau- tiful, the city being built on the declivity of a mountain ; but, though for feveral ages it has braved fonpe of the greatefl powers in Chriften- dom, it could make but a faint defence againft a regular fiege ; and it is faid that three Englilh fifty-gun flnps might batter it about the ears of its inhabitants from the harbour. The Spaniards, however, attacked it, ia 1775, by land and by lea, but were repulfed with great lofs, though tljey had near 20,000 foot and 2000 horfe, and 47 king's fiiips, of dif- ferent rates, and 346 tranfports. In the years 1783 and 1784, they alfo renewed their attacks bv fea to deflrov the citv and "allevs, but softer fpending a quantity of ammunition, bombs, &c. were forced to retire without either its capture or deftru(fVion. 7 ix mole of the har- bour is 500 paces in length, extending from the continent to a finall ifland where there is a caftle and large batery. The kingdom of Tunis, which i» naturally the fineflof all thefe 'ft&ic^ contains the remains of many noble cities, fome of tLiem ftill iu good condition. Tunis, built near the original (ite of Carthage, has a wall iivd fortifications, and is about three miles in circumference. Th/ houfes are not magnificent, but neat and commodious; as is the pu' lic exchange for merchants and their goods : but, like Algiers, it is i\\- ftreffed for want of frefii water; that of rain, preferved in cifterns, is chiefly ufed by the inhabitants. '* ' ; v'^^ The cify of^Tripoli confifts of an old and new to#n, the latter be?fl|^' the ipofl: flourifliing ; but great inconveniences attend its fitustion, par- ticularly the want of fweet water. The city of Or&n, lying. upon this coafl, is about a mile in circuniference, and is fortified both by art and fwture. It was a place of conlidt-rable trade, aod the objcA of many Woody difputcs between the Spaniards *mi the Moors. Cbnllantins 3 E 3 . '■"■fJ'V'T -H l-M"" ■i| ¥ii ■:^| 1 ; :ll i TOPWWffP" 90 Ths 5yATE5 ojp J5A^ARy, ■>..f was the ancient Cjrra, arid one of the ftrongeft cities of Numidia, be« ing inacceflible 011 all fides, excepting the fouth-weft. * Befidcs the above towns and cities, many others, formerly of great l*nown, lie fcattercd up and down this immcnfe tra£t of country. The city of Fez, at prefent the capital of the kingdom fo called, is faid to contain near 30o,'ooo inhabitants, beficies merchants and foreigners. Its mofques amount to 500 ; one of them magniticent beyond defcription, and about a mile and a half in circumference. Mequincz is efteemed the great emporium of all Barbary. Sallcewas formerly famous for the piracies of its inhabitants. Tangier, fituated about two miles with- in the llraits of Gibraltar, was given by the crown of Portugal as prt of the do'vry of queen Catharine, confort to Charles II. of England. it was intended to be to the Englifli what Gibraltar is now ; and it muft have been a moft noble acquifition, had not the mifunderftand- ings between the king and his parliament occaGoned him to blowup its fortifications and dcmolifli its harbour ; fo that, fi om being one of the fineft cities in Africa, it is now little better than a fiihing town. Ceuta, upon the fame ftrair, almoft oppofite to Gibraltar, is ftili in the hands of the Spaniards, but often, if not always, befieged or blocked tip by the Moors. Tttuan, which lies within twenty miles of Ceiita, is now but an ordinary towii, containing about 800 houfes ; but the inhabitants are faid to be rich, and tolerably civilifed in their man* Ijers; '' The provinces- of Suz, Tafilet, and Gefula, form no part of the ftates of Barbary, though the king of Morocco pretends to be thtir fovereign ; nor do they contain aqy thing that is particularly curious. Zaara is a defert couptry, thinly peopled, and almoft deftitute both of water and provifions. Manufactures AND commerce.] The lower fubjefts of thefe ftates know very few imaginary wants, and depend partly upon their piracies to be fiipplied with neccfTiry utenfils and manufa<5tures ; fo that thtir exports confift chiefly of leather, fine mats, embroidered handkerchiefs, fword-knots, and carpets, which are cheaper and fofter than thofe of Turkey, though not fo good in other refpcfts. As they leave almoll all their commercial alfairs to the jews and Chriftians fettled among trtem, the latter have eftablidied filk and linen works, which fupply the higher mnks of their own fubjects. They have no ftiips, that, proper- ly fpeaking, are emplovcd in commerce ; fo that the French and Englifli carry on the greaieft part of their trade. Their exports, befides thofe alret^y mentioned, confift in elephants* teeth, oftrich feathers, copper, tin, wool, hides, honey, wax, dates, raifins, olives, almonds, gum ara- ble, and fandarach. The inhabitants of iVlorocco are likewife faiii to carrv on a confidrrable trade by • >.ravans to Mecca, Medina, and foinc inland parts of Africa, from v/lience tliey bring back vaft nunibers of reg'oes, who ferve in their armies, and are flaves in their houfes and fieias. ,';« In return for their exports, the Europeans furnifh them with timber, lirtjilery of all kinds, gunpowder, and whatever they want, either in their I public or private ca[)acities. The duties paid by the Englifii in the ports of Morocco, are but half of thofe paid by other Europeans. It is a general obfervation, that no nation is fond of trading with theft ftates, not only <^n account of their capricious defpotifm, but thevil-j lany of their individu.ils, both natives and Jews, many of whoml take ail opportunities 0/ cheating, and, whe;i detected, are feldoni [U< niOied. ■- '*'^'?^?7'-'J' 7 ■-':;; 'i^.n t. r: ' n (-/. ;v:'vf\.-;5- It fuffe ofal them this i them fecon the i-e thing iiabica tains, and pi taken as befc Co^ not be judges, njatters which t litary 01 dom th ges, hov wliere r tain of a ourjufti mediate]' to be his prefentat table to ; Thoug pafiia or ( little rega not even '^e gover foidier in though th fooner fixi he muft b «'ivan is n< the dey is about ■'150, l^'ty tenaci Dutes to tb power, he 1 wcco; but the deys are portan'ce th wliich confi parties amo no fcruple ( then fills hi ];5'7ieldon,, «'" a natun "i^ited ; bi ) bu be- rreat The id to ;. Its ttion, emed IS for with- 5 part ^land. and it •ftand- ow up one of 1 town. 1 in the )locked Ceuta, but the ir man- he ftates i^ereign ; aara is a rater and 111 timber, | lerintheirj fidi in tk ^ns. It in Ivith thefc| lut the vil- \o{ whom I eldon) pki' . I ThE StAh-Es OK fiARBARY. 4f|t. Ithai often been thought furprifing, that the CbriftJan powers fliould fufFer their marine to be infulted by tht fe barbarians, who take the fbips of all nation« with whom they are at peace, or rather, who do not pay them a fubfidy ejther in t .oney or commodities. We cannot account for this forbearance otherwife than by fuppofing, nrft, that a breach wiirh them might provoke the Porte^ who pretends to be the lord paramount ; fecondly, that no Chriftian power would be fond of feeing Algiers, and the reft of that coaft, in pofleflion of a.iother ; and, thirdly, that no- thing could be got by a bombardment of any of their towns, as the in- habitants would inftantly carry their effefts into the deferts and moun- tains, fo that the benefit refulting from the conqueft muft.be tedious and precarious. — Indeed, expeditions againft Algiers have been under- taken by the Spaniards, but they were ill-conduftcd and unfuccefaful, as before noticed. xei?>n««'S CoNSTiTUTibN AND GOVERNMENT.] In Morocco, government Can- not be faid to exift. The emperors have for fome ages been parties, judges, and even executioners with their own hands, in all criminal matters ; nor is their brutality more incredible than the fubmiflion with which their fubje£ts bear it. In the abf*;nce of the emperor, every mir litary officer has the power of life and death in his hand, and iris fel- dom that they regard the form of a judicial proceeding. Some vefti- ges, however, of the caliphate government ftill continue; for in places where no milltarv officer refides, the mufti or high-prieft is the foun- tain of all juftice, and under Wm the cadis, or dvil officers, who aft as our juftices of the peace. Though the emt eror of Morocco is n^t 'im- mediately fubjeil to the Porte, yet he acknowledr s the grand fiahor to be his fuperior, and he pays him a dillant allegiance as the < lief re- prefentative of Mahomet. What has been fuel of Morocco is appli- cable to Fez, both kingdoms being now un one emperor. Though Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli have - h ct them a Turkifh {)aflia or dey who governs in the name of the grand fii.ior, yet very ittle regard is paid by his ferocious fubjefts to his authority. He can- not even be faid to be nominated by the Poite. When a .cancy of the government happens, which it commonly does by murder, every foldier in the army has a vote in choofing the fucceeding dey ; and though the eledlion is often attended with bloodflied, yet it is no fooner fixed than he is chearfiiUy recognifed and obeyed. It is tr :c, he muft be confirmed by the Porte ; but that is feldom refufed, as the divan is no ftranger to the difpofitions of ti e people. The power of the dey is defpotic ; and the income nf the dey of Algiers amounts to about 150,000!. a year, without greatly opprefiing his fubjeffs, who are very tenacious of their property. Thefe deys pay flight annual tri- butes to the Porte. When the grand fignor is at war with a Chriftian power, he requires their affiftante, as he does that of the king of Mo- rocco ; but he is obeyed only as they think proper. Subordinate to the deys are officers, both military and civil; and in all mati|ers of im- portance the dey is expefted to take the advice of a common council which confifts of thirty pafl^as. Thefe paflias feldom fail of forming parties amongft the foldiers, againft the reigning dey, whom they make no fcruple of aflaflinating, even in council ; and the ftrongeft candidate then fills his place. Sometimes he is dcpofed ; fometimes, though but very leldom, he refigns his authority to fave his life, and it is feldom he dies a natural death upon the throne. The authority of the dey is un- limited ; but an unfuccefsful expedition, or too pacific a 'CPPart of thsjr prizes. He claims a tenth of the goods of his Mahometan fub- ,jeft8,-'tttdfi« crowns a year from every Jew merchant. He has iikewife confjderable profits in the Negroland and other caravlns, efpecially the flavc-trade towards the fouth. It is thought that the whole of hie ordi- nary r8vemifc,:in money, docs not exceed 165,000!. a year. A detach- ment of ti^e army of thefe ftates is annually fent into each province t > called the tribute from the Moors and Arabs; and the prizes they take at fea fometinies equal the taxes laid upon the natives. MtLiTARY STRENGTH 7 By the bcft accounts we have" received, AT SEA AND LAVD. 3 the king of Morocco can bring into the field 100,006 men; but the ftrength of his army confifts of c valry mounted by his negro (laves. Thofe wretches are brought young to Morocco, know no other ftate but fervitudc, and no other mafter t)ut that king, and prove the firmeft fupport of his tyranny- About the yesr 1^27, all the naval force of Morocco confifted only of three fmall (hips, Krhich lay at Sallee, and being full of men, fometimes brought in prizes. The Algennes maintain about 6500 foot, confifting of Turks, and co- loglics, or the fons of foldiers. Part of them ferve as marines on board their ve(relR. About 1000 of them do garrifon duty, and part are em- ployed in fomenting differences among the neighbouring Arab princes. £e(tdes thefe, the dey can bring aooo Moorifh horfe into the field; but as they are enemies to the Turks, they are little trufted. Thofe troops are imder excellent difcipline, and the deys of all the other Barbary ftates maintain a force in proportion to their abilities; fo that a few years ago they refufed to fend any tribute to the Turki(h emperor, who feems to be fatisfied with the (hadow of obedience which they pay him. It is very remarkable, that though the Carthaginians, who inhabited this very eoiuitry oF Barbai y, had greater fleets and more extenfive com- merce than any other nati(>n, or than all the people upon the face of the «arth, when that flate flouriflied, the prefent inhabitants have fcarcely anv merchant ihips belonging to them, nor indeed any other than what Sailce, Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli fit out for piracy; which, though Ine-^-'Cfd fince the kft attack of the Spaniards, are now but few and ■fmail, and fome years a^o did not exceed fix (hips, from thirty-(ix (0 ififty gon$. The admiral's IRiip belongs to tlie government; the other captains me appointed by private owners, but fubjeft to' military hv. /With fuch a contemptible fleet, thefr ifjdels not only harafs the na- tk^tts of Europe, but oblige them to pa^ a kind of tribute by way of pre- -l^kHK .'(t^i'n'.f "i'^fUfnavn m*>i»j'';b;ii*- -:^) .m *fiSyiA ^in :;/',,j,i»i;.. ^ .'/ HreToiT^.i Urirfef tti« Rowaft'empe f6i"S, the Hates ofBflfbist'y formed tlie faireft jewels in the imperial f'ridett). It was not till the fevemh century that, after thefe (tates had been by turns irt poircfTion of the Vandals and the Greek ertipcrors, the caliphs or Saracens of Bagdad conquered them; and from thence became maftcrs of aliP(»ft all Spain, from whence- tbeh' |>6(tWity was totally driven about the- year 1492) ■. /.■ .■'■■■*v Kwt s^xnija i^r • «i'Kj*/, ftrhen the exilet fettled amon|r their friends And catiatiymtei^xmthe B»r- bary coaft. 'This naCura;rty begot a perpetual war between them and thip Spiaif ards, who prdTcd them fd hard, that they called to their afliftartc« the two famous brother?, Barbafofla, who were admirals of the Turkiil^ fleet, and who, after breakfu'g the 3pani(h yoke, impofed upon the Inhar bitants of all thofe ftates (excepting Morocco)| their own. Some at* tempts were n:>ade by the cirperor Charles V. to' redmse Algiers aod T'.nisi but they were unfucccfsfu! ; and, as obferved} the iiihabitantf have infaft (haken off theTiixkirtVyyikc likewifc.' ' ' x The emperors, or kings of Morocco, are the (uccefTors of thofe fov«* rcigiis of that country who were called xeriffs, and whbfe powers re* lembled that of the caliphate of the Saracens. They haye been in gcnei^al a fet of bloody tyrants; though they have had arnoflg iherrt foine able princes, particularly Muley'Moluc, who defeated and killed t)on Sebaftiah, king of Portugal. They have lived in almoft a continual (late of Warfart with the kings of Spain and other Chriftian princes ever fince : nor does the crown of Great Britain foinetinies difdain^ as'in th« year 1769, to purthafe their friend fljip with prcfeuts^". .^,,,i^^,;i . 4.,i,.T:4 ■!■. ' '•■ wj: ?c princes. eld ; but ife troops Barbary at a few ror, who pay him. jinhabittd live corn- ice of the fcarcely Ihan what though few and rty-fix to the other [tary law. the na- [ay of pre- [■V formed |e feventh Ion of the Bagdad I all Spain, loar iVfit ■fi^'"'--^^fi*f^\' :%-!)Mi ■-->t. , » , . ^-M^ A B Y S S I N ;*.•■■ .> ■■->■■..'> ^[; '&jMM $lTtJATtTlW Akb'fi'XTEV^*'*' I A. Length Breadth } ; -i^ '(;ttfii,.f4rfccst«

    v',,ri -p^-i naar, or Nubia; on the Eaft partly by the Red fea, •nd partly by Dancala ; on the Weft, by Gorham j and on the South, by the kingdom of Gingiro, and Alaba. It contains (according to Mr. Bruce, from whom the following ac- count is chiefly taken) the following provinces, viz. l.Mafuah; 2. Tigre; 3. Sameu ; 4. Begemder; 5. Amhara; 6. Wa- laka; 7. Gojam; 8. Damot; g. MaifUa; lo. Dembea; 11. Kuara ; ' 12. Nara. Air and seasons.] The rainy feafon continues for fix months of the year, from April to September, which is fucceeded, without inter- val, by a cloudlefs fkv and vertical fun ; and old nights, whicli as im- mediately follow thefe fcorching days. The earth, notwithftanding the heat of thefe davs, is yet perpetually-cold, fo as to feel difagreeably to the foles of the feet ; partly owing to the fix mouths' rains, when no fun appears, and partly to the perpetual equality of nights and dayS; Qj/ADRtiPKDs.} There is no country in the world which prdHuces a jrrcater number or variety of quadruped.., whether tame or wild, than AbyfTinia. Cf the tame or cow-kind, great abund;ir.ce prefeut them- felves every where, differing in fize, fome having horns of various dr-, menfions, lome without horns at all; differing aUb in the colour and length of their hair. Among the wild animals are prodigious numbers of the ga.?c:l, or an- telope kind; the bohur, fafTa, fecho, and madcqua, and nia->y others. ^The hvae.ia is ftill more numerous. There ate few vari«iif .> of i'\c dog t{il'**. ^ ifj ' 1 1* i .^"^ " 2i* '1 1 f..,i te i ■1 m ; M w| « u. 794 Vi A B Y5SIN I A. or fox kind. Of thefe the moft numerous is the deep, or, as he is called, the jackal ; this n precifely the fame in &li refpc^ts as the deep of Bar^ bary and Syria, who are heard hunting in great numbers, and howlinw in the evening and morning. The wild boar, fmaller and fmoother in the hair than that of Barbary or Europe, but differing in nothing elfe, is met frequently in fwamps or banks of rivers covered with wood. The elephant, rhinoceros, giratfa, or camelopardalis, are iohatHtants of the low hot country; nor is the lion, leopard, or fandh, which is the partther, feen in the high and cultivated country. The hippopotamus and crocodile abound in all the rivers, not only of Abvffinia, but as low 4own as Nubia and Egypt. There arc many of the afs kind in the low country towards the frontiers of Atbara, but no zQbras; thefe are the inhabitants of Fazuelo and Narea. ^^ But of all the other quadrupeds, there is none exceeds the hy;cna for Its mercilefs ferocity. They were a plague, fays our author, fpeaking of thefe animals, in Abyflinia in every (ituation, both in the city and in the iicld, and I ttfink furpalfed the (haep in number. Gondar vyas full of them from the time it turned dark till the dawn of day, feeking the dif. ferent pieces of flaughtered carcafes which this Cruel ^nd unclean people expofe in the ftreets without btjrial. ■^■y-'J^ It is a conftant obfervation in Numidia, that the Hon avoids and flies from the face of man, till by fome accident they have been brought to engage, and the bcaft has prevailed againfl: him; then that feeling of fi?. periority imprinted by the Creator in the heart of .all animals for man's prefervation, feems to fdrfake him. The lion, having once tailed hu- man blood, rclinquifhes the purfuit after the flock. He repairs to fome laighway or frequented path, and has been known, in the kingdom of Tunis, to interrupt the road to a market for feveral weeks ; and in this he perfifts till hunters or foldiers ars fent out to deftroy him. * Birds.) The number of birds in Abyflinia exceeds that of other ani- mals bevond proportibn. The high and low countries are equally llored •with them : the firft kind are the carnivorous birds. Many fpecies of the eagle and hawk, many more ftill of the vulture kind, as it were, ovcr-ftock all parts of the country. That fpecies of glede, called Had- «laya, fo frequent in Egypt, comes very punftuaily into Ethiopia, at the return of the fun, after the tropical rains, 1 he Nidlir, or golden eagle, is not only the largeft of the eagle kind, but one of the largell birds that liies. From wing to wing he is eight feet four inches. The black eagle Rachamah, Erkoom, Moroc, Sheregrig, and VVa'alia, are part,icularly defcribed by the hillorian of Abyflinia, to whofe celebrated work we refer the reader who is defirous of informj\tion concerning them. •5 There is no great plenty of water-fowl in Abyflinia, efpecially of the web-footed kind. Y.r.i variety of ftorks cover the plains in May, when the rains become conlbnt. All the deep ami grafl'y bogs have fnipes in them; and there are fwallovvs of many kinds unknown in Europe; thofe that are common in Europe appear in paflage at the very feafon when they take their flight from thence. There are (sw ovi'ls in Abvf- finia ; but thofe are of an immenfe fize ana beauty. There are no geefe, wild or tam<", excepting what is called the Golden Goofe, Goofe of the Nile, or Goofe of the Cape, common in all the South of Africa: thefe build their nefts uj^on trees, and when not in water, generally fit upon them. Insects,] From the clafs of infers, we (hall feleft the moft remark- ablev viz. the Tfaltfalya, or fly, which is an infeft that furniflies a link- ing proof how fallacious it is to judge by appearances. If we coafid«;r ABYSSINIA. 795 ' .v Iremark- a llrik- :oafid€;r jts fmall fize, Us weaknefs, want of variety or beauty, nothing in the creation is more contemptible or infignificant. Yet pafling from thefe to his biftory, and to the account of his powers, vk muft confefs the very great injuftice we do him from want of Confideration. We arc obligei with the greafeft furprife, to acknowledge, that thofe huge animals, the elephant, the rhinoceros, the lion, and.tiger, inhabiting the fame woods, grc ftill vaftly his inferiors, and that the appearance of this fmall infeft, nay, his very found, though he is not feen, uccafions more trepidation, movement, and diforder, both in the human and brute creation, thaa would whole herds of thefe monftrous animals coUefted together, though then: number was in a ten-fold^ proportion greater than j$, really is. ' ;;./^ This infeft has not been defcribed by any naturalift. It is in fize very little larger than a bee, of a thicker ^proportion. As foon as thi» plague appears, and their buzzing is heard, all the cattle forfakc their food, and run wildly about the plain, till tliey die, worn out with fa- tigue, fright, and hunger. No remedy remains but to leave the blaclc earth, and haften down to the fanus of Atbara, and there they remain while the rains laft, this cruel enemy never daring to purfue them far- ther. Though the fize of the camel is immenfe, his flrength vafl, and his body covered with a thick fkiii, defended with ftrong hair, yet flill he is not capable to fuftain the violent pun^ftures the fly makes witii his pointed probofcis. He mull lofe no rime in removing to the fands of Atbara; for, when once attacked by this fly, his body, head, and Icgf break out into large boflcs, which fwell, break, and putrify, to the cer» tain deftruftion of tl*€ creature. Vegetable productions.] The Pafijrus; which is a plant well known in Ey;ypt, appears to have been early brought thither from Ethiopia. It is alfo found in Abyffinia. Eale]fm\ Balm^ or Balfam^ is alfo a native of Abyffinia. The great value fet upon this drug in the eaft, remounts to very early ages. We know from fcriptiire, the oldefk hi'.lory extant, as well as the moft infallibfe, that the Iflimaelites, or Arabian carriers and merchants, traffickin'g with the India commodities^ into Egypt, brought with them balm as part of the cargo. — The Enftte is an herbaceoiis plant, which grows and connes to great perfe6lion at Gondar, but it moft abounds in that part of Maitflia and Goutto weft of the Nile, where there are large plantations of it, and is there, almoft cxclufive of every thing elfe, the food of the Galla inhabiting that pro- vince. When foft, like the turnip well-boiled, if eaten with milk or butter, it is the beft of food, wholefome, nourifhing, and eafily digeft- ed. The Ttff is a grain commonly fown all over Abyflinia, where it feeins to thrive equally on all forts of groufld; from it is made the bread which is commonly ufed throughout this country. The Abyf- finians indeed have plenty of wheat, and fome of it of an excellent qua- lity. They likewife make as fine wheat-bread as any in the world, both for colour and tafte; but the ule of wheat-bread is chiefly confined to people of the firft rank. The acacia tree is very common in Abyffinia, as are feveral other curious productions of the vegetable world. Lakes.] The lake of Tzana (not to mention thofe of Gooderoo, and Court Ohh?) is by much the largeft expanfe of water known in this country. Its extent, however, has been greatly exaggerated. Itsgreateft breadth is thirty-five miles, and its extent in length is forty-nine. The Nile, by a current always vifible, croffes the end of it. In the dry months, from O.ftober to March, the lake flirinks greatly in fize ; but after tliat all thofe rivers are full which are on every fide of it, and fall m. ir*':^ 79* ^'t- ■ ■ AB Y SS I Nt X; jitfo the lakp, like radii 'ara(vi'h''to4f iiti^t^ h^lKen fw«lls, and fxtenis itfelf iiiio'the plain country, and has, of cbtirfc, a nincli larger furface. JV^' There arp about eleven inhabited Iflands in the lake. All thefe iilands %erc fbriVrerly iifed asprifons for the great people', or for a voluntary retreat,, on account of fome difguft, or great misfortune, or as places of Security to dcpofit their vaiuab^ effeAs ^urJna troublefomc tinnes. ' Cataracts of ihr Nile.] Qmitting thofe of inferior note, we fhiil here give the reader fome account of the great cataraft of Alataj which Vis the moft magnificent fight that Mr. Bruce tver beheld. The height has been rather exaggerated. The miflionaries fay the fail 1$ kbout fixteen ells, or fifty feet. The meafuring is, indeed, very difficult; but, by the p^fttion of long flicks, and poles of different lengths, at dif» fercnt heights of the rock, from the water's edge, Mr. Bruce thinks he may venture to fay that it is^ nearer forty feet than any other nieafurei The river had been confiderably increafed bv rains, and fell in one flieet of water, without any interval, above lialf an Englifli mile in breadth, with a force and noife that was truly terrible, and whJch ftuii- hed, and made him for a time pcrfeAly dizzy. A thick ifume' or haze covered the fall all round, and hung over the courfe of the ftrcam, both 9bove and below, marking its traft, though the water \s not feen. The rivefj thouc;h fwelled with rain, preffrved its natural cleariiefs, and fell, as far as he could difcern, into a deep pool, or bafpii, in 'the folid rock^ which was fuU, and in twenty different eddies'to the' very foot' of the precipice ; the ftream, when it fell, feeming part of it^to run'back with great futy upon the rock, as well as forward in the line' of its courle, Mifing a wave, or violent tbuliition, by chafing againfl each other. ' V Sources of the Nile.] The Agows of Damot pay divine honours to the Nile ; they worfliip the river; and thoufands of cattle have been rfFered, and flill are offered, to the fpirit fuppofed to refide at its fources. The village of ritigjs about fix feet fix inches deep. , ,;' '^ ,;, / , Tort feet diflant from the firit of thefe fprings, i? the facred fountain, about ef*vei> inches in diameter; but this is eight feet three inchei' deep. And about twenty feet diflant from the firif, is the third fource, its mouth being fomething more than two feet large, and it is five feet eight inches' deep. With a brtifs quadrant of three feet radiifs, he found the cvaft latitude of the principal fountain of the, Nile to be 10° 59' 25 ", though the jkfoita have fuppofed it i i" N. bv a random guefs. The lorroitode he afcertaincd to be 36" cc' jp" £all of tl^c jiicridian of, fVxvtit Qv TiTE iNUNOATiows or l-ffE Nile.} T^he fun being honours ve been burces. , is not ear ttie Ir form, karciitljf Iftiort it •fii' iiie |en turf, the al- In the ged, by ts, and ition 0? |r open- diame- ."The juntain, inches' fource, ive feet E found Tlic Idiau of. yearly ftatlonary for fome days i,n the tropic of Capr!ccrt>,v the air tljere bccohies fo much rarefied, that the heavier winds, charged with wdfery fart'cles, ruflj in upon h from the Atlamic on the welt, a lU from tlie ndian Ocean on the eaft. Having thus gathered fuch a quantity of va» |>diirs as it were to a focus, the fun now puts them ia motion, and drawing them after it in its rapid progrcfs northward, on the 7th of Ja- nuary, for two years together, feemed to h^ve extended its po\Vv*r to the atmofphere of Gondar, when, for the firft time, there appeared :n the Iky whke, dappled, thin clouds, the fun being then diftant 34° from tha zenith, without any one cloudy or dark fpeck having been hen forlc* veral months before. Advancing to the line with increafed velocity, and defcribing larger fpirals, the fun brinj^s on a few drops of rain ac Gondar the ifl of March, being then diftant 5° from the zejihh; thefe are greedily abforbed by the thirfty foil ; and this feems to be the f^r- theft extent of the fun's influence capable of caufing rain, which th^n oply falls in large drops, and lafts but a few minutes : the rainy feafdn, however, begins moft ferioufly upon its arrival at the zenith of every pbce, and thefe rains continue conftant and increafing after he has paflcd it, in his progrefs northward. f,-,^ In April, all the rivers in Amhara, Begcmder. and Lafta, are firft dlf- coloured, and rhen beginning to fwell, join the Nile, in the feveral parts of its courfe neareft them ; tlie river then, from the height of its angle of inclination, forces itfelf through the ftagnant lake without mixing with it. In the beginning of May, hundreds of ftreams pour themfeWcs from Gojlm,, as it u'ere, ftatibnary in the tropic of Cancer. r,', lA^ii ,. Immediately after the fun has palTed the line, he begins the ratfiy fcafon to the fouthward, ftill as he approaches the zenith of each place : but the fituation and neceflitits of this country being varied, the man- ner of promoting the inundation is changed. A high chain of moun- tains runs from above 6° fouth ail alon;/ the middle of the continent to- wards the Cape of Good Hope, and interleds the fouthern part of the peninfula, nearly in the fame manner that the river Nile does the north- ern. A ftrong wind from the fouth, flopping the progrefs of the con- denfed vapours, daflies them a^aintt the cold fummits of this ridge of mountains, and forms many rivers which cfcape in the dire£tioh either eaft or weft, as the levelprefents itfelf. If thii. is towards the weft, they fall down the fides of the mountains, into the Atlantit, and if on the eaft, into the Indian Otean. Cities and towns.] GONDAR, the metropolis of Abyffinia, Is fituated upon a hill of conliderable height, the top of it nearly plain, on Which the town is placed. It confifts of about ten thoufand families iu time of peace ; the houfes are chiefly of clay, the roofs thatched. in the form of cones, which is always the conllruftion within the tropical rains. On the weft end of the town is the king's houfe, formerly a ftrufture of conliderable confequence... It was a fquare building flaoiked withfquare tpwers. It was formerly four llories high, and from tiie toj> of it had a magnificent view of all the country fouthward tQ t hit lake Tzaiia. Great part of this houfe is now in ruins, having been burnt st ditfeicut times; but there ik ftiil anipie lpdg,ing in the two loweft iloovi rt, ■!'ii :i;";M m 79g ir^?^l^ ABYSSINIa/-^^^'-^'^'' long. ■ The jialace and all its contigtious buildings arc furrountled by a fub- ftantial (lone wall thirty feet high, with battlements upon the outer wall, and a parapet roof between the outer and inner, by which yovi can go along the whole, and look into the ftreet. There appears to have been never any embrafures for cannon, and the four udes of the wall are above an Englifli nule and a half in length. Gondar, by a number of obfervations of the fun and ftars made by day and night, in the courfc of three years, with an aftronomical quadrant of three feet radius, and two excellent telefcopes, and by a mean of all their fmall differences, is in N. lat. 12° 34' 30": and by many obfervations of the fatellltes of Jupiter, efpecially the firfV, both in their immerfions and emerfions during that period, its longitude was found to be 37" 33' o" eaft from the meridian of Greenwich. DIXAN is the firft town in Abyffinia, on the fide of Taranta. Dlxan h built on the top of a hill perfedly in form of a fugar-loaf ; a deep ▼alley furrounds it every where like a trench, and the road winds fpi- rally up the hill till it ends among the houfes. It is true of Dixan, as of jmoft frontier towns, thai the bad people of both contiguous countries refort thither. The town confifts of Moors and CImftians, and is very well peopled ; yet the only trade of either of thefe fefts is a very extra- ordinary one,that of felling children. The Chriftians bring fuch as they have ftolen in Abyflinia to Dixan as to a fure depofit ; and the Moors receive them there, and carry them to a certain market at Mafuah, vrhence they are fent over to Arabia or India. The priefts of the pro- vince of Tjgr6, efpecially thofe near the rock Damo, arc openly con- cerned in this infamous praflice. Dixan is in'lat. 14° 57' 55" north, and long. 40° 7' 30" eaft of the meridian of Greenwich. AXUM is fuppofed to kave begn once the capital of Abyffinia, and its ruins are now very extenfive ; but, like the cities of ancient times, confift altogether of public buildings. In one fquare, which feems to have been the centre of the town, there are forty obelifks, none of which have any hieroglyphics upon them. They are all of one piece of granite, and, c.i the top of that which is ftanding, there is n patera, ex- ceedingly well carved, in the Greek tafte. Axum is watered by a fmall fiream, which flows all the year from a fountain in the narrow valley, where fland the rows of obelifks. The fpring is received into a magni- ficcnt bafon of 150 I'eet fquare, and thence it is carried at pleafiire, to water the neighbouring gardens, where there is little fruit excepting pomegranates, neither are thefe very excellent. The latitude of this town is 14" 6' 36" north. ^ MASUAH. The houfes of this town, which is fituated upon an ifland bearing the fame name, on the AbyiTinian (liore of the Red Sea, are in general built of poles and bent grafs, as in the towns of Arabia; but befides thefe, there are about twenty of (lone, fix or eight of which are two ftories each. N. lat. 15° 35' 5". E. long. 39" 36' 30". Trade and commerce.] There is a confidcrable deal of trade car- Tiedfiti at Mafuah, narrow and confined as the ifland is, and violent and unjufl as is thq government. But it is all done in a flovenly manner, and for articles where a fmall capital is invefted. Property here is too precarious to rilk a venture in valuable commodities, where the hand of power enters into every tranfaftion. Goiidar, and all the neighbouring country, depend for the neccflarits of life, cattle^ honej', butter, wheat, hides, wax, and a number of fuch articles, of the : leii^th, (te/non, nj»>ditie! it ma dfcd mil iion, coi root of nearly re ai)d a ver Relic (hat in th and the , what was Some e ftcrns, tha would per pcned in ( by the /ab year of CI Their fi: inftrufted ; St. Athana true religio Hon to Chr iacrament i with the hu is given in HiSTORV not always lif«d a peo readers, wl ! the manners J country ; w account of t |ofinformati< J of our adve [tiirough mor . FEZZAN, BORNOU/a1jVcAshNA.V- 799' articles, upon the Agows, who inhabit a province in which the foiircet' of the Nile arc found, and which province is no where fixty iWiles ia length, nor half that in breadth. Thefc Agows come conftantly in fuc- ttcmon, a thoufand oi; fifteen hundred at a time, loaded with thefe com- ni»>dities, to the capital. It mav naturally occur, that, in a long carriage, fuch as that of a huaJ* drcd miles in fuch a climate, butter muft melt, and be in a Itate of fu-. iion, confequenily, very near putrefaction :. this is prevented by the root of an herb, called Moc-moco, yellow in colour, and in fh^pe nearly rcfen^Ming a carrot; this they bruife and mix with their butter, and a vefy fnull quantity preferves it frefli for a confiderable titnc. Religion.] Mr. Bruce informs us, from the annals of Ab)flinit!i that in the time of Solomon all this country was converted to Judaifm, • and the government of the church and ttate modelled according to what was then in ufe at Jcrufalem. Some ecclefiaftical writers, rather from attachment to particular fyw* ftcms, than' from any con vi(!^ion that the opinion they tfpoufe is truth, ould perfuade us, that the converfion of Abyflinia to Chrirtianity hap- Vaj and t times, :ems to lone of iece of era, ex- a fmall valley, raagni- leafure, tceptiiig of this Ipon ail led Sea, (Arabia; If which Lde car- lent and aanner, le is too Ihand of Iccflariti lof fuch' woul pcned in the days of the apoftlt-s; but it appears that this was efFcifled by the labours of Frumentius (the apoftle of the Abyffiniani) iu the, yearof Chrift 333, according to our account. -' Tlieirfirflbifliop, Frumentius, being ordained about the year 333, and inftrufted in the religion of the Greeks of the church of Alexandria, by St. Athanafius, then fitting in the chair of St. Mark, it follows that the true religion of the Abyflinlans, which they received on their conver,^' Con toChriftianity, is that of the Greek church. They receive the holy I'acrament in both kinds, in unleavened bread, and in the grape bruifed with the hufit together as it grows, fo that it is a kind of marmalade, ajid is given in a Hat fpoon. They obferve alfo circumcilion. History.] As the accounts of kings and princes of rcimote ages are not always entertaining, and as the hiilory of fo barbarous and uncivi. liCld a people will, we prcrume, afford but fmall amufemcnt to our readers, whatever fati»fa£tion they may have received from furveying the manners and culloms of the people, and the natural hiftory of the. I country ; we fljall therefore make no farther apology tor omitting the I account of the annals of Abyflinia, but refer thofe who have any define of information upon this fubjeft, to the fecond volume of the Travels of our adventurous author, where they will find a very ample detail' ,, tlirough more than 700 pages of a ponderous quarto. " ,K.'. -^ F^EZZAN, BORNOU, and CASHNA. ;.,.-', .■ , .». ,i IT having Been long a fuojeft of complaint that Europeans know very little, if any thing, of the interior dijin^h of Africa, we are happy |o find that a number of learned and opulent individuals have formed Ihemfelves into a fociety for the purpofe of exploring them. The af-> lociation was formed on the 9th of June, in the year i 788 ; and on the" ' pmedaya committee of its members, viz. lord RawJon, the bifltopof,.. ilandaff^ fir Jofeph Banhy Mr. Beau/oy, and Mr. Stuart, were inveftcd rith the direction of its funds, the management of the correfpondence, " the choice of the perfons to whom the geographical miflion was V-'i ' v/V, Mm ^.'fv :im'. ■n ■m ..ff. m u •:,H ■1' r '. ' . foo. FEZZAN, BORNOU, AKrl CASHNA: , Vp he iflifncd. Pcrfutdfd of the importance of the objeA which tha tUTociatiun had in view, their ctiminitfcc loO np time in executing the plan which it had formed. Two genlleinen were rccominendcd to them ; and appearing to be eminently qualified for making^ the prnjt-(^. ed refearches, they were chofen. One was a Mrl Ledyartii the orhv a Mr. lucmi. Such a pcrfon a» Mr. Lcdysird w«« formed by nature for the objcft in contemplation: and were we unacquainted with the iequel, we fliouid (congratulate the fociety on being fo fortunate as to find fuch a man for one of their fniflfionaries : but the reader will foon be acquainted with the melancholy circumlbnce to which we allude. • from two fuch eeographital niiflionarics (obfcrves a Very refpcfta- ble literary journaliit*) much -infnrmatioil wa» no doubt expedtd; and though the views of the fociety art not yet. fully antwercd, the •ommunitations which it has received, are of a nature which will tx. cite, though not fully gratify, the curiofity of geographers. * Mr. Ledyard undertook, at his own defire, the difficult and perilous . tafk'of traverfmg from eait to weft, in the latitude attributed to the Ni- * gcr, the wideft part of the continent of Africa. On this bold adven- ture he left London, June 30, 1788, and arrived at Cairo on the i^tli of Auguft. ♦ Hence, he tranfmitted fuch accounts to his •mpToyers, as manifeft him to have been a traveller who obftrvcd, refle<^ed, and compared; •and fuch was the information which he colIcAed htrrc from the travel- ling flave-merchants, and from others, rcfj)fced by nature u»i achievements of hardihood and peril, the death of Mr. Ledyard mult be confidered as a public misfortune. » With a mixture of regret and difappoihtment, we turn from poo^ Ledyard, to notice Mr. Lucas's communications, which occupy the greateft part of the volume publiflied by tl'C afTociation. He em- barked for Tripoli, O(^ober 18, 1788, with inftruftions to proceed over the Defert of Zahara to Fezzan, to colled, and to tranfmit by way of Tripoli, whatever intelligence the pei)j)le of Fezzan, or th« traders thither, might be able to afford refpefting the interior of the continent; and to return by the way of Gambia, or the coall of] Ouiuea. * Inftruftions to undertake great enterprifes arc m'jre eafily givejl than executed. So Mr, Lucas found; aud.fo the reader, to his difap. pointment, will find likewifc. Only a part of the plan was this geo.j graphical miflionary able to carry into execfition. He fets out, indeed,! mpunted on a handlbnie mule, preftnted to him by the bey, thebafliaw'ij eideft foil, in 'company with fliereefs, for the kingdom of Fezzan ; xt' folved, we will fu[)pofe, to penetrate from Tripoli even unto Gambia; ^ut his peregrinations, which began Feb. i, 1798, terminated at Mefu., rata, on Feb, 7. ,. ' Dtprivcd of vifiting Fezzan, and the ofher inland diftri6ls of Africa, 1^. Lucas fuUvlts the information of his fellow travellers, and iranlniiti corrob< Havi prefcnt, ous con ing riarr « ltd placed i raining 1 capital, < dom are fome dif produciu Mge ane t near to h; Jtonfes, 01 of trees; covering j Moors of tiiey only mediate a^ their per/b jnenf, ta\e is a tributa .'Them diflance of arc the moi to Fezzan. fjy innumer t'leir breed i zan is twent • This ki empires of I that vaft reg J 1200 miles jCafliiia, we tin "fiornoii, jto be fpoke Icountry; its Bilma, and is fn tents, and Jioa, is a wor Pjatj on the ] Fhough thty pnknown; ai jrapes, aprico N two fpeci Ke abundant ^e called kec thff ,thc ^ to ].a. Jthv bjtft \ould in for with peAa* cdtd ; :d, the ill -.X. icrllous :he Ni- adven- he 191!'. inanifeft inpared ; e travel- di:irias tc to »he laar (600 iufes, ar- tup,oi"^'-d ature toi mult be irom poo/ cupy the lie em- proceed fmit by or th« I lor of the I coaft of] ,fily gives 1 his difap* s this geo. It, indeed, lebafliaWr tlian ; re- Gambia; at Mefu- , of Afti« iraulffiit jn FEZZAN, BORNOU, and CASHNA. 801 td the focietv the reRilt of hU conferences. A mcmrfr compiled in this way, from the report» of n fhercef Imhammed, will not be deemed very faribfaftory ; mid yet it certainly merits confidcration, at it is, in purt, corroborated by other teftimonin.' Having no other foirces of information, however, we nmil, for the prefent, content ourfelvcs with thefc communic;uions. From the vari- oiis conferences of Mr. Lucas will; t m Hieteef Im hammed, the follow* ing narrative Is compofed t •■ ' - . ? ' :'.•,*:.» v^k^ .>, * It defcribes the kingdom of Fezzan to be a fmall circular domain, placed in a vaft wildernefij, as an ifland i the midft of the ocean, con- taining near a hundred towns and villages, of whicli Monrzook is the capital, diftant, fouth from Mefurata, about 390 miles. In this king- dom are to be feen fome venerable remains of ancient magnificence, fome diflrifts of remarkable fertility, and numerous fmoaking lakes, producing a fpccies of folTil alkali en lied trona. Agriculture and paftu- rage are tne principal occupations of the Fezzanncrs ; they do not ap- pear to have any coin ; their medium of commerce is gold-dufl ; their lioufes, or rather huts, are built of cl\iy, and are covered with branches of trees, on which earth is laid. As rain nev r falls at Fezzan, this covering is a fufficient proteftion. Tlieir drtfs refembles that of the Moors of Barbary : but, during the heatn of fiimmer, which are intenfe, they only wear drawers, and a cap to proteA th«;ir heads from the im- mediate aftion of the fun. To tbefe, many particulars are added of their perfons, difeafcs, and mode of cure; of their religion, govern- ment, taxes, animal and vegetable prodoftions. Their fovertign, who is a tributary of the badiaw of Tripoli, adminifters impartial juftice. - •'■ • The narrative proceeds to flate, that fouth-eaft of Mourzook, at the diftance of 150 miles, is a fandy defert, aoo miles wide; beyoml which are the mountains of Tibefti, inhabited by ferocious favages, tributary to Fezzan. The valleys between the mountains are faid to be fertilifed by innumerable fprings, to abound with corn, and to be cel''brated for their breed of camels. The tribute of the Tibeflins to the king of Fez- zan is twenty camel-loads of fenna. This kingdom is inconfiderable, when compared with the two great i empires of fiornou and Cafhna, which lie fouth of Fezzan, occupying that vaft region which fpreads itfelf from the river of the Antelopes for 1200 miles weftward, and includes a great part of the Niger's courfe, Cafhna, we are informed, contains a thoufand towns and villages ; and' in 'Sornou, which is ftill more confiderable, thirty languages a;e faid Ito be fpoken. The latter is reprefentcd as a fertile and beautiful Icountry; its capital being fituated within a day's journey of the river VTod-el-Gazelf \vhich is loft in the fandy waftes of the vaft defert of ^ilma, and is inhabited by herdfmen, dwelling, like the old patriarchs, jin tents, and whofe wealth confifts in their cattle *. (Bornou, or Ber- »oa, is a word fignifying the land of Noah ; for the Arabs conceive, [hat, on the retiring of the deluge, its mountains received the ark.) Though they cultivate various forts of grain, the ufe of the plough is linknown; and the hoe is the only inftrument of hulbandry. Hert apes, apricots, and pomegranates, together with limes and lemons,^ [ud two fpecies of melons, the water and the mufk, ar^ prpdwccd in We abundance ; but one of the moft valuable of its vegetables Is a ee called kedeyna, which, in form and height, refembles the olive, i*- I * Horfts and horned csttkt soati, iheep, and catoch, arc the comavon anim%U sC ' COUBVT. . ,3 F i'%'' f m 'im ii' ^ 'u a It- "*' liV' "' 5>B ' i 11 864 FEZZAN, BORNOU, ANb CASHNA. Jite the lemon in its leaf, and .bears a nut, of which the kernel ahd fh* flicll are both in great eitimation, the firft as a fruit, the lail on account oi the oil which it furnithes when bruifed, and which fuppUes the lamps of the people of Bornou with a liibllitute for the oil of olives, p. 1391 Bees, it is added, are fo nuineroiis, that the wax is often thrown away as an article of no Value in the market. Many other particulars are added, for which we muft refer to the work. The population is de- fcribed by the expreflion, a countlefs multitude. We fliall pafs over the nature of their religion, whfch is Moharhmedart ; of their government, which is an eleflive monarchy ; and the fingnlar mode of their electing a new king from among the children of the deceafed fovereign : but the account of the prefent ftjltan, his wives, and his children (p. 227) 5s too curious not to be exhibited. , •,.<». /.; * The prefent fuhan, whofe name is Aiti, is a man of an unoftentati- ous, plain appearance ; for he feldom wears any other drefs than the common blue fliirt of cotton or filk, aud the filk ormuflin turban, which form the ufual drefs of the country. Such) however, is the magnifi- cence of his feraglio) that the ladies who inhabit it are faid to be 500 in number, aud he himfelf is defcribed as the reputed father of 350 child- ■'^n, of whom 300 are males ; a difproportion which naturally fuggefls the idea that the mother, preferring to the gratification of natural affec- tion the joy of feeing herlelf the fuppofed parent of a future candidate for the empire, fometimes exchanges her female child for the male off- fpring of a ftranger. * We are told that firearms, though not unknown to the people of Bornou, arc not pofTefled by them. * South-eaft frOm Boraou, lies the extenfive kingdom of Begafmee ; and, beyond this kingdomj are faid to be feveral tribes of negroes, idola* ters, and feeders on human flefli. Thefe, we are told, are annually in- vaded by the Beg\rmeefe ; and when they have taken as many prifoners as their purpofe may require, they drive the captives, like cattle, to Be- garmee. It is farther faidj that if any of them, exhaufted by fatigue, happen to linger in their pace, one of the horfemen feifes on the oldeft, aud cutting off his arm, ufes it a4 a club to drive on the reft. * We are not much difpofed to give credit to this relation. That the negroes, who are fold for flaves, are different from the otlier Africans, is not probable; and that they fliould be driven along with the mangled limbs of their afTociates, utterly exceeds biilicf. * The empire of Calhna bears a great refemblance to that of Bbr- ilou. ' After perufing what is here related of tlie extent, population^ fer- tilitVi manufactures, and commerce of thefe regions, w6 may be per- mitted to wonder at their havin^^ remained altogether unknown to Eu* ropeans. We cannot but fufpcil confiderable exaggerations. That the interior parts of Africa are peopled, the caravans which go from Cairo and Tripoli, and which are often abfent three years, futticiently evince : but that they are divided into regular and civilifed ftates, may be a queftion. A thou/ttml toivns and villages in one empire, and ///"(y different languages fpoken in the other, raHuifeft a difpofuion in the flic- reef Inihammed to enlargemei.t, or, at leaft^ to retail loofe reports. That they fliould be acquainted with, yet not pofllfs fire-arms, nor make any attempt to navigate the Niger, nor evt.i to take the fifli that abound in it^ waters, but liftTe accords with the hil^ory of their com- iBerce, and of their pro^jafs in manufaftures. ' Let ui, however, make all poirible deductions, aud be ever fo incif- ccount of the lamps s, p. i39» 3wn away culars are on is de- s over the vernment, ir eleding eign : but 1 (p. 227) loftentati- ;s than the •an, which e magnifi- be 500 in 350 child- ly fuggefts ural affec- candidate ! male off- people of SIERRA LEONE. .„^BULAM '■'.^ dulous as to feme nartlr,,!, .u '^* """" ^^^^M. g "s of the interior rrSf^'.^f'^P^orpea which this narnf' cuftomed to confidL C^^^ ^''^^^^r part of wh^h f ""^ '^^^"5 to d^folation) m'°ft ff^'J' '°"'^«?^'^' ^y natt re, to el? ^T ^'^^" ^^- ■ remarlced/it i LT.'^ P.^' P'^=»<'"''e; and though T"'^.^^'"''"y «"d objea of he miffio^'v ^'"'S fatisfaftorv, „r froft '-^^ ^'^^^ ^^rca^r evidence which 1^,^:^' "^''^ '^^ ''^^'^^'^d by the7n^- 7"« ^"^^^--^d the d«ce Europeans S.?.'°,""Se them to per W ?' "'^^ ^^""^ °f - of the l&rS^^' ^^-'^^ - -1^ tCSS^-^l;;: SIERRA LEONE,... BUL^. A Settlement, from the a ' *'" ^''" ' "' '^ ' • '- ' ' ' ' Md builS „/i,"'?'^ P'-'"^«'l» with dLe.^n^^^'''' "'^'•''•"ms. "<) A the Guinea, or wc&eru cvall, the logUfli trade to Jaoies' FortJ I. •• COUNTRY or the HOTTENTOTS. loi and other fettlemcnts near and up the river Gambia, where they ex- change their woollen and linen maniifaftures, their hard ware and fpi. rituous liquors, for the perfdns of the natives. Among the negroes, a man's wealth confiih in the number of his family, whom he fclls like fo many cattle, and often at an inferior price. Gold and ivory, next to the flavc trade, form the principal branches of African commerce, Thefe are carried on from the fame coaft, where the Dutch and French as well as Englifli, have their fettlements for the purpofe. The Portu- gucfe are in pofleffion of the eaft and weft coaft of Africa, from tho tropic of Capricorn to the equator ; which immenfe traA they became mafters of by their fucftcffive attempts, and happy difcovery and navi- gation of tlie Cape of Good Hope. From the coaft of Zanguebar, on the eaftern fide, they trade not only for the articles above mentioned, but likewifc for feveral others, as fenna and aloes, civet, ambergrifc, and frankincenfe. coujJtry OF THE HOTTENTOTS. During the thirty.fix hours which I fpent (fays Monfietir Vail- lant) with the Gonaqua Hottentots, I had time to make feveral ob» fervations concerning them. I remarked that they made a clapping Roife with their tongue, like the reft of the Hottentots. When they ac- foft any one, they ftretch forth the hand, faying, Tnbf^ I falute you. This word and ceremony, which are employed by the CaiFrees, are not ufed by the Hottentots, properly fo called. This affinity of cuftoms, manners, and even conformation ; their be- ing fo near Great CaiFraria, and the accounts I afterwards received^ convinced me thefe hordes of Gonaquas, who equally refemble the Caf> frees and the Hottentots, muft be a mixed breed, produced by thefe two nations. The drefs of the men, arranged with more fymmetry, hat the fame fliape as that of the Hoi entots ; but as the Gonaquas are t little taller, they make their mantles of calves' inftead of flieep's Hcins ; they are both called kro/s. Several of them wear, hanging from their necks, a bit of ivory, or very white ftieep-bone, and this contraft of the two colours produces a good efTcA, and is very becoming. When the weather is exceffively hot, the men lay afide every part of their drefs that is fuperiluous, and retain only what they name their jackals. This is a piece of Ikin of the animal fo called, with which they cover what nattire bids them conceal, and which is faftened to their girdle. This veil, however, negligently arranged, may be confidered as an ufelefs appendage, and is of very little fervice to their modefty. The women, much fonder of drefs than the men, employ more care in ad- ernlng their perfons. They wear a kro/s like the latter, but the apron which conceau their fex is larger than thofe of the Hottentots. During the great heats, they retain only this apron, with a (kin which defcends, behind, from their girdle to the calf of the leg : young girls below the age of nine years go perfectly naked { when they attain to that age, they wear nothing but a fmall apron. Whatever may be the extent of the deferts of Africa, we muft nrt form any calculation refpe^ing its population from thofe innumerat i'warms of flacky which are found on the weft, i^nd which border 9U the m-'*' *¥!■■ 'iC', 8o| COUNTRY OF THE HOTTENTOTS. "if Iflii ; Mm'! I coaft of the ocean, from the Canary ifles to the environs of the Cape sf Good Hope. There is cenainly no proportion to enable us to hazard even a conjecture ; fince by a trade approved by a few, and held in de- teOation by the greater number, the barbarous navigators of Europe have induced thefe negroes, by the moft villanous attraftions, to give up their prif'oners, or thofe who are inferior to them in Itrength. As their wants increafed, they have become inhuman and perfidioiis be- ings ; the prince has fold his fubjeds ; the mother has fold her fon ; and nature, as an accomplice, has rendered her prolific. This difgiifting and execrable traffic is, however, ftill unknown in the interior parts of the continent. The deftrt is really a dcfert; and it is only at certain diftances that one meets with a few hordes^ that are not numerous, and who live on the fruits of the earth, and the pro- duce of their cattle. After finding one horde, one muft travel a great way to find another. The heat of the climate, the drynefs of The fands, the barreiinefs of the earth, a fcarcity of water, rugged and rocky mountain!!, ferocious animals ; and, befides thcfe, the humour of the Hottentots, a little phlegmatic, and their cold temperament — are all obflacles to propagation. When a father has fix children, it is account- ed a phaenomeiion. ■> , ^,,^ ;v: ?: 1^ (%• ' The country of the Gonaquas, into w|iich I penetrated, did not theretoic contain three thoufand people, in an extent of tliirty or forty leagues. Thefe people did not refenibie thofe degenerated and mifera- ble Hottentots who pine in the heart of the Dutch colonies, contempt!, blc and defpifed inhabitants, who bear no marks of their ancient ori- gin, but an empty pame ; and who enjoy, at ae cxpenfe of their li- berty, only a little peace, purchafed af a dear ■••ate, by the exceflive la- bour to .1 hich they are fubjeded on ti.e plantations, and by the defpot- ifm of their chiefs, who are always fola '.d government. I had here / \s ' its grcateft elevation ; and his noftrils, which arc exceflively wide, often exceed in height the ridge of his nofe. His mouth is large and furnifli. rd with fmall teeth, well enamelled and perfe»^tly white : his eyes, very beautiful and open^ incliite a little towards the nofe, like thofe of the Chinefe : and to the fight and touch his hair has the refemblanceof wool; it is very fliort, curls naturally, and in colour is as black as ebony. He has very little hair, yet he employs no fmall care to pull out by the roots part of what he has; but the natural thinnefs of his eye-brows faveshim from this trouble in th;it part. Though he has no beard but upon the upper lip, below the nofe, and at the extremity of the chin, he never fails to pluck it out as foon as it appears. This gives him an efFeiniuate look ; which, joined to the natural mildnefs of his character, deftroys that commanding fiercenefs ufual among lavages. The women, with more delicacy of features, exhibit the lame charafteriftic marks in their figure: they are equally well made. Their breads, admirably placed, have a mofi beautiful form while in the bloom of youth : and their hands are fmall, and their feet exceedingly well (liaped, though they never wear fandals. -The found of their voice is foft ; and their idiom, pafT- ing through the throat, is not dcftituteof harmony. VVheq they fpeak, they employ a great many geftures, which give power and graccfuluefs to their arms. The Hottentots are naturally timid ; their phlegmatic coolnefs, and their ferioqs looks, give them an air of referve, which they never lav afide, even at the moft joyful moments; while, on the contrary, all other black or tawny nations give themfelves yp to plcafurc with the livelieft joy, and without any reftraint. ^. .-.♦vn.* J-? :,; . A profound indifference to the affairs of life inclines them very much to inEidivity and indolence : the keeping of their flocks, and the care of procuring a fubfirtence, are the only objefts that occupy their thoughts. They never follow hunting as fportfmen, but like people oppreHedand tormented by hunger. In fliort, forgetting the paft, and being under iio uneafinefs for the future, they are ftruck only with the prefent ; and it is that which alone engages their attention. They are, however, (obferves M. Vaillant) the befl,the kindefl:, and the moft hofpitable of people. Whoever travels among them may be aflurcd of finding food and lodging; and though they will receive pre- fents, yet they never aik for any thing. If the traveller has a long jour- ney to acco nplifh ; and if they learn from the information he requires that there are no hopes of his foon meeting with other hordes, that which he is going to quit fupply him with provifions as far as their circnm- Itances will allow, and with every thing elfe necelTary for his coritinuing hii journey, and reaching the place of his deftination. Such are thefe people, or at lead fuch did they appear to me, in all the innocence oi manners, and of a pafloral life. They excite the idea of mankind in a ilate of infancy, 'v^t.-..^. ', -^ .>*J-p-,.>f'-'"' ■;^■ -■;.»'.. ..».- -A- : . ..-'.A.y^:: .,..t', ■.. ■;..;;<. L / ■,;... , fi \ ,. . .• .,.,,''.1 'VI tilt " J3'! :.T-,--^?^->;u-N., C A F F R A R-I A. ^f-:^-!*. - 1 HE country known by the general denomination of Caffraria, is J verv extenfive region, bounded on the north by Negroland audi Abyffiuia; on the welt by part of Guinea, Congo, audthefea; onthej C A F FR A R I A. to Ic, ofttn furnifl\- 'es, very e of the of wool; Dny. He the roots aves him upon the he never rTeiniuatc (leftroys icn, with .& in their y placed, leJr hands hey never iom, palV- ley ("peak, ■accfuluefs )Inefs, and never lay ntrary, all e with the very much [ the care ot" 'v thoughts. prefled and leing under efent ; and ^indefl:, and •m may be l-eceive pre- iongjour- I he requires that which leir circiiru- :oiitinuii\g th are thefe Inocence oi lankind in a iffraria, isd rroland and] ffea; on the fotith by the Cape of Good Hope ; and on the eaft by the fea. It is di- vided into feveral territories and kingdoms, of which little is kuown, and is computed to be 700 miles long and 660 broad. We fljall give a more particular defcription of (he people from two modern writers; the firft celebrated for his botanical knowledge; the • other for his tafte in natural hiftory, but more efpecially for his very entertaining and interefting travels into the interior parts of.Africa, which, it is hoped, will not prove unacceptable to the reader. The men among the Caftrees, fays lieutenant Paterfon, are from five' feet ten inches to fix feet high, and well proportioned, and in general [ ' evince great courage in attacking lions or any beafts of prey. The coloyr of the Catfrees is a jet blick, their teeth white as ivory, ■ and their eyes large. The clothing of both fexes is nearly the fame, ^. *• confiding entirely of the hides of oxen, which areas pliant as cloth. ' The men wear tails of different animals tied round their thighs; pieces' ' of brafs in their hair, and large ivory rings on their arms : they arc alfo adorned with the hair of lions, and feathers fattened on their heads, with many other fantafiical ornaments. They are extremely fond of dogs, which they exchange for cattle ; and to fuch a height do they carry this palfion, that if one particularly pleafes them,- they will give two bullocks in exchange for it. Their ' whole exercife through the day is hunting, fighting, or dancing. Tliey*^, are expert in throwing their lances ; and in time of war ul'e fliields made; ' of the hides of oxen. The women are employed in the cultivation of their gardens and corn.' They cultivate feveral vegetables, which are not indigenous to their country, fuch as tobacco, water melons, a fort of kidney-beans, anei hemp- The women alfo make bafkets, and the mats which they deep on. The men have great pride in their cattle; they cut their horns iu fuch a way as to be able to turn them into any fliape they pleafe ; and they teach them to anfwer.a whiftk'. Wlien they wirti their cattle to return hom^ they go a little way from the ho\)fe, and blow this fmall jnftrument, which is made of ivory or bone, and fo conftrndled as to be heard at a" great difiance, and in this manner bring all their cattle home without any ditficuhy. The foil of this country is a blackilli loamy ground, and foextrenvGly fertile, that every vegetable fubdance, whether fo'vn or planted j grov\''s herewith great luxuriance. There are great .variations in the climate; but I had no thermometer to obferve the degrees of heat. It feldom rains except in the fummer feafon, when it is accompanied with thiin- dcr and lightning. The country, however, is extremely well fupplied with water, not only from the high land towards the north, \rhich fur- niflies abundance throughout the year, but from many fountains of ex- cellent water, which are found in the woods. From what I obferved in this comitry, I am induced to believe, that it is greatly fuperior to any other known part of Africa. The woods produce a variety of arboreous plants, and fome of a great fize; they are inhabited by elephants, buffa- loes, &:c. There were alfo varieties of b^utiful birds and butterflies ; but they were fo iliy, that I was able only to prefer ve two birds of that country. To judge of the Caffrees by thnfe I had feen, fays M. 'Vaillant, they are taller than the Hottentots of the colonics, or even than the Gona. quas, though they greatly refemble the latter, but are more robuft, and poliefs a j»reater degree of pride and courage. The features of the Caf- frees are. l|fke wife more agreeable, none of their faces coutrai^ting to- '1^:. I: ■ l< 'ilf»l 'i • : 'Mm V' s ■ f ■ u m:\ 8l2 C A F F R A R I A. wards the bottom, nor do the cheek-bones of tl)«re people projcft in the uncouth manner of the Hottentots ; neither have they lar^c flat facei and thick lips like their neighbours, the negroes of Mofambique, but a veil formed contour, an agreeable nofe, with eyes fparkling and ex- preffive: fo that, fitting audc our prejudice with regard to colour, there arc many women among them who might be thought handfome by the fide of an European lady. They do not disfigure themfelves by daubing their eye-brows, like the Hottentots, but arc very much tat- toed, particularly about the face. The hair of the Catfrees, which is ftrong and curling, is never greafed, but they anoint the reft of their bodies, with a view of making them- fclves active and ftrong. The men are more particular in decorations than the women, being very fond of beads and brafs rints. They are feldcm fecn without bracelets on their legs and arms, made of the tudct of a^i elephant, which they faw to a convenient thicknefs, and then po- lifi; 2fnd round. As thefe rings cannot be opened, it is neceflaiy to make them big enough to pafs the hand through, fo that they fall or rife according to the motion of the arm ; fometimcs they place fmall rings on the arms of their children, whofe growth foon fills up the fpace, and fixes the ornament; acircumftance which is particularly plcafingto them. They likcwife make necklaces of the bones of animals, which they polilh and whiten in the mod feft manner. Some content them- felves with the leg.bone of a flietj. ranging on the breaft. In the warm feafon the CafFrecs only wear their ornaments ; when the weather is cold, they make ufcofkroffes made of the (kins of calves or oxen, which reach to the feet. One particularity which deferves attention, and does not cxift elfewhere, is, that the Caffrce women care little for ornamejits, Indeed, they are well made, and pretty, whe.i compared to other fa- vages ; and never ufe the uncouth profufion of Hottentot coquetry, not even wearing copper bracelets. Their aprons, like tnofe of the Gona- auas, are bordered with fmall rows of beads, which is the only vanity they exhibit. The fltin that the female Hottentot ties about the lojns, the Caffree woman wears as high as her lhoulders,.,tying it over the bofom, which it covers. They have, like the men, a krofs, or c!->ak, of calf or ox fliin, divefted of the hair; but it is only in the cold Oi rainy feafon that eltiier ifx wear it. Theie (kins are as foft and pliant as the finelt fluffs. Let the weather or feafon. prove ever fo bad, neither niien nor women cover their heads. Sometimes, indeed, I have feen the head of a Caf- frre adorned with a featlier fluck in the hairj but this fight is by no means common. One pavt of the daily occupation of the women is making earthent ware, which they fafliion as dcxteroufly as their hufbands ; they like* wife make a curious kind of bafkets, of a texture fo compa^ as to con- tain milk; and they alfo prepare the fields for feed, fcratching the earth, rather than digging it, with wooden pick-axes. The huts of the Caffrees are higher and more commoidious than thofe of the Hottentots: they form perfect heniifpheres, and are compofed of wooden work, very ftrong ano compact, covered both within and with- out with a mixture of earth, clay, and cow-dung. The opening, or d'oor-way is {o low, that to enter the dwelling you muft crawl on your hands and knees, which makes it eafier to defend themfelves againft animals, or the fudden attacks of an enemy. The hearth, or fire-pfecc, is in the centre, furrounded by a circular rim which ri(es two or thref inches, . , .. .. , C A F F R A R I A. 813 Gona- vaoity tan thofe ipofed of nd with- ning, or on your |s againft re-pfecc, or three The lands of Caffraria, either from their fituation, or the number of fraall riven that refrefh them, are more fertile than thole of the Hot- tentots. The Caifrees praftife agricuhure, which proves they arc not naturaHy wanderers. I have remarkqd, continues M. Vaillant, that, notwithftanding the beautiful foreds that adorn Caffraria, and delightful pa (lures which fpring up and almoft cffver the animals which feed on them ; notwith- Handing thofe rivers and ftreams which crofs each other in a thoufand different direAions, to render them rich and fertile; their oxen, their cows, and almoft all their animals, are much fmaller than thofe of the Hottentots — a difference which undoubtedly arifes from the nature of the fap, and a certain flavour predominant in every kind of grafs. T. have made the obfervation both on domcftic and wild animals, which never acquire the lize of thofe bred in the dry barren countries I have pafTed through. Induftry is a leading trait in the chara6ler of the Caffrees. Some arts, taught indeed by neceffity, a love of agriculture, with a few religtoua dogmas, diftinguiih them as a more civilifed people than thofe towards the fouth. Circumciflon, which is generally pra^ifed among them, proves that they either owe their origin to an ancient people, or have fimply imi- tated the inhabitants of feme neighbouring country, of whom they have no longer any remembrance; they do not ufe it (as they fay) in any relieiuus or myftical fcnfe. They acknowledge a Supreme Being, and believe in a future ftate, where the good will be rewarded, and the wicked punidied ; but have no idea of the creation, thinking the world had no beginning, and will ever continue in its prefent ftate. They have no facred ceremonies. They inftrudl their own children, having no priefts ; but, inftead of them, a kind of forcerers or conjurors, whom they greatly diftinguiih and revere. The Caffrees are governed by a chief or king, whofe power is verjr limited, receiving no tax, having no troops at his command, but being the father of a free people; neither attended nor feared, but refpefted and beloved, and frequently poorer than many of his fubjefts. Being permitted to take as many wives as he pleafes, who think it an honour to belong to him, it is necefiary that he fliould have a larger portion of land to cultivate, and a greater number of catde to tend and feed ; thefe being his only refources for the maintenance of his numerous family, he is fttquently in danger of being ruined. His cabin is neither higher nor better decorated than the reft; his whole family andferaglio live rouad him, compofing a groii;) of a dozen or fifteen huts, the adjoining lands are generally of his own cultivation. It is a cuKom among the Caffrees, for each to gather his own grain^ which is their favourite nourifhment, and which they grind or crufli between two (tenes ; for which reafon, the families living fcparately, each furrounded by his own plantation of corn, occafions a fmall /loriU fometimes to occupy a league fquare of ground ; a cireumftance never &en among the Hottentots. The diftance of the different iorJcs makes it necefTary that they (hould have chiefs, who are appointed by the king. When there is any tJting to communicate, he fends for, and gives them orders, or jather infor- mation, which the chiefs bear to their feveral ^orJesr. '" . ■ The principal weapon of the CafFree is the lance or afTaygay, whicti fliowshis difpolition t,o beat once intrepid and noble, defpifing, as be- . 1- '^ •.*^ «i4 C A F F R A R I A. |H,I' I If Kr m low his courage, the ehvenomed darr, fo m\ich in life among hirf neigh- bours: feeking his enemy fate to face, nnd never tiirowing his lance but openly. In war he carries a fliitld of about three feet in height, made of the thickelt part of the hide of a bulFaloe; this defends iiini from the arrow or aliaygay, but is not proof againfV a mufquet ball. The Caffree alio manages with great ll! i ., J ' !l !.*^ where the European (hips ufcd formerly to put in when they loft their padage to India. It is a populous plentiful country, yielding moft of the fruits and plants that are ufually found within the tropics, together with frankincenfe, gum-tragacanth, and aloes. The inhabitants are Mabonietans, of Arab extra6tion, and are under the government of a prince or ftieik who is probably tributary to the Porte. '■ * "■ BABELMANDEL. The ifland of Babclmandel gives' name to the ftraitatthe entrance of the Red Sea, where it is fitiiated in Eaft long. 44-40. north lat. jz; abeut four rniles both from the Arabian and AbyliGnian iliores. The Abyflinians, or Ethiopians, and the Arabians, formerly contended with great fury for the pod'effion of this ifland, as it commando the entrance into the Red Sea, and preferves a commu- nicatiuu with the ocean. This ftrait was formerly the only pafTage through which the commodities of India found their way to Europe; but fince the- difcovery of the Cape of Good Hope, the trade by the Red oea is of little importance. The ifland is of little value, being a barren fandy fpot of earth not five miles round. COMORA, Thefe iflands are five ; Joanna, Marotta, Mohilla, Angazei, and Comora, fituated between 41 and 46 eaft long, and be- tween 10 and 14 fouth lat. at an equal diftauce from Madagafcar and the continent of Africa. Joanna, the chief, and which exads tribute from the others, is about thirty miles long and fifteen broad, and af- fords plenty of provifions, and fuch fruits as are produced between the tropics. Eaft India (hips, bound to Bombay, vfually teach here for refreihments. The inhabitants are negroes, of the Mahometan perfua- fion, and entertain our feamen with great hatmanirv. *UDAGASCAR. This is the largeft of the Ahican iflands, and is filiated between 43 and 5; deg. eaft long, and between 10 and 26 I'outh lat. 300 miles fouth-eafl of the continent of Africa; it being near 1000 miles in length from north to fouth ; and generally between 200 and 300 m'les broad. The fea roils with great rapidity, and extremely rough, between this ifland and the continent of the Cape of Good Hooe, forming a channel or paflage, through whirh all European fljips in tp.tir voyage to and from India, generally (ail, unlefs prevented by florms. Ma'tii^afcar is a pleafant, deflrable, and fertile country, abounding in fug^rf honey, vines, fruit-trees, vegetables, valuable gums, corn, cattle, fowls, precious ftones, iron, fome filver, copper, fteel, and tin. It affords an agreeable variety of hills, valleys, woods, and champaign : watered with numerous rivers, and well ftored with fifli. The air ii generally temperate, and faid to be very healthy, though in a hot cli- mate. The inhabitants are of different complexions and religions ; fome white, fome negroes, fome Mahometans, fome Pagans. The whitet and thofc of a tawny complexion, who inhabit the coafts, aredefcend- ed from the Arabs, as is evident from their language, and their rcllgioos rites; but here are no mofques, temples, nor any ftated worfliip, except that they offer facrifices of beafts on particular occafions ; as when fick, when they plant yams, or rice, when they hold their afTemblies, circuni' cife their children, declare war, enter into new-built houfes, or bury their dead. Many of them obferve the Jewiflj fabbath, and give fome account of the facred hiflSry, the creation and fall of man, as alio of I Noah, Aiiraliam, Mofcs, and David; from whence it is conjcftured they are dcfcenrf^'d from Jews who toiraerly fettled here, though mnt knows how, or when* This ifland was difcovered by thfe Portuj th«ir~; lives } prince MA touche It \s fit dagafcj with 3 any wii is exire igueie, wd the French took pofi'e (Hon of it in 1641 ; but the people diltikvi^ AFRI^iVj^ \^l.JinDS, Hi; heir, ^of ther arc of a D the long, and wans, id, as nmu- laflagc iropc ; by the >eing a [ohilla, .nd be- :ar and tribute and af- eeii the icre for perfua- 5, and is 26 louth ear 1000 aoo and itremely ,f Good ;an fliips ;nted by founding 5, corn, and tin. Impa'gn- 'he air i» hot cVi- ^s -, fome ■e whitei Idefcend- Ireligious J, except [hen fick, circum- or bury live fooie 3S alio of nj earned ligh itont Irtu^nelfi their -goveriiment, tjiey wer« drlveft ©it llr i6$a ; fioce which the na- tives have had the fole pofleflion of the iflaiul, under a mimter of petty princ«, whp make war upon one auothcr lor llaves and phindcr. MAURITIUS, or Maurice, was fo called by the Dntrh, who firft touched here in 1598, in honour of prince Maurice their fladtholder. It is fituatcd in eart long. $6, fonth lat. 20, about 400 miles eafl of Mar dagafcar. It is of an oval form, about 1 50 miles in circumference, with a fine harbour, capable of holding fifty large fliips, fecure againu any wind tliat blows, and 100 fathoms deep at the entrance. The climate is extremely healthy and pleafant. The mountains, of which there are many, and fome fo high that their tops are covered with fnow, produce the befl ebony in the world, belides A.ious other kinds of valuable wood, two of which greatly refemble cLony in quality; one red, the other yellow as wax. The iiland is watered with leveral p'ealant rivers well (locked with fi(h; and though the foil is none of the moft fruitful, yields plenty of tobacco, rice, fruit, and feeds a great number of cattU, deer, goats, and flieep. It was formerly fubjeifl to the Putch, but is now in the pofTefTion -if the l'"reucli. BOURnON. The ille ot Bourbon is fituated in eaft long. 54, fouth lat. 21, about 300 miles eaft of Madagafcar, and is about ninety miles round. There are many good roads for fliippiiig round Bourbon, par- ticularly ou the north and fouth fides; but hardly a fingle harbour where fliips can ride fecure agaiuft thofe hurricanes which blow during the monfoons. Indeed, the coaft is fo furrounded with blind rocks, funk a few feet below the water, that coalting along fljore is at all times dangerous. On thefoulliern cKtremlty is a volcano, which continually throws out .flames and fmoke, with a liideous roaring noife. The cli- mate here, though extremely hot, is healthy, being rcfrefhed with cooling gales, that blow morning and evening from the fea and land ; fomeiimts, however, terrible hurricanes fliake the whole ifland almo^ to its foundation.; but generally without any othei bad confequencff than frightening the inhabitants. The ifland abounds in brooks and fprings, and in friiitj, grafs, and cattle, wilHi excellent tobacco (which the French have planted there), aloes, white pepper, ebony, palm, an,d other kinds of wood and fruit trees. Many of the trees yield odorife- rous gums and refins, particularly benzoin of an excellent fort, in great plenty. The rivers are well (tockcd with fifti, the coafl with land aiKl fea tortoifjcs, and every part of the country with honied cattle, as wpII as hogi and goat?. Ambergrife, coral, and the moft btautiful fliielis, jre found upon the fhore. The woods are full of turtle doves, paro- quets, pigeons, and a great variety of other birdf, i>eautiful to the eye, and pleafant to the palate. The French firft fettled here in the year 1671, after they were driven from the ifland of Madagafcar. They have, now fome confiderable towns in the ifland, with a governor : sjnd here their E»ft India fliips touch and take in refreftiments. , There are 9 great many more fmaU iflands about Madagafcar and n the eajlern cqaft of Africa^ i^d down in maps, but no where d^- ;ribed. , . ■,,, .j, s . . .4 Leaving thei'effM'e the eaftern world and the Indies, we now turn oimd the Cape of Good ^ope, which opens to our view the Atlantic, 1 immenfe oceaii ^ying betwijen toe two grand divifions of the globe, ving Europe, Afia, and Africa, or the old world, on the eaft ; and ktritrici, or the new world, on tbt; wefl , towards which divifion we low fleer qur courfe, tonching i^ ouf way at th4e following iflands upon 'e African eo^ft, thait h»ve uot yet b?en defcribed, via, St. HeUn^, 3G -'■^T'lr V'*rT*yw,:^?^'^ i/ t 8i8 A F R'lC AN f 6 L AND S. ATcenfion, St. Matthews, St. Thdrtas, Sec. Gofce, Cape Verd.'thj; Canary dn* Madeira ifland*. .^« the JWij/>;^><'"'i* ^^>'/'•/'''«^' j./;:j}/>-^w St.-HELENA. The firft ifland on this fide tTi^ Capets Sf. Hfelena, fituattd ill weft lorrg. '6-4, foiith lat. 16, being 1200 miles weft or the continent of Africa, and r8oae«lft of Sou'h America. The i(?anci is a Tc^'', ^boiit tweiify-one miles tn circumference, very high and verv ftee'p,' arid oniy%'cceflvble af the landing-place, in a fmail valley at the eaft end of it, which is dt'fendt d by batteries of guns planted levd with the Water; and as the waves are perpctitallv daftiing on the fliore, itjj generally difficult landing even there. There is no other anchorage abouf^rheifliind biit at Chapel Valley Bay ; and as the wind always blows from tWe fouth-eaft, if a fliip overflioot'i the ifland ever fo little, (he cannot recover it again. The Englifti plantations here afford potatoes and yams, with figs, plantains, bananas, grapes, kidney. beans, and Indian corn; of the laft, however, moft part is devoured by rats, v.hich harbour in the rocks, asid cannot be 'ieftroycd ; fo that the flour they 'ufe, is almoft wholly imported from England ; and in times of fcarcity they generally eat yams and potatoes inftead of bread. 1 hough the ifland appears on every fide a hard barren rock, yet it is agreeably di. verfified with hills and plains, adorned with plantations of fruit-trees and garden ftuff- Thty have great plenty of hogs, bullocks, poultry, ducks, geefe, and turkeys, with which they fupply the failors, taking in exchange fliirts, drawers, or any light cloths, pieces of calico, filks, muflin, arrack, fugar, Ice. St. Helena is faid to have been firft difcovered by the Portuguefe on the feftival of the emprt-fs Helena, mother of the emperor Conftaritine the Great, whofe name it dill bears It does net appear that the Portn- guefe ever pi?inted a colony here ; and the Englifli Eaft India Companv . took pofleffion t>f it in 1600, and held it without interruption till the year 16; j, when tiie Dutch took it by furprife. Ho\)i'ever, the Englifli, ^vnder the command of captain Munden, recovered it again within ti:e fpace of a year, and at the fatuc tinrj* took three Dutch Eaft India (hips that lay in the road. There are about aoo families to the ifland, moft of th«m defcended from Englift parents. The Eaft India Ihips takein water and frefh provifions here in their way htime ; but the ifland is fo fmall, and the wind fo much againfi: rhem, outward bound, that they then very fcUIom fe? it. The company's affairs are here manaE;ed by a governor, deputy-go- vernor, and ftorc-keeper, who have ftaiidin;; falaries allowed by the ■company, befides a nuHic tuble, well furnifljed, to whirh all com- ■ iHRnders, mafl'ers'bfillins, and principal palTcrt^ers, »re welcome. ASCENSFON:" This iflatrl is fituatetl in 7 deg. 4.0 min. fouth k 600 miles north-weft of St. Helena : it received its name from its beiitj 'difcovered by the Portuitft-t*'-e'^ diF'/4icenfion, »nd was stl »difl':orvered 'by the-'Pbrtti^f^fti ■wHotjilfltited'itn^kt-pf'j^'jffefiiou of it Carrie ihabitt fmali Th. CESJ nea, h the ?o. ihippit] CAl of that »bich t weft /or Kar i4( ■^onie of tice. St ■Lucia, S dcrabje, iiig, is V inhabited St. Ug fceft inhat rence; ye produce is snd other plant of xj- ""dance a; aad foiMe , i»inet wilff: *^£'ifili«ii j P"", and i* ^re tor vvai ^ ^"fheifla, ''y file heat, ."'Vfdinto 1 «oali for tw Uradf for fair Uomv ro Joa more, 'j^/if, « oiit of the lata very ch. Fes, whUii I fniiabirants o, Nfpeak M), ">?** Pr^fenf "^"ifed abo «f an KiijjJijj "". though ii , "vlio a| '""? "p fill rth iiKc /i: y ali the . •loan. ,^. tllJ A FR I (S A N- IS L A N:D S. 9igf (ovnc iinit', but afterwards deferted it. This ifland now remains unin* habited, having little to iiwile.othe*; BatioBitp fettk-tticr^^ except » fmalllake of freili water. ^ > -> n ■ WK.tfj^. iv- ■> n,'-?" -^^/i^v.^i The four following iflands, v\t. St. THOMAS, AN ABOA, PRIN^t C£S ISLAND, and FERNANDOPO, are fituated in the gulf of Gui- nea, between Congo and Benin ; all of them were firft difcovered by the Portuguffe, and are ftill in the pofleliion of that nation, and furniflk shipping with frefli water and provifions as they pafs bv. CAPE VERD ISLANDS. Thefc iiknds are fo called from a cape «f that name on the Ahican coall, near the river Gambia, over as^ainll which they lie, at the di fiance of 300 miles between 23 and 26 deg. weft long, and 14 andaS deg. north lat. They were difcovered iatthc- year 1460, by the Portuguefe, and are about tweaty in number; Imt fonie of them, being only barren uninhabited rocks, are not worth no- tice. St. Jago, Bravo, Fogo, Mayo, Bonavirta, Sal, St. Nicholas, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Santa Cruz, aiid St. Antonio, are the moft couii- derable, and are fiibjefi to the Portuguefe. The air, generally fpeak^ ing, is very hot, and in fome of them very unwholefome. They are inhabited by Europeans, or the defcendeiits of Europeans, and negroes* St. Jago, where the Portuguefe viceroy refides, is the moft fruitful, iseft inhabited, and largeft of them all, being 150 miles in circumfe- rence; yet it is mountainous, and has much barr n land in it. Its produce is fugar, cotton, fome wine, Indian corn, cocoa-nuts, oranges, and other tropical fruits, plenty of roots, and garden ftuff; but the plant of moft cocifequence to them is the madder, which grows in ab- undance ainong tlie cliffs. Here is alfo plenty of hogs and poultry, and fome ot the prettieft green monkeys, with black faces, that are to lie met with anv where. Baya, or Praya (famous for an aftion between mEii^iiiii aad iVt;;,' >j(t town of the fame name in Holland. It is a fmall fpot not excfeding two miles in circvimfcreme, but its importance arifes from its fituation for trade fo near Cape Verde, and has been therefore an objeft of con. tention between European nations. It was firil podcfled by the Dutch, from whom, in 1663, it was taken by the Englifii, bnt in 1665 it was retaken by the Dutch, and in 1667 fubdued by the French, in whofe pofleffion It remained till the year 1759, when the Britifh arms, every whfre triumphant, again reduced it ; but it was reftored to the French at the treaty of peace in 1763. Jt was retaken by the Englifh the laft war, but j^iven up again by the peace of 1783. ' ,?/ ••'5 -ff' CANARIES. The Canaries, anciently called the Fortunate Iflandj, arefeven in number, and fituated between 12 and 19 deg. weft loniy. and between 27 and 29 deg. north lat. about 150 miles fouth-weft of Morocco. Tlieir particular names are Palma, Hiero, Gomer?!, Tene- riflPe, Grand Canaria, Fuertevcntura, and Langarote. Thefe iflands enjoy a pure temperate air, and abound in the nioft delicious fruits, elpecially grapes, which produce thofe rich wines that obtain the name or Canary, whereof the greatelt part is exported to England, which in time of peace js computed at 10,000 hogflieads annually. The Ca- naries abound with thofe little beautiful birds that bear their name, and are now fo common and fo much admired in Europe; but their wild notes in their native land far excel thofe in a cage or foreign clime. Grind Canary, which communicates its name to the whole, is about 150 miles in circumference, and fo extremely fertile as to produce two harvefts in a year. Teneriffe, the largelt of thefe iflands next to that of the Grand Canary, is about 120 miles round : a fertile country ab- ounding in corn, wine, and oil, though it is pretty much encumbered with mountains, particularly the Peak. Captain Glafs obferves, that in coming in with this ifland, in clear weather, the Peak may be eafily difcerned at 120 miles diftance, and in failing from it at 150. The peak is an afcent in the form of a fugar-Ioaf, about fifteen miles in cir- cumference, and, according to the account of Sprat, bifiiop of Ro» chefter, publilbed in the Philofophical Traufa6lions, nearly three miles perpendicular; b u lately afcertaincd to be only 13,265 feet. Thii mountain is a volcano, and fometimes throws out fuch quantities of fulphur and mtlttd ore, as to convert the richeft lands into barren dc. ferts. Thefe iflands were firft difcovtrcd and planted by theCarthagi. rians; but the Romans dtllroying that flate, put a flop to the nnviga. tion on the weft coaft of Africa, and the Canaries lay concealed from the reft of the world, until they were again difcovered by the SpaniardiB frequented in the year 1405, to whom they ftill belong. It is remarkable, tlialB i/laiid is ai, though the natives refembled the Africans in their ftature and coniplcx.B HtuQ\(, ^\ ion, when the Spaniards hrft came among thtm, their language waiB of Africa different from that fpoken on the continent ; they retained none of theiiB fcean, whic cuftoms, were mafterN of no fcitnce, and did not know there was-D/^ country in the world befules their own. MADEIRAS. The three iflands called the Madeiras are fituati according to the author of Anfon's voyage, in a fine climate, in 33!] north lat. and from 18-30 to 19-30 weil long, about 100 miles north the Canaries, and as many weft of Sallee, in Morocco. The larof! from whi( h the reft derive the general name of Madeiras, ox\ accouii! its being formerly almnlf covered with wood, is about feventy-fne mil long, lixty broad, and 180 in circumference. It is compofed of continued hill of a confideraMe height, extending from call: to weSj the (icclivity of which, ou the fouth fide, is cultivated, aud iuterfperfi with ^ their but or Seated Mards and is fiJIy be; Tbo Jay con the Por «n Engi took po Tfie Pc thick fo to this M the rjchi lemons, abounds hwh^ 'b( gon's bJo the beft f citrons ai which exi tifiil, and place in tl thence waj ing it fo p fiigar-cane veral forts the ifland, fell prodig it is faid, a <^ially to Bj better than fi'n in barr mal can iivi ^hich lies pafs, and e •nav ride w frn iflands, '37 and 40 n I Newfound la jrica. Thev fgwi or St. \ Bd Corvo. p'-.v, by Jofh im a voyage- 1( Niclj he foi, Fand,. Q^ AFRICAN ISLANDS. 8a t cdlng latton i con. Dutch, it was whofe , every French the laft Iflands, :ft long, -weft of , Tene- E iflands lis fniits, he name which in Tlie Ca. lame, and iheir wild lime, e, is about oduce two ;xt to that ountry ab- [icun.bered erves, that IV be eafily '50. The iViles in cir^ op of Ro' iree miles I et. Thill lantities of| barren de. leCarthagi. the iinviga. cealed froffll le Spaniardjl rkabli', tliall id coniplcS'i ngMagf wai| loneoftheil ere was'DJl ire fituati lite, ii» 3*'*' iles north Tbe largtl in accouiU! ty- five mil fifed of call to wei] inter rpei ^\th vinmrds ; and in the midft of this Hope the merchants have fixed thcif country feats, which form a very agreeable profpeft. There is but one confiderabletown in the whole ifland, which is named Funchal feated on the fouth part of the ifland, at the bottom of a large bay; to- wards the fea it is defended by a high wall, with a battery of ctn'non, and is the only place where it 'is poflible for a boat to land ; and eveft here the beach is covered with large flones, and a violent fiirf coniinu- ally beats upon it. Though this iflarrd feems to have been known to the ancients, yet I^ lay concealed for many generations, and was at lengtli difcovered by the Portuguefe in 1519; but others afTert that it was firft difcovcrod by «n Eiiglifhman, in the year 1344. Be that as it miy, the Porfugucle took pofleffion of it, and are ftill almoft the only people who inhabit it. The Portnguefe, at their firft landing, finding it little better than a thick forefl, rendered the ground capable of cultivation, by fetting fire CO this wood ; and it is now very fertile, producing, in great abundance, the richefl wine, ftigar, the mod delicious fruits, efpecially oranges, lemons, and pomegranates; together with ocrn, honey, and wax; it abounds alfo with boar? and other wild beaffs, .ind with all forts of fowlf, befides numerous groves of cedar trees, and thofe that yield dra- gon's blood, maffic, and other gums The inhabitants of this iflemafee the belt fweetmeats in the world, and fucceed wonderfully in preferving citrons and oranges, and in making marn.alade and perfumed pafles, which exceed thofe of Genoa. The lu^ar they make is extremely beau- tiful, and fmells naturally of violets. This indeed is faid to be the firfl place in the weft, where that manufafture was fet on foot, and from thence was carried to the Brafils in America. The Portuguefe not find' ing it fo profitable as at firfl, have pulled up the greatefl pifrt of their fiigar-canes, and planted vineyards in their ftead, which produce fe- veral forts of excellent wine, particularly that which bears the name of the ifland, Malmfey, and Tent ; of all which the inhabitants make and fell prodigious quantities. Not lefs than 20,000 hogflieads of Madeira, it is faid, are yearly exported, the greatefl part to the Weft Indies, cfpe«> cially to Barbadoes; the Madeira wine not only enduring a hot climate better than any other, but even being improved when expofed to the Am ill barrels after the bung is taken out. It is faid no venomous ani- mal can iive here. Of the two other iflands, one is called Porto Santo, which lies at a fmall diflance from Madeira, is about eight miles in com- pafs, and extremely fertile. It has very good harbours, where fliips may ride with fafety againfl all winds, except the fouth weft; and is frequented by Indiamen witward and homeward bound. The Qthet ifland is .^n inconfiderable barren rock. V* ". /i/^ORF.S, Leaving the Madeiras, with which we clofe the account of Africa, we continue our courfe weftward. through this iirmenfe ocean, which brings itS to the Azores, or, as they are called, the Wcit- ern iilands, fituated between 25 and 32 dcg. weft long, and between 37 and 40 north lat. 900 miles wtft of Portugal, and as trany eaft of Newfoundland, lying almoft in the mid-way between Europe and Ame<. jrica. They are nine in number, and are named Sunta vlaria, St. MT- [gwi or St. Michael, Tertera, St. George, Graciofa Favil. I'ieo, Flores, id Corvo. They were difcovered in the n-'hiJk of ilie fifteenth cen- jtury, by Jofhua Vander Berg, a merch.int o^ %uges in Flanders, who, [in a voyage to Lifbon, was, by ftrefsof weaclur, driven to thefe ifland;, U'hich he found deflitute of inhabitants, and called them the Flemifli liflandi. On his arrival at Llfbon, he boalted of tins diicovery, on 3 G 3 ' ■ !■ ■^ i ^1 J- i- ■'>' ■'I ■Iftiv; /» A ^I ERICA. A which the Portuguefe fet fail immediately, and took poiTeflion of theh\ which they ftill retain. They were called in general, the Azores, from the great number of hawks and falcons found among them. All theft iflands enjoy a very clear and ferene Iky, with a falubrious air, but are cxpofed to violent earthquakes, from which they have frequently fuf. 'fered : and alfo by inundations of the furrounding waves. They are however, extremely fertile in corn, wine, and a variety of fruits, alfo cattle, fowl, and fifli. It is faid, that no poifonous or noxious animal breeds on the Azores, and that, ijl carried thither, they will expire in a few hours. '^.ix.iZ^^. ^.niiU. St. Michael, which is the largcft, being near loo miles in circum- ference, and containing 50,000 inhabitants, wa» twice invaded and plundered by the Englifti, in the reign of queen Elizabeth. Tercera is the moft important of thele iflands, on account of its harbour, whichis fpacious, and has good anchorage; bu^ is expofed to the fouth-eaft winds. Its capital town, Angra, contains a cathedral and five churches, and is the refidence of the governor of thefe iflands, as well as of the bii^pp. t i '*". ^ -7 ,"*, .• ' ; • ■ ^:&v. aar I iM' '•.,:'A ..•(! - JJlf-an-V'KiW, nLkt'y :y, ■■if.-'i ; .' 14'.- v.A>,vo -■* , NS . .it-Hi0j'<.^ :' I.- ifc V f;^^*i*, i«> 'i^-'t- v It 5^ Ir-*.*-'' JTS DISCOVERY AND CONQUEST.-^"' *• E are now to^ treat of a country of vaft extent and fertility, snd which, thoui;h little cultivated by the hand of art, owes in niany refpefts moie to that of nature, than any other divifion of the globe. The particular circumftanccs of this country require that we Ihoiiid in fome meafure vary our plan, and before defiribing its prefent ftate, afford fuch information with regard to its diicovery, as is moll necclTary for fatisfying our readers. • ,'*v*if" '* Towards the clofe of the i^^tli century, Venice and Genoa Afr ere the only powers in Europe who owed their fupport to commerce. An in- terference of interefis inl'pired a mutual rivalfliip; but in traffic Veni« was much fnnerior. She engrofled ihe whole commerce of india, then, and indeed always, the moft valuable in the world, but hitherto entirely carried on through the inland parts of Alia, pr by the way of Egypt and the Red Sea. In this ftate of affairs, Colwrabns^ a native of Genoa, I whofe knokvledge'of the true figure of the earth,, however attained, \m\ rrtuch fuperior to the general notions of the age in which h« lived, coii' ceivcd a projert of fiiiling to the Indies, by a bold and u'nk»ovyn routf, I and of opening to his country a new fource of opulence an ing alt they h pcated Col mil defray intent; and hQ a;i &dvi andi th tiirptigf t«f0jwa tie? to^c pafs, thi of natur he had 1 how bj-c bqardj a! e.co %yiOe, ai iohahit^tjt country hi ofti^umpt and more ledge pt a America China, part 0/ Ind dctefted, name has r AMERICA. 823 them, , from I theft l>ut are tly fuf- ey arc, ts, alfo animal ire in a :ircum- ied and ercera is which is )Uth-eaft hurches, IS of the }i*M" '>" . stAkfi' 7.'' tllity, and s in many the globe, ihould in fent ftate, \ neceffary difoflt.thi9tim0,b*g»n to operate, he had reafon to expert boltw «<'C€«fs.' But .the Portttgutie (jontented themrelves with creep-, iflf aioHg the coaft of Africa, and difcov.eriug one cape after another ;i they had no Uotion of venturing boldly into the open kn. Such re- peated dilappointmeht? would have brolien the fpirit pf any man but ColunibuJ. The ?xp6diiion required e« pen lie, and he had nothing to defVfty i*.!.His mind, howVcr, ftiil retained firm ; he became the more intent on, ihis'dcfigu, the more difficulty he iounj in accpmplifliing it, and iie was infpirtjd wii,h,th3t noble eiifhufiafm whic;h always ajiiiiiates z}\ ft(iyejiturQUs,afld)Orjgifiai genius, ^pain ^^as^uowJiU onl'y,r£faui;gftf indi there, «ft«r, <^igh^,y tars' attendaifnie, he. ^"iKctefj^d, fnC,p|>iMly, tiH-pUgh 1^4 :int.t?|f iiiueet^ Ifi^bcUaj. ^ftj.iai)ri in the, ,fftt« of,.ujhicli.;«iiie inhabitwti qf; tifniiworldp were iyterefted;. In thi? v^yaga.hei had a rhoufand difBti^-, tie» to;come.nd vyitU ;j,th?:ni9ft itriking; w;as thf!;,;Vi«iiatioa of the com-. paf», then firft ,obfer,wed,tand which reem(.'d|,ta, threaten tl:at the laws, of nature .were /altered, in «in unknown ocean, and that the paly guide' he had Itft w,as ready to forfake hia;. His failors, alw^ays difcontcnted^ hovv brpk^; out into open piutiny,, threatening to throw him oyer-i bwcdj and infificd on their return. , lint the firmnefsof the comnriander, aa4jmil«,h more the diCppy^q^y .j^f land after a voyage of 33 days, put an t;»d tp fhe cpmmotion. ; j.GjOtlumbus firft landed 90 one of the Bahama ifl^ji^ij?; but here, to- ills fvu'prifc4j(iiie iHand ,called; Hifpanipla, abounding in all the neceffuries of life, inhabited by a hu- mane and hofpitable people, and, what was of ftiU greater conirquence, aisjit infu/«d his. favourable reception at , home, prorijifing from fome famplc* he received, conliderable quantities of gold. I'his ilia nd there- fore he;,pr9()pfed tp make the centre rof his difcov jcs ; and having left uppn ic a few of bis comjw^iohs, a$ the ground-work of a colony, feturncd to Spain tp procure the necelFary reiiiforcenieiits. .i)Tl^iPOU*t was then at Barcelona: ColumbiJti travelled thither from %y^lje, aniidfl the acclainatians of the people, attended by fome of the iuhahiiauts, the gpld, the mms, the utenfils, and ornaments of the couHtry he had dilVovered. .This entry into Barcelona was a fpecies of trjumph moue gloi-*oiis than that of conquerors, more uncommon, and more iniu»j;m)t,. In this voyage he had acquired a general know- ledge pf all ,the ifl,»<)ds in the great fea whi<;h>divldes North and South America ; but he ha imp^irttangled in a multitude of iflands, of which he reckoned i6o JA one dtfy. Thefe iftands, which were well inhabited, and abounding in alfthe.neceflarics of life, gave him an opporturtify of reflefting on this fertility of nature where the world expcfteci notching but the barren ocean ; he called them Jardin de la Reifia, or the Queen's Garden, in gratitude to his royal benefaftrefs, who was always uppermoft in his memory. In the fame voyage, Ja- ••■-: maica was diicovered. But to fo mkny difficulties was Columbus ex- pofed, >n an tinknown fea, among rocks, flielves, and fands, that he returned to Hifpaniola, without learning any thing more certain •wit'.i regard to Cuba, the main objeft of this eriteyprife. 3y the ftrit fuccefs of this great man, the public diffidence was turn- ed into admiration; but by a continuance of the fame fnccefsj tlieir admiration degenerated into envy. His enemies in Spain fet- every fpring in motion againft him ; and th^i-^ is no difficulty m finding fpe- clous grounds of accufation againfl fuch as are employed in the execu- tion of an extenfive and complicated' plan. An officer Was difpatclied from Spain, fitted by his cha rafter to aft the paft of a fpy and inform- er, atitt whofe prtfence plainly demonftraW to ColUmbos the necef- fity of returning to Europe, for obviating tHe dbjeftions oi* calumny of his enemies. ■ It was not wHhout great difficulty that he was enabled to fet out on a-third expedition, ftill more famous than any he had hitherto under- taken. Hfc defigned to ftand to the fouthward of the Canaries untilhf came under the equinoctial line, and tWcn to piibceed direftly weft, ward, that he might difcover what opening that might affoM to India, or^what new iflands, or wNit continent might reward hislabhufi'. In this navigation, after being long byHed in a thick fog, and ftiffe, a fea« iTwn faw land, which was an ifland on the coaft of Guiana, now called T«inidad. Having puflcd this ifland, end ti^o others which lie in thf / A M B R IC A.' t«i vnius >f^ or ft (le. I from to ac- , with inding uirn to made, lumber but ihe , "Where tag«ous fpeiiit a livgth'rt nded no' ;her dif- derived >me fpe- nd, or a ro afcer- ng along Uitudeof 5, which ife, gave vhere the Jardin de lefaftrefs, mbiis ex- mds, that re certain ifiitVuth of the great river Gronoco, the admira! was fnfpril'ed with aa appearautt he had never feen before : this whs the frightful tumult; of>the wavbs, otcafiiMied by a conflift between the tide of the fe» aiid '-the rapid current of the immenfe river Oronoco. But failm^ forward, he plainly difcovered that they were in fredi wfttef; aHjJ jodgin^rightly that it was improbable any ifland fljould fupply \'o vaft' afi<>er,"he'b^ganto fufped he had difcovered the continent; butwheit be left the river, and found that the land continued on the weftward for » greht way, he wai corrvinced of iti Satisfied with this 4ifcov«ryj he yielded to the Wheijfincfs artd diftreflls of Ms crew, and bore away for Hifpftniola. In the courfc of this difcovery, Columbus landed at fevcv ral places, where in a fHendly manner he traded with the inhabitants, and found gold and pearl in fblirable plenty. About this time the fpirit o;f difcovtry l^i-ead itfelf widely, aftd maaf adventurers all over Europe tfiflted to acqtiire the reputatron of Colum* bus, without polTeffing his abilities.^ The Port uguefe difcovered Bra- fil, which makes at prefent the moft valuable part of their pofTefiions: Cabot, a native of Briftol, difcovered the north-eaft coaflls, which now compofe the Britifli' empire in North America: and Amerigo Vefpufio, a merchant of Florence, failed to' the fouthern continent of America, afld, being a man of addrefs, had the honour of giving his name to half the globe. But no one is nowimpofed on by the name; all thfc world knows that Columbus was the firft difcoverer. The being de- prived of the honoiit of giving name to the new world, was one of thd' fmalleft mortification's to which this great man was compelled to fubmit." For fpch were the clamours of his enemies, and the ingratitude of the coui't of Spain, that, after difcovering the continent, aiid rtiaking fet- tlemehts in the iflands of America, he was treated like a traitor, and carried over to Europe in irons. He enjoyed, however, the glory of rendering the one half of the world known to the other; a glory fo ranch the more precious, as it was untainied by cruelty or plunder, which disfigured all the exploits of thofe who came after him, and ac- compliflied the execution of his plan. He fully vindicated himfelfat dmirt, was reftdrCd to favour, and. undertook another Voyage in which he fufFered great fatigues. He returned to Spain, and died at Vallado- lid, in 1506, in the 59th year of his age. The fucceeding governors of Cuba and Hifpaniola endeavoured to purchafe the fame advantages by the blood of the natives, which Columbus had obtained by his good fenfe and humanity. Thefe iflands contained mines of gold. The In- dians only knew where they Were fituated ; and the extreme avarice 6f the Spaniards, too furious to work by the gentle means of peffuaflon, hurried them to ad« of the moft (hocking violence and crufelty againft thofe unhappy men, who, they believed, concealed from them part of their treafure. The flaughter once begun, they fet no bounds to their fury; in a few years they depopulated Hifpaniola, which contained three millions of inhabitaru* ; and Cuba, that had about 600,000. Bar- tholomew de las Cafas, a witnefs of thofe barbarous depopulations, fays, that the Spaniards went out with their dogs to hunt after men. The unhappy lavages, almoft naked and unarmed, were purfued like deer into the -thick of the forefts, devoured by dogs, killed with gun-fljot, or furprifed and burnt in their habitations'. The Spaniards had hitherto only vlfited the continent: from what they law with their eyes, or learned by report, they coi\je^,fiii)(iu«,tlie.iTioft powerful ^^te eiixhe continent of ^i^oi- ca: tliis was the empire otj^^jVlexico, rich,, powerful, and inhftbit^dby;, millions oi.Indians, pa^ionateiy fund of war, and then i^eadcd.by-Mon- t'eiuira^ \y,hofc fame in arms ftruck terror .in the neighbouring na^jkj^ii,; Never hiflory-f to be true, w&i aiore invjiro.^able and roiDaiuic^haHthat of this war. The empire of Mexico hiid l,^b^ttrd f(;r ages : its inhabi. tants, it is faiJ, were nut rude aod bttrbarpusj ^'\cjy (hing aunqu^ced' a polifhed and intelligent people. ..Tiicy jinew, lik£ the tg^pti^^n^ of old, whofeu-iidom i$ Uijljtdn^rojl jfYt^hi«.Larticu)^r.,t,t^at the year cnn- iifted nearly o^ 36; day^. > 'i^ieir Cvjp^riprny in roihtafy .affairs wav the object of admiratiu{i,^adi te«t'ac| o^veraU ^hc (,;qntiii,ent ;. and their g(Xr vernnient, founded on the mi(e,,ba/ijiaO^ jiivi'S comoined uilh religion, fcenied to bi^ defiance .ta.,i^ijw }^S^}i'j\ 'M#x"^o, the capital of the tm- pire, GtpiUie^iu thie uiicitll(;^/,a ip^ious |^ke, was the nobl«il monu- ment of .Ajinerican indullt^.^,)'lf comrHjunicated >vith ;be coi^^neot by immenfc.cajiifewavs, whicli werjp, carried thraiigh, jtbe Jake. The city was admired for \\.i> buildings, all of flone, it^i I'quaresj and market.. plf^cea, the (Iiops wiiich glittered w^th gold and rilv^i;,,K;aii^ t^)e.fumptu- ous paiiaces of Montezuma, fome.j.^e^fed on colun^^^S' ofi jafper, and containing whatever was mod rare, curious, or tjfefuj.. .But all the grandeur of this empirt; could not dtfeud it aj^i^inft the Spaniards. Cor- tcz^ in his march,, met with a feeble (Tipppfiiiou frpm tjjc nations along thc-coafi of Mexico, wj.10 were terri£cd at their, fiiflV appearance: tho warJike animals on which the Spaniu;i)yfl^cf:rs 'w«t'£.,ofveuiUed,-the aici- ficial thunder which ifliieil from their hiands, the wooden cai^le^s which had wafted thei^j, over t|ie OiCean, llruck a- panic into the natives^ from, which they, did' not recovci*„nutii it w;jy tpo latej., Wh^wrvcr the. Spaniards mjjrchtd, they fparcd no sge 0|:,.^x,. nothing raci;i:d or. pro-, iaue. At lad, thp inhabitants. nf TU^cala,( and ^omt otber ilates upoit, the coafl-, dcfpaifing of bfeiiig able to,,oppui"c thpm,, ait^^d into thtir alliance, and joined arms with thp(c terrible, a-odj ja$,jjhe-y believed, invincible conquerors. Cortez, thus. rci;nfpri;t'd,, i^i^iK^hqd^ onward to Mexico; and, in his progre(s,/li/jC>.^vercd, a volcana^fl/v A'lphur and lalt-petre, wljigncQ he could fijppU' nifnfelftif- itb powder,.. ^ J ' '«;np;^uiiia heard of, his progrpfs without daring ^to oppofe it. T^^ (o vf«gn is reported, by the boalljng Spaniards, to have comiraand<:<^,tfiiT^ vafTals;, of whom each could appear at the hf a tants of the two worlds, and the /aijl^ of ^t^^^j^a^jy^fjrifg, vW^hi always marched before them, j ._,... r,^ V).. ...,.». f,. rr, •?.. ■\<, »> >>i By fending a rich prefent of golc{, which only whetted the Spaniflt ararice, Montezuma, hai^^"cd the approach of the enemy. No oppo- sition was made to their entry Into his capitaJ. A palac'" was let apart for Cortez and his companions, who were already treatq4.i**'''^ mafters of the new .world. He had good reafon, ibpwever, to^ift/nft the af- le(^ed pofitenefs of tliis emperor, under which hp. f^ifj^ec^ed fome plot for 'his deftniftion. to be concealed j hut he had no pretence, for vio- ience ; Morrtezuma loaded him with kindiiefs, and with gold ii| greater quantities than he demanded, and his palace w8sfiirrounde:d. with ar- tillery, the moft frightful of all engines to the America,iis. At- laft,-;a- circumflance took place which afforded Cortei a pretext for begin- r.iis^ hoftliities.p lu order to fccurc a coiun]|iiui£aU$;4,i ^y.^^^^ to .receive. AMERICA; -"Xi the nerelFary reinforcements, he erc<^r«i & forf, and Icfr a fmait garri- foil behind him at Vera Cru/., whiuh ha» fitjce Iwcoine an omporimu «fcominerte between Ell pe and America. lie «iuicirt..od that tbo Amerkaiis iu the neighbourhood had atiawked thi» garriton in his ab^ fence, and that a Spaniard was killed i.i tlie afticMi; that Montewirrn himfelr was privy to this vioienc*, and had ifloed orderK that the head of the flain Spaniard Ihould be carried through his provinces, to deflrowt a belief, which then prevailed among them, ibat the Kurapcans wtre immortal. Upon receiving this inteUigcnx:e, (. jrLez went ia perfon t« the emperor, attended by a few of his mod experienced orticers. Mon- tezuma ph. tded innocence, in which Corte* fetnied extremely ready ' to believe hin), though, at the fame time, be alleged that the SpaniawJ^ iu general wouW never be perfutided of it, unlef- he returned along with them to their rcfidence, which wowld remove ail jcalou fy between the two nations. The fiicccfs of this interview fhowtd the I'uperiority of the European addrefs. A powerful monarch, in the middle of hi% own paiacc, and furrounded by his guards, gave himfelf up a priloner, to be difpofed of according to the inclination of a few ftrantrers whrt came to demand him Cortez had now yot into his hands an engine by which every thing might be accompliflicd. The A uericans had the higheft refpeft, or rather fuperftitious veneration, .or their emperor, Cortez, therefore, by keeping him in his power, allowing him to enjoy, every mark of royalty but his freedom, and, at tlie fame time, frou^ a thorough knowledge of his charadcr, being able to Hatter all hi» taf^es and pafltons, maintained the eafy fo\crciguty of Mexico, by, governing its prince. Did the Mexicans, grown familiar with th^ Spaniards,, begin to abate of their refpcft, Montezunia vvas the firft to teach them more politenefs Was there a tumult excited ■tbrou^li the cruelty or avarice of the Spaniards, Montezunia aftcoded the ba*- tlemt ■= of his prifnn, and harangued hib Mexicans into order aH4 fubmiJhon. This farce continued a long time, but on one of thele occaHons, when Montezuma wiu. fhamtfully difgracing his cbirafter, by iuftifying the ene.nies ot his couniry, a ftone, from an unknown hand, (truck him on tiie cer ;, no deli^tered from this em|.jror, wh(^ co- operated fo ftrongly with tht aniards, • itt\ed a new prince, the ia.i^ mous Guatimozin, who, from . le beginning, difcovered a implacable; animofity .igainft the bpanilh name. Under his conduft, tlic vmhappy Mexicans ruflied againf't thofe very nitii, w,.^m a little before thty had offered to worlhip. The Spaniards, however, by the dexteruiia management of Cortez, wer too firmly eftabllfljed to baexpdlcd from Mexico. The immenfe tribut*" which thegrandets ot 'is country had agreed to pay to the crown ot Spain, amounted to 600,000 marks of pure gold, befides an amazing q.antity c precious flones, a fifth part of which, dillributed among his foldiers, iHmulated their avarice a; i their courage, and made them willing to perifli rather than part w ith ia precious a booty. The Mexicans, however, made no fmall eftbrts ior independence; ^ ■'ll their valour, and defpair itfclf, gave way before what they call^i ./; Spanifti thunder. Guatimoziu and the emprefs. were taken pril' n«r5. .This was the prince who, when he lay ftretched on burning co: -' , .'/ order of one of t^e receivers of the king of Spain's exchequer, who indided the tortirre to make him difcover inta »viiat"part of the lake he had tlirown his riche«, faid to his high prieft, condemn'd to the lame punilliment, and who loudly exf^^elfed hi« fenle of the pains that he endured, *' Do you imagiacjJiM? »» f ^^^1^4 1= ' f. ■4 I . I" ^^\^, <^^'^'' IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) /. 1.0 I.I ^ la II -'21 112^ 2.2 us 140 20 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 =:= ^ ^ M 6" ► m **; ■ i:- rbfest'* The high priift remained filent, and died in ar aft of ttbedi- •nte to KIl ftHrtfirergri.' C^ftex, by gettinc; a fecond e.nperor into hii li«nd«, mMe a cot^eie ton^'ueft of Mexico} with which the eolden CaDile, Datiihj and other ptovinceSj^U into the handv of tl^ Spt'- Itiarth. ' While GOrtezaM "his foidi*rs'm:re employed in redueifig Mexico, titty obtained intelligence of another great empire, iituated towards the AquinoAhii lin^^, attd'the tropic dfCapricofn, which was faid to abound in gotd ahd filv^t-, awd preci^s ftones, and to be governed by a prince more maghi^cent than MonteCuma. This was the empire of Peru, #l)ich extetitkd in length near 30 degrees, and was tite only other couft' try in America that deferved the nartie of a civilifed kingdom. Whe«^ ther it happehed, that the Spanifli government had i^tot received cer* tain itWellfgertce concerning Peru, or that, being engaged in a multi- plkiity df other concerns, it did n choofe to adventure on new en* terplifes, ^iertain it is, that thii ext e country, nwreimportant than Mexito itfelf, was reduced by the endeavours and at the expenfc of thr'ec private perfons. The names of thefe were, Francis Pizarro, Almajifro, and Lucques, a pried, but a man of confiderable fortune. I^he two fornier were naffves of Panama, men of doubtful birtb^ and 0f> I9W education. Pizarro, the foul of the enterprife, could neither tend nor write. They failed o- jr into Spain, and, without difficulty, Obtained a grant of what they fhould conquer, f izarro then fet out for theconqueft of Peru, with 2^50 footj^do horfe, and 1% fmall pieces Af cannon, drawn by flaves from the conquered countries. If we re- itcSt that the Peruvians naturally entertained the fame prejudices with ttie M9)dcans, in fevour of the Spanifli nation, and were, befide, of « chafM!%ef ftill tnore foft and unwarlike, it need not furprife us, after whdtt'tntsbeMifaidof the conqueft of Mexico, that, with this inconfi* ^ub!e force, Piiarro (hould nrtake a deep imprefllon on the Peruvian empire. There were particular circumftances likewife which confpired to affiil hrm, and which, as they difcover fomewhat of the hiftory, r^li* |;ion, and date of the human mind, in this immenfe continent, it may Jibt i>e Jrtproper to relate. -I'Mkngo Capac was the, founder of the Peruvian empire. He wai otte of thofe wncohimon men, who, calm and difpaflionate themfelves, €ail obferVe the palfions of their fellow-creaturesv-^wd.turn them to ftieir own profit or glory. He obferved that the peopl/of Peru we?e naturally foperftitious, and had a particnlar veneration for the fun. He pretended therefore to be defcended from that luminary, wbofe Wormip he was fent to eftablifli^ and Whofe axrthor^ty he was entitled to beat. By this ftory, romantic as it appears, he eafily deceived a eredulout people, and brought a large extent of territory under his jitrifdiftiort} a larger ftill he fubdued by his arms; but both the force llnd the deceit he employed for the moil laudable purpofes. He united #nd civilifed the difperfcd barbarous people; he fubje cumftances, Atabalipa, inftead of oppofing the Spaniards, (et himfelf to procure their favour. Pizarro, however, whof; temper partook of the meannefs of his education, had no conception of dealing gently with thofe he called barbarians, but who, however, though iefi ac- quainted with the cruel art of deftroying their fellow-creatures, weft more civilifed than himfelf. While he was engaged in conference therefore, with Atabalipa, his men, as thev had been previoufly in* ftru£led, furioufly attacked the guards o/ that prince, and having butchered 5000 of them, as they were prefling forvVard, without re* gard to their particular fafety, to defend the facred perfon of their mo- narch, feized Atabalipa himfelf, whom they carried oif to the Spaniflx Quarters. Pizarro, with the fovercign in his hands, might already be eemed the matter of Peru ; for the inhabitants of this country were as ftrongly attached to their emperor as were the Mexicans. Atabalipa was not long in their hands before he began to treat of his ranfom. ^On this occafion the ancient ornaments, amalfed by a long line of magni*. ficent kings, the hallowed treafures of the moft magnificent temples| were brought out to fave him, who was the fupport of the king* dom, and of the religion. While Pizarro was engaged in this nego- tiation, by which he propofed, without releafing the emperor, to get into his poileHIon an immenfe quantity of his beloved gold, the ar- rival of Almagro caufed fome embarraffmeut in his affairs. The friendfliip, or rather the external fliow of friendship, between thefe men, was folely founded on the principle of avarice, and a bold en- terprifing fpirit, to which nothing appeared too dangerous that might gratify their ruling paffion. When their intercfts, therefore, happened to interfere, it was hot to be thought that any meafures could be kept between them. Pizarro expefted to enjoy the moft confiderable fhare of the treafiirearifing from the emperor's ranfom, becaufe he had the chief hand in acquiring it. Almagro infifted on being ttpon an equal footing; and at length, left the common caufe iltould fuifer by any rupture betweeu them, this difpolition was agreed to. The ranfom was paid without delay, a fura exceeding their conception, but not ca- pable to gratify their avarice. It amounted to 1,500,0001. fterling-, and, confidering the value of money at that time, was prodigious : on the dividend, after deducting a fifth for the king of Spain, and the fliares of the chief commanders and other officers, each private foldier had above aoool. Englifli money. With fuch fortunes it was not to be expelled that a mercenary army would incline 80 be fubje6led to the rigours of military difciplinc. They infilied on being (tilbanded^ that they might enjoy the fruits of their labow in g^uiet. rizarro com- u,^ h'^ AM;EllI;OiU l\ plied wHh this ^enfiand, fen(it>le that avarice ivpuld (till detain a hutii> ber irt His. army, anul that thofc who returned with fuch magnificent fortunes^ would iiiduce new adventurers to pitrfue- the fame »lan for acquiring gold. Thefc wife rcfledipns were abundantly renfied ; it was impo^Cble tafend out better -recruiting officers than thofe who had them fe Ives fo niuch profited by the field; new foldiers conftantly ar- rived* and. thr American armies never wanted reinforcements. f4^ ^ This in^menfe raiifom was only a farther reafon for detaining Atai halipa in cpn^lineuieait, ^ntil they difcovered whether he had another treafyr^ to gratify tljeir avarice. But whether they believed he had no oqiore to gi;Ve, and were unwilling to employ their troops in guarding a^prince, from whom they expected no farther advantage, or that Pi. ?arro had conceived an averfion againft the Peruvian emperor, on ac- count of fome inftaftccs of craft and duplicity which he obferved in his charafter, and which he conceived might prove dangerous to his affairs^ h is ceitaiti, that, by his command, Atabalipa was put to death. To juftify this cruel proceeding, a fliam charge was exhibited againft the unhappy prince, in which he was accufcd of idolatry, of having many concubines, and other circumftai^ces of equal inr»pertinence» I'^e' only juft ground of accufation againft him was, that his bro* ther, Huefcar, had been put to death by his command 5 and even this was confiderably palliated, betaiufe Huefcar had been plotting his deftru^ion, that he might eftablifli bimfelf on the throne. Upon the death of the Ynca, a numLir of candidates appeared for the throne, The principal ndbility i'et up the full brother of Huefcar; Pi zarro fct Up a fon of Atabalipa; and two generals of the Peruvians en- deavoured to eftablifli tbemfelves by the aififtance of the army. Xhefe diftra£lions, which in another empire would have been extreme- Jjf hurtful, ai/d even here at another time, were at prefent rather ad- vantageous to the Peruvian affairs. The candidates fought againli one at)otber: their battles accuftomed thefe harnilefs people to blood; and fuch is the preference of a fpirit of any kind raifed in a nation to a total lethargy, that in the courfe of thofe quarrels among themfelves, the inhabitants of Peru aifumed fome courage againft the Spaniards, tiffiom they regarded as the ulti«iate caufe of- all their calamities. The lot^s which the Spaniards met with in thefe quarrels, though inconfi- derabk in themfelves, were rendered dangerous, by lefTcning the opi- jiion of their iiivincibility, which they were careful to preferve among the inhabitants of the new world. This confideration engaged Pi- zarro to conclude a truce; and the interval he employed in laying tlie foundations. of the famous city of Lima, and in fettling the Spaniards in the country. But as foon as a favourable opportunity offered, he renewed the war againft the Indians, and, after many difticulties, made hjnifelf mafter of Cufco, the capital of the empire. While he was en» paged in the,fe conquefts, new grants and fupplies arrived from Spain. Fizarro obtained 200 leagues along the fea-coaft, to the fouthward of what had been before granted, and Almagro 200 leagues to the fouth- ward of Pir.arro's government. This divifion occaiioned a warm dif- pute betyveen them, each reckoning Cufco within his.own diftrift; out the dexterity of Pizarro brought about a reconciliation. He per- ftiaded.his rivalthat the country which really belonged to him, lay to the fouthward of Cufco, and that it was no way inferior in riches, and tpiglU be as eaftly conquered as Peru. He offered him his atniiancQ in theexpe^Uti0P»the Aucefy of wbicU h^ «Ud not'Cvcii (all ia quefr Uftu. ••*r, >>.t b i.J'ifcVSil ;,'i.?^ y. ._%,? Ji. 1. r. A ^ ^^\ ^ A. lor brmfelf, ^roOpsto his own as uc iiiagea ireceiiarjr, penetfatea, #tt[i sirrat __ ger rfna difficuyiy, into' Chin ; Ibfing; tr?ifty W hw men is he paflfeA &ver mountaitfs ol^ ah'knttrenfe height,*ihd always (tfoviretl with fnow^ if* redncedi liowevef, a; verv cpnnac'rable jpaftpf rtiis cbnntry. But ii "fiC agaihft liiirt} to wii'ith he fell a facrificc in his own palace, and "lA I ■ i Mi rn' ini I t- AMERICA*, the, c^ of j:^, wWqhjM, J)im£?U Jha^ founded, TV partifan* of old .AiliDa|^,o no]if ^eqtM:^4.J^i|i9n, of the fame nantiCj their vicero/^ But the ^| ii^d qo^ ain, fenHble of their miftake in not fending into America, men whofe charaf the iflands, if it contains either inilruf^ipn or ^ntert^if)' mei^t, ft»al| be recorded under thefo pai^tiiQular countries. We now proceed to treat of the manners, goven>nBent, religion, and whatevjjf trehiefy Irigeiiei tifti*, w weali fij'efleia terof ma: mtritSof ing, Wh«?t ing fe^/n'<* nitth'fcs'of that it is ij ofife Corni^ «f. ' The the dfiffere tnihnfef \x cliftom an( cy'j^r to-be rafhe^d.- 'rton^^thert nations, ar •;Wh^ntl Artantic, tF thty rei?kor rfepen'dehce etrtpjr^s of nations, the Eiirbpean ai hardly knov ^hey 'de'bend wild ariimali (fahce. Th lgi«'(is'aiftrer Jtmns; The f I'Hferays oft lpr6poftiofle( 1 heads fiattiffi rheircbunM |asth,it^of'a Imired amom ■ana-rtairtt'. ' ^ 'r6 pelrcirfcu-iif PJ nei'^libc -L^f A-M-E R ^ 111 geiierjil, irt ortfer in fave co'htiniial irepethtbrf^, noticiin^ a> the'^hjik'* titti*, W'fifeh we'ihfef upoii the description ijf the baft JcuWifLotirijtries. iv'fiateVif is peculiar' br teWafkabffe in thfe inbaijitafitis 6f ^icb'. '^ ' IW l lll ti H i H ' 'III in\iim Hiii]|inimijiOi t•;,^^>fl|^::'^H^If^ ' vpealth ^o the bfti^y And corrtmercial jjart of Enfope, Hut *" »^i»Hi> ■•->:f^ that it is impoffible they (hould be of the fame fpeqi^sj^'.pf (Jirived ft^t*^ oiife fcomiifton-fo^rrCe, This coricliificjn, lid weyer, is^jttfdihelt iU:^daiidr etf. ' The fcbkl-a(?1tet'3 of mankind may be infinitely vaned''a'ccbjf§jfijgj,'t^ the diiffererit degJ-ees 'of imprprement at which they 'are* arnvedfi^|i^' mjhnfef in which they acqnife the necefT^ries of ' rifel t|^e force or ciiftom and habit, and a multipficity of other clrcumftarice$ 'too 6^1!^^ , r'i'ar tofce mentioned, arid too various' to be reduced, untj^i- any geiier.-. ratlleyd.' But the great outlines of humanity are to be difcoverfcdVl' ,i1oiig''(:hem all, notwithftanding the various fbades which cjiat^6tiiril]f^ ri!(tions, and diftinguifli them from each other. . ' ; '^ • 'WH(*n the thirft of gold carried the inhabitants of £urope bey^hjf tjifej Atlantic, the'y found the inhabitants of the new world ininj'erfe^Jiiitwhai^ thty reckoned barbarity, but which, hoWcTet^, was. Eitatt of honeftfri-i" dependence, and nbble fimplicity. Except thft irihabitants of the ^ir. empires of Peru and Mexico, who, comparatively fpea^ing,, were Vefine^/ nations, the natives of Anicrica were 'Unacquainted With almoft evprV!^ Eiirbp'can hawily knc they 'depended wild ariirtials, which tficir mountains artd forefts fupplied In'grefit __„.., dajice. This exercife, whl^h among them is a moft ferious occppa^tioni^ . giVis'acftVehgtli and agilltf t«^eft, and relpcctfm., aiH^jt(ff»(C!r||» of wliich that ftf (aying triflt^ agree^Bly is bue ol th? n\oft cb'niiderabic, thej^ kf^^^X 'P^ak. but when they have foroctlung ina. portaiit to ohCe^vd ; ahd all their aftioiis, words, and even looks, are attended with fome meaning. This is extremely natural to men who nf^-aXmoik c ontinuai l y e ng a g e d in pw^uito wT»€h t« th«m ar» of tb« higheft importance. Their lubfiftence depends entirely on what they procure with their hands ; and their lives,^ tVir honour, and every thing dear to them,' inay Ibe loft by the fmatieft inattention to the dehgns of their enemfes. As they have no particular ob^e£t to attach them to one plf^cc^ c^r ttjan anothor, t^y fly wherever they exped to find the ne. cej^ilci Ojf 1^^ ii^^eatei^ abunaaaee. pities, which are the eifefhs of •gr(c;urtjjicR avi4 '*•% ,^^^7 have none. The different tribe^ or nations ait j^rtfo^ fame rsaif||i extretnely f when compared with civilifed foilirii^m which bdnftcjr, arts« agr^CMUure^ and commerce, have umillelt i van numl^er of individuals,, whoni a compUcated luxury ren> den vfeftU to one .ano^hei:, The£^ finall tvibes live at an immenf« dfj^aiice;, they, ajce Teparated 1?y a defert frontier} and hid in the hofota o^jmpege^raWe anAalmoQ: fipiJudlefs foreflts. 'Ijh^pie i^ e^j l O ^ ed \n each fpciet^ a cei;ta^iQ. (pecles of £Overnment» n^hi^b iver i^9 whole contjiient of America preyjuls with very little va- r»tr6n } ^(^aiiie ovcv the whok of this coxUuieu^ the manners and way VJifp »tfi uei^rly ^thllar and untforou Without arts, riches* or luxury, thej|ire^,i)iwwncnt;s of fubje^iqn in polifhed fodeties, an American hasvOP 9Mthod by, w^h he 9^ render h^mfelf coofiderable anaong his cori^paolions^ putbya luperiquty in pcrfooal (qualities of body or mind. Bnt aa 'iatMi;e has not been very lavifli ia her perfonal diilindions, where all JKhjoy the fame education, all are nearly cquaL and will de£re to re- mav^to. i/iberty,. therefore, is the prevailing pafllon of the Americaai, and thejr j^erJAment,. under the in^uence 0/ this rentimeot,, is better iecifred t&i), l^ the wiifefi polltieai regulations. They are very far, ilitary dre:^ they h«^ve iearaed tjo. repofe their confidence. In every fociety, therelore, there is to be conndered the power oJF tlie chief and of tbe cidera'^ and pccoi-dli^ig as the government inclines more to tbe one or to the c^er, it may be regarded as monarchical, or as a fpecies of arifto. craqy.^ ^iQong thofe tribes wJbich are mod cogged iu war, llie power of the ^Uef is ^virally predominant^ becaufe the idieaof having a rai* fitary leader, was tne flrlt fource of his (uperiority^ and the continiul csifiiiiC^ of tbie ftate cequirinjg fuch a leader, will continue to fupport ttjKdeven to enhance it. H»s power, however, is rather perfuafivt thact coercive t he is revorenced as a father, rather than feared as a mo* narch/ He has noguards^ noprifons^^^OoBicers of ju(U!ce ; and one aA of ilf-^|idge^ vjoleapBWOuU deprive^ hino of the thrqaa^ The elders, in tti^ other fbrm.of goyernirxeot, whicbroay be coniioered as an ariflo- cz^cK, have no more power. In fonie trili^s,, indeed, there are a I;ind of lilre^dkaf y nptJuU^ti whofe influence being conftahtly augmented by iSme, is mote coikfi^able. But thk fource of power, which depeudi chieity^f^n tbo imagioat^a, by which we annex to the merit of our conteinpofa;rtQS that of their forefathers^ tattoo re6ned to be very com* man Jtinong ^he, nattyes^^ ;^MAniAi:i«a^- In moft couotries,. therefore,! t£e %^ iitj£^.fi4i;9iuCM:'4Sftumi lefp^tJl^fiue^^ei pad^mithority. / ment« lie va- idway axury^ kcrican I mini. where tore- ;kaDh better |ery far, to the id they [ary ad- fociety, of the je or to arifto* power ^ a mi* itttinvwi [fupport rfuafive ls a mo* one aft elders,: arifto- . a kind ■nted by [depend* of our , com* jrefore, (tbority. M E R I C A. ' 835 It i* age tirhlth teachei A|jW'1feiiw,'ahd wpli^^'iitVWl^i* h^fWint^t " knowledge among a barbarous people. Among the Indians, bufin^fs is condu^TO with the urmoft fimplicity, and fuch as may recall to thofe who are acquainted vlrith antiquity a picture of the rnoft early age*. The heads of families meet together in a hoiife or cabin appointed for the purpofe. Here the bufineis is difcufled, and here thple of thfe nil. " tion, diftingiiinied for their eloquence or wifdom, have an oppoi*tuni- ', ty of difplaving thofe talents. Their orators, like thofe of Homer, ex- preft the(f)(elves in a bold figurative ftyle, Hronger thah refined or ra> ther foftened nations tan well bear, artd t*ith gcftures equally Vfolenf, v but oftert extretndy natural and cxpreffivt. When the bufinefs is ovei*, \ and they happeh to be well provided in food, they appoint a feaft up- on tl)e occauon, of Vt^hith almoft the whole nation partakes. Thfe feaft is Accoitiparited with a fong, in which the real Or fabulous ex> "^ pleits oi their fofefathtirs are celebrated. They have dances tob, though, ' lilcc thofe of the Greeks and Romans, chiefly of the military kind; and I their mnfic and dancing accompanies evftrv feaft. It often happens, that thofe different tribes or nations, fcattered iH .' they are at an immenfe diftance from one another, meet in their cxcur- .^ (ions after prey. If there fubfifts no anifriofity between them, whictt " feldoffl i« the caffe, they behave in the ttioft friendly and courteOul manner. But if they happen to be in a flate of war, or if there has been no previous inrertourfe between therti, all \«fho are not frJei^ia '" Wing deemed ehcrftie?, they fight with the rtioft favage fury. ; ' ^-^ ' ♦^"* ''^ if a :i, ■X i War, if we except hunting, is the only errtjjioymcrtt of the fi'eal ; is to every other concern, and even the little agriculture they rtfe, it is left to the Wottien. Their mofl common motive for entering into d war, when it does hot arife from an accidetital renebiirttef or interference, is ^either to revenge fherinfelves for the death of fOme Infl friend, or to ac- jquii% ^rifoilef s, vt'ho may affift them in their hunting, and whorfi thejr dof)t into their fOciety. Thefe wars are eithii- undertaken by fome irivate adventurers, or at the inftance of the \*hdle community. In le latter cafe, all the young iheh, who are dMjyoftd t6 go out i6i bat- le, for no one li compelled contrary to his inclination, give a pi6c» bf (wd to the chief, as a token of their defigrt to atcothpany him : fo|; irepy thibg among thefe people is tranfafted with a great deal of c6r<^^ lony and many forms. The chief tvho is tO condu^ them, fifts Teve- ildays, during vtrbich he cOhvcrfes with Vip one,' and is particularly ireful to'obfefve his dreams, which the pfefurtiption natural to favdges merftlly retrders as favourable as he could defirfc. A variety of other iperftltiotos and ceremonies sre obferved. One of the moll hideous 13 ting the 1*ny. thing, by which they might run the danger of a difcovery. Thejr * 'flight no fire to warm themfelves, or to prr pare their viftuals;- they He _ : clofe totiie gjround all day, and travel only in the niijht j and marchinji ,"^ along in files, he that elofes the rear diligently covrj s with leaves tbej ifPHtracks of his own feet, and of theirs who preceded him. When thtyl .. ' thalt to refrefli themfelves, fcouts ari; fent out tp reconnoitre the coun ^^-Jtry, arvd beat up every place where they fufpeft an enemy may lie coh' '•'-Jccaled: In this manner they enter unawares the villages of. their fowij ''/'juid while the flower of the nation are engaged in hunting, maflacre ' tthe children, women, and helplefs old ipen, or make prifoners of '.many ss they can manage, or have ftrength enovigh to be ufeful to ih :4flation. But when the enemy is apprifcd of their defign, and comii ^H »on in arms againfl them, they throw themfelves flat on the groui ''"'•t-among the withered herbs and leaves, which their faces are painted ''^r^fcmble. Then tlicy allow a part to pafs unmolefted, when »ll •*'MOn«e, with a tremendous .{liout,rifing up from their ambufli, they ^ *v.»?Itnrm of m«lkct-ballc«s on their ioft'i. The party attacked retoi V tjie fame cry. Every oncibcltevs Jiimfclf with a tree, and returns iiie of tiie iidvcrfc party, as fooa as they raifc themfelves from tl ground to one party j But if the o{ the favii reftrained. other with courage, ar mielcombi would con; roufe the fu dies, tearing beafti, and''? it meefs wif happy men, who have dl to lament th and [tvcrc ", their arrival"; their dead br relates in a I particular of to the peopJe the flirieks o/ cries, accordi •r friendfliip each Individ t triumph of h; unaccountabl forrovv, to an whofe fate all the favagea. We have al ment<, Unlh felves by the the mofi inrei I dom extend 1 their nation ; vidnal who hai foners, who hj their conquert taken the capti Nfftribution ms [of a citizen, j parorotherac jhe become^ a n jrefentmentJfor |i>fanyconnechol ', but which • roufc the fury of favagesl They trample, they infult over the dead bo-' dies, tearing the fcalp from the head, wallowing in their blood like wild beads, and fometimes devouring rheir flefli. The flame rages on tilt it meets with no refiftance; theij the prifoncrs are fecured, thofe uii. happy men, whofe fate is a thoufand times more dreadful than theirs who have died in the field. The conquerors let up a hideoui howling to lament the friends they have loft. Thev approach in a melancholy and fevere ,",Ioom to their own villjure ; a meflenger is fent to announce theirarrival; and the women, with friglitfuKhriei^" come out to mourn their dead brothers, or their hvifbands. 'When they art arrived, the chief relates in a low voice to the elders, a circumftantial account of every particular of the expedition. The orator proclaims aloud this account to the people, and as he mentions the names of thole who have fallen* the flirieks of the women are redoubled. The men too join in thele cries, according as each is mo(t connected with the deceafed by blood •r friend{})ip. The lalt ceremony is the proclamation of the viftory ; each individual then forgets his private misfortunes, and joins in the triumph of his nation ; all tears are wiped fronrj their eyes, and by an unaccountable tranfition, they pafs in a moment from the bitterncis of forrow, to an extravagance of joy. But the treatment of the prifonersi whofe fate all this time remains undecided, is what .chiefly charAiteriii^ thefayagw. ■ 'i X,>m tft'ifV^i^i:i^i.ii:<:M:^y^:^ .-mifiiiA9)\ -M'' We have already tVientioneto the family, of which Ihe bccoraek ai member. But if they have no occafion for him, or their Irefentmentifor the lofs of their friends be too high to endure the fight jnf anyconnefted with thofe who were concerned in it, they fentence Ihim to death. All thofe who have met with the fame fevere fentence Ibeing coUefted, the whole nation is alTembled at the execution, as for [fome great fol'ernnity. A fcaflbld is erefted, and the prifoners are tied [to the ftake, where they commence their death-fong, and prepare for Itheenfuing fcene of cmehy, with the molt undaunted courage. Thei< Ttnemies, on the other fide,' are determined to put it to the proof, by phe moft refined and exquilite tortures. They begin at the extremity iiits bodv, and gradually approach the more vkal parte. Onepiuvl(S- tt« hi I >'■ * • >. »38 A l^E RICA. "'/ : \ \ E'fV ::! «ut his naiU bjr the rooti, one bf one ; another takes i finger ^uto ^vs ■Mtith, and tears off the Acib with his teeth | a third thrufts the 6nger, mangled as it is, into the bowl of a pipe, made retl hot, which h« finokcs like tobacco; then they poiind the toci and (ingers to pieces between two finncs, they pull off tlie fle(h fvom the teeth, and cut cir- cles aboiit his joints, and gaihcs in the flefhy parts of his limbs, which they fear immrdiately with red-liot irons, cutting, burning, and pinch- ^. ■ ingthenn alternately: they pull otf this flefli thus mangled and roailed, , . °r < bit by bit, devouring it with greedinefs, and fmearing their faces with %j^' the blond in an enthufiafm oi l\onor and fury. When they have thui - '^'t torn off the ftefli, they twill the bare i^ves and tendons about an iron, tearing and fnapping them, whilfl otiiers are employed in pulling and extending their limlM in every way that can increafe the torment. This oontinues often five or fix hours i and fometimes^ fuch is tt^ Ureogth of the ravages, days together. Then they frequently unbind him, to give a breathing to tlieir fury, to think what new tonuenta they ih.iU ^ snHifk, aiKl to refreQi the (irength of the fufllercr, who, wearied out ■with fuch a variety of unheard-of torments, oheii falls into fo profound a fleep, that they are obliged to apply the 6re to awake himi, ^ renew his Offerings. He is again faftened to the ll»ke, and again they renew fbdr cruelty ; they ftick htm all over with fmall matches of wood, that cafily takes tire, but burns flowly ; they continually run fliarp reecb into every part of his body ; tbey drag out his teeth with pincers^ and •hruft out his eyes; and laftly, after having burned his flcfli from the ' bones with flow fires ; after having fu mangled the body that it is ail but o.ne wound; after having mutilated hia face in fuch a manner as to carry nothing. human in it; after having peeled the fkin from the head, l»nd poured a heap of red hot coals or boiling water on the naked, fkull, , they once more unbind the wretch, whO) blind and ftaggering with ; palii and weaknefs, ailaulted and pelted upon every fide with clubs ^ and fto:ies, now up, now down, falling into their fires at every flep, runs hither and thither, uutil one of the chiefs, whether out of com- patiion, or weary of cruelty, puts an end to his life with a club or a dag< ' . ' • ger* The body is then put into the kettle, ajod^tlMS- barbarous employ. . iv ■ luent is fucceeded by a fcatt as barbarous. *!<«>» j, «if ** The women, forgetting the human as well as the female nature, and X. transformed into fowething worfe than Furies, even outdo the men is ; this fcene of horror; while the principal perfofls of the country 111 - round the flake, fmoaking and looking on without the leafl cinotio.!, •^ What is mofl extraordinary, the futterer himfelf, in the little interval! : of his torments, fmokes too, appears unconcerned, and converfes witb Jiis torturers about indifferent matters. Indeed, during the whole timtj ! of his execution, there feems a contefl, which fliall exceed, they in in.! ' Aiding the moft horrid pains, or he in enduring them, with a ririnH(6 and conflancy almoil above human: not a groan, not a figh, nottj diftortion of countienance escapes him ; he poflefles his qnind entirely the midil of hia torments ; he recounts his own expljoits: h& infori them what cruelties he has inflifted upon their qountry-m«n, ani threatens thero with die revenge that will attend his death ; and, th „ his reproaches exafperate them to a perreft madnefs; of Kage and fi he continues his iitfuits. even of their ignorance of the art of tormeii Jng, pointing out more exquifite methods, and more fenfible parti : the body to be afflided. The momen have this part of courage as w r. as the rri' n ; and it i». as nro for amy Indian to behave orher«t^i)l«, ai ;,■ -would be ibr aay ^uropcoa to fuffer as.aaladiiu)* Suqh is the w ierful I mm irm ton* A tfwards raget m ctuld di\ Noth this cnii and the. ail thoi^ thefeail their not to be atti tiling eli itrve the women, ceeded ill Cd? He an oppori citizens ; vately off timents, h has an o| time is ful flough to pierces tlu ix^s and c ofthefcaf thirft, witli •n whom ef his ffefh their enmi and unouk fiut wha ture, did u ciptlly app fociety Js i thoufand c thefe, the r •nee of the fouls. Th Bothing is < magniflceni to join in t folemn occj and every t l»ve been i \) fought ft) It is not ( 1 Cannot de to whom we tions. Witbcwt •'the mo^ ^^( of hu«f) lii AMER^ A. ^ itO Ml finger, ich h« pieces :ut cir- whicb pinch- roaUed, ;ei with tve thui an iron, ing and nt. This rtrength him, to hey ihall uric'J)iitiy and rmge ! Oh ! that I (tnld devaur them^ atui drink their hliod to the Ittft drttf I Nothing in the hiftory of mankind forftis a Kronger contrail '"Irah this cruelty oi the faragtrs towards thofe with whom they are at war, and the warmth of their atfe^ion towards their friends, who condft of all thofe who live in the fame village, or are in alliance with it ; auiong thefe all things are common; and this, though it may in part arife frcii their not polVeffing very diftinft notion* of leparate property, is chiefly to be attributed to the ftrength of their attachtiient; becaufe in every thing eife, with their lives as well as their fortunes, they are r^»;jy tt> ferve their firiends. Tlieir. houfes, their provifions, even tht ir yonng women, are not enough to oblige a gxieft. Has any one of thch f«c- ceeded ill in his hunting \ Has his harveft failed } or is his h( ufe btirii* ed ? He feels no other etfedt of his misfortmie, than that it gives him an opportunity to experience the benevolence and regard of his fdlovr citizens ; but to the enemies of his country, or id thofe who have prl. vately offended him, the American is implacable. He conceals hia ^n* timents, he appears reconciled, until, by fome ^ 'achery or furprife, he has an opportunity of executing a horrible revenge. No length of time is fumcient to allay his refentment ; no diftance of place great tf> nough to proteft the objeft ; he croffes the fteepel^ mountains, ho pierces the moil impracticable forefts, and traverfes the mod hideous bi^s and deferts for fcveral hundreds of miles ; bearing the inclemency of the feafons, the fotigue of the expedition, the extremes of hunger anld thirft, with patience and cbearfiilnefs, in hopes of furpriflng his enemy, •n whom h* exercifes the moft (hocking barbarities, even lo nhe earitig of his fte(h> To fuch extremes do the Indians pufli their friendOiip Or their cnmitT; and fuch indeed, in geoeral) U tKe chara&er of all fironuj; and uncultivated minds. •• :■- c »-,.-'7;.v 'i-fm^m^m^'f^'Hif ■%>^. ^mj' -'^^q ■'" But what we have faid refpepdy.of a fpnj a-fother, or a t>i"other. ' When they are all convcnevjU af-tholiej'fonithe coiitnary^ wIjo happen to b« f prujwered or ftaiQ: ifli\ :|rj, a<^ e*|wmpiy jwfertb^f-^ft W dpa^h, A MEiR;][eifc m as pr^- :ijftom, :he im- nd it is i from I iio-er ;s with it for* laud of fetween |cularly a liigti never irdt. to -• 'Their tafte for warv- which forihs the chief ingi^dicnt U» their charac* ler, gives a Itrong bias to tlieir religion. ArelWui, or the god pf bat- tle, is revered as the great god of the Indians.; Him they invoke befonj ihcy go into the field ; and, according as bis difpofitioa is more or left favourable to them, they conclude they fliall be more or lels fuccefsfuJ. tSotiic nations worftiip the fun or moon; among others there are a num- ber of traditions, relative to the creation of the, world, and the hiftory of the gods : traditions which refemble the Grecian fables, but which are rtill more abfurd and inconfiftent. But religion is not the prevailing character of the Indians ; and except when they have fome immediate occafion for the afliftance of their gods, they pay them no fort of wor- fliip. Like all rude nations, howeycir, they are Urpngly addifted to fu- perftition. They believe in the exlftence of a riumbiSr of good ?ind bad genii, fpirits who interfere in the affairs of mortals, and produce all our happinefs or mifery. It is from the evil genii, in particular, that our difeafes proceed ; and it is to. the good genii we are indebted for a tuie. The miniftersof the genii are the jugglers, who are aHTo the only phyficians among the favages. THefe jugglers are fuppof^d to be in- ipired.by: the good genii, mod commonly in their dreams, with the Jtnowledge of future events; they are called in to the afliftance of the iick, and are fuppofed to be informed by the genii whether their pa- tients will recover, and in what manner they muft be treated. But thefe fpirits are extremely fimple in their fyltcm of phyfic, and, in al- jnoft every difeafe, direct the juggler to the fame remedy. The patient js icclofcd in a narrow cabin, in the midft of which is a ftone red hot ; on this .they throw water, until he is well foaked^with the warm vapour and his own Iweat. Then they hurry him from the bagnio, and plunge him fuddenly into the next river. This coarfe method, which cofts many their lives, often performs very extraordinary cures. The jug- glers have likewife the ufe of fome fpecifics, of wonderful efficacy ; and all the favages are dexterous in curing wounds by the application of herbs. . But the powt^r of thefe remedies is always attributed to the ma- gical ceremonies with which they areadminittered. It fliould be obCerved by the reader, that the particulars which have juft been inentioned concerning the manners of the Americans, chiefly relate to the inhabitants of North America. The 'manners and gei.'eral charafteriftics of great part of the original inhabitants of South Ameri- ca were very different. On the iirff: appearance of the inhabitants of the New World, their difcoverers found them to be in mafly particu- lars very unlike the generality of the people of the ancient hemifphere. They were different in their features and complexions; they Were not only averfe to toil^ but feemed incapable of it ; and when roufed by force from their native indolence, and compelled to work, they funk under talks which the inhabitants of the other continent would have performed with cafe. This feeblenefs of conftitution feemed almoft imiveriul among the inhabitants of South America. The Spaniards were alfo Ifruck with the fmallnefs of their appetite for food. The conffitutional temperance of the natives far exceeded, in their opinion, the abftiiience of the moft mortified hermits; while, on the other hand, theappctite of the Spaniards appeared to the Americans infatiably voraci- ous i, and they affirmed that one Spaniard devoured more food in 9 day than was fufhcient for, ten Americans. But though the demands of th? imti^eA^iiericans fn- food were very fparing, folimited was thejr agricul- ture;! Ihat '•''^y hardly raifed.what was fufhcient for their own confump- iXQiU.'Mmy of the inhabitants of South. America confined their induftry Hi I! ;■ ! "3 f^^fW AM ERICA. £iit4» rettiin^A few-plantsi wbicb» in a rich and warm climate, Mrere fafily trained to maturity ; but if a few Spaniards fettled in any didrift^ fuch i'l'fmaU addition of ftipernumeror)' mouths foon exhaiifted their fcanty c^ores^ and brought on a famiue. The inhabitants of South America, »3 eompared with thofe of North America, are generally more feeble in y their frame, lefs vigorous in the efforts of their minds, of a gentle, but V' Haihurdly i][>irit, more enflavcfd bv pieafuis, ^od funk in ind<4eace. iyii-y'twy a? ?•<>• -KKt-tm >f?Ti ■i "if?,! i,.f rr Tnmm. ..V/ IfjoftA*-,:^ A GENERAL DEseRii[«troN OF AMERICA. riii •!SMif-r '^ W3?*'>'jfi(Hl:*»frtt;J^^ ■''»i Europe and Africa; and to the weff the Pacific, or Great South -•'Seft, by which it it feparatcd from AHa. By thefe feas it may, and does, carry on a dire£k commerce with the other three parts of the world. It is compofed of two great continents, one on the north, the other on 'the fouth, which attt joined by the kingdom of Mexico, which forms a kind of ifthmus 1500 miles long, and in one part, at Darien, fo extremely narrow, as to nnake the communication between the two oceans by no means difficult, being only ftxty miles over. In the great gulf wtiich is formed between theifthmusand the northern and fouthern continents, lie -a multitude of idands, maiiy of thrm lar^e, moft of them fertile, and denominated the Weft Indies, in contradiftindion to the countries ind it.ands or ASa, beyond the Cape of QoodHopCy which sre called - the Eaft Indies. fbv/ u Before we proceed to treat of feparate countries in their order, if will be proper to take notice of thcie mountains and rivers which difdain, as it were, to be confined wiihvn the limits of particular provinces, and rxtemi over a great part of thi continent. For though America, in ge. iieral, be not a mountainous country, it has the greateft mountains in the world. In South America, the Andes, or Cordilleras, run from north to fouth along the coa'il of the Pacific Ocean. They exceed in length any chain of mountains in the other parts of the globe ; extend- ii}u from the ifthmus of Darien to thb ftrajts of Magellan, they divide rlie whole fouthern parts of America, and run a length of 4300 miles. Their height is as remarkable as their length, for though in part within the torrid zone, they are conftantly covered with ihow. Chimborazo, the higheft of the Andes, is 10,608 feet ; cl this about 2400 feet from the fummit are always covered with fnow. Carazon was afcended by the French aftronom«rs, and is faid to be 15,800 feet high. In North America, which is chittfty compofed oi^ gentle afcents or level plains, We know 0I no conftdersHle mountainsy except thofe towards the pole, and that long ridge which lie»o»tbe back of the American States, ie- parating them from Canada and Louifiana, which we call the Apala> chian or Allegafny mo«nuin»i if tha4 iDa^ be coofidored as a a>ount!4n) AMERICA. '•♦J which upon one fide is extremely lotty, but upon the other is nearly oii a lexrel with the reft of the country. America is, without queftion, that part of the globe which is bcft watered ; and that not only for the fupport of life, and all the purpofe* of fertility, but for the convenience of trade, and the intercourfc of eacit part with the others. In North America, thofe vaft trafts of country iituated beyond the Apalachiaiv mountains, at an immenfe and unknown diftance from the ocean, are watered by inland feas, called the LaKes of • Canada, which not only communicate with each other, but give rife to feveral great rivers, particularly the Miffiffippi, running from north to fouth till it falls into the Gulf of Mexico, after a courfe, including its turnings, of 4500 miles, and receiving in its progrefs the vaft tribute of the Illinois, the Mifouri, the Ohio, and other great livers, fcarcely inferior to the Rhine or the Danube; and on the north, the river St. Laurence, running a contrary courfe from the Miffiffippi, till it empties itfelf into the ocean near Newfouiidland ; all of them being atmoft na- vigable to their heads, lay open the inmoft reccfles of this great conti- nent, and aft'ord fuch an'inlet for commerce, as miift produce the ereat- eft advantage, whenever the country adjacent ibalt come to be fulry in- habited by an induftrious and civilifed people. The eaftern fide of North America, betides the noble rivers Hudfon, Delaware, Sufqudia^ na, and Potowmack, fupplies feveral othersj)f great dej>tb, length, and cojTunodious navigation : hence many parts of the fetrlemcnts are fo advantageoufly interfe^ted with navigable rivers and creeke, that the planiiers, without exaggeration, may be faid tc have each a harbour at ii is door. * South America is, if poffible, in this refpeft evert more fortunate. It fupplies much the two largeft rivers in tlie world, the river of Arnazons, and the Rio de la Plata, or Plate River.. The firft, rifing in Peru not £ar from the South Sea, paiTes from weft to eaft, and fells into the ocean between firaftl and Guiana, after a courfe of more than 3000 miles, in which it receives a f>rodigious number of great and navigable rivers. The Rio de \n Plata rifes in the heart of the country, and having its Arcngth gradually augmented by an acceffion of many powerful ftreams, difcharges itfelf with fuch vehemence into the fea, as to make its tafte frellt for many leagues from land. Belides thefe, there arc other rivers in South America, of which the Oronoko is the moft confider- able. A country of fuch vaft extent on each fide of the equator, muft ne- cellanty have a variety of foils as well as climates. It is a treafury of nature, producing moft of the metals, minerals, plants, fruits^, trees, and wood, to be met with in the other parts of the world, and many of them in greater quantities and higher perfeftion. The gold and filver of America have fupplied Europe with fuch immenfe quantities of thofe valual)le metals, that they are become vitftly more common; fo that the goW and ftlver of Europe now bear little proportion to the high price fet upon them before the difeovery of America. This country alfo produces diamonds, peirls, emeralds, amethyfts, and other valuabk ftones, which, by bein^ broug! t into Europe, have contributed likewife to lower their value. To thefe, which are chiefly the prbduftion of Spanifti America, may be added a great number of Other commodities, which, though of lefs price, are of much greater life, and many of them make the ornament and wealth of the Britifti empire in this part of the world. Of thefe are the plentiful fupplies of cochi- - ne^I, indigo, ana$to, logwood, brafil, fuftic, pinasuto, lignum vitse, rice, i«J*^ ...^ J' ! vti" 'v;. i^ i : -;i- :': jiJ 844 A M E R I C A^ii ^ ginger, cocoa, or the chocolate nut ; fugar, cotton, tobacco, banilla?, rt.'d-wopd, the baliains of Tolu, Peru» and Chili, that valuable article iu medicine, the Jefuits' bark, mechoacan, fafl'afras, farfaparilla, calfia, tamarinds, hides, furs, ambergris, and a grea.t variety of woods, roots, and plants, to vvhich, before thedifcovery of America, we were either entire grangers, or forced to buy at aii extravagant rate from Afia and Africa, through the hands of the Venf,:ians and Gcuoefe, wJbo then cngroir<;','. ^, Though the Indians ffill live in the quiet pofTefBon of .many large tracts, America, {o far as known, is chiefly claimed, and divided into .colonies, by three European nations, tl'te Spanifli, Englilh, and Portu- guefe. The Spaniards, as they firft ^ifcovered it, have the largeft and ritheft'portions, extending from New Mexico and Louifiana, in North America, to the Straits of Magellan, in the South Sea, excepting the large province of Brafil, which belongs to Portugal; for though the French and Dutch have fome forts upon Surinam and Guiana, they fcarcely deferve to jje confidered as proprietors of any part of the fouthprn continent. i. -^ , f«Jext to Spaiu, the mofl connderable proprietor of America was Great Britain, who derived her claim to North America from the firft difcqvery of that continent by Sebgflian Cabot, in tlie name of Henry VIl. anno 1497, about fix years after the difcovery of South America by Colulnbus, in the name of the kjng of Spain. This country was in general cajled Newfoundland, a name vvhich is now appropriated folely to an irtand upon its coalf. It was ^ long tjme before wp made an at- tempt to fettle this country. Sir Waltt r Raleigh, an uncommon geni- us, and a brave commander, firfl flipweii the wqy,.by planting a colony in the foutlitrn part, which he called Virginia, iu honour of hismilhefs, queen Elizabeth. ^ The French, from this period until the conclufion of the war in 1763, laid a claim to, and adijally poOe^ed, Canada and Louifiana, comprehending all that extenfive inland country, reaching from Hud^ fon's Bay on the north, to Mexico, and the gulf of the fame name, on the fouth : regions which all Europe could not people in the courfe of many ages. The multitude of iflands, which lie between the two contineilts of North and South America, ai'e divided amongft the Spaniards, Englifh. and French. The Dutch indeed ppflefs three or four fmall illanos, which in any other hands would be of no confeauencq ; and the Danes have one or two, but they hardly deferve to be named among the pro* prietors of America. We fliall now proceed to the particular provinceS| beginning, according to our method, with the north ; but Labrador, or Kew Britain, and*the country round HudfQu's Bay, with thofe vjift vet fijous jovvar4s the Po^e, grc littje kiio.wn, , . . - ,< I'! AM E RI C A.A 845 '^ jL^fummary jjewf of ;he firft fettlements,o^^^ ' When Names of places. fg.j][g^^ By whom. ' ,> - . '^r -,',«■;,,. -4 ■ ■ ■ ■■■ , I / .-.-.>,,'..■ .;...-.'..' i J,. c, 'p - it Q\i«fbec • ...f— «-• - 1608 By the French. Virginia Juiie TO, 1609 By Lord de la War. ^ '^ ; Newfoxindlanici June 1610 By Gbyernor John GuyC" |"^ Plymoutli,.^^:#;-^ab5%PJ[* °f ^r. JlobinfWsL eongrega- 1 Nexv Hamplhire - 1623]^^ ".^^.""^"g""? ^°^*^^WnWf th'^mouth ; '^ , •' (, of Pifcataqua nver. j ^^nia } - ^6^7 By the Swedes and Fins. .j Maflachufetts Bay - 1628 By Capt. John Endicot and Company. Maryland i^-- 1633 f ^^ ^°'^ Baltimore, with a colony of Ro- • ^" ' Al--: ^^:\ man Catholics. . j V„ I? By Mr. Fenwick, at Saybrook, - near the' ;- 2^ I mouth of Connefticut river. .5, j,| By Mr. Roger Williams^ and hisp^rfcQiuted *" ^5' j brethren. ! ■ •' y ** ;r ' ;'i ' |r.. **!i»'» --'; i Granted to the Duke of York by Charles XT T r.- 3 ■ r e./i ) IL.and made a diftiuft eovernment and New Jerfey 4.*^*.».;' 1664-^ j-^^^j^^ ^^^^ ^j^^ before this by the South Carolina - lOOQ By Governor Sale. . Pennfylvania - - i68a By William Penn, with acolony of Quakers. •NT .ur« 1- u .»,^^o ^EfC'^ed into a feparate government, fettled NorthCarol.aa,abouti;28| before by the Englilh. . , ' Georgia, 4 iV^^" 1732 By General Oglethorpe. •• nmt\>'_;| Kentucky " " t, r^ , r^ • , ^^ Vermont Connefticut? Rhode liland W-J^mu - - 1773 By Col. Daniel Boon ' " y emigrants from C( parts of New England. 5 % emigrants from Connedlicut, arid other *' ' ' I parts of New England. " ^ '^OhTRi^ °^ 1 'i'S; % the Oh^o and^o^her cqmp^gar^-lSi--- J The (3rand1)ivifion8 of' lif^TH AiviE '.-n .•if«W.'. r- '^. V Colonies. Len. Brea. Sq; Miles. Chief Towns. ^^•^''^^V'-g from London. Belongi' r ; ' New Britain 8<,o 750 318,750 Great Britain Province of ) Quebec 5 600 zoo 250 :oo 150 100,000 Quebec • 1 ri; Ditto *»■--% Vcw Scotland ) New Brunf. ] 35^ i;,ooo Halifax Shelburiie Ditto New England 55* 8740c Bodon 2760 W. United State* |>Jcw Voik I 5or 24,OCC New York Ditto 1 h:l -l S.!lr: '■if i- 1: il'" m ' M><; & A M E RIC AVf. <: '■Wri Kcw Jcrfcy Pennfylvania Mtrylaod Virginia IT'- ' ■'■ '■ t, '■ I i\i ,^. — .:/z*. Colonies. North Caro. S«^th Cam. Rail Florida ) W(pft Florida 5 Loutfiana New Mexko ) k Catifonia ^ Meadco, or "I Ne)v^in j Len» 160 300 14& 750 700 500, tioo- zooo tooo Brea. 60 940 »3S 240 380 440 Sq. Miles. 10,000 lS»ooc Chief Towns. Perth Amboy Philadelphia ItjCOO 80^00 iM,oeo J 00,00c 645 1000 St6iOo: 600,000 6od 3iS,«0o Aimapolit WilHamibnrg Edenton Gbariei town Savaiinah Stt Auguftine Pctiilicola New Orltfant St. Fee lit. J«m from Undoa? ^«^»«» »° ld»i<«i 4.«*^ J!^.l=P^"T| United States Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Spain Ditto 4080 s.w. Mexico 43J0 sw. 4W??W....,1^...., ?ff- Ditto Ditto Ditto ■4,lUh-t<^' ftht Thinttn XJn\(iA itttu - ■' britifh Pofl-eflGons in 7 I'^^'TJ ^^^v '„ North America. ^ Nov.Scodg, »6d New I »38,oo»Sq.Mil«^-K '' .^ Grand Divifions of SOUTH AMERICA. /!!5|? ; Teria Firma Nations. Pen» • ■ » ■ Hit L«n. 1400 fSoo firea. 700 tacoitia jio 1560 1500 t200 r4oo 480 700 1000 500 460 a^,ooc Surinam <'ayene 940,00c i,Ooo,oco ao6,coo 315,000 ■*M«MUMHia^ St. Sebaftian Buen. Ayies St. Jago 3840 »W. 6co- SW, 6(540 Sw. 6600 sw. Dutcb French Poiiugal Spain Spain The Spaniard took poffeffion of it, but did itot tltink it worth while to fett4e there- ..- $. %■:& „ ,. . ■ MV'VSV-i'V" , * In the prefcnt war IJeii. But a the »venr |n< ttribinttlon »f lt«fii ' -ITI^lIti Ii \tt' *V, t# V • AMERICA. A ■■- 847 The principal Iflands of North America belonging to Europeans, are ISLA^{UI. (ength. Brcidtlj. Square • MQea. J. „ , ., Chief TowM Belongs to 1 55 — Newfuundland \ 350 200 35^00 Placentia Great Brit. Cape Britain «I0 80 4,000 LouiAurg Ditto .St. John'* 60 30 500 Charl. Town Ditto III 1 The Bermuda Iflea 10,000 acres 40 St. George Ditto i u c« 1 1 a V V 1 i < •s c M .s .' •9 e V [The Bahama ditto very numerous Naflau Ditto Jamaica 140 60 6,000 Kiogfton Ditto Barba4oes M 14 14c. Bridgatown Ditto St. Chriftopher 10 7 80 Baffe-terre Ditto Antigua %o 20 100 k Jdm'a Ditt« Nevi* and ? Monte rerrat ) each of 18 ci thefe i» rcum. Charles Tovi«ti Plymijutb Ditto Ditto Darbuda 20 IX 60 , ^ DUto Ang:uilla 30 lo ' • ■ 60 - ' Ditto Dominica 28 13 150 RottiTcau Ditto St. Vincent U 18 130 Kiagfton Ditto Granada 30 ^5 150 St. Geurge's Ditto Tobago 3* 9 108 France ^'"« -An^iJ^H 7PO. 5P 38,400 Havannah Spain Hifpaiiiola 450 ISO 36,000 St. Domingo bo&Franci Porto Rico 100 49 3,200 Porto Rico Spain Trinidad 90 60 «,897 St. Jofeph Ditto Margarita 4» n 6*4 I 'Jittff Martinico 60 30 ■ }C0 St. Peter's France ♦ Guadaloupe 45 38 «;0 Baffe-terre Ditto* St. Lucia »3 12 90 Ditto * St. Bartholomew ^ Defeaua, and > Matigalanta 3 alloftl coniidi kem In- erable. 1 1 — - — - ■ . ■ 1... Ditto f Ditto ■iJitto St. Euftatda 29 circnm. The Bay D«iteh Cacallou 30 10 34* Ditto St. Iliomaa 15 circum. DeNRiark BarfftEnd ittttO ^St. Crort * •fV to ' B iii'h IllandJ ipi Ni>H!U AMKKICA, jiiilchc Wl.SI' I .lilb^.. 4t.7jOlHi.«rc milct. « In the ptefcnr war wi.h 1 lance (1797) fclhv of '^..-rc iflandi, an* psrr.s ot oihcis, lia»c rci>H,iicdly t,un«td thru m*. Itiic itrminidon « cnx war wiih 1 lance (1707) ">nM." "• ""•■" "i^nai, ano ii^rusoi omcis, lu.c n:ji.!.iicui> i,iiii|ic.i ..i.. m... he t-Qtnn of wir m «ni'uuin< it it ifflpoihbic to iCceitim with any prrcilion It* whom chcjr Ului.<, unil ivfliyftUitiWi f UtttyotilMMMidcak/Fcincc. !, I i 'i-^ •ip:- ' t'848 T ^'^''t^^: BR I TjXS H...A M E Jl I C A^ NEWBRITAIN. b.-tr J oW**- ! SXTUA^TiON AND EXTEKt. •4-41.J,-, • ij^wihTiin j4T-j i ■L ., Milw. --"tcnflth 850 ■) ; ^_ Breadth 756 ) Nk)«^ BRITAllC, between Degrees. Sqr Miles. 50 and 70 I^iorth lat, ") „ CO and 100 Weft ion. C 3i»»7SO' country lying round Hudfon's Bay, and { xjr the T .. comnoonly "palled ; the c,ountry of the Efqiiimaux, comprehending ; Labrador, now North and South Wales, is bounded by unknown lands 'and frozen feafs, about the pole, on the Norths by the- Atlantic ocean i©o the paft fty the bay and river of St. Laurence and Canada, on the S^yth ; and by unknown landi on the Weft. ^ Mountains.} The tremendous high mountains in this country to- J wards the N«Fth, their being <;overed with eternal fnow, and the winds 'blowing from' thtncc- three (Quarters of the year, occafion a degree of (Cold in the wiiTter over all this country, which is not experienced in I any. piher^ part of the ^orld in the fame latitude. ' Kiv«K^, BAYS, STRAITS, } Thcfc are numerous, and take their |--^»^~-* \4nd CAPES. — (names generally from the Englifli naviga- ' idi'S ami-ibmmanders, ' by 'whom they were firft difcovered. The prin- '^al,b?y is that of Hiidfon, a^id the principal ftraits are thofe of Hud- fon, Davis, and^Bellelfle; and' the chief rivers arc the Moofe, Severn, Rupert, Nelfon, and Black River. Soil and produce.] This country is extremely barren. To the northward of Hudfonis Bay, t^ven the hardy pine-tree is feen no longer, and tbe cQUHvomb of [he earth has been fuppofed incapable of any bet- ter produQion than fomc miferable flirubs. Every kind of European ifeed coraitiitted to the earth in this inhofpitable climate, has hitherto per- ! iflicd ; but perhaps the feed of corn from the northern parts of Sweden iand Norway would be more fuitable to the foil. All this feverity, and long 7 continuance of winteit, and the barrennefs of the earth which comes from thence, is experienced in the latitude of fifty-two ; in the temperate , latitude of Cambridge. 1 Animals.] Thcle are the. moofe-deer, flags, rein-de«r, bears, ti- gers, buffaloes, wolves, foxes, beavers, otters, lynxes, martins, fqiiir- Jrels, ermins, tirild cats, and hares. Of the feathered kind, they have ■ geefc, buftards, ducks, partridges, and ail manner of wild fowls. Of ififli, there are whales,, morfes, feals^ cod-fifli, aad a white fifti prefer- fable to herrings; and in their rivers and frelh waters, pike, perch, carp, 5 and trout. There have been taken at Port Nelfdn, in one feafon, ninety I thoufand partridges, which are here as large as hens, and. twenty-five f thoufand hares. I All the animals of thefe countries are clothed with a clefe, foft, wirraj J^f^ 4n funimer tiiere is here, as in ether places, a variety in the ca- iours of t only for 1 fort of be every thii nomenon England, winter, hs longer, fo Before-1 proper to 1 arc lefs ths breed then prove. li new and t portion to to above fi native of J which fom prey are qi Africa or / leopard or fuch raven( ancient con them are de panther of . feet in lengt rican tiger,, mals, thercf thofe of the pear to be a r colds of tli( Thus, the b known as w while the He foutb with 11 quadrupeds c they are in rr nature, and ( the fmalleft a ported from much lefs; b iid at a tim fometimes m animals unpr( lion, the fann arts of man v perceive them iters of the cr Persons ai I nuity in their prefervirtg thi 'very where fi ^(peAs they a femble the An I Me the Laplai lifV .^^Viv..«*»«»«S^V»»»i'^ *'' ''"^<'''ff;*%ilrf;lSt^Rv>r. ,- BRITISH AMERICA* «49 lours of the feveral animals. When that feafon 's over, which hold* only for three months, they all aflume the livery of winter, and every fort of beads, and moft of their fowls, are of the colour of the fnow : every thing animate and inanimate is wliite. This is a furpriGng phael nomenon : but it is yet more furprifing, that the dogs and cats from England, that have been carried into Hudfon's Bay, on theapiToach of winter, have entirely chan^d their appearance, and acquired a much longer, fofter, and thicker cnat o^ hair, than tiiey had originally. Before we advance farther in the defcription of America, it rnay btf proper to 6bfcrvc in general, that all the quadrupeds of this new world arc lefs than thofe of the old ; even fuch as are carried from hence to hreed there, are often found to degenerate, but are never fcen to im- prove. If, with refpedt to fize, we ftiould compare the animals of the new and the old world, we (hall find the one bear no manner of pro- portion to the other. , The Afiatic elephant, for inftance, often grows to above fifteen feet high, while the tapurettee, which is the largeft native of America, is not bigger than a calf of a year old. The lama, which fome alfo call the American camel, is ftill lefs. Their beads of prey are quite diverted of that courage which is fo often fatal to man in Africa or Afia. They have no lions, nor, properly fpeaking, either leopard or tiger* Travellers, however, have affixed thofe names to . fuch ravenous animals as are there found moft to refenible thofe of the ancient continent. The cougar, the taquar, and the taquaretti among them are defpicable, in comparifon of the tiger, the leopard, and the panther of Afia, The tiger of Bengal has been known to meafure fix feet in length, without including the tail ; while the congar, or Ame- rican tiger, as fome affeft to call it, feldom exceeds three. All the ani- mals, therefore, in the fouthern parts of America, are different from thofe of the fouthern parts of the ancient continent ; nor does there ap- . pear to be any common to both, but thofe which, being able to bear the colds of tlie north, have travelled from one continent to the othei^ Thus, the bear, the wolf, the rein-deer, the ftag, and the beaver, are known as well by the inhabitants of New Britain and Canada- as Rufiia i while the Hon, the leopard, and the tiger, which are natives of thei fouth with us, are utterly unknown in fouthern America. B»it if the quadrupeds of America be fmaller than thofe of the ancient continent, they are in much greater abundance ; for it is a rule that obtains through nature, and evidently points out the wifdom of the author of it, that the fmalleft animals multiply in the greateft proportion. Tne goat, ex- ported from Europe to Southern America, in a few generations becomes much lefs ; but then it alfo becomes more prolific ; and, inftead of one iid at a time, or two at the moft, generally produces five, fix, and fometimes more. The wifdom of Providence in making formidable animals unprolific is obvious; had the elephant, the rhinoceros, and tbef lion, the fame degree of fecundity with the rabbit, or the rat, all the arts of man would foon be unequal to the conteft, and we would fooni perceive them become the tyrants of thofe who call themfelves the ma- ilers of the creation. Persons and haSits.] The men of this country fliow great inge* nuity in their manner of kindling a fire, in clothing themfelves, and iri prefervirtg their eyes from the ill efF'-fts of that glaring white which every where furrounds them, for the greateft part of the year : in other refpeAs they are very favage. In-their Ihapes and faces they do not re- femble the Americans who live to the fouthward : they are much more like the Laplanders and Ihe Samoeids of Europe already defcribed* i ■j^: Sgb BRITISH AMERICA. m !■^J! m Discovery AND COMMERCE.] The knowledge of thcfe northern fe« ■nd countries was owing to a projc<^t ftartcd in England for the difcovery .of a north-weft paffage to China and the Eaft Indies, as early as the year • 1576. Since then it has bcci» frequently dropped, and as often revived, , but never yet completed; and from the late voyages of difcovery it - feems t»«anifeft, that no praby the waves, or, gaining the inhofpitable coaft, were deftroysd by thic .favages ; but the fhip.and the, reft of the men returned home. Another attempt towards a difcovery was made -in 1746, by captain . -Ellis, who wintered as far north as fifty-feven degrees an'" •» half; but though the adventurers failed in the original purpofe for wijich they na. , vigated this bay, their projedt, even in its failure, hai been of great ad- » vantage to this country. The vaft countries which furround Hudfon's | y Bay, as we have already obfervcd, abound with animals, whofe fur and . ikins are excellent. h\ 1670, a charter was granted to a company, vwhich does not confift of above nine or ten perfbns, for the exclufive - .trade to this bay, and they have aftcd under it ever fince, with great . 'benefit to the private men who compofe the company, though compa- tatively with little advantage to Great Britain. The fur and peltry tradf I .might bo carried on to 3 much greater extent, were it not entirely in the • •; lands of this exclufiVe company, whofe intercfted fpirit has been the fubjeft of long and juft complaint. The company employ but four iliips and i3ofeamen. They have fevcral forts, viz, Priqce of Wales,! - ;Churchill, Nelfon, New Severn, and Albany, which Itan^ on the weftj ,, . fide of the bay, and are garrifoned by 186 men. The French attacked,! ... took, and made fome depredations on them the laft war, it was faid, tol .the amount of 400,0001. They export commodities to the value ofj •' jO,ooo1. and bring home returns to the value of 29,340!. wjiich yield tol ' the revenue 3,734!. This includes the fifliery in Hudfon's bay. Tiiiil i commerce, fmall as it is, affords immenfe profits to the company, anii| • even fome advantages to Great Britain in general ; for the commoditieil ' we exchange with the Indians for their /kms and furs, are all manufacJ - * tured in Britain ; and as the Indians are not very nice in their choice,! r Inch things are fent of which we have the greateft plenty, and whicM . in the mercantile phrafe, are drugs with us. Though the workmanflii|ir •.may happen to be in many rcfpe£ts fo deficient, that no civilifed peopltj ■ would ta^te It off our hands, it may be admired among the Indians. Oif I. the other han.l, thi fkins and furs we bring from Hudfon's Bay, entifj largely into our mauufaftures, and afford us materials for trading will many nations ofi Europe, to great advantage. lengtl Bread I BOUNTI England, Weft. ' A\i jii feretit fro from the" has a muc itioflofrh the fummi Soil, A I long and 1 both pleaf other forts ■iveJl, and the lands u forth; rid arc well ws and fmall c of Britifli A and contain found in tl: here at foni Timber contain the not planted world itfell thfmfelves cies, that e fcribe them province w< thewhit^ai white and t trees, the fr the hard, t white wood the red elms contain twt^ pk'^es c.f w the Teams w prevent the! trees. Abo tions in the found cherr infufed in w fruit of whi BRITISH AMERICA. 851 ^- ^ Canada, or the PRovmdB c>F duKBEc. "'""-', t Milelf"- 8ITUATI0K AND EXTENT. \ Degrees. ...:-i. between \ 6 » and 81 weft longitude. 1 45 Sq. Mile«. > 160,000 Length 600 Breadth 200 5 --'"'•'^" ^ 45 and 52 north latitude. Boundaries.] BoUNDED by New Britain and Hudfon's Bav, on the North and Eaft ; by Nova 8cotia, New England, and New Yerk on the South: ^"nd by unknown lands on the Atk A'ki/'CilMAtB j *tht fcifmateofthispl-ovihce is not very dif- ferent frorh the col mies rtit^ntioiiKd above; but as it is much farther from the fea, and mcjre northerly than a great part of thefe provinces, it has a mucij fevcrer v^inter ; thoiigh the air is.generally clear ; but, like ftiofl of thofe A'.ierican trai'h, tliat do not lie too far to.the northward, the fummers are very hot, and exceedingly pleafant. ' Soil, AND pr.oDUCE.J ThoHgh the climate be cold, and the winter long and tedious, the foil is in general very good, and in many parts both pleafant and fertile, producing wheat, barley, rye, with many other forts uf grains, fruits, and vegetables; tobacco in particular thrives •A'ell, and is much cultivated The ifle of Orleans, near Quebec, and the lands upon the river St. Laurence, and other rivers, ar«- remarkable forth.' richnefs of their foil. The meadow grounds in Canada, which are well watered, yield excellent grais, and breed vart numbers of great and fmall cattle. As we are now entering upon the cultivated provinces of Briiifli America, and as Canada is npou the back of the United States, and contains almoft all the different fpecies of wood and animals tnat are fonnd in thefe provinces, we Ihall, to avoid repetitions, fpeak of them here at fome length. Timber and plants.] The uncultivated parts of North America contain the gieateft forefts in the world. They are a continued wood, not planted by the hands of men, and in all appearance as old as the world itfelf. Nothing is more inagnificent to the fight ; the trees lofe thSmfclves in the clouds ; and there is fuch a prodigious variety of fpe- cies, that even among thofe perfons who have taken hnoft pains to de- fcribe them, there is not one perhaps that kuow>, hvtlf the number. The province we are defcribing ,.ro.liices, amon^lt others, two forts of pines, the whit^ and the red ; four forts of firs ; two forts of cedar and oak, the white and the red; the mnle and the female maple; thr6e forts of afli trees, the free, the mungrcl, and the baftard ; tl>ree forts of walnut-trees, the hard, the foft, and the fmooth; ^ft numbers of beech trees, and white wood ; white and red elms, and poplars. The Indians liollow the red elms into canoes, fome' of which, made out of one piece, will contain twenty perfons; others are made of the bark, the different pie::es r,f which they few together with the inner rind, and daub over the feams with pitch, or rather a bituminous matter rei'embling pitch, to prevent their leaking ; and the rihs of thefe canoes are made of boughs of trees. About November the bears and 'vild cats take \ip their habita- tions in the hollow elms, and rennain there till April. Here are alfo found cherry-trees, plum trees, the vine2;ar-tree, the fruit of which, infufed in water, produces vinegar ; an aquatic plant, called ^laco, the fruit of which may be made into a confedion; the white thorn; the ' ■ • ■■■31a K' 'i * i v'' l! !> 'SI Ul «5» •j6 R I T I S H AMtkid A, i r cottorn-tree, on the top of which grow feverti tufts of flow^ri, Which, when Hiaken in the morning before the dew falls off, produce iioney, that may be boiled up into fiij^ar, the feed betn^a pod, coar:iiuiag'a,' vo'jr fine kind of cotton ) the fun-plant, which refembles a marigold, and grows to the height of feven or eight fett ; Turkey corn } French beans; gouifds, melons, capilUire, and the liop plant, i Metals and minbrals.] Near Q;;cbec is a f?ne lead mine, and in fome of the mountains, we are tckl, fitv :r has been found. This coun< try ulfo abounds with coals. Rivers.) The rivers branching through this country are very nu- inerous, and many of them Wge, bold, and deep. The principal are, fhe Outtauais, St. John, Srguinay, Defpraircs, andTrois Rivieres, biit ' they are all fwallowed ap by the river St. Laurence. This river ilTues from the lake Ontario, and taking its coikfe north -eaft, waMies Montreal, where it receives the Outtauais, and forms many fertile iflands. It coiiti. Dues the fame courfe, and meets the tide upwards of 400 miles from the fca, where it is naviyabfe for large vefl«ls ; and below Quebec, 320 miles Irom the fea, it becomes brdad, and fo deep, that fliips of the Hne con^ tributed, in the war l)eforc the lad, to reduce that capital. After re* Ceiving in its progrcfs innumerable ftreams, this great river falls into the ocean at Cape Rofieres, where it is ninety miles broad, and whertf ' the cold is tntenfe, and the fea boifterous. In its progrefs it forms » variety of bays, barbbttrs> and iflands : many of them arc fruitful, ani extremely pleafant. Lakes.] The ^i^at river 9t. Laurence is that onty upon whkh thrf French (now fubjefts of Great Britain) hJve fcttlcments gf any note J but if we look forward itito futurity, it is not iVnprobaWe that Canada, and thofe vaft regions to the weft, will be enabled of themfelves to carr/ on a confiderablc trade upon the great lakes of frefh water which thcw' countries environ. Here are five Takes, the fmalleft of which is a piece of fweet water, greater than any in the other parts of the world ; this \i the lake Ontario, which is not lefs than aoo leagttes irr circumference, Erie, or Ofwego, longer, but not fo broad, is about the fame extent. That of the Huron fpreads greatly in width, and is in circumfercn'-e liot lefs than 300, as is that of Michigan, though, Kkc lake Eric, it i# rather long and comparatively narrow. But the lake Superior, whicl^ contains feveral large iftands, is jot) leagues in thi circuit. All of thefe are navigable by any velTels, and they all communicate with one an- other, except that the pafTage between Erie and Ontario is interrupted by a ftupendous fall or cataraft, which' is called the Falls of Niagara, The water here is about half a mile wide, where the rock crofles it, jiot in a direft line, but in the form of a half moon. When it ccniM to the perpendicular fall, vi^hich is 150 feet, no words cJan exprefstlie conftemation of travellers at feeing {o great a body of water failing, or rather violently thrown, from fo great a height, upon the rocks bc- \fc)W; from whith it again rebounds to a very great height, appearing ai white as fnow, being aH converted into foam, through thofe violent agi- tations. The noife of this fall is oftin heard at the dift'ance cf fifteen miles, and foraetimes much farther. The vapour arifing from the fall niay jfbmetimes be ften at a great diftance, appearing like a cloud, or pillar of fmoke, and in the appearance of a rambow, whenever the fuir and the pofition of the traveller favours. Many bcafts and' fowls here Jofe their lives, by attempting to fwim, or crofs the fireani in the rapidi above the fall, atid are round da(hed in pieces below ; and fometime/ lb« Indians, throujj^h carekfTiiefi 0;* drunkennefs, have met with ^ fame fate number o &c. on w oi)(ervfd, felvesiijtii biiilt forts -each othei river. By lakes, and them. Anxmai tercfting p thcfc that ' •f the com btoi defcri inimenfc ft parts of all wild cats, Ij-ires, and bers of will wolves, &t trery numer white are hi The Amcrii l^pf by that ens animal < weighs fixty and the fem an amphibic ter,« but yet who wage a creature, th Wing their o furious acco ner in whic the winter, r it, are fuffici even in fon are different is obferved, are clothed v are of two ki Jt is applied „ ing fewed tc Vn«^uous ful give the fine renders it pre and Englifti 1 f'oves, and f [ur, this ufef " bags in the value of this licious food, - 'jTlje mulk i • » ^ BRITISH AMERICA. «55 fame fate ; and perliapi no place in the world is frequented by fuch a runnber of eagles as are invited hither bv the carnage ot deer, tiks, bears, SiC. on which they feed. The river St. Laurence, as we have already oUrerved, is the outlet of thefe lakes, by which they difchargc them- felvcs into the ocean. The French, when in pofll'ffion of the province, bnilt forts at the feveral ftraits by which thefe lakes communicate with ^ach other, as well a» where the laft of them comjnunicates with the river. By thefe thty e(fe£lua!ly fecured to tl^mfelves the trade of the lakes, and an infliitncc over all the nations of America which lay neat tliem. Animals ] Thefe make thp moft curious, and hitherto thp moil in- tercfting part of the natural hiftory of panada. It is to the fpoili of thefe that m e owe the materials of mjny of pur manufadurcs, and moft »t the comnierce as yet carried on between us and the country we havp btt'ii defcribing. The animals that find flielterand nourifliment in the inimenfe fortfts of Canada, and which injleed traverfc the uncultivated parts of all this continent, are flags, elks, dcjcr, bears, foxes, martins, wild cats, ferrets, weafels, fquirrels of a large fize and greyifli hue, h:ire8, and rabbits. The foutl.ern parts in particular breea great num- bers of wild bulls, deer of a fmall fi/.e, divers forts of roebucks, goats, wolves, &c. TIk* marflies, lakes, and pools, which in this country are rery numerous, fwarm with otters, beavers or caflors, of which the white arr; highly valued, being fcarce, as well as the right black kind. The American beaver, though refembling the creature known in Eu» fopf by that name, has rrany particulars which render it the moft curi- eus animal we are acquainted with. It is near four feet in length, and weij',hs (ixty or feventy pounds : they live from fifteen to tw;ntv years, and the females generally bring forth four young ones at a time. It ii an amphibious quadruped, that continues not long at a time in the wa- ter^ but yet cannot live without frequently bathing in ij. The favages, who wage a continual war with this animal, believe it to be a rational creature, that it lived in fociety, and was governed by a leader, refem- bling their own fachem, or prince. — It muft indeed be allowed, that the curious accounts given of this animal by ingenious travellers, the man*- ner in which it contrives its habitation, provides food to ferve during the winter, and always in proportion to the continuance and feverity of it, are fufficient to fliow the near approaches of inftinft to reafon, and even in fome inftances the fuperiotity of the former. Their colouraf are different ; black, brown,' white, yellow, and ftraw colour : but it is obferved, that the lighter their colour^ the lefs quantity of fur they are clothed with, and live in warmer climates. Tlie furs of the beaver are of two kinds, the dry anti the green ; the dry fur 1$ the fkin before It is applied to any ufe ; the green are the furs that are worn, after be- ing fcwed to one another, by the Indians, who befmear them witt^ Vncautiful. They live upon water iowis, ■which they decoy within their clutches by a thbufand antic trickb, and then fpring upon anc devour them. Tli£ Canadian pole-cat has a moft beautiful white fv.r, except the tip of his tail, which is as black as jet. ^Nature has given this E .nal no defence but its urine, the fniell of which is naufeous and intolerable ; this, when attacked, it f'prinkles plentifully on its tail, and throws it on the alTailant. 1 he Canadian wood-i;it is of a beautiful filvcr colour, with a bufliy tail, and twice as big as the Euro- pcan ; the female carries under her belly a bag, which (lie opens and lliuts at j'leafure ; and in that (lie places her young vv hen purfued. Here are three forts of fquirrels ♦, that called the flying fquirrel wih leap forty paces and more, from one tree to another. This little animal is- eafily tamed, and is very lively. The Canadian porcupine is lefs than ia middling dog ; when roaftcd, he eats full as well as a fucking pigi- The hares and rabbits differ litttle from thofe in Europe, only they turn grey in winter. ' There are two forts of bears herC) one of a reddifli, and the other of a black colour ; but the former is the moft danj^ .ous. The bear is not naturally fierce, untcfs when wounded or opprcffed with hunger. Tney run themfelves very poor in the month of July, when it js fomewhat dangerous to meet them: during the winter they remain ih a kipd of torpid flate. Scarcely any thing amopg the Indians is undertaken with greater folemnity than hunting the bear ; and an al- lianco with a noted bear-hunter, who has killed feveral in one day, is inorc eagerly fought after, than that of one who has rendered himfelf famous in war. The realbn is, becaufe the chafe fupplies the family with both food and raiment. ' Of the feathered creation they have eagles, falcons, golhawks, t''> BRITISH AMERICA.? »5S' cols, partridges, grey, red, and black, with long tails, which they fpread out as a fan, and make a very beautiful appeirance. Wood- cocks are fcarce in.Canad?, but fnipes, and other water game, are plentiful. A Canadian raven is faid by fonie writ, rs to cat as well as a pullet, and an owl better. Here are black-biids, fwallows, and hrks ; no lefs than twenty-two different fpecics of ducks, and a great number offwans, turkeys, geefe, buftards, teal, water-hens, cranes, and other large water- fowl; butalwaysat a diftance from houfes. Tiie Canadian wood-pecker is a beautiful bird. Thrufhes and goldfinches are found liere; but the chief Canadian birt! of melody is the while bird, which is a kind of ortolan, very (howy, and remarkable for announcing the return of fpring. The fiy- bird, or humming-bird, is thought to be the mod beautiful of any in nature ; vvitlvall his plumage, he is no bigger than a cockchafer, and he makes a noife with his wings like the hum- ming of a large fly. ;<''^vV Among the reptiles of this country, the rattle-lnake chiefly defervesat-*,^ tention. Some of thefe arc as big as a man's leg, and they are long in pro-- portion. What is moft remarkable in this animal is the tail, which is fcaly like a coat of mail, and on which it is faid there grows every ve.i' one ring or row of fcales ; fo that its age may he known by its tail, as vve know that of a horfe by its testh. In moving, it makes a rattling noife, from which it takes its name. The bite of this ferpenl is mortal, if a remedy is not applied immediately. In all places whert this dangerous reptile is bred, there grows a plant, which is called rattle-fnake herb, the root of which (fuch is the goodnefs of Providence) is a certain an- tidote againft the venom of this ferpent, and that with the molt fimple preparation ; for it requires only to be pounded or chewed, and applied likft a plaff er to the wound. The rattle-fnake feldom bites pafTengers, unlefs it is provoked ; and never darts itfelf at any perfon without firll rattling three times with irs tail. When purfued, if it has but a little time tb recover, it folds itfelf round, with the head in the middle, and then darts itfelf with great fury and violence againft its purfuers; never- theltifs, the favages chafe it, and find its flefli very good : it alfo pof- feflei medicinal qnal tics. vSome writers are of opinion that, the fifhcries in Canada, if properly improved, would be more iikcly tp enrich that country than even the f:ir trade ' The river St. Laurence contains perhaps the greateft variety of fifh of any in the world, and thefe in the greateft plenty and of the beft forti, Befides x great variety of other fifli in the rivers and lakes, are fea- wolves, fea-cows, porpoifes, the lencornet, the goberque, the feaplaife ; fnlmon, trout, turtle, lobfters, the chaouiafon. ftiugeon, the ach^gau ; the gilthtad, tunnv, ftiad, lamprey, fmelts, conger-eels, mackarel, foals, herrings, anchovies, and pilcliards. The iVawolf, fo called from its howling, is an amphibious creature; the largeft are faid to wei>h two thoufand pounds ; their flefli k good eating; but the profit of it lies in the o:l, which is proper for burning and currying of leather ; their fkins make excellent coverings tor trunks, and though not lo tineas Morocco leather, they prcferve their freftiuefs Jjetter, and are lefs liable to cracks. The Ihoes and boots made of thofe fltins let in no water, and, when properlv tanned, make excellent and lafting covers for feats. The Canadian f^a-'cow is larger than the fea-wolf, but refembles it in figure : it has two teeth of the thicknefs and length of a man's arm, that, Vhen grown, look like horns, and are very fine ivory, as well as its ether teeth., Some of the porpoifes of the river St. Laurence are faid to m ■'M 1 1 '-^-.-f-T-] 8s6 BRITISH AMERICA* I'S'. Iitniijii yield a hoglhea^f oil ; and of their (kins waiftcoats are made, which are exceffively (freng, and mu(ket fJroof. The lencornet is a kind o^ cuttle tifti, quite round, or rather oval: there are three forts of them, which differ only in fize; fome being as large as a hogfliead, and ofliers "but a fgot long; they catch only the laft, and that with a torch ; they are excellent eating. The goberque h&s the tafieand fmcll of a fmall cod. The fea-plaife is good eating; they arc taken with long poles armed with iron hooks. The chaourafon is an armed fifll, about five feet long, and as thick as a man's thigh, refemblinz a pike ; it is cover- ed with fcales that are proof againft a dagger; itt colour is a filvcr grey ; and there grows under its mouth a long bony fubftange, ragged • at the edges. One may cafily conceive, that an animal fo wtll fortified is a ravager among the inhabitants of the water; but we have few in- ftances ot fifh making prey of the feathered creation, which this fifti does, however, with much art. He conceals himfelf among the cane$ and reeds, in fuch a manner ihat nothing is to be feen befides his wea- pon, which he holds ijifed perpendicularly abo^e the firfaceofthe water; the fowls which come to take reft, imagining the weapon to bp only a withered reed, perch upon it ; but they are no fooner alighted, than the fifl. opens its throat,. and makes fuch a fudden motion to feize his prey, that it feldom cfcapes him. This fifti rs an inhabitant of the lakes. The fturgeon }s both a frefh and falt-water fifli, taken on the coaft of Canada and the lakes, from eight to twelve feet long, and pro- portionably thick. There is a fmnU kind of fturgeon, the flelh of which is very tender and delicate. The achigau, and the gilthead, are fifll peculiar to the river St. Laurence. Some of the rivers breed a kind ©f crocodile, that differs but little from thofe of the Nile. Inhabitants and principal towns.] Before the late war, the banks of the river St. Laurence, above Quebec, were vaftly populous; but we cannot precifely determine the number of French and Englifh fettled in this province, who are undoubtedly upon the increafe. In the year 1783 Canada and Labrador were fuppofed to contain about 130,000 inhabitants*. T^ie different tribes of Indij^ns in Canada ^r? ?ilmoft innumerable ; but thefe pe^iple are obferved to dccreafe in po- pulation where the Europeans are moft numerous, owing chiefly to the immoderate ufe of fpirituous liquors, of which they are exceffively fond, Ifii* as liberty is the ruling paflTion of the Indians, we may naturally fup- po ,;, that as the Europeans advance, the forn[ier will retreat to more diftant regions. Quebec, the capital, not only of this province, but of all Canada, is lituated at the confluence of the rivers St. Laurence and St. Charles, or the Little River, about 320 miles from the fca. It is built on a rock, partly of marble, and partly of (late. The town is divided into an up- per and a lower; the houfes in both are of ftone, and built in a tolera- ble manner. The fortifications are ftrong, though not regular. The town is covered with a regular and beautiful citadel, in which the go. vernor refides. The number of inhabitants have been computed at la or 15,000. The river, which from the fea hither is four or five leagues broad, narrows all on a fudtlen to about a mile wide. The haven, which lies oppofite the town, is fafe syid commodious, and about five fathoms deep. Thf harbour is ^nked by two. b^ftion§, that are raifed • In 1784, general Hnldimand ordlered a ccnfu« of the inhalbltant* to be taken, >wh?n thty hmonntcd to iij.oiz Engli(h ^nd Frjncji; cxcl^iivc of i;p,09« CftticJ u; thf upper ||>art< pf the province. I BRITISH AMERICA, 857 da, is les, or rock, m yp- rolera- The he go- at 12 agues |haven, t five raifed taken. fl j feet from the ground, which is about the height of the tides at the time of the equinox. From Quebec to Montreal, which is about 170 miles, in failing up the river St. Laurence, the eye is entertained with beautiful landfcapes, the banks being in many placee very bold and fteep, and fliaded with lofty trees. The farms lie pretty clofe all the way ; feveral gentle- men's houfes, neatly ';vlt, fhow themfelves at intei'vais, and there is all the appearance of a riourilliing colony ; but there are few towns or villages. It is pretty much like the well fettled parts of Virginia an4 Maryland, where the planters live wholly within themfelves. Many- beautiful iflands are interfperfed in the channel of the river, which have an agreeable effeft upon the eye. After pafling the Richenea iflands, the air becomes fo mild and temperate, that the traveller thinks himfelf tranfported to another climate ; but this is to be uuderftood of the fummer months. The town called Trois Rivieres, or the Three Rivers, is about half yay between Quebec and Montreal, and has its name from three rivers which join their currents here, and fall into the river St. Laurence. It is much reforted to by feveral nations of Indians, who, by means of thefe rivers, come hither and trade with the inhabitants in various ki. .; , .~r, "i ■■ ■ ■ ■ ■ '■ ' "''-'-.'■if< rv^" ■ ■ — "- - / ^— ' * ' V iw > ^; NOVA SCOTIA. ■>,r SITUATION AJ^D KXTENT, iUi'^ij '07.; Miles. Length Breadth 35 25 0} ■degrees. between C 43 and 4g north latitude I Sq. Miles, I 57.000 60 and 67 weft longitude JJouNDARiEs.] Bounded by the river St Laurence on the No^th ; by the Gulf of St. Laurence, and the Atlantic O- >;ean, Eaft ; by the lame ocean. South; and by Canada and New Eng- land, Weft. In the year 1784, this province was divided into two go- %'ernments : the province and government now ftyled New Bruns- wick, is bounded on the weft ward of the river Ste. Croix, iiy the faid river to its fource, and by ajine dra\An du^ north from thence to the fouthern boundarj' of the province of Quebec, to the nortliwaid by the fame boundary as far as the wefiein'extrt-mity of the Bay de Ciialeurs, to the Eaftward by the faid bay to the Gulf of St. Laurence to the bay called Bay Verte, to the foutii by a line in the centre of the Bay of Fundy, from the river Ste. Croix aforefaid, to the mouth of the Mufquat Kiver, by the faid river to its fource, and from thence by a due liive acrofs the ifthmus into the Bay Verte, to join the eaftern lot above de- fcribed, including all iflands within fix leagues ot'the coaft. Rivers.] The river of St. Laurence forms the northern boundary. The rivers Rifgouche and Nipifiguit run from Weft to Eaft, and fall into the Bay of St. Laurence. The rivers of St. John, PalTamagnadi, Penobfcot, and Ste. Croix, which run from North to South, fail into Fundy Bay, or the fta a little to the eaftward of it. Seas," bays, and capes.] The feas adjoining to it are, the Atlantic Ocean, Fundy Bay, and the Gulf of St. Laurence. The Icifer bays are Chenigto and preen Bay upon the ifthmus, which join the north part of Nova Scotia to the fouth ; and the bay of Chaleurs on the north-eaft ; the bay of ChedibutSo on the fouth-eali ; the bay of the iflands, the ports of Bart, Chebudo, Profper, St. iVjargaret, La Heye, port MaU tois, port Rofiignol, port Vert, and port Joly, on the fouth ; port La Tour, on the fuuth-eaft ; port St. Mary, Annapolis, and Minas, on the fouth lid(> of Fundy Bay, and port Rofeway, now the moft populous of all. The chief capes are, Cape Portage, Ecoumenac, Tourmeniin, Cape Port, and Epi*;, on the Eaft ; Cape Forgeri, and Cape Canceau, on the (outh-eaft j Cape Blanco, Cape Vert, Cape Theodore, Cape Dore, Cape f ':. nl jj V ''I I • \' t6o SRfTISH AMERICA. La Here, and Cape Negro, on the fouth ; Cape Sable and CapeFourch* on the fouth-weft. Lakes.] The lakes are v«ry numerous, but have not yet received particular names. Clima,te.] The climate of this country, though within the tempe- rate zone, has been found nrther unfavourable to European conftitn- tions. They are wrapped up in the gloom of a fo^ during great part of the year, and for four or five months it lb intenfely cold ; but thou'^lj the coW in winter and the heat in fmnmer are great, they come on gra- dually, fo as to prepare the body for-enduring ooth. Soil and produce.] From fuch an unfavourable climate little can be eipcfted.. Nova Scotia, or New Scotland, till lately, was almoit a continued foreft; and agriculture, though attempted by the tnglifh iettiers, made little progrefs. In moft parts, the foil is thin and bar- ren, the corn it produces' is of a fluivelled kind, like rye, and the grafs inttrmixed with a cold fpungy mofs. However, it is not uniformly Xokffi ; there are trafts in the peninfula to the fouthward, which do not yield to the bed land in New Englai^ ; and by the induftry and exer- tions of the loyalifts from tlie other provincei, are now cultivated, and Kkely to be fertile and flonrifliing. In general, the foil is adapted to the produce of hemp and flax. The timber is cxt:emel> proper for Ihrp-biiilding, and produces pitch and tar. Flattering accounts have leen given of the improvements making in the new fettlements an4 Bay of Fundy. A great quantity of land has been cleared, which •bounds in timber ; and n>ipe Parr-town, Digby, and New Edinburgh. Large trafts of land havt been lately cultivated, and the province is now likely to advance in population and fertility- y ,'■; m .- UNITED STATES of AMERICA. > Of the rife, progrefs, and mofl renfiarkaWe events of that war, bt- tween Great Britain and her American colonies, which at length ter - jninated in the eftablifhment of the United States of America, we Ixave already given an account in our view of the principal tranfaftions irf the hiftory of Great Britain. It was on the fourth of July, 1776, that the congrefs publiflied a folemn declaration, in which they afligned fheir reafons for withdrawing their allegiance from the king o£ Great Britain. In the name and fay the authority of the inhabitants of tltc tJnited Colonies of New Hampfliire, MalTachulTetts Bay, Rhode Ifland and Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New York, New Jerfey, Pen«- fylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Caro- lina, and Georgia, they declared that they then were, and of right ought to be, free and independent flates; and that, as fuch, they had full power to levy war, conclude peace, contraft alliances, eftabiifh commerce, and Jo all other a(fts and things which independent fiatey may of right do. They alfo publifl\ed articles of confederation and perpetual union between the united colonies, in which they afilimed the title of*' The United States of America;" and by which each of the colonies contracted a reciprocal treaty of alliance and friendship, for their common defence, for the maintenance of their liberties, and for their general and mutual adV'antage; obliging th«mfelves to alUft each other againll all violence that might threaten all or any one of them, and to repel in common all the attacks that might be levelled againft all or any one of them, on account of religion, fovereignty, commerce, or under any other pretext whatfoever. Ea«h of the colonies refervird to themfelvcs alone the exclufive right of regulating their internal go- vernment, and of framing laws in all matters not included in the articles of confederation. But for the more convenient management of the general intereft of the United States, it was determined, that delegat«» }':'% ? ^■m : H\ X^-^ ■','!| t »'...' 'A , "ilv '*' ■'. \ ' :■(!,:.: 1 ■ ■«! ■ -*\t'i [hi K^ . UNiTEb STATES of AMERICAi ihould be annually appointeJ, in fuch manner as the Icgidatiire of eacfi flate flmuld direft, to meet in congrcfs on tlie fird Monday in Novem- ber of every year, witli a power refervtd to each ftate to recall ils dele, gates or any of them at any time within tlie year, and to fend otliers in their ftead for the remain.ler of the year. No ftate wii to be rcprcfenlcd in congrefs by Icfs than two, nor more than fevcn members ; ■^and no perfon was capable of being a delegate for more than three years, in any term of fix years ; nor was any peifon, being a delegate, capable of holding ajiy office under the United States, for which he, or «ny other for his benefit, (lioiild receive any.falary, fees, or emolument of any kind. In determiniug queftions in the United States in con- grefs aflembled, each ftate was to have one vote, and to abide by the determination of the United States in congrefs aflTembled, on all quef- tions fubmitted to them by the confederation. The articloc/c fince, onl ble onccF are probaj UNITED STATES of AMERICA. 863 /*?'. the ceflion of fome of the original thirteen dates, and by the treaty of peace, transferred to the federal government, and is pledged a$ a fund for finking the cpntinental debt. Jt is in contemplation to divide it into new ftates, with republican conftitutions, fimilar to the old ftatcs near the Atlantic Ocean. Ejlimate Lake Michigan ,• A ^,i?»;;^ >;/):•»(*;■> r'^/J-v'« ■^.■'>,Bay Puan ...ri ;•*!.■ -r.^i'/ »» '•?'..«. j - ■^ Lake Huron • • " ' Lake St. Clair Lake Erie, weflern part, - > ,- . Sundry fmall lakes and rivers .''■'1 \'^ i» (u ' * ;■•■.■'■. '•, V ' Efiimate tf the number of acres of water within the Thirteen United f^. '>(■• '■ r ^;^i}./i. :AJS.,f States, '..w.- In Lake EriCj weftward of the line extended from the north-weft corner of Pennfylvania, due north, to the boundary between the Bri- tilh territory and the United States - InXake Ontario - • ..^ ..; r,,.,«v^4 . Lake Qhamplain < . Chefapeak Bay Albemarle* Bay Delaware Bay - - All the rivers within the Thirteen States, including the Ohio, '?r('< Acres. - 410,000 ■.a, 3 90,000 , 500,000 '^, 700,000 i 330,000 630,000.^ 3,000,000 ) , •■(^,' -..J »o .ti-i'.. Total 7,960,000 51,000,000 |i PoPutATiON OF THE United States.] According to the cenfus taken by order of Congrefs, in 1790, the number of the inhabitants of the United States of America was 3,930,000 nearly. In this number none of the inhabitants of the territory N. W. of the river Ohio, and but a part of the inhabitants fouth of the river Ohio, are included. Thefe added would undoubtedly have ijicreaied the number to 3,950,000 * at the period the cenfus was taken. The increafe fince, on fuppofition that the inhabitants of the United States dou- ble once in twenty years, has been about 6oo,poo, fo that now there are probably 4,550,000 fouls in the American United States. J « Morfc*s Americau Geography, vol, i. p. 207. ^ \ ■ :ji'; t 4 '' if > (■ I 0' m m A'. t64 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. . NEW ENGLAND.'^ <'.-;t.i'r '■ '"^ ; . ^f • ^!^^ *itUATION AND BXTENT. Mlle9i-»* A"aV-.-'./ V';'^- Degrees* ■■^.■■■' - V ,V ■».. vu'...j Sq. Miles. T-ength ooo 350 1 h-»«-.ri 5 4« and 46 north latitude \ p w. Breadth 1405 between | g^ and 74 weft longitude 5 '^7. Boundaries^] BoUNDED on the North by Canada, on the Eaft by NoVa Seotia ami the Atlantic Ocean ; on the ^uth by the Atlantic, and Long-ifland Sound ; antl on thft Weil bv KewYork*. Divifioni. Provinces, Chief Towns. The nnrthern divifion; 7 xt* tj n - or government. *jNewHampflu liircf Portfmouth. The middle diviOon Maiikchufetts Colony i ®°"w 'li^* '*! ^\ The fouth divilion The weft divifion Rhbde Ifland, Sec. Conne^cut - I »5.W. l6ng. 70 37« Newport. C New Londont I Hartford/ ^f- ' • Face of the couNTftY^") New England is a high, hilly, and m MOUNTAINS, &c. 3 fome pans a mountainous country. The mountains are comparatively fmall, rniining nearly north and fouth, in ridges parallel to each other. Between thefe ridges ftow the great rivers in majeftic meanders, receiving the innumerable rivulets and larger ftreams which proceed from the mountains on each fide. To a fpefta- tor on the top of a neighbouring mountain, the Vi?les between the ridges, ivhile in a ftate of nature, exhibit a romantic appearance. They feem an ocean of woods, i'welled and deprefled in its lurfact, like that of the great ocean itlelf. There are four principal ranges of mountains, paffing nearly from noTth-caft to fouth-weft, through New England. They confift of a multitude of parallel ridges, each having many fpur«, deviating from the courfe of the general range: which fpurs are again broken into ir- regular hilly land. The main ridges terminate, fometimes in high bluff heads, near the fea-coaft ; and fometimes by a gradual defccnt in the interior parts of the country. Thefe ranges of mountains are full of lakes, ponds, and fpring^ 6f water, that give; rife to numberlefs ftreams of various fizes. No country on the globe is better watered than New England f . Rivers.] Their rivers are, i. Conneflicut; 3. Thames; 3. Patux- -tnt ; 4. Merimac ; 5. Pifeataway ; 6. Saco j 7. Cafco ; &. Kennebeque; and, 9. Penobfcot, or Pentagonet. Bays and capes.] The moft remarkable bays and harbours are thofc formed by Plyroouth, Rhode Ifland, and Providence Plantations; * Movft!'*! American Gevgrapb/* f Morfc. UNITED STATES of AMEklCA. 865 Morinmerit Bay ; Weft Harbour, formed by the bending of Cape Cod ; Bolton Harbour; Pifcataway; and Gafco B.iy. th, in rivers larger pe£ta- ridges, feem it of the rly from fifl ot a ng from into ir- gh bluff in the full of , ftreams lan New 3. Patux- lebeque; 50urs are .ntatioiis ; The chief capes are, Cape Cod, Marble Head, Cape Anne, Cape [etic, Cape Porpus, Cape Elieaberh, and Cape Snull Point. lNd climate.] • New England, though fituatcd ahnoft arer the fun than the mother country, has an earlier ten de. Neti Air ai gree' nearer mc lun umn mc moiner country, nas an earlier winter, which continues longer, and is more fevere than with us. The fummer is extremely hot, and much beyond any thing known in Europe, in tl)e fame latitude. The clear and ferene temperature of the Iky, however* makes amends for the extremity of heat and cold, and renders the cli- mate of this country fo healthy, that it is reported to agree better with Britifli conftitutions, than any other of the American provinces. The winds arc very boiftcrotis in the winter feaibn, and naturalifls aftribe the early approach, and the length and feverity of the winter, to the hrge frefli water lakes lying to the north-weft of New England, which being frozen over feveral months, occafion thofe piercing winds which prove fo fatal to mariners on this coaif. The fun rifes at Eofton, on the longeft day, at twenty-fix minutes af- ter four in the morning, and fets at thirty-four minutes after feven in the evening, and on the ftiorteft day, it rifes at thirty-five minutes after feven in the morning, fets at twenty-feven minutes after four in the afternoon : thus their longeft day is about fifteen hours, and the fliortefl: about nine. Soil and prodtjce.] We have already obferved, that the lands lying on the eaflern fliore of America are low, and in fome parts fwampy, but farther back they rife into hills. In New England, towards tl'ie north-eaft, the lands become rocky and mountainous. The foil here ig various, but beftas you approach the fouthward. Round iMafiiichu- fetts Bay the foil is black, and rich as in any part of England ; and here the firft planters found the grafs above a yard high. The uplands are lefs fruitful, being for the moft part a mixture of fand and gravel, in- clining to clay. The low grounds abound in meadows and pafture land. The European grains have not been cultivated here with much fuccefs ; the wheat is fubjeft to be bluffed ; the barley is a hungry grain, and the oats are lean and chaffy. But the Indian corn flourifiies in higii perfec- tion, and makes the general food of the lower fort of people. Thty havelikewife malt, and brew it into a beer, which is not contemptible. However, the common table drink is cider and fpruce beer: the latter is made of the tops of the fpruce fir, with the addition of a fmall quan- jtity of melalFes. They likewife raife in New England a large quanrity of hemp and flax. The fruits of Old England come to great perfeftion here, particularly peaches and apples. Seven or eight hundred fine peaches may be found on one tree, and a fingle apple-tree has produced 1 feven barrels of cider in one feafo'n. But New England is chiefly diftinguiflied for the variety and value of lits timber, as oak, afti, pine, fir, cedar, elai, cyprefs, beech, walnut, Ichefnut, hazel, fafTafras, fumach, and other woods ufed in dying or Itanning leather, carpenters' work, and (hip buildii\g. The oaks here lare faid to be inferior to thofe of England ; but the firs are of an amaz liagbulk, and formerly furnifhed the royal navy of England with mafls [and yards. They draw from their trees confidcrable quantities of pitch, jtar, refin, turpentine, gums, and balm ; and the foil produces hemp and flax. A fliip may here be built and rigged out with ihe produce of 3K. ..'4 m 866 UNITED STATES or AMERICA. their forells, and indeed (hip-building forms a confiderable branch of their trade. Metals.] Rich mines of iron, of a mod excellent kind and temper have been difcovered in New England, which, if improved, may be- come very beneficial to the inhabitants. Animals.] The animals of this coun^trjrfumldi many articles of New England commerce. All kinds of European cattle thrive here, and muTliply exceedingly ; the horl'ea of New England are hardy, mettle, fome, and ferviceahle, but Imaller than ours, though l.irger than the Welch. They have few (heep ; and the wool, though of a ftaple fuf. ficicntly long, is not nearly fo fiue as that of England. Here are alfo elks, deer, hares, rabbits, fquirrcls, beavers, otters, monkeys, minxs, martens, racoons, fabbs, bears, wolves, which are only a kind (/f wild dogs, foxts, ounces, and a variety of other tame and wild quadrupeds. But one of the mod lingular animals, of this and the neighbouring Countries, is the moofe and moofe deer, of which there are two forts; the common light grey moofe, which rcfemWeg the ordinary deer ; thefe herd fometinics thirty together; and the larger black moofe,' whofe body is about the (i/-e of a bull ; his neck refenibles a flag's, and bis fleflj i:j extremely grateful. The horns, when full grown, are about four or five feet from the head to the tip, and have Ihoots or branches to each horn, which generally fpread about fix feet. When this animal goe* through a thicket, or under the boughs of a tree, he lays his horns back on his neck, to place them out of his way : and thefe prodigious horns are fhed every year. This animal does not fpring or rife in going, like a deer ; but a large one, in his common walk, has been feen to ftep over a gate five feet high. When unharboured, he will run a courfc of twenty or thirty miles before he takes to bay ; but when chafed, he ge- nerally rakes to the water. There is hardly any where greater plenty of fowls, turkeys, geefe, par- tridges, dnck.s widgeons, da[)itprs, fwans, heathcocks, herons, ftorks, black-birds, all forts of barn-door fowl, vaft flights of pigeons, whicli Come and go at certain feafons or the year, cormorants, ravens, crows, &c. The reptiles are rattle-fnakes, frogs, and toads, which fwarm in the uncleared parts of thefe couivtries, where, with the ovvls, they make a moft hideous noife in the fummer evenings. The fcas round New England, as well as its rivers, abound with fid), and even whales of feveral kinds, fnch as th« whalebone whale, the fperisaceti whale which yields ambergrife, the fin-backed whale, the fcrag whale, ;;.id the bunch whale, of which they take great number*, and fend bc.'i.Ie' fome fliip; every year to fifli for whales in Greenland, and as far ah 1 alkland iflands, A terrible creature, called the wiiale- killer, from twtnty to thirty feet long, with ftrong teeth and.jaws, per fecutts the whale in tliefe feas : but, afraid of his monftrous flrengtl), they feldom attack a full grown whale, or indeed a young one, biitia companies of ten or twelve. At the mouth of the river I'enobfcot, tliert is a nuckarel fifhery ; they likewife hfli for cod in the winter, whiclj they dry in the fro/h Population, inhabitants, and 7 There is not one of the colo FACE OF THE COUNTRY. j uies which cau be compared, the abundance of the people, the number of confiderable and tradiiij towns, and the manufa£tures that are carried on in them, to New Eng' land. The moft populous and flourifliing parts of the mother counti] barriiy make a better appearance than the cultivated parts of thi-^ p- ( r vinc< of en Jandh to rh( enabh chiidr ever a of the the coi of arm militia is now The dcfcent rai attei has bee from ia: marly ol fome p< drawling landman regard tc fome ph which dif The N S'ory, anc induced tl dangers o Their ediij notions of fiifed amc arifiog fro A perfbn be found, tenlive cir printed ev village in toK-nihip, conduAinc New En fouls, and Ifurnifh an 1% are eft Conne<5t olony of nation of I j^om 2,76| 'I'fice, are 'Jiibs and oard ; a pii 'd people ; ndfome, Worfc'a , UNITED STATES or AMtRICA. 867 ich of :mper, ay be- )f New re, and mettle, ban the pie fuf- arc alfo minxs, 1 (rf wild drvipeds. ibouring vo forts ; :er •, thclc \ofe body lis flefli b t four or es to each limal goti orns back ious horni roing, like en to (lap a courfc of fed, he ge- ld witb fifli, whale, the whale, the! tat numbers! Greenland,] the wliak- id.jaws, per.l ■)us (Ircngth, one, butii [obfcot, tbert liuter, \vlii^i>l of the colo. Icompared, |e and trading ] to New Enj' [thcr couutiy. of thi^ f i' vlrice which reach about 60 miles back. There are here many gentlemen of confiderable landed cftatcs; but the great body of the people are landholders, and cultivators of the foil. The former attaches tbem to their country; the latter, by nnaking them ftrong and healthy, enables them to defend it*. Thefc /reeholds generally pafs to their children in the way of gavelkind ; which keeps them from being hardly ever able to emerge out of their original happy mediocrity. In no pan of the world are the ordinary fort fo independent, or poffefs more of the conveniences of life ; they are ufed from their infancy to theexercii'e of arms; and before the conteft with the mother country, thev had a militia which was by no mcanr, contemptible ; but their military itrength is now much more confiderable. The inhabitants of New England are almoft univerfally of EngHfli dcfccnt ; and it is owing to this circumftance, arid to the great and gene- ral attention that has been paid to education^ that the Engllrti lan<;uage has been preferved among them fo free of corruption. It is true'^ that from lazinefs, inattention, and want of acquaintance with mankind, mariy of the people in the country have accu domed themfelves to ufe fome peculiar phrafes, and to pronounce certain words in a flat, drawling manner. Hence foreigners pretend they know a New Eng- landman from his manner of fpeaking. But the fame may be faid with regard to a Pennfylvanian, a Virginian, a Carolinian; for all have fome phrafes and modes of pronunciation peculiar to themfelves, which diftinguifli them from their neighbours. The New Englandcrs are generally tall, ftout, and Well built. They glory, and perhaps with jurtiee, in polFefling that fpirit of freedom, whicn induced their anceflors to leave their native country, and to brave the dangers of the ocean, and the hardfliips of fettling in ^ wildernefs* Their education, laws^ and fituation, ferve to infpire theifl with high notions of liberty. — Iri New England, learning is more generally dif- fiifed among all ranks of people, than in any other part of the globe j arifiog from the excellent eftabliflim'mt of Ichools in every townfliip. Aperfon of mature age, whvj canno" both read and write, is rarely to be found. By means of this general ellahliQiment of fchools, the ex- tenfive circulation of newfpapers (of which not lefs than 30,000 are printed every week in New England, and fent to almoft every town and village in the country), and the confequent fpread of learning, every tou'nlhip, throughout this country, is furniflied with men capable of jcondufting the affairs of their tovyn with judgment and difcretion f . New England contains, according to the cenfers of J 790, 1,009,52* [fouls, and fliould any great and fudden emergency require it, tould furnifli an army of 164,600 men J. The inhabitants of Maffachufctt'a [Bay are eftimated at 378,787. Connefticut is faid, in proportion to its extent, to exceed every other :olony of Britifh America, as well in the abundance of people as cul- ivation of foil. In 1790 the population amounted to 237,946, of thorn 2,764 were (laves* The men, in general^ throughout the pro- itice, are robuft, ftout, and tall. The greateft care is taken of the |lmbs and bodies of infants, which are kept ftraight by means of a )oard ; a praftice learned of the Indian women, who abhor all crook- people ; fo that deformity is here a rarity. The women are fair, indfome, and genteel; and modcft and referved in their manners and » Morft 'a American Geography, f Morfe^s American Geography. 3 K a Morfc. 1:1 868 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. li^ .behaviour. The inhabitants of Conne(5ticut are extremely hofpitaWe / to ftrangers. New Hampfliire, of late years, has greatly increafcd in population : .the number of inhabita'.its in 1790 was reckoned to amount to 141,885; • and of Rhode Ifland province to 67,877. Religion.] Calvinifm, from the principles of the firfl fettlei-s, lias been very prevalent in New England : many of the inhabitants alfo formerly obfcrved the fabt-ath with a kind of Jewifh rigour; Init this hath cf late been much diminiAied. There is at prcfent no eftablJlhed religion in New England ; but every feft of Ghriltians is allowed the ■^free exercife of its religion, and is equally under the proteftion of the law *. They annually celebrate falls and thankfgivings. In the fpriiio, 'the feveral governors iiTue their proclamations, appointing a day to be religionfly obferved In fafling, humiliation, and prayer, throughout their 'lefpedtive Hates, in which the predominating vices, that particularly .'call for humiliation, are enumerated. In autumn, after harveft, that ,^kdfome aera of the huibandman's life, a day of public thankfgiving is 'appointed, enumerating the public bleffings received in the coiirfe of ,xhe year. This pious Cuftom originates with their venerable ancelbrs^ •th'' firlt ft'ttlers. The cuflom fo rational, and'fo well calculated to Jcherifh in the minds of the people a lenfe of (heir dependance on tb« "G*EAT BENEFr.CTOR of the world for all their hleflings, it is hoped, rWilUever be facredly preferved f .■ The Conne<^icutprovince has late- ly provided a bifhop ^br the epifcopalians among" them, by fending one "DV thei^ number to. Scotland to be ordained by the nonjuring biiliops of the epifcopal church in that kingdom. »..?Chief towns.] Bdfton, the capital of New Engt md^ ftands on a .peninfula at the bottom of Maflachufett's Bay, about nine miles from 4ts mouth. At the entrance of this bay are feveral rocks, which appear ■above water, and upwards of a dozen fmall illands, fome of which are inhabited. Tliere is but one fafe channel to approach the harbour, and that fo narrow, that two (hips tan fcarcely fail through abreaft ; but within the harbour there is room for 500 fail to lie at anchor, in a good depth of water. On one of the iflands of the b.y, Hands Fort William, the moft regular fortrefs in all the plantations. This caftle is defendfd by 100 guns, twenty of which lie on a platform level with the water, (o that it is fcarcely poffibld for an enemy to pafs the caftle. To prevent ffpe£l from the fea.H'''"'" Great '. The head of the pier joins the principal Itrect of the town, which is,L like moft of the others, fpacious and well built. The trade of Boftorj was fo confiderat!e in the year 1768, what 1200 fail entered or cleaifdj at the cuftom-houfe there. Cambridge, in the faine province, four miles from Bofton, has a iini-l vcrfity, containing twii fpacious colleges, called by the names of Havsrii * By a late account, there are 400 Independent and Prclbjteriau churches province, 84 Baptilt:, anJ 31 of other ticnriiunations. f MorA;'* Amviican Geography. iutliiti 395.OO0I. History i'lto the four and Connea fent erefted 1 parts, then c I'le north -ea ft however, we The compani '0 tfade with C UNITED STATES of AMERICA. 86c nds on a les from h appear vhich are GUf, and •aft ; out in a good IWiUiam, defended water, fo prevent ■o leagues ,ny (hips |the town, length ; .s for lilt [come and town liM •y beyo.^ .1 the fea. which is, of Boftor lor cleared I has a \ini'' lof Havari Irches i" '^ College, and Stoughton Hall, with a well-furniflied library. It confifls of a prefident, five fellows, a treafiirer, three profeflbrsj Tour tutors, and a librarian. The college charter was firft gra.Ued in 1650, and renewed- in 1 692, -and is held under the colony feal. The other towns in New England, the chief of which have already been mentioned, are generally neat, well built, and commodioufly fitiiat-. ed upon fine rivers, with capacious harbours. Commerce and manufacturks.] New England has no one ftaple cohimodity. The ocean nd the forelts afford the two princip-il articles of export ; and therefore the trade is great, as it fupplies a large quan-- tity of goods from within itfelf ; but it is yet greater, as the people in this country are in a manner the cairiers for all the colonies of North America, and to the Weft Indies, and even for fome parts of Euro)<«* The commodities which the country yields are principally pig and oZt- iron, which were imported to Great Britain duty free: alfo mafts and yards, pitch, tar, and turpentine, for which they contraded largely with the royal navy ; pot and pearl-aflies, fta^es, lumber, ho-jrds ; all forts of provifions, which they fent to the French and Dutch fugar iflands, and Lrmerly to Barbadoes, and the oiher Bntifti ifles, as grain, bifcuit, meal, beef, pork, butter, cheefe, apples, cider, onions, mackarel, and cod-fiCi dried. They likewife fent thither cattle, horfes, planks, hoops, fliingles', pipe-ftaves, oil, tallow, turpentine, bark, calf-fkins, and to- bacco. Their ^ eltry trade is not very confiderable. They have a moft valuable fifliery i.pon their coafts iii mackarel and cod, which employs vaft numbers of their people ; with the phoduce of which they trade to Spain, Italy, the Mediterranean, and the Weft Indies, to a confiderable amount. Their whale fiftiery has I -^u already mentioned. The arts moft neceflary to fubfiftencR are chofe which the inhabitants of New England have been at the greateft pains to cultivate. They manufac- ture coarfe lirten and woollen cloth for their own ufe; hats are made here, which find a good vent in all the other colonies. Sugar-baking, diftilling, paper-making, and falt-works, are upon the improving hand. The bufinefs of fliip-building is one of the moft confiderable which Bofton, Ntwbury, or the other fea-port towns in New England carry on. Ships are fometimes built here >!pon commifTion ; bi't frequently the, merchants of New England have them conftrnfled upi n their own ac- count ; and loading them with the produce of the colony, naval ftores,, fifli, and fifli-oil principally, they fend them upon a trading voyage to, Spain, Portugal, or the Mediterranean: where, having difpofvd of their cargo, they make what advantage they can by freight, until fuch time .as they can fell the veflTel herfelf to advantage, which they feldom fail to do in a reafonable time. It was computed, that, before the late unhappy differcices arofe, the amount of Englifli manufaiEtures, and India goods fent iuio this colony from Great Britain, was not l?fs, at an average of three years, than 395,oool. Our imports from the fame were calculated at 370,5001.^ History and government.] New England is at prelent divided into the four provinces of New Hampfliire, Mafiachufetts, Rhode Ifland, and Connefticut, Ar early as 1606, King James I. had by letters pa- tent erefted two comp;'.nics, with a power to fend colonies into thofe parts, then comprehended 'under the general name of Virginia, as all thenorth-eaft coaft of America was fometimes called. No fettlements, however, were made in New England by virtue of this authority. The companies contented themfelves with fending out a fliipor two, to trade with the Indians for their furs, and to fifli upon their coaft. . 'MM wmmmmmm 870 UNITED STATES or AMERICA. m PI if' ' ! n This continued to be the only fort of correfpondencc between Great Britain and this part of America, till the year i6so. By this time the >*eligious diflenfions, by which England. was torn to pieces, had become warm and furious. Archbifliop Laud perfecuted all forts of non-con- formiAs with an unrelenting feverity. Thofe men, on the other hand, ivere ready to fubmit to all the rigour of perfecutjon rather than give up their religious opinions, and conform to the ceremonies of the church of England, which they confidered as abuf^s of the moft dangerous tenden- cy. There was no part of the world into which the/ would not fly, in order to obtain liberty of confcience, America opened an extenfive ^eld. Thither they nmight tranfport themfelves, and eftablifh whatever fort of religious polity they were inclined to. With this view, having purchafed the territory, which was within the jurifdi• '. them, they were expofed ; notwithftanding the want of all ions ox conveniencies, and even of many of the neceflhries of life, thofe who had conftitutions fit to endure fuch hardfliips, not difpirited, or broken by the death of their companions, and fupported by the vigour then peculiar to Eng- Jiftimen, and the fatisfaflion of finding thenDfelves beyond the reach of the fpiritual arm, fet themfelves to cultiv;ite this country, and to take the beft fteps for the advancement of their infant colony. New adven- turers, encouraged by their example, and finding themfelves, for the fame reafons, uneafy at f^ome, pafled over into this land of religious and civjl liberty. By the clofe of the y-iv 1630, they had built four towns, Salem, Dorcnefler, Charles-town, and Bofton, which laft has iince berome the capital of New England. But as neceflity is the natural fource of that aftive and frugal indiiftry which produces every thing great among mankind, fo an uninterrupted flow of profperity r.nd f jc- cefs occafions thofe diflenfions which are the bane of huniian 3' -*iii, ;^nd pften fubvcrt the beflt founded eftablifljments. The inhgibitants of New England, who had fled from perf c .' -■:■; t' came in a ihort time ftrongly tainted with this illiberal vice, an;J v js eager to introduce an uniformity in religion amopg all who entered Uif ^ ^rritorits. The minds of men were not in that age fuperior to many prejudices. They had not that open and generous way of thinking which at prefent diftinguiflies the natives of Great Britfiin; and the doctrine of j univerfal toleration, which, to the honour of the firft fe tiers in Ame- rica, began to appear among them, had few abettors, and many oppo rents. Mgny of them were bigoted Calvinifts ; and though they had felt I the weight of pcrfecution themfelves, they had no charity for thofe who jprofeded fentiments ditferent from their own. It was 1. ;. the general Idea of the age, that mpn might live comfortably togetl ^ ■ "v the fame fociety, without Maintaining the fame religious opinions; ai'u wl— ever thcfe wtre at variance, the members cf different fe£ts k^pt at a diftance frorp each other, and eftablilhed fpparite govtrnrnents. Hence fevenl flips, torn from the original governmr nt of New England by religiouij violence, planted them^ives in a npw foil, .?ncl fpread over the country.! Sutb was that oi New Hampfhire, which coiitinues to this day a fepa-j rate jiififdiftion ; fuch too was that of Rhode Ifland, whofe inhabitanisj jnfere d'rl'yen out from the MaflTitchufctt colony (for that is the n;ime b/I UNITED STATES or AMERICA. 87 r ■] V .le tered ine^, to many ing which oftrine of | in Aine- my oppo jy had felt I tnofe wlio le general , the fame wl -evet adiftance ice feverall y religioBll le country. I ^ay a fepaj nhabitantij which the government firft erefted in New England was diflinguifhed) for fupporting the freedomof religious fentiments, and maintaining that the civil magiflrate had no right over the fpecuiativc opinions of man- kind. Thefe liberal men founded a city, called Providence, which they governed by their own principles ; and, fuch is the connexion between jiiftnefs of fentiment and external profperity, that the government of Rhode Iflatid, though fmall, became extremely populous and flourilh- ing. Another colony, driven out by the fame perfecuting fpirit, fet- tled on the i iver Connefticut, and received frequent reinforcement* from England, of fuch as were diflatisfied cither with the religious cr ci- vil government of that country. America indeed was now become f.he main refource of all difcon- tented and enterprifing fpirits ; and I uch were the numbers which em- barked for it from England, that in 1637, ^ proclamation was pub- iiflied, prohibiting any perfon from failing thither, without Hn exprefs licence from the government. For want of this licence, it is faid, that Oliver Cromwell, Mr. Hampden, and others of the party, were de- tained from going into New England, after being on iliip-board for that purpofe. Thefe four provinces, though always confederates for Ceir mutual defence, were at firft, and ftill continue, under feparate jurifdidlions. They were all of them, by their charters, originally free, and in a great meafure independent of Great Britain. The inhabitants had the choice of their own magiftrates, the governor, the council, the aflembly, and the power of making fuch laws as they thought proper, without fend- ing them to Great Britain for the approbation of the crown. Their laws, however, were not to be oppofite to thofe of Great Britain. To- wards the latter end of the reign of Charles II. when he and his mini- fters wanted to deftroy all charters and liberties, the Maffachufett's co- Jony was accufed of violating their charter, in like manner as the city of London, and by a judgment in the King's Bench of England, was deprived of it. From that time to the revolution, they remained with- out any charter. Soon after that period, they received a new one, which, though very favourable, was much inferior to the extenfive privileges of the former. The appointment of a governor, lieutenant* governor, fecretary, and all the officers of the admiralty, was vefted in the crown ; the power of the militia was wholly in the hands of the governor, as captain-general ; all judges, jufticcs, and fherifFs, to whom the execution of the law was entrulled, were nominated by the go- vernor, with the advice of the council : the governor had a negative on the choice of connffllors, peremptory and unlimited; and he was not obliged to give a reafon for what he did in this particular, or reftrained to any numbw. : authentic copies of the feveral afts pafled by this co- lony, as well as others, were to be tranfmitted to the court of England, for the royal approbation ; but if the laws of this colony were not re- pealed within three years after they were prefented, they were iior re- pealable by the crown after that time; no laws, ordinances, election of magiftrates, or arts of government whatfoever, were valid without the governor's confent in w.hing ; and appeals for fums above 300I. were admitted to the king and council. Notwithftanding thefe reftraints, the people had ftill a great fliare of power in this colony ; for they not only chofe the afTembly, biit this aflembly, with the governor's concur- rence, chofe the council, refembling our houfe of lords ; and the go- vcrrtor depended upon the afTembly for his annual fupport. Buj the government of Nfw England has been ei>tirely changed, in 3 ^ 4 ifmm f, ■-■ti: m ,1- A%^ ¥.1 /'•'"• I 'V-' 8ji UNITED STATES of AMERICA. confequence o^ the revolt of the colonies from the authority of Great J3iitain ; of the origin and progrefs of which an account has beep given in another place. It was on the 25th of July, 1776, that, by an ortler from the council at Bofton, the declaration of the American Congrefs, abfolving the United Colonies from their allegiance to the Britifli crown, and declaring tliem free and independent, was publicly proclaimed from the balcony of ihe ftate-houfe in that town. A conltitiuion, or form of government, for the commonwealth of Maffachufetts, including a declaration of right's, was agreed to, and cftablidied by the inhabitants of that province, and took place in Ofto- ber, 1780. In the preamble to this it was declared, that the end of the inltitution, maintenance, and adminiftration of government, is to fe- cure the exiftence of the body politic : to proteft it, and to fornifli the individual? who corhpofe it, with the power of enjoying, in fafety and tranquillity, their natural rights, and the blefTings of life ; and th't whenever thefe great objefts are not obtained, the people have a right to alter the government, and to take meafures neceflary for their pro- 1 :y and happinefs. They expreffed their gratitude tc the Great dator of the univerfe, for having afforded them, in the courfe of lis^ providence, an opportunity, deliberately and peaceably, without fraud, violence, or furprife, of entering into an original, explicit, and folcmn compaft with each other ; and of forming a new conuitution of civil government for themfelves and their poftcrity. They declared that it was the right, as well as the duty, of all mtn in fociety, public- ly, and at ftated feafons, to worfliip the Supreme Being; and that nq fubjeft llujuld be huit, molefted, or reflrained in his perfon, liberty, or eifate, for worlhipping God in the manner and feafon moft agreeable to the didates of his own confcience ; or for his religious profeflion or fentiments : provided he did not difturb the public peace, or pbftrudt others in their rJigious worfliip. It was alfo enaded, that the feveral towns, pariflies, precinfts, and other bodies politic, or religious focieties, flioiild, at all times, have the exclufive right of elefling their public teachers, and of contracting with them for their fupport and maintenance. That all monies paid by the fubjeft to the fupport of public worfliip, and of the public teachers, fliould, if he required it, be uniformly applied to the fiip. port of the public teacher or tL-achers of his own religious fe<5l or de- nomination, provided there were any pn whofe inftru6tions he at- tended ; otberwife it might be paid towards the fupport of the teacher or teachers of the pariih or precinft in which the faid monies iliould be raifed. That every denomination of Chriftians, demeaning themfelves peaceably, and as good fubjefts of the commonwealth, fliould be equally under thp protedion of the law; and that no fubordina- tion of any (efi or denomination to another fliould fver be eftablifhed by law. . ! It was likewife declared, tl;at as all power refided originally in the people, and was derived from tliem, the feveral magiflrates and officers of government, vefted with authority, whether Itgiflatiye, executive, or judicial, are their fubftitutes and agents, and are at all times ac- countable to them. That no fuhjefi fliould be arreftcd, or deprived of his property or privileges, but by the judgment of his peers, or the law of the land. That the legiflature fliould not make any law that fliould fubj ft any perfon to a capital or infamous punifliment, ex- cepting for the government of the army or navy, without trial by jury. That the liberty of the prefs is elfential to the fecurity of free- in tlie officers lecutive, les ac- jeprlved or the law that pnt, ex- trial by I of free- ' UNlf ED STATES of AMERICA. 873 ibm in a ftate { and that it ought not. cherefore, to be reftralncd in that commonvvealth. That the people have a right to keep, -and bear arms, for the common defence i but that as in times of peace armies are dangerous to liberty, they ought not to be maintained without the confent of the legiflature ; and that the military power fliould always be held in an exaft fubordination to the civil authority. The legiflature of Maflachufetts confifts of a fenatc, and a houfe of reprefentatives ; which, together with the governor and lieutenant- governor, are elected annually by the people : eleftors rtiuft be twenty- one years of age, have freeholds of the annual value of three pounds or perfonal eftate to the value of fixty pounds. To be elii^ible to the office of governor or lieutenant-governor, the candidate miift have re- fided in the ftate feven years, and during that time have been feifed of a freehold of one thoufand pounds. Senators muft have refided five years in the ftate, and have poflefled a freehold to the value of three hundred pounds, or perfonal property to the value of fix hun- dred pounds. A reprefentative muft have refided one year in the town which he is chofen to reprefent, and have been feifin therein of free- hold eftate to the value of one hundred pounds, or been poflelTed of perfonal property to the value of tvvo hundred pounds. From the perfons returned as fenators and counfellors, being forty in all, nine are annually defied by joint ballot of both houfes for the purpofe of advifing the governor in the execution of his office. All judicial officers, the attorney and folicitor-general, ftieriffs, &c. are, with the advice of the council, appointed by the governor. The judges (ex- cept juftices of the peace, whofe commiflions expire in feven yeari, but may be renewed) hold their offices during good behaviour. The conftitution of New Hampfliire is not materially different from that of MalTachufetts. The fupreme executive authority is alfo vefted in a governor and council of five members, and the legiflative in a fenate and houfe of reprefentatives, which together are here ftyled ••' the general court." The legiflatures of Rhode Iflaud and Connefticut are conftituted with an upper and lower houfe. In Rhode Ifland, the upper houfe is compofed of the governor, deputy ■govern or, and ten affiftants ; who, together with the fecretary and treafurer, are chofen by the freemen an- nually. The lower houfe is compofAi of deputies from the feveral towns. All judicial and executive magirtrates arc appointed by the two houfes annually; and all military officers appointed in like man- ner, but without any precife limitation of time. What has been juft faid of the conftitution of Rhod* Ifland, is applicable to Connedlicut. One or two variations in point of name and number conftitute the only difference ; except that in Rhode Ifland a freeman eleftor muft have freehold eftate of the value of two pounds, or perfonal of forty pounds. In all thefe ftates the government is arranged on the mort frugal fcale; the falaries of governors and chief juftices amounting to no more than three or foi\f hundred pounds per annum ; and thofe of other officers proportionally moderate. It is worthy of notice, that during the war between Great Britain and the colonies, an aft was pafled on the 4th of May, 1780, by the council and houfe of reprefentatives of Maffachufett's Bay, for incorporating and eflabliftiing a fociety for the cultivation and promotion of the arfs artd fciences. It is entitled, " The American Acatlemy of Arts and Sciences;" the firft members were named in the aft: and they wer^ never to be more than two hundred, iior lefs than forcy. It was dc- H' m iti ri 874 Of trl^TTED STATES of AMERICA. dared in the aft, that the end and defign of the inftitution of the faid academy, was to promote and encourage the knowledge of the antiqui- ties of America, and of the natural hiftory of the country ; and to de- termine the ufes to which its various natural produftions might be ap- plied; to promote and encourage medicinal difcoveries; mathematical difquifitions; philofophical inquiries and experiments; aftronomical, meteorological, and geographical obfervations ; and improvements in agriculture, arts, manufaftures, and commerce ; and, in fliort, to culti. vate every art and fcience which might tend to advance the intereft, honour, dignity, and happinefs, of a free, independent, and virtuous people. •- — ; .- , •••■■•■ ,<;(;. ,..>' ^f % .. >^•l «! ■' :» '*. ■' ,.♦, NEW YORK. ; SITUATION AND EXTENT. .*i^ , ^ r Miles. . - fV' Degrees. ^ '« -••/.- Sq. Miles. Length, 50") v.«f,„«„ J 40 and 45 north latitude. 1 Breadth, 300 j °"*"" i 7a and 76 weftlongitude. } '*+»°°*'' BouNDAKiEs.] New YORK is bounded on the South and Souths Weft by Hudfon'S and Delaware rivers, which liivide it from New Jerfey and Pennfylvania ; and on theEaft and North- Eaft by New England and the Atlantic Ocean ; and on the North. Weft by Canada,. This province, including the ifland of New York, Long Ifland, an4 Staten Ifland, is divided into the twenty-one following counties : Counties. New York Albany Ulfter Duchefs Orange Weft Chefter King's Queen*s Suffolk Richmond Waftiington • Columbia « Clinton Montgomery Ranfelaer On'aris Herkemer Otfego Tyoga Saratoga • \ Onondago Chief Towns. New York. \ ^° I 74 40-40 N. lat. ^ 74-00 W. long. Albany " , , Kingfton . V: Poughkeepfie ♦ ^<, Orange v ' Bedford, White plains Flatbutti, Brooklyn Jamaica Eaft Hampton, Huntingdon Richmond Salem Hudfon, Kinderhook " riatiburg ' Johnftown 1 La n fin burg Canadaque German Flats > r Cooper's Town Chemango, Union Toi*'ii Saratoga ■/• '" - None ■ " • * -• - Ki'; ■ , UNITED STATES of AMERICA. jLiVEKS.] The principal of thefe are Hudfon's and the Mohawk the former abounds with excellent harbours, and is well ftored with great variety of fifli : on this the cities of New York and Albany arc fituated. The tide flows a few miles above Albany, which is fix hundred miles from New York. It is navigable, for (loops of eighty tons, to Albany, and for fliips to Hudfon. About fixty miles above New York the water becomes frefli. The river is ftored with a variety of fi(h, which renders a fummer paflage to Albany delightful and amuf- ing to thofe who are fond of angli^ig. On the Mohawk is a large ca- taraft, called the Cohoes, the water of which is faid to fall thirty feet perpendicular; but, including the defcent above, the fell is as mucli as fixty or feventy feet, where the river is a quarter of a mile ia breadth. Capes.] Thefe are Cape May on the eaft entrance of Delaware fiver ; Sandy Hook, near the entrance of Raritan river ; and Montock Point at the eaft end of Long Ifland. Climate, soil, and produce.] This province, lying to the fouth df New England, enjoys a more happy temperature of climate. The air is very healthy, and agrees well with all conftitutions. The face of the country, refembling that of tb: other Britifli American colonies, is low, flat, and marfliy towards the fea. As you recede from the coaft, the eye is entertained with the gradual fwelling of hills, which become large in proportion as you advance into the country. The foil is ex- , tremely fertile, producing wheat, re, Indian corn, oats, barley, flax, >nd fruits, in great abundance and perfeftion. The timber is much the fame with that of New England. A great deal of iron is found here. Cities, population, and commerce.] The city of New York ftands on the fouth-weftend of York Ifland, which is twelve miles long, and near three in breadth, extremely well fituated for trade, at the mouth of Hudfon's river, where it is three miles broad, and proves a noble conveyance from Albany, and many other inlafid towns towards Canada, and the lakes. This city is in length above a mile, and its mean breadth a quarter of a mile. This city and harbour are de- fended by a fort and battery : in tht fort is a fpacious manfion-houfe, for the ufe of the governor. Many of the houfes are very elegant ; and the city, though irregularly built, affords a fine profpeft. A fourth part of the city was burnt down by fome incendiaries in 1776, on the king's troops taking it. A great part of the inhabitants, reckoned in 1790, £■: 33,1313 are defcended from the Dutch families who remained here after the furrender of the New Netherlands to the Englifli, and the whole province in 1790 was numbered at 340,120, of whom 21,324. were flavcs*. The city of Albany contains about 6000 inhabitants, coUefted from almoft all parts of the northern world. As great a variety of Ian* guages are fpoken in Albany as in any town in the United States. Ad- venturers in purfuit of wealth are led here by the advantages for trade which this place affords. Situated on one of the fineft rivers in the world, at the head of floop-navigation, furrounded with a rich and extenfive back country, and the ftore-houfe of the trade to and from Canada and the lakes, it muft flourifli, and the inhabitants cannot but grow rich. * Morfe*8 American Geography, I'v-l ■ ■ ■ ' ■ '"4* n 876 UNITED STATES of AMERICA. W I Ml The city of Hudfon, however, is their great rival, and has had the hiofl rapid growth of any place in America, if we except Baltimore in. Maryland. It is 130 miles north of New York. It was not beg\m till the autumn of 1 783 *. The fituation of Nevy York, with refpeft to foreign markets, has de- cidedly the preference to any of the ftates. It 1 s at all feafons of the year a fliort and eafy accefs to the ocean. It commands the trade of a great proportion of the beft fettled and beft cultivated parts of the United States. It has been fuppofcd by well-informed gentlemen, that more wealth is conveyed down Connedlicut river, and through the Sound to New York, than down the Hudfon. This is not improbable, as the banks of the Connefticut are more fertile and much thicker, and more extenfively fettled than the banks of Hudfon f. The commodi- ties in which they trade are wheat, flour, barley, oats, beef, and other kinds of animal food. Their markets are the fame with tbofe which the New Englanders ufe ; and they have a fliare in the logwood trade, and that which is carried on with the Spar.ifli and French plantations. They ufed to take aimoft the fame fort of commodities from England with the inhabitants of Bofton. At an average of three years, their exports were faid to amount to 526,000!. and their imports from Great Britain to 531,000!. Agriculture and manufactures.] New York is. at lead half a century behind her neighbours in New England, New Jerfey, and Pennfylvania, in point of improvement in agriculture and manufac- tures, Among other reafons for this deficiency, that of want of en- terprife in the inhabitants is not the leart. Indeed their local advan- tages are fuch, that they have grown rich without enterprife. Befides, lands have hitherto been cheap, and farms of cmirfe large, and it re- quires much lefs ingenuity to raife one thoufand buflicls of wheat upon fixty acres of land, than to raife the fame quantity upon thirty acres. So long, therefore, as the farmer in New York can have (ixty acres of land to raife one thoufand bufliels of wheat, he will never trouble him- felf to find out how he cm raife the fame quantity upon half the land. It is population alone that (lamps a value upon lands, and lays a foun- dation for high improvements in agriculture. When a man is obliged to maintain a family up^n a fmall farm, his invention is exercifed to find out every improvement that may render it more productive. This appears to be the great reafon why the lands on Delaware and Connec ticut rivers produce to the farmer twice as much clear profit as lands in equal quantity, and of the fame quality upon the Hudfon. If the preceding obfervations be juft, improvements will keep pace with po- pulation and increafing value of lands. Improvements in manufaftures never precede, but invariably follow improvements in agriculture. This obfervation applies more particu- larly to the country. The city of New York contains a great number ©f people who are employed in the various branches of manufaflures, viz. wheel carriages of all kinds, loaf fiigar, bread, beer, flioes and boots, fadlery, cabinet-work, cutlery, hats, clocks, watches, mathe- matical and mufical inftruments, fliips, and every thing neceflary for their equipment. A ghfs work, and feveral iron works have beei) dlablifliedj. ., , , ,^^, ,,..,, ., )!:'.} KiHiiii- liii'i'' f Mrrfe. *^ ' f Morfi*. J Morfe's American Geography. '>:u:. UNITED STATES of AMERICA. 9ji Religion and learning.] It is onlained by the late conftitu- tlon of New York, that the free exercife and enjoyment of religious profefllon and worfliip, M'ithoiit difcrimination or preference, ftiaU for ever be allowed within that ftate to all mankind. A college was ere£led at New York, by adt of parliament, about the year 1755 ; but, as tl'e aflembly was at that time divided into par- ties, it was formed on a contrafted plan, and has for that reafon never met with the encouragement which might naturally be exp«fted for a public feminary in fo populous a city. It is now called Columbia College. It has about one hundred ftudents in the four clafles, befides medical ftudents, • History and government.] The Swedes and Dutch were the firft Europeans who formed fettlements on this part of the American - coaft. The traft claimed by the two nations extended from the 38th to the 41ft degree of latitude, and was called the New Netherlands. It continued in their hands till the time of Charles II. who obtained it from them by right of conqueft in 1664. ; and it was confirmed to the Englifh by the treaty of Breda, 1667. The New Netherlands were not. long in our pofleflion before they were divided into different provinces. New York took that name from the king's brother, James duke of York, to whom the king granted it, with full powers of government, by letters patent, dated March 20, 1664. On James's acceffion to the thrahe, the right to New York became veiled in the crown, and it became a royal government.- The king appointed the governor and council; and the people, once in feven years, elefted their repreferii' tatives to ferve in general aflemblies. Thefe three branches of the le- giflature (anfwcring to thofe of Great Britain) had power to make any laws not repugnant to thofe of England ; but, in order to their being valid, the royal alTent to them was hrfl to be obtained. By the conllitution of the ftate of New York, eftablifhed in 1777, the'flijjreme leglflative power is veiled in two feparateand diftinft bo-^ dies -of men; the one called, *' The Aflembly of the State of New York," confifting of feventy members, annually chofen by ballot; and the other, " The Senate of the State of New York," confifting of twenty-four, for four years, who together form the legiflature, and meet once at lead in every year, for the dilpatch of bufinefs. The fupreme executive power is veiled in a governor, who continues in' effice three years, alfifted by four counfellors, chofen by and from the fenate. Every male inhabitant of full age, who fliall poflefs a free- hold of the value of twenty pounds, or have rented a tenement of the yearly value of forty ftuUings, and been rated and have paid taxes to the ftate for fix months preceding the day of eleftion, is entitled to vote for members of the aflembly ; but thofe who vote for the governor, and the members of the fenate, are to be poflefled of freeholds of the' value of one hundred pounds. The delegates to the congrefs, the' judges, Sec, are to be chofen by ballot of the fenate and aflembly, [ '-? t \ :,S,u.:- «W^1 U A i ' '; [ 878 ] i% I NEW JERSEY. :•*.'■: ' iT Miles. SITUATION AND EXTENT. Degrees. Length i6o Breadth 5 I] between ("39 and 42 north lat. 174 ■ ' } Sq. Milc$« 1^,000 and 76 weft long. Boundaries.] NeW JERSEY is bounded on the Weft and Sonth-wcrt, by Delaware river and bay; on the South-caft and Eaft, by the Atlantic Ocean ; and by the Sound, which feparates Staten Ifland from the continent) iuidHudfon's River, on the North. ,','.-; *.;•;. \f' Diyiiioi]^. ^ it . Baft Diviflon i contains fir ■'>-y"n''' \ Weft Divifion contains V Counties. Middlesex Monmouth Eflex Somerfet ,-.,, Bergen Burlington Gloucefter Salem Cumberland Cape jMay Hunterdon Morris ^Suflex ■ ■i\ ^ ■>•■>. '! n Chief Towns. f Perth Amboy and New BrunlwicJ; I Shrewlbury and Freehold < . J Elizabeth and Newark .'; ' I Boundbrook -■f ', \.Hakkenfak r Burlington jt^-^^^f-^^. I 7S-0 W. longi Woodbury, and Gloucefter r^v«. Salem ^ i- ^ Hopewell, Bridgetown , . >, I None ,'•';■;, an-; '■.■ ■ Trenton oficzc^ ■'■ Morriftown ',:^'''" '- ^-'^r- t Newtown Rivers.] Thefe are the Delaware, Rarltan, and Paflaick, on tha latter of which is a remarkable cataraft; the height of the rock from which the water falls is faid to be about feventy feet perpendicular, and the river there eighty yards broad. Climate, soil, and produck.] The climate is much the fame with that of New York ; the foil is various ; at leaft one-fourth part of the province is barren fandy land, producing pines and cedars ; the other parts in general are eood, and produce wheat, barley, rye, Indian corn, &c. in great perfeaion. Religion and learning.] According to the prefent conftitution of this province, all perfons are allowed to worfliip God in the man- ner that is moft agreeable to their own confciences; nor is any perfon obliged to pay tithes, taxes, or any other rates, for the purpofe of building or repairing any church or churches, for the maintenance of any minifter or miniftry, contrarv to what he believes to be right, or has deliberately or voluntarily engaged himfelf to perform. There is to be no eftablifliment of any one religious feft in tnis pro- vince, in preference to another : and no Proteftant inhabitants are to be denied the enjoyment of any civil right, merely on account of their religious principles. A college, called NafTan Hall, was eftabliflied at the town of Prince- ton, in this province, by governor Belcher, 1746, which has a power of conferring the fame degrees as Oxford or Cambridge. There arc generally between eig]}ty and a hundred ftudents here, who con)e UNITED STATES or AMERICA. 879 from all parts of the continent, feme even from the extremities of it. There is another college at Brunfwick, called Qyccn's College, found- ed a little bef»re the war, and in tonfidcrable repute. History, government, population, ) New Jcrfey is part of CHIEF TOWNS, AND COMMERCE. \ thai vaft truft ot land, which, we have obferved, was given by king Charles II. to his brother James, duke of York; he fold it, for a valuable confideration, to Lortl Berkeley and Sir George Carteret (frc.n which it received its prefcnt name, becaufe Sir George had eftates in the ifland of Jerfey), and they again to others, who in the year 1702 made a furrcnder of the powers or government to queen Anne, which flie accepted ; after which it be- came a royal government. By an account publillied in 1700, tlie number of inhabitants appears to have bten about 1841139; 01 whom 11,423 were blacks*. ;•,, .ni.ii.niyi' Perth-Amboy and Burlington were the feats of government; the go- vcrnor generally refided in the latter, which is pTeafantly fituated on the fineriver Delaware, within twenty miles of Philadelphia. Both have bc-en lately made free ports for twenty-five years. The former is as good a port as moft on the continent ; and the harbour is fafe, and capacious enough to contain many large fliips. — In Bergen county h a very valuable copper-mine. By the new Charter of Rights, ejfabliflied by tlie provincial congrefs, July 2, 1776, the government or New Jerfey is vefled in a governor, legiflative council, and general aflembly. The members of the legif- htive council are to be heeholders, and worth at lealt one thoufand pound* real and perfonal eftate ; and the members of the general alfem- blv to be worth five hundred pounds. A!l the inliabitants worth fifty pounds are envitled to vote for reprefentatives in council and aifembly, and for all other public officers. The ele£fion of the governor, le- giflative council, and general aflembly, are to be annual ; the aover- iior and lieutenant-governor to be chofen out of and by the aifembly and council. The judges of the fupreme court are chofen for fevcii jears, and the officers of the executive power for five years^ . PENNSYLVANIA and DELAWARE. ■Jl'li ot Miles. SITUATION AND EXTENT. Degrees. Sq. Miles. 45>ooo Length 300) u..^„„„ f 74 and 8r wefl longitude. 7 Breadth 240 3 '^'^^wccu ^ ^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^ latitude. J Boundaries.] BoUNDED by the country of the Iroquois, or Five Nations, on the North ; by Delaware river, which divides it from the Jerfeys, on the Eaft ; and by Maryland, on the South and Weft. . The ftatc of Pennsylvania contains twenty-three counties: ■ * Morf«'« .\merican Geography, vol. I, p. 4SJ. .«. -J , , IT wf •' u./^. Bucks '-JfTi* *<; •^f.j*H' V" Berks ■*::-/,■> ■ • » .. • ■ Northampton ■ CK^ •« t ..••'* r.v i Lancafter t*" '.■iiVt'.'f "i^y t> York ' (♦ ,"('••'" = '-f: •^,-1 -,/,. Cumberland -•> •'^*'^ Pauphiu .•.:;:.* ;*-'. • . Luzerne i'""' "*.'"?. .4,.'^ r « Northumberland « , Franklin - ■ , •■ ;^; i - '•- Huntingdon *■ . J '• - <- . Weftmorcland -,fi:5';S. * * . - Fayette - '.lii'-*- •■ - - "Waftiingtoii ■'.:■* '" i ' Allegany ,i#li , - Delaware - - - . Mifflin - - Somerfet ' rJ>^?:r - Lycoming - . - . Bedford, a county weft ward of chafed from the Indians, in in 1771. - Chief Town*. V • ■ ' jy (" N. lat. 40. Philadelphia < ^i/ u..„ -- „. ^ , ." .- IW.long. 75.«o, Cheftcr ,..7^. Newtown ,A. ;v.\'o j. > ;, ^ ^ Reading ..,.,/ .,..,\> ^/^ Eafton ' -.1 V ,.i Lancafter York , r'j!». ■..•.,,■»?.. .. ,., , .■, .r; CarliHe ^ '' ,.v s'.^,- ij - j* Norrifton > • ;_j^.,». .,. v. >■ .^ 1 Louift>urg ,._ ; i., ,. I i ' ■ , Wilkiborough j,r-,..^ ,. t,..,.i:' . Sunbury '. <,'•>< : w, " • ., . • Chamberftowil .;. (r,;; , ..; ., Huntingdon . » ^„ ij,,. s • :if: Grecniburg .>? « -..'. ;.. ,\"^'il , Union ^^< ; ' , , ,.^,. . -^ Wafliington \"5;c.:i ',. ,. . . ■,. , Pittftjurg . ',: / . V .. ' Chefter Lewifton None t.;:jjtw:j "5 \J .u'vi ,:: . i ;" None the mountains upon the Ohio, pur- 1768, by Mr. Penn, and eftabliflied : ;. />.,...,..t. .^. < ."V ■ f The Delaware State is divided into three coup* " Counties. ', ;. ♦J'^'^ ">:" Chief Tow ■ ' Newcaltle) ' ' 'fNewcaftlc, Wilmington '*- Kent and > ou the Delaware < Dover Suflex >'.;:: ^sr (Lewcftown, Milford i>( which form a diftin(^ ftate and government, having a governor, fc- hate, and houfe of reprefentatives. The fenators arc nine, three from each county ; and the reprefentatives twenty-feven. The former mufl be twenty-feven years old, and the latter twenty-four : and fenators muft have a freehold of two hundred acres, or real and perfonal eftatc to the value of one thoufand pounds. The governor is not eligible more than three years in fix. In other particulars the conllitution of Delaware almoft exaftly agrees with that of Pennfylvania. Rivers.] The rivers are, Delaware, which ig navigable more than two hundred miles above Philadelphia. The Sufquehanna and Schuylkill are alfo navigable a confiderable way up the country. Thefe rivers, with the numerous bays and creeks in Delaware bay, ca- pable of containing the largeft fleets, render this province admirably fuited to carry on. an inland and foreign trade. Climate, air, soil, and") The face of the country, air, foil, FACE OF THE COUNTRY.) and pfoduce, do not materially difFtT from thofe of New York. If there lae any difference, it is in favour of th:s province. The air is fweet and clear. The winters continue from December till March, and are fo extremely cold and fevere, that th&«/iver Delaware, though very broad, is often frozen over. The UNITED STATES of AMERICA. 88 1 ijjonths of July, Auguft, and September, arc almoft intolerably hot; but tlie country is rcfreflied by frequent told breezes. It may be re- marked, in general, that in all parts of the Britilh plantations, frcni New York to the fouthcrn extremity, the woods are full of wild vines of three or four fpecies, all different from tliofe we have ia Europe. But, whether from Ibme fault in their nature, or in the climate, or the foil where they grow, or, what is much more probable, from a fault ia the planters, they have yet produced no wine tiiat dfcfervci to be mea- tioned, though the Indians from them make a fort of wine with which they regale themfelves. It may alfo be obferved of the timber of thefe coloiiits, that towards the fouth it js not fo good for fliipping as that of the more northern provinces. The farther fouthward you go, the timber becomes lefs compaft, and rives eafily ; which property, as it renders it Icfs ierviceable for fliips, makes it more ufeful for rfaves. History, government, sETTLEMKNTt fQ-\ This C9untry, un- PULATioN, CHIEF TOWNS, AND COMMERCE. ) dcr the name of the New Netlieriands, was originally poHeired by the Dutch and Swedes. When tliefe nations, however, were expelled from New York by the Englifli, admiral I'enn, who, irl conjunction with Venables, had con- quered the idand of Jamaica (under the aufpices of Cromwell) being in favour with Charles II. obtained a promiie of a'grant of this coun- try from that monarch. Upon the admiral's death, his fon, the cele- brated quaker, availed himfclf of this promife, and, aftef much court- folicitation, obtained the performance of it. Though as an author and a divine, Mr. Penn be little known, but to thofe of his own per- fuafion, his reputation, in -a charafter no lefs refpe In feme years, more people tranfported themfelVes into Pennfylra- hia, than into all the other fettlemerits together. Upon the principal fivers fettlements arc vn^Act, and the country has been cultivated 1 5.0 'miles above Philadelphia. Tjie inhabitants itmounted, in 1790, to 434,373, including 3,737 (Taves, or abo\it ten for every fquare mile; - «nv^ in the ftate of Delaware to 59,094, of v/hom 8,887 ^''^rc flaves*. "rf The people are hart"^, induftrious, and mofl of them fubftantial, 'though but fev of the landed people can be Gonfidered as rich; but, be- -'fore the commeiicemem of the civil war, they were all well lodged^ well fed, and, for thcSr condition, well clad ; and this at the more eafy ■fate, as the inferior peojile manufadtured moft of their own wear, botn linens and wooFlem. "^ '*' 'This province contains many very confideraWe towns, fuch as ' Gersnan-town, Chefter, Oxford, Radnor, all of which, in ary other colony, would dererve being taken notice of more particularly. But here the city of Philadelphia, which is beautiful beyond any city in 'America, and in regularity unet^ualled by any in Europe, -totally eclipfes the reft, and deferves our chief attention. It was built after -the plan of the famOiis Penn, the founder and legiffator of this colony. -It is fituated about 120 miles from the fea, between two navigable rivers ; the Delaware, where it is above a nnrile in breadth on the eaft, and the Schylkill on the weft, and extends in a line of two miles be- tween them. When the original plan can be ftrlly executed, every quarter of the city will form a I'iquare of eight acres, and atmoft in the centre of it is a fqoare of ten acres, furrounded by the town-houfc, and other public buildings. The High-ftreet is a hundred feet wide, and runs Che whole breadth of the town ; parallel to it run nine other ftteets^ which are crofted by twenty-three more at right angles, all of them fifty feet wide, and communicating wfth the two rivers, which 1 contribute not only to the beauty, but to the wholefomenefs of the city. According to ehe ori^i^nal plan, every man in pofleflion of one thoufand acres, in the province-, had his houfe eithef in one of the fronts facing the rivers, or in ti»e High^ ftreet^ twining from tb. aiiddle of one front to the middle of the other. Every owner of five thoufand acres, be-l ''"ce been a fides the above-mentioned privilege, was entitled to have an acre ofB ^t was in ground in the front of the houfe, and all others might have half ani ^''I'teuiber, acre for gardens and court-yards. The ptoprietor's feat, which is thtB ^'We, tiij tjj ufual place of the governor's refidence, and is about a mile above tti{B?'^f'> of S^p town, is the firft private building, both for magnificence and fitiia£ion,H'f«ated to IV in all Britifli Ameri'^a. The market, and. other public buildings, arfHltie congrefs •pK>portionably grand. The quays are fjjaciousand ffae, and the priii-B ^n 1776, Cipai quay is aoo feet wide. There were in this city a great number of very wealthy merchanti which is no way furprifing, when we conflder the great trade which ii carried on with the Englifti, Spanifti, French, and Dutch colonies in America; with the Azores, the Canaries, and the Madeira illaiuis; v'6 Great Britain and Ireland; with Spain, Purtugal, and Holland. B«; fides the Indian trade, and the quantity of grain, provifions, an' lAl kinrtis of the produce of this province, which is brought do\i' the risers upon which this city is fo commodioully fituated,. if bcriT ploy / hg th hundr( dred a iiumbe Slid te/ The <5f three Great £ topper hia ny fo tui.ifed { llpon im from th< PiiiJadtJt There greatly ei «'|>ich, b minary o partly giv i'ranklin, Bc/idcs . one which ^QSQP,HlCv( «lie uaidn c j." PhiJadeli lutb powei f''e valuabJi cfiarter grd ofiMarch, volumes of I 'Jiis foclety ".iti.ini- 'S '\ * Mo:fe, vol, i. page* 470^ and 50 j. ■•■V *' 1 general convj rO"«fti:tion jconftitution, , Kjeprefenta J; Verne c Rffions of thd '"feintni the tl ""^ the .„ "Jf ^efs than fil pn a foiirrhj ftives. The P'ty-one, ffpr-ieatativej UNITED STATES of AMERICA. 883 yWa- icipal i J JO ,0, to mile ; res*. :antial, utjbe- odgcd, re eafy ir, both fuch as ty other iy. But y city in ^ .totally ault after s colony, navigable 1 the eaft, miles he- ed, every 10ft in the houfc, and ; wiile, and nine other! gles, all of ers, which] lof the city. e thoufand ,onts facing it one front! acres. be- an acre ofj ive half aiil ,-hich is thj| above ttttl liUlings, aK| \d the pri"' itnerchaiitsj [de which it 1 colonie? jiUiuls;** Inland, rifioiw, ai' ,ught dfl*l ttuateii,- '^ Germans, who are fettled in ^he invcrior parts of this province, cai- bloy feveral hundred waggons, drawn each by four hnrfes, in bring- liig the product of their far .s to this mai^et. In the year 1 749, three hundred and three vclfels entered inwards , t this port, and two hun- dred and ninety-ore: cleared outwards} but in the year 1786, the iuimber of veflbis jentaed at the cuftoin-houre was nine huddte^ and ten. The conimodities formerly cJcported into Pennfylvania^ at an average iof three years, amounted to the value of 6ii,oool. Thofe exported to Great Brirain and other marketSj befides timber, (hips built for fale, topper ore, and iron in pjgs and bars, confided of frain, flour, and hiany forts of animal food ; and, at an aveiage of three years, were cal- culitcd at 705,5001. Since the colony's independence, the "tw duty lipon imported goods of two and a' half per cent. aJ valorem^ produced JFrom the firlt of March to the firft of December, 1 784, 1 32,000!. in Pliiladtlphia, which correfponds to an importation of 3,168,0001. There was an academy eftabJifhed at Philadelphia, whi\:h has been greatly encouraged by contributions frofn England an4 Scotland* and which, before the civil war broke out, bid fair to become a bright fe- itiinary of learning. It is now ftyled a Usjversitt ; its funcw were - partly given by the ftatcj and partly taken from the old college. And, ill 17.87, a college waS fbunded at Lfincaller; and, in honour of Dr. Franklin, called Franklin College. Befidcs feveral other very improving inftitutions in this city, there b one wh^ch deferves a particular notiei?, which is the American Phi- LaSQRHlCAl, SoeiETY, HELD AT, PlllLAdELPHI A, FOR PROMOTINO USEFUL Knowledge. This fociety was formed January », 1769, by the unidn of two othier literary Ibcicties that had fubfifled for fometime in Philadelphia; and were created otie body corporate and politic, with fuch powers, privileges, and immunities, as irb neceflary for anfwering the valuable purpofes which the fociety had originally in view, by a charter grjmted by the comraomVealth of Pennfylvania, ou thfc 1 5th of March, 1780. This fociety has already publiflied two very valuable volumes of their tranfaftionSi...one in 1771, the other in 1786; In 177*1 this fociety c<>nii(l,ed 0: nearly 300 members? and upward of lao have fiuce been added ; a large proportion of whom are foreigners. It was in Philadelphia that the general congrefs of America met, in September, 1774? and their meetings con >n«ed to be chiefly held there, till the king's troops made themfelvcs mailers of that cityj on the |26tliof September, 1777. But, in June, I778, the Britifli troops re- treated to New York, and Philadelphia again becarbe the refidence of I the congrefs. • ^ In 1776, the reprcfentatives of the freemen of Pennfylvania met in a [general convention at Philadelphia, and agreed upon the plan of a new Iconftitition of government for that colony. According to the actual jconftitution, the legillativie power is adminiftered by a fenate and houfe lof reprcfentatives ; the executive by a governor ; and the judiciary by |» fupreme court, a court of coi. non- pleas, and a court of quarter- jfeffions of the peace. The legiflature and governor arc elefted by the [freemen; the governor for three years; the reprefewtatives, and a fourth rt of the fenate, annually. The number of reprefentatives niuft not belefsthan fixty, nor exceed one hundred; nor that of fenators lei« [hari a fourth, nor greater than a thii-d part of the number of reprefent- fctives. The eleftors of the itiagiftrates muft have attained the age of Iwcnty-one, have rtfided in the Hate two years, and paid taxes. The |q)r.ieatatives mud have been inhabitants of thefiate three years» aud|| 3 L a W' ■i: ■am **' % i m IP .iWi 4 *i tJNITEt) STATES of AMERICA! the laft yciar previous to their eleftion, have refided in the county which choofes them. The qualifications of twenty^five years of age, and of 'four years rcfidence, are required in fenators ; and the governor mrfft have attained the age of thirty, and have refided in the ftate feven years; •jind he is not eligible more than nine years in twelve. The ftnators are divided by lot into fouf clafles, and the feats of one clafs vacated, anil re-filled yearly, V ■ , „ ■. j-a----^ ,'!r-^tV':.,-'^'"vV:''"!-K.t ■ ■^■:r--'.' ■ \; ■.:' •■:..■ . " -■?»i.-;, tf^M.'^V^IIITUATION AND EXTENT. ■ :.:.- .%■:,.., '•Length Breadth ! BdvKDAMK.] Bounded by Pennfylvanla, on the North ; by tht Delaware ftate, and the Atlantic ocean on thfc Eaft ; by Virginia, on the South j and by the Apalachian mountains on the Weft. Maryland is divided into two parts by the bay of Chefapeak, vii. I* The eaftiern ; andj 2. The wefteru divifion, tjiivt; * ji fi; Divifionft. v Counties. #;-#••' :*rl*> -«;• :■■;■*' :.v Tlie Eaft divifion contains tht coun-H ties of . . . .>». .. r.' Ttvc Weft ' contains divifion ■ ■ T. ■ " Worcefter - - - Somerfet * •.• '* •= *?*■ Dorfct - -i H^?»t, Talbot - - '^ >: * Cecil - - ^'«(?;*^« Queen Anne's * • Kent - - - - Caroline - - - St. Mary's - '- - Charles - - - - Prince George * * Calvert - - ^ ^ - Ann Arundel - - Baltimore - - - Frederic - » - Walhington %■ ■ « Montgomery - Hartford - - • _ Alleghany iN»^^^» j*.» :Chief Towns. ") Princefs Anne j Snow Hill Dorfet, or Dorchefter I Oxford Queen's Town Chelter Dan ton - St. Mary , Briftol Mafterkout Abington Annapoiis, W.loii,| 76-50. N. lat. 39. Baltimore Frederic Town Elizabeth Town Cumberland RiVEis.] This country is indented with a vaft number of navlgai* creeks and rivers. The chief are Potowmack, Pocomoac, Patuxend Cheptonk, Severn, and Saflafras. i'ACB of THE COUNTRY, AIR, 7 In thefc particulars this pro' t { soiL^ AND PRODUce. | has nothing remarkable by wlv fray be diftioguifhed from thofc already dcfcribed. The hills ip tt land e( than a fuited t the int country are, as vaft nur fibjy ada co/nmoc Popuj late yewr 103,036 co/nmerc V'irginia, them Wo I under tlia HiSToj have forn •^s they, I nally plan ^•harles th tlieEnglift with great too^favoun "lany mari Baltimore \ and on that nobleman, which forrn MarvJand, of France, Popifli femi •Baltimore, who had of ev^ry re Indians ; t the fame ha fhe Indians f« in Virgi '"flamed the fufficient from experi( wanting tp their friendh "d to ufe , f'iities; the 'his plantatio from £nglan< ^g '•evoliitio was overturn! * new goverr .Af '''e reftorr 'fs natural pi flifcovered he toleration in ev tUNI^ED STATES or AMERICA. Ms land country are of fo eafy afcent, that they rather fcem an artifici^J than a natural produ£iion. The climate is generally mild, and agreeably fuited to agricultural produftions, and a great variety of fruit-trees. Jn the interior hilly country tije inhabitants are healthy ; but in the flat country, in the neighbourhoqd of the niarflies and ftagnant waters, they are, as in the other fouthern Hates, fubjeft to intcrmittents. The vaft number of rivers diflFufes fertility through the foil, which is admir- ably adapted to the rearing of toba-^co and wheat (which are the ftaple commodities of that country), hemp, Indian corn, grain, &c. Population and commerce.] The number of inhabitants has of late ye^rs greatly increafed, amountingat prefent to 319,728, of whom 103,036 are flaves ; \yhich is nearly 34 for every fquarc mile. The commerce of Maryland depends on the fame principles with that of Virginia, and 15 fp clofely connefted with it, that any feparatlon of them would rather confufe than inftruft. It will be confidered therefore under that head. History and government.] Maryland, like the provinces we have formerly defcribed, owes its fettlement to religious confiderations, ^s they, however, were peopled by Proteftants, Maryland was origi- nally planted by Roman Catholics. This feft, towards the clofe of Charles the Firft's reign, was the objed of great hatred to the bulk of theEnglifli nation; and the laws in force againft the Papifts were executed with great fevcrity. This in part arofe froman opinion, that the court was too favourably difpofed towards this form of religion. It is certain, that many marks of favour were conferred on the R,oman catholics. Lord Baltimore was one of the nioft eminent in great favonr with the court, and on that account moft odious to the generality of the Fnglilh. This nobleman, in 163a, obtained a grant from Oharles of that country, which formerly was confidered as a p f Virginia, but was now called Maryland, in honour of queen HenriciL. Mar ,, dang'ner to Henry IV of France, and fpoufe to. king Charles. 1 he year t 'Uowing, about aco popifli fam^lie^, fome of confiderable diIlin6Vion .rnbarked with lord Baltimore, to enter into pofleffion of this new territory Thefe fe; !ers, who had that liberality and gqod breeding which diftiiiguifli gentlemen of every religion, bought the.ir lands at an eafy price, from the native Indians ; they even lived witli them for fome time in the fame ity ; and the fame harmony continued to fubfilf between the two nat" is, untn the Indians were i^ppofcd o^ by the malicious infinuations of fome plant- ers in Virginia, who envied tlie profperity of this popifli colony, ane{ governing, whith coultf not confiftently be conferred on a Rom^'n catholic. But, after the fiJ ttiily changed their religion, rhey obtained the power as well as the in- tcrert. The government of this country efxaftly refembled that in Vir. ginia, except that the governpr was api>oiiued by the proprietor, and only conflriTied by the crown. The government of Maryland is now vefted in a governor, fenate of 15, and houfe b'f delegates, all whicfii are to be chofco annually. Thfe governor is elefted by ballot, by the ienate and houfe of delegates. AU freemen above twenty- one years 0^ lilge, having a freehold of flfy acres, or property to the value of thirty pounds, have a right of fuffragc in the cleftion of delegates, which i$ viva voce. All perions appointed to any office of profit and truft, arctp fubfcnbe a declaration of their belief in the Chriftian religion. In 1782, a college was founded at^hefter town, in this province, Under |;he riamp of ITa&nigton Cailest^ 14 hoi^our of gen. WaflunBtou, ^ ■■"■iii ',■,»>., ■■ I'^i I"' h I L 1 1': '•' r H -1 • i I />!'. VIRGINIA. ,;•.■■., '^^ .. ■•;;>;•■< '/r -w ^-'s-': '■-. vV fITUATIOH AMD EXTENt. A;', / Miles. V • Degrees. Sg. Miles, Length ycol u ^ (" yc and go wefl lohfeitude} « • ■ Breadth ^iol^"**'"" ] 3I and 40 north latitude \ ^^'^^^^ .' '• '^"'; ... ff<* i^" irjf.,') •*-*-.'S'»,".'v;'' OUNDED by the river Potowmac, which divides it from Maryland, on the north-eaft ; by the At- Jantic ocean, on the eaftj by Cajrolina, on the fouth ; and the river Mlffiifippi, on tl." weft. V.ir /. .ivi"i' - .6i> -• . -It may We divi ;d into 82 counties, which ttt mfcntioned in the fol- lowing table, takt . from Morfe's American iCJeography. "■ "' '^ '""" c:...._^:_.. ' . Counties,. Situation. • Weft of the Counties. rOhio ''''i Monongalia Wafljington Montgomery Wythe . ' . • Botetourt Green -briar '- Blue Hidge. -< Kan^wa HampiUire Berkley Frederick ..J^ ..^ Shenandoah .i'^ » '. . I Rockingham I Augufia (^Rockbridge Situation. Between the Blue Ridge and < the tide- waters. %oudoun Fauquier Culpepper Spotfylvania Orange Louifa Goochland Flavjnia Albemarle Arpherft Buckingham Bedford Henry Pittfylvania Halifax l?NITED STATES oe .AMERICA. -- --'.■•■ • ••• ,.f .Couiities, Between the filueRidgeaud< lt}4«-vraters. •:'^> 'f. Lr-lM: Between James Tiver and Ca- ^Una ■H^v. J^ Betvi'een James and York ric rn^^P Capes 6harlote '^ ' Prince Edward Cumberland PowhaUm Amelia , Npttawatjr' ■,■'•';:'; Lunenburg Mecitleiibiirg , ^Brunfwick 'Grcenfvilie Dinwiddis Chefterfield Prince G€orge Surry SufTex S()uthaaipi;on ine of Wight Nanfempnd Norfolk Princefs Ann ■ Htfurico Hanover New Kent Charles City 1^ Jame? City Williaijift)urg York Warwick t6J,WaUe;th City ■ AYS, AND RIVERS.] •♦*!:,■'. Couaties. eenYork Kjng William f*; Rappahan-J ^'H»^dQ,uctt^., Between and noc rivers. ••> ■ I ■''i '■■•J- Between Rappa- hannoc and ro- towmac rivers. *»■ -j*'. t^'< Eafbem flK>re \ Eflex Middlefex Gloiicefter %r Fairfax "qt; Prince William «" Stafford |-' King George Richmond Weftmoreland 5 Northumberland Lancafter , ^^ Accomac : i "^-j Northampt wuUi The following are new Counties. •if u .,*. *. ,A'^; ^ "<.U' Campbell Franklin Harrifon Randolph Hardy Pendleton Ruflel *. :K^.,. K^ fc". 1^ ■v.-f- In railine to Vlrginw or Maryland, you pafs a flrait between two points of land, called the Capes of Virgi- nia, \^'hich opens a palfage into the bay of Chefapeak, one of the largeft and fafeft in the whole world; for it enter$ the country near 300 miles from the fouth to the north, is about eighteen miles broad for a confi- derable way, and feven where it is the narrowcft, the waters in raoft places being nine fathoms deep. This bay, tlirough its whole extent, receive^ a vaft number of navigable rivers from the fides of both Mary, land and Virginia, From the latter, b^fides others of lefs note, it re- ceives James River, York River, the Rappahannoc, and the Potowmac: thefe are not only navigable for large fisipsinto the heart of the country, but have To many creeks, and receive fucLa number of fmaller navi- gable rivers, that Virginia is, without all manner of doubt, the country in the world of all others of the mofl: convenient navigation. It has been obfervfd, and the obfervation is not exaggerated, that every plant- er has a river at his door. . Face of the couNfRV.] The whole face of this country is fo ex- tremely low towards the fea, that you are very near the Ihore before you can difcover land from the maftthead. The lofty trees, which cover the foil, gradually rife as it were from the ocean, and afford an enchant- ing profpe 533i 534« 3 L + M- r' I m V 888 UNITED STATES of AMERICA; ^n III Air avd climate.] In fummer the heats here are exceflive, though not without refreflung breezes from the fea. The weather is change- able, and the change is fudden and violent. Their winter frofts come on without the Jeaft warning. To a warm day there fometimes fuc- c«ds fuch an intenfe cold in the evening, as to freeze over the Jargcft rivers. ' The air and feafons here depend very much upon the wind, as to heat and cold, drynefs and moifture. In winter, they /have a fine clear air, and dry, which renders it very pleafahi. Their fpring is about a jnrfnth earlier than in England ; in April they have frequent rains ; in May and June, the heat ipcreafes; and the fummer is much like oiir's, being refreAied with ggntlc t(reeze§ from the fea, that rife about nine o'clock, and decreafe or increafe as the fun rifes or fall^. In July and i^uguftj thefe breezes ceafe, and the air becomes ftagnant, and violently hot: in September, the weather generally changes, when they have heavy and frequent rains, which occafion all the train of difeafes iiifciC dent to a moift climate, particularly agues and intermitting fevers. They have frequent thunder and lightning, but it rarely does any inifchief. SqiL AUD PRODUCE.] Towards the fea-fbore and the banks of the riT*crs, the foil of Virginia confifts of a dark rich mould, which, with. out manure, returns plentifully whatever is' committed to it. At a di- ftance from the Water, there is a lightnefs and fandinefs of the foil, which, however, is of k generous nature, and, aided by a kindly Ain, yields corn and tobaccd extremely well. From what has Been faid of the foil and climate, it is eafy to infertile variety and perfe^Vion of the vegetable produftions of this country^ The forefts are coVered with all forts of lofty trees; and no underwood or buflies grow beneath ; fo that people travel with cafe through the forefts on jjorfeback, under a fine fhade to defend them from the fun : the plains arc enamelled with flowers and flowering flirubs of the richeft colotirs ijod moft fragrant fcent. Silk grows fpontaiieoully in many places', the fibres of which are as ftrong as heriip. Medicinal herbs and foots, particularly the fnake-robt, and ginfertg, are here in great plenty.' There is no fart pf grain b\it might be cultivated to advantage. The in- habitants, however.; are fo engrofTed with the culture of the tobacco- plant, ;hat they think, if c6rn TufHcient for their fupport can be reared, fliey do enough in this way. But fla:)i and hemp are produced, not only for th^ir own confumption, but for exportatioh, though not in fuch quantitie's as might be expefted from the nature of the foil, admi- rably fitted for produtirig this commodity. ' Animals.] \Vc fljall nere obfervc, that there were neither horfes, cows, flieep. nor hogs, in America, befbre they were carried thither by the Europeans -, but now they are multiplied fo extremely, that ma- ny of them, particularly in Virginia, and the fouthern colonies, run wild. Before the war between Great Britain and the colonies, beef and ^ork were fold here from one penny to two -pence a pound ; their fatteft pullets at fix ppnce a-piece ;. chickens at three or four fliillings a dozen ; geefe at tennpnce; and turkeys at eiehteen-pence a-piecc- But fifli and wild-fowl were fHU cheaper in the Jeafon, and deer were fold from five to ten fhillings a-piece. This eltiniate may ferve for the other American colonies, where provifions wei'e equa,lly plentiful and cheap, and in feme ftill lower. Befides the animals tranfported from Europe, thofc natural to the country are deer, of which there are great numbers, a fort of panther or tiger, bears, wolves, foxes, and racoons. Here i« likewife that firgular "animal, called the opoffum, which fcems to be UNITED STATES op AMERICA. S89 nies, run beef and leirfatteft a dozen ; But fidi old from the other nd cheap, 1 Europe, numbers, ;.Here » :ms to be the wood-rat mentioned by Charlevoix, in his hiftory of Canada. It is about the fize of a cat ; and bcfides the belly, common to it with other animals, it has another peculiar to itfelf, and which hangs beneath the former. This belly has a large aperture towards the hinder legs, which difcovers a large number of teats on theufual parts of the common belly. Upon thcfe, when the female of this creature conceives, the young aro formed, and there they hang like fruit upon the ftalk, until they grow- to a certain bulk and weight ; when they drop off, and are received into the falfe belly, from which they go out at pleafure, and in which they t«ke refuge when any danger threatens them. In Virginia there are all forts of tame and wild fowl. They have the nightingale, whofe plumage is crimfon and blue ; the mocking-bird, thought to excel all others in his oWn note, and including that of every one ; the humming- bird, the fmalleft of all the winged creation, and by far the moft beau- tiful, all arrayed in fcarlet, green, and gold. It fips the dew from the flowers, which is all its nourifliment, and is too delicate to be brought alive into England. Character, manners, customs.] Virginia has produced fome of the moft diftinguiflied aftors in etfefting the revolution in America. Her political and military charafter will rank among the fiift in the pag6 of hiftory. But it is to be obferved, that this charaditer has been obtain • ed for the Virginians by a few eminent men, who have taken the lead in all their public tranfaftions, and who, in fhort, govern Virginia; for the great body of the people uo not concern themffclves with politics, fo that their government, though nominally republican, is, in faft, oli- garchal, or ariftocratical. Several travellers give but a very indifferent account of the generalitr of the people of this province. The ypung men, obferves one, gene- rally I'peaking, are gamblers, cock-fighters, and horfe-jockies. The ingenuity of a Locke, or the difcoveries of a Newton, are confidereda* infinitely inferior to the accomplithments of him who is expert in the management of a cock-fight, or dextrous in manoeuvring at a horfe- race. A fpirit for literary inquiries, if not altogether confined to a few, is, among the body of the people, evidently fubonlinate to a fpirit of gambling and barbarous fports. At almoft every tavern or ordinary, on »he public road, there is a billiard table, a back-gammon table, cards, and other implements for various games. To thefe public-houfes the gam- bling gentry in theneighbourhoodrcfort,toi///time, which hangs heavily upon them ; and at this b\ifinefs they are extremely expert, having been Eccuftomed to it from their earlieft youth. Thepaffion for cock-fighting, a diverfion not only inhumanly barbarous, but infinitely beneath the dignity of a man of fenfe, is fo predominant, that they even advertifc their matches in the public papers *. This diffipation of mannei^ is the confequence of indolence and luxury, which are the fruit of African flavery. History, government, popula-") This is the firft country which TioN, towns, and commerce. 3 the Englifh planted in Ameri- ca. We derived our right, not only to this, but to all our other fettle- ments, as has been already obferved, from the difcovery of Sebaftian Cabot, who, in 1497, firft made the northern continent of America, in the fcrvice of Henry VII. of England. No attempts, however, were made to fettle it till the reign of queen Elizabeth. It was then that lir *A traveller through Virginia obferves : Three or four matches were advert'fed ia the puWic prints at Williamfturgh; »ud I was witnefsof five in the couri'e of my Ura- Tcls from that to Pott Royal. .:.»!l li! ^p 890 UNITE© STATES of AMERICA, it !■!■ Iili< i'!^ Walter Raleigh applied, to court, and got together a comimny, which was CQmpofed of fever^l pefions of |dilli|)6^ion, and feveral emineiu Hierchants, who agreed {o op^n 9 trade, and fettle a qolony, in that part Qf the world, which, in honour of queen Elizabeth, he called Virginia. Towards the clofpof the fixtecnth cgitury, feveral attempts were made (or fettling this colony, before any proved fuccefsful. The three firft companic!) who failed to Virginiat»eriflied through hunger and difeafes, 01; were cut off by the Indians. Tho fourth was reduced almoft to the fame fltuaUon ; and being dwindled to a ft;eble remainder, had fet fail for England, in defpair oT living in fuch an uncultivated country, inha- bite4 by fuch hoftile and warlike favages. 9ut, in the mouth of Chefa- peak Bay they were met by lord Delaware, with a fquadron loaded with proviHoRs, and with every thing neceflary for their relief and de- fence. At his perfuafion, they returned : by his advice, prudence, and >vi«>ning behaviour, the internal government of the colony was fettled within itfel]f, antl put on a refppflable footing with regard to its enemies. This nobleman, who had accepted the government oi the unpromifiiig province of Virginia from the nobleft motives, was compelled, by the decayed ftate of his health, to return to England. He left behind him, iiowever, his fon, as deputy j with fir Thomas Gates, fir George Som- *j,iers, the honourable George Piercy, and M*"- Newport, for his council, )Jy them, James Town, the firft towfn t^uilt by the bnglifli m tl»e New World, was erefted. The colony continued t9 flpurifl), and the true fources of its weo.lth began to be difcovered and imp'oved. The firrt feitleps, like thofe of Maryland, were generally perfons of coniideration and diftindion. It remained a ftcady ally to the royal party during the troubles of Great Britain. Many of the cavaliers, in danger at home, took refuge here ; and, under the government pf fir William Berkeley, held out lor the crown, vntil the pvliampnt, rather by ftratagem than fcrce, reduced them. After the reftbration, there is nothing very in. terefting in the hiftory of this province. Soon after this time, a young gentleman, named Bacon, a lawyer, availing himfelf of fpme difcon- tents in tlie colony, on account of reftraints in trade, became very po- pular, and threw every thing into confufion. liis death, however, rtftored peace and unanimity. The government of this province was not at firft adapted to the prin- ciples of the Englith conftitution, and to the enjoyment of that liberty to which a fubjed .oi Great Britain thinks himl'eif entitled in every part of th^ globe. It was fubjeft to a governor and ^ouncil, appointed by the king of Great Britain. As the inhabitants increafcd, the mcoiiveniency of,|his form became more grievous ; and a new branch was added to the conftitution, by which luc people, who had formerly no confideration, were allowed to eleft their reprefentative* from each county into which this country is divided, with privileges refembling thofe of the repre- fentatives of the commons of England. Thus two houfcs, the upper and lower houfe of aflembly, were formed. The Qpper houfe, which was before called the council, remained pn its former footing ; its mem. bers were appointed, during pleafure, by the crown ; they were ftyled Honourable, and anfwered in fome meafure to the houfe of peers in the 3ritini conftitution. The lower houfe was the guardian of the people's liberties. And thus, with a governor rcprefenting the king, an up[)er 9nd lower houfe of aflembly, this^overnment bore a ftriking refemblance to our own. When any bill had pafTed the two houfes, it came before the governor, who gave his afTent or negative, as he thought proper. It now acquired the force of a law, until.it was tranfmittcd to England, and hi» majeft)'s pleafure known on that lubjeft. The upper houfe of llTembl; council ofmom^ The] at Will and judi delegate and for of Willi ty-four I }nto twe of eight afTembly indues, i juflices, council. The ii I790f to till lately added to was the fi (oik, the I [he prcfei large, ow which bri In the eluded tha tobacco al »t eight p( to 963,00 were conf came to ; our mere cd to Gre; mention o employee therefore, braced by val 'e for the city of Williartiiburg and towri of Norfolk. The fenate to toni'ft of twen- ty-four rtiembers, ajfq. chofen by the freeholders of tl^e flac^ divided }nto twenty diftrlfts. The executive is a ^overnof «(nhabitants ; Nor- folk, the moft populous town in Virginia, about 6qoo ; and Richmond, the prcfent feat of government, 4000; the towns in general not being large, owing to the interfe^ion of the country by navigable rivers, ^hich bring the trade to the ^o^^fs of the inhabit;ints. In the following account of the commerce of Virginlaj is alfo in*- eluded that of Maryland. Thefe provinces were fuppoTed to export, of tobacco alone, to the annual value of 768,0001. into Great Britain. This, at eight pounds per hogfliead, makes" the number of hogflieads amount ^0 963,000!. Of thefe, it is computed, that about 13,500 hogflitads were confumed at home, the duty on which, at 26I. is. per hogfhcad, came to 351,6751. the remaining 82,500 hogflieads were exported by our merchants to the other countries of Europe, and their value return* ed to Great Britain. The advantages of this trade appear by the bare mention of it. It may not be improper to add, that this fingle branch employed 330 fail cf (hips, and 7960 feamen. Not only our wealth, therefore, but the very hnews of our national ftrength, were powerfully braced by it. The other commoditiesof thtfe colonies, of which nar val (lores, wiieat, Ind'an corn, iron in pigs and bars, are the mbft con* fiderable, made 'he whole exportation, at an average of three years, amount to i,040,oo(il. The exports of Great Britain, the fame as to our other colonies, at a like average, came to 865,000!. here is a college founded by kin^ William, called William and Ma- ry college, who gave 2000I. towards it, and 20,000 acres of land, with power to purchafe and hold lands to the value of 2000I. a year, and a duly of one penny per pound, on all tobacco exported to the other plantations. There is a prefident, fix profellors, and other officers, who are named by the governors or vifitors. The honourable Mr. Boyle niade a very large donation to the college for the education of Indian children. The prelbyterian denomination of Chriftians is the moft nu- merous in this province ; for, though the firft fettlers were Epifcopalians, yet through the indolence of the clergy, two-thirds of the people bad become difleuters, at the commencement of the late revolution. •H^!. ^fm m m I' '.I •C '.j^;' / 1,: Ai.i/v £j Sfi* .' .J i ^J rV>'.' * KORTHand south CAROLINA, w^th '■P ■ GEORGIA. - ;>- i SITUATION AND BXT>NT. Miles* DegMc*. Sq. Mile^, ^Length 700^ Mween I ?« ^"4 9^ weft riwcm j 30 and 37 north longitude. -i ' J-^' v^,.' :-l Brca'dth 380 j °"'"=™ t 30 and 37 "0"^ la^i'^dc. J ' '°»««^ BouiiDAtiEs.] Bounded by Virginia, on the north ; by the Atlan- tic Ocean, on the caft ; by the river St. John, which feparates Georgia from Florida, on the foi^h ; and by , 5*' ■■■'■ i, ;•"'■*(■ "■' • » ;■".■. «-, Newbern, 9 Counties. V^Onflow "Craven Beaufort Carteret Johnfon < Pitt Dobbs :v,V':/-'<^'' Wayne V^ ' Hyde , *>" , tJonesC' '^ Thefe three diftrids are on the fea- coaft, extending from the Virginia line fouthward to South Caro- ■M'' Diftrias. Hillfborough, 6 Counties. ■\>.ti Kii ilU-*Y':4,r'';'.4'-'' Salifbury," 8 Counties. Counties. 'Orange ^ , , Chatan 'iV Granfville»'l^V;.i: Cafwell Wake^;-^ , Randolph ''Rowan Mecklenburg Rockingham Iredeli^. ; ■>, Surry * ' ' '■ id . I Stokes Guildford ' ^ r Burke Morgan, jRuthford ;t 4 Counties. j Lincoln !.,.( Wilkes ,;viL».r Cumberland Kna. Halifax, 7 Counties. rHalifax Northampton Martin . ^ Edgecomb Warren . • [., Franklin '*^/ • «• **; ' ■ ^ '^ ... ^,«* ^Naih I * Morfe's American Geography, vol. t. p. 579. Fayette,..;' ^r J Richmond 6 Counties. j Robifon I Sampfon r. t . l^Anfon * Thefe five diftrldls, beginning oh the Virginia line, cover the whole ftate weft of the thres maritime diftri£ts before men- tioned, and the greater part of them extend quite acrofs the ftate fron) north to foutb. UNITED STATES of AMERICA. 8^3 SOUTH CAROLINA has feven diftrias, in which are 3 5 countiet, ♦V'jijfj': V*"f Fairfield -Jii Camden Di- strict, weft of town «..i..^v. J , - Chief town Cam- ^,caller ^^ den. I \?'K '**> town diftria. "{ ^'eremont NlNETY-SXX Dl- LCheftap,*;; STRICT, r^^^;'"!^"'? comprehends all trS^J^*'* ¥■*' other parts of the! f!^!^*'"'y.^ ftatc, not included S '^"'°'* Liberty in the other di- ftria. Chief town Cambridge. rii'- #-i<.» Laurensi Spartanburgll Greenville -t'l ^Pendleton* ^' Cheraws District^ weft off «»„ m . u ou a /»,««> Georgetown diftria, chief ^ Marlborough, ChefterfJeld, Dar- towns JiTf /,,>,, ■ ■>.tj;«,'. lingtpn. ■♦ ■■fr ■ GEORGIA. That part of the ftate which has been laid out in coun- ties, has been divided into three diftrias, which are fubdivided intb eleven counties. .'9l'^?if».'jf Diftrias. >W; Lower di- ftria. Counties.';''^-' >' ■(■ ' Camden Glyn Liberty '\ Chatham Chief ¥6^n8i I.' .•'.-A. i I Effing!;ani r Richmond J Burke I Waftiingtoa f Wilkes . y Franklin M>7 Greene •/ Middle dir ftria..,., ; Upper ,«Jl<« St. Patrick ^;V Brunfwick • "' '" unbury ' ' ^ ■ — ■■* Savannah, N. lat, ^2-5. W* long, 8o-20. Ebenezer ■ ''"'■■■'■ '""■' ''-* Augusta ■■">fvV(^ ..-v.-^-*- •''<■■■*■* Waynefturg LouifviUe^'-' jGolphinton "■ Waftiington ■ ,' ^ Greenlburgh *. ' .■T£4 .1 V.I i Rivers.] Thefe are the Roanoke, or Albemarle river; I*amtic6; Neus; Cape Fear, or Clarendon river; Pedee; Santee; Savannah; Alatamaha, or George river, and St. Mar}''s, which divides Georgia i .:■•• ;.:■:' :; , . ; ■.. ■■ ; .U' - ^ - . /?> * Morfe, vol. i, p. 6io. - ■'.»! i''- 'M. ■• i-i i .J' ""Tfjpp"' «94 JBTKtrtD STATEJ o^ AifERTcAi ' 1) from florida: ill whidi rtvcn rHt in tht ApdnchMn mmtntttnt, an^j running eaft, fall into the Atiantic ocean. The back parts are watered by the CherokcM, Yafoue, Mobile, Apalachicola, the Pearl river, and 'maa^ other noble dreams which fall into the MiffiiTippi, or the Gult of Mexico. Stihh, AA-vi, AM* CAMS.] TRe only fra bordering on this country is that of the Atlantic nceaa ; which is fo (liatlow near the coai(, that a (hip of any great burdtn cannot approach it, exco|>t in fome few places. Tborc has not vet been found one good harbour in North Ca. rotina; the bet «rc tboie of Roanoke, at the mouth of AlbenMrle river, Pamtico, and Cape Fear. In South Cartina, there are the harbours of "Winyow, or George-Town, Charles-Town, and Port Royal. In Georgia, the mouths of the rivers Savannah and Alatamaha form good harbrvurs. The moft remarkable promontories are. Cape Hatteras, in 35 degrees odd nuuutet north latitude. Cape ^'ear to the fouth of it, and Cape Car- teret flill farther fouth. Cltmatb and air.] There is not any confiderabk difference be- tween the climate of rhefe countries. In general, it agrees with th, t of Virginia; but where they differ, it is much to the advantage of Caro- lina. Tht fumnners, indeed, are of a more intenfe heat than in Virgi- nia, but the winters are milder and flinrtcr. The climSte of Carolina, like all American weather, is fubje*^ to fudden tranfitious from heat to cold, and from c^ild to heat ; but not to fuch violent extremities as Vir- ginia. The winters, are ieldom fevere enough to freeze any confider- able water, affeiftingonly the mornings and evenings; the frofts hav.« never fufficient ftrength to refift the noon-day fun ; (o that many ten- der plants, which do not (tand the winter of Virginia, flourifli In Caro- lina, .for they have oranges in great plenty near Charled-Town, and i:.<<- cellent in their kinds both fwect and ibur. Soil., paoDUCE, AND FACE 7 In this refpeift, too, there is a con- OF THE COUNTRY. ) fiderablc coincidence bWween thefe countries and Vicginia : the Carolinas, however, in the fertility of na- ,ture, have the advantage ; but Georgia has not (o good a foil as the a- ther provinces. The whole country is in a manner one fftireft, where the planters have not cleared it. The trees are almofi the fame in every refpeft with thofc produced in Virginia ; and by the' dittereiu fpecies of thefe, the quality of the foil is eafily known. The land in Carolina is eafily^ leered, as there is little or no underwood, and the forefts moftly conlitt of tall tl-ees at a confidei-able dlftance. Thofe {[rounds which bear the oak, the walnut, and the hichory, aire extremc- y fertile; they are of. a dark fand, intermixed with loam : and, as all . tneir land abounds with nitre, it is "a long time b',rore it is exhAufteci; /or here they never yfe any manure. The pine barren is the worfl of ail ; this is an almoft perfeftly white fand ; yet it bears the pine-tree, and fome other tifeful plants, naturally yieWing good profit in pitch, tar, and turpentine. When this fpecies of land is cleared, for two or three years together it produces very good crops Oi Indian corn and peas ; and, when it lies low, and is flooded, it even anfwers for rice, but what is moft fortunate for tliii province ii, that the worft part of its land is favourable to a fpecies of the moft valuable of ail its prn- duro- dieioui fertility, fitted for every purpofe of human life ; tior cw\ any thfhg be imagined more plcaiant to the eye than th-j varirgatect ttifpofi- tiot» of this baclc country. Here the air is p\ire and M'hr^dome, and the fummer heat much more temperate thtnx on the flat Tandy cdaff. In Carolina, vegetation i;. incredibly quick. The climate and foil have fomething in them fo kindly, that ttw latter, when left ro itfelf, na- turally throw* out an immenfe quantity of flowers and flk>werrng fljrub?. All the European plants arrive at perfection here beyond that m which tbeir native country affords their With proper culture and encouragc- mcnt^ filk, wine, and oil, might be produced in thefe colonies ; of the firft we have fecn fample* equal to wlwt is brought to us from Italy. Wheat in the brack parts, yields a prodigious increafe. From what we have observed of tl^te valuable provinces, their pro- duiflions appear to be vines, wheat, rice, Indian corn, barley, oats, peas, beans, hemp, flax, cotton, tobacco, indigo, olives, oranges, citron, cy- prefs, faflTafras, oak, walnut, caflia, and pine trees; white mulbcrry-trefes for feeding filk-worms; farfaparilla, a^d pines which yieW turpentine, refin, tar, and pitch. There is a kind of tree from which runs an oil of extraordinary virtue for curing wounds ; and another, which yields a balm thought to be little inferior to that of Mecca. There are other trees befides thefe, that yield gums. The Carol in as produce prodigious quantities of honey, of which they make excellent fpirifs, and mead as good as Malaga fack. Of all thefe the three great ftaple commodities at prefent arc the indigo, rice, and the produce of the pine. Nothing furpriies an European more at firft fight than the fue of the trees here, as well as in Virginia and other American countrie?. Their trunks' are often from fifty to feventy feet high, without a branch or hmb; anc) frequently above thirty-fix feet in circumference. Of thefe trunks when hollowed, the people of Charles-Town, as well as the Indians, make canoes, which ferve to tranfport provifions and other jjoods from place to place ; and fome of them are fo large, that they will carry thirty or forty barrels of pitch, though forntcd of one piece of timber. Of thefe are likewife made curious pleafure boats. Animals.] The original animals of this cgontry do not differ much from thofe of Virginia ; but in Carolina they have a ftill greater variety of beautiful fowls. All the animals of Europe are hem in plenty ; blacK cattle are multiplied prodigioufly; to have 200 or 300 cows is very common, but fome have 1000 «r upwards. Thefe ramble all day at pleafure in the forefl: ; but their calves being feparated and kept in fenced pailures, the cows return every evening to them. The hogs range in the fame manner, and return like the cows ; thefe are very numerous, and hnany run quite wild, as well as horned cattle and horfe?, in the woods. It is furprifing that the cattle (hould Ixave incrcafed fo uickly fince their being firil: imported fiom' Europe, while there arc uch numbers of wolves, tigers, and pantliers, conilantly ranging the woods and forefts. We have already o!)ferved, that thefe animals uTfc lei's ravenous than the beafts of Afi-ica and Afi-a ; they very feldom at- tcmpbto kill either calves or foals in America, which, wlien attacked, are vigoroufly defended by their dams, / HistorV, government, PoPt'LA.rtO'N, 7 The firft Englifli expc'^ CHiEf towns, and GoMNfEKGE. ( ditlons into Carolina were wifortunate. None of thcjn had iucuefs till the year 1663, in the reign f fu i i i.3-:*''-r n f f ^}f t^6 UNITED STATES of AMERICA. i' .1 1], aii €ff Charles II. At that time federal Englifli noblemen, and others of ^reat diilindion, obtained a charter from the crown, invefting them with the property and jurifdi^ion of this country. They parcelled out the lands to fuch as were willing to go over into the new fettlcment) »nd to fubitiit to a fyftem of laws, which they employed the famous Locke to conipofe for them. They began their firft fcttlement at a point of land towards the fouthi ward of their diftrift, between two navigable rivers. Here they laid the foundation of a city, called CharlesyTown, which was defigned to be, what it is now, the capital of the province. In time, however, the difputes between the churcn of England men and diflenters caufed a to- tal confufion in the colony. This was rendered ftill more intolerable |)y the incurfions of the Indians, whom they had irritated by their info- ieiice and injuftice. In order to jirevent the fatal confequcnccs of thefe inteftine divifions and foreign wars, an aft of parliament was pafled, which put this colony under the inlmediate proteftion of the crown. The lords proprietors accepted a rccom pence of about 24,0001. for fcoth the property and jurifdiftion ; and the conftitution of this colony, in thofe relpefts in which it differed from the royal colonies, was alter- ed. Earl yrenville, however, thought fit to retain his feventh (hare, which Continued in the pofTeffion of his family. For the more conve- nient adminittration of affairs, Carolina was divided into two diftrifts, and two governments. This happened in 1728, and from that time, peace being reftored in the internal g«vernment, as well as with the Cherokees and other Indian tribes, thefe provinces began to breathe; and their trade advanced with wonderful rapidity.i .r. ; *'^ '^ ; ^.„ *,•;-♦ - * -'• The fettlement of Georgia was projected in 1^32, when fevefial pub- lic-fpirited noblemen, and others, from compaffion to the poor of thefe kingdoms, fubfcrib^d a confiderable fum, which, with io,oool. from the government, was given to provide neceflaries for fuch poor perfons as were willing to ti-anfport themfelvcs into this province^ and to fub- init to the regulatiotiS impofed on them. In procefs of time, new funis ipefe raifed, and new inhabitants fent over. Before the year 1752, up- wards of, 1000 oerforiS were fettled in this province. It was not, how- evefj to be expefted^ that the inhabitants of Georgia, removed, as they were, at a great diftance from their bei»efaftors, and from the check anid controul of thofe who had a natural influence over them, would fiib- mit to the magiftrates appointed to govern them. Many of the regiila. tions, too, by which they were bound, were very improper in theri)- felves, and deprived the Georgians of privileges which their neighbours enjoyed, and which, .as they increafed in numbers and opulence, they thought it hard rhey mbuld be deprived of. From thefe corrupt fources arofe all the bad humouts which tore to pieces this conftitution of go- vernment. Diflenfions of all kinds fprang up, and the colony was on the brink of deftruftion, when, ip 1752, the government took it under their immediate care, removed their particular grievances, and placed Georgia on the fame footing with the Carolinas. The method of fettling in Carolina, and indeed in other provinces of Britifli America, was to pitch upon a void fpacc of ground, and either purchafe it at the rate of 20I. for 1000 acres, and one fliilling quit-rent for every 100 acres; or otherwife, to pay a penny an acre quit-rent yearly to the proprietors, without purchafe-money. The people of Ca- rolina live in the fame eafy, plentiful, and luxurious manner with the Virginians already defcribed. Poverty is here almoft an eritira ilfaager i and the planters are the moil hofpitabie people tiiat arc to be. ter, furfere June, i7y <^efcriptioi •tkI IT) ere h fin'tain anc The trade between Carolina and the Weft Indies was the fame in all refpeds with that of the reft of the colonies, and was very large ; their trade with the Indians was in a very flouriftiing condition ; and they formerly carried Englifli goods on pack-horfes 500 or 600 miles into the country weft of Charles-Town. The mouths of the rivers in North Carolina form but ordinary har- bours, and* do not admit, except one at Cape Fear, veflels of above 70 or 80 tons. This lays a weight upon their trade, by the cxpenfe of lighterage.''* ' ' " "^ ' , Georgia has two towns already known in trade. Savannah, the ca- pital, is commodioufly iituated for an inland and foreign trade, about ten miles from the fea, upon a noble river of the fame nane, which is navigable for 200 miles farther for large boats, to the feoond town, calleji Augufta, which ftands in a country of the greateft fertility, and carries on a tonfiderable trade witli the Indians. From the town of Savannah you fee the whole courfe of the river towards the fea ; and, on the other hand, you fee the river for about fixty miles up into the country. Here the rev. Mr. George Whitfield founded an orphan^ houfe, which is now converted to a very different ufe, into a college for the education of young men, defigned chiefly for the miniftry. 1 By the eftimate taken in 1790, of the population of thefe ftates, the iiumber of inhabitants in North Carolina was 393»75i, of whom 100,571 were flaves ; in South Carolina, 249,073, of whom 107,094] were flaves ; and in Georgia, 82,548, of whom 29,264 were flaves. The government of North Carolina is now vefted in a governor, fe- nate, and houfe of commons, all ele<5led annually ; the executive power is a governor and feven counfellors : of South Carolina, in a governor, | fenate of tvventy-thrcp, and a houfe of reprefentatives of 202 membeii: and that of (Georgia, in a governor, executive council of twelve, amil houic of affifmbly of feventy-two reprefentatives. U^i ,-- ^.i-' ■..,. . -.•-.' ■-. ,'; ■ .- •- - 1 ■ '■. ... >i t« •*• ■ >t S)i Letigtl fireadt Bou^fnA; Carolina ; ,] foiirce, till i Kentucky Cotm JefPr;/p Fayerte Bourboi JHereer Nelfon Maddifo Lincoln Woodfb Mafod The Ohio fered by man I tile, and is j' jHere are buff jto the United [abound in th liook-fifli. cock, of a w 'fere is an ovv prifing noife tountry are af F.^e, in fomc^ "•^ne rock, fu un Area ins o Fes full of [itiimen nenr Efcrvoir, and I'l*- There jth copper, 't fpring ncai [i-pafling the fpears to hav UNITED STATES of AMERICA./ 899 HEW STATES formed in NORTH AMERlfc^V ;fea^f-r-'.\ K E N T U C K Y,^-Hr''ferti-^.';■■•''■' SITUATION AND EXTENT; .--''¥' ^' ^ ^ l\-:.'':''-1^^^ ^i^Vf^r- Mile^,-,' ; ••— Degrees. .••*-*^-^" '••■>■'«' Sq.M.^^^*" ■' "' ■ Length 250 \ u,^.,„^.„ f 83 and 9^ Welt Longitude-} 'i<' -^ ^♦ir) .iti fireadth aoo j °««^«^" \ 36 and 39 North Latitude 5 ^°°<=>.i;*-4t Boundaries.] BoUNDED on the North Weft, by the river Ohio; Weft, by Cumberland river; South, by North 1 Carolina ; Eaft, by Sandy, river, and a tine drawn due fouth from its foiirce, till it meets the northern boundary ot North Carolina. Kentucky was originally divided into two counties, Lincoln aadJ Jeiferfon. It has fincc been fubdivided into the following nine; :■..•-• I Count.ie-;. Chief Towns. ;}*.•« '^vt'lT JeffiiTon, at the falls of the Ohio Louifville ,,^.,, :^:-K'4k,f-i-,iiHM-\ti Fayerte - - Lexington ' ■i'H>--:iftii ("^.''v'vJ Bourbon None .-. !,;..Vt>-,it.^i?ii'^l Mereer ,- . 1^ -. .•? - , - .", Harrodftowa , .ii e>/ff- m- • 1 Nelfon , ...j,^;,', -.,,y:- ,-.• Bardftown ,,,.;, vku.^ nmn Maddifon -. ,r.. - - - ■». *. None ....■..■.),„>■.;.. '^-I't^'v'^'j . Lincoln - None ' ,7, ,.,!,oj w ^ixblJ Woodford None • - la, ..t! ^.;v. MafO(i ..-ij-:.^. - - ... Wafliington .(..^jtM i The Ohio bounds Kentucky in its whole length. This flate is wa- ^tered by many rivf^rs, and the greateft |;art of the foil is amazingly fer-'^' orphan- ■tije^ and is more temperate and healthv than any part in America. ; a college ■jjgfg are buffaloes, bears, deer,,elks, and many other animals, commoa^i' , Ito the United Stales, and ot' ers entirely unknown to them. The rivers^. ^^^^^' ' Babound in the fined fifli ; falmon, roach, perch, eel, and all kinds of,/ »t whom ■jjQQJ^_^jjj^ The paroquet is common here, as is the ivory-bill wood- > io7'°9^ Hcock, of a whitilh colour, with a white plume ; the bill is pure ivory..; laves. Kiere is an owl like ours, but different in voc'fera'ion. It mak?s a fur-;; ternor, le- mj^jCjjjg ,^Qjfg jil^g ^ f^.,P ;„ diitrefs. The natural curiofilies ot thiS'f ,ve powe. ■ountry are aftonifliing and innumerable. Caves are found amaziiigiy ^ Igovernor, ■jjj.gg^ in fomc of which you ma\ travel feveral miles ui\di.r a fine limC'* ,» '^^^^'"■■loiie rock, fupported by c\irious arches and pillars. In nioft of thetn 'elve, 3"*^Buii ftreains of water. Near Lexinp,ton are to be feen curious fepuU ' hres full of human fl equpl to any in the world* At a lit fpring near the Ohio river, very large bones have b^en found, far irpafling the fize of any fpecies ot anin als now in America ; tlie head )pears to have been confiderably above three feei long. Dr. Hunter ♦ Morfe'i American Oleography, p. 407. 3 M a , . . [ m fMl ■■:■ z.-'fcrfWfT^-'" t ^^ 7rr^'iV>* the legillative power is vefttd in a general airembly, confifting of a fenate and houfe of reprefentatives ; the fupreme execu- tive in a govarnor ; the judiciary in the fupreme court of appeals, and fuch i^ferior courts as the Itgiftatute may eltabilih. The reprefenta- tives are chofen annually by the people; the fenators and governor are chofcn fbr four years, by cleftors appointed for that purpofe; the jiulges are appointed, during gond behaviour, by the govenor, with the advice of the ftnate. The number of reprefentatives cannot exceed onehundred, nor be lefs than forty; and the fenate, at firft coniiftiiig of'cleven, is to incrcafe with the houfe of reprel'entatives, in the ratio of cine to four. ' fi'M\.* ill: " ': ' V E R M O N T. SITUATION AND EXTENT. > ^ A_'>. Miles, ^'m c Degrees. j;^^( • :' .' . Sq. Miles.] Length I ;o 7 , » 7 42 and 44. North Latitude 7 „ ^ ,^ Brca^dth 70 1 l^^''*'"" 1 72 and 73 30' Welt Longitude 1^°-'^ Boundaries and divisions.] IjOUNDED on the North, byj Lower Canada; on the EaU by Conncfticut river, which divides it from New Hampflurej onthcl South, h nlly div and divii low; Weft of 1 Mofthi Rivers colli. La mi weft into I Ompompa; rivers, win river Lam length. O MceJlent b magog is th fideiabJe ftr in Willougl St. Peter's, i Sort /Nr but not rod "orthivard t The ftate at catfie. Son flate: horfe; land is thick "''lite oak < O'c. barley, Trade a principally fxport are , Jioifes, grain pot and pear '"oft iinporra n'ated by a c family back I'lit ordinary fo imported' '"g no more y«ar 1791. PoPUtATIi jtontained 85, nefticut and ' pranj^e conn: people are coi ^'Ptifts, and UNITED STATES of AMERICA. 901 177 and and ad- ilVembly, e fixecu- als, and refentu- nior lue fe; the with the t fXCtfd ouliftiiig the ratia South, by Maflaclnifetts ; and on the Weft, by New York. It is natu- rally divided by the Grees Mountain, which runs from fouth to north,' and divides the date nearly in the middle. • It civil divifions arc as fol- low; Weft of th^ Mountain ^aft of the Mountain jq. Miles. I 10,003 rorth, by I the Eaftij he : on m Counties, r Bennington \ Rutland J Addifon i Chiltendon V^ Franklin ( Orange • \Windfor ^ ■< Windham i Caledonia V^Effex Towns. Bennington Rutland Addifon Colchefter .\ Newbnry >. - Windfor '» = Newfane and Putney Rivers and lakes.] The principal rivers in this ftate are Michifrr coui, Lamoille, Onion, and Otter creek rivers, which run from caft to weft into lake Champlain, Weft, Sexton's Block, Waterquechee, White, Ompompanoofuck, Weld's, Wait's, Pafliimfick, and fcvcral fraaller rivers, which run from weft to eaft, into Connefticut river. Over the river Lamoille is a natural ftone bridge, feven or eight rods in length. Otter creek is navigable for boats fifty miles, its banks are excellent land, being annually overflowed and enriched. Memphre- magog is the largeft lake in this ftate. It is the refervoir of three con* (iderable ftreams,. Black, Barton, and Clyde rivers. One of thefe rifej in Willoughby lake, and forms a communication between it and lake St. Peter's, in the river St, Laurence. Soil /nd productions.] This ftate, generally fpeaking, is hilly but not rocky. Weft of the mountain, from the county of Rutland, northward to the Canada line, is a flat country, well adapted for tillage. The ftate at large is well watered, and affords the beft of pafturage for cattle. Some of the fineft beef-cattle in the world are driven from this ftate : horfes alfo are raifed for exportation, Back from the rivers, the land is thickly timbered with birch, fugar-maple, a(h, butter-nut, and white oak of an excellent quality. The foil is well fitted for wheat, »'ye, barley, oats, flax, hemp, &c. Trade and manufactures.] The inhabitants of this ftate trade principally with Bofton, New York, and Hartford. The ahicles of export are pot and pearl aflies, beef, which is the principal article, horfes, grain, fome butter and chejcfe. lumber, &c. Vaft quantities of pot and pearl aflies are made in every part of this ftate. But one of its moft important manufaftures is that of maple-fugnr. It has been efti- rrated by a competent judge, tliat the average quantity made for every I family back of Conneifticut river, is 20clb. a year. One man, with but ordinary advantages, in one month, made 5501b, of a qualiry equal to imported bioivn fugar. In two towns in Orange county, contain- ing no more than tony lamilies, i3,coolb. of fugar were made in the [year 1791. Population.] In 1790, accoiciir.g to the cenfus then taken, this ftate Icontained 85,539 inhabitants, confifting chif-Hy of emigrants from Con- jnefticut and Maflachufetts, and their defccndents. Two townfliips in lOrange county are fettled principally by Scotcii. The body of the [people are congregationalifts, the other denominations are prefbyterians^ " aptifts, and euifcopaliarw. This ftate is rapidly peopling. / . 3 M 3 i^" 'tS g04 UNITED STATES of AMERICA. I- .' I ii Chief towns.] In a new and interior country, large populom towns arc not to be expecftrH. Bennington, fituated near the fouth-weft corner of the ftate, is om ot the largeft. It contains about 2400 inha- bitants, a number of liandfome houfcs, a congregational church, acoiut- lioufe, and gaol. Windfor and Rutland, by a late aft of the legiflature, are alternately to be the feav of government for eight years. The former is fituated on Connefticut river, and contains about 1600 inhabitants; the latter lies upon Otter creek, and contains upwards of 1400 inhabr:ants. Bv^th arc flourifhing towns. History.] The traft of country called Vermont, before the late war, was claimed both by New York and New Hampfhire ; and tliefe interfering claims have been the occafion of much warm altercation. They were not finally adjufted till fince the peace. When hoftilities commenced between Great Britain and the colonies, the inhabitants of this diftrift, confidering themfelves as in a ftate of nature, and not with- in the jurifd'ftion either of New York or New Hamplhire, alTociated, and formed a conftitution for themfelves. Under this couftitution they have continued to exercife all the powers of an independent ftate, and have pro^ered. On the 4th of March, 1 791, agreeably to a£l of con- grefs of December 6th, 1790, this ftate became one of the United States, and conftitutes the fourteenth, and not the leaft refpe6table pil- lar of the American Union. Constitution.] The legiflature confifts of a houfe of reprefenta- tivcs, and a council of twelve, befides the governor, who is prefidcnt, and the lieutenant-governor, who is officially a member. The freemen meet annually in their feveral towns to choofc the governor, counfel. lors, and other magiftrates; and to the privilege of voting, all males, twenty-one years old, and of peaceable difpofitions, are entitled, after taking the oath of fidelity to the ftate. The judges of the fupreme and countv courts, ftieriffs, and juftices of the peace, are appointed annual- ly, by joint ballot of the council and houfe. The council may ori- ginate bills, other than money-bills, and fufpend till the next feffioo, fuch bills as they difapprove ; but have not a final negative. TERRITORY North-West of the OHIO. Ji tfi situation and extenx. Miles. Degrees. !;. ^ <;t,', '. Sq. Miles. 37 and 50 North Latitude 7 81 and 98 Weft Longitude j 4U,ooo r '■'■.■ ' ' ■ Boundaries and divisions.] arc} ^-'- 1 HIS extenfive traft of coiintiyl is bounded, North, by part of the northern boundary line of the United States ; Eaft, by the lakey pnd Pennfylvania ; South, by the Ohio river; Weft, by the Miffiffippi Mr. Hutchins, the late geographer of the United States, eftimates tlu Ihis tracft contains 263,040,000 acres, of which 43,040,000 are water, That pavt of this territory iji which the^^ndiau title is c?^tipguillid by being mcnt of t Countr Wafliinirr Haniilton, St. Ciair, Rivers high as to ence with Three Lej ing refemi Scioto is a extenfive r Ohio, and into the J\ wide Face o] SOIL, PI ed witii ail and lays th luring peof The fugi tants mav b ing a few o ahout ten p Springs t finall and la fperfed, as ; No coun merable her fed in the e I ahle proof ^wans, teal, be in great e old fettif me, The.river them of an t ferent fizes: weighs from The num miration of on ftroiig w whom, and They are nn fereiice in th and that whi refpefting th ^OVERNA 'y. 1787, thi ^refted into ' iJances fiiall In the fan- UNITED STATES OF AMERICA/ 903 by beina purchafcd from them, and which is fettling under the govern- ment of the United States, is divided into the following five counties : Countries. Wafliin;non, Hamilton, St. Ciair, When erefted. I.uly26, 1788 ^>ii. 2, 1790 April 27, 1790 Counties. Knox, Wayne, When ereftcd, June 20,-<79O- Rivers.] The_Mu(kingnm is a gentle river, confined by banks fo high as to prevent its overflowing. It is 250 yards wide at its conflu- ence with the Ohio, and navi;^able by large batteaus and barges to the Thrte Legs, and bv fmall ones to the lake at its Ik ad. The Hockhock- ing refeml)les the Miifliingum, though fomewhat inferior in lize. The Scioto is a larger river than either of the preceding and opens a more extenfive navigation. One hundred and feventy-lix miles above the Ohio, and eighrten miles above the Milfouri, the Illinois empties itfelf into the Miffiflipi, from the north eaft, by a mouth about 400 yards wide Face of. the country, \ The lands on the various dreams SOIL, PRODUCTIONS, &c. \ which fall into the Ohio, are interfperf- ed with ail thf variety of foil that conduces to pleafantnefs df fituation, and lays the foundation for the wealth of an agricultural and manufac- turing people. The fugar maplf is a moft valuable tree. Any number of inhabi- tants may be conftantly 'upplied with a fufficiency of fugar by preferv- ing a few of thefe trees for the ufe of each family. One tree will yield about ten pounds of fugar a year, and t!ie labour) is very trifling. Springs of excellent water abound in every part of this territory; and fmall and large ftreams, fuitable for mills and other purpofes, are inter- fperfed, as if to prevent any dt ficicncv of the conveniencies of life. No country i- better (locked with wild gnme of every kind. Innu- merable herds of deer and wild cattle are (heltered in the groves, and fed in the extenfive bottoms that every where ibound; an unqueftion- able proof of the great fertility of the foil. Turkeys, geefe, ducks, fwans, teal, pbeafaiits, partridge, &c. are, from obfervatiouy belie% ed to be in greater plenty here than the tame pouhry are in any part of the old fettlements in America, The. rivers are well ftored with fifli of various kinds, and many of them of an excellent quality. They are generally largt, though of dif- ferent fizes: the cat-fifli, which is the largeft, and of a delicious flavour, weighs from fix to eighty pounds. The nuiTiber of old forts found in this weftern country are the ad- miration of the curious. They are moftly of an oblong form, fituated on ftrong well-chofen ground, and contiguous to water. When, by whom, and for what purpofe, thefe were thrown up, is uncertain. They are undoubtedly very ancient, as there is not the leaft vifible dif- ference in the age or fize of the timber growing on or within thcfe forts, and that which grows without ; and the natives have loft all tradition refpeding them. Government.] By an ordinance of congrefs, pafled the 13th of Ju- ly, 1787, this country,"for the purpofes of temporary government, was erefted into one diftrift, fubjeft, however, to a divifion, when circum- liances fliall make it expedient. In the fame ordinance, it is provided, that congrefs fliall appoint % 3 M 4 i^i %*' i''^^i I iidKr 904 U>JITED STATES of AMERICA. i: governor, whofe commiffion fliall continue in force three yeara, unkfj looner revoked. The governor muft refide in the diftrift, and have a freehold eftate therein of looo acres of land, while in the exercife of his officr. Coiigrefs, from time to time, arc to appoint a fecretary, to continue i^ qffice (our years, unlefs fooner removed, who muftrcfide in the diftrift, and have an eftate of 500 acres of land while in office. Whenever population fliall be fufficiently increafed, this territory, as well as that to the fouth of the Ohio (which will be ncxtdefcribcd), is to be divided into feparate ftates, which, by an aft of congrefs, May, 1790, are to be admitted into the confederacy of the United ftates, oa an equal footing witlj its pri^ina^ mcipberj. - ''■ ;^'t^. -i'^ .■\y)'''--^^'^.iT ■fe'''»->i/ -<-• • v.. ^^'^ TENNESSEE, or Territory South of the Ohio. ' ■- -^1 'ix ^.'1 3« .;. Vj^v>^i. . SITUATION AND EXT5NT, v.. '. ... 4j Miles. 9 ■" ^w-.., .,.v Pcgrees. Length 360 "> , ("giandgi Wefl: Longitude. Breadth 105 j between | ^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^. ^^^^^ Latitude. • > Boundaries and divisions.] JjOUNDED, North, by Ken- tucky, and part of Virginia; Eaft, by the Stone, Yellow, Iron, and Bald iVJountains, which divide it frotn North Carolina ; South, by South Carolina and Georgia ; Weft, by the Mifliffippi*. This extenfive territory is divided into three dirtri£ls ; Wafliington, Hamilton, and Mero ; and fourteen counties, as follow : v "- Counties. 'M- '! , X . , Counties. rWafliington TDavidfon 1 Sullivan Mero J Sumner ' Greene > ' diftrift ] Robertfon Carter ; •' >' • ' ;■ ..-•. i-^ .-- (_ Mentgomery , Haw kins ; : - '•■ ' • _ • 'Knox • . ^ . ■' ' . --•.. ■ - •. V {. JefFerfoii \ Sevier t' ^ : ' ;;•;-/', ^- ■ Blount - J 4 ■ - t '■ • ' ■ , Grainger ' . ■ S ^ ,,,. .• • «.,, / Wafliington . diftria Hamilton ; diftria The population, according to an eftimate made in November, 179^, was 77,262. '- ', '^ *... Rivers aNT) mountains.] The Tenneflee, called alfo the Chero- kee, and, abfurdly, the Hogohege river, is the iargeft branch of tlie Ohio. It rifes in tiie mountains of Virginia, latitude 37°, and purfues a courfe of about 1000 .miles fouth and fouth weft, nearly to latitude * About feven and a half i»illioQs of acres of this traft only have been yet pur. chafed from the Indians. .;••■*•- • i . • Vi ;> i-i *. ^■.t li.i .:: il^' Iw (h:. h' ii'ik . -".r o .- Hir;' t .,i.iA. UNITEP STATES OF AMERICA. 34* roccTvinR from both fides a number of large tributary fti-»ams. It then wheels about to the north, in a tirciiitous courfe, and inintit5es, if thf navigation of the MifTirtippi were opened ; but there are few of the inhabitants who iin'lTftand commerce, or are pofTelTed of proper capitals; of courfe, it is badly managed. Rei-igion.] The prcibytcrians are the prevailing denomination of Chriftians in this diftric>. They have a prefbytery, called the Abingdon prelbyttry, eP^abliflied by adt of fynod, which, in 1788, confilted of twenty-three large conoregations. Government.} Similar to that eftablilhed by congrefs in the ter- ritory ol the United Stntes north-weil of the Ohio. The governor is the executive (and in his abfence the fecretary), and the governor and three judges, the legiflative power, in th«" dillri.'l. History.] The caftern pans of tlvs dillrift were explored by colonels Wood, Patton, B'thcjian, caplain Charles Campbfll, and Dr. T. Walker, (each of whom wtre concerned in large t;runts of land from the government) as early as between the yeirs 1740 and 7^0. lu iy55, at the commencement of t:\6 French war, not more than tifiy fa- milies had fettled here, wiio were either dtftroyed or driven off bv the Indians, before the tlofe of the following \ear. It remained iiiiii\ha- bited till 1765, when the fettiement ot if recommenced; and. in 1773, the country as far weft as the long ifland <>( Holfteiii, an extent of more than 120 miles in length, from ealt to wti^, had become tolerably well peopled. In 1785, in conform' to the refolves of congreli, of April 23, 1784, the inhabitants of s diftrift eflayed to form themfelves into a bo^ politic, by the name of the State of Frankland ; but differing among themfelves, as to the form of government, and. other matters, in the inUe of which, fome blood was flied — and being oppofed by fonie leading perfons in the eaftern paits, the fcheme was given up, and the inhabitants remained in ^'ent ral peacea' le, until 1790, when conji^refs eftablifbed their prefent government. Since this period, fomeimuriions of the Indians excepted, the inhaoitants hav been peaceable and pro- fperous. . I * V Present and future con- 7 Such are the ext'-nfive dominions *■ STiTUTioN OF congress, J dependent on congrefs, which, to- gether with a prefideiit cholcn for four years, conlllls, (ince 1789, of a i'enate and houle of reprefentatives. Thi, fenatc is compofed of two fenai;ors from each ftate, eieded for fix years , nd the houfe of reprefen- tatives of one reprefentative, cholcn every fecond year, for every thirty- three thoufand inhabitants in each llate, until the number has exceeded one hundred; fince which there is not to be lefs than one reprefenta- tive for every forty thoufand, until the number of reprefentatives a- mounts to two hundred. When this takes place, the proj)ortion be- tween the people and their reprefentatives is to be fo regulated by con- grefs, that there fliall not be lefs than two hundred reprefentatives, nor more than one repreientative for every fifty thoufand perfons. This is the ultimate limit to which the Atrericans as yet lo»k forward, in the conftitution of the general government of their Union. fiVti i t w EST INDIES. VY E have already obferved, that between the two continents of Ame- rica lie a multitude of iflands which we call the Weft Indies, ami which, fuch as are worth cuUiva;ion| now belong to five ^uropeau try is ur within t but fo mi they ima; vent heat fome of wits, anc mate in • The ra| the trees no fnow: very vio heavy. — feeni to which pr are fubjec time ; an make the Eiiropeai It is in rarely in nioft'terr in the Ea [joursof WEST INDIES.' 907 powers, Great Britain, Spnin, Fraj ce, Hnlbnd, and Denmark. As tlie dimate and feaibns of tlielc illnnds dKfer widely from what we can form any idea of by what we perceive at home, \vc Hull, to avoid re- petitions, fpeak of them in general, and mention fome other particulars that are peculiar to the Weft Indies. Tlie climate in all our Weft India illands is nearly the fame, allowing for thofe accidental ditfcrences which the feveral fitnationjj and quali- ties of the lands thennfelves produce. As they lie within the tropics, and the fun goes quite over their heads, palling beyond them to the north, and never returning fartlier from any of them than about thirty degrees to the fouth, they are continually fubjeftcd to the extreme of a heat which would be intolerable, if the tradt-wind, rifing gradually as the fun gathers ftrength, did not blow in upon them from the fea, and refreflj the air in fuch a manner, as to enable them to attend to their concerns, even under the meridiati fun. On the other hand, as the night advances, a breeze begins to be perceived, which blows fmaitly from the land, as it were from the centre, towards the fea, to all points of the compafs at once. In the fame manner, when the fun has made a great progrefs towards the tropic of Cancer, and becomes in a manner vertical, he draws after him fuch a va(t body of clouds, as fliield the earth from his direft beams ; and dilTolving into rain, cool the air, and refrefli the country, thirfty with the Jong drought, which commonly reigns from the begin- ning of January to the latter tnd of May. The rains in the Weft Indies (arid we may add in the Eaft Indies) are by no nieans fo moderate as with us. Our heavieft rains are but dews comparatively. They are rather floods of water, poured from the clouds with a prodigious impetuofity ; the rivers vife in a moment ; new rivers and lake>»are formed, and in a ftiort time all the low coun- try is under water*. Hence it is, the rivers which have their fource within the tropics, fwell and overflow their banks at a certain feafoa ; but fo miftaken were, the ancients in their idea of the torrid zone, that they imagined it to be dried and fcorched up with a continued and fer- vent heat, and to be for that reafon uninhabitable; wlien, in realitv, fome of the largeft rivers of the world have their courfe within its \i- uiits, and the moifture is one of the greateft inconveniences of the tli- niate in feveral places. • The rains make the only diftinftion of feafons in the Weft Indies ; the trees are green the whole year round ; they have no cold, no frofts, no fnows, and but rarely fome hail ; the ftorms of hail are, however, very violent when they happen, and the hailftones very great and heavy. — Whether it be owing to this moifture, which alone does not feeni to be a futficient caufe, or to a greater quantity of fulphureous acid which predominates in the air of this country, metals of all kinds, that are fubjeft to the aflion of fuch caufes, ruft and canker in a very ftiort time ; and this caule, perhaps as much as the heat itfelf, contributes to make the ciimate of the Weft Indies unfriendly and unpleafant to a European conftitution. It is in the rainy feafon (principally in the month of Auguft, more rarely in July and September) that they are aflaulted by hurricanes; the mnft' terrible' calamity to which they are fubjeft (as well as the people in the Eaft Indies) from the climate ; this deftroys, at a ftroke, the la- bours of many years, and proftrates;:hemoft exalted hopes of the plant- ..; t;-: ♦ Sec Wafer's Journey acrofs the Ifthmus of DaricA. ,;^.y^^:' •kr''!^i - lwkL ^ i"*:: » 9o8 WEST INDIES. If.' ■ Pi If er, an4 often juft at the moment when he thinks himfclf out of the reach of fortune. It is a fudden and violent ftorm of wind, rain, thunder, and lightning, attended with a furious fweiling o( the fcas, and fometimes with an earthquake; in fliort, with-every circumlt.ince. which the elc. inents can aflembie, that is terrible and deftrucftive. Firft, tiiey fee, ai the prelude to theenfuing havock, whole fields of fugar-canes whirled into the ah, and fcattercd over the face of the country ; the ftrongeft trees of the foreft are torn up by the roots, and driven about like flub, ble; their wind-mills arc fwept away in a niome;U ; their utcnfils, the fixtures, the ponderous copper boiUrs, and Itills of feveral hundred weight, arc wrenched from tlie ground, and battered to pieces ; their houfes are no protection ; the roots are torn off at one blalt j whilft the rain, which in an hour rifes five feet, rufltes in upon them with irrefift, ible violence. The grand flaple commodity of the Weft Indies is fujar ; this com- modity was not at all known to the Greeks and Romans, though it was made in China in very early times, from whence we lind the firll know. ledge of it ; but the Portuguefe were the firft who cultivated it in Ame-i riea, and brought it into requeft, as one of the materials of a very uni. veifal luxury in Europe, it is not agreed whetiier the carte, from which this fubftance is extra<5ted, be a native of America, or brought thither to their colony of Brafil, by the Portuguefe, from India, and the coaft of Africa; but, however that may be, in the beginning they made the mofl as they ftill do the beft fugars which come to market in this part of the world. The juice within the f\igar-cane is the mofl lively, elegant, and leaft cloying i"weet iij nature; and, fucked raw, has proved extremely nutritive and wholefome. From the melafTes, rum is diftil- Icd, and from the fcummings of fugar, a meaner fpirit is procured. Rum finds its market in North America, where it is confumed by the inhabitants, or employed in the African trade, or diflributed from thence to the fifliery of Newfoundland, and other parts; befides what comes to Great Britain and Ireland. However, a very great quantity of ui'elafl'es is taken off raw, and carried to New England to be dillilled there. ■ The lops of the canes, and the leaves which grow upon the joints, make very good provender for the cattle, and the refufe of the cane, af- ter grinding, ferves for firej fo that no part of this excellent plaut is without its ufc. They compute, that, when things are well managed, the rum and mc- laiTes pay the charges of the plantation, and the fugars are clear gain. However, by the particulars we have fecn, and by others which we may eafily imagine, the expenfes of a plantation in the Weft Indies are very great, and the profits, at the firft view, precarious : for the chargeable articles of the wind-mill, the boiling, cooling, and diftilling-houfes, and the biiying and fubfifting a fuitable number of (laves and cattle, will not fuffer any man to begin a fugar plantation of any confequence, not to mention the piirchafe of the land, which is very high, under a capi- tal of at leaft c;oool. There are, however, no parts of the world in which great eftatcs are made in fo ftiort a time, from the produce of the earth, as the Weft Indies. The produce of a few good leafons ge- nerally provider agaiuft the ill effefts of the worft, as the planter is fure of a fpeedy and profitable market for his produce, which has a readier falc than perhaps any other commodity in the world. Large plantations are generally under the care of a manager, or chief overfeer, who has commonly a falary of 150I. a year, with overfeers un- der him in proportion to the greatnefs of the plantation ; one to about WEST INDIES. 909 thirty negroes, with a falary of about 40I. Such pLintatloiis, too, have a fiirgcou at a fixed fal.iry, employed to take care of the negroe* which belong to it. But the courfc which is the Icaft troublefomc to th* owner of the eflate, is, to let tlie land, with all the worlis, «nd the ftock of cattle and Haves, to a tenant, who gives fccurl'v for the payment of rent, and the keeping up repairs and ftotk. The eftate is generally eftimated to fuch a tenant at half the net produce of tiie beft year:.*; fuch tenants, if induftrious and frugal men, foon make good eflatet for thcrtifelves. The negroes in the plantations are fiibfifled at a very eafy rate. Thii is generally by allotting to each family of them a fmal'l portion of land, and JiUowing them two diys in the week, Saturday and Sunday, to cul- tivate it: fome are fubiift.d in this manner, but others find their ne- groes a certain portion of Ctuinea and Indian corn, and to fome a fait herring, or a fmall portion of bacon or fiiltpork, a diy. All the reft of the charge confills in a tap, a fliu't, a pair of breeches, and a blanket; and the profit of their labour yitlds lol. or 12I. annually. The price of men, negroes upon their firlt arrival, is from 30I to 36I. women and grown boys 50s. Kfs: but fuch negro families as are acquainted with the bufinefs of the illands, generally bring above 40I. upon an average one 1^'ith another : and there are inftances df a fingle negro man expert ill bufinefs bringing i i;o guineas ; and the wealth of a planter is gene- rally computed from the number of (laves he poflTeires. To particularifc the commodities proper for the Weft India market, would be to enumerate all the necefraries, conveniencies, and luxuries of life; for they have notliing of their own but cotton, coffee, tropical fruits, fpices, and the conimodities I have already mentioned. Traders there make a very large profit upon all they fell ; but from the numerous Hiipping Conllantly arriving from Europe, and a conti- nual fuccef^ion of new adventurers, each of whom carry out more or lefs as a venture, the Weft~ India market is frequently overftocked; mo- ney muft be raifed, and goods are fometimes fold at prime coft or un- der. iJut thofe who can afford to ftore their goods, and wait for a bet- ter market, acquire fortunes equal to any of the planters. All kinds of handicraftfitien, efpecially carpenters, bricklaycis, braziers, and coopers, get very great encouragement. But it is the misfortune of the Weft Indies, that phyficians and furgcons even oiicdo the planter and merchant, in accumulating riches. The prefent ftate of the population in tlie Britifli Weft Indies ap- pears to be about 65,000 whites and 455,000 blacks. There is like- wife in each of the iflinds a confidcrable innnber of mixed blood, and native blacks of free condition. In Jamaica they are reckoned at io,ooq; and they do not fall fliort of the fame number in all other iflunds colleftively taken. The whole inhabitants, therefore, may properly be divided into four great clafTes : i. European whites ; 2. Creole or na- tive whites ; 3. Creoles of mixed l^'.ood- and free native blacks ; 4. ne- groes in a ftate of flavery. The iflands of the Weft Indies lie in the form of a bow, or femicir- cle, ftretching almoft from the coaft of Florida north, to the river Oro- noqi'c, in the main continent of South America. Some Call them the Caribbees, fiom the firft inhabitants ; though this is a term that mofl: geographers confine to the Leeward Iflands. Sailors diftin*uifli them into Windward and Leeward Iflands, with regard to the ufual courfes •f lUips, from Old Spain, or the Canaries, to Cartbagena, or New Spain •♦••,1 .if*i 910 Br. IT18H American Islands, Hi M ml V 1 ■i'lf III' and PortQbcllo.— The geographcial tables and maps diftingulfh them iri* to tl'.e great and littlevAntilles. JAMAICA.] This ifland, which is the f.rft bdonging to Great Britain, and alfo the moft important that we arrive at after Itaving Flo- rida, lies between the 75th and 79th degrees of weft longitude from London, and between 17 and 18 north latitude. From the taft and ■weft it is in If ngth about 140 miles, and in the middle about 60 in breadth, growing lefs towards each end, in the form of an egg. It lies near 4500 miles fouth-weft of England. This ifland is interfered wilh a ridge of fteep rocks, heaped by the frequent earthquakes in a ftnpendous manner upon one another. Thefe rotks, though containing no foil on their furface, are covered with a great variety of beautiful trees, flourifliing in a perpetual fpring ; they arc houriftied by the rains which often fall, or the mifts which coati- Jiually brood on the mountains, and whicli, their root penetrating the crannies of the rocks, induftrioufly feek out for their own fupport. Ivom the rocks iiUie a vaft number of fmall rivers of pure wboiefome waters, which tumble down in cataracts, and together with the ftupen- dous height of the mountains, and the bright verdure of the trees through which they flow, form a moft delightful lundfcape. On each fide of this chain of mountains are ridges ot lower ones, which diminifti as they remove from it. On thefe coffee grovrs in great plenty. The valleys or plains between thole ridges are level beyond what h ordinary m moft other countries, and the foil is prodigioufly fert-Ie. The longeft day in fummer is about thirteem ^^uts, and the fliorteft in winter about eleven; but the moft "fual cSrifions of the feafons in the Weft Indies, are into the dry and wet feafons. The air of this ifland is, in itioft places, oceffivf!) hot, and unfavourable to European conftitutions ; but the cool fta-brcezes, which fet in every morning at ten o'clock, render the heat more tolerable : and the nir upon the high grounds is temperate, pure, and cooling. It lightens almoft every night. but without much thunder, which, when it happens, is very terrible, and roavs with aftoni filing loudnefs ; and the lightning in thefe violent ftonns frequently docs great damage. In Fel)ruary or March, they ex- pert eiarthquakes, of which we Hiall fpeak hereafter. During the months of May and Ofl^ober, the rains arc extremely violent, and con- tinue fometimes for a fortnight together. In the plains arc found fe- veral fait fountains; and in the'mountains, not far from Spanifli Town, is a hot bath, of great medicinal virtues. Ir gives relief in the dry bel- ]y-ach, which, excepting the bilious and yellow fever, is one of the moft terrible endemial difttrnpers of Jamaica. Sugar is the greatefl and moft valuable produrtion of this ifland. Co- coa was formerly cultivated in it to great extent. It produces alfo gin- ger, and the pimento, or, a:: it is called, Jamaica pepper ; the wild cin-« namon-tree, whofebark it lb ufeful in medicine; the manchiiieel, whofe fruit, though uncommonly delightful to the eye, contains one of the worft poifons in nature ; the mahogany, in fuch life with our cabMUt- makers, and of ihe moft valuable quality ; but this wood bcpins to wear out, and of late is very dear. Excellent cedars, of alarge fize and dur- able ; the cabbage-tree, remarkable for the hardnefs of its wood, which when dry is incorruptible, and hardly yields to any kind of to 1 ; ' le palma, affording oil, much efteemed by the fhvages, both in fi;. i ■.nd medicine; the foap-tree, whofe berries anfwer all purpofts of \'.anii!ig; the mangrove and olive-bark, ufeful to tanners ; the fullit ai:d red- wood to I merly mi ropean gi nea corn, with vari( plenty ; c limes, flu cuftard a[ pions, gij plenty, ai beef is fui great plen their f?efli mtttlefotn 40!. fterlir farfaparili- land and f and tame, i befides pa and turkey rivers and adders, anc and the gal ■re the tirr parts of th pla;;ued wi chiefly the themfelves perhaps till with a need tirely, that They lome This iflai Several def( but it was r nion — Cro to reduce tl unfuccefsfu misfortune, Jt- Jago, ft iias been fnl ncheft place ftaiiding fai; voting r'le g make it ont We have iflands is the ""der the na fally of the c of London's parts. About til e l^er of white ^0 1 20, coo. lOjOoo freed Indigo vya British American Islands.-*' 911 at iiah ■I and ent ex- the con- .dfe- \nvn, bcl- )f the Co- wood to the dyers ; and lately the logwood. The indigo plant was for-, merly much cuhivated ; and the cotton-tree is flill fo. No fort of Eu- ropean grain grows here; they have only maize, or. Indian corn, Gui- nea corn, peas of various kinds, but none of them refembling ours, with variety of roots. Fruits, as has been already obferved, grow in great plenty ; citrons, Seville and China oranges, common and fweet lemons,, limes, fliadocks, pomegranates, mamees, fourfops, papas, pine-apples,^ cuftard apples, ftar-apples, prickly pears, allicada pears, melons, pom- pions, gnavas, and fevtial kinds of berries, alfo garden-fluffs in great , plenty, and good. The cattle bred on this '(land are but few ; their beef is tough and lean ; the mutton and lamb are tolerable ; they have , great plenty of hogs; many plantations h^.ve hundreds of them, and their flefli is exceedingly fwcet a id delicate. Their horfes are fmall, ' mettlefome, and, hardy, and, wh.n well made, generally fell for 30 or 40I. fterling. Jamaica Ukewife fupplies the apothecary with guaiacum,' farfaparilh, china, caffia, and tamarinds. Among the animals are the land and fea turtle, and the alligator. Here are all forts of fowl, wild and tame, and in particular more parrots than in any of the other iflands ; befides parroquets, p«'lirans, fnipes, teal, Guinea hens, geefe, ducks, and turkeys ; the humming-bird, and a great variety of others. The rivers and bays jibound with fidi. The mountains breed numberlcfs adders, and other noxious animals, as the fens and marflies do the guana and the gallewafp ; but thefe lafl are not venomous. Among the infefts are the ciror, or chegoe, which eats into the nervous and membranous parts of the flefh of the negroes ; and the white people are fometimts pla;^ued with them. Thefe infeits get into any part of the body, but chiefly the legs and feet, where they breed in great numbers, and fluit themfelves up in a bay. As fcnm as the perfon feels them, which is not perhaps till a .veek alter they have been ta the body, they pick them out with a needle, or point of a penknife, taking care to dcftroy the bag en- tirely, that none of the breed, which are like nits, may be left behind. Thty lometimes get into the toes, and eat the fiefli to the very bone. This idand was originally a part of the Spanifli empire in America. Several defcents had been made upon it by the Englifli, prior to 1656 ; but it was not till this year that Jamaica was reduced under our domi- nion. — Cromwell had fitted out a fquadron, under Penn and Venables, to reduce the Spanifli ifland of Hifpaniola, but there this fquadron was unfuccefsful. The commanders, of their own accord, to atone for this misfortune, made a defcent on Jamaica, and having carried the capital, St. Jago, foon compelled the whole ifland to furrender. Ever fince it has been fnbjeft to the Englifli, and the government of it is one of the richeft places, next to that of Ireland, in the difpofal of the crown, the Handing falary being 2,5001. per annum, and the aflembly commonly voting the governor as much more ; which, with the other perquifites, make it on the whole little inferior to io,oool. per annum. We have already obferved, that the government of all the American iflands is the fame, namely, that kind which we have formerly defcribed under the name of a royal government. Their religion too is univer- fally of the church of England ; though they have no bifliop, the bifhop of London's commillary being the chief religious magiftrate in thoie parts. About the beginning of this century, it was computed, that the num- ber of whites in Jamaica amounted to 60,000, and that of the negroes to i2o,»oo. At prefent the inhabitants are flated at 30,o'.o whites, 10,000 freed negroes and people of colour, and 250,000 negro flaves. Indigo was once very much cultivated in Jamaica, and it enriched 9I2 BuiTisH AwfifticAN Islands. IhI p. it (.1 'f I (5- III the Kland to fo great a *efere«f,"ttfit !H ^he parifh of Vcre, where this iirUe; tvks chiefly cdltiVAted, they are faul to have had no jefs than 300 gtntlfemien's coaches ; a niin:ibej: perhaps even the whole ifland exceeds not at this day ; and there is great reafon to believe, that there were many moreperfons of property in Jajnaica formerly than there are now, though perhaps they had nbl t'hofe vaft fortunes which dazzle us in fuch a rnanner at prefent. However, the Jamaicans were undoubtedly very iiUiTierdtis, until reduced by earthquakes, and by terrible epidemical difeafes, which fwept away vaft multitudes. The decreafe of inhabi. tahts, as well as the declirte of their con)mcrce, arifes from the difficul- ties to which their trade Is expofed, of which they do not fail to com- plain to the court of Great Britain ; that as they are of late deprived of the moft beneficial pirt of their trade, the carrying of negroes and dry goods to the Spanifli coall ; the low value of their produce, which they afcribe to the great improvements the French make in their fugar co- Idhies, who are enabled to underfell them by the iownefs of their duties ; atid the trade carried on from Ireland and the northern colonies to the French and Dutch iflaiuls where thty pay no duties, 4nd are fupplied with goods at an eafier rate. Some of thefe complaints, which equally affeft the other iflands, have been heird, and feme remedies applied ; others remain unredrefled. Both the logwood trade, and this contra- band, have been the fubjefts of much contention, and the caufe of a it-ar between Great Britain and the Spanifh nation. Port Royal was formerly the capital of Jamaica. It ftood upon the point of a narrow neck of land, which, towards the fca, formed part of the border of a very fine harbour of its own name. The conveniency of this harbotir, which was capable of containing a thoufarui fail of large fliipS, and of fuch depth as to allow them to load and unload at thr ;7rcateft eafe, induced the inhabitants to build their capital on this fpot, though the place \Vas a hot dry fand, and produced none of the neceffaries of lif6, hot even frle on heaps; btit fi)me of them had the good fortune to catch hold of I leams and rafters of houfes, and were afterwards faved by boats. Se-i vtral (hips were caft away in the harbour, and the Swan frigate, which hy in the dock to careen, was carried over the tops of finking houles, Slid did not overiet, bi't afforded a retreat to fome hundreds oi peopk,! who faved their lives upon her. Ah officer, who was in the town atl this time, fays, the earth opened and fhut very quick in fome plaies,j and he faw feveral people fink down to the middle, and others appc;ir- ed with their heads juft above ground, and were fqueezed to drath. \t| Savannah, above a thoufand acres were funk, with the houfes and peo- ple in them ; the place appearing for fome time like a lake, was afrcr-l 'W•ard^ driv-J up, but no houfes were feen. In fome parts niountaiiuj vere fplit ; and at one place a plantati( n was removed to the dilbiutl of a mile. They again rebuilt the city; but it was a fecond time, teal years a of the 1722, \ Such n fpot ; t refide i become fand ho iflands, ticos, 2 mate, town, V pital of where ti Onth overwhe and part and a gn ajul man The n freed neg The vail 250,000 landed ar nant, twc and tht v nine n)jlli fanuary in ,787, and impo Thewl firlf, fug; 824,706 c iiriftol, ai^ for the bel which the four thou] the beft, which thel there are the fugar- ««■ ill Jams are aninuj 4r2CO,OOo| thoufand fiderable ; quantity meaf:, Vni fiderable a) Spain and[ logwood, profitable J'Ui'rje of I 'ii«in goes fo [)rofitall fi"om thell British American Islands.' 913 ipon the ued part veniency ^ii fail of unload at d on this ne of the f its bar- df ratio 11. iconfider- an incon- no place, 1, and an s year, an 18, totally even the and fvv;il- pk. The . the peo- ch hold of loats. S^f- .te, which iw houies, oj people, le town at me places,! ;r'. appc-.ir- death. At es and peo- was attcr- niountaiii^i he dit\aiH«j time, tc * ycafs after, deftroyed by a great fire. The extraordinary convenience of the harbour tempted them to build it or.ce more; and once more, ia 1722, was it laid in nibbifli by a hurricane, the moft terrible on record. Such re{)catcd calamities feemed to mark out this place as a devoted fpot ; the inhabitants, therefore, refolved to forfake it for ever, and to refitie at the oppofite bay, where they built Kingfton, which is lately become the capital of the ifland. It confifts of upwards of one thou- fand houfes, many of them handfomtly built, and, in the tafte of thefe hlands, as well as the neighbouring continent, one llory high, with por- ticos, and every conveniency for a comfortable habitation in that cli- mate. Not far from Kingfton, Ihnds St, Jago de la Vega, a Spanilh town, which, though at prefent inferior to Kingfton, was once the ca- pital of Jamaica, and is ftill the feat of government, and the place where the courts of jultice are held. On the 3d of Oftoher, 1780, was a dreadful hurricane, which almoft overwhelmed the little fea-port town of Savanna-la-Mar. in Jamaica, and part of the adjacent country. Very few honfes were left handing, and a great number of lives were loft. Much damage was alfo done, and many perfons perifhed, in other parts of the ifland. The number of white inhabitants in this ifland in 1787 was 30,000; freed negroes 10,000; maroons 1400 ; and iiaves 250,000; in all 304,00a. Ttie value of this ifland as Britifti property is eftimaied as follaws : 250,000 negroes, at 5©1. fterling each, twelve millions and a hall; the landed and perfonal property and building, to which they are appurte- nant, twenty-five millions more; the houies and property in the towns, and tht veflcls employed in trade, one inillion and a half, ia all thirty- nine nnllions. The exports of Jamaica for one year, ending the 5th of January 1788. amounted in fterling money to ^^.i, 136,44.2, 17/. ^d. in 1787, the exports to the United States amounted to _^. 60,095, ^^■'* and importatiorts from the United States to the value of (>o,oool. The whole produce of the ifland may be reduced to thefe heads : firft, fagars, of which article was exported to Great Britain in 1787, 8j4,7o6cwt. in 1790, 1,185,519 cwt. Moft of this goes to London, Briftol, and Glafgow, and fomepart of it to North America, in return lor the beef, pork, checfe, corn, peas, ftaves, planks, pitch, and t*r, which they have from hence. Second, rum, of which they export about four thouiand puncheons. The rum of this ifland is generally efteemed the beft, and is the moft ufed in Great Britain. Third, melaflTcs, in which they make a great part of their returns for New England, where there are vaft diftilleries. All thefe are the produce of the grand ftaple, the fugar-cmc. According to the late teftimony of a refpeftable plant- er in Jamaica, that ifland has 280,000 acres in canes, of which 210,000 are annually cut, and make from 68 to 70,000 tons of fugar, and 4,200,000 gallons of rr.m. Fourth, cotton, of which they fend out two thoufand b.ns. The indigo, formerly much cultivated, is now incon- fidcrable ; hw (omt cocoa and cofftc are exported, with a confiderable quantity of pepper, ginger, dru;js for dyers and apothecaries, fweet- meat"!, mahogany, and manchineel planks. But fome of the mofl con- fiderable articles of their trade are with the SiJ.mifli continent of New Spain and Ttrrri Firma ; for in the former they cut great quantities of logwood, and both in the former and latter, they carried on a vaft md profitable trade in negroes, an 1 all Anivis of European goods. And rveu inti-rje of war with Spain, thi^ trade betA-een Jamaica and the Spanifli main goes on, which it will be impoffiblr for Spain to ftop, whilft it is fo prolitable to the Britifli merciiant, and whilft th- Spanifli officers, from thehighcft to the lowcft, ftiow fo great a refpca to prtfents pro- 3 N ,i)Jf 9H fiRITl&H AmXHICAN! IfrLANDl. m M Si * ■ ■ perlj;^made, ,tJp<>» the whole, m^py o/tKe people of Jamaica, whilft tSi^^appeat to live in fiich a ftite of luxury, .as iu mofl other placea Itfads to beggarv, acquire great fortunes, in a manner inltantly. Their equipages; their clothes, their furniture, their tables, all bear the to-^ kens of the grifeatefi \^ea}th and profu(io.n imaginable. This obliges alt the trcafure the/ receive to make j>ut a very fliort ftay, being hardly more than fufflfcient to ajifwer th«. jall^ of tl)!eir jPjeceffity and. lupry. o*^ Europe and l^orth America.' '.,.■; '-■ t'' .' ,; ''j, ■' "'"j^^/'t-'J^T On Sundays, or courf tiftie, gentlemen wear 'wigs, and appear very giy in coats of filk, and vefts trimmed with filver. At other times they! generaHy wear only thread ftockings, linen dra\vers, a veft, a HoUand. eap, and a hat upon it. Men fcrvants wear a coarle linen frock, with buttons at the neck and hands, long trowfers of the fame, and a check fhift. The negroes, except thofe who attend gentlemen, who have iKem^drelfed in their own livery, have once a year Ofnaburghs, and a blanket for clothings with a cap or handkerchief for the head. The morning habit of the ladies is a loofc night-gown, careleTsly wrapped about them ; before dinner they put off their defliabille, and appear with a good grace in all the advantage of a rich and becoming drefs. The common drink of perfons in affluent circumftances is Madeira wine mixed with water. Ale and claret are extravagantly dear ; and London porter fells for a (hilling per bottle. But toe general drink, efpecially among thofe of inferior rank, is rum punch, wnich they caU Kill-devil, becaufe, being frequently drank to excefs, it heats the blood, and brings on fevers, which in a few hours fend them to the grave, efpecially thofe who are jull come to the ifland; which is tKe reafon that lb many die^iere upon their firft arrival. Englifh money is feldom feen here, the current coin being entirely Spanifh. There is no place where liiver is fo plentiful, or has a quick« er circulation. You cannot dine for lefs than a piece of eight, and the common rate of boardine is three pounds per week ; though in the markets, beef, pork, fowl, and fifli, may be bought as cheap as ia London ; but mutton fells at nine-pence per pound. Learnmg is here at a very low ebb ; there are indeed fomc gentlemen weH verfed in literature, and who fend their children to Great Britain, where they have the advantage of a polite and liberal education ; but the bulk of the people take little care to improve their minds, being gene- Tally engaged in trade, or riotous diffipation. The mifery and hardfhips of the negroes are truly pitiable ; and though great care is taken to make them propagate, the ill-treatment they re- ceive io (h*)rtens their lives, that, inftead of increafing by the courfe of nature, many thoufands are annually imported to the Weft Indies, to fupply the place of thofe who pine and die by the hardfliips they under- go. It is faid, that they are ftubborn and untradable for the moft part^ and that they moll be ruled with a rod of iron ; but (hey ought not to be crufhed with it, or to be thought a fort of beads, without fouls, As. fame of their mafters or overfeers do at prefent, though fome ©f thefc tyrants are themftlves the dregs of this nation, and the refufe of the jails of Europe. Many of the negroes, however, who fall into the hands of oentfemen of humanity, find their fituations eafy and comfort- able^ and it has been obferved, th?.t in North America, where in gene, ral thefe poor wretches are better nfed, there is a lefs walle of negroes, they live longer, and propagate better. And it fecniB ticaf, from the whole courfe of hiftory, that thofe nations whieh hav^ behaved with the f'lcateft hiimanity to their (laves, were always heft ffcrvcd, and i'aii the call hazard from their rebellions. — The flaves, on their firft arrival s BRiTlSfl AMBJlifeA'* IrtAWct. .yiS \ough :yre- ItTe of ;s, to knder< part* lot 10 [Is, *s thefe }f the |o the ifort- troes. Til the th the in the Inival from thfe coaft of Guiiwa, ire expoftd naked to fsle ; they are IhtHgrtT hcrallf very fimple aild innocent creatures, but they loon becotn* fogmih enough; and, when they come to be whipped, excufe their faults, by the example of the whites* They believe every negro x6> turns to his native country after death. Thi? thought is lV» agreeable^ that it chcars the poor crtatures, and renders the burthen of life eaiy, which ^ould otherwife, to many of them* be (Juite intolerable.-^* They look on death as a blefline, and it is furprifing to fee witJh what cdurage and Intrepidity fome of them meet it; they jire quite tranfport# ed to think their flavery is near at an end, that they fluU r^yifjt theif illative ihore, and fee their old friends and acquaintance. When a ne» gfo I< aboth to expire, his fellbw-flaves kifs him, and wiih him a goo(i journey, and fend their hearty good wifhes to their relations in Guinea. They make no lamentations ; but with a great deal of joy inter his body- believing he is gone home fend happy. ' BARBADOES.3 This illand, the moft eafterly of all the Caribbeea, 5s fituated in fifty-nine degrees weft long, and thirteen degrees north iat. It is twenty-one miles in length, and in breadth fourteen. When the Englifli, fome time after the year 1625, firft landed here, they,found it the moft favage and deftitute place they had hitherto vifited. It had not the leaft appearance of ever having been peopled even, by favagesi. There was no kind of beads of pafture or of prey, no fruity no herbi nor rooi% fit for fupporting the life of man. Yet as the clinj^te was f6 I good, and the foil appeared fertile, fome gentlemen of fmall fortunes in England rcfolved to become adventurers thither. The trees were fo large, and of a wood fo hard and ftubborn, that it was with great diffiv culty they could clear as much ground as was necelfary fortheirfubfift- cnce. By unremitting perfeverance, however, they brought it to yield [than a tolerable fupport; and they found that cotton vnd indigo agreed I well with the foil, and that tobacco, which was beginning to come int* I repute ift England, anfwered tt)lerably. Thefe profpe6ts, together witi I the difputes between the king and parliament, which we^^e beginning to I break out in England, induced many new adventurers to tranfpoit I thcmfelves into this ifland. And what is extremely remarkable, fo great I was the increafe of people in Barbadoes, twenty-five years ^fter its firft Ifcttlement, that in 1650 it contained more than 50,000 whites, and a, I much greater number of negroes, and Indian flaves ; tke latter they ac<» ■ quired by means not at all to their honour ; for they fcized upon aU Ithofc unhappy men, without any pretence, in the neighbouring iflands, I ind carried them into (lavery : a practice which has rendered the Ca*- Iribbee Indians irreconcilable to us ever fince. They had begun, a "little before this, to cultivate fugar, which foon rendered them extreme* Ily wealthy. The number of the flaves therefore was ftill augmented : and in 1676, it is fuppofed that their number amounted to 100,000, Iwhlch, together with 50,000, make 150,000 on this fmaii fpot; a. de- Igree of population unknown in Holland, in China, or any other part. lof the world moft renowned for numbers. At this time Barbadoes em- l^oyed 40ofail of fliips, one with another of 150 tons, in their trade. Iiheir annual exports, in fugar, indigo, ginger, cotton, and citron- Iwater, were above 350,0001. and their virculaiing calh at home wai |joo,oool. Such was the increafe of poo aiion, trade, and wealth, ia [the courfe of fifty years. But fince that time, this ifland has been mucii Ion the decline ; which is to be attributed partly to the growth of the ■French fugar colonies, uiul oartly to our own eftablilhments in tM» Bfighbouring ifles. In 1780, the numbers were 16,167 whites ; a38 kepeopl« of colour, and 62,115 negroes. Their commerce coufitla 3 N a '^ih British AMEiffcA*j Islands. iltrtrefeme Jinkles as formerly, though they deal in them to lefs extent. SThe capital Is Bridgetown, where the governor refides, whofe employ. Ynent is faid to be worth 5000I. per annum. They have a collet ^lyunded and well endowed by colonel Codrington, who was a native of this ifland. ttarbadocs, as well as Jamaica, has fuffered much by hurricanes, fires^ and the plague. On the loth of Oftober, 1780, a dreadful hurricane occaTioned taft deyaftation in Barbadoes, great num- bers of the houfes Were deftroyed, not one houfe in the ifland was wholly free from damage, many perforts were buried in the ruins of the buildings, and great numbers were driven into the lea, and there periflied. ; S.T.CHRISTOPHER'S.] This ifland. commonly called by the fail- 4>rs St. Kitt's, is fituatedin fixty-three degrees weft long, and feventcen degrees north lat» about fourteen leagues from Antigua, and is, twenty miles long and feven broad. It has its name from the famous Chrifto- j>hcr Columbus, who dlfcovered it for the Spaniards. That nation, iowever, abandoned it, as unworthy of their attention : and in 1626, it ."was fettled by the French and Engliih conjunftly ; but entirely ceded to us by the peace of Utrecht, Belides cotton, ginger, and the tropl- xal fruits, it generally produces near as much fugar as Barbadoes, and fometimes quite as much. It is computed that this iOand contains 6000 Avhites,!'aiiid 36,000 negroes. In February, 1782, it was taken by the French, but was reftored again to Great Bntain by the late treaty of |>eace. •(■< .^*-':'^ ■■^'•- '■ c. ANTIGUA.] Situated in fixty-one degrees weft long, and 17 deg. ■north lat. is of a circular form, near twenty miles over every way. This ifland, which was formerly thought ufelefs, has now got the ftart of the jreft of the Englifli harbours, being the beft and fafeft as a dock-yard, and an eftablifliment for the royal navy ; but St. John's is the port of «reateft trade; and this capital, which, before the fire in 1769, was £rge and wealthy, is the ordinary feat of the governor of the Leeward Jflands. In 1774, the white inhabitants in Antigua of all ages and fexcs mere 1,590, and the enflaved negroes 37,808. u MEVIS A.kD MONTSERRAT.] Two fmalliflands, lying between Bt. Chriftoplier's and Antigua, neither of them exceeding eighteen miles in circumference. In the former of thefe iflands the prefent iiiim- tcr of whites is ftated not to exceed fix hundred, while the negroes amount to about ten thoufand; a difproportion which necefTarily con- ,verts all fuch vvhite men as are not exempted by age and decrepitude I into a well regulated militia, among which there is a troop confining ot ififty horfe, well mounted and accoutred. Engliflj forces, on the Britifli -eftablifliment, they have none. The inhabitants of IWontferrat amount *o 1,300 whites, and about 10,000 negroes. The foil in thefe iflaiidi is pretty much alike, light and fandy, but nptwithftanding, fertile in a high degree; and their principal exports are derived from thel Xugar-cane. Both were taken by the French in the year 1784, but re- ftored at the peace. . BARBUDA.] Situated in eighteen degrees north lat. and fi^ty tvvol weft long, thirty-five miles north of Antigua, is twenty miles in lengtliJ and twelve in breadth. It is fertile, and has an indifferent road fori dhippiug, but no direft trade with England. The inhabitants are chiertyl lemployed in hulbandry, :jnd raiting frefli provifions for the life of tlitj neighbouring illcs. It belongs to the Codrington family, and the inha| 4»itants amount to about 1500. 1 ■ ANGUILLA.)^ Situated in nineteen deg. north lat. fixty miles norilij weft of St, Chriitopiiw'£| is about thirty miles long and ten broaAF Thisifla of Jama to bu- don. It is about one hundred miles in length, »nd fifty in breadth j and is feparated from Nova Scotia by a narrow Arait, called the Guttf Canfo, which is the communication between the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of- St, Laurence. The foil is barren, but it ha* good harbours, particularly that of Louil^'irg, which is near four leagues in circum* ference, 3nd has every where fix or feven fathoms water. The French began a feitlement In this idand in 1714, wWch they continired\to increafe, and fortified it in 1720. They were, however, difpofTJled in 1745, by the bravery of the inhabitants of NfW England, with little dffiftance from Great Britain ; but it was again, l)y the treaty 01 Aixla Chapeile, ceded to the French, who fpared no e)cp nle to loriify and ftrengthen it, Notwithftanding which, it was' again re- duced, in 1748, by the Britifii troops, under general Amherft and ad- miial Bcfiawen, together witn a large body of New England men, who f^nind in that place two hundred and twenty-one pieces of'cannon, and ei,;utee.> mortars, together with a large quantity of ammunition and floiCK ; and it was ctded to the crown of Great Britain by the peace of 1761, fiiice ivhich the fortifications have been blown up, and the towti of l,puiibiirn cHfmaiuied. St. JOHN'S.] Situated in the gulf of St. Laurence, is about fixty miles in ic:»ut'i, and thirty or forty broad, and ha? ro^ny fine rivers ; and thougli Ivitig near Cape Breton and Nova Scotia, has greatly the advantage ot both in pkifantnefs and ftrtiat}' of foil. Upon the re- duction of Cnpr Breton, the inha itants of this ifland, amounting to four tl>oufaiid, fubmitted quietly to ihe Biitifh arms; and, to the dif- grace ot the French governor, thrre u'crt* found in his houfe feveral ^ngiifli fciilps, which were brought there to market by the favages.; this being the place where they were encouraged to carry on that bar- barous and inhuman trad**. This ifland wts fo well imi)roved by the French, that it was ftyled the granary of Canada, which it furnifiied with great plenty of corn, a& well as beef and pork. It has fevcral fine rivers, and a rich foil. Charlotte-Town is its capital, and is the refi- dcnce of the lieutenant-governor, who is the chief officer in the ifland. The inhabitairth'are eilimatedat ibout fivethoufand. imRMUDAS^OR SUMMER INLANDS.] Thefe received their firft lianie from their being difcovtrcci bv John Bermudas, a Spaniard ; and were called the Spninier Iflands, iVom fir George Summers, who was fliipwrecked on their rocks »n 1609, in his paflage to Virginia. They are fituated at a vaft diftai.i-e from any continent, in thirty two deg. porth lat. and in fixtyrfive degrees weft V^i^g. Their diftance from the J/and's End is computed to be near 1500 leagues, from the Madeiras about 1 200, and from Carc^lina, 300. The Bermudas are but fmall, not containing in all abpve 20,000, acr.es,} W^ We very dilKcult of accefs, being, as Waller the poet, who pef«led.fpmc time there, exprefTcs it, »' walled with rocks/' The air of thefe iflands, which Walter celebrates in one of his fWCims, has; been al\yays efteemed extremely healthful ; and the beauty and richnefs of tbe,vegetable productions are perfeftly de- lightful. Though the fgU^of tbe(e iaan48 is adawrably ailaptfd to the 3N4 920 British American Islands. cultivation of tlie vine, the chief and only bufinefs of the inhabitant's, who coniift of aboiit.jo,Qoo, is the building and navigating of light floops and brigantines, Hvluch they eni))ioy chiefly in the trade between North America and the Weft Indies. Thefe vcHels are as remarkable for their fwittnefs, da the cedar, of which they are built, is for itb hard and durable quality. The town of St. George, which is the capital, is feated at the bottom of a haven in the ifland of the fame name, and is defended with (even or eii^ht forts, and fcventy pieces of cannon. It contains above looo houies, a handfome church, and other elegant public buildings, LUCAY's, OR BAHAMA ISLANDS.] The Bahamas arc fituatt I to the fouth of Carolina, between twelve and twenty-feven degrees n rth lat. and fcventy-threc and eighty-one degrees welt long. They extend along the coaft of Florida quite down to the ifle of Cuba ; and are fiiid to be 500 in number, fome of them only mere rocks j but twelve of them are large, fertile, and in nothing different from the foil of Caro- lina ; they are, however, almoft uninhabited, except I'rovidence, which is 200 miles eaft of the Floridas ; though fame others are larger and more fertile, on wiith the Englilh have plantations, between them and the contiiient of Florida io the gulf of Bahama, or Florida, through which the Spanith galleons fail in their paflage to Europe. Thefe iflands were the firfl fruits of Columbus's difcovtries; but they were not known to the Eiigliflj till 1667, when captain Seyle, being driven among them in his pafrai»e to Carolina, gave his name to one or them 5 and being a fe- cond time driven upon it, gave it the name of Providence. The Eug- lifli, obfervjng the advantageous fituaiion of thefe iflands for a check on the French ami Spaniards, attempted to fettle them in the reign of Charles II. Some unlucky incidents prevented this fettlement from being of any advantage, and the Ille of Providence became a harbour for the buccaneers, or pirates, who for a long' time infefled the American na- vigation, Thi^ obliged the government, in 1718, t9 fend out captain Woodes Rogers with a fleet to diflodge the pirates, and for making a fettlement. This the captain effected ; a fort wajercfted, and an inde- pendent company was flationed in the ifland. Ever re this lafl fet- tlement thefe iflands have been improving, though li^-y advance but flowly. In time of war, people gain confiderably by the prizes con- demned there; and at all times by the wrecks, which are frequent in this labyrinth of rocks and flielvea. The Spaniards captured thefe iflands during the lafl: war, but they were retaken by a detachment from St. Auguftine, April 7th, 1783. FALKLAND ISLANDS.] Leaving the Bahama and Weil India iflands, we fliall now proceed along the fouth-ealf coaft of America, as far as' the fiftvfecond degrte of fouth latitude, where the reader, by looking into the map, will perceive the Falkland Iflands fituated near the' Straits of lM,igellan» at the utmoU extremity of South America. Falkland Illands were firfl: difcovered by fir Richard Hawkins, in 1594, the principal of which he named Hawkins Madenlaud, in honour of queen Elrzabech. The prefent Englifli name, Falkland, was probably given them by captnin Strong, in 1639, and being adopted by Hallcy, it has fro !n that time been received into our maps. They have occa- (ioned fome conteft between Spain and. Great Britain, but being of very little worth, feeni to iiavc been fiJently abandoned by the latter, in 1774, in t>r bos y-> '->■■ nuti'' ,■ ■-»-/■— f ;J '. ' i' ■ -•'. ■ • '"" Leng! Bread Bound by Oeorg Mexico o HtVERl world, as it is fnppc nisnntr tl of any coi only iwelv the princi] the chann( certain Tea raj)id. it free fro-n 1 other alm( 'm's rivt ^YS Al Mobillf, Charles Ba The ch Florida, at Air an thefe partic who. -fome, dian Indian neighbours Soil, pr FACE ( the country province, ii dian corn a orange and and produc< try, toward neoufly tup and the C; • prod u (ft ion-: This coui thyfls, turq qui' Icfilver, of Fiiirida: but inferior lion arc her ',.»- f 921- }'^'^-'" ''•>'» 1 ^J i ■••'• >^ I. • I. .SPANISH DO TVimiONS in NORtft AMERICA, -,.T *• J 'J di EAST AND WEST FLORIDA. SITUATION AND BXTENT. i» J. • MHes Degrees. /".i"'>< Sq. Miles, Length 500 Breadth 440 between { 80 and 91 weftlongitude. 1 I 25 and 3a north latitude:. J 100,000 UoundakiebJ 1 HTS countr.', which was "ceded by Great Britai^ to Spain by the late treaty of peace, is bounded by Georgia on the north ; by^he Mifliflippi on the weft ; by the Guli of Mexico on tlie fonth ; and by the Bahama Straits on theeaft.. Riv ERs.] Th( fe are the MiflilTippi, which is one of the fincft in the M'orld, as well as the largeft; for, inciiidiii<; its turnings niul windings, it is fnppofed to run a courfe of 4500 miles ; but its mouths are iti a m^iiMLr thoaked up with fands and flioals, which deny accefs to vefTels of any confiderabif burden ; there being, according to Mitchel's map,, only twelve feet water over the bar (captain Pitman fayg, feventeen) at the principal entrance. Within the bar there is 100 fathom water, and the channel is every where deep, and the current i^entle, except at a certain feafon, when, like the Nile, it overflows and becomes extremely rapid, ir is, except at the entrance already mentioned, every where free from (liaals and cat irt'fts, and navigable for craft of one kind or other almoft to its fource. The Mobille, the Apalachicola, and St, hn's rivers, are alfo large and noble ftreams. i \Ys AND CAPES.] The principal bays are St. Bernard's, Afcenfion, Mobille, Penfacola, Dauphin, Tofeph, Apalaxy, Spiritu Santo, and Charles Bay. The chief capes ar'- Cape Blanco, Samblab, Anclote, and Capo Florida, at the extrem of the pcninfula. Air and climate.^ Very var jus accounts have been given ot thei'' particulars in this C( mtry; but that the air of 1- 'orida is pure and whoi'tome, appears from tne fize, vigour, and longevity of the Flori- dian Indians, who, in thefe refpedls, far exceed their more foutheni neighbours, the Mexicans. Soil, production* and") Eaft Florida, near the fea, and forty FACE OF THE couKTRY. j miles back, is flat md fandy. But even the country round St. /' uguftinr. in all appeara ice the uorft in the province, is far from being unfruitrjl ; It produces two crop'^ of In- dian corn a-year; the garden veger.ibles ar<- in great perfeftlon ; the orange and lemon trees grow here, without cultivation, to a large fize, and produce better fruit than in Spain and Portugal. The inland coun- try, towar.' -e hills, is extremely rich and fertile, producing fponta- neoufly v .p ' ?, vegetables, and gums, that are common to Georgia and the C: o'r, ip, and is likewife favourable to the rearing of European produdion-:. This countiy alfo produces rice, indigo, ambergris, cochineal, ame- thyfts, turquoifes, lapis lazuli, and other precious ftones; copper, qui' Vfilver, pit-coal, and iron-ore: pearls are alfo found on the coaft of Florida : mahogany grows on the fouthern parts of the peninfula, but inferior in fize and quality to that of Jamaica. The animal crea- lion arc here fo numerous, that you may purchafe a good faddle IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ''* /A 1.0 I.I Ui |40 IIM 20 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 •« 6" — ► Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. I4:>80 (716) 873-4503 '^ M3. $f» ^mmwuj^mmwA. add mrt Milt kiftati«i«^^o|(iittN«i Ikitfn «aich^»ked: fef t^tivrctict plr 'CitiWttfWKi.J Th*" «W**^te#ri ih W«ft Florfcfcr is Penfacola^ Nll^i S^^^ast W. long. 87-2o>'w'Mchittrfili>»(td^v^thinthe)bayoftbe ^e n&me, op. a hndy ih6rc tim cm «tily^'be appMached Iryfmaill y«(fels.~ The road is howe'tftri one of th« belli in aH the Gulf «f Me;dt04 iti which vefleh may Ke in. fafety agfttaft «r«ry kind of %md, Ifclng fbrrounidtd by land on every firie. ^i^< Anguftihl!, thjB' distal of; -B»& Florida, N. lat^ t^n^t Wi 16ng. /,, ■.\' by a ciftle, which fc called Fort St. :J<>h« j a,. . the w'-ote is farnKhei Vf*itti cihridn. At th^ entrance }nt6 tfte harbour arethe north and foutit breakers, which form tvvo channels, whofe bars, at low tidm, hav« eight ftet #ater< ^wUj. ' J ."*;■( *i"v?*5*rt<' •''i'i'--f.T «*wi ^^ NEW MEXICO, ii*c|:ir^nNo CAUFORNIA.''^^^ v.; Miles, Degrees. Sq. Miles. Length 4iooo7j^.-^-f 94 and ia!i.,Wfift,loog. .Xf^..^. ..Breadth 1400 } ^'^*^^^" { aj and 41 North latitMde. } ^°^'^^ Boundaries.} Bounded by unknown lands on th; North; by Louifiana on the Eafl ; by Old ]V|extco, and the Pacific Ocean on the Soutli ; and by the fame Ocean on the Weft, Divifions. , . . i ■ ■ North-eaft divifiofi South«eaft divifion South divifion Weftern divifio^ Subdivifions. Chief Towns. New Mexipo Proper i S^**^^ Jf »,^- ^°'»' Ai»cheinl>tifi s. > r St. Antonioj^j*^ «u , Sonora ... Tuape CailiTon^ ^ peninfula St. Juan . -tict; tH y-yfipY ':•._,{>:>»>. *I/l>^- iiU;^ ',«<*) ' lioit AK» pwtl*^«j'' Theife countites, lying for* the moil part within the temperate zone, have a climate in. many piaces extremely agreeable, and a foil produftive of every thni^, cither for profit or delight. In California, however) the beat is great m fummer, particularly to. wards the fea-coaft; but in the inlanu country the climate is more tenv« perate, and la winter even cold. Face and produce or TjBfl- f«wKT»Y.) The n^ral hiflory of thefe countries is as yet in its, iniiincy. The Spaniards themfelves know little of them, and tkn ikt^t they know they are Hnwillixxg to, communicate. It it certain, however, that in general the province! of N#w Mexico and California .ve.extremety b^aMtiful and plea(ant; f he. nice of the (pountry.:i£ agCRcably varied with plains, utfrfe&ed by rivers, and adfirned with gentle eminencts covfred wilbirwiom kindf MmmiAAmmm /> m TKtir natural produmons sre^mdoubtedly fufficicnt to render tl^ii^ udrantagebus c*tenl«^B Ib'^wyrbiirtlMf StaMMr^.T lo ^»| if «ml9 there ^b'm'th4^m(^niifgaigtfiSK^d«¥i^t yifbicH/v^ealjog: on the it£cleAire^ff:«ii4k$t Md becomes tbfrd Uke m^^^ih h%i^i9K' fill t^ fWeotn^s ei^refioedfl^ar, wichoufits wbkeneis. .Ti^tt^is^^ aaothc* ¥fery icii»Ai^cdaA8, might rei^der it aii inralud»fe fic^uifitidn to any indulU:i«(if niition. I Ivik 4BIT AN -CB, -HISTORY, oovHftMMiKi^ V Tho Spmlfli fettlemctili ' KetiQipar, AMD ctoMMsaeB. I here are comparatirely^ lirefilc: ihou«ft they are increaftng every day) in prom>rtiop as neur ibineS are difcover^d. The inhabit^ms are chiefly Indians whom the Spa^nift) miiHonarier have in many places brought over to Cbriftiaeity^ to a civiiifed life, and to raiie corn and wine^ which they now cxpoirt pretty largely to Old Mexico. California was difcovered by Cortez, the great contjueror of Mexico t our famous navieator, Sir Francie Prake, took poiTeilion dF it in 1578, and h!« right was confirmed by the principal king or chief in the whole country. This titie^ however, the government of Great Britain have not hitherto at<# tempted to vindicate, though California is admirably fituated for trade, and on its coaft has » pearl ftihery of creat value. The in* habitants and government here do tfet materiaUy differ fvbm thofe of Old Mexico, .^uM m •*^ ;'>;<■ m ^■-^MJt^S.^i^''.'''-''^'-::t'^-4t^fi^^ %: - *OLP MEXICO, OR NEW SPAINi -^"^^ •: --•-,,.■■,.■ IITVATION AKD EXTENT. Mitea. .p I Degree*. Sq. Miles. I, Leneth 20QP I K L ■^-t'83 and iioW^long. > o '^^'^^ Mh SSI ^^'^^ i Sand 30l4^.1at. J ^^^'^^'^^ ..t£^ B'-.>. ' OUNDBJD by New Mexico, or G/anada, on thiT/ North; by the gulf of Mexico, on the North-^ caftj by Terra Firm !|, on thefouth-eaftj t^ the ■pacific. Ooean, oa the fortHlfca»«ttjcoi«aiHiug three audknce»,viv-.: r.;r^.3. > :j . , .lf1>;ii?: V-S--11* 40 -lot isrtli ., t,^mdl v(wvs \o svujubafq ilo'l a ini« ^s^saTi^ . ' -0? .>i~AudicnQes.:.na7!irf ni Jwig -^ Gl^f'Townft,,.vari 4«if)[Wlj|iOv'.T^ r."GkKl:iai or Guatlaftjar*'"'^^ > 'Guadalajafra -^.o. ,*>•.! v'l :-i.,iw' f Mexico, W; long^ too. Ni bt. 19.54 » »i MeS^tb I'wpef" '' i i • *• \ Atapuko ~ ' • i a «<^ 1/ 7 a m a "fi^v3'-JGu*iimela*,^K .it^irij !o »iMa v,,,4> ■ tigt^t thoof4.id fsmiliei Jnianti^p^MBMd. »Je# Guttata i» Imil^ *t foolc diftaacc, 9*4 5FANISH/AMERTCA. Bays'.]. (Jn the North Sea are the gulfs or bays' of Mexico, Campeachy, Vera Cniz, and Honduras ; in rtie Pacific Ocean, or South Sea, are the bays of Micoya and Amapalla, Acapulco, and $alinasw Capbsv] Thefe are the Cape Sardo, Cape St. Martin, Cape Condu> cedo. Cape Catoche, Cape Honduras, Cape Cameron, and Cape Gra- cm Dios, ill the North Sea. • Cape Marques, Cape Spirito Santo, Cape Corientes» Cape Gallero, Cftpe Illaticov Cape Hurica, Cape Prucreos, and Cape Mala, in the SowthSeftrf -y"i • ,. WiNus.y In the Gulf of Mexico, and the adjacent feas, there are firong north winds fiom OAober to March, about the full and change ©f the moon. Trade winds prevail every where at a diftance from luitd within the tropics. Near the coaft, in the South Sea, they kaye periodical winds, viz, monfoons, and fea and land breezes, na in Alia. Sail AND C1.IMATB.] Mcxico lying for the mofl part within the torrid zone, is exceffively hot ; and on the eaftero c«aft, where the bad is low, nnarfliy, and coni^antly flooded in the^ rainy feafons, it is Mewife extremely unwholeforae. The inland country, however^ ^tlbuies a better afpeA, and the air is of a milder temperament ; on the weftern fide, the land is not fo low as on the eattern, much better in quality, and full of plantations. The foil of Mexico in general is of a good variety, and would not refufe any fort of grain, ^ete ther indufiry of the inhabitants to correipond with their natural advantages. Pkoduce.] Mexico, like all the tropical countries, is^rather more abundant in fruits than in grain. Pine-apples, pomegranates, oranges, Icnrorrs, "Citrons, figs, und cotroa»ntTts,' arc here in the greateft plenty and peifeftioB. Mexico produces alfoa prodigious quantity of fugar, cfpecially towards tne t;u|f of Mexico, ar^d the provinces of Guaxaca and Guatimala, fo that here are mofe fugar-mills than iiv any other p»rt of Spanidi America. Cedar-trees and logwood abound about the bays of Campeachy and Honduras ; the maho-J:ree alfo, which has a bark with fuch Itrnng fibres, that they twift and make ropes of. They have alfo a tree, which is called light-wood, being as light as a cork, of which they make floats to carry their merchandife on the fea-co§fto. JBi»c what is confidered as the chief giory of this country, and what £rft induced the Spaniards to form fettlements upon it, are the mines of gold and filver. The chief mines of gold are in Veragua and New Granada, bordering upon Darien and Terra Firma. Thofe of filver, whic^ are much more rich, as well as numerous, are found in feveral parts, but in none fo much as in the province of Mexico. The mines of both kinds are always found in the moftbiarren tntl mountain- ous parts of the coimtry; nature making amends in one refpeft for her defecSsin'anothiT. The working of the gold and filvet" mines de- pends on .tlie fame principles. Whai the ore is dug out, compounded ceives in return the numberlefs luxuries and naceflaries which Europe affords to her, and which the indolence of her inhabitants will never permit them to acquire for thenrTdves. To this port, the fleet from Cadiz, called the Flota, confifting of three men of war, as a convoy, amd fourteen large merchant ihips, annually arrive about the beginning of November. Its cargo confifts of every commodity and manufac- ture of Europe, and there are few nations but have more concern ia it thaik the Spaniards, who fend out little more than wine and oil. The profit of thefe, with the freight and commiflion to the merchants, and outy to the kine, are almoft the only advantages which Spain de* rives from her American commerce. When all the goods are landed and difpofed of at La Vera Cruz, the fleet takes in the plate, pre- cious fiones, and other commodities for Europe. Some time in May they are ready to depart. From La V^sra Cruz they fail to the Havannah, in the ifle of Cuba, which is the rendezvous where they meet the galleons; another fleet, which carries on the trade of Terra Firma, by Cartbagena, and of Peru by Panama and Porto Bello. When all are collected,, and provided with a convoy neceflary for their fafety, thev fleer for Old Spain. Acapulco is the fea-port, by whifh the communication is kept up between the different parts of the Spaniih-empire in America, and the Eafl Indies. About the month oi December, the great galleon, at> tended by a large fhip as a convoy, annuallv arrives here. The car- goes of thefe fhips (for the convoy, though in an under-hand manner, Hkewife carries goods) confift of all the rich commodities and manufac- tures of the Eaft. At the fame time the annual fhip from Lima, the capital of Peru, comes in, and is not computed to bring Icfs than two millions of pieces of eight in filrer, befides quickfilver and other va- luable commodities, to be laid out in the purchafe of the galleon's cargoes. Several other fhips, from different parts of Chili and Peru, meet upon the fame occafion. A great fair, in which the commodi- ties of all parts of the world are bartered for one another, lafls thirty days. The galleon then prepares for^lier voyage, loaJed with filver and fuch niardii, t and in tl gainers I commerc fo the Sp; defence \ merchant j withflandi city of M< the centre wl merchi The Eafl.j Vera Cruz eome to b( wrought al fent to Eur ficence, am inhabitants. SPANIS fiteadth ;i JBOVNAAUCS. loam ficence, and accordinj^ to the bcfi ^coui»U contains about 80,000 inhabitants.' ^; -. -^j^'^-ii ■■ > ;>•• -jk-,^u-:--; 3fU:«fctf :.i i,vn ^;f, {1. SPANISH DOMINIONS im SOUTH AMERICA,* TERRA FIRMA, or CASTILE DEL ORO. : ^ Miles. SITUATION AND EXTENT. Degrees. ' ' r- Length r400 ? K-f.»*-« S ^o and 82 Weft long. | ^ Breadth 700 } ***'^**" i the equator, and iz Njat. J 7oo,ooa Bov«4>^I*wO Bounded by the North Sea (part of the Atlantic I 1 ; .1 Ocean) on the North; by the fame Tea and Suri- I nam on the Eail; by the country of the Amazons and Peru, on the Ifouth ; and by the Paciflo Ocean and New Spain, on the weft. Sq. Miles. Diviftons. lept up \nd the n, at- e car- anner, nufac- a, the Ian two er va- •Ueon'i Peru, modi- thirty fiWei rhe tiorthem dtvi fion conta provinces Sub-dtvifions. I . Terra Flraia Proper," or Darien ChiefTowns. 2. Carthagena IK uuivH«.i ui».- i ^ Martha ^'!f • .. S \l' Ri° de la Hacha provinces of J Venezuela I 6. Comana I 7. New AndaluHa, or J Paria he fouthern divi> 1 i. New Granada lion contains the > 9f J«. Porto Bello Panama, W. long, go- al. N. lat. 8-47. ^ Carthagena L St. Martha Rio de la Hacha - Venezuela .. . . Comana St. Thomas > provj^cfii Popayan } Santa F^ de Bagota Popayatu ^iS SPANISH AMERICA..^ Bay^, Capes, fcc] The Iflhinus of Darien, of Terra Firma Pro- per, jojiis North ind South Ani«ica. A line drawn from Porto Bello in the north, to Pjuiama in the South Sea, or rather a little wcil of thefe two towns, is the proper limit between North and South Ame- rica, axul here the ifthmus or neck of land is dnly fixty miles over. The pnnciptl rirert we the Rio Grande, Darien, Chagre, an«i the Oranoque, The princ^al bays in Terra Firma are, the bay of Panama, and the bay of St Michael's, in the South Sea; the bav of Porto Bello, the «ulf of Darien, Sino bay, Carthagena bay and harbour, the gulf of Venezuela, the bay of Maracaibo, the gulf of Triefto, the bay of Guaira, the bay of Curiaco, and the gulfof Paria, or Andalufia, in the North Sea. The chief capei are, Samblas point, Point Canoa, Cape del Agiia, Swart point, Cape de Vela, Cape Conquibacoa, Cape Cabelo, Cape Blanco, Gape Galcra, Cape Three Points, and. Cape Naflau; all on the north (hore of Terra Firma. Cltmatb.^ The climate here, particularly in the northern divifions^ is extremely hot ; and it was found by UUoa, that the heat of the warmeft day in Paris is continual in Carthagena; the exceffive heats jraife the vapour of the fea, which is precipitated in fuch rains as.feein to threaten a general deluge. Great part of the "country, therefore, is almoft continually flooded ; and this, together with the exceflive heat, fo impregbafes the air with vapours, that in many provinces, particularly about Popayan and Porto Bello, it is extremely un- wholefome. ' - .■..:.,. Soil and produce.] The foil of this country, like that of the greatqr part of South America, is wonderfully rich and fruitful. It is mipoffible to view, without admiration, the perpetual verdure of the woods, the luxuriancy of the. plains, and the towering height of the mountains. This, however, only applies to the inland cpuutry, for the coafts are generally barren fand, and incapable of bearing any fpe. cies of grain. The trees moft remarkable for their dlmeufions are the caobo, the cedar, the maria, and balfara tree. The manchineel tree is particylarly remarkable : it bears a fruit refembliHg an apple, but which, Undei- this fpecious appearance, contains the n^oUffubtil poifoD, againft which common oil is found to be the beft antidote. The ma- lignity of this tree is fuch* that if a perfon only flecps under it, he find? his body fwelled, and is racked with the fevered tortures. The beaits,, from inltimf^ always avoid it. ■ The Habella de Carthagena is t!i( fruit of a fpecies of willow, and contains a kernel refembling an almond, but lefs white, and extremely bitter. This kernel is found to be a;i| cKcelient aiid never-failing remedy for the bite o^the moft venomousF riper* an m )* lo of le- er. Lhe the the Fof of , in gua, Jape I oa fions^ if the heats i.feem efore, ceflive riiic|s, iv un- of tlie . It is of the t of the try, for ny fpe- are the tree but joifoD, le ma- le finds bcallsJ is the] almond, be aaj enoiiious| covmtry, n a yei ave beei noiite ol Amoii| Sloth, 01 a reiti of a nioi in all oil eel ;o I cbitugat^. "He (lands in iro need of fcithcr cKa>n or l^iteb," never ftir- ring unlefd compelled by hunger; and Wt is faid to be fev^.jrl minutes in moving one of his* legs, nor will blo#» mnke iiim m*nd his pace. When he moves, every effort is attended with Inch a piainrive, arid at the fame time, fo difagrerable a cry, as at once produced pity imd di(- guft; In this cry eonflfts the whrtit? defence of tWs wretched animal; for on the firft holVIe opproach it i'^ natural for liim to be in motion)}- which is always accompanied with difguftful hftwlingi, fo that hispnf* fiiir flies much more fpeedily in his turn, to bd beyond the reacli of this horrid noife. When this animal finds no wild fruits on the jjroundf^H he looks out with a great deal of pains for a tree well loaded, which ho^ ifcends with a world of uneafinefs, moviYig, and crying, and ftopij' ping by turns. At length having mounted, he plucks off all the^ fniit, and throws it on the ground, to fave himfelf fuch another troo- blefome journey ; and rather than be fatiguW with coming down the tree, he gathers himfelf into a bunch, and with a Qiriek drops to th«i' hat principally diftinguifhes them is their large, weak, blue hich, unable to bear the light of the fun, fee beit by moonlight, anrfrs ■era which they are therefore called Moon-eyed Indians. ,^./' Inhabitants, commerce, ) We havealready mentioned how thiav AND CHIEF TOWNS. f Country fell into the hands of the Spa-i > liards. The inhabitants therefore do not materially ditfer from thofe of ^ ' xico. To what we have obferved with regard to this country, it only neceflliry to add, that the original inhabitants of Spain are vari-d.a ifly intermixed with the negroes and Indians. Thefe intermixtiires^U irm various gradations, which are carefully diftinguiftjed from eaclii;t er, becaufe every perfon expefts to be regarded in proportion as a -% ater (hare of the Spanifti blood runs in his veins. The firftdi- t inftion, arifing from the intermarriage of the whites with the negroe5»>3 that of the mulattoes, which is well known. Next to thefe are th».% 'ercerones, produced from a white and a mubtto. From the intert> riage with thefe and the whites, arife the Quarterones, who, thought near the former, arc difgraced with a tint of the negro blood. Butn produce of theie and the whites are the Quinterones, who, it iai id,are not tobediftinguifiied fronn the real Spaniards, but by being of-. ^iU fairer complexion. J^he fame gradations arc formed in a con- * ry order, by the intermixture of the mulattoes and the negroes; he«,;"« s thefe, there are a thoufand others, hardly dlftinguiihable by tha-i* ves themfelves. The commerce of this cwmtry is chiefly carried ^ i [.from the ports of Panama Carthagena, ?ind Porto Bello,' which are eof the moft confiderable cities in Spanifti America; and each taining fcveral thou&ad inhabitants. Here there are annual fairs . • 3O llf:,. viH mm M rtm m m 9Se 5?Al<;i$H AMERICA. ior American, Indian, and European connmodkir9t Among; the na< tiiral merchandife of Terra Firma, the pearls found on the coaft, par- ticwlarly in the tay pi Panama, are not the lea^l confidcrablc. An Immenle number ot negro flaves are employed in firtiing for thcfc, who h»ve arrived at wonderful dexterity in this occupation. They are fomctimes, however, ilevoured by fifti, particulariy the iliarks, while they dive to the bottom, or arc cruiljca againft the (helves of the rocks. The government of Terra Firma is on the fame footing with that of Mexico. vxh *jriJ tlK* ,. nkiv^' ^i}:>ij1 A*, ^.. 111 •i.'u Bliles. >ft0fv B.'tf> i;t;;i jihii Degrees. Sq. Miles. >^Xength 1800 7 u..,„..„ ( the equator and 25 S. lat. ") ^. . „^^ . .;^.Br«£lth 500 \ ^^'^"" 1 60 and 81 W. long. \ 97«>'°oo BtttoifBAlUBs.] Bounded by Terra Firma, on the l^orth; bytl( mountains, or Cordeletrias des Andes, eail; bj^ Chilil South; and by the Pacific C ^an, Weft. ~ ' ' " Divifions. Provinces. the northern dlvifion J Qiiito '^^f'.fir W""^^ >i«-- finmH'A^x Chief Towns. CQuito/j ,i..ji>^ ., ( Payta ' < '»■ Lima, 76-49 W la-ii. S. lat. Cufco, and Callao. J^ofi I The middle divifion •< Lima» or Los Rbyes Thcfputhcrn divifion \ Los Chafcqs ;,'4 ''r- ■f^l- ■ •''■ ' -^ "'■'■ - ■ ■ ■ ■■■"'■^^ - • ' ■'■" f;5^SF-AS, BAYS, AKD HARBOURS.] Thc Only fca which boiKJers on F is the Pacific Ocean, or South Sea. The principal bays and harboui are Payta, Mahbrigo, Cuanchaco, Cofma, Vcrmeio, Guara, Call the port town to Lima, Ylo, and Arica. -fjitivERs.] The rivers Granada, or Cagdalcna, Oronoque, Amazoi •r Plate, rife in the Andes. Many other rivers rife alfo in the Am and fall into the Pacific Ocean, between thc equator and eight degi S. lat. There is fairi to be a river in Peru whofc waters are as red .J)lpod; biit thc truth of this has been doubted. f'' I pBTRiFiED WATERS.] There are fomc waters, which, in their con: . cover whatever they pafs over with ftone; and here are fountainsB-gflelj and fori iiquid matter, called coppeyjirdiembiing pitch andstsu^and ufedBew fubffance feamen for the fame purpofe. -!>•■''-. - ..-v i- BietaJ, and fro Soil akd climate,] Though Peru lies within the torrid zone,]Bfel/.*.': ^\-rt liaving on one fide the South fea, and on the other the great '•''g'J MANtnrAcru thc Andes, it is not fo hot as other tropical countries. The fky lAute of their i which is generally cloudy, defends it from the direft rays of the fun ilBtfcribe there what is extremely fingUl&r^ it never rains in Peru; This defeft,"^ ever, is fufficiemly fupplied by a foft kirdly dew which falls grad every night on the grouod^ and fo refreihes the pUmts and fS to pro fea-coaft, , rivers, whei country. Awimal MiNfiR fiilveh too 1! the old min The towns was found a fo eafijy br< t>f which. the wine in greai iefs remarkal fhcfe are' the biing that of of a ftag, its enraged, it fj Ms on. Th mails not on I burden. It c ti\ roootitains fparingjy, anc the lama, and found the bej next great arti( Peruvian bark, which produce faiaous parts 01 ^ bark is al (fiiich bears it, of fruit refemi thofe excellent and other difon "• Guinea pe !» grcateft ab' farts of Peru, 000 crown; '•"fiich produce tie various puri ion of gold anc a place calJec ^nawhitifh mai ilifed l)y ire, „ iJereit condel ■ capital of Pe ! middle of a fJ pous Pizarro, al Spanish America. '^^ %i td prbdifce io nqany plnces the {TitMWft ftrt'lity.' Along the fea-coaft, Peru is generally a dry barren fand, except by the banks of rivers, where it is extremely fertile, as are ail the low lands in the inland country. ANIMAL, VBGBTABi.R,' AND*) Thcrc aVtf itiany gold mines in the MiNBRAi PRODUCTIONS, j northern part, not far from Lima. Silvet too is produced in great abundance in various provinces; but the old mines are conftantly decaying, and new ones dailv opened. The towns fliift with the mines. That of Potofi, when the fllver there was found at the eafied expenfe (for now having gone fo deep it is nat foeafily brought up), contained 90,000 fouls, Spaniards and Indians^ of which.the latter were fix to one. The northern part of Peru j)roduces wine in great plenty. Wool is another article of its produce, and is no iefs remarkable for its finencfs than for the animals on which rt grows ; thf^fe are' the lamas and vi^unnas. The lama has' a fm^Il head, refem- bling that of a horfe and a fheep at the fame time. It is about the (i2e of a ftag, its u^iper lip is cleft like that of a hare, throigI>iwhich, 'vhexi enraged, it fpits a kind of venomous juice, which inflames the part it falls on. The Aefli of the lama is agreeable and falutary, ard the ani- malis not only ufefiil in affording wool and food, but alfo-'.s a beaft of burden. It can endure amazing fati-ue, and will travel ovc -.He fteep- tlimoontains with a burden of fixty or fcventy pounds. It feeds very fparingly, and never drinks. The vicunna is fmaLer and fwifter than the lama, and produces wool flill finer in quality. In the vicunna is found the bezoar flone, regarded as a fpecific againft* poifon. The next great article in the produce and commerce of this country is the Peruvian bark, known better by the name of Jefiiits' bark. The tree which produces this invaluable drug grows principally in the moun- tainous parts of Peru, and particularly in the province of Quito. The W. longBWl bark is always produced in the high and rocky grounds; the tree par- An who are I'hile ■ the with 1 •>%'■ lOO ; bv t^ by Chili IS. S. lat, allao. IS on Pe harbou , Call heir coutl |ouHtait)S| Ind ufedj Which bears it, is about the fize of a cherry tree, and produces a kind of fruit refembling the almond : but it is only the bark which has thofe excellent qualities that render it fo ufeful in intermitting fevers, and other diforders to which daily experience extends the application of it. Guinea pepper, or Cayenne pepper, as we call it, is produced in thegreatell abundance in the vale of Africa, a diftri6l in the fouthern s of Peru, irom whence they export it annually, to the value of ,000 crowns. Peru is likewife the only part of Spanifli America Ifhich produces quickfilver, an article of immenfe value, conlidering^ be various purpofes to which it is applied, and-efpecially the purifica- ion of gold and filver. The principal mine of this fingular metal is a place called Guancavelica, difcovered in 1567, wiiere it is found Da whitiUi mafs refembling brick ill burned. This fubftance is vola- ilifed I)) ire, and received irt fteam by a combination of glafs v^flfels,' here, it condenfes by means of a little water at tire bottom of each effid, and forms a pure heavy liquid. In Peru likewife is found th» lew fubftanoc called platina, which may be confidered as an eighth letal, and from its fuperior qiialities, may alnioft vie with'^old* 'elf. ' tstnfif'ffri : ^-'.liiv* t"' :if'^~i i**!.non'£ , ; ■ ; ai--' ; * 'i;--^ -■ 'ft?/ MANtrFxcTbrB*, THATJ-K, AwncfTrts.'^' Wt •jblhthciV'artiicllfr'be-' lule of their intimate coonedion ; for, except i^i the cities we Iball fcribe, there is no commerce worth merttioning. Tne city of Lima is capital of Peru, and of the whole Spanifh enipire : its fttuaiibn, irf middle of a fpacious and delightful valley, was fixed upon by the fa- ous Pizarro, as the moft propeir for acitv, whidi he expedcd would 3 0a' .^, mammfmmam ^1» SPANISH AMERICA* prcfervtf his mennory. It is fo well watered by the Viver Rimac, that tlie inhabitants, like thofc of London, coninjand a ftrcam, each for Uh own ufe. There are many vfry magnificent ftruitures, particularly churches, in this city ; though the houfes in general are bui{t of fligitt materials, the equality of the climate, and want of rain, rendering ttone houfes unneccffary ; and> beddes, it is fouiKJ, that thcfe are more apt to fuffer by Ihocks of the earth, which arc frequent and dreadful all over this province. Lima is about two leagues from the Tea, extends in length two miles, and in breadth one and a quarter. It contains about 60,000 inhrtbitrints, of whom the whites amount to a fixth part. One remarkable fad is fuHicieni to demouftrate the wealth of this city. When the viceroy, the duke de la Palada, made his entry into Lima in 1682, the inhabitants, to do him honour, caufed the ftreets to be paved with ingots of filvcr, to the amount of fevcnteen millions Itcrling. All travellerfi fpcak with amazerrient of the decorations of the churcljcs with gold, filvcr, and precious (tones, which load and ornament even the walls. The merchants of Lima may be faid to deal with all the quarters of the world, and that both on their own accounts, and as iaftors for others. Hers f.ll the produces of the fouthem provinces are conveyed, in order to be exchanged at the harbour of Lima, for fuch articles as the inhabitants of Peru ftand in need of; the fleet from Eu- rope, and the Kail Indies, land at the fame harbour, and the commo- dities of Afia, Europe, and America, are there bartered for each other. What there is no immediate fale for, the merchants of Lima purchafe on their own accounts, and lay up in warehoufes, knowing that they muft foon find an outlet for them, fuice by one channel or other they have a communication with aJtnoft every commercial nation. But ail the wealth of the inhabitants, all the beauty of the fituation, and ferti- lity of the climate of Lima, are not fufhcient to compenfate for one cifafter, which always threatens, and has fometimes aftually befalltii them. In the year 1747, a mod tremendous earthquake laid three- fourths of this city level with the ground, and entirely demoliihed Callao, the port town belonging to it. Never was any deftruftion more terrible or complete ; not more than one of three thoufand inha- bitants being left to record this dreadful calamity, and he by a provi- dence the moft fingular and extraordinary imaginable. — This man, who happened to be on a fort \yhich overlooked the harbour, per. ccived in one minute the inhabitants running from their houfes in iht\ utmoft terror and confulion ; the fea, as ufual on fuch occaGons, rt ceding to a confiderable diftance, returned in mountainous wave! foaming with the violence of the agitation, buried the inhabitants fci ever iu its bofoin, and immedintely all was filent ; but the fame wan which dcftioyed the town, drove a little boat by the place where t!i man ilopd, into which he threw hinifelf, and was faved. Cufcg, tl aticient caj^tal of the Peruvian empire, has already been taken noti of. As it lies in the mountainous country, and at a diftance from tl f 'A. I'j) .T**1i7 r^^- i Baldivia ■ „ ..^j. .7^ ) ■,^r>*r'^^^"::t^o^f:> ( Imperial" ^'^''^'"^'''^f .AKES.] The principal lalces are thofe of Tagatagua near St. Jago, i that of Paren. Befides 'which, they have feveral fait- water lakes, \t have a communication- with- the fea, part of the year. In ftormy ather the fea forces a way throi>gh them, and leaves them full of 3 O 3 ' fi ■.•»|<;i.tio;*(ji;p)v»ti' o(i*b^' * / €' : 3PAN«SH AMERICAl fifli ; but in the hot feafpn the wmter congeals, leaving a cruft of fine white fait a foot thick. Seas, rivers, bays, and harbours.] The only fea that bor- ders; appn Chili, is the Pacific Ocean on the weft. T*he prin- , cipal rivers are the Sala,do or Salt River, Guafco, Coquimbo, Chiapa, Bohio, and the Baldivia, all fcarcely navigable but at their |nouths._;^'\.',;;^f:- vv^;; .■'^- ,-v • ; ■ j-. The prJhcipiat'bay?,' df IfiaVlJotirsy are Capiipp, Coquimboj (aovana- dore, Valparifo, Jata, Conception, ganta Maria, La Moocha, Baldivia, Brewer's-haven, and Caftro. - ^<^-■' CLiMATfe, SOIL, AND PRODUCE.] Thffe are not remarkably difFe- nnt from the fame in Peru ; and if tliere he any difference, it is in fa. vour of Chili. There is indeed no part of the world more favoured than this is, with refpe<5l to the gifts of nature. For here, not only the tropical fruits, but all fpecies of grain, of which a conljderable part is exported, come to great perfeftion. Their animdl produftions arfe the fame with thofe of Peru j and they have gold almoft in every river. • .' ' ' Inhabitants.] This country is very thinly inhabited. The origi- nal natives are ftiU in a great meafure uncopqtiered and uncivilifed ; and leading a wandefing life, attentive to no objeft but their preferva- tion from the Spanifli yoke, are in a very unfavourable condition with regard to population. The Spaniards do not amount to above 20,000; and the Indians, negroes, and mulattoes, are not fuppofed to be thrice that number. However, there have lately been fome formida- ble infurreftions ag^inft the Spaniards, by the natives o^ Chili, which greatly alarmed the Spanifh court. Commerce.] The foreign commerce of Chili is entirely confined to Peru, Panama,, and foftie parts of Mexico. ' To the former they ex- port annually corn fiifficient for 60,000 men. Their other exports are hemp, which is raifed in no other part of the South Seas; hides, tallow, and falted provifions; and they receive in return the commo- dities of Europe and the Ball Indies, which are brought to the port of Callao. '-, ■* " h '^'^''' .x%:'\'i:iw?if<^l^jtiwyi.« t:,-'>5r!:> ><,3iiJ0 *ai*h'J:tr; tn SITUATION AND^TENT. -mi 'v^li^>^'r*^^ t) Degrees,, ,, '- » . Sq. Miles. II and 37 S. lat, \ , „^„^^« . -" — .. V 1,000,000 JnutoJi m; between C 12 and 37 S. lat. \ J 50 and 7S W.long, J^. Length 1560 7 . •) Breadth loooy^T JoyNDARiEs,] Bounded by Amazonia on the North; by Braiil on the eaft ; by Patagonia oa the South ; and by Peru and Chili oa the Weft. , > Divifious. ' '^f"^ Province!. "^"*^ Chief Towns. ' ■ > •^''t^WA i*:;jil.\^?a*^gi'ay i"'- fAffumptioft ^\^i''' C^wgua - - (^Los Royet *<"'i ^i'^ SPANISH AMERICA. 9SS South f Tucuman < Rio 3e la Plata f St. Jago I < Buenos Ayses, W. long!. divifion S7-S4«-S-il«t..34.357 Bays and lakes.] The principal bay fs that at the moiith of the river La Plata, on which (lands the capital city of Buenos Ayres; and Cape St. Antonio, at the entrance of that bay, is the only promon- tory. This country abounds with lakes, one of which, Cafacoroes, is ibo miles long. Rivers.] This country, befides an xnBnite number of fmall rivers, is watered by three principal ones, the Paragua, Uragua, and Parana, which, united near the fea, form the famous Rio de la Plata, or Plate River, and which annually overflow their banks; and, oii their recefs, leave them enriched with a flime that produces the greateft plenty of whatever is committed to it. Air, soil, and produce.] This vaft traft is' far from being wholly fubdued or planted by the Spaniards. There are many parts in a great degree unknown to them, or to any other people in Europe, The principal province of which we have any knowledge, is that which is called Rio de la Plata, towards the mouth of the above-mentioned rivers. This province, with all the adjacent parts, is one continued level, not interrupted by the leaft hill for feveral hundred miles every way; extremely fertile, and producing cotton in great quantities; to- bacco, and the valuable herb called Paraguay, with a variety of fruits, and prodigious rich paftures, in which are bredfuch herds of cattle, that it is laid the hides of the beafts are all that is properly bought, the car- cafe being in a manner given into the bargain. A horfe fome time ago might be bought for a dollar; and the ufual price for a bullock, cholen out of the herd of two or three hundred, was only four rials. But, contrary to th« general nature of America, this country is deftitute of woods. The air is remarkably fvveet and ferene, and the waters of La Plata are equally pure and wholefome. First settlement, chief) The Spaniards firft difcovcred this CITY, and commerce, j country, by failing up the river La Plata, in 1515, and founded the town of Buenos Ayres, fo called on account of the excellence of the air, on the fouth fide of the river, 50 leagues within the mouth of it, where the river is feven leagues broad. This is one of the moft confiderable towns in South America, and the only place of traffic to the fouthward of Brafil. Here we meet with the merchants of Europe and Peru ; but no regular fleet comes here, as to the other parts of Spanilh America ; two, or at moft three, regifter (hips, make the whole of their regular intercourfe witii Europ'.. Their returns are very valuable, confifting chiefly of the gold and (ilver of Chili and Peru, fugar and hides. THofe who have now and then carried on a contraband trade to this dty, have found it more advantageous than any other whatever. The benefit of this con- traband is now w holly in the hands of the Portuguffe, who keep ma- gazines for that purpofe, in fuch psirts of Brafil as lie near this coun- try. The trade of Paraguay, and the manners of the people, are fc much the fame with thofe of the reft of the Spanifli colonies in South America, that nothing farther can be ftid on thofe articles, , But we cannot quit this country without faying foniethihg of that extraordinary fpecies of commonwealth, wfiith the Jefuits erec^ted in the interior parts, and of which thefc Cfa(tv |!H|dls endeavoured to. keep all ftrangers in the dark 3O4 t17, ^m 1 1 i )i :''■■»' ..!«■ ny 93^ SPANISH AMERICAr^' About the middle of the laft century, thofe fathers i-cprefented to ;.'.tbe court of Spain, that their want of fnCcefs in their miirioos was ow, ing, to the fcaudal which the immoralityof the Spaniards never failed to give, and to tlTC hatred vvhich their infolent Behaviour caiifed in the Indians, wherever they Came. They infinuated, that, if it were not fof tliijt ini[iedjment> the empire of the gofpel might, by their labours, have betn extended into .the iroft unknown parts of America; and that all thofe countries might be fubdued to his Catholic ma- jelly's obedience, without expenfe, and without force. This re. jnonftr«ncc met with iuccefs ; the fphere of their labours was marked our, and uncontrolled liberty was given to the Jcfuits within thefe li- mits; and the governors of the adjacent provinces had orders not to interfere, nor to fuft'er any Spaniards to enter this pale, without licence -ifroni the fathers. They, on their part, agreed to pay a c ain capi- tation tax, in proportion to their flock ; and to fend a certain number to the king's works whenever they fliould be demanded, and the mif- fious fliouTd become populous enough to fupply them. On thefe ter;r.s the Jefuits gladly entered upon the fcene of aftion, and opened their fpiritual cp.mpaigru They began by gathering toge- ther at)out fifty wandering families, whom they perfuaded to fettle; and they united them into a little townfliip. This was the flight foun- dation upon which they built a fuperftrufture, which has amazed the world, and added fo inuch power, at the fame time that it occafioned ; fo much envy and jealoufy of their fociety. For when they had made this beginning, they laboured with, fuch indefatigable pains, and fiich maftcrly policy, that, by degrees, they mollified the minds of the moil favage nations; fixed the moft rambling, and fubdued thofe to their government, who had long difdained to fubmit to the arms of the Spa- niards and Poitugiicfe, , They prevailed upon thoufands of various Mdilperfed tribes to embrace their religion; and thefe foon induced others .to follow their t,xaii)iile, magnifying the peace and tranquillity they enjoyed under tlie diredion of the fathers. • Our limits da not permit us to trace, with precifinn, all the fleps which were taken in the accomplifliment of fo extraordinary a conqueft over the bQdie Indians were inftrufted in the military art with the moft exaft difcipline, •and could raile 60,000 men well armed: that they lived in towns; they were regularly clad; they laboured in agriculture; they exercifed manufaiflurcs : fome even afpired to the elegant arts ; and that nothing could equal the obedience of the people or thefe miffions, except their ! contentment under it. Some writers have treated the charafter of thefe Jefuits with great feverity ; accufing them of ambition, pride, and of -carrying their authority to fuch an excefs, as to caufe not only perfons r. of both faxes, but even the magiftrates, who are always chofen from ;.c, among the Indians, to be corrected before them with ftripes, and to fuffer perfons of the liightft diftinftion, within their jurifdiftion, to kifs the hem of their garmeiit&, as the greateft honour. The priefts them- :,. fclvcs po0«(ted large property; all manufaftures were theirs; the natural ..produce of the country was brought to them; and the treafures, annu- i ally remitted to the Q^erior of the order, feemed to evince, that zeal for religion was not the only motive of their forming thefe niiflions. Spanish American Islands/ •'^37 The fathers would not permit any of the inliabitants of Peru, whether {Spaniards, Meftizos, or even Indians, to come within their miifions in Paraguay. In the year i 757, when pact of the territory was ceded by Spain to the court of Portugal, in exchange for Santo Sacrament, to make the Oragua the boundary of their pofl'eflions, the Jefuits rcfufed to comply with this divifion, or to fuflPer themfelves to be transferred from one hand to another, like cattle, without their own confeut. And we were informetl by authority of the Gazette, that the Indians aftually took up arms; but notwuhftanding the exaftnefs of their difci- pUnc, they were eafily, and with confidecable {laughter, defeated by the European troops, who were fent to quell them. And, in 1767, the Jefuits were fent out of America, by royal autiiority, and their late fubjefts were put upon thf fame footing with the refl of the inhabitant* of the country, ^,cp ^ ,j-!Ai'i*.< Vi "-'Spanish IsLAifDs'iN America,! V^UBA.] The ifland of Cuba is fituated between twenty and twenty- five deg. north lat. and between feventy-four and eighty-five deg\ weft long, one hundred miles to the fouth of Cape Florida, and feventy- five north of Jamaica, and is near/feven hundred mil-'s in length, and generally about feventy miles in breadth, A chain of hills runs through the middle of the ifland from eaft to weft ; but the land near the fea is in general level and floodeo in the rainy feafon, when the fun is vertical. This noble ifland is fuppofed to have the heft foil, for fo large a coun- try, of any in America. Jt produces ali commodities known in the Weft Jndies, particularly ginger, long pepper, and other fpices, callia fjftula, maftic, and aloes. It alfo produces tobacco and fugar ; but from the want of hands, and the lazinefs of the Spaniards, not in fnch qnan- tities as might be expected. It is f^id that its exports do not equal in quantity thofe of our fmall ifland of Antigua. The courfe of the rivers is too fliort to be of any confequence ; but there are feveral good harbours in the ifland, which belong to the prin- cipal towns, as that of St. Jago, facing Jamaica, (tron};ly fituated, and well fortified, but neither populous nor rich.. That of the Havannah, facing Florida, which is the capital city of Cuba, and a place of great ftrength and importance, containing about 2000 houfes, with a great number of convents and churches. It was taken, however, by the cou- rage and perfeverance of the Englilh troops in the year 1762, but re- ftored in the fubfequent treaty of peace. Befides tbefe, there is llitevvife Cumberland harbour,, and that of Santa Cruz, aconfiderable town thir- ty miles eaft of the Havannah. PORTO RICO.] Situated between fixty-four and fixty-feven deg, weft long, and in eighteen deg. north lat. lying between Hifp^miola and St. Chriftopher's, is one hundred miles lono; and forty bread. The foil is beautifully divfriificd with woods, valleys, arid plains; and is ex- tremely fertile, producing the fame fruits as the other iflands. It is well watered with fprings and rivers; but the ifland is unhealthful in the rainy feafons. It was on account of the gold that thi^ Spaniards fettled here; but there is no longer any coafideiable quantity of this pictal found in it. >_>'_, -. ' r.- .' ' - f If'f • it H*; n ll *■(« i J mi 93» 'Spanish American Islands* 4 Forto Rico, the capital town, (lands in a little ifland on the north iide, forming a capacious harbour, and joined to the chief iilaud by a caufeway, and defended by forts and batteries, which render the town almoft inacceflible. It was, however, taken by fir Francis Drake, and afterwards by the earl of Cumberland. It is better inhabited than moft of the Spanifh towns, becaufe it is the centre of the contraband trade carried on by the Englifli and French with the king of Spain's fubjefts VIRGIN ISLANDS.] SUuatcd attheeaft^ of Potto Rico, are extremely fmall. '^A-w-""; , ; . . *^>y^: - . "■ ■ TRINIDAD.] Situated between fifty-nine and fixty-two deg. weft long, and in ten deg. north lat. lies between the ifland of Tobago and the Spanifli Main ; from which it is leparated by the Straits of Paria. It is about ninety miles long, and fixty broad ; and is an unhealthful but fruitful foil, producing fugar, fine tobacco, indigo, ginger^ vari- ety of fruit, and lome cotton trees, and Indian corn. It was taken by fir Walter Raleigh, in 1595, and by the French, in 1676, who plun- dered the ifland, and extorted money from the inhabitants. It was cap- tured bv the Britifli arms in February, 1797. MARGARETTA.] Situated in fixty-four deg. weft long, and 11-30 north lat. feparated from the northern coaft of New Andalufia, in Ter- ra Firma, by a ftrait of twenty-four miles, is about forty miles in length, and twenty-four in breadth ; and being always verdant, affords a moft agreeable profpe£t. The ifland abounds in pafture, in maize, and fruit ; but there is a fcarclty of wood and water. There was once a pearl fiiliery on its coaft, which is now difcontinued. There are many other fmall iflands in thefe feas, to which the Spa- niards have paid no attention. We ftiall, therefore, proceed reijnd Cape Horn into the South Seas, where the firft Spanifli ifland of any importance is CHILOE, on the coaft 0/ Chili, which has a governor, and fome harbours well fortified. JUAN FERN ANDES.] Lying in eighty-three deg. weft long, and thirty-three fouth lat. three hundred miles w^ft of Chili. This ifland is uninhabited ;. but having fome good harbours, it is found exteemely convenient for the Englifli cruifers to touch at and water. This ifland is famous for having given rife to the celebrated romance of Robinfon Crufoe. It feems, one Alexander Selkirk, a Scotchman, was ieftafliore in this folitary place by his captain, where he lived fome years, until he was difcovered by captain Woocles Rogers, in 1709. When taken up, he had forgotten his native language, and could fcarcely be underftood, fceming to fpeak his words by halves. He was drefled in goats' Ikins, would drink nothing but water, and it was fome ^me before he could reiilU the (hip's viAuals. During his abode in this ifland, he had killed 500 goats, which he caught by running them down ; and he marked as many more on the ear, which he let go. , Some of thefe were caught thirty years after, by lord Anfon's people; their venerable afpeA, and majeftic beards, difcovered ftrong fymptoms of antiquity. Selkirk, upon his return to England!, vas advifed to publifli an account of his life and adventures in his little kingdom. He is faid to have put his pa- pers into the hands of Daniel Defoe, to prepare them for publication. But that writer, by the help of thefe papers and a lively fancy, trans- formed Alex.mdef Selkirk into Robinfon Crufoe, and returned Selkirk his papers again ; fo that the latter derived no advantage from them. They were probably too indigefted for publication, and Defoe might derive little from them but thofe hiiits, whi^h might give rife tohispwu celebrated performance. ,,. PORTUGUESE AMERICA. 'f' ^3^ i:*??!"?*"" L®"i' l^'*^?^* ""^^^^^ mentioning are, the GalHpago ifles, ^tuatcd four hundred miles weft of Peru, under the equator; and thofe m tbc l?ay of Panama, palicd the King's or Pearl Ittands. / -"•■ '■*>tij'l»^t'iMfv*''''"««i*'*t'«->.*'' ■•'■•^ w ( Ht' WW PORTUGUESE AMERICA.v^cr' ■^ >*^:v5^ ^i^p^TAiNiNG B R A.S 1 1^15^';;^;';--: 'jflit of^r^Sn * .'♦ft^^mu^i. jjituatjon and extent. jsa^'HKi4ifi;';vw;5.^>rrvt-: Miles. Length 2500) Breadth 700 j 9 ■;/f ^/f^ ■.:'■'( i >><;:•!, •;■ :'\ . Degrees. between l^*'^ equator and 35 fouth latjiude. (^ 35 -and 60 weft longitude. . ' BotJNDARiEs.] Bounded by the mouth of the river Amazon and the Atlantic Ocean, on the north ; bv the fame ocean- oi> the eaft ; by the mouth of the river Plata, on the fouth; and by a chain of mountains, which divide it from Paraguay and the puntry of Amazons, on the weft. ,^', ,^.^ [ : ... ^ • Diyifipns. -jf- x'^yijiyu?. ^;^^^,,, , Provinces. iU^'^^j^: a.^-:'-^^iti^l f Para Northern divifion con- tains the captain-' |?"P? P^ Chief Towns. :>;irs i MitMIe dlyifion con- tains the captain- ^ ihips of u ,•« -'rriv' tM&ti dfv'ilion Cfin- captain- Marignan Siara Petagues Rio Grande Payraba - Tamara Pernambuco i^ 'Serigippe - - ^ Serigippe Bahia, or the bay of o. c 1 j "" '"'^ ' Airso;ntc M- I St. Salvador .,.,,, ''Pava ' ^ • Porto Segura " ' Spidto Santo '/'"'" ■■i^h^iK '] Paia, or Bclim St. Lewis '•* " ' Siara ^'■'' , St. Lue ^ • ' • ''Tignares ' ''" Payraba ',^'' '■ Tamara ;'' *" Olinda '**.'^- '^■■ All Saints Tlheos Porto Seguro . Spirit© Santo fRio Janeiro tains the. ! ;^jps of " ■: s St. Vincent [DelRey ': St St. St. Sebaftian Vincent Salvador. On the cpaft are three fmall iflands, where Ihips touch for provifions in their voyage to the South Seas, viz. Fernanda, St. Barbara, and St. Catherine's. ',,S and tornadoes, that the country is overflowed. But to the foiithward, beyond the tropic of Capricorn, there is no part of the world that enjoys a more fereno and wholefome air, refrelhed with' the foff breezes of the ocean, on one hand, and the cool breath of the mountains on the other. The land near the coaft is in genera! rather low than high, but exceedingly pleafant, it being interfpcrfed Avith meadows and •woods; but on the weft, far within land, are mountains from whence ifTiie many noble ftreams, that fall into the great rivers Amazon and La Plata ; others running acrofs the country from eaft to weft till they fall into the Atlantit; Ocean, after meliorating the lands which they annu- ally overflow, and turning the fugar-jmills belonging to the Pertuguefc. Soil and produce.] In general the foil is extremely fruitful, pro- ducing fugar, vvliich being clayed, is whiter and finer than our muf. cbvado, as we call our tin refined fugar; ajfo tobacco, hides, indigo, ipecacuanha, balfam of Copaibo, Brafil wood, which is of a red colour, hard and dry, and is chiefly ufed in dying, but not the red of the beft kind ; it has likewife fome place , in medicitie, as a ftomachic and re- ftringent. um^^-*'^ \)piiiilds^»J*^i?£rm-tu^^;^: rt>.,i[tu««i',^^oi**»»vi-25«^''i< The animals here are the fame as in Pefir and Mexicio. The pfodJuce of the foil was found very fuflicient for fubfifting the inhabitants until the mines pf gold ajid diamonds weiw difcovered ; thefe, with the fugar plantations, occupy fo many hands, that agriculture lies neglefted ; and, in confequence, Brafil depends upon Europe for its daily food. Inhabita*jts, manners, 1 The portrait given tis of the mariners AND CUSTOMS. j 31x1 cuKoms of the Portuguefe in Ame- rica, by the moft judicious travellers, is very far from being favourable. They are defcribed as a people, who, while funk in the moft effeminate luxury, praftife the moft defperate crimes; of a temper hypocritical and diflembliijg; of little fincerity in converfation, or honefty in deal- ing ; lazy, proud, and cruel ; in their diet penurious ; for, like the inhabitantsof moft fouthern climates, they are much more fond of fliow, ftate, and attendance, than of the pleafures of fi-ee fociety, and of a good table; yet their feafts, which are feldom made, are fumptuous to extravagance. When they appear abroad, they caufe themfelves to be carried out in a kind of cotton hammocks, called ferpentines, whic.h are borne on the negroes' ftioulders, by tlie help of a Jjamboo, about twelve or fourteen feet long. Moft of thefe hammocks are blue, and adorned with fringes of the lame colour : they have a velvet pillow, and qbove the head a kind of tefter, with curtains'; fo that the perfon car- ried cannot be feen, unlefs he pleafes ; but may eitlier lie down or fit up, leaning on his pillow. When he has a mind to be feert, he pulls the curtain afide, and falutcs his acquaintance whom he meets in the ftreets ; for they take a pride in complimenting each other in their hammocks, and will even hold long conferences in them in the ftreets; but then the two flaves who carry them, make ufe of a ftrong well-made ftrtff, with an iron fork at the upper end, and pointed below with iron : this they ftitk faft in the grouund, aiid reft the bamboo, to which the hammock is fixed, on two of tl>efe, till their matter's bufinefs or compliment is over. Scarcely any man of fafliion, or any lady, will pafs the ftrdcts without beisg carried in this manner. Trade and chief towns.] The trade of Portugal is carried on upon the fame exclufive plan on which Uie feveral nations of £uropc PORTUGUESE AMERICA. 94f trade with their colonies of America ; ;iik1 it moreparticukrlyrefemblM the Spaiiifli method, in not Tending ont fingleiliips, as the convtnitncft of the feveral places, and the judgment of the European merchants, may direft ; but by annual fleets, which fail at ftated tinf>es fro*J9* Portugal, and compofe three flotas, bound to as many ports in Bradl ; namely, to Pernambuco, in the northeiji part ; to Rio Janeiro, at the foutheru ex- tremity ; and to the Bay of All Saints, in the middle. In this laft is the capital, which is called St. Salvador, and fomctiinea the city of Bahia, wher« all tl.e fleets rendez-vous on their return to Portugal. This city commands a noble, fpacious, and commodious harbour. It is built upon a high and fteep rock, having the fea upon one fide, and a lake, forming acreftent, invefting it almoft wholly, fo K'S nearly to join the fea, on the other. The fituation makes it in a man- ner impregnable by nature ; and they have be/ides added to it very ftrong fortifications. It is populous, magnificent, and, beyond comparifon, the raoft gay and opulent city in all Brafil. The trade of Brafil is very great, and iucreafes every year; which is the lefs furprifing, as the Portuguefe have opportunities of fupplying themfelves with flaves for their feveral works at a much cheaper rate than any other European power that has fettlemeuts in America ; they being the only European nation that has eftabliflied colonies in Africa, whence they import between forty and fifty thoufand negroes atmually, ail of which go mto the amount of the cargo of the Brafil fleets for Eu- rope. Of the diamonds there is fuppofed to be returned to Europe to the amount of 130,0001. This, witu the fugar, the tobacco, the hides, and the valuable drugs for medicine and manufaclures, may give fome idea of the importance of this trade, not only to Portugal, but to all the trading powers of Europe. The chief commodities the European fliips carry thither in return, are not the fiftieth part of the prmluce of Portugal ; they confitt of woollen goods of all kinds from England, France, and Holland; the linen and laces of Holland, France, and Germany; the filks of France and Italy ; filk and thread ftockings, hats, lead, tin, pewter, iron, copper, and all forts of utenfils wrought in thefe metals, from England; as well as falt-fifli, beef, flour, and cheefe; oil they have from Spain; wine, with fome fruit, is nearly all they are fuppUed with from Portugal. England is at prefent moft interefted in the trade of Portugal, both for home tonfumption, and what they want for the ufe of the Brafils. .Brafi! is a very wealthy aird flourifliing fettlement. Their export of fugar, within forty years, is grown much greater than it was^ though anciently it made almoft the whole of their exportable produce, and they were without rivals in the tra«ie. Their tobacco is rertiarknbly good, though not raifed in fiich large quantities as in the United States. The oorthern and fouthern parts of Brafil abound with horned cjlttle : thefe are hunted for their hides only, of which no lefs than twenty thoufand are fent annually to Europe. The Portuguefe had been long in poflcflion of Brafil before they dif- covered the treafures of gold and diamonds, wliich have fince made it fo confiderable. Their fleets rendez-vous in the Bay of Ail Saints, to the amount of one hundred fail of large fliips, in the month of May or June, and carry to Europe a cargo little inferior in value to the treafures of the Spanifli flotaand galleons. The gold alone, great part of which is coined in America, amounts to near four nvillioiis Iterling; but part of this IS brought from their colonies in Africa, together with ebony and ivory. . ^iuniw i,£i5vyi -jdi »l.;ui« uu u<:.-| ,ws.iiU.'.::;j.JUi.4^i^^4t:-:^^ !^ ■ ,i,'',i = ■,,'':t ..[•i' ■v 943» FRENCH AMEltlCA. '5 History and government.] TWm country was HrH difcovcrtd bf Americus Vefpnfio, in 1498; but the Portuguefe did not plant it tiljf 1549, wbc« they fixed thcmfelvcs at the bay of All Saints, and founded the city ofw. Salvador. They met with fomc interruption at firft from the court of5pain, who confidered the whole continent of South Ame- rica as belonging to them. However, the affair was at length made up by treaty ; and it was agreed that the Portuguefe fliould poflefs all the country lying between the two great rivers Amazon and Plata, which they {till enjoy. The French alfo made fome attempts to' plant colonies on this coaft, but were driven from thence by the Portuguefe, who re- mained without a rival till the year 1580, when, in tlie very meridian of profperity, they were ftruck by one of thofe blows which generally decide the fate of kingdoms : Don Sebaftian, the king of Portugal, loft his life in an expedition againft the Moors in Africa, and by that event the Portuguefe loft their independence, being abforbed into the Spaniih dominions. The Dutch, foon after this, having thrown off the Spaniih yoke, and being not fatisfied with fupporting their independence by a fuccefsful defenfive war, but fluflied with the juvenile afdor of a growing com- monwealth, purfued the Spaniards into the remoteft recefles of their extenfive territories, and grew rich, powerful, and terrible, by the fpoils of their former matters. They particularly attacked the poflef. fions of the Portuguef.' ; they took almoft all their fortrefles in the Eaft Indies, and then turned their arms upon Brafil, where they took feven of the captainfliips, or provinces; and would have fubdued the whole colony, had not their career been flopped by the archbiihop. at the head of ius monks, and a few fcattered forces. The Dutch were, about the year 1654, entirely driven out of Brafil ; but their Weft India com- pany ftill <;ontinuing their pretenfions to this country, and haraffingthe Portuguefe at fea, the letter agreed, in 1661, to pay the Dutch eight tons of gold, to relinquifli their intereft in that country, which was ac- cepted ; and the Portuguefe have remained in peaceable pofleifion of all Brafil from that time, till about the end of the year 1762, when the Spaniih governor of Buenos Ayres, hearing of a war between Portugal and Spain, took, after a month's fiege, the Portuguefe frontier fortrefs called St. Sacrament; but, by the treaty of peace, it was reftoredr''- ^ ;% Hfi .'.%v. ■*w\.>» . ...Vl,: fi'-fA if . ,. %TaF R E N C H A M £ R I c A": X HE pofl'effions of the French on the continent of America arc at pre* fent inconfiderable. They were mafters of Canada and Louifiana ; but they have now loft all footing in North America; though on the fouthein continent they have ftill a fcttlement, which is caltieu vi(|<'''^ »^y»:i ^'c ' "^ • CAYENNE, or Ec^uinoctial France. ;,-;"^'' JT is fituated between the equator and fifth degree o^nwth IatiHjc?e. and between the fiftieth and fifty-fifth of weft longitude. It ex- tends two hundred and forty miles along the coaft of Guiana, and near ti.ree hundred miles within land } bounded by Surinam, on the north ; now. confifto tioned ir of the bt world. Thep people ; employe amounte lions wei in Frenc money, iiinety-e groes, w il . French American Islands 943 by the Atlantic' Ocean, eaft ; by Amazonia, fouth; and by Guiana, weft. The chief town is Caen. All the coall is very low, but withia land there are fine hills very proprr for fettlcments; the French have, however, not yet extended them fo far as they might; but they raife the fame commodities which they have from the Weft India iflands, and in no inconfiderable quantity. They have alfo taken poflldion of the ifland of Cayenne, on this coaft, at the mouch of the river of that name, which is about forty-five miles in circumference. The illatul is very unhealthy ; but having fome good harbours, the French have here fome fettlementB, which raife fugar and coffee. ,f:iv>r^vi ': ;• French Islands in America. : ''' ^-*^'^''' ■ l.HE French were among the laft nations who made fcttlements in the Weft Indies; but they made ample amends by the vigour with which they purfued them, and by that chain of judicious and admira- ble meafures which they ufed in drawing from them every advantage that the nature of the climate would yield ; and in contending againll the difficulties which it threw in their way. St. DOMINGO, or HISPANIOLA,] This ifland was at firft pof- felTed by the Spaniards alone ; but by far the moft confiderable part has been long in the hands of the French, to whom the Spanifli part was likewife ceded by the treaty of peace between the two nations in 1795. It muft now, therefore, be confidered as a French ifland. It is iituated between the feventeenth and twenty-firfl;deg. north lat. and the fixty-feventh and feventy-fourth of wefl long, lying in the mid- dle between Cuba and Porto Rico, and is 450 miles long, and 1 50 broad. When Hifpaniola was iirft difcovered by Columbus, the number of its inhabitants was computed to be at leafl a million. But fuch was the cruelty of the Spaniards, and to fo infamous a height did they carry their oppreinion of the poor natives, that they were reduced to (ixty thoufaiid in the fpace of fifteen years. The face of the ifland prefcnts an agree- able variety of hills, valleys, wood^, and rivers ; and the foil is allowed to be extremely fertile, producing fugar, cotton, indigo, tobacco, maize, and cafTava root. The European cattle are fo multiplied here, that they run wild in the woods, and, as in South America, are hunted for their hides and tallow only. In the moft barren parts of the rocks, they dif- covered formerly filver and gold. The mines, however, are not worked now. The north-weft parts, which were in the pofleffion of the French, confift of large fruitful plains, which produce the articles already men- tioned in vaft abundance. This indeed is the beft and moft fruitful part of the beft and moft fertile ifland in the W^eft Indies, and perhaps in the world. The population of this ifland was eftimated, in 1 788, at 37,7 1 7 white people; 21,808 free people of colour; and 405,5^8 flaves. Its trade employed 580 large fliips, carrying 189,679 tons, in which the imports amounted to twelve millions ef dollars, of which more than eight mil- lions were in manufa£tured goods of France, and the other four millions in French produce. The Spanifli fliips exported, in French goods or money, 1,400,000 dollars, for mules imported by them into the colony ; ninety.eight French fhips, carrying 40,130 tons, imported 2^,506 ne- groes, who fold for eight miirions of dollars. .: x;. ::..,.. ,, oMi H •1''^ ht »T' '* .•' ji fs '1' jj ■t' m I I*' ' 1 I 13 ifi 944 French American isLAWDS* • , m ill fir: n i li The mod ancient town in this ifland, and in all the New WrtrWj built by Europeans, is St. Domingo. It was founded by Barthoiomevr Columbus, orother to the admiral, in 1504, who gave it that name in honour pf H!s father Dominic, and by which the whole ifland is named, efpt'cially by the French. It is fttuated on a fpacious harbour, and is a large, well-built city, inhabited, like the other Spanifli towns, by a mixture of Europeans, Creoles, Mubttoes, iVkftizos, and Negroes. The French towns are, Cape Fran9ois, ihe capital, which is neither walled nor paled in, and is faid to have only two batteries, one at the entrance of the harbour, and tlie other before the town. Before its de- ilru6lion in 1793, it contained about eight thoufand inhabitants, whites, people of colour, and (laves. It is the governor's relidence in time of war, as Port-au-Prince is in time of peace. The Mole, though inferior to thefe . other refpefts, is the firft port in the ifland for f;ifety in time of war, being by nature and art flrongly fortified. The other towns and ports of any note are, Fort Dauphin, St. Mark, Leogane, Petit Goave, Jcremie, LesCayes, St. Louis, and Jacmel. In the night between the 22d and 23d of Auguft, 1 791, a mdft alarm- ing infurrcftion of the negroes began on the French plantations upon this ifland. A fccne of the moft horrid cruelties enuied. In a little time no lefs than one hundred thoufand negroes were in rebellion, and all the manufadories and plantations of more than half the northern province appeared as one general conflagration. The plains and the mountains were tilled with carnage and deluged with blood. In " is dreadful conflift, which has been of long continuance, the white coio- nifts of St. Domingo have been extirpated or expelled, and the whole power of the ifland confequently veftcd in the mulattoes, the negroes, and the lower clafles of the French inhabitants. The fovereign autho- rity has fallen into the hands of fome of the people of colour ; the ne- groes who were flaves have been, during the greater part of the fix years which have nearly elapfed fince this change was effeded, emancipated from t^eir chains, and the majority of them trained to arms. In a word, it is the decided opinion of the beft and moft competent judges, that all the powers of Europe, combined, could not now fruftrate the views of the people of colour in St. Donf)ingo ; and that a few years will prefent us with the new and perhaps formidable phasnomenon of a black repub- lic, conftituted in the nobleft ifland of the weftern ocean, in alliance with America, and only connected with that continent. In the month of 0«itober, 1793, the Englifti effeded a landing ort this ifland, and made themfelves uiafters of Jeremie, Cape Tiburon, the Mole, and fevcral othet places on the coaft. The troops, however, fulfered greatly by the unhcalthinefs of the climate: feveral of the places they had gained poflefiion of were foon retaken, nor could they have re- tained the t)thers, had it not been for the conteits and mutual jealoufies of the whites and people of colour. MARTIN !C0, which is fituatcd between fourteen and fifteen de- grees of north latitude, and in fixty-one degrees weft longitude, lying about forty leagues nortli-weft of Barbadoes, is about fixty miles in length, and half as much in breadth. The inland part of it is hilly, from which are poured ovit, on every fide, a number of agreeable and ufeful rivers, which adoni and enrich this iiland in a high degree. The produce of the foil is iigar, cotton, indigo, ginger, and fuch fruits as are found in the neighbv>uring iflands. But fugar is here, as in all the Weft India ifland?, the principal commodity, of which they export a cualidcj-abk quantity a.uiually. Martlnico was the reiidcnce of thf French American Ulands.! *'! 945 governor of the French iflands in thefe fe«s. It» bays and harbour* arc numerous, fafe, and commodious, and fo well fortified, rii»4 tlicy ui'td to bid defiance ro the Englifli, who, in vain, often attempted this place. However, in tl>c war of 1756, when the Britifh arms were triumphant in every quarter of tbe globe, this iiland wab added to the Bfitifli em- pire, hut it was given buck at the treaty of peace. It was i)g#D takrt.t by tl)e Engiifhin 1794. j^i^ GUADALOUPE.] So called by Columbus, from the refemblance of its mountains to thofe of that name in Spain, is fiiuaftd in fixteen dcr grees north latitude, and in fixty-two weU longitude, aboul thirty leagues north of Martinico, and almolt as much fouth of Antigua ; being forty*. five miles long, and thirty-eight broad. — It ifl divided into two parts by afmall arm of the fea, or rather a narrow channel, through which no (liips can venture; hut the inhaliitants pafb it in a ferry boat. Its foil is equally fertile with th;t of Martinico, producing fugar, cotton, in- digo, ginger, &c. This iflaiul is in a flourifliing condition, and its ex- ports of fugar almoft incredible. Like Martinico, it was formerly at- tacked by the Englifli, who gave up the attempt; but in 1759, it was reduced by the Britifh arms, and was given back at the peace of 1763. It was again reduced by the finglifli in i794« but evacuated a few months after. St. LUCIA.] Situated in fourteen degrees north latitude, and in fix- ty-one degrees weft longitude ; eighty miles north-weft of Barbadoes, Is , twenty-three miles in length, and twelve in breadth. It received its name from being difcovered on the day dedicated to the virgin martyr, St. Lucia. The Englifli firft fettled on this ifland, in 1637. f'om this time they met with various misfortunes from the natives and French.; and at length it was agreed on between the latter and the Englifli, that this ifland, together with Dominica and St. Vincent, fhould remain nei^- tral. But the French, before the war of 1756 broke o\n, began to fettle thefe iflands; which, by the treaty of peace, were yielded up to Gre^t Britain, and this ifland to France. The foil of St. Lucia, in the valleys, is extremely rich. It produces excellent timber, and abounds in plea- fant rivers, and well fituated harbours ; and is now declared a free port under certain reftri(flions. The Englifli made themfelves mafters of it n 1778 ; but it was reftored again to the French in 1783. It was takea y the Englifh in 1794, furrendered again to the French in 1795, and, ■e-captured by Great Britain in 1796. TOBAGO,] This ifland is fituated eleven degrees odd min. north itude, one hundred a.id twenty miles fouth of Barbidoes, and about he fame diftance from the Spanifli main. It is about thirty-two miles n length, and nine in breadth. The climate here is not fo hot as might « expected fo near the equator; and it is faid that it lies out of the ourfe Ojf thofe hurricanes that have fometimes proved fo fatal to the ther Weft-India iflands. It has a fruitful foil capable of producing gar, and indeed every thing elfe that is raifed in the Weft Indies, with he addition (if we may believe the Dutch) of the cinnamon, nutmeg, nd gum copal. It is well watered with numerous fprings ; dnd its bays nd creeks are fo difpol'ed as to be very commodious for all kinds of lipping. The value and importance of this ifland appear from the ex- enfive and formidable armaments fent thither by European powers in pport of their different claims. It feems to have been chiefly poflTefled y the Dutch, who defended their pretenfions againft both England and ranee with the moft obftinate perfcverance. By the treaty of Aix-la- hapelle, in 1 748, it was declared neutral ; but by the treaty of peace, 3? ^46 DUTCH AMERICA. in 1763,11 was yielded up to Great Britain, In Tune 1781, U w«i lalien by the French; and was ceded to tliem by the treaty of 1782. ^n 1791 it >va,s aji;ain captured by tlie Brilifli arms. St. BAUTHOLOMEW, DESEAPA, ) are thr«e fmall irtands Iv, AND MARlGALANTii, ^ ing in the nciglibourhoml of Anjrfua and St. Chriftopher's, and of no great confequtnce to the Frenn^^xcept in time ot war, when th«3 give flielter to an incrediblo xninil)cr of privateers, which grcath annr \ our Waft-India trade. The former was given to Sweden m I7b5- The fmalT iflands of St. Pierre and Miquelon, Situated near New. I foundland, have been itlready Jiientioncd in our account of that ifland, p. 918. .,^-,,',"-' , ...-Tr'* '^?j''i (•' •'^"^''■' ■''" '' V .,. DUTCH AMERICA, . .containing SURINAIJI, on the Continent of South America. After the Portuguefe had dirpoITeflcd the Dutch of Brafil in thel manner we have feen ; and alter they had been entirely removed! out pf North America, they were obliged to confole thcmfelves with! their rich pofTejUons in the Eaft Indies, and to fit down content in the! Weft with Surinam 5 a country once in the jioirellion of England, but of no great value wliilft we had it, and whi,ch we ceded to them in ex-l change for New Yorlt ; with two or three fmall and barren iflands inl the north fe;), not far from the Spaoilh main. Dutch Guiana is fituated between five and fevcn degrees north latj extending iqo miles along the coaft from the mouth of the river OroJ noquc, north, to the river Maroni, or French Guiana, fouth. The c|ij mate of this country is generally reckoned iinwholefome ; and a confiJ f'erable part of the coaft is low, and covered with water. The chie^ fcttiemcnt is at Surinam, a town built on a river of the fame nar.,ej and the Dntcli have extended their plantations 30 leagues above tha mouth of this river. This is one of the richeft and moft vahiahle coJ Jonies belonging to the .United Provinces ; but it is in a lefs profperoiij fitnation than it was fome years fince, owing, among other caufes, td the wars with the fugitive negroes, whom the Dutch treated with greaj barbarity, and who arc become fo numerous, having increaftd '^roir year to year, that they have formed a kind of colony in the woods! whicli are almoft inaccclhble, along the rivers of Surinam, Saramacd r.nd Copename, and arc become very formidable enemies to their fnij mer mafters. Under the command of chiefs whom tliey have cleftel among themfelvcs, thty have cultivated lands for their fubfiftcn'^c, snj make frequent incurfions into the neighbouring plantations. Thf chief trade of Surinam confifts in fugar, a great deal of cotton, coiftj of an eNcellcnt kind, tobacco, flax, fkins, and fome valuable dyinl drugs. They trade with the North American colonies, who bring! ther horfes, live cattle, and provifions ; and take hqme a large quandj of mtliires. , ,''' •' Connected with Surinam, we fliall mention the two Dutch colonij of Demerary and Ifleqnibo on the Spanifii main, whirh furrendcredf the Englilh, in the year 1781, and were reprefented as a very valiiaa Dutch American Islands. ^r 78a. s ly. hoivl the edibla Thcl New- 1 f that] tICA. il in the' removed ves withl nt in the' land, but| em in ex iflands in| icqulfiiion, which would produce more revenue to the crown than all theBritiflj Weft-India illands united. But the report was either not* btlicved or flighted, for tho colonies were left defentelcfs, god fooa »trc retaken by a French frigate. In the prefcnt war, however, they jgain fitrrendered to the Britifli arms, April ai, 1796. 1 Dr. Bancroft obfcrvcs, that the ini-.abitants of Dutch Guiana arc ci- . tlier whites, blacks, or the reddifli-brown aboriginal natives of Ame- '. rica. The promiscuous intcrtoiirfc of thefe different people has like- ' rife j^encrated feveral intermediate cafts, whofe colours immutably , li(pend on their degree of confanguinity to either whites, Indians, or,. liegroes. Thefe are divided into Mulattoes, Tercerones, Quarterones, id Quinterones, with itveral intermediate fubuivi/ions, prdteeding m their retrograde intercourfc. There are fo great a number of rijj, of various fpecies, and remarkable for the beauty of their plu- ige, in Guiana, that feveral perfons in this colony have employed mfelves advantageoufly, with their flaves and dependents, in killing preferviug birds for the cabinets of naturalifts in different parts of urope. The torporific eel is found in the rivers of Guiana, which, ben touched either by the hand, or by a rod of iron, gold, (ilver, cop- T, or by a ftick of fome particular kinds of heavy American wood,, nmunicates a fliock perfei'tly refembling that of ele'5tricity. Tlierc are ^ immenfe numl^er and variety of I'uakes in this country, which form of its principal inconveniences. A fnake was killed fome years e, on a plantation which had belonged to Peter Amyatt, efq. which upwards of thirty-three feet in length, and in the largeft place near middle three feet in circumference. It had a broad head, large minent eyes, and a very wide mouth, in which was a double row of h. Among the animals of Dutch Guiana, is the Laubba, which is uliar to this country. It is a fmall amphibious creature, about fize of a pig four months old, covered with fine fliort hair ; and its 11, by the Europeans who rclide here, is preferred to all other kinds ' meat. I Dutch Islands in America; ko brmgt [ge quauM Lh colonij Irendered cry valiial jEUSTATIUS, 7 Situated in i7« 29' N. lat. 63° m' W. long, fEusTATiA, J and t^ree leagues north-weft of St. Chriftopher's, nly a mountain, about twenty-nine miles in compafs, rifing out of Ifea like a pyramid, and almoft round. But though fo fmall, an4 lavcniently laid out by nature, the induftry of the Dutch has made I turn to very good account, and it is faid to contain 5000 whites^ 115,100 negroes. The fides of the mountain are difpdfed in very. ky fettlements ; but they have neither fprings nor rivers. They^\ ]here fugar and tobacco ; and tliis iflrind, as well as C'.iraflbu, is en- in the Spanifh contraband trade, for which, however, it is not |{11 fituatcd ; and it has drawn the fame advaaitage from its conftant ality. But when hoftilities were commenced by Great Britain [ift Holland, admiral Rodney was fcnt with a confiderable land and' prceagainft St. Euftatius, which, being incapable of any defence, [ndered at difcretion, on the 3d of February, 1781. The private Jfty of the inhabitants was confifcatcd, with a degree of rigour luacommoM among civilUvd natio.s, and very inconfil^^iit witl^ m m 94« Dutch American Islands. the humanity and generofity by which the Engljfli nation were former- ly charaftcrifed. The reafon affigned was, that the inhabitants: of St. Euftatius had affifled the revolted colonies with naval and other ftores. But on the ayth of Novemb r, the fame year, St. Euftatius waa retaken by the French, under the coa:imand of tlie marquis de Bouill6, though their force confifted of only three frigates and fome fmall craft, and about 300 men. CURASSOU.] Situated in 12 degrees north lat. 9 or lo leagues from the continent of Terra Firnja, is 30 miles long, and 10 broad. It feems as if it were fated, that the ingenuity and patience ©f the HoU landers fliould every where, both in Europe and America, be employed in fighting againlt an unfriendly nature ; for this ifland is not only barren, and dependent upon the rains for its water, but the harbour is naturally one of the worft in America ; yet the Dutch have entirely remedied that defeA ; they have upon this harbour one of the 'argeif, and by far one of the mod elegant and cleanly towris in the Wcit-Iii- dies. The public buildings are numerous and handfome| the private! houfes commodious ; and the magazines large, convenient, and welll filled. All kind of labour is here perfornied by engines ; fome ofj them fo well contrived, that (hips are at once lifted into the dock.f Though this ifland is naturally barren, the indufiry of the Dutch hasi brought it to produce a confiderable quantity both of tobacco and fii- gar: it has, befides, good fait- works, for the produce of which there isj a brifk derr.ind from the Englifli iflands, and the colonies on the con-F tinent. But what renders this illand of moft advantage to the Dutch i| the contraband trade which is carried on between the inhabitants aiidl the Spaniards, and tlieir harbour being the rendezvous to all nations inT time of war. The Dutch fhips from Europe touch here for intelligence, or pilotsJ and then proceed to "le Spanifli coafty for trade, which they force wiii a flrong hand, it being very difficult for the Spanifli guarda-coftas ti take thefe vefTels ; for .'.y are liOt only ftout fliips, wi h a number oj guns, but are manned with large crews of ciiofen feamen, deeply inter! efted in the fafety of the veffcl and the fuccefs of the voyage. Tiiei Ji^ve each a fliare in the cargo, of a value proportioned to the flatlonol the owner, fuppllcJ by the merchants upon credit, and at prime co;| This animates them with an uncommon courage, and they fight bravl ly, becaufe every man fights in defence of his own property. Bern this, there is a conflant intercourfe between this ifland and the Spanilj continent. CurafTou has numerous warehoufes, always full of the commoditij of Europe and the Eaft Indies. Here are all forts of woollen linen cioths, laces, filks, ribbands, iron utenfils, naval and mili llores, bramiy, the fpices of the Moluccas, and the caiipoes of h'ff >vhite and painted. Hither the Dutch Weft India, which is alfoi'l . African Compaiiy, annually bring three or four cargoes of flavcs; il Jo this mart the Spaniards theiwfelves come in fmall velfcls, and a] off not only the beft of the negroes, at a very high price, but grfl quantities of all the above forts of go»ds ; and the Icller has this adva tage, that the refufe of warehoufes and mercers' fliops, with c4 thing that has growr^ nnfafluonable and unfaleable in Europe, goj here extremely well ; every thiiip, being fufliciently recommended bv| being European. The S})aniards pay in gold and filvcr, coiiud ■^Xi bars, cacao, vanilla, Jefuitc' bark, cochineal, and other valui] conqmoditips. were ill and benel pai v'sff^ St. Thor wards of the Weill vateers bf from heiiT or bars, defert a perfons nave goil njent. DAijisH American Islands. 949 •e forms?' nt s of St. her ftores, Hi retaken 16, though craft, and lo leagues 10 broad. of the HoU s employed s not only harbour is ive entirely the Virgell, le Wc(l-Iii- the private It, and well ;s ; fome of the dock. ; Dutch has ceo and fu- ■hich there is on the con- the Dutch is lahjtants aud all nations in ice, or pilots ley force wit! \rda-coilas t( 1 a number deeply iiiKf ^yagc^ Thfj the ftationo prime coil zy ft gilt brav! )erty BefiJ' id theSpanil le comniodiw f woollen li and milia ipces of h'ii ich is alfoi' of flavcs ; » Ifcls, and c-J rice, but gn has this adv) ips, with cvi Europe, ^o mmended bv ilvcr, coined other valui The trade of Curaflbu, even in times of peace, is faid to be annually i^'orth to the Dutch no Icfs than 500,000!. but in the time of war the profit is-ftiil greater, for then it becomes the cortimon emporium of the Weft Indies; it affords a retreat to (hips of all nations, and at the fame time refufes none of them arms and ammunition. The intercourfe with Spain being then interrupted, the Spanifli colonies have fcarcely any otlier market from whence they can be well fjpplied, either with flaves or goods. The French come hither to buy the beef, pork, corn^ flour, and lumber, which the Englifh bring from the continent of* North America, or which is exported from Ireland ; fo that, whether* in peace or in war, the trade of this i^ano flouriflies extremely. The trade of all the Dutch American fettlements was originally car- ried on by the Weft-India Company alone : at prefent, fiich fliips as go upon that trade pay two and a half per cent, for their .licences ; the company, however, refcrve to themfelves the whole of what is carried on between Africa and the American iflands. The other iflands, Bonaire and Aruba, are inconfiderable in them- . felves, and fliould be regarded as appendages to Curaflbu, for which they are chiefly employed in railing cattle and other provifions. The fmall iflands of Saba and St. Martin's, fituated at no great di- flance from St. Euftatia, hardly deferve to be mentioned i they were both captured by admiral Rodney and general Vaughan, at the time whert St. Euftatia furrendered to the arms of Great Britain; but were after- wards retaken by the French. > ■ Danish Islands in America. St. THOMAS.] AN inconfiderable ifland of the Caribb'>es, fitu- ated in 64 degrees weft long, and lii north lat. about 15 miles in circumference, and has a fafe and commodious har- bour. Ste. CROIX, OR SANTA CRUZ.] Another fmall and unhealthy ifland, lying about five leagues eaftof St. Thomas, ten or twelve leagues in length, and three or four where it is broadeft. Thefe iflands, fo loi.g as they remained in the hands of the Danifti Weft-India company, were ill managed, and of little confequence to the Danes; but that wife and benevolent prince, the late king of Denmark, bought up the com- pai y's ftock, end laid the trade open; and fince that time the ifland of St. Thomas has been fo greatly improved, that it is faid to produce up- wards of 3000 hogflieads of fugar of 1000 weight each, and others of the Well-India commodities in tolerable plenty. In time of war, pri- vateers bring in their prizes here for fale : and a great many veflels trade from hence along the Spanifli main, and return with money, in fpecie or bars, and valuable merchandife. As for Santa Cruz, from a pcrfeft defert a few years fince, it is beginning to thrive very faft ; fevera! perfons from the Englifli iflands, fome of them of very great wealth, have gone to fettle there, and have received very great encourage- ment. IT'H -•I 3P3 .M ( 9S° ) ■^.^i' ■IK NEW DISCOVERIES. \ .> til);' ,■•"»■ .;:Ja: ' ^''? *' , ' '•■' ' ■ ., ' ''' "" ''';,. ' ' ' ■■ OtTR knbwleiige of the globe has been CDnfiderably augmented bv the late difcoveries of the Ruifians, and ftill more by thofe that have been made by Britifij navigators in the prefent reign, which have been numerous and important; and of thefe difcoveries we ftiall therefore give a compendious account. .,■••' - - NORTHERN ARCHIPELAGO. . !^\^^. ,*. ' . ::• . ■■ •' iJ. - \. ■;.■*:■' ■ - ■ ' - • -•• • This confifts of feveral groups of iflands, which arc fitvrated between ; the eaftern ccaft of Kamfchatka, and the weltern coaft^of the con- tinent of America *. Mr. Muller divides thefe iflands into four prin- cipal groups, tb^ firfl: two of which- arc ftyled the Aleutian iflands. The firft grouj), which is called by fome of the iflanders Safignan, compre- hends, I. Bcering's Ifland ; 2. Copper Ifknd; 3. Otma ; 4. Samyra, or Shemyia ; 5. Anakta. The fecond group is called Khao, and com- prifes eight iflands, viz. i. Immak ; 2. Kiilia; 3. Tchetchia; 4. Ava; 5. Kavia; 6. Tfchangulek ; 7. Ulagama; 8. Amtfchidga. The third general name is Negho, and comprehends the iflands known to the Ruffians under the naifld of Andreanoffflii Oftrova; fixteen of which are mentioned under the following names : i. Amatkinak; 2. Ulak; 3, Unalga ; 4. Navotflia j 5. Uliga ;. 6. Anagin ; 7. Kagulak ; 8. Illalk, or Illak ; 9. Takavanga, upon which is a volcano; 10. Kanaga, which has alfo a volcano : 11. Leg; 12. Skctfliuna ; 13. Tagaloon; 14. Gor- leoi; 1.5. Otchu ; 16. Amla. The fourth group is called Kavalairg, and comprehends lixteen iflands ; which are called, by the Ruflians Ly(- iic Oftrova, or the Fox Ijlands; and which are named, .1. Amuchta] a. Tfchigama ; ^.Tfchegula; 4. tinifra; 5. Ulag?; 6. Tauagulana; 7. Kagamin; 8. Kigalga; 9. Skelmaga ; 10. Umnak; 11. Agun-Alaftifta; 12. Unimma; 13. Uligan ; 14. Anturo-Leiflume ; 15. Semidit; 16. Sens-'ak. Sc ne of thefe iflands are only inhabited occafionally, and for fome months in the year, and others are very thinly peopled ; but others have a great number of inhabiy I'ctcr 1." Voyages with that vieu' were accordiiH';ly undertaken at the expcnl'c ef the cr jwn ; but wh«-n it was dilcovered, that the iflands of that fea abounded with valuable fuis, puvate merchants immediately engaged with ardour in fimilar exptdi- tie)ns; and, within a period of ten years, moie important difcoveries were made by thefe individuals, at their own private coft, than had hitherto been effeiSted by all the efforts of the crowii. tTlie invf ftij^ation of ulef'ul knotvledgc has alfo been greatly en- couraged by the late emprefs nf KufTia ; and the moft diftant parts of her vaUJo- millions, and other countries and iflancis, have been cxplore-l, at her cxpenfe, by per* ions of abilities and karniug ; in confctj^uence of which," tcuUdcrabIc difcovcric* luve been made. NEW DISCOVERIES. i^Si inive lank black hair, and little beard, flattifh faces, and fair fkin?.' They are for the moft part well made, and of ftrong conftitutions/ fuitable to the boifterous climate of their ifles. The inhabitants of the Aleutian ifles live upon the roots which grow wild, and Tea animals. They do not employ themfelves in catching rifli, though the rivers' abound with all kinds of falmon, and the fea with turbot. Their clothes jlre made of the fliins of birds, and of fea-otters. The Fox iflands are fo ca.' d from the great number of black, grey, and red foxes with which they abound. The drefs of the inhabitants' eonfifts of a cap and a fur coat, which reaches down to the knee. Some' of them wear common caps of a party-coloured bird-«fl4in, upon whichr they leave part of the wings and tail. On the fore part of their hunting- and fifliing caps, they phce a fmall board like a (kreen, adorned wiih the jaw-bones of fea-bears, and ornanrrented with glafs beads, which' they receiv^e in barter from the Ruffians. At their feftivals and dancing- parties they ufe a much more fliowy fort of caps. They feed upon the flcfli of all forts of fea animals, and generally eat it raw. But if at any time they cj^^ofe to drefs their viftuals, they make ufe of a hollow ftone ; having placed the fifli or flelh therein, they cover it with another, and z\oie the interftices with lime or clay. They then lay it horizontally upon two ftones, and Irght a fire under it. The provifian intended for keeping is dried without fah in the open air. Their Weapons coniift of bows, arrows, and darts, and for defence they ufe v.'oodenihields. The moft perfeft equality reigns among thefe Hlanders. They have neither chiefs nor fuperiors, neither laws nor punifiiments. They" live together in families, and focieties of feveral families united, whicK form what they call a race, who, in cafe of an attack, or defence, mu- tually help and fupport each other. The inhabitants of the fame ifland" always pretend to be of the fame race ; and every perfon looks upon his ifland as a pofleiTion, the property of which is conpion to all the individuals of the fame fociety. Feafts are very common among them,' and more' particularly when the inhabitants of one ilhnd aie viGted by thofe of the others. The men of the Village meet their guefts beating' drums, and preceded by the women, who (ing and dance. At the coi;- clufion of the dance, the hofts ferveup their beft provifions, and ir.vite their guefts to" partake of the fealt. They feed their children when very young with thecoarfeft fliefli, and for the moft part raw. If an infant: cries, the moth"er immediately carries it to the fea fide, and, whether it be fummer or winter, holds it naked in the water until it is q\iiet. Tliis' cuftom is fo far from doing the children any harni, that it hardens them' againft the cold, and they accordingly go barefooted through the win- ter without the leaft inconvenience. They feldom heat their dwells ings : but, when they are defirous of warming themfelves, they light &i bundle of hay, and ftand over it; or clfe they fet fire to train oil,- which they pour into a hollow ftone. They have a good fhare of plain natural fenfe, but are rather flow of und:Erftanding. They feernf cold and indifferent in moft of their aftions ; but let an injury, or even' afufpicion only, roufe tl. ';m from this phlegmatic f^te, and they be- come inflexible and furious, taking the molt violent reVeiwe, without' »ny regard to the confequenccs. I'he leaft afflicft ion prompts them Xo? fuicide ; the apprehenlion of even an uncertain tfvit often leads thein- todefpair, and they put an end to their days with gre.it a^.-parent irv-- foflfibility. f^ 952 NEW DISCOVERIES. The discovery of an INLAND SEA containing a GREAT NUMBER OF IsLANDS IN NORTH AMERICA. FROM the obfervations made by captain Cook on the inhabitants of . the weftern parts of America, about the latitude of 64° north, it ap- peared that a ftrong fimilarity appeared between them and the Efqiii- maux on the (afterii coaft. Hence it was even then conjeftured that a communication by fea exifted between the ealtern and weftern iidcs of that continent. Jn this part of America, however, a moft furprifing difcovery has lately been made, which, when properly authenticated, cannot fail to be of the utmoft utility, not only to i'cicnce in general, but to the com- ITiercial ana political interefts of mankind. This, though not made by captain Cook himfelf, took place in confequence of his difcoveries on the nortli-weft continent of America. In thefe parts he- found that fuch quantities of valuable furs might be purchafed from.the inhabi- tants, as promifed to be axry valuable article of commerce, provided any regular connection could be cftabliftied between that part of the world and the Britifli fettlements in the Eaft Indies. This tafk was quickly undertaken by fome fpirited adventurers, who unluckily found themfelvcs oppofed both by friends and foes, viz. the Eaft India Com- pany, and the Spaniards; the former pretending that they had no right to difpofe of furs in the Eaft Indies, and the latter, that they had none to bring them from the weftern coaft of America. By one Mr. Et- ches, who fitted out ftiips for this pnrpofe, it was difcovcred, that all the weftern coaft of America, from lat. 48° to 57° north, was no con- tinued tra'iV./y,- ^f INGRAHAM's ISLANDS. ■;r* ^i; r». These inands were difcovcfed by captain Jofeph Ingraham of Bof- ton, commander of the brigantine flope, on the 19th of April, 1791. They lie N. N. W. from the Marquefas Iflands, from 35 to 50 leagues diftanl, in about 9" of fouth latitude, and from 140 to 141 weft longitude from London. They are feven in number, and were named by Captain Ingfaharn, Wafliington, Adams, Lincoln, Federal, Franklin, Hancock, Knox. ' \ Moft if not all of thefe iflands are inhabited, and appear generally to be diveriified with hills and valleys, and to be well woodt-d, and very pleafant. The people refemule thofe of the Marquefas iflands, as do theif canoes, which are carved at each end. They appeared. friendly. -•,r nr ■h OTAHEITE, OR KING GEORGE's ISLAND. * ± HIS ifland was difcouri, Simpfon^t IJland, vixA Caytrnfs IJla'jd. On the 44th of the fame mooch, he difcovcicd Sir Charlet HaiJv's I/lwid, wluch lies in latitude 4° 50' S. and the next day lVi>i*hi-lfeas IJl,md, which is diftant about ten leagues in tlic direc* tioa of S. by E. He aitenvards difcovered feveral other iflands, and proceeded round the Cape of Coi,'d liopc to England, where he arrived in March, 1769. ^iS j^EW jbl'SCO VERIER. cow'f ftcef», goats^ a horfe and it'tc, geefe, ducks, peacocks, tbf- keys, and alfo cats. The only wild animals are tropical birds, pa- roquets, pigeons, ducks, and a few other birds ; rats, and a very fev^ ferpents. The fea, liowevcr, fupplies the inhabitants with a great va- riety of the mod excellent fifh. In other countries, the men cut their hair fhort, and the women pride themfelvcs on its length : but here the women always cut it fliort round their ears, and the men (except the fifliers^ who are almott continually in the water) futFer it to fpread over theif (houlders, or tie it up in a bunch on the top. They have the cuftom of dii'colouring the fltin, by pricking it with a fniall inilrument, the teeth of which are dipped into a mixture of a kind of lamp-black, and this is calkd tattooing. This is performed upon the youth of both fexes, when they are about twelve or fourteen years of age, on feveral parts of the body, and in various figures. Their principal manufacture is their cloth, of which there are three kinds, made of the bark of thrte different kinds of trees. The finefl and whitefl is made of the Chinefe paper mulberry-tree; and this is chiefly worn by the principal people. Another can(ider- able manufafture is matting, fome of which is finer, and in every re- fpeft better, than any we have in Europe. The coarfer fort ferves them to deep upon, and the finer to wear in wet weather. They are like- wife very dexterous in making wicker work ; their balkets are of a thoufand different patterns, and many of tht m exceedingly neat. The inhabitants of Otaheite believe in one fupreme Deity, but at the fame time acknowledge a variety of fubordinate Deities; they offer »ip their prayers without the ufe of idols, and believe the exiflence of the foul in a feparate ftate, where there are two fituations, of different degrees of happinefs. Among thefe people a fubordinatlon is eftabliflied, which fomewhat refembles the early ftate of the European nations under the feudal fyflem. If a general attack happens to be made upon the ifland, every diftri(5t is obliged to furniih its proportion or foldiers for the common defence. Their weapons are flings, which they ufe with great dexterity, and clubs of about fix or fevcn feet long, and made of a hard heavy wood. They have a great number of boats, many of which are coiiftru£tcd for warlike operations. w- >. . - The society ISLANDS. Of the feveral iflinds fo called, and which were difcovcred by cap- tain Cook*, in the year 1769, the principal are Huaheine, Uli- TEA, Otaha, and BoLABOLA. Huaheine is about 31 leagues to the ♦ At the clofc of the year, 1767, it was refolved by the Royal Society, that it would be proper to fend perfons intu fonic part of the South Sea, to obferve a tranfit of the planet Venus over the Sun's diflt, which, according to aftror.omical calculation, would happen in the year 1769 : and that the iflandb called Marq'iefasde Mendoza, or thofe of Rotterdam, or Amflcrdam, were the propereft places then known for making fuch obfervatiotis. In confequence of theit relolutions, it was recotnmauded to his niajedy, in a memorial from the fociety, dated February, 1768, that he would be pleafcd to order fuch an obfurvation to be ninde; upon vrhicii hit majefty fignified to the Lords Commii&cuKrft of tlie Admiralty his pleafure not jo t'on, his pr jco d( rivtd He aft fteerec and al fume to tlic the fo order attend the foi degree jng w ocean }kc St. NEW DISCOVERIES. 957 porth-weTt of Otaheite, and its produftions are exaftly the fame, but ^t appears to be a month forwarder. The inhabitants ferm to be larger made, and more ftout than thofe of Otaheite. Mr. Banli^s meafured thzt a ftip fliould be provided to cirry fuch obfcrvers as the fociety (houid think fit, to tho South Seas; aud accordingly a bark, of three hundred and feventy tunii, was {reparcd for that purpofe, It was named the Endeavour, and commanded by cap- uin Times Co k, who wag foo^^ alter, by the R.iyal Society, appointed, with Mr. Charles Green, a gentleman who had lonj; been alTiftant to Dr. Bradley, at the Royal Ohfcrvatory at Greenwich, to obferve the tranfit. But while this vtflel was getting re.idy for her expedition, captain Wallis returned; and it having been re- commended to him by Lord Morton, w hen he went out, to fix on a proper place for this aftronomical obfcryation, he, by letter, da'ed on board the Doiphm, the i8th of May, 1768, the day before he land..d at Haftings, mentioned Port Royal harbour in the ifland of Ot;.hcite: the Koy;il Sot ety, therefore, by letter, dated the bcKin- pinj; of June, in anfwer to an application from the Admiralty, to be informed whither they would have their obferveiis fent, nvjde choice of that place. Captain Cook fet (ail from Ply" outh, in the l.ndeavour, on the a6th of Aueuft, 1768. He was acompanied in his vyage by Joftph Banks, Efq. and Dr. Solander. They piade no difcovery till they got within the tropic, where they fell in with Lagoon Illand, Two Groups, Bjut Ifland, and Chain Ifland; anH they arrived at Otaheite on the I ,th of April, 1769. During their flay at that *nd, they had the oppor- tunity of makinfi; very accurate inquiries relative to its produce and inhabitants; and pii the 4th of June, tiie wh.de paflage of the planet Venus over the Sun's diflc was obfcrved by them with great advantage. The relult of their obfervations may be found in the Phllofophical Traufa^tions. After his departure from Otaheite, cap- tain Cook d fcovered and vifited the Society Iflands and Ohcteroa, and thence pro- ceeded to the louth till he arrived in the latitude ot ^0 degrees, 22 minutes; longi- tude 147 dej^rces, 29 minutes W.; and afterwards made an accurate fiirvey of the coaft of New 2Lealand. In November, he dilcovered a chain of iflands, which lie called Barrier JJlands. He afterwards proceeded to New Holland, and from thence JO New Guii.ca; and in September, r770, arrived at the ifland of Savu, from whence he proceeded to Batavia, and from thence round the Cape of Good Hope to England, where he arrived on the ia*ho' June, 1771. • Soon after captain Cook's return homr in the Endeavour, it was refolved to equip two fliips, in order to njake farti.cr difcoveries in the fouthcrn henufphere. Ac- cordingly the Refolution and the Adventure were appointed for that purpofe; the ifirfl; Was aimmandcd by captiin Cook, and the btter by captain Tobias Furneauz. They failed low I'lymouth St.und, in the 13th of July, 1771; and on the agth of the fame month, arrived at the ifland of Madeira. From thence they proceeded to the Cape oi Good Hope; and in February, 177^, arrived at New Zealand, jiaving fought in vain for u fourhern cont nent. In that month the Refolution and the Adventure feparured, in confequence of a thick fog, but they joined company again in Queen Charli-tte's Sound, on the 18th of May followin^r. in Auguft they arrived at Otaheite ■■ and in September they dilcovered Harvey's Ifland. On the 2d of Odtober, they came to Middltbnrgh, one of the Friendly Iflands; aud about the dofe of that month, the Refolution and the Advcntutc were feparatcd, and did not join company any more. Capt;im Cook, however, proceeded in the Refolu- tion, in order to make difcoveries in the fouthcrn polar regions, but was flopped in his prop reis by the ice, in the latitude of 71 dejjrees 10 minutes fouth; lonjritude J CO degrees 54 minutes weft. He then proceeded to Eallcr Ifland, where he ar- rived in March, 1774, as he did alio in the feme month at the Marquefas Iflands. He afterwards difcoveied four iflands, -which he named Pallifer's Iflands; and again fleered for Otaheite, where he arrived on the sad of April, and made fome flay, »nd alfo vifited tl'.e neighbouring ifles. Iiv Augnll, he came to the New Hebrides, fome of whicli were firll d fcovered by him. After leaving thefc iflands, he fleered to the fouthward a few days, and difcovered New Caledonia. Having furveyed the foutii-weft coaft; of this ifland, captain Cook fleered again for New Zealand, in order to rcfrefti his crew, and put his fhip into a condition to encounter the danger attending the navigation in the high fouthcrn latitudes. Diredling his courfe to the fouth and eaft, after leaving New Zenland, till he arrived in tho latitude of 55 degrees fi.t minutes fouth, longitude 138 degrees 56 minutes weft, without meet- ing with any continent, captain Cook gave up all hopes of difcovering any in this pcean ; a'.d therefore came to a refolution to fleer diredly for the weft entrance of ^l^e Straits of Magellan, with a view of coafting and furveying the outermoftor fouth ■,'i|if ^1 fa 'ir i^.^H-; I'M 95 8 N'-EW'^ DISCOVERfES. one of th» men, and found him to be fix feet three inches and a half KJghj yet they lui- fo indolent, that he could not periiiade one of them to go up to the hills with him ; for they faid, if they were to attempt it, the fatigue would kill them. The women are fairer than thofe of Otabeitc, and both fexes appear lefs timid and lefs curious; though ill their drefs, language, and almoft every other circumUance, they are the fame. Their houfes are neat, and they have boat-houfes that are remarkably large. Ulitca is about ftven or eight leagues to the fouth- weftward of liuaheinf, and is a much larger idand, but appears nei- ther fo fertile nor fo populous. The pnntipal refrefliments to be pro- cured here are plantains, cocoa nuts, yams, hogs, and fowls ; but the two laft are rather fcarce. Otaba is divided from Ulitea by a ftrait, that in the narroweft part is not above two miles broad. This ifland affords two good harbours, and its produce is of the fame Itmd as that of the other iflands. About four leagues to the north- weft of Otaha lies Bolabolay which is furronnded by a reef of rocks and feveral Imall iflands, all of \yhich are no niore th.in eight leagues in compafs. To thefe iflands, and thofe of Marua, which lie about four- teen miles to the weflward of Bolabola, containing fix in all, captain Cook gave the name of Society Iflands. OHETEROA. 1 HIS ifland is fituatcd in the latitude of 22 deg. 27 min. fouth, and in the longitude of 150 deg. 47 min. we(i from Greenwich. Jt is thirteen milts in circuit, and rather high than low, but neither fo populous nor fo fertile as fome of tlic other iflands in thefe feas. f he inhabitants are iufty and well made, but are rather browner fide of Terra d»I Vnr^o. Keepir)}» acccrdlne^ly In about the latitude of 5^ or c?, and fleering i early caft, he ai rived off the wtftern mouth of the Straits of Magellan, with(ut meetiiiji; witli any thing remarkable in his new route. In January, 1775, le difcovcrcd a l.irgc and drtary ifland, to which he gave the name of South Gccr- gU. He afterwards difcovercd various capes and ehvated fnow-cliid coafts, to the mod fourhern part ol which he gave the name of the Southern Thule, as being the neareft land to that pnk, wHch has yet been difcovercd. In Kehruary, he dif- eovered Soiihiich Land, and fevtral iflands covered with fnow. He then proceeded round the Cane of Cond Hope to linn;land, where he arrived on the 30th of July, J775. Caprain Fiirncaux had returned to England, !■) the Adventure, a year before, Iravng proceeded home round the Cape of Good Hope without making any remark- able difcovery. Ten of his men. a boat's crew, had been murdered and eaten by feme of the favages of New Zealand ; f,,-;» ..V,.jx(5U...'.' . Vv*/|(> ■•>!»-' w ■"TV- ,- ♦.O »• '!V) ' • I.' ^ The FRIENDLY ISLANDS. ^v\ r J. HESE iflands were fo named by Captain Cook, in the year 1773, on account of the fricndflup which appeared to fubfift among tlie inhabitants, and from their courteous behaviour to ftrangers. Abel Janfen Tafman, an eminent Dutch navigator, firft touched here in 1643, and gave names to the principal iflands. Captain Cook labori- oully explored the whole ciufler, which he found to confift of nmre than fixty. The three illands which Tafman faw, he named New Am- fterdam, Rotterdam, and Middleburgh. The firft is the largeft, and extends about twenty-one miles Irom eaft to weft, and about thirteen from north to foutfi. Thtfe illands are inhabited by a race of Indians, who cultivate the earth with great induftry. The illand oi Amfterdam is interfered by ftraight and pleafant roads, with fruii-trees on each fide, which afford Ihade from the fcorching beat of the fun The chief iflands are Annamooka, Tongataboo, and Eooa. This laft, when viewed from the ftiip at anchor, formed one of the moft beautiful profpeds in nature; and very different from the others of the Friendly Ifles ; which, being low and perfei'lly level, exhibit nothing to the eye but the trees which cover tliem : whereas here the land j-ifing gently to a confiderabie height, prefented an extenfivc profpcdf, with groves of trees interfperfed at irregular diftances, in beautiful diforder ; the reft is covered with grafs, except near the fliores, which are entirely covered with fruit and other trees; amongft which are the habitations of the natives. In order to have a view of as great a part of the ifland as poflible, captain Cook and fome of his officers walked up to the higheft point of it. From this place they had a view of al- moft the whole ifland, which confifted of beautiful meadows, of pro- digious extent, adorned with tufts of trees, and intermixed with planta- tions. " While I was furveying this delightful profpeft," fays cap- tain Cook, " I could not help flattering myfelf with the pleafing idea, that fome future navigator may, from the fame ftation, behold thefe meadows flocked with cattle, brought to thefe iflands by the fhips of Engla'nd ; and that the completion of this fingle benevolent purpofe, independent of all other confiderations, would fufficiently mark to pofterity, that our voyages had not been ufelefs to the general in- terefts of humanity." f "'III ii m 11 'ijJL NEW ZEALAND. HIS country was firft difcovered by Tafman, the Dutch navigator, in the year 1642, who gave it the name of Staten -Land, though it 960 NEW DISCOVERIES. has been generally diftiiiguiflied in our maps and charts by the name of New Ztaland, and was fuppofcd to be part of a fouihern continent; but it is now knovi n from the late difroverics of <;aptain Cook, wha failed round it, to confift'of two large iflauds, divided from eachoth^T by a ftjtaii four or five leagues broad. They are fituatcd between the la- titudes of 34 and 48 dcgrt!cs fouth, and between the lonigitude.s of 166 and 180 degrees ea(t from CJreenwich. One of thefc iflands !s .jt the moft part mountainous, rather barren, and but thinlv inhabited ; but the other is much more fertile, and of a better appearance. In the opinion -«»f Sir Jofeph Banks and Dr. Solander, every kind of Euro* pean fruits, grain, and plants, would flourifii here in the utmoft lux- uriance. From the vegetables found here, it is fuppofed that the win- ters are milder than thofe in England, and the fummers not hotter, though more equally warm ; fo that it is imagmed, that if this country was fettled by people from Europe, they would, with moderate in- duftry, be foon fuppHed not only with the necelfaries, but the luxuries of lift, in great abundance. Here are forefts of vaft extent, filled with very large timber trees; and near four hundred plants were found here that had not been defcribetl by naturalifts. The inhabitants of New Zealand are ftout and robuft, and equal in ftature to the largeft Eu:vj- peans. Their colour in general h brown, but in few deeper than that of a Spaniard who has been expofed to the fun, and in many not fo deep; and both fexes have good features. Their drefs is very un- cbuth, and they mark their bodies in a manner fimilar to the inhabi- tants of Otaheite, which is called tattooing. Their principal weapons are lances, darts, and a kind of battle axes; and they have gene- rally flio>Yn thefeivcs very hoftile to the Europeans who have vifited them. .r'.!NT«iij^iTjt. (Ai h ^ Notfi lies N«H Cook, i, does not font, taj brown, of Pinei, ] ( . of tJiat I between 10 I and 153 de^ Iwiiole contr I miles in Jen I fait to weft 1 jtakeour inft J of different 1 I the method c J^iriides of pi li.'i; country h iDieman's Jan y the whole llif north an I b V The new HEBRIDES. I I'll III 1 HIS name was given by captain Cook to a chiftcr of iflands, the moft northerly of which was I'een by Qniros, the Spanilh naviga- tor, in 1606, and by him named Terra del Efpiritu Santo. Ffom that time till captain Cook's voyage in the Endeavour, in 1769, this land was fuppofed to be p.«rr of a great fouthern continent, called Terra aujirahs incognita. Huf A'hen captain Cook had failed round New Zea- land, and along the caftcrn coaft of New Holland, this opinion was fully confuted. . On his next voyage, in the Rcfolution, he refolved to explore thofe parts accurately; and, accordingly, in 1774, befides afccrtaining the extent and fuuation of thefe iflands, difcovcred feveral in the group which were before unknown. The New Hebrides arc fituated between the latitudes of 14 deg. 29 min. and 20 deg. 4. niin. • foutli; and between 166 deg. 41 min. and 170 deg. 21 min. eaft long. They coiifift of the following IHands, fome of which have received names from the different European navigators, and others retain the names which they bear among the natives, viz. Terra del Efpi- ritu Santo, Mallicollo, St. 13ar;liolomew, Ifle of Lepers, Aurora, Whitfuntide, Ambrym, Immer, Appee, Three Hills, Sandwich, Mow- tagu, Hinchinbrook, Shepherd^ Eorromanga, Irronan, Aunato'm^ an^ Tanna. . • itj K£W DISCOVERIES. 961 Not f»r diftant from the New Hebrides, and fouth-weftw.ird ef tl>em, lies Nmw Calbdonia, a very large iilniid, firfl difcovered by captain Cook, in 1774. it is about eiglity-feven leagues long, but its breadth does not any where exceed ten leagues. It is inhabited by a race of l^out, tall) well-proportioned Indians, of a ftvarthy or dark chefniit brown. A few leagues diftant, are two fmali iHands called the lilaiid uf Pines, and Botany Ifland. i I'll 5| ►(it . • NEW HOLLAND, [The larged ifland In the world, and formerly fuppofed to be a part of that imaginary continent, called Terra Auflralis Incognita, lies I between 10 deg. 30 min. and 43 deg. fouth latitude, and between no and 153 deg. 30 min. eaft longitude; extending in all as much as the whole contment of Europe, the eadern coaft running no lefs than aooo miles in length from north-cad to fouth-weft. Its dimenfions from (ad to weft have not been fo exaflly afcertained, as we are obliged to Italie our information concerning them from the accounts of navigators lof different nations, who vifited this part of the world at a time when [the method of making obfervations, and finding the latitudes and lon- Hitndes of places, was lefs accurate than it is now. Different parts of [lii; country have been called by the names of the difcoverers, as Van iDieman's land, Carpentaria, &c. and though the general appellation ■of the whole was New Holland, it is now applied by geographers to p north and weft parts of the country. The eaftern part, called tfew South Wales, was taken pofTeffion of in his majefty's name, by aptain Cook, and now forms a part of the Britifli dominions, a co- ony being very lately formed there, rhicfly of the convids fentenced to anfportation. The accounts of the climate and foil of this extenfive country, now tcom^ an objeft of importance to great Britain, are very various: liferent parts have been explored at different times, and at different afons of the year. In general, however, the relations are by no [leans favourable ; the fea-coaft, the only place on which any inha« jitants have been difcovered, appearing landy and barren ; and as for lie inland parts, which might reafonably be fuppofed more fertile, py are now thought to be'';wholly uninhabited; but wl>cther this roceeds from the natural fteriPity of the foil, or the barbarity of le inhabitants, who know not how to cultivate it, is not yet dif- bvered. I One thing we arfi afTured of by all who have ever vifited this country, [at its coalt is furroonded by very dangerous fhoals and rocks, fo th^t \'\i by no means eafy to effeft a landing upon it. A flioal called outman's Abrolhos, or flioal, from Frederick Houtman, commander [a fleet of Dutch Indiamen, in 1618, lies on the weftcrn coaft, on Jiich commodore Pelfart, a Dutch navigator, was wrecked in 1629. :[ Efpi- Bhen his fliip, the Batavia, having on board 330 men, ftruck on this Aurora, Mial, there was no land in fight, excepting fome fmall rocky iHands, Ih, 'Mon- m one conGderably larger, about three leagues diftant. All thcfe |dm» aa-'i f re explored in fearch of frefli water, but none being found, they ire obliged to fail in their fklff to the continent, which the;^ fooa 3 ^ the m m^ •^^ '$62 N^W DISCOVERIES. after difcovered. But, on their appi'aacli, tHey found the coaft (o ex- • ceflively rocky that It was impoflible to land. Continuing their o^urfe northward ft)r two day3, they found themfelves in 27 degrees of foufh latitude; but Hill tlie fliore was fo cxtremelv fteep, that there Was no poflibility of approaching it. It jJrefented the fame appearance as far north as 24 degrees; b4it the men being now refolved to get on (hbre at any rate, fix of thcm> who were expert fwimmers, threw themfelves into the fea, and with' much difficulty got to land. Here they em- ployed tl?"mfelvts in fearching for frefli water, but finding none, they were obliged to fwim back again to their (klff. Next day they difcb- vered a cape, from the extreme points of which ran a ridge of rocks for about a mile into the fea, with another behind it ; but ftill j no pafTage was found to the continent. Another opening appeared about noon the fame day, into which they ventured, though the paflii^e was extremely dangerous, even for a fkiff, having only two! feet water, with a rugged ftony bottom. Here, however, they) effected a landing; but though tbev made the mod diligent feaichi for frefli water, they could find neither rivulets, fprings, nor evenf wntv'r that could be drank by digging of weJs. The flioal on whiciil conuT^odoro Pelfart wa« wrecked, is placed by Dampier in 27 degrcesl fouth latitude. This navigator explored the coaft of New Holland in 1688 andl 1690. In the laft of thefe voyages he fell in with the land in a6 deg.j foiitli latitude; but could not land on account of the fteepncfs of the fhore. In 42 dfg. 22 min. he found another flioal, which was the firll he had met with fince leaving the Abrolhos in 27 deg. In 20 degJ 31 niin. he fell in with fome rocky iflands, which, from t'^e nature off the tides, he fuppofed to extend in a range as far fouth as Shark's Bay] in 25 deg. and nine or ten leagues in breadth from eait to weft. Ir 18 deg. 21 min. he efteftfcd a landing; but thefliore here, as in allotheJ places vifitcd by this navigator, was exceffively rocky at low water, fJ tliat if is then impofilble to land. At hi«h water, however, the tidej rile fo high, that boats may get over the rocks to a fandy beach whicif runs alt along the coaft. The fouthcrn part of this iiland, vifited by captain Tafman, in 1642I was found lefs ditfu-ult of accefs. He purfued the coaft as far fouth at 44 dfji^rees, where if beoins to run to the eaftward ; and from this timl tiie country appears not '•o have been vifited by any Europeans, tilf the year 1770, when captain Furntaux, of the Adventure, reacheJ ti.e po'.nt we fpeak of, lying in 43 d^eg. 17 min. fouth, 145 deg, 3! min. and by account, 143 detx, 10 min,ieaft from Greenwich. Sfverj lllands appenrfd to the north-weft, 011^ of which was named by ca|j tain Cook, Eddyftone, from its refembiance to the light-houfe of tin name; and he obfervps that nature I'eems to have left thefc two roclJ for the firne piirpofc that the Eddyftone light-houfe was built bymajf viz. to give navigators warning of their danger; for they are the coij fpicuous fummits of a ledge of rocks und>.i water, on which thefl in many places breaks very high. Their fiirface is white with tif dung of fea fowls, which makes them confpicuous at a confiderabj diftance. ■ ' '' ' ' • *' This celebrated navJgatr, Captain Cook, fpent upwards of foj • months in furveying the caftern coaft, t["j extent of which, as has rciidy been mentioned, is neaHy 2000 miles. The bay in which I ancho-ed, fi'om the <^reat quantity of undefcrihed plants found onti 'fliore^ w«s Culled Uoi any iiw, and is the place for which the col tl /ng U'larmed, ' anns. ''7 were p ""^ putting 'Of necks, a ^e tnffbrent 'on» and 'th ^P"ng of w t'lat at a vc "■geft vc/fels Jer they had '"g a town, f) the gove, „aMd b.irrac "^t^ii but no NEW DISCOVERIES. 963 688 and! 1 ab deg.| fs of th( IS the firl , 20 deg. nature oi ark's BayJ weft, li n all othei water, fc the tidei \ch whicl I, In 1642I \&r fowth al this tim >pi"ans, ti e, reachei 45 ^^%- 3' h. Sever. li bv ca); ufcofth: two rod! Ut by ma ire the cor iiich thefi e with tl onfiderabl rds of fc „ as ha^ |u whkb \nnv\ on " :h the col v'lrts were originally dcftined ; .though now they are fettled in ano- ther part of the ifland, about ,fiftct'i|jmilfs to the oorthwarfl, named by captain Cook, Port Jackfon, tbefc:]>rincipal fettleineat being called Sydkey Cove. . Jt* This was not vifited or "xploredriby captain Cook i it was feen at the diftance of between two' and thretivniiles from the coaft; but, had for- tune conduced him into th:; harQSiir, he would have found it much more worthy of his attention, au a feaman, than Botany Bay, where he pafTed a week. From an entrance not more than two miles broad, Port Jackfon gradually extends into a noble and capacious bafon, having foundings fufficient for the Ir.rgcfl veiTels, and fpace to accom- modate in perfeft fccurity, any number that could be afiemblcd. It runs, chiefly in a weftern direftion, about thirteen miles into the country, and contains no lefs than a hundred fmall coves formed by narrow necks of land, whofe |)rojei norrhcni s of Broken Bay ; and to the fouthward, the fouthern parts of Bo- y Bay ; thus ihciuding completely thefe three principal bays, and iving the chief place of fettlement, af Gyduey Cove, nearly in the tre. At the very firft landing of Governor Philip on the fliore of Botany ', an interview took place with the natives. They were all armed; on feeing the governor approach with figns of friendlliip, alone unarmed, they readily rccurned his confidence by laying' down arms. :, hey were perfeAly devoid of clothing, yet feemed fond of orna- te, putting the he.ids and red baixe that were given tliem on their sor necks, and appearing plealed to wear them. > lie aifferent coves of Port Jackfon A'ere examined with all cx- ition, and 'the prefereiite was given to o ^e which had the fpring of water; and in which fliips can anchor fo clofe to the t, that at a very fmall expenfe quays may be conilrui^ed, at which rgeft vcflels may unload. liter they had all landed at Sydney Cove, a plan v.'as laid down for 'ng a town, according to which Were traced out tl)e principal s, the governor's; houfe, main guard, hofpital, church, ftore- aiid bnrracks, Jn fome parts ot tl\i^ fpace, temporary barracks :ecledi L)iit no permanent buildijig will be allowtd, except iu toa. 3 Q a It' I ^ l> i NEW biscovkRiEsr i^rmity to the plan kiJ down. Should the town be farther extended In future^ the forms of other ftrects are alfo marked out, in fuch a manner ^o to enfure a free circulation of air. The principal ftreets, according lb this defign, will be two hundred feet wide. ""The climate at Sydney Cove is confidercd, on the whole, as equal t. thk fineft in Europe. The rains are never of long duration, and theri ard|feldom any fogs. The foil, though in general light, and rathe fanVy in this part, is full as good as ufually is found fo near the fea-fide Allme plants and fruit-trees brought from Brafil and the Cape, whic. \vere\ot damaged in the paTage, thrive exceedingly; and vegetable] have now become plentiful, both the European forts, and fuch as ar peculiar to New South Wales. The natives of New Holland, in general, fcem to have no gre; averfion to the new fettlers ; the only ads of hoftility they ever con, mitted were on account of their occupying the fiftiing-grounds whic' the New Hollanders juftly fuppofed to belong to themfelves. Th< appear, however, to be in too favage a ftate to be capable as yet of di riving any inftruftion from their new neighbours. They are fo ign rant of agriculture, that it feems moft probable, they do no not cv know the ufe of corn, and therefore, perhaps nr -e i ■■- ignoran thao malice, fet fire to that which the coionifts l^ad • ' ttieirov ufe. To avoid fuch difagreeable incidents, a new fettienjent was beg on a fmall uninhabited illand, named Norfolk IJland, lying in fouth " twenty-nine degrees, and eaft long. 168-10 at the diftance of twel hundred miles from New Holland, The party fent out to form t fettlement confided only of twenty-fix perfous, who took poflefliou the 14th of February, 1788. This fettlement was found fo eligibj that, in Oftobcr, 17B8, another purty was fent thither, fo that them colony, at the time the laft advices were received, confifted of fori four men and fixteen womer. ; who being fupplied with eighteen montj provifions, will probably be able to cultiv^:e the foil in fuch a man as to enable them to form a granary, which will put thofe who are tied on New Holland, entirely out of danger from their barban neighbours. The inhi I tn on the To the I flie fourth jDiiieteea n jpart oi an jilland, and join Cartej Imuch icfs t lanorher ftr jwhich he gi jNevi' Britaii jifard oi JSJ^ hod of wh (plantains an New Ire Ifeft, about 1 iww. It a be ons, parro |ioo]Jy-heade ai thick lip «) by captj Itonfift of tvve pnfiderable t leceived the n For a more particular account of this new fettlement, we nfV- readers to the Voyage of Governor Philip to Botany Bay. •A NEW GUINEA, ESIDES t , age was p Dlution and ^^arch of nca. Af , , d from tl ^'' ihnds wh '^■/' 'bout N6; theoth 8, eaf>, bot blland they fiencily and th fi] 1 ILL the latedifcoveries, was thought to be the north coaft of aiBndwich Ifles tcnfive continent, and to rejoined to New Holland ; but caBfnty-two de? Cook difcGversd a rtiait between them, which nins north-eail, thrBkeair of thefe which he failed. Thus it was found to be a long narrow ' ^d, ex»« P-'o/Juffioi ing uorth-eaft, from the fecond degree or fouth latitude me ^'*W''- The inha and from one hvindred and tlilrty-one to one hundred aiu! •> y d^.. "' r-oinplexioi eaft longitude ; but in one part it does not appear to be above fifty jiiing: nearly in broad. iThe country confifts of a mixture of very high hills and viB, they faw 11 interfperfed with grove? ox'' cocoa-nut vrees, plantains, bread -fruitBey afterwards! inoft of the trees, ihrub':, and plants, thr' are found in the other • north- wefl c/ lc;i ifl;uids. Ii iiflbids from' the fea a variety of delightful proi^/Iiips undej- tj N,EW DISCOVERIES. '965 The inhabitants make nearly the fame appearance as the New Holland- ers on the other fide the (traits. To the north of New Guinea is New Britain, which is fituated in the fourth degree of fouth latitude, and one hundred and fifty-two deg. nineteen min. eaft longitude from Greenwich. It was fnppofed to be )art of an imaginary continent till captain Damjiier found it to be an fland, and failed through a ftrait which divides it from New Guinea. Cap- tain Carteret, in his voyage round the world, in 1767, found it was of much lefs extent than it was till then imagined to be, by failing through mother ftrait to the north, which feparates it from a long ifland, to which he gave the namt of New Ireland. There are many high hills in New Britain, and it abounds with large and ftately trees. ' To theeaft- inard of New Britain, and in both the above ftraits, are many illands, Imoft of which are faid to be extremely fertiif,, and to abound with plantains and cocoa-nut trees. New Ireland extends in length, from the uorth-^ft to the fouth- weft, about two hundred and feventy miles, but is in general very nar- tow. It abounds with a variety of trees and plants, and with many pi- |tons, parrots, rooks, and other birds. The inhabitants arc black and jioolly- headed like the negroes of Guinea, but have not their flat nofes id thick lips. North weftward of New Ireland, a clufter of iflands was by captain Carteret, lying very near each other, arid fnppofed to Iconfift of twenty or thirty in number One of thefe, which is of very ;onf.derable extent, was named New Hanover ; the reft of the clufter reived the name of the Admiralty Islands, -1^ , - »;- ,.r. ^.i\ ' <"•' ■'-tr led In I annerl )rdiiig| ^ual tc i there rather ea-fidej , whitl getablci h as ard no grea irer cor ds wl 3. The ^et of d^ : fo ignq ) not eve ignorant their ov was beg\j 1 fouth of twelj 3 form tlj oflefliou I I fo eligibl that tlie ul :d of forj een mont| 1 a manti who are ^JesIDES the voyages of difcovery already mentioned, another voy- ir barbar^ age was performed by captain Cook and captain Gierke, in theRe- toion and Uifcovery, during the years 1776, 1777, 1778, and 1779, J^H fcarch of a north-weft pafl'age betweeiv the continents of Afia and 'P%%;nca. After they had arrived at the Cape of Good Hope, they pro- r,v\'«^ci from thence to New Holland. In their courfe they difcovered ^'4<. i'ands which captain Cook called Prince Edward's Ifles. The \^/' ;;bout fifteen leagues in circuit, is in latitude 46-53 fouth; long, 46; the other, about nine leagues in circuit, lat. 46,40, and long. 8, eaft, both barren and ahnofr covered with fnow. From New Hand they failed to New Zealand, and afterwards they vifited the Iriendly and the Society Tfles. In January, 1777, they arrived at the pndwich Ifles, which ar^ twelve in number, and are fituated between tnty-two deg. fifteen min. and eighteen deg. fifty-three min. north lat. lie air of thefe iflands is in general falubrious, and many of the vege- ik produ6tio»iB are the fame with thofe of the Society and'Friendly The inhabitants are of a middle fize, ftout, and well made, and T^omplexions in general a brown olive. On the 7th of February, ^ nearly in lat. 44 deg. 33 min. north, and long. 235 deg. 36 min. t, they faw part of the American continent, bearing north-eaft. key afterwards difcovered King George's Sound, which is fituated on I north- weft coaft of America, jind is cxtenfive t that part of it where Ifliips under the comm^^id of captain Cook anchored, is in lat. 49 3Q3 S A NDWICH ISLANDS. wcnff' toaft of ail but eaj i.'eaft,thrl id, exi dcj: lie. 'V bread -fruiJ (the other] \htful m i. .'•1 ^V.'.'W ^^i^snz^ ^6 T^EW DISCOVERIES. I; Ir' I'll :' tii deg. 36 niin. north, and long. 333 deg. 28 min. eaft. The whole found - is lurroiinded by liigh land, which in fume places appears very broken and >*«gged, and is in general covered with wood to the very top. They ■ found the inhabitants here rather below the middle fiz?, and their com- 'plexions approaching to a copper colour. On the 12th of May, they difcovered Sandwich Sound in lat. 59 deg. 54 min. north. The har- bo'ir in which the ftiips p.nchored, appeared to be almoft furrounded vitti highland; which was covered with Tiow ; and here they were viute ! by fome of the Americans in thfir canoes. They afterwards proceeded to the illand of Unalafchka ; and after their departure from thence, ftill continued to trace the Ameritan coaft, till they difcovered the ftrait which feparates.it from the continent of Afia. Here both the hemifpheres prefinted to the view a naked and flat country, without .fihy defence, and the fea between them not very deep. They palfer'* the ■ftrait, and arrived on the 2othof Auguft, 1778, in lat. 70 deg. c+miri. long. 194 de^. 55 min. where they found themfelves almoft furrounded *ith ic6, and the farther they proceeded to the eaftward, the clofer the .ce became compared. Th^y continued labouring among the ice till the 25th, when a ftormcame on, which made it dangerous for them to proceed ; and a confultation was therefore held on board the Refolution, as ibon as the violence of the gale abated, when it was refolved, that as this paflage was impraifticable for any ufeful purpofe of navigation,! which was the great objeft of the voyage, it fliould be profecuted no •fartlier; and efpeciaUy on account of the condition the fliips were in, L the approach of winter, and their great diftance from any known place ■ P'!^/^'*^'"^ of its tJiirin ^outhe 3nd ajj the foj fettled ♦« .Hi f«nt an r^e fb li the groi produa ^yftein ( ^ea. J, the weft miles; a America each fide impraflic fje Paci/i !*.,"'« exc "'" reinai " The of refreflim^nt. Thevoyage, indeed, atforded fufHcient evidence, that! no prafticable pafTcij'^c exifts between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans to- wards the north ; and this voyage alfo afcertained the weftern boundaries of the great continent of America. On their return it unfortunately! happened, that the celebrated and able navigator, captain Cook, was! ■ killed in an aifray with the natives, on the ifland of O'why'hee, one otj the Sandwich ifles, on the 14th of February, 1779 5 ^'^^ ^° much by hisi own raflinefs, as through the inadvertence and negleft of fome of iiis •own people. His death was univerfally regretted, not only in Greati "Britain, but alfo in other p^rts of liurope, by thqfe to whom his meritSi and public fervices were known. In his Jaft voyage he had explored the '•coaft of America, from 42 deg. a 7. min. to 70 deg. 40 min. 57 fee. north, After the death of captain Gnok, the command devolved on captain] 'Clerke, who died at fea on his return to the fouthward on the 22d day of Auguft, 1 779. The two fliips returned home by the Cape of Gooi Hope, and on the jthofOftober, 1780, anchored at the. Nore. We cannot conclude this article without inferting the following cha, rafter of captain Cook, to perpetuate the m«m6ry and fervices of fo exa TERJ^ A will traufi tors of ma . " "^^^^ oear a rate um of /on fal diTordej '"arfced the [9 relate, r iive^ of ouj cytion of ft 'Jje world, ' unufual len urjder every ■ngtheheali ^efmalleft , ccllenc a navi2:3tor. F the progi nno 1492, "own, or ve Perhaps no fcience ever received greater additions from the labouflN^Q-jtu^j—, of a fingle man than geography has done from thofe of captain CooP In lis firft voyage to. the South Seas, he difcovered the Society Iflaiid dttermined the infularity 0: New Zea.'aUvI ; difcovered the flraits wliii feiarate the t'.vo iilands, and arc caiitd after his name ; and made a co }>l€te furtfty of both. He afte rw ards -explored the eaftem coaft of N Holland, hitaerto unknown ; an extent of twcnty-feven degrees otlati tude, or up\\arc;s of two thoufand miles'. *♦ In his feco'id expeiiition, be refolved the great problem of a fou ^fn'contlheirt, having traVcrfcd that hemifphcre between the latitude forty and feventy degrees, iu. fijcha manner as not to leave a poffibil .), ,.V .U.N;K; N O W N' COUNTRIES. 967; of its exif^ejiQa, unlefs near the pole, rind out of the, reach of navigjjttioii.' ^"•■ing this voyage he, clifcpved:I^J'ew Caledonia, the largeft illand iu the fouthern Pacific Qce^n, exccp/i,Nie'>!V Zealaod ; the iflaiid of Georgia; and an unkpown coa{^, which Ij^ named SantJ^'ich Land, th^Thuleof the loiithern hemifphere ; and having twice vifited the ti:opical iiE^s,,iic fettled the fitiiations of the old, and made feveral new difcoveries. ,,>, '* .Hut the lad voyage is diftingiiillied above all the reft, by the ex- tent and importance of if-' difcove:ics. Befides feveral fmaller iflandsin the fouthern Pacific, he difcoveredto the northof the Equinoftial Line, the groupe called the Sandwich lilands, which, from their fitiiatioaand produdlions, bid fairer for becoming ah objeA of confequence in the fyftem of European navigation, than any other difcovery in the South Sea. He afterward explored what had hitherto reniained unknown of the weftern coaft of America, fromthe latitude of forty-three to feventy degrees north, containing an extent of three thoufand and five hundred riiiles ; afcertained the proximity of the two great continents of Afia and America,; pafTed the ftraits between them, and furveyed the coaft on each fide, to fuch a height of northern latitude, as to deinonftrate the imprafticability of a palfage, in that hemifphere, from the A'lantic into^i the Pacific Ocean, eithec by an eaftern or a weftern courfe. In ft»o?t», if we except the Sea o^.AmHr, and the Japanefe; Archipelago,, which ftill remain imperfeftly known to Europeans, he has completed thehyr; drography of the habitable globe. i " The method which he difcoverejj, and fo fuccefsfuUy purfiied, of prefervipg the health of feamen, forms a new; aera in navigation, and will tranlmit his name tp future ages ainongft the friends and benefac- tors of mankind. ^) ,., iO/r;i " Tl^dte who arq cbnVerfant in naval hiftory, need not be told at how. . dear a rate the advantages which have b^en foug,ht through the medi-? um of long voyages at fea, have always been purchafed. That dread- ful diforder which is peculiar to their fervice, and \yhofe ravages havp marked the twcksof'difcoverers with circumftanoes alnioft too fl^ocking' tp relate, myij^ wi^jio,ut ^xercifing an unwarrantable tyranny over the liveSiOf our.)fcame9y have proved an infuperable obftacle to the profe- cytion of fu'qh enteicprifes. It was referved for captain Cook to fti(jw- the worldv by repeated trials, that voyages might be protrafted to the I unufual length of three, or even four years, in unknown regions, and ; uijder every change and rigour of the climate, not only without aflFe^- ing the health, but even without diniini(liing the probability of life, in K Wle{l.4e^re■. .^m^:. c.At...^, ,u, --■.( ,ru.aa ..i;7i..itJ 4 . the laboud Iptain Cooiij liety XftanJi Iftraits whii Inade a coi loaftofN, rrees oi wt of a foudl it latilvidej a poffibi" TERRA -INCOGNITA, or Unknown Countries. ? INoTWITHS-TAlSfDING the amazing difcoveries of nivigatbrs, and ' the progrefs hiad^ in geography, fince the ifirfl voyage of Columbus, anno 1492, there ftifl remairt fome countries, either AWoliitcly un- known, or very fuptrficiallyYurv'e^ed. " . ; ;. - , '? Lu ' '"!f Ai U ' . irr WT'^S^MMXm ,!■')>. tjijis quarter of tpe globe, the moderns arc acqviai^ted with the fea- ppart^ i^^ilj?:!^ '^Rd^ thcfe y.crj^ imperfeftly ; the internal parts being 2 Q^^ 968 •6h KNOWN COUNTRIES, little known to us ; nor have we any fati8fa(fVory accounts of their in, habitants, their productions, or tiieir trade. It is well known, however, that the rivers of Africa bring down large quantities of gold, and it is equally certain that the ancients drew prodigious riches from a country l^ieiT^d with a variety of climates, fome of them the fineft in the world. & ■! i i.»j») ! iitr! i 'iiii;«»'r "vm ■1.1,.,'... i " i ,i > . i mi p.. k ■ivilU. tA In JJorth America, towards the pole, Labrador, or New Britain, New North and South Wales, New Denmark, are very little known. All that vaft trai^, Th^y were ^rff difj covered by Magellan, or Alfigelhaens. a Portugue:(iF» ip ^he fervice of j 8{)ain, whp fj^jed.,through thct^ in the y^ar 1529, and thereby difco-i vered apaA*age from the Atlantic to thp Pacific or Southern Ocean.l He has been fince confidered as the firft navigator that failed round thcj world: but having loft his life- in a fkirmifli with fome Indians befo,"ej ^he ftiips returned to Eump^, the honour of being the firft circumnavi-f f;ator has been difputednn faVoljr of the brave fir Francis Drake, who,! n 1574, pafTed the fame ftrait in his way to Iijdia, from wl^ich.he re| turned to feurope by the Cape of iGood Hope. Irtidift, ,tfe^ire, il iOutchmanj keeping to the fo^t^iward of ^hcfc ftraits, difo<>Vere . ,: Ml ■ • •' '"ii. V ; , ■; 1 ,'j r- ; ^ •■ :.f' •*? it -''.■;>>., ri.T -en ; '[U '(fliv,>!<} hti;; ,.-4.; 7?; /fiiir' .<;••) 'I: .h{-'iit\ .)."rf,>: ,■< r • n ■•r : v^, o ■..:■■ . .1.; :; r : . It'- ;'',-;"i'!) ", ■ : ''■^•■■'i^:.yiiu'itur\ '. > ,«i«;«.»fi>)(.Y-"t •! ■ .-. _ ', - . ' ' ■ ^r-M ■ ■ ■, •' ■ ■... jl- - •'■'■^- ,)'•!-'. vTIj ' • v.s-., \ ■" ■ '. IV'.:' .(J., . '-1 ~).. , ■,'-_ _ . : ^ ..•'%', jv:^i''i .[■>• r '<•■•". v ■,■/■'-■■■ :A'' 4 '-'^'v'ii. . . • ^ .;-•■. vvc-.|.\is3^, ■^. ■ . .. ■:'■;''-*■ ,;l£'J:•^s^f-, ,f; i;«ii.'- ; I .1.:) .^ 'ii^^ iJp«V> .■'«-. •fC-.-^j ■ni-*' ,,;r-;rv^y;a.'. ;■■, .'. / ■:..■J•J•^ vjailjiTis^- : ;■.. (} I t-IUIi 1 fLit tr , .'301 ';b; fi. ?<.!•'* :5 •>' ' «i «•..*.•>-';' -4>..;v, ii ■f-j ^ i ■:''; I /.'ic: tan .ifu ,) '.^ fi! »"i.' .. -v;;).. ;l o: <^ ( - ,iw 'i;* ^y<:-^^ ■i^n 'I Xf.j'\\p'-^^o *] tr> a'Mvii? n\i )•;•'- 1.^ A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE,f! Containing tlie Names and Situations of the cliief Cities, Towns, Seas, GuHs, Bays, Straits, Capes, and other remarkable Places in the known Worlo. Colledted fVotn the moil aqthentic Charts, Maps, and Obfervationsn Jiamcs of Places. Provinces, Countries. garter, ABbeville, Picardy, France, Europe AberdecnAbcrdeenfliire, Scotland, Europe Aho, Finland, Sweden, Europe Acapulco, Mexico, North America Adrianopie, Romania, Turkey, Europe Adriatic fea, or between Italy and Tur-Eurbpe Gulr of Venice _ key, Achem, Sumatra, ~ Adveniure Ifle Pacific Lat. D. M. 57-22N. 60-27N. Long. D. M. 1-40W. 22-18 E. 17-ioN. ioi-2aW. 42-coN. 26-30 E. Mediterranean Sea. Aj^dc, Asen, St. Agnes (lights) Agra, Air, .-••,;■ A'x, Albany, Alby, Aleppo, Lan;.:uedoc, Guienne, Scillies, End India, Ocean, France, "" "* France, /' Afia Ada ' Europe Europe Atlant. Ocean, Europe Affra, *^ ' ' Eaft India, A fia Airfhire, Scotland, Eurojie Provence, France, Europe New York, North AmericH Languedoc, France, Europe Syria, ,^, Turkey, Afia Atcxandrctta, Syria, *" - Turkey, Afia Alexandria, Lower Egypt, Turkey, Africa Algiers, Algiers, Barbary, Africa Amboyna, Amboyna Ifle,Eaft ](nd!a, Afia Ambryn Ifle, South Pacific Ocean, Alia Amiens, Ifle of France France, Europe Amsterdam, Holland, Netherlands, Europe Amderdam Ifle, Pacific Ocean, Afia Ancona, March of An-Italy, , Europe cona, Angra, Tercera Ifle, Atlantic occan.Europe Antigua (St. Antigua Ifle, Carib. fea, N. Ame- john's town) Antioch, Syria, Antwerp, Brabant, Archipelago, Iflimds of Apa: (Ifle) Pacific , 5-22N, 17-05 S. 43-1 8N, 44-1 2N. 49-56N. 26-43N. S5-30N. 43-31N. 42-48N. 43-SSN. 35-45 N* 36-35N. 31-iiN. 36-49N. 4*25 8. 16-C9S. 49-53N- 52-22N. 21-09 S. 43-37N. 9T-29 E. 144-1 2 W. 3-33 B- 0-40 E. fr.4iW. 76-49 E. 4-35 W- 5-3 « E. 73-30W. 2-13 E. 37-25 £• 36-25 E. 30-21 E. 2-17 E. 127-25 E. 168-17 E. 3-22 E. 4-49 ~E. 1 74-5 1 W. I3-35E. 38-;39N. 27-07 W, 17-04N. 62-04W. nca. Turkey, Afu > Netherlands, Europe Greece, Europe ; Ocean, Alia A'changel Dvrina,„_^.-;» ., Ruffia, Europe Afcenfion Ifle, Aftracan, Aftracan, Athens, Achaia, St. Auguftin, Madagafcar Aurora Ifle, South ' . South AtlanticOcean, Rufiia, Afia, Turkey, Europe South Ind. fea, Africa Pacific OceanjAfia ;>. :■<• 36-30N. 36-40 E. 51-13N. 04-27 E, Mcditcr/anean Sea. 16-46 S. 168-32 E. 64-34N, 38-59 E. 7-56N. 14-27W. 46-ooN. 51-00 E. 38-05N. 23-57 E. 23-35 S. 43-13 R, 15-08 S. i68-22 £. ▼ If Bilboa, Binninu Bokhari; Breda, Breft, Bremen, Brifto], Breslai Bruffblsj Buenos A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE. 971 Names of Places, Provinces, Countries. E. E. E. E. E. E. lqE. iW. AvA, Avignon, T>A-dail, Ava, >„ .■ Eaft India, Prnvence, France, EyracaArai)ia,Turkcy, ^larter. hat. D. M. Alia Europe Afia Baltic fca,between Balufore, Balbec, JBaldlvia, Barbuda Ifle, Barcelona, Bafil, Bafle Terrc, Orixa, Syria, Chili, Ger.andSwed. Europe Eillt India, Alia Turkey, Alia South America l^on^» D. IVI. acjoNT. 95-30K, 4J-57N. 04-5^ E. 3^2oN'. 4.3-51 E» AilanticOcenn. 2I-2'jN. 86-05 E. 3.?-3oN. 37-ojE. 39'35S- 81-10W. Catalonia, Spain, Atlant. Occan,N. Ame- 17-49N. 61-55W, Bafil, ^ Switzerland, Guadaloupe, Curib. fea, Baflora, Baflia, Batavi.i, Bath, Bay of Bifcay,Coaft of Bay of Bengal, Coaft of F.yracaArabia,Turkey, Corlica, Italy, Java, Eaft India, Somerfetfliirc, England, France Bayeux, Belfaft, Bclgratlc, Bender, Berlin, Bermudas, Normandy, Ulfter, Servia, BaiTarabia, India, ' France, Ireland, Turkey, Turkey, Brandenburg, Germany, Europe 41.26N. .02-(8£. rica .;,,.(• . ■ .',;./"-, Europe 47.35N, 07-34 E. N, Ame- 15-S9N. 6jl-siW, rica ... , Afia 30-45N. 47-00 F4. Europe 4Z-20N. 09-40 E. Afia 06-10 S. 106-56 E. Europe 51-22N. 02-i6W« Europe Atlantic Ocean. Afia Indian Ocean. Europe 49-16N. 00-17E. Europe 54-30N. 06-30W- Europe 45-ooN. 2 1-20 E- Europe 46-40N. ag-oc E- 5i-32N. 13-31 E. Europe Bermuda IfleSjAtlant. Ocean,N. Ame- 36-25N. tyzi^. rica Europe Europe Afia Europe Europe 47-ooN. 07-20 E. 5 5-4oN. 01-45W. 03-49 S. 102-05 E. 44-50N. 00-29W. 43-29N. 01-25W. Europe 5$-48N.. 03-44W. Bofton, Boston, Bolabola, Bologne, Bologna, Europe America Bern, Bern, Switzerland, Berwick, Berwlckflilre, Scotland, Bencoolen, Sumatra, Eaft India, Bourdeaux, Gulenne, France, Bayonnc, Gafi:ony, France, Borroughfton- Linlithgowfli. Scotland, nefs, Lincolnfliire, England, New England, North Ille, Pacific Ocean, Afia Picardy, France, Europe Bolognefe, Italy, . ^^^, Europe Bolfcherifkoi, Siberia, Rullia, * ' Afia Bombay, Bombay Ifle, Eaft India, , Afia Bridge-town, Barbadoes, Atlant. Ocean,N. Ame- 13-05 N, 58-03W, Bilboa, Bifcay, Spain, ,;'f , ,' Europe Birrain^hajTi, Warwickfhire,Englaria, Europe 53-ioN. 00-25 E. 42-25 N. 70.32W, 16-32 S. 15 1-47 W. SO-43N. 1-31 E. 44-29N. 1 1-26 .E. 52-54N. 156-42 E. i8-56N. 72-43 E. Bokhana, Breda, Breft, Bremen, Briftol, Breslaw, BruiTcls, Uft)ec Tartary, , Afia Brabant, Netherlands,' Europe Bretany, France, ,. .Europe 48-Z2N. LowcrSaxony,Germany, Europe 53-25N. Sonerfetlhire, England, Europe 51-33N. Siiefia, Bohemia, Europe 51-93N. 43-26N. 03-18W. 52-30N. 01 -50^". 39-1 5N. 67-co E. 51-40N. 04-40 E. Brabant, Buenos Ayres,La Plata, Nethcrland?, Europe 50-5 iN. Brafil, South A- 34-35 S. mcrica C4-25VV, 08-20 E. C2-40W, 17-13 E. 04-2 (j E. 58-26W. I w. 972 A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE. Atlantic S1-16N. 5j-3oN. 47-40N. South Terra Firma, South America 40-08 N. Indian Ocean, Africa 20-518 NanHso/Placcs. Provinces. '" CounirlfS. garter, hat, D. M. Bukaraft, Walachia, Turkey, Europe 44-26N. Brttifh fca, between Brit. & Oerm.Kuiope Black, or Eux-Turkey )i| Europe and Afu ine fea, ' ;; .'* ■/■';■■ ' ' ^ /rrr-'r:*' ■.-"' Bruges, Flaitdcrs, Netherlands, Europe Brunfwick, L6w. Saxoi>y,Gcrmany, Europe Buda, Lower '.*;^,^ Hungary, Europe Burlington, Jcrfcy, ' Norfh Bourbon Hie CAbcllo, (Port), Cachao, Cadiz, Caen, Cahors, Cagliari, Cairo, Calais, Callao, Calcutta, Calmar, Cambray, America J0-03N. Loup'. U Nl. 26-13 ^' Ocean. 03-05 E. lo-jo E. 19-20 E. 75-ooW. 5.25 K. 7-27W. I Tonquin, Andalulia, Normandy, Guienne, Sardinia, Lower Picardy, Peru, Bengal, Smaland, Cambrefis, Cambeltown, Argylefliire, Cambridge, Cambridgp- .-•...' • ihire, Cambridge, New Eaft Indi.i, Spain, France, France, Italy, „•',., Egypf, France, South Eafl India, Sweden, Netherlands, Scotland, England, England, Afia Europe Europe Euroj)e Europe Afrira Eun>pe America Afia JI-30N. 36-3iN. 49''iiN. 44-26N. 39-2 5N. 30 ozN. 50-57N. 12-01N. Z2-34N. Europe 56-40N. Europe 50-ioN. Europe 55-50N. Europe 52-12N. N. Amc 42-25 N. |/> j;ica Canary, N.E.Canary 1 Acs, Atlant. Ocean, Africa • 28-13N. Point, Candia IflandjMediterr. Sea,Europe 35i'i8N. Kent, Canton, Schonen, Tunis, Candia, Canfo port, Cambodia,. Canterbury, Canton, Carleicroon, Carthage Ruins, Carthngena, Carthagena, Carlillc, Cardigan, Oandy, Cafpian Sca» Calan, CalTel, Caftrcs, ',Su Catharine's Atlantic, Cavan, Cayenne, Nova Scotia, No'tb Cambodia, Kail India, England, China, Sweden, Barbary, Terra Firma, South Murcia, Spain, Cumberland, England Cardiganfliire, Wales, CcyloHji Ruffia, .,,;,;■ Cafan, Heffe Cafl'el, Languedoc, America 45-20N. Alia 13-30N. Europe 51-16N. Aiia 23-07N. Europe 56-20N. Africjt, 36-30N. America ioi'26N. Europe 37-37N' Europe Europe Indian Ocean^fia., Tartaryi^^^rj ,Aft|, Siberia, ' Afia Germany, France, 54,47N. 52-ioN. Cavan, , " Cayenne Iflc, Ocean, Ireland, South FrnnCi,, 55-43N, 51-19N. 43-37N. Europe Europe South A- 27-35 S. merica Europe 54-5 iN. America 4-56N, ij.>' ■ A J-.. ■ 105-00 E. 606W. 0-16W, i-3iE. 9-3 S E. 3i-i3 E« I-SSE. 76-55W. 88-34 E. 16 26 E. 3-18 E. 5-40W. 0-09 E. 71-05W. 15-33W. 25-23 E. 6o-5oW. 105-C0 E. 1-15 f;. 113-07 E. 1^-31 E. 9-00 E. 75-2 1 W. i-o^W. 2-3 5 W, 4-38W. 79-00 E. 49-13E, 9-34 K. 2-19 E. 49-1 2W. 7-18W. 52-ioW. liV D.icca, Delhi, 13 E, 34 K- 19 E. 18W, loW. 4yE. A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE. U ames of Places » Prooincts, Countriti, ^arttr Chalon*, Burgundy, ChamlcrnagorcBengal, Charlton, lilc, -; Chartrcs, Cherbourg, ChriAmas, Sound, St. Chrifto- phcr's Ille, Civita Vecchia Patr. di S. Petro, Clerk's Illes, Atlantic, Otlcannois, Normandy, Terra del Fu- eg". Caribbean D. M. France, Europe 46-46N. Eift India, Afia 21-51N. Hudfon'8 Bay, North A-52-03N. mcrica, France, Europe 48-36 V. Francf» Europe 49-38N. South America, 55-21N. Sea, Italy, Ocean, %'■ Clermoiit, Auvergnc, France, Colmar, Alface, France, Cologne, Eledt. of Co- Germany, logiie, Cape Clear, Irifli Sea, Ireland, Comorin, On this tide theEull India, Ganges — Finifterre, Galicia, Spain, — St. Vincent, Algarvc, Portugal, — of Good Hottentots, Caftraria, Hope, Eaft Florida, N.Amc- 17-15N. ritra, Europe, 42-05N. South A- 55-05S. merica, Europe 45.46N. Europe 48-04N. Europe S0-55N. Europe Afia Eut'ope Europe Africa 51-18N. 7-56N. 42.51N. 37-02N. 34.29 S. — Florida, — Vcrd, — Horn, Terra del Fu- ego Illand, between Fez Che'niire, North Nei;roland, South America 24-57N. Africa 14-4CN. America 55-58 S. Cattcgate, Ccuta, Cheftcr, Charles Town, Copenhagen, Zealand Ifle, Const A.NTI- Romania, Swcd. & Den. Europe, Morocco, England, South CarolinaNorth Denmark, Turkey, Africa Europe America Europe Europe NOPLE, Cork, Coventry, Conftance, Corinth, Cowes, Cracow, Ireland, Munfter, Warwickfliire, England, Suabia, Germany, Morea, . Turkey, Ifle of Wight, England, Little Poland, Poland, Cremfmunftcr,Arch-ducliy of Germany, Auftria, Curaflbu, Curaflbu Ifle, Weft India, Cufco, Peru, •' .-' South Cummin, Ifle, ., Nortli Pacific Afia Ocean, Amafcus, Syria, Turkey, Afia Dantzic, Polifli Pruffia, Poland, E Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe America America Atlant 3;-o4N. 53-15^. 3 2-45 N. 55-40N. 41-01N, 51.53N. 52-2 5N. 47.37N. 37-30N. 50-46N. 50-ioN. 48-03N. II-56N. 12-25 S. 31-40N. D.icca, Delhi, Bengal, Delhi, urope 54 33-I5N. -22N. 97j Long* D. M. 4.56 E. 88-34 E. 79-ooW. 1.33 E. 1.33W. 69-5 7 W. 6a-38W. H-31 E. 3 4-3 7 W. 3-10 E. 7.2; E. 7-10 E. ii-ioW. 78-10 E. 9-12W. 8-57W. 18-28 E. 80-30W. 1 7-2 8 W. 67 21W. ic Ocean. 6-3o\V. 0-0 3 W. 79-1 zW» 12 40 E. 28-58 E. 8-2 3W. 1-25 W. 9-12 E. 23-00 E. I-I4W. 19-55 E. 14-12 E. 68-20W. 70-00W. 121-09 E; 37-20 Ei 18-38 E. EalUndia, Afia 23-30N. 89-iO E. Ealt India, Afia 29-ooN, 76-30 E^ m^ w. J* '1% m i 1 1^' « 'T*.. » 974 A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE. Utmes of P lacei> Pravinctt, CaUMtritt Smarter. Lat. D. M. Europe 52-06N. Pclft, Derbcnt, Dax, Difppe, Dijon, Ditbiiigen, Pol, Dominique, Dover, Drcux, Derby, Dcrry, Dieu, Dresden, Dundee, DuBLI^r, Durham, Dumbarton, Dungcnefs, Dunkirk, Dunbar, Dumfries, iNplifli Holland, Dagift.m, Gtii'cuny, Noimandy, Burgundy, Suabia, Brctagiic, Wind Kent, Orlcrtnnois, Diibyfliiic, Ulrter, Guzerat, Saxony, Fotfar, Leinrtcr, Durham, Ncthcrlanda, Perfia, France, France, France, Germany, Fiance, Illands, Weft India, England, France, England, Ireland, EaQ India, Germany, Scotland, Ireland, Aiia Europe Europe Euiopc Europe Europe America Europe 41-41N. 45-42N. 49-5 ^N- 47.19N. 48-30N. 48-3 3 N. 15-18N. 51-07N. Europe 48-44N. Europe 52-5»N. Europe Alia Europe Europe Euro|)c Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe 54-52N. 21-37N. 5 i-ooN. 56-26N. 53-21N. 54-48N. 55-44N. 50-5ZN. 5i>02N. 5S-58N. 55-08N. England, DumbattonHi. Scotland, Kent, England, Flanders, Netherlands, Haddington, Scotland, Dumfricslhire, Scotland, ENglifli between Eng. andFian.Europc Channel, Eaftern Occan,bctw.thcN.W.of N. Am. andN.E.of Afia, N. T Ephefus, Natolia, Turkey, Eaoowe iHc, J*acitic Ocean, Eafter Ille, Pacific Ocean, Edinburghfli. Scotland, Eng. Channel, England, Djuphine France, Pacilic Ocean, Pruflia, Poland, Wcftphalia, Geimany, Ocean, Turkey, Guinea, Weft India, France, England, England, Scotland, Morocco, Spain, I). M. 4-05 E. 50-30 K. 0.5 8 W. 0.59 K. 4-57 K- 10-19 E. 1-4 1 W. 1-22W. 1-13 E. 1-16 E. 1-30W. ■7-40VV. 69-30 E. 1 3-36 E. 2-48W. t-oiW. 1-25W. 4.20W. 1-04 E. 2-27 E* 2-25VV. j-ajW. Atlantic Ocean. Edinburgh, Edyftonc, Enebrun, Enatum Ide, Elbing, Enibden, Erramanga IflePacihc Erzerum, Turcomauia, Ethiopian Sea.Coaft of Euftatius, Carib. St a, Evrcux Normandy, Exeter, Devonihiie, FAlmouth, Cornwall, Falkirk, Stirling, Fez, Galicia, Azores, Fez, i -{.. Feriol, Fayal Town, Ferdinand Na roi.ka, Ferrara, Ferrarefe, Ferro (Town)Catiaries, Florence, Tuicany, F lores, Azores, St. Flour, Auvergne, Fiance (lilc of) Indiau Ocean Alia 38-01 ^ -30 K. Afia 21-24 S. 174-25W. America 27-00 S. 109-41W. Europe 55-57^. Europe 50-08N. Europe 44-34N. Alia 20-10 S. Europe 54-1 5N. Europe 5 3-2 5 N. Alia 18-46S. Afia 39.56N. Africa Atlantic Ocean. N. Amer.i7-29N. 63-ojW Europe 49-01 N. Europe 50-44N. Europe 50-08N. Europe 55-58N. Africa 33-3oN. Europe 43.3CK. Atlant. Ocean,Europe 38-33N. Brafil, South A- 3.56 S. 32.43W. m erica Italy, Europe 44-54N. Atlant.Ocean, Africa 27-47N 3-07W. 4-19W. 6-34 E, 169.59 E. 20-00 E. 7-10 E. 169-23 E. 42.05 E. 1-13 E. 3-29W. 4-57W. 3-4 8 W. 6-coW 8-40W. 2 8-3 6 W. Italy, Europe Atlunt. Ocean, Europe France,. Europe Ocean, Africa 11-41 E. i7-4oW. 43-46N. 11-07 K. 39-34N. 30-5 iW< 4 5-0 1 N. 3-10 E. 10-09 S. 57-33 E. A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE. 975 E. bW. rK. W. E. E. Nameso/PIactJ, Provincts* 't. X Franconia, Francfort on the Muin, Fravvenburg, Fticgo lAe, Funchal, CountritH Germany, Ei\ro])e ^larter* J.at» D. M. Polinx Cupe Verd, Madeii-a, Fiirneaux I He, Pacific Fort St. David,Coronianilet, GA P, Duuphinc, Genes, Savoy, Geneva, Geneva, St. Georg.Ille, Azores, Genoa, Genoa, Gibraltar, Andaluiia, St. GeorgeTo.Bcnnudas, St.Georg. FortCoromaiidcl, Ghent, Flanders, Glafgow, Lancrkfliire, Goa, Malabar, Goat Ifle, Indian Goniera Ifle, Quiaries, GoodHope, T. Hottentots, Gorce, Atlantic Gottcnburg, Gothland, PriilTia, Europe Atlant. Ocean, Ati ica Atlant. Ocean, AlVi^ Ocean,:-rtt- 'lAHll • Eail India, Afia France, Europe Italy, Europe Switzerland, Europe Atlant. Ocean, Eunjpe Italy, li. I..': Europe Spain, Europe 54-J2N. I4-5'6N. 32.}7N. ij'X I S. I2-O^N. 44-33N. 44«i5N. 46-J2N. 38-39N. 4A.25N. ;j6-05N. Long* '1 D. M. 8-40 E. 20-12 £• i4-23W. 17-01 w, 1 43-0 1 w. 80-55 E. 6-09 E. 8-40 E. 6-05 E. 27.55W. 8-30 E. ?.17W. Gottengen, Granville, Gratiofa, Gratz, Gravelines, Gryphifwald, Guadaloupc, Gloucefter, Gombroon, Greenock, (ruam, GultbfBothniuCoart of — of Finland, between — of Venice, between •— oC Ormus, between — of Perlia, between — -ofCaliforniabctween — of St. LaWjCoaft of — of Mexico, Coaft of HAGUE, Holland, HainburgHolftein^ Hanover, Normandy, Azorej, Stiria, Fr. Flanders, Pomerania, Caribbean Gloucellerili. Farliftan. Renfrewfliire, Scotland, Lndronc Hies, Eaft India, Sweden, Atlant. Ocean,N.Amer.3i-45N. , 63-30W Eaft India, Alia 13-04N. "80-33 E. Netherlands, Europe 51-03N. 3-48 E. Scotland, Eu?bpc 5^-5iN. 4-10W. Eaft India, Afiu 15-31N. 73-50E. Ocean, Afia 13-55N. 1 20*07 E. Atlant. Ocean,Africa 28-05N. I7»03W, Caffres, Afiica 33-55 S. 18-28 E. Ocean, Africa 14-40N. i7-2oW. Sweden, 1 urope 57-42N. 11-43 E. (Germany, iiurope 51-3 iN. 9-58 E. France, Europe 48-50N. 1-32W. Atlant. Ocean, Europe 39.02N. 27-5 3W. Germany, Europe 47-04N. 15-29 £> Netherlands, Europe 50-59N. 2-13 E. Germany, Europe 54-04N. I3-43E. Sea, N.Amer. ij-jgN. 61-54W. England, £urope 51-05N. 2-16W. Perfia, Afia 27-30N. 74-20 K. 55-52N. 4-2 2 W, 14-ooN. 140-30 E. Baltic Sea. Baltic Sea. Mediterranean Sea. Indian Ocean. Indian Ocean. Jti. ; HuOings, Halifax, Ham I- AX, H:'nover, Havannah, SuHex, Yorklliirc, Nova Scotia, Sixonv, Cuba ■ Huvrc'JcGraccNoniiimdy, I.a llccfe, 1). Flarulersi iltll.-fpont, Med. &B1. Sea, Europe and Afia Europe Afia Europe Swed.&Ruifia.Europe Italy & Turk. Europe Perfia & Arub.Afia Perfia Si Arab. Afia Calif.&MexicoN.Amcr. Pacific Ocean. ^ t" New Scotlaod,N.Amcr.Atlantic Ocean* .'A, Mexico, N.Amer.Atlantic Ocean. Netherlands, Europe 52-04N. 4-22 E. Germany, Europe 53-34N. 9-55 K. England, Europe 5o-52N. 0-40 K. England, Europe 53-45N. i«52W« North . America 44-40N. 63-1 5 W. Gcinumy, ' Europe 52-33N. 9-35 E, llland,. •- ,; • N.Anicr.^5W| ! N. 3-.I3VV* France, ."Europe 49-:<;)N. i-ioE» Netherlansls* Europe 51-55N. 4-50 fi« Alia -'..•, •■ •. . ..,:,'r / l'!ii m •jj. ; : ;1i3,5l;lV.;^./ 976 :[. A N£W GEOGRAPHICAl. tAfeLE. I r Names of Placts, Provinces' Countries, garter* Lat. Longi D. M. D. U. Atlant. Ocean,AfrIca 15*55 S. 5-44W* St. H«lena, South Ja. Town, Hernofand, W. Bothnia, Hervey's Ifle, South Haerlet!?, Holland, Hereford. Herefordihire, Knjland, Hoai-N|fhaB, Kian-Nan, ("Ihina, LaiiogueCapeNormandy, Hood's Ifle, South HoogftratCB, Brabant, Howe's Ifle, South Huahine Ifle, South Hull, Yotkfliire, Hudfon*8 JBay,Coaft of 'tAkutflcoi, Siberia, J JaneiroRio, Jaffy, Moldavia, Java Head, Java Ifle, Jeddo, Japan Ifle, Jerufalttn, Paleftine, Immer Ifle, South IngoKladt, Bavaria, St. John's To.Antigua, Sweden, Europe Pacific Ocecn, Afia Netherlands, Europe Europe Ma Prince, Europe Pacnic Ocean'j Afia llether lands, Europe laciiic Ocexn, Afia Pacific Oceanj Afia Europe Englandj Labrador, Ruflia, Brafil, Turkey, Eafl India, Lafl India, Turkey, Pacific Ocean, Afii Germany, Eu/ope 62-38N. 17-58 E. 19-17S. 158-43W. 52-20N. 4-10 E. 52-06N. 2-38W. 33-34N. 1 18-54 E. 49-44N. 1-51W, 9-26 S. 1 3 8-47 W. 51-24N. 4-52 E, I6-46S. 154-01W. i6-44S. i5i-oiW, 53-45N. 0-12W. N.Amer. N. Atlantic Ocean. Afia 62-01 N. 129-52 E. S.Amer. 22-54 S. 42-38W. Europe 47-08N. 27-34 E. Afia Afia Afia bt. John's To.Antigua, Leeward Ifles>N.Amer-i7-04N. 8t. John's To.NewfoundlandNorth America 47-32N. iSt. Jofeph's, California, Irraname Ifle, South Mexico, Iflamabad, Ifle of Pines, Ispahan, Judda, Juthria, Invernefs, Tvica Ifle, Bengal, South Irac Agem, Pacific Ocean, Afia Eaft India, Afia Pacific Ocean, Afia 6-49 S. 106-55 E. 36-20N. 139-00 E. 31-55N. 35-35 E. 19-10 S. 169-51 E. 48-45N. 11-27 E. 62-04 E. 52-21W. N.Amer.23-o3N. 109-37W. 19-31 S. 22-20N. 22-38 S. 32-25N. 21-29N. 1 70-26 E. 91-50 E. 167-43 E. 52-55 E. 49-27 E. 14-18N. 100-55 ^* 57-13N. 38-50N. 4-0 2 W. 1-40 £. Perlia, Alia Arabia Felix, Arabia, Afia Siam, £:i(l India, Afia Invernef :' .;re,Scotland, Europe Mediterr. Sea, Italy, Europe Iflhmus of Suez joins Africa to Afia. ». of Corinth, joins the Morca to Greece, Europe. . of Panama, joins North and South America. « ■ of Malacca, joins Malacca to Farther India, Afia. Irifli Sea, between Great Britain and Ireland, Europe, Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean, Coafl: of India, Afia. KAmtfchat-Siberia, Ruflia, ka, Bengal, E?.ft India, Roxboroughf. Scotland, Afia 57-20N. 163-00 E. Kedgere, Kelfo, Kilmarnock, Kinfale, Kingston, Kiow, Kola, Airftiire, Munftcr, Jamaica, Ukraine, Lapland, Koniiigfljerg, Prxitfa, LAncafter, Lancafliire, LevantfcaCoaft of Laguna, Teneriffe, Landau, Alface, Scotland^ Ireland;, Weft India, Ruflia, Ruflia, Poland, England, Syria, Canarica, France, Afia Europe EurOj)C Europe America Europe Europe Europe Europe Afia 21-48N. 55-38N. 55-38N. 51-32N. 18-15N. 50-30N. 68-52N. 54-43N. 54-05 N. 88-55 E. 02-1 2W. 00-30W. 08-20W. 76-38W. 31-12 E. 2.'-35 E. 02-5- E. A.Oceiin28-28N. Europe 49-uN, Mediterranean lea. 16-13W. 08*02 £1 Name Land/ Laufai Leeds.^ Leicefl Leipfic Lepers Lcrflcarc Lefpari Leaden Leith, Lah or. Linlitho Lincoln, Lima, J-jege, vi Limoges', Lintz, Lifle, \ Lilboh, Lizar^ P, Louilburg Limerick, Litchfield, Lorettd,' - LoNDOtfj-, Londondej Louv'eau, Louvain, Lubec, Sf. Lucia I Lundfen, Luneville, xemburj yons, Acaol Mac far; adeira, . funchal adras, ADRID, »g:; Fieri. H^ndersNetherlahds, Lilbori, • '. Eftreniadura, Portugal, Lizars^ ?oint, Cornwall, . England, Louifburg, C. Breton Hle,North Limerick, Limerickfliire, Ireland, Litchfield, Staftbrdfliire, England, Lorctto, Pope's Tefrit. Italy, [LoNDO.KT, Middleiex, England, Londonderhy, Londonderi-y, Itelandv Louv'eau, Siairi, ' Eaft India, Louvain, Auftr. Brab'antNetherlands, Lubec, Holdcin^ . jGermariy, St. LucLa Ifle, Windwardllles Weft Indies, iLunde Ocean. [63-00 E« 88-55 E. 02-1 2W. oo-3oW« 08-20W. 76-38W. ji-12 E. 27-35 ii. 02'5; E. nean lea. 16-13W. oS-02 £• Gothland, LorralrJ, Luxemburg, Lybns,^ MAcao, Canton, Macaf- Celebes Ifle^ far, adeira. len, ILuneville, |Luxemburg, Lyons, 'Acao, Atlantic Funchal, ladras, Madrid, S\Veden, France, Netherlands, France, (Jhina, Eall India, Oceanj Coromrfndel, New Calille, garter. ■ L'at. D. M. Furope 55-52N. Europe 46-3 iN. Europe 5 3-48 N. Europe 52-38N. Europe 51-19N. Alia 15-23 S* Europe 50-26N. Europe 45-i8N. Europe 5Z-/0N. Europe Afia Europe Bvjrope 55*58N. 32-40N. S5-S6N* 53M5N, Aitiericjl i?-or S. Europe 50-3 7N. Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe 4C-49N. 41-16N. 5P-3^N. 38-42N. 49.5 7N. America 45-53N. Europe 52-35N; Europe Europe Europe Eifrdpt Afia Europe EuitJpe 52.43N. 43-15^' 51-31N. 50-ooN. 12-42N. 50-53N. 54-ooN. N.Amer. 13-24N. Europe 55-41 H» Eur<^ Europe Europe Afia Ai i 48-3SN. 49-37N. 45-45N. 2 2-12N. 05-69 S. I^OJtri- D. m: 12-51 £. 06-50 Ei oi-29Wi 01-03W. 12-25 ^* 168-03 Ei 04-36W. 0C-52W; 04.-32 E. 03-ooW; 75-30 E; qo-27W; 76-44W. 05-40 E, 01-20 E», >3-57E- 93:09 Ei 09-04W. 05-ioW. 59-48Wi 08-48WW oi-04Wi 1(4-15 E; ift Merid. 07-4oWi 100-56 E; 04.49 E. II 40 £. 60-46 W. 13-26 E. 06-35 E» 06-16 Ei^ 04-54 E. 113-51 E. 119.53 Ei Africa 32-37N. 17-oitV, I* lagdalfna Id. South ^ahon, Fdrt, Minorci (lajorcii, Ifld, falacca, Malacca, ttalines, Krabant, pllicola Illes,S6ufH Maloes, Bretagne,' paltalilc, ^ [anilla, Jan'tua; lariegalantft AtUntiC. lllle^ Eiift India, Spain, Pacific Ocean, Medjterr. fea, Mcditerr. fta, Fftft India, Nethe.-ands, Pacific Ocean, France, MediterraneanSoa;, LuconJa Phi- Eaft India, lip. Iflcs, ^ ttfantua, Italy, V^' - Qccjin, ■ Afia , Europe Afia Europe Europe Afia Europe Afia Europe Africa Afia 13-04N. 40-25N. 10-25 ^' 39-50N. 39-35^- 02-12N. 51-oiN.' i6-icN. 4H-38N. 35-54l"^"- 14-36N, Europe 45«2oN". Si Aincr-i5-55Nj 1 20*5 8 EJ 10-47 Ei X/'l. r ■a^ ■i^- 80-33 E' 1 03-20 E. * 13 8-44 W% '" 03-53 E. ' 02-34 Ei 102-IoE. 04-33 E: 167.44 Ei 01-56VV,' 14-33 E* 1 -.ms \ — i* >: 97^ A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL TA^LE. , Netmes ef Plans. PrtwiHcts, CojUflrUs* . ^jtartfr. ^ai, Z""?* > l>. M. D. ivr. Maffeilles, Provence, France, , >Europc 43-17N, ,95-27 K, St. Mtnha, St. Martha, Tefra Firwia, 4^cric?i iir7,6N. 75-5yW. Sf.M;irtin'slflc,CeTtbbean.lfl. Weft India, America 18-04N. lSi-57W. Miu'tinico Iile,Canbbenn Ifl. Weft l!q4in, America 14-44N. 6 1-05 W, fit.Mafy'slflejScJIly Ifles, Atlantic OceanEurope 49-57 Nf. ^6-38'T. St. Mary's To.Azores, ,. fiM Atlantic OcearjEu rope 3'6-^6N. ...z'j- iW, Maflcelyne Ifles, South Pacific Occiui, Afia 1 6-3)2 S.' 168-04 E. Mauritius, Indian Ocean, Africk 20-09 S. 57*34^' Mai.rua Ifle, South Pacific Occpn, Afia ,16-258. 152-37 E. Lower Rhtne,Germany, Europe 49-54N. 08-25 E, Gape Verd, AtlantJcOccanAfrica 15-10N. 23-ooW. Mfiycnce, Mayo Iflc, Me a MX, Medina, Chumpajjne, France, Arabia Felix, Arabia, Mecca^^v ♦^^ Arabia Felix, Arabia, Medftefp. feii,' •hfetweem Eufo^e ai^ Mequinez, . Fc-/„ Barbary, Messina, Sicily Ifland, Italy,, INIerguj, Siam, Eaft India, Mexico, Mexico, North MiMbrdHftven.Pembrokcfli. Wales, Mitea Iflcs, South St.-Michael's Azores Iflc, ]VXiddleburgI{].S()uth Eiirop* Afia A'fia Africa Africa Europe Alia 4-8-5 7 N. ac-coN., Milan, Mocha, MrtPENA, ;^Jk>ntrcal, Montpelier, Montroi>, Milanefe, Italy, Arabia Felix, Arabia, Modena, Italy, Canada, North Lang-uedoc, France, 02.57 E. 39-33 E. 2i-45N. 41-00 E. Atlunric Ocean. .34-30N. 06-00 E. 38-30N. 15-40 E. 12-12N. 98-13 E. America 19-54N. 100-ooW. Europe 51-43N. 05-15^', I Pacific Ocean, Afia 17-52 S. 48-oiW. Atlantiq Ocean Europe 3.^.-;?N-.'' Europe jtj-'^fiN'/* Europe 3'-^ j'^'^' Afia 35-',oN'. Terra Fif ma, 8. Amer. ob-.|;N. Pacific Ocean, Afia ^5'33 S. Atlar tic Ocean, xAfrica 28-36N. ■P.icific Ocean, Alia. j8-oo S. Pacifir Ocean, Afia 16-30 S. Europe 48-50N. N.Atl.Ocean, Europe 6--35N. Italy, Europe 44-45 N. Eall India, Afia France, Europe Indian Ocean, Africa Ea;ft India, China, W. India, England, 25-45N. 4S-'SN' 37-51 S. Afia 17-coN. Afia 39-54N. N.Amer.i4-44N. Europe 51-45N. Europe 50-08 N, America 3C-22N- jiurope 45-1 1 N, D. 4. 26-02 E. •■oj-o6W« 00-5 5 W. J I -I 2 £. 16-45 E* ».39/,9iW. i'oi'-ioW. . 22-00 E* ' 3f;-»odVv, I38-40W. S5-t4.E. 01-59 E. 89-S3W. r6-i9W. 57''oo te* ' S8^37 E. oc-05 E« ,143-01 E. ©•J -00 E. •OflQW, KJOfilt' '■■ ; if-6r> E- '3-43 ?• ■ 39-0^ E. '■ f6-j5W. IT-45W. 1 62- 5 2 W. 163-3 ^ E* 2-7 E* ., 05W. 10-51 E. 83-^00 E* 0.04W. 7''S3E. 97-00 E* 116-29 E. 61-16VV. 4-50W* 6-coW. 87-zoW, 0-48 ^. ^p (jto A I^EW GECXjRAPklCAL tA^Lfe. Ifamescf Places. Provinces. Countries, garter Perinaldi, Genoa,, ', Perth, Perthflilrc, Perth-amboy, New Ylirk, St.Pcter;3iac,North Perfepolis, Irac Agehn, Pctropawlofl6oi,Kamtlchatka, Ruflia, Petersburg, Ingna, Ruffia, Lat. D. M. Europe 43-5 3 N Long. D. M. Italy, Europe 43-5 3N. 7-45 E. Scotland, Europe j6-2z>f. 3-12W. North America 40-30N. 74-20W. Atlant. Ocean, America 46-46N. 56-12W. Pcrfia, •■•. ><-'Aiia 30-30N.' 54-00 E. Afia 53-oiNi 158-40 E. tuiopc 59-56N. 30-24 E. Philadelphia, Peanfylvania, North America 39-56N. 7 5-09 W. St. Philip's Minorca, Mediterr. Sea, Europe 39-50N. 3-53 E. , Forr, PickeifijillIile,South Z^,,. ^^ Atlant. Ocean America 54-42 S. 36-53W, Pito, Azores, i^tlant. Ocean, Europe 38-28N. 28-21 W. Pines, Ifle of, N. Caledonia, Pacific Oce^, Afia 22-38 S. 167-43 E. Pifa, Tufcany, Italy^ Placentia, NewfoundlandNorth . iiie, t)evonfhire, England, New EnglandjNorth Europe 43-43N. 10-17 E. America 47-26N. 5$-oo\V. Suabiu, Coromapdel^ Lapland, Terra Firina, Madeira^ Jamaica, Martinico, liampfhire. Germany, Eafl India, Ruffia, South Atlant. Ocean,Africa Weft India, Weft India, England, England, ^e\c England, North Pacific Ocean, Afia Atlant; Ocean, Eu rope Europe Plymouthj. Plymouth, Pollingcn, . Pondicherry Ponoi, Porto Bello, Porto Santo Hie, Port %Ay2i\i Port Royjil, Portfmouth Town, J— Academy, Hanjpfhire, Portfinouth, New J' Portland life, Spiith Portland Ifle, North Prague, Eoheijiiia, PrinceofWalcsNewN .Wales, ^orth ■, ••,^Fort,. \, . ;,~ . /\ ■■ 1*otofi, Peru, South Providence, New England, NV-rth Prellori, Lancafliire, Ensfland, Freiburg, Upper Hungary, "ulo Ciiudor Indian Ocean^ Eaft Indies, Ifle, Pulo Timor Gulfof Siam, Ehu India, Ifle, Pyleltaart ifls.South QUcbec, Caivada, St. Quin-Picaidy, tin, Quito, Peru, Queen Char- SouiH lotte's Hies, RAmhead, Cornwall, Ragul'a, Dalmatia, RatKbou, Bavaria, Europe 50-22N. America 41-48N. Europe 47-48N. Afia Europe America 11-41N. 67-06N. •9-33N. 32-5 iN. America 18-00N. America 14-35N. Europe 50-47N. Europe America 50-48N. 53-ioN. 39-2S S. 63-22N. 50-04N. America ^8-47N. America 21-00 S. America 4i'-5oN.- Europe 53-45N. 48-20N. Eutopc Afia Afia ' 4-10W. 70-25W, 10-48. E. 79-57.E. 30-28 E. 79-45W. i6-2o\V, 76-40W, 6 1 -04 W. oi-oiVV, ci-oiW. 70-20W. 178-17 K- 18-49W. 14-50 E' 94-.02W. 7 7-00 W. 71-21W. 2-50W. 17-30W. 2^-4oN. 107-25 £. 3-roN. 104-30 E. Pacific Ocean, Afia 22-23 S. 175-26W. Non America 46-55N. 69-48\V. France, Europe 49-50N. 3-^2 E. South America 0-13 S. 77-50 W. Pacific Ocean, Afia lo-ii S. 164-35 E. England, Europe 50-1 8N. Venice, Europ6 42-4^'N. Geiiuany, Europe 48-36 N", 4-.5\V. 18-25 r i;-o5 K. .^ii. ri •„ 1 A NEW PEOGRAPHICAL TABLE. 9^^ Kames^PIaces. Provinces, Countries* garter, Lat. D. M. France, Europe 46-1 4N. South America 8-10 S. France, Europe 48-06N. Re Ifle, Aunis, Recif, Brafil, I?Lennes, Bretagne, Rcfolution Ifle,South Rheims, Rhodes, Long. D. M. 1-30W, 35-30W. 1-36W, Champagne, France, Rhodes liland, Levant fea, ^'S^» ^Livonia,' 'Ruflia, Rimini, "Romagria» Italy, ' Rochellc, Aunis, France, Rochfort, Saintonge, France, Rock of Lif- Mouth of Ta-Portugal, bon,' gus river, Rodez, Guienne, France, Rodrigucs I{le,Sf>uth Indian Ocean, Africa Rome, (St. Pope's Teiri- Italy, Europe Peter's) lory, Rotterdam Holland, Rotterdamlflc, South Rouen, Normandy, ST. Auguf-Eaft Florida, tin. Pacific Ocean, Afia 17-23 S. 141-40W Europe 4Q-14N. 4-07 E. Afia 36-20N. 28-00 E. Europe 56-5 5N. 24-OQ E. Europe 44-03N. 12-39 E. Europe 46-09N. i-04W. Europe 46-02N. 0-5 3 W. Europe 38-4SN. 9-30W. Europe 44-2 1 N. io-4oN. 41-S3N. 2-3Qi.. t|-34 E. NetherlaiKJs, Europe Pacific Ocean, Afia France, North 51-56N. i^-:|5 E. .20.16N. 174-24W. if Europe '4g-26N. America 29-45 N. — Domingo, — Jago, -^ Salvador, Saba Ifle, Sagan, Sal! pe. Salodfchi, Carlb. fea. Chili, Brafil, Carib. fea, Silefia, North '■ Macedonia, Salvage Ifles, North Samana, ' Hifpaniola, Samarcand, Ufbec 8allft)ury, Wilt Ih ire, Santa Cruz, Teneriffe, Sandwich Ifle, South Santa Fe, Netv Mexico,- North Savannah, Georgia, North Anienca Europe Weft India, South South Weft India, Germany, Atlant. Ocean, Africa Turkey, Europe Atlant. Oce{^t^j|ftica Weft India, "America Tartary, Afia England, Europe Atlant. Ocean, Africa Pacific Ocean, Afia America 18-20N. Amedca 34-OQ S. America 11-58 S. 17-39N. 51-42N. 16-38N. 40-41^. 30-ooN. ig-i^N. 4C-40N. 69-00 E. 51-00N. 1-45W, 28-27N. t6-uW. 17-41 S. 168-38 E. America 36-ooN. 105-00W. America 31-55N. 80-20 W. i-a©W. 8,1-1 2W. 70-opW. 77-OoW. 38-ooW. 63-i2W< 15-27 E. 22-5 iW." 23-13 E> 15.49W;; 69.1 iw; '?■■ 19-02 S. 169-25W, 27-ooN. 3'^-2oE. 32-40N. 38-00 E, Atlantic Ocean. Saunders'bI{\e,SouthGeorgia,S. Atlantic S. Ame- 58-00 S. 26-53W ' Ocean, rica Savage Ifle, South Pacific Ocean, Afia Sayd, or Upper ' Egypt, Africa Thebes, Samaria Ruins^Holy Landj Turkey, Afia St. George's "tetween ' England and Earopp Channel, Ireland, Scarborough, Yorkfliire, England, Scone, Perthftiire, Scotland, Schwezingen, Lower Rhine^ Germany, Sea of Atoph, Little Tartary, Europe and — Marmora, Turkey in Europe aiid — Ochotflc, — ■ - - Europe 54-iSN. Europe 56-24.N. K LI rope 4Q-23N. Afia ■' o-ioW. 3-ioW. 8-45E. Alia Black Sea between Sibefia&Kamptfchatka,Afia,K.l^icif. Ocean. •— Yellow, betw. Eaftern Tnrtaryi Chlha, and Coreii,N.Pacif. Ocean. Sedan, Qhampagne, France, ' Europe 49-44N. 5-02 E, Senegal, ' " Ncgrotend, Africa 15-53N'. 16-26W, 3 1^3 ^tt A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE. ^a>u'/so/P laces. Provinces, ^hqihevd's i8outjl|i '■';,". Iiies, 'a. *, ^.' ;.,.■ Slam, biatn, Si-ghamfu, , Cheofi, , . Siideron, Daiipliiny, fjhrewfbury, Sb'opflnre, Shields(Sout^)Durham, „• Sheernefs, Kent, *,; , Seville,.., . ;. Aiidalufia, Stdon, " Holy Land, Smyrna, Natolia, S>'5uthamptonj Hainpitiire, Sojnbavt^'a Carib. Sea, SoolO 1110, t?ouna, • , Countries. ^tarter. Lat, Long, JD. M. D. M. 16-58 S. i6iJ-47E. .Pacific Ocean, Afia ^paft Jndia, \{ China, Frnnce, England, EugLnd, England, Spain, Turkey, Turkey, Enpland, Wefi India, fia ' Alia Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Afia Alia Europe iVriSN. 100-155 E. 34-i6fl. 108-48 E. 44-iiN. 52-43N. 55-02N. J7-15N. 33-33N. 3 8-2 8 N. 50-5 qN. N, Ame.i8-j8N. rica 6-01 W. 2-t6W. 1-15 E. 0-50 E, 6-05 W. 36-15 E. 27-24 E. 1-25W. 63-32W. Philip, incs, Liege, between Afia Europe, Stafford, Stirling, Stralfund, Strafijurgh,- Sraftbrdfliire, Stiilinglhirc, Ponierania, Alfacc, Europe Europe Europe Europe 48-34N. 5-57N. izi 20 E. 0-30N. S"4° E« 2-ooW. 3.50W, 13-22 E. 7-46 E, 18-08 E. 52.50N. 56-ioN. 54.23N. Eaft India, Gerniany, Denmark and Eyro[Je Baltic Sea. Sweden England, Scotland, Germany, Frnnce, Stockholm, Upland,,; .^Sweden, 4<.|i_ t-Europe 59-20N. Straits of Dover, bcnveen Enijland and France, Englim Channel. Straits of Gibraltar, between Europe and Af'ica, Blediterrancan Sea. Srraits of B.ibelniandcl, between Africa antl Afia, Red Sea. b Straits of Ormu?, between Per ha and Arabia, Perlian Gulf, Straits of Ma lace 1, betW|Ctn jSIalacca and Sumatra, Afia, Indian Ocean. Straits of Magellan, between Terra del Fuego, and Patagonia, South America. $tr;iits of Le Maire, id Patagonia, South Amcricij, Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. ,■•-*•; »:. Straits of \Vaigats, between Nova Zembla and Rxiffia, Afia. Straits of Suiida, bt-tween Suniatra and Java, Indian Ocean, Afia, btraun>nefs. Iceland, y ■«?►.■ '. I '«».■.'*' Mr' - - ' Surf, Durham, Siirin;iin; Lorrain, puzerar, Sicily I lie, Suez, Sunderland, Surinam. SultZj Surat, ■ .i--^. - Svfacufe, ^v>lc Jllaud, Tnnna, Tanjour, Tauris, T aoukaa Ifle, South Tetnontcngis, Soloo, Tcncrift'c Peak.Canarief , Tercera, Azores, 1^. Atlanfic Ocean, Egypt, England| South ' France, Eart India, Europe 65-39N. 24-24W. Africa Europe America Europe Alia Europe 29-50N. 54-5sN. 6-ooN. 47-53N. 21-ioN. 36.58N. 15-38 p. 33.27 E. iTioW., 5$.3oW.| 7-09W. 72-27 E. , 5-05 E.| 1^7-12 E.| Laly, TA'>lc New HtbrideSjiSouth Pacific 4''^ Illaud, ' Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Afia Eaft India, Afia Pcrfia, Afia pacific Ocean, Alia Eaft India, Alia Atlant. Ocean, ^f'ica Atlanr. Ocean, Europe S,t. Thomas'? Virgjn Illcs,, Wc4 ludia, America fS-ifN. (^%'S^\ jne, South Tanjour, Adcrbeifjan, 19-32 S. 169-46 E.j 1 1-27N. 79--7 E.j 38-20N. 46-30 E,| 14-30 S. i45-o4\V,| 5-57N. 120-58 E.r 2S-12N. 16-24W.I 38-4SN. 27-01 WJ Names »J Timor, I Poinc, Timorla 8. Pol Thorn, Teruan,^ Teflis, Toboldii Tom/k, Toulon,; Toledo, Tonga T Ifle, Trapefon Trent, Troy Rui Tornea, Tripoli, Tripoli, Tuni.s, ' Turin, Turtle Ifli Tyrnaw;, ULietei Upfa Uraniberg Ufhanr Iflj Utrecht, Venice, Vera Cru2 Verona, Verfailles,! Vienna (f Vintimigll Virgin g\ w% Wakefield r Pr. of Fort, Ward h us, I Warfaw, Weftman WhitfuntiJ Ifie, Warwick, I WaterfordI Whitehavd Williamfl)] Wells, Wiiivhcllel A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE. 983 Names »f Places, frozincej. Countries, Quarter. Timor, 9. W ../^•:> ' Eafl India, A^a Point, ' r Timorland, •V'..'. ': t''- Eaft India^ AHa S. Point, '■I ,- „ . ,_ •■ Thorn, ^ ' Regal Pruffia , Poland, Europe Tetuan,^ Fez, Barbary, Africa Teflis, Georgia, Siberia, Perfia, Afia ToboKki, Riilfia, Affa Tom/k, Siberia, Ruffia, Ana Toulon, Provence, France, Europe Toledo, New Caftile, Spain, Europe Toncra Tabu South, P^icific Ocean, Afia Ille, Trapefond, Natolia, Turkey, Afia Trent, Trent, Germany, Enrope Troy Ruins, Natolia, Turkey,' Afia Tornca, Bothnia, Sweden, Europe Tripoli, Tripoli Barbary, Africa Tripoli, 'Syria, Turkey, Afia Tunis, Tunis, Barbary, Afiita Turin, , Piedmont, Italy, Europe Tyre, ' Palertine, Turkey, Alia Turtle Ifle, South Pacific Ocear,'\ria Tyrnaw, Trentfchin,. Hungary, Europe T TLietea, U Upfal, South Pacific Ocean , Afia Upland, Sweden, Europe Uraiiiberg, Huen Ifle, Denmark, Europe Uihant Ifle, Bretagne, France, Europe Utrecht, Holland, Netherlands, Europe Ven ice. Mexico, Veronefe, Italy. North Italy, Venice, Vera Cruz, Verona, Verfailles, Vienna (Ob.)Auftria, Vigo, Galicia, Vintimiglia, Genoa, Virgin Gorda, Virgin Ifles, WUitz- Franconia, burg, Wakefield, Yorkfliire, Pr. of Wales New N.Wales North Fort, Ward h us, Norwegian Lapland, Warfaw, MalTovia, Weltman Ifles.North Whitfuntide South Ifle, Warwick, Warwickfliire, England, Waterford, Munfler, Ireland, Whitehaven, Cumberland, Enuhmd, Williamfljurg, Virj^inia, North Wells, Somer/eiflnre, England, Wmvhefter, H;iii'pn:irc, England, i R 4 Ifle of France,France, Germany, Spain, Italy, Well India, Germany, England, North Lapland Poland, Europe America Eurojie Europe Europe Europe Europe •America Europe Europe America Europe Europe Lat, D. M. 10-23 S. grI5 S. 52-56N. 35-40N. 4<-3oN. 58-taN. $6 39^. 43-07N. 39-50N. 21-09 ^' 41-50N. 46-05M. 39-30N. 65-50N. 32-53N. 34-30N. 36-47N. 45-05M. 32-3aN. 19-48 S. 48-23N. 16-45 ^• S9-S1N. 55-54^. 48-28N. 52-07N. 45-a6N. 19-12N. 45-26N. 48-48N. 48-12N. 42-14N. 43-53N. liS-ioN. 49-4t}N. Long, '■• D. M. 124-.04 fi. .V 131-59 Bi »■ t/ . 1 9-00 W. ,7 S-.8W. - 47-00 E. 68-J7 E. 85 04 E. 6,01 E. 3-25 E. 174-41W. 40-30 E. I 1-02 E, 26-30 E. 24-17 13-12 10-00 E. 7-45 E- 36-00- E. l'?«-02W. 17-38 E. 15 1-26 W, 17-47 E. 12-57 E. 4-S9W. 5-00 li. 11-59 E. 97-25W. 11-23 E. 2-12 E. 16-22 E. 8-2 3 W. 7-42 E. 63.59 W. ic-i8 E, E. E. E. Atlant. Ocer.n.E.irope pacific Ocean, Aiia Eutojie Europe Europe America Euroj)e Europe 5 3-41 N. 1-28W. ij8-47N. 94-02 W. 70-22N. 31-11 E, ir2-i4N. 2 1-0; E, 63-20N. 20-22W. 15-44. 3, I6^-25 E. 52-18N. 5\!-i.?N. S+-38N. 57-izN. 5I-12N. ii-o6N. 1.3 2W, 7-16W. 3.36W. 7i6-48W. 2-40W. pi ' I m If ft: 9S4. . A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE, . J^amesof Places, P^fcvinces, Countries, garter. Lat, ^ Long, D. M. D. M. Worms, Lower Rhine, Germany, Europe 49-38N. 8-05 E. Worcefler, Worcefterfliire,England, Europe 52-09N. 1-55W. Willes's Ifles, South Georgia, Atlant. Qcefin, America 54-00 S. 38-24W. .Wilna, Lithuania, Poland, Europe 54-4JN. 35-32 E. Wittcnburg, Upper Saxony, Germany, flurope 51-49N. i2-46E, Wolo^da, Wologda, Ruflia, Europe 59-19N. 41-50 E. Woflak, Roffia, Europe 61-15N. 42-20 E. "^CTArmoutbiNorfolk, England, Europe 52-45N. 1-48 E. T York, Yprkfljire, England, Europe 53-59N. i-oiW. Ifwminfter, Terra del- Fu-South America 55-26N. 70-03W, ego, preenwich Obferv. Kent, England, Europe, 5i"» 28' 40" N. 0' ^' 37"^ £. of St. Paul's, London. ' < .3 ,, ..f, . , ■ I ■ ■ ■•»•■/■ ■ .•',•,'■ i • ....... Jf''.:-.''. '■^.rim^: ■;>iVi V,-', .; „.v •.^■l>^-' ^' .■,- . ■ . . ,;,4''. Mo T|,e„ of t oft] ';:V , r EUR Which of t\ ihewi tions each cordij of Lo By rea the Vain * Thi made ufi not in bei ■' Bii a Poun ^' All fra = Th Not( ni . . • ^ M a I o IS 2 2 4 6 12 S 20 11- ' ■ ».• ,#■■ n •» =rr— « ■^y .T^Vil * ^ MODERN UNIVERSAL TABLE, Tjic moft Copious and Authentic that ever w.^a publiflivd, of the prefent State of the Real and iMAGii^Aay Monies of the World, '.^^t**-^^?*. r^' \ ::^':,^-i..: .,...'■■ ■^i;*>' ' ''W:\''i Divided into four Parts, viz. EUROPE, ASIA, AFRICA, and AMERICA^ Which are fubdivided into fifty-five Parts, containing the Nan»t8 of the mofl: capital places, the Species whereof are inferted, ihewing how the Monies are reckoned by the refpe£tive Na- tions; and the Figures (landing againd the Denomination of each foreign Piece give the Englifh intrinfic Value thereof, ac~ ^ cording to the befl AiTay^ made at the Mint of tjie Tower •. pfLoNDqjjT. - EXPLANATION^ . .:<>^^>"-. ..' * t By real IV^Qney is underftood an efFeftive Specie, reprefenting in itfclf the Value denominated thereby, as a Guinea, &e. * This Mark is prefixed to the imaginary Money, which is generalty made ufe of in keeping Accounts, fignifying a fiftitious Piece which is not in being, or which cannot be reprefeuted but by feveral other PidfiC^ ks a Pound Sterling, &c. » '.^'■■^•■"■''^■^ ■■!"..^_ ■'■ All fractions in the Value Englilh are partsof a Penny,' ■ ,,,y >, • "^ == This Mark fignifies, is, make, or equal to. ^!'>a i,. Note, for all the Spanifh, Portugucfe, Dutch, and Danifh Domi- nions, either on the Continent, or in the Wefl Indies, fee the ' Monies of the refpeftive Nations. ,•.>■■ ENGLAND and SCOTLAND. S o t London, Brljlol, Liverpool, (sfc* Edinhurghf Glafgovj^ Aberdeen^ islc. i->. A Farthing 2 Farthings 2 Halfpence 4 Pence '" 6 Peiice 12 Pence 5 Shillings 20 Shillings 2 1 Shillings ^ a Halfpenny — a Penny ~ a Groat -^ a Half Shilling — a Shilling — » a Crown ?T a * Pound Sterling -r- a Gu^^ca — ■-'i. £• s. J. •'« o o oi o o ci ■» o o f'-' ■y>r ' o o 4 • o o 6 ^ o I o o 5 o 1 o o 1 1 o '"'i. • ¥.. ' ••»'. ■'. 1- *;, ■' ■ % 1 M, l*t ^U A MODERN UNIVERSAL TABLE, :v i \ i i A Farthings a Farri>ing!» 2 Halfpence 6i Pence , . 12 Pence 13 Pence 65 Pence ao Shillings 22^ Sbilliiigs Dubliny^Cotk, Zondoadtrrjf Ufc* '«kt- M^"^ ^ii U\ ft Halfpenny — * a Penny — a Hah Shilling • *a Shilling Irilli a Shilling — a Crown — * a Ptxund li-ifli a Guinea — 1 £• o o o o o o li 1 I o -,1 041 6 o ,1 II o ? i o f -t;^":";:^ LANDERS and BRABA \^;{)- -'> Ghent, OJIend, i^f. Antwerp, Brujjils, * A Pcning^ I o ;^ ' 4 peningen* 8 Peningenft 2 G rotes 6 Petardf 7 Petards ^■ 40 'G rotes 17^ Scalins 240 G rotes mm 4 .,-^ ,^ an Urchc * a G rote a Petard * a Scaliu _a^calin * a Florin a Ducat * a Pound Flcm. NT. o o d o o o o o o yh, o o o <; 6 6 3 o <> -jnr 9 T HOLLAND AND Z E A L A N Dj jimjierdam^ Rotterdam, MiddUburg, Flu/hlng, tsfc. * Pcntng 8 Peningensn. 2 G rotes 6 Stivers 20 Stivers zzz z Florins 10 Stivers r: 60 Slivers =: 3 Florins 3 Stivers = 6 Guilders 20 Florins 15 Florins • a'Grotc — ' a Snvcr — a Scalin -— n Guilder — » a Rix-doUar — a Dry Guilder — a Silver Ducatoon S3 * a I'ound Flem. o o o o o o o a o o o o o I 4 5 1 10 a Gold Ducat,x)r Du- catoon a Ducatoon,another fort, called a Sovereign i 2 ( t Tar ri 4 — 1 16 o 7 o C E — * HAMBURG, Jltcnoy Lubec, Brement ^c. 000 a Sexling — 000 a Fenning — o 00 a Shilling Lu^. 000^ * a Marc — ? o 16 a Stletch-dollj^r ,,.03 o a Rix-d()llar —046 . a Silver ducatoon 060 * a Pound Fiem, on 5 * A Try ling 2 Trviings 2 Scxlings i-2-Fenings r6 Shillings 3 ■ Marcs 3 Marcs 4 Marcs ISO Shillings Tinr . ) < o <. A MODERN UNIVERSAL TABLE. 987 6 o ,J I o ? i o o -2 it 9 2 T O T^ o -,^- o o <; 6 6 3 o ). sfc. a I I IS i 6 9 o 6 A. 6 9 >■ ^ i . o o o o , l' '.3. 4 6 TVT Ti t4 1 6 ot 6 ./ } u o O »i4 vr >< < s M o ft A r: OVER, lu * A Fcnlng a Fenings 8 Feulngs 12 Fenings 8 Groflien 16 Grofhen 24. Grofhcn 32 Groflien 4 Guldens untnburgf Zell, isfc, £, u o o a Dreycr — o o a Marien — o o a Grolh — o o u Half Gulden o I a Gulden — o i * a Rix-dollar ■ o 3 a Double Gulden o 4 a Ducat —09 J, o o I I a i 8 3AXONY AND HOLSTEIN* Drefderit Leipjic^ life. f'Fifmar, Keily Isfc, — — - o o a Fcning — a Drcyer — a Maiien — a Grofli a Gould — • An Heller 2 Hollers ' Hellers 16 Hellers [2 Fenings 16 Grudiya 24 Groflien j2 Groflien 4 Goulds IBS' ,i"^' *a Rix dollar — a Specie Dollar a Ducat — 6 o o o o o o o o o o 2 3 4 9 o o o 1 1 4 6 8 4 BRANDENBURG and POMERANIA. Birliny Pot/dam^ isle, Stetirty (^c. * A Denier xs 000 zz a Polchen — 000 =s a Grofli -.000 = an Abrafg — 000 = * a Marc — 009 = a Florin — 012 =3 * a Rlx-dollir -~ o 3 6 = an Albertus —042 s= a Ducat — 094 9 Deniers 18 Doniers 3 Polchenj 20 Groflien 30 Groflien 90 Groflien 108 Groflien 8 Florins I 1 C O L O G N, Meniz, Triers, L'tege^ Adunich, Munjier, Paderborn, i^c. A Dute 3 Dates 2 Cruitzers 8 Dutes 3 Stivers 4 Plaperta .1^ 40 Stivers 2 Guilders ""] 4 Guilders •1W-. — — ■ a Cruitzer — an Alb — a Stiver — a Plapcrt — 2 8 Copftuck — 8 a Guilder — 2 4 a Hard Dollar 0- 4 8 a Ducat — 9 4 2 I ■ii I T tl 1-1 ■ ■ tl :'•■»■ i{ s. y ,• ■■.> fi$ A MODERN UNIVERSAL TABLa fBOHEMIA, SILESIA, and HUNGARY. Prague, Brejlau, Prefiurgh, t^c. ... ..^ t . ■ ■ i' , . ,■ - ■^. • .■ ^ N I C ft; M i' -A A Fenlnff ' 2 Fcnings 3 Fining* 4 Fenlngs 2 Cruitzers 6o Cruitzers ^o Cruitzers "2 Goulds 4 Gdulds w 1. <^ o o a Gould — > 024 a Rix-dollar — o 3 f> a Hard Dollar 048 a Diicat *» 094 -.5 4t ¥ AUSTRIA tenna^ Triejlci i^c, A Fcning rs .^ > 2 Fenings =s 4 Feninga r= 1 .^ Fenings = rl / , 4 Cruitzers xs 15 Butzen r= 90 Cruitzers = * 2 Florins =: 60 Batzen =: AND S W A B I A. Augjhurg^ Blenheim^ l^e, — — 000 o o o I a Prefer a Cruitzer a Oro(h a Batzeii — o a Gpuld — o a Rut-dollar — o a Sjwcie-dollar o a Ducat — o o o o o 2 3 4 9 7. 7 TT FRANCONIA, Framkfort, J^Mf^mburg-t Dcttingen, iffc. A Fening 4 Fenings 3 Cruitzers 4 Cruitzers 15 Cruitzei's 60 Cruitzers go Cruitzers 2 Goulds 240 Cruitzers a Cruitzer — o a Keyfer Grofh o a Batzen — o an Ort Gold o a -Gould — o • a Rix-dollar — o a Hard Dollar o a Ducut — . o o o o o 2 3 4 9 o o I I 7 4 6 8 4 7 IS ^ POLAND AND PRUSSIA. Cracow, PVarfaw, i^c Dantzie^ Koninglbag, is'e, A Shelon = — — 3 Sh felons = ; a Grofli • 5 Groflieft r= a Couftic =±i a Tinfe = ;? ^ an Ort . r= "a Florin ' = * a Rix-dollar dt -^ :• a Ducat ^ — = * ' ' ** a Frederic d'Or— -' ^ Couftics 1 8 Grollien 30 Groihen go Groflien 8 Florins 5 Rix-doUars 0 r ■ o R o J. o o o o a 6 2 O if If RUSSIA AND MUSCOVY. Peferjfburgt Jrchangelf tfff.- Afofcow, t£fc. A Polufca = — — 2 Polufcas = a Denufca — 2 Denufcas = * a Copec — '" 3 Copecs 3= an Akin —* 16 Copecs =: a Grievener — 45 Cot)ecs == a Polpotin — 50 Copecs = IX Poltin — 100 Copecs = a Ruble — 2 Rubles =s « Xervonita — . o,?5 Ot^ 4J b ' i4 5 f I I i 2 3, . ■ 4 6 >':v 9 *"^^ ■ DENMARK, ZEALAND, and NORWAY. Copenhagen^ Sound, iffc. Bergen, JDrantheim, liTc. ' r ASkUliBg . = T< !' 6 SkiiUngs *■ =3 a Duggcn — 3 i :> i6Skjlling8 =: * a Marc — - 9 .r 1 20 Skjllings = a Rix-marc — It 4 24 Skiliinjjs ;3: a Rix-ort -^ I i si 4 Marcs * '?Sr' a Crown — ' 3 6 Mai-cs ^ as a Rix-dollar — 4 6 u , 1 II Marcs " ai a Ducat — 8 J. 1 '■i 14 Marcs ^ rti a Hat Ducat — 10 6 f^. . SWEDEN [ AND LAPLAND. :i..^ 'v' iVo£i(6o/»J, Ujfa/i i^c. Thorn,, i^c, . k <■'*■. ,:'t .■.*<-. i V^tjw;'^!^ ■- $9^ A MODERN UNIVERSAL TABLE. * ^^ . s =< o CO O PS P BASIL. Zvr;r/&, ^ug, ^c. A Rap 3 Rapen 4 Fenings 12 Fcninga 15 Fcnings 18 Fenings 20 Sols 66 Cruitzera 108 Cruitfi^er^ 1-4 - £' s. /?. A Jening »• .0 z Cruitzer _. *aSol ._ I a Coarfe Batzen _^ 1 a Good Batzen -_ 6 2 • a Livre _ 2 6 a Gulden _— 2 6 9. Rix-dollar — ..:^; 4 6 r 1 T 1 T I 1- 1- 1. , i vV V ., -^i. St, G all, Jppcnxelf iic. An Heller 2 Hellers 4 Fenings 1 2 Fenings 4 Cruitzcrs 5 Cruitzcrs 20 S»!s 60 Cruitzcrs 102 Cruitzcrs a T^cning a Cruitzer *»Sol a Coarfe Batzen a Good Batzen • a Livre a Gould a Rix-doUai o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 2 2 4 o o I 2 2 6 6 3 ■g T T f ■ar 1 ••' '- '■'^■' BERN. Lucemci Neufchatelt t^c. A Denier =: 4 Deniers = 3 Cruitzcrs =3 4 Cruitzcrs = 5 Cruitzcrs =: 6 Cruitzcrs = 20 SdIs = 7^ Cruitzcrs =: ,3 J Cruitzcrs = ■ / , rt\ lll-> '.jv^asv — — k4. . •- T* a Cruitzer m^ 4 *aSol — P ! ^ a Plapcrt «t«*' I i a Gros » .— vo 2 a Batzen 2 If * a Livre " J^ „'^ •— i :? a Gulden .j'fci ... 0- .-Z 6 a Crowft :6' ;'♦ 6 G E N E V A. Pcka)/^JBoHHfy esV. A Denier — . . ^ 2 Dcniera = a Denier current ..^ 1 2 Deniers = a Small Sol — 12 Deniers current =: a Sol current — 12 Small Sols = * a Florin — G 4 20 Sols current = * a Livre current — I 3 loiFIori^s ^ a Patacoon — 3 II i5|F!orirvs = a Croifadc — 5 10 24 Fiorina ;= al^kat •— P 9 Q I T a' I ■r t I'l m T 1 I T 1 T I. I t I T t t T* o f ! i 1. i i 2 ■J* o 6 6 > o ), o ) o o a 4 1 3 3 II t T 4- o w p- C Pi . A MODERN UNIVERSAL TABLE. r ',,. ,^ i-j/Ze^ Cambray, FaUncUnnes, iJc. 9^1 A Denier iz Deniei'8 1 5 Dealers i 5 IPatartk 20 Sols . 20 Patards 6o Solg' I Or Lj-vres 24 Livrea 'inh . s= ::*' a Sol i^u * a Patard — *-aPiette — a Livre TournoU * a Florin — an Ecu of £x. a Ducat — • a Louis d'Or — o o o o o o o o o I o o o o I 2 9 o J. o o o 9 lO o 6 3 o I t5 I -a c «« s<}h \ Dunkirk f St..Omtr\ St. ^intln, l^c. A Denier 12 Deiiiers 1 5 Denicrs 15 Sols 20 Sols* *■ 3 Liv.v^ • 24 Livi'es 24 Livrrs 3o|Livrcs :Ks ,_ .>';.! ^.;\>::>r a Sol — • a Patard •— * a Piette — 7 * a Lrtvre Toymois i« an Ecu of Ex. z 6 a Louis d'Or ■''■''■ ' t A a Guinea — I I a Moeda — 1 7 o Prt> ^j:, LyonSf MarfeilleSy t^c, BourdeauXf Bayonne, Ift, A Denier 3 Deniers 2 Liards 12 Demera 20 Sols • 60 Sols 6 Livrea 1 oiLivres 24 Livre* P a Liard- -^ a Dardene — © ,0 a Sol - * a Livre Tournois 10 an Ecu of Ex. 2 6 an Ecu -r. <> • a Fiftolc — S 4 a Louis d'Or — I i PORTUGAL. L!/I>on, Oporto, ^c. * ARe 10 Rez 20 Kez 5 Vintins 4 Teftoons 24 Vintins 10 Tcfloons 48 Teftoons 64 Teftoous a Half Vintin a Vintin a Te(}oon a Crufade of iix. a New Crufade * a Mil re a Moidorc ji Joannes o o o o o o o o °/ "■ O 2 5 1 " i 16 o I 6 3 8 7 P o T I f t TV '■( 1 T «f i. ■ r • < -.1 hi A MODERN UNIVERSAL TABLfc .4'-'jfe G o CO O >4 o a CO Madrid, Cqdiz, Seville, fife. A Maravcdie 2 Maravedies 54 Maravedies 2 Rials 8 Rials -'T « 10 Rials 375 Marafediei 32 Rials "' ',.iR ' 36 Riali'vf^Vgjv a Quartil — 4 Rial — aPiftarine — *aPiaftreofEx. a Dollar — * a Ducat of Ex. * a Piftole of Ex. a Piftole New Platt.^\ s. o o •^ffyi if. d o 6 .0 o o d o o o 3 4 4 •4 16 o o 5 10 7 6 II 4 9 i y T %:*''• Gibraltar i Malaga^ jietiia, (sfc. Felon, * A Maravedie 2 Maravedies 4 Maravedies . 34 Maravedies 15 Rials 512 Maravedies 60 Rials 2048 Maravedies 70 Rials ■■ »"•■■ "~~~ 'vf" ''^' ^^ an Ochavo -^ d o a Quartil —00 * a Rial Ve'lon o o * a Piaftre of Ex. o. 3 a Piaftre — 03 * a Piftole of Ex. 014 a Piftole of Ex. o 14 a Piftole — o .^6 ^ i 7 7 4 4 9 Barcelonoi Saragqffa^ Valencia^ A Maravedie =: 16 Maravedied :i l^c. Old Plate. 2 Soldos 16 Soldos 20 Soldos 21 Soldoi 22 Soldos 24 Soldos 60 Soldos 000 a Soldo ' ~ d o 3 , a Rial Old Plate 006 * a Dollar — 046 * a Libra — 057 ♦riDucSt — o 5 10 ♦a Ducat — 962 * a Ducat — • 069 a Fiftole ■ — 0169 TS i t t E N O A. Novi^ St. Remo, ilfc. CORSICA. Sojiiay i£fc. A Dcnari 12 Denari 4 Soldi 20 Soldi 30 Soldi 5 Lires 1 1 5 Soldi 6 Tcftoons 20 Lires — — o o a Soldi — 00 a Chevalct — 00 ♦ d Lire — 00 i Teftoon — o i 5 Croilade — o 3^ ♦ ^ Pezzo of Ex. o 4 a Genouine *— 06 ft PiUolc —> 014 o^U, ■XT l! •w»^w!wmipw!ppi»ww?"»»p?5'iw^ ^wjrnf m A MODERN UNIVERSAL TABLE. *s. 99Z PIEDMONTi SAVOY And SARDINIA. Turin, Chamberryt CagUari, Isfc. A .Denari 3 Denari i 2 Denari . 12 Suldi 20 Soldi 6 Florin^ 7 Florins 13 Lires 16 Lire» a Qu atrial a Soldi ^ ,.. ♦ a Florin ♦ a Lire a Scudi a DucattoonN aPiftolc . a Louis d'Or o o o o o o o o I /. o o o o 1 4 .1 o o o o 9 3 6 3 3 o TIP Milan, A Denari 3 Denari = 12 Denari = 20 Soldi zz 115 Soldi = i 1 7 Soldi =a 6 Liret r: iz Lirei = 23 Lirea s: Msdtna, Parma, Pavla, fsfe. a Qbatrind — a Soldi ' — ♦ a Lire — a ScudLciifrent — ♦ a Scudi of Ex. — J. Philip -! a Plftole — a Spanifli Piflole —^ o o o o o o O 6 o 4 o 4 O 4 o 16 o 16 o t1 3 4 i o 9 o t4*' Leghorn, Florence, i^c. A Denari — — . o 4 Denari s a Quatnni -^ 00 1 2 Denari s a Soldi — O o 5 Quatrini = : Craca — 00 8 Cracas =3 a Quito — 00 20 Soldi =: ♦a Lire —• 00 6 Lires s a Piaftre of Ex. — « 04 7 J Lires = a Ducat . — 05 23 Lires = a Piftole — o 15 o o o S 8 2 2 6 7i X X r ROME, Clvita Vecchla, Ancona, t^e. A Qiiatrira 5 Quatrini 8 Bayocs 10 Bay OCA 24 Bayocs 10 Julios 1 2 Julios 18 Julios 31 Julios as a Bayoc — a Julio — a Stampt JuHo — a Teftoon -- a Crown current— * a Crown flampt — a Chequin — a Piftole o o o €» O O O o o o o I 5 6 «— o 15 o o 6 7 6 o o o 6 t 1 '.''»• I S9f t o o If c NAPLES. GaUta, Cafua^ He AV,-^' A.QyatrJni 3 t^uatrini 10 Grains 40 Quatrini 20 Grains 40 Grains 100 Grains 23 Tarins »5 Tarins ^n-. a Grain — > o a Carliu — o a Paulo — o a Tarin — o a Teiloon ~- o a Ducat of Ex. o aHftole — o a Spanifli Piflote o i. o o o o o I 3 16 J, o o 4 S 8 + 4 4 9 r^ X I SICILY AND MALTA. Palermo, Meffinoy (sfc. A Pichila ^ .. I <«••>, 7^ — 000 =: a Grain — 000 :?: a Ponti — 000, =: a Carliu — 001 = a Tarin — 003 5s * a Florin of Ex. 016 =; a Ducat of Ex. 034 = •an Oui>cc —078 6 Pichili 8 richili. 10 Grains 20 Grains 6 Tarins 13 Tarirvs 60 Carlins 2 Ounces o 15 + -i- .t-v. A Quatriai 6 Quatrini 10 Bayocs 20 Bayocs 3 Julios 85 Bayocs 100 Bayocs 105 Bayocs 31 Julios Bologna, Ravenna, tfff. = a Bayoc — = a Julio — = ♦a Lire — =s a Tcftoon — = a Scudi of Ex. =3 a Crown — = a Ducatoon =£ a Piftole" — o Q O O o o o o o o o I I 4 5 5 o IS o o o 6 o 3 6 V E N I C E. Bergamo, i^c. A PicoS 12 Picoli 6i Soldi -• J 8 Soldi 20 Soldi 3 Jules 124 Soldi 24 Groar 12 Iaxx* =z a Soldi- — • = * a Gros — = ajule - S 'a Lire — :^'' ; '^ a Telborr — 'I* ^ ^ a Ducat current a^ * a Ducat of Ex. uin — 'ff.' o o o o o o o o o o o o o o I 3 4 9 o 2 "6 6 6 5 4 2 a 1 7? z rr 7 , TJ * O b4 »Ol 10 8< I ACc 4Coz] J 'oCoz| I } 20 Coz / *5 Coz I I 4 Shah, / 5 Aba ! 12 Aba 50 Aba: i'-'vS' A MDbERlrf tA^i^ERSAL tAl^LE. g'^f X 1 r, o r', o ^ 4 S 8 4 4 4 9 I 3 7 7 ■n 3 tV 6 -r! Ti 5 4 15 o o lo o A Man gar 4 Mangars 3 Afpers 5 /fpcrs lo Aijxirs 20- AfpvTS "i:' 8o Afpe 8 i>oo Al'pem 10 Solotat J4. ■^J-^ an Afper '•fis^^ ' 9. Parac <*> aBeftic an OlHc *^ •=^J#':; > a Solota . - naiiigc A a Caragrouch — SS a Xerift — o o o o o o 9 o o o o I 4 5 10 o» o I I o o o o O O T*' o o 4 S 5 o 5 I o 3 5 lo 4 4 ]o 9 * ARABIA. Medina, Mecca, Mec^Of isfc. ACarrcr- itf' * 5^ Carrets =: 7 CarrrtS = • 8o Carrets = 1 8 Comafhces ~ 6o Comaffiees =? * 8o Caveers =: loo Comafliees rr 8o Larins = * a Caveer a Comafliee a Larin an Abyfs a Piaure a Dollar a Seq itn a Tomond 6 O o o 3 O O |, o o O lO I 4 4 7 7 2 6 6 6 ■^-r- C>; v P E R S I A. A Cos UU4 9 Iffmhatif OrntuSf Gombroon, (^c. 4 Coz lo Coz ' 20 Coz 25 Coz 4 Shahees 5; Abafliees 12 Abafliees 50 Abafliees, SS a Bifti jfe'-'' aShahee =:' r:;A«: ji Mamooda 22 ' a Larin sa an Abafliee =: an Or ^ s=» a Bovcllo =B , ♦ a Tomoijd o o o o o o o 3 o o o o o I 6 16 6 o I 4 8 10 4 8 o 8 f G U Z U R A T. Surat, Cambay, ^U r A Pecka j' , 2 Peckas ;a 4 Pices « ^ 5 Pices o 16 Pices ^ 4 Anas 2 Rupeftt 14 Anas 4 Pagodas ■. w'ji . d: a Pice -^ . ji(|5> . a Fanam — ^ ., ^IP^tC a Viz — n::.^ ) i. «" ^na — . SS a Rupee -^ =: an Engllfli Crowifi ~ a Pagoda — £= a Gold Rupee — 3 S a a o 0- O O o o O I 0^ O b o 2 O 2-6 r -11 T X t O o 9, X 15 a 59? f «0 U o o iUMPPERN ^UNIVERSAL TABLE. -JriL?„^V>v|,^;,:,^ ;. Bombay, Dabul, \sfc. •" * A Budgroolc 2 Budgrooks = 5 Rez t as i6 Pices ' = 20 Pices xs 240 Rez =: 4 Quarters =s 14 Quarters = 60 Quarters = ♦a Re — a Pice — a Larec — a Qyarter a Xeraphim a Rupee ■— a Pagoda — a Gold Rupee o o o o o o o o o o « I 9 2 » »s if: Ox**. 5 f 6 -J 4 i 5 •J •A Re 2 Rez 2 Bazaracas 20 Rez 4 Vintin* 3 Larecs 42 Vintins 4 Taiigus 8 Tang us Gea, Fi/apour, l^c. — •- o o =: a Bazaraco o o = a Pecka — 00 = a Vintin —•00 =: a Laree — • 00 r: a Xeraphim o i =: a Tangu — 04 = a Paru — o iS = a Gold Rupee x 15 0t^4 I 7 s ^ I' 4 6 COROMANDEL, Madras, Fonefic berry, ACaft isTc. -.'■•K c Calh 2 Viz ;] 6 Pices J^ 18 Pices lo Fanams 2 Rupees 6 Fana^ns 4 Pago«Us ■^e.,»' ■ ■ ' ' ' ' ' •— o o o a Viz — 000 a Pice *— 000 a Pical — 002 a Fanam — 003 a Rupee — o.. 2 6 an Englifli: Crown 05 o a Pagoda — 089 a Gold Rupee i 45 o A Pice 4 Pices 6 Pices 12 Pices 10 Anas 1 6 Anas 2 Rupees 2 Rupees ^6 Anas BENGAL. Calfcut, Calcutta, 6ff. _,.,_ v4i\- - o* a Fanam — » = a Viz — . S±'=' :■• an Ana — 4. .-» So OS 10 «^- 96 < 32 200 70. r T I S T^h o T^i o •^1 1 7 17S s 2 4- » 6 o o o o o a 6 o 9 o T A O o o o I 2 5 5 8 o o o X 6 6 o o 9 O A MODERN UNIVERSAL TASLfi. 99^ SI AM. , Piegu, MataaayCathlod'taf Sumatra, Java} Sorhto,yc, ACort 10 Cori 125 Fettees 250 Fetfees 500 FetKes Qoo Fettees 2 TicaU 4 Soocos 8 Sauleers ^^ff a Fettce '"Ufiq/t^fiy blSSv m .«■ a Sataleer -,a Sooco a Tical « DoHar a Rial an Ecu a Crown o o o o o o o o s. It o o o I 2 4 5 S S 0« ; o ^- 7 3 6 6 o o .0 I X ACfxa 10 Cax^ 10 Canflcreens 35 Can^ereens 2 Rupees 70 Can4erecns 7 Mac;cs 2 Rupees /o Maces CHINA. Peiin, Canton^ l^e. a .Catude^een a Mace a Rupee a Dollar a Rix-dollar an Ecu a Crown a Tale o o t o o o o o o o o o\ 2_ 4 4 5 5 6 o o 8 6 6 4 o o '8 i *■ JAPAN. Jeddo, Meacoi (*fc. A Pitt 20 Pitis - 15 Maces 20 Maces 50 Maces 13 Ouuces Silver 2 Ounces Gold 2 Japanefes 21 Ounces Gold a.Mace — .i o an Ounce Silver —• o ■ a Tale — o an Ingot — o an Ounce Gold — 3 a Japanefe — : 6 a Double — I'z ♦aCttttee — ... 66 o o 4 6 9 3 6 12 3 o 4 10 8 8 o Q O^ I 4' i 5 ■•> EGYPT. An Afpcr 3 Afpcr 8 24 Medins 80 Afpers 30 Medins 96 Afpers 32 Medins 200 Afpers 70 Medin» Old and New Cairo, AUxandrh, S/iyde, t^i. *'-"•! «. a Medin an Italian Ducat ♦ a Piaftre a Dollar an Ecu a Crown a Sultanin — ..^Jfargo Dollar ,— . • a ERN UNIVERSAL TABLEJ* ,PAR3ARy. '4 An AJpcr 3 Aipcrs lo Afpers 2 IViaU 4 Doubles 94 IVIedins 30 Medkis i8o AfpcM iS Voufeles Ji^itrSp Tunis, 7ri(es/if Una, ffft, ■ /^' J. a kequift ^ Piftolc ivz, Tangiert ' o 6 o o o o ''"■6 o O } z 4 4 o 2 8 a 4 8 6 o 9 T 7« o Pi ENGLISH. Jamaica, Barhadoes, btc. — I I p in ♦ A Halfpenny 2 Halfpcncf 7> Pence I a Pence 75 Pence 7 Shillings ao Sihiliings- 24 Shillings f o Shillings mm. « a Penny a Bit ♦ a Shilling a Dollar a Crowri * a Pound 8 Piftole oil Guinea o o o o o Q o o O o 4 5 o 5 O d4 O 16 4 I 6 o 3 9 o 1^ FRENCH. St. Domingo, M^rtiukot ^c. *A Half Sol 2 Half Sola . = 7iSol3 ; p J — u_ujaii I 1; Sols f c Sols 7 Li V res 8 Livrcs s6 Li V res §2 Livres * » Sol a Half Scalin tut ' a Scalin * s| Llvre a Dollar an ^cu aPillole ' |» JuQuis d'Qf » o Q 9 P 9 o 9 P I o o o o o 4 4 16 o o o 2 5 7 6 10 9 Q * « 7 1 1 TJ i i 2 7 i X o 2 8 2 4 8 6 o 9 1 1* 5 i 8 6 o 3 9 o oiH W J fcrt O ^ A MODERN UNIVERJ^AL TABLE. '999 ENGLISH. Ntva Scot'ta^ New England, Virgirtia, kifc. ♦A Penny 12 Pence 20 Shilling! 2 Puu^fls 3 Pounds 4 Pounds • 5 Pounds 6 Pounds 7 Pounds 8 Pounds 9 Pounds 10 Pounds . The Value of the Cfti^rtncy alters according to the Plenty or Scarcity of Gold und Silver Coins that are imported, , j.. . • A )C* '• fj V '*i7iVj t- ..'.--• tCi[:lV[ \\. i^i';?'. '■■»,. '.:": v;hir'^.: ■ ';■'* ;. . r, 1. ,'>- ■ ■^^,yxf-^yr-,s,r: ;;= .. < ' ■i^\^.iJX:.-' ■■:• C ' '^ ; .> •'; ^i <■; T/: i '■ FRENCH. Canada^ Florida, CaytKne, isfc» * A Denier ' 4,^,,^,., , "C • zs *aLxvre .' .', .& . , £^j It Denicrs 20 Sols 2 Livres 3 Livres 4 Livres -"■ — * 5 Livrrs 1 i Livres . 7 Livres 8 Livres 9 Livres ' 10 Livres The Value of the Currency alters according to the Plenty or Scarcity of Gold Sf\i Silver Coins that are imported. Kofe. For all the Spanijki Portufrmfe, Dufch^ ahd \0^iw^ Domtnlonf, either on the Continent or iii the Wh»t Inpie«i (S5..?he Monips .of the refpcdtivc Nations, J ; ijyy '^ • ■ V ' 1 _,!••". ' ■;.-<.^S,);;f'5 ah A \ ( •".:■'+ ■' t ■.-^ ^^ 1 I^'i''^^^" 1 I ..'1. v.j^ .,')4.'oav.«0. .v-a ■ii'j V'; i y\ i i w f '-.' oiU > k - ' (.- 2 4i 1 ■ 5 i ? •■' 7 T* r y '■' -.tj 6 '.- V- 10 i '* ' ^ <> 9 Q O' J'. ^> ■A .) I f do J li£li i. •■iVli\ - -V I-JT »'l.1> .•• ' S.i'V ;<*-••• ■ N£W CHROimiOeiCAT:, TABI,^ REMARKABLE EVENTS, DISpOVERIES, and INVENTIONS, j ^;.. -v..;:.;,- ,• ALSO _j.^ ..-^ •>.,, :. ^ .^ ^„. THE vERA, THE COUNTRY, AND WAITINGS OF LEARNED MEN : The whole comprehending, in one View, the Analyfis or Outlines of General Hiftory, from the Creation to the prefent Time. c.nu-.f, ^fi' ^U ind Adam and Eve. ■ *a» born of a woman. t-,.' Bef. Chrift. ■" ' T" ■■*"' 4004 J. HE creation of the wori ' 4003 The birth of Cain, the fint 3017 Enocli, for his piety, is tranii;ited to Heaven. " ■> 2348 The whole world is dcftroyed by a deluge, which continued 377 days. 2*47 The tower of Babel it built about thii time by Noah's pofterity, upon whicl^ Ood mirnculoufly confounds their language, and thus difperfes them into dif- ferent nations. About the fame time, Noah is, with great fobability, fuppoft-d to have partcci from his rebellious offspriDg, and to have led a colony of folne of the more tractable into the Laft, and there either he or one of his fuccelTors to have founded the ancient Chinefe monarchy. 2234 The cclcftial (Jbfervations are begun at Babylon, the city which firft gave birth to learning and the fcicncej. 2188 Nfifraim, the fon of Ham, founds the kingdom of Egypt, wnich UAcd 1663 years, down to its conquefl by Camln-fcs, in SS.*) before Chrift. S059 Ninus, the fon of Bchi.s, bounds the kingdom yif Alfyria, which lafled above 1000 -V yr-,,j.5j and out of its ruins wer»' formed the Affyriaus of Babylon, thofe of Kincvch, and the kingdom of the Mcdes. 1921 The covenant of God made with Abiain, when he Imvck Har.in to go into Ca- naan, which begins the 430 years of fojourniug. 1897 The cities of Sodom and Gomorrah are deftroyed for their wickcdnefs, by fire from Heaven. ' ' , ' J8.j6 The king^dom of Argos, in G|^ece. begins under Inachus. • . - . c .^ ifl'2'2 Mcmnon, the E:,'ypti.in, invents letters. ' 1715 Prnmetlicus firft ilruck fire from liints. • •/•'<' >••■,, ■,,• i6i>5 Jofeph dies in Egypt, which concludes the book of Gcnefis, containing a period of 2.''69>ears. . 1.574 Aaron born in Egypt; 1490, appointed by God firft higli-pricft of the Ifraelitrs. 1571 Mofes, brothtr to Aaron, born in Egypt, and adopted by Pharaoh's daughter, who cdifeates him in all the learning of the Egyptians. 1556 Ceerops brin.?' a colony of Saites from Es^ypt into Attica, and founds the king- dom of AtKens, 1,1 Greece. l.')46 ScAiiiarid'cr rdtnes from Cr<'tc into rijrygia, and founds the kingdom of Troy. 1493 Cadratis carried the Pho-iiician It-ltcrs into Greece, and built the citadel of TJii'bc-;. 1491 Mp/o i>erfi)rins a number of niiracles in Egypt, and departs from that kingdom, tcrgerttPrr wfth 600,000 Ifraelites, befidi'S children; which completed the 4.')0 years of fojourning. They miraculoufly pafs through the Red Sen, and come to i^t Dcftlft of Sinai, where Mofes receives from God, and delivers to the " ^j'ople," the Teh Conimandments, and the other laws, and fcti up the tabcr- *' • n«de,'ind-ih ft the ark of the covenant. 'iiJlfC i87 T 562 T 559 538 534 5'26 5J5 509 504 454 451 430 401 : ■♦00 ; 331 A 3'23 D ii85 £> A NEW CHICONOLOGIGAL TABLE. looj }48J The firft ftiip that appeared in Greece wtit brought from Egypt by Dtnaus, wli* arrived at Rhodes, and brought vith hiia hi* til'ty dttughtcri. 1453 The firft Olympic gmnei celebrated «t Olympia, in Grccte. l'>i>2 The Pentateuch, or five books ut° Mo^ei, arc wri^cn iu 'the land of Moabp vhere h« died in the yeur fullowing, aged 1'20. J451 The ffraelites, after fojourning iu the Wildcrncfi forty yeap, are led under Jo(hu» into the land of C <»>»»>> where they ^x.thcmlQlvc*, after having fubducd th^ nativei; and tlie period of the fabbatical yrar commence*. ',-,', ^ |4Q6 Iron it found ip Greece, from the accid(,-utal burning uf the woodn. J198 The rape of Helen by Paris, which, in 1193, gave rife to the Trojan war, and liege of Troy by the Grcek^^ which coi(tiau«;d tcp yuari) whett |h>t <;ity fi^ taken and burnt. ' ' •■ ' ■ , ' 1048 David it fulc king of Ifraci. J-ij '.r.: J004 The temple is folemnly deJjpnted by Solomon. j ' 896 Elijah, the prophet, is tranflated to Hcavcu. 894 Money firft made of gold and filvcr at Argos. 869 The city of Carthage, in Africa, founded by queen Dido. 914 The kingdom of Miicedon begins. < •716 The firn Olympiad be^iui. •753 /Eta of the building of Rome in Italy by Romulus, firft king of the Roniani. 120 Samaria taken, after ihrcc years ficj^e, and the kingdom uf Ifraci finilbed, hy Salmannfar, king of Aflyria, who carried the ten tribes ii)to captivity. The firft cclipfe of the moon on record. >...;'..■. C58 Byzantium (now Conftantinoplr) built by a colony of Athenians. €04 By order of Nccho, king of Kgypt, fomu Phoenicians failed from the Red Sea round Africa, and returned by the Mediterranean. jJOO Thalcs of Miletus traveU into Eg) pt, confults the priefti of Memphis, acquires the knowledge of geometry, aftronumy, aud philofuphy ; returns to Greece, calculates eclipfes, gives gt-noral notions uf the uuTverfe, and maintains that one fupreme intelligence regulates all it} motions. Maps, globes, and the figns of the Zodiac, iuveuted by Anaximander, the fchular of Thalcs. 697 Jehoiakin, king of Judahj is carried away captive, by Nebuch»due/.car| to Ba« Mon. • ' 587 The city of Jcrufalcm takert after n fiege of 18 months. 562 The ^rft comedy at Athens afted upon a moveable fcatfuld. . ;,j „ ,. • , 559 Cyrus the fiift king of Perlia. 538 The kingdom of Babylon finiflied; that city being taken by Cyrus, who, in 536» iffues an edic^ for the return of the Jews. i.i^. ^, ~ ^ 534 The firft tragedy was ai'tcd at Athens, on a waggon, by Thcfpit.^ . ,. 5'26 Learning is greatly encouraged at Athens, and a public library firft founded. . • • 515 The fecond temple at Jcrufalcm is finilhcd under Darius. 509 Tarquin, the fcvcnth and laft king of the Romans, is expelled, and Rome is gn- venicd by ivu cunfuLs) and other republican magiftrates, till the battle of Phurfulla, being a fpace of 161 years. 504 Sardis taken and burnt by the Athenians, which gave occafton to the Pcrfian in- vafion of Greece. "436 jEfchylus the Greek poet firft gains the prize of trajjedy. 481 Xerxes the tircat, king of Perfi:i, begins his expedition againft Greece. 458 Ezra is fent from Babylon to Jrrufalem, w|tl>- the captive Jcw.s and the vefffls of * ■ gold and fiKer, See. being fe\cnty wcAs of years, or lyO years before the crucifixion af our Saviour. . .;. ,- .%. , ^ ,^ , ,^,. ,,, . 4.'J4 The Roniiins fend tp Athens for Solon's laws. 451 The Decemvirs created at Rome, and the laws of the twelve tables compiled and ratified. 430 The hiftory of the Old Tfftament finilhes about this time. , .,, .-;',,' ^ Malachi tlie laft of the piuphcts. :.^^ ■ 401 Retreat of 10,000 Greeks under Xcnophon.. .. . \ ., , ,.,. ^ 400 Socrates, the founder of moral philofophy among the Greeks, IjeHeve* the im- mortality of the foul, and a fiate of rewards and puniflimcnt>, for wi>>ch, and other fublimc doctrines, he is put to death by the Athenians, who foou after ■^i repent, and erc(S to jiis rnemtiry a ftatuc of hrafj, 331 Alexander the Great, king of Macedow, conquers Darius, kiag of Perfia, and other nations of Afia. 3'23 Dies at Babylon, and his empire i»' divided by his generals into four kingdoms. 285 Dionyfius of Alexandria began his aftronomical arn on Monday Jwne '26, bein<» the firft who found the tuaii folir year tc cuufift of 365 diiys, 5 hour.hii«, kitiK flf Fgrpt, i'mpIo3i flp\-rhty-two fiifrtT»riten io traiifutc the Old TrOainciit into the (iroek )4nga.ige, trhich !• called the Sep- tuugint. P69 The ftrft coining of Q1v«t at Rorhe. 2fii Tho (irft punif wnr bfKint, nnA continuei 53 >•«». Thff chronology of the Arundelin* inwhie, c-tlled the Fariun chronicle, rotnpofed. 8fl0 "The Roman* Arfl ooncctn thvml'clvrs in nnval aft'airi, iiid defeat (he Carthagi- niiinii at Tfa. 237 Huniilcar, th<^ Carthngininn, raxita hia (on Hanniba), at nine years old, to fwear <'lf«TnBl enmity to tho Romans. Sie The fcoond ^»» thp Alpi, and ripl'(;al.'» the Roniunii in fovcral buttles, but dof« not inipro-vc hit \idori»r« by thr ftorminp rif Rome. 190 Th<- tirA Ronuin unny enters Alia, and, from the fpoili of Antiochus, brings the Afintic luxury firii to Rome. 168 Pcrfciu defeated b\ the Romans, which eiidt the MieAdrmiaa kingdom. 167 Tin* lirft library rreifl(!00 valuable book*, burnt by accident, 45 The war of Africa, in which Cato kilk hinifelu Tlic folar year introduced by Ciefar. 44 Cirfar, the grcatrft of tlie Roman conquerori, after having fought fifty pitched battles, and liuin 1,192,000 men, and overturned the liberties of his country, is killed in the fenatc-houfe. 31 Tlie battle of Artiuni fbught, in which Mark Antony and Cleopatm ara totally defeated by Oc'Vaviut, nephew to fulius Cirfar. 30 Alexandria, in Kgypt, is taken by (Jctavius, 'upon which Antony and Cleopatra put themfelves to death, and Egypt ii reduced to a Roman province. 27 Oftavius, by a decree of the fcnate, obtains tlie 3,O()0 men fit to bear arms. The temple of Janus is fliut by Augufius as an emblem of imiverfal peace, and iliSUS CHRIST is fiippofcd to have been born in September, or on Monday, >ecember 25. A.C. ' ■■ ' •• •'• ■■■■.r^^'^ ■'■;■'-■ 12 CHRIST hearing the DoAort in the temple ; and a/king them queAions. , 27 ___— is bapti2cd in the wildernefs by Jonn. 53 , is cruf.ir 55 St. Luke writes his Gbfpel. '' ' ' ' " " ' ', ' 59 The emperor Nero puts his mother and brothers to death. 1 ' pcrfecutcs the Druids in Britain. 61 Boadicea, the Britifh qiiecn, defeats the Romans ; but is conquered foon after by Suetonius governor of Britain. 62 St. Pawl fent in bonds to Rome — writes hi* cpiflle* between 51 and fiO, 63 The Actp Of the Apoftle* written. Chriftianity is fuppofed to be introduced into Britain by St. Paul, or fome of hia difciples, about thia time. 64 Rome fet on fire, and burned for fix days ; upon which began (under Nero) th« firft pcrfeeution againU the Ciiriftiuns. 67 St. Peter and St. Paul put to death. •JO WhiUi the faaious Jews are dcAroying one s^nother with mutual fury, Titus, tl»« 446 The A NEW CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. roo3 . after by i , Roiatn genera), Ukes JerufiUem, which is rwvut t» (he Krouixt, and the ' ^ plough mbdc tu pafi uvcr it. 79 Hercutuncum uvcrwhclm«il )>>' sn eruptiun of Mount Vefaviut. n^. ■■■* : H'.i The philuropherj expelled Rome Ly DoiiiiUw. §3 Jutius A((riuula, guvcrnur ul South Britain, to prnteA the civillfed Britnint Trom the iiicurlion.i ol' tlic C>tlcU<>utaiiS, bUiUU » liAv ot' >on> betwoeii the nvrta Furth :uul Lly«i« i liel'caU the Calvduuiuus uixttu Ci ilj(ri>rii«, on the Grawpiua hitli; and firtt fHili roiUid Briuin, \»liii'h he dil't'owr* to ho au idand. 9fi St. John the Lvjvnjjilirt wrote hi» revelation — hit golpel in 91. ' 121 The Calcdoniaus reconquer Iroiu tiie Konian* aU tliu fuulliorn pnrli of Scotland | upon which tiic eiiiperor Adrian builds a wall bctueeit Ncwcalilt; and CarliHes '*' . ' ])u{ iUh nlfo proving iuvncctual^ PoUius Urbicus, the Kom»u general, about "'"' the year 144, reiiairs Agricol^f'a I'orti, wliieh he join* by a wall four yaida thick, fincc called Anti)ninus'< wall. )d5 The ferond [rwifit ^^ar endi, v>Utu Ihey were all baniihed Judca. 1139 Ju^in writethis 6rii apuluyv f«>x the Ciiiifiians. T41 A number of hcrrliu* appear about thin time. i&'2 The cmpcroi' Aotouinui IMmi U<>ps the pcrfccution a|;ainft the Cbrifllkns. • £17 The Septuagiiit faid tu be found ii) a cJ.sk. i2'i About this time the Roman empire begin* to fink under its O'rn weight. Tbs Btaburiann hc^ila their eruptions, and the Golha have annual tribute not to niolefl the empire. S60 Valerius is taken prifoncT by Sapor, king of PerCa, and flayed alive. $74 Silk firil brouf|lit from India; the uianut'a^tnry of it introduced into Europe by fome monks, 5.51 ; firrt worn by the clerijy in Kngiand, 1554. S91 Tvo cmperorf, uud two Cicfiui, march tu deieud the foul quarters of the empire. 306 Cuniiantinc the Great begins hi* reign. 909 Cardinals firft created. Sli The tenth pcrfccution endt by an ediift of Conftantine, who favours the Chriftians, and gives lull liberty to ih«;ir religion. 314 Three bi(hop6, or fathers, ari; fent from Britain to aflift at the council of Aries. SS5 The firft general council at Nice, when 318 uithers uUended, againii Arius, where was rompufed the famous Niccne creed, which we attribute to tliem. 328 Connanline removes the feat of empire i'fook Kone to Byzikiitiuni, which is Ihenceforwardi p^Ufd Ccnfuntinople. 331 orders all the heathen temples to be deftroycd. -363 The Rontan uiuperur Julian, laruamed the apoftate, endeavour* iiv vaia to rebuild the temple of Jcrufalcm. 964 The Roman empire is divided into the eartern (Conflantinople the capital) and wcncrn (of which Rome continued to be the capital) each being now under the government of di^'ei cnt emperors. 400 Bells intro4uced by biftiop Paulinus, of Campania. • . - ■ 404 The kingdom of Caledonia or Scotland revives under Ferjfof.. 406 The Vandals, Al.ius, and Suevl, fpread into France and Sif.ain, by a coaccfTion of Honorius, emperor of the Weft. 410 Rome taken and plundered by AUric, king of the Vifi-Govhs. 41' XOOO 1005 1015 1017 , lO'W 1041 1054 W57 ior>i 1066 The computing of time by the Chrillian ara'ii introduced by DJonjfius thi nionk. ' ■.;!. - V. .; i . ;.. ... , The code of Juflinian, the eafterri emperor, is publifljcifc^^ '< ." '/I ;•j;Uad upon the Tigris is made the capital for iiit caliphs of th« houfe of Abbas. Charleroapine, kinp of France, befjins the empife of Sarmany, afterwards called the weflern empire ; gives the prefent rjomet to thx; days and months ; endea- vours to rcaiore learnini; in Europe; b»it Hianl Etnd are not yet dii'pofcd for it.' being folfly eiii;rofl"cd in military fnferprifes. Harold, king of Denmark, dfthroiu'd liy his fubje^s for being a ChriCian. Egbert, king of VVeil'-x, unite* the Heptarchy, by the name of England^ , . The Fh inings trade to Scotland for fifli. ,rhe Scots and Fifts have a deeifive battle, in which the former prevail, and both kingdoms arc united by Kennct, which begini the fecoud period of \h.ti Si-ottifli hifiory. The Danes begin their navages in Ftigland. Alfred the Great, after fubduing the Dariifti invaders (againft whom he fought 56 battlrs by fea and land), conipofcs his body of laws; divides England info countic.i, huudredS) tythin^s; erects county-courts, and founds the univer* fity of Oxford about tliis time. ' '- ' ' The univerfity of Cambridge founded, ' •' > The Saracen empire is divided by iifurpation into fovcn kingdoms. ' . Pope Boniface VII. is depofi-d and baiiiftied for his crimes. Coronation oaths faid to be ftrO ufcd iri England. The figures in arithniftic are brou.^ht into Europe by the Saracens from Arabia* Letters of the alphabet «'crc hitherto ufcd, - Otho III. makes the empire of Germany elective. ' -..i , Bolcllaus, the firft .'ting of Poland. >«•,).• > • . v .- Paper made of cotton rags was in ufb; that of linen rags in 1170; the ihanufac* tory introduced into England at Dartford, 15S3. , . .\1I the old churches nre'rcbuilt ahfiul this time in a new manner of architecture. Children forbidden by law to be fold by their parents in England. Canute, king 'if Denmark, gets poflcflion of England. The Danes, after fe\erat engagcment.s with various fuccefs, are about this time driven out of Scotland, and never again return in a hoAile manner. The 1-axon lint reftorcd under Edward the (!onfellor. The Turks (a nation of adventurers from Tarlary, ferving hitherto in the armies cf'conteoding princes) become fonn'tdable, 'and take polfeflion of Perfm. f.eorX. the rtrft |)ojic that maintained an army. IfJljiltrJlm HI. kltig of Seotlaiid, liiMs'the nrafit Macbeth at Dunfinanc, and mar- ric' the princcfs Margiircl, fifti>r to Ed);ar AHiCling. The Turks take JeruluUnn from the Sarac-ens. Th*. uuttle of liartings loaght bei\Mn.n Harold and William (fumamcd the Baf» ■yw ■■;< wv'jiww V If p A NEW CHRONOLOGICAL TABjLE. 1005 tard) dukf of Normat»)V> ^^ which Harold is catiiit[ufcte(I and flaini After which William becomes king of Ejiglaad. 1070 WiUiam introducei th« feudal law. ,(i|p^j ^„, .j^ ^,„„ „j ,. , , ,„ ; , , • Mufical notes invented. n,!. .-« 1075 Henry IV. Emperor of Germany, and the pope quarrel about the norainatioft of ihe German bt^ops. Henry, in penaoce, walk$ \fue-fpiAai \(f ||ie pope^ towards the end of January. »7j(nv 1076 Jufticcs of the peace firil appointed in England. 1080 Doomlday book began to be compiled by order of WifHam from a furvcy of all the etiates in Fiigi:iiui, and finiflicd iu 1086. The Tower of London built by ditto to curb his^ Eaglifli fuhjcAs ; njiDiben of whom fly to Scotland, where thry introduce the English or Sa^on language, are protcfied by Malcolm, and huve lunds given them. 1091 The Saracens in Spain, being hard preifed by the Spaniards, call try their aflif- tance Jofeph, king of Morocco ; by which the Moors j^et poileiGun o{ all th« Saracen dominions in Spuiu. 1096 The firft crufade to tlic Hvly L^nd is begun under fevcrttl Chriflian princes, t0 drive the infideli from Jerufal lllO Hdgnr Atheling, the lull of the :tt .on princes, dies in England, where he hid b'^cn permitted to refide as a fubjed. 1118 The order of the Kniglits Templars inftituted to defend the fcpulchrs at Jerufa- lem, and to protect ChriiUan rtrangers. ll.'jl The canon law collefted by Gratian, .•» monk of Bologna. > 1163 London bridge, cnnftfting of 19 fmall arches, firll built of ftoiie. I 161 Tlie Teutuniu order id relijjious knights begins in Ciernmny. 1 I7i Henry 11. king of tngland (and firft of the Plantagenets) takes polTeiTion of 'Ire. land, which, from that period, has teen governed by an EnglilU viceroy, or lord lieutenant. 1176 England i» divided, by Henry, iitto Ax circuits, and juiUce is difpenrcd by hi' nerant judges. IIRO Glafs windows be^an to be ufftd in private houfes in England. . I IHl The laws of Enghiud are digeiled abuiit this time by Glanville. llb'2 I'ojie Alexander III. coiapeileil the kings of England and France to hold the ftir* rups of hit faddle when he mounted his horfe. 118(3 The great cunjuiii'iinii of (lie fun and muon and all the planets in Libra hap- pened in September 1191 The battle of Afealon, in Judca, in which Ricliard, king of Englamd, defci\f* Saladinc's army, confiding of 1300,000 cnmbatants. I I 91 Dieu ct mon Droit firft ul'ed as a motto by Riciiard, on a victory over the Freiich. IJOD Chimnies were not knoun in England. Surnames now begin to be ufcd ; firil ainoni; tlic nobility. 1208 London incorporateical tables arc compofed by Alphonfo, king of Caliile. 1258 The Tartars take Baj^dad, which finiPies the empire of the Saracens. 1263 Acho, king of Norway, invades Scotlaad with ItiO fail, and lands '20,000 men at the mouth of the Clyde, who arc cut to pieces by Alexander III. whu recovers the Weft«'rn Ides. 1264 According to fume Mriiers, the commons of Eikglaiid were oot fiinimoncd ta parliament till this period. 1269 The Hamburgh company incorppfsrted in England. 1273 The empire of the prcfcnt AuUrian f.\mily bugins in Germany. 1282 Lcwell>u, prince of Wales, defeated and killed by Edward I. who unites tba^ principality to England. 1084 Edward 11. born at Caernarvon, is the firft prince of Wales'. 1S85 Alexander III. king of Scotland, dies, and tliat kingdom is difputed by twelve , candidates, who fubmit their claims to the arbitration of Edwaid kin^ of £u(- Innd, whicii lfty» tha fauniiAti«a ui' a Jon| and ur'l\ihjcc>j. Tho ftrrt ronift wliol'c r<)Urt'« is del'cribcd with aflrononiical cxaftnefi. Gunpowder and yuns firft inviMited by Swart/, u monk of Cologn ; 134fi, Edward 1x1. bad lour pieces of cannon, Mbicli contributed to guin him the battle of CrelTy ; 134C, bombs and mortars were invented. Oil paintiiit; tirft made ufc of by John Vancek. ' " ' Heralds' college inlUtutcd in En{;land. Gold firft coined in Iviiglund. ' • The tirrt creation to titles by patent ufbd by Edward III. I be battle of DurliHiii, in which David king of Scots is taken prifoner. The onier of the (Jartcr inititutcd in England by Jidward HI. altered in 15.Vr, and conliUs of Zli'knii^hts. The Turks lirft enter Europe. Tlie money in Scotland till now the fame as in England. Tliu battle of I'oichers, in which kins; John of Fraikce and his fon are takea pij« foncrs by l*dw:ird the black prince. Coals fira brouRht to London. '^' " ' Arms of Engliiiid and Franco firft quartered by Edward III. The law plcudiiij;^ in England changed from French to Englini, as a faTOur of Edward III. to his peopla. John Wiikliffc, all linglilhman, bct;ins about this time to oppofe the errors of the Chuu.'h of Komc with great acuteuefs and fpirit. His followers are called Lo" irds. A company of linen-weavers from the Netherlands cflabliftied in London. Windfor < :irtle built by F.dward HI. The battle of Oticrburn bctwocn Hotfpwf and the Earl of Douglas; on this is founded the ballad of Chevy Ctiace. Cards invented in France for tlie kind's amufemenf. ' Weftminfter Abbey rrhuilt and onUrn«d — Weflminfler Iiall ditto, Urder of the Fath initituted at the coronation of Henry IV. renewed in 1725| conliHing of 3H kniiihls. ' Guildhall, London, built. The unlvcrfity of St. Andrew's in Scotland founded'. The b;i.ttle of Anincomt !;.iincd over the French by Henry V. of England. The fiege of Orleans, the tirft blow to the Englifh power in France. About this time Laurcntius of Haarlem invented the art of prihtinf, which he priictifcd with wooden types. Guttenburgh afterwards invented cut incta] types; but the art was carried to perfcctioii by Peter Schoefler, who invit- ed the mode of calling the types in matric>;». F'redefic Corfellis began to print in Oxford, in J46H, with wooden types; but it was William Cnxtoa \th'' introduced into England the art of printing with fuiile typea in 1474. The 'X'atiean library founded at Uome. The I'm break* i;i at Dort, in Holland, and drowns 100,000 pMpte. CuAK»ntiitwple taken by the Turks, which ends the eat^ern empire, 1123. years 'from its dediii.tion by Conllantinc the Great, aud 2'H)6 years from the found* atinu ofHoBtc. The uiiivenily ol Glafg«)w, in ScotLind, founded. ^ngfjiving ftijd etching on copper invented. ' ' The univcrtity of Aberdeen, in Scotland, founded. Kichard III. king of England, and the lai^^of the Plantagenetsy is defeated and killed at the battle ot Bofworth, by Henry (Tudor) Vlt. which puts an end to the civil wars heiween thr lionfes of York and Laucatter, Ifter a contcll of SQ }«ars, and the lufs iH 1UU,0(X) men. 1544 IMS 1646 1.549 li.W 1555 l.')58 1563 1569 J.57'2 1579 3380 A NEW CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 1007 ItflR Henry ollabliftici fifty ycoi^cn oJ" the gu»rd», tlicfird A.indinj( anny. 14h9 Mapi ami lea charts firil brought tu iMiylrtiid by Barth. ColuBibus. I4!il William Grocyu publicly tcachuit the Ctetik. luiigua);e at Uxtuni. Tlic Moors, hitherto a (orinidable enemy tu tlic native Spaniards, ar« entirclr fubilucd by Ferdinand; and .becuniu fubjctls 10 that prime on certain cdmli- tions, whicli are ill oblerved by liie SpaniardM, whore clergy cinpluv the powers of the InquiritioU; wiLii ali its tortures i antl in- 1601^, near one inilliou of the Moors are drivi-n from Spuiu tu the uppolitc coaft of Afiic«, I'roiii 'wJience they orijfinally came. 1192 America fuft difcovcrcd by Columbuj, a Genocfc, in the fervice of Spain. 1494 Aijfcbra tint Itnown in Europe. hi 14y7 The rortuyuefe lira full to the Eafl-Indics by the Cape of Good Hop*. Soutii America dil'covercd by Amcricus Vefpufius, from whom it has iti name. ]4f9 North America ditto, for Henry Vfl. by Cabot. 16UQ Maximilian divide* the empire of Ovrwiiny into &x circles, and adds four more in lil'i. 1^05 Shillings firll cnined in England. 16U^ Gardening introduced into England h'oni tlic Netherlands, from whence vegeta-* bicii were imporu-d iiitherio. 1613 ^he battle of Flowdun, in whicii Jamc* IV. of Scotla&(l i« killed with the. flower of bis nubility. 1517 Martin Luther began the Reformation. Egypt is conquered by the Turks. 1518 Magellan, in the fcrvicc ul Spain, firtt difcvYcra the ftraits of that name ik South America. 1520 Henry VHI. for hi.s writingi in fsvqsr of popery, receive* the title of Defeniucea of Scots i» beheaded by order of Elizabeth, after 18 years' impri£oB« ment, 1588 The Spanith Armada deftrnyed by Drake and other Englifli admirals. Henry IV palTes the edicl jf Nantz tolerating the Protctiant-i 1589 Coaches firft introduced into England; hackney ad 169Ji mcrcal'cd to 1000, ia 1770. 1*90 Bend of penfioners infiituted in E^ind. . ■■' ■ ■ -A 15i>. Inaity CoUegc^ Dubli«; foiwdod. - ' • I f looa A NEW CHRONOLOGtcAt TABLE/ ' m 1597 Watches firft brought into England from Germany. - '^T^T' \ V;" v • iCO'2 Drcimal arithmetic invented at Brugej. ItiOJ ^ueen Elizabeth (the laft of the TudSrs; dies, nnd nominates James VI. of Se5!« .^ land (and iirft of the Stuarts) a» her fucceffori which unites both kingdoms under the name of Great Britain. 1604 The Guhpowdcr plot difcovcfcd at Weftminftcr : being a proje^ of the Roman Catholtrs to blow up the kitig and both hoUfci of parliament. 1600 Oaths of allcgiaifce Iirft adnfiniAercd in England. 1608 Galileo, of I'lorence, firft difcoveri the fatcllitcs about the planet Saturn, by the telefcopc, then juft inviihted in Holland. 1610 Henry IV. is murdered at Paris by Ravilliac, a pricft. , 1611 Baronets ftrft created in England, by James I. 161-t Kapier, of MarChcilon; in S<;otland, invents the logarithms. ' Sir Hugh Middleton brings the New River to London from Ware, 1616 The firft permanent fettlemcnt in Virginia. 1619 Dr. W. Hurvey, an EngUftinian, difcovcrs the doflrine of the circUlatioa of thtt blood. 1620 The broad filk manufaftor3- from raw ftik, introduced into England; 16'2I New England planted by the Puritans. lii'25 King James dies, and is fucccedcd by his fon, Charles I. The ifland of Barbadoes, the firft Englifti fettiewent in the Welt Indies, H planted. , . 16Q6 The barometer invented by Torricelli. IT) 37 The thermometer ihrciited by Drabelliuf. 1632 The battle of Lut/.en, in which Gufiavus Adolphus, kitJg of Swedcti, and head of the Proteftant* in Germany, is killed. , ^ 1635 Province of Maryland planted by lord Baltimore. '* Regular pofis e/tabliftjed from London fo Scotland, Ireland, kc. 1640 King Charlen difobliges his Scottiftj fubje^ts, on which their army under general Leflcy, enters England, and takes NewcaiUe, being encouraged by the irial- conteuts ill England. The mafl"acr»- in Ireland, when 40,000 Englifti proteftants were killed; 1642 King Charles impeaches five members, who had oppufcd hii arbitrary meafurcf^ which besjins the civil war in England. 1643 Excife on beer, ale, &:c. firft irnpofed by parliamefit. Hi-16 Epifcopacy aboliftied in England. 1619 Charles I. beheaded at Whitehall, January 30, aged 49. l(i.")4 Cromwell afTumes the profcftorftiip. 16J5 The EugliOi, under admiral Pcnn, take Jamaica from the Spaniar5<. ^ ItjjS Cromwell dies, and 'a fuccetdcd iti the protei>urftiip by hii I'lm Richsrd. 1660 King Cbailes II. is rruorcd by Monk, coiiiuianduT of the army, alter aii exile of twelve years in France and Holland. EpifcopaCy ri-iiored i» England and Scotland. The people of Denmark, being opprelfed by the noble', furrender their privi"« leges to Erederic III. who become* ablblute. 1662 The Royal Society flftahliftied in London, by diaries II. 1663 Carolina planted; in 17J8, divided into two feptrate i; 'vcrnments. 1664 The New Netherlands, in North America, comjucfed from the Swedoi and Dutch by the EugliUi. 1665 The plague rages in London, and carries oft" 68/100 perfons. 1666 The great fire of London began Sept. '2, and continued three days, in which were deftroycd 13,000 houfes, aad 400 ftrccts. Tea firft ufed in England. 1667 The peace of Broda, which confirms to the Engliftj the New Netherlands, noW known by the names of Feunfylvania, New York, am) New Jcrfey. 1/J68 The pea«e of ditto, Aix-la-Chapell«, St. J»mc«'spark pUnted, ahd made a tliorough'fare for public ufe, by Chatiu IL 1670 The EDgUih Hudfon's Bay Company ii>corpi>rated. 1619 Louis XiV. over-runs great part of Holland, whnn tKe Dutch open their ftuiccs, being determined to druwu their country, and retire to thtir fcttiemviUs ut the Eait Indies. African company eftablifhed. 1678 The peace of Nimeguea. Tkt habca< corpus *t\ pnfl'ctl. 1680 A great comet appeared, and from ttt nctrncfi to our e«rth| kJlnned (he IthftU* taiiti. If continuod vifible from Nov. J to March 9. WiUum Peb:i, a t^uaker, reveivas a chatter lot plantinjf PenafyUanis. A NEW CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.;, 1009 kkl \h M33 India ftacic fold from 360 to 500 per cent. : ;: v: >'; >'.s^ ■f^}^?.' '-j'^'ts't <■; 1 1685 Ciiarlcs II. diet, nged 55, nnd is fucceed<-d by Ms brdther, Jittnes 11. The dulce of Moniuoulli, natural fon to Chivrles II. ralfcj a rebellion, but it de« fcafed at the ba'.t'e of Sodgcmoor, and beheaded. Tbe edidl of N.int/ int'amoufly revolued by Louis XIV. and the proUfltntt cru« elly perferutcd. .u-^kvo^jb ■ 1 687 Tlic palace of VerfaiHes, neac Paris, finifhed by Levis XIV. ' r688 The revointion in Great Britain begins, Nov. 5 ; Kin; James abdicates, and xt' tires to France, Deoenibcr 3. |'€89 King ^Viiliam and Queen Mary, daughter and fon-iuflaw to James, are pro- claimed February 16. Vifcount Dundee (lands out for James in Scotland, but is killed by general , Mackey, at'the battle of Killycrankie, upon which the Highlanders^ wearied '"•■ •■*■ with repeated misfortunes, difpcrfe. The land-tax palled in England. .^,.„ ^ ..... ...■..,.,.. The toleratiim 'act paired in ditto. •♦•'' nv- -■■''• '■'-,- ■■ - •■■•• ■- : Several btlhops arc deprived for not taking the oath to king William. 1690 The battle of the Boync, gained by William agaioll James, in Ireland. ) 691 The war in Irel;ind fini(hei4,' by tUe fu render of Limerick to William. 1692 The Eti^ilh and Dutch fleet*, catnmande'd by admiral Ruflel, defeat the FrenoJk fleet off La Hogue. 1693 Bayonets at tli'e eud of loaded muQcets firfl ufcd, iiy the French againft the C«a'« ledfrates, in the battle of Turin. The duchy of Hanover made the ninth eledtoraJte. . , , ; Bank of England eftabliihed by king Willi.nm. ■ > The firft public lottery was drawn this year. .' ; Maflacre of Highlanders at Glenciie, by kinij William's troops. 1694 Queen Mary dies at tl\e age of 33, nud William reigns alone. ' . •. ' ■■ • 1 • Stamp duties iuflituted in England, 1''96 The peace vf Ryfwick. Ui9y The Scots fettled a colony at the iilhmus of Darien, in America, and cilT«d it G«lei to Great BnUm ; Gibraltir and Minorca, in Europe, were alfo contirwed to the faid crown by tl it treaty. , 1714 Queen Anne dies at the age of 50, a»< i« fucc«eded by George I. Intcreft reduced to five per «<«it. 1715 Louis XIV. dies, and li fuoceeded by his great-grandfon, Louis XV. The rebellion in Sroliand be;{ins in September, under the *' ' Lombe't nih-«hrowing machine, containing 36,586 w^eeli, *rec1ed at Derby ; taltes up one eighth of a mile; one water wheel moves the reft} and in 24 hours, it Morki 318,504,960 yards of organame filk thread. The South-Sea fcheme in England, begun April 7, was at its height at the end of J'jne, and quite funk about Septembei 29. King George dies, in the 68th year of his age ; and ii Succeeded by bis only fon, Geoi^ell. ■':'■.:■,■',...'■• Inoculation flrft tried on Criminals, with fuccefs. Ruflia, formerly a dukedom, is now eftabllftied as an empire. Kouii Khan ufurps the Perfian throne, conquers the Mogul empire, and returns with two hundred .infj^thirty-one millions fterling. Several public-fpirited jjentleinen begin Mr. Harrifon, for his difcovery of ilic longitude by his time-piece. His Majpf y's royal charter palTcd lor incorporating the fociety of artifts. A:i ac> i>H annexing fh« fovcrcignty of the illand of Man to the crovD of Urcat Britain. 1777 1778 A NEW CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE*: u ion 1766 1768 1771 1772 i773 1774 <775 1776 1777 1778 April 21, R fjtot or macula of tke fun, more tlian thrkc the bigacft of owr e«rtfi, pafled the fun's centre. •"> ^^.f,^,^- >f,M*it,f. tj^i?. ~ Academy of painting eftabliftied in London. ' ' ' N :rr /-' .-r .^ ?';,'"""; The Turk^ iinprifon the Ruffian ambalfador, and declare war aifainft that empire. Dr. Solander and Mr. Bankt, in hit majcfty'i Ihip ttio Endeavour, lisut. Cook, return from a voyage round the World, having made fevcral iiuportant dif> CQve'ries In the South Se«». . * .- The king of Sweden changes the (oiiAitulion of that Iciugdonij '-V^ ThQ Hr«tendcr marries a princeft of Oermany, grand-daughter «f T&otnaS; lattt , earl of Aylelbury. The' emperor of Germany, emprefi of RuflEa, and the king of PrulIVa, (trip the king of Poland of great part of hU dominions, which they divide among them* felvts, in violation of the moft folemn treaties. Captain Ph^pps is Cent to explore the North Pole, but having mode .eigfaty-opa degrees, is in danger of being locked up by the ice, ai>d hii atttimpt to difco* ver a paffage In that quarter prove* fruitlefs. The Jcfuits expelled from the Pope's domiuiunsj and fupprefled by bit bull, Au- ' guft '25. The Engttflr Eafl India Company having, by conquefl or treaty, acquiVed'.thc ex- tenfive province* of Bengal, Orixa, and Bahar, i.'ontainihi» fit'teen'onillions of ' iMiiabitant^, great iTregutaritves are committed by their lervantH at^road, upon vhic>h gorerniuent interferes, and fends out judges, &c^ for thk' better aduti* nirtrrttjonbf Juflice. . v-' The war between the RulTiansand Turks proves dif^raceful to the latter, who, lofe the idands in the Archipelago, and by lea arc every where Uii fuck efsfiil. P«ace u proclaimed between the Rutfiatis and Turks. ' '^•'-,1 , , The Britifli parliament having paffed an a<;i, laving a duty «f''thr(8ei|»etcc per pound apon all teas imported into America, the culonills, comtdeting this as • a grievance, deny the right of a Br^tllh parliament to tax Ihera, ' .■" ' Deputies from the feveral American colonies meet at Pl^Uadelphia, 'as the firft ipcneral congrefs, Septembers. ' '""^ , , i '\'.t\'--''''.y- > Firft petition of Congrefs to the king, November.. . i!...;i <»• • 'jft.im April 19i The firfl a£lion happens in America between th* king's frOopt Ind the ..provincials at Lexington.. Mey aO, Articles of confederation and perpetual unidn between the American provinces. June !7, A bloody ndlioh at Bunker's Hill, between tlie royal troops ind the Americans. • • March I7j the town of Bofton evacuated by the king's troops. An unfuccefsl'ul attempt, in July, made by vouiinodbre' Sir Peter Patker, ami lieutenant-general Clinton, Mpon Charles Town, in South Carolina. The Gonjrefs declare the American colonies free and independent ftates, July 4. llie Americans are driven from Long Ifland, New York, in A-uguft, with great lofs, and great numbers of them taken prffoners; and'tl>c city of New York is afterwards takeh poffeflion of by the king's troops ' ' December 25, General Wafhington takes 900 of tiie HciFians prisoners atTreaton. Torture abolilhcd in Poland. General Howe takes pofieffion of Philadelphia. Lieutenant-general Burgoyne is obliged to furrencler his army, at Saratoga, in Canada, by convention, to the Americali army, under the command of tlie generals GAtes and Arnold, OA. 17. A treaty of Alliance concluded at Paris between the French king and the thirteen united Ameriean colonies, in whiah their independence is acknuwled^^cd by the court of France, FcliruHiy 6. The remains of the earl of Chathuin interred at the public txpenfe in Weftiniii- flcr Abbey, Jtine 9, in confequence of a vote of parliament. ♦ The earl of Carlifle, William Eden, eftj. and George Johnfon, cfq. arrive nt Pii;- tadetphia, the beginning of June, a> commifiioners for rcftoring peace between Great Britain and America. ttucr ''*^ fhiladelphia tvacuated by the king's troap*, jfmic 13. The congrefs rcfufe to treat with the Britifli ccmmiliionen, unlcf!! thVf indepen i- snce of the Americali colonies were firii acknowledged, pt the kind's iiects and armies withdrawn from Ainrerica Ah engagement fought off Breit between the Fnglifli fieot, under the oonntiaud of admiral Kieppet, and the Frent'i fleet, under tlic vomrcand o: count d'Oi\U- licrs, July Ml. v » Dominica taken by the French, September 7, ■JJH I' f J0I2 A NEW CHRONOLQGICAI^ TABtl)* J778 Pondicherry furrendcrs to the arms of Great Britain, Ook)l»«r.l!I»,jji,_>^,«^i-,X;Tf , St. Luci* taken from tKc French, December 2B. . ; .H j j.'l'ji,' ' 1779 St. Vincent talccn by the French, June 11,. ..^^j..^ ^j;;,,, .,^,j^.t,,,«M,,HT 'I Che'ttM* t«ken by the Frencli, July 3- -'. 'i; ,, i ..'; i >, . ^ »»»' .,l5»ii -»> r 1780 Torture in courts_of juflicc aboiiibed in FFtflcc- . ni''f;A4ir'..i Thetiiquifitfljn afcotiftied in the duke of Modena'.i dominioiw, -f ''i-, .- Admiral Rndncy takes twenty-two fail of Spnnilh ftiips, January ft. The fame admiral alfo cngR|;e« a. Spaniih fleet under the command of Don Jum o: ' ,> ■:. de Lsn^ara, near Cape St. Vincenti and takes five (hipi of the line, one mure driven on fliorc, and another binwn up, January 16. iv{f Thre«aiaie Weft ..!; Indic!\, in the months of April and May ; b|it none of them daciliTe. Charles Town, South Carolina, furfendcrs to Sir Henry Clinton, May 4, « .K» Penfaeola, »«»d the wliole proviucc of Wtft Florida> furrender to tK«i«rms of the ■,.' .. ■ king of Spain, May 9^, Tlio pretended ProteflHnt A(r<)ciali6a, to the number of 50,000, go up to the Houfe of Commnnr, with..ih«ir petition (or the repeal, vf an a^t paired in fa> vour of the Papift^, June '3. , . XJurt event fnllowcd by tl>« moil daring riot* in the cily,of.I,ondo» and, inSouth- ■ij.iNMCraTk, for feveral fucceflive days, :n which fome Fppilb chapeU arc deftroycd,. • I ^i,,,'. id^etber with the prifuns of New);ate, the King's Bench, the Ooct, feveral y>v ;.- private houfes, &c. Th.efc alarm iug riots are at length fuppreiTed^-by the iu- terpofltion of the military, and many of the rioters ate tried and executedr for ... ji' .felony. Five £agli(h Ead Indiamen, and fifty Englilb merchant fliips, bound for the Welt Indies, taken by the combined Fleets of France and Spain, Auguft 8. " ' Earl Cornwallii obtains a fignal vidury over general Gatef;, near Cambdcn, ifi . . 4 South Carolina, in which above iOUO American prifoucra are taken, Aug. IC. Mr. Laurens, late prefidcnt of tite congrcfs) tak«n in an Atne^can packet, near ' . l^ewfoundtRKi^, September 3. Ceittiiii Arnold deferls the fervice of the Congrefv ef«»pes te New York, add is made a bri);adier-gcn the American and'Frcnch troupb, under the command <»f general \Valhinoi)cr 19. 1782 Trincomul^, on the illand of CeyUm, taken b\>' admiral Hughes, J-itnuary 11. Minorca furrendered to the arms of the king of Spain, February >. ^ The ifland of St. Chriftopher taken by the French, February I'i. The ifland of Nevis taken by tlic French, February 14, : i j^ , ,\. Montfcrrat taken by the Frencli, February '2'i. .... ... . ... ., ., ,i ,' The hoiife of commons addrvfi the king agaiuA ^ny fa«tber profecution of ofTorw' live mw on the continent of North America, March' 4 ; and rcfolve, that that hom/B ir«uld conftdcr all thofe as eneuiies (u bis majefly, and this country, who lh«ald advifc, or by aryy means aftempt,. the taither profeculion of offenlivo war oft the continent or North America, for the purpufe uf reducing the rc- vslted colonies to obedience by force. , Admiral Rodney obtains a iignal victory over the French fleet, under the com- mand of count de Grufle, near Dominica, in the Well Indies, April 1'2. Admiral Hughes, with rlevcn Ihips, beat off, near the illand of Ceylon, the French admiral, Sufl'rein, with twtl».- Ihips of the line, after a fevero cpgajjc- ncui^ iu whiclk both hects lull a great number uf wen, April 13; A n:51w chronological table. f<^n ■Icn, th» Jk'ii'l The refulution of the houfe of conimons rchting to J9j[in WUkcs, eDtj. and the Middlefex clcaion, palled Feb. 17, 1769, rcfcind^d, fA^y A. ■ .• • •' The bill to repeal the declaratory u£t Of Geort;i! I. reUt^ve to the logid&tion of Ireland, received the royal afleiit, June QO. ,: j, ,'.\.'^'; ^ The French took* and deilruyed the fort* and fettktn^to Mi Kadfon't BajCt ^u*" I5utt'24. . The Spunlarda defeated in thtir grand attack on GibralUil, S«pt. 13. Treaty concluded beUixt the republic of Holland, and the United Statw of Ami- rifa, Oftobcr 8. , .[ Pcoviriobal'articW nf peacc^ filfRed ftt Pari* ketuceit the Britilh and Anerica4 .ff^h'.' ■,j'Con)Diiflioner9, by which the thirteeH United American colunios arc acknow- ledged by b4* Britannic majeAy to be free, fovereigniand indepeud«ut tiatcs, Neveniber30. ,_ ] 793 .Preliminary articles of peaci* between hU Britannic majefly^^^wl tke,^](iiiiga of France and Spain, figned at Vcrl'aiHes, January '^0. - ', ,, , 4iii ■■ '* - • Th* on'"" of St. Patrick infliloted, February 5. . ■ yi ' ". Three earthquakcj in Calabria UKeriur and Sieilyy deiUoyiftg a great number of totrni an^ iniiabitants, February 5, 7, and '28lh.- ' (u. , i,.,:_:i. ,^^ . Armiftice between Great Britain sfnd Holland, February 10. if tivti .<«t.. Ratifu-atiou of the definitive treaty of peace between Great Britaio, France^ Spaii^^ afid the United State* of Anrerita, Scptrmher 3. 1784 The city of London wait on the king with an addrcl'iof thanks fordifihiffing th« ... '. -ooatition miniAry, January 16. .'I The threat feal Aoleu from tbo Lord Chancellor's houfe in Great Ormond-ftrcet, March S4., The ratification of the peace with America arrived April 7. , . The definitive treaty of peace between Great Britain and Holland, May 24. ThJB nueutory of Hatnlel commem.oruied by a grand Jubilee, at WeiUniujicr Abbey, ; May 26. 'i-x-^r'. r>»" nn ■_'«•'<•■-'. ivl PVoclamation for a public thankfyving, July 2. J., ,•' .< i'- -.ir- i•'*^ "'■ * Mr. Lunardi afcendcd in a balloon from the Artillcry-grotjiid, Moorfietds, the firft f\ttcnipt of the kind in lingliind, September 1.). The bull feafis aboliftied in Spain except for pious- or patriotic ufe>, by cdift, November 14. 1785 Mr. Bianchard and Dr. JctTerifts went from Dover to Ciilais in a« air balloon, in about two hour*, January 7. A treaty of confcderac V to preferve the indivifibility of the German empife, ert- ; . .J. . I • tered into by the kini{ of Prufiia, the eledoi* of Uauovcr, SaKuny, aud f •"'. • Mentz, May 29. M. de Rofier and M. Remain afcendcd at Boulogne, intending to cmf»th'» fee, and appointed f)r. Charles Ingliih to be the biUv, Aug. 11.: »1"S8 lii the earfy part of Ortobier, the ftri\ lympl^uH appeared ot , a ieyrreriifordof, which .ifflicU'd uur ^uciO\iS IlvsTsi,,V, " Oa thciixtU of Novtuiber they weia 1014 A NEW CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE: 1789 1790 i791 l"^92 1793 1794 17y5 1796 1797 .1 "■ very alanaing, and on the thirteenth a funn orpiraytrfor liit rflctvirv wn ordered by the |)rivy cuuncit. HU iDHjefty wa« pronuuncqd to be in a Rate of conviilefcnce, Feb. 17 ; and to be free from comptaint, February 26. A general thiiilcfgilving for the icing'a recovery, who attended the fervice at St. Paul'«, with a great proceition, April <23. Revolutioh iu France, eajpture of the baAile; cxccntioti of the governor, «cc. July U. Grand confcderiitiort in the Chanip dc Mkrs, July U. . -; ,,■ In confiequenL-e of fome gentlemen meeting to cuinmeinorate the Frencli fevolu' tion in Birniingham, on the IMIi of July, the mob arofe and committed' the nioft dangeroui outrages for fome days oh the perfons and properties ofman^ of the inhabitants of the town and neighbourhood j burnin.^ and dellroyii .■ meoting-liQufes, private dMellings, tec. Peace and fecurity were M lengVti rcftored by the iaterpofition of the military power. The definitivie treaty of peace was flgned between the Britllh and their allies, the NiziuD* and MaJirattai on one part, and Tippoo Sultan on the other, March 19th, by whibh he ceded one half of his territorial poflfqlilions, and delivered tip two of hit fon* to Lord Cornwatlis, as hoftages for the fulfilment of the Guftavus III. king of Sweden, died on theS9lh of Mirch) ill confequeucc of be- ing aiTaffinatcd by Anlcerftroum. Louis XVI. after having received innunaerable indignitios from his people, wa» brought to the fcaffuld, Januairy i\, and had his head fevered by the guillo- tine, contrary to tlic exprcfs jaws of the new conAitution, ^hich liiCd declared, the pcrfon of the king inviolable. " ' Oh the 'i.Sth of March, lord Grenville and count W(iren7.ov figned a convention ai London on behalf of his Britannic majefty and the cmprofs of Rullia, to employ their forces, conjointly, in a war againll France, Treaties More alfo entered into with the king of Sardiitia and the prince of HttU CaRel. *the unfortunate queen of Fniucc, on the ItitU of Odtobcr, was conda(5lceighth year of hT age. On the tirfl of June, the Biitilh fleet ui\dcr thfc command of admiral earl Howe, obtained a tignnl victory over that of the Freiicl), in which two Ihips were funk, one burnt, and fix brought into Porll'inoutli harbour. In confequencc of the rapid progrefs of the French arms in Hollarjd, the priucefs of Orange, the hereditary prinrefs, knd her infant fon, nrrivt-d at Yarmouth on the 19lh of January. The Stadtliolder landed at Harwich on the '20th. Geurge prince of Wales married to the princefs Caroline of unfwlc, Aitfll 8. Tiie trial of Warren Haflings concluded on the '23d of April, hen he w.-ts acquit- ted of the charges brought againft him by the houfe of cuinmoni. Lord Malmelbifry went to Paris in Oclober, to open negotiations for a general peace; but returned Dcfc. '29, *ithoiit having efiedtod the object of his inilTion. A flghal vidory gained over the Spaniih fleet by llr John Jervis, fmce created earl Sf. Vincent, Fobruary 14. An alarmiu;:; mutiny oh board tlic channel fleet at Spilhead, April 15. The nuptials of the prince of Wirteinbcrg and the princefs Royal celebrated &t St. James's, Miy 18. ^nuther. alarming mutiny on board the fleet at Shcerners. Parker, the chief leader in this mutiny, executed on board the Sandwicli :.t Blackitukcs, June 30. •""> Lord Malmelbury arrived at Liflc July 4, aild ppehcd a negotiation for a peace between England and the French republic, but again returned without cifctl- ing the object oJ' his million, September 19. A fignal viftory gained over the Dutch tlect by admiral Duncan, Oflober 11. Peace between France and Aullria definitively figned at Campo Formio, Oct. 17. A general thaukfgiving for the late great naval victories. The king and the mem- bers of both houfes of parliament: Attended divine fervice at St. Paul's in grand proceifioni Dec. 19. 907 A. C. 17 I, 19 Om 20 Ct 25 Stj 33 PlJ '^5 Pal 6-2 Pel €4 <^i '■W'fFr^rf MEN (/ LEARNING and GENltJS*^ }'■ 7J. B. By lh( Liitet it imjtlied the Time tvhen the abtTt- IVritert dit4\ hut v.'\in IHf Piriod Aajijiint not to bt inoiun, I Li ylgt l/f -which thty fiourijhtd it Ji^nijitd by fl. Tht Namts in h.i/ics, art thuft 'who havt given ikt h*fi UigUJi TraH/Utientf i^it clufive of Sckaal Buokt. ,, .. „ ■ v; , »■ ,.i- ,.. Bcf. Ch. 907 HOMER, the firft profane writer and Greek poet, floarlflied. Heflud, th« Greek poet, I'uppofed to live iifear the time of Homer. P<^t. Ctrwliirt Cctkt, I ^8t l.>'curgui, tlie Spartan lawgiver, 6U0 Sappho, tlie Greek lyric poclRfa, fl. Faivlktt, " •''' • '' *• • ''. 5.18 Solou, lawgiver of Alliens. '■ * ' '■. • .. •"''•':.» 556 iEfop, the firn Gretk fabullft. Cttxhl. •'-, ■ j' 548 Thales, the firll Grcuk altrunomer and !;eo|rnpficr. 497 Pythagoras, founder of the Pytliagorean philofophy in GrMce. R»we. 474 Anacrecn, th« Greek lyric poft. Faiukes. Addifon. ' 45G iEfchylus, tlie firft Onck tragic poet. Potter. ■ 4^5 Pindar, the Grctk lyric poet, ff^t/l. 413 Herodotin of Greece, Ihe firft writer of profane hiftory. Littlthtry, Stlat, 407 Ariftophanes, the Greek coniic poet, ft. IVhitt, Euripideii, the Greek tragic poet. tVotdlmll, 406 Sophocles, ditto. Franklin. Potter. . . :, Confucius, the Chinefe philofopher, fl- ■ - " 400 Socrates, the founder of moral philofoph}- In Greec*. ' . 1191 Thucydidcs, the Greek hiftorian. Smith. HoSbes. 361 Hippocrates, tlie Greek pli\ fician. Clifton. Democritus, the Greek pliilofoplier, 359 Xcnophoii, ditto, and hifturinn. Smith. SjieimtM, AJUy. Fitfding. 248 Plato, the Greek philofophSr, and difciple of Socrates. Sydenham, 336 Ifocrates, tlie Greek orator. Gillies. flS^ Ariftotle, the Greek philpfoplier, and difciple of Plato. Hobhes. ''3 Denioftheiics, the Athenian orator, poifoned himfelf. l^-land. Francis. Budget. HamfitOK, 2H ' Theophraftus, the Greek philofopher, and fcholar of Arillotle. 28j Theocritus, the firft Greek paftoral poet, ft. Faivkes. '277 Euclid, of Alcxandtl i, ih tgypt- the matliematician, ft. J?. Simfoti. 270 Epicurus, liminlef ni tlie Epicuriaii pliilofopliy in Greece. Dighy. 264 Xcno, fouiulcr of the floic philofophy in ditto. 244 CalHinachus, IheXjr • •eleijiac poet. Tytler, . .. , 208 Archiinede», the Gtt 'CiinetriciHr ■ ' 1U4 Flautus, the . Human ci. o poet. 7/ niton. '' \ J3^' Terence of Carthage, tin Latin comic poet. Colman. Ibli Diogenes, of Hub) lob, tlie ftoic philofopher. J'24 Polybius, ofGfcce, the Greek and Rou in hifiorian. '54 Lucretius, the Roman poet. Creech. 44 Juliiis Ca:far, tlie Re. nan iiiftorlan and commentator, killed. Duncan, Diodorus Siculiu, s «■! ior6 A NEW CttRONOfLOCjlCAL TABLE. M Seneca, of Spain, the philofnphet^nd tri;^6 poet, pnt to death. L llj!rii'ig\ f5 Lue»n, the Ili)i91iViC04.jpoii> ditio. X^lf. , . .,.' ■79 Pliny the e}der; the Roman natural hiiiorian. HolUnd. ^3 lofephjik, tbe.ipwjflj hiftorian. IfTiiJIon. 2*,ycp«&tu?, tfietjfe'ijt ftoic p^ilofopher,''fl. ' >f^^^ 46^uinti)ian,, the Rom^n on^or and advocate. Quthrie. 't*fl Sfatiuii^ the Rfcnian ojiic pf8*t. .irfiWT." • - '' ' ' 98 Lucius Floruit, of Spain, the Roman hi(lorian, fl. • ' 99 Tacitus, the Roman hiftorian. Gordti. Murphy, 104 Martial, of Spain, the epigrammatic poet. Hay. . ValeHua flac-cili, the Roman e]|iie poct ' jT'' 116 PHny the'youngeitiihigtjrical leltera, Meltmth. Orrery;. *1 ' 117 Suetonius, the Roman hiftorian. HidgAet. ThtmftK. '~ 319 Plutarcli, of Greece, the biograpjief. Drydetu^ Langhwni- : '> 1<2B Juvenal, the Roman fatiric^toct. Dryden. 140 Ptolemy, the Egyytian gcofraplier, mj^thcmaticiAU, and aftronomcr, fl. 150 Juftin^ the Roman hi(loriai>, i, Turnbull. ', 161 Arian, .the Rot9ap biilorian and pkilofoph H. Roakt. 167 Juftin, of Samaria, the qldcg ChriOian au after the apofttes. 180 Lucian, the Roman philologcr. Hihifdidf, Orydtrt. franklin. , Marcus Aur. Antoninus, Roman emperot and philofophexi Vollitr. ^l^iki/^ona^ !93 GaicQ) the Gr<;.ek philotophtfr ond Rjiyfician. ' • • 200 Diogenes Laertius, the iSreeV biographer, ^. 229 Dion Caffiui, of Greece, the Roman hiflorian, A. 254 Origcn, a Chriftian father, of Alexandria. Hcrudian, of Alexandria, the Roman niftorian, fl. Hart, S.'iS" Cyprian, of Carthage, fiHTcred martyrdom. Marjhal. 273 Longiuus, the Greek orator, put to death by Aur^lian. Smitfi. S'20' La^antius, a father of the church, fl. ' ■ . 336 Arius, a prieft of Alexandria, founder of the feA of Arians. ' ' - . ' . 34'2 Eufebim, th7 Ambrofe, biftiop «Jf MiJaH. 4i5 Macrubius, the Roman grammarian, 4'-'8 Eutrqpius, \\\« |lonj»»r hiflorian. 524 Boetiu», the Roman poet and Platonic philofopher. Beflaniy. trejldn, Hfdfi$th. 529' Procopius, of Carfare^ the Roman hiitorian. Ho/croft. Here ends theiUuftrioua Fifl of ancient, or, as they are ftyled, Ctafltc authors, for whom manl(ind are indebted to Greece and Ronts, thofe two great thoalres of hun^an glory/ but it will ever be regretted, that a fmall part only of their writings have coroe to our hands. This y\»i owing to the barbarous policy of thofe illiterate pagans, who, in th« Jiflh century, fubverted the Roman empire, and in which praAices they were joined ibon after by the Saracens, or follewen of Mahomet. ConAantinople alone had efcaped the rav.igei of the Barbarians; and to the fcM' literati whoi /heltercd themfalves within its *all», is chiefly o*lng the prefcrvation of thofe valuable remains of antiquity. To learn- jnir, civility, and refinement, fuccceded worfe than Gothic ignorance — the fuperflition and buffotiwlry of the church of Rome; Europe therefore produces few names worthy of record during the fpace of a thoufand' years; a |>eriod Which hiftoriaos, with great pro- priety, denominate the dark or Cutliic ages. Tke invention of printing contributed to the revival a' learning in the fixtccnth cen- tury^ from which memorable »ra a race of men have fpVung up in a new toil. Prance, Germany, and Britain ; who, if they do not exceed, at leafl equal the grcatefl geniufes of antiquity. 6f theftt our own countrytncn have the reputation of the tirft rank, with vhofe names we fhail finifh our lift. AC. 735 Bede, » prieft of Northumbcrlard j Hirtory of the Saxons, Sects, &c. 901 King Alfred; hiftory, philofopKy, and poetry. 12.S9 Matthew Paris, monk of St. Alban's ; Hi (lory of England. 1292 Roger Bacon, Sowerfeiihire j natural philofophy. 1308 John Fordun, a priefl of Menw-ftiirc j Hiftory of Scotland. 1 400 Geoffry Chaucer,' London ; the father of Engliih poetry. 1402 John Gnwer, Wales ; the poet. 1.W.5 Sir Thomas More, London; hiflory, politics, divinity. 1552 Jcbp LeliiBdf' Loadoxt} Hvts mid aiUiquiiies. ■«' ■aV' ■:jj^j>f* ■'■'WvviiiSSTsf: .i^;«w,*" -ia?^' M,(™^iif»f"«(^.i^ili,jgpijwilP, m I .-mm. mi I •^^^m , i-*. •'»(«'• ^lf'^ a.^ iHfi v,gt.' -/--fJX. J. NEW CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE, i IM7 •if 1568 Roger Arcbam, Yor';«hiwJ5 philology and polite Htfer ,{u"re. ■,^- l57a Reverend John Knox» the Scotch retbrraer; JKIiftorv of the church of Scotland. ,|,, 1582 George Buchanan, DumbartaaOiire; UiAory ot' Scotland, Pfalcm of David, p9*;|>' litics, &c. 1593 Edmund SpeAfer^ Lonidon; Falr^ Queen, and other poem*. 16!5-^35 Besoniont and Fletthcr; 38 dramatic .pieces- 1616 William Shakfpearc, Stratford ; 42 tragedies Bind comedies. 1629 Johti Napier, ofMercbefton^ Scotland; difcovcrer of logarithms. , jt 1623 William Cambden, London j hiftory and antiquities. ,, i •: '. 16-26 Lord Cbaffcellor Baeon, Londod; natural philofophy and literature in general .< 1634 Lord Chief Junice Coke^ Norfolk} laws of England. 1638 Ben J Jr. Alexander Monro, Edinburgh ; ansitomy of the human body. ?. 1T54 Dr. Richard Mead, London; on poifons, plague, fmjt.;^'^::.^. James Fergufon, Aberdecn&irej aftrononjy. ' '?<^?l| » 1777 Samnel Foute, Cornwall; plays. •. w->iV * ' 1779 David Garrick, Hereford ; plays, &c. William Warburton, bilhop of Oloucefter; Divine Legation ofMofeii and vaii^ •on* other works. 1780 Sir William Blaokftone, Judge of the Court of Common Pleas, Londonj Con^* mentaries on the Laws of England. ^ . Dr. John Fothcrgill, Yorkihire; philofophy apd medieipe. Tames Harris; Hermes, Philological Inquiries, Philofopiiica} Arrapgemepts. 1782 Thomas Nevton, bilhop of Briftol, Lichdeld; Difcoutfes on the Prophopias, ^d other vorlks. Sir John l»ringle, Bart. Roxburghlhire ; Difeafes of the Army. Henry Home, lord Kaimes, Scotland ; Elements of Criticifm* Sketches of Ih^ Hiftory of Man. gr. William Hunter, Lanerkfbire ; anatomy, r. Benjamin Kcnnicott, Dovonfhire; Hebrew Bible, DSffertations, tc9. Dr. Sara.el Johnfon, Lichfield; Englilh Didlionary, biography, .^tCuftf P'^^t'Tt died December 13, aged 71, > . T,,i>: 1785 William Whitehead, poet-laureat ; poems and plays. Revd. Richard Burn, LL.D. author of the Juftice of Peace, EcclcAaftifa! LaW| &e. died November 20. Richard Glover, efq. Leonidas, Medea, ttc. died Nov. 25. ionas Hanway, efq. travels, mifcellanies, died September 5, aged 74. it. Robert Lowth, bifhop of Londoa ; criticifm, divinity, grammar, died KoT. 3. Soame Jenyns, efq. Internal Evidence of the Chriflian Religion, and other pieces. died December 18. fames Striar^, efq. celebrated by the name of ''Athenian Stuart," died Feb. 1. Thomas G aiufborougli, efq. the celebrated painter, died Auguft S. Thomas Sheridan, efq. EngliOi Di^onary, works 'on education, elocution, fcc. died Augufl 14. 1789 William Julius Mickle, efq. Cumberland ; tranflator of the Luliad, died 0£i. 15. 1790 Dr Will. Cullen, Scotland; Pradice of Phyfic, Materia Medica, tee. died Feb. 5. Benjamin Franklin, clq. Bofton, New England ; Elc'';5f"''!"'"w< A N£W CHRONOLOGICAL TAfitE. toif of Charles V. Hiftory of America, and Hifloricaf Difquifitloa eoneerab* -^ *««'Wfs, Sec. ?oetry, Po«m% , Civil Liberty, , aged 68. fatural and Re« ny of Painting t :b. 19, aged 6%. Edinburgh, a»d kdy of iho Reign f ' ! . •- *■ FINIS. "